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(COPYRIGHTED.)

HOME TREATMENT

FOR

THE DISEASES

OF

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS

A PRACTICAL WORK

FOR

FARMERS, TEAMSTERS, MERCHANTS, MECHANICS,
STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS.

A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, HOGS
AND DOGS. THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION,
AND CURE. ALSO THE LATEST AND MOST
APPROVED METHODS OF DELIVERING
THEIR YOUNG.

FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

/ BY, MAR 2, 1896)
Ee one ON Cerone
- 5) Nom eg WR Our

GRADUATS OF THE ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE,
TORONTO, CANADA,

ee
4

1

- Copyrighted
ROR abe ci Mami Lye
WALTER LANGTRY, V. S.

FORT WAYNE, IND.
1805. .40 0)

NO’TICE.

For the diffusion of knowledge, all classes of litera-
ture should be placed at a very nominal price, so as to
be within the reach of every one, and more especially
should this be the case with medical works, so that
persons may not only inform themselves, but render
valuable assistance in all cases of emergency, as well as
treat successfully those minor cases where medical skill
would not be called upon. All such hooks should be
written very plainly in the English language, carefully
avoiding all technical terms, so that any person may
read and understand what he is doing. This I have
earnestly endeavored to do, and have placed the price at
an extremely low figure, being satisfied with a small
profit and depending upon a large sale, to recompense
me for my time and trouble. The price being so low
and the profit so small, book stores cannot afford to
handle them. They will, therefore, be sold only
through agents. Any person desiring this work after
the agent has called, can procure a copy by writing to
my address:

WALTER LANGTRY, V. S.,
Fort Wayne, InpIAna,

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PREFACE,

In presenting this work to the general public, it is
not to be presumed that many will take the time to read
the preface, for only about one in a thousand receive
close attention. But if the reader will take the time to
give it a careful perusal, it will doubly repay him for
his trouble. It is not my intention nor desire, to make
every purchaser of this work a thorough veterinarian,
but to supply the busy and industrious American, who
is the owner or lover of domesticated animals, with a
concise and comprehensive treatise of the diseases of
live stock, according to the modern or advanced system
of treatment, discarding the old, vulgar and incompati-
ble messes that have formerly been prescribed, and the
poor, dumb brute has been compelled, through force
and ignorance, to endure that which it could not avoid.
The advanced and successful theory and practice among
the lower animals, so closely resembles that of the
human family, that what is considered humane treatment
for the one, also applies to the other, and I most respect-
fully invite you to ask your family physician to carefully
peruse these pages, and obtain his opinion as to the
correctness of treatment, and value to your library. It
seems remarkably strange, from the number of books

that are daily printed, that the wants of the industrious

PREFACE, Vv

farmer and owner of live stock, have been neglected in
this line, and not supplied with a practical work, whereby
he could not only avoid, but successfully and intelli-
gently administer remedies and heal the wounds of his
afflicted stock. The loss to the stock owner, amounts to
an enormous sum annually, not only through diseases
but during the period that they are producing their off-
spring, for a want of knowledge in assisting them at
that critical time; and after an extensive practice in
this line, for a period of eighteen years, and fully
appreciating the desire of the stock-owner for a knowl-
edge of this kind, I have endeavored to present it to
them in this work as plainly as it is possible under the
circumstances, for me to do in the English language,
and if it will somewhat assist in mitigating some of the
pain and misery, which the females are compelled to
endure, the author will greatly appreciate the fact and
will consider himself amply repaid for his time and
trouble.
Water Lanetry, V. S.

EXPLANATION OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF
THE SKELETON.

Zygomatic arch.

Orbital cavity.

Face bone.

Incisor teeth.

Molar teeth.

Lower jaw.

Atlas, Ist vertebrz of neck.

Axis, 2d vertebra of neck.

Cervical vertebre.

Spinal process of back.

Dorsal and lumbar vertebre.

Sacrum.

Coccygeal or tail bones.

Scapula, or shoulder blade.

Acromion process.

Hollow of shoulder blade.

Superior tuberosity of the hu-
merus.

Humerus, or arm bone.

Olecranon, or elbow bone.

Cartilages of the ribs.

Ribs.

Haunch, the external and ante-
rior angle of the illium,

Os innominatum, or haunch bone,

Great trochanter.

Small trochanter.

Femur, or thigh bone.

Ischium, posterior angle of the
illium.

Radius, or fore-arm bone,

Carpal, or knee bones.

Trapezium.

Metacarpal, or cannon bone.

Os suffraginis, or pastern bone,

Sesamoid bone.

Os corone, or small pastern
bone.

Superior tuberosity of the tibia.

Stifle joint.

Tibia, or leg bone.

Os calcis, or point of hock.

Tarsus, or hock joint.

Head of small metatarsal bone,

Cannon, or metatarsal bone.

Hoof, or foot bone.

Fetlock joint.

Patella.

Fibula.

INTRODUCTORY.

Since an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure, it will be well first to consider such rules of treat-
ment and of diet, as will tend to maintain good health
in animals. The physical construction must be re-
garded, and the fact impressed upon the mind that they
do not consist entirely of hair and hide and a few exter-
nal organs, simply because such alone are visible; these
but serve as an outer guard for a delicate, intricate and
beautiful mechanism within. The wonderful work of
digestion begins as soon as the food is taken into the
mouth, for there it is ground by the teeth and mingled
with the saliva; through the proper channels it reaches
the stomach, and then enters the intestines. When di-
vested, the nutritive portions of the food are conveyed
to the blood by means of absorbent vessels, whence oc-
curs a process of purification, in which all waste parti-
cles are cast aside and the rich, life-giving fluid is pro-
pelled by the heart, through many blood-vessels, to the
various portions of the system, to supply worn-out tis-
sues. The body is not interspersed with blood-channels
alone, but there is also a tracery of nerves extending to
every extremity, commonly called the nervous system,
and having two great centers; the spinal cord with
which all lesser nerves connect, and the crowning splen-
dor of animal existence, the brain, to which, in turn, the
spinal cord is attached. There is also a structure of
bones, termed the skeleton, to which cling in proper
position, folds or layers of flesh, called muscles. The

10 HOME TREATMENT FOR

vast and marvelous mechanism of animal anatomy, is in
itself a study, and since it can here be but briefly con-
sidered, it will be better to proceed at once to the con-
sideration of the principles of hygiene and sanitation,
and of proper nursing and medical treatment, than to
dwell longer upon the art of dissection, We will there-
fore first regard such rules of diet and management, as
will be conducive to the maintenance of health.

WATER.

Dysentery, diarrhoea and many other diseases of
stock, are very often occasioned by drinking water con-
taining decomposing organic matter, such as may some-
times be found in wells and ponds, situated near man-
ure-heaps and cess-pools. It is important then, that
water be free from impurities. When animals have:
free access to water, they never drink toexcess. Green
food, owing to the juice it contains, lessens the quantity
of water required. When fed upon dry hay and grain,
the thirst is necessarily greater.

Water from shallow wells, and river water, which is
usually contaminated with sewage, is dangerous, while
water from springs and deep wells, and upland surface
water, is considered wholesome. Surface-water from
land that has been cultivated, and stored rain-water,
may be regarded with suspicion. Pure water can gen-
erally be determined by its bluish tint, its clearness,
and lack of taste or smell, but the presence of certain
poisons, bacteria, etc., can be detected only by micro-
scopic and chemical examination conducted by an ex-
pert in this line. When at rest, the horse requires
water at least three times a day; but when laboring,
more frequently. The rule, under the latter circum-
stance, should be to give in small quantities and often.
When a horse is warm, he may be allowed a few swal-

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 1]

lows of water and should then immediately be given a
pound or two of hay. He should then rest about an
hour before feeding. The danger in giving water to a
warm or over-heated animal, is due to the excessive
amount it will take while in this condition. Horses
should not be allowed ice cold water, and while hot
water need not necessarily be added, it should be seen
to that it does not verge upon the freezing point.
While it is not a good idea to give water thus cold, yet
serious trouble is seldom produced, if the horse has not
been deprived for too long a time. The same rule will
apply to cattle, although they are not so susceptible to
unpleasant effects from this source as the horse, having
four stomachs while the horse has but one.

FOODS AND FEEDING.

Cleanliness should be considered both in preparing
and administering food. The method of preparation,
found by experience to be the best, should be adhered to
and regular times of feeding should be observed. Oats do
not pass from the stomach so quickly as hay and straw
and should therefore be given after either of the latter,
as they cannot then be forced by the hay or straw,
which is more rapidly digested, into the intestines, be-
fore the stomach has performed its part in the work of’
digestion. When the horse is hungry or exceedingly
tired, this manner of feeding is particularly commend-
able, since it requires more time to masticate hay, in-
suring a proper mixture with it of the saliva, and it
cannot be bolted as are oats or other grains. ~ Water
should not be given after feeding, as it washes the food
from the stomach before it is prepared to enter diges-
tion in the intestines. Before feeding then, is the
proper time to give water. The selection of food should
depend upon the nature of the labor required of the

12 HOME TREATMENT FOR

horse. Severe or hurried work cannot be expected of
an animal with a full stomach. When labor of this na-
ture is required, it is best that food be allowed in small
quantity, about two hours before going to work. Even
slow-working animals should not be gorged with bulky
food lacking in nourishing properties, immediately be-
fore being put to labor. Grains should never be fed
immediately after a hard day’s work, as digestive dis-
orders are apt to arise. Hay should first be given, with
grains following. The same rule should be observed in
feeding an animal that has been for any reason, de-
prived of food for sometime; also in this case, a less
quantity should be given than would be consumed. If
too much food is allowed, colic is apt to follow. For
horses engaged mostly in slow work, chopped or cut
hay, fed with crushed oats, ground corn, etc., is desira-
ble. Diet should not be changed suddenly, as this is
dangerous, but the desired change should be accom-
plished very gradually. Neither should there be an
immediate increase in the quantity of food, if this is
desired, but the amount required should be reached by
degrees. The quantity of food must be governed by the
amount of labor to be performed. If the work is de-
creased or there is an entire cessation from toil for a
few days, the food should be lessened. If the horse is
to stand for sometime, the food should be of a laxative
nature. Musty or moldy foods should not be fed, since
from these frequently arise various diseases, such as
bronchitis, lung trouble and heaves. Kidney disorders
are apt to arise from the consuming of musty hay.

HAY.

Timothy, about a year old, fresh, clean, and of a
greenish color, and possessing a pleasant odor, is the
best hay for horses. If kept too long, however, it be-

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 13

comes deficient in nourishment, hard, dry and more or
less difficult of digestion. New hay also, is hard to di-
gest, sometimes producing purging, and irritation of the
skin. It should be mixed with old hay, if given at all.
Second crop hay is not good for horses, but is consid-
ered by some persons, as good food for milch cows; it
being claimed that it has a tendency to increase the flow
of milk. Ten to twelve pounds of hay a day, is suffi-
cient for the average horse, when grain is also fed.
Horses engaged in light work, should not be kept en-
tirely upon hay, as they will fall off in flesh and become
pot-bellied. This also applies to colts; unless the latter
are allowed some grain in addition to their hay, they are
apt to grow into lean, awkward creatures, never making
as good horses, as others fed upon both kinds of food.

STRAWS.

When straws are used as an article of food, they
should be chopped and mixed with crushed or ground
grains, and hay. The straws mostly used, are those of
rye, oats and wheat. Oats straw contains the greatest
amount of nourishment and is the most easily digested.
Bean and pea straws are sometimes fed to horses, and
of these two, the pea straw appears to be preferable.

CHAFF.

When oat chaff is mixed with cut hay or corn fod-
der, it may be used as an article of food, but only in
small quantities, as abundant feeding frequently pro-
duces a troublesome and sometimes fatal diarrhcea, in
both horses and cattle.

- Rye and wheat chaff should not be used. More or
less trouble is occasioned by the beards becoming lodged
in the mouth and throat, while in the bowels and stom-
ach, they often form the basis of soft concretions.

14 HOME TREATMENT FOR

GRAINS.

Oats are the most easily digested, and contain the
best proportion of nourishment. They are therefore
preferable to all other grains. The best oats are a year
old, clean, hard, short and plump. New oats are indi-
gestible. Kiln-dried oats, though originally good, are
not desirable, since this method of drying, injures them.
Sprouted or fermented oats should never be fed, as they
are injurious.’ For old horses and those having poor
teeth, oats are best when crushed; in most instances,
however, they may be fed whole. Crushed oats are also
best for horses addicted to the habit of bolting their
food, and in such cases, it is well to scatter the grain
before them, or spread it in a thin layer. With the
amount of hay already mentioned, the average horse
will require about twelve quarts of oats daily. Moldy
oats should not be fed, as they will give rise to very
serious disturbances, often terminating fatally.

WHEAT AND RYE.

These grains should be given as food, in small quan-
tities only, and should be crushed and mixed with hay
_ orother grains. Digestive disorders, founder and simi-
lar troubles are produced in horses, if these grains are
given alone, in any considerable quantities. When
used as an article of diet, they should invariably be
ground or crushed, and the amount given, should not be
more than one-fourth of the quantity of grain allowed.

BRAN.

Wheat-bran is mostly used, when bran is desired.
Various estimates are placed upon its value. It is best
fed with other grain; it bestows freedom of action upon
the bowels, and sour bran, therefore, should not be
given, as it is productive of stomach and intestinal
disorders.

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. is

MAIZE-CORN.

This grain should not be used exclusively as food for
young horses, as it is lacking in salts. It may be fed
either whole or ground. For horses affected with
lampas, it is generally given upon the cob, but if it is
old corn and it is desired to give it in this manner, it
should be soaked in clean water for some ten to twelve
hours. Corn is better given in the ground form, from
one to two quarts at a feeding, mixed with wheat-bran
or crushed oats. A full feed of corn given to a horse
unaccustomed to its use, is likely to give rise to acute
indigestion. For this reason, small quantities should
be given at first, and gradually increased until the de-
sired amount is reached.

LINSEED.

When it is desired to keep the bowels open and im-
prove the condition of the skin, ground linseed may oc-
casionally be given with other articles of diet. When
the digestive organs are inflamed or irritable, tea made
of linseed is very beneficial.

POTATOES—CARROTS—BEETS.

Potatoes used as food for horses or cattle, are best
steamed or boiled. If given in considerable quantities in
the raw state, they are apt to produce indigestion.
Like most other roots, they possess a small proportion of
laxative properties. Beets are not used often as food
for horses, and should not be used too liberally as food
for cattle. Carrots, when fed in small quantities, are
very beneficial and particularly so in sickness, as they
improve the appetite, and to a slight extent, increase
the action of the kidneys and bowels. They also con-
tain alterative properties and when used as an article of.
diet the coat becomes glossy and smooth.

16 HOME TREATMENT FOR

GRASS.

If at all possible, every horse should receive a sum-
mer vacation, which he may spend in some good pas-
turage. This not only affords him his natural food, but
gives him a brief season for rest and recuperation.
Grass is indispensible to growing stock. It is not suffi-
cient in itsef, as food for an animal engaged in labor,
as purging results, and horses soon tire in travel or
work. They also perspire easily. It should at first be
given in small quantities to horses accustomed to grain
and hay, but the best idea, is to let the animal crop it
for itself. Chronic disorders sometimes disappear en-
tirely, when the animal is upon grass; it also has a ten-
dency to lessen fever, and wounds heal with greater
rapidity than when upon grain. Last but not least, is
the fact that an occasional change of diet, goes far to-
ward maintaining a good conditioninanimals. It is not
a good idea to continue the same routine of feeding, for
this becomes tiresome, as it would with ourselves, were
we subjected to a certain rule of diet. An occasional
change is appreciated by animals, and consequently fol-
lowed with good results.

STABLING.

Stalls should be large and roomy. Box stalls are best,
for these allow such complete freedom from halter or
strap, that the animal may choose any position desired,
for comfort and rest. It is bad policy to economize in
stable-room, by building narrow, uncomfortable stalls.
There should at least be room for the animal to stretch
out its limbs, so that it need not lie in a cramped posi-
tion. A ground floor is the best, but upon floors of
any kind, should be placed a good bedding. For
this, clean straw is preferable. Ventilation should
pot be disregarded, but in order to secure this, it

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 17

is not necessary that a flood of cold or damp, chilly
air be allowed to rush upon the animal. In this, as in
other matters, judgment must be used. Above all
things, cleanliness must be observed, and there should
be plenty of light. Food should be placed so that it can
be reached without discomfort. Screen or netting prop-
erly arranged, affords good protection from flies. Floors
of any kind should be level; if a board floor is used,
there should be some means of drainage.

HARNESS.

This should be adjusted to the form of the horse, in
as comfortable a manner as possible. Rubbing should
be guarded against, particularly the friction of the col-
lar upon the shoulders. The cruelty of tight check-
reining cannot be too severely condemned. It not only
cramps the horse into a painful position, but is senseless
in the extreme, being a detriment to the natural beauty
of the animal and a hindrance to him while at work.

MUTILATIONS.

The inhuman fashion of docking has happily almost
entirely disappeared, as has also the slashing of ears.
The mane, tail and fore-top, appear well if evenly
trimmed, but there is no beauty in a stubby tail, a
closely hacked mane and a raring fore-top; the latter
should be either short enough to escape the eyes, or be
carefully tucked away beneath some portion of the
head gear. As to the recent style of clipping, it cer-
tainly does not seem reasonable to subject the horse to
the chilling air of winter, deprived of his natural pro-
tection. The animal suffers as much as would his mas-
ter, were he compelled to remain out any length of
time, without a coat.

It may do well enough in mid-summer, or as soon as
the weather becomes settled and warm. Nature, how-

18 HOME TREATMENT FOR

ever, has made ample provision, by granting a shedding
or thinning of the hair. at the proper time. But with
all due care and consideration, animals will sicken
sometimes from causes over which we have no control;
it is the way of all flesh, and when ailments occur, we
must seek to administer in the best and most practical
manner, the most efficient remedies.

BATHS.

For the cure of disease and likewise for the pres-
ervation of health, baths are important. When falling
in temperature below 70° Fahrenheit they may be
termed cold baths; sucl, when used with discretion, ex
ert tonic, stimulating or bracing effects. They contract
the blood-vessels lying close to the skin and increase the
excretion of waste particles. Cold baths should not be
too long continued, especially when applied to young or
weakly animals, as undesirable and even injurious re-
sults may ensue. A sea bath is better than fresh water
at rest. By drying thoroughly, by hand-rubbing or
blanketing, reaction is encouraged, and it may some-
times be well to give stimulants. If a lower tempera-
ture than 70° Fahrenheit is required, the animal may be
placed ina bath of that degree of temperature which
may then be lowered to 60° or lower; or may at once be
placed in a bath, ranging from 60° to 50°, or have cold
water dashed over it. Ten or fifteen minutes will suf-
fice, in such cases, and the treatment may be given
twice inaday. By this method, high fever may be re-
duced from 1° to 4°.

TEPID BATHS.

From 65° to 85° Fahr. is the proper range for a
tepid bath. They are beneficial to heated and tired
animals, producing a sense of comfort. Perspira-
tion is encouraged, the skin is cleansed, and they also,

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 19

more or less, allay thirst; likewise they are beneficial in
removing stiffness, resulting sometimes after a hard
day’s labor.

WARM BATHS.

From 85° to 97° Fahr. is the proper range of tem-
perature for baths of this kind. They are servicable in
relieving chronic skin diseases and softening the skin.
By their application, blood-vessels under-lying the skin
are expanded and perspiration is promoted.

HOT BATHS.

The temperature in baths of this kind ranges upward
from 97° Fahr. As high as110° may be reached if in-
creased by degrees. By their use, the temperature of
the body is increased, the capillaries or blood-vessels of
the skin are expanded,-the perspiration and pulse are
accelerated, and excretion of waste matter is hastened.
They are soothing to over-taxed muscles, useful in re-
lieving colic and cramps, check such disorders as rheu-
matism, catarrh and weed attacks, and are of benefit in
chronic affections of the skin.

MEDICATION.

Baths may be medicated. To stimulate the skin,
salt or mustard may be added. Drugs of various kinds
are used for the destruction of parasites of the skin and
also for chronic skin diseases. In the latter instance,
alkaline carbonates or potassium sulpheret; for the de-
struction of parasites, carbolic acid, tobacco juice, solu-
tion of arsenious acid may be used.

Not many stables, however, afford the convenient
and elegant appliances facilitating the administering of
baths. The next best method, and the one usually em-
ployed, is sponging with tepid, cold or hot water, as the
case may require. Satisfactory results are thus ob-
tained. In treatment of fever, the water should not at

20 HOME TREATMENT FOR

first, be of temperature lower than 85° or 80° Fahr.
The sponging process should not last longer than three
or four minutes; the animal should then be wiped dry
and at once covered with a blanket. The sponging may
be repeated within three or four hours, if necessary,
especially should the temperature again have risen.
After the first or second sponging, the temperature of
the water may be lowered to 65° or 60° Fahr. Some-
times a little acid added to the bath is of benefit, and
concurrent with this treatment, stimulants or anti-
septic salines may be prescribed.

FOMENTATIONS.

In order to be of benefit, fomentations should be
continued for several hours. Usually, water alone 1s
used, but laudanum, vinegar, saline, and other reme-
dies, suitable to the ailment, are sometimes added.
Fomentations are usually hot, though cold applications
are sometimes used. They are generally applied to
bruises, inflammations, such as in kidney disease, or in
diseases of the lungs as pneumonia and pleurisy; to
sprains, wounds, or inflamed eyes. The temperature
must of course be regulated to the nature of the disor-
der, and the portion of the body where it is situated.
When applied to the eye, the degree of heat should not
go beyond 100° Fahr. For bruises, external inflamma-
tions and disturbances of similar character, the water
may be as hot as can be borne by the hand, and for
pleurisy -and other internal inflammatory affections,
horse-cloths or pieces of flannel should be soaked with
boiling water, partially dried, and spread over the sur-
face around and above the affected parts and covered
with a piece of rubber or any other material that will
prevent evaporation. For the lesser ailments, a sponge
or rag, a flannel rag is preferable, may be used, with

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 21

some covering to retain the moisture. It is not advisa-
ble to use a sponge where there is any putrid or foul
discharge, as it is apt to harbor disease germs, whereas,
if a rag is used, it is usually burned, or destroyed in
some other manner. Probably the most speedy and
convenient method, is to wring a sheep-skin out of the
water, and place the wooly side to the diseased part.

\\ roatay y
NW
\ \ \\\s

Fomenting a Bruise.

The temperature of the application should be kept as
even as possible, and when the fomenting operation is
completed, the affected portions should be nicely dried
and wrapped, so as to prevent chilling. Mustard is
sometimes applied to assist in sustaining the tempera-
ture, though this is apt to be somewhat painful to open,
sensitive wounds. For this purpose, also alcohol or a mild
stimulating liniment may be used. Guard against irri-
tation, in the treatment of araw sore or an open wound,
as this will have a tendency to delay the healing process.

22 HOME TREATMENT FOR

POULTICES.

Boiled linseed-meal, oat meal, bran, bread, turnips,
and dried hops where a light poultice is desired, are
some of the substances used for this manner of moist
application. Poultices may be either hot or cold; cold
poultices are prepared in the same manner as are hot
applications, and then allowed to cool. Hot poultices,
however, are mostly used. They may be laid directly
upon the wound, or affected part, or a very thin cover-
ing as a piece of old, thin muslin, may first be spread
upon the part to be treated. This tends to prevent
sticking, and for this purpose also, a light coating of
glycerine solution or vaseline, may be used. They
should be removed every hour or two, and fresh ones
supplied, and’ this changing should be accomplished
with rapidity, so as to prevent chilling. Poultices en-
courage the excretion of pus and therefore should not
be applied to fresh or to dry wounds where there is no
suppuration. They should not be continued for too long
a time, as the result will be a too great relaxing or soft-
ening of the affected parts. When the operation is
completed, care should be taken to prevent chilling by
enveloping in flannel or some other suitable material.
When heat is desired without moisture, hot salt or sand
in bags, may be apphed. Poultices are sometimes
medicated. Opiates may be added to produce a sooth-
ing effect; a sprinkling of turpentine or mustard will |
encourage stimulation, and an antiseptic tendency is
produced by adding carbolic acid, yeast, charcoal or
chlorinated soda.

POWDERS.

When not of too large a size powders may be dropped
upon the tongue of the patient. The most satisfactory
manner of administering, is to mix with some soft form of
food, provided the flavor is not so disagreeable that the

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 28

animal will refuse it. Most all medicines may be ob-
tained in the form of powders, and while their action is
not quite as quick as in liquid form, they are just as ef-
fective, andit kept in close stoppered bottles, will retain
and impart their active principles for a great length of
time.

PLASTERS.

In veterinary practice, plasters are not as a rule, a
convenient method of treatment, owing to the fact that
an animal usually shows a disposition to bite or rub
them off, and thus there is danger of additional injury
to the portion already affected. They are useful in af-
fording protection and retarding evaporation, increas-
ing activity of the glands, and when applied in a thick
form, tend to hinder motion of the diseased parts.
When they are to remain for some length of time, the
ingredients melted to softness, may be poured directly
upon the skin, over-spread with ravelled lint or tow and
over the whole, a linen or leather bandage should be
placed. Applications of this kind, are known as
charges. For stimulation, mustard or cantharides may
be added to the other ingredients, but if a soothing ef-
fect is desired, add opium or belladonna.

LOTIONS.

Fluid preparations intended for the bathing of ex-
ternal parts, are termed lotions. Various drugs are
used, with water or other fluids or mixtures of fluids, as
solvents. They are of benefit in swellings, sore joints
and muscles, infiamed eyes, skin diseases and other ex-
ternal disorders. They may also be applied for stimu-
lating effects upon internal organs. Besides pouring, or
rubbing as in the application of liniments, lotions may
be apphed by means of linen saturated with the prep-
aration and laid upon the part to be treated.

24 HOME TREATMENT FOR

OINTMENTS.

Lard, butter, or other fatty matters, form the basis
of ointments. Vaseline is very desirable since it does
not become rancid and in itself possesses soothing and
healing qualities. To the oily consistence employed,
such drugs are to be added as are to be used in treating
the ailment, and after being well mixed, the ointment
is, as a general thing, ready for use. This manner of
treatment is desirable for healing sores, skin disorders,
and since the ingredients are capable of being absorbed
by the skin, for introducing medicines, in certain in-
stances, into the system. In order to facilitate absorp-
tion, lanolin or oleic acid is in the proper instances,
used as a basis. When wax or resin is employed, it
must be slowly melted and the other ingredients added,
and the mass should be stirred until well mixed and un-
til it is of the proper consistence.

VAPORS.

For disinfecting the air-passages, destroying para-
sites therein, for soothing or stimulating, inhalations
are sometimes used with good effect. This manner of
treatment is beneficial in many ailments of the throat
and breathing organs, as catarrh, sore throat, bronchial
congestion. For these latter affections, vapor produced
from pure water alone, or to which has been added a lit-
tle chloroform, laudanum, belladonna, or whatever else
is designated for the ailment, often affords prompt re-
lief. A hot bran-mash contained in a good sized nose
bag, is a convenient method of producing steam, as also
a bucket containing hot water, placed beneath the nos-
trils, the bucket and head of the animal being covered
with sacking, or the covering may be omitted and a hot
iron plunged into the water at suitable intervals. For
disinfection, and for irritability of the organs of breath-

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 25

ing, fumes and gases from various drugs are sometimes
employed, but these will be treated upon elsewhere.
The practice of smoking with old shoes, rubber, wool,
etc., is to be severely condemned as injurious, inhuman,

we =

Nose Bag for Sleaming.

and utterly senseless. To a human being suffering with
throat or lung affections, this would be not only obnox-
ious, but very prolific of injurious effects. It is none
the less so to the fettered animal, unable to speak or
offer any other sign of protest, and it must therefore
stand patiently and endure, or if this becomes impossi-
ble, succumb to the torment.

INJECTIONS.

Liquid introduced into the rectum, whether pure
water alone, or water with the addition of some me-
dicinal element, or whether of some other fluid form,
constitutes an injection. The object in administering,
is to relax the bowels, for which it is safe and effectual,
to maintain and hasten the action of purgatives, to
cleanse of worms which may infest the posterior portion
of the canal, and may be used with soothing as well as
stimulating effect, influencing both adjacent and remote

26 HOME TREATMENT FOR

organs. This is also a means of introducing medicines
into the system, when there is difficulty in swallowing,
as in sore throat, lock-jaw, or other affections producing
a similar condition; they are not so rapidly absorbed by
this method however, as when administered in the nat-
ural manner. This treatment is effective in constipa-
tion or in obstinate torpidity. In the horse, the har-
dened fecal matter may first be removed by the hand
or spatula and the injection may then follow. From
one and a half to five gallons of tepid water, may be in-
jected into the rectum of a draught-horse, while a pint
is sufiicient for a dog weighing forty pounds. In thisas
in all else, judgment must be used, and the amount
regulated to the nature of the disorder and species of
animal. ‘Two or three pints is a sufficiency for the ox
or horse, when intended for retention and absorption;
three or four times this amount is required when evacua-
tion is desired, and larger quantities in obstinate cases.
By the addition to tepid water, of soap—castile is
preferable, or raw linseed oil, the effect is increased.
An injection composed of four ounces of turpentine and
a quart of raw linseed oil, is effective in removing
worms. The apparatus for giving injections are of vari-
ous kinds, of which we will designate the barrel syringe
and the ball syringe as the most common. There is also
Prof. Gamgee’s funnel; a sort of rectangular arrange-
ment, into the top or cup of which the liquid may be
poured, and it will then follow the tube and enter the
rectum. This method would no doubt be the most
agreeable to the animal, as it does not necessitate the
unpleasant pumping or forcing usually required to oper-
ate a syringe. The portion of the instrument intro-
duced into the rectum, should be well greased with oil
or lard and entered in a slow and careful manner, to
prevent any unnecessary irritation to the parts.

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 27

SUPPOSITORIES.

By combining with soap, cocoa-butter or lard, and
wielding into a round form resembling a ball or cylin-
der, certain drugs may be introduced into the rectum,
vagina and uterus. A suppository of soap placed in the
anus, encourages acton of the bowels in young foals and
calves.

BOLUSES.

Some medicines are conveniently administered in the
form of a bolus or pill. The remedy to be given, is
mixed with a mass of sufficient consistency to allow
molding into a round form; the cylindrical shape is bet-
ter than the absolutely round ball, and it may measure

SNES SS “GH
<5 SI oe
/

Giving « Pill

from a half to three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and
two inches in length. There are a number of articles
with which the medicine may be mixed and wielded
into the proper form, but lard or linseed meal can prob-
ably be the most readily obtained. In both mixing and
administering, cleanliness should be observed and the
balls must not be allowed to harden, as in this condi-
tion, they sometimes pass away from the animal with-
out having been changed and absorbed. Wrapping in
oiled paper will preserve moisture, or fresh ones may be
made as required.

28 HOME TREATMENT FOR

The bolus is usually given with the fingers, and
the operation is simple. The ball is held by one end
between the thumb (which supports it below) and the
fingers of the right hand, which is drawn together and
rounded as much as possible. The tongue of the patient
is gently drawn out a little way by the left hand, and
the ball passed rapidly along the roof of the mouth, and
dropped on the back of the tongue. The hand must be
quickly withdrawn and the hold upon the tongue at once
released. Close the mouth, and slightly elevate the
head which may be released as soon as the ball is swal-
lowed. The operation should be performed in as rapid
and careful a manner as possible and with a firm, steady
hand, for a nervous doctor usually makes a nervous pa-
tient; neither should the animal be struck or abused.
When, on account of viciousness, the ball cannot readily
be administered by the hand, it is best to use a balling
iron. This device is also conveniently used when the
mouth is narrow, or when by reason of some affection,
it cannot be sufficiently opened.

DRENCHES.

Fluid preparations given in a single good-sized dose,
are termed drenches. When the flavor is not disagree-
able, the animal may usually be induced to drink it
mixed with its drinking water or with gruel. From two
to six ounces, according to the size of the animal, is an
average amount for dogs; one or two pints for horses,
six to eight ounces for sheep, and for an ox one to two
quarts. The mixture should be well shaken, so that the
ingredients will be thoroughly mixed. In administering
to a horse, the head should be raised to a moderate
height, and the tongue secured so as to prevent the
throwing out of the liquid, yet allowing sufficient action
of jaws, lips, tongue and cheeks to permit swallowing.

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 29

The tongue should not be drawn outward in a forcible
manner, as in this position, it cannot assist in forcing
back the fluid, and furthermore encourages the danger
of choking. To secure the head by means of ropes and
pulleys fastened above, is an objectionable method; a
’ better way is to hold the head in position by means of a
twitch, the noose of which is placed over the upper jaw
within the incisor teeth, and an assistant, standing on
the left side of the animal may raise and sustain the
head by means of a stick attached to the noose, or the
noose may be slipped between the prongs of a stable
fork. The best method however, is to dispense with all
fetters and entanglements, and use the hands alone, as
first described. This requires but one person, and is
quickly and easily accomplished, at the same time al-
lowing the most comfort and freedom to the animal.
Drenching through the nostrils is not only unnatural,
but is attended with danger of death, as the fluid may
enter either the channel to the lungs or the passage to
the stomach, or both. The nostrils are to admit air, not
food and drink or other matters foreign to them. The
mouth has this office to perform. If, in administering
a drench to an animal, it is seized with a fit of coughing,
release it at once, as there is danger of choking. In
administering to cattle, grasp firmly but not roughly by
the nostrils, with the thumb and two fingers, in such a
manner that there will be no interference with the
breathing, and raise the head to a moderate height.
The drench may then be given with the other hand.
Aid is rendered in some instances, if an assistant grasps
the horns and steadies the head. Large dogs may be
backed into a corner, so that they cannot pull away, and
the head held between the knees. Glass bottles are
usually used to contain the fluid, but if a properly
shaped tin vessel can be obtained, it will be all the bet-

380 HOME TREATMENT FOR

ter, as there is danger that the glass bottle may be
broken, the contents spilled, and the mouth of the ani-
mal or the hands of the operator, cut by the fragments.
The drenching horn is also sometimes used. In all ani-
mals the nostrils should be left unobstructed to such an
extent as to not interfere with breathing; choking
should be guarded against, and the drench should be
poured somewhat slowly.

DISINFECTION,

For cleansing a drain, pour into it a bucket of water
in which has been dissolved a handful of copperas.
When it is desired to eradicate disease germs, smoke the
shed or stable with sulphur; if to this is added wood
tar, the activity will be greatly increased. Place a heap
of live coals in an iron kettle or other suitable vessel},
and lay the sulphur or tar and sulphur upon them.
The gases will at once begin to generate. For thorough
disinfection, it is best to remove all living creatures,
close the building tightly, arrange the vessel so that
there is no danger of fire, and leave matters so, for an
hour or two. The smoke will thus penetrate every
crevice. A little of this gas inhaled by animals may be
beneficial, but the suffocating power of sulphur fumes
is well known, and it is therefore not to be trifled with.
By all means, remove the animals if distress is indi-
cated by coughing. Carbolic acid applied to the door-
lintels and walls, forms a good disinfectant. Cloths
wet with a weak solution of it and hung up, are an at-
traction and a destruction to disease germs floating
about in the atmosphere. This acid is also disagreeable
to flies.

BLISTERING.

Before applying a blister, shave the hair from the
part, wash and dry well; then with smart friction con-
tinued for a few minutes, apply the blistering prepara-

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 31

tion. If the operation is properly accomplished, and
the application is afterwards carefully watched, the
blister should leave no permanent scar or blemish. If it
proves to be too severe, remove it and wash the part
gently and apply olive oil or lard freely. Tie the horse
in sucha manner that he cannot gnaw at the blister,
and do not remove the loose skin raised by it; let this
scale off naturally. This treatment is sometimes used
to hasten the opening of an abscess, or to reduce an en-
larged gland. When sufficient action has been aroused,
further irritation may be discouraged by washing care-
fully and applying olive oil or lard.

FIRING.

In many eases of chronic lameness and in obstinate
bone diseases, firing is of great benefit. For this pur-
pose, Williams’ instrument for pyropuncture is to he
recommended, as it makes a deep impression and leaves
scarcely any scar. The iron should be red hot, and ap-
plied with enough force to pierce the skin and enter the
diseased part. Before the procedure begins, the hair
should be shaved from the part to be treated, and the
animal securely fastened. On the day following the
operation, neats’ foot or some other bland oil may be
applied, to act upon the swelling, and this may hence
forward be used daily, until the swelling is reduced.
The animal should not be put to labor too soon, as the
disease may return if this is done. <A rest of several
months is advisable.

SLINGS.

Unless suffering from diseased feet, it is best to let
the horse sustain himself, but when to all appearances,
exhaustion is so great that this is no longer possible, it
is well, in some instances, to prepare a sling for support
in maintaining an upright position. To accomplish

o2 HOME TREATMENT FOR

this, a block and tackle may be securely fastened to a
beam over-head and attached to the canvas or other
stout material employed, and which has been wrapped
two or three times at each end, around stout rollers, at
least two inches thick, and securely nailed. If instead,
a frame is to be used, set four posts, a little over three
feet apart one way and five feet the other. On either.
side and on a line with the middle of the body, place a
strong horizontal bar. Lead the horse between the
posts, place a bar in front at such a height that it will
cross the lower part of the neck, and another between
the hind posts, on a line with the stifle. Wind your
material around one of the side bars, and nail it on the
outside, then pass it beneath the body to the bar oppo-
site, and secure in the same manner. Do not let the
horse sink down into the sling until it is well secured.
The cloth may be strengthened by small ropes, and it
should be of such a width as to begin behind the fore-
legs, and clear the sheath in the male.

BLEEDING.

By diminishing the quantity of blood in circulation,
bleeding lessens the action of the lungs and heart. If
this manner of treatment is resorted to, it should be in
the first stages of the disease, before there is much ex-
haustion. It is not asafe remedy and should be avoided
if possible. In some instances, however, it is the only
chance for life. In horses, the jugular vein is generally
selected when blood-letting is desired. A fleam is
preferable to a lancet, for this purpose, since with this
instrument, there is certainty of tapping the vein to a
proper extent. From a previously strong, healthy horse,
one bleeding of from five to seven quarts, is sufficient.
The quantity extracted, must be regulated to the size of
the animal and the nature of the ailment. A rusty or
unclean instrument should not be used, as it is likely to

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 88

produce inflammation. The horse should be _ blind-
folded; pressure should be brought upon the vein with
the finger, until it grows tense, or to accomplish this, a
stout string may be tied about the neck with pressure
enough to bring the veins into prominence, but there
should be nodragging upon the skin. The incision
must be made above the point of pressure; the fleam
should be laid lengthwise along the center of the vein,
and should be given a quick, heavy blow, whereupon

Raising the Vein.

the blood will spurt out. The pressure must be con-
tinued until a sufficient amount is drawn, when the
string or finger, whichever has been employed, should be
removed, and the flow will cease. During the operation
and while the flow continues, the head should be ele-
vated to a moderate height. When bleeding has ceased,
a common pin is run through the margins of the wound
and wrapped with thread crossed back and forth over
the ends of the pin in the form of a figure eight.
Care must be exercised in the pinning operation, so that
there will be no dragging upon the skin, and no undue
tightening of the thread ligature, and the vein must not

34 HOME TREATMENT FOR

be included. Usually in three days, the pin may be re-
moved. It should first be twisted about to loosen adhe-
sions, should there be any, and then withdrawn with
one hand, while the other holds the skin in place below
it, so that it will not be dragged back.

The ox and sheep are also generally bled from the

Bleeding.

jugular, though sometimes in the sheep, the eye or
cheek vein is tapped. In the pig, the ear may be turned
back and the veins pressed upon at the base, and brought
into prominence, when the incision can be made; ora
cord may be tied around the foreleg above the knee,
when the brachial vein, on the inside of the leg will be
seen, and can be lanced. The cut should be made
about an inch above the knee.

SHOEING.

While the art of shoeing belongs to another profes-
sion, which is closely allied to that of the veterinary
surgeon, it may not be out of place here to make a few
remarks on the various modes and manners in which
the foot of the horse is treated by many blacksmiths,
for want of a knowledge of one of the most intricate
parts of the horse’s anatomy. Far from it, is it my in-

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. BY5)

tention to do any injustice to the knights of the anvil, yet
there are so many who undertake to practice this trade
or profession, that have never given the parts suf-
ficient study, or in whom there is not enough mechanical
ingenuity, to properly place the shoe, and drive the
nails in their proper position, after the foot has been
levelled and prepared for its reception. The somewhat
-~weeping assertion has frequently been made, that the
history of every horse, has been a record of human en-
deavor to destroy its usefulness, yet this assertion is not
made without some foundation for its support, for where
is the individual who questions the statement, ‘‘No
foot, no horse ;’’ and yet there is no portion of this ani-
ial’s anatomy, wherein he has been compelled to suffer
so many ills, the cause of which, in the vast majority of
instances, are traceable either directly or indirectly, to
the manner in which the foot has been prepared and the
ill-fitting shoe it has been compelled to wear. Unfortu-
nate indeed, has it been for that noble animal, that we
have been obliged to invent some device for the artifi-
cial protection of the foot, as the necessary work that is
imposed upon it from day to day, causes a greater waste
of horn than nature can replace during the intervals of
rest it is allowed. The ordinary iron shoe, has so far,
proven the best protection, and even this, when applied
under the direction of, or by a skillful mechanic, means
a certain amount of injury to the tissues of the foot.
Every nail driven, means so much injury, and the larger
the nail, the greater the injurious effects. There is
however, one class of horses in this country, which,
from the nature of the work they have to perform, and
the condition of the ground they have to travel over,
renders it unnecessary to furnish artificial protection for
their feet, except under extraordinary circumstances.
These are our agricultural horses; and when one of

36 HOME TREATMENT FOR

them, from the peculiar shape or condition of the feet,
must receive attention, take it to a skillful mechanic,
no matter how great the distance. It is strange, yet
nevertheless true, that the average horse shoer has a
mania for cutting, carving and rasping at the horse’s foot,
thereby taking upon himself the task of improving na-
ture by means of art, which has always proven a dismal
failure, for sooner or later, after being handled in this
manner, you perceive a dried, contracted, pinched up or
shriveled object instead of the broad, beautiful foot,
with which nature in her ineffable wisdom, provided the
animal. I will now endeavor to present to you, some
of the pernicious and insane methods of preparing the
foot for the shoe. Foremost among these, is the habit
of trimming the frog. Now as the frog is nature’s cush-
ion and hoof expander, placed there to ward off con-
cussion, through its elasticity, thereby furnishing the
much needed protection to the other structures of the
foot, which are possessed of a much smaller amount of
expansion and contraction, it now being trimmed to a
degree that. deprives it of pressure, immediately com-
mences to shrink, dry and harden, very soon presenting
a pinched up appearance, when its usefulness to the
foot is destroyed; then instead of being a protection to
the foot, as in its natural state, discharging its allotted
function, it becomes a menace rather than a benefit to
this organ. Next among these, is the habit of paring
out the sole of the foot, until it yields by the pressure
of the operator’s thumbs. As the sole grows very
slowly, and rests upon a soft, velvety cushion, from
which it is nourished and developed, consequently when
it is pared down until it yields to light pressure, the
part that still remains is only partially developed, and
when exposed to dryness and heat, the delicate half-
formed fibres contract to such a degree that their source

or

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. ol

of nourishment is greatly impaired, and the process of
development is vastly retarded; then it is, that this
mutilated and shrunken sole adds still more serious
injury to the foot. Nor does the injury stop here. The
operator proceeds to ‘‘open up the heels,’’ as he calls
it, by cutting out the bars and splitting down with the
knife between the frog and the quarters. These bars
are so arranged as to prevent the quarters from closing
in on the frog, to prevent contraction at the heels.
Thus, with the bars or lateral braces removed and a slice
taken out in the immediate vicinity of the heels, there
is no other alternative, in a dry climate like ours in the
summer, but to continuously contract, until the sensi-
tive structures of the foot are naught but a constant
source of irritation, pain and misery to the horse, the
remainder of its animal existence. Adding to this al-
ready mutilated foot, after the shoe has been placed
upon it and the clinches made, the rasp is brought into
play, commencing up very closely to the hair and rasp-
ing the whole external portion of the foot, thus robbing
it of its natural layer of varnish, which was placed there
by nature to prevent the evaporation of the moisture
there secreted, for the nourishment and healthy main-
tenance of the parts. The condition of horses’ feet
depends greatly upon the care and management they
receive from colthood up, and were they allowed the
privilege of standing, while in confinement, upon some
material containing a small amount of moisture instead
of on a dry, wooden floor, their feet would be found to
be better shaped, tougher and less brittle, a condition
much" better for the work to be exacted from them.
Now in summarizing the conditions to which our horses’
feet have been subjected, not only by the shoer, but the
owner, let us look together with more reason, and see if
these evils cannot be abated in a great degree. As [|

88 HOME TREATMENT FOR

have heretofore stated, the frog, sole and bars, were
placed in position by nature, to maintain the whole
structure in a healthy condition, and as they have been
mercilessly mutilated with the drawing knife, that is the
first instrument to be discarded from the shoer’s outfit.
The frog should never be touched with either knife or
rasp, and as only the semi-detached portions of the sole
should be removed, in order to level the foot for the
proper adjustment of the shoe, the rasp is the only in-
strument that is necessary for the completion of that
part of the work, for the shoe, when properly adjusted,
has its bearing alike upon the horny wall, and the sole
which is in immediate contact with it. If is a grave
mistake to adjust a shoe and so concave the sole with
the treacherous knife, that the only bearing the foot
has, rests upon the wall, and the wall only. After the
bottom of the foot has been prepared for the shoe by
levelling it off with the rasp, the next thing in order is
to fit the shoe, using the best of judgment as to the
proper weight of shoe the animal should wear. ‘The
only legitimate use of the shoe, is to prevent undue
wear of the wall and sole, therefore the lighter the shoe,
in proportion to the weight it has to sustain, the better.
The plain shoe without calks, will allow the animal to
rest in a natural position, consequently calks should be
used only upon those horses where it is actually neces-
sary, from the peculiar or difficult labor they have to
perform. In such cases, a short calk answers the pur-
pose much better than a long one, for the toe calks wear
down much more rapidly than the heels, resulting in a.
depressed toe and an elevated heel. Also the relative
positions of the bone structure of the foot are altered;
the coffin bone becomes bruised and diseased, and possi-
bly it may suffer during the balance of its existence.
The weight of the shoe having been decided upon, it

DOMESTICATED ANIMALS. 89

should now be so shaped as to conform to the size and
shape of the foot, and not, as is too often the case, place
on a shoe that is too small in circumference, then rasp
down the foot to fit the shoe, in order to make it pre-
sentable. The upper surface of the shoe, or that part
that comes in contact with the hoof, should be perfectly
level; then with the two level surfaces coming in direct
opposition, it will require only a few nails, and these
of a small size, to retain the shoe in position for a
proper length of time, as the shoes should be changed
every four or five weeks. It is no uncommon sight to see
the shoer using heavy nails and a numerous lot of them
driving them high up and clinching them firmly, and if
remonstrated with or upbraided for doing such work, he
will invariably tell you that if the shoes do not remain
on for four or five months, the owner will go elsewhere
to have his work done, thus losing his custom, which
he cannot afford. Here it is clearly the owner’s fault,
either through short-sightedness or stinginess. He
should be compelled to wear a pair of nicely fitting
boots for a month, then supplied with a pair two sizes
too small, and forced to wear them for the balance of
the time the horse is compelled to wear his. I would
venture the opinion that the horse would be taken to
the shop immediately. A badly fitting shoe is as pain-
ful to the horse as the tight boot would be to the owner.
After the shoes have been fitted and the nails driven
and clinched, nothing remains to be done outside of
rasping off the few slight projections that may extend
over the shoe, but, just at this point, it is a common
sight to see the rasp applied over the whole external
part of the wall, robbing it of its layer of natural var-
nish, which was placed there to protect the foot, by
holding the moisture that is secreted within. When de-
prived of this covering, the moisture evaporates, the

4() HOME TREATMENT FOR DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

foot dries and hardens, and sooner or later contracts to
a degree that is a source of irritation and pain. This
habit, for such it is and nothing else, should be dis-
carded, for nothing could be devised that is calculated to
do a greater amount of injury, than this willful, whole-
sale and wholly uncalled for rasping. The various de-
vices for shoeing to overcome deformities and habits, as
well as for the production of speed, I will leave to the
skillful mechanic, who understands that profession
much better than I do, and who should receive the
highest sense of praise, that can be bestowed upon those
who follow this profession,

DISEASES OF THE HORSE

THEIR

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.

DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES.

This is a disease peculiar to the horse, but may be
communicated to man by inoculation. It seldom at-
tacks a horse after maturity, but attacks colts from

DISTEMPER, OR STRANGLES.

birth until they are five years old. The causes are
many and varied. Among them are want of nutritious
properties in the mother’s milk, change from pasture to
dry feed, irritation from teething, impure air, change
from one climate to another, ete.

Symptoms:—The colt will appear dull and stupid;
the eyes will begin to water and sometimes to matter;
fever begins to rise; loss of appetite, coat begins to get
rough; discharge from the nostrils; abscesses begin to

(41)

42 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

form under the lower jaw. In irregular strangles ab-
scesses may form anywhere on the body, or in the lungs
or intestines, making the case very serious.

Treatment:—The treatment is very simple. In regu-
lar strangles place the animal in an airy, comfortable,
loose box-stall and bed well. Blanket comfortably,
protect from exposure to cold to prevent severe bron-
chitis or lung complications, and feed on soft food—such
as bran-mashes, chopped feed, mashed turnips or car-
rots. If the patient is constipated and the fever high,
give four ounces of glauber salts twice a day, as a
laxative.

If there is a dry cough, steam the nostrils with
scalded bran or oats, but do not smoke the colt. Poul-
tice the throat with fried onions, boiled turnips or lin-
seed meal, and when the abscesses soften, lance them to
allow the matter to escape. If the abscesses remain
hard, apply a good stimulating liniment, as,

City ele einer er, ho four ounces.
On Turpentine: alec 0% two ounces.
AQUa, AM MOm a! s. «ihn yeeia two ounces. Mix.

Apply morning and evening and gargle the throat
with the following:

Chlorate of Potassium......one ounce.
Nitrate of Potassium....... one ounce.

Hypo-Sulphate of Soda..... one ounce. Mix.

Make into twelve powders and give one powder every
six hours.

When lung complications show themselves, apply
mustard along the belly and sides. During convales-
cence, care must be taken not to expose the animal to
cold, as a relapse might follow. Allow exercise but do
not turn the exercise into work, until the animal has
entirely recovered.

EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA. 48
EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA.

This disease is very peculiar and yet not uncommon
in this country. In 1871 it traveled from east to west
with such rapidity, that there is little reason to doubt
that it is produced through atmospheric influences. It
is much more dangerous in some localities than in oth-
ers, according to the hygienic measures employed. In
localities that are low and malarious, with poor sta-
bling, the disease is much more fatal than where the
elevation is greater and the air dryer. But no location
is exempt from the disease. In the same stable a num-

EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA.

ber of horses may be attacked, and very severely, while
others remain perfectly healthy. Every horse ina given
stable may be affected, while their neighbors in a sta-
ble across the street escape entirely. It is my opinion
that horses poorly cared for and ill-fed, are not only
first attacked, but the first to succumb.

Symptoms:—The disease comes on very suddenly,
with weakness and stupor, eyes swelled and watery.
The membraneé of the nostrils may be of a bright pink
color, but are more frequently of a dull leaden hue.
There is a dry cough, staring coat, ears and legs alter-
nately hot and cold; patient is feverish; pulse acceler-
ated—generally weak but sometimes hard; sometimes

44 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

a watery discharge from the nostrils, afterwards assum-
ing a yellowish or greenish color; appetite lost; when
made to move, will go with a swinging gait—frequently
crackling of the joints will be heard, when the disease
assumes a somewhat rheumatic nature, the legs swollen,
hot and very painful when touched. In other cases the
lungs or abdominal viscera may be seriously involved.
If the horse is tucked up along the abdomen, with hard
pellets of dung, covered with mucus, the bowels are at-
tacked and your case is somewhat dangerous. If the

FIRST STAGE OF EPIZOOTIC INFLUENZA.

patient is tucked up in the flanks, with a ridge extend-
ing from the flanks to the breast bone, hurried breathing
and short, painful cough, the disease has attacked some
part of the thoracic cavity,—either the lungs or the
pleura, probably both—and is extremely dangerous.

Treatment:— When first noticed, place in a comforta-
ble, loose, box-stall, well aired but without draughts.
Blanket well and bandage the legs. Relieve costive-
ness with a pint of linseed or castor oil and injections of
warm water. If the fever is high give,

Ouinime Subp hes vc seats ds three drachms.
IN TETATO HC OLAS sci chsk ie eters olen one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate Soda.one and one-half ounces. Mix.

SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. 45

Make into six powders, of which give one every five
or six hours. If the horse is very weak give,

Liq. Ammon. Acet.......eight ounces.
Speen Nite Atlas eels ale four ounces.
Pinet., NuxX VomiGa....: <<: two ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces every five or six hours in a little
water asa drench. Bathe the throat with

WiCiteheliaZels sriiec deme Jone ar six ounces.
ena ek ATTICS Venn A A ge ee ae one ounce.
Aqua Ammonia.....-.+...-. one ounce. Mix.

Apply two or three times a day.
Feed on soft, nutritious diet and give plenty of pure,
fresh water. If the joints swell, bathe with,

ALCO HON He aor ts eo terne ewe eight ounces.
Witeh-hazeli. «sce 0... .--four: ounces.
Tr CATNIGHs «0. cc eke osrce tour ounces: ~ Biix,

Apply twice daily and bandage. If there are any lung
complications, use mustard freely on the sides and read
treatise on lung diseases. If the bowels are affected,
vive linseed jelly, slippery elm, etc.

SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS.

Several diseases of horses,—such as affections of the
kidneys, liver, spleen, etc., cause abdominal pain and
are erroneously classed under the head of colic. I shall
not treat of them here, but confine myself to spasmodic
colic proper, which is a disease of the intestinal canal
usually confined to the stomach and small intestines,—
an involuntary contraction of the muscular fibres, sep-
arate and distinct from inflammation, at the beginning
causing intense pain in the abdominal region. There
are many and various causes,—such as change of feed

46 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

from oats to corn; too high feeding; sudden changes of
temperature, from hot to cold; standing in the rain;

drinking ice-cold water; innutritious food; in fact any-

thing that will cause indigestion or irritation of the 1n-
testinal canal.

Symptoms:—The horse will generally appear uneasy,
commence pawing and attempt to lie down, sometimes
falling upon his knees, then raising himself up again.
As the pain increases he will paw violently, suddenly
drop down, roll around for a time, get up and stand
apparently easy for a few minutes, possibly attempt to
eat a few mouth-fulls. Then he is suddenly siezed
again, paws violently, drops down again and rolls
around—possibly rolls upon his breast and remains
there for a time. Then commences tumbling and rolling
again; gets up and shakes himself, and possibly the

SPASMODIC COLIC, CRAMPS. AT

cramps are over. If not the pain continues to increase
in intensity. It will throw itself down, roll over and
over, jump up, whirl about, drop down again, paw or
strike with the front feet, steam and sweat, and make

SECOND STAGKH OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

frequent attemps to pass water. Ifa horse, frequently
the penis will be partially erect; sometimes a small
amount of water is passed, but more frequently none is
passed until the spasm has passed off, when the urine
will be voided freely, which has led many to suppose
there was trouble with the kidneys and bladder when,
in reality, it was only a symptom of colic. If the pain
continues to increase in intensity, and the animal is
not relieved, inflammation of the bowels (which is very
dangerous) may result, or the horse may die from pain
and exhaustion.

Treatment:—Place the animal in a dry, well-bedded
stall, where he is less liable to bruise himself. Rub the
legs and abdomen and give,

immer sce thi tos sale elle(s\x 3 It) OUGCE,
Baking Sodas Nie alo ein lass half ounce.
RedMbeppaer waite Sok half ounee: Mix.

48 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Make it into a tea and give at one dose. If this does
not give relief in thirty minutes, repeat again, or give,

Barbadoes Aloes..........-.one ounce.
Chioral Hydrate... 3.5: one drachm.
Powdered Opium......... one drachm. Mix.

SPASMODIC COLIC—LAST STAGE.

If the pain increases, give,

Spts. Nitrous Hther,one and one-half ounces.

AWM Slices lender earl at ae: one ounce.
Oil of Peppermints 275 eile. 43 thirty drops.
Spirits of Turpentine......... six drachms.
Painseeas Oats veo cniece oislo biel: one-half pint. Mix.

Should the pain continue, repeat the latter preserip-
tion every forty minutes. If you have failed to give the
aloes, after the pains have subsided it is good policy to
give a good physic—either a pint of linseed oil or one
ounce of barbadoes aloes and half ounce of ginger
combined,

FLAYTULENT COLIC. 49
FLATULENT COLIC.

Flatulent colic is a disease separate and distinct
from spasmodic colic. In the former there is bloating,
or distension with gas, of the bowels; in the latter
there is no bloating whatever. Among the many causes
are sudden changes of food, too long fasting, and food
viven while exausted, new hay or grain, large quanti-
ties of green food, crib biting, sour, mouldy or other

ADVANCED STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC.

indigestible food setting up a ferment and creating a
vreater amount of gas than can be comfortably accom-
modated by the bowels, thus causing intense pain.

Symptoms:—The horse will hang his head and com-
mence looking around at his flanks; soon he will begin
pawing, then will lie down and roll, frequently looking
at the flanks; the animal begins bloating and sometimes
has belching of gas from the stomach; the bowels grow
more distended, the pains are continuous and grow more
severe, the breathing is shorter and the animal groans or
grunts while lying down and often while standing; the
legs and ears become cold, cold sweats break out over

50 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the body. The disease is usually of short duration and,
if not speedily relieved, ends in death.

Treatment:—When first noticed, in the absence of
other remedies, give two ounces of baking soda. If no
relief is obtained in thirty minutes, give,

Chioral. Eiydrate. 2.2). 26: two ounces.
AWE EGTy cereal rst Se a iottale are? spa eight ounces. Mix.

Give half in a pint of water and if necessary repeat
in forty minutes, or give,

DaAnseeG vOul Mes clee ek vielen) os one pint.
Spts. Purpentine: cc. 6. 1. two ounces. Mix.

If that fails to neutralize the gas, give

Liq. Ammonia Acet......three ounces.

Chloral Hydrate........ .-four drachms.
Bi Carbonate Soda.......two drachms.
Tinct. Aconite...........twenty drops.
Wiathemtis satu: as aera gpkuteh ite one-half pint.

Repeat every thirty minutes.

Give injections of hot water and castile soap every
twenty minutes. If the bloating continues, tap with a
trocar and canula, on the right side, between the hip
and ribs, where it is most resonant on percussion.
After recovery give a pint of linseed oil or castor oil.

GLANDERS, OR FARCY.

Glanders is a specific febrile disease peculiar to the
horse, mule and ass; and, by inoculation, it can be
communicated to man. Its causes are keeping horses in
damp filthy stables, impure air, improper feeding,
impaired nutrition, sequel of ‘‘ grease heels,’’ sequel
of epizootic influenza; also contagion, which is by. far
the most common.

—

GLANDERS, OR FARCY. 51

Symptoms:—Dullness, decreased appetite, eyes water-
ing, fever rising from 102° to 107° F., coat staring, at
first watery discharge from the nostrils; discharge
afterwards turns to a yellowish and later to a yellowish
green, and is very tenacious; in the nostrils reddish
ulcerations appear, later becoming purpleish; all over
the body the lymphatic glands become enlarged, fre-
quently breaking and discharging matter; the sub-max-
illary glands enlarge and harden, later on becoming
adherent to the jaw; breath foetid; by auscultation,

GLANDERS.

crepitation of the lungs will be discovered; the dis-
charge from the nostrils becomes very profuse and
more greenish in color; fever now stands from 105° to
107° F.; quite frequently the limbs will swell,—more
particularly about the joints.

Treatment:—The best treatment is the destruction of
the animal as soon as thoroughly satisfied he has glan-
ders. Separate all animals which have come in contact
with him. If treatment be attempted, place the animal
where he can have plenty of fresh air and try the sul-
phites—as sulphite of sodium, benzoate of sodium,
arsenate of strychnia, carbolic acid; also vegetable
and mineral tonics—as sulphate of iron, sulphate of
copper, gentian, ginger, nux vomica, etc.

52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ANAEMIA, OR DROPSY.

This is a term used to denote a deficiency of red
corpuscles in the blood. The disease is caused by
excessive bleeding, deteriorated food, keeping in ill-
ventilated, filthy stables, without much light, effects of
fevers, severe or protracted diarrhcea, leucorrhcea; it
sometimes results from epizootic influenza.

Symptoms:—Pallor of the mucous membranes; is
tucked up in the flanks, cardiac palpitation, disinclina-
tion to move, staggering gait, paleness of eyes and eye-
lids, coat more or less rough; later on, if a horse, a
swelling of the sheath—if a mare, swellings of a drop-
sical nature under the breast, shght at first, but grad-
ually extending both backward and forward; in the
horse usually extending from the sheath forward; the
limbs begin swelling, sometimes reaching an enormous
size; on scarifying the swelling, there will be an oozing
out of serum, barely colored with blood, which may be
continued for days,—you will also find the flesh of a
bluish color; appetite sometimes fair, usually for hay
but not for grain; bowels generally constipated, but
sometimes a diarrhoea will set in which, if not checked,
will commonly prove fatal; rumbling of the bowels is
invariably a constant symptom.

Treatment:—If possible remove the cause as soon as
can be; give plenty of light and fresh air. If necessary,
regulate the bowels with a pint of castor oil. Give
strengthening and easily digested food—such as ground
oats, beans, boiled flaxseed, etc. Administer such rem-
edies as will tend to build up the system, as

Sulphate of Iren.......... two ounces,
Geert TAT eee ra hued te aes one ounce.
ING ob: oA onaanK Gwen 3 le wahoo oc Ie one ounce.

AYSeHniC seat eta eee, thirty grains. Mix.

EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS. 53

Make fifteen powders; give one powder every five or
six hours; or use any of the mineral or vegetable tonics,
as, cascarrilla, quassia, gentian, sulphate of copper, etc.
Regulate the kidneys with drachm doses of nitrate of
potassium. Bed the animal well. When the sheath is
much swollen, scarify lightly.

EPISTAXIS, OR BLEEDING FROM THE NOSTRILS.

This disease seldom occurs. It is usually caused by
hard running, sneezing, coughing, by external injuries,
congestion of the lungs, bronchitis, or influenza.

Symptoms:—If the blood is merely dropping or run-
ning in a small stream from one nostril, some small
blood vessel in the head is ruptured. If the blood flows
in a stream and comes from both nostrils and is of a
bright scarlet color, quite frothy and accompanied by a
cough, the blood is coming from the lungs. If it comes
away in dark colored clots, it is in all probability com-
ing from the stomach.

Treatment:—If from some ruptured blood vessel in
the head, elevate the head and apply cold water over it
and down over the nostrils, or apply ice to the head.
Inject weak solutions of alum water up the nostril, or a
weak solution of sulphate of zinc; or plug the nostril
with a sponge or cotton batting, but be sure and have a
string tied to it to draw it out and only plug one nostril
atatime. If the bleeding continues for some hours,
give one drachm of sugar of lead in a pint of water, as a
drench. If the bleeding is from the lungs and is accom-
panied by a cough, give,

Peeing yin tec he cee two ounces.
naw LinseedsOile 2's oe: half pint. Mix.

54 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

Give at one dose. If the bleeding continues, take,
Sugar or headwes.-, .\. 4. one drachm.
Waiter Sepik ae ate Sie iy sree one pint.
Give at one dose and keep the animal perfectly
quiet.

AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

By some this disease has been described as a disease
of the kidneys, by others as a disease of the spine and
by others as a disease of the liver. But I have invari-
ably found the whole system more or less affected, from

AZOTURIA.

an abnormal amount of nitrogen in the blood, which is
caused by high feeding and want of exercise. As the
animal is put to work, there is a greater amount of
waste material cast upon the excretory organs than they
can well dispose of; hence an excess of nitrogen is
formed in the blood and is carried through the system,
invariably settling in the myolema or coverings of the
deep muscles of the haunch, causing partial and some-
times complete paralysis of the hind extremities.

AZOTURIA, OR PARTIAL PARALYSIS. 55

Symptoms :—Invariably the horse leaves the stable in
the best of health, and, as the driver says, ‘‘the horse
was never feeling better.’’ But it is probably not
driven over half a mile, possibly five or six miles, when
he is noticed to hang back, to be covered with profuse
perspiration and to be stiff in his hind legs. Other
symptoms, are looking back at the flanks, anxious
expression of countenance, breathing short, nostrils dis-
tended and red, staring eyes, drooping of the hind legs
and knuckling over at the fetlocks, as though there was
no strength in them; after staggering around for awhile
the animal falls and is unable to get up,—although they
sometimes keep upon their feet in a mild attack and, if
so, are most likely to recover in a few days; if urine is
passed it will be very dark, sometimes looks bloody,
smells very strong and is very ropy.

Treatment:—If the horse remains very uneasy, give
four drachm doses of bromide of potassium every hour
until relieved; then remove to a comfortable place and

bed well. Clean out the bowels well by giving,

Barbadoes Aloes..eight or ten drachms.
Ganngien’ Si Nishes ce .....two drachms. Mix.

Give in one pint of water as a drench. While
the animal is perspiring, blanket well and keep sweat-
ing. Apply a fresh sheep-skin over the loins and cover
well, or apply cloths wrung out of hot water over the
Joins, and be careful the animal does not take cold. If
the kidneys do not act freely, give one ounce tinct.
buchu compound, every six or seven hours in a little
syrupasadrench. And in a few days give,

Tincture Gentian..........two ounces.
Tincture Nux Vomica......two ounces.
Tinemire Gan@er’ 20%) s,s eis four ounces.

TSVIVe cota] Raat) eae gee eight ounces. Mix.

56 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Give two ounces every four or five hours. Bathe
the back and loins with a good, strong liniment once
or twice a day, also rub from the stifle to the point
of the hip. Turn the horse over from one side to the
other every three or four hours, and occasionally sponge
him off with dilute alcohol. If shod, remove the shoes
and keep lying upon the breast as much as possible.
I believe it bad policy in such cases to swing the horse,
unless the slings can be got under him before he goes
down,—then it is advisable; but after he is down
for a few hours, do not attempt to swing. If the
patient lies upon his breast well and rests easy, you
may look for recovery in a few days; if he hes straight
out, the inevitable result is death ina few days. Should
the animal not urinate properly, pass the catheter and
draw off the urine. If in twenty-four hours the bowels
do not respond to the aloes, give a quart of raw linseed
oil; also give injections of castile soap and hot water.

NASAL CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.

This quite frequently arises from standing in a
draught, from inhalation of irritating gases, or from de-
cayed teeth.

Symptoms:—Discharge, watery at first, from the nos-
trils, also from the eyes; sneezing; later on a discharge
of matter from the nostrils of a thick, mucilaginous
state, of a yellowish white color, and it may be quite
profuse. It is sometimes very fcetid, especially when
from a diseased tooth; sometimes ulcers will appear on
the septum of the nose, when the discharge is of a
muco-purulent character; often the appetite is lost and
.the animal becomes debilitated.

UiLUNIC ROARLNG. 57

Treatment:—Complete rest, with pure air and good
food fora few days should be granted. Steaming the
nostrils with hot wateror scalded bran, to which may
be added a little carbolic acid, four or five times a day
and about fifteen minutes each time, will be of great
benefit and cannot be over-estimated. Feed such food
as the animal will partake, bran-mash, scalded oats or
bailey; green grass if it can be procured, but if the
patient prefers hay, oats, corn or other dry food, give it.
If there is loss of appetite, get liq. ammon. acet., sixteen
ounces. Give two ounces with two drachms of chlorate
of potash, in a pint of water, three times a day. After
a few days give,

Pod ve Lob Aron tye cies sens two ounces.
Gentian... ces os ease hte One: Ounce:
CELDT 1g v Ne Woot ORDO MAS SNiATD aS four drachms. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give three powders each
day. If the weather is cold, blanket and keep the ani-
malwarm. If froma diseased tooth, the tooth should be
extracted, and if there is matter in the frontal sinuses,
they should be trephined and washed out with,

i STS Pet nl ts ane ae ea pe ate four ounces.
Sulphate of Zinc.....one-half drachm.
Waherie oils ciehiders Wisi ee het ONE OLLI eRy 4 Nbbx

Use morning and evening.

CHRONIC ROARING.

This is so called from the roaring, rasping, unnatural
sound when the horse is put to work, and is caused by
atrophy or wasting of the muscles on the left side of the
larynx, by distemper, by epizootic influenza, by polypus
in the nostrils; also by spasmodic constriction of the
bronchial tubes from tonic contraction, mostly reflex of
the involuntary muscular fibres; by fracture of the bones

58 . DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

of the nose,—when the fracture is depressed; by an
extra amount of fat, by dropsical swellings, etc.

Treatment:—First, if possible, remove the cause. If
that cannot be done, treatment is useless. If caused by
atrophy of the muscles of the larynx, apply every fifth
day, for three or four applications, a blister of

Waalse lime darts ic se ice eccltieus bie one ounce.
Bin-Iodide Mercury....... one drachm.
Powdered Cantharides....one drachm. Mix.

If caused by polypus, have it removed. If from fat,
reduce in flesh. In the majority of cases the roaring is
made during the inspiration. The horse seemingly
inhales more air than the lungs can dispose of; conse-
quently he roars and chokes down when put to work.
By using a clasp over the nostrils, it holds them so he
can only take in a certain amount of air at each inspi-
ration; when put to work, the roaring will be stopped
and the horse will do a reasonable amount of work.
The clasp may be taken off after he has been working
an hour, and, in the majority of cases, the animal will
breathe freely. In order to keep horses from roaring
badly, work them moderately every day. The operation
of extirpating the collapsed cartilage and vocal cord, is
the only way to give permanent relief, when the roaring
is caused from wasting away of the muscles of the
larynx, and as that requires a skillful practioner, it is
quite unnecessary to describe it here.

BRONCHITIS.

This is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. The
mucous membrane alone may be affected or the whole
tube may be involved. When the large tubes alone are
affected, it is much less serious than when the smaller
ones are involved. It is caused by standing in draughts

BRONCHITIS. 59

when heated, inhaling irritating gases and smoke, and
by drenching through the nostrils, whereby both fluids
and solids gain access to the parts. It occasionally
follows influenza, distemper and other specific fevers, or
even common cold or sore throat.

Symptoms :—Systemic depression, dullness; the appe-
tite is partially or wholly lost, breathing quickened,
redness and dryness of the mucous membrane of the
nostrils, followed by fever and a hacking, barking cough,
followed in a few days by a moist, rattling cough, witha
light-colored discharge from the nostrils. Sometimes
this discharge is tinged with blood. The pulse at first
is hard and quick; later it becomes smaller and more
frequent. By placing your ear to the side of the chest,
you will hear a wheezing sound, if the small tubes are
affected, and a rattling, snoring sound if the large tubes
are affected. In a few days the cough becomes deeper
and looser and the mucous which is secreted, is expec-
torated through the nostrils, although some of it may
drop into the pharynx and be swallowed. The breath-
ing is labored, short and quick but not necessarily
painful. The bowels are generally constipated and the
dung is covered with a slimy mucous.

Treatment :—Place the animal in a comfortable and
airy stall and blanket well. Apply mustard to the
sides and breast. Hand rub the legs until they are
warm, then apply flannel bandages as high up as the
knees and hocks. If the legs cannot be made warm by
hand rubbing alone, apply whisky and red pepper
mixed, and then bandage. Compel the patient to inhale
steam from a bucket in which has been placed an ounce
of turpentine, four or five times a day, and give

Bicarbonate of Potassium.two drachms.
Dover’s Powders .......-. one drachm.
Lig. Ammonia Acet...... three ounces. Mix.

60 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Give every four or five hours; and if the cough is
very tight, give every three or four hours,

Syrup of Ipecac... ..\.'. four drachms.
Syrup of Squills..........six drachms.
Tinct. Opii Camph........six drachms. Mix.

Continue until the cough softens.

If the bowels are costive, do not give physic, but
give afew injections of warm water and castile soap.
If the appetite remains passibly good, feed on soft diet,
as bran mash, scalded oats, green grass, etc., and in
case the patient does not relish cooked food, feed any-
thing that it will eat, and allow all the water the
patient will drink. Give as it comes from the well.
Do not think the disease can be cured in two or three
days for it will likely last for two or three weeks.
When the patient is making a good recovery, and noth-
ing remains except the cough and a slight discharge
from the nostrils, discontinue all other remedies and
give the following:

Sulphate of Tron. 228k ois, four ounces.
OMALAIN lek ce ah lonateve enue kus eight ounces.
Nix Wionaieal. 25). eas tb wo ounces.) Max:

Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning
and evening in soft food or as a drench. Do not put
the animal at work too soon, as a slight relapse may
develop into a chronic case and terminate in an incur-
able case of thick wind.

SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS.

This disease affects the larynx and pharynx, situated
at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and consists of an
inflammation of the soft tissues of both.

Symptoms :—The disease is sometimes ushered in by a
chill, immediately followed by fever; and if the attack

SORE THROAT, OR LARYNGO PHARYNGITIS. 61

is very severe, the nose will be elevated, to straighten
the air passages. Swellings, sometimes very large exter-
nally, and most frequently noticed behind the jaws on
the neck. Sometimes they are so extensive that the
animal can scarcely breathe or can only do so with the
greatest difficulty; there will be a wheezing sound at
each inspiration. During this period the heart becomes
excited and its pulsations rapid. The mucous mem-
branes in the nostrils will be of a bluish color, owing to
the lack of sufficient fresh air in the lungs to oxidize

BANDAGE FOR LARYNGITIS AND INFLAMMATION
OF THE LUNGS.

the blood. If the patient is in a box stall, it will wander
around considerably and endeavor to keep its nose in
the direction where there is most fresh air. If the
animal attempts to eat, the food will be chewed and
dropped out of the mouth; and, on attempting to drink,
the water will be ejected through the nostrils. In some
cases the cough is very loud, but in many,—especially
when the internal swelling is very great, the cough will
be very slight. Frequently there is a discharge from
the nostrils and an abundant flow of ropy saliva from
the mouth.

62 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

Treatment :—Blanket well and place the patient in a
comfortable and airy box-stall, devoid of draughts.
Bandage the legs, and if possible give as a physic:

HANES Foe eee eta bis wees seven drachms.
GUTOR eee etree ie wes ore one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose. Then bathe the throat well with
warm water and wrap it up in rugs or sheep-skins to
keep it warm. Steam the nostrils with scalded bran or
oats and give,

Solid Ext. Belladonna...... one ounce.
Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce. ,
PulveGlycyrriiza.. +... > one ounce. !
Gun Camphor-recs =. one-half ounce.

Honey of Sim. Syrup..one-half pound. Mix.

Give a table-spoonful three times a day. If the
weather is in any way cold or disagreeable, be very
careful about bathing the throat with hot water, as the
patient may take cold. So, immediately after bathing,

apply,
Olive vO Mee ea selec four ounces.
Turpentine:.“.\...)...-.2.|.bwOcounces,
Aqua Ammonia.......... two ounces. Mix.
Or,
Tincture Cantharides....three ounces.
Tincture Capsicum......... one ounce.
Rectified Spirits.......... four ounces. Mix.

The danger from cold will be greatly lessened. It
also acts as a good counter-irritant, reduces the swell-
ing, removes the effusions by promoting absorption, and
leaves the patient less liable to be ‘‘ thick-winded, ”’ or
‘‘a roarer.’’? The diet should be of soft food, as bran
mash, or chopped feed mixed with a little linseed meal.
Sometimes it is advisable to gargle the mouth with some
cooling lotion; in such cases use,

PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 63

Povwd. Chlor. of Potassium .one ounce.

Powd. Nit of Potassium... one ounce.

Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix.

Make into twelve powders. Three times a day mix

one powder with half a pint of water and gargle the
mouth. If the swelling ‘‘ points, ’’ open with a lancet
and allow the pus to escape. Dress the cavity three
times a day with,

Permanganate of Potassium,one drachm.

Wiatetnccsecchs trees sara os eight ounces. Mix.

PNEUMONIA OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

This consists of an inflammation of the lung sub-
stance caused by catching cold, inhaling irritating
substances, injuries, drenching through the nostrils,
badly ventilated stables, ete.

Symptoms :—The horse is generally taken with a
chill; hangs his head; there is redness of the eyes and of
the membranes of the nostrils, dryness of the mouth, a

‘ PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF
THE LUNGS.

cough, quite deep at first, which gradually shortens for
a few days; pulse, at first generally full, gradually
growing faster and weaker; rapid breathing; on the
third day fever ranges from 103° to 106° and continued

64 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

until about the sixth or seventh day, when it gradually
declines; on the third or fourth it is likely there will be
a discharge of mucous from the nostrils; about the
seventh day when the fever subsides. the horse will

LAST STAGE OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

either get well or there will be great oppression in
breathing, increased prostration, deeper cough, more
copious expectoration, emitting a fetid, purulent odor;
and death will result from the sixth to the twentieth day.
Treatment :—Place the animal in a comfortable, airy,

loose box stall, devoid of draughts. Blanket the body
to keep warm. Hand rub the legs and if warmth can-
not be produced by hand rubbing alone, apply whisky
and red pepper mixed; then bandage as high up as
they are cold. Do not give a physic but open the
bowels with soft foods and injections of warm water.
Some practitioners will scoff at the idea of bleeding,
nevertheless a plethoric, robust horse, in many instances,
will be greatly benefited in the first three or four days
by being bled, while an older and debilitated patient
would succumb. Apply mustard to the sides and give
the following:

Liq. Ammonia Acet....twelve ounces.

Sits: Ae thy (Nat an. ee oe lo four ounces.

Fluid Ext. Aconite.......one drachm. Mix.

PLEURISY. 65

Give two ounces every three hours in a little water
asadrench. Also give every four or five hours,

Quinine Sulph...........forty grains.

Nitrate of Potassium....two drachms. Mix.
Or,

Powd. Ext. Belladonna...one scruple.

Garin Camp horus ntew oe .two scruples.

Nitrate of Potassium..... one drachm. Mix.

Give all the water the horse will drink,—just as it
comes from the well, and feed on soft diet. If there is
great prostration give tonic stimulants, as,

‘Alcohol p saern we eds ae eight ounces.
Tinct. Ginger ...........three ounces.
Tinct. Nux Vomica....... two ounces.
Ea ha Geel al =) .¢ pass ten a = three ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces as occasion demands, in half pint of
water asa drench. During the period of convalescence,
good, nutritous food should be given in limited quanti-
ties, and tonic medicines administered, as,

Sulphate of Iron .4.”. 2 22)... four ounces.
Gontiat <cl oe ieee «Gee STR OGG,
J VED OR OTI ACE oer eee Fy een OP twoounces. Mix.

Make twenty powders. Give one powder morning
and evening in soft food or as a drench.

PLEURISY.

This is an inflammation of the lining membrane of
the thoracic cavity. Generally after a chill or cold
stage, sharp pains begin in the sides; the animal fre-
quently will look at his sides and lie down very care-
fully, then rise again; the skin is hot, breathing short,
also a short cough; vo discharge from the nose; pulse
hard and rapid; abdomen tucked up, and a ridge ex-

66 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

tending from the hips to the breast-bone; on punching
between the ribs, when the seat of inflammation is
reached, the animal will evince pain by grunting; if the
animal lies down it will invariably lie on the affected
side, but they more frequently stand up. The second
day, effusion of serum takes place; then the pulse
will become slower and fuller, breathing will be easier
and the animal seemingly is well again. And, if the
effusion is not very great, it will soon be absorbed and
the animal is well. But, if the effusion is great, the

PLEURISY.

breathing becomes hurried and short; the pulse grows
fast and weak; the ridge from the hip to the breast is
more prominent; appetite almost completely gone, cold
sweats break out and imminent danger is at hand.
Treatment:—Place the animal in a comfortable, airy,

loose box-stall, free from draught. Blanket comforta-
bly and warm the legs by hand rubbing, after which
bandage with flannel to keep warm. Allow all the
pure, cold water the animal will drink, and feed upon
soft food, as bran-mash, boiled oats, etc. If it will not
eat soft food, give it what it will eat. When the pain
is severe, as is observed at the commencement of the
attack, give the following drench:

Raw Linseed: Oils os 55 ae one pint.

Laudanum....... Velen. s «two ounces,” Max:

PLEURISY. 67

If the pain continues, give ounce doses of laudanum
every four hours. Then give, every six hours, the fol-
lowing:

Liq. Ammon Acet...... twelve ounces.
Spts. of Nitrous Ether....four ounces. Mix.

Dose, four ounces in a pint of water as a drench.
Also the following:

Powd. Potass. Nit.:...... .two ounces.
Pods! Bi-Cary <4 dishes t= ashe two ounces. Mix.

Make into ten powders. Give one powder morning
and evening in soft food, drinking water or as a drench.
Hot flax-seed poultices applied to the sides are very bene-
ficial, and in the absence of flax-seed, good mustard plas-
ters applied will assist in promoting absorption. If the
patient becomes weak and debilitated, give stimu.
lants, as,

AILEOMOME jais een wee ase eight ounces.
PESGINeee ssf 25 MN three ounces.
FrvNux Wome. otic, - two ounces.
Tr: Gentian.............three ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces three times a day in half pint of
water asa drench. Keep the bowels moving freely by
frequent doses of raw linseed oil, which will assist in
carrying off the effusion of serum that settles around
the lungs.

But if the effusion of serum within the thoracic cav-
ity is very great and the breathing hurried, the chest
should be tapped. Although the operation is simple
and easily performed, it does not always result satisfac-
torily, probably because delayed too long. The proper
place to operate is between the eighth and ninth ribs,
as close as possible to the ninth rib. It should be done
with trocar and canula, two-thirds the way down to-
ward the bottom of the chest. After tapping give the
following:

68 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Iodide of Potassium........ one ounce,
W DISk@ys. apace wiiete 5 ies -s. 8.00 pint, IMix.
Give a wine-glassfull every six hours; also give daily

one ounce of tincture perchloride of iron. Apply a
good mustard plaster to the sides or a good cantharides
liniment. Or ifthe tapping is not resorted to, the latter
prescription, as well as the perchloride of iron, may be
given with excellent results.

CHRONIC COUGH.

A cough is not a disease but a symptom of a disease,
usually of the throat, lungs, bronchial tubes or some
portion of the air passages. A chronic cough is a

CHRONIC COUGH,

symptom of some chronic derangement of the air
passages, the result of an incomplete recovery from
some acute affection, as pneumonia, bronchitis, laryn-
gitis, influenza, heaves, ete. It is also an accompani-
ment of heaves, and a symptom of diseases not classed

CHRONIC COUGH. 69

with disorders of the respiratory organs, as diseases of
the stomach, worms, etc. When inflammation of the
membranes lining the throat and _ bronchial tubes
becomes chronic, the parts are very irritable and easily
excited. Inhaling cold air suddenly, or dust, either
from the hay or while on the road, or pinching the
throat between the finger and thumb, will cause a
heavy fit of coughing that will last for a few minutes
and then cease until irritated again.

Symptoms :—The location of the diseased parts is
determined by the nature and sound of the cough. The
healthy cough is strong, full and often accompanied by
a sneeze to clear the nostrils of whatever may be
within them. The heave cough is at first spasmodic,
becoming feeble, short and suppressed and accompanied
by a grunt. The throat cough is light, short and hack-
ing, and the chest cough is hollow deep and resonant,
except during the acute, painful stages of inflammation,
when it is short and almost noiseless.

Treatment :—Chronic cough in many instances is
incurable, especially in cases of long standing; the more
recent cases, however, often yield to treatment. When
the irritation is in the upper part of the throat, great
benefit will be derived from the application of a good
stimulating liniment, as,

Sweet Gilhs te wae hee tele four ounces.
AVOCA TIA OTA e 2secia)e. eho /e two ounces.
Turpentine .<. 420.2% yes bwovounces.: “Mix:

Apply thoroughly around the throat up to the ears
once daily, and give internally,
Chlorate of Potassium.... two ounces.
CamphoniG unr sot. os.5 osin)2.: one ounce.
Solid Ext. Belladonna...... one ounce.
Molasses, or Honey...... eight ounces. Mix.

vil) DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Place a teaspoonful on the back part of the tongue
three times a day, or give a teaspoonful of oil tar once
daily, or,

Chlorate of Potassium .... two ounces.
Bicarbonate of Potassium.two ounces. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning

and evening in half pint of water, or,

Gime Camphor ey: 2) sc cist. ,<43 one ounce,
Pony deo mirth his’. y.i.'s ve. Wea was one ounce.
Oalonmelieciuie maak neki i OOnevOUuneE:
Lanseedmiviea rao hia two ounces. Mix.

Make twelve pills. Give one pill every day fora
week, then omit for a week, and repeat. Careful
attention should be paid to the diet. Feed soft food;
cut the hay and wet it, and mix chop feed with it.
Allow an abundance of pure, fresh air. If grass is in
geason, turn out to pasture as much as possible, for the
benefit resulting from this course, is sometimes wonder-
ful, being often productive of more good than a course
of medical treatment.

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.

Congestion is generally a fore-runner of inflamma-
tion of the lungs, although we frequently see cases
where it never reaches the inflammatory stage; the
patient either recovers or dies while the lungs are in the
congested condition. Horses that are kept in the stable
and fed and groomed well, without sufficient exercise,
when taken out and put to severe exertion, are subjects
for congestion of the lungs. In the same way when ani-
mals suffering from influenza, catarrh or any other
respiratory trouble, are put to severe work, congestion
may be looked for. Or an animal unaccustomed to long

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. 71

drives, when driven a good distance on a hot day, may
be stricken with congestion of the lungs; or it may
result from badly ventilated stable, ete.

Symptoms :—When caused from over-exertion in au
animal unaccustomed to severe exercise, the patient
will stand with limbs out-stretched, neck extended,
head depressed, anxious looking countenance, flapping
of the nostrils, heaving in flanks, more or less trembling
over the whole body, with perspiration breaking out and

CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.

rolling off in large drops. The limbs become cold, the
eyes look blood-shot, the pulse is fast and feeble and
the heart, as felt on the left side, is rapid and jerking.
By placing the ear to the breast of the patient, you will
hear minute crepitation or sharp, fine, crackling sounds.
The nasal membrane will be of a deep red or blue color
and the breathing will be quick, labored and wheezy.
If blood is extracted, it looks very dark.

Treatment :—As soon as congestion is observed and
although the attack may be severe, by using very sin-
ple remedies, great relief may be obtained. If any
wind is blowing, turn the animal’s head toward it, then

72 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

blanket well and rub the limbs thoroughly, or rub on
some good, strong liniment and bandage to keep warm.
Bleeding at this time will be of great benefit in assist-
ing to unload the over-charged lungs. Thorough rub-
bing all over the body with cloths, hay or the hands,
will tend to bring the blood to the surface and assist in
equalizing the circulation. Then give,

Walntisewaeyy< Mites «sists eee oes four ounces.

Blot Whaver e2 be hs ttn ee eleds half pint. Mix.

Give every half hour until three or four doses are
given. Or,
Liq. Ammonia Acetatis....ten ounces.
WHTRIRE Yao cite kin ea sham sp oats eel six ounces. Mix.

Give three ounces every hour in half pint of water.
After the acute symptoms have subsided, be very care-
ful for a few days. Allow plenty of pure, fresh air and
water, feed on soft food, to which may be added night
and morning, one powder of

Nitrate: of Potass 2 cee. ...two ounces.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... -ohe ounce. Mix.

Make six powders. Blanket well to keep warm and
allow only moderate exercise, for you should bear in
mind, that for some time after an attack, another is lia-
ble to occur from trifling causes and may terminate ina
more serious complaint, inflammation of the lungs.

ASTHMA.

That a condition does exist, wherein a chronic spasm
of the bronchial muscular tissues is seen as a distinct
and separate affection from heaves, there is no longer
doubt. From the strong similarity between the two dis-
eases, and also from the fact that asthma is sometimes
a precursor of heaves, the two ailments have become

ASTHMA. (3

confounded and looked upon as synonymous. Asthma
is hereditary in the majority of cases, and it may occur
at any age. It is also caused by fog, smoke, fumes
from various things; from fatigue and overwork when
the system is debilitated, irritation of the stomach from

indigestion, etc.

Symptoms:—The difficult breathing, which is of a
spasmodic character, generally develops suddenly and
is quite severe while it lasts, and may terminate very
speedily. Again it will last for months, unless
relieved. There is also a wheezing sound accompanying
inspiration; cough is short, quick and suppressed; great
anxiety of countenance, which disappears to a great ex-
tent when expectoration commences. The chest and
abdomen very much resemble those of heaves, in the
fixed or set position of the ribs and the double lft of
the flank during the respiratory act.

Treatment :—During the attack, the aim should be to
give relief by relaxing the spasm, and what will accom-
plish this in one animal, will fail in another. You will
therefore have to try several remedies, and when one ts
found that will answer that particular case, continue
with it. Open the bowels with a quart of raw linseed
oil, and give drachm doses of tincture of lobelia, every
two hours, until five or six doses are given. If this does
not give relef, try Hoffman’s anodyne, two drachm
doses every two hours; or two drachm doses of chloral
hydrate, every hour, until five or six doses are given;
dilute the chloral with a pint of water. Or give bro-
mide of potassium, two drachm doses every three or
four hours, or half ounce doses of laudanum every hour,
until five or six doses have been given. Apply mustard
plasters to the sides; feed on light, soft diet; keep the
body warm and the stomach quite empty. After the

74 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

most distressing symptoms have subsided and the
trouble still lingers, feed the animal some cedar or hem-
lock boughs, as excellent results have been obtained
from their use.

QUINSY.

This consists of an inflammation in the throat of a
deep-seated character, tending to the formation of
abscesses which are somewhat slow at development, but
which subsequently break internally and are discharged
through the nostrils.

Causes:—Some horses are seemingly predisposed to
quinsy. Often it is the result of exposure to cold
storms or standing in drafts when heated. It may also
be caused by neglected catarrh or anything causing an
irritation and inflammation of the throat. Many cases
of supposed influenza are really quinsy.

Symptoms :—Fever is usually present from the out-
set. There is usually soreness of the throat in swallow-
ing, with internal pain and swellings on one or both
sides of the neck. Sometimes there is external swelling
which can be plainly seen. Soreness of the throat
increases day by day, until there is complete inability
to swallow. The breathing is considerably affected ; the
symptoms become somewhat alarming, when suddenly
the abscess bursts and matter gushes from the nostrils.
The animal is immediately relieved and recovery soon
follows:

Treatment :—Place the patient in a clean, comfortable
stall devoid of drafts, and blanket well; then if possible,
administer a pint and a-half of raw linseed oil, to, be
followed with,

=I
or

SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS.

Nitrate of Potassium......two ounces,
Sweet Spirits of Nitre.....two ounces.
Tincture Aconite........ .one drachm.
Widltter yes rao tpaees to make one pint. Mix.

Give one ounce every two or three hours until the
feyer subsides, then give three or four times a day.
Apply linseed meal poultices all around the throat, well
up to the ears, changing them daily, and while changing
apply quite freely to the throat,

Sweet Oils te vacua: ota four ounces.
Turpentine ...4)..\.. 2.) bwo ounces.
Aqua Ammonia.......... two ounces. Mix.

Feed on soft bran mashes or boiled food, and keep
a bucket of cold water within reach of the animal, con-
tinuously. If no abscesses form, the recovery will be
rapid, or in case abscesses do form, as soon as they
burst, recovery immediately follows. Two or three
weeks frequently pass before the rupture takes place.
Should the symptoms become very alarming, the
abscesses should be opened internally, and this requires
the skill of a veterinary surgeon.

SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM—THUMPS.

The diaphragm is the principal muscle used in
breathing, and is situated between the lungs and
bowels, forming a sort of partition between them.
Spasm of this muscle is caused by extreme and pro-
longed speeding upon the road or race track, also by
hauling heavy loads a long distance on a hot day, or by
doing any severe work on a hot summer day. The
severe strain or over taxation of this muscle causes an
irritation of the nerves controlling it, and violent and
forcible contractions follow, which may be observed by

76 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

a jerk or a thump in the region of the chest. It is
sometimes mistaken for violent action of the heart, but
by feeling the pulse and watching the thumping, it will
be discovered that they do not act together.

Treatment :—If nothing better is convenient, give six
ounces of whisky in a pint of hot water, repeating in
one hour; or,

(Olt OF OLOMMA poate ests Sete six drachms.
WAS eee AW. wt a ous SOUR O ONICeS:
NIETO eh ge iaso Nk 5 NMR en CR eee one pint. Mix.
Give at one dose and repeat in one hour if neces-
sary, or,
Chioralvrydiraite ii. 6 ears oe one ounce,
Sulphate of Morphia..... forty grains.
Wider sh meisre kgm c rd. cates one pint. Mix.

Give half and repeat in one hour. After you have
controlled the spasm, allow absolute rest for a week or
ten days. If when put to severe exertion the thumps
return, the animal should be worked either at very
slow, light work, or turned to pasture for six months.

HEAVES.

This disease very closely resembles asthma: in man,
but is more continuous in its symptoms. One of the
principal causes is over-feeding on clover hay; but over-
feeding with any bulky food, causing overloading and
distention of the stomach, will produce heaves. Dis-
eases of the lungs are also said to be a cause. I believe
that large horses with small chests are more susceptible
to this disease than those with large chests. Therefore,
from mares that breed such colts with small chests, de-
veloping heaves at the period between six and ten years
of age, the disease truly may be said to be hereditary.

LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS. 77

Symptoms:—No fever, but short, hacking cough;
sometimes discharge from the nose of a mattery sub-
stance; heavy, abdominal breathing, with a double lift
of the flank at each inspiration; a wheezing sound is
made when the animal is put to work; breathing very
difficult on sultry, foggy days; the animal usually eats
dirt and filth, and, invariably, when the animal coughs,
wind will pass off from the bowels.

Treatment :—Keep the animal out of the stable both
winter and summer and let it run on pasture as much as
possible. When fed, dampen both hay and grain. If
stabled, keep in a cool, well aired stable. If the fol-
lowing recipe is followed daily, it will be of much bene-
fit in checking the cough, which greatly benefits the
animal:

Bost reees i. |. eat e: sso theta ake two ounces.
VAM ALATIE® Cera. sel'a ove 1c Were sian de two ounces.
Gingerk cat. o tt Belek ite bWwO OUDCES.
‘Partar: EMetiG.!s 3). 2 Von two ounces.
Spanish Brown. ..% 62. 2.0. two ounces.
Sulphate of Morphia...... sixty grains.
Browim Ougar. 2.) > ako. 6-6. four ounces. Mix.

Give a tablespoonful three times a day until the dis-
ease is checked; then give a spoonful once a day or
every other day. Always give the medicine in soft
food; or give two ounce doses of raw linseed oil twice
daily, to keep the bowels loose.

LYMPHANGITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPHATICS.

This is a constitutional disease and most frequently
occurs in fleshy, heavy-legged horses. It is caused by
heavy feeding and want of proper exercise. Hence it
is generally seen on Monday morning. The heavy
truck horses are worked all week and highly fed, and

78 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

on Sunday they receive their usual amount of food. As
the system is not working enough to carry off the waste
material, the lymphatic glands become gorged and in-
flammation is the result.

Symptoms :—If seen at first, there will be noticed a
chill, with fever rising immediately afterward; pulse
ranging from forty to seventy, hard and cord-like under
the fingers; the horse is lame, either in the fore or hind
leg, most freqently the latter; if the lameness is in the
fore leg, press upon the inside of the fore leg, in the
brachial region, close up to the breast, and the horse
will evince great pain; if in the hind leg, press in the
inguinal region, close up in the groin, and from
there to near the stifle, and the horse will be so pained
that he will raise his leg sideways, so high that he will
almost fall over. The bowels become constipated and
the urine scanty. The symptoms usually increase for
twenty-four to thirty-six hours, then commence to
abate. Occasionally, the lymphatic glands, high up on
the inside of the leg, suppurate and pyzemia supervenes
and proves fatal. In severe cases, the skin remains
hard, with a fibrous growth, which is known by the
name of elephantiasis, or big leg.

Treatment :—If the case is a mild one, exercise mod-
erately and apply hot fomentations to the parts
affected. A recovery may be expected in twodays. If
the case is very severe, give immediately, or as soon as

possible,
Barbadoes Aloes........... one ounce.
Ginvier kh. you yuede Jest es shWwo Grachmig. via

Give in half a pint of water at one dose. Then ap-
ply fomentations of hot water and vinegar to the
affected parts for twenty minutes, every two or three
hours; after fomenting, wipe dry with a flannel cloth.

STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 79

As soon as the physic has operated, give two or three
times a day, the following:

Powe. Potasse Nite crs 040 ties one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate Soda......... one ounce.
OO SR ED yea chor Me hate a looses one ounce. Mix.

ake into twelve powders. As soon as the horsecan
walk with any comfort, take him out and exercise mod-
erately. Should there be any swelling left in the groin
or brachial region, apply tincture of iodine every day
for a week; then cease for a few days and then repeat.
Should there be a tendency to ‘‘big leg’’ (which fre-
quently follows this disease), use the iodine freely and
give the following:

Iodide of Potassium....... two ounces.
Dake WOTMICA oe ccda a techs’: one ounce.
PowdsSalph. Tronic.) one ounce.

’ ake into fifteen powders and give one powder at
each meal. If that should fail, use a good blister along
the lymphatic chain.

STOMATITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH.

This disease has various causes, such as stings of in-
sects, snake-bites, injuries from the bit, injuries from
pulling ropes through the mouth, giving medicines not
thoroughly diluted, decayed or irregular teeth, ete.

Symptoms :—Swelling and redness of the mucous
membrane lining the mouth; often small blisters will
form in the mouth, allowing a discharge of serum, then
look raw with ragged edges; sometimes several of these
coalesce, forming a large sore; difficulty in swallowing;
slavering; often a fetid saliva dropping from the
mouth,

80 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment :—If the cause is apparent, remove it; if
from any corrosive agent, wash the mouth with almond
oil, sweet oil, or dilute glycerine. If the teeth are out
of condition, attend to them at once. If the mouth is
very sore, use a paste made of glycerine and prepared
chalk and gum arabic; apply to the sores several times
a day; or if ulcers are present, use a solution of chlorate
of potash or alum, one ounce, to a pint of water. Wash
the mouth three times a day with an ounce of the mix-
ture. If the ulcersare very deep and not inclined to heal,
mix thirty grains of nitrate of silver with an ounce of
water and touch the sores with it every other day.
Feed on soft food and give a saline cathartic, as,

Glauber Salts.............ten ounces.
Gimpier ses ee) sci ok one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose in a quart of water. Also give
drachm doses of nitrate of potassium, three times a day.

TONGUE INJURIES.

The tongue is a very important organ to the horse,
for without its assistance, the act of eating and drinking
is performed with great difficulty. The tongue is sub-
jected to many injuries, as being pulled out forcibly to
one side of the mouth by ignorant persons, while
administering medicines or dressing the teeth; by being
cut while rubbing against sharp edges of the back
teeth, or against split teeth; by being torn with bit and
halter chains. By falling and striking on the chin, the
tongue may be badly bitten and it may also be injured
by the breaking of a thin glass bottle in the mouth or
by a bottle with a sharp or broken edge, used in
drenching.

* LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS. 81

Treatment :—Injuries to the tongue heal very quickly
when the cause is removed. If the wound is caused by
sharp edges of the teeth, dress them off with a file. If
from other sources, and the injury is not sufficient to
amputate the parts, dress the wound with the following:

GER ech ete catomasi tea ee areks half ounce.
Pow wAlimert ore ieiee aie ali '.. half ounee.
VELEN Mee cal iawn eu REP IN unas one pint. Mix.

Apply to the sore three or four times daily. Before
amputation is resorted to (which should be done by a
veterinary surgeon) satisfy yourself that the parts will
not heal or will cause great inconvenience, for it must
be remembered that the tongue may be almost cut or
torn off, yet it will heal and be of great service. If
early seen, a wound may be stitched together with good
results. Feed on soft, sloppy diet, and do not give hay
or grain, unless it has been boiled sufficiently to
soften it.

LAMPAS, OR SWELLED GUMS.

This is a red or swollen state of the upper gum and
may be called properly dentition fever. Itusually is seen
in colts from one to five years old, and is caused princi-
pally from teething; but may occur at any age from
indigestion.

Treatment :—If in an old horse, give at one dose the
following physic:

ANGER sch atone sak batman ater as ar one ounce.
GPT SPST. ey me PDE SIR LM one drachm. Mix.

Afterward give a vegetable tonic to improve the
digestion. If ina colt, scarify the gums,—but do not
go back of the second crease in the mouth. Feed corn
on the ear and give,

82 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce.
Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda..... two ounces. Mix.
Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at
each meal in the drinking water. If the bowels are
costive, give a physic,—as one pint of castor or raw lin-
seed oil.

ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

Causes :—Drinking ice-cold water, standing in drafts,
giving too powerful cathartics; feeding new oats, new
corn, or musty grain or hay; heavy fatiguing work,
indigestion; spasmodic colic, when not properly
attended to.

Wy, Dyin;

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS,

Symptoms:— The symptoms very much resemble
spasmodic colic; the animal will paw and lie down,—
very carefully at first; as the disease advances, he will
lie down and get up frequently, roll upon his back, lie
for a short time in that position, then begin;tumbling
around. The pains are very severe, and continuous;
whereas, in spasmodic colic there are frequent intermis-
sions. The membranes of the nose, mouth and eyes are

ae

WK
S

Wie

s

ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 83

congested and reddened, the mouth is hot and dry, res-
pirations are increased, with a desire to drink small
amounts of water. The legs and ears get cold. The
pulse at first full and fast—ranging from sixty to
seventy, very soon becomes smaller and weaker. Cold
sweats break out on the body; an anxious expression
of countenance appears; glassy, staring eyes; upon

Rats

;
MARA S
nan

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.
applying pressure to the abdomen the animal will evince
pain. The bowels are generally costive but occasionally
pass small pellets of dung generally glazed with mucous
or streaked with blood; but if occasioned by irritant
food or medicine, purging and bloating may be present.

Treatment :—If the patient is seen during the early
stage, bleeding from the jugular vein, until an impres-
sion is made on the pulse, will often give relief. Give
immediately—

Powd. Opium.:.... . 2. .+- One drachm,
Extract Belladonna...... one drachm. Mix.

Apply hot fomentations to the abdomen. Rub the

legs with the following:

84 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

UIST" (Gro) Ar oy aay Meee NU a man four ounces.
Ext. Witch Haze!......... six ounces.
UA OAT VANTIA TOIT) <). seNeil two ounces. Mix.

Apply bandages and if the pain continues, give
drachm doses of powdered opium every thirty or forty
minutes, until it ceases. Then apply the foregoing lini-
ment to the abdomen and keep the patient well
blanketed. Keep the bowels quiet, it makes no differ-
ence if they do not move for two or three days. Feed
on light, soft food,-as bran mash, linseed meal, etc. In
the course of two or three days give sulphate of soda,
eight ounces, and continue giving it morning and even-
ing until the bowels move. Give walking exercise, and
occasionally warm injections to assist in moving the
bowels.

MUCO-ENTERITIS.

This is inflammation of the lining membrane of the
bowels. It is seen quite frequently in this country,
though usually confined to localities where there is poor
drainage and the hay and corn-fodder become musty;
also where the stabling is poor and the horses are
exposed to the inclement weather. Other causes are
giving brisk cathartics, drinking impure or stagnant
water, etc.

Symptoms :—The first symptom noticed, generally, is
a staring coat; others are dullness, loss of appetite, and
fever; sometimes pawing and lying down; tenderness of
the abdominal region. The animal looks gaunt; abdo-
men is drawn up. Sometimes there is diarrhcea but
more frequently constipation. Quite large balls of
manure are passed, coated with mucous, sometimes
very stringy like a large bundle of worms.

SUPERPURGATION. 85

Treatment:—When first noticed, give one quart of
castor or linseed oil and change the diet immediately,
give a gruel made from linseed meal or slippery elm tea.
After the physic has operated, give the following:

Sulphate ‘of-sodar 3.014980 A one pound.
Ouinines eee ce Low es four drachms.
Mire VW omileasateiin ec acct: one ounce. Mix.

Make eight doses and give morning and evening. If
diarrhoea sets in spontaneously, let it go twenty-four
hours unchecked, as it is frequently beneficial. If the
animal is suffering much pain, give ounce doses of
laudanum until relieved; then immediately cease giving
opiates and give more castor or linseed oil to move the
bowels.

SUPERPURGATION.

This term is used to designate a diarrhea or flux
from the bowels, which is superinduced by and follows
the administration of a physic. There is always con-
siderable irritation of the bowels, and not infrequently
inflammation supervenes, which latter symptom should
always be looked upon with suspicion, as it is quite
dangerous. The disorder is caused by giving too large
doses of physic or by administering physic to horses
suffering from debilitating diseases, as influenza, stran-
gles, pneumonia, etc.; by driving horses some distance
while purging, or by giving large quantities of cold
water while a physic is operating. - Great care and
judgment should be exercised in giving physic to
horses while suffering from diseases of the throat and
chest. Before giving a physic, the animal should be
prepared by giving two or three warm, soft bran
mashes; immediately follow with the physic and after

86 DISEASES Ub THE HORSE.

it begins to operate, clothe the body and keep it warm,
give small quantities of water slightly warmed and
allow perfect rest until the purging ceases. After the
horse has purged for twenty-four hours, the frequent
evacuations may usually be stopped by feeding dry hay
and oats, but should the purging still continue, give flour
and water, or four ounces of brandy in a quart of milk
to which add four eggs; repeat if necessary, five or six
times a day and if this does not check it, use the
following:

Tincture, Catechu.<....:.. .four ounces.
Lauda)! S aes es four ounces.
Tincture; Ginger si: ss...) . four ounces. Mix.

Give three ounces in half pint of water every three
hours; restrict the drinking water and feed upon good
hay and oats. If this manner of feeding constipates,
give a pint of raw linseed oil, afterwards.

CONSTIPATION.

This is a condition of the bowels, where the fecal
matter is abnormally retained, and when passed, is
small in amount and hard in consistence. Constipation
can hardly be considered a disease of itself but rather a
symptom of a diseased condition, brought about by
feeding upon bulky, innutritious, dry, fibrous food fora
continuous length of time. The stomach and bowels
become weakened, there is a dimunition in fluid
material from defective secretion, and the dry ingesta
contained within the intestines, causes a partially para-
lyzed condition of the muscular fibre of these organs,
with*loss of peristaltic action, which if not relieved,
would bring on congestion or inflammation of the bowels.

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. 87

Symptoms:—Among the first symptoms noticed, is a
gradual falling off in flesh, coat staring, distended abdo-
men or pot belly; swelling of the limbs, which disap-
pears upon exercise; general lassitude and weakness,
difficulty in passing manure, which is small, dry and hard
and passed with much straining; appetite becomes im-
paired; pulse, small and weak, and a foul smell ema-
nates from the mouth. In some instances there are
colicky pains, but these are very rare.

Treatment:—The first step in the treatment of
constipation, is to remove the cause. Place good, soft,
nutritious food within reach and avoid giving drastic
‘athartics. If bran mash will be eaten, throw in a
handful of sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia,
once or twice a day. Groom well and give moderate
exercise. If the ailment does not yield to this treat
ment in a few days, give a quart of raw linseed oil at
one dose. After the bowels have responded to the
above interference with medicines, they are liable to
drop back into a torpid condition, and to relieve this,
use the following:

Barbadoes Aloes.........-. two ounces.
Asafwetida. 20%. 64022. >. two ounces.
AW Re? V OLGA as es CR, So one ounce. Mix.

Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and
evening, for ten days, and allow all the water the ani-
mal will drink.

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS.

Accumulation of stercoraceous material in the intes-
tinal tube, is sometimes noticed in horses. It consists
of concretions of various kinds adhering to the walls of
the intestines, sometimes assuming immense propor-
tions before any symptoms of intestinal trouble are

88 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

noticed. The position of these large concretions is in
the large bowels, where they may remain for years,
undisturbed, except perchance, the animal may have an
attack of colic, and during the paroxysm of pain, while
rolling and tumbling about, may displace the concre-

SYMPTOM OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION,

tions and they may then become lodged in some other
part, when grave symptoms are observed. Under this
head, will also be included such troubles as invagina-
tion, where one bowel slips into another; strangulation
of an intestine by another rolled round it, tumors and
abscesses formed within the bowel, etc.

Symptoms :— When obstruction is complete, there will
be severe colicky pains, without intervals, when free
from pain, differing from inflammation of the bowels in
that there is no rise of temperature at first.- There may
be slight diarrhcea, at first, which soon disappears, as
only that manure will pass which is behind the obstruc-
tion. Frequently, the horse will sit upon its haunches,

DIARRH@A. 89

or if standing, press its haunches against the wall. Consti-
pation or irregularities of the bowels, with occasional at-
tacks of colic, indicate intestinal concretions, and obstruc-
tion from accumulations of material, of whatever sort.
Treatment :—Whenever obstrution of the intestines
is observed from the forgoing symptoms, make an
examination through the rectum, or last bowel; grease
the hand and arm thoroughly, then pass it carefully,
and if you can reach the obstruction, try to remove it.
It is not advisable to give any physic in such cases. On
the contrary, give medicines to relieve pain, and trust
the rest to nature. If the animal will eat anything,
give only soft, nutritious food, in limited quantities.
To relieve the pain, use the following:
Chioralsjhydraves:. .-seu.)- two ounces.
Wa Garett eo ary aa oe eight ounces. Mix.
Give two ounces every hour, in a pint of water until
relief, or,

TU OUNADINAY, heeds oats lee ove four ounces.
Tincture Belladonna...... two ounces.
SU phUriG Hither tian nest two ounces. Mix.

Give one and one-half ounces every hour in a pint
of water until relief. If the pain is severe and bloating
is observed, tapping the bowel with a trocar, and allow-
ing the gas to escape, will give témporary relief. If
invagination has taken place, the bowel may grow
together and that position invaginated, slough off and
pass away with the manure.

DIARRHOEA.

This disease is quite frequently met with among
horses.

Causes :—Giving too heavy cathartics, drinking im-
pure water, eating tender, green grass in the spring;

90 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

indigestion, drinking ice-cold water, over-driving and
watering while heated, exposure to cold rains; any irri-
tant within the bowels; eating mouldy or musty food,
diseased condition of the teeth, pasturing on low
marshy ground, exposure during cold nights, low damp
stables, ete.

Symptoms :—There may be a soft discharge from the
bowels, which may be completely overlooked for a con-
siderable length of time because the animal retains its
appetite; it may terminate in complete recovery. But
in the more severe cases, a watery discharge comes
flooding from the bowels, with loss of appetite, staring
coat, paleness of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes,
unsteady or staggering gait, rapid breathing, small,
weak and rapid pulse, rumbling of the bowels,—if the
ear is applied to the side a rumbling or churning sound
is heard.

Treatment :—If the discharge is slight, give a pint of
‘astor oil, which will generally effect a cure. But in
the more aggravated form, give a pint and a half of cas-
tor or linseed oil and one ounce of laudanum. Change
the diet to good, nutritious food. If the purging con-
tinues, give wheat flour in water, starch water or white
oak bark tea. If there is much bloating accompanying
the diarrhoea, give a tablespoonful of baking soda three
times a day, or give every four hours, two tablespoon-
fuls of the following:

Prepared (Chalk oy. oc. 3's four ounces.
Powdered Catechu......... one ounce.
Powdered Cinchona........ one ounce.
Powdered Gentian........ two ounces. Mix.

Allow a horse to stand for a few days before putting
to work, as a second attack is worse than the first.

DYSENTERY. YT
DYSENTERY.

This is an aggravated form of diarrhcea, tending to
inflammation of the bowels. The causes are like those
of diarrhcea,—such as feeding musty hay, drinking im-
pure water, strong purgatives, exposure to cold rains;
by being crowded in low, damp, dark stables; by graz-
ing for a long time on low, wet, marshy pastures.

Symptoms :—Excessive watery discharge from the
bowels, which has an offensive odor; the discharge is
frequently streaked with blood and passed with consid-
erable straining; shreds of mucous membrane and
blood are passed; the horse lies down a great deal; the
appetite remains fair, and there is an unusual desire for
drir' ‘ng water; the abdomen is tucked-up and very
tender; staring coat; sunken eyes; the animal soon be-
comes very weak; dejected appearance, generally.

Treatment :—First place the animal in a dry, warm,
well-ventilated stall; brush and rub the skin thoroughly
two or three times a day; blanket well and bandage the
legs; give good, pure water in small quantities and give

at first,
Castor Oile22) ore eee. .ten ounces.
De euani irae: ke Sy chats hae two ounces. Mix.
Give at one dose; also,
IVR at rs nis Pai el Paaa tac re tas -one quart.
AW Alig ign 2 Shs. cada tan be sole four ounces.

To which add four eggs.

sive three times a day. Give the patient soft and
easily digested food, as linseed meal gruel, slippery elm
gruel, etc. Administer the following:

Powe. homie. (5. one-half ounce.
Pome Gatechttc.: 3.00 eee 32's one ounce.
Rowe Kinesis) vlad ae One ounce:

Prepared. @halktk. Ya iaiie. : four ounces. Mix.

ite)
Nc
Ww

DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Make six doses and every four or five hours give one
in a little sweet milk. Rub the abdomen with a can-
tharides liniment, or take mustard, mix with vinegar to
form a paste, and apply tothe abdomen. As the bowels
begin to act better and are more regular and more
nearly normal in their discharges, give,

DoverisiPowderts a... ee one ounce.
enna Pas ea four drachms. Mix.

Make eight powders and give one powder at each
meal. Bandage the legs and rub them with dilute alco-
hol; also keep the animal well. blanketed and warm.

GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

{Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
stomach, is rarely seen as an independent affection and
is probably only seen as the result of irritation from
impaction of the stomach, from over-feeding or over-
eating when fatigued, getting loose in the stable and
having access to the grain bin, from foreign substances

SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

given in the food, the administration of powerful and
irritating drugs without being sufficiently diluted with
water or oil, by giving an over-dose of arsenic and by
poisoning with lead. If horses are around newly-
painted buildings or where paint kegs have been thrown
away, they will sometimes lick and eat a sufficient
quantity to produce gastritis, and not infrequently it

Pras
=>

GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 93

results from drinking water which runs through new
lead pipes.

Symptoms:—When occurring from inpaction and
over-eating, colicky pains of a continuous character are
usually observed. There is rapid breathing with a hard,
wiry pulse, turning of the head around pointing to the
stomach, and sometimes sweating along the neck, shoul-
ders and sides. The desire for drinking water is some-
what intense and a turning up of the upper lip is some-
times observed. When arsenic is the cause of inflamma-
tion of the stomach, there will be loss of appetite with
nausea and attempts to vomit, a desire for water and a
frothy saliva in the mouth. Abdominal pain is present,
a rumbling in the bowels is heard and sometimes
diarrhoea supervenes with heavy straining. The manure
that is passed has a very offensive odor, sweat bedews
the body, while the limbs are cold. The breathing is
short and rapid, the pulse soon becomes very feeble and
in a short time cannot be detected. Following the
symptoms very closely, will be paralysis of the hind
extremities and death. If the inflammation is caused
by lead poison, colicky pains will be observed, with
labored breathing, staggering gait, general. paralysis,
convulsions and death. If there is chronic poisoning by
lead, there will be an unthrifty appearance, diminution
of appetite, a blue line extending around the margin of
the gums, puffy swellings beneath the jaws, constipa-
tion, and a rough, staring condition of the hair. Abor-
tion frequently occurs during chronic lead poisoning.

Treatment :—W hen we observe a case of inflammation
of the stomach, arising from any cause, itis well to bear
in mind that by reasons of the structures involved, its
course is very rapid and also very fatal, although I
believe there are more recoveries from this affection

04 DISEASES OF THE HORSE,
than from inflammation of the bowels. Soothing reme-
dies should be given as quickly as possible and the
stomach held in a state of repose. For this purpose
give flaxseed tea, slippery elm tea, thoroughly boiled
oat meal gruel, etc., to which should be added as soon
as can be obtained,

Powd. or Gum Opium...... one ounce.

Some sWiaiter sic as noe None one quart. Mix.

Place over the fire and simmer down to one pint,
then give two ounces every two or three hours. Hot
applications along the abdomen just under the stomach,
are attended with beneficial results. For this purpose
blankets wrung out of hot water and held in that posi-
tion for a few hours, is a good method, changing every
few minutes to maintain the heat. After ceasing the
hot applications, a mustard draft should be applied
around the region of the stomach. When the severe
symptoms have subsided and the patient appears some-
what improved, administer a pint of raw linseed oil,
which will assist in unloading the stomach of retained
material and possibly the offending agent. When the
offending agent is arsenic, give half dozen raw eggs
well-beaten up with milk, raw linseed oil or linseed
eruel every half hour for a few hours, or the adminis-
tration of powdered charcoal, will be attended with
beneficial results; or if obtainable, give two-ounce
doses every ten minutes for an hour, of freshly prepared
hydrated peroxide of iron. This is really the best anti-
dote for arsenical poisoning. If the inflammation is
caused from lead poison or any other of the irritant
poisons, treat as above recommended, with milk, eggs,
oil, linseed or slippery elm tea, etc., omitting the prep-
aration of iron. But constantly bear in mind that the
stomach should receive soothing remedies, as the linseed
gruel, ete., for a continued length of time. After

”

GORGED STOMACH—STOMACH STAGGERS, ETC. 95

recovery has taken place, feed only upon boiled food
and in limited quantities, for a few months, or if in the
proper season, turn out to grass.

GORGED STOMACH—STOMACH STAGGERS—INDIGESTION.

This derangement of the stomach is caused by team-
sters feeding their horses a large feed after a heavy
day’s work. The animal being very hungry, eats rap-
idiy ; the food is not well masticated, and going into a
stomach somewhat weakened by the day’s work, is una-
ble to digest it and indigestion is the result. It may

SYMPTOMS OF RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.

also arise from eating damaged wheat, dried ripe
vetches, and from eating rapidly of bulky food after
fasting, etc. When we consider the small capacity of
the stomach of a horse, holding only about, three gal-
lons, we need not be surprised to see indigestion, for

96 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

when the stomach becomes gorged, it has scarcely any
other exit except to pass on, as it is very seldom that
the horse vomits.

Symptoms :—These are generally sudden, but not al-
ways. The animal may step back from the manger and
lie down, apparently resting. Suddenly, it will rise and
stand for a while, without eating; then lie down again
for a time. Soon it arises and becomes more restless by
pawing with its fore-feet and lying down upon its
breast, rolling over to its side, then upon its breast
again and trying to vomit, at which it may make fre-
quent attempts, and sometimes a sour smelling hquid
discharge will come from the nostrils. There are fre-
quent eructations, or belching up of gas from the stom-
ach. “The animal may tremble considerably, and cold
sweats bedew the body. <A thick slobber may be seen
around the mouth. The bowels are usually costive, but
sometimes a slight diarrhoea is present. The pulse and
respiration are both increased. If vomiting does actu-
ally occur, it generally presages rupture of the stomach ;
at this stage the horse may sit upon its haunches, which
isa dangerous symptom, and an unfavorable termina-
tion may be anticipated.

Treatment:—When first noticed, give a heavy physic.
As the stomach is distended with both food and gas, its
action must be aroused to throw off its contents. The
following will suffice very well:

Powd. Barbadoes Aloes.....one ounce.
Calomeli sole wees ans yeaa one drachm.
Gentian connie a ooo ne three drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose, If the pain increases, give ounce
doses of sulphuric ether in half pint of water every hour,
until four doses are given. Or, aromatic spirits of
ammonia, one ounce every two hours until three or four

HEMIPLEGIA—PARALYSIS. 97

doses have been given. Blankets wrung out of hot
water and applied to the stomach and bowels, often give
relief. Ifthe former physic is not convenient, give a
quart of raw linseed oil or a quart of melted hogs’ lard,
as the stomach must be unloaded before permanent
relief is to be obtained. Injections of castile soap and
hot water are beneficial. A moderate amount of walk-
ing exercise, will also be of benefit. After relief has
been obtained, feed cn easily digested food, for a few
days; also give the following, as much benefit will be
derived therefrom:

Powd. Barbadoes Aloes.... one ounce.
IASGALOODIGA on bie ondlate oe oy4 one ounce.
Gentian nu ee. 8 Silicone none OlENCes Oa:

Make eight powders. Give one powder each day,
until all are given.

HEMIPLEGIA—PARALYSIS.

This form of paralysis is not frequentl, seen among
horses. It is usually the result of some brain trouble, as
tumors in the lateral ventricles, pressure upon the brain
from fracture of the skull, softening of the brain from
poison in the blood, inflammation of the brain from
emboli obstructing the blood-fiow through the brain, ete.

Symptoms;—The attack may be sudden, with complete
loss of motion of one side of the body, the animal fall-
ing down and being unable to rise. Again, the standing
position is retained, but movements are made with °
great difficulty. The lips on one side will hang pendu-
lous, the tongue protrude from .one side of the mouth
and there is difficulty in swallowing food or water. The
urine may pass away involuntarily.

98 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment :—The treatment of paralysis is very unsat-
isfactory and flattering results must not be anticipated.
If due to an inflamed condition of the brain, bleeding
will be proper. Carefully regulate the bowels by feed-
ing soft food, in which may be given four to six ounce
doses of sulphate of soda or epsom salts, until the
bowels are regulated. Hand rubbing of the affected
limbs and a strong liniment applhed along the spine,
may assist in restoration to health. The following will
suffice :

Raw Linseed Oil.......... six ounces.
Aqua Ammonia.........three ounces.

Oil of Turpentine........ three ounces. Mix.
Apply until blisters are raised.

JAUNDICE, ICTERUS, OR YELLOWS.

Jaundice is caused by suppression or re-absorption of
bile and is more of a symptom than a disease. Any
cause which tends to disturb the functions or tissue of
the liver, as disturbed circulation from congestion or
inflammation, deposits or growths, pressing upon the bile
duct, catarrh of the bile duct, gall stones, or impurities
in the blood from specific fever, ete.

Symptoms :—The first that is generally noticed, is the
yellowness of the eyes and membranes of the nostrils
and mouth, instead of the pale pink, as is observed in
health. The tongue will be coated and an offensive
smell emanates from the mouth. The bowels are some-
what constipated, the dung is dry, of a light color and
has an offensive smell. When there is no fever present,
the appetite will remain very good and the pulse

will be but little affected. But when fever’ is

resent, the animal will appear drowsy, with loss of
Pp ’ ’

Ps

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 99

appetite, and seems greatly exhausted with moderate
work, in fact the animal acts as if it wished to be left
alone and does not care to move. Occasionally a dry
itching, scurfy state of the skin is observed.

Treatment :—First discover the cause, if possible, then
remove it. If from congestion, endeavor as quickly as
possible to unload the liver, by giving such remedies as
will have a direct action, as,

BArLDAGCOeSHMAWOES = ic.) Mieerencea. one ounce.
Walomielieiret swe Na aatae cues one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose. The object is to rid the system of
the excessive amount of bile and it is best accomplished
in this way. When fever is present, avoid giving such
brisk physic and endeavor to move the bowels by giving,

Sulphate of Sada, oi. 2.1.5 “1X OUNCES.
NYSE Re ila Pan mi | ~. One, quart.

Or linseed oil, one pint daily, until the bowels are
loose. If there is an acid condition of the stomach, as
evidenced by eating dirt or licking the walls, give two
to four ounces of lime water, twice a day. If the
patient is weak and slow of recovery, give nitro-muri-
atic acid, one drachm, morning and evening, well
diluted in drinking water, and feed light, easily digested
food, as bran mash, ground flaxseed, ete.

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.

This disease is more prevalent during hot weather
than at any other season, and is also seen in low, damp,
malarial districts. It is caused from over-exertion,
after eating a rich, hearty meal; sudden chills following
specific fevers; faulty digestion, especially when rich
food is given, without exercise; changes from a cold to
a warm, damp region; chills in cold, damp nights after
hot days, ete.

100 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Symptoms :—The animal will appear dull and disin-
clined to move. An unnatural appetite is evidenced by
the desire to eat dirt or lick at the walls of the stable.
The appetite for food becomes impaired. The bowels
are costive, and what does ‘pass, is hard, scanty, of a
light color and smells offensive. The mucous mem-
branes of the nostrils and mouth assume a yellowish
tint, as is also seen around the eyes. Frequently an
offensive. odor is observed around the mouth. The
pulse is usually full and soft and the breathing but lit-
tle affected. Pressure behind the right shoulder, fre-
quently produces pain and sometimes there is lameness
in the same shoulder.

Treatment :—Bleeding is frequently attended with
good results, providing the pulse is full and distinct.
The liver should be emptied as quickly as possible, and
for that purpose, use the following:

Barbadoes Aloes....... seven drachins.
Calomel Moen us ae one drachim.. wave

Give at one dose, either in the form of a pill, or ina
pint of water as a drench, to be followed up with

Epsom Salts: ..)......25.. +. .one, pound;
Bi-Carbonate of Soda..... four ounces. Mix.

Make twenty powders. Give one powder, morning
and evening, in bran mash, chopped feed, or as a
drench. The diet should be hght, soft food of easy di_
gestion and given in limited quantities. Cloths wrung
out of hot water and applied along the right side, be-
hind the fore-leg, are very beneficial, or good mustard
poultices on the right side, over the region of the liver,
will assist greatly in affording relief.

HEPATITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 101
HEPATITIS—INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

Although mankind is subject to many disorders of
this gland, it may sound strange to say that diseases of
the liver rarely attack the horse. Gall stones which
accumulate in the gall sack in man, and cause so much
trouble, are never seen in the horse for the very good
reason that there is no gall-sack attached to the liver.
They do, however, sometimes form in the liver itself.
Inflammation of the liver may be either acute or
chronic. The acute form is readily recognized, while
the chronic form can seldom be detected during life by
even a skilled veterinarian; it is mainly guess work, and
for this reason, it will be unnecessary to treat of the
chronic form in a work of this kind. In the acute form
there will be great dullness with more or less pain, but
not of a severe type. The animal hangs its head but
generally remains in a standing posture. The bowels
are constipated and the dung balls are small and of a
clayish color, being sometimes covered with a slimy
mucous. The urine is scanty and dark colored. Pres-
sure applied to the right side over the liver, causes pain,
consequently if the animal lies down it will lie on the
left side. Sometimes there is lameness in the right
shoulder and after a few days’ illness, the white of the
eyes and tongue, turn a yellowish color.

Causes :—The prevailing cause is feeding too great an
amount of rich, stimulating food in hot weather without
sufficient exercise. Horses that are kept for family or
pleasure driving, or the old family pet which has been
pampered and highly fed in a warm stable, are the best
subjects for these attacks, hence it is more often seen
in the city than in the country. It is also caused by
injuries, as blows or kicks on the right side; from for-
eign substances being swallowed, piercing the stomach

102 DISEASES OF THE IORSE.
©

and entering the liver, as needles, ete. It is also caused
by the presence of worms in the liver; by gall-stones
forming therein and passing through the ducts to the
bowels, and by inflammation of surrounding structures,
which extends to and envelopes the liver.

Treatment :—If detected in the earliest stage, abstract
four or five quarts of blood from the jugular vein, but
if this is not done early, refrain from blood-letting alto-
gether. Then give a physic:

Powad: ‘Ahkoes x4... 8.1L one ounee,

a lormvele hee Gee Snes oie one drachm.

Ginrer es ee nae 2 two drachms. Mix.
Give at one dose in a pint of water; or,

Epsom Salts...........:...one pound.

Gilawber Salter n ne gach pong one pound. Mix.

Dissolve in a gallon of water and give one quart
every two hours. Apply hot cloths to the right side
from the back of the girth to the last rib; or apply
mustard freely over the same space. Medicines that act
upon the kidneys, should now be given. To reduce the
fever, the following will answer admirably:

Balipecerse cls aac clare oirate six ounces.
Powd. Nux Vomica........ one ounce. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give three powders daily.
Change the habits of the animal by giving a lmited
supply of soft food, as boiled oats, bran mash, etc., and
as the patient improves, give exercise accordingly, and
see that it does not get into such a condition again
through want of exercise and too high feeding.

PARAPLEGIA—PARALYSIS OF THE HIND LIMBS.

This form of paralysis affects both hind limbs and
may result from tumors pressing upon the spinal cord,
from parasites in the cord, from broken back or loins,

PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. 1038

from softening of the cord, inflammation of the cord,
from bony growths, the result of sprains, pressing
upon the cord; from over-feeding on certain herbs,
seeds and grains, causing indigestion, etc. The treat-
ment, for which see Hemiplegia, is yery unsatisfactory.

PROLAPSUS ANI, OR EVERSION OF THE RECTUM.

Eversion of the last bowel, is generally seen as a
sequel of some other disease; as occurring during the
act of parturition or in parturient apoplexy, or follow-
ing up certain cases of colic when they are somewhat
protracted and accompanied with constipation, or in
torpidity of the bowels, unaccompanied with any other
disease, we will often observe protrusion of the last
bowel, or rectum. In the majority of cases, it is ob-
served in horses that are in poor condition and fed on
dry, innutritious food, or young colts that have been
kept upon dry pastures or food, after stabling upon
dry food containing a super-abundance of woody fibre.
When protrusion has taken place, the animal will not
evince much pain, only when wanting to pass manure,
which is generally very dry and hard; it will then
evince pain and uneasiness, but after the faeces have
passed, the uneasiness disappears, and the animal moves
on as though nothing had happened.

Treatment :—When the protruded bowel is not very
extensive and has been observed before strangulation
has taken place, it is quite easily reduced. Clean out
the last bowel with the hand, which should first be well
greased, then oil the protruded bowel and press it back
into place by gentle manipulation, after which apply
the following:

104 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Powe Opinii mecte cohen one drachm.
aT HAG UA GUO ook ey ee one drachm.
AVGPNTE) hn SIRE eeletice Se MO a one ounce. Mix.

Insert enough in the rectum, morning and evening,
to cover the protruded part. Place the animal on soft,
nutritious diet and give mild laxatives to keep the
bowels soft, as,

Sulphate of Soda..........two ounces,
Hpsom Salts. ch... two onnees.>. (Mix,

Give morning and evening into feed or as a drench.
Should the protrusion become strangulated and swollen,
scarify with the knife, grease or oil well, and return _
carefully as it is possible to do under the circumstances.
Sometimes it is necessary to place a truss or bandage
around the anus, to keep the bowel in place, but if
watched carefully, and whenever it protrudes slightly,
returned with the hand, continuing so to do until the
bowels become regulated, favorable results may be
looked for without any further treatment.

SALIVATION OR SLOBBERS.

This consists in an excessive flow of saliva, and is
more frequently asymptom of some other trouble than
a disease of itself. It is often seen in connection
with irregular teeth, injuries to the tongue, from indis-
criminate use of lobelia, mercury, colchicum, wild
mustard, etc. Second crop of clover is one of the great
causes of slobbering; foreign substances becoming
lodged between the teeth, as parts of wood, nails, corn-
cobs, ete.

Symptoms :—Fever and persistent discharge of saliva,
or frothy masses hanging from the mouth; frequent

GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE. 105

attempts at swallowing, great desire for water, and dis-
turbed digestion, causing colic.

Treatment :—First discover the cause, then remove it
if possible. If from eating some obnoxious herbs or
plants, or from eating second crop clover hay, remove
from such pastures, or if in stable, change food ; examine
the mouth carefully, in corn districts, as sometimes
corn cobs become fastened between the teeth, causing
considerable trouble. If from irregular teeth, file off
the sharp edges. If from injuries to the tongue or
small fistules in the mouth, wash the mouth with,

SRT TAGS OM Siar Spain Bees» Oe one ounce.
Chiorate of Potash... 5°. tx. one ounce.
Witte em aCe ote csi hi aes one pint. Mix.

Gargle the mouth two or three times a day; if some-
what persistent, paint the glands below the ears, once
daily with tincture iodine and give one drachm of
iodide of potash, morning and evening.

GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.

It is very seldom we encounter inflammation of the
tongue, separate from injuries or administration of

drugs not properly diluted, but when glossitis does -

exist as an independent affection, the tongue will
become swollen and painful and look hard and black.
Difficulty in swallowing is a prominent symptom, with
a tenacious saliva adhering to the tongue, that has a
disagreeable smell.

Treatment:—From the inability or difficulty in swal-
lowing, it is out of the question to treat internally,
which if we could, would be of much benefit, as with
laxatives, fever powders, etc. But as we cannot do
this, our attention must be directed locally. Scarify

106 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the tongue with the knife, and bathe with warm water
tc encourage bleeding; or steam the mouth with the
ordinary nose-bag. Also wash the mouth with.

1S OR Ee Eocene Renee half ounce.
Chlorate of Potassium.....half ounce.
WVGAIGCT sc Sey sca aaah eae eee one pint. Mix.

Bathe the tongue three or four times a day. If the
swelling does not extend backward and involve the tex-
tures of the throat, within two or three days, a speedy
recovery may be looked for. If there is a desire to eat
and the animal can swallow some, give flaxseed gruel
or soft bran mash.

PURPURA HAEMORREAGIA,

This affliction usually occurs as a sequel of some lin-
gering or debilitating disease, as distemper, influenza,
epizootic catarrh, lung troubles, etc., or it may originate
spontaneously, not as the result of some prior disease,
but from badly ventilated stables, where animals are
compelled to breathe vitiated atmosphere arising from
decomposed urine and manure; also in poorly fed
horses, and such that are subjected to exhausting work,
being placed in cold stables when perspiring freely,
without blankets; exposure to cold rains and wind
storms, when perspiring freely. It is more frequently
seen in cold than in warm climates, and is very seldom
seen when kept in well ventilated, warm, comfortable,
clean stables, even as the result of a debilitating disease.

Symptoms :—Although it is a non-inflammatory dis-
ease, the first symptoms observed, are swellings appear-
ing very suddenly on any part of the body, head or
neck, only to disappear and re-appear upon some other
part. These swellings are hard, painful and pit slightly

res

PURPURA HEMORRIHAGIA. 107

upon pressure. In some cases, these swellings app: ar
around the head, eyes, nostrils, mouth and throat to an
alarming extent, causing great difficulty in breathing
and eating. Sometimes one or more of the limbs will
swell considerably, the swelling being very uniform and
ending abruptly as though a cord had been tied around
it. Small vesicles appear, sometimes around the hocks
and fetlock joints; these burst and discharge an amber
colored liquid, which scalds the hair off wherever it
flows. Whenever the skin breaks over a swollen part,
it leaves an ugly, unhealthy sore with a great ten-
dency to sloughing. The pulse is weak and often
double. The bowels are usually constipated but easily
excited by purgatives, and blood streaks are often
mixed with the manure. Small spots of a purple color
are observed in the nostrils; these spots often slough
and leave a raw, unhealthy looking sore, which dis-
charges a dark colored liquid, frequently stained with
blood. The urine is high colored and has a strong am-
moniacal smell and quickly undergoes decomposition.
Sometimes these swellings take place within the in-
ternal organs and to such an extent as to cause death
from internal bleeding.

Treatment :—First and above all things, attempt to
remove the exciting cause; if from badly-drained, ill-
ventilated stabling, remove to a well-ventilated, warm,
comfortable place, as pure air, light and warmth are
very necessary. If constipation is observed, the bowels
should be regulated but do not give a severe physic.
The following will suffice :

Raw Linseed Oil.... ....... one pint.
Tine. Terchloride of Iron, five drachms.
Spits. Wurpentine./.v0e.s 2. 3. ne ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose, to be followed up with,

108 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Chlorate of Potassium....four ounces.
Nitrate of Potassium....... one ounee. Mix.
Make nine powders. Give three powders each day
in soft food, drinking water or as a drench. Continue
giving the above prescription for ten days to two weeks
but diminish slightly in the dose. In the course of a
few days, get the following:

Sul phatevor Tiramisu. a vier one ounce.
Dilute ee Weide Meh: one ounce.
Water. i 2 Neel ce SIR OUNCES: nie Minox

Give half ounce w ell dated in water, twice daily,
alternated with the potassium powders. If the swell-
ings do not yield to this treatment in the course of a
week, omit the last prescriptiou and give,

Raw Linseed Oil....... twelve ounces.
Spts. Turpentine........ . four ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces twice daily, alternated with the
potassium powders. If there is much debility and loss
of strength, give two to four ounces of whisky, two or
three times a day orspirits nitrous ether one and one-half
ounces, three times a day. For the treatment of the
local swellings, do not searify much, but if necessary to
assist in breathing or eating, scarify around the head
and throat. Theswellings around the head and throat
may be bathed with hot water, to which may be added
tincture muriate of iron or carbolic acid. Do not
disturb the swellings on the other parts of the body or
limbs, as the less they are interfered with, the better.
Feed anything the patient will eat and give plenty of
pure, fresh water.

DYSPEPSIA.

Dyspepsia is sometimes seen in horses that have been
highly fed for a continued length of time, without

DYSPEPSIA. 109

proper exercise, and being stabled continuously and not
allowed the privilege of a run at pasture.

Symptoms:—The animal will present an unthrifty
appearance, the hair will look rough and the animal
will loose flesh, growing very thin and _ hide-bound.
The manure has a disagreeable smell, is quite hard and
yellow in color. There is partial loss of appetite, al-
though at times there is apparently great hunger, which
is appeased by a few mouthfuls devoured in a greedy
manner. The animal does not appear to relish its food
and is generally spoken of as being ‘‘off its feed.”

Treatment :—First clear the bowels of what material
they contain, by giving a physic, as, raw linseed oil,
one quart. After a free evacuation of the bowels, give
a good tonic, as,

Red Pepper... 255 ~+......two ounces.
Gentian one f Phx is are ae three ounces.
Sulphate of Iron: . 215 sc. ' two ounces.
INES Ecar ho wouter: input anna aly ay ea .two ounces.
Dalthpehem. 008 see obo 8s three ounces.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda..... four ounces. Mix.

Give a teaspoonful three times a day in soft food;
if the horse will not eat it, take a teaspoonful of the
powder and put it into a pint of water, heat it up, mak-
ing a regular tea of it, and administer three times
aday. Give a complete change of food, as boiled oats
or barley and bran mash, also give roots, as carrots,
turnips, mangels, ete. If during the season of green
grass, turn out to pasture for a few months. Always
examine the teeth thoroughly, and if any trouble exists,
it should be attended to before any other treatment is
given,

110 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

INTUSSUSCEPTION AND GUT-TIE.

The slipping of one portion of a bowel into another
like the turning of the finger of a glove partly wrong
side out, sometimes occurs, and is most frequently seen
in the small intestines, although it may also take place
in the large guts. The part that slips in, may extend
but a few inches and again a number of feet. This
accident is most likely to happen in horses that are suf-
fering from pains or spasms of the bowels, as spasmodic
or flatulent colic, inflammation of the bowels, diarrhcea,
dysentery, or anything that will cause abdominal
trouble or pain.

Symptoms :—There is no one special symptom whereby
the trouble may be determined or located. Unless the
parts become strangulated, there may be no symptoms
displayed, except constipation and even then there may
be a few scant passages of manure. Colicky pains may
be present and severe straining may be observed. If
strangulation of the bowel takes place, the animal will
suffer intense pain unless relieved, and die within a
few hours, and even when the pain is relieved, it may
linger for a few days and then die. Cases have been
reported where one portion of a bowel had slipped into
another and become strangulated; the part of the
bowel thus enveloped gradually sloughed off, so that the
ends of the bowel grew together, and the discarded por-
tion passed away with the manure; a complete recovery
resulted. Such cases are very rare; however, they have
served as a warning and guide in our treatment of this
affection. In such cases as terminate fatally, just prior
to death the animal will sweat profusely; the legs and
ears become cold and there is an anxious appearing
countenance and an oceasional sigh; for a brief period
of time there is cessation of acute pain, then the animal
falls to rise no more,

a

PERLLONITIS, ETC. AE:

Treatment:—As soon as convinced that the bowels
are invaginated, give such remedies as will relieve the
pain and keep the patient quiet and comfortable, as,

DF LATE hee hel steers Seok oe eight ounces.
Sulphuric Ether.........eight ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces in a pint of water every hour until
relieved, then give at intervals, sufficient to keep the
patient quiet; or give one drachm of powdered or gum
opium every hour until there is relief from pain, after
which, just often enough to keep the patient quiet
and let nature work its course. The giving of physic
in this affection is liable to be productive of a great
deal of harm and should, therefore, be avoided, but
should the bowels slip back to their place and resume
their normal functions, except being somewhat consti-
pated, which they sometimes do when kept perfectly
quiet, the administration of a pint of raw linseed oil
three times a day until the bowels become relaxed, will
be of much benefit and should be given.

PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING
MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.

Causes :—Exposure to cold rains when heated; cas-
tration; any surgical operation in which the abdominal
walls are pierced; kicks or blows; abscess of the liver
or stomach; rupture of the womb while foaling; abscess
of the womb.

Symptoms :—Pain in the abdomen, demonstrated by
the patient’s turning and pointing to the side; on press-
ing the abdomen at or near the affected part, the ani-
mal will evince great pain; on being made to move, it
seems stiff and in pain. If the horse lies down, it does
so very carefully. As the pain is increased while down,

112 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

it usually maintains a standing position. The pulse
generally ranges from seventy to ninety beats per min-
ute and is hard and wiry. The abdomen is tucked-up;
the breathing accelerated and short, and quite fre-
quently the animal will bloat; in three or four days
dropsy of the abdomen appears, when the severer pains
will cease and the patient will breathe more deeply and
freely.

Treatment :—If acute peritonitis is seen at the outset,
bleeding freely from the jugular vein will frequently
stop the progress of disease. Then give fifteen drop

doses of fluid extract ac. ..te every hour until the disease
is under control, or give,

Powe .Opiaiinny por ehsie er cae eevee one ounce.

Colonie yet tasers castes four drachms. Mix.

Make into eight powders and give one every four
hours. Apply hot cloths to the abdomen but be careful
that the patient does not take cold. Mustard poultices
applied to the abdomen will have the same effect.
Physic must not be given during this disease. If the
disease arises from abscesses of the stomach or liver, or
from rupture of the womb, stimulating treatment
should be tried, though the termination invariably is
death. Apply diluted alcohol to the limbs and bandage
thoroughly. Place the patient where no draughts can
strike it and blanket well. Feed on soft mashes or
linseed gruel, boiled oats or barley, in restricted
quantities.

BOTS.

These are the larve of the different species of gad-
fly, which pester horses in the summer. They fly about
horses and deposit their eggs upon their legs and sides;
and by the horse biting or licking itself, they are

5
%
:
}
}
y

BOTS. 113

r

taken into the stomach, when they fasten themselves to
the mucous lining of the stomach or of the upper part
of the small intestine (duodenum.) There they develop
into the grub or bot and subsist upon the gastric or in-
testinal juices, and when once they lose their hold they
seldom regain it. If but few in numbers, they never

2 4
BOTS.
1.—Female Fly. 2.—Egg.
3.—The Bot. 4.—The Chrysalis.
5.—Male Fly.

do any harm. If existing in great numbers, they cause
indigestion and colic; sometimes they almost stop up
the duodenum. In such cases the horse will not thrive
and will be troubled with indigestion; it will be weak
and easily fatigued.

Treatment :—Feeding sliced potatoes is beneficial, or
warm sage tea, two quarts. Follow it up with a brisk
cathartic—

SAL ern Siete, ake ate) orth! S202 one ounce.
Ganeer fare asa, (ed a's oe two drachms. Mix.

114 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

This will sometimes carry off quite a number of the
bots. But there is no remedy yet known which will de-
stroy the bot while in the stomach. In the early spring
they pass away voluntarily and during the summer de-
velop into the gad-fly.

WORMS.

A great many varieties of worms infest the intes-
tines of horses. A thorough description of them is

WORMS.
quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say they are of no bene-
fit to the animal and the sooner they are expelled from
the bowels the better.
Symptoms :—Rough, staring coat; ravenous appetite,
rubbing the tail, loss of flesh, big or pot-belly, licking

SYMPTOMS OF WORMS.

of dirt, pallor of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes,
sometimes constipation, at others diarrhcea; frequent

WORMS. 115

switching of the tail; worms protruding or smashed
around the anus, leaving a white or mattery substance.

Treatment:—It is necessary to prepare the animal
prior to giving any worm medicine. First, allow the
animal to fast for twenty-four hours, then give a soft
bran mash, to be followed immediately with,

Barbadoes Aloes..........-one ounce.
Santonimer i oes coe ...one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose, either in pill or in half pint of
water, asadrench. If this does not remove them all,
repeat in five days, or you may use,

Raw Linseed Oil .... eighteen ounces.
Spirits Turpentine......... six ounces. Mix.

Give four ounces morning and evening. Immediately

after the last dose is given, administer the following:

Barbadoes: Aloes?!) 2 6.0 die) one ounce.
CV TELAT i as ee ees two drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench.
It is a well-known fact, that intestinal worms are
mostly seen in horses that are in poor condition, and if
allowed to remain in this condition, worms will rapidly
accumulate again, even though they had all been
expelled by the worm medicines. It is, therefore, nec-
essary to tone up the powers of digestion. This can be
done with,

Game ers sy. Ta die eke one ounce.
Gentian iis 2 ihe savannas none OUNCE;
Nuk Viomicas 6563 ie ote one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda....... one ounce. Mix.

Give teaspoonful three times a day in food or asa
drench. Give good food and pure water and the animal
will commence to thrive, then worms will cease accum-
culating. A great many colts are lost every year from
worms, when a few doses of prepared chalk will remove

116 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

them. Give a teaspoonful once a day for a week. If
they become constipated, give four to six ounces of
raw linseed oil. Prepared chalk given to aged horses,
will assist in removing worms.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS.

Among the horses in this country, this disease quite
frequently occurs and has various causes. Among them
are feeding on musty hay or grain, exposure to wet and
cold, blows on the top of the head, drinking ice-cold
water while heated, eating too much malt from distil-
leries, the reckless administration of medicines that act
upon the kidneys, new oats imperfectly cured, etc.

Symptoms :—An excessive discharge—amounting to
several gallons within twenty-four hours, of almost
colorless urine; excessive thirst; withholding water
from the animal does not check the disease. Sometimes
it comes on very slowly, at others it develops to an
alarming extent within twenty-four hours; it varies in
duration from a few days to months and even years. If
it lasts for any considerable time, the animal will lose
flesh rapidly. There will be pallor of the mucous mem-
branes, rough coat; skin drawn tight to the ribs. Death
finally results from emaciation and prostration.

Treatment :—Change the diet to good, clean hay and
grain, and give a liberal supply of boiled flaxseed in
the drinking water. Also give,

Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces.
Gentian) Fo iticnes seis One OUNCE,
Nux*V OmICAagA stain eres one ounce.
Iodide of Potassium...... two ounces. Mix.

Make into sixteen powders and give one powder at
each meal. The drinking water should be restricted in
quantity and of good quality. Give plenty of rest.

ACITES, ANASARCA OR DROPSICAL SWELLING. ALT

ALBUMENURIA—BRIGHT’S DISEASE.

This disease consists of an inflammation of the
kidneys either acute or chronic, with degeneration and
shedding of casts of epithelium from the tubes of the
kidneys. It occurs in horses of all ages.

Symptoms :—The horse walks with a straddling gait
and passes a thick, ropy urine, which upon being
boiled or tested with corrosive sublimate, acetate of
lead, or nitric acid, coagulates in part in whitish flakes.
The animal usually wastes in flesh; general health seems
broken; dropsical swellings appear but vanish upon
exercise.

Treatment:—Avoid any exposure to cold, wet or
fatigue. Keep in a comfortable, warm box-stall and
keep the body warm by blanketing. See that the
bowels are kept loose by feeding on bran mashes or
other soft food and if inclined to be costive, give a pint
of raw linseed oil; also give half ounce doses of tincture
chloride of iron three times a day, diluted in a pint of
water. Use cloths wrung out of hot water, over the
loins, frequently; if this does not assist in the flow of
urine, give ounce doses of fluid extract buchu and
juniper with acetate of potassium three times a day,
but be persistent with the hot cloths, as this is better
than giving medicines to act upon the kidneys.

ACITES, ANASARCA, OR DROPSICAL SWELLING.

Causes :—Obstruction to venous circulation, excess of
water in the blood, disease of the heart, disease of the
liver, disease of the kidneys, the action of cold and wet
upon the skin, causing an arrest of execretion; but the
principal cause, is neglected influenza; when it has con-

118 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

tinued for some time, the system is debilitated and the
blood is in a watery state.

Symptoms :—If following a prolonged attack of influ-
enza or distemper, the blood is impoverished, paleness
of the mucous membranes is observed around the mouth,
nose and eyes; swellings appear, either at the breast
and gradually spread backward under the belly, or
commence between the hind legs or at the sheath, and
gradually more foward. In the course of a few days,
the whole of the lower part of the abdomen is swollen,
s0 that it leaves a ridge on either side. The swelling
pits, upon pressure, and if pricked with a knife, a yel-
lowish fluid oozes out. The appetite is capricious, but
hay will sometimes be fairly well consumed. The
animal will le down at first, but as the swelling
increases, it will persist in standing, and if compelled
to move, will walk quite stiff and sore. Pressure upon
the swelling when it first appears, causes pain, but as
the swelling increases, pain upon pressure diminishes.

Treatment :—First place the animal in a comfortable
stall and bed well to entice it to he down. Feed upon
choice hay and grain. Give bran mashes to keep the
bowels open. If the weather is cold, blanket well, and
in the daytime turn out to exercise. Take a knife and
make several small incisions into the swelling, to allow
the serum to escape; or take a paddle and drive several
small tacks through it, allowing them to protrude from
one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch, then paddle the
swelling with the sharp tacks; this will leave several
sinall openings through which the serum will escape.
Then give the following:

Sulphate: of rom iien dane eye two ounces.
Powd. Nux Vomica........ one ounce.
Gentisnnose sa eon ea one.ounce.

Nitrate’ of: Potass en skewnu: two ounces. Mix.

HEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE. 119

Make sixteen powders. Give one powder norning,
noon and night. If the urine does not pass freely, give
the following:

Acetate: of ‘Potass. ois: : four ounces.
Wiaibe tec sate aeit tel uu aaiy Rees one pint. Mix.

Give four ounces every four or five hours. If the
bowels are costive, physic with,
Powd. Barbadoes Aloes.... one ounce.
Powd. Ginger...........two drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in half pint of water as a drench.

HAEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE.

Blood in the urine is not often observed in horses,
but is frequently seen in both cattle and sheep. When
seen in horses, it is generally caused by some violent
strain or injury, as slipping while starting a heavy load
or while rearing up and jumping, in this manner injur-
ing or straining the psoas muscles, which are situated in
the region of the kidneys below the back-bone. Or it
may be caused by fracture of the back-bone over the
kidneys, or from gravel in the kidneys or bladder, or in
the channels leading from the kidneys and bladder,
through which the urine passes. It may arise from con-
gestion of the kidneys, or from ulcers and abscesses in
the parts through which the urine passes, as well as in
the kidneys, from the rupture of a small blood vessel in
these organs; also from eating acrid plants which exert
a powerful diuretic action. If the blood is coming from
the kidneys, it will be uniformly mixed with the urine,
but if from other parts, it may come away in clots or
streaks.

Treatment :—Remove the causes if they can be ascer-
tained and located. If from irritants in the food,

San te ee

120 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

change it immediately; if from gravel in the bladder,
remove it; if from the rupture of a small blood vessel
and it is within reach, tie it, and if from fracture or
sprain, give the treatment required for these injuries.
If the flow of blood is very great, apply cold water to
the loins and keep the animal as quiet as possible.
Give mucilaginous drinks frequently, as linseed and
slippery elm tea; also give,

Tincture Chloride of Iron, eight ounces.
WatericG. wan ciueien acts elo bt OUNCES.\, UVERXe

Give two tablespoonfuls three times a day in half
pint of water: or give a teaspoonful of sulphuric acid
twice daily in drinking water, or ounce doses twice
daily of spirits turpentine well diluted with raw lin-
seed oil.

PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER.

When the urine is withheld for a continued length
of time, the bladder becomes over-distended and loses
its contractile force, a condition which may last for a
considerable period of time. It is generally brought on
by some disease causing the animal to occupy a recum-
bent position, such as rheumatism, azoturia, etc. Many
horses will fail or refuse to pass their urine while lying
down, and all such cases should be relieved by having it
drawn away twice daily with a catheter. When the
bladder has lost its power of contraction, it is paralyzed,
or partially so, and it will be observed that the urine
dribbles away in small quantities, scalding all the parts
with which it comes in contact. When caused by over-
distension with urine, by keeping the bladder emptied,
it will in the course of time, regain its contractile pow-
ers and normal condition. . If it is caused by paralysis

A
raw

HYDROCELE—DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. iDAL

of the hind parts, while treating for this disease, do not
allow the bladder to become distended but draw the
urine away three times a day with a catheter.

HYDROCELE—DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM.

The scrotum is the sack or pouch which covers and
contains the testicles. Dropsy, or a watery effusion
within the scrotum, may arise from injuries to the
parts, or disease of the testicles or lining membrane of
the sack, and it may be the result of dropsy of the
abdomen, as it has a direct connection with the abdom-
inal cavity.

Symptoms :—There will be an enlarged condition of
the scrotum, which organ will be soft and fluctuating
under pressure of the fingers. The testicles will be
felt floating in water. Sometimes the scrotum will
retain the indentation of the finger after pressure. The
liquid can be forced up into the abdomen by pressure;
or by laying the horse upon its back, the fluid will
gradually recede into the abdominal cavity.

Treatment :—If the effusion of liquid within the sack
is very limited in amount, feed upon good, nutritious
diet and give,

Iodide Potassium......... two ounces.
WUKeUGE Ts Mctirk ge = Vpn Cah crah ce aeet one pint. Mix.

Give two tablespoonfuls morning and evening. But
if there is alarge amount of liquid within the sack, tap
with a trocar and canula and allow the fluid to escape;
immediately inject into the sack, one ounce of tincture
iodine, and repeat this in a few days, if necessary. And
in addition to the above prescription, administer a
tonic, as,

122 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Sulphate of limon’ 3. ons two ounces.
Nar Woman ater 6.4: One “OUNCE:
Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day.
If the testicles are inflamed and enlarged, use locally,

‘Barer auana. ir ech eh ae two ounces.
Goulara’sthxtie i enss os two ounces.
Olt Wraterve ee si) ein als one quart. Mix.

Saturate a soft cloth and apply to the parts and keep.
it wet with the above mixture. If it occurs in geldings
as the result of injuries, dissect out the sacks and treat
as an ordinary wound.

LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES.

Leucorrhcea consists of a discharge of mucous or
matter from the mucous membranes of the vagina, from
the neck of the womb, and not infrequently from the
womb itself.

Causes :—Generally irritation of the organ followed
by relaxation, but relaxation alone will produce it.
Want of nutrition attended with debilitating influences
is a frequent cause. Partial eversion of the womb or
vagina, is also a cause.

Symptoms :—On opening the lips of the vulva, a
sticky whitish or yellowish matter will be seen. Quite
frequently it runs out of the vagina and accumulates on
the tail and surrounding parts. As the disease pro-
gresses, the discharge emits an offensive odor, pulse
grows feeble, mucous membrane pale, appetite partially
suspended and a gradual wasting of the whole system.
Mares affected with the whites are very often seeking a
-male companion, but seldom get with foal and when
they do, they generally abort. Occasionally, to all

STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. 128

appearances, an animal will a8 healthy and yet affected
with the whites.

Treatment :—Feed on soft, nutritious diet, with
tonics and stimulants, as,

Sulphate of Iron......... four ounces.
Gentian : ss ete eee four ounces,
_ Powd. Nux Vomica....... two ounces. Mix.
Make twenty powders. Give one powder at each
meal or as a drench. Use as an injection into the
vagina or womb as the case demands, twice daily, one of
the following powders dissolved in a quart of warm water:
Permanganate of Potassium,two ounces.
Sulphate: Aine vhosts one ounce. Mix.

Make sixteen powders. Previous to injecting, wash
out the vagina and womb with warm water to remove
all matter.

STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA.

This consists of a partial closure, at a certain place
of the channel through which the urine passes, and is
caused by the healing of ulcers in gonorrhoea and gleet,
also by using strong astringent injections in the treat-
ment of gonorrhoea and gleet, or from irritating ingre-
dients in the urine, as stone or gravel passing from the
bladder.

Symptoms :—The trouble is demonstrated by the pas-
sage of urine in a fine stream. The act is accomplished
by hard straining; the animal will sometimes groan
from pain; also painful erections of the penis are fre-
quently observed. The passage of a small stream of
urine, with straining and groaning, is sometimes noticed
when the so-called bean is lodged in the end of the
penis.

bed
Ww
—

DISEASES OF THE MORSE.

Treatment :—Take a small sized catheter, oil it well
and pass it beyond the stricture, using a catheter a little
larger day by day, forcing it up past the stricture with
ventle pressure, until the stricture has disappeared.
Beyond the oiling of the catheter, there is no medicine
necessary.

NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

This disease is of infrequent occurrence but may be
induced in various ways.—as by spraining the loins
while pulling hard, carrying too heavy a weight, being

NG t
sist 4 HER BN — oN

at ts fp

es

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

heated and then exposed to the cold, absorption of can-
tharides when applied as a blister to large surfaces, by
the administration of severe diuretics, the presence of
stone in the kidneys, ete.

Symptoms :—The animal walks with a straddling gait
and with back ‘‘roached ;’? evinces pain similar to that
of colic; if it Hes down, will do so very carefully: small
and frequent passages of very highly colored urine;

FOUL SHEATH. 195

fever usually very high, pulse cord-like to the touch,
and very fast; breathing very much accelerated; in the
course of a few days, swelling of the limbs, which dis-
appears upon exercising.

Treatment :—Put the animal in a good, comfortable
place, blanket warmly and persistently apply hot cloths
across the loins. Give a good physic,

Sulphate of Soda.......... one pound.
NViaIbET chute aches ses Sere two quarts. Mix.

Or give three pints of raw linseed oil, followed by
drachm doses of Dover’s powder, every three or four
hours; or

Liq. Ammonia Acet....sixteen ounces.
INGErOwmS AUDNOR. ss ne 5 aes two ounces.
Spite Camphor si.) saaecae 4: two ounces. Mix.

Give four ounces every three hours to stimulate per-
spiration. Feed on soft diet and in a few days give
fluid extract buchu juniper, with acetate potassium,
half-ounce doses morning and evening. Keep the
bowels loose all the time and give injections of warm
water and laudanum every hour for a few hours.

FOUL SHEATH.

The sheaths of horses sometimes become very dirty,
and should receive the owner’s attention. The glands in
the sheath secrete a fluid to lubricate the parts and
when large quantities are secreted, it accumulates in
the form of a black, gummy substance, filling up the
sheath and preventing the animal from passing out the
penis when urinating. Some horses seldom protrude
the penis during the act of staling; when they do not, a
sediment from the urine assists in creating a, foul
sheath. Sometimes when the sheath becomes foul, the

126 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

penis becomes sore and scaly and the surrounding parts
become swollen to a greater or lesser extent.

Treatment :—Take a sponge or soft cloth, some warm
water and castile soap and wash out the sheath thor-
oughly but carefully, and do not use too much force in
drawing out the penis. It is well to cut off your finger
nails to prevent scratching the parts. If the parts be-
come injured while cleaning, oil with sweet oil, and
should there be much swelling, bathe frequently with
hot water and give'the animal exercise. When washing
out the sheath, always examine the end of the penis;
here there is a small pouch just below the channel,
through which the water passes; accumulations called
beans, sometimes form and obstruct the flow of urine.
These should always be removed.

RETENTION OF URINE.

This has various causes,—such as spasm of the neck
of the bladder, calculus (or stone in the bladder) working
its way into the urethra, paralysis of the neck of the
bladder, over-distention of the bladder withurine. The
more frequent cause is spasm. In spasmodic colic the
neck of the bladder becomes constricted and is only
relieved as the colic disappears. .

Symptoms:—See treatise on colic for symptoms of
spasm. From other causes the animal will walk with
a straddling gait, frequently attempt to urinate, stand
stretched out and groan when attempting to urinate;
sometimes pain is so severe as to cause perspiration to
break out all over the body; urine is passed in small
quantities.

Treatment :—If from colic, treat for that. If from
other causes, as calculus (stone in the bladder), pass

{

CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 127

the catheter and afterwards remove the stone. If from
spasm of the neck of the bladder or from over-distension
with urine, pass the hand per rectum and apply extract
of belladonna, or give hot water injections, or pass the
catheter.

CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.

Causes :—Retention and decomposition of urine, irri-
tation by stone in the bladder; in the female, irritation
and eversion caused by foaling; injudicious use of
diuretics; occasional heavy and repeated blistering with
cantharides; or application, by persons of little sense,
of irritants to the neck of the bladder for the purpose of
promoting a discharge of urine; irritation of a catheter
or other foreign substance intreduced from without,
over-distension of the bladder with urine, sudden
exposure while perspiring to cole and wet, or from
disease extending from the vagina and urethra to the
bladder.

Symptoms :—Frequent attempts to urinate, urine
passed in small quantities, heavy straining; bearing
down pains, lying down ané getting up, quite frequently
straining hard while lying; pulse not very much
changed, fever ranging from 101° to 104° F.; if on
pasture, the animal will wander around in a shiftless,
uneasy manner. The penis hangs from the sheath in
the male and in the mare the vulva is frequently
opened and closed, as after making water. Upon exam-
ination per rectum or vagina, there will be found a
hard, round tumor—sometimes quite large, at others
small—sensitive to the touch, and the neck of the
bladder will be very much thickened.

Treatment:—Feed on soft, sloppy gruels or bran
mashes, If there is intense pain, give drachm doses of

128 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

powdered opium; also make a decoction of one drachm
of powdered opium to one pint of hot water, and inject
it into the bladder three or four times a day. Give
internally, one quart of raw linseed oil; if that does not
physic in twenty-four hours, repeat the dose. If the
bladder is distended with urine, pass the catheter and
draw the urine off. As the patient appears better and
improving, give morning and evening half-ounce doses
of fluid extract buchu juniper and acetate of potassium.

GONORRHOEA—CLAP.

In the male, this is inflammation of the urethra, and
inflammation of the vagina in the female. Its causes
are unclean sexual intercourse, irritation by stone pass-
ing from bladder, injuries during copulation, or from
passing a rough, unclean catheter.

Symptoms :—While passing urine the animal evinces
pain; in the male, frequent erections of the penis;
occasional swelling of the testicles; aggravation by
exercise; discharge of a yellowish white matter; occas-
ional great swelling of the glans penis.

Treatment :—Frequently bathe the parts in hot water,
give one quart of raw linseed oil, feed on soft mashes
and good clean hay. Give drachm doses of balsam of
copabia, morning and evening and use injections of hot
water three times a day; or injections of—

Sulphate of Zinc........ twelve grains.
2 Whalers hciwah science seatanre sto eight ounces. Mix.
r,
Sulphate of Copper...... eight grains.
Watertcss test sera sk at eight ounces. Mix.
Or,
Nitrate of Silver Sic i221... ° ten grains.

Water.. ............... eight ounces. Mix.

EVERSI°') OF THE BLADDER. 129

Use three times a day, any of these. If the testi-les
become inflamed, apply a poultice of tobacco.

If small ulcers make their appearance, fill them with
calomel or cauterize with lunar caustic. Stallions
affected in this manner should be withheld, from service.
Neither should mares be bred nor should they, if sutfer-
ing from leucorrhcea or whites.

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER.

This occurs only in the female, and then only
through excessive straining. Most frequently it happens
when the patient is laboring very hard to deliver her-
self of a colt, with a mal-presentation. If eversion
tikes place, a red soft fluctuating tumor will be seen,
protruding between the lips of the vulva, varying in size
from a goose egg to that of a sugar bowl.

Treatment:—If the eversion has just happened, take
a smooth, round piece of hardwood about the size of your
little finger, place it on the center of the tumor and press
back through the channel through which it came; assist
with your hand by pressing the tumor toward the
center. If too large to return, wrap it tightly with a
bandage to force the swelling down and when reduced
enough, return as per direction given. Be very careful
while returning, or you may rupture the bladder, when
your patient is done for. After it is returned, bathe
the parts with

Powd. or Gum Opium ....one drachm. yi
BW rarin WAGER visics.! Saisie wa Mags 4 os one pint. Mix.

Give ounce doses of laudanum every two hours to
prevent the straining. If the bowels become consti-
pated, give one quart of raw linseed oil. Whenever
you see the patient begin to strain, place your hand on

180 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the bladder and hold it firmly. Place the patient sc
the hind parts will be a foot higher than the fore parts.
A truss may be placed upon the patient, the same as for
eversion of the womb.

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES.

This has various causes, among them blows, kicks
from mares during copulation, excessive copulation,
gonorrheea, catching cold while having distemper.

Symptoms :—Walks with a straddling gait; swelling
of the testicles, accompanied by heat and tenderness
upon pressure; loss of appetite; disinclination to lie
down; sometimes the part is so painful that the animal
breaks out in profuse perspiration; drawing up and let-
ting down the testicle within the scrotum, etc.

Treatment :—Give the patient a good, comfortable,
loose box-stall, well bedded, to entice him to lie down.
Then give a good physic,—

Powd. Aloes............nine drachms.

Powd. hag gs oe .two drachms.

Wither cabs Gorse. iG .one-half pint. Mix.
Give at one dose. Then es locally,

Goulard’s Extract....... four drachms.

SDescastnicdlen rarmiunaicay sens he eee es four drachms.

VAAN WAGON Age 5. be oP sentses Bn one quart. Mix.

Keep the testicles wet continuously with the above
mixture, by either putting it upon soft rags or cotton
batting, and holding against the testicles by placing a
suspensory bandage beneath them and tying it over the
back. The bandage also acts as a support to the cord.
Sometimes bathing the testicle with hot water and after
each bathing applying solid extract belladonna and pow-
dered opium, equal parts, or placing a boiled tobacco

a

CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER. 181

poultice in the bandage and keeping it on continuously,
will give the desired result without further treatment.
If pus or serum can be felt fluctuating, make a free
opening and allow it to escape. Then dress the wound
with,

Carboli¢c Acig = «:<.<:.. s,s. -half ounce.

NVI AST chaiere «slat as ake aia ayer anes one pint. Mix.
Or,

Permanganate of Potash.two drachms.

SUVS BOI co 5 oy) hele ah cbedccaeehacwreter oon. one quart. Mix.

Apply two or three times a day. If gangrene takes
place, castrate immediately, after which wash out the
wound three times a day with the last prescription.

CYSTIC CALCULUS, OR STONE IN THE BLADDER.

Symptoms :—Frequent attempts to void the urine,
occasionally passing small quantities and suddenly
stopping; blood may be passed in small quantities; on
examination, per rectum, the stone, if of any size, will
be found in the bladder; when the stones are small
they sometimes will pass with the urine; occasionally
hard straining while passing.

Treatment :—This should never be attempted by an
amateur, as it is not always successful in the hands of a
professional. The operation is called lithotomy and is
performed by cutting into the urethra in the perineal
region, when the patient is a male. Previously pass
the catheter and let it remain asa guide. Then passa
pair of spoon forceps, gently dilating the urethra, seize
the stone and extract slowly. Afterwards close the
wotnd with sutures and treat as a flesh wound.+ In the
female, gradually dilate the urethra, then pass the for-
ceps, seize the stone and withdraw. In some cases the

V52 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

stone is very large: if so, introduce a pair of for
and crush the stone, then remove the pieces. A
removing the stone, inject the bladder with warm w
and a decoction of opium, three times a day for a
days.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, OR
UDDER.

Causes:—Blows on the udder, lying on cold,
ground, exposure to cold rains, neglect of milking,
denly feeding rich food causing indigestion, etc.

Symptoms :—Loss of appetite, fever, hurried ba
ing, constipation, shivering spells, sometimes the ¥
bag is involved, but more frequently one-half
quarter; the part of the bag affected, will present
appearance and be hard and painful to the touch; t
will be falling off of milk in that part and possibl
the whole bag; frequently streaks of blood will
from the teat while milking; patient walks in a sti
straddling manner and, quite frequently, will go la

Treatment :—If the case is very mild, bathe well
camphorated soap liniment and acure will be the re
But in a more aggravated case give,

BipsomeSalts: 22). si... 2% twelve ounces.
Sulphate of Soda......... eight ounces. ;
GAMO Reiss ati ice teiaie one-half ounce. Mis

Stir in a gallon of warm water and give at one
Bathe the bag freely with, camphorated soap lini
Or, ;

Wratehhazel:s <:seic cis. fourteen ounces.
Landanumt somes ae two ounces.

Use three times a day; or put one-half pound? |
phate of iron into one-half gallon of hot wate? |

4

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA, ETC. | 133

the the bag frequently; or poultice the bag with
seed meal and grease frequently with—

Lard, or Vaseline........ four ounces.

Solid Ext. Belladonna...... one ounce. Mix.
If matter forms, open and let it escape; inject the
scess with two drachms of permanganate of potas-
am in sixteen ounces of water, twice a day. Some-
mes in the milder form, it is advisable to let a hungry
Jf suck and burst it. If gangrene ensues, amputate
i’ portion of the bag.

MPLE OPTHALMIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.

Causes :—Feeding from a rack above the head, thus
stting chaff, etc., into the eyes; blows from whips or
icks, exposure to cold, obstruction of the lachrymal
uct, irritating influence of a badly-ventilated stable.

Symptoms :—Whatever the cause, the eyes will be
2d, or blood-shot, and watery; swelling of the eye-lids;
yes, hot and feverish; if not relieved, a white film
yreads over the eye; lids kept closed most of the time.

Treatment:—If a foreign body gets into the eye,
move it, bathe the eye with hot water, and all will
e well ina few days. A decoction of opium may be
lded to the hot water. If from a blow or from
xposure to cold, give a physic—

Bowd.Aloes. jivcnes «<- »s.one ounce;

ONT Gs GAD WET so tele las shel o's one drachm.

WW RUGT < 55-9, tes ase Lepcane . one-half pint. Mix.
Bathe the eye with hot water and apply,

AAC Sulphate <2) cael ae four grains.

Atropia Sulphate.......... two grains.

Bote Waters lel ccs aeietea ne bWwo ounces: Mix:
Or,

134 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

oncae of Bee Pi eccens . four grains.

Water. nieileGetatoioy « ausvexea's CWO OUMCER.: | oViiame
Or,

Common SalGacs sac penees ten grains.

BLO WMG al tet Ak sea ales.te ten grains.

Wiabenoecei: caisia ae Rene two ounces. Mix.

Apply three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable
to blister the temples with—
Cantharides..............one drachm.
Weaselinerden ears eee ered es one ounce. Mix.

In removing a foreign body, apply to the eyes for a
few minutes a solution of five grains of cocaine to one-
half ounce of water. Apply five drops and in two min-
utes repeat, when the object can be removed with ease.

AMAUROSIS—PARALYSIS OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT.

Amaurosis is a paralyzed condition of the nerve of
sight and may be caused by pressure upon the nerve
from tumors in the brain, injury or fracture of the
skull causing pressure upon the brain or upon the nerve
between the eye and brain, inflammation of the nerve
of sight, excessive bleeding either internally or through
accident, an over-loaded stomach, or excessive weight
in the womb during pregnancy. It may be seen during
a very high fever and is invariably observed during a
severe attack of parturient apoplexy.

Symptoms :—An unnaturally wide dilatation of the
pupil, which remains round and motionless. There is
no contraction or dilation when brought to a bright
light or placed ina darkened situation, as is observed
in the healthy eye. The best test is to bring the animal
from a dark stall to a bright light; if the pupil does not
contract at all but remains large and stationary, there

OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL DUCT, ETC. 185

is an attack of amaurosis, even though the eyes may
look clear and bright. The animal is blind, and motions
toward the eye as if the intention were to strike, will
not cause any movement, such as winking or closing it,
unless the hand causes a current of air. The ears are
on the alert and turn quickly if a noise is made, the
animal steps high with the front feet to avoid stumbling,
the same as a blind horse.

Treatment:—All manner of treatment 1s useless,
unless the disease is the result of some ailment or injury
which is curable, as an over-loaded stomach, the abate-
ment of high fever, congestion of the brain, excessive
bleeding, etc., although there have been instances
where the animal, fully recovering from excessive bleed-
ing, failed to regain the eye-sight and remained blind
through life. When the sight is not restored following
the favorable termination of the disease, apply blisters
behind the ears and around the temples, as,

Powd Cantharides.......one drachm.
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm.
VWaselimet.eiree.t ose... .--4 . one ounces Mix,

Apply every five days until three applications have
been made. Also give one drachm doses of powdered
nux vomica, twice daily.

OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL DUCT—
WATERING EYE.

Tears escaping from the eye and coursing down over
the cheeks, are a symptom of inflammation of the eye,
but if there is neither redness or swelling of the eye or
eyelids, it is evident that there is some obstruction of
the lachrymal duct. This duct is situated at the inner
corner of the eye and extends downwards, opening into

136 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

the nostril, and conveying the watery secretion of the
eye, emptying it into the nostril. If this duct becomes
obstructed in any manner, the tears will flow over the
cheeks. It may be caused by acatarrhal affection; the
duct may be closed by fracture of the bones of the face
or from eversion of the eyelid, the duct failing to re-
ceive the tears, or it may be closed at the opening into
the nostril, by dust and dry matter adhering to it.

Treatment :—If from the adherence of dust and dry
matter, remove the obstacles with a wet sponge. If
there are other obstructions, take a silver or an elastic
probe about fifteen inches long and about the diameter
of a knitting needle and insert it down through the
duct once a day for a few days. If from inflammation
or catarrhal affection, bathe the face frequently with
hot water, for an hour at a time, also steam the nostrils.
A good way to steam the nose, is to feed the animal hot
bran and oats out of a nosebag. By examining the floor
of the nostril about three or four inches up, a small
opening will be observed, into which insert the end of a
small syringe and inject warm water, which will come
out at the inner corner of the eye; then inject the fol-
lowing:

Nitrate of Silver........twelve grains.
Wiater. sina uaa. eight ounces. Mix.

Inject once daily for a few days. If fracture or dis-
ease of the teeth causes the obstruction, remove or treat
them, to remove the pressure from the duct, and a cure
will be perfected.

TORN EYE-LIDS.

This injury may arise from various sources; the most
frequent are, from catching upon nails driven around

WARTS. 137

the stable and from barbed-wire fences, or from the
bites of other horses while playing, or in any other
accidental way.

Treatment:—This consists in bringing the wound
together with a few stitches, if possible, after which tie
the patient so it cannot rub it and keep a linen cloth
dampened with water over the eye; or if it is inflamed
to any extent, take—

Chloride of Ammonium... two ounces.
Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces.
WAL e re iiss. as-rune 2 Rin s, Saal: one pint. Mix.

Shake thoroughly until dissolved, then dip the
cloths into the solution and apply to the inflamed part.
If some part will not heal, take a pair of shears and cut
it off, then apply the former solution.

WARTS.

Warts are an overgrowth of the papilla of the skin
and are mostly seen on young horses, but horses of any
age are not exempt from them. -They generally appear
on the thin and delicate portion of the skin, as the sides

WARTS.

of the nose, the eye-lids, the inner parts of the hind
legs, the sheath, abdomen and on the neck. They vary
greatly in size from that of a grain of wheat toa large

138 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

goblet. Some are flat and some pedunculated (that is
fastened with a constricted neck). Sometimes they are
quite tough and hard, and again some are soft and bleed
easily. They always have a small beginning and grad-
nally increase in size. Some warts, after attaining a
certain growth, will remain the same size for years.

Treatment :—Warts should be removed while still
small. If they have a constricted neck, twist or burn
them off; afterwards burn them with lunar caustic, blue
vitriol or a red-hot iron. If they are flat, scrape them
a little and dress with chloride of zine or touch them
with nitric acid once a day until they are destroyed,
then grease until well. Sometimes warts are tied off.
This is done by tying a strong string around them and
in a few days another tied still tighter, and so continu-
ing until the wart drops off. If these growths are on
the lips or eye-lids, touch with nitric acid daily, but
care must be exercised, so that the acid will not touch
any part but the wart. Small warts that appear on
young colts in the summer, usually disappear voluntarily
in the winter.

PERIODIC OPTHHALMIA, OR MOON BLINDNESS.

Causes :—First and chief, want of judgment in breed-
ing, as it is undoubtedly hereditary and horses or mares.
affected with it, should not be used for breeding pur-
poses; living in low, marshy, ill-drained localities, irri-
tation from teething; intestinal worms, etc.

Symptoms:—These are similar to those of simple
ophthalmia, but are more marked. The ‘first symptom
usually noticed is swelling of the eyelids in the morn-
ing, and, upon examination, the eye is found to be
somewhat inflamed, with red streaks of an aggravated.

EPILEPSY, OR FALLING FITS. 139

appearance running across the eye-ball; at the lower
part of the eye-ball will be seen a semi-circular whitish
or yellow spot, possibly the size of a half nickel; the in-
ner corners of the eye-brows are drawn down, forming
almost a right angle; generally the eye is retracted
within the orbit, and the haw, or membrana nictitans,
pushed out over the eye-ball. These symptoms may
pass off to reappear in the course of a few weeks or pos-
sibly months, and continue to reappear until the animal
goes blind.

Treatment :—The treatment of periodic ophthalmia is
simply palliative, unless the case can be removed to a
dry, healthy climate. Give a physic,

Powd', AlGes-).,.io «ses s« >) ONETOUNCe:

Ow ds (GanCer. seers eieieksrcle 2 one drachm.

WEA EOI rel sy Nee anadinne te. doe one-half pint. Mix.
Bathe the eye with hot water and apply,

AGO pLaAS UPA cutee st ssis ot ae one grain.

Sul pliate! Of Aine... 5) asiee ok two grains.

Whathere. CSG ccs! h deca: s sara Wars one ounce. Mix.

Put three drops into the eye three times a day.
Good tonic treatment will invigorate the system and
assist to ward off another attack, as,

Sulphatesor lr on'ics:2 4) Ysie: four ounces.
Nux Vomaca si io % sc. 3 two ounces.
Gilarberisea lis si<es sor ay. .' two pounds. Mix.

Give tablespoonful morning and evening. But your
best treatment is to dispose of your horse at your earli-
est convenience.

EPILEPSY, OR “FALLING FITS.”

The exact cause of this disease is not known, but it
undoubtedly arises from some trouble with the bowels
or brain. For horses troubled with worms frequently

140 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

have fits, and when once rid of the worms will cease having
fits. Others, perfectly free from worms, have ‘‘falling
fits’’ for years, owing to some structural change in the
brain,—as tumors, abscesses, etc., pressing upon the
nerve centers, causing a rush of blood to the brain.
Fright will frequently cause ‘‘falling fits.’”’ A horse,
subject to them, when frightened, will invariably fall
over in a fit.

Symptoms :—Generally the first symptoms noticed
will be movement of the ears backward and forward,
loss of motion or staggering gait, head drawn backward,
with twitching of the muscles of the neck. Then the
animal will rear and fall over; when down, the head
will be drawn backward and the muscles of the body
and neck will be rigid or trembling; sometimes the ani-
mal will kick and strike violently, remain for a minute
or perhaps several minutes, then get up and move on;
a wild or anxious expression of the countenance will al-
ways be noticed; the eves bulge out and are very red.

Treatment :—As soon as the fit is seen coming on,
bleed from the nostrils and the animal will invariably
rise and go on; or give by inhalation, chloroform or
ether, which also relieves. Dashing cold water on the
head during the fit is also beneficial. When aware that
a horse has fits, attention should be directed to preven-
tion as far as possible. If intestinal worms are sus-
pected, clean the bowels out with a physic and get rid
of the worms. In a plethoric horse, an occasional
physic will benefit by lessening the quantity of blood
and cooling him off. But if the patient is of weak con-
stitution, give vegetable and mineral tonics, as,

Gentian verenwas One .four ounces.
Powd. Nux Vomica.......two ounces.
Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces. Mix.

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 144

Give teaspoonful morning and evening. In the
summer, during hot weather, keep a wet sponge on top
of the head. Feed on soft food. Above atl, do not
whip or excite the animal. Drachm doses of bromide
of potassium or sodium, given twice daily in drinking
water, may be given with benefit.

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW.

The great majority of cases of lockjaw arise from
puncturing the foot with a rusty nail, but it may be
caused by wounds of any description. Quite frequently
it is caused by castration—no matter how neatly or

My
Mi i)

sy anh ii hi
; ‘4 i aul

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW.

thoroughly performed. It may also arise from exposur
to cold or wet, nicking or docking the tail, and fron
fractured bones. It will sometimes happen without an
apparant cause, whatever, and sometimes from excessiv
fright.

Symptoms:—The first observable sign is a grea
stiffness; then the eyes are drawn back into the sockets

142 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

and the haw, membrana nictitans, will almost cover the
eyes; grinding of the teeth follows, with stiffness of the
jaws and dribbling of saliva from the angles of the
mouth; on approaching the animal, the eyes are with-
drawn into their sockets, the haws protrude over the
eyes, and the patient manifests great fear; the muscles
along the neck are very rigid; the tail is slightly ele-
vated; the animal will attempt to suck food or water,
but the act of swallowing is extremely difficult and very
little food or water reaches the stomach;ebreathing is
usually accelerated, with the nostrils widely distended ;

ff, net eN
| re NW “( eS
|! en
VOY
Wj
l

a Stace a aq 2 ——

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW.

pulse, regular but hard and incompressible; fever, in
some cases very slight, but in the more severe cases
sometimes reaching 107° to 108° F. If compelled to
move, the horse goes with a stiff, straddling gait; while
standing, its legs are spread apart, acting merely as
props for the body.

Treatment :—If possible, first ascertain the cause and
remove it. If from a punctured foot, find the spot and
pare it out to the bottom, and apply solid extract of
belladonna to the wound. Put in a comfortable stall
and, as soon as possible, place the slings under the

TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 143

animal to give it rest, but do so very quietly. Then, if
you can, give a good physic—

Powd. Aloes.--- +++ -+ree*: one ounce.

Powd. Ginger.--+--s+ 00°: one drachm. Mix.

Or, one pound of sulphate of soda. Give in drinking
water or drench. Keep the bowels open by giving oil
or epsom salts, or sulphate of soda in drinking water.
Keep the wound well greased with belladonna, every
four to six hours. Give drachm doses of the solid
extract of belladonna, every six hours, by placing it
between the back teeth, or on the back part of the
tongue. I have seen vood results from giving two
drachm doses of prussic acid every five hours, or the
following:

Bromide of Potassium. ...one drachm.
Chloral Hydrate...----- one drachm. Mix.

Give with two ounces of liquid ammonia acetatis
every four or five hours. All remedies of an irritating
nature applied externally, will do a great deal more
harm than good. Ihave never seen any good results
from their application, on the contrary, the patient
invariably grew worse steadily. Good results are fre-
quently obtained by covering the upper part of the head,
neck and body with woolen blankets, kept saturated
with very hot water. If the treatment is commenced,
it must be kept up for six or eight hours every day, and
until the acute spasms have subsided. Keep a pail full
of pure, cool water in front of the animal, high enough
so it can reach it without any special effort. It may
not drink much but it will cool its mouth. If the dis-
ease is occasioned by a wound of any kind, poultice well
with flaxseed and apply belladonna. One thing I wish
to impress upon the mind of the attendant: Place the
patint in a dark stall, put the slings under it as soon as
it is possible, and allow no one to go near it but your-

144 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

self—no matter how anxious they may be to see it.
While going around the patint, goas quietly as possible.
Do your work as quietly as it can be done, as a little
fright will sometimes place a convalescent in a worse
condition than at first.

PHRENITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.

Causes :—Blows, other injuries to the head, fracture
of the cranial bones, exposure to excessive heat, clots of
blood floating from some other part of the system and
lodging in the brain; over-exertion, results of certain
fevers, indigestion, tumors in the brain, ete.

Symptoms :—When the membranes covering the brain
are affected first, the animal will get very uneasy, in
fact, uncontrollable; it will jump and plunge about,
grind its teeth, climb up against the walls, strike with
its fore feet—in fact, act as if it were crazy; the breath-
ing will be accelerated, pulse, full and hard; occasionally
sweat will break out over the body. If the brain sub-
stance alone is involved, the symptoms will vary consid-
erably from the foregoing. The patient will act dumpish
and sleepy; it will walk around the stall in a cirele until
it comes in contact with some object, then it will stand
and press its head, possibly for hours, and may force it
through; pulse and respiration will be slow and full, eyes
will have a dull or glassy appearance, appetite will be
moderate—sometimes the patient will chew up a mouth-
ful of hay and hold it in the mouth, possibly drop it out
again; it will drink a moderate amount of water; ina
few days will look very gaunt. The skin of the head is
invariably knocked off by their continual pushing and
knocking of the head.

- SPINAL MENINGITIS, ETC. 145

Treatment :—Put the patient in a comfortable, airy,
loose box-stall. Bleed thoroughly from the jugular
vein. Then give, to clean out the bowels, a brisk
cathartic,

Powd: Aloesie sists: es ee e.-One ounce.
Powd. Ginger.) 3.0% 2 os 3 one drachm.
Wraternin). 2 tie aiken sutra c one-half pint. Mix.
Apply cold water or ice to the head and give,
Bromide of Potassium..... two ounces.
Nitrate of Potassium...... two ouuces. Mix.

Make into twelve powders and give one every four
hours. After the acute symptoms have subsided, mus-
tard mixed with vinegar should be applied to the legs,
and if the horse is not perspiring, apply heavy blanket.
to promote perspiration. Give iodide of potassium, two
drachm doses, twice daily; also one drachm of calomel,
once a day.

If inclined to eat, give the patient soft food and all
the drinking water it will take. As convalescence pro-
gresses, a few good blisters applied to the poll will often
prove beneficial. If caused by a fractured skull, tre-
phine and raise the bones to their normal position,
thus relieving the congestion.

SPINAL MENINGITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE MEM-
BRANES AND SPINAL CORD.

The causes of this disease are similar to those of in-
flammation of the brain,—as external violence, disease
of the bones of the spinal column, exposure to cold
rains, spraining of the back by carrying a heavy person;
also some specific virus in the blood; exposure to wet
and cold when exhausted.

146 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Symptoms :—These are very different from inflamma-
tion of the brain. The animal will have muscular
spasms and partial paralysis of the parts behind the seat
of the inflammation. In attempting to walk, the feet
will be jerked up quickly and put down in a similar
manner; patient moves with a staggering gait. Some-
times the pulse is rapid and the breathing greatly accel-
erated. Although its movements cause the animal
great pain, it is unable to control them. In the course
of a few hours, the patient will reel and fall over.
Though conscious of all surroundings, it will evince
great fear upon being approached, will be unable to
regain a standing posture alone. Most commonly high
fever is present, but frequently the animal will sweat
profusely from intense pain.

Treatment:—When thoroughly convinced that the
spinal cord is congested, put the patient in a good, com-
fortable place with plenty of bedding. Administer a
physic, ,

Barbadoes Aloes..........-.one ounce.
Ganbratid ec ake as Seles 28 two drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench, to be
followed with four ounce doses of sulphate of soda,
morning and evening. Apply cloths wrung out of hot
water, to the spine. In a plethoric animal, before
paralysis exists, bleeding will be beneficial,—but not
after the animal falls down from paralysis. Rub the
back thoroughly with belladonna, or applya bel lonna
plaster. Give every two or three hours half drachm
doses of tineture of ergot of rye. When certain that
the congestion and inflammation have subsided, apply
the actual cautery (red hot iron) from the withers to
the rump, three lines on each side, an inch apart. Give
grain doses of strychnia combined with two ounces of

CONGESTION OF THE SKIN. 147

-

alcohol and four ounces of water, every four or five
hours. Pay strict attention to the diet, giving soft,
nutritious food. Keep the patient very quiet.

CONGESTION OF THE SKIN.

Causes :—Exposure to cold and rains, being driven in
the inud in the spring and fall, imperfectly fitting har-
ness and collar, chafing during the summer months, ete.

Symptoms :—Redness of the skin, attended with itch-
ing; if between the thighs, the horse will straddle when
standing or when first driven; if under the collar, the
horse will keep stretching and bobbing the head; if in
other parts of the body, they will invariably rub them-
selves.

Treatment :—Bathe the parts well with hot water and
eastile soap, and apply three times a day—

Silgar Ob Legd. me - sen: ea one ounce.

Sofp Water ses oss) iy oh . one pint. Mix.
Or, apply twice daily, this—

PASI UNG tat rs sues w2)e 2) ONE OUNCE:

Glycerine...............eight ounces. Mix.

Or, white oak bark tea, extract of witchhazel, salt
and water, all of which will be found beneficial. Give
two-ounce doses of glauber salts morning and evening.

SUN-STROKE, OVER-HEATING.

This disease attacks all kinds of horses during the
summer heat, but is more prevalent in large cities than
in small ones, or in the country. The principal causes
are badly ventilated, filthy stables; poor food, causing
derangement of the alimentary canal, and afterwards

148 DISEASES OF TIE HORSE.

being driven in the hot sun; over-work and tight-fitting
collars are also causes.

Symptoms :—Sometimes the horse will begin to hang
back and seem stupid, hang his head and want to stop.
If allowed to stop, he will prop himself with all four
legs. The breathing is very rapid and heavy; skin, hot
and dry; the head about the poll very hot, nostrils
widely distended, pupils of the eyes contracted, eves
bulged out and very red; if compelled to move, the ani-
mal staggers and sometimes falls; pulse very quick and
weak. If the patient recovers, it is comparatively use-
less in the summer, but will do all kinds of work in the
winter.

Treatment:—As soon as noticed, take off the harness
and collar and apply cold water to the head and along
the spine. Sometimes it is advisable to apply cold
water all over the body. If the patient is failing, give
strong stimulants, as,

Carbonate of Ammonia..four drachms.
MWVMISKE Ys be as Mer ase ote one pint. Mix.

Give at one dose; or,

Aromatic Ne Ammonia.. one ounce.
Water.. sae Jae ees OLE plmbon Muoxe

Repeat every hone otal the hale grows slower and
stronger.

Bathe and rub the limbs well with alcohol; or, better
still, with mustard. Give injections of hot water con-
taining a littl ammonia. When the pupils begin to
dilate and consciousness returns, give a quart of raw
linseed oil.

After reaction has taken place and convalescence is
established, the following tonic will be of great service.

Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces.
Grentiian cee wea e et ies two ounces.
QUITE Lena ea eene half ounce. Mix.

IRRITATION OF THE SKIN—PRURITIS—PRURIGO. 149

Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning
and evening. It is good practice to wear large sponges
wet with cold water on the top of the head of work
horses during the heat of the summer, or bathe the head
and nostrils with cold water frequently.

IRRITAHON OF THE SKIN—PRURITUS—PRURIGO.

This affection is an inflamed condition of the skin,
causing intense itching.

Causes :—It is caused by feeding to excess on hay and
grain, and not being worked regularly and kept in close

PRURITUS—PRURIGO.

stables. It is usually seen during the summer months
but it is not uncommon to observe bad cases during the
winter, where the stable is kept close and hot.

Symptoms :—Vesicles and patches of pimples will
appear around the mane, neck, tail and rump and as the
itching is quite severe, abrasions of the skin are some-
times observed, caused either by the biting, of the
animal or by rubbing against some stationary object.
Patches of the affected portions will sometimes dry up,
and dry scabs or a surplus of scaly dandruff will peel

150 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

off. Itching of the tailis very common among horses
and seemingly becomes a habit with some. However,
it is sometimes caused by worms, in the last bowel.

Treatment :—Feed more moderately, and give either
steady work or turn out into the barn lot every day, for
air and exercise. Give one pound glauber salts and
wash the parts with,

OWsot Vitel: cea neces one ounce.

Oarpolic Acid... einew eesiae one ounce,

Sort WW Aber ee wc creo) sey eee two quarts. Mix.
Apply twice daily, or,

Sali@y lic erie stays le ene sh one ounce.

BORaR see iS eh pe ste ieira SW POUNCE.

WGO Oh eat cha Ri es eecaee four ounces.

Wiateee seen causes en eer one pint. Mix.
Apply twice daily, or

Ode sOL Fame i iectes ens four ounces.

Vapelime dip ens vanvek ecarien four ounces. Mix.
Apply once or twice daily, or

Sup Hees oe suisse Guns one pound.

OAT Dae 23 i Lenco sree in one pint. Mix.

Apply once daily, washing it off occasionally with
soft soap and warm water. If the case is very obstinate,
give,

Subp lan sis): estes le ated eight ounces.
Powd. Nux Vomica........ one ounce. Mix.

Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning
and evening. If there are worms in the last bowel,
inject,

Oil Turpentine.......... eight ounces.
Kinseed Oils sak.ce ce wee eight ounces. Mix.

Or take three gallons of water, throw in half pound
of quassia wood, let it steep thoroughly and inject
occasionally.

SCRATBHES AND GREASE HEEL. 151

SCRATCHES AND GREASE HEEL.

Causes :—Continuous driving on muddy roads, too
much washing in cold water and not being rubbed dry ;

SCRATCHES.
irritating fumes arising from the manure, running in
dirty, wet barnyards, weak or deficient circulation,
clipping the hair off from the heels, cold draughts, snow
and freezing mud, working in deep, irritating mud, etc.

SCRATCHES.

Symptoms :—It is usually noticed in horses of lym-
phatic temperament, with thick, meaty legs, but may
attack any horse. Cold, or any irritation of the lym-
phatic or of the subaceous glands will cause the heels to

152 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

swell and crack open; small scabs will form and be
very painful; when first started the horse will lft his
heels very high, owing to the pain; there will be more
or less fever, appetite usually good; after being driven
for awhile the horse gets over his lameness. If not
attended to, the case becomes more aggravated, the
swelling increases; deep cracks will break across the

GREASE HEEL.

heels, and a yellowish white, foetid discharge will
come oozing out and run down the heels. Later on the
cracks become larger and often coalesce, forming a very
large sore which, when washed, looks red and aggra-
vated. Then comes what is termed the ‘‘grapy’’ stage
—small lumps of flesh will raise in bunches very much
resembling a bunch of grapes. The discharge still con-
tinues and is very foetid and offensive.

Treatment :—During the first stage, when the skin
is swollen and tender, apply a hot bran poultice and
regulate the diet. Feed on soft food and give at one
dose,

Powdi "Aloes Monte etn se one ounce.
Bow d.iGinger catia. two drachms. Mix.

Quite frequently the disease will disappear. But as
the disease becomes more advanced and small cracks

:
:

FACIAL PARALYSIS. 158

appear with a discharge, continuous poulticing with hot
bran will be very beneficial; also use a solution of,

Copperas...d ic... A A ieee Aes one ounce.

BoLh Waters .\2cccsiaidnn!c<- One Guatt,. Mix,
Or, |

Sulphate of Zinc.......one-half ounce.

Sugar of ead!.. «cans: -'4 2. OMe OUNCE,

Carbolic Acid...........four drachms.

Distilleds Waiber, 53): Perce ae one quart. Mix.

Apply three times a day. Also give the physic of
aloes, and give three times a day, in soft food, a tea-
spoonful of the following:

Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce.

ECT a EPO eat AoE» Mai GP eR Fie ee paneer one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda .....two ounces.
Sulpiate ob lront. 2 Zils sy one ounce. Mix.

When the ‘‘grapy’’ stage appears, cut the knobs off
with a hot iron or with a knife, and apply dilute muri-
atic acid, after which persist in the use of one of the
former astringent lotions; or,

VASCIIMEtS hota ada ee aoa ¢ one ounce.
Oxide of Zinc........... two drachms.
Carbolic: Acid tio... 2... bhirby drops... Mix:

Apply three timesa day. A great many practition-
ers advise cutting the hair short for the application of
local remedies. I would not advise such a course, as,
in my experience the short hair invariably proved a
source of irritation.

FACIAL PARALYSIS.

This is caused by badly-fitting bridles, bruises, etc.

Symptoms :—Dropping of the lip on one side, diffi-
culty in eating and drinking, partial loss of motion and
sensation on the affected side.

154 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment :—Give drachm doses of nux vomica three
times a day. Apply to the side of the face the follow-
ing blister, every four or five days, until it has been ap-
plied four or five times:

‘Oan tharindesiiccn » sovetacres two drachms.
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drach.
Vaseline..... one and one-half ounces. Mix.

CHAFING BY THE HARNESS—SADDLE OR COLLAR GALLS.
—SORE SHOULDERS.

Chafing or abrasion of the shoulders is very com-
monly met with in the agricultural districts, and more
especially so, in the spring of the year. Of late years,
since the timber industry occupies so little of the atten-
tion of the farmer, his horses are either in the stable
or barn lot, the most of the winter. Consequently,
when they are put to work at plowing, in the spring,
their shoulders are soft and tender, and easily chafed or
galled. The majority of injuries of this kind, come
from ill-fitting collars, being either too large or too
small, and not infrequently from having a rough, un-
even surface. The harness sometimes becomes har-
dened if not frequently oiled, and when placed upon
the animal, will not fit around the girth. The saddle
pinching and pressing the skin, on either side of the
back-bone, will produce sores.

Treatment :—First, ascertain the cause, if possible,
then remove it. Ifthe shoulders become galled when
first put to work, in the spring of the year, which is
generally the case, look to the collars immediately and
see that they fit perfectly; when the collars are fitting
nicely and the shoulders are chafing, it is on account of
the skin being tender; as the animal is generally soft

MANGE. 155

at this season of the year, it sweats profusely; the
sweat and dust accumulate on the collar, making it
rough, and consequently, it irritates and chafes the
skin. Every noon and evening the collar should be re-
moved and cleaned, and the shoulders bathed with cold
water. Continue in this manner until the shoulders be- .
come hardened to their work. If the harness pinches
the back, place pads under it and oil it frequently to
render it soft and pliable. The shoulders and back,
when commencing to gall, should be washed every noon
and evening with cold water, then wiped dry, and after-
ward bathed with tea made from white oak bark. If
there is a raw sore, rest from work as much as possible,
and while at work, pad the collar so it does not rub the
sore. The tea of white oak bark will often heal the
sore, or you may apply, three times a day, with a
feather, compound tincture of benzoin, or,

Pod; SEMeOne, soa co ede aiai six ounces.

Lod OtONMRS: ssa el Se Rohe goes one ounce. Mix.
Or,

Sugar sae si eae ete sa. one ounce.

Sulphaté.of Zime: «25.4.5. one ounce.

SOLE) WRMBOE reer: ci maples one quart. Mix.
Shake well before using; or,

CarboHGAGend..\ei oss. Yen, one ounce.

Raw Linseed Oil....... fifteen ounces. Mix.

Any of these preparations will quickly heal the sore,
provided you keep pressure and friction from irri-
tating it.

MANGE.

At the commencement this is purely a skin disease,
and is caused by a small insect called acaria, which
burrows into the skin and breeds. It forms small pus-

156 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

tules which cause considerable itching. As the pustules
break, a small scab is formed, and so intense is the itch-
ing that the horse will rub himself until the hair, and
frequently the skin, are rubbed off. In severe cases

SYMPTONS OF MANGE.
the mane and tail will fall off, leaving the horse a pitia-
ble object. Mange is very contagious—at least the
acaria will crawl from one horse to another. It is even

communicated to a healthy horse by his rubbing himself
against a post where a mangy horse has been rubbing.

Treatment :—The disease is seldom noticed until scabs
are formed. They should be well oiled with sweet oil,
and, in twenty four hours, washed with warm water

LICE. 157

and castile soap, until the scabs are removed. If it is
necessary, take a brush to accomplish this. Then ap-
ply tobacco liquor, prepared by boiling two ounces of
tobacco in a quart of soft water. The application

MANGE INSECT.
should be used three times, with intervals of two weeks
between each application; or the following liniment
should be applied:

hingeed- Owed, teak ccs eight ounces.
Sulphur). 25 eae uote se ot WO OUNCES.
Ousor Pars sisi es ils four ounces. Mix.

Apply with a brush and wash off in twenty-four
hours. If thought necessary, apply a second or third
time. Regulate the bowels and keep in as good spirits
as possible. All harness, combs and brushes should be
saturated with the tobacco liquor. The blankets should
be boiled and the stable whitewashed, to which should
be added half pound of chloride of lime to every gallon.

LICE.

These are small insects of a low grade, which seldom
attack horses in good condition, but invariably appear
on horses in poor condition. The animal will rub itself

158 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

and the hair will look rough and staring; there will be
pallor of the mucous membranes; sunken eyes; fre-
quently an unsteady gait. An examination will reveal
the cause. Quite frequently horses are kept close to a
chicken house and become infested with chicken lice;
these are very small and not easily detected but are
very troublesome.

Treatment:—As lice seldom cover the whole body,
examine and locate the place where they are. Apply
diluted kerosene oil two or three times and they will
generally disappear. Or, take one pound of stavesacre
seeds and two gallons of soft water; simmer for two
hours or till reduced to one gallon.. Allow to stand
twenty-four hours; then apply all over the animal.
Two applications generally will suffice. Some prefer
the use of tobacco in the same manner, but I am posi-
tive that the best results will be obtained from staves-
acre seed.

HIDE-BOUND.

Hide-bound is not a disease but is a symptom of
some disease, or of neglect. It may be caused by
starvation, exposure, indigestion, irregular or diseased
teeth, and by worms. Abuse is a frequent cause, also
want of proper exercise, irregular feeding, and neglect
of currying and rubbing, that the skin of the animal
may be kept clean.

Symptoms :—The skin sticks as tightly to the body as
though glued fast; the ribs show plainly and the skin
can scarcely be moved from them. The hair looks
rough and s.ands the wrong way; it is very dry, and the
skin is dirty and full of dandruff.

SIT FAST. 159

Treatment :—First remove the cause. If the teeth
are sharp and irregular, take a rasp made for that pur-
pose and level them down. If from exposure, shelter
in a warm, comfortable place, and if the want of good
food is the cause, feed better and groom thoroughly,
and the horse will soon begin to thrive and the skin will
loosen. In order to start a thriving condition in many
horses, it is necessary to give them a physic, and for
this purpose, a quart of raw linseed oil answers best.
After the physic has operated, cut the hay for the
animal and place chop-feed upon it, then scald it either
with steam or hot water, and give with the food a hand-
ful of ground flaxseed twice daily. If the manure
smells badly, give a teaspoonful of baking soda in feed
or water, once daily, and if the digestive powers are
low, use the following:

Powd. Ganger® .. 0205/2. 0 two ounces.
Powd. Sulphate of Iron... two ounces.
Gpatian..i/ a vas Hoeslus ooo FOUR OUNCES.
Powd. Nux Vomica....... two ounces,
Salter cate atta cots acs four ounces.
Bakiaet Modme 2 <s.5 oe... four ounces. Mix.

Give a teaspoonful two or three times a day. Feed
upon soft food—if scalded, so much the better. Also
give regular exercise, either at light work or turn into
a vacant lot or barn-yard. If it is suspected that
worms are the cause of the ailment, see treatment for
worms,

SIT FAST.

This condition is brought about by ill-fitting saddles,
harness not properly adjusted, or badly-fitting collars,
more especially on the top of the neck; or by any undue
friction or pressure by anything the horse is made to

160 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

wear. Being continuously kept under the saddle, and
especially when the animal is mounted by a poor rider,
the skin becomes bruised and calloused and becomes
partly separated from the healthy skin; it then assumes

} SIT FAST.

a tough, leathery, horny form, sinking deeply down into
the soft tissue and is kept partly alive by the blood
supply at the bottom.

Treatment :—The best mode of getting rid of this
trouble, is to remove it with the knife. Cut it out
clean, leaving nothing but healthy looking tissue. You
may experience a little trouble in doing this, as they
are very sensitive and the animal may strenuously
resist the operation; but as there is no danger, be per-
sistent in removing it, then use the following:

Sulphate of Iron........ four drachms.

WisGer i. Hints Rtutaaveleislcieepee eight ounces. Mix.
Or.

OWL ATOM iaa opine’, w/els-cuale two ounces.

POCO ROI 2a) seems slialaNelels eit four drachms. Mix.
Or,

Sulphate of Zinc....... “our drachms.

Sugar of Lead...)...... four drachms.

Water heiec es slice digvewlele eight ounces. Mix.

ccs ean A

ERYSIPELAS. 161

Carbolic Acid...........two drachms.
ASHORAING tai erete cbs cene ur net igie sk one ounce.
Wigner din ao rake Oe Peak seven ounces. Mix.

Apply two or three times a day. Occasionally wash
out the wound with warm water and castile soap.

ERYSIPELAS.

Causes :—Anything which has a tendency to lower
the vitality and vitiate the blood—such as diseases of
the liver or kidneys, for they are great blood purifying
organs, and any affection of these organs tends to
impair the blood by leaving within it the effete mate-
rials intended to be eliminated by them; feeding on
musty or badly cured fodder, exposure to extreme heat,
wounds, burns, scalds, bites of insects or reptiles.

Symptoms :—Usually erysipelas begins with fever,
quite frequently preceded with a chill; the fever grad-
ually rising; loss of appetite; pulse ranging from fifty
to eighty beats per minute. The skin and the connect-
ive tissues are the seat of the inflammation, which gen-
erally attacks the hind limbs, though the fore limbs,
head and neck may be attacked. Owing to the attack,
the swelling of the skin is sometimes very great. If it
begins near the foot it runs very rapidly up the limb.
The swelling is hard, but pits on pressure. In a white
horse the redness is perceptible, but in horses of any
other color the redness cannot be seen. Sometimes,
though not always, the swelling is painful to the touch.
Small vesicles appear and discharge a yellowish serum;
they then form a small scab and in a few days peel off.
If for the better, they leave a dry surface; if for the
worse, a deep sore, and quite frequently deep cracks
having a ragged, unhealthy appearance, and disinclined

162 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

to heal. Sometimes pus will form under the skin, bur-
rowing into the muscular tissues; sometimes it is very
diffuse, and is re-absorbed by the system, when a fatal
termination may be anticipated. When the swelling is
great, the hair invariably drops off and leaves a shining
surface.

Symptoms :—Open the bowels thoroughly with—

IPowdl oMloessn eee oe. aie eel ONE OMNce:
Calomelwret cue --.- one drachm.
PowdGingercchiticit oes: one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose; then follow up with tincture
muriate of iron in half-ounce doses every two hours. If
the swelling is odematous or pits on pressure, give—-

Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce.
Jodide of Potassium........one ounce.
Powd. Nux Vomica....-..-one ounce. Mix.

Make into ten powders and give one three times a
day. If there is much depression, give alcohole stimu-
Iunts; but if they tend to irritate the skin, stop using
them. As a local application, cover the swollen part
with—

Sulphate ot Troms... <5). 1). ome Ounce:

Laudanum- sc. .2...22.. four ounces.
SoLss Wiaseran: seco. twelve ounces. Mix.

Apply three or four times a day; or the parts may
be painted twice daily with tincture muriate of iron, or
tineture iodine, or the fluid extract of belladonna.

If pus has formed, make a free incision to allow it to
escape, and dress the wound and abscess with one
ounce of permanganate of potassium in one pint of soft
water, twice a day; also use the same solution on
unhealthy ragged sores; or,

Jarbolic Acid....... © sew ot OME OUNCE,
Nitrate of Silver.......twenty grains.
Gly cerimec6° 4s. Ware -)e bois EM OUNCES, Maixe

2

BURNS AND SCALDS. 163

Apply twice daily. When sores break out and
become aggravated and when abscesses form, they
should be washed twice a day with hot water and castile
soap before the dressings are applied. The diet should
be first-class in every particular but ground feed is
preferable to solid grain. The animal should be kept
in a clean, comfortable, airy place.

BURNS AND SCALDS.

A great deal depends upon the extent and severity
of the injury. Shght burns or scalds may-be treated by
using a solution of one-half ounce of carbolic acid to
one pint of water, applied frequently. But, if the
burn is very deep, cover over with’ linseed oil or vase-
line, to exclude the air. After the pain’has ceased,
open the blisters with a needle and allow ‘the fluid to
escape. Then press the skin down closely so that, if
possible, it may adhere. If it does not adhere and an
open sore results, dress it twice a day with carbolic acid
five drachms in ten ounces of water; of sulphate of zinc,
one drachm, in one ounce of vaseline. Or,

WSOC Ratan oe is een eat tke one ounce.
Carolee oes Lect one drachm. Mix.

Frequent washings with castile soap and hot water
are also beneficial.

INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, FOUNDER.

This disease has various causes, such as picking up a
nail, having a nail driven too close while shoeing, driv-
ing on hard roads barefooted, drinking cold water when
heated, eating tco much grain, feeding green corn, giy-

164 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ing a drastic cathartic, muco-enteritis, or from any
affection of the alimentary canal or of the air passages.

Symptoms —When first noticed the patient generally
will be standing with its feet well under the body, the
fore feet both pointed forward, and so stiff that it is almost
impossible to move it, either forward or backward.

LAMINITIS, OR FOUNDER.

The fore feet almost invariably are the ones attacked;
the hind feet are sometimes, but very seldom affected.
The breathing is greatly accelerated ; temperature varies
from 108° to 106° F.; attempts to move the animal
cause so much pain that it will groan; if forced to
move, it goes with a jumping, staggering gait, almost
falling down, and rests very lightly on the heels of the
front feet. The feet will be very hot and tender, and
if they are struck with a hammer the horse will groan
and almost fall down. Sometimes the breathing will be
so accelerated that the nostrils are distended to their
fullest capacity. Occasionally only one foot is attacked;
in such cases the patient will keep the foot raised the
most of the time. Sometimes in chronic cases, the feet

INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET, LAMINITIS, ETC. 165

contracted at the heels. Sometimes the wall and sole
become greatly distorted; the healthy rings around the
wall of the foot coalesce, the feet grow crooked and are
become separated; an effusion takes place between the
lamina and pedal bone, forcing it down and pressing the
sole down along with it—-sometimes penetrating through
to the ground.

Treatment :—Some practitioners prefer hot applica-
tions to the feet, but my experience has forced me to
conclude that cold applications are preferable to hot
ones. Place the feet in a tub of cold water, putting
straw in the bottom of the tub to ease the feet; in the
heated months put ice into the water, and keep the
patient there for two hours at a time. Do this three or
or four timesa day. When out of a tub, or if a tub
cannot be obtained, put flaxseed poultices on the feet
and keep pouring in cold water occasionally. Change
the poultice every twenty-four hours. Give a physic—

Powd. Aloes:s..i%. Ssi2s.. One Ounce,
Powd. Ginger iat. ih).0)6- one drachm. Mix.
Give at one dose. Also prepare and give—
Saltpenre ca gate ono eats sixteen ounces.
GlawberiSailts. 252 eee sixteen ounces. Mix.

Make into sixteen powders and give one three times
aday. While the fever is high, give fifteen drops of
fluid extract aconite every hour or two until the fever
subsides. After the patient recovers so it can walk
around, a httle exercise on soft ground is beneficial;
but too much exercise is harmful. Sometimes in the
acute stage, bleeding from the toe is very beneficial.
But if this is done, let the blood run freely, though it is
a practice to whichI seldom resort. If properly attended
to, a large majority of cases will make complete recov-
ery. After recovery is assured, shoe carefully and
keep the feet soft and do not put the animal to work

166 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

too soon. Sometimes it is good treatment to place
slings under the patient, especially when it maintains
a standing posture, to relieve the feet. If the patient
chooses to lie down during the attack, bed well and
allow it to remain in that position.

CHOKING.

Choking is most frequently found in horses that are
very greedy eaters, and consists in the lodgment of dry
food (most frequently corn or oats) within the throat.

CHOKING.

Horses that are fed on roots, such_as carrots, mangels
or turnips, quite frequently suffer from choking.
Symptoms .—In many cases the horse will be uneasy
and the saliva will run from the mouth. If the obstruc-
tion be in or near the pharynx, the nose will be elevated,
the patient will make frequent attempts at coughing
and frequently if the obstruction be grain, portions of
it will be ejected through the nostrils in a paroxysm of
coughing. The breathing will be labored and difficult
and accompanied by wheezing. If the obstruction be

amass

CHOKING. 167

farther down the throat, the patient will breathe more
easily and the frothy saliva will be less abundant—
sometimes entirely absent.

I have seen horses, where the obstruction was within
the chest, that had not eaten for a day or more—as the
owner said ‘* were:feeling a little off,’’—that had eaten
more food and thus completely filled the whole of the
wsophagus. During the whole time they seemed but
little distressed other than being hungry and unable to
eat. They would chew hay and drop it out of the
mouth. Such cases usually terminate fatally.

Treatment :—If the obstruction be in the pharynx,
elevate the nose. Put a mouth speculum in the mouth,
insert the hand, and if possible, remove the object by
pulling it up. If it be beyond reach and noticeable on
the left side of the neck, an assistant will be of great
service by pushing it up from the outside. If it cannot
be gotten in this way, give the patient a little oil, as
raw linseed, sweet oil, or fresh lard melted; then try
and work it down. If the obstruction be dry food, as
oats, corn or hay, it probably will be softened and pass
down. Sometimes while giving the oil, the horse will
take a fit of coughing and eject both oil and grain by
the nostrils. In such cases wait for a few minutes and
repeat the dose; in that way the grain may be gotton rid
of by coughing and the plug will pass on down. If no
grain is coughed up or the obstruction is down in the
chest, give eight or ten ounces of melted lard or sweet
oil and let it remain there fora few hours; the obstruc-
tion will sometimes pass away. Should it not move,
place the speculum in the patient’s mouth, elevate the
nose and introduce a probang, which should be oiled
well before using. Pass it down gently, and when you
com-~ to the obstacle, press quite heavily and as it starts

168 DISEASES OE THE LIORSE.

send it clear into the stomach. Then give a little oil
and for a few days feed on soft food.

If you find it impossible to remove the obstruction
with the probang without seriously injuring the horse
by rupturing the cesophagus, and the obstruction can be
felt on the left side of the neck, take a lancet and cut
lengthwise of the neck, into the obstruction. Then
carefully stitch up the cesophagus (or gullet) with cat-
gut, stitch up the integument (or skin) and feed on
very soft or sloppy food for a week or two. Do not re-
sort to the barbarous method of pushing a whip-stock,
broom handle, or any other hard substance down the
throat, as injuries to the throat are sure to occur, caus-
ing an immense amount of trouble and suflering and in
all probability the loss of the animal.

CRIB-BITERS, WIND-SUCKERS OR STUMP-SUCKERS.

This is a habit that is formed principally when the
young animal is cutting teeth. It is caused by the pain

CRIB-BITER OR WIND-SUCKER.

of cutting and shedding teeth. To relieve itself of the
irritation, the animal catches hold of the manger or any
other object within reach. After a time, the habit he-

POLL EVIL. 169

comes fixed, and when the animal catches hold of the
object a gulping sound is heard. It is then sucking air
into stomach.

Any irregularity of the teeth, or decayed teeth, may
cause a horse to form the same habit. When the habit
is once formed, it is very hard to break it up. After
the horse has been sucking wind for a considerable
time, it causes indigestion and colic. They are unsafe
horses to own for they may bloat up and die at any
time.

Treatment:—Various devices have been used _ to
break the habit, and sometimes with success. Attend
to the teeth and, after you get them in good condition,
make a paste of red pepper and flour and daub it on the
manger: or fasten on the manger a sheep-skin with the
woolly side out; or fasten a broad strap around the neck;
or fasten some sharp object where the horse is in the
habit of biting; or place small, revolving rollers just
above the edge of the manger, so the teeth will slip off.
Sometimes the habit may be broken by raising the
tongue and cutting the membrane that fastens it to the
lower jaw, about an inch, or by inserting a steel or sil-
ver ring through the same membrane and allowing it
to stay there; the ring to be about three-fourths of an
inch in diameter. I have seen cases completely cured
by this method.

POLL EVIL.

Poll evil consists of a swelling or an abscess just be-
hind the ears upon the top and sides of the neck, and
the irritation extends down to the first two or three
bones of the cervical vertebrzee. When the disease ex-
tends downward to the bones and affects.the joints, the
animal will carry the head and neck stiff. Among the

170 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

many causes of poll evil, are badly fitting, heavy halters.
and bridles, blows from the butt end of the whip, by
the horse hitting its head against low beams or doors,
from too high reining, ete.

POLL EVilL.

Symptoms:—The first symptom observed is slight
stiffness of the neck, with a swelling upon the poll,
which is quite hard at first, later on becoming soft and
fluctuating. The swelling may not increase much in
size for some time, or it may increase quiterapidly. If
there is no interference on the part of the attendant, it
will eventually burst and discharge a whitish matter.

Treatment :—In the earliest stage, when soreness is.
present and the swelling has just begun so that it is
quite noticeable, the trouble may be aborted. First,
give a pliysic, as,

PowdAloes. 22 .cc.4 0-6. --s one ounce:
Eerie N ESI Ba See two drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in a pint of water, and give a small
teaspoonful of saltpeter, three times a day, either in
food, water or asadrench. Then cut off the hair and.
apply the following as a blister:

Waseliimectusaigiw mn weucr ae. sate one ounce.
Powdered Cantharides...two drachms. Mix.

Apply every fourth day for three times in succes-

sion, Then grease until well. By this treatment I have:

POLL EVIL. 171

seen many cases aborted, and they required no other
care except avoidance of the original cause. If this
should fail to scatter the enlargement, it wil! hasten the
formation of pus. The swelling should then be laid
open with a knife. Make a bold incision and allow the
matter to escape; then examine with a probe, and if no
sinuses or pockets are found, you then have a simple,
regular abscess to deal with. Dress the wound with,

Risterme 30.0 ed four ounces.
Todoform:. «..). 0+. 2c+s J-s. two drachms.
Glycenmee hata eters four ounces.

Wash the sore with castile soap and hot water and
apply the medicine twice daily. If, however, while
probing, you find pipes or sinuses, keep on exploring
until you find them all; then take three or four grain
quinine capsules, fill them full of corrosive sublimate
and put one capsule into each pipe; its weight will gen-
erally carry it down to the bottom. The capsule soon
becomes dissolved and the medicine will cut out the
pipes. Grease the hair thoroughly over which the mat-
ter flows, to keep the matter and medicine from excori-
ating the skin. After the pipes have come out, use the
following:

Ames Swampy tea ors soe -four drachms.

Sugar Gibe ads see's « five drachms.

AGG ST oe ore Seam eee re re one pint. Mix.
Ox;

CarbolneiAergeas aie oe ce bebe half ounce.

1 GEls{ Retr ois (Ever pak) crmeounerghap eee ea four ounces.

Sort <Wraterstc.ase se twelve ounces. Mix.

Apply once daily, after washing out thoroughly with
castile soap and hot water. If, after it has healed up,
another swelling appears, you may rest assured that
you missed one or more of the pipes. You must then

172 DISEASES OF THE IORSE.

open again and go after what is left. Do not despair,
for success will crown your efforts, and a complete cure
will be effected.

BRUISES.

Bruises are caused by kicks, bites, falling upon hard,
rough or uneven substances, etc., resulting in a crushed
or pumiced condition of the flesh with the skin covering

' Ly
e

a

YY ¥
uN ], 4
\ \ Wy

\
NNN “

FOMENTING A BRUISE.

it remaining unbroken. There is more or less subcutane-
ous bleeding, which may result in the formation of
matter and a sloughing of the parts. If the bruise is
not too severe, the formation of matter may be averted
by fomentations of hot water, continued for a couple of
hours, after which bathe freely with whiskey and cam-
phor. If in a place where bandages can be used, a
light bandage steeped in saltpeter water should be

ss Sus ee

BRUISES. 1738

applied and the animal allowed rest for a few days,
when the parts will resume their normal condition. If,
however, the bruise is very severe, there is no other
alternative save the formation of matter, and it should
be hastened by the application of poultices of flaxseed
meal, fried onions, bran, bread and milk, slippery elm
or hops. While the sloughing of the parts is taking
place, should there be a foul smell, powdered charcoal
or iodoform, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, should
be sprinkled over the poultice. After the parts have
sloughed off, discontinue the poultices and use any of
the following lotions:

iat LTE PCA ea: 2 ibis fa oe one ounce.

Water or Linseed Oil........ one pint. Mix.
Or,

Permanganate of Potash.four drachms.

AViaberesas cue vial ok LON ace one pint. Mix.
Or,

Sulphate: Zine ..'e6i5 4. 6. ak half ounce.

Supar Lead 460. .j-.. 0. «czhalf ounce.

WAVER ies fit hela cis aatricia anes one pint. Mix.
Or,

TOMOTOT a oS. coe sete half ounce

Powe. Ava: 56's eget four ounces. Mix.

Apply two or three times a day. If proud flesh
makes its appearance, cut it out with a knife or apply
burnt alum. Feed the patient on soft or green food and
if symptoms of fever present themselves, give half
ounce doses of saltpetre, three times a day. When the
fever subsides and the discharge has been great, feed
the best of nourishing food, with which may be mixed,

Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces.
Rowd./ Gentian.) cote s 8% four ounces.
Powd.s Nix} Womies).2 3) oo. one ounce. Mix.

Give a teaspoonful three times a day.

°

174 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

_ ABSCESSES.

Abscesses consist of accumulations of matter within
circumscribed walls and may be situated upon any part
of the body or in the lungs, liver, kidneys, ovaries, womb,
bowels, etc. They are classed as acute, and cold or
chronic abscesses.

Acute abscesses are most frequently met with in the
muscular tissues or gland structures, following local
inflammation; or they may be the results of bruises and
injuries. The abscesses found most often in horses, are
those affecting the salivary glands, the result of stran-
gles or distemper. The glands behind and under the
jaws are observed to gradually increase in size, anil
become hard, hot, painful, and sensitive to the touch.
As the abscess gradually increases in size, pus or matter
begins to form and in a little while it becomes soft and
fluctuating. This condition is discovered by pressing
gently upon the center of the abscess with the fingers;
it is then considered coming to a head. A small eleva-
tion is soon observed from which the hair slips off and
is moistened with a yellowish fluid which oozes through
the skin. Ina short time the abscess breaks, its con-
tents escape and the cavity gradually fills up by healthy
granulations. When abscesses form in the muscular
tissues, they are usually produced by bruises or some
other form of injury.. Sometimes, however, they are
the result of irregular. strangles.

Whenever it is noticed that abscesses are forming,
the aim should be to hasten development as rapidly as
possible, by hot fomentations and poultices. When they
are very slow in developing, a good stimulating liniment
applied to the parts, is advisable, as,

Spts. Turpentine..... ..... two ounces.
Acca, “Amar Omilaerics a2. ko two ounces.
Raw. Linseed Oil... “2220 fourounces.. Max:

COLD ABSCESS. 175

Apply twice daily. As soon as matter can be felt by
pressure of the fingers, it will be well to open witha
sharp knife, as low down as possible, to afford good
drainage so that the matter may escape. But if not
fully satisfied that the matter is near the surface, it will
be better to encourage the ripening and allow it to open
itself. An abscess located at a joint, should be allowed
to open itself, or operated upon by a skilled veterina-
rian. It is unnecessary to squeeze and pinch abscesses
when opened. Gentle pressure will remove all the old
thickened matter, and if inclined to heal too quickly,
keep it open with a smooth piece of hickory or other
hardwood, made into a probe. Poultices and fomenta-
tions are often beneficial after the abscess has opened,
especially if there is much swelling. It is unnecessary to
inject medicines into abscesses, unless a bad smell comes
from the eavity, then it should be washed out with—

AMOI C -AciGiys seis st ealgtcie AF one ounce.
Soft Water...... ae sombre sy OMe uate. 4 VErK.

Use twice daily.

COLD ABSCESS.

Cold abscess is a term used to denote a large swell-
ing, the result of chronic inflammation, in the center of
which there is usually a small accumulation of matter.
These abscesses are generally situated on the neck in
close proximity to the shoulder joint. When first ob-
served, the swelling is quite large, and apparently in-
creasing in size or growing (if the horse is working) un-
til if assumes enormous proportions. It may be shghtly
warmer than the surrounding parts, but is not very
painful when pressure is apphed. The animal instead
of exhibiting pain when moved about, acts as though
the shoulders were stiff, or there is a stiffness in its

176 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

movements. When relieved from work, this vast swell-
ing gradually diminishes in size, until it leaves a large
hardened mass, very much resembling a tumor, and re-
maining in that condition for a great length of time.
There is now neither heat nor soreness and it neither
grows nor diminishes, unless the animal is put to work,
when the irritation from the collar will cause it to in-
flame, and increase in size again, but after a few days
rest it will gradually recede to the same sized tumor ag
before commencing work.

Treatment:—The treatment as recommended for
acute abscess, will fail to accomplish anything. We are
therefore compelled to use more heroic measures.
First, examine carefully to ascertain if matter is pres-
ent, which is generally difficult to detect, for it ‘is sel-
dom that there is over two tablespoonfuls located in the
center of the abscess. However, whether matter can be
felt or not, make a deep incision into the center of the
tumor, all the way through it if necessary, and allow
the matter to escape. . Then, whether matter is found
or not, saturate a piece of sponge or cotton batting with
turpentine and force it into the bottom of the cut; allow
it to remain two or three days to excite the formation
of matter; or pack the wound full of sulphate of zine
and plug it for twenty-four hours, then withdraw the
plug and let it slough out; or take a red hot iron and
push it into the bottom of the cut; in fact anything to
excite an inflammatory action and promote the forma-
tion of matter. If the opening is disposed to heal too
quickly, open it up with some of the former prepara-
tions. After you have got it suppurating nicely, en-
courage it by applying poultices of flaxseed meal,
bran, boiled turnips, bread and milk, slippery elm, ete.
With this mode of treatment you will dispose of it and
leave the surface smooth.

——

TUMOR IN THE FALSE NOSTRIL. Lil
NASAL POLYPUS, OR NASAL TUMORS.

These pear-shaped tumors are frequently found in
the nasal chamber and may be attached anywhere along
the nasal canal. They are, however, generally attached,
high up in the nostril and hang by a slender neck.

Symptoms :—They sometimes grow down far enough
to be observed protruding from the nose. The breath-
ing is obstructed more or less in that nostril. There is
bulging of the nostril on the affected side if the tumor
is large, according to its size. It produces a snuffling
sound while breathing and sometimes a discharge from
the nose.

Treatment:—Removal of the tumor can be accom-
plished by folding a copper wire through a gas pipe. Slip
the wire over the tumor and pass it and the pipe up,
until you reach the top of the tumor, then draw the
wire up tightly against the pipe and twist the tumor
off. Or if an ecrasure is obtainable, pass it up over the
tumor and twist it off; or take a pair of forceps and
pass them up to its attachment, then sieze it and twist
itoff. There will not be bleeding enough to do any
harm. However, the blood may be stopped, by injecting
up the nostril a solution of alum water or a solution of
sulphate of iron, or the tincture of iron, or by forcing a
plug of wool up the nostril, having a string attached to
it by which to draw it out when the bleeding stops.

TUMOR IN THE FALSE NOSTRIL.

Small tumors are often observed in the false nostril
(which is a small pouch just within the nostril and
appears like a loop or fold of skin). These tumors are
very slow of growth and contain a cheesy matter. They
are usually about the size of a walnut and while they do

178 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

not cause any pain, they are a blemish and sometimes
become so large that they cause difficult breathing when
the animal is put to severe exercise. They are obsery-
able on the outer side of the nostril, but by inserting

TUMOR IN THE NOSTRIL.

the finger up the nose, they will appear much larger on
the inside. No danger need be apprehended in open-
ing them and this can be done either from the outside
or inside of the nostril, the latter being preferable.
Pass the knife up the inside of the nostril and when the
tumor is reached, make a free incision; then squeeze
the matter out and nature will generally perform the
rest. Or you may syringe the cavity with—

Sulphaterot Zane : 2.40.2 two drachms.
WiABEr ere aes a ale eat ea) ks eight ounces. Mix.

Inject once daily for a few days. When the cut is
made, blood sometimes flows freely for a short time, but
this is of no consequence; it will soon cease.

PHARYNGEAL POLYPUS, OR TUMOR IN THE THROAT.

This is just the same kind of tumor as appears within
the nostrils, only it is situated in the upper part of the
throat. If itis located at the opening at the back part of
the mouth, when the animal takes a drink, it is liable
to drop into the larynx or upper part of the air channel,
causing alarming symptoms by partially shutting off its
breathing. ‘ Respiration is then accomplished with the

WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS. 179

greatest difficulty; efforts are made at coughing; the
animal chokes until it falls upon its knees or falls down
completely, when the tumor is generally dislodged from
the larynx. The animal then breathes freely and
appears as though there was nothing wrong. These
frequent and sudden attacks, especially while drinking
or eating, followed by almost instantaneous recoveries,
should lead to an examination of the throat, which is
done by holding the mouth open and passing the hand
back into the throat, where the tumor will be found. If
within reach, remove in the manner advised for remoy-
ing nasal polypus. When the removal is accomplished,
feed wholly upon soft food, for two weeks and after
each feed, give a few swallows of water, then pour some
alum water into the mouth and allow it to run over the
sore.

WOUNDS ABOUT THE NOSTRILS.

Wounds around the nostrils are quite a common
occurrence, and are generally caused by catching upon
a nail or hook of some description, bites from other
horses, or by running against some object, ete. As
quickly as possible after the accident, the wound should
be stitched together. No loose parts should be cut off
and thrown away, but everything placed in its proper
position. The skin around the nostrils is very thin and
easily stitched, consequently any kind of a needle and
any kind of white thread will answer. If not immedi-
ately given attention, the wound may swell considera-
bly and difficulty may be experienced in getting the
edges in direct opposition. If possible, place the
stitches quite closely together. Occasionally a nostril
is so badly lacerated, that it is with difficulty the parts
are brought together, and then a blemish may result.
After the parts have been brought together, and secured

180 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

with stitches, the animal should be tied so that it can-
not rub the wound, for ten days or two weeks, and in
the meantime Keep the parts clean, and use,

Carbolic Acids ia04. 08 .four drachms.
Soft Water >..2-..% =. siniisorere, ROME’ PEE, °s Ilex
Apply twice daily, or dust it with iodoform once
daily; or,
Sugar Legar.2s ......-four drachms.
Sulphate Zinc........... two drachms.
WViaterueee wie cies eis aes ease one pint. Mix.

Apply morning and evening. After the parts ad-
here firmly, cut the stitches and carefully draw them out.

NETTLE RASH OR SURFEIT.

This is a frequent form of skin disease in fhe horse,
and is caused from a sudden change of diet. It is fre-

SURFEIT.

quently observed when horses are first fed upon grass.
It may also be caused by sudden changes in the weather,
taking a drink of cold water when heated, worms in the
intestines, and is sometimes connected with the shed-
ding of the hair.

RINGWORM. 181

Symptoms :—The lumps rise quickly and appear on
any part of the body, sometimes covering nearly the en-
tire body, head and neck. The eyelids may be closed
and the lips greatly thickened. Sometimes the nostrils
are swelled nearly shut. The swellings are unequal in
size, varying from a marble to a saucer and are flat
upon their surface. It may be attended with diarrhea
or slight colicky pains. The eruption breaks out very
suddenly, the whole skin being covered in a short space
of time, and it often disappears just as rapidly as it
came, or it may linger for five or six days.

Treatment :—This is very simple and consists in clean-
ing out the bowels with,

Powd); Aloes: 2 3sgee: seven drachms.
Powd. Gentian..........twodrachms. Mix.
Give at one dose in a pint of water. Also give one
ounce daily of glauber salts, fora week. Apply to the
skin twice daily,
Sugar Lead ie cecc ages a5 two ounces.
DOlb-W AlGE ss 4e1ane« cltes.< shlee one quart. Mix

RINGWORM.

Ringworm is most frequently seen in young horses
that have been poorly kept through the winter and
spring. It appears at the time of shedding and is a
parasitic growth of a contagious nature, sometimes
attacking several horses in the same herd. It may be
communicated to other animals and also to attendants.

Symptoms :—It commences in a small pimple, at first,
where the parasite has established itself. It then begins
to form a circle which continues to spread daily. The
hairs over the affected part stand erect, split up, break

382 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

off and fall out, leaving a bare spot which is covered
with a greyish scruff or dandruff, very much resembling
the coarse hulls of wheat bran. During its progress, the
disease is not confined to one spot but may develop on

RINGWORM.

several parts of the body at the same time. If allowed
to run undisturbed, it may prove very troublesome, or
recovery may take place spontaneously within a couple
of months.

Treatment:—Clip the hair closely over the affected
parts, then wash with soft soap and warm water; dry
the parts thoroughly and paint with acetic acid or tinc-
ture of iodine, twice daily until cured. Should these
remedies fail after applying ten days, apply the follow-
ing once daily:

Corosive Sublimate...... half drachm.
Sott Wiater ee cera ei eee one pint. Mix.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

This disease very much resembles poll evil, only it is
located upon the shoulders, and is also very obstinate
to treat. It usually comes from a bruise, from the

CASTRATION. 183

saddle, from rolling, or striking the top of the shoulders
against something; for instance, against the top of a
low stable or shed.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

Treatment :—As soon as noticed, apply the same rem-
edies as for poll evil, and make a dependent orifice to
allow the pus to escape, treating the orifice as directed
for the sinuses in poll evil.

CASTRATION.

There are various methods of performing this opera-
tion, but all tend to the same purpose, viz.: removing
the testicles and preventing hemorrhage.

First cast the horse and confine him closely and
tightly, drawing the hind feet well up along the sides.
Have a good assistant to hold the head. Take hold of
the testicle (always taking the smaller one first) and
raise it well up. Hold it firmly and make a bold cut
about three inches long, close to the dividing line of the
testicles. - Then take hold of the testicle and cut off the
white membrane at the back part of the testicle, but do
not cut the spermatic cord or artery. Then if the ecra-
seurs are used, apply them and smash off the cord. If

184 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the clamp is used, fasten it on tighly and tie with a
stout cord. The clamps should be grooved so they will
have a firmer hold. Then cut off the cord and testicles,
about a half inch from the clamp. Some prefer ligat-
ing, which.is simply cutting out the testicle and tying
the cord with a silk thread, to prevent hemorrhage.

If the testicles are not down in the scrotum, the
horse is called a ridgeling.

If one testicle is down and the other is not, the one
that is not down should be procured first. In order to
get it, cast the horse and tie his hind feet close up along
his sides. Then roll the patient upon his back and cut
through the scrotum as if the testicle were there. Oil
your hand and pass it up through the internal abdom-
inal ring, where you will almost invariably find the
testicle. Take hold of it firmly, draw it out and cas-
trate by any of the usual methods.

If you do not find it between the internal and exter-
nal abdominal rings, pass the hand on up through the
external abdominal ring and you will find it, if he has
one. Seize it, draw it out and take it off by any of the
usual methods.

My preference is for the ecraseur, an instrument in-
vented by M. Chassaignac, of Paris.

Take the opposite testicle in the same manner and the
operation is complete. Always cut well down toward
the sheath, to allow the pus to escape freely to prevent
any unnecessary swelling. If the clamps are used, re-
move them in twenty-four hours and turn the horse out,
or put him at moderate work, and he will do much _ bet-
ter than if standing in the stable.

About the third day, run your finger up around the
cord and break off any attachment, so that it will not
adhere too low down, and thus prevent scirrhus cord
from forming.

BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION. 185

Be careful before operating, to examine and see that
the horse isnot ruptured. If arupture should exist, cas-
trate by what is called the covered method, which con-
sist, in cutting through the skin only, being careful not
to cut through the tunics or coverings of the testicle.
Then castrate with the clamps. Place the clamps over
the covering of the testicle, the testicle included, and
clamp tightly. Then cut off the coverings and testicles
together and allow the clamps to stay on until they
come off of their own accord. If the bowels should
come out, return them and stitch up the internal abdom-
inal ring with cat-gut. Then stitch up the scrotum,
leaving a small opening for the escape of pus, and the
#peration will be complete.

BLEEDING AFTER CASTRATION.

Bleeding from the incisions in the scrotum, from the
small blood vessels severed and especially from the
small artery at the back part of the cord sometimes
occurs in warm weather and may appear quite serious
No fears need be entertained, as it seldom lasts only a
few minutes and is easily stopped by splashing cold
water into the wound.

Bleeding from the artery in the front part of the cord
may be attended with danger, when the necessary pre-
caution has not been taken to fasten it, to prevent
bleeding. In such cases, the end of the cord should be
found and the artery tied with a strong thread. If the
end of the cord cannot be procured, pack the parts
thoroughly with cotton batting or wool, which may be
saturated with tincture of muriate of iron. Shove well
up into the wound; a blood clot may be formed in this

186 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

manner and thus stop the bleeding. Allow the packing
to remain two days, then withdraw it gently and but
little danger need be apprehended.

PHYMOSIS AND PARAPHYMOSIS.

Phymosis consists in the glans penis becoming envel-
oped in the prepuce, thus being hidden from view, and
forming a soft, glazy swelling. It most frequently hap-
pens from an injury or as the result of castration.

Paraphymosis consists in the prepuce forming a con-
striction around the penis, just behind the glans. The
glans penis will then be visible and frequently greatly
swollen. It also occurs from the results of castration,
and from injuries of any description.

The treatment for phymosis, consists in applying hot
fomentations and scarifying. When paraphymosis.

PARALYSIS OF THE PENIS.

exists, apply hot fomentations and _ scarifying; also
catch hold of the tumor and evert it by forcing it back
through the constriction, then place it back into the
sheath and place pledgets of cotton batting greased with
vaseline, into the sheath, to prevent the penis from
coming out. Usually within a few days the swelling

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS. 187

disappears and the trouble is over. Sometimes the
swelling is so great that it cannot be everted immedi-
ately ; when such is the case, scarify and press the blood
and serum out as much as possible, place a bandage
around the body and suspend the penis to relieve the
weight, occasionally pressing out the blood and serum,
and in a few days you will be able to evert it, when a
speedy recovery will follow.

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS.

It is very seldom that we are called upon to perform
this operation. But occasionally it has to be done to
save the patient and sometimes to be rid of the un-
sightly appearance, which greatly depreciates the value
of the horse.

Some of the causes justifying such an operation are
paralysis of the penis, caused by blows from the whip or
kick from a mare during service ; cancerous growth upon
the penis; or anything which causes the penis to hang
pendulous, with inability to retract it within the sheath.

The operation is performed by casting the animal
and getting him under control. Commence to amputate
by making a circular incision down to the urethra (or
canal for the passage of urine.) Next cut the tissue off
from the urethra for about an inch, which you must
leave. Then cut off the urethra. If any small arteries
present themselves, ligate them. Sprinkle powdered
per sulphate of iron upon the remaining part and allow
the patient his freedom. Insert the catheter before
operating and allow it to remain during the operation.
Pass the catheter every day, until the wound is healed.

188 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

HERNIA, OR RUPTURE.

Hernia is the protrusion, either of the bowels or of
the mesentary through a natural or unnatural opening
out of the abdominal cavity. There are several kinds of
hernia, the most important of which I shall mention
here.

Umbilical hernia occurs when the opening of the
umbilical cord passes into the abdomen, which fails to

elose up, and the aperture continues to increase in size,
It is invariably seen in young colts, and, if it fails to
close apply a bandage and keep it on for some time. A
cure will generally be effected; if not, and the colt isa
year old, fasten on a pair of clamps and allow them to
slough off, or inject hypodermically, a solution of salt
water ina few places around the base of the tumor;

HERNIA, OR RUPTURE. 189

or another method and one that is very effectual, is to
cut off the hair over the tumor and apply nitric acid
enough to barely moisten the skin. Either of these set
up a deep-seated adhesive inflammation and close up
the opening.

Inguinal or scrotal hernia, consists in the passage of
the bowels or mesentery down through the abdominal
ring, into the scrotum. If in an entire horse, cut by the
covered operation (see castration). If in a gelding,
either open it up, stitch up the abdominal ring and
then clamp, or, gather up as much of the scrotum as is
possible and clamp, first returning the bowels, and
allow the clamp to remain until it sloughs off. A cure
will most generally be effected.

Ventral hernia consists in an abrasion of the abdom-
inal walls, allowing the bowels to escape through to the
skin and forming tumors of various dimensions. It is
readily recognized by its disappearance upon pressure,
and almost immediate return on being released from
pressure; by its softness and the gurgling sound trans-
mitted by the bowels. If the rupture is small, return
the bowels and fasten on a clamp, allowing it to slough
off: or, bandage tightly when first noticed; or use some
of the methods as given in umbilical hernia. Another
method is to cast the animal, then return the bowels,
cut through the skin and stitch up the abdominal walls
and apply a broad bandage.

Diaphragmatic hernia is when the bowels pass
through a rupture of the diaphragm, and press upon the
lungs. If any quantity of the bowels pass through, the
breathing will be difficult and a terrible gurgling,
wheezing commotion will be heard on applying the car
to the chest. In such cases there is no remedy and the
patient will very soon die. If the rupture be small and
a very small portion of the bowels protrude through the

190 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

diaphragm, the pain may be very intense but that
terrible sound around the lungs will be wanting and, if
kept quiet on opiates, the bowels may return and the
patient do well.

In strangulated hernia, when the bowels become
entangled in the mesentery, completely shutting off the
passage, death is almost inevitable.

ANEURISM.

The term aneurism is used to denote the rupture or
dilation of an artery, forming a fluctuating tumor, dis-
appearing on pressure, but immediately returning. It
may be caused by hard work or by a hard, straining pull.
By pressing the fingers upon the tumor, the pulsation
may almost always be felt.

Treatment ;—If the tumor is visible and can be oper-
ated upon, cut down and tie the artery at either side of
the tumor, which should then be dissected out. After-
wards treat as an ordinary wound. But if the artery
be very large, you had better let it alone.

SEEDY .TOE.

This term is used to denote an unhealthy condition
of the foot, wherein the wall and sole of the foot partake
of amealy or dry, crumbling nature, thus separating
them from the sensitive lamina of the os pedis, or bone
of the foot. It is principally caused from laminitis but
sometimes by a large clip being fastened to the front
part of the shoe and being hammered down hard on the
wall of the hoof. It may also be caused by an ill-fitting
shoe being irregular upon its bearings upon the wall
and sole at the toe.

CORNS. 19]

Treatment :—Cut out the diseased parts and shoe with
a bar shoe; and pad it in the crevices to prevent dirt
from getting in and accumulating.

CORNS.

At first these consist of a simple bruise of the sole of
the foot and are usually found in the inner quarter of
the fore foot, though they are sometimes found in the
outer quarter. Some authors consider them to be
horny tumors, but such I could never find. However, I
am inclined to believe that, from the constant irritation,
they are the cause of inflammation of the lateral carti-
lages and thus of the formation of side-bones. Some-

CORNS.

times the corns suppurate and if an exit is not made for
the pus to escape by, it will cause a bulging of the coro-
net and will break and discharge there; or the pus will
keep burrowing down toward the toe and thus separate
the wall from the sensitive sole. Bad shoeing, or allow-
ing the shoes to remain on too long, are the principal
causes.

Symptoms :—Heat and lameness in the affected foot,
and invariably pointing it forward; heat and tender-
ness around the affected quarter, and a sulky stumbling
gait when driven. [If it is a suppurating corn, the horse
will scarcely put the foot to the ground and, if it does,
will merely rest it on the toe. Upon tapping the quar-

192 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ter of the foot with a hammer, the animal generally
evinces pain; also pressure from a pair of pincers will
cause more or less flinching, and by taking off the shoe
and paring down the quarters, blood streaks to a
greater or less degree will be observed.

Treatment :—Take off the shoe and poultice the foot
with ground flaxseed, or bran, for twenty-four hours;
then pare down the corn until the sole between the bar
and wall is compressible; then place a sponge saturated
with crude oil or a seventy-five per cent. solution of car-
bolic acid over the corn and nail on the shoe, retaining
the sponge in position and applying the crude oil or car-
bolic acid solution once or twice a week; or shoe with a
bar shoe, using the sponge as directed. You may paint
the wall and sole of the foot with crude oil once or twice
a week, but avoid letting it get up into the hair around
the coronet. If you suspect a suppurating corn, cut
down and allow the matter to escape, then remove the
dead horn as far around as the pus cavity extends.
Afterwards apply compound tinct. benzoin twice a day,
or tincture of iodine once daily. As soon as new horn
commences to form, place a leather or felt pad over the
bottom of the foot and shoe with a bar shoe.

THRUSH.

The principal causes of thrush are filth from stand-
ing in manure and urine in the stable, from poulticing
with cow-dung, from wading around in a filthy barn-
yard, from grease-heel and scratches, and from hard
work on rough, stony roads, causing bruises to the frog.

Symptoms :—There is a fcetid discharge from the
cleft of the frog, only in severe cases causing lameness
and a feverish foot.

CANKER. 198

Treatment :—First, remove the cause and keep in a
clean, dry place; remove all ragged portions of horn
and fill the crease in the frog with calomel a few times,
and a cure is generally effected; or use powdered sul-
phate of copper or burnt alum. If allowed to run un-
disturbed, it may develop into canker. This latter dis
ease of the foot, is due to a vegetable parasite which
not only destroys the sole and frog, but invades the
deeper structures and prevents the natural and healthy
growth of the horn substance, which usually repairs an
injury to these parts. :

CANKER.

Causes:—As it is due to a parasite, certain condi-
tions must present themselves before the parasite com-
mences its work. As it is rarely ever seen in high, dry
districts, it is quite evident that moisture paves the

CANKER.

road for the germ to travel in. Among the many causes
are filth from standing in manure and urine, when the
frog or sole is injured; also from poulticing injuries, as
pricks from nails, with cow-dung, or allowing them to
run in filthy barnyards; also working on muddy roads
and grazing on low, marshy pastures; from grease heel.

194 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

Symptoms :—Canker is generally confined to one foot,
although all the feet may be attacked at the same time.
When the disease follows an injury, which it usually
does, and the soft tissues are involved, they show no in-
clination to heal; on the contrary, there is secreted from
the inflamed parts, a foul smelling watery discharge,
which gradually undermines the surrounding healthy
horn and which, if not checked in its course, will com-
pletely destroy the whole frog and sole. Rapid growths
spring out from the frog and sole, of a soft, spongy, un-
healthy nature, and, if cut off, may grow from one to
two inches in length in twenty-four hours. When cut
close up to the foot, they bleed quite profusely. There
is an offensive discharge and the disease stubbornly
resists treatment. Lameness may at first be very slight,
but as the disease advances, it will be a prominent
symptom.

Treatment :—First, remove to a clean, dry place, then
cut out all of the diseased tissues or until it bleeds
freely, pare down the sole quite thin next to the canker,
removing all of the sole and frog that covers diseased
parts. Next put on a shoe with quite a wide web.
Then take some tow and saturate it with muriate of
iron and cover the diseased part, and apply pressure/by
slipping sticks under the web of the shoe; it is very
essential to apply heavy pressure upon the diseased
parts. Medicines seemingly lose their force when ap-
plied for a few days in succession. It is therefore nec-
essary to change from one remedy to another quite fre-
quently. Choose any from the following list: Sulphate
of copper, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of iron, chloride of
zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony, creosote, calomel,
carbole acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, corrosive sub-
limate, nitrate of silver, or caustic soda. You may mix
any one of these, equal parts, with animal charcoal, but

PRICKS FROM NAILS. 195

very often you will be compelled to use the most severe
remedies, undiluted. It will try your patience, but be
persistent, and when you notice healthy horn commenc-
ing to form, cease using very severe remedies. From
commencement to finish, the foot should be dressed once
in twenty-four hours, bearing in mind that pressure
should be applied continuously throughout the course of
treatment.

PRICKS FROM NAILS.

This is of frequent occurrence from the carelessness
of the horseshoer or from the nail splitting while being
driven; also from horses picking up nails while being
driven, or while running at large—more frequently
from the latter than from the former.

Symptoms :—Lameness, heat and tenderness in the
foot affected. Ifa nail splits when the smith is driving
it, he will notice it at once from the horse flinching. If
the nail be withdrawn and the owner not informed, the
patient in a few days may be very lame and suppura-
tion may take place before the real cause is found out;
there will be heat and tenderness present. By tapping
the foot with a hammer, you may find the exact place.
Or, if a nail is driven close enough to press the sensi-
tive laminew, the patient may not go lame for a few
days, then it will be very lame, frequently holding the
foot from the ground or merely resting it upon the toe.
By tapping the foot with a hammer you will discover
the spot, when you hit the nail that is pressing. Or, if
the patient has picked up a nail and goes lame, by
examining the foot you will find either the nail penetrat-
ing the foot or the place whence it was withdrawn.

196 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment :—If from a split nail or one driven too close,
draw it out and poultice the foot for a few days with
ground flaxseed; a cure will usually be effected.
But if it suppurates, make an opening and allow the pus
to escape, and treat as a suppurating corn (see corns).
If the patient has picked up a rusty nail and you have
withdrawn it, cut a hole into the bottom of the foot
where the nail entered, about the size of a nickel and fill
the opening with tincture of iodine, two or three times
a day; but if the foot is very much inflamed, poultice
for a day or two, also applying either tincture of iodine
or Friar’s balsam to the wound. If suppuration has
taken place, remove all loose or dead tissue and wash
out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water. Then
dry it out and apply Friar’s balsam or tincture of
iodine, and protect the foot from dirt and filth. It is
sometimes necessary to remove all of the frog and
sometimes the sole. Bevery careful if the horse has
picked up a rusty nail, as tetanus, or lockjaw frequently
ensues; also extensive inflammation and sloughing
around the coronet and loss of the hoof, which in the
majority of cases, renders the animal worthless.

QUITTOR.

The most frequent causes of quittor are horses calk-
ing themselves and catching cold, suppurating corns,
pricks from nails, bruises, gravel working up through
the feet, disease of the lateral cartilages, also quarter
cracks, etc., etc.

Symptoms :—First a tender swelling around the cor-
onet, bursting after a while and discharging a whitish
fluid and showing no evidence of drying up or healing.

By probing, you will find fistulous openings running
down into the foot in different directions.

GRAVEL IN FOOT. 197

Treatment :—If much inflammation exists anda visible
bulging of the coronet, lance it and apply flaxseed poul-
tices for a few days. Then into each sinus inject twice
daily the following:

Zine: Sulphaber as. + sexes ss: one drachm.
Sulphate of Copper.......one drachm.
Weaterat ate tepene saaeio. four ounces. Mix.

After you have followed this up for about a week,
and the foot is almost healed, stop the injections and
apply Friar’s balsam twice daily until a cure is effected.
If the disease affects the lateral cartilages, or if side-
bones are formed and they are affected, they may have
to be removed.

Occasionally the sinuses burrow down deep into the
soft tissues and a fistulous opening is established, which
will not yield to the former treatment but will require
more heroic measures. In such cases, fill the sinus full
of corrosive sublimate, pounding it well in; allow it to
remain for two days, then take it out and apply carbolic
salve until well.

GRAVEL IN FOOT.

The feet of horses are often affected by a small
gravel encased between the sensitive and insensitive
parts. - It may become pressed in through an opening
made in paring out corns, or into a large nail hole, or
into the opening made from paring out the sole, from
treading on a nail or being forced through a quarter-
crack; or by continuous pressure while traveling, a
gravel may be forced through the parts where the sole
and wall of the foot unite; or by being forced up
between the frog and bars, etc. In whatever manner it
gains admission to the sensitive parts, it causes inflam-
mation and sloughing of the surrounding portions.

198 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Symptoms :—Lameness is a predominant symptom.
If there be an opening, it will present a dirty appear-
ance, look black and unhealthy and have a fcetid smell.
Upon tapping on the parts with a hammer, the animal
will evince great pain. If much matter is formed, it is
liable to work up and break around the top of the hoof
close to the hair, when the lameness will partially or
wholly subside.

Treatment:—First wash the parts thoroughly, then
enlarge the opening by paring away the hoof, to make
room to remove the gravel; examine very carefully to
avoid pushing it in farther. When in contact with the
gravel, it will be readily recognized by its sound and
hardness to the touch. Work around it and dig it out as
carefully as possible. Then wash the parts perfectly
clean and inject into the wound twice daily—

Carbolic Acid...........two drachms.

Wicibek. Pui oak esiend wiewitapon ws half pint. Mix.
Or,

Sulphate of Zinc........ four drachms.

IWGECR ec et is an Nee Fe half-pint. Mix.

Apply a hot linseed meal or bran poultice until the
fever and lameness subside, after which, if the opening
is protected to prevent dirt from getting into it, the
animal may be put to work, still applying the aforesaid
lotion if possible, until the parts are healed.

PUMICED FOOT.

This is a condition wherein the horny sole becomes
separated from the sensitive sole or laminz, by an effu-
sion that accumulates as the result of inflammation of
the parts. The bottom of the foot, especially toward
the toe, crumbles away, exposing the sensitive tissues.

BRUISES OF THE FROG. 199

It is generally caused by laminitis or founder when
proper treatment has not been applied. The coffin-bone
tips down at the toe causing pressure upon the sole, and
prevents the formation of new horn. Other conditions
may cause pumiced sole, but, as a rule, not to the ex-
tent as does founder. Punctured wounds of the feet
and bruises of the sole occasionally cause an exudation,
separating the sensitive from the insensitive parts, but
the soft tissues are seldom exposed because new horn
is developed, completely taking the place of that which
has been separated.

Symptoms :—Exposure of the sensitive parts can
readily be recognized. If it has not reached that stage,
the foot will become convexed, or bulge down instead of
being concaved or hollow. The sole of the foot, espe-
cially at the toe, readily crumbles away and there is
lameness very similar to that of founder.

Treatment:—This disease is incurable. If the toe
pushes through, put the animal out of its misery. If
the sole is convexed, by careful shoeing, keeping the
pressure off the sole, and by keeping the feet cool, the
animal may do light work on soft ground, but should
never be driven on hard roads.

BRUISES OF THE FROG.

Causes:—Bruises of the frog usually occur from
horses stepping upon rough, hard, frozen ground, or
from travelling upon newly macadamized roads, thereby
getting stones wedged in between the shoe and frog,
which are frequently overlooked, and the frog becomes
badiy bruised. Flat feet, with low heels, are the best
subjects for bruises. Cuts through the frog, from step-
ping upon glass or any other substance causing similar
injury, are liable to cause suppuration beneath the frog.

200 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Symptoms :—Lameness, in proportion to the extent of
the injury involving the sensitive parts. If the injury
is quite severe, the animal walks wholly upon the toe or
raises the foot completely and hobbles along on three
legs. When the horse is standing quietly, the limb is set
forward and flexed at the ankle, the toe resting upon
the ground. Upon examining the foot, the injury may
be detected, but if no opening exists, the matter will be
observed working back toward the heels, seeking a soft
place where it can break through and escape. The horn
then becomes detached at its connection with the skin
and looks somewhat white and bleached. As soon as
the pus escapes, the lameness diminishes.

Treatment :—When lameness is first observed, exam-
ine the bottom of the foot carefully and if no puncture
is discovered, bathe the foot in cold water to prevent
the formation of matter; but if matter has already
formed, pare the frog and sole quite thin to relieve
pressure, make an opening to allow the pus to escape,
then poultice for a few days with linseed meal, and pour
tincture of iodine into the opening twice daily. If the
pus has loosened much of the frog, remove the part that
has become detached, with the knife. If the pus has
worked its way up and has broken, and is discharging
near the hair, a great portion of the frog has become
separated and should be removed at once, after which
dress three times daily with compound tincture of ben-
zoin, tincture iodine or spirits turpentine, and if obsti-
nate, with—

Chloride of Zinc....... ... One ounce.
Soft Wiatermaak ve. aieines eight ounces. Mix.

Apply once or twice daily and pad with cotton bat-
ting. As soon as a thin layer of new horn has grown
on, it may be padded with waste, a sponge or cotton

CALK WOUNDS. 201

batting, a piece of leather placed over the entire bot-
tom of the foot and a shoe nailed on, when the animal
may be put at slow work.

CALK WOUNDS.

In all northern climates, when the roads become
slippery, horses are necessarily shod with sharpened
shoe calks. The heavier breed of horses, used for
teaming and hauling heavy loads, are compelled to

RESULTS FROM CALKING.

twist, turn and back up, when they frequently tread
upon their mate, or upon their own feet, inflicting
injuries of a somewhat severe character. In fact, any
horse wearing sharp calks, is hable to tramp upon and
injure either itself or another horse. Some horses while

202 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

standing in the stable, rest with one hind foot upon and
immediately in front of the other foot. These horses
are liable to calk themselves at any time.

CALKING.

Treatment:—When horses rest one foot upon the
other, a circular boot should be worn when in the sta-

ble, extending out four inches from the ankle, which
will prevent calking. If the wound is not deep and
there is little if any soreness, fill it with tar or vaseline.
But where the wound is deep and there is great sore-
ness, with considerable inflammation and suppuration,

hot poultices should be applied for a few days. Benefi-

cial results will be produced by sprinkling powdered
saltpetre upon the poultice before applying it. After-
wards apply—
Sulphate of Iron........-- half ounce.
Whe herrea oy ay (stantial ae case oOne (pint... Mix,
Use three times a day.

Or tincture benzoin compound may be applied twice:

daily, with advantage. If the wound is deep between
the horn and skin in front of the foot, cut away the

detached horn and continue to apply either of the above

remedies.

CONTRACTED HEELS.

Contracted heels or hoof-bound, is a very common
disease among horses in cities. They are generally kept

upon hard, dry floors and the feet do not receive the

—<— satons Ses

CONTRACTED HEELS. E03;

necessary amount of moisture to keep the hoofs soft and
pliable. When the hoof becomes dry and hard, it hasa
natural tendency from the conformation of the foot, to
draw inward, and the continued inward pressure, causes
‘a wasting away or shrinking of the soft tissues of the foot.

CONTRACTED HEELS FROM BAD
SHOEING.

The fore feet are mostly liable to this affection, although
it may occur in a hind foot. Usually, only one foot at
a time is affected. When both feet are attacked, one
foot is worse than the other. Sometimes only one heel
is contracted and when this is the case, it is generally
the inner one.

Causes:—One of the common causes of contracted
heels, is a want of knowledge of the structure of the
foot, on the part of the horseshoers. They become
entirely too free with the knife and rasp. The frog,
heels and bars are cut away, the walls are rasped too
much, high calks are put on and the nails driven too
close to the heels. Another common cause is the
removing of horses from pasture lands, where they

204 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

receive moisture and daily exercise, and shipping them
to cities, where they are apt to be placed on hard, dry
floors. The feet become fevered on account of the
change, the horn becomes dry and hard, the soft tissues
gradually waste away and contraction is the result.
Contraction is sometimes an accompaniment to other
diseases, as ring bone, side bones, thrush, corns, navic-
ular disease, sprains of the tendons, ete.

Symptoms :—The hoof becomes dry and hard, and
loses its circular shape. The heels are higher and nar-
rower, the sole is greatly concaved; the freg is greatly
shrunken and cramped between the narrow heels. The
bottom of the foot is smaller than at the hair, the heels
are often ridged and scaly, with deep fissures running
up between the quarters. In the first stages there is no
lameness, but great uneasiness is observed, manifesting
itself by the frequent shifting from one foot to the
other. The animal will stumble considerably, espe-
elally when driven on hard, rough roads. When first
brought out of the stable, there will be stiffness, and in-
clination to walk upon the toe, but after being driven
a while, it will warm up and go with quite a free
action. The toes of the shoes wear down very quickly
‘and when the shoes are removed and the bottom of the
foot pared, a dry mealy substance is observed where the
sole and wall come together. When the disease is of
long standing, lameness is present.

Treatment :—Preventive measures are much more
effectual than curative ones. The feet should be kept
moist, either by bathing or standing for a few hours
daily upon some moist substance, as moist saw-dust, or
a ground floor. Any of the parrafine ointments applied
to both wall and sole two or three times a week, are
very beneficial. One of the best remedies to keep the

CONTRACTED HEELS. 205

foot soft, is crude oil applied to both wall and sole twice
a week but it should not be applied up against the hair.
The rasp should not be used upon the wall to any ex-
tent and the knife should not be applied to the frog,
heels and bars. Level the heels down with the rasp, if
necessary, and if there are loose pieces extending from
the sole, remove them. Avoid putting calks on shoes
except when absolutely necessary. Make the shoe the
shape of the foot and not the foot the shape of the shoe.
The shoes should be reset once a month and the feet
will not become cramped nor grow too long. As to the
cure of the disease, when it does exist, there is a great
diversity of opinion. There are a great many shoes and
other contrivances invented for the spreading of the
heels, all of which may be of some value if properly
and persistently used. About as good a course of treat-
ment as can be employed, is to poultice the foot until
softened, then pare it down well and lower the heels;
put a half shoe (commonly called a tip) on the toe of
the foot; leave it the usual thickness in front but taper
the ends of the shoe down to a thin edge, then take a
rasp and commence just below the hair to file the wall
very thin, gradually sloping down to the bottom of the
foot, where it should be left its natural thickness.
When this has been done, apply around the coronet,

Powd. Cantharides.......one drachm.
Wiagplamer eating) cuneate aie one ounce. Mix.

Apply and wash off the next day. Grease with lard
for a couple of days and then turn out to pasture.
Leave in pasture for three or four months and about
every two weeks apply the ointment. If the case is not
of too long standing, a complete cure may be expected,
but in those old chronic cases, where the frog is almost
obliterated, the sole greatly concaved, with extreme

206 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

wasting of the soft tissues of the foot, treatment is al-
most useless, and the animal had best be put out of its
misery.

KNEE SPRUNG.

Knee sprung in reality is not a disease but is often
the result of disease. In a perfectly formed hmb, a
line drawn from the elbow to the fetlock will touch the
limb its entire length, but when the knees are sprung,

KNEE SPRUNG.

a line drawn from these points will pass at varying dis-
tances behind the knees, presenting a bowed appear-
ance of the limb. Slight bending of the knee may be
congenital; the colt being foaled with this deformity,
may grow up and continue through hfe and yet not be
considered a knee-sprung animal.

Causes:—One of the most frequent causes is too
much driving before the animal has matured or received

KNEE SPRUNG. 207

age sufficient to stand the work; or by hauling very
heavy loads with young horses, but continuous hauling
of heavy loads will cause a weakness and sprung knees
in horses of any age. Sprain and injury of the back,
tendons or suspensory ligament, if not properly treated,
is most certain to be followed by sprung knees. Sore
feet, soreness in the knee joint, sore shins or any dis-
ease of the limb from the knee down, causing continued
lameness whereby the animal rests the heel, will cause
knee sprung, by the gradual contraction of the back
tendons and ligaments.

Treatment:—When occuring in young horses from
overwork or fast driving, if the case is not of too long
standing, give absolute rest and use a stimulating lini-
ment, as—

Tincture Cantharides.....four ounces.
Ort Tur pentimes'-i.15, 3-56 Feye' ¢ two ounces.
VAC OEOU hs ROR ETE Ma ae two ounces. Mix.

Apply twice daily with smart friction down the back
of the limb, both above and below the knees, or,

Powd. Cantharides..... four drachms.
Wrageltime(.sc% dagen antes two ounces. Mix.

Cut off the hair and apply along the back tendons,
and in twenty-four hours wash off and grease every day
with lard. While the medicine is on, tie the horse so
he cannot bite it. Repeat every two weeks until three
or four applications have been made. If there is thick-
ening of the back tendons, use the latter prescription.
The animal should rest fora few months and during
that time it may be turned out to pasture. With this
trouble, the danger of recurrence must be borne in mind
for it is always liable to occur again. If it arises from
other causes, see treatment for those ailments. In old,

‘

208 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

chronic cases, but lhttle can be done. Sometimes the
operation of tenotomy or cutting the tendons, may be
performed, which see under head of ‘‘Sprain of the
Flexor Tendons. ”’

SAND CRACKS.

Sand cracks or quarter cracks most frequently comes
from concussion, or from driving at a high rate of speed
over rough roads, horses whose feet have weak walls, or
whose feet have been weakened by rasping; also from
ill-fitting shoes with uneven bearings; excessive dry-

Vi “fy
Vy

QUARTER OR SAND CRACK.

ness; also changing from damp to dry places, from tak-
ing horses from pasture and stabling them on hard, dry
floors; from jumping, calk wounds, etc. The cracks in-
variably begin at the coronet and extend downward,
sometimes into the quick, causing lameness and _ bleed-
ing. Sometimes fungus growths will spring out of the
crack near the coronet.

Treatment :—If sand crack appears in a strong footed
horse, I would advise clinching with a nail or clasp, to

CORONITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE CORONET. 209

hold the wall firmly together. But if in a weak footed
horse, as it almost invariably is, commence at the coro-
net and cut the edges of the crack its full length, so
they will not rub together. Then cut transversely
(crosswise) at the coronet about three-quarters of an
inch to each side of the crack to the quick, and apply
a bar shoe, with even pressure all around. If the quar-
ter is cracked all the way down to the shoe, you may
take the bearing off from that quarter. Blhsters ap-
plied around the coronet will now act beneficially. Use
the following :

GHveOmet ee, Cte bee four ounces.
Pe Ue Wawa ony 3 Cy 0 gee Bere ee two ounces,
Tr. Cantharides...........two ounces. Mix.

Apply every three or four days. Also keep the en-
tire hoof softened by painting it with crude oil two or
three times a week. If a fungus growth springs out,
cut it off and touch with nitrate of silver, or,

Chloride Ames 3. ooo, four drachms.
oft OW BteL le lec ouieeuie ce CAMOLOUTICER. ET:

Apply as often as you deem it necessary.

CORONITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE CORONETP.

Inflammation of the coronet, with suppuration, is
not infrequently met with in this country, and in many
instances is caused by frost bites. A great many horses
are abused by being compelled to stand out-doors dur-
ing the excessively cold weather which prevails during
the winter season; and frequently we see cases of coro-
nitis during that season. Coronitis may also be caused
by standing in filthy stables or by bruises. But from
whatever cause, this disease is of a serious character.

210 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Symptoms :—There will be noticed a peculiar shuffling
or sliding lameness; there will be bulging of the coro-
net, fever around the coronet and a tendency of the tis-
sue to break and slough.

Treatment :—The treatment must be constitutional as
well as local. Give the following physic,

Powd.: Aloes.cy 2.2 vinsie ok OMELOUNCE.

Powd. Ginger......... -.-.one drachm. Mix.
Give at one dose. , Also

Nitrate of Potassium .... three ounces.

Powd. Nux Vomica A Gani ang 6 one ounce.

Bi-Carbonate of Soda......two ounces. Mix.

Make fifteen powders and give two powders each
day. The local treatment consists in washing the coro-
net thoroughly with castile soap and hot water, pencil-
ing the sores with nitrate of silver every third day and
applying twice daily,

Vaseline.......%. vee) eiie so bWOOUN CES:
Salycilic Acid...... .....two drachms.
Sulphate of Zinc..........one drachm. Mix.

Or;
COPPELaBy since oes ais aes 6), PON OUDEE,
Carbolic Acid...........-six drachms.
Soft Water. 20 ..s CRASS teed utes one pint. Mix.
Apply twice daily, or paint every day with muriate
of iron or tincture iodine.

NAVICULAR DISEASES, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS.

This disease consists in inflammation and alteration
of the structures entering into the formation of the cof-
fin joint. It is generally seen in horses that are used as
roadsters, or on the track. It may be caused by hard
driving, picking up nails, by nails being driven into the

inti esis is

NAVICULAR DISEASE, OR COFFIN JOINT LAMENESS. 211

quick near the coffin joint, by bad shoeing, as uneven

bearings, or contraction at the heel; by wearing the
shoes too long and too much pressure upon the soles, by

NAVICULAR BONE DISEASED.

gravel working into the foot, by strain of the flexor ten-
don where it passes over the joint; also by concussions,
bruises, or by standing too long in the stable.

ty y
Hy)

NAVICULAR BONE HEALTHY.

Symptoms :—Pointing of one or both fore feet; if one
foot only be affected it will be held in front of the other
and rest only upon the toe; if both are affected, the
animal will change from one foot to the other and point
alternately. There will be an inclination to stumble
when first driven, but as the animal is warmed up, it
will travel much better. The animal travels with a
stumbling gait, the front part of the shoes being worn
down when the heels of the shoes will be almost as good
asnew. This may go on for some time before the lame-
ness becomes a prominent symptom. Afterwards will
be fever in the heels, with more or less contraction of
the hoofs at the heels, and a dryness throughout the foot,
with lameness now as a prominent symptom.

919 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment:—When first noticed, take off the shoes
and turn the horse out to pasture on swampy ground, or
fix up a stall with a clay floor, softened with water, and
keep the patient standing there through the day. Dur-
ing the night, poultice the feet with flaxseed till you re-
duce the fever; then you may insert a frog seaton; or
blister around the coronet with,

Cantharides.............two drachms.
Waseltne cc. irc raat one ounce. Mix.

Apply every two weeks and keep the animal on
damp pastures for three or four months, if possible.

Or you may use—

Tincture Cantharides..... two ounces.
Aqua Ammonia-...).....: two ounces.
Sweet One ei em eles bathe four ounces. Mix.

Apply once daily for two or three weeks.

The treatment of navicular disease is generally
unsatisfactory; but, if the foregoing fails, neurotomy is
the final resort. This may be performed either by the
high or the low operation. The high operation consists
in cutting out a piece of the plantar nerve, just below
the knee. The lower operation is cutting out a piece
of the plantar nerve, at the pastern, between the fet-
lock and the foot. As the nervous communication is
cut off, the lameness ceases, although the disease con-
tinues unabated. Nevertheless, to say the least, it is a
humane operation.

WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE.

Wounds from barbed wire may be placed among the
worst classes of injuries with which we have to deal.
They are usually caused by horses running into a fence
constructed of barbed wire. The skin is lacerated and
torn and very frequently the muscles are divided and

WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE. 913

torn in a frightfwl way, the injury depending greatly
upon the force and manner in which the animal comes
in contact with the wire. It is quite a common occur-
rence, to see the skin and flesh of a foreleg torn across
at the forearm to the bone, and the bone exposed fron.
here down to the knee, or to see the skin lacerated and

WOUNDS FROM BARBED WIRE.

torn around the hocks, and the tendons and ligaments
exposed, also deep and serious injuries around the fet-
locks and feet. Im wounds of this kind, the loss of
blood, as a rule, is not very great, the blood vessels
becoming torn and twisted and thus preventing the
flow of blood.

Treatment :-—First examine the wound very carefully
and remove all dirt, splinters, or barbs from the wire,
should any be found in the wound, then should blood be
found flowing from any of the vessels, they should be
picked up and tied. If itis found difficult to do this,
take a needle—any ordinary sewing needle will answer
—and pass it through the flesh close to the blood vessel
on both sides of it, then tie it tightly around the vessel.
The small amount of flesh thus tied with the blood
vessel, will do no harm. If the wound is not very
large, it may be stitched together, but rarely if ever,
are stitches to be used in wounds of this kind. The

214 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

surrounding tissues become so weakened and torn that
the stitches will not hold, and only tend to irritate
instead of assisting in holding the parts together. It is
best to get the portions together as closely as possible
and secure them in this position with bandages or stick-
ing plaster. If the sticking plaster is used, shave the
hair close to the skin so the plaster will hold, always
leaving an opening for the exit of pus. When the skin is
torn in shreds, the pieces may just as well be cut off, as
they will not heal and will only slough off if left alone.
If there is much swelling, frequent applications of hot
water should be used until the swelling subsides; after-
wards it will not be necessary to use hot water, except
to wash off any matter that may accumulate. The
wounds may be dressed with any of the following:

Suman ead pete eon four drachms.

Sulphate Zine...,,./. 2. four drachms.

WW atern fcc aac ole melee s one guart. Mix.
Apply twice daily, or,

Carbolie Acide nos. cele half ounce.

Soh Wisktere sic eu atone cece one pint. Mix.
Or,

Carbolicv Acids) sto scien es half ounce.

Raw Linseed Oil........ eight ounces. Mix.

Apply morning and evening. Or an excellent heal-
ing powder may be used if any unhealthy granulations
called proud flesh, arise, as,

Powe - Admirer sien ce eight ounces.
Tedeterma ce taitiee eee, eek one ounce. Mix.

Apply twice daily. Should any symptoms of fever
arise, give half ounce of saltpetre twice daily, and feed
upon soft diet. Keep the patient tied, so that it cannot
bite the sore. If the wound is very bad, it is sometimes
necessary to place the animal in slings.

SPLINT. 215
SPLINT.

Splint is a bony elargement seen most frequently on
the inner side of the fore limbs, between the knee and
lower third of the cannon bone. It is occasionally seen
on the outer side of the fore limbs, as well as upon the
hind limbs between the hock and pasterns. It varies
considerably- in size, from that of a small butternut

SPLINT AND SMALL WIND GALL.

down to a grain of corn, but the small nodule which is
always found two-thirds the distance down the cannon
bone from the knee, should not be mistaken for splint,
as it is the natural development of the small cannon
bone. There are three cannon bones in each leg, one
large and two small ones, situated between the knee
and fetlock and hock and fetlock. The splint occupies
a position between the large and small cannon bones,
sometimes extending entirely across the back part of
the large bone, beneath the suspensory ligament.” In

914 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

this condition, permanent lameness may be looked for.
The regular splint frequently causes lameness while
growing, but after becoming hard, rarely causes any
annoyance, remaining only as an eyesore.

Causes: —The most common cause is too hard
work, or too hard driving before the animal has fully
matured. In the young animal, these bones articulate
with a very limited movement and if strained or over-
taxed, splint is formed. In older animals, these bones
become united and it requires greater force to tear
them apart so as toset up an inflammatory action result-
ing in splint. But there are other causes, as running,
jumping, slipping, kicks, bruises to the bone, in fact
anything that will sprain the hgamentous attachments
of the large and small cannon bones. When splints are
caused by bruises, they may appear anywhere on the
bone.

Symptoms :—In the earlier stages, there will be lame-
ness; as observed when the animal is trotting, the limb
will be carried with an outward swing, accompanied by
a very low nodding of the head, but while the animal
is walking, the lameness will scarcely be perceptible,
except when the splint is close up to the knee affecting
the knee joint. Then lameness may be observed while
the animal is walking. By bending the leg and press-
ing quite heavily along the bones, tenderness will be
observed. Later on, by passing the hand down along
the bone, an enlargement will be felt. When the
enlargement is an inch or more below the knee, it sel-
dom amounts to much, but if close to the knee so as to
affect the joint, it frequently causes permanent
lameness. ;

Treatment :—In many instances it is advisable to let
it alone, but if they are quite tender and feverish, use
sonic mild lotion, as,

SORE SHINS. DAL

Witchhazel..:...........+: SIX, ounces.
Tineture Arnica. .|...s6. one ounce:
PTC a WTMTIING yopad eeu ahah one ounce. Mix.

Apply three times a day, after bathing with cold
water. After the fever and soreness have been reduced
and the animal still remains lame, use a blister, as,

Red Iodide Mercury...... one drachm.
amin Tidee easels wo enero: one drachm.
Waiselineioi AON ahha, one ounce. Mix.

Make two or three applications, allowing a week to
intervene between each application. Then allow two or
three weeks rest, if possible. If lameness and soreness
upon pressure is great, the trouble lies under the cover-
ing of the bone; a small opening made with a small
blade of a knife, cutting through the covering immedi-
ately over the lump, will relieve the tension. Treat as
above specified.

SORE SHINS.

This is an affection of the cannon bones in the fore
legs of young horses, and is mostly seen in race horses
and trotting horses under four years old. It is caused
by the amount of hard work they are forced to perform
when their bones are as yet unable to stand it. The
bones do not become fully developed until the age of
five or six years, and if subjected to hard training while
in the state of development, they are unable to stand
the shocks and concussions caused by severe and contin-
ued speeding. Sore shins may include the entire bone
but generally affect only the anterior part of the lower
third thereof. It is also caused by kicks either from
the attendant or from other horses; or by grooms
becoming vexed while currying over the shins and hit-

218 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ting them three with the edge of the curry comb,
because the animal is restless from pain.

Symptoms :—If in the thoroughbred, lameness will be
observed after a gallop; if in one leg, that foot will be
placed in front of the other, or pointing. If occurring
in both legs, the animal will be restless, shifting its.
weight from one leg to the other. An animal affected
in this manner, acts sore and moves with a short, stiff,
stilty gait. The parts are very sensitive when pressed.
upon. There is more or less swelling along the bone,.
which at first is soft and doughy upon pressure; after a
time it becomes hard, like bone. The soreness may
extend the entire length of the bone, but if caused by
an injury, it may be confined to the injured portion
alone, and also as a usual thing, soreness arising from
overwork, settles in the lower third of the bone, just
above the fetlock joint.

Treatment :—When the lamenesss is first noticed,
bathe the parts with cold water for half an hour to an
hour at a time, three times a day. Immediately after
apply,

Spts. Chloroform... 2...... two ounces.
AWA ATUN hls eee ee two ounces.
ie GARNICR Leck cpt are eins two ounces.
Whitehiazelys uch ee. aie ten ounces. Mix.

Apply a loose bandage and moisten it occasionally
with this liniment. Continue in this manner until the
soreness disappears completely, then, if necessary, ap-
ply a few blisters, allowing ten days to two weeks to
intervene between each application. The following will
suffice :

Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm.
Cantharides.............two drachms.
Vaseline or Dard (2°25). 0.4 two ounces. Mix.

a ae

WIND GALLS—WIND PUFFS. 219

Apply with smart friction. In twenty-four hours
wash off, and grease daily with lard, until another ap-
plication of the blister is made, after which grease as
before. Absolute rest is imperative and a complete
restoration of the parts may be effected in a few weeks,
without the use of blisters. Bad cases, however, will
need the blisters and continued rest for several months.
The constitutional treatment consists of a physic, given
at the outset, of,

Barbadoes Aloes...........one ounce.
Gentian ste syrah. twodrachms. Mix.

Give at one dose, in half pint of water. Feed on
soft food and give a teaspoonful of powdered saltpetre
twice daily.

WIND GALLS—WIND PUFFS.

This disease consists of dilated bursee situated at the
back part of the limbs, at the fetlock joint, or immedi-

WIND GALL.

ately above the joint. They are more often seen on the
hind than on the fore limbs and are usually caused from
over exertion and sprains. They appear as soft tumors
of various sizes, being somewhat tense, when the animal

22) DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

stands firmly upon the afflicted limb. They are usually
painless and seldom cause lameness, but if an inflamma-
tory action takes place, they become painful and lame-
ness results. They may swell so large as to interfere
with the action of the tendon, thus causing lameness, or
sometimes they change their condition and become cal-
cified or bonelike, then lameness will follow, although
this condition is seldom seen.

Treatment.—When they first appear, bathing with
cold water and bandaging, will keep them under con-
trol, followed with a few applications daily of tincture
of iodine. If they do not yield to this treatment, use
the following blister:

Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm.
Powd. Cantharides....... one drachm.
WRBOLINO eee ERE eG two ounces. Mix.

Cut off the hair and apply with smart friction.
Allow it to remain on for twenty-four hours, then wash
off and grease every day for five days, when apply again.
Use in this manner until four applications have been
made, or,

Cottonseed Oil............ five ounces.
Croton Oilee ae eo se ten drachms.
Oil Camphor ji. psu three drachms.
OirliMurpentine siete Se five drachms.
Oil Origanum..one and a-half drachms.
Coa Oi a see longs ae h ten drachms.
Sulphurie: Acids iss 22s 2. half drachm. Mix.

Apply once a day with smart friction, until thor-
oughly blistered; apply a little hogs’ lard for a few
days, then repeat the liniment. The treatment of wind
galls is sometimes a little unsatisfactory, as they will
often reappear.

SWELLED LEGS—STOCKING—ODEMA. 221
SWELLED LEGS—STOCKING—ODEMA.

This is more of a symptom than a disease and is fre-
quently the result of defective kidneys, liver or heart,
weak circulation, or lymphatic irritation from standing
upon a hard floor, without exercise, etc.

Symptoms :— When the animal is at work or turned
out to pasture, there will be little or no swelling; when
standing in the stable, the lower part of the limbs will

SWELLED LEGS.

become swollen, but the swelling will disappear upon
exercise. The animal will apparently be enjoying ex-
cellent health, pulse normal and appetite good, yet
swelling of the limbs every morning.

Treatment :—If from standing upon the hard floor,
change to a dirt floor, and if from want of exercise and
you have no work for the animal, turn into a vacant Ict,
for a few hours each day. Give some tonic to tone up

222 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

the system as well as medicines to operate upon the
kidneys, as,

Sulphate of Tron. 23. .5)§ os. two ounces.
(Juinine Sulphate.......four drachms.
Gontiane 1 oe we ene one ounce. Mix.

Make sixteen powders. Give two powders each
day, or,

Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces.
Powe INwx ViomiGan kaise one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give two powders each day.
Frequent hand rubbings of the swollen parts, with a few
applications of witchhazel, will be found to be very
beneficial.

COCKED ANKLES, OR KNUCKLING.

Causes :—All kinds of heavy work and hard pulling,
especially on hilly roads, or not being properly shod and

KNUCKLING OVER, OR COCKED ANKLES.

pulling and shipping on smooth pavements; also fast
driving upon hard roads or race tracks. It is most fre-
quently seen in horses with-very straight pasterns, and
especially in the hind pasterns of horses somewhat ad-

COCKED ANKLE, OR KNUCKLING. 223

vanced in years. It is also produced by disease or
sprain of the suspensory ligament, and by shortening of
the tendons at the back of the leg, as well as diseases of
the fetlock joint. Many young foals knuckle over so
badly, that they walk upon their pasterns for a short
time, but as the muscles, ligaments and tendons gain a
little strength, they adapt themselves to their functions
and force the joints to their place.

Treatment :—In the case of young foals, it is seldom
necessary to interfere, as in a few days or weeks they
will straighten themselves. Butif they walk over on
the pastern joint and do not straighten themselves ina
few days, take some rubber hose or belting padded with
cotton batting or wool, and make a brace to extend
from the foot to the knee, fasten it on, with the leg per-
fectly straight but do not tie too tightly; allow it to
remain for a week or ten days, examining frequently to
see that it does not chafe the leg and as soon as the colt
will stand straight, remove it. When knuckling occurs
in young horses, from fast driving upon hard roads, re-
move the shoes, then apply a few blisters from below
the knees behind the legs, down around the fetlock, and
turn out to pasture. You may use either a liquid blis-
ter or a salve; either of the following will suffice:

Spts.. Turpentine... 0.55.5 two ounces.
AGua AMMOnias wae iw os: two ounces.
ive Ov. soe eee four ounces. Mix.
Or,
Mil Cada. waco teen ba half ounce.
Oi Tansy inset Choice rls se half ounce.
WOilrbentlockes a) faerie cate. half ounce.
Oily Wormwood ) 2s iis. oe A. half ounce.
Alleoholisnd oo. oi ace, oe os. ten ouncess | Mix.

Apply morning and evening for a week or ten
days. Or,

224 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Powdered Cantharides..four drachms.
Waselaimers cy cima: Ata two ounces. Mix.

Apply every four days with smart friction, until
three or four applications have been made; then grease
every day with hog’s lard until healed, or use the firing
iron which should only be attempted by a qualified sur-
gveon. When kKnuckling has become chronic, relieve the
tendons by proper shoeing, which is best done by rais-
ing the heels and lowering the toe. For the hind feet,
a long heel shoe with high calks answers best.

SIDE-BONES.

This consists in solidification or ossification of the
lateral cartilages, situated on either side of the foot just
above the heel. It may be caused by shoeing with too
high calks, by pricks of nails, by corns, by uneven shoe-
ing, by cutting away the bars of the foot, by bruises to
the heels or soles of the feet, causing a deep irritation
or inflammation.

Symptoms :—Lameness, with short, stilty gait anda
want of elasticity in movement. On pressing upon the
cartilage on either side of the heel, you will find it hard
and unyielding, instead of soft and phable; and the
pressure will cause pain. Sidebones are almost always
found in the heavy breed of horses. Whether in heavy
or hght horses, it is considered an unsoundness.

Treatment :—The treatment consists in absolute rest,
and shoeing with a bar shoe. If lameness continues,
blister with—

Cantharides's) t.)-\.\" 2%): .two drachms.
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm.
Vaseline..... one and one-half ounces. Mix.

CURB. pps)

Apply every five or six days until four applications
have been made. If that should fail, use the firing
iron and blister immediately. If this fail, perform neu-
rotomy by cutting out the plantar nerve.

CURB.

This disease is always seen at the posterior aspect of
the hock and consists of a sprain of the caleaneo cuboid
ligament, or sprain of the tendon which passes down
the back part of the hock, or one of its sheaths or cov-

CURB.

erings. It is generally caused by horses jumping and
rearing, by backing up violently, or by slipping. It
sometimes appears as a small very hard nodule; or it
may be very large and soft, with heat and tenderness,
and more or less lameness. The lameness does not
depend upon the size of the curb. Sometimes the curb
is very large with no lameness; at other times it is very
small with considerable lameness present. Sometimes
it is congenital, and in such cases it is not an unsound-

226 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

ness. It is best observed by standing over it and look-
ing straight down the hind leg, from the point of the

CURB.

hock to the fetlock, which should present a straight line,
but when a curb is present you will observe the
enlargement about three or four inches down from the
point of the hock.

Treatment:—First and foremost—rest. Apply high-
heeled shoes, hot fomentations and a liniment com-
posed of—

Alicoholi2aun. Mee acdsee OU OUNGeS:
Pinct:Lodime kee. sek) two ounces.
Witchhazell cs ees 02 tay GUNMe es. oie

Apply after bathing. If this fail to remove, apply—
Tine. Myrrh et Capsicum..eight ounces.
Red Iodide Mercury.....two drachms.

Iodide Potassium........ two drachms. Mix.
Apply after bathing with hot water, or,
Powd. Cantharides...:..: one drachm.

Red Iodide of Mercury... one drachm.
Vaseline. caus. Bea Na .... one ounce. Mix.

CAPPED HOCK. Dae

Apply once a week until four or five applications have
been made. Sometimes it is necessary to use the firing
iron; when such is the case, use the sharp pointed or
needle iron and fire quite deep, after which apply the
above blister. Sometimes a curb can be removed by
friction. Takea bone or smooth piece of hard wood and
rub the curb thoroughly once or twice a day, and in the
course of time, a small curb will disappear.

CAPPED HOCK.

This consists of a serious abscess, situated on the point
of the hock, between the skin and tendons in areolar
tissue. It is generally caused by the horse kicking the
point of the hock against some hard substance, or by

CAPPED HOCK.

bruises on the point of the hock. The size varies from
that of a walnut to that of a good, large bowl. The
abscess is soft and fluctuating. It seldom causes any
lameness, but in rare instances it does.

228 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Treatment :—First of all prevent the cause; if from
kicking in the stable, which it generally is, change the
patient to a stall where it cannot injure itself. Then
apply high heeled shoes, and foment with hot water un-
til the inflammation subsides. Then open with a lancet
from below and allow the serum toescape. Afterwards
inject tincture of iodine into the sack and apply a cold
bandage; if thought necessary, repeat in two or three
days. If it heals up and there is no serum accumula
ting, but just a slight thickening of the parts, apply,

Rectified Spirits..........four ounces.
Tineture Todine <:.)..¢-0:4. two ounces.
Watchhazelinte: At. cn eck two ounces. Mix.

Foment with hot water and apply the liniment

twice daily; or,

re TOGING.. eee oeide eae b WO OUNCES
Oilblemlocken cankawinncaes half ounce.
Onl} Wormwood sche seb: ete: half ounce.
OweOrig amu (25d oy one ounce.
Milcoholeee. a. cer pat AS EUR et four ounces. Mix.

Foment with hot water and apply twice daily.
Have plenty of patience and perseverance as the com-
plete removal is sometimes very obstinate.

THOROUGH PIN.

This is a disease of the sheath of the flexor perforans
tendons, and is usually caused by a sprain. It some-
times causes considerable lameness; at other times the
lameness will be very slight, and, possibly, none at all.
This tendon plays down the back part of the hock to the
inside of the os calsis or point of the hock, and any
sprain or irritation may cause an extra secretion within
the sheath of the tendon and a bulging out on each side
of the back part of the hock, in the hollow or gambrel

THOROUGH PIN. 229

space. Itis usually a soft, fluctuating tumor and if
pressed on one side, will cause a greater enlargement on
the other side.

oY)
THOROUGH PIN.

Treatment :—If there is lameness, give absolute rest
and apply hot fomentations fora few days. Then blis-
ter with,

Waseline's sce tre ee ste one ounce.

Ganthabides’:... 08 44k ene one drachm.

Red Iodide Mercury..one-half drachm. Mix.
Or apply,

Tincture Myrrh...........four ounces.

Oapsletiim (225 5703 -.-... four ounces.

Iodide of Potassium......one drachm. Mix.
Or,

Cotton Seed Oil... . ..four ounces.

CropomeQye ey E Hae .....one ounce.

Oil Camphor:s:., (2... ..... two drachms.

Oil Turpentine..........four drachms.

Or @Oirermarrinnaats i ahve Poe ho one ounce.

WoaleOnlee eet cad er aoa - -one ounce.

Sulphuric Acid...........forty drops. Mix.

2380 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Apply once daily with smart friction. If this should
fail to remove it and the lameness has subsided, leave
it alone unless it be a valuable horse. Then, if the
swelling is great, open it and allow the fluid to escape,
afterwards injecting tincture of iodine into the sack,
until you are satisfied the sack is destroyed. Then keep
cold water running over the hock, or apply a sponge on
either side of the hock and keep it wet with cold water
to keep control of the swelling; and keep this up until
the swelling subsides. Immediately after opening give

physic,
Powd: Aloese (soy senieds i © One Ounce:
Powe: Ginger oe ar: v.4 one drachm. Mix.
Give at one dose. Feed on soft feed and give,
SalGpetre: ip ee ieee skye four ounces.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda......two ounces.
Glauber Salts..:...........one pound. Mix.

Give two tablespoonfuls two or three times a day.
It will take about three months to effect a cure. If the
limb swells very much and the patient does not he down,
place slings under it to give rest and relieve the other
leg.

TUMORS.

Tumors belong to a class of diseases known as hyper-
trophies or enlargements, and should not be confounded
with inflammatory exudations. Tumors constantly
grow or increase in size independent of the surrounding
tissues, with the exception that they derive their nour-
ishment from the blood, whilst an inflammatory exuda-
tion depends on a morbid state of the parts, and
increases as long as the morbid state continues, then
decreases to a greater or less extent. Tumors are di-

INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS. QS

vided into several kinds or classes. But to speak of
them separately is quite unnecessary ina work of this
kind. We will treat of them in a general sense or take up
those which are most frequently met with in veterinary
practice. These are fibroid, fatty, cystic and cancerous
tumors. Any of these tumors may be seen on almost
any part of the animal, and for the removal of them,
such remedies as iodine, mercury and stimulating em-
brocations, are used with more or less success. The
best mode of disposing of them, is to dissect them out
and afterwards treat them as an ordinary wound. (See
wounds.) Should a fibrous tumor make its appearance
in the nostrils in the form of a nasal polypus, it may be
removed by an ecraseur, an instrument of French in-
vention for removing excresences; or you may take a
small iron with an eye in the end of it, fasten a heavy
cord through it, and slip it up over the tumor until vou
have reached the top of it, then commence twisting and
continue until you have twisted it off; pull the tumor
out and you have completed your work.

INCISED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS.

An incised wound is the result of a cut from any
sharp instrument. If an artery or vein cut, it should be
taken up and tied. Then wash out any dirt that may
have accumulated and bring the edges of the wound
together, and fasten with stiches. This may be done
by using a curved needle and white linen or silk thread,
or catgut sutures. The best mode is by the interrupted
suture, viz.: by taking stitches one-half to three-fourths
of an inch apart, tying a knot at each stitch and cutting
the ends about one-half inch long. Afterwards apply
Friar’s balsam, or—

232 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

WeAS@NnG™ seats cach ots enete one ounce.

GarbolicZAcid sj2.) << 2 one-half drachm. Mix.
Or,

Carbolic Acid= 4. 3225. one-half ounce.

Raw Linseed Oil........ eight ounces. Mix.

Apply once or twice daily. Should the stitch break

out, the wound will heal by granulation. When this
occurs bathe with tepid water and castile soap occasion-
ally,and apply twice daily the following:

Fowd: -Adtmies ie as ae four ounces.
Poo tora. eevee sate crete erage es one ounce. Mix.

Use sparingly.

Contused wounds are those where the tissues are
bruised or torn, and always require a careful and thor-
ough examination, for fear some foreign body may be
lodged deeply within them. This, if not removed, will
be a constant source of irritation and thus prevent the
wound from healing. After all foreign bodies are re-
moved, wash out thoroughly and stitch the edges of the
wound together as best you can, then if possible, bandage
below the wound to assist in bringing and holding it
together. As these wounds always heal by granulation,
begin at once to use compound tincture of benzoin, or,

Sulphate of Zinc........ four drachms.

Sugar of Leade ica seh aie. five drachms.

Saito ater nilecce eelsijuorns sole one pint. Mix.
Or,

Powis sAllermic i ahs cietiieare be four ounces.

Todotormah saree wees. one ounce. Mix.

Apply morning and evening. If it suppurates much,
wash with hot water and castile soap. Occasionally an
enlargement or inflammatory exudation is thrown out,
sometimes called ‘‘ proud flesh.’? When this happens,

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH. 233

touch every third day with nitrate of silver, or burnt
alum, until it disappears. If any portion of the skin
becomes detached or fails to heal up, cut it off with a
knife.

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.

Sometimes from various causes, the teeth of a horse
become very irregular. I have seen the molar teeth of
a horse serrated like the teeth of a saw, so that they
fitted nicely together. Such animals could not grind
their hay, and had to be fed altogether on soft food.
The upper jaw is always a little wider than the other,
just enough to fetch the molars. nicely together. But
sometimes the upper jaw is so wide that the teeth do
not come together, consequently there is an irregular
rrowth. At other times the surface of one tooth is
harder than that ofits fellow on the opposite jaw; the
result is that one tooth grows long and its opposite is
worn away. In such cases the projecting tooth should
be cut off. I remember seeing a horse six years old,
belonging toa Mr. Butler, near Spencerville, Indiana,
almost dead from starvation, though it had plenty of
hay and grain in the manger. The cause was irregular
teeth. The horse was so poor it could not stand, and so
weak that it could not raise its head, and was in fact,
dying when I put it out of its misery. Had I seen the
horse before it became so weak as to be unable to stand
an operation on its teeth or to eat afterwards, it might
have been saved.

When the teeth become irregular so tha sharp cor-
ners lacerate the tongue or cheeks, they should be
rasped off with a guarded rasp. Any person can do
this with a little care. The surface of the teeth should
never be rasped smooth; as the horse has to grind his
food, the teeth should be rough.

234 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

TOOTHACHE—DECAY, OR CARIES OF THE TEETH.

Decay of the teeth is generally caused by blows, by
biting hard substances, such as nails; or from food
becoming lodged between the teeth, or between the
cheeks and teeth.

Symptoms :—An excessive flow from the mouth ofa
saliva, very ropy in consistency ; intense pain, exhibited
when the tooth is struck by an instrument, by redness
and swelling of the gums; by dropping of half-chewed
food from the mouth, by the presence of whole grain in
the manure, by suddenly stopping while chewing food,
throwing the head to one side and slightly opening the
mouth; also by suddenly stopping and throwing the
head to one side when drinking cold water. Other
symptoms, are unthrifty appearance of the animal;
rough staring coat, weakness and emaciation, with pro-
fuse sweating on very little exercise, swelling of the
jaw. If in the fang or root of the upper molar, there
will frequently be a fcetid discharge from the nostril on
the affected side. If the root of the lower molar, there
may be, in connection with the swelling, a fistula of the
lower jaw.

Treatment :—First make an examination of the teeth
by looking into the mouth, or explore with the hand.
If food or any other substance is lodged around the
teeth, remove it, and if you cannot decide which tooth
is affected from looking into the mouth, press upon the
teeth separately through the cheeks and usually when
the affected tooth is pressed upon, the animal will
evince pain. If the tooth is badly affected, it should be
removed. This may be accomplished by taking a pair
of forceps and fastening onto the tooth, then twisting
and working the tooth until it appears loose. Then
place a small piece of wood beneath the handles of the

PARROT MOUTH. 235

forceps close up to the tooth; pry down on the handle
and the tooth will come out, unless it should be so badly
decayed that it breaks off. When this happens the best
mode of treatment is to trephine the jaw, just above
the fangs of the tooth, and punch the latter out. The
punch should not be less than a quarter of an inch in
diameter. Place the punch on the fangs of the tooth
and hit it a few taps with a hammer, when the tooth
will drop out. The after treatment consists in feeding
soft food for a few days and washing out the cavity with
a ten per cent. solution of carbolic acid twice a day.

PARROT MOUTH.

This is a peculiar condition of the mouth, where the
upper jaw is much longer than the lower. Consequently

PARROT MOUTH.

the upper and lower incisors fail to meet, and the upper
incisors grow down to an enormous length. The incisors
of the jaw also grow to such a length that they press

236 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

upon the bars of the roof of the mouth, sometimes to
such an extent as to injure the horse. In such cases
the teeth must be filed or rasped down. Parrot mouth
is a great inconvenience, as the animal cannot graze; it
will, however, do well when fed in the stable.

WOLF, OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH.

Supernumerary teeth, more frequently called ‘‘wolf
teeth,’ are frequently seen just in front of the molars
in either the upper or lower jaw. They are small, con-
ical shaped teeth and of little or no importance what-
ever, except where they grow to a sufficient length to
disturb the horse while eating. Many persons labor un-
der the mistaken idea that ‘‘wolf teeth’’ cause blind-
ness in horses. This can hardly be the case. But horses
having hereditary opthalmia, or which are otherwise
prone to weakness of the eyes, may be greatly dis-
turbed during dentition fever; and after such fever is
abated, all symptoms of ophthalmia disappear; and the
credit is erroneously given to the extraction of the
‘wolf teeth.”? But when called upon to extract them,
do so for the price and for the owner’s consolation—but
not for any great benefit to the animal.

APOPLEXY.

Apoplexy is a rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain.
The vessel being in a weakened or diseased condition,
breaks or ruptures and allows the blood to escape into
the brain structure, where it forms a clot.

Symptoms :—A stroke of apoplexy comes on very
suddenly. The animal will fall, if the extravasation of
blood is great. There is a sudden loss of both feeling
and motion; difficult breathing is observed and there is

PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS. 237

inability to arouse the patient from its stupor. The
action of the heart seems regular at first, but gradually
grows quicker and weaker, and if the shock is very
heavy, the organ soon ceases to beat. If the ruptured
vessel is small and the escape of blood very limited,
unconsciousness may be complete for a short time, pos-
sibly a few minutes, or an hour or more. After this, a
general or local paralysis is observed. During the
period of insensibility, the breathing is labored, in fact
stentorian. The pulse is slow and full and the head
hot. The location of the paralysis, which is sure to fol-
low apoplexy, depends upon the portion of the brain
pressed upon by the extravasated blood.

Treatment :—Place the patient in a cool, quiet, com-
fortable place and keep the head elevated, and cool
with wet cloths or a sponge until the temperature be-
comes natural. Rub the limbs thoroughly and band-
age, and if necessary to warm them, apply mustard.
After the animal regains consciousness so that it will
swallow, give the following:

owilt AlGetiasss(s ucpeeaecccts one ounce.
Oalomel $23 425. 4s he ee ee one drachm.
Powd. Gentian: ,: 42 245-9". two drachms. Mix.
Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench.
Also give,
Iodide of Potassium....... two ounces.
Bromide of Potassium..... two ounces. Mix.

Make sixteen powders. Give three powders each
day for a couple of weeks.

PARALYSIS OF THE LIPS.

Paralysis of the lips is seen in all classes of horses,
and is the result of an irritation and inflammation of
the seventh pair of nerves, called the portio dura. It is

238 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

very seldom, indeed, that the nerves on both sides of the
face are affected. The disease is generally confined to one
side. During the time the inflammatory action(neuritis)
is in progress, the nerve loses its functional ability and
the exudation from the inflammatory action, pressing
upon the nerve, prevents it from regaining that ability
and thus the paralysis continues. Examination along
the course of the nerve will frequently reveal a small,
hard nodule, or the inflammatory exudation which is the
seat of the trouble. The causes of this disease may be
found in badly fitting or heavy halters and bridles,
blows, kicks, etc. The lip will hang pendulous and
flabby, with inability to raise it to its proper place.
The animal will drop food from the mouth and have great
difficulty in getting enough to eat, as it has to gather it
with its teeth instead of with its lips. When drinking,
it pushes its head deep into the bucket to drink.

Treatment:—The treatment consists of removing
from the nerves, all pressure in the form of halters and
bridles, and place the horse in a loose box stall. Feed
on soft food and apply hot fomentations to the side of
the cheek. Immediately afterward apply,

Tincture Cantharides...... two ounces.
Tineture Todimei sss 22. 5b, oe two ounces.
Tincture Capsicum.).5(. 37024, one ounce.
Avcahole ie eum aa nlite. three ounces. Mix.

Apply morning and evening along the side of the
face for about two weeks. Then, if no progress is no-
ticeable, apply,

Witiceline sane cuctewie ean eee one ounce.
Cantharidege. (.\2\(2ail: : one-half drachm.
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm. Mix.

Use thoroughly every fourth day, for three applica-
tions. Afterwards grease with hogs’ lard every day un-
til well. Should this fail, apply the actual cautery, or
insert seatons; or you may try acupuncturation.

me

GOITRE—BRONCHOCELE. 239

GOITRE—BRONCHOCELE.

This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which
is situated on the under side of the neck just behind the
angles of the lower jaw, at what is sometimes called the
throat-latch. These glands when enlarged assume vary-
ing proportions, from those of a hen’s egg to the size of
a sugar bowl. When greatly enlarged, they sometimes
press heavily upon the windpipe and cause difficult
breathing. It is most frequently seen where animals

BRONCHOCELE.

graze and drink water off of magnesian limestone for-
mations,although low situations and damp,high localities
are producing causes. The disease appears as a hard
lump or tumor on the side of the neck. The enlargement
is movable, grows very slowly and is not very sensitive.

Treatment :—Remove the cause, if it is ascertainable,
feed on good food, and give drachm doses of iodide of
potash once daily; also cut off the hair and paint the
lump with tincture of iodine once daily for a continued
length of time. If this does not check the growth and
reduce it, and it should be of such a size as to interfere
with the breathing, take a hypodermic syringe and
inject half an ounce of iodine into the center of the
tumor, once a week for a few weeks; or if need be, it
ean be dissected out, but this operation requires the
skill of a veterinary surgeon.

240 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
PILES—HAEMORRHOIDS.

This disease though somewhat rare in horses, is
deserving of mention, as it is a source of considerable
annoyance when it does exist. It is due principally to
constipation, but may be observed to follow the intense
straining of dysentery, or the severe and prolonged
labor pains attending difficult parturition, or foaling.
Injuries might also be considered a cause. Whenever
bright red irregular tumors are observed, varying in
size from a small marble to that of a hen’s egg, protrud-
ing after the passage of manure or when the animal is
lying down, you havea case of piles on hand. Often
when piles are present, the animal will rub the tail and
rump against a post or other stationary object until it
bleeds or scabs are formed on the parts, and not infre-
quently blood streaks are observed on the manure.

Treatment :—First direct your attention to the condi-
tion of the bowels, which should be kept soft by feeding
on mashes and chop feed with a liberal supply of salt,
but physic should be avoided. When the tumors pro-
trude beyond the anus, wash them off thoroughly with
warm water then barely cut into them with a knife,
squeeze them out nicely, and deep into the wound put a
few drops of,

Sulphate of Zinc........four drachms.
Waterers se taser suse two ounces. Mix.

Afterwards grease the tumor with vaseline and
return it within the anus. One tumor each week is
enough to operate upon. If considered preferable,
they may be tied off by using fine white silk or hemp
thread. Place the thread around the tumor close up to
the bowel and tie it as tightly as it can be comfortably
drawn and allow the tumor to slough off. If the tumors
do not protrude, oil the hand and pass it into the

RABIES—71 ADN ESS—HYDROPHOBIA. 241

bowel, then sieze the tumor and by gentle traction it
may be brought to the surface for the operation of
removal. If the tie method is chosen, only two at a
time should be operated upon and these allowed to
come away before another operation is undertaken.

RABIES—MADNESS—HYDROPHOBIA.

Madness is credited with arising spontaneously in
the dog, fox, wolf and cat but does not attack the larger
animals, save only as the result of inoculation. In
regard to spontaneous origin in any animal, I entertain
serious doubts. That a poison or virus may be intro-

RABIES—MADNESS.

duced into the system which will act upon the nerve
centers, causing severe symptoms with Cestructive ten-
dencies, there is no doubt, but it must be done through
inoculation. One dog may bite another and the one
bitten may become affected with rabies, while the one
inflicting. the wound, shows no symptoms of the disease

949 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

whatever, but at the time the bite was given, the saliva
was unhealthy and contained a virus which became
absorbed into the system, affecting the nerve centers
and producing the disease. It is communicable to all
the lower animals, but all animals bitten by a mad dog
do not become affected with rabies. While statistics
show that one in eleven of the human family, having
been bitten by a rabid animal, was stricken with rabies
I believe that even then, it was caused by fear and con-
tinued worry over the possible results of the injury,
rather than from inoculation from the bite itself.

Symptoms :—The period of incubation extends from
a few days toa few months. It is usually observed in
the horse in from fifteen to ninety days, twenty to
thirty days in cattle, twenty to seventy days in sheep,
twenty to fifty days in swine, and in man its develop-
ment is questionable unless he brings it upon himself
by continued anxiety and worry about the bite and the
disease itself. The first thing observed, is irritation of
the original wound; although the injury may have
healed completely, the animal commences to rub and
bite at it and soon a new sore is formed. If a horse, it
now becomes irritable, frantic and vicious. The penis
will protrude with frequent erections. A mare will act
as though desiring the stallion. The patient will neigh,
paw, strike, kick, bite the manger and surrounding
objects, while the slightest noise made by an attendant
seems to be exaggerated by the afflicted animal; if may
then try to destroy everything around it. There will
be periods of calm and rest, when the attacks of rage
and wild, vicious manoeuvering will again return. In
attempting to eat or drink, the act of swallowing is
prevented by spasms of the throat. If the disease is
allowed to run its course, paralysis of the limbs will
follow, and death.

HYSTERIA. 243

Treatment:—When first bitten, burn the wound
deeply with a red-hot iron, or nitrate of silver (lunar
caustic), caustic potash or carbolic acid, or cut out a
piece of the flesh around the wound and then burn it.
When the disease has once developed, it is too danger-
ous a risk to attempt to do anything, except to destroy
the animal, thus putting it out of its misery as well as
preventing a loss of the property it would destroy while
in a frenzied condition.

HYSTERIA.

This disease is seldom seen in the domesticated ani-
mals and when appearing, occurs only in the female.
It consists of an excitable condition of the whole
neryous system, occurring about the time the mare is in
season, which gives rise to the theory that it is caused
by the ovaries and womb. The nervousness is exhibited
by trembling of the muscles, grinding the teeth, champ-
ing the jaws and sometimes foaming at the mouth.
The patient acts as though delirious. It may paw, kick
or strike, or it may fall or lie down and refuse to arise
if forced, but may get up voluntarily if left alone.
There is rolling of the eyes, and when in a recumbent
position, the animall will sometimes be perfectly still,
and again will paw or strike; in fact, the actions are at
times so peculiar, that it is almost impossible to de-
scribe them.

Treatment:—Give a quart of raw linseed oil and
Jeave the patient alone in a comfortable place, where it
cannot injure itself. Also give two drachm doses of
bromide of potassium, every two or three hours until
the physic operates, when, as a rule, the symptoms
sueide.

244 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
STINGS OF BEES, WASPS AND HORNETS.

Horses when in a sweating condition, should never
be brought close to bees, especially when the bees are
swarming. There is something in either the smell of
the horse at that time or the salts of the sweat, that at-
tracts their attention. A whole swarm of bees has been
known to attack horses at such a time, with fatal re-
-ults. The sting of bees is very irritating to horses, on
account of the barbed stinger being left in the skin and
the poisonous material given off from it.

Treatment :—If the imbedded stinger can be found, it
should be immediately extracted, either with the finger
nails, a pair of forceps or a knife point, then immedi-
ately covered with an application of wet clay, or bathed
with ammonia or baking soda and water, or,

Sram fle cles arate ph cence is one ounce.
Weiter tiered tem roe Lye att one pint. Mix.

HIP LAMENESS.

Hip lameness occurs in a manner similar to that of
the shoulder. The causes being about the same, it will
not be necessary to recapitulate them. The symptoms
vary from those of shoulder lameness, materially.
When the hip joint is affected, there is a hop and a
catch in the lame leg and the movement of the affected
quarter will be greatly lessened. While at rest, the
foot of the lame leg in bad cases, will be held clear
from the ground. Heat may be felt near the joint and
pressure upon the parts will cause pain. The muscles
over the hip soon become atrophied or wasted away,
causing what is termed swinney.

RUPTURE OF MUSCLES. 245

Treatment:—The treatment is just the same as rec-
ommended for shoulder lameness, including absolute
rest for sometime, and with the exception of placing a
high-heeled shoe on the affected limb, to enable the
parts to be maintained in a state of rest.

RUPTURE OF MUSCLES.

That muscles do become ruptured or torn is perfectly
true, nevertheless these cases are seldom seen, except it
may be in the muscle called flexor metatarsi which is
situated above the hock on the inner side of the hmb
and whose action is to flex the hock. Muscles are rup-
tured during a severe sprain or over-exertion, as in
starting a heavy load and slipping, while the muscles
are at full tension.

Symptoms :—Severe lameness is observed if the ani-
mal is forced to move and while the leg is raised, the
hock will present the appearance of a dislodged ham-
string. Some soreness, heat and swelling will be
detected at the seat of the rupture. If the foot is
placed squarely under the animal, it will stand upon it
in a natural attitude, but there is an unwillingness to
move either forward or backward. If forced to move
foreward, the foot will be jerked upward and backward
so high that a crease will be left in the muscles above
the hock, presenting the appearance of a broken limb.

Treatment :—The care and attention necessary for a
ruptured muscle should be about the same as for a
fractured bone. Place the animal in closely fitting
slings, boxing it in so as not to admit of any movement,
either sideways, backwards or forwards, and keep in
that position for about two months. In that time, the
ends of the muscles will have grown together, when

246 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

exercise should be given, or the animal may be put to
moderate work so that the muscles will again develop.
If there is much soreness, heat and swelling, occurring
shortly after the rupture has taken place, it is best
combatted with frequent fomentations of hot water, and
between each bathing, use—

LAUd ann ae se oe wee hee one ounce.
Pret ATniCaciereae son two ounces. .
Wratclthazel se ws esac ce thirteen ounces. Mix.

Apply until all the inflammation has subsided, then
cease using anything and allow nature to complete the
cure while the animal is resting in the slings.

CHRONIC CATARRH—NASAL GLEET, OR OZOENA.

Nasal gleet consists of a suppurative inflammation
of the lining membrane (Schneiderian membrane) of
the nostrils and of the sinuses in the bones of the front
part of the face. It is sometimes confined to the nos-
trils alone, but more frequently the sinuses are also
affected. The principal cause, isa catarrhal inflamma-
tion of the membrane, but it may also arise from ulcer-
ated teeth. It may also be caused by injury to the face,
enlargement of the fangs of the teeth, abscesses forming
in the sinuses ; disease of the facial bones, or the lodg-
ing of foreign bodies in the nostrils.

Symptoms :—A constant discharge from the nostrils
or more frequently from one nostril, as one side of the
head alone is more frequently affected. This discharge
is of a bluish white color and tenacious, very much
resembling the discharge of glanders. But the glander-
ous ulcerations are absent, although abrasions or excor-
iations of the membrane are present, owing to irritating
_influence of the discharge. The sub-maxillary glands

CHRONIC CATARRH—NASAL GLEET, OR OZOEMA. 247

may be enlarged and if adherent to the jaw, should be
looked upon with suspicion. Heat over the sinuses will
generally be observed, and sometimes a bulging out in
their locality. Percussion on the side affected, will
produce a dull sound, compared to that given by its fel-
low on the opposite side. This discharge is sometimes
very offensive and when that is the case, the teeth
should be examined thoroughly, as it is indicative of
disease of the fangs.

Treatment :—When the lining membrane of the nos-
trils alone is affected, throw a spray up the nostrils of
a five per cent. solution of listerine, and administer
internally—

Sulphate of Copper.........one ounce.
Nix Vomieaa. hss % vatelne. cis BONE OUNCE:
Iodide of Potassium........one ounce. Mix.

Make into twelve powders and give one morning and
evening. This will often effect a cure. But if the
sinuses are affected and pus is contained therein, tre-
phine the sinuses and evacuate all the pus. Then wash
out thoroughly with a five per cent. solution of listerinc
twice daily. Also throw up the nostrils a spray of the
same solution. If there is any diseased bone, or if there
are any foreign bodies or a diseased tooth, a removal
must be affected. This is best accomplished by tre-
phining, as it opens the cavity so that treatment can be
directly applied. The following will suffice for a wash:

Car bolas ACI: st scjetebate wit ste one ounce.

SG Wi eIes cso lire bicle ohare are one quart. Mix.
Or,

Sulphate or Himes s..s) 0 3 six drachms,

Ohta Weathers. Ate ice awed? Set one pint. Mix.

Syringe through the opening once or twice daily.
The system should be kept up on tonics, as

248 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Sulphate of Tron. ? four ounces.
Powd. Nux Vomica.......two ounces.
Gren a MI eIRME Monier y wsmi ed Aree Ata aie! six ounces,
Salfpetre: cule iemorceun three ounces. Mix.

Give a teaspoonful morning and evening. Give the
most nutritive food obtainable and a moderate amount
of exercise.

BONE SPAVIN.

Bone spavin consists in an irritation, sufficient to
cause inflammation of the bones of the hock joint.
When the inflammation exists between the bones, pro-
ducing lameness, but without any osseous deposit

SPAVIN.

thrown out to form an enlargement, it is called occult
spavin. But when there is an exudation of a bony
deposit thrown out, causing an enlargement on either
the inner or outer aspect of the hock and inducing lame-
ness, it is called a bone spavin. This may occur from
various causes, but in the majority of cases it is the

55

BONE SPAVIN. 249

result of a wrench or sprain. Still I am inclined to
believe in the hereditary tendency to spavin. Whether
it be in the peculiar conformation of the hock which is
marked and transmitted by certain sires, or if it be an
ossific diathesis in the blood, Iam unable to tell. But
I have seen a colt not to exceed three months old, with
well-defined ringbones and spavins causing lameness,
without any apparent reason therefor. And I could not

BONE SPAVIN.

attribute it to overgrowth, with the consequent extra
amount of weight to carry, for, in the majority of cases
coming under my observation, it happened in small
breeds of horses and the colts were only in moderately
good keeping condition. Sometimes a small, bony
enlargement is situated at the internal aspect of the
hock. It is called jack spavin and seldom does very
much harm, merely serving as an eye-sore. A horse
with jack spavin should not be considered unsound, as
lameness very seldom results therefrom. The symptoms

arty) DISEASES OF TIlE HORSE.

of spavin are lameness of a peculiar character. The
animal, when tirst driven after rest, will walk on the
toe of the affected limb, with the fetlock bent forward

and with a hopping movement of the hind parts. After

driving ashort distance, it improves very much in its

gait; the lameness diminishes and sometimes after the

animal is driven some distance, the lameness disappears.

altogether. In other cases, after driving, the lameness.

SPAVIN BONE FIRED.

will diminish but still be quite perceptible. If in the
stable, the animal is made to turn around in the stall, it:
does so wlth a stumbling, hopping movement. On very

forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, then dropping the

foot and starting the horse on a trot, it will often go off

on three legs. By sitting in front of the horse and look-
ing toward the hock, you will perceive the enlargement,

if there be any. By holding the hand over the antero--

internal part of the hock, you will invariably detect fever.

Treatment :—Various methods of treatment are used
for spavin, but one very essential thing, and one upon.

BONE SPAVIN. aay |

which all must agree, is that the animal must have
absolute quiet and rest. If the spavin be just started,
mild counter irritation will often effect a cure; in this
case, apply—

Tinct. Cantharides........two ounces.

Spts. Turpentine..........two ounces.
Sweets Oat a. Sie ttessnrare) css"ns four ounces. Mix.
Or,
Cottonseed Oil ...... dies LOUPOUNICES.
GroponsOnlR: Gonmocetseki nes one ounce.
Oil Camphon aco ovtgoss two drachms.
Oil Turpentine s*. s/5.1..”- four drachms.
Onl Origa wrasse as: one drachm.
Coal Owe. .5 sence Hasson One. GUNCE,
Sulpinrie PAC Ass versa. forty drops. Mix.

Apply once daily for six or eight weeks. If the,
lamenese does not cease in that time, apply

N aRehmes. «skh ecee. sw ee ee one ounce.
Red lodide of Mercury... one drachm.
Powd. Cantharides ...... one drachm. Mix.

Apply thoroughly; wash off in twenty-four hours
and grease with fresh lard or oil, every day for five
days. Then apply the foregoing prescription again,
wash off as before and continue this treatment for
three applications. Give the horse complete rest and
tie it while the medicine is on, so it cannot bite or rub
the place. In the course of five weeks, if this fails,
apply the actual cautery (firing irons) and immediately
afterward apply the before mentioned salve,as directed.
If it be an occult spavin or if the true hock joint, that
is the large cuneiform and astragalus bones are affected,
a failure tocure is almost certain and the animal remains
lame as long as it lives. The sole object in the treat-
ment of bone spavin, is to prevent the horse from going

252 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Jame and this is accomplished only when the inflamma-
tion exists between the cuneiform and metatarsal bones,
and you establish complete union between those bones
thus preventing irritation from their gliding motion.

BOG SPAVIN.

This sometimes consists of an inflammation of the
hock joint, but not always. I have seen bog spavin
gradually developing upon horses, without the existence
of any perceptible inflammation. This kind is generally

BOG SPAVIN.
found in horses which have weak or very upright hocks.
It consists of a fluctuating swelling, situated at the
antero-internal and upper part of the hock, and com-
posed of synovia or joint oil. It is nature’s remedy to
prevent disease by having an abundance of oil to lubri-
cate the joint during work or violent exercise. This
should be considered merely a blemish and not a dis-
ease. But when it is caused by overwork, sprains or

BLOOD SPAVIN. LASTS

wounds it is considered to be more serious. It is then
accompanied by heat and lameness, varying in their
intensity. When bog spavin occurs from these causes,
or from rheumatic trouble, absolute rest should be
given, and the part fomented with hot water three
times a day for a few days. Then apply

Tinet. Cantharides...,....two ounces.
Mite ts LOG TINS 2 fea alg) rtieye seeps one ounce.
Tinct. Capsicum.|.. 3....-two: ounces.
YN Rete} a) Maeda ee eae Pee meet .three ounces. Mix.

Or the following blister:

Waselane: tic eocee: Pivenista ONG OUNCE,
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm.
Powd. Cantharides ...... one drachm. Mix.

After the lamenes ceases, stop treatment and allow
nature to take its course. Sometimes bog spavin causes
thoroughpin and when this is the case, treat as for bog
spavin alone.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

This is a distension of the large vein that passes
down over the anterior and internal part of the hock,
and is caused from pressure upon the vein, arresting or
preventing a free circulation of blood, thus damming it
up to acertain extent, and in this manner causing a dis-
tension of the coats of the vein to a greater or lesser
extent, leaving an enlargement that is soft to the touch
and can usually be rubbed away. They seldom produce
lameness and cause no harm. When examined with
the hand, a blood spavin is found to be soft and pliable
and by rubbing it for a time, it will disappear. No
treatment will give better results than frequent rubbing.

2954 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

OCCULT SPAVIN.

When inflammation exists between the bones of the
Lock, producing lameness without any enlargement to
sight or touch, it is called an occult spavin, or hidden
spavin. A deposit of bone material may form a partial
or complete union of the small bones of the hock, caus-
ing intense lameness, and yet the hock to all appear-
ances, will be perfect and smooth.

Causes:—It is caused in the same manner as bone
spavin; by concussion to the ends of the bones, slipping
while at play, hauling or starting a heavy load. In the
majority of cases, it is the result of a wrench or sprain
sufficient to cause a laceration of Hgamentous attach-
ments in the internal part of the hock, and in many
other ways by which the hock receives injury. Yet
spavin may occur without any injury. My own experi-
ence has convinced me, of the hereditary disposition to
spavin in certain families of horses, it being transmitted
from one generation to another and sometimes occuring
at a very early age.

Symptoms:—The same symptoms are observable in
o-cult as in bone spavin. When first driven, after rest,
will walk on the toe of the affected limb with the fet-
lock bent forward and with a hopping movement of the
hind parts. While at rest, the animal frequently stands
upon its toe with the heel raised and the hock
flexed. If made to stand over in the stall, it stands on
the toe of the affected limb and hops over. After
having been driven and allowed to cool off, take hold of
the toe of the affected limb and raise it up high, forcibly
flexing the leg at the hock, holding it in that position
for a minute, then dropping the foot and starting the
animal on a trot, it will often go on three legs. This is
one of the best tests for occult spavin. In the majority

rae a ‘

STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS, ETC. 255

of cases of spavin, after driving a short distance there
is much improvement in gait; the lameness diminishes
and sometimes, after driving some distance, the lame-
ness disappears altogether. In other cases the lameness
is continuous. The treatment for occult spavin is just
the same as for bone spavin, but more persistence may
be necessary, as it usually takes a greater length of
time to effect a cure, and not infrequently the lameness
continues through life.

STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS AND DISLOCATION OF THE
PATELLA.

Stifle-joint lameness is usually detected by the man-
ner in which the horse brings the foot forward, which is

STIFLE-JOINT LAMENESS.

done with difficulty, the lee swinging outward with a
circular motion and dragging the toe (although they do
not always drag the toe). The foot is sometimes raised
clear of the ground, but with the circular motion, and
placed flat on the ground. Whilst the animal is at rest
the leg is usually in asemi-flexed position. Heat around
the stifle joint is quite a prominent symptom, but is
sometimes wanting. Sometimes quite a prominent
symptom is a fluctuating swelling or dropsy of the Joint.

256 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

If you have dislocation of the patella, or what is more
commonly called ‘‘ stifled joint,’? you will observe that
while the horse is standing in the stall, it may stand
squarely upon both feet; but, if you force it to walk
the stifled leg will fly backward and the animal is pow-
erless to bring it forward. If you examine the joint

you will find the patella on the outer side of the leg and;

the groove in the femur may be felt quite plainly.

Treatment :—When lameness is present in the stifle-
joint, without dislocation, give absolute rest and apply
hot fomentations of water three or four times a day, to
allay the inflammation. Then apply

Aqua DeW saad TOL OV om Sh oes ai two ounces.
Spts ar penhiMeyyaccse7 « ¢ two ounces.
OTR ew Ot Pemenen eee cick Ani Retr four ounces. Mix.

Apply three or four times daily, until you blister
thoroughly. Then allow to rest for three or four days
and repeat several times in this manner. If the patella
is dislocated, fasten a rope or strap around the fetlock,
then pass it through the collar and draw the leg for-
ward; no matter if the patient struggles hard, force it
forward. Then place your hand behind the bone,
which will be felt at the outside of the leg, and force it
forward, when you will feel it drop into place and the
patient will have full control of its leg. Apply

Tincture Cantharides...... two ounces.
Spirits Turpentine........ two ounces.
Agua AmniOnia Awescc cess - one ounce.
SweetiOilsotans cae cee four ounces. Mix.

Or, use the former prescription, three.or four times
a day for two or three days; allow the patient to rest
for a week and all will be well. If the patient kicks it
out or it drops out of its own accord immediately
a ter you have placed it in position, you must apply one
of the former prescriptions until it blisters thoroughly,

Or 7

RINGBONE. “04

and the swelling will force it into position and
strengthen the ligaments that have been relaxed.
Then allow a longer rest than would ordinarily be
required, or apply the following:

Win mabey. visti cat oo eth sears one ounce.

Powdered Cantharides...two drachms. Mix.

Wash off in twenty-four hours and grease every day

for three days; then apply again and grease every day
until well,

RINGBONE.

Ringbone very much resembles spavin, except in
location. Ringbone consists of an osseous deposit upon
the upper and lower pastern-bones. When the deposit is

RINGBONE.

around the middle of the large pastern and not involving
the Joint, it is called an osselet or false ring-bone, and is
seldom the cause of lameness; it should not be looked
upon as an unsoundness, 2° it eslls for no treatment what-

958 DISEASES OF THE HORSE,

ever. True ringbone acts very differently from the false,
and occasions more or less lameness. It may affect two
very important articulations, viz., the articulation be-
tween the large and small pastern, or between the small
pastern and the coffin bone. The former articulation is
the one most frequently affected, and where complete
union is most easily obtained; here less stiffness will be
the result if a cure results, than where the lower joint is

RINGBONE,

diseased. But in either location, the disease is difficult
to treat with any satisfaction and it is sometimes incur-
able, the lameness continuing through life. * Some-
times the deposit completely encircles the joint; at
others is on one side, and directly in front of the joint.
The degree of lameness does not depend upon the size
of the enlargement but more upon its Jocation. If it is
situated immediately in front of the pastern, the lame-
ness. will be greater than when situated on either side.
The lameness is greatest, when the deposit is between
the lower pastern and the coffin bone. When between

=

RINGBONE. 259

these two bones, it frequently causes a bulging of the
foot and not seldom causes the foot to turn inward,
forming what is known as reel-foot. The lameness of
ringbone alway precedes the deposit and is caused by
inflammation existing in the bone or in the synovial
membrane surrounding it. Ringbone is occasioned by
sprain; by fractured bone; and by the hereditary ten-
dency, referred to in the treatise on spavin.

Treatment:—When first noticed there will be no
enlargement but considerable lameness and_ fever.
Then apply hot water freely to allay the inflammation
and after bathing, apply the following:

Spirits Chloroform........ two ounces.
Distene parinatial feak 2) sc ciehe Bastienel two ounces.
Waheh nicely sys. foc ee four ounces.
Tincture Aconite...... one-half ounce. Mix.
If the lameness continues after ten days’ treatment
apply—
Wa selnme tat ates bem ranting two ounces.
Red Iodide of Mercury...two drachms.
Cantharides...........three drachms. Mix.

Make three applications, with intermissions of four
or five days between each two applications. Give abso-
lute rest and if the patient is inclined to walk upon the
toe, use high calks upon the heal of the shoe. But if
inclined to walk upon its heel, use a thin-heeled bar
shoe. If lameness continues, use the firing irons. Fire
it deeply as illustrated in spavin and in a few days
apply—

Waser mers retire stia/etsisiavel se one ounce.
Powd. Cantharides...... two drachms. Mix.

Apply once a week for three or four applications. If
all these fail, the cutting out of the plantar nerves may
be performed with varying success.

260 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.
SPRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT.

This is a very large ligament composed of white
fibrous tissue, and extends from the knee in the foreleg
and from the hock in the hind leg, down the back part
of the cannon bones. Just above the fetlock it divides
and becomes attached to the sesamoid bones, below
which it reunites and joins the flexors of the foot.
Sprains of this ligament happen only through severe

POSITION OF THE FOOT IN LAMENESS.

exertions, and sometimes the strain is sufficient to cause
rupture of the ligament. This generally happens near
the dividing point, just above the fetlock. The most
prominent symptoms are lameness, heat, and swelling
beneath the flexor tendons and down behind the cannon
bones, with swelling of the leg at the fetlock joint. The
animal stands or walks upon the toe, the fetlock joint
is flexed to relieve the ligament of tension. If the lig-
ament is ruptured, the fetlock will spring down close to
the ground and the toe will be turned upward. The
rupture may occur higher up, or at the attachment of
the hgament to the sesamoid bones, or even below the
fetlock; the result is the same. This is what is meant
by the term, ‘‘ broken down.”’

SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES. 261

Treatment :—Absolute rest in a comfortable box stall,
well bedded, to entice the patient to he down. Bathe
with cold water, after which apply bandages and keep
wet with cold water. After the fever has subsided
apply to remove the swelling,

PneLure LOdInG se a2 ee) Me two ounces.
Red Iodide of Mercury...two drachms.
Tincture of Myrrh and
ORATION fone, Ne ce ata six ounces. Mix.
Apply three times a day, or
Powdered Cantharides .. two drachms.
Viniseiimenaeun wate iece Vee ae one ounce. Mix.

Apply every two weeks until three applications have
been made. If the ligament is ruptured, bandage the
leg in a set of splints, so as to hold it in a proper posi-
tion. Heavy belting makes a good support for the
limb, by cutting it to fit, and packing the space between
the fetlock joint and the heel to form a prop. This
will hold the limb in proper shape. Or put on a bar
shoe and fasten an iron brace to it, bending it to fit the
fetlock and extending it up to the knee. Pad it well
with cotton batting and bandage. After complete union
is secured, remove the support and blister a few times
to remove the swelling. Horses that have once ‘‘broken
down,”’ or ruptured the suspensory ligament, should not
be put on the track nor at heavy pulling; but they may
be used to good advantage for ordinary work, after a
rest of six or eight months.

SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT AND SESAMOIDITES.

It is possible to have sprain of the fetlock joint or of
its lateral ligaments, without injury to the sesamoid
bursa; but such cases, I think are very rare. Owing to
the particular manner in which the sesamoid bones are

262 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

placed behind the joint, over which the flexor perforans
tendons play, I am constrained to believe that any exer-
tion sufficient to cause sprain of the fetlock joint, will,
at the same time produce inflammation of the sesamoid
bursa.

Symptoms :—If the sprain is very slight, lameness
will scarcely be perceptible, appearing only while
traveling upon uneven ground and the joint is twisted a
little; but if the sprain is severe, the lameness will be
so intense that the animal will go on its toe or hobble
on three legs. The joint swells and is quite hot, and
when the animal is resting, the leg is flexed at the
joint, the toe resting upon the ground.

Treatment :—Apply cold water frequently and band-
age until the fever subsides, then use

TINGE GQGUINEH sks. Slee are two ounces.
Wine bia mel Garter 2 two ounces.
ANGonO iW. Le ekeinot four ounces. Mix.

Apply morning and evening and bandage, or
Wraselamecin ounce oie teat ee one ounce.
Powdered Cantharides.. two drachms. Mix.

Apply every ten days until three applications have
been made. Complete rest should be given for a
month. If you consider the ligaments ruptured, a
plaster of paris bandage should be applied, the same as
for fracture, and allowed to remain on for a month. If
any swelling remains, a few applications of the above
blister will greatly assist in removing it.

SPRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS.

Sprain of the flexor tendons, like the sprain of the
suspensory ligament, is caused by heavy pulling and
fast running or trotting; also by wearing shoes with

pin bx

SPRAINS OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS. 268

high toe calks. The symptoms observed will be lame-
ness, heat and swelling at the back part of the leg, and
the peculiar way in which the horse moves the limb,
which is with a stiff, stubby movement; the toe touches
the ground first and the horse bears most of its weight

BACK TENDONS THICKENED FROM
INJURY OR SPRAIN.

upon it, seldom bringing the heel to the ground during
the first stages. After it becomes chronic, or the more
severe symptoms have subsided, the heels will be
brought to the ground. there will be a shortening of the
tendons and a knuckling over of the fetlock joint. The
swelling, which isa prominent symptom, will diverge
from the seat of the sprain and extend up and down the
tendon, involving the thece, or sheaths of the tendons
to such a degree, that the tendons with difficulty pass
through them.

Treatment:—Shoe the horse with a bar shoe without
calks, to give the shoe an even pressure when standing.
This will prevent shortening of the tendons, which is
likely to occur with high heel calks, which only afford

264 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

temporary relief. Apply cold bandages, occasionally
pouring on cold water until the fever subsides. Then
apply one of the following mixtures, three times a day:
Dincture lodimecy: joe 4. wees one ounce,
Redtlodide! of Mercury. 0).).0).-
RRS gh es one and one-half drachms.
Tincture Myrrh and Capsi-

Cui J chews aise ee SOVED OUNCES. sine
Or,
Tincture Cantharides......two ounces.
Tincture Iodine....... -...-one ounce.

Tincture Capsicum........two ounces.

Alcohol. oo. ..cs eels. cbhree ounces... Mix
Or,

Oil Cedar.............-.four drachms.

Oil Hemlock............four drachms.

Oiler Lamsy..'.s) 06 ......four drachms.
Oil of Wormwood.......four drachms.
AT CORO eee ei ns clas eight ounces. Mix.

If shortening of the tendons should take place, ten-
otomy may be performed, if the patient is a young
horse. But if an old horse, the operation had better be
let alone. The operation is performed by casting the
horse and securing it firmly. Then loosen the leg to be
operated upon; fasten it as straight out as possible by a
rope or strap tied to the fetlock. Make a small incision
midway between the knee and the fetlock, the smaller
the incision the better. Pass the knife flat-wise beneath
the tendons, taking care to keep outside the blood ves-
sels, until you feel the knife against the skin on the
opposite side. Then turn the edge of the knife towards
the tendons and cut outward very slowly until you have
severed the tendons. Then withdraw the knife. Be
very careful to only cut the skin in one place and thata
very small opening, where the knife enters. Place

ELBOW LAMENESS. 265

your knee against the leg and forcibly straighten it, to
break up any adhesions which may have formed.
After the operation, keep the leg straight by putting on
a shoe with a high toe-calk; or fasten a piece of iron to
the shoe and let it extend six inches in front of the foot.
If the toe should turn up a little, have no fear, for
when the tendons grow together it may shorten a little
too much. After union has taken place, remove the
thickening with a few applications of the last pre-
scription.

ELBOW LAMENESS.

Disease of the elbow is not an infrequent occurrence.

Symptoms :—While standing, the horse holds its leg
in a peculiar manner—carried well back, the leg flexed
and resting upon the toe. In walking, the hmb is
brought forward with difficulty and when putting it to
the ground to make the step, the patient drops the head
and shoulder as if about to fall. There may not be
very much heat or swelling. If there is fracture of the
point of the elbow, you will see the excessive dropping
of the head and shoulder; the leg will be flexed or
seemingly in a pendulous condition, with heat and
swelling and pain upon pressure. Sometimes ‘‘ capped
elbow”’ causes lameness, but not always; when it does,
you do not have such excessive dropping of the head.

Treatment :—If there is lameness, without swelling or
heat, apply three times a day of—

OnhomGsdarr soiree ak four drachms.
Oil of Wormwood....... four drachms.
Oilvot Tansy! ). 59-244... four drachms:
Oilsof Hemlock ss te 2... four drachms.

AL EOHOL see eee 6 eight ounces. Mix.

266 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

Allow sufficient rest and a cure will result. If there
is fracture of the elbow, swing the patient up immedi-
ately and feed on soft food. Apply splints, and bandage
from the knee up above the elbow to hold it in position
and keep the patient swung up until complete union has.
taken place, which will be in from six to ten weeks.
Broad rubber belting, makes a good splint and bandage
combined. If the lameness comes from capped elbow
(usually caused by the horse lying with its elbows resting
upon the heels of its shoes), remove the shoes and place a
roll of sheepskin, or other soft material, around the back
part of the fetlock, to prevent the feet from irritating
the bruise. Then apply hot water to the elbow until the
inflammation subsides, when the lameness will usually
disappear. But, to remove the enlargement, make a free
incision low down to allow the fluid to escape: then
apply some irritating substance to cause it to slough
out. After it heals and there isa small nodule left, dis-
sect it out and treat as an ordinary wound. Widen the
stall and allow plenty of room for the animal to lie
down.

CARPITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KNEES.

Inflammation of the knees may arise from different.
causes, such as concussion, rheumatism, sprains, ete.
The animal is observed to hold the leg stiff and to
exhibit intense pain upon either flexion or extension of
the knee. If the animal walks, it will carry the leg
stiffly. Sometimes there isa swelling of the knee; at
others, no swelling whatever is perceptible. If the
disease exists between the bones, there will be no swel-
ling until an exudation is thrown out, and when this
happens, a stiff knee is almost certain to be the result.

BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES. 267

Treatment :—Give complete rest and, if thought nec-
essary, place the patient in slings. Use applications of
cold water until the fever subsides; then apply a strong
blister, as—

Winicelamneun ne Siicnit dens ear eaten g one ounce.
Red Iodide of Mercury....one drachm.
Cantharides........ .-...one drachm. Mix.

Use repeatedly. If there is a fluctuating swelling in
front of the knee, puncture it and allow the fluid to
escape, after which apply a wet bandage and keep it
wet. Should it fail to disappear, apply the foregoing
blister.

BROKEN OR BRUISED KNEES.

Whenever you see a bruise or a scar upon the knees
of a horse, the animal, as regards value, should be
looked upon with suspicion, unless the horse has good,
free action and the bruise is known to be purely acci-

BROKEN KNEE.
dental. For a majority of cases arise from faulty action
of the fore legs, vertigo or fits, ‘‘speed cut”’ or inter-
fering, diseased feet or navicular disease; over-reacli-
ing: or from bad shoeing, and possibly from the driver’s
awkwardness. The disease is more frequently noticed
in the form of bruises than as broken bones.

268 DISEASES OF THE MORSE.

Treatment:—When bruises exist, without any abra-
sion of the skin, apply cold water frequently, with
dressings of vaseline. Give rest, with good, deep bed-
ding, and probably no other treatment will be neces-
siry. But when the skin is lacerated, if none of the
deeper tissues are involved, wash the wound well and
bring its edges together with heavy court-plaster, leav-
ing an opening below for the escape of pus; give rest
and tie the horse up so it cannot he down, to prevent it
from breaking any of the adhesions while flexing the
leg. Never use any stitches, as any movement of the
knee will tend to tear them out. Where, besides the
laceration of the skin, deeper tissues are involved, so
that the tendons and synovial membrane are torn, and
‘open joint’? is the result, you have a more serious
case in hand. The wound may set up an extensive
inflammation, the surrounding parts become greatly
swollen, followed by so extensive a sloughing of the
parts as to expose the bone. There will then be con-
siderable constitutional disturbance, high fever, loss of
appetite, bowels constipated, difficult voiding of the
urine, and a foetid discharge from the wound. It is then
as serious as a broken bone and the animal should be
destroyed, unless valuable for breeding purposes. If
the animal is to be preserved, force the leg out straight
and fasten it with splints to maintain it in that position,
leaving the knee exposed for treatment. Wash it out
three times a day with tepid water and castile soap and
apply one of the following three times a day:

Zine Sulphate...........two drachms:

Acetate of lead......... four drachms.

Warbolite WAgids i warkk he two drachms.

Soft Water..... yi hecaltchevss slr! a ORE DAE VL ERe
Or,

pe -

SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY. 269

Permanganate of Potassium..

ae NSE AAs Ai eA eS one drachm.
LFA sas) 7) Mae tees ee hee ee, kas one drachm.
Distilled Water.............one pint. Mix.
Or,
PASGORIMe cea Seelam es two. ounces.
Carbolic, Aciaeis...4 5.6248 one drachm.
DistilleGuWeatiers aaa ss aes six ounces. Mix.

SHOULDER SLIP OR SWINNEY.

This disease generally termed ‘‘ swinney,”’ consists
in atrophy, or wasting away, of the antea and postea
spinatus muscles. <A brief description of the parts

Hi;

SWINNEY AND CAPPED ELBOW.
forming the shoulder joint, will facilitate an under-
standing of the matter. The glenoid cavity, or hollow
in the lower end of the shoulder bone, is very small
compared with.the head of the humerus, which plays
within it, thus giving it great freedom of motion, espe-

270 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

cially as the joint is not bound down with inelastic liga-
ments, but by muscles and tendons only. The antea
and postea spinatus muscles occupy the outer surface of
the shoulder blade and extend down over the external
and lateral surface of the joint. The sub-scapularis,
muscle occupies the inner surface of the shoulder blade
and extends down over the inner and lateral surface of
the joint. The coraco humeralis muscle extends down
over the front of the joint. So it will be seen that,
when the external muscles are wasted away (atrophied)
there is nothing left strong enough to hold the joint to
its proper position, and it has an outward movement or
slipping—but not a dislocation. It may be caused by a
bruise, heavy pulling, or walking on uneven ground, as
the furrow horse is compelled to do while plowing. It
is more frequently seen in young horses, used for plow-
ing, especially in the spring when the muscles are soft
and flaceid.

Symptoms :—There are generally swelling, heat and
tenderness, all along the external surface of the shoul-
der blade; but in the majority of cases, the patient
shows no lameness until the swelling and heat have
subsided and atrophy, or wasting of the muscles, has
begun. This generally takes place in a week or two,
from the time of theinjury. The hollow space is usually
the full length of the shoulder blade, and 1s sometimes
very deep, so that the spine of the bone is prominent.

Treatment :—During the inflammatory stage, while
there is heat and swelling, foment well with hot water
and after the swelling has disappeared, apply a mild
stimulating liniment, as

PAINE O Maite Seren eee po ue one ounce.
Purpentiae yt lence eis repetstaie tere two ounces.
Sweet Onl iit Lees: oe tive jounces) (Mix

Or,

ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES—SWINNEY. par gil

Oilvor@ed ara. -.i se <2. one-half ounce.
Oiot Wamp yng ty esa one-half ounce.
Oil of Hemlock.......-one-half ounce.
Oil of Wormwood..... one-half ounce.
TATCOMO ley 2 pe ahaneey Sots whe ten ounces. Mix.

Use three times a day, rubbing in thoroughly. Do
not be afraid of rubbing, as it stimulates the muscles to
development. Use at light work on level ground, or
turn out to pasture, for the patient needs exercise to
develop the muscles. Do not be discouraged, but be
persistent in your treatment, as it frequently takes six
months, and sometimes a year, before the hollow is
filled up and the muscles fully developed. If it seems
very slow, apply at intervals the following:

Vaselimins. okie ssc soumen ee one ounce.
Red Iodide of Mercury... one drachm.
Oantharides.. one and a-half drachms. Mix.

If you are persistent, success will crown your effort
and reward your trouble.

ATROPHY OF THE MUSCLES—SWINNEY.

This consists in a shrinking or wasting away of the
muscles and is most frequently seen at the shoulders and
hips. It may, however, manifest itself upon any part
of the limbs or body. It is caused by sprains, bruises,
severe and continued pressure, paralysis, rheumatism,
continued lameness of the foot or limb or anything in
fact, whereby a certain set of muscles do not receive
sufficient exercise.

Symptoms :—A flattened or hollow space will be
observed instead of the full, round, plump muscles.
When occurring at a certain point, compare it with the

272 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

same point on the opposite side, and a flattening or
wasting away will be observed.

Treatment :—Atrophy of the muscles and swinney
mean one and the same thing; therefore, the same
treatment may be used as outlined under the head of
‘‘Swinney.’? Any manner of treatment, however, will
in some instances, fail to redevelop the muscles but itis
well to be persistent for a continued length of time.

SHOULDER LAMENESS.

Shoulder lameness may arise from different causes,
but the most frequent are kicks, bruises, sprains and
rheumatism. It is characterized by the peculiar man-
ner in which the patient holds the leg, which is flexed

SHOULDER LAMENESS.

and resting upon the toe; also the great difficulty with
which the leg is brought forward in walking, with at
the same time, a dragging of the toe. If from kicks or
bruises, the lameness will be observed at the injured
place; but if from sprain of the coraco humeralis
muscle, which plays on the front of the joint in the
form of a tendon, there will be observed fiexing of the
limb and great difficulty in bringing it forward, with
swelling heat and tenderness upon pressure at the point
of the shoulder. Asinflammation of a tendon frequently
results in formation of bone material, you will readily

gce the need of prompt and careful treatment.

RHEUMATISM. 273

Treatment :—Put ona very high heeled shoe and apply
frequent fomentations of hot water; or place a rug on
the point of the shoulder and keep applying hot water
until the inflammation has subsided. Then remove the
shoes and keep quiet on a level floor, and apply the fol-
lowing three times a day:

Tincture Iodine...........two ounces.
Witehhazel.weae shel. two sounces:
UNE GAOUS S8s eee ee ae we four ounces Mix.
Or,
Oil of Cedar sce. Natio ss one-half ounce.
Oil of Hemlock....... one-half ounce.
Oil of Wormwood..... one-half ounce.
Finetune OL lOdime' e.g no one ounce.
PELCOMOW i ai) ston Mae anea eet: eight ounces. Mix.

Allow the patient to rest for sometime, and use only
at light work for at least four months.

RHEUMATISM.

This is a peculiar disease, and none too thoroughly
understood. It attacks the fibrous structure, such as
muscles, tendons, etc. It is apt to move suddenly from
one joint to another, from one set of muscles to another,
or to some internal organ, as the heart. It is seldom
that acute rheumatism terminates in chronic rheuma-
tism, or that the reverse occurs. Chronic rheumatism
is met with most frequently among the domesticated
animals. :

Symptoms :—The patient will appear dull and stupid
with an inclination to be let alone and not to be moved
about. If the affection be in the limbs or joints and the
animal be forced to move, it either goes very lame or is
very stiff. The parts affected may be swollen and hard,

274 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

or, if in the joint, soft and fluctuating; or there may
not be any swelling, but a crackling noise at the joints
when moved. There is generally fever witha full, hard
pulse, increased temperature, hurried breathing, cos-
tiveness and scanty, high-colored urine. If acute rheu-
matism, the disease will generally terminate in about
six or eight weeks; but, if chronic, it may last until
warm weather comes.

Treatment :—Give as a physic—
Powdered Aloes........... one ounce.
Powdered Ginger........ one drachm. Mix.
Administer at one dose; and, if the pain be exces-
sive, give ounce doses of laudanum, to be followed by—
Salicylic Acid,............two ounces.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda......two ounces. Mix.
Make sixteen powders. Give one powder three
times a day, to be followed by—

Acetate of Potassium....... one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda....... one ounce.
JONTbrate-of Potassium. secs 2. sees soe

APSR Mae A ae one and one-half ounces. Mix.

Make twelve powders and give one powder three
times a day. Apply hot cloths, hot bran, hot corn,
hot salt, or make the following liniment:

Spirits of Chloroform...... two ounces.
Eartacl arta rat ite eee here oa eres two ounces.
Tincture of Arnica: .-:)s).>. two ounces.
Wittehbazel! oxi e2 ca een ha two ounces. Mix.
Apply two or three times a day.
Or,
Aqua Ammonia...........two ounces.
Spirits of Turpentine...... two ounces.
Sweet Only cee anees weno four ounces. Mix.

SPRAINED BACK. 275

Apply two or three times aday. You may also give,
with benefit, liquid ammonia acetate, two ounces three
times a day; but the treatment is seldom very satisfac-
tory.

SPRAINED BACK.

Sprained back is not of frequent occurrence, but it
may happen from the hind feet s!ipping, while the ani-
mal is pulling hard to start a heavy load, or from its
struggling when cast in the stall. The psoas muscles,

SPRAINED BACK.

which are the seat of the sprain, are situated under-
neath the lumber vertebrze, and are attached anteriorly
to the heads of the last ribs and dorsai vertebre and
posteriorly to the brim of the pelvis and internal tro-
chanter of the femur; their action is to bend the
haunch upon the pelvis, and when the horse is pulling,

276 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

to produce the appearange ofa ‘‘ roached back.’? When
sprained, these muscles lose their tone and power, and
instead of a ‘‘roached back’ there will be the reverse,
except there will be swelling over the loins, which is
frequently the case. If both the psoas muscles are
strained, the animal will be unable to rise from a
recumbent position, though when placed on its feet, it
may stand; it will walk with a drunken, staggering
gait and.a knuckling over of the fetlocks. It is easily
distinguished from broken back by the power to move
its limbs, and the sense of feeling in the hind extremity.
Examination per rectum, reveals heat and swelling,
with pain upon pressure along the spine. After these
symptoms have passed away and the animal is restored
to usefulness, there will be a weakness of the back for
some months, or until the muscles are again fully
developed and regain their natural power and tone.

Treatment :—If the patient is able to stand, place the
slings under it, but if unable to stand, you had better
let the slings alone. Apply frequently, hot fomenta-
tions across the loins and afterwards use—

Tincture of Arnica........ four ounces.

Chloroform iis ess eee tee one ounce.

Maudanniy. os eee two ounces.

Witchhasel....2...2...3¢.three ounces. Mix.
Or,

AGOA A MONT Kee eto Neto sel cate evens

..........-one and one-half ounces.
Turpentine...one and one-half ounces.

Olivevorl etic owe wees five ounces. Mix.
r,

Tincture of Todines sick two ounces.

Oil of Hemlock...)..::.. one-half ounce.

Oil of Wormwood..... one-half ounce.

Oil ot ‘Orisanumiss. isos og one ounce.

VA Ke Oho cee nthe ee nce ee four ounces. Mix.

~)

7

WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS, ETC. Z

Is

Apply three times a day. If the patient is dragging
along and not improving very rapidly, in the course of
a month apply a good blister across the loins and it will
help materially to develop the muscles, and to regain
their natural tone and power. A_ blister may be
applied every two or three weeks; the following will
answer nicely:

Waseli me safe gic ste fines two ounces.
Red Iodide of Mercury....

BY Dah tah one and one-half drachms.
Powdered Cantharides...two drachms. Mix.

WOUNDS AT THE JOINTS—INFLAMMATION OF THE
JOINTS, OR OPEN JOINT.

An open joint may be caused by a puncture from a
knife, from splinters of wood, or by the prongs of a
fork; or by bruises, by kicks, or by lacerations from
falling on a hard or rough surface. It is always attended
with more or less danger.

Symptoms :—If the opening is small with but a trifling
leakage from the joints, the patient will not at first
exhibit any distressing symptoms; but in the course of
a few days it will manifest pain by going very lame and
possibly, not resting upon the limb at all but holding it
up and keeping it in continuous motion, on account of
severe pain. The leakage will then be more profuse
and accumulate on the outer edge of the wound. The
patient will now lose its appetite, and have very high
fever with constipation. The pulse will be quick, hard
and-wiry; and, from extreme pain, the patient will
break out ina sweat. If at this stage the patient does
not receive prompt attention, the disease will continue
in force, and from between the opening and the accum-
ulation on the outer edge of the wound, a thin watery

278 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

discharge, accompanied by streaks of blood and small
scales of cartilage and bone, will issue. The ends of
the bone entering into the formation of the joint are
now undergoing a destructive change, and a cure can
only be effected by a consolidation of the joint. A stiff
joint is inevitable; and if it be a joint requiring great
motion the patient had better be destroyed. During
the whole time, the tissues surrounding the joint will
be enlarged and inflamed, sometimes very hard and at
others soft and doughy.

Treatment :—Two things are very essential to a fav-
orable termination. The first is endeavoring to heal
the wound by the adhesive process (or first intention)
and thus prevent suppuration. The second, is prevent-
ing the air from penetrating the joint, thus avoiding
extensive inflammation. Never probe around in the
wound to find if there be any dirt, gravel or any other
foreign substances lodged there, but wash it out care-
fully with a sponge, and syringe with tepid water; if
any foreign substance be found, remove it carefully.
If the tissues are lacerated, cut off the small particles
that will not adhere, but do not cut the skin, and bring
the edges of the wound together with stitches of catgut;
then place half a teaspoonful of iodoform upon the
wound and bandage. Immediately after, place the
animal in slings, as it not only affords the patient com-
plete rest but prevents the stitches from being torn out
by the flexing of the hmb in lying down. If complete
union is effected and there is enlargement of the joint
with some inflammation apply a good blister. If there
is not complete union of the parts and they burst out,
and the synovia, or ‘‘ joint oil,’? comes oozing out,
accompanied by pus, you then can only expect to heal
by granulation. The best method to secure this is to
apply a good blister, as it not only sets up a healthy

STRINGHALT. 279

inflammation but frequently produces a swelling suffi-
cient to bring the edges of the wound together, thus
excluding the air and, before the swelling subsides,
forming granulations enough to close the wound, and so
effecting a cure. The following is a good blister:

Waseling 20) -%. .. ee hs b>wWO OUNCES:

Powdered Cantharides..four drachms. Mix.

Apply every third day for fourapplications. Ifmuch

swelling remains after the wound is healed, apply

Tincture Iodine...........two ounces.
Oplhblemlocksos.d-giso eae half ounce.
Oil, Wormwood.) 2.2.55 half ounce.
Onl Oriv ance yer iene aiye one ounce,
eG OMe eect tore Teva oe Soke four ounces. Mix.

Apply once or twice daily with smart friction.

If small abscesses form around the joint and cause
much pain, open them; if they do not cause much pain,
allow them to burst. The constitutional treatment
should be to open the bowels with a physic—

ANGE Ser tires oom evar seS OMELOUNCE:
GUIRY 02 des srg Jag) eR one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose. Then give three times a day one

powder of the following:

Quinine Sulphate.......four drachms.
Nitrate of Potassium......two ounces.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix.

Make into twelve powders. For the first few days
feed on a soft diet, as bran mash, chopped feed, ete.
Afterwards feed on the most nutritious diet in limited
quantities, to build up the strength.

STRINGHALT.

This disease consists of an involuntary spasmodic
contraction of the muscles of the hind leg. The horse
raises and lowers the foot in a peculiar manner, with a

280 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

quick, jerky motion, which it cannot control. The
causes are not thoroughly understood. It is by some
attributed to injuries; by others to inflammation of the
nerves, and others still attribute it to tumors variously
situated—as in the brain, in the spinal cord, in the
muscles of the legs, etc.; and some attribute it to a
peculiar condition of the blood. These theories are all

STRINGHALT.

auppositions; possibly all are, toa certain extent, true.
The disease generally comes on very slowly but may de-
velop very rapidly, even in so short a time as twenty-four
hours. At first the foot may be slightly elevated, with
a quick, jerking motion, and brought to the ground in the
same manner. This may be noticed in the winter season,
and during the heated months the animal may travel all
right. When this is the case, it may be regarded as a
rheumatic form of stringhalt. If it does not improve
during the summer months, as age advances the disease

ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, ETC. 281

gradually continues to grow worse, until the horse strikes
the belly with the fetlock. The disease is purely nervous
in nature, as, for instance, should the animal pick up a
nail with the foot, the stringhalt is m ifested in a
severe form, and extreme pain is manifested. Except
for the rheumatic form, there is no treatment that will
benefit the patient. In that case, treat for rheumatism ;
or when first noticed, give strychnia in full doses for a
few months.

ARTHRITIS, SYNOVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE JOINTS.

This may be due to sprains of the hgaments extend-
ing into the joint, and adjoining the synovial mem-
brane; to concussion of the bones extending to the
joint, to wounds admitting air into the joint; to rheu-
matism, to scrofula, to calcareous deposits in the joints,
etc. From whatever cause, the whole joint becomes
involved and.the symptoms have such a close similarity
that they may be considered alike.

Symptoms :—The joint will be swollen and of a doughy
consistency. There will be lameness with more or less
fever, according to the severity of the attack. If the
joint is moved, the patient will exhibit excruciating
pain. Sometimes the animal will hold the foot clear of
the ground, in a fixed position. Often from pain the
patient will break out in a sweat, the fever running
high and the pulse being quick and wiry. The tissues
surrounding the joint become greatly swollen, with in-
ereased heat and tenderness of the parts.

Treatment :-—Place the patient in slings and give a
physic to open up the bowels. Then apply hot fomen-
tations to the joint frequently, with fiannel bandages,
and the following every three or four hours;

282 DISEASES OE THE HORSE.

Sulphuric Ether.......... two ounces.
Tad amu ei mie sy os two ounces.
Ohlorotormy. cece = aeons es one ounce.
Spirits Turpentine...... three ounces. Mix.

If this does not quiet the pain and the swelling is
obstinate, apply a blister—such as for open joints, and
administer three times a day half-ounce doses of fluid
extract buchu and juniper, with acetate of potassium.

RICKETS.

This is not an inflammatory disease, but consists of a
softening of the bony structures. It is most frequently
seen in young animals, those from a few days to a few
months old. The real trouble, is a lack in the bones of
such inorganic material as the phosphate and carbonate
of calcium. Whenever the bones become deficient in
these materials, they are cartilaginous in texture and
easily bent; in this way occurs the deformity of rickets.
The causes are mal-nutrition, or a deficiency of the ele-
ments necessary to build up the already deficient bony
structure. Although hereditary in its character, it may
be developed by not allowing the colt to suck the mare
at will only permitting it, perhaps, to suck three times
a day when the mare, hot and feverish, returns from
work. Such treatment will cause irregularities of the
bowels, the milk passing through them ina half-digested
curd-like mass, white in color and very sour to the smell.
This will cause great depletion, and rickets is the
result.

Treatment :—Feed regularly on good, nutritious diet,
change the pasture, bandage the legs to keep them
straight, give small doses of phosphate of lime; keep in
a dry, sunshiny, airy place; give cod-liver oil and, to
check the scouring, four to six ounces of castor oil.

TEEPE

HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF HORSES BY THEIR TEETH.

Persons should familiarize themselves as much as possible,.
with the various shapes and changes which the teeth of horses:
undergo, from colthood to extreme age, so that they may not be
deceived when purchasing a horse, which is quite frequently
the case with those persons who have never given the teeth any
attention. Ihave known cases wherea fifteen and a sixteen year
old horse had been sold for a seven and an eight year old, and
the deception or falsehood was accepted by the purchaser, as he
was himself unable to tell anything about their ages. I shall
here endeavor to explain as nearly as possible, the various
changes that take place, from foaling time to twenty years of
age, so that the purchaser of a horse can determine very closely,
the age of the animal he desires to buy, and not be too badly

TEETH OF A FOAL.

deceived by the seller. When the colt is foaled, it frequently

has four front teeth or nippers, two above and two below. If

these are not present at foaling time, they make their appearance

within ten days afterwards. In the course of five or six weeks,

four more incisor front teeth, make their appearance alongside

of the first four; these are called the middle teeth. Then a lapse
(283)

284 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

of six or seven months takes place before the last four incisors
make their appearance, and they are designated as corner teeth.

TEETH AT ONE YEAR OLD.

It is then possessed with twelve incisors, six above and six be-
low, which is considered a full set of front teeth. After this,

TEETH AT TWO YEARS OLD.

the only distinguishing mark to be observed, is that the wearing
surfaces become somewhat smoother every few months, until

TEETH AT THREE YEARS OLD.

the colt is}two and one-half to three years old; at this age the
four central incisors or colt teeth are shed and four permanent

TEETH. 285

incisors are or horse teeth, are coming through the gums, to
occupy their place, and in the course of a few weeks, they will
have attained sufficient growth, to be of service while eating.
At from three and a half to four years, four more colt incisors

TEETH AT FOUR Y®ARS OLD.

give way, and their place is taken by the same number of perma-
nent incisors, or horse teeth. The front or nipper teeth, now
commence to show wear on the outer edge. At from four and a
half to five years, the colt teeth have all gone and four more

TEETH AT FIVE YEARS OLD.

permanent or horse teeth, have taken their places. The nippers
now show wear on both outer and inner edges, and the middle
teeth show wear on the outer edges. The horse is now said‘to
have a full mouth or a complete set of permanent teeth. I have

286 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

not said anything about the back or molar teeth, for the simple
reason that they are seldom examined with reference to varia-
tion, in order to ascertain the age of the animal. The front or

LOWER JAW AT SIX YEARS.

incisor teeth, are considered the indicators, and to them I will
confine myself. At six years of age, the nipper teeth in the

LOWER JAW AT SEVEN YEARS.

lower jaw have worn down, until the large cavity or mark in the
center of the teeth, is nearly gone, and the inner edge of the
corner teeth, is in full wearing, unless it should be what is

TEETH. 287

ealled a shell tooth, then it is not considered to have an inner
edge. At seven years, the nippers and middle teeth in the
lower jaw, are worn quite smooth; the cavity or mark in the

LOWER JAW AT EIGHT YEARS.

center of these teeth bas disappeared, except in certain cases,
when a slight trace of it is left. The corner teeth in the lower

UPPER TEETH AT NINE YEARS.

jaw, at eight years of age, lose the cavity in the center, through
wear, although a slight trace of it may yet be seen. All the
incisor teeth in the lower jaw, now present a well worn, or

288 DISEASES OF THE HORSE

smooth appearance. At nine years, the mark or cavity in the
nippers of the upper jaw disappears, and the wearing surface of
these two teeth, becomes quite smooth, but the marks in-the

UPPER JAW AT TEN YEARS.

balance of the upper teeth, are plainly visible. At ten years
of age, the middle teeth of the upper jaw, lose their mark, and

UPPER JAW AT ELEVEN YEARS.

they become smooth through wear. At eleven years of age,
the corner teeth in the upper jaw, lose their mark, and the
wearing surface of all of the upper incisor teeth becomes smooth,

TEETH. 289

and the cavity or marks obliterated—the teeth commencing to
assume a little difference in shape. The gums are commencing
to recede from the teeth, which gives them the appearance of
being much longer. They are also a little deeper from their

LOWER JAW AT TWELVE YEARS.
outer to their inner edge, in proportion to their breadth. At
twelve years of age, the nippers of the lower jaw are almost
round. They are about two-thirds the depth from the outer to

LOWER JAW AT THIRTEEN YEARS

the inner edge, that they are in breadth, and the middle and
corner teeth, are assuming the same shape. Thirteen years of
age, shows the middle as well as the nippers of the lower jaw, to
be almost perfectly round; the distance from the outer to the

290 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

inner edge, measuring about the same as the breadth. Fourteen
years, presents all of the incisors of the lower jaw, as being
nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that they do
in breadth. When fifteen years old, the nippers of the upper

LOWER JAW AT FOURTEEN YEARS.
jaw are nearly round, measuring about the same in depth that
they do in the breadth. At sixteen years, the middle teeth of
the upper jaw have become nearly round, the nippers measuring

UPPER JAW AT FIFTEEN YEARS.

a little more in depth than they do in breadth. Seventeen
years of age, presents all of the incisors of the upper jaw, as
being nearly round, the nippers and middle teeth being a trifle
greater in depth than they are in breadth. At eighteen yeears,

TEETH. 291

shape,

UPPER JAW AT SIXTEEN,

being about one-fifth greater in depth than they are in breadth.

UPPER JAW AT SEVENTEEN YEARS.
Nineteen years, presents the middle teeth of the lower jaw as

LOWER JAW AT EIGHTEEN YEARS.
being triangular in shape, increasing in depth and diminishing

292 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

in breadth. At twenty, all of the incisors in the lower jaw have
become triangular in shape, measuring about one-third more in

LOWER JAW AT NINETEEN YEARS.

depth than they do in breadth, and as the animal grows older,

LOWER JAW AT TWENTY YEARS.

they increase in depth and diminish in breadth, or become very
irregular.

CATTLE DEPARTMENT,

$$$

(FS
Hs)

DISEASES OF CATTLE,

THEIR
CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.

SORE MOUTH, OR APTHA.

Aptha consists of small vesicles or sores in the
mouth, around the lips and cheeks and sometimes upon
the tongue. They become ulcerated and are quite
troublesome.

Symptoms :—Sometimes there is considerable fever,
but not always. There is usually dropping or quidding
of the food. The mouth will feel hot with saliva drop-
ping from the lips, and upon examination, the vesicles
and ulcers will be revealed.

Treatment :—Give a mild physic, say a quart of raw
linseed oil and apply one of the following applications:

Chloride Zinc........... two drachms.

AViainORys Ce aiaildrctawih dia sis gue eats one quart. Mix.
Or,

Powe, Abamae. cassia --++,. two ounces.

DWV LOR er ase ne agli tre ote slants one pint. Mix.

Or rub powdered alum into the sores, which will
often work the best.

GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.

This disease is quite often met with among cattle,
and is either supeficial or deep-seated in character.
When of a superficial nature, caused by the administra-

(295)

296 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

tion of medicines not thoroughly diluted or by drinking
lye or mineral acids, as cattle will do sometimes when
thirsty, the inflammatoryeaction may follow to the
stomach and produce death, but if confined to the

N §

GLOSSITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.

tongue, no unfavorable results need be looked for; but
when of a deep-seated character, it is very obstinate
and with difficulty attended. It usually comes from di-
rect injuries and deep-seated ulcers, and sometimes
abscesses form spontaneously.

Symptoms :—The tongue will.be more or less swollen
and of a deep red color. Sometimes swollen to such an
extent that it will protrude from the mouth. There is
great difficulty in swallowing, laborious breathing,
saliva driveling from the mouth, tongue hot and the
pulse quickened. Sometimes a foetid smell will be no-
ticed in the mouth.

Treatment :—If of a superficial nature, mild solutions,

such as,
POW: CATs eee ee one ounce.
WW: ae rid 6) 7 PO ieee seh hy ae ire one pint. Mix.

Wash the mouth three times a day; or,

ULCERATED TONGUE. 207

Winer ar ot 2 ts. ckt Se ech) Sie Ounces,
OGY Riker aiaeteecraqsrtiainiaie ele four ounces,
Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce. Mix.
Apply three times a day. Feed soft food as, bran
mash, etc. If deep-seated in character, the treatment
will be more severe. Give physic,
Hpsom: Salts: ces: 2)! sixteen ounces,
Powd. Jamaica Ginger...twodrachms. Mix.
Give at one dose in half gallon of water. Keep
chlorate of potassium in drinking water continuously.
Feed soft food, allowing plenty of water. If any for-
eign substance is lodged in the tongue, remove it, or if
an abscess forms, open it and allow the matter to
escape. If from deep-seated ulcers, take,
Chiorate of Zinc... ....'. two drachms.
IWVistUR TE ia tricone minten Sekacsue: eee four ounces. Mix.

Apply to the ulcers with a feather or small brush,
every three or four days until the ulcer looks healthy,
or pencil it well with lunar caustic. Someyimes scari-
fying the tongue with the Knife, will be attended with
great benefit. Also give as a tonic,

Sulphate of Ironl.4 2S. two ounces.
Powdered Gentian........ two ounces,
Powdered Nux Vomica..... one ounce.

Nitratevot -Potasshimm. oot 08 cents aiey
-..+....... One and one-half ounces. Mix.
Make twelve powders. Give one powder morning
and evening in a pint of water or beer.

ULCERATED TONGUE.

Ulcerations of the tongue, fauces and cheeks occur
from inflammation excited by injuries, diseased teeth,
lodged food, corn cobs or sticks between the teeth in the

298 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

mouth; by trying, whilst the animal is choking, to force
apples, potatoes, or other substances down the throat
with a stick.

Symptoms :—Constitutional disturbances will be no-
ticed from the very first, as the animal experiences
great difficulty in masticating and swallowing food.
Emaciation will follow, attended by a rough, staring
coat, sunken eyes and a dejected appearance generally.
On examining the mouth, the cause will appear in the
form of one or more ulcers on the back part of the
tongue or fauces, having a ragged appearance and
emitting a sour, disagreeable smell.

Treatment :—Feed on soft, nutritious diet, as bran
mash, chop feed, corn meal, green grass, etc. With a
sponge or cloth fastened to a stick, apply to the ulcers
the following, once a day:

Sulphateof Zines: ..(.. 2 one drachm.

Butter of Antimony......one drachm.

ATCOMOL Se cea eel ue -eight ounces. Mix.
Or,

Nitrate of Silver.....one-half drachm.

Wither perm esamoneue .. eight ounces. Mix.
Or,

Chloride of Zinc......... one drachm.

DIE ron eMC Hr ML le HORUHG 48 ten ounces. Mix.

Keep in a cool place and allow plenty of cool drink-
ing water. <A cure will generally result.

DIARRHOEA.

Diarrhoea is observed in cattle as well as in all other
animals, and its causes are many and various.’ Among
them are eating irritating substances; eating too large
quantities of food; eating to excess of sloppy bran or
linseed meal; changing from dry to green food; the inju-

DIARRH@A. 299

dicious or continued use of purgative medicines; indi-
gestion or disordered stomach. Diarrhoea in calves may
be caused by giving very rich milk in large quantities,
or by feeding sour milk; the latter curdles in the
stomach, and passing on into the bowels in a half-
digested state, acts as an irritant, producing what is
known as the ‘‘ white scours.’? Whilst diarrhcea is a
disease, it is sometimes a boon to the animal, being
nature’s effort to cast off some deleterous matter that
has impregnated the system.

Symptoms :—The most prominent symptoms are a
copious discharge, of a liquid consistency, from the
bowels, accompanied by flatulence and continued strain-
ing; sometimes a good appetite, but more frequently
itis diminished ; cramping pains, staring coat; and the
animal will stand all drawn up; if the patient be a calf
whose diarrhcea is caused by sour milk the feeces will
emit a sour odor; the animal will lose flesh rapidly and
have a dejected appearance generally.

Treatment :—Too much cannot be said against the use
of astringent remedies at the commencement of diar-
rhoea unless the cause be known to be the use of purga-
tives, bran or linseed meal. The reason for this is that
there is generally within the bowels some irritant which
nature is trying to expel. Instead of giving remedies
to prevent it, give half a pint or a pint of linseed or
castor oil to aid in removing the offending object; it
will usually effect a cure. If not, you may then resort
to astringents and give one of the following every four
or five hours until a cure is effected :

Timetune) Oateenid. os. is5 2% two ounces.
DMN GtURe ROIMO ¢ische <ieta oe shee two ounces.
Pinchurey Opium sai: .'s)/6)e two ounces.

Tincture Ginger..-....... two ounces. Mix.

B00 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Give two ounces at a dose in a little water as a
drench; or,

Powdered: @halks 7.2.0.0 .% . one ounce.
Powdered Catechu..... three drachms.
Powderedak mow cei: cas: one drachm.
Powdered Opium....one-half drachm. Mix.
Give at one dose; or,
Prepared: Chalk 20:20 fae six dracims.
Powdered Opium........ one drachm.
PanmiceAcie sets enews k one scruple. Mix.

Give at one dose. If, after giving these remedies,
the bowels become too much constipated, give a pint of
raw linseed oil, or castor oil. Feed on dry food, give
no grain and limit the amount of drinking water to half
gallon at each drink. For calves give one-fourth the
amount prescribed above.

ACUTE DYSENTERY.

This disease consists in an inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the bowels, with ulceration and
hemorrhage, and is sometimes called bloody flux. It is
very often the sequel to diarrhoea and has similar
causes. The symptoms, too, are about the same, only
of a more aggravated form. There is great constitu-
tional disturbance with a liquid or watery discharge,
intermingled with blood, from the bowels. The animal
appears very dull, with clammy mouth, flurred tongue,
sunken eyes, discharging a thin, watery or mattery dis-
charge; rapid, small and wiry pulse, dry, harsh, staring
coat, great emaciation, with a hide-bound appearance.
The animal grunts, grinds its teeth and stands with ita
back arched. Pain in the bowels is manifested by
uneasiness and frequent straining; the straining 1s some-

alee ae al

ACUTE DYSENTERY. 801

times so hard, that it forces the bowel out, when it pre-
sents a red and inflamed appearance. Sometimes, but
not always, there is considerable bloating on the left

ACUTE DYSENTERY.

side. The horns, limbs and ears are cold. If acow she
loses her milk. Loss of appetite is noticed, with sus-
pended rumination and increased desire for water.

Treatment :—Place the animal in a good, comfortable
piace, well bedded, and blanket well. Feed choice,

862

clean,

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

sparingly. Give the following:

Castor or Linseed Oil....... one quart.
Powdered Opium......... one drachm.
Powdered Catechu....... one drachni.

nutritious food and allow drinking water

Mix.

Give at one dose, and afterwards give every four or
five hours till the bowels stop running off and the
patient stops straining, of the following:

alone oie 2 .one-half drachm.
Powdered Opium........ two scruples.
Powdered Kino.......... one drachm.
Give in a pint of linseed tea; or,
Powdered Opium........ twe scruples.
Prepared Ohalk ........ five drachms.
Powdered Catechu...... four drachms.
Ginger re nk wwe two drachms.
Give ina quart of linseed gruel; or,
Muriate of Morphia........ ten grains.
Powdered Camphor...... one drachm.
Prepared Chalk.......... six drachms.

Whites of three hard-boiled eggs .....

Mix.

Mix.

Mix.

Give in a pint of linseed or oatmeal gruel; or,

Tincture Opima os se is.e/ lee one ounce.
Tincture Catechu...... one-half ounce.
Tincture Kino........: one-half ounce.
Pure Carbolic Acid.......thirty drops.
Sweet Spirits of Nitre..............

.one and one-half ounces.
Cire ina eipine of linseed gruel.

Mix.

Sometimes acute dysentery subsides and takes a
chronic form, when the length of time for recovery will
be prolonged. Select one or two of the foregoing pre-
scriptions containing chalk, and continue its use twice
daily ; the results will be very satisfactory. But, if the

WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES. 803

chronic form is the result of old age and general de-
bility, the bowels become so weakened that any treat-
ment is of little avail and death closes the scene.

WHITE SCOURS IN CALVES.

This disease is caused by an acid condition of the
stomach. Calves that are not allowed to nurse their
mothers and especially the first milk after calving
(called colostrum) which acts as a mild physic and pre-
pares the stomach and bowels for the reception and
proper digestion of food, are susceptible to white scours.
When calves are not allowed the first milk of the
mother, they become constipated, which condition is
followed by an acid secretion from the lining mem-
branes of the stomach and bowels, and when milk is
swallowed it soon curdles; the cheesy material acts as
an irritant and the whey passes off in the form of white,
half-fluid manure, which is properly termed white
scours.

Treatment :—The first object is to counteract the acid
secretion and restore the bowels to a natural condition.
This is best accomplished by giving a mild physic to
remove offending agents, as,

Page ds Olean eee ia slay ante of arse log one pint.
Baia ere ria theater, Lie rai ar eral es one ounce.
Beraanciyiers teres oe ye, secant ot two ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces three times a day until the bowels
act in a somewhat natural manner. The food should
receive immediate attention. Give milk and linseed
gruel, half and half, until the bowels are in a condition
to receive milk alone. Or, you can constantly diminish
the gruel and add more milk daily, until the desired re-
sults are accomplished. Sometimes white scours as-

804 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

sumes a chronic form, when more active astringents are
called for, and when such is the case, use the following;

Prepared @haik 3. 2:5). ties two ounces.
Powdered Catechu......... one ounce.
Powdered Ginger..... . four drachms.
Powdered Opium........ .one drachm.
Peppermint Water.......... one pint. Mix.

Give one ounce three times a day.

TYMPANITIS, HOVEN OR BLOATING.

This is a common disease, or rather accident, among
cattle and has been pretty generally observed by almost
every person who is in the habit of keeping or handling
them. The complaint is usually observed in cattle
which are greedy eaters and have just been turned out

ACUTE TYMPANITIS, OR BLOATING.

to feed on red clover pasture of rank growth and coy-
ered with moisture or dew. ‘The greedy animal eats
more than the stomach can handle and force up for
mastication. °In the rumen, or first stomach, which is
merely a receptacle for food, a fermentation takes

prea

TYMPANITIS, HOVEN OR BLOATING. 805

place, gases are formed and the paunch is distended to
an enormous size and is noticed on the left side. If relief
is not speedily obtained, rupture of the stomach or bow-
els takes place and death ensues. Cattle that have been
fed on dry food, and are turned upon green pasture that
is wet from rain or dew, are most liable to become af-
fected. Great care should therefore be exercised, in
not allowing the cattle to eat too much such grass, before
being removed to a place of confinement, where they
may ruminate or ‘‘chew the cud.’’ Cattle fed on frozen
turnips, carrots or other roots, are subject to tympan-
itis. So, also, cattle which are choking, or have any
foreign substance within the csophagus, are liable to
bloat; but on removal of the obstruction, the bloating
disappears. I have seen a case where the cow had at-
tempted premature birth. The calf was dead and par-
tially decayed within the womb; rumination was sus-
pended, appetite lost, rough coat, dejected appearance
generally. Bloating was a prominent symptom. An
examination by the vagina revealed the cause.
Symptoms :—The symptoms are developed very rap-

idly. After being turned on clover or wet grass,
a swelling appears on the left side and gradually in-
creases in severity. The bloating becomes greater,
breathing is most difficult and the patient moans and
grunts; the eyes become blood-shot, saliva drivels from
the mouth, and the back is arched. The animal seems
riveted to the spot on which it stands, or staggers
around and falls to rise no more.

Treatment :—If the case is not too far advanced, vive
the following at one dose:

Aqua Ammonia...... +. -...one ounce.
Tincture of Ginger........ two ounces.
Minetureof Anise i355. 40.2 one ounce,

Water ware oats occa mien one quart. Mix.

806 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Or give the ammonia and water together, omitting
the other drugs. Afterwards place a large gag in the
mouth to keep it wide open and fasten it there by ropes
tied around the horns or neck; this will permit the free
outlet of eructations of gas from the stomach. If the
symptoms increase in severity, it is best to tap the
stomach with a trocar and canula, which is done as
follows: Fasten the animal so that it cannot get away,
then shove the beast against the stall or fence. Then,
standing on the left, somewhat in front to prevent be-
ing kicked, measure about half way between the last
rib and hip bone, and about six inches from the lumbar
vertebre. Now plunge the instrument inward and
downward and withdraw the trocar leaving the canula,
through which the gas will come rushing out. The
canula may be fastened there, and, if necessary, kept in
position for twenty-four hours. The trocar and canula
should be eight or nine inches in length and three-
eighths of an inch in diameter. If you have no instru-
ment, use an ordinary jack-knife, as there is very little
danger from such an operation. After discharging the
gas, to empty the stomach, give the following,

Epsom Salts............twelve ounces.
Glauber Salts eels eG four ounces.
Powdered Ginger......-four drachms,
WVaiematstuem ee cer uapraaee tse one gallon. Mix.

Give immediately. Sometimes the hollow probang
is introduced into the stomach, to allow the gas to
escape; but this is not very practical, as you cannot al-
low it to remain in very long and the opening is Hable to
become plugged with food. After giving the physic you
may give some brandy, whiskey or ale, to tone up the
stomach,

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA. 307

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA.

For forty years, or so, this disease has been noticed
in different parts of the eastern states, but through pre-
cautionary measures, it has not become at all widely
spread in the rest of the country—for which stock own-
ers may be deeply thankful. The means now employed
to prevent a spread of the disease by quarantining
imported cattle for a period of three months will, no
doubt, lessen, if not completely check, the ravages of
this malady. Floating rumors sometimes declare the
existence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in some
of the western states; but upon the best authority [ am
informed upon thorough examination, both ante and
post mortem, by qualified veterinary surgeons, such
rumors fail to establish themselves. At the same time
considerable alarm may exist. Pleuro-pneumonia epi-
zootica is as contagious among cattle as smallpox is
among men. Bedding, food, blankets, manure——in fact
anything used around an animal affected with pleuro-
pneumonia—brought in contact with a healthy animal,
is liable to communicate the disease. The period of
incubation varies with different animals. The disease
may develop in a week or ten days and may not appear
under twelve or fifteen weeks—though during this time
there will appear some symptoms. There may be a
slight, husky cough, pulse somewhat accelerated, with
‘a raise in temperature to possibly 108° F. Yet the
animal may thrive and lay on flesh and, if a milch cow,
the flow of milk may not be diminished. After the dis-
ease becomes further advanced, respiration is quick-
ened, the temperature reaches 108° F., appetite ceases,
rumination is suspended, the mouth is hot, there are
chiils™with more or less shivering, milk diminishes,
bowels are constipated, urine is high-colored, breath
somewhat offensive, pulse accelerated to possibly one

808 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

hundred or more per minute, coat staring, with yellow
skin. The cough becomes more frequent and trouble-
some, the nostrils are dilated, with a sight, offensively
smelling discharge, there is great emaciation; on apply-
ing the ear to the windpipe a rushing sound of air is
heard; at the base of the lungs a loud sound may be
distinguished but still further back, on account of the
infiltration or consolidation of the lung tissue, no sound
at all or only a wheezing sound can be heard. If the
disease be confined to one side or to one lung only, on
the opposite side the respiratory murmur is much louder,
on account of the double work on that side. No treat-
ment should be attempted, but the infected animals
should be destroyed and their carcasses burned, as soon
as the identity of the disease is established beyond
doubt, in order to prevent the spread of the contagion.

ALBUMINURIA, INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS, OR
BRIGHT’S DISEASE.

This disease is not very frequent, except as the re-
sult of injury, when it sometimes occurs in a violent
form. Still it may arise from bad feeding, from feed-
ing poorly matured or marsh hay, which causes derange-
ment of the digestive organs and irritation of the kid-
neys through reflex action of the brain. This form is
seldom observed among the lower animals. But when
an injury is received upon the brain or spinal cord,
albuminuria is frequently the result.

Symptoms :—Generally the first symptoms observed
are the animal’s standing with its legs gathered under
it, and the back arched; or the legs will be somewhat
stretched out, the hind legs wide apart, and the back
sunken or straight. The animal is loath to move, ap-
pears stiff, and if compelled to move, does so witha

iN aaa

EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, ETC. 309

painful, straddling motion. The bowels are usually con-
stipated and the breathing accelerated. The urine is
thick and dark colored, and sometimes passed with diffi-
culty ; if tested for albumen, it will be found in varying
amounts. The attack is usually very sudden, and, if not
speedily relieved, the patient usually dies from blood
poisoning.

Treatment:—If there is inability to void urine, it
should be drawn away. In the cow this is easily done
with a straight catheter; but in the ox, owing to the
curvature in the penis, it can only be done by making
an incision into the urethra below the anus, through
which pass the female catheter. Then immediately
give a strong physic to unload the bowels and keep their
contents in a liquid state to relieve the kidneys of a
share of their work. Give the following,

Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces.
Sulphate of Soda.......twelve ounces.
Ginwersn2e a0: we oy ORE OUNCE,

Warm Waker one cand one- half gallons. Mix.
Keep hot cloths across the loins, and mustard embro-
cations may be applied across the loins to advantage.
Keep in a comfortable place, and feed on soft, nutri-
tions diet, as, bran mash, scalded chop feed, linseed
gruel, etc. After the bowels have been relieved, give
the following:
Powdered Opium........... one ounce.
Cilomie lic Maine teat four drachms. Mix.
Make eight powders. Give one powder morning
and evening, in thick linseed gruel.

EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, OR FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

It is proper to state here, that a simple form of
aphtha appears in young animals during dentition,
when small vesicles or blisters break out around the

B10 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

mouth, on the tongue, and sometimes around the feet.
But this is in no way contagious and calls for little or
no treatment except the application of some healing
lotion. But epizootic aphtha is a different disease and
highly contagious, often fatal; and like smallpox and
measles in man, is seldom seen twice in the same indi-
vidual. It is purely an eruptive fever and destined to
run a certain course, until a favorable termination may
be reached, despite all treatment.

Symptoms :—The symptoms vary in intensity accord-
ing to the condition, temperament and habits of the
animal. It develops rapidly from the commencement
and is generally ushered in bya chill which is succeeded
by a staring coat, dry cough, quick, hard pulse, and a
temperature ranging from 108° F. to 106° F., the appe-
tite is poor and sometimes entirely suspended. Thick,
ropy saliva drivels from the mouth, and, as the vesicles
rupture, it becomes mixed with blood. Upon examining
the mouth, vesicles varying in size will be seen on the
tongue, lips and cheeks. The feet are not always
attacked, but generally are. If so, there will be swell-
ing around the coronets covered with small blisters, also
small blisters between the coronets. The swelling
presses the toes apart and, on standing or walking,
causes great pain. The blisters or vesicles soon burst,
discharge their contents and, in the majority of cases,

scab over. Sometimes the teats and udders of cows.

become affected, break out, swell, and prove a great
source of irritation.
Treatment :—Give a mild laxative, as,

Sulphateof Soda. 2)" /c nee ten ounces.
GM ERS eee e ae ere et .. one-half ounce.
Poenuateelk ye. j.e0 ee et one-half ounce. Mix.

Give in a quart of warm beer. The mouth should
be washed twice or thrice daily with the following:

CANCEROUS ULCERS. 311

Chlorate of Potassium...... one ounce.
Powdered sAluny ices aan es one ounce.
Vater. af sapere ei oe JOT VG MAT Gs VET

If matter foie around ie feet, apply the following
twice daily:

INC ah iven ce atop ae Meet AN Aaa one ounce.

Wiel <4 MMR eiteieeueiy two ounces. Mix.
Grease the parts; or use,

Salicylic Acids) o 2) ci .one-half ounce.

Wave haul as che 1 ieee Aan Ney pe OR ne one ounce,

Verselamierw: ss iene tat one two ounces. Mix.

Grease the parts thrice daily. If the udder is swelled
and painful grease with,

Guim, Camphor7. 2): 6 .++..-one ounce.
Extract of Belladonna...... one ounce.
Wea e@limens <A Sees ihe eaten cats five ounces. Mix.

Use twice daily. If the appetite fails or the animal
cannot eat, drench with gruel two or three times a day,
into which may be mixed a quart of beer.

CANCEROUS ULCERS.

When the veterinary surgeon’s attention is called to
these cases, he can do little more than to advise concern-

LUMP JAW.

ing the best mode of destroying the animal. These
uleers generally appear as small, hard nedules, situated
upon either the upper or lower jaw, principally the late

312 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ter. Usually they are at first movable, the skin playing
over them with perfect ease. As they gradually de-
velop in size, they become adherent to the bone and
may continue to grow for months before breaking.
When one breaks, it discharges either a thin lquid, or

TUMOR REMOVED.

pus, and presents an ugly, ragged appearance, of a
fibrous nature and sometimes bleeds profusely. It may
partially heal up, then it will swell up and discharge,
and lumps of tissue will slough away. Gradually be-
coming worse, it eventually affects the teeth, causing

LUMP JAW.

them to fall out and establishing an opening into the
mouth, through which the food will drop out.\ There is
no special treatment save to fatten the animal for the
butcher—that is when the swelling is first noticed.

HEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE. 318

After it has broken out and discharged for some time,
the flesh ought not to be used. Still, destroying the
animal is a humane act.

HAEMATUREA, OR BLOODY URINE.

This disease is seen amongst all breeds of cattle and
is caused by injuries over the back and loins; by cattle
jumping upon each other, by eating herbs which cause

TRAUMATIC HAMATUREA.

irritation of the kidneys, by the administration of pain-
ful diuretics; from stones in the bladder, rupture of
small blood vessels in the kidneys, or vagina.

Symptoms :—The symptoms develop very rapidly.
The animal appears weak, scarcely able to rise, and
when standing the back is arched; there is strain-
ing, the animal voids small quantities of urine
mixed with blood globules and albumen; _ pulse
quick, small and wiry; appetite and rumination partly
suspended, legs and horns are alternately hot and cold,
mouth hot, bowels constipated, flow of milk decreased ;
on applying pressure along the back, the animal evinces
pain; if compelled to walk, it moves with a straddling
gait.

814 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

Treatment :—Apply hot fomentations across the loins
and give the following:

Epsom Salts...... .-...sixteen ounces.
Sulphate of Soda......... eight ounces.
Ground: Ginger. -s'-\.-% one-half ounce.
Gentiame eae. tags oa: .one-lalf ounce. Mix.

Give in a gallon of water at one dose; to be fol-
lowed with tonics, as,
Tincture Per-Chloride of Iron.......
ATS ANEW hates en . -one ounce,
Tincture Cinchona........four ounces.
Tincture Nux Vomica.....two ounces.
Tincture Opin... 3s .four ounces.
Infusion of Quassia ..... .-five ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces, three times a day. Feed on a soft
outritious diet and the drinking water should be ren-
dered mucilaginous by linseed.

PHRENITIS, INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.

Inflammation of the brain usually results from in-
juries to the head, or as the sequel of fevers caused by

eating buckeyes; also from indigestion, from exposure to

the hot sun, from extensive inflammation of the ear, etc.

Symptoms :—Sometimes an animal suffering from
inflammation of the brain will appear stupid, pressing
its head for a considerable time against a wall, fence or
some stationary object, and occasionally running about
wildly as if it were both drunk and blind. Others ap-
pear as though seized with a fit of madness and act
fiercely ; the eyes are inflamed and staring—constantly
watching. The animal in rushing about, will fall down
in almost any position. The breathing will be slow,
and the pulse, strong and full at first, will gradually de-

GONORRH@A, OR CLAP. 815

cline with throbbing of the temporal arteries. The dis-
ease generally occurs during the hot months.

Treatment :—Give a brisk physic:

Epsom Salts....... twenty-four ounces.
Gane er wee aha cer kcaee six drachms. Mix.

Put in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose.
Bleed from the jugular vein, while the pulse is full,
from one to two gallons. Apply ice-cold water to the
head constantly. If the limbs are cold, apply friction
or some stimulating liniment and bandage, and give,

Bromide of Potassium...... six ounces.
Sulphate of Soda......-twelve ounces. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give one powder every two
or three hours in a pint of water, and as convalescence
is taking place, apply a good blister on the head, back
of the horns.

GONORRHOEA, OR CLAP.

This disease is not very frequently met with in
veterinary practice, but sometimes occurs and is a
source of considerable annoyance to both practitioner
and patient. Bulls and cows suffer considerably in
passing water. The animal strains frequently and only
a small quantity of urine at a time is passed; the ani-
mal occasionally stamps its feet and lashes its tail from
side to side; the bowels are constipated; if a bull, a
swelling appears around the sheath; a discharge of mat-
ter, at first light in color and then assuming a thick white
or yellowish white color, is seen dropping away; some-
times the penis swells up and becomes fiery red in color.

Treatment :—As soon as noticed give a brisk physic:

Epsom, Saltse is, ace. - sixteen ounces.

Gineeriate. 4 ieee foals seven drachms. Mix.

316 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Give ina gallon of warm water. Bathe the parts
well with hot water and into the affected portions in-
ject hot water frequently, or inject the following:

LOGOLODIM? eats eae eee two drachms.

JOINS) sete aU ears Pts as, ee ree six ounces.

WHALER stn ee neces ati eon ten ounces. Mix.
Use three times a day; or,

Sulphate of Copper......... one ounce.

WWALCIi at leit: dees ci nts stk: -one quart. Mix.
Or,

Calomelateine cece oe ae two drachms.

Pame BW ater s cect beets wires one pint. Mix.

Inject twice daily and give the following:

Balsam \Coparbariswe oes. two ounces.
Tincture. Cubebs'.tc us... two ounces.
Spirits of Camphor........ two ounces.
Minctore: Kanes: aes two ounces.
EOE Dp Wane a= pice eae sche eae forty grains. Mix.

Give tablespoonful three times a day. If chancres
appear, they should be touched with lunar caustic and
afterward covered with iodoform or calomel twice
daily. Cattle thus affected should not be bred until a
complete cure is effected, as it is communicable to other
animals. Great care should be used in thoroughly
cleansing the hands, as the discharge is very poisonous.

CATARRH, OR COLD.

This is the term used to denote an inflamed condi-
tion of the lining membrane of the nostrils, sinuses of

the head and upper air passages; it may extend to the
eyes and throat. The causes are change of climate,

sudden changes of weather, bad ventilation, deficient

CATARRH, OR COLD. 817

drainage, being turned from a warm stable out into a
cold storm, ete.

Symptoms :—The lining membrane of the nostrils is
at first reddened and dry, soon becoming moist with a
thin, watery discharge. The eye-lids become swollen
and red and discharge a watery secretion, soon assuming
a mattery appearance. The forehead and butts of the

CATARRH, OR COLD.

horns are very hot. The animal snuffles and sneezes
and sometimes coughs. The breathing is somewhat
difficult. The animal occasionally shivers. Appetite
and rumination are partly suspended. The urine is
high-colored. Coat is rough and staring. Sometimes a
light diarrhoea is present and later on a thick, viscid
discharge from the nostrils.

Treatment :—Give as a mild laxative—

Bipsomusaltg. 2h... af.aels twelve ounces.
GinPerkecek san coats 2 one-half ounce.
(FETs a saat eal one-half ounce. Mix.

Give in a half gallon of warm water. Keep the
patient ina comfortable place, blanket well and feed
on hot mashes. Give one of the following powders
three times a day:

818 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

Chlorate of Potassium..... one ounce.
Nitrate of Potassium.......one ounce.
Bicarbonate of Soda........ one ounce. Mix.

Make eight powders. If the discharge becomes
stopped before a favorable termination is reached, steam
the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and add a little
vinegar to the hot water.

CHOKING.

This 1s a common accident among cattle that are fed
on such roots as turnips, carrots, potatoes, beets, ete.,
etc. In greedy eaters it is also caused whilst eating
grain or chaff; in the hurry to eat, the food is not thor-
oughly mixed with saliva, and being swallowed about

INJURIES TO THE GULLET FROM USING BROOM STICKS
AND WHIP STALKS WHILE CHOKING.
half dry, it frequently becomes lodged in the cesophagus.
Choking also occurs from leather, clothing, ete., of
which cattle frequently attempt to eat.
Symptoms :—If the obstruction is high up in the
throat or in the pharynx, the animal will slaver consid-

CHOKING. 319

erably—the saliva running profusely from the mouth.
There will be difficult breathing and much uneasiness.

hy, fh,
ie It h

|,
‘a Wy
Bhi Vas
iy li ls

THE MANNER OF USING THE PRORANG IN CHOKING.
The head will be held low down with the nose straight
out; sometimes attempts at coughing are made. The

320 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

eyes are staring and blood shot. If the obstruction is
lower down the neck or within the chest, the symptoms
are not so severe. The breathing may be but little
altered and the slavering much less and_ probably
absent. If the animal attempts to drink and the obstruc-
tion is large, the water will be ejected through the
mouth and nostrils; but if the obstruction is small, it
may pass by it and go to the stomach. Bloating is a
prominent symptom—the left side will sometimes be
ereatly distended.

Treatment :—If the obstruction is within the pharynx
place a gag in the mouth and remove it with the hand
or with a pair of forceps. If you fail to withdraw it,
give a half pint of sweet oil or melted lard; administer
carefully, and the obstruction may pass downward or be
expelled in an attempt to cough. Should this fail or
should the animal be in great distress, pass the pro-
bang immediately. This should be done as follows:
Place gag in the mouth and have an assistant hold
it; then grease the probang and pass it slowly down the
throat. When you come to the obstruction, press
heavily but slowly, and when it starts force it on into
the stomach. If the obstruction is low down or within
the chest, give six or eight ounces of sweet oil or melted
lard, also a quart or two of water, and it will frequently
pass on. If it does not, pass the probang, but do not
attempt to force it down with sticks or whip-stalks as
you are liable to produce great injury, by rupturing the
cesophagus. When this occurs and inflammation sets
in, apply hot water to the side of the neck, and give
internally—

Powdered Alum.......one-half ounce.
Powdered Opium...... three drachms.
Warm Water. ure tice ti oe -. one pint. Mrx.

OHRONIC INDIGESTION, out

Give wineglassful three times a day. Sometimes it
is advisable to apply a blister along the side of the
neck. The following will answer very well:

Aqua Ammonia.......... two ounces.
Spirits Turpentine........ two ounces.
IinseednOia ke sks ees four ounces. Mix.

Apply two or three times a day, rubbing it thor-
oughly. Feed on soft food, allow drinking water at
pleasure and fatten for the butcher, as there will always
be more or less trouble.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.

This is a disease of the fourth stomach and is caused
by irregular feeding, bad ventilation, feeding innutri-
tious and badly-cured fodder, exposure to cold and rain,
feeding on marsh grasses, ete.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.

Symptoms :—At first the animal will have a whim-
sical appetite and eat irregularly; later on, they will
sometimes be discovered eating dirt, filth, straw,
manure, etc. -,The skin becomes harsh and dry, with a
staring coat. The dung will be passed in small lumps

822 ' DISEASES OF CATTLE.

which will be hard and dry and covered with mucous.
The loss of flesh will be rapid and the creature at the
flanks will look as thin as a sunfish. The blood becomes
depleted, with pallor of the mucous membranes; and if

ayy OT,

VK
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\
| Ae)
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eee

DROPPING OF THE CUD, OR INDIGESTION,

the disease is allowed to progress, diarrhcea will super-
vene and death will result. But, if attended to in time,
a favorable termination may be looked for.

Treatment:—Put the animal in a comfortable place
and give a mild laxative.

Epsom’ Salts). 2... 3 ....- twelve ounces.
Powdered Ginger...... one-half ounce.
Powdered Gentian.... one-half ounce.
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia......
Meiscgestels Sl iemac days a Bua eouaeeun WO LOMIMGES:
Wiaiters. su cuhcie es note Nene accion one quart. Mix,
Give at one dose, and afterwards give—
Powdered Nux Vomica....two ounces.
Powdered Jamaica Ginger.two ounces.
Powdered Gentian..... .. four ounces.

Powdered Fenugreek .... two ounces, Mix.

coLic. S34

Give desertspoonful two or three times a day in soft
food. Feed on soft, nutritious food in.small quantities,
often repeated; or feed roots, as turnips, carrots, beets,
ete., with a little linseed meal occasionally. Give
plenty of fresh drinking water, with a teaspoonful of
soda, three times a day.

COLIC.

This disease is seldom seen in cattle and when it
occurs, the animal is not very violently attacked. Com-
pared with the same disease in the horse, the symptoms
are very mild. ‘The animal will appear a little uneasy,
stamp with its hind feet, twist its tail around from side
to side, and possibly he down and remain quiet; some-
times it will turn its head around to its side. The
breathing and pulse remain about normal.

Treatment :—Administer a physic; the following will
answer very well:
Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces,

Powdered Ginger.......... one ounce.
Powdered Gentian.... one-half ounce.
Wiatti ise emt s/).\e oth baeiets 4 one quart.
Warm Water orig va byes one quart. Mix.

Give at one dose. Bathe the lower part of the abdo-
men and allow the animal to rest. If it still appears
uneasy give the following;

Tincture Opium.......... two ounces.
Dinekure: GinPer aise es 34 one ounce.
Tincture Capsicum.... one-half ounce.
IW, Higkey oo. eer td cel. hae one-half pint. Mix.

Give at one dose, and, if the pains still continue,
repeat in two hours.

324 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

Among cattle this disease is not very frequent, but
when it does occur it is usually very fatal. The causes
are obstruction of the bowels, feeding on musty hay,
drinking ice-cold water, administration of powerful,
irritating medicines, change of food, ete.

Symptoms :—The animal will be seized with colicky
pains; will strike at the abdomen with the hind feet;
there is suspension of appetite and rumination; pulse,
at first full and hard, gradually growing quick, small

—~

i Ys oe
Pe oe

ENTERITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.
and wiry; the animal hes down and rises up frequently ;
pain is constant: there is moaning; nose hot and dry;
mucous membrane very red; anxious expression of
countenance.

Treatment :—Place the animal in a comfortable stall,
well bedded. If the disease is caused by obstruction of
the bowels give a mild laxative—as a pint and a half of
sweet oil, or a pound of sulphate of soda in half a gal-
lon of water. Follow up with drachm doses of pow-
dered opium, to relieve the pain, or twenty-drop doses
of fluid extract aconite, every thirty minutes until

AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, ETC. 325

relief is obtained. Apply to the abdomen blankets
wrung out of hot water and rub mustard on the abdo-
men and legs. Blanket well and feed on soft bran
mashes for a few days, to relax the bowels. Avoid giv-
ing brisk purgatives as evil results are lable to follow
their use.

AFFECTIONS OF THE RETICULUM, OR SECOND STOMACH.

The reticulum, or second stomach, of cattle is. some-
times the seat of trouble. It is this stomach which pre-
sents a honeycombed appearance. The usual trouble
here is the accumulation of foreign bodies—such as
pins, nails, shoe soles, pieces of tin, wire, ete.—which
cows are liable to pick up. Many of these articles find
a resting place in the rumen, or first stomach, but some
pass on into the second stomach. Needles or nails some-
times pierce the stomach and pass out to the ribs or on
through the flesh and form an abscess, finally sloughing
their way out of the animal’s body. Others may pass
forward through the diaphragm and pierce the heart,
causing instant death. Others may pierce the walls of
the stomach and excite an inflammation there; and
they may be incased in tumors which have formed
around them, there to remain for months, or even
years; or abscesses may form and break, assisting to
destroy the life of the animal. It may not show any
signs of illness and yet have within the stomach quite
an accumulation of bits of iron, ete. But, if tumors
and abscesses form, the animal will begin to lose flesh;
an intermittent diarrhoea will be noticed, with rough,
staring coat and yellow skin, full of dandruff, impaired
appetite, sunken eyes, and aversion to movement.’ The
treatment is unsatisfactory, as the offending object is

326 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

difficult to locate. All that can be done is to feed on
good, soft nutritious diet, and, if able to locate the
irritating substance, operate and remove it.

CONJUNCTIVITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.

Inflammation of the eyes arises from various causes,
such as blows from sticks or stones, being struck with a
whip, dirt or chaff getting into the eye, foul stables,
exposure to cold, ete.

Symptoms:—Swelling of the eyelids, with water
dropping from the inner corners; eyelids closed most of
the time, intolerance of light, impaired appetite, fever-
ishness, conjunctiva swollen and red, with a whitish
film covering the anterior portion of the eyeball; if
from a bruise, red streaks of blood will be seen radiat-
ing from the seat of injury.

Treatment :—If a foreign body is in the eye, remove
it. This is much easier said than done, but the follow-
ing solution will greatly assist in the operation:

WOCAING oar iets vee sheen ees . ten grains.
Ott Waterers cig G one ounce. Mix.

Place a few drops into the eye every thirty seconds,
for two or three minutes; the eye becomes insensible
and a thorough examination may be made. After the
removal of any foreign substance, bathe the eye a few
times with hot water, and the trouble is usually at an
end.

If from other causes, give a physic,

Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces.

Gamer Ce - Morten s gate as one-half ounce.
Moenueneek oii cet ce one-half ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose. Then bathe the eyes three or four
times a day with hot water; feed on soft food and apply
twice daily, one of the following lotions:

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS. 827

Sulphate of Zine@iinal ete. four grains.

Sulphate of Atropia ........ one grain.

Soft: Waters). crete a ....two ounces. Mix.
Or,

Powdered Opium......... one drachm.

Hot Sott: Water: .22.0.25..0.. six ounces. “Max.
Or,

Sulphate of Zine.:..)5,...°. four grains

VADER eters vrata el ortho two ounces. Mix.
Or,

CATO PUNE foo any ean e) aterd die See one grain.

Sulphate of Copper........four grains.

Wate EA ot cpt Waal .....two ounces. Mix.
Or,

Sulphate Morphia..... Hee ares one grain.

COGaIME:, s)\4 ree es ive wart Velstarns.

BWW uber Gr ensure eat onal tara hats one ounce. Mix.

Keep the patient in a clean, dark, airy stable; if at
pasture, and only one eye is affected, bandage the af-
fected eye.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HEPATITIS.

Inflammation of the liver is most frequently the re-
sult of high feeding in warm stables, without sufficient
exercise to keep the circulation of the blood active.
The bowels become constipated and the liver suffers
from an extra amount of blood sent to it, causing con-
gestion and resulting in inflammation.

Symptoms :— When the liver is attacked with conges-
tion, the animal exhibits no distressing symptoms.
But when inflammation sets in, the pulse is s ow and
intermittent; respiration slow, the mucous me ibranes
are pale or tinged with yellow; bowels constipated: the

828 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

dung hard and black; urine high colored: coat staring,
dry and hard to the touch; horns, ears and legs cold.
On applying pressure to the right side, behind the last
rib, the animal will evince pain and try to get away

FAINTING FIT FROM INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

from you, and sometimes moan; you will also feel a
hard tumor-lke substance.
Treatment :—At the outset give a brisk cathartic—

EpsomSallts ta. fsts « .- twenty ounces.
PUIOER ea te orients ee OLLINCes
Callomel ness. Bish Sh ae GO. Ct ac Minas.
Gingvers).)) 226 a try Tie one ounce. Mix.

Give in a gallon of warm water at one dose. After
the physic has operated, give morning and evening, fora
week or ten days, in a pint of gruel, the following:

Iodide of Potassium...... one drachm.
@allomiel ee eave epaiey uta, .twenty grains.
Extract of Taraxacum...two drachms.
Nitrate of Potassium.....twodrachms. Mix.

If the bowels become costive, give a physic. When
convalescence is established, great care in feeding

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT. 3829

should be observed. Give highly nutritious food, in
limited amounts, and such as is easily digested, as,
scalded bran mash, linseed meal, boiled barley, turnips
and choice, clean hay. Sometimes much benefit is de-
rived from blisters applied on the right side.

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE JOINT.

Among cattle this is quite a common affection,
usually resulting from slipping on the ice, or in stables
where the drop or receptacle for manure is very deep
and the floors not well cleaned.

DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE.

Symptoms :—When once seen it will be readily rec-
ognized again. The animal can walk only on three
legs; the stifled one will be dragged along behind and
will be stiff and rigid. Where the patella should be,
when in position, a hollow spot will be observed.
There will be inability to flex the affected limb with
more or less swelling around the joint.

830 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

Treatment:—Fasten a strap around the fetlock of the
disabled leg, pass it forward, between the front legs,
then forcibly draw it forward, when the patella will
often drop into place; if not, press forward on the bone
(which is always on the outside) and it will readily
drop into place. Then apply a blister, as,

Aqua Ammonia....... ....two ounces.
Spirits Turpentine........ two ounces,
Linseed or Olive Oil...... four ounces. Mix.

Apply around the stifle morning and evening until
the ligaments are strengthened.

JAUNDICE.

This is quite a common disease among cattle, and is
caused by a re-absorption of bile into the system. The
bile is secreted in the liver and emptied into the gall
sack, and from there it is emptied into the duodenum
or first bowel, to increase the peristaltic action of the
bowels and complete digestion. There are many dis-
eases of the liver that will produce jaundice. Gall
. stones passing through the duct and becoming lodged,
will prevent the bile from passing into the bowels; it
then becomes re-absorbed and diffused through the
whole system.

Symptoms :—In ordinary or acute cases of jaundice,
either suddenly or after a few days, you will notice a
yellowness of the eyes and the lining membrane of the
mouth and nose, and a general listlessness is apparent.
The bowels will be constipated and what does pass, will
be dry, hard, dark-colored and covered with mucous.
The urine is high-colored and stains linen~ yellow.
Rumination is generally suspended and the tongue
heavily coated. Sometimes bloating will be present,
but not always. Acute jaundice is not very often fatal.

a a te ada

FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES. 831

Treatment :—When supposed to be functional dis-
turbance of the liver, the object is to restore that gland to
a normal condition, or if gall stones be the cause, they
may be removed by the same course of treatment, viz:

Epsom Salts........... twelve ounces.
Powdered Barbadoes Aloes..one ounce.
Podophyllin Resin...... two drachms.
Gingent. i WR viene teeta two drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in two quarts of water. After the
physic has operated, give the following:
Ohlorate of Potassium...two drachme.

Podophyllin Resin........ one drachm. ‘
Extract of Taraxacum ....one drachm.
Cam PAT tae ine 215i shay eid eens one drachm. Mix.

Give in a quart of water or gruel, night and morn-
Db 9 a
ing, for four or five days. When convalesence takes
place, feed carefully on easily digested food, such as
bran mash, clover hay, malt, barley, ete.
b) >] 3 J)

FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES.

Buckeyes are nuts which grow on trees, in a great
many parts of this country. In the autumn, when they
fall to the ground, they are a source of great annoyance
to the farmers who use forest pasture lands. Some cattle
are particularly fond of these nuts and eat them readily,
seldom, however, eating them a second time if they eat
many the first. When once observed, the symptoms
will never be forgotten. For a while the animal will
appear dull and stupid; respirations natural; pulse, at
first full and quick, gradually growing small, weak and
rapid. When the animal attempts to walk,-jt staggers
around like a drunken man, striking all around with its
forelegs and falling in almost any positi on, as if ina fit

Son DISEASES OF CATTLE.

After lying a short time, it gets up very awkwardly and
may stand perfectly quiet; but, if forced to walk, it
will stagger around until it either regains its balance or
falls to the ground. The animal may lie perfectly
quiet, stretched out on the ground for two or three
days, and if relief is not obtained, death ends the scene,
By pressure on the stomach, you will generally feel the

FITS FROM EATING BUCKEYES.

offending agents. There will be involuntary twitching
of the muscles and grinding of the teeth. €

Treatment :—When first noticed, give a brisk physic
to expel the buckeyes—

Hpsom Sallis): as ...twenty ounces.
Powdered Aloes............ one ounce.
Gamera creep sea. sone one ounce. Mix.

Put in a gallon of water and give at one dose. Give
per rectum, frequent injections of warm water. If
within twenty-four hours the animal is not conva-
lescent, rumenotomy should be performed (see Impac-
tion of the Rumen:;) after which give one of the follow-
ing powders three times a day:

IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR FARDEL-BOUND. 388

Bromide of Potassium. ....two ounces.
Nitrate of Potassium....... one ounce.
(UNL OTS On Lele Sickel strane, Bibi one ounce.
Gentian: tiie eth ok ee). Or OUMCeR:
Bi Carbonate of Soda..... .two ounces. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Feed on soft food, as, bran
mash or linseed gruel. The balance of the herd should
be moved to other pasture, or the nuts should be gath-
ered and destroyed.

IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR FARDEL-BOUND.

Impaction of the manifolds, or third stomach of the
ox, is sometimes met with; more especially when the
‘attle are poorly kept during the winter season and are
fed on innutritious food, containing a great amount of

IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM, OR THIRD STOMACH.

woody fiber. Even soft, nutritious food, when thor-
oughly masticated, appears very dry when passing
through the manifolds of the third stomach. ° Conse-
quently, when the food is innutritious, dry, possessing
a vast amount of woody fiber, it is liable to become im-
pacted while passing through this stomach.

$34. DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Symptoms :—At first the animal may be uneasy, but
this is only of short duration, as it soon grows dull and
stupid, resting its head on the manger or on other
objects. The head is carried low down; appetite and
rumination are suspended; if in a cow, the flow of milk
decreases; the tongue protrudes from the mouth, eyes
are staring and blood-shot; colicky pains arise; the tail
is switched from side to side. The first stomach some-
times fills up with gas; then the breathing is acceler-
ated. The eyes are affected and will bear the touch of
the finger without closing the lid. Sometimes the brain
is affected, when the animal will rush around as though
it were mad, fall down and struggle as if in a fit, when
death puts an end to its misery. Sometimes the dung
passed while the animal is straining will be thin, and
frequently blood and mucous are passed. The urine is
high colored; pulse at first full and natural but grad-
ually growing weaker. The disease may last but a day,
or it may continue for a week.

Treatment :—Give a good, brisk cathartic, as the fol-
lowing:

Epsom Salts....... SRA ENE two pounds.
@alomvel sie soe ee aes two drachms.
Grembia mie res we oo aerate une e one ounce. Mix.

Give in half a gallon of warm beer. Follow this up
with hourly injections of warm water and castile soap,
as long as deemed advisable. Allow all the water the
animal will drink, but allow no food until the bowels
are moved by the physic. If the first stomach bloats up,
draw off the gas with a probang or trocar and canula.
Rub the legs with some stimulant as mustard and
alcohol. Blanket well to keep the animal warm and
give the following stimulant every four hours, in a quart
of warm beer:

HIDE-BOUND. 885

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia.....
PPL ADU ts obhe heey ttanetete haat eretats two ounces.
Tincture Nux Vomica...two drachms.
dimeture Gentian... 40.0). « one ounce. Mix.
Never bleed in this disease as it is dangerous, even
while the animal has a full pulse. Be careful after
giving the first dose not to give any more physic for
forty-eight hours. Then, if the bowels do not move,
give half of the first dose.

HIDE-BOUND.

A great many diseases of the alimentary canal in cattle,
cause great depletion in flesh, whereby the skin assumes
an unhealthy appearance; the cellular tissue loses
its elasticity, and to all appearance, the skin is fastened
to the bones. Then the animal is said to be hide-bound,
when, in reality, the disease exists in the alimentary
canal, and the tightened appearance of the skin is only
a symptom of some other affection, such as indigestion,
diarrhoea, disease of the liver, or failure of the secre-
tory glands in the intestines to perform their work.
Some animals present a pinched-up, poor, unthrifty
appearance, without any tendency to take on flesh.
Such animals may have some derangement of the sys-
tem over which medicines would have no control, and
may be classed as worthless, as you cannot make beef
out of them. And they are useless in the dairy. The
treatment should be to find out the real cause of the
trouble, which is generally in the alimentary canal, and
if this is properly treated, the skin will soon assume a
healthy appearance. But I know of no disease among
the lower. animals which could properly be called hide-
bound.

836 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Treatment :—When it appears without any assignable
cause, disease of the digestive organs may be suspected
and give as a mild physic—

Sulphate of Soda....... ».. one pound.
Powdered Gentian ........ one ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose in a gallon of water, to be followed

up with—
Powdered Nux Vomica.... one ounce.

Powdered Gentian....... four ounces.
Powdered Fcuenugreek.... four ounces.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda... s- four ounces. Mix.

Give a dessertspoonful three times a day, in soft food.

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR FIRST STOMACH.

This affection is quite common among cattle. It ig
caused by cattle eating too large quantities of food
which they may particularly lke and of which pre-

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN.

viously they may have been deprived. Cattle are par-
ticularly fond of clover, and if deprived of it for some
time, and then obtaining free access to it, they are |ta-

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN, OR FIRST STOMACH. 887

ble to eat so much that the stomach becomes so gorged
that the muscular coats become partially paralyzed. Or
cattle that have gained access to a large quantity of
grain, will devour a large amount of it, overloading the
stomach and causing impaction, with more or less tym-
panitis.

It is also caused when cattle are fed upon innutritious
food, or food containing a vast amount of woody fibre.

Symptoms :—Usually, at first, the symptoms are not
severe. The animal will appear dull, and _ possibly,
somewhat distressed; bowels constipated, appetite and
rumination suspended, nose dry and mouth hot; pulse
full at first but growing gradually faster and weaker;
horns, ears and legs grow cold; labored respiration;
sometimes the animal will groan or grunt, and the
breath be foetid or sour; paleness of the visible mucous
membranes; if lying down, the animal usually lies on
the right side. By pressing the fingers on the left side
the contents of the stomach will be felt like a hard mass
within it and will pit upon pressure, leaving the inden-
tions of the fingers there for some time. On percussion
the resonant sound is absent, unless tympanitis super-
venes; but if no gas is present, the doughy feel of the
stomach remains.

Treatment :—If there is tympanitis, relieve by giv-
ing the following:

Liquor Ammonia..... ...two drachms.
Tincture Ginger....... one-half ounce.
“W1AVASH He Toes tae dS Ome MEME UGH a EN has one quart. Mix.

Or, pass the hollow probang, or tap with the trocar
and canula; after which give at one dose in a gallon of
warm water the following:

Epsom Salts: . 5... twenty-four ounces.
Gainer ite vee ey) seins? .-.-. one ounce. Mix.

888 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Give repeated injections of castile soap and warm
water, and every four hours give the following as a
drench:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia......

borne Vc [ef tam alens BMGr Oe eee two ounces.
Tincture Gentian.......... one ounce.
Wiarmi Beer... seas ania: one quart. Mix.

If the bowels fail to respond in from twenty-four to
thirty-six hours, ruamenotomy should be performed, as
later the animal may become exhausted and unable to
stand the operation. The operation should be per-
formed as follows: First prepare yourself with the
necessary instruments, which consist of a scalpel or an
ordinary sharp jack-knife, two pairs of hooks, needles,
white silk thread of the heaviest kind, some clean,
white linen cloths, a sponge and a pail full of clean,
warm water. Next fasten the animal by ropes with the
right side against the stall or fence; be sure to fasten it
securely, so it cannot get away; have three or four
assistants to hold it up and steady it. Commence
the operation by making an incision through the skin
midway between the last rib and the point of the
hip, and about five inches from the bones which pro-
trude from the back (vertebrm). The incision should
he downward and about eight inches in length. Then
divide the muscles suecessively and cut through the
peritoneum. Lastly the walls of the stomach should be
divided about the center; first make a small opening
into the stomach; then secure the edges of the stom-
ach with hooks and gradually pull it outward, while the
incision is being lengthened both upward and downward,
but not to the extent of the external opening.* The
edges of the wound in the stomach should be drawn
outward to cover the external wound so as not to allow
any of the food to fall into the abdominal cavity, as

ry
7]
:
{
y

ae,

PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 339

that would surely cause the death of the patient. The
hand is then introduced and about three-fourths of the
contents of the stomach removed, leaving about one-
fourth behind, be careful not to leave any hard, dry
lumps. You may then pour into the stomach through
the opening the following:

PUPS GTU ETE Maye shes cel shay ale Velev ten ounces,
Warn GOT asco vs katie ale one quart.
Warm: Water: 2 ny sl. an als bos one quart. Mix.

Next wash off the wound and sew up the stomach
with the uninterrupted suture, bringing the edges neatly
together. Then stitch up the muscles in layers, taking
deep stitches with the uninterrupted sutures. Lastly
sew up the skin in the same manner. Immediately
after, apply the following ointment:

Waselingttacy co. chan aes four ounces.
Mod olor... bee van tae ts six drachms. Mix.

Continue its use until the wound is healed, or use
some other healing lotion. The food should be light
and soft, of the most nutritious kind, and given in small
quantities. If the wound heals except a small opening,
searify its edges and stitch them together again.

PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

Inflammation of the lungs may have various causes,
such as exposure to cold and damp, being kept in filthy,
ill ventilated stables, a morbid condition of the blood—
lungs, in their endeavor to throw off its impurities, the
becoming altered in tissue, with inflammation as the
result; injuries etc.

Symptoms :—The disease is generally ushered in whith
a shivering chill, which is not always noticed, after
which the animals appear dull and stiff. The skin is
dry and harsh, coat staring, nose dry, mouth hot; pulse,

840 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

at first full and strong—from fifty to sixty beats per
minute—later becoming small, weak and rapid; mucous
membranes are red; slight cough; anxious countenance;
breathing short, quick and chiefly abdominal, the chest
and ribs being held, as muchas possible, in a fixed posi-
tion; bowels constipated; urine scant and high colored ;
patient les down most of the time; dullness on percus-
sion; on applying the ear to the sides of the’ chest no

4

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

respiratory murmur will be heard over the affected
part, but the unaffected portion will be heard with
increased force; as the disease advances the legs and
ears become cold, the breath becomes feetid and shorter,
and an unfavorable termination seems imminent.

Treatment :—When first seen while yet the pulse is
full, bleed to the amount of two quarts; but, should
the pulse be weak, do not bleed, and give every three or
four hours, two ounces of the following, ina little water
as a drench:

Liq. Ammonia Acetate. . twelve ounces.
Sweet Spirits of Niter..... four ounces.
Fluid Extract Aconite....one drachm. Mix.

Also give the following powders every four or five
hours; ee

\

OYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 9841

Quinine Sulphate...... three drachms.
Devers’ Powder iy ol. si) ok: one ounce. Mix.
Make into twelve powders. If the bowels are con-
stipated give—
Epsom Salts).:2)./.de2/s"5 6. twelve ounces.
Ginwen nese eae one-half ounce. Mix.
Give in two quarts of warm water. Apply mustard
freely to the sides of the chest; feed on soft food;
blanket well; allow the patient to breathe cold, fresh
air and give plenty of fresh, cold water; if the limbs
become cold rub them thoroughly with dilute alcohol
and bandage.

CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.

Inflammation of the bladder is a very rare disease
and is occasioned sometimes through difficult parturi-
tion, or injuries from various sources. The urine of

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.

cattle is alkaline, but from disturbed digestion and the
injudicious use of drugs of various kinds, it sometimes
becomes acid, thereby causing inflammation of the
bladder.

Symptoms:—The animal exhibits great uneasiness.
Colicky pains are apparent with efforts to void urine,
and sometimes, to vomit. The head will frequently be
turned toward the flanks and severe constitutional dis-

842 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

turbance will be manifest. Occasionally, the urine will
be voided frequently.

Treatment:—In this disease, it is always policy to
examine the bladder and urethra carefully, to ascertain
whether there be a calculus or stone causing these symp-
toms, which may be dislodged or removed. If the blad-
der is distended with urine, pass the catheter and draw
it away, after which give the following:

Raw Linseed Oil.......... two ounces.

Ope i.
Epsom Salts........... twenty ounces.
Powdered Gentian.....three drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in a gallon of water. Mustard
plasters placed over the loins are beneficial, as are also
injections thrown into or around the bladder, of the fol-
lowing:

Tincture of Opium........ four ounces. |
Fluid Extract Belladonna.four ounces. Mix.

Put one ounce into a quart of warm water and inject
every three or four hours. Flaxseed tea may be given
freely. If pain continues give—

Liquid Ammonia Acetate....one pint.
Fluid Extract Aconite...two drachms. Mix.

Give two ounces every three or four hours.

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER.

Among the cattle this is not a very common afflic-
tion, except during difficult labor. However it may
occur from other causes, as administration of powerful
diuretics; use of too much cantharides, either internally
or externally; any irritation of the bladder causing
continuous straining. By violent attemps to pass water,
followed by continuous straining, the vagina is ruptured

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER. 848

and the bladder is everted, when it appears as a red,
fluctuating tumor gradually filling with water, as it is
unable to discharge its contents owing to the twisted
condition of the neck of the bladder.

ype

a re Sc ¥ py =
= ag FA Pah es er IP ee.
2 1463 ANE es V ™
Gia tL, ge
——— : ny
—_———— 2 ie

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER.

Treatment :—Oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully
replace the bladder; then draw off the urine and, while
the catheter remains in position, inject a decoction of
opium and warm water. Then, if possible, stitch up the
rupture in the vagina and allay the irritation and over-
come the straining by giving drachm doses of powdered
opium every two hours until relieved; or you may give
twelve-grain doses of sulphate of morphia until relieved ;
afterwards give a physic:

Epsom Salts...........twelve ounces.
Sulphate of Soda.........four ounces.
Ginwers syst). ste sae wolke- Crachimeae. avLix,

Give at one dose in a gallon of water. To assist in
preventing the straining tie a rope or strap tightly
around the body immediately over the loins.

344 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

EVERSION OF THE VAGINA.

With cows this is quite a common occurrence and 1s
the result of dificult parturition, the animal receiving
some injury therein; also is caused by tumors in the
vagina or womb), straining after calving, retention of the
placenta or afterbirth; swinging animals so the whole
veight is upon the abdomen, ete.

TRUSS TO PREVENT EVERSION OF THE WOMB.
Treatment :—First ascertain the cause and, if possible,
remove it; then oil the hands with sweet oil and care-
fully press the vagina into position; then wash it thor-
oughly with—
Gum, or Powdered Opium..........
Mine tee aii ae Pi One GG HACE MS
Hot Water..... Sevet abe Moa ye one pint. Mix.
Place the animal in a stall, with the hind parts ele-
rated fifteen or twenty inches above the front. Apply
a truss made of rope, fasten it around the neck and

DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 845

bring the ropes straight down along the back; pass one
down on each side of the tail to the udder, and on each
side between the udder and hind leg; fetch it up past
the flank and tie it just over the loins to the rope
coming down the back. Then make a few circles
around the body and tie the ends of the rope securely.
Thus you have the animal harnessed safely so that it
cannot strain any, as the back will be kept in a straight
line. Inject the above preparation of opium into the
vagina every three or four hours and give drachm doses
of powdered opium every hour until the straining ceases.
If the bowels become constipated, give a physic as—

BGI SLES ina70"se aso soe Ss one pound.

AEM URATI tate ova clcnn aoet dis ellevavars half ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose in a gallon of water, and feed on

soft, nutritious food.

DROPSY OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB.

Occasionally vast accumulations of serum or fluids,
are found within the womb. This, at the present time
is none too thoroughly understood, although various
theories have been presented.

Symptoms :—The symptoms very much resemble those
of pregnancy. The abdomen will begin to enlarge, and
the owner usually considers her with calf, from the fact
that the cow appears in a healthy condition, but as the
period of gestation goes by without any signs of calving,
the conclusion is soon reached that something is wrong.
Upon examination the womb is found distended to a
considerable extent and by pressure and manipulation,
it will be found to contain a watery substance. j

Treatment :—Open up the neck of the womb with the
finger, if possible, and allow the fluidtoescape. If that

846 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

cannot be done, puncture with a trocar and canula; it
will then escape. Allow the canula toremain until you
have injected one of the following:

Tincture of: fodine....623.5. one ounce.
WEEORS oki cee n sige a kenes gies one quart. Mix.
Or,
Permanganate of Potassium........
Rak orp caamrars dapeeteaiave tieustare two drachms.
Water cn attr omen eee, two quarts. Mix.

Inject through the neck of the womb, if it can be
opened. The injection may be used every other day,
until it has been used five or six times, then if the
fluids continue to form, the operation of allowing it to
escape will have to be repeated, as often as occasion
demands.

LEUCORRHOEA, OR WHITES.

Leucorrhea consists of a chronic discharge of muco-
purulent matter from the mucous membranes of the
vagina, and, not infrequently, from those of the womb.
Generally irritation of the organ followed by relaxation
is the cause; but relaxation alone will produce it. Want
of nutrition attended with debilitating influences is a
frequent cause. Sometimes, to all appearance, an ani-
mal will be healthy and yet affected with leucorrhea.
On opening the lips of the vulva a sticky, whitish or yel-
lowish matter will be seen; quite frequently it runs out
of the vagina and accumulates on the tail and surround-
ing parts. As the disease progresses the discharge emits
an offensive odor; pulse grows feeble; mucous mem-
branes pale; appetite and rumination suspended ; mouth
clammy; gradual wasting of the whole system. Cattle
affected with leucorrhea are quite frequently seeking
a male companion, but seldom get with calf, and if they
- do, generally abort.

PLEURISY. 847

Treatment :—Feed on soft, nutritious diet with tonics
and stimulants. Give twice daily two ounces of the
following, diluted in water:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ......

Rr Tae Ale eee enema Sea o> four ounces.
Sweet Spirits of Niter.....five ounces.
fineture: Gainer. 2.4. oie five ounces.
Tincture Muriate of Iron..two ounces.
Sepp ye tively cdr aiss se seakats at tl ava": two grains. Mix.

Use as an injection per vaginum twice daily one of
the following powders, dissolved in a quart of warm
water :

Permanganate of Potassium........
Mists nih sha sueltey «idles s'eley chisel (ahs \oie;/t one ounce,
Sulphate of Zinc>....... four drachms. Mix.

Make into eight powders; previously wash out the
vagina and womb to remove all matter.

PLEURISY.

The term pleurisy is used to denote an inflammation
of the membrane covering the heart and lungs, which is
also the lining membrane of the chest. Sometimes
pleurisy occurs in pneumonia or inflammation of the
lungs, on account of the proximity of this membrane to
the lung tissue. Sometimes it occurs as a separate and
independent disease. The causes are exposure to wet
and cold, filthy stables, sudden changes by being turned
from warm stables into the cold, injuries to the chest,
ete.

Symptoms :—The animal appears dull and stiff, with-
out desire to walk around. Fever is present from the
beginning of the attack. The breathing is chiefly
abdominal, the chest being held, as far as possible, in a

848 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

fixed position. The patient seldom coughs, as the act is
very painful. The pulse is wiry, ranging about sixty
beats per minute. The head is carried low with droop-
ing ears. Appetite and rumination are suspended; nose
dry; eyes about half closed. On applying the ear to

PLEURISY.

the part affected, a grating sound is heard, although the
lungs give forth a healthy respiratory murmur; pressure
between the ribs causes great pain, sometimes causing
the animal to groan or grunt. While breathing, inspi-
ration is short, becomes painful, while the expiration is
more easily performed and therefore lengthened.

Treatment:—Put the animal in a good, comfortable
place and blanket well. Apply poultices of linseed
meal to the chest; in its absence, poultice freely with
mustard. Give every two hours, two ounces of the fol-
lowing mixture:

Liquid Ammonia Acetate..... ens Was
ie (aia Geb Hani dlacls Meee NEL VG) OLN CEB:
Sweet Spirits of Niter.... four ounces.

Fluid Extract Aconite.. .two drachms. Mix.
Regulate the bowels by giving a pint and a half of
raw linseed oil, and injections per rectum, of warm
water, every two hours. Also give one of the following
powders every six hours:

SORE TEATS. 3849

Nitrate of Potassium...... two ounces.
Chlorate of Potassium..... one ounce.
lodide of Potassium -’). #/.... one ounce. Mix.

Make into twelve powders. If it terminates in reso-
lution the disease will last but a few days; but if it ter-
minates in hydrothorax, or water in the chest, it may
last some considerable time and require a different
treatment. If there is much effusion into the chest, it
should be drawn off with a trocar and canula. The
place to pass the trocar and canula is between the
eighth and ninth ribs; after they are inserted withdraw
the trocar and allow the canula to remain until all the
fluid runs out. Sometimes bands of lymph plug up the
canula; these should be removed with a long needle.
After the fluid has all drained out, remove the canula.
Then administer tonics and stimulants to support the
system. Give every six hours one of the following
powders:

Powdered Digitalis...... six drachms,
Saltpeter.... one and one-half ounces.
Sulphate of Iron..........two ounces.
Powdered Nux Vomica..... one ounce. Mix.

Make eight powders. Give in a pint of warm beer.
Also give twice a day,.drachm doses of iodide of potas-
sium, with four ounces of brandy and a little water.
Feed on soft, nutritious diet.

SORE TEATS.

Around the teats some cows are more tender than
others. The skin is tender and easily cracked, form-
ing open and indolent sores which are hard to heal.
These sores may occur at any season of the year and are
most commonly seen on cows which have just calved.

350 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Cow-pox is lable to break out on the teats at any time,
and to cause considerable annoyance. It first forms a
round blister which bursts and discharges a bluish
liquid. It then scabs over with a thick crust which
cracks open during milking, or comes loose’ around the
edges; or comes off altogether, when it leaves a small

TEAT SIPHON.

depression in the structure of the teat. It gives consid
erable annoyance to the milkman, as the sores fre-
quently bleed and his hands become covered with mat-
ter, and blood frequently gets into the milk. When the
teats are in this condition calves should not be allowed
to suck, as it aggravates the sores and tends to make
the cows professional kickers. The following ointment
will be found to be very beneficial, especially during
the season of flies:

Wiaiseliimet ss catsna crumeanta ts two ounces.

Carbolie Acid ii. 4/1. fess one drachm.

TOMOLORTI OS. on hoon mies two drachms. Mix.
Apply twice daily; or,

Via REIN el ails t ie oa shee ... two ounces.

Salicylic Acid’: .\. c-:.!-...'. one drachm.

Ladot ORT Oe Re, one drachm. Mix.

Apply twice daily. Great care should be exercised
in milking such animals, and if badly affected the teat
siphon should be used.

INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS.

There are many ways in which the teats become
injured, causing an obstruction to the flow of milk or a

INJURIES AND OBSTRUCTION IN THE TEATS. Bol

complete stoppage, giving rise to inflammation of the
udder. The ends of the teats frequently become
injured from barbed wire, or from warts forming there,
and often from the annoyance of warts in milking, the
milkman seizes them and pulls them off, thus causing
an abrasion of the skin, at or in the channel through
which the milk flows, and as the healing process takes
place, the channel grows together, shutting off the flow
of milk from that quarter of the bag. When this con-
dition is noticed, the teat siphon should be forced
through the channel and kept in position, if possible,
until the wound is healed. If the siphon cannot be kept
in this position, it should be forced through three or
four times a day, until the wound is healed and the
opening remains.

Another and more frequent cause of obstruction is
observed in the small tumors that sometimes form in
the teats, varying in size from a pea to a good sized
bean. They are generally movable. Various methods
have been employed for their removal; sometimes they
can be broken up with a knitting. needle, or pass a
shielded bistoury up the teat and cut them out, but
neither of these methods have proved satisfactory to
me. The most successful way to manage them, is to
fasten the cow and cut down directly onto the tumor,
then dissect it out, bring the wound together with a few
stitches, and use the following:

Vaselinessorii:s. 2. s.u ©. -OneOunee:
Lodoformy is oe, ota four drachms. Mix.

Apply twice daily, then cover with cotton batting
and bandage lightly and loosely. Draw away the milk
with a teat siphon for a few days, and all will be well.
Sometimes strictures exists in the passage of the teat
and greatly diminish the flow of milk. When such a
condition is observed, pass a smooth blunt instrument,

352 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

as a knitting needle or a teat siphon, up the teat, two
or three times a day, gradually increasing the size, until
the stricture disappears. Occasionally we find in fresh
milch cows, the passage up close to the udder, cemented
over, so as to allow no milk whatever, to enter the teat.
In such cases, pass the teat siphon up until you come to
the obstruction, then force it through and rotate it, to
break the obstruction away, and there will afterwards
be but little trouble.

COW-POX.

Every case of eruption or sores upon the udder and
teats of cows, should not lead the casual observer to
conclude that it is a case of genuine cow-pox. Indeed,
cow-pox seems to be a disease originating spontaneously
with, and confined to milking cows, as bulls are not sub-
subject to it and neither are heifers, until they have
undergone the change in life and become mothers.
Cow-pox is infectious, and it may be communicated to
man through inoculation, after which, if he be suscep-
tible to small-pox, it will only be in the mildest form.

Symptoms :—At first there may be some fever, which,
as arule, will scarcely be noticed, but which will be
followed in a few days by an eruption upon the udder
and teats consisting of small, red spots, which are pain-
ful and hot. The spots at first are small, but within a
few days, contain a bluish liquid that soon becomes
converted into a yellowish matter. By the process of
milking, these spots, which have formed pus tubes,
become broken and discharge their contents, and if not
broken that way, will burst spontaneously, after which
a scab forms and in the course of ten or twelve days
drops off, leaving the teat somewhat tender for a short
space of time. During the eruptive and scabby stage,

MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 858

the milk should be drawn with the teat siphon, to save
pain and trouble, and the attendant should not milk
other cows.

COW-POX.

Treatment :—The treatment is very simple. If in the
winter, feed on soft food and give plenty of fresh, cold
water; should the udder become swollen, painful and
hard, foment well with hot water and poultice thor-
oughly with flaxseed or bran. It is very seldom that
any treatment is needed.

MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.

Inflammation of the udder arises from many causes,
euch as bruises, wounds, bites of insects and reptiles:
allowing the animal to go unmilked for a day or so:

354 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

taking cold; rheumatism and other fevers; being over-
heated; allowing a superabundance of milk to remain
in the udder previous to calving. The last named is the
most frequent cause among cattle of all ages, but espe-
cially with young cows which are having their first calf.
Symptoms :—Inflammation of the udder may exist in
a mild form for a few days and then subside, without
any alarming symptoms beyond a slight increase in heat
around the affected parts. But with the severe form,
there will be considerable fever and dullness. The ani-
mal will have a capricious appetite and rumination be
partially suspended; bowels slightly constipated; the
udder becomes very hot, is swollen and tender; milk
will be decreased and sometimes totally suspended ; skin
covering the udder is very red and glistening; if only
one or two quarters of the bag are affected, they will
appear and feel like hard tumors and may continue
swollen for some time. The operation of milking is per-
formed with difficulty on account of the painful condi-
tion of the udder. The milk from the affected quarters
will be thick and curd-like and frequently streaked
with blood. If not relieved suppuration takes place
within the udder, the hardened parts becoming soft and
discharging matter during the operation of milking; or
the affected quarter may point and break externally, in
which case its usefulness is generally gone forever.
Treatment:—If properly attended to when first

“noticed, mammitis will generally result satisfactorily.
But if left unattended for some time the opposite state
of affairs is certain. Put the animal in a good, dry,
comfortable place, free from drafts, and administer in
a gallon of warm water, the following:

Epsom 'Salts....55.5 (2.6. . sone.pound,

GTS 5 erty casinos ..+..one ounce.

Nitrate of Potassium.... two drachms. Mix.

MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 300

Afterwards apply to the udder, for two hours at a
time, fomentations of hot water; to each gallon of water
used, add four ounces of powdered sulphate of iron.
Immediately after bathing apply a hop poultice as hot
as can be borne; or a poultice of fried onions will do as

a elrynes eae x ; =

qo

4

BANDAGE FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE UDDER.

well. Use a broad bandage and tie it up around the
back to support the bag. If the animal shows signs of
high fever, administer the following draught, every
four or five hours:

Liquid Ammonia Acetate. . four ounces.

Fluid Extract Aconite.. .fifteen drops.

Sweet Spirits Niter........ one ounce.

IEE siscsk ads hits bauedia ee Sots 2h Ph one quart. Mix.

Milk the patient frequently, but if it causes much

pain, insert the teat siphon. Occasionally rubbing the
bag with fluid extract belladonna is frequently benefi-
cial. If the udder still remains hard, the following
lotion will be found of benefit :

Rectified Spirits...........six ounces.
Wi telstazieley sake ears eight ounces.
Spirits of Camphor:.%.:.... two ounces. Mix.

Apply three times a day. This can be used from the
commencement of the attack until the end. If mortifi-
cation sets in, cut out that quarter of the bag and dress
with the following:

856 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Vaseline.... 5. Hays iL ST ete EOL OUNCES!

LoGoLarsh ee Wee .. five drachms. Mix.
Apply thrice daily; or,

Chloride of Zinc........ two drachms.

NV aan. ronmemcry Eta ERIN, one quart. Mix.
Apply thrice ee or,

Listerine. . i Fos jslelenie BLK) OUNCES.

Carbolic Moa AU AUB LRAG EL FE two drachms.

Water SHUM te RH TA a SS aoa a Gu OR one pint. Mix.

Apply frequently. Feed on soft, nutritious diet and
keep as clean as possible.

SPLENIC APOPLEXY.

This disease seldom occurs, except among cattle
which are fed for beef and fattened rapidly. It consists
of a poisonous ferment created within the blood itself,
during an unnaturally plethoric condition of the system
and it is demonstrated by the extravasation of blood
throughout the intestinal canal, brain, serous mem-
brane, pericardium, ete., as found in post mortem
examination. That it is poisonous is shown by the fact
that dogs and pigs have died within a few hours after
eating the flesh, and that men have died from cutting
themselves while skinning animals dead from this
disease.

Symptoms :—Great excitement, eyes staring, mucous
membranes red, mouth hot and dry, urine and manure
mixed with blood, colicky pains, breathing accelerated
and short: pulse, from full and hard becomes quick and
feeble and almost imperceptible. These symptoms are
not always observed, as the disease is of such short
duration; the animal may be left to all appearance per-
fectly well in the evening and found dead in the
morning.

STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES, ETC. 357

Treatment :—When seen in the first stage, give imme-
diately the following:
Epsom Salts...........sixteen ounces.
Glauber Salts..........twelve ounces.

@alomiel Pane Ma usee t re two drachms.

Ginger sao ys akan les oe seietorsts one ounce.

Warm Beer, two quarts; or Warm
Wiahero ye ute tows One allen: i Mix

Constantly apply cold water or ice to the head and
give every two hours the following:

Carbonate of Ammonia. .two drachms.
LORE Sa a OO nk ais As one drachm.
eer He water, Sian adie: one quart. Mix.

Bleeding is sometimes beneficial.

STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES, OR “ GUT-TIE. ”

This disease is seen only in steers and work oxen.
When the animal is castrated, the spermatic cord
recedes and becomes adherent to the abdominal ring.
The cord is united to the pelvic bones by a fold of peri-
toneum, which by pressure is sometimes ruptured and
allows the gut to pass in and out and thus become
strangulated.

Symptoms :—The animal appears dull; colicky pains
are present; appetite and rumination suspended; fre-
quent straining with great effort, but nothing passed
save a little mucous and possibly blood; pains become
more violent and the animal kicks at its belly with the
hind feet, les down and quickly rises again; pulse small
and quick; the animal points its nose to the affected
side; moaning and grinding of the teeth frequently
occur; pressure on the right side causes great pain; the

858 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

back is curved downward; administration of purgatives
produces alarming symptoms.

Treatment :—The only sure treatment is by operating.
Place the animal with its left side against a stall and
fasten there securely. Make an incision in the right
side, large enough to admit the hand. Pass the hand
down to examine the abdominal rings and trace up the
cord. When you come to the strangulation, sever the
adhesions of the cord and the intestine is then liberated.
Draw out the cord and cut off two or three inches,
then return it, and treat as an ordinary wound.

WARBLES, OR GRUBS UNDER THE SKIN.

This is really no disease but simply the manner in
which an insect, called the oestrus bovis, or gad fly,

GRUB FROM COW’S BACK,
develops itself. During the warm months of summer,
this insect flies about and attacks cattle, by piercing
the skin and depositing an egg in the orifice. In the
course of time a swelling is observed, caused by the
deposition of lymph and the development of the larvee
from the egg, which is in time discharged by the process
of suppuration. It may fall upon the ground or in the
stable. If the temperature is sufficiently warm to
develop it, it puts forth wings and soon begins to deposit
eggs for the continuance of its race in the manner

LICE. 359

already described. Sometimes there are a number of
these tumors that acquire the size of a butternut, and
suppurate and discharge to such a degree that they call

GSTRUS BOVIS, OR GAD FLY.

for treatment. This consists of pressing them out and
using some mild astringent lotion; the following will
suffice:

Zine Sulphate: .a-<<s.)s. two drachms.
Acetate ot Lead to..-26% two drachms.
Wi aie ers ok ee ook ten ounces. Mix.

Apply twice daily.

LICE.

Cattle are affected by several kinds of lice, but those
chiefly met with are the small, red lice and the large
gray ones which have black spots on their backs and
sides. They are most frequently seen on poor, debili-
tated cattle that are poorly fed and cared for. Their

360 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

propagation is very rapid; when an animal hecomes
infested, they are soon numbered by thousands and the
whole herd is speedily possessed of them. They may be
speedily exterminated by the use of some of the follow-
ing remedies: Take one pound of stavesacre seeds,
soft water two gallons; place over the fire and simmer
down to one gallon. Sponge the animal all over and
repeat every third day until three applications have
been made. Or, take leaf tobacco one pound, water
two gallons; boil thoroughly and apply every other
day, for four or five times. Or, take blue ointment and
rub it back of the horns and down the back every third
day, for three applications; this is the most dangerous
and the animal must be kept tied so it cannot lick
itself; also protect it from storms. If the stavesacre
can be obtained, it will be found to be the most effective,

RINGWORM.

Ringworm in cattle, is an affection that seldom calls
forth much attention. It is usually seen in poorly fed

RINGWORM.

cattle, although it sometimes makes its appearance on
cattle in good condition. It is caused by a small para-
site and is somewhat contagious.

WARTS. 361

Symptoms :—The first symptoms observed, are round
patches about the size of a nickle, which sometimes
coalesce, but the well-defined ring will be observed.
They generally appear around the head, neck, eyes and
nose and sometimes on.the shoulders, loins, hips and
udder.

Treatment :—If the animal is in poor condition, feed
on good, nutritious food and remove from other cattle.
As cleanliness is very necessary, bathe with soft soap
and warm water, after which use one of the following
prescriptions to kill the parasite:

Nitrate of- Silver. 40.4.2. one drachm.
IV cease nica thd aloe Ne four ounces. Mix.

Apply every day for three or four days. Oy,

Chionidevot. Zane: W."./.. four drachms.
SOLA wUGIs sce po tts ane four ounces. Mix.

Apply once daily for three or four days. Or, paint
the parts thoroughly with tincture of iodine, several
times; or, apply acetic acid morning and evening for
afew days. If the ringworm is close to the eyes be
very careful not to let any of the medicine get into
them.

WARTS.

Every person that is familiar with the care and
handling of stock, has noticed these excrescences which
make their appearance on any part of the body, but
most frequently about the eyes, mouth, udder and belly.
Warts are a skin disease in every sense of the word and
do, not affect the blood in any way, hence constitutional
treatment is useless. They vary greatly in size, from a
small pea to a large goblet, and are best removed with
the knife. Cut them off beneath the skin and apply

352 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

either chloride of zine or corrosive sublimate in powder,
to the raw surface, and they are not liable to grow
again,

WORMS.

Cattle suffer more or less from worms, which accum-
ulate in the intestines. Those most commonly seen are
the Jarge round worms, called lumbricoides, although
tape-worm is occasionally discovered in cattle.

TAPEWORM.

Symptoms :—One of the most prominent symptoms,
is the finding of worms or links, if tape-worm is sus-
pected, in the manure, also an irregular or ravenous.
appetite. There is a falling off in condition, general
weakness, with a hide-bound appearance, and some-
times diarrhoea with colicky pains, is observed.

Treatment :—If tape-worm is present, keep both food
and water away from the patient for twenty-four hours,
then give two quarts of pumpkin seed tea, and within
two hours after, give the following:

psom! Saltish::)4.’47, a. hone pound
Ghemilaiyy nett ever erage ere four drachms. Mix.

Give at one dose in a gallon of warm water. If

afflicted with other kinds of worms, feed on soft food,

TETANUS, OR LOCKJAW. 363

as bran mash, etc., for a few days, then give the follow-
ing before you feed in the morning:
Linseed Oil...’.... eis Rea two pints.
Oil of Turpentine. ........two ounces.
Oil of Male Shield Fern....half ounce. Mix.
Give at one dose. If one dose iails to remove them,
repeat in five or six days.

TETANUS, OR LOCKJAW.

This disease is not socommon among cattle as it is
among horses, but is to be worse dreaded as it is more
often fatal. It is one of those nervous disorders that
are none too thoroughly understood. There are two
kinds of tetanus, traumatic and idiopathic. The former

LOCKJAW.

originates from wounds, pricks of nails, castration, or a
skin abrasion from surgical operations, etc. The latter
is of obscure origin and may be produced from exposure
to cold, irritation of the bowels from drastic cathartics,
from fright, ete. But from whatever source, the symp-
toms are about the same.

364 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Symptoms :—At first the casual observer might think
there was nothing specially wrong, except that the ani-
mal was lacking in appetite; but the symptoms grad-
ually increase in force and intensity and it will then be
noticed that the animal becomes somewhat stiff, with
the nose protruding. The muscles along the neck and
back become rigid and stiff, the tail is slightly elevated,
the limbs grow stiff and act like props for the body; the
mouth is closed, but there may be slight motion of the
jaws. There is partial, and sometimes complete inabil-
ity to swallow and saliva will drivel from the mouth.
There will be grinding of the teeth, and if the head is
elevated, the haw or membrana nictitans will shoot out
over the eyes. Sometimes the patient will appear
hungry and make attempts to eat but will only suck the
food after it has gotten it within the mouth. At all
times, the animal is very easily frightened. There is
usually more or less fever, sometimes reaching 107° or
108° Fahrenheit. If compelled to move, it will do so
with a straggling, staggering gait.

Treatment :—First ascertain the cause, if possible,
and if from the prick of a nail, pare the wound to the
bottom and fill it with solid extract belladonna. Or if
from a wound of any other kind, apply the belladonna
frequently. Put the animal in a comfortable place and
bed well, as cattle frequently lie down during this
disease. Give a brisk physic, if the animal can swal-
low, as—

Sulphate of Soda.......twelve ounces.,
Epsom Salts 7) 20. 22. weight ounces: Mix;

Give at one dose in two quarts of water, or give—

IE PSO Ma ltsiee a anne sixteen ounces.
Barbadoes Aloes........-..-one ounce. Mix.

tive in two quarts of water, after which give—

ee ee

BLACK LEG, OR QUARTER-ILL. 865

Bromide of Potassium. .three drachms.

Chloral Hydrate... .......'. two drachms.

Pe el renee geet neers Sua unis, Mine Soe one pint. Mix.

Give three times a day or place drachm doses of

solid extract belladonna back between the teeth or on
the tongue, three times a day. It will gradually
become dissolved and taken into the system. Apply no
irritating medicines whatever, such as blisters, etc., as
they do more harm than good. Allow them to suck at
water and gruel as much as possible, to maintain their
strength, and one thing above all others is to be
impressed upon the mind of the attendant, that is, to
keep the animal isolated and in a dark stall, no person
to go near it but the attendant himself, and then only
to give medicine and food. Approach very carefully,
as fright will cause a relapse. Some cases, when
isolated in a dark stall and left alone, free from noise
and fright, will recover without the use of any medicine
whatever.

BLACK LEG, OR QUARTER-ILL. -

This disease is rarely seen in the eastern, middle, or
southern states but is frequently seen in the west. It is
seldom ever seen in animals over three years of age, but
is observed occasionally, in animals beyond this age. It
is purely a blood disease and is caused from too high
feeding of animals, taken from a half-starved or poor
condition.’ The reason it is most frequently seen in the
western states, is because of the immense herds in that
section receiving a scanty amount of provision, during
some of the severe winters. They are.-consequently
very thin in the spring, and when turned upon the rich,
nutritious buffalo and bunch grasses, they thrive so
rapidly that a sudden change in the quality of the blood

B66 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

takes place, having a great tendency to decomposition.
Although called black leg, it must not be taken for
granted that the limbs are the only parts that become
affected, for the seat of the disease, while purely a
blood affection, will be noticed at the point of the
shoulders, the neck, back, loins, tongue and thighs.

Symptoms ;—The symptoms in the first stages are sel-
dom noticed, but when observed, the eyes will look
bloodshot, the urine will be highly colored, costiveness,
with blood streaks in the manure; a full, quick pulse
and hurried breathing; then if in the quarter, the ani-
mal will appear lame, the quarter will commence to
swell, and by pressing the hand down over the swelling,
it will emit a crackling sound as though there was air
beneath the skin. If located in some other part of the
body, there may not be any lameness, but the crackling
sound beneath the skin, when pressed upon, will be
apparent. This disease runs its course very rapidly,
seldom lasting twenty-four hours and frequently termi-
nating fatally within twelve hours.

Treatment :—If seen in the early stages, abstract two
gallons of blood and give the following physic:

Epsom Salts....... ...-sixteen ounces.
Sulphate of Soda........ eight ounces.
Powdered Ginger........ two drachms. Mix.

To be given at one dose in two gallons of water.
Plunge a knife deeply into the swellings, in several
places, and pour turpentine into the wounds. Give the
following stimulant:

Sweet Spirits Niter........ six ounces,
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ......

SUR BR PRE RA NrotNEl aR. il fe one ounce.
Pineture Gmeeyr, Ve eae ea one ounce. Mix,

Q
ig om

RHEUMATISM. 367

Give two ounces every two hours in a pint of water
or beer. Should a recovery take place, and the ulcer-
ations prove troublesome, apply

Chionidevef Zine-s- 5... .two drachms.
Sulphate of Copper...... four drachms.
ae Hae cei itis cule uke ats te one pint. Mix.

Apply twice daily. Attention should be directed
toward the prevention of further attacks among the
herd. As it is not contagious, no fears need be enter-
tained from that source. Insert a seaton into the bris-
ket below the neck and just in front of the forelegs.
Keep the cattle in yards at night where no food can be
had, and allow only moderate feeding in the daytime,
until they become habituated to the rich, succulent
food or pasture.

RHEUMATISM.

Rheumatic lameness in cattle is quite frequently
observed, and is one of those diseases that is none too
thoroughly understood. It attacks the muscles, tendons
and fibrous structures around the joints, as also the
heart, bowels, bones, lungs, or any other part of the
animal. There is a specific condition of the blood,
causing constitutional disturbance. It is undoubtedly
hereditary with some animals, as is observed by follow-
ing down through certain families. It also arises from
other sources, such as being poorly kept, and exposed to
cold and storms in winter; from exposure to the cold
rains in the spring of the year, by housing in damp,
wet, filthy stables, etc.

‘Symptoms :—In the acute form, the first signs are
general uneasiness and stiffness, staring coat, appetite
diminished, rumination partially or completely sus-
pended, the bowels constipated and the urine high col-

368 \ DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ored. Suddenly one of the joints will become swollen,
hot and tender and probably the following day that
joint will apparently be in healthy condition and
another joint affected, and so continue to change about
from joint to joint, or to the heart, lungs, bowels, bones,
muscles, etc. When rheumatism assumes a chronic
form which we most often see in cattle, it remains sta-
tionary in whatever part affected, as in a joint or whole
limb. When in a joint, as in the hock, it becomes
swollen, hot,.hard, very sensitive to the touch and
causes intense pain. As time passes by, bone material
is formed and the joint becomes solid. In other cases,
the tissues above and below the joint, become swollen,
hot and painful. Abscesses form and discharge matter.
There is continued fever and loss of flesh. The animal
will lie down a good portion of the time.

Treatment :—Move the bowels with the following lax-
ative:
MH PsoOMa Saltese elecla net lee one pound.
Ginger eke eo ctor drachime. * ix:
Give in a gallon of water. Next attend to the joints.
Cold applications are not desirable in swellings of this
nature, but warm applications are always soothing and
prove beneficial. Cloths wrung out of hot water and
applied to the swollen joints, give relief. Heated oats
or salt sacks applied, are also beneficial, or use the fol-
lowing liniment:

OlaveOi wae .....four ounces.
Spirits of Turpentine...... two ounces.
Aqua Ammonia...........twoounces. Mix.
Apply two or three times a day.
Or,
Soap Liniment.........--. four ounces.
Oil of Turpentine........ four ounces.
Gardena: ace ney ie two ounces. Mix.

RHEUMATISM. 3869

Apply two or three times a day. If the pain is
intense, give ounce doses of laudanum until rest is
obtained, to be followed with—

eines Sct eiteatete a Sik, GTaACMINs:
Salicylate of Sada eerie gear one ounce. Mix.

Make nine powders. Give three powders each day.

Or;

Sulphate of Potash........ two ounces. \
Sulphuric Acid... 2.20.. one drachm. _
AVY GiET cies vce Seine «erie ala aie cee one pint. Mix.

Give as one dose, morning and evening. Bed well
and blanket the animal, and arrange to keep cold
draughts from striking it. Feed anything it will eat,
but soft food is preferable, as bran mashes, boiled oats
or corn, clover hay, green grass, etc. While the fore-
going are worthy of trial, all may prove a failure; if a
favorable termination has resulted, immediately fatten
for the butcher, as a recurrence may be expected.

DE-HORNING.

As horned cattle frequently do considerable harm
by goring other animals, it is just and proper to deprive
them of these weapons of defense. It also makes them
more docile while feeding. The operation is very ‘sim-
ple; first confine the animal securely, then take a fine,
sharp saw and saw off the horns close up to the head,
taking off a small portion of the skin where the horn
and skin come together; then put on some pine tar and
it will quickly grow over. Have no fears about the
bleeding, as it will do no harm. When raising calves,
the horns can be prevented from growing by cutting off
the hair over where the horns start to grow; moisten
the parts a little and pencil with caustic potash. Do
this when the calf is two or three weeks old. Two ap-
plications will suffice,

ae << I~

es

S %

~ sass

KaSS sh ss Ni
.

3

/
Jf

‘ S

= wae ke

OBSTETRICS

‘ND

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS
IN THE MARE AND COW,

CARE OF FOALS AND CALVES.

STERILITY—BARREN HORSES AND CATTLE.

The loss to farmers, as well as to owners of stallions
and bulls, on account of sterility, is sometimes enor-
mous. Sterility exists both in males and females. If
a number of females are bred to a certain male animal
and fail to conceive, there is something wrong with the
male and he is considered sterile. Again, certain
females may be bred to a number of male animals,
without conceiving, then the fault is with the female
and she is considered barren. In the male, sterility
may be due to many causes, as hardening of the testi-
cles, the result of inflammation; softening of the testi-
cles from being pampered, and liberally fed upon
starchy food without sufficient exercise; imperfect de-
velopment of the testicles, as in the case of ridglings.
Change of climate has sometimes a marked influence on
the generative organs, at times only for a season and
again it renders them wholly sterile.” Self-abuse, con-
tinued for a length of time, also renders animals inca-
pable of impregnating females. There are also several
diseases of the generative organs, which tend to pro-

(371)

872 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

duce sterility, as inflammation of the membrane cover-
ing the penis, ulcerations on the penis, warts on the end
of the penis, paralysis of the penis, tumors affecting
either the testicles or penis, tumors affecting the excre-
tory ducts of the testicles, enlarged prostrate glands,
injuries or disease of the back and loins rendering the
animal unable to mount; serving too many females
within a few days, will sometimes render the male
sterile for the balance of the season. Sterility in the
female, has also a variety of causes. It results from
imperfect development of the ovaries; changes from
one climate to another, will sometimes render females
barren; closure of the neck of the womb by inflamma-
tory adhesions; by the male during the act of copula-
tion, exciting and irritating the womh, causing straining
and ejection of the semen; catarrh of the womb fol-
lowed by a discharge of mucous; leucorrheea or whites,
a fatty condition of the ovaries in females that have
been pampered, highly fed and are very fat and not
receiving enough exercise; tumors in the ovaries or
fallopian tubes; low condition, with imperfect nutri-
tion of the ovum; poor feeding and chronie weakening
diseases; from mares being advanced in years when
bred for the first time. All these conditions should be
met and attended to, if the owner wishes to breed and
increase the quantity of his live stock. If from imper-
fect development of the testicles, as in a ridgling, cas-
trate at once and convert into a good work horse.
When there is softening of the testicles, from being too
fat and fed upon starchy food, give plenty of exercise
or work, and avoid feeding corn, wheat, or other
starchy food, and feed oats, bran mash, cottonseed
cake, etc. When there is hardening of the testicles,
grease them with a weak iodine ointment, to which
should be added some camphor and extract of bella-

STERILITY—BARREN HORSES AND CATTLE. 373

donna. Where self-abuse has been continued for a
considerable length of time, castration is the most prof-
itable method to pursue. Ulcerations of the penis, are
best combatted by filling the ulcers with calomel, a few
times. Warts should be extirpated with the knife and
afterwards touched with lunar caustic or acetic acid.
Too much stress cannot be placed upon the evil of sery-
ing too many females in a short space of time. One
service a day, is all that should be allowed during the
season. Two services may be permitted in one day, by
allowing five or six hours to elapse between each service,
but this should not be continued daily. The indiscrim-
inate and injudicious methods practiced by some own-
ers of sires by allowing four, five and sometimes as high
as eight services in a single day, is very liable to cause
a weakness in the testicles, so that the fluid secreted
thereafter for a considerable length of time, will
be deficient in impregnating properties, and although
the animal may seem vigorous and continue in service,
the female will fail to conceive, through no fault of her
own. Closure of the neck of the womb, if by spasm,
is best treated by greasing the arm with water and
castile soap, vaseline, or hogs’ lard. Reach into the
female, and as soon as you come to the neck of the
womb, insert one finger first, then two fingers, and con-
tinue in this manner until the hand can be passed
through. Ordinarily, a very small opening will suffice.
Females will become impregnated when the opening is
no larger than will admit a lead pencil. If the closure
is due to inflammatory adhesions, greater force will
have to be used. If you cannot force a finger through,
take a small-bladed penknife and make a few incisions
into the neck of the womb, then force an opening either
with the finger or some round-pointed instrument, like
a scratch-awl, and immediately serve with the male. If

874 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS,

the neck of the womb is four or five inches in length,
which is sometimes observed, a portion of it should be
excised, after which place a small sponge into the neck
of the womb until it heals, to prevent its growing
together. When the womb is excitable and irritative,
causing straining and ejection of the seminal fluids, it
is best to give the female a good run or a hard day’s
work—something to compel the animal to become
fatigued, then breed immediately and she will likely
conceive. If from a fatty condition of the ovaries,
where the animals are very fat and pampered up, place
them to work and work them hard for a month or six
weeks, feeding on a limited quantity of oats and hay,
but if from too low a condition, and over-work, reverse
the conditions. If from catarrh of the womb, leucor-
rheea or whites, see treatment for these ailments. If
from diseased ovaries, the animal should be spayed.
If only one ovary becomes affected, that ovary should
be taken away, when the animal will possibly breed all
right. When mares become greatly advanced in years,
say seventeen to twenty, without ever raising a colt,
they should not be bred, as the pelvic bones become
solidified and difficult delivery is the result, probably
ending in the loss of both foal and mare.

ABORTION IN CATTLE. ~.

Abortion, slinking or slipping of calves, to a breeder
of fine stock is a great misfortune. It not only deprives
him of the profit on the increase of his herd, but the
animal fails to give her full quota of milk, which she
would otherwise do, if permitted to run the full period
of gestation, the system thus undergoing the necessary
change.

en

ABORTION IN CATTLE. 875

Causes :—Abortion is due to many causes. It is some-
times caused mechanically, such as being injured by
unruly and vicious animals, horning or bunting them;
also by cattle that are continuously, bulling, jumping
upon them; from certain herbs obtained in the pastures

CALF IN WOMB AT FIVE MONTHS.

or in the hay; from too close in and in breeding; from
eating frozen roots, drinking ice water, slipping into too
deep a trench constructed as a receptacle for the ma-
nure; also from smelling other cows that had aborted
or had premature births, and from the last cause it seems
almost like an epidemic in some herds. It is generally
considered an abortion, when the cow loses her calf
within the first six months of gestation, and during the
last three months, a premature birth.

(sey

16 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Symptoms :—It is very seldom that any symptoms pre-
cede abortion. Usually the animal will abort the calf
and not miss a meal, but with premature birth, we will
quite frequently notice a loss of appetite, suspended
rumination, dullness in appearance and a disinclination
to be with the balance of the herd. At first there is a
yellow, glairy discharge from the vagina, sometimes red
and streaked with blood; if the calf is not soon expelled,
decomposition soon takes place and an offensive smell
emanates from the vagina, with a whitish colored mat-
ter and small portions of the placental membranes.
Colicky pains and great uneasiness are sometimes
noticed.

Treatment:—First isolate the animal from the bal-
ance of the herd to a comfortable place, then make an
examination, by greasing the hand and arm thoroughly
with hogs’ lard and passing it into the womb. Remove
the dead calf and all of the membranes, after which
wash out the womb with carbolized water, say half an
ounce of the acid to two quarts of warm, soft water, or
permanganate of potassium, one drachm to two quarts
of warm water, once a day for three or four days. Give
the following physic:

Epsom Salts..twelve to sixteen ounces,
Powdered Foenugreek, or Ginger....
Saha ecb ache mie atoms carats -.-.-one ounce.
Water :.-.-. WU etane asi oe one gallon.
Give at one dose, to be followed with—
Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia..... é
stkee terest Falceave heats i. mute ein dec ten ounces.
Tineture of Oardamon....four ounces.
Tincture of Jamaica Ginger.two ounces. Mix.

Give two ounces every three or four hours in a pint
of water, or you may give four quarts of beer each day,

ws

NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. Sih

until the appetite returns. At all times, give warm
bran mashes and entice the animal to eat anything she
will, and give all the water she will drink.

4
Cl

“a
NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION.

When animals are about to deliver their young, they
should have suitable places provided for them—more
especially large animals, as the mare and cow. As the
act of delivery is performed with a certain amount of
pain and uneasiness, they should be left untied, and
provided with a large, comfortable box stall, containing
a sufficient amount of bedding to prevent slipping and
injuries; or if in proper season, they will do better ina
pasture field or meadow. When delivery commences,
it is seldom that the aid of man is necessary, yet at the
same time, he should make an examination to see that
the little animal is started right—that is with the two
front feet first, the head resting upon and between the
legs, the upper part of the head and backbone resting
against the mother’s backbone; or if the hind feet start
first, it will be delivered in that position; but see that
its backbone rests against the mother’s backbone. If
it lies in either position, do not meddle too much, but
allow some time to elapse before aid is rendered, except
it be a mare, then do not delay too long, for if the colt
is not delivered voluntarily within an hour from the
time of commencement, aid should be rendered imme-
diately or the little animal may be lost. As it receives
its nourishment and supply of air through the coverings
or afterbirth/*thence through the umbilical or navel
cord, should these become detached from the mother’s
womb, the colt quickly dies from inanition or want of
air, if not brought into the external world. Sometimes
females will act very sick, and the straining or labor

B72 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

pains will be exceedingly hard er heavy. Usually in
such cases, the mouth of the womb has not dilated suffi-
ciently to allow it to start, or the other surrounding
tissues have not become sufficiently relaxed. In such
cases, you may give ounce doses of laudanum to assist
in quieting the pains; or half ounce doses of chloroform
or chloral hydrate, as well as applying hot cloths to the
belly; or give a liberal amount of walking exercise, in
fact anything to attract or divert her attention for the
time being, to allow the parts to become relaxed.
Placing a drachm of belladonna on the mouth of the
womb, will often cause it to open rapidly. Use quiet
and soothing measures, and in the course of from six to
twenty-four hours, the delivery will be comparatively
easy. However, when parturition or delivery is
retarded, it is sometimes a question whether the young
animal is living or dead; this is frequently difficult to
determine, and as my experience has been I presume,
almost equal to that of any person of my years, having
attended over twelve hundred cases in eighteen years of
practice, I have resolved that there is but one absolute
or positive symptom of the death of the young animal,
prior to birth; that is, when upon examination, you dis-
cover bloating or pufliness of the skin, and the hair
slips off readily, decomposition has set in and there can
no longer be any doubt but that the young animal is
dead. * Many and varied are the symptoms spoken of
and called infallible signs of the youngster’s death, but
all have proven failures in my own experience, with the
exception of the one referred to above. It is perfectly
true that in fully sixty per cent. of the cases which I
attended, the foals were dead, and about two per cent.
of the mares succumbed, but many of these cases were
confined in labor for from twenty-four to forty-eight
hours before I reached them. The foal seldom lives

NECESSARY AID IN NORAL PARTURITION. 379

over four hours within the mare, after the first expul-
sive efforts or foaling have commenced, while a calf
may live for two or three days. The placental mem-
branes or afterbirth, do not become detached so readily
in the cow as in the mare, hence the longer lease of life
in the calf, after the labor pains have started. If, after
the water bag is ruptured and part of the fluid has
escaped, the natural expulsion of the young animal
should be waited for. I will here remark that it is
never necessary to rupture the water bag in the cow
artificially, as it is very thin and ruptures easily itself.
But with the mare it is quite different. The membranes
are quite thick and firm and not infrequently the foal
is dropped enveloped in the sack without it being
ruptured, when the young animal would quickly perish.
Therefore, when the water bag presents beyond the
vulva or opening as a large sack, it may be torn with
the fingers or cut with a knife or scissors, after which
some assistance may be needed. If the forefeet and
head are presented, take hold of the feet, and at
each labor pain of the mother, draw steadily and firmly
upon the feet in the direction of the mother’s hocks, so
as to follow the natural curve of the channel through
which it has to pass; occasionally moving it from right
to left, will assist greatly in working the shoulders and
hips through the passage. When the young animal
comes with the hind feet first, it will be delivered in
this way easily, and will be recognized by the pasterns
bending upward instead of downward, as in the front
feet also by the feel of the hocks, which is vastly differ-
ent from the knee. If assistance is rendered, draw in
the direction of the mother’s hocks, the same as in the
front presentation. ‘But when the hind feet are deliy-
ered first, immediately after delivery, seize it by the
hind legs and raise it clear from the ground with the

380 DISEASES OF THE QENERATIVE ORGANS.

head hanging downward, so that any fiuids remaining
in the nostrils and wind pipe, will escape. Many foals
and calves are lost annually, through neglect to empty
the fluids from the wind pipe; the lungs are too weak to
force air in through these fluids. When colts and calves
are born head first, these fluids escape, as the head
hangs downward during delivery, but when the head
comes last, these fluids are liable to remain in the wind
pipe, and death quickly ensues. Sometimes after birth,
life is apparently suspended in the young animal.
When this is observed, clean out the mouth and nostrils
and dash some cold water upon its head, or take wet,
cold cloths and beat them against the body and chest.
Also take hold of both forelegs, draw them well for-
ward to elevate the ribs, then gradually bring them
back again, continuing to repeat this operation to invite
artificial breathing; also starting a little blood from the
navel, may assist in restoration to life. When the
youngster is lively, but unable to stand and nurse the
mother, you may draw some milk in a clean bottle and
administer it. Always give the first milk of the mother
as it acts as a mild physic, and if this has escaped, give
a teaspoonful of castor oil. In assisting the youngster
to nurse, do not place the hand under the breast bone;
as it is quite soft and yielding, you may do considerable
harm, even causing a quite lively colt to become sick
and die. Many are lost in this way, the owner consid-
ering that he was doing an act of kindness. When it is
necessary to hold them up to nurse, catch one arm
around the forelegs and breast, and the other arm
around its haunches, and you will not injure your colt
in the least. After the colt is a few days old, it is
necessary for it to receive some exercise; therefore,
allow it to run in the barn lot, or if in season, turn the
mare and colt to pasture. Calves should be treated in

NECESSARY AID IN NORMAL PARTURITION. 381

a like manner. The mother should receive some atten-
tion after delivering her young, as she is generally irri-
tated and somewhat fatigued. She should be kept
comfortable, in an airy place but free from draughts.
If she has been sweating, she should be rubbed dry—in
fact a good rubbing is very beneficial at this time as it
equalizes the circulation, allays restlessness, and hastens
the contraction of the womb. Sometimesit is necessary
to blanket the animal, as they are very susceptible to
cold at this period. Give the mother a gallon of warm
gruel, and bed liberally. Allow her to remain alone for
an hour or so, when you may give her some more soft,
easily-digested food, then if necessary, assist the colt to
nurse. Feed upon soft, easily digested food for ten or
fifteen days and allow her perfect rest during this time,
in order to permit a good flow of milk to be fully estab-
lished and the complete recovery of the animal. If
parturition has been prolonged and the animal has suf-
fered considerably, and the womb and other organs have
become bruised and inflamed, she should rest for a
greater length of time, and care should be taken to pre-
vent inflammation of the womb. A few injections into
the vagina will now be beneficial. Take
Permanganate of Potassium........
NS Csi aye Leander Male OLRCEL
Wiaheruie Aatiseaes tuys one gallon. Mix.

Inject once daily, using a quart each time. ~ Apply
warm cloths over the loins, feed on soft food, and give
four ounces of glauber salts daily, to keep the bowels
soft. )Also keep ina clean stable, where the atmosphere
is pure. When animals are either old, or weak and
debilitated, and the labor has been prolonged with some
bleeding following, stimulants should be given, as
whisky, brandy, wine, etc. Rub the body and limbs
thoroughly and supply plenty of bedding; and.as the

882 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

mothers contract colds quite readily at this time, shelter
should be provided when turned to pasture, to protect
against cold storms, for it should be borne in mind that
cold and dampness are dangerous to the health of the
animal, for some time following parturition.

PARTURITION—ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC.

During parturition, from the earliest’ symptoms
developed by the attempted expulsion of the foetus until
the foetus and membranes are delivered, is called labor.
Symptoms of approaching labor and the termination of
the period of gestation, are sometimes observed for sev-

* rag eat

NV ard re MAb
WIRE . BERENS

NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NATURAL LABOR.

eral days before the event transpires. One of the most
important symptoms is enlargement of the mammary
glands—sometimes to such an extent that swellings,
from the size of a saucer to that of a large plate, appear
in front of the bag, also behind the bag up between the
hind legs to the lower part of the vulva.” Later on, if
pressure is applied to the teat, it yields a watery secre-
tion which sometimes escapes unaided and accumulates
around the lower part of the teat, forming a gum-like,

PARTURITION—ITS SYMPTOMS, ETO. 883

substance or wax. The vulva increases in size and its
lining membrane lb ‘omes reddened; sometimes a
whitish, glairy secretion is formed and discharged as a
long, stringy, sticky substance hanging from the vulva
and sticking to the tail and legs. The croup, on either
side of the tail, looks hollow and feels soft and pliable
from relaxation of the broad ligaments. The back is
somewhat sprung downward, the abdomen distended
and hanging low down. The animal walks about care-
fully and is somewhat inclined to leave the balance of

NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NATURAL PRESENTATION.

the herd. In mares, swelling of the hind legs is fre-
quently seen. As the time for the expulsion of the
foetus draws nearer, the animal has pains of a colicky
nature; gets up and lies down frequently, and, if per-
mitted, usually will seek a place of seclusion. As the
uneasiness and pain increases, the os uteri, or mouth of
the womb, continues to dilate until the womb and
vagina form one large continuous passage. The mem-
branes are now observed externally in the form of a
water bag, which on pressure, is usually ruptured. The
pains become more severe and frequent. The animal

384. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

takes a full breath (as if preparatory to making a deep
sigh), filling the lungs, and, holding it there for a time,
brings the diaphragm and abdominal muscles into action
to assist the uterus in the expulsion of the fcetus. If
the animal is standing, it brings its four feet close
together, arches its back, elevates the tail, and takes a
deep inspiration, the same as if lying. These labor
pains are continued for a time, when the forefeet and
head are observed to be passing. The spine of the foetus
should be resting against the spine of the mother, and
the breast and abdomen against the lower part of the
vulva. In the mare, a few more labor pains and all is
over; but in the cow, labor is more prolonged and an
extra effort is made when the chest is forced through
. the vagina to the outer world. As soon as the young
animal is born, the umbilical cord is torn apart, and, if
bleeding much, should be tied; but this is seldom: neces-
sary. The remaining fluid now escapes from the womb
and is sometimes tinged with blood, from the sudden
separation of the membranes. Sometimes the foetus is
delivered encased in the membranes, the uterine passage
being sufficiently large to admit it, and the membranes
being very thick and strong. When such is the case,
the foetus sometimes ruptures them when struggling, or
ithe mother tears them apart with her teeth; if not
speedily ruptured, the young creature soon expires for
want of air. After the young animal has been deliv-
ered, the next act is to get rid of the foetal membranes
— the after-birth.”’? In the mare, the placenta will
have such delicate attachment that slight contractions
of the womb, together with the weight of the protruded
part cause speedy expulsion. But in the cow, the pla-
centa is not readily expelled; its attachment is by coty-
ladons instead of villi, and the contractions of the
womb do not so readily detach them, There may be

CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 885

from forty to a hundred attachments, and from four
hours to three or four days are required before the
membrane is expelled, and then it may have to be
removed artificially. If the mother is not seen during
the act of parturition, or for some time after, the after-
birth may never be seen, as cows, and sometimes mares,
devour it as soon as expelled.

CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS.

The measures for preservation of health in animals
during pregnancy, are those which should be observed
generally with animals which are not pregnant, except
a few extra precautions which should be taken, in order
that the mother may pass the periods of gestation and
delivery in safety. Whenan animal has been served by
the male and has conceived, she should not be allowed
to associate with the male either in the stable or pasture,
as attempts on the part of the male at coition and casual
excitement on the part of the female, may do considera-
ble harm, and even produce abortion. With such ani-
mals as are kept at work—as the mare—it is bad policy
to work them hard, especially after pregnancy is well
advanced. Great care should be taken not to put them
in a position where their sides are apt to receive blows,
such as from heavy wagon tongues, etc. Neither should
they be pampered and nursed in a stall, without exer-
cise. The work should be slow, and if at all slippery, the
mare should be well shod. They should not be used for
saddle purposes, but if used, spurs should not be worn.
Galloping, jumping, or in fact, anything producing
excitement should be avoided. Should the patient bea
mare used exclusively for breeding purposes, she should
have a box stall and a yard in which to exercise. It is
not at all necessary to cease working a mare for the two

886 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

or three months previous to foaling; better to give slow,
light work, so that they will have exercise up to the
day of foaling. The food is a most important factor of
success. Milch cows or working animals should be well
fed, as not only their appetite but their physical condi-
tion demands it. Some animals are prone to lay on
flesh when pregnant; with such you should be very
careful about feeding, as it may prove troublesome,
especially if allowed to proceed tothe extreme. It may
retard the growth of the foetus, produce abortion, cause
difficult parturtion, or give rise to some other serious
trouble, which will be more likely to take place during
the last few months of pregnancy than at first. The
food should be clean, of good quality and easily digested.
Damp, bulky, mouldy or fermentable food should be dis-
carded, as evil results are nearly certain. Grazing is
beneficial if the pasture is nutritious, if not, supply the
deficiency. The animals should be protected from foggy,
damp or stormy weather. They should have all the clean,
pure water they desire, for when at liberty with free
access to water, they seldom drink much at a time.
The water should not be too cold and ice water is to be
strictly avoided. When animals are housed, strict
cleanliness must be observed, and when near foaling
time, they should be placed in roomy box stalls. If one
animal aborts and there are others pregnant on the
same farm, the one aborting should be removed, as the
excitement amongst the others is liable to produce sim-
ilar results. The stall in which abortion took place,
should be white-washed and strewn with slacked lime,
to destroy the smell. Harsh or cruel treatment on the
part of the attendant or groom should be suppressed.
Young animals, about to bring forth their first off-
spring, should be handled very gently. Their udders
and teats should be handled frequently, thus preventing

CARE AND FEEDING OF PREGNANT ANIMALS. 387

aversion to suckling their young. As much as possible,
surgical operations and the administration of medicines
should be avoided. Above all things, avoid giving dras-
tic purgatives, as the irritation they produce is apt to
cause contractions of the womb, resulting in abortion,
and endangering the life of the mother. The stables in
which pregnant animals are kept, should have floors as
nearly level as possible, for if the incline is at all great,
the gravid uterus pressing backward, may cause ever-
sion of the vagina and abortion. The doors should be
wide to prevent the animal striking or crowding
together its sides on entering or going out.

Cows that are rich, heavy milkers, and more especi-
ally about the time they produce their third or fourth
calf and from that period on, are very susceptible to
parturient apoplexy or milk fever, which being very
fatal, should receive special attention. When we know
that the subjects of it are hearty feeders, fleshy, and
good milkers, we have every reason to caution the
owner to take preventative steps to combat or ward off
the malady, by a strict attention to feeding—more
especially during the last months of pregnancy and
immediately after delivering their calves. For two
months before calving, the food should be soft, to
prevent constipation; and when the animal is quite
fleshy, it should be given in limited quantities, in order
to reduce the condition. The cow should be allowed to
take daily exercise, as it greatly assists in preventing
an attack of this disease. Extracting the milk by hand
for a few days before calving, if the bag is full and
large, should not be neglected. After calving, allow
drinking water in a limited amount, and within four
hours or as quickly after as possible, give a physic, as—

Bpeomit Salta ca, tesa che a,c one pound.
Powdered Ginger....... four drachms. Mix.

B88 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Dissolve in one gallon of warm water and give at
one dose. If these directions are carefully followed
and more especially the physic given immediately after
calving, parturient apoplexy, or milk fever, will very
seldom be seen. I will here add that it is more fre-
quently seen in the rich milking, delicate Jersey, than
any other breed; but no class of cattle are exempt from
this terribly fatal complaint.

PARTURIENT APOPLEXY—MILK FEVER.

This disease is seen in all breeds of cattle and gen-
erally attacks cows which give large quantities of rich
milk. It is seldom seen during the first, second or third
calving period, but usually from that time on, and almost
always in cows that are highly fed and in good flesh.
It usually occurs within three days after calving, and is
very fatal—fully one-half of those attacked die. If
recovery does result great care should be taken at the
next time of calving, as a recurrence of the attack at
that time is frequent and generally proves fatal.

Symptoms :—Usually between the first and third day
after calving, the cow will stand around dull and stupid;
appetite, rumination and milk will be suspended—or
only a slight flow of milk present; the cow walks as if
weak across the back, staggers around shaking her
head; as the disease advances, she falls to the ground
unable to rise again. She may rest in a recumbent
position with her head carried around to her side, or
she may lie stretched out upon her side with her head
lying upon the ground. Sometimes the head is shaken
viciously from side to side, endangering those about
her and being hable to break off her horns. Occasion-
ally, but not often, a few kicks with the feet are given.

389

MILK FEVER.

APOPLEXY

PARTURIENT

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PARTURII

890 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The eyes become glassy and staring, soon growing
insensible to the touch, with total blindness. Some-
times the eye-lids will quiver and jerk for some time.
The pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower
and feebler, gradually becoming almost imperceptible.
The breathing, at first almost normal, becomes generally
slower, prolonged and difficult; and frequently a rat-
tling sound is heard within the wind-pipe. At the com-
mencement.of the attack, the temperature will range
from 103° to 104° F., and as the disease progresses will
gradually sink to 8° or 4° below normal. At. first the
bowels may appear lose, but soon become constipated,
and the urine is usually retained within the bladder.

Treatment :—I wish here to impress upon the reader’s
mind that to be successful in the treatment of partur-
ient apoplexy demands persistent attendance until
death has actually occurred. | I have seen cases, where
the owner considered treatment useless and momentar-
ily looked for death, make complete recovery. If the
patient is seen when the pulse is still’ full and strong,
bleed to the amount of. six quarts; but if the pulse is
weak and the animal down, with the eyes insensible to
light, do not bleed. As soon as possible give the fol-
lowing physic:

Epsom Salts...........twenty ounces.
Galomeli es Aer ee one drachim.
Croton: Oxy aa ee twenty drops.
ETI 28 PAL NMREU EUR ie Aian RENE Ano one ounce.
Warne Beer. sien wauie a one-half gallon. Mix.

If the animal has become unconscious, give very
slowly as it is hable to run down the wind pipe. Then
draw away the urine by means of a catheter, or by
slipping the finger well oiled into the neck of the blad-
der, the urine will frequently be passed. Give injec-
tions of warm water every hour. Constantly apply

PARTURIENT APOPLEXY—MILK FEVER. 891

.

rugs wrung out of hot water over the loins and apply
ice-cold water orice bags to the head, as the brain is
badly congested. Frequently draw away the milk and
keep the body and limbs warm, by friction and blankets.
Keep the animal in a position as nearly erect as possi-
ble, and give the following every two hours until recov-
ery begins, when the time should be lengthened:

Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia ..... ‘

SIS ih Byatt Cpa cea a eV UNL ECD eight ounces.
Spirits Nitrous Ether .... four ounces.
Tincture Nux Vomica.....two ounces.
Tineture Gentian < joo... 3 ssix ounces: + Mix:

Give four ounces in a quart of warm beer or water, or a
half pint of hot whisky every two hours. This may seem
like heavy dosing with stimulants, but it is the proper
thing to do. Should the physic operate and the animal
begin to appear conscious of her surroundings, feed on
soft and sloppy diet, until convalescence has been
established. Prevention is the best and safest treat-
ment for parturient apoplexy. When an animal is
known to be a heavy milker and is fleshy or plethoric
in condition, she should be fed previous to calving, on a
laxative diet and but sparingly. The milk should be
drawn away for ten days previous to calving; immedi-
ately after calving give the following drench:

BipsOmy Saisie gets sys 2 twelve ounces.
Glauber Salts..... Salyer sane six ounces, :
Gitte. ses variate Ries eee one-half ounce.
WM oenmPneek yeiais sieves.) 4 one-half ounce.
Wein a aca uate 2H, one-half gallon. Mix.

If these directions are followed you will not be
troubled with parturient apoplexy.

,

892 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

OEDEMA, OR SWELLING IN PREGNANCY.

In some of the coarser breeds of animals and, occa-
sionally in some of the finer, during pregnancy swell-
ings appear around the udder, extending forward as far
as the breast and backward and upward as high as the
vulva. The hind legs will begin swelling just above the
hoof, and the swelling will extend upward to the hocks
or even to the groin. These swellings are serous or
watery in character, diminish rapidly during exercise
and increase upon rest. The disease is not of much
consequence, being caused by deficient circulation
occasioned by the pressure of the foetus upon the crural
vessels. It is never seen in the cow, as in her the
circulation through the mammary veins is more com-
plete than in the mare. In mares it sometimes appears
three or four months previous to. foaling; but when at
pasture where they can get regular exercise, it rarely
occurs. It depends very much upon the conformation
and temperament of the individual animal, as well as
on season and hygienic management. No fear need be
entertained, as it disappears in a few days after foaling.
Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise.
Or, bandaging, the application of a mild stimulating
liniment, or scarification may be resorted to. However,
this is very seldom necessary.

EVERSION OF THE WOMB.

Eversion of the womb can only happen when the
os uteri, (or mouth of the womb) is dilated. Conse-
quently it happens only shortly after parturition or dur-
ing the act of parturition. It is liable to occur amongst
all breeds and all classes of animals. Mares seldom suf-
fer from it, though it is quite common among cattle. I

EVERSION OF THE WOMB, 393

cannot say whether or not it be from peculiar conforma-
tion, but some cows are more subject to this affection
than others. The uterine ligaments of the cow are so
extensive and elastic, that a few extra efforts or labor
pains after the foetus is expelled, send the womb along

EVERSION OF THE WOMB.

with it, or shortly after. If eversion of the womb is
thought probable, the animal should be watched and
before the womb can be everted, a pessary should be
introduced and the womb maintained in its position.
A truss should be used to prevent straining and the fol-
lowing drench should be given at one dose:

Seblp Mabe Hip rosea 5 oS one ounce,
Tincture of Opium........two ounces.
Brandy we ses e.g si). oss ao. WO; ORRMEES,
Wate sa eel vee Me Mca tis wens one pint. Mix.
Previous to inserting the pessary, remove all of the
after-birth. ie

Should the womb be inverted and lying on the
ground, or hanging from the animal as it stands, gather
{t on a clean linen sheet, remove all the membranes and
wash it thoroughly with warm water, to which may be

894 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS,

acded a mild solution of listerine. Then commence to
replace it. Oil your hand thoroughly, then close your
fist and place it in the hollow spot or center of the
womb. Press inward slowly and carefully. If the
animal strains be very careful, for fear of rupturing the
womb. Have your assistants press on the sides of the

TRUSS TO PREVENT EVERSION OF THE WONG.

womb towards your arm. In this way the womb can he
returned. This should be done as quickly as possible
after eversion has taken place. As soon as the womb
is replaced, insert a pessary and keepit there from four
to ten days. The pessary should be made of light wood
about twenty-two inches long and two inches thick,
with the end inserted covered with a smooth, otled
cloth and the outer end having a hole bored through it,
in which to pass a rope to hold the pessary in position.
Fasten a truss made from rope around the patient, (as
per illustration) but do not fasten it too tightly. Leave

_

POST-LABOR PAINS—AFTER PAINS. B95

loose enough to allow the patient to get up and down.
Feed on soft food to prevent constipation, and give
Powdered Ginger.......... one ounce.
Beatie SOG a estar da oie 6:0-0'e's t one ounce.
Salipeters: vseeculss to <> /-bwo ounces. :, Mix.

Make six powders and give one powder every six
hours, made into a tea as a drench.

It is a rather difficult task to return the womb and
maintain it in position. But be persistent in your
work and your efforts will be crowned with success, at
least if the patient is a cow. In mares, fully three-
fourths of the cases prove fatal.

POST-LABOR PAINS—AFTER PAINS.

The painful sensations of the womb, after the expul-
sion of the foetus and secundines (which are frequently
observed) are sometimes termed after pains. They are
due to contractions of the womb which continue for
some time, in order to reduce its volume and cast off
the membranes. They are seldom seen after an easy
delivery and, when they are seen, last but a short time.
But when there is difficult or protracted labor, the after
pains may last twenty-four or forty-eight hours; or, if
some of the placental membranes are attached, the
straining is lable to be prolonged. The animal will
arch its back, contract the abdominal muscles and strain
violently, as though trying to deliver another fetus. If
retention of the membranes is the exciting cause, they
should be removed at once, as otherwise the after-pains
will be continued and result in eversion of the womb.
After an exploration to discover the cause of the after-
pains, and removal of the membranes, should you find
any bruises or lesions of the vagina or womb, wash

OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

DISEASES

396

AFTER PAINS.

PREMATURE LABOR PAINS. 897

out thoroughly with warm water, and afterwards with a
fifty per cent. solution of permanganate of potassium.
Also give at one dose, the following mild physic:

Sulphate of Soda.......twelve ounces.
GHNEOT Jha ac seats eae one-half ounce.
Warm beer. csa:e2c. 28. ..,0ne pint. Mix:

Then apply a truss, such as is used for eversion of
the womb.

PREMATURE LABOR PAINS.

Premature labor pains frequently occur in the lower
animals and are sometimes attended with considerable
danger. Various things are supposed to cause them,
some of which are exposure to cold rains; injuries;
administration of certain drugs; feeding upon rye
grasses, etc. I am inclined to believe that the quality
and quantity of the food, exerts upon the uterus a
greater influence in producing premature labor pains,
than any thing else. Musty, mouldy, indigestible or
fermentable food, will cause derangement of the
bowels and, through sympathy, involuntary contrac-
tions of the womb. Frozen food or ice-cold water acts
similarly. The symptoms are similar to natural labor
except that in premature labor, the animal almost
always strains while standing, while in normal labor the
position may be either lying or standing, and fre-
quently both positions are taken alternately, while
straining. During natural labor, the mouth of the
womb is open, while, during premature pains, it is
closed for a considerable length of time. The straining
is intermittent and sometimes very forcible and, if not
overcome, results iu abortion.

Treatment :—Give drachm doses of powdered opium

398 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

every hour, until the straining stops; then give at one
dose, the following mild physic:
Magnesia Sulphate .... twelve ounces.

Gaim ee ei all anette ete one-half once.
Wither es rddi lo heh sab athe two quarts. Mix.

If this fails to act in thirty-six hours, repeat the
dose.

POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING.

Bleeding from the womb, or “‘ flooding,”’ after abor-
tion or after delivery at full term, occasionally occurs
among domesticated animals and is very fatal.

Causes :—Injuries to the womb during expulsion of
the foetus; premature removal of the placenta; partial

POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING.

adhesion of the placental membranes; feeble develop-
ment of the uterine walls and insufficient contraction of
the womb. Ifa slight dribbling stream is noticed, an
examination of the vagina will probably reveal slight
lesions there, which seldom do any harm.* But if the
blood issues forth in torrents, and there is a quick weak
pulse, pale mucous membranes, increasing prostration,

RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA—AFTER-BIRTH. 399

staggering gait, chilliness of the surface, coldness of the
limbs and breaking out of a coldclammy sweat, the bleed-
ing is great and, if unrelieved, will terminate shortly
in death. The treatment must be very prompt and
effective or death will speedily follow. First, examine
to ascertain the cause. If part of the membranes still
adhere, at once remove them; but do so carefully or
you will increase the hemorrhage. Remoye all clots of
blood. Then apply cold water over the loins. Also dip
your arm into cold water, insert it into the womb and
move it around, which sometimes will induce contrac-
tion of the womb and thus stop the bleeding. If not,
take a soft cloth or a sponge, dip into cold water, and
insert in the womb; or inject cold water into the womb ;
or use injections of cold water and per-chloride of iron.
If there is much prostration, the following will prove
very beneficial:
dears aed Sadik ek Se ae ae fe ...one pint.
Tincture of Per-Chloride of Iron....
Se EE OS RY re mg State four ounces. Mix.

Give three ounces every two hours, in a half pint of
hot water as a drench, after which place the patient in
a good comfortable stall, well bedded, and feed on soft
nutritious food.

RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA—AFTER-BIRTH.

Beyond a certain period after the expulsion of the
foetus, the retention of the placenta or ‘“‘after-birth”’
should be considered unnatural and to require some
attention. With mares this seldom occurs, but in cows,
owing to the peculiar attachment of the membranes, it
is quite frequent. In the mare the placenta is attached
by fine villi, which are easily detached and the placenta
is only retained by abnormal adhesions. » In the cow

400 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

the placenta is attached by cotyledons, varying from
forty to one hundred in number, which are so con-
structed that entanglement of the membranes is liable
to occur at any time after calving. From this peculiar-
ity of construction, abnormal adhesions are more fre-
quent than in the mare. The natural mode of expelling
the placenta, is by the contraction of the womb, although
I have seen cases where the womb, had contracted and
the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, completely closed,
and the foetal envelopes, completely encased within the
womb, and could only be removed by forcible dilation
of the mouth of the womb. But these are exceptional
cases. The general rule, where there is retention of the
membranes, 1s that the womb will contract, but its
mouth will remain open with part of the membranes
protruding through it. More frequently the membranes
are visible, hanging down from the vulva. In the mare,
the placenta, if not expelled by the efforts of nature,

should not be allowed to remain undisturbed, but should:

be removed within twelve hours after foaling. With
the cow, danger is less imminent, and unless straining
or hemorrhage are prominent symptoms, the placenta
should not be disturbed for at least from one to three
days, during which time—if not detached naturally—
decomposition is Hable to occur. If this be the case, it
should be immediately removed or chronic inflamma-
tion of the womb and vagina may follow and leucor-
rhoea (or whites) be the result. When the placenta is
not expelled shortly after calving, the following may
assist its removal:

Gentian tl oaeicn ose one-half ounce.
GAM COR: ho je od ole esos ORO OUNCE:
HoenMmoree kore cet ae eke one ounce.
GATES Gein ys nae ope EO Me ibeeeta one ounce.
Bi-Carbonate of Soda...... one ounce. Mix.

HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 401

Make two powders and give morning and evening.
After a lapse of three days, it is advisable to remove
the placenta by a manual operation. First see that
there are no abrasions of the skin on your hand or arm,
through which absorption of putrid matter can take
place and so lead to blood poisoning. Then grease your
hand and arm and pass between the placenta and the
walls of the womb. As you meet the cotyledons, unfasten
the membranes in the same manner in which you unbut-
ton your coat; proceed to the next, and so on until you
have unfastened them all. Use gentle traction with
the other hand all the time, as some of them will be
detached by traction alone. When you have detached
the placenta from all the cotyledons, it will drop out
easily. After the placenta is detached, when there is a
very fetid odor, wash out the womb thoroughly with a
soft cloth and warm water, to which may be added a
drachm of permanganate of potassium. Then feed on
a nutritious diet, to which add a dessert spoonful of
glauber salts morning and evening. In the mare, take
the same precautions before removing the placenta.
Grease the arm thoroughly, then pass the hand gently
between the placenta and womb, separating the attach-
ments slowly and carefully, using traction with the
other hand. If the attachments are very close or ab-
normally adhered, break them down, when the placenta
is easily removed. Keep her quiet fora time; feed soft
food to which add twice daily a teaspoonful of—

Glauber Salts...........eight ounces.
Palipetretemas se kee fa. four ounces. Mix.

HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB.

This accident is not frequent, though it sometimes
occurs. During the eighteen years of my practice I

402 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS,

have worked extensively in obstetrical cases, and have
seen only five mares with hernia of the womb and
not one cow. Hernia of the womb consists of a
breaking down or separation of the abdominal muscles
through which the womb and contents pass until they
come in contact with the skin, which from its elastic
nature, is carried down: sometimes within fifteen to

HERNIA OF THE UTERUS (OR WOMB).

eighteen inches from the ground. The bag and teats
are generally carried down with the skin and frequently
form the lowest point of the tumor. The causes of uterine
hernia are none too thorougly understood, but that
which seems to me the most reasonable supposition, is
that the uterine muscles become ruptured or relaxed,
thus allowing the gravid uterus to rest entirely upon the
abdominal muscles. These become weakened from the
abdominal strain, after which the energetic movements

HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, OR WOMB. 4035

of the foetus, materially assist in forming the rent in the
abdominal muscles. In the first case of this description
that I ever saw, I was somewhat puzzled, as the owner
did not know whether the mare was in foal or not; and
I was unable to ascertain any signs of life, though the
mare presented the appearance of being with foal. I
then determined upon exploring the tumor by inserting
asmall trocar and canula. In a moment the amniotic
fluid began to escape, and soon the foetus began to
struggle. I immediately withdrew the canula and
applied bandages. In about a month after, I delivered
her of a dead colt fully developed. The operation was
rather difficult and the mare died ina few hours. A
post mortem examination revealed a complete rupture
or rather lacerations of the oblique muscles as well as
of the rectus muscles and linea alba. Had the mare
lived she would have been useless either for work or for
breeding purposes.

This accident seldom takes place until within the
last two months of pregnancy. When it befalls a cow,
I would recommend that she be fattened and sold to the
butcher. But mares, which are not used for food and
can be utilized in no way other than breeding or work-
ing, may be bred again. I have known one mare, which
I was called to deliver on account of a wrong presenta-
tion, and which had a comparatively bad uterine hernia,
to bring forth two living foals, entirely unassisted, dur-
ing the next two years after my attending her. After
this she was sold, left the neighborhood, and I lost trace
of her. When females are found to be in this condi-
tion previous to time of delivery, they should be sup-
ported with broad bandages. At the time of delivery,
trouble should be anticipated and they should receive
prompt attention. If unable to deliver spontaneously,
have a number of assistants to place a broad blanket

404 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

under the abdomen and raise it up as high as possible.
Then should the presentation be the buttock, the oper-
ator should push it a little toward the side opposite to
the legs and seize the hind legs, one at a time, and
bring them into the natural passage. Fasten a quarter-
inch rope, well greased, around the pasterns, separately.
Then pull with considerable force, the assistants still
holding up the abdomen, and you may expect a safe
delivery, providing there are no malformations. If it
be a head presentation, fasten a rope around the neck
and lower jaw; then push the head in and to one side.
Next endeavor to bring the forefeet up into the natural
passage, fasten a rope around the pasterns, then draw
the head back betwen the front legs and pull. Use
plenty of fresh hogs’ lard if the membranes are in the
least dry, also have all ropes or straps well greased
while using them, to assist delivery. If you are
unable to deliver in this position, make a deep, soft
bed of straw and, if the animal will he down, all the
better. If she will not le down herself, lay her down
as easily as possible. Then secure her limbs to prevent
her doing injury and roll her on her back; have plenty
of assistants to hold her there, with her hind quarters
raised higher than the fore. Have some handy assist-
ant to try to reduce the tumor while the operator is try-
ing to seize the parts which are most convenient. If
there be a head or a breast presentation secure it in the
manner prescribed before and, when everything is
straight, apply traction and complete the delivery.
But, in case you cannot deliver by the natural passage,
and the colt is living and would prove more valuable
than the mother, you can secure the animal and perform
the Cesarean section, which is to open the abdomen
sufficiently to deliver the foetus in that way, after
which I believe it profitable to destroy the mare and

Sa
4
- =

RUPTURE OF THE PERINEUM. 405

raise the colt on cows’ milk. But in the case of the
cow, you may stitch up the wound after removing the
afterbirth; then stitch up the integument (skin) and
try to save her. If she lives, she should be fattened for
slaughter.

RUPTURE OF THE PERINEUM.

Generally, this accident is the result of difficult par-
turition, though sometimes it is caused by unruly stal-
lions. Asa result of parturition, rupture of the vagina
is a frequent occurrence, and sometimes we meet with
rupture of the perineum and rectum combined. In
other cases the perineum may be ruptured and the
sphincter muscles undisturbed; while in some cases the
rupture will extend clear out, severing the sphincter
muscles. If the foetus be not in a natural position,
the uterine contractions driving it backward may force
the limbs or the head through the perineum and pre-
sent them at the anal opening. If assistance is not at
hand and the parts presenting are not returned and
placed in the proper channel, the expulsive efforts of
the mother will cause them to tear the perineum and
sphincter muscles asunder and thus deliver the foetus—
sometimes dead and sometime living—but leaving an
unsightly appearance, as the vagina and rectum are
one continuous slit. The results vary, owing consider-
ably to the extent of the injury. If the laceration is
not great, no serious results need be anticipated.: But
if the laceration be great and the sphincter be torn
tlirough, a suppurative inflammation may occur with a
coutinuous discharge of pus, smearing the tail and legs
and causing the animal to present an unsightly appear-
ance. Others seem to experience no inconvenience, a
partial recovery takes place, the animal appears per-

406 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

fectly healthy, may breed again and bring forth its
progeny without any evil results.

Treatment :—Trim off evenly the lacerated margins,
bringing them together with the cat-gut suture, using
the interrupted stitch. Then introduce a tampon or
plug into the vagina to support the septum during
defecation. Apply cold water frequently to keep down
the inflammation, and twice daily use the following
dressing all along the laceration:

ASTI ese bc las costal ee four ounces.
Carbolie sAcxdens feece > oe two drachms. Mix.

Should the stitches tear out, you may replace them
a second or third time. After that it will be useless.
While the stitches are intact, place the animal in a
narrow stall to prevent her lying down. If there is
much bleeding when the laceration occurs, arrest it
with cold water; if that fails, apply tincture of per-
sulphide of iron. Feed on soft, sloppy food, and give
frequent injections of pure water, to soften the dung
and thus relieve the strain on the perineum.

METRO-PERITONITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB
AND PERITONEUM.

This disease affects animals of all ages, and results
from difficult parturition, retention of the foetal mem-
branes, inversion of the womb, exposure to wet and
cold, drinking ice-cold water, ete.

Symptoms :—The disease may occur from withina few
hours after parturition up to the fifth or sixth day’ At
first the animal will appear dull with loss of appetite;
visible mucous membranes injected red; secretion of
milk dimished; pulse quick, full and hard; bowels con-
stipated; urine diminished in quantity; colicky pains

METRO-PERITONITIS, ETC. 407

are present, manifested by frequently lying down and
getting up until lying down becomes too painful, from
the pressure of the abdominal muscles on the womb;
striking at the belly with the hind feet; pointing with
the nose at the flanks; respiration accelerated ; abdomen
tucked up. As the disease advances, the pulse grows
small, feeble and wiry; the animal becomes insensible
of objects around her and plunges about with great vio-
lence; death shortly follows.

Treatment :—First examine the womb. If any of the
membranes adhere, they should be removed at once.
Wash the womb out thoroughly with warm water, to
which add a little carbolic acid—one part of acid to
forty of water. This should be repeated twice daily.
If the bowels are constipated and the patient is a mare,
give the following physic at one dose in half a pint of
water, as a drench:

VANS EE he ve eS tise ene a one ounce.
@alloninele S40 c sete cal atee ee one drachm.
Gumncere ey eerie cede we, one-half ounce. Mix.

For the same condition in a cow, give at one dose in
a gallon of water, the following:

Magnesia Sulph........ twenty ounces.
Glonme tients feces cota os ae two drachms.
GANG SR eas nee testers tte wk ta 6 vin one ounce. Mix.

After which give every four or five hours one of the
following powders:
Qimmdime Stl hi? cr 0). four drachms.
SahicviierpWend. Ariss. 3. four drachms. Mix.
Make into six powders. Or the following, given
every four hours, will be found beneficial :
Liquid Ammonia Acetate...........
Fc IN Br ee aan ee a three ounces.
Fluid Extract Aconite...twenty drops. Mix.

408 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

If the animal’s temperature remains high, place a
sheet, wet with cold water, around the body and keep
wetting it with a sprinkling can for an hour, after
which rub the animal dry and place warm, dry blankets
over it. When convalescence has occurred good food
and tonics should be administered. Give one of the
following powders three times a day:

Powdered Sulphate of Iron.........
-.+.-2+--+ one and one-half ounces,
INO COMP LG ane ene alae 5 eral two ounces.
GiM@ern eee ee eee maul e ng one ounce.
Potassioni ol Nibratior amet ani. se
SER Rew one and one-half ounces. Mix.

Divide into sixteen powders. While the pain is
very severe, the application of mustard to the abdomen
is very beneficial. After the disease has abated, if
there is a chronic discharge from the womb, the treat-
ment given for leucorrha will suffice. The person
examining the womb should be very careful, and see that
there are no fresh sores on his hands or armsand grease
them thoroughly to prevent inoculation and blood poi-
soning.

UMBILICAL HEMORRHAGE, OR BLEEDING FROM THE
NAVEL.

Bleeding from the umbilical cord, of an alarming
nature, is not a very common accident, nevertheless it
sometimes occurs and occasionally so profusely as to
cause death. It generally happens immediately after
birth or within a short period afterwards and may con-
tinue for some time in small quantities, but sufficient to
produce great debility. The bleeding is* generally
caused hy the cord’s being cut or broken off too close to

> po npnm bear ai Sar Se

UMBbhL.CAL HEMORRHAGE, ETC. 409

the abdomen; it may be due to a varicose condition of
the cord. Sometimes, after the cord is tied, when sufli-
ciently long enough to admit of it, the mother will nip
it off closer and so induce bleeding.

Treatment:—When the bleeding is slight and not
likely to be continued, little or no treatment is required.
If possible, seize the cord and tie; if not apply tannic
acid, alum, or per-chloride of iron and bandage, after
placing some cotton batting saturated with Monsell’s
solution of iron upon the cord. Or you may take a
needle and thread and pass it through the skin on both
sides of the cord, then tie it tightly and you will com-
pletely close the opening, but in doing this be careful
not to penetrate or include the intestines.

PERSISTENCE OF THE URACHUS, OR URINE PASSING
FROM THE NAVEL.

What is understood by the urachus, is the canal
formed by the middle portion of the allantois, which
passes through the umbilical ring and communicates with
the bladder through which the urine is conveyed to the
allantoid sack, during foetal life. After birth the
urachus should become obliterated and the bladder
should be retracted and further developed within the
pelvic cavity, the urine then passing through the natural
channels. It sometimes happens the urachus does
not close up and disappear, and the urine is passed
through the navel. It more frequently occurs in males
than in females. In the latter it generally comes by
drops and quite frequently ceases spontaneously, while
in the male it usually runs ina stream and is more dan-
gerous.

410 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Treatment :—In a great many cases no treatment is
required, the escape of urine ceasing in a few days
after birth; but, where treatment is demanded, a cure
can usually be effected. If the urachus is sufficiently
long, seize it and tie it. If this cannot be done, grasp
the cord between the thumb and fingers and raise it up;
then pass a stitch in a circle clear around the cord and
tie it tight. The urachus is then closed. But be care-
ful not to gather any more skin than is actually neces-
sary into the stitch. If the urethra, or natural channel
for the urine to pass by, is not opened, get the longest
human catheter obtainable and pass it to open the
channel.

UMBILICAL HERNIA, OR RUPTURE OF THE NAVEL.

Rupture of the navel is most frequently congenital,
although it sometimes occurs two or three months after
birth, when it would be called accidental hernia. A
small, round tumor, situated at the navel opening and
varying in size from that of a bird’s egg to that of a
goose egg or even larger, is observed. It is usually soft
and fluctuating and easily reduced within the abdomi-
nal eavity by manipulation with the fingers, just as
readily returning when the hand is removed. Some-
times it presents a doughy or hard appearance, when
probably the intestines within the sack are filled with
alimentary matter. When the intestines are returned,
the opening will present a circular or elliptical shape,
and around the edges it will be tense and hard to the
touch. i

Treatment :—In a great majority of cases when the
tumor is not very large, if allowed to remain undisturbed
nature will bring about acomplete cure varying in time
from three months to three years of age. I have

RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM, ETC. 41f

applied a broad bandage with very gratifying results
and would recommend it strongly. Constriction of the
tumor is an excellent method of effecting a cure. First
cast the animal and secure it firmly, place it on its back
and maintain it in that position. Then manipulate the
tumor until the intestines are returned to the abdominal
cavity. Next grasp the skin over the tumor and raise
it up as far as you can stretch it, and fasten a pair of
clamps as close to the abdomen as possible. Fasten
them tightly. Then put a couple of wooden pegs through
the skin, protruding beyond the clamp, to keep it from
slipping off when the animal is standing. In this way
you set up an adhesive inflammation, forming a plug
filling up the opening by the time the clamp sloughs off.
Some practitioners recommend the application of nitric
acid to the tumor and report good results; but I have
never tried it. But to inject into the sub-cutaneous
connective tissue a few drops of salt water, around the
rupture, will, in a great many cases, through irritation
set up a healthy inflammation, throwing out a plastic
substance, filling the cavity, thus forcing the intestines
back within the abdominal cavity and completely plug-
ging up the opening. This operation can be done with
the ordinary hypodermic syringe, care being taken not
to insert it too deep.

RETENTION OF THE MECONIUM, OR CONSTIPATION
SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH.

The contents of the intestines previous to birth is
ealled meconium. This is generally expelled immedi-
ately after birth; but when it is retained for any leneth
of time, serious results follow if left unrelieved.: This
occurs, perhaps, more frequently with the colt than
with any other animal, but occasionally happens with

412 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

calves. It generally oceurs in animals that are weakly
and not thoroughly developed. It is generally caused
by the mothers being fed on dry fodder for a length of
time, or by her milk being thin and not rich in those
purgative elements so necessary for the newly born
animal. Hence, it is generally seen in those colts and
calves that come in the winter and early spring, previous
to the mother being turned out to pasture.

Symptoms :— Within a few days after birth, the little
animal appears uneasy and refuses to suck; shows
symptoms of colic, lies down and rolls around, occas-
ionally looking toward the abdomen; when standing,
the back is arched and attemps to pass manure and
water are frequent; pulse and respiration are frequent
and sometimes the respiration is labored; the eyes are
injected red; grinding of the teeth is a frequent
symptom.

Treatment :—The proper treatment is to attend to the
food and condition of the mother, previous to parturi-
tion. The diet should be soft and nutritious. Imme-
diately after birth, the young animal should be fed the
first milk the mother gives, as it contains purgative ele-
ments so necessary for the movement of the bowels. If
the bowels do not move, remove all the fecal matter
you can with the oiled finger, after which give frequent
injections of warm water and castile soap, or injections
of oil. Feed the mother ona soft, sloppy diet, to which
may be added a mild physic. Should the bowels fail to
respond, give two ounces of castor oil, towhich you may
add a dessertspoonful of brandy with a little sweetened
water; or you may give every two or three hours, two
ounces of cod-liver oil with a little brandy and a little
sweetened water. Keep the little creature warm with
‘blankets, rub the limbs with dilute alcohol and bandage.

DIARRHG@A IN COLTS. 418

DIARRHOEA IN COLTS.

This disease consists of a watery discharge from the
bowels, differing somewhat both in color and ingredi-
ents from the regular natural discharge. Quite often it
will be strongly acid, as is demonstrated by its scalding
the hair off from the surrounding parts and emitting an
offensive odor.

Causes :—It is produced from many causes; such as
an altered condition of the mother’s milk through some
unknown or unforseen agency; or by the mother eating
too rich and highly nutritious food, or just the reverse
—by being furnished with a scanty amount of poor, innu-
tritious food, or bad, deficient, improper food; also from
an excessive amount of lime salts in the food; milk that
is too rich in fatty constituents; permanent stabling; de-
fective stabling; chills or stable miasma. It is most fre-
quently seen where the young creature is permanently
housed, and seldom observed when out to pasture, thus
indicating very strongly that the offending agent isin or
about the stable, and is properly called a stable miasma.
Another circumstance must be borne in mind, that is,
when one young animal becomes badly affected, other
colts or calves that are around the same stable, soon
become affected, thus giving rise to the theory of con-
tagion, or infectious nature of the complaint.

Symptoms :—This disease generally makes its appear-
ance quite suddenly and without any direct or assign-
able cause, as the food and water as consumed by the
mother, may not have been changed or altered in the
least.°* But within eight or ten days after birth, the
diarrhoea manifests itself in a violent form. ~ The pass-
ages are very watery in character, and have a sour,
offensive smell. They are either yellow-tinted, whitish,
or a grayisi green color, but more often whitish. The

414 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

bowels move quite frequently and with some force, as
the discharge will squirt some distance. Sometimes the
animal will cease sucking, while others again, will
nurse as though there was nothing the matter, except
that they will switch and rub the tail, from the irrita-
tion produced where the hair and sometimes the skin
has been scalded off from the effects of the discharge
from the bowels. In those cases where they cease to
suck, they fail in strength very rapidly and are nearly
always lying down. The eyes are sunk quite deeply
within their orbits and appear indifferent to surround-
ing objects; the hair looks dry and staring. There is
neither bloating nor rumbling of the bowels, and the
belly does not seem sore nor painful when pressed upon.
There may besome straining, and as the end approaches,
the little creature remains immovable, and-dies without
even a struggle.

Treatment —As is the case with all other diseases,
preventative measures are always better than curative
treatment. Attention should be given to cleanliness
and diet at all times, but more especially is this the
case, when this disease has appeared in the stable
before, or is now present; and all pregnant stock should
be removed from the stable, when this is the case, a
month prior to producing their off-spring, in order to
render them secure. The stable or shed in which this
disease has occurred, should be thoroughly washed and
disinfected with carbolic acid, chloride of lime or sul-
phuric acid, paying particular attention to the floor,
where the infectious material may remain for months.

It is good policy not to use the stable after disinfec-
ting it, for the balance of the summer. The curative
measures employed, are many and varied. ” Such as have
proven beneficial, I will here insert. First, change the
amother’s diet. If fed too highly, reduce a little; or if

, re

DIARRHEA IN COLTS. 415

scantily fed, increase her rations, and if in season, do not
fail to turn out to pasture. If the colt or calf is strong
and lively, give an ounce of castor oil to clean the
bowels of any irritant that may be within them, to be
followed with a couple of raw eggs, every four hours
until six or eight eggs are given, and if this fails to
check it, a few doses of white oak bark tea may be
given. Or give,

Prepared Clralke. i) .ic2nys0s:. one ounce.
Powdered Catechu...... four drachms.
Powdered Opium......... one drachm. Mix.

Make fifteen powders. Give one powder every
three or four hours, in a little milk. Or better still,
give—

Powdered Opium.......... ten grains.
Tincture of Cardamon...ten drachms.
Sulphuric Ether..........two ounces. Mix.

Give dessertspoonful every four to six hours, in four
to six ounces of linseed tea or gruel.

Or,
IDE DIGIEN Ch Baa eeeoe Roeee eee Be Aiea one ounce.
Tincture of Catechu...:.... one ounce.
Sweet Spirits of Niter...... one ounce,
PARES ORIC Hert teierstaecieie a ese ki one ounce. Mix.

Give dessertspoonful ever hour or two until relief.

Burnt flour sometimes. aids materially. Keep the
patient warm and comfortable and if pains in the
bowels are exhibited, apply cloths wrung out of hot
water to which may be added some camomile tea or
flowers, to the belly, which will greatly assist in easing
the pains.

416 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
PRESENTATIONS AND POSITION OF THE FOETUS.

We have before spoken of normal parturition, where
the foetus was presented ina natural position and the
mother had power to expel it. We will now consider
the various presentations and positions of the foetus
during parturition. They should be well studied, as
the different modes of delivery are of much importance
practically, to the obstetrician. When we remember that
during gestation the foetus in the womb assumes so many ,
different positions, it is not surprising that in delivery
so many different presentations occur. Notwithstand-
ing, there is supposed to be some agency or influence, so
induce the foetus to assume a natural position and pres-
entation at delivery, this is not always the case; and,
instead of the foetus being in a favorable position, it
frequently requires assistance to change the false posi-
tion assumed by the young animal at the termination of
gestation.

What is understood by presentation, is that part of
the foetus which presents itself first at the pelvic inlet,
or that part of the foetus which the hand of the operator
touches when making an examination as to position—
which may be the head, forefeet, hocks, breast, abdo-
men, sides, etc. Presentation may vary exceedingly,
as any part of the foetus may occupy the space at the
mouth of the womb. I will condense and simplify as
far as possible, the description of these presentations
and positions, in order not to confuse the mind of the
reader.

Presentations may be grouped in four classes, viz. :
Anterior Presentation, when the head, neck, chest, fore-
feet or forelimbs are presented; Shoulder and Loin
Presentation, when any portion of the body is presented,
as the shoulder, withers, back, loins or haunches;

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. AI]

Breast and Abdominal Presentation, in which the limbs
are most frequently felt first, possibly all four feet, or
only three of them, and sometimes only one; Posterior
Presentation, in which the breech or croup is facing the
inlet and the presence of the limbs there only consti-
tutes a different position.

The different positions in which a foetus may be
found with any of these presentations, are numerous.
For instance, with anterior presentation, the withers of
the foetus may rest against the spine of the mother, and
the breast against the lower part of the pelvis; or it
may be just the reverse; or the fetus may be lying on
its right or left side, when its ribs would rest against
the mother’s spine and against the lower part of her
pelvis, the breast facing either the right or left ileum,
and the withers the opposite; the head may deviate to
the right or left; one limb may be retained, or crossed
over the neck; or both limbs may be retained, etc.

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

This is the only natural presentation of the fcetus,
and in this presentation, the different positions of the
young creature frequently require the aid of art to
complete the delivery. But when the presentation is
natural and nature has brought about the necessary
changes in the generative organs of the mother, delivery
is comparatively easy and successful. In this position
the foetus at the inlet should present the forefeet first,
with the head lying upon or between them, the withers
toward the spine of the mother, and the breast resting
upon the pubes. When the fcetus is found in this posi-
tion, it should be left undisturbed for a time, as the
contractions of the womb gradually increase in force.

418 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The abdominal muscles are now brought into play, the
animal makes a few extra efforts, and, generally, the
foetus is expelled. * But, if the mother is laboring hard
and the progress is very slow, man’s intervention is

ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

necessary. You should then seize the young animal by
the forelegs, and, at each succeeding labor pain, use
traction until the little creature is born. In using
traction, always pull outward and downward towards
the mother’s heels. Immediately after the birth, tie
up the navel about three inches from the abdomen.
Then allow the mother to have care of her young.

FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE NECK.

It is not at all uncommon to find colts and calves in
this position, and delivery very much retarded or

incomplete without assistance. Though I have no
doubt that delivery has been completed in this position

FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE NECK, 419

without assistance, the cases where the mother has not
been more or less lacerated, are exceptional. In this
position, instead of the shoulders being lodged in
the hollow space along the side of the neck, they are
held back along the side of the chest, increasing the
transverse diameter as it enters the pelvic inlet, instead

FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE NECK.

of diminishing it, thus retarding the delivery. But if
the limbs are crossed over the neck up at the poll, it is
still more dangerous. In all complications tending to
retard delivery, the mother becomes more excited and the
labor pains more violent and irregular. Then with the
limbs crossed at the poll, the feet are pushed against
the roof of the vagina, causing laceration of that part.
Sometimes they are pushed through the roof of the
vagina into the rectum, producing a rupture of the
perineum, In the more favorable cases, the limbs are

420 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

crossed far enough over the neck to allow the knee to
become flexed, turning the feet downward. There is
then but little danger of rupture of the perineum, but
the labor is protracted and severe and certain to
result in contusions of the vagina, to a greater or
less extent. This position is frequently recognized
before an examination is made. If the forefeet
are seen pressing against the roof of the vagina,
at the outlet, the probabilities are that both legs
are crossed over the neck. If only one foot is
seen pressing the roof of the vagina, or if both feet
are observed on one side of the head, the one leg shorter
than the other, only one leg is crossed. If only one
leg is crossed, it may be placed in position without much
difficulty and without the trouble of pressing the foetus
back into the uterine cavity. Seize the leg above the
fetlock, raise it up and draw it to its proper side; then
place one hand on the head of the foetus and hold it
firm, with the other hand extend the leg forcibly, when
it will readily straighten out into position. Delivery
may then take place without help, or a little help with
the head and limbs may be beneficial. When both fore
limbs are crossed over the head, the case is more diffi-
cult to handle. If the feet are visible, fasten a half
inch rope to each separately, then force the foetus back
within the womb by pressing:upon the head. Then the
operator should place the feet to their proper sides, if
possible. If he cannot do this, bring the ropes to their
proper sides, and, while the operator holds the head
back firmly, let an assistant pull the rope on one side
until that limb is brought into position. “Then take
hold of the other rope and fetch that into position.
Then place the head straight in a line above and between
the limbs, and delivery will be effected with but little
help.

FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. 4921
FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES.

In this position, the difficulty, as a rule, is easily
overcome. When the labor pains first commence, if the
feet are not lifted high enough to enter the pelvic cav-
ity, they become lodged against the lower border of the
pubes; and, as labor- progresses, the head is forced
onward, the feet being retained, the fore legs become

FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES.

flexed at the knees and there they remain with the
knees pressing up against the lower part of the neck.
If an examination is made before labor has progressed
any length of time, the nose and knees will be felt at
the same time. But if labor has progressed any length
of time, the head will be forced farther out. Then the.
operator, on exploring, will first come in contact with
the head, for sometimes it is advanced in the passage

429 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

even as farasthe outlet. The object now to be obtained
is to straighten the forelegs, in order to complete the
delivery, as the vertical diameter of the pelvis will not
admit of delivery with the fore limbs beneath the
breast. The operator will have but little difficulty, if
called early enough, or before the head has passed any
great distance into the vagina. If the head has made
but little progress, the operator, upon examination, will
feel the knees as readily as the head. While ascertain-
ing the position of the legs, you will almost always find
that one has greater liberty than the other, and, if
seized by the fetlock, can be thrown easily into its
natural position. Then seize the other leg just below
the knee, raise it up with the lower part of the hand,
while pressing backward with the upper part of the
hand, and that leg can be brought easily into position.
Use the right hand to handle the left foreleg, and the
left hand for the right foreleg. If the head has been
forced well into the passage or presented beyond the
outlet, the case will have to be handled differently.
First fasten a small, well greased rope around the neck,
then grasp the head, and, during the intervals between
the labor pains, force it back into the womb. Then
grasp the legs separately below the knees and raise
them up, pressing backward at the knee and forward
further down the leg, and in this way bring them into
position. If they cannot be brought up in this manner,
fasten a small rope around the fetlock of each leg, then
bring them into position separately. The operator must
take hold of the knee and force it back into the womb,
while an assistant draws on the rope. In this manner,
you will force the leg upward and outward, into the
proper position. Then fetch the other limb up in the
same manner. » If the head is presented beyond the out-

let and the little creature is dead, the only thing to be -

FORELIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES, 423

looked after is the preservation of the mother. First
eut off the head close to the skull, then cut a hole
through the skin and flesh about six inches back
on the top of the neck, and guide the knife so as to
pierce between the first two bones of the neck. Then
pass a small rope through the first bone of the neck and

FORELIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED-——-REVERSED POSITION.

through the opening, and tie it. You then have a hold
that will stand a pull. You must then force the foetus
back into the womb, raise the forefeet as described,
fetch the neck into position and deliver.

If the colt or calf is lying upon its back, with the
legs turned upward within the womb, it will be impos-
sible to extract it in that position. It must be turned,
which will prove a difficult task. In this position a
great deal depends upon the judgment of the operator.
If the mother is lying down, the hind parts should be
raised higher than the fore quarters. Seize the foetus
and fasten a small rope around each fore fetlock. and

424 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

another around the jaws. Then, if the fcetus is slightly

turned to the left, let the operator pass his right hand
under the left shoulder. Have the rope attached to the
right leg, pass out on the left side of the head. Then,
at each labor pain, draw tightly upon the rope, and with
the hand under the shoulder, raise up with a rotary
movement. In the course of time you will completely
turn the little creature around to a proper position.
Proceed in a manner precisely the reverse, if the fetus
is turned to the right. When the proper position is
gained, delivery will be easy. If the mother can be
kept in a standing position, the foetus can be much
more easily handled.

FORELEGS COMPLETELY RETAINED.

The complete retention of one or both of the fore-
legs of the foetus within the womb, with head presenta-
tion, is frequently met with in veterinary practice.
With the mare the case is somewhat serious, the colt
usually dying before delivery is completed. But with
the cow the danger is not so great; the calf, in all prob-
ability will be delivered alive. The position is, no
doubt, assumed during birth in the same manner as
knee flexion. It is possible for the foetus to be delivered
in this position, but it would have to be very small, and
the vagina of the mother very large and roomy. This
position is more frequently seen in the colt than in the
calf, a fact probably due to its having much longer legs.
In making an exploring examination, to determine the
true position, the hand will touch first the head, some-
times at the inlet, at others further outward within the
vaginal passage. If both limbs are completely retained,
the head may be forced well into the vaginal canal or

FORELEGS COMPLETELY RETAINED. 425

even to the outlet, at each labor pain, but retracting
immediately after each pain ceases. Sometimes it is
with the greatest difficulty that the forelegs are reached,
owing to the vast dimensions of the womb, although the
arm may be introduced without trouble. When the

ONE FORELIMB RETAINED.
legs can be felt, they are usually lying immediately
under the abdomen or beside the chest and flanks.
The main object now, is to reach the legs with the
hand and bring them forward to the knee posi-
tion first. In order to do this, it may be necessary
to force the head back within the womb." If so, first
place a rope around the neck and lower jaw, then force
it back within the womb during the intervals between
the labor pains. * Then pass a rope around the forearm
of the colt or calf, pushing it well down toward the
knee, and use gentle traction until you bring the knee

496 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

up to the passage. You may then fasten the rope to
the fetlock, and have an assistant to use traction
upward and outward, while you grasp the knee and
force it upward and backward within the womb. Next
bring the other leg into position, in the same way. In
this manner the forelegs are brought into proper posi-
tion. Then you should find the head and place the hand

FORELIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED.

under the nose and lower jaw, and have an assistant
pull upon the rope which was fixed to the jaw, until the
head is brought into position, but little force may be
required after this to complete the delivery. If the
head presents beyond the outlet and the foetus is dead,
you should remove the head before forcing it back
within the womb, (this operation is described under the
head of ‘‘ Forelegs Flexed at the Knee.’’) Then pro-
ceed as before described. Indeed it is sometimes nec-

DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD. 497

essary to decapitate a living foetus, in order to save the
mother. To place a rope around the neck in this posi-
tion and apply force without placing the foetus in posi-

tion, is brutal, and the law for the prevention of cruelty
to animals, should be rigidly enforced in such cases.

DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD.

Downward deviation of the head, may exist from
mere flexion of the head on the first bone of the neck,

DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF TH tiwaw.

the nose being caught on the lower bone of the
pelvic inlet. But when the downward deviation is
great, the upper part of the head comes in contact with
the lower border of the inlet and is forced down

498 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

beneath the chest and abdomen. The cause usually,
is premature rupture of the foetal membranes, and the
nose or head catching on the pelvic border as the foetus
is entering the inlet. If the feet are in a proper posi-
tion and the nose catches on the lower border of the
inlet, the contractions of the womb will force the upper
part of the head and neck into the genital passage,
along with the feet. Then the operator, on passing the
hand to explore matters, will come in contact first with
the feet and next with the top of the head. During the
intervals of labor, he should press backward and
upward against the top of the head; then pass the hand
down under the nose, seize the lower jaw and raise
upward and outward. The head will be easily thrown
into the natural position, when delivery may be com-
pleted in the usual way. But, if the pains have forced
the head and neck outward, so that they are firmly
wedged in the passage, take a crotch and place it
against the shoulder, and force the foetus back within
the womb a distance sufficient to admit of raising the
nose and placing the head in a proper position, to allow
a natural birth. This may take some time, but can be
accomplished.

When the top of the head rests against the lower
border of the inlet the case is a little more difficult, but
can be brought into position by passing the hand down to
the nose-and fastening a rope to the upper jaw. Then
let the operator press backward on the side of the neck
and an assistant draw upward and outward on the rope,
and most frequently the head will be brought into posi-
tion. But, if labor has been progressing some time and
some wise fool has been pulling at the legs, the head
will be forced down underneath the chest and, possibly
as far back as the abdomen. You then have one of the
most critical cases to deal with. Indeed, so critical is

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD, ETC. 429

the case, you may consider yourself extremely fortunate
should you complete a delivery and save the life of the
mother. You may take a couple of blunt crotches, and
place them against the shoulders of the foetus and push
it back within the womb. If you succeed in this, you
may reach the head, which you may fasten with cords,
as before described, and raise it up. If you fail in this,
you may return the forelimbs and try to turn the foetus
around and deliver the hind feet first. Failing in this,
you may cut off the head, when you feel the neck, and
then deliver; or, amputate the legs at the shoulder and
then deliver. Use plenty of fresh lard and handle the
knife carefully. .

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR
LEFT.

In this position, the head is carried either to the
right or left side of the foetus, and the forelegs pre-
sented either in the genital passage or at the outlet. It

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT IN
AN UPWARD POSITION.

is a very difficult case to handle. It may be caused by

uterine contraction taking place too strongly, before the

430 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

mouth of the womb is thoroughly dilated. If the nose
is not in a straight line with the opening, when partially
dilated, the forefeet may pass through and as thie
uterine contractions increase in force, the head is forced
off to one side. ‘Sometimes it rests back on the
shoulders, at others down along the back or sides, and

vs

\

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO RIGHT OR LEFT—
DOWNWARD POSITION.

it may be down by the flanks of the mother. I have
delivered two cases when the deviation was to the right
side and the colts were wry-necked and could not be
straightened after delivery. One was born dead and
the other, to my knowledge, lived for two years with a
crooked neck. It was then sold and taken out of the
neighborhood. As arule, it is not hard to distinguish
this position of a colt or calf. The forelegs will be pre-
sented in the genital canal, but birth is retarded and on

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD, ETC, 431

the side to which the head is turned, the leg will appear
shorter than the other. On being passed beyond these,
the hand comes in contact with a bulky mass occupying
the whole space of the inlet, rendering access to the
uterine cavity difficult. Upon examination this will be
found to be the neck; and, by tracing it up, the ears,

LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT.

eyes and frequently the nose can be felt,—if a calf.
But, if a colt, it is seldom that the nose can be felt if
the uterine contractions have continued for any length
of time. The colt’s head will be pushed back toward
the chest, abdomen or flanks, when it scarcely can be
reached. ‘This position is not only frequent but serious,
as it is impossible for birth to occur without assistance,
and this requires strength, perseverance and ingenuity,
The object now is to get hold of the head and bring it
into a favorable position, and then complete the

432 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

delivery. But this cannot be done very easily, especi
ally when the head is lying along the abdomen or down
in the flank and beyond reach of the operator. If the
head can be felt by the hand, you should catch hold of
the cheeks, by putting your hand into its mouth, and
raise it into position. Failing in this, fasten a rope
around the lower jaw, then secure the legs with ropes
and push the foetus back into the womb. Then have an
assistant pull on the rope attached to the jaw, while the
operator pushes inward on the neck just at the bend. The
head will readily be brought into the vaginal passage.
Then draw up the feet and complete delivery. In case
the feet present and the head cannot be reached by the
operator, first fasten small ropes to the fore fetlocks.
Then return the legs to the womb, pressing them to the
opposite side from that to which the head is bent.
Then if the head is turned to the right, press against the
left shoulder, and vice versa if it is turned to the left.
With the hand or a crotch, you can fasten a rope around
the neck. Pass the rope along the neck as near the
head as possible, then twist the rope until it presses
deeply into the flesh of the neck, care being taken not
to entangle the membranes in the rope. Then press
inward on the shoulder and draw outwards and sideways
on the neck and you will draw the head backward
toward the natural position. Continuein this until you
reach the head, when you should fasten the rope to the
head or lower jaw, after which you can easily bring it
into position. Then draw up the feet and complete
the delivery. Sometimes an advantage is gained by
securing the legs with cords, then placing a crotch
against the neck or upper part of the chest, and forcing
the foetus back into the womb, while the operator
fastens a blunt hook into the eye or mouth of the foetus
and uses outward traction on the head. But if the

DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. 483

mouth can be reached, I would prefer catching the
hold there. If the foetus is dead and the membranes
are dry, use copious injections of warm water. Perse-
verance and good judgment will nearly always effect a
delivery in this position. Let the knife for dissecting
purposes, be the very last resort.

DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD.

In this position, the head will be found more or less
extended along the back, or slightly deviated to one

DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD.

side, with the inferior border of the lower jaw resting
against the mother’s back.” In this position the head
may be forced through the womb into the rectum, caus-
ing rupture of the perineum, and the fwtus may be

AB4 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

delivered in that way. On examination, the forefeet
will first be felt, possibly well advanced into the vagina,
and beyond them at the inlet, the hand meets the chest
and, above, the lower part of the neck which, if traced
backward, will leaa to the head more or less back on
the withers and loins or very slightly inclined to one
side, the lower jaw facing the back of the mother. In
order to place the head in a natural position, it is nec-
essary to force the foetus back within the womb by
pressing the chest downward. Should the head not drop
down into the natural position, introduce the hand and
seize the head by the mouth or lower jaw, and pull it
downward, slightly sideward and outward, into the
natural passage. If this cannot be done with the hand,
place a small rope around the lower jaw and have an
assistant pull, while the operator guides the head with
his hand until itis brought into the natural passage,
when delivery will be completed easily. This is nota
difficult position and can be rectified with ease and
safety.

HIND LEG DEVIATION—ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

In this position, the operator may consider the case a
natural presentation, which it is, as far-as the head and
forefeet are concerned. Birth may‘be proceeding favor-
ably, the forelegs, head and body being normal and ina
natural position, protruding well beyond the outlet;
when, suddenly, the foetus becomes locked and wedged
within the passage, notwithstanding the: mother
increases her efforts at straining; and powerful traction
upon the fceetus, fails to bring it beyond a certain point.

The operator should pass his hand underneath the
abdomen of the foetus, along the genital passage, until
he reaches the inlet, where he will find the obstruction.

HIND LEG DEVIATION—ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. 435

Here he may find the thighs of the foetus turned ou

ward from its flanks, forming too broad a surface to
piss through the genital canal. Sometimes he will find
tl:e hind legs flexed forward, underneath the belly of the
foetus, and the feet or fetlocks caught under the brim of
the pelvis at the inlet, so that to deliver by force, would
cause the hind legs of the fwtus to force their way
through the tissues into the abdominal cavity of the
mother, before delivery could be completed: and this
might cause the death of the mother and off-spring.

HIND LIMB DEVIATION—ANTERIOR PRESENTATION.

A safe delivery can be effected only by the proper
adjustment of the hind legs. This is all the more
difficult, when the foetus is well advanced in the
passage and much traction has been employed. If,
upon examination, the thighs are extended outward
from the flanks of the foetus, it should be forced
back within the womb and the limbs drawn as
closely together as possible, with the hand, If this can-
not be done, you may take a half-inch rope, well
greased, and fasten it around the body of the foetus with
a running noose. Then the operator should work the

486 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

rope just beyond the rump of the fcetus, or midway
between the rump and the hocks. He must hold if
there, while an assistant draws tightly on the rope and
forces the thighs together. The delivery can then be
completed. If, however, the foetus cannot be forced back
into the womb to adjust the thighs, cut it off close up to
the mother; then force the remainder back within the
womb and deliver the hind feet first. But, if upon
examination, the hind feet or fetlocks are found to be
caught below the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, you
should pass your hand between the belly of the foetus
and the genital canal, until you come in contact with
the feet or fetlocks. Then pass the hand with the
palmer surface against the feet or fetlocks, and extend
it backward and inward as far as the arm will reach,
when traction may be applied to the foetus and delivery
completed.

DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS INTO THE GENITAL
CANAL—THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE
BODY PRESENTING.

In this position we have a serious case to deal with.
Generally, the principal object is to save the life of the
mother. The foetus generally is dead or in a dying
condition, before help is thought necessary to complete
the delivery. Outward appearances may reveal nothing
but a natural presentation,—the forefeet and head being
presented and sometimes so well advanced, that part of
the chest will be presented to view beyond the outlet,
when progress ceases, notwithstanding the - violent
efforts of the mother are increased and forcible traction
has been used. The operator now has great difficulty to
ascertain the cause of the delay, the difficulty depending
upon the size of the foetus and the amount of space in

DEVIATION OF THE HIND LEGS, ETC. 337

the genital canal occupied by it. The hand should be
introduced to ascertain the cause of delay, which
may be very difficult. When the feet are found,
they should be examined to make certain they are
the hind ones. Sometimes -the hind legs are well
advanced in the passage, even as far as the hocks; but

‘LL OF THE LIMBS ENTERING THE PASSAGE, THE ANTERIOR
PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING.

this depends greatly upon the size of the foetus and the
capacity of the mother. It is impossible to extract the
foetus until this position is rectified, no matter what
amount of force may be used; and violent force is cer-
tain to injure the mother. It is, therefore, necessary
to ascertain the exact state of affairs before using any
force. As to saving the life of the foetus, should it be
living, your decision generally must be unfavorable. In
a great majority of cases the young animal, if not
already dead, must be sacrificed to save the life of the
mother,

438 DISEASES OF THE -GENERATIVE ORGANS.

If attention is given to the mother before the foetus
has advanced far into the passage, and the hind feet are
found mingled with the forefeet, the operator will have
little difficulty in pushing them back to the lower
border of the pelvis. Then push them downward and in-
ward and immediately after grasp the forefeet and head
and hasten the delivery, which can be done successfully.
Or the operator may hold the hind feet back, while an
assistant extracts the foetus. But if the foetus is well
advanced, the forelegs, head and chest being beyond
the outlet, you may try and force it back within the
womb until you can reach the hind feet. Then, if pos-
sible, push them back within the womb, either with
the hand or with a crotch. Then, the head and foreiegs
being in good position, delivery can be effected easily.
When the foetus has advanced so far and is very large,
it is very seldom possible to force it back into the womb
or even to introduce the hand beside it. The only
recourse left then, is to cut the foetus off close up to the
mother; then force the remainder back within the
womb, turn it around and deliver the hind feet first.

POSTERIOR PRESENTATION.

In posterior presentation, as in anterior presenta-
tion, the foetus may assume several positions, in
only one of which, a spontaneous and natural de-
livery can result. This is when the back of the
foetus is next to the back of the mother, the abdo-
men next to the lower part of the pelvis and the
thighs occupying the horizontal diameter of ~the
genital canal, the hind legs being fully extended
outward and entering the inlet, first gradually di-
lating the mouth of the womb. Birth in this position
without assistance, is more frequent with cows than

POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 439

with mares, and the calves are generally alive. With
the mare, parturition is more prolonged and laborious,
and the foal quickly dies after rupture of the mem-
branes, or is suffocated immediately after birth for want
of attention. Colts that are foaled in this position,
should be raised by the hind legs until the head is clear
off from the ground, to allow the escape of any fluid
that may be in the wind-pipe. I have seen as much as

POSTERIOR PRESENTATION, OR HIND FEET PRESENTATION.

a pint escape, and the little animal begin to breathe
and do well. When colts are foaled with an anterior
presentation, the head and neck hang down so that if
any fluids have accumulated in the wind-pipe, they
escape spontaneously. With the posterior position, it
is just the reverse, hence the necessity of raising the
hind quarters and allowing the fluid to escape. The
foal sometimes perishes quickly after rupture of the
membranes. It is therefore necessary, in a posterior

440 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

presentation, when everything is favorable, to hasten
the delivery to save the life of the colt.

In the posterior reversed position, when the hind
feet are presented with the foetus lying on its back
within the mother, its belly against the back of the
mother, and its back upon the lower bone of the pelvis,
there is danger ahead and trouble to be anticipated. As
a consequence of this reversed position, the hind legs
(which enter the passage first) are directed upward and

ASN

WWOY

WME edhe

3;

HOCK PRESENTATION—REVERSED POSITION.

outward, and are the parts first met by the hand in
making an examination. The operator can make no
mistake, if he notices whether the back or front of the
hind leg is uppermost. This can be told easily from the
shape of the feet or the position of the hocks, the point
of the latter being downward, and the bend upward in
the same direction as the wall of the hoof. Whereas,
the bend of the knee is in the same direction as the sole
of the foot. The obstacle to birth, hes in the buttocks

POSTERIOR PRESENTATION. 441

resting against the lower border of the pelvis, whilsi
the legs are extended upward towards the mother’s
back and, to a certain extent held rigid. There is
danger of lacerating the perineum; or the feet may be
pushed through into the rectum, causing rupture of the
perineum. Besides this, the body of the fcetus itself
forms a curve exactly opposite to that of the genital
canal, so that it cannot easily accommodate itself to the
bony canal through which it must pass. From these
circumstances, the position not only is unfavorable to
birth, but must be remedied, or serious accidents may
follow.

When the fetus is found in this position, the oper-
ator must take great care in conducting the feet through
the genital canal, to prevent lacerations of the peri-
neum. Sometimes, in order to bring the feet beyond
the outlet, it is necessary to pass the hand and raise the
hocks above the brim of the pelvis. As soon as the feet
appear beyond the outlet, they should be secured with
ropes, and, while an assistant seizes the legs and
attempts to turn the foetus on its belly, the operator
should pass his hand under its rump and assist in turn-
ing it over so that its back rests against the mother’s
back. When this position is gained, extract the foetus,
—if necessary, by forcible traction. If the foetus is
small, or if the rump has passed into the genital pas-
sage it should be drawn far enough into the passage
to have the rump beyond the outlet; then twist it
half way round, or until its back is uppermost, and com-
plete the delivery.- If the foetus be a colt, delivery
must be completed within a half hour; otherwise it is
likely to die before entirely born. If it be a calf, it
may live for several hours and be born alive.

442 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.
HOCK PRESENTATION.

This presentation is liable to happen when there is
a posterior presentation, and the womb contractions
force the foetus toward the inlet, before the hind legs
are completely extended. Consequently, the back part
of the legs below the hocks, comes in contact with the
brim of the pelvis. The croup, being above, naturally
forees the legs into a cramped position. The labor

HOCK PRESENTATION.

pains continuing, the croup has a tendency to descend
and, with the hocks, to enter the pelvic inlet. The legs
now being thoroughly flexed, the croup pressing upon
them they become jammed tightly in the inlet, forming
too large a mass to advance further. Therefore labor is
suspended and the animal becomes exhausted by con-
tinuous straining.

On making an examination in hock presentation,
the point of the hock is always the first part encoun-

HOCK PRESENTATION. 443

tered; but it may be found at different points. Some-
times it is well advanced in the inlet, the croup
and body of the foetus being still within the womb. In
other cases, the body and croup are in the inlet and thor-
oughly wedged in the passage. Asa rule, if the mother
has run the full period of gestation, birth cannot take
place until the deviation has been rectified; and until

Ww) ) ’
I) 1}))) py ih iy Ly p-}))
Sa ET

HOCK PRESENTATION—HOCKS CORDED.

this has been done, a forcible attempt at delivery is
likely to take the life of the mother. Therefore it is
necessary to place the hind legs in a favorable position,
by extending them in the genital passage. This is more
easily done with the calf than with the colt, owing to
the shortness of the legs of the former. If the offspring
be very small and the mother large and roomy in the
genital canal, the foetus may be delivered in this posi-

444 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

tion, by extending its legs forward underneath its abdo-
men. But this would be a very exceptional case.

The best mode of completing delivery, is toso adjust
the foetus that the hind legs are completely extended
outward. This is quite easily accomplished, if an exam-
ination be made before the foetus has entered the pelvic
inlet, or, at the most, the points of the hocks, and rais-
ing them upward, at the same time pressing inward,
the operator can draw the feet into the pelvic inlet.
Or, if the operator has secured the feet by ropes previous
to handling the hocks, as he raises and forces them
inward an assistant can pull on the ropes and bring the
feet outward into the genital canal, and can then com-
plete the birth with ease. But at a later period, when
labor is more advanced and the croup is well advanced
or wedged in the inlet along with the hocks, the case is
more troublesome. First, fasten a rope around each
hock separately; then apply pressure to the croup, fore-
ing it inward and upward until you force it within the
womb, or far enough inward to secure the feet with
ropes. Then take hold of the hocks and press upward
and inward, when an-assistant may draw upward and
outward on the ropes and bring the feet into position.

If there is much trouble in forcing the foetus back
and it is known to be dead, or if it must be sacrificed to
save the mother, ropes may be fastened to the hind legs
and the hocks drawn as near the outlet as possible.
Then amputate the legs at the hocks, remove the
detached parts, and the remainder is easily brought
into position for delivery. If the mother persists in
lying, you may elevate her hind quarters by packing
straw under her. If thought necessary, place the hob-
bles on the hind feet, then place a rope over a high beam
and draw-up the hind parts. This sometimes, will
greatly lesson the danger to the operator and assist him
in extracting the foetus.

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 445

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS.

The cause of this mal-position, is the same as that
operating in the hock presentation. It occurs frequently
with both mares and cows. When the thigh and croup
are presented and the legs are flexed slightly forward,
the mass is too large to enter the pelvic inlet. But, as
labor progresses, the croup is forced into the pelvic

x

py er
byl

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION.

inlet, while the thighs are forced downward and the legs
forward until the latter are pressed up against the
abdomen. In this position birth is possible; but the
foetus must be very small and the pelvis of the mother
large and well-formed. In this position, upon examina-
tion, the hand first encounters the tail and buttocks
of the foetus, then the thighs, and possibly the hocks.
But if labor is somewhat advanced, the legs will be

AAG DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

pressed up along the abdomen, when the hocks will be
beyond the reach. The croup and haunch may have
passed some distance into the pelvic inlet, yet it is very
unusual for any part of the foetus, except the tail, to be
discernible externally, no matter how long labor may
have been progressing. This mal-position is the most
difficult encountered in veterinary obstetrics. Some-
times the mother perishes without being delivered.
Though a living calf sometimes is delivered in this posi-

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION—THE HOCK CORDED.

tion, a living foal is very rarely obtained; and only too
often, the mare dies after the foal has been taken away.
The chance of saving either mother or offspring, depends
greatly upon the length of time the mother has been in
labor, and the amount of injury or irritation sus-
tained by the genital organs through improper hand-
ling. The chances are lessened if it be the first
foal or calf, or if the foetus be unusually large.
To complete birth, it is necessary to extend the

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATIONS. 447

limbs of the foetus backward, as in ordinary breech
presentation, the hind feet first so that the mother’s
efforts with slight assistance from the operator, will
effect a delivery. This will prove a difficult task.
Though in some instances, where labor’ has _ not:
advanced very far and the fetus is still in the
uterine cavity and can be moved around so that the
feet can be reached and brought into the genital pass-
age, it is not very difficult. When labor has progressed
far enough to force the croup into the pelvic inlet,
delivery will be completed only by hard work and per-
severance. Asi possible, place a small rope around each

=
= >

THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION—THE THIGHS CORDED.

leg separately, as low down as the hock. Then take a
repeller, or use the hand, placing it against the croup,
and force it inward, the assistant drawing upward and
outward upon the hock. Continue in this way until
you have a hock presentation. Then fasten ropes to the
fetlocks, and while the operator seizes the hock and
presses upward and inward, the assistant may draw
upward and outward on the fetlocks, until they are
brought into the passage, when the delivery may be
completed. But if the croup and thighs are completely

448 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

wedged in the genital passage, and can not be moved,
either inward or outward, which sometimes is the case,
no recourse but embryotomy is left. This is a very
tedious manner of completing delivery. Take a guarded
knife and cut through the skin and muscles until you
come to the hip joint. Then detach that limb and
remove the other in the same manner, after which you
can insert. hooks in the cavity of the hip-joint and
extract.. Or, place a rope completely around the body
of the foetus and extract. Or, sever the muscles from
the bones of the haunch as much as possible, then fasten
a hook into the bones and extract them. After you
have severed the haunch bones, remove the bowels.
Then fasten a rope to the remaining skin and complete
delivery.

TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION.

The foetus is in a transverse position when, upon
examination, the hand of the operator first encounters
the shoulders, withers, sides, flanks, haunches, loins,
back, breast, belly or all of the limbs collected together.
The possibility of the foetus assuming a transverse
position within the womb, is by some strongly disputed,
but entirely without reason, because the womb is a
soft, yielding membraneous sack, capable of assuming
almost any position; so it readily appears that its
transverse diameter may be increased at the expense of
its length. Though transverse presentation sometimes
is observed, it is not nearly so common as an anterior or
posterior presentation. Still it is quite as necessary
that the operator should understand something of this
presentation, as with it, birth is impossible when unas-
sisted. No matter whether the foetus presents. in the
transverse vertical or transverse horizontal position,

SHOULDEK AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 449

version must be accomplished in order to change it to
either an anterior or posterior presentation. For in one
of these ways only, can the foetus be brought into the
pelvic inlet and delivery be effected. This presentation

TRANSVERSE PRESENTATION.

occurs more frequently in the mare than in the cow,
perhaps, owing to the stronger contractions of the
womb of the former not allowing proper adjustment of
the foetus, should it not be in a position exactly favor-
able at the commencement of labor.

SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION.

When labor has continued for some time with little
or no progress, and upon examination, the hand of the
operator comes in contact with the shoulder and loins,
he knows that he has to deal with a transverse presen-
tation.. If labor has lasted some time, the straining has
been energetic and the waters have escaped, it some-
times is a difficult matter to decide what part of the
foetus the hand encounters first. There is first felt a
more or less rounded surface, that has no special char-

450 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

acteristic by which it may be recognized. The hand
should then be introduced farther into the womb and
search should be made for some part of the foetus that
can be recognized. Then study the position of the
young creature in the womb. The presentation having
been recognized, the position must be determined by
ascertaining the direction in which the head lies. With
the foal, this is accomplished by feeling for the mane
and tracing it as far as thearmecan reach. It may le in

SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION.
the right or left flank of the mother, or up along her
back, or down toward the floor of her belly, the legs
assuming different positions in a direction opposite to
the head; although sometimes one leg is found crossed
over the neck. To learn the exact position, is abso-
lutely necessary, before venturing upon any attempt at
extraction, as in nearly every case, the presentation isa
difficult oné and requires all the skill and judgment of
the operator to rectify it. But if labor has not con-
tinued any length of time before the operator discovers

ot.

SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. 451

the presentation, and if the membranes are soft and
yielding from the natural fluids, the position, generally,
is easily converted into an anterior or posterior presen-
tation, and a living foetus is delivered. If labor has con-
tinued for some time and the patient is a mare, you
may depend upon it, the foal will be dead. But with
the cow, a living calf may be delivered—the tenacity of
life and the power of endurance being wonderful. The

SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION.

principal object is to convert the transverse presenta-
tion into either an anterior or a posterior presentation,
for only in this way, can delivery be effected. If the
foetus hes or can be moved so that the head and forelegs
are most convenient and can with the least difficulty be
brought into the pelvie inlet, the position should be
converted into an anterior presentation. Ifthe hind legs
are most accessible and can be brought into the inlet
with less difficulty, convert the position into a posterior
presentation. But to do either, is generally a difficult
task, as the presentation offers nothing to take hold of

452 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

advantageously, or to which ropes could be attached.
If labor has progresser for some time and the mem-
branes are dry, before attempting to turn the fcetus, it
is a good treatment to inject warm water into the
womb, to moisten the membranes, which will greatly
aid the operator in his efforts at version. The foetus
must not be pushed directly forward into the womb,
but rather obliquely and in a direction opposite to that
of the parts we wish to bring into the inlet. If the
mother be lying down, the operator will find it greatly:
to his advantage to raise her hind quarters very high.
He should be persistent in his work, use frequent injec-
tions of warm water, and, in the great majority of cases,
the foetus will glide around the inner surface of the
womb until a convenient part presents itself. Then the
forelegs and head, if they are the parts sought, or the
hind legs, are brought into the genital canal by the hand
or by ropes, when slight traction will complete the
delivery. When all these maneuvers have failed,
embryotomy should be performed in such a manner as
the operator deems most advantageous. At the best it
will be a difficult, tedious and laborious task, seldom
attended with satisfactory results. The mother gener-
ally perishes, either during the operation or shortly
afterward.

BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION.

This presentation is quite common in both mares and
cows, but more frequently occurs in the former. Gen-
erally the foetus is lying on its side with its legs flexed,
or extended, or presented at the inlet, or engaged in the
passage. There is no difficulty in discovering and rec-
ognizing this position. As the op2rator passes the hand
to explore the parts, it first enc: un‘ers the feet—usually

BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 458

all four of them. They may be within the womb, or one
or more of them engaged in the passage. In the major-
ity of cases, either the hind parts or fore quarters are
near the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of
that part being further advanced than those of the
other. The position must now be ascertained, which
ean be done readily if the head can be felt. But this,
generally, is beyond reach and the position can be

BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION.

determined only by a careful examination of the limbs.
In this we must distinguish between the hind legs and
forelegs, as these alone can show the direction of the
head. To do this, the operator should remember that
the hind leg flexes in the direction of the wall of
the foot, whereas the knee flexes in the direction
of the sole of the foot. The hock can also be
recognized by its flatness. It must be remembered
that, in this presentation, the forelegs and hind legs
are across each other, when engaged in the genital
passage. The hind legs, crossing the forelegs, are
pointing towards the anterior part of the body of the

454 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

foetus; while the forelegs, crossing the hind legs, point
toward the posterior part of the fetus. This is not a
very serious presentation, asa rule. The gravity of the
case depends somewhat upon the length of time labor
has continued. As it is impossible for birth to occur
spontaneously, while the foetus is in this position, if the
mother has not received the necessary aid for some

<LI 4) ap ijt
SSS

Bi
BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION.

time after the commencement of labor, her continued
straining may not only cause the death of the colt, but
the mother’s death, from prostration. When the legs
have been distinguished, fasten ropes around the ones
you wish to extract first. Generally the operator will
find it most advantageous to convert the position into a
posterior presentation and deliver the hind feet first.
If only one hind foot and one forefoot are engaged in
the passage, fasten a rope around the one hind foot and

BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. 455

search for the other one; secure it and bring it into the
passage. Then return the foreleg to the womb, as far in
as possible, apply traction and deliver. But if all four
legs are engaged in the passage, fasten ropes to the hind
feet; then return the forefeet as far as possible within
the womb. Sometimes this is more easily and more
advantageously accomplished by flexing the forelegs at
the knee, until the foot rests against the elbow; then
force it within the womb in a downward direction,
while the assistant draws upon the hind feet. The
foetus will straighten out generally and birth will be
completed. Even if the head be engaged along with
all four legs in the passage, I would recommend return-
ing it to the womb in a downward direction along with
the forelegs, and that delivery be made with the hind
feet first. When the foetus is partially delivered, say
the hind legs, croup and hips are without or beyond the
outlet, the operator should pass his hand between the
belly of the foetus and the floor of the genital canal, to
ascertain whether the forelegs have become cramped or
fastened within the inlet too soon. If so, straighten
them by pushing them inward, for if not straightened,
serious results might follow. In delivering the fcetus
with a posterior presentation—that is the hind feet
first—the back of the fceetus should be against the back
of the mother.

But in a breast and abdominal presentation, if it is
found impossible to force the foetus back into the womb
and the fetus is dead, there should be no hesitation
about resorting toembryotomy. The best way to com-
mence, is to cut off the forelegs at the knees or elbows
and remove them; the lower part of the legs being
removed, the remainder of the foetus can be readily
pushed back into the womb, and by applying traction to
the hind legs, delivery can be effected.

456 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS,

TWIN FOETUS—IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS.

With mares and cows it is not an uncommon occur-
rence for them to bring forth twins, though it is rarely,
indeed, that assistance is needed to complete delivery.
Usually, when the mother is carrying twins, either they
are expelled before the full period of gestation is com-
pleted, or each is much smaller than if she jvere carry-
ing only one. Indeed, birth usually is much easier with

Ze
Hifi \
H/ \\\\ino 35

TWINS IN DIFFERENT POSITION.

a twin pregnancy than with only one. When the most
advanced foetus is expelled, a variable period elapses
before the second birth. During the interval the mother
generally is uneasy and pays little or no attention te
the one already bern, but manifests a peculiar anxiety,
which is a good indication that delivery is not complete.
But when the second foetus is born, the mother generally
turns her attention to her offspring. This is the general

ie

TWIN F@TUS, ETC. 457

order of twin births. But it is not always so fortunate.
In some cases, after the first one is born, a long interva!
occurs before the birth of the second one, which is
usually fatal to its existence. This suspension of labor
in twin birth is generally due to a mal-position of the
foetus. Difficult paturition from this cause also happens
when the twins are about equally distant from the
mouth of the womb, and are presented at the inlet
together. Of course, they cannot pass through the
canal together, hence the difficulty. Upon examination,
the operator will experience great difficulty in deter-
inining the positions of the two feetuses. This can be
done only by careful examination, and then the operator
will find himself somewhat embarrassed. For example,
the forefeet of one foetus may be presented with the
head of the other; or the head and one forefoot may
present with one forefoot of the other; or one hind foot
of each fetus may present together; or a forefoot of one
with the hind foot of the other, ete. In some instances
the legs of the twins are so interlaced, that they are
separated only with the greatest difficulty. One thing
is certain, only one can be delivered at atime. There-
fore, they must be separated and one pushed back into
the womb, while the other is being delivered. Whenthe
one is born, the other, if in a wrong position, must be
straightened and removed. This is quite easily written
but not so easily performed. If assistance is not afforded
before both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet,
the operator will experience great trouble in adjusting
them. But if distinguished before entering the inlet,
but little trouble need be anticipated. Select the one
most favorably situated, fasten ropes to the head and
forelegs or to the hind legs, as the case may be, and
arrange them in a direction proper for delivery. Then
let an assistant draw the foetus toward the outlet while

458 DISEASES UF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

the operator pushes the other back within the womb.
After delivering the first one, search for the other,
which probably will be in a mal-position, requiring
adjustment before it can be born.

DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITIES.

Very seldom, indeed, do we witness double-headed
monstrosities with mares or cows. In the former I have
neither seen nor read of any; but in the cow I have seen

DOURLE-EHEADED MONSTROSITY.

one and read of others. But they are very rare, indeed.
Sometimes these monstrosities are born alive and live a
considerable time. The one that I saw, was living at
three years of age, to all appearance healthy and a good
feeder. It was placed on exhibition. She only used
one mouth while feeding. The other mouth was well
formed and had a full set of teeth, but she had little

HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN, 459

control of the lower jaw. Though, if the mouth was
opened with a little assistance, it would close sponta-
neously. Both heads were well-formed, uniting at the
neck, both mouths emptying into the one cesophagus.
The existence of this mal-formation renders birth
more or less difficult and sometimes impossible, accord-
ing to the size of the heads. But sometimes birth
occurs without assistance and with lttle difficulty.
An examination will reveal the condition, when
the operator will adopt the measure necessary to
complete the delivery. If the mother is large and
the genital canal well formed, forcible traction may
complete the delivery. But if, in the judgment of the
operator, this wiil not do, embryotomy must be resorted
to. Cutting off one or both of the heads may be neces-
sary before delivery can be completed. If the heads
are united closely, spht them with a chisel and then
remove them; or, in such cases, bone forceps may be
used. If it be a double head and neck, cut off the neck,
as low down as possible, and remove it first; then
remove the balance. There are several other forms of
monstrosities but, as they so seldom occur, a description
here is quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say, that if it be
impossible to deliver them by moderate traction, ampu-
tate such parts as cause the obstruction and deliver.

HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN.

This anomaly is found in colts and calves, both. The
enormous size of the head, is the obstacle to a natural
celivery. If with an anterior presentation, birth will
be delayed, and, on making an examination, the opera-
tor will soon discover the deformity. But, if with pos-
terior presentation the operator discovers this deformity,
he should endeavor to change the position to an anterior
presentation, and, after bringing the nose into the inlet,

460 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

he should plunge a knife through the head, making a
free incision to allow the water to escape. After
which, on applying traction, the tissues gradually
flatten down and birth is completed. But if it be
presented hind feet first and birth is complete with the

HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN.

exception of the head, which is too large to pass through
the genital canal and prevents delivery, the operator
should pass the hand along the neck and examine the
head. If hydrocephalus is recognized he should open
the head with a Knife or trocar and canula, and allow
the fluid to escape, after which the tissues will flatten
down and traction will complete the delivery

.
“

ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY.

With this disease, the abdomen of the faetus will be
swollen to such an extent that if cannot enter the geni-
tal passage, though the head and forefeet may he pre-

a a

ASCITUS, OR ABPOMINAL DROPSY. 461

sented in a natural position and well advanced in the
canal. On examination, if the operator cannot pass the
hand between the head and the walls of the passage to
ascertain the cause of obstruction, he should first secure
the head and forefeet with ropes, then force them back
into the womb. After that he will have no difficulty in
ascertaining the trouble, if dropsv is the cause. He
should then plunge a knife into the abdomen of the

»

ACITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY.

foetus, making a large incision to allow the fluid to
escape into the womb, after which delivery can be com-
pleted. But if he cannot return the head to the womb,
or does not think best to do so, he must either plunge a
knife into the abdomen of the feetus and allow the fluid
to escape into the womb, or use a trocar and canula,
plunging it into the abdomen and allowing the fluid to
escape externally. Afterwards, moderate traction will
complete the delivery.

NGS HO seks leks meh ey ole abc esd

THEIR

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.

CATARRH, OR COLD.

Catarrh, or cold is quite a common complaint among
sheep, during the fall, winter and spring. Indeed it is
rarely absent in any flock where any great number is
kept.

Causes :—It is most often caused by being confined in
close, damp yards or by housing in stables or sheds, too
closely together, without sufficient ventilation. The
heat arising from the sheep causes a high temperature,
thus over-heating the animals and when turned out into
the bleak winds they catch cold very easily; in fact the
liability to take cold is greater, than when allowed to
roam in the open fields, exposed to the weather. It is
well to have dry, open sheds where sheep can lie down
at night or to protect them from storms, but close hous-
ing is detrimental rather than beneficial. When
allowed plenty of fresh air, good ventilation, dry yards
and clean, dry bedding, catarrh will seldom be seen. A
wet or damp cold or a close, moist atmosphere is very
productive of this trouble.

Symptoms :—More or less fever is present; the sheep
snuffles considerably and mucous is discharged from the
nostrils. There will be very little coughing but if the
lungs become involved, the cough will become dry and

(465)

156 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

deep-seated. The appetite is partially suspended, and
the animal appears weak and stupid.

Treatment:—Remove the cause as quickly as possible,
to protect the balance of the flock, then remove the
affected ones to warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters.
If the bowels are constipated, give

Bipsoma walls isu. seule: three ounces.

Eh culo ee ea A Sa E U e two drachms.

IAEA fe ag pl ARID NAA Meg CARS ot one quart. Mix.
Give at one dose, to be followed with

Qlime |G se ese eile ON, two drachms.

Dover Powder.......... two drachms.

Cayenne Pepper...... . two drachms. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give three powders each
day, or

OTC Sneha ayers sate talcns two ounces.
6749 1 9 0 Lae two ounces.
Salumeter a0 Vea. Geile two ounces. Mix.

Place in a quart of water and simmer over a slow fire
for twenty minutes, then add half pint of good whisky
and bottle. Give half wineglassful four times a day.
Give good, nourishing food and occasional draughts of
flaxseed tea. Good nursing is very important. Without
this, medicines are useless. Keep the animal dry and
comfortable, with plenty of fresh air.

PNEUMONIA—LUNG FEVER, OR INFLAMMATION OF
THE LUNGS.

This disease is an inflammation of the lung substance
and often follows catarrh. It is a very serious affection
and is more frequent than is generally supposed, many
sheep dying from this trouble and the owner imagining
some other malady the cause of death, on account of its

PNEUMONIA—LUNG FEVER, ETC. 467

course being so rapid and fatal. It is generally caused
by exposure of sone sort, as washing in cold spring
water on araw. “old day, or exposure to cold rains in
the fall and spring; by shearing too early or exposure
to cold storms after shearing; becoming over-heated
while driving or by being too closely confined without
sufficient ventilation, etc.

Symptoms :—The first symptoms observed by the
owner or keeper is loss of appetite and suspended rumi-
nation, closely followed by grinding of the teeth, witha
high fever and an inordinate desire for drinking water,
or if in the winter, the eating of snow. The pulse is
hard and quick, the breathing labored and rapid,
accompanied by a heaving at the flanks and a painful
cough, with a flow of thick, yellow mucous from the
nostrils.

Treatment :—While bleeding is strongly condemned
by some and as thoroughly upheld by others, I believe
that both extremes are attended with baneful results.
If blood-letting is resorted to, it should be done early
and only in young, strong, plethoric animals, when the
best of results are often obtained; but in aged and
weakly animals this manner of treatment should not be
attempted. Whether the patient is bled or not, give
three ounces of epsom saltsina quart of water. If this
does not operate freely in four or five hours, repeat the
dose, as a good, free physic is demanded and is not
attended with any evil results. Immediately following
the physic, administer—

Quinine Sulphate...... three drachms.
Salipekrete ssetamase ie: 2 ie one ounce. Mix.

Make nine powders. Give one powder every three

or four hours. Or,
Liquor Ammonia Acetatis....one pint.
Bluid Hxt. Aconite....... half drachm. Mix.

468 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Give two tablespoonfuls every three hours. As the
sheep begin to improve, a pint of gruel or flaxseed tea
may be given three times a day, to which may be added
a drachm of powdered gentian or ginger. Keep the
sheep in a comfortable, airy place, as good nursing is
of as great importance as effective medicines.

COSTIVENESS—STRETCHES—CONSTIPATION.

Costiveness is most often seen where sheep are
changed from pasture to dry food. The regular exercise
afforded while grazing, together with the succulent
grasses eaten, will tend to keep the bowels in a moist
condition, but when changed to dry food, they are usu-
ally kept in yards where they eat from racks, which
requires no exercise. Then the dung becomes scanty,
dry and hard and is passed at irregular intervals. The
sheep grunts or moans from pain while passing manure,
and the exposed part of the last bowel looks red and
inflamed. If the constipation continues for any length
of time, from neglect or otherwise, the sheep will be
observed standing with forefeet extended and the hind
feet set back, as if stretching itself; the head will be
elevated and the back curved downward. The condi-
tion is now somewhat grave and a physic should be
given immediately, as

Epsom Salts...... ...... three ounces.
Gentian, or Ginger.......one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose in a pint of water as a drench. But
if, when changing sheep from pasture to dry food, they
are allowed salt at will, costiveness will seldom be
observed, Constipation in lambs is often noticed, espe-
cially in such as are not nursing the mother and are fed
upon cows’ milk or the milk of other ewes.. As soon as
the bowels fail to act, the belly becomes distended, the

DIARRH@A, OR SCOURS IN LAMBS. 4€9

lamb lies down most of the time and appears as though
in a stupor, the urine is suppressed or is very scanty and
if the animal is not speedily relieved death will ensue.
The best mode of treatment is to give frequent injections
of castile soap and water, or inject a few ounces of
melted lard into the last bowel. Also give a physic, as
a spoonful of castor oil, or two or three spoonfuls of
melted lard. After the bowels have responded, should
the lamb appear stupid and dull, give a few spoonfuls
of hot whisky three times a day.

DIARRHOEA, OR SCOURS IN LAMBS.

When sheep are first turned out to grass in the
spring of the year, after having been wintered on dry
food, they are liable to have a looseness of the bowels
or diarrhoea, which is seldom attended with any dan-

SCOURS IN LAMBS.

gerous results as regards the whole flock. Now and then
a single individual will scour so badly, that the process
of nutrition is seriously affected and dysentery is the
result. In sucking lambs diarrhoea is very fatal, if it
does not receive the closest attention.

.

Causes :—It usually arises from exposure to cold,
sudden changes of temperature, hot stabling in winter
with the bad air evolved, the result of improper venti-
lation; a fat, full-blooded or plethoric condition of the
mother, nursing milk from caked bags, cold drinks, ete.

470 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Symptoms :—The lamb is not at all playful, but shuns
its playmates and appears languid and sad; it either
lies down a considerable portion of the time or stands
with its back arched. The dung, which is frequently
passed, is thin and whitish in color, later on becoming
mixed with mucous and finally bloody. It now ceases
to nurse and eat and will bleat frequently. The belly
becomes tucked up and if pressure is applied thereto,
the animal evinces pain. It loses flesh very rapidly and
if not relieved, will die in a few days.

Treatment :—First of all remove the cause if it can
be clearly ascertained. Change the food immediately,
have good ventilation, and as pure air as possible.
Then take the white of an egg and beat it up thor-
oughly with a half cup of milk-warm water. Give three
times a day. If this does not check the malady, take

Prepared Chalki2) i. 0) one ounce.
Powdered Catechu...... four drachms.
Powdered Ginger........ two drachms.
Powd: Opium.....2'- .-s..3 halt drachm:
Peppermint. Water. ~. ).d208. half pint. Mux.

Shake well before using. Give tablespoonful to a
lamb, and two tablespoonfuls to a grown sheep. Great
benefit is sometimes derived by giving two or three
grains of quinine, four or five timesa day. In cases of
white scours arising from non-digestion of the ewe’s
milk, a tablespoonful of raw linseed oil should be given
to clear the bowels of the irritant, and should the pros-
tration be very great, the following will be of excellent
service:

SB se ns oo los one eis eee) o.8) 6 wee o |e Jo wil two
Wihigkey.) (nev een 20! bwo ounces
Essence of Ginger........ one drachm.

Beat up with a pint of flaxseed tea or milk and give
three tablespoonfuls every three hours.

HOVEN, OR BLOATING. 471

HOVEN, OR BLOATING.

This disorder is a distension of the first stomach with
gas, to an alarming extent, causing a bulging on the
left side.

Causes :—The most common cause is feeding greedily
upon green, succulent food and more especially, green
clover that is wet with rain or dew. <A rapid fermenta-
tion takes. place and gas is quite liberally generated.
Eating musty hay or blighted corn, sometimes produces
a disordered condition of the stomach and bloating; or
it may be asympton of some constitutional disturbance,
whereby it causes a chemical change in the alkaline
secretions of the stomach.

Symptoms :—Swelling of the belly on the left side, to
a greater or less extent. Sometimes the skin is drawn
so tightly over the swelling, that if pounded with the
end of the fingers, it will sound like adrum. These
swellings appear shortly after the animal has been feed-
ing. The breathing is seriously affected, being short,
quick and accompanied witha grunt. The bowels are
constipated and symptoms of pain are manifested by
the anxious expression of the eyes and countenance.

Treatment:—The animal must receive immediate

attention. If the swelling is great, there must be no
time lost. Take

Ammonia Water (Hartshorn)...... ;
eine asheneices soe One, LEASpOontrl.
Witte ater Saha e se Poe e a half pint. Mix.
Give at one dose. Or,
Bakmep Sodar- sie... -one teaspoonful.
Ginger. 70% halft teaspoontul:
Waters. aint aye iets Zh half pint. Mix.

Give at one dose. If this does not give relief, do
not wait too long but use a trocar and canula if you

4752 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

have one, if not, use a penknife. Either cut off or
separate the wool on the left side over the most promi-
nent part of the swelling, between the last rib and hip
bone, and plunge the knife blade into the stomach. A
goose-quill or hollow elder may be inserted, to assist the
escape of gas. Often the gas escapes sufficiently
through the wound, without placing a hollow tube into
it. After the immediate symptoms are relieved, the
following should be given:

Epsom Salts..............two ounces.
GM BOr Saoirse ty ekiale ta one drachm.
WV ALOT ica S ee ere oie eee etn one pint. Mix.

Give at one dose, or give two or three ounces of raw
linseed oil. If the sheep is somewhat prostrated, give
one ounce of hot whiskey, to which may be added a
drachm of ginger, after which feed on bran mash for a
few days, and in a gradual manner, return to pasture.
Sometimes mechanical means will aid materially in
relieving of the gas. Manipulate the stomach with the
hands, pressing it quite severely and the gas will escape
by the mouth. Or by placing a stick as large as a man’s
wrist, cross-wise in the mouth and fastening it there,
the gas will frequently belch up, quite heavily. Ora
rubber hose may be passed down the throat into the
stomach, and the gas allowed to escape in this manner.

BRAXY—CHARBON—SPLENIC APOPLEXY.

Causes :—This is a disease of the blood and is caused
from over-feeding on very rich or unhealthy food, and
exposure to changeable weather, consequently it is most
frequently seen in the spring and fall of the year when
the grass is either luxuriant, succulent and sappy, or
covered with mildew and rust, as the season may be. It

BRAXY—CHARBON—SPLENIC APOPLEXY. 478

is also caused from high feeding with grain and hay and
being confined in warm stables, without sufficient exer-
cise. Also from feeding on bottom lands, where good
water is not obtainable or easy of access.

Symptoms :—W hen the termination is rapid and fatal,
it might properly be called Splenic Apoplexy, as after
death the spleen will be found enlarged and gorged with
blood and not infrequently ruptured, softened and

CHARBON.

ulcerated. When this state of affairs is observed the
attack will be sudden, the sheep refusing food and
shivering as if affected with a chill. Weakness is now
manifested by staggering or reeling movements, in its
attempt to walk. The breathing is very rapid, the eyes
bloodshot and the mouth injected with blood of a dull,
red color; the urine is passed freely and is tinged with
blood; a bloody froth emanates from the mouth and
nostrils, the head and neck is bent backward during the
convulsive struggles, a gurgling or rattling is heard in
the throat and death ends the scene. The slower
form is properly called Charbon and while it is called
s'ower, it seldom lasts to exceed three days. The symp-
toms are pains in the bowels, the animal lying down
and rising up frequently; later, it will stand with its
lead down and ears drooping and its back humped up.

474 DISEASES OF SHEKP.

The eyes are bloodshot and the belly somewhat swollen ;
red or purple spots appear on the skin, presenting an
angry appearance. These spots swell and blisters form,
filled with a watery or bloody fluid. A very offensive
odor permeates the atmosphere around the sick animal,
and a bloody fluid appears around the mouth, eyes,
nose and anus. Convulsions now quickly claim the
patient, or it passes into a stupor and dies.
Treatment:—Notwithstanding a large percentage
perish, yet we are justified in trying to save what we
possibly can. Immediately give a good physic as

MH ps Sallhsves » cares ae ee two ounces.
Wiatersaccnew as Le ald cea one pint. Mix.
Or, :
Castor, or Raw Linseed Oil.........
EAN re Menor P NE oH Wes Aes Far bilatia three ounces.
Gingeriaun hd pee ...one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose. This should be followed imme-
diately with drachm doses of chlorate of potash, every
four hours; change pasture or mode of feeding and give
light diet with good, fresh clean water. Avoid pastur-
ing on low ground or where they have access to stag-
nant water.

CONCRETIONS OF FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN THE
STOMACH.

Foreign substances often find their way into the
stomach, and in such a simple manner as to escape de-
tection. There is no animal that grazes closer than the
sheep, and in nipping the pasture so closely during dry
seasons, they eat a certain amount of dirt and some
times small stones are picked up and find their way into
the stomach, as well as small pieces of glass,” ete.
Through the winter and spring months prior to shear-

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 475

ing, when sheep are infested with ticks or any small,
itching sores, they bite the parts and the wool becomes
entangled into the teeth, and later, is swallowed with the
food. After it gains access to the stomach, it may pass
off with the excrement or it may form the nucleus of a
ball which continues to increase daily and monthly,
until it assumes immense proportions, sometimes the
size of asugar bowl. These accumulations are seldom
detected.until after death.

Symptoms:—When any of these substances cause
derangement of the bowels, there will be violent purg-
ing, the animal will grind its teeth, the nose will be
stretched out, and the ears hang pendulous. The appe-
tite and rumination are suspended and the sheep will
stand aloof from the balance of the flock, and possibly
remain in one place, refraining from moving for a long
period at a time. By pressing upon the stomach and
bowels at the flanks, pain will be evinced and the
animal will grunt or groan.

Treatment :—The only treatment that will avail, con-
sists in feeding soft food, as bran mash, oatmeal or
flaxseed gruel, corn mush, etc., together with ounce
doses daily of epsom or glauber salts administered with
apint of water. If the sheep will not eat the soft food,
it may be drenched quite liberally with the provender.

CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.

During the fall and winter season, when sheep are
penned up without exercise and fed upon highly nutri-
tious.and stimulating food, preparing them either for
exhibition or for sale, there is an excessive, amount of
blood formed and as the liver is one of the purifying
glands, it is liable to become gorged with blood, or con-

A476 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

vested. It is caused by deranged digestion and if it
partakes of a serious character, it will produce consti-
pation, dullness and a yellowness of the mouth and
eyes. When the symptoms are observed no time should
be lost. Give immediately,

Hp SOrr Selig se sy tiiaie aieiste .. two ounces.
Oalomelnay eaves. “Three era ins uM Exe

Give at one dose in a pint of warm water, to be fol-
lowed every morning until the yellowish condition dis-
appears, with two ounces of glauber salts in a pint of
warm water. Allow plenty of water, slightly warmed,
to drink. ~

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

As congestion precedes inflammation, neglect of the
former is liable to result in the latter. Thesame symp-
toms are also observed, but there is greater pain in the
right side and if pressed upon heavily over the region of
the liver, the animal will moan with pain. The nose
and mouth are dry and hot, demonstrating a fevered
condition. The breathing is slow and emits an offensive
odor; the pulse is slow and the ears and limbs cold; the
manure is dry, hard and black and covered with a yel-
lowish slime; the urine is scanty, high-colored and has
an offensive smell.

Treatment:—The bowels should be unloaded as
quickly as possible. Give
Epsom Salts. asin ... two ounces.
ME OMMe Mew year seme ak ae two grains. Mix.
Give at one dose ina pint of warm water. Frequent
injections of warm water and castile soap are beneficial
until the bowels act freely. Also give the following;
Glauber Salter ssi ccne piven one pound.
Powdered Saltpeter........ one ounce. Mix.

INFLUENZA—EPIZOOTIC—DISTEMPER. 407

Make eight powders. Give one powder morning and
evening ina pint of warm water. Should the bowels
become too loose, divide the powders again. When
convalescence takes place, with returning appetite,
nothing but the most easily digested food should be
given, as boiled bran mash, flaxseed meal, turnips,
carrots, malt, etc., with good, pure water and rooni
should be allowed for plenty of exercise. Carefully
avoid too high, rich, stimulating food.

INFLUENZA—EPIZOOTIC—DISTEMPER.

This disease, though somewhat peculiar, is yet quite
common in this country. It is not confined to any par-
ticular locality and the flocks over an extended area,
may become affected at the same time. It is most pre-
valent during continued cold, damp, changeable weather
and the most fatal where the land is low and marshy or
along river bottoms where heavy fogs prevail in the
morning and evening. It is always seen in the mildest
form, where the herd is kept on high, dry elevations
with good shelter for the night. It is neither contag-
ious nor infectious, but is produced through atmospheric
influences and consists of an irritated and inflamed con-
dition of the air passages, causing a general disturbance
of the system, with more or less prostration.

Symptoms :—The eyes look red, with a profusion of
tears running down over the cheeks. There is a dis-
charge of mucous from the nostrils, coughing and sneez-.
ine to clear the nostrils, loss of appetite, suspended
rumination, with emaciation and general weakness.
The bowels are usually constipated and sometimes
slight bloating is present.

478 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Treatment :—When first noticed, if on low ground,
change to high, dry pasture with good shelter for the
nights, and allow a liberal supply of chlorate of potas-
sium in the drinking water, say one drachm three times
aday. If the bowels are constipated, give

Epsom Sallitisiias seus ack aeeney. one ounce.
Gane rates ie eee ieee ieee one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose in half pint of water. When there
is considerable fever and much prostration, stimulants
are indicated, as half ounce of whiskey or brandy and
two ounces of hot water, to which should be added a
teaspoonful of sugar. Give every four or five hours, or
better still, give the following:

Liquor ammonia acetatis, one ounce, every four
hours. If the eyes are badly inflamed and mattering,
bathe occasionally with warm water and salt. When
the appetite is returning and recovery is indicated, give
a soft, nutritious diet, as bran mash, flaxseed meal,
boiled oats, etc., to which a little gentian may be added
to tone up the system and assist digestion; or the fol-
lowing formula may be used:

Geniami: -- sso see oe ee One Ounces
Gincer selec cu tisn aca} one ounce,
Copperag ss a2 u sions «alte ea. 5 one ounce.
Saltpetres) 2 ica A shactslans mates one ounce. Mix.

Make sixteen powders. Give one powder morning
and evening. Good nursing and shelter should always
be provided for sick animals.

DYSENTERY.

This disease is caused in a similar manner to
diarrhoea, and quite frequently results from neglected
or a prolonged case of diarrhea, as well as turning out
on rich pasture after feeding on dry food. It may also

DYSENTERY. 479

be caused by drinking impure water, fe-ding on poor,
indigestible fodder. Exceedingly hot and damp weather
without shade or shelter, is a prolific cause.

Symptoms :—It differs from diarrhcea in the severity
of its symptoms. In diarrhea there is little or no fever
present, while in dysentery there is a high fever. The
dung is passed in small, hard lumps and is covered with
blood and slime, and possesses a disagreeable smell. It
is discharged often and is accompanied by heavy strain-
ing. The sheep humps up its back and moans or grunts
during the act. The wool feels harsh and loosens its
hold, and in the course of a few days is easily pulled
out. There is more or less grinding of the teeth, a
tucked-up appearance at the flank and the animal pre-
sents a discouraged and dejected appearance.

Treatment:—When a large number in a flock is
affected, remove to a high and dry ground where there
is different pasture, and pure water to drink, as there
is more or less thirst. Such as do not recover quickly
after the change, should be given a mild physic, as

Castor, or Raw Linseed Oil.two ounces.
Landanume 2 fh. cece ne one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose in half pint of flaxseed tea. They
should now be separated from the balance of the flock
and kept in a cool, shady place, as the hot sun is very
aggravating and fatal in this disease. The physic
should be followed with frequent doses of flaxseed or
slippery elm tea, to which should be added twice daily,
a teaspoonful of laudanum. Give one ounce of castor
or raw linseed oil, every other day; it will do no harm
and is often productive of much good. The pastures
occupied by the flock while affected with dysentery,
should not be used again, until after a couple of heavy
rains, to destroy and wash away the poison from the
manure, which would otherwise remain on the grasses
and produce the disease.

480 DISEASES OF SHEEP.
BLACK-LEG—QUARTER-ILL—MURRAIN.

This disease is not often observed in the Eastern or
‘Middle States, from the fact that farmers depend upon
wintering their flocks on stored provisions; but in the
Western States, where large flocks are kept upon the
prairies, many depend upon pasturing or lay in only a
small supply of food for winter use; consequently, when
a severe winter is passed through, the sheep being
sparsely fed, are in a very thin condition. The spring
opens up with rains and hot sun, the grass grows lux-
uriantly and the half-starved sheep gorge themselves
and take on flesh so rapidly that the blood becomes dis-
organized, so that while the owner or herder thinks the
sheep are thriving finely, they commence to die very
suddenly. It generally takes the young and _ thrifty
sheep; the old ones are seldom attacked.

Symptoms :—When one or two die so suddenly, the
herder generally looks over the flock, when he will
observe some lame and limping. The sides or quarters
will be found swollen, the wool comes off easily, and by
pressing the hand down over the swollen spots, a crack-
ling sound is heard under the skin, as though filled with
air or gas. The eyes look red and the mouth and
tongue are inflamed and blistered. The urine is high
colored, the bowels constipated, and if any dung is
passed, it is covered with blood. In a short time the
sheep can no longer maintain the standing position. It
falls down upon its side, the tongue is protruded, and
bloating is observed. The limbs become outstretched
and death claims the victim in a very few hours.

Treatment:—As prevention is the best cure, it is only
necessary to remove the cause, and this is best done by
carefully avoiding sudden changes from poor food to
rich nutritious food or pastures. But when any of the

SHEEP SMALL-POX. 481

afore mentioned symptoms are observed, the whole
flock should be placed in a yard where there is no food
to be obtained. Then take out to pasture for a couple
of hours, morning and evening, until the stomach and
entire system adapt themselves to the change, and the
animal takes on flesh more moderately. Such as are
sick, should have a physic immediately.

Glauber Salts:2) 2055 2422. four ounces.
Sulphur+.: <../+: set x Fics ...-half ounce.
GRmienty ana Oem eters eat one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose in a pint of flaxseed tea or oatmeal
gruel, or a little syrup and water. In the course of a
few hours, a half teaspoonful of turpentine in an ounce
of raw linseed oil or flaxseed tea may be given at
intervals of five hours; or a teaspoonful of sweet spirits
of nitre may be given every five hours, in a little water,
asadrench. As before stated, this disease is very rapid
and fatal; consequently treatment is not very satis-
factory.

SHEEP SMALL-POX.

Small-pox is a contagious, eruptive fever, very much
resembling small-pox in the human family. It is not
jdentical with the human-pox or cow-pox, but yet it is
of the same type. It is not communicable to man or
other animals, even by inoculation, and belongs exclu-
sively to the sheep. Originally, it is produced by sheep
inhaling impure air, or air contaminated with a virus,
thus poisoning the blood, and the eruptions formed is
‘nature’s effort to rid the system of the imprisoned
verms. It is most often contracted by coming in con-
tact with sheep affected with the disease, as it is
equally as contagious and infectious with sheep, as
synall-pox is with the human family.

482 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Symptoms :—Sheep-pox assumes two forms, one
malignant or dangerous, the other mild. But in either
form there is a period of incubation, of from nine to
eleven days, during which time no symptoms of the dis-
ease appear. At the termination of the period of incu-
bation, fever is observed, the eyes look red and blood-
shot, the breathing is quickened, the skin is dry and
hot, there is loss of appetite, excessive thirst, and the
animal will be noticed to lick at dirt. The eruption
now makes its appearance in the form of small pim-
ples on the skin, between the forelegs, which space is
least covered with wool. These pimples soon run
together, and in a few days a small blister appears, con-
taining a fluid like water, which soon develops into
matter and looks white. It is now at the stage when
the matter should be collected and preserved for inocu-
lation purposes. In a few days it dries up, the scabs
scale off and leave a mark from which no wool will ever
grow. The sheep now begins to improve and unless it
receives some backset, a rapid recovery may be antici-
pated. When the malignant form is observed, there
are no pustules found, but scarlet or purple spots are
noticed. The skin cracks in various shapes, the wool
falls off and a foul-smelling discharge comes from the
nostrils; otherwise, the symptoms are the same as in
the mild form. Death usually takes place within three
weeks from the outset.

Treatment :—After the disease has once established
itself, medicinal interference will avail but little, and
instead of relying upon the use of medicines, greater
attention should be given toward its prevention, which
is done in two ways—first, by isolating the affected
sheep from the healthy ones, as soon as noticed, and
secondly, by vaccination, which is performed by taking
some of the white matter from the pustules of an

SHEEP SMALL-POX. 483

affected sheep, and inserting a small portion of it
beneath the skin of a healthy sheep, either at the ear or
the end of the tail, care being taken that the matter is
obtained from a sheep that is not affected with the
scab or rot. Vaccination is the safest preventative, as
all reports from France, Germany, Austria and Russia,
where it has been thoroughly practiced, tends to prove.
It has greatly lessened the mortality. It is needless to
vaccinate sheep at the present time in this country, for
as yet small-pox has not made its appearance, but
owing to the rapid transit between Europe and this
country, sheep might be imported and landed while the
disease is in the incubative stage, and the malady would
scatter very rapidly, then vaccination would be advisa-
ble, and when commenced, it should be continued until
it has thoroughly taken on all. From the time small-
pox is observed, there should be good nursing with
plenty of fresh air, carefully avoiding draughts; there
should be given a liberal amount of flaxseed or oatmeal
gruel, in pure water, slightly warmed, into which may
be placed a few drops of aromatic sulphuric acid. Give
asa drink. If the sheep appear very weak, give the
following:

Liquor Acetate of Ammonia........
LN cet eee oO ERS seven ounces.
Sweet Spirits Niter ....... two ounces. Mix.

Give tablespoonful three times a day. When an
animal dies of small-pox, it should be buried very
deeply and have plenty of lime thrown on the carcass,
or else it should be burned up, as every portion of the
dead animal will convey infection, if not completely
destroyed. {

484 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

APHTHA—FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

Aphtha has been observed in various parts of this
country, but not to any great extent; only a few scat-
tered cases have been seen. It has never affected
whole districts, as it has in Europe. Seemingly, our
climate is not suitable for its ravages, but rather tends
to eradicate the disease than to encourage its develop-

ULCERS BETWEEN THE TOES.
ment. Yet, some form of the disorder may develop in
this climate and prove very troublesome. In those cli-
mates which are favorable to its propagation, it is very
contagious, and belongs to a class of eruptive fevers.
It emanates from a ferment or poison in the blood.

Symptoms :—The ailment is usually ushered in with
a chill, which is not always observed; a high fever fol-
lows accompanied with a cough. The appetite now
becomes whimsical and the animal ceases to chew its
cud. There is slight tenderness over the loins, and a
grinding of the teeth with saliva drivelling from the
mouth. Blisters containing a watery fluid, are now
observed on the tongue, lips and mouth as also around
and between the feet. These blisters eventually break

APHTHA—FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 485

and sometimes run together, leaving a raw sore, which
is quite painful. The feet become so swollen and full
of pain, that the animal lies down most of the time ana
when attempting to walk, does so in a lame, unsteady
manner. Like all other eruptive fevers, it runs _ its
course, which is usually from ten to fifteen days, and if
it terminates favorably, the animal is proof against the
same disease, should it again be exposed thereto. But
if unfavorable, the disease increases in force until the
feet drop off, and the animal dies in great misery.

Treatment:—When not of a malignant type, the
treatment is very simple and effective. Give one good
physic but do not repeat it, as

Epsom Salts ..............two ounces.
Jamaica Gangee jis) .2 4 3." one drachm.
TAH OS) ema tl aol Neg ES OR a half pint. Mix.

Give at one dose. Wash the mouth twice daily, with
the following lotion:

Rowe Alanis soos s 2s se CONGIOUNICE:
Chlorate of Potassium......one ounce.
Witthete. sca tiscnl ewes tbat ty -one quart. Mix.

Wash the feet well, every other day with a mixture
of bluestone and soft water, say an ounce of bluestone
to two gallons of water. After bathing, use

Vaseline sci sofa tyc id v5 seo four ounces.
Oarbolic Acid: ..)5.... 37. two drachms. Mix.

Apply well, then wrap the feet in a cloth to protect
them from dirt. Isolate all diseased animals from the
healthy, and after the disorder has abated, fumigate the
buildings thoroughly, by burning sulphur or scattering
chlorinated lime. If the malady appears in the malig-
nant form, the cheapest and most effective treatment
is to kill and bury or burn all those affected, and remove
such as have not taken the disease, to other quarters.

486 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

FOUL IN THE FOOT—SORE FEET—FOOT LAMENBSS—
( GRAVEL.

Causes:—Sheep that are kept in yards that have
accumulations of manure, ‘so arranged that it is very
wet, causing a liquor to be formed by the manure and
water, are liable to be afflicted with sore feet, as also
such as are kept on low, boggy, marsh pasture. Diseases
of this character are also observed during wet seasons,
when pasturing where the grass is very tall and
growthy; the cleft between the toes being irritated
while walking through the grass. It is sometimes pro-
duced by a-gravel or other substance becoming so firmly
lodged between the toes, that the animal is unable to
remove it, and it will produce a foul sore.

Symptoms :—It is seldom noticed until the sheep
begin to show lameness, when upon examination, the
cleft of the foot and the surrounding skin, will present
a whitish appearance with some inflammation and
swelling. These swellings soon develop into sores,
greatly resembling ulcers, or ulcers may be present, and
this condition should not be mistaken for foot-rot.

Treatment :—If attention is given to the trouble, it
will soon disappear. If caused by filthy yards, remove
to a dry, clean place, with plenty of dry straw to walk
upon; or the flock may be turned upon hilly ground
where the pasture is short. If they do not improve
rapidly, take two pounds of copperas and dissolve it in
ten gallons of soft water; put it in a tub and place the
patient’s feet in the solution; keep them there from two
to three minutes, then turn on a dry place; it may be
necessary to repeat this in three days, but one applica-
tion will generally suffice. Or take,

Bime AV Wenig) ko areets Recetas one ounce,
Vaseline, or Tar..........- six ounces. Mix.

HOOF-ROT—FOOT-ROOT. 487

Apply all around the sores. If gravel or some other
substance causes the trouble, remove it, then trim off
the diseased parts and apply the latter prescription.

HOOF-ROT--FOOT-ROT.

This disease is frequently observed in this country
and the American shepherd who has charge of any great
number of sheep, sooner or later becomes familiar
with one of the greatest disturbing elements that befalls
a flock.

Causes :—While there is no question about it being
contagious, and in many instances contracted through

BANDAGE FOR FOOT-ROT.

the source of contagion, yet it will break out in a flock
that has never been in contact with sheep affected with
the disease, thus well demonstrating that it can arise
spontaneously. These cases are usually found in sheep
that pasture on wet, low ground; the feet become dis-

488 DISEASES OF SHEEP,

eased and foul, the horn separates from the sensitive
sole, and filth accumulating there, exerts its influ-
ence on the vascular tissues and softens the whole
sole: if neglected at this period, germs are developed
which destroy the whole structure of the foot very rap-
idly, and are highly contagious in character, as is
observed in other sheep contracting the disease from
the affected ones, although changed to higher and dryer
pastures.

Symptoms :--The disease is usually observed in the
forefeet, although the hind feet are not exempt and may
become affected first. When attacking the forefeet
first, the sheep will be very lame, possibly walking
upon its knees while feeding, and when through feeding,
it is almost constantly lying down. Upon examination,
the feet will at first be found highly inflamed, looking
red and moist, or rough and chafed. Then blisters will
form around the heels and between the toes, which soon
break and discharge. Ulcers are now formed, which
suppurate and discharge a foul-smelling matter. The
bottom of the foot soon separates from the sensitive
parts, and a foul-smelling matter oozes out. Soon
afterward the horny sole comes off, leaving the sensitive
parts exposed, which look swollen, black, and spongy,
forming a good nest for maggots, which are frequently
found. The constitutional symptoms are fever, to a
greater or less degree, and loss of appetite; the sheep
failing to chew its cud and lying around in a stupid
condition.

Treatment :—This should be prompt, from the fact
that as the disease advances, the whole system becomes
involved, and recovery is slow and tedious. The malady
is dangerous and painful, but if immediate attention is
given, with proper treatment and care it is always
curable. As soon as lameness is observed, an examina-

HOOF-ROT—FOOT-ROT. 489

tion should be made, when all of the diseased parts
must be removed with the knife, as a failure to do this,
will prolong the disease and resist the action of all med-
icines that may be applied; but if the diseased parts are
thoroughly removed, treatment is effective and certain.
If there is an extra growth of horn at the toes, it should
be cut down, and if matter is found, remove it and well
expose the parts. If any portion of the horn looks
whiter or softer than the balance of the foot, open it, as
matter is likely concealed within. Should it bleed some,
have no fear as there is no special danger. Clean the
knife quite often, so that the matter from the affected
parts will not come in contact with and adhere to the
healthy tissues, carrying infection. After all diseased
portions are removed, you are ready to apply medicines,
and any caustic that will destroy germs, is beneficial.
A cheap and easy method and one that is very effective,
is to take a large tub or vat and put in it a strong solu-
tion of blue vitriol, say a pound to four gallons of water,
and keep it as hot as can be borne by the hand. Have
it about four inches deep, then put the feet of the sheep
into the solution, holding them there about ten min-
utes, until thoroughly penetrating every crevice, then
turn the animal on a dry, short pasture. One good
application is generally all that is required. Or
chloride of lime may be used. After paring the foot,
cover it with the chloride and bandage. Inspect the
foot in a couple of days, and if necessary apply again,
repeating until a cure is completed. Or take,

Finely Powdered Blue Vitriol......

AEE Ee Beat a De gai eae one pound.
Vierdierign i talc aeic neal half pound.
PimseedeOml ye ter 3 Wei ad besa one pint.

Pinte “Parsee ..... one quart. Mix.

Apply well at oud fis foot and allow it to dry,
before turning out to pasture. Give internally,

A9U DISBASES Of SHEEP.

Epsom Salts....... Sha Pile two ounces.
Baking (Soda. ata. a tier two drachms.
IW ea Ger) eeu Reais 2 half pint. Mix.

Give at one dose. Drachm doses of saltpetre given
night and morning, will prove very beneficial, if there
is much fever present. But it is seldom necessary to
give medicines internally, the local applications being
sufficient.

SCAB—THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP.

Causes :—Scab is a highly contagious disease, pro-
duced by an insect in or upon the skin. There are dif-
ferent forms of parasites that produce scab, concerning
which it is here unnecessary to go into detail, as the
treatment for all is the same. It has been asserted that.

scab originates spontaneously, from neglect, exposure,
etc. Such assertions are without foundation. It is
now thoroughly understood that all animal life, owes
its existence to a fecundated egg, and the scab
insect is produced in the same manner. There is
both a male and a female insect, the female being con-
siderably the largest, and also exceeding the male in
numbers, but living a shorter length of time. She dies
very shortly after laying her eggs, which she deposits

ScAB—THE MANGE OR ITCH IN SHEEP. 491

in the pores of the skin or around the scabs, and as they
are very numerous and hatch in three days, there is a
rapid increase. It has been truthfully asserted, that
from one female, a million and a half of her progeny
will be produced, in three months. This accounts for

DIPPING SHEEP.

the rapidity with which the disease spreads, and also
gives warning of the necessity for prompt and energetic
treatment. That it sometimes appears in a flock under
peculiar circumstances, none will deny, but flocks have
been known to become affected by pasturing upon
lands that had not been used for three years, after hav-
ing grazed a flock of scabby sheep, thus showing that
it has great tenacity of life even when not in its tote
tion, the sheep.

Symptoms :—The first symptom observed is Hottises:
ness accompanied by itching. The sheep will be noticed
rubbing itself against a fence-post, stump, or stone, or
any object to which it can get; the wool loosens and is

492 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

rubbed off, leaving bare patches. They also frequently
bite and nibble at their skin, thus pulling out the wool.
The skin, upon examination, will appear somewhat
thickened and whitish in coler, and soon becomes
covered with a yellowish liquid; later on, the scab is
formed, which if left unattended, will so annoy the
animal that it will rub the scabs off, causing them to
bleed, and large sores or scabs are formed, from which
the wool drops off, leaving the poor sheep an unsightly
looking object. The sheep now rapidly falls off in
flesh; the appetite is gone, the fleece is lost, and the
animal dies from exhaustion and torment.

Treatment :—This can be acconplished in two ways—
first, by dipping the sheep into some solution that will
kill parasites; second, rub ointment into the skin that
will destroy the insect. But ointments are expensive
and require more care, time and labor, as well as being
a detriment to the sale of the wool for that season; for
these reasons, it is seldom used. The first method,
dipping, is both the cheapest and most effectual manner
of disposing of the parasites. There are several
formulas for making a solution; I will give the best,
cheapest and safest for the shepherd or farmer to use.
Take

Tobacco Leaves or Stems. . five pounds.

Flower of Sulphur 2) cr tio. ean. ce
Spee aes one and one-half pounds.

Wither vctmetin tye mneee twenty gallons.

Mix the tobacco and water and bring it to a boiling
heat (but do not boil) until the strength is taken from
the tobacco. Then into this liquid, put the sulphur
and stir thoroughly. Allow the mixture to cool off, to
about 118 or 120 degrees, then commence to dip the
sheep. If there are any old, hard scabs, break them
up and remove them, then dip the sheep and hold it

MAGGOTS. 493

under the water until it is well soaked, after which ele-
vate it and let the water drip off, or place it on a rack
where the liquid will drain back into the tub again.
Continue in this manner until all have deen dipped.
that are affected. Stir the liquid frequently, to keep
the sulphur floating, also add a little hot liquor ocea-
sionally, to keep up the temperature. The animals
should be kept in a yard for a time, so that none of the
liquid will drip upon the pasture. Repeat this process
in about ten days, so as to destroy any new parasites
that may have hatched out. Or take

MGBAGROR Atel pnaracnt Seeker ten pounds,
Bear Asiieh sa avay. othe three pounds,
Sul Pubes worsianaieina aisles ¢ three pounds.
SOE OORP esi re dt oe sis three pounds.

Mix in ten gallons of water at boiling heat, (but do
not boil) until the strength is extracted, then add water
enough to make one hundred gallons. Use according
to the foregoing instructions. It is usually estimated
at one gallon to each sheep. Repeat in about ten days.
Either of these recipes, if followed closely, will exterm-
inate the scab insect, and result in a complete cure.

MAGGOTS.

Maggots are the product of the common flesh fly, the
blow, or blue-bottle fly, and the meat fly, any of which
deposit their eggs on a wound or injury; or the tag-
locks which accumulate around the tail of the sheep,
will develop maggots so rapidly that within twenty-four
hours they may be counted by the thousands.’ These
maggots soon become live agents, which not only exist
and subsist upon the sore or injured parts, but attack
the skin, which becomes irritated and a serous fluid
oozes out. In a little while the skin is pierced, or gives

494 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

way, and these little pests keep on devouring the sheep
until it is a living mass of corruption, and if not given
prompt attention, it very soonsuccumbs. There is more
trouble from this source during warm, wet weather,
than during dry seasons. Prevention is always better
than cure, so keep the tag-locks well trimmed, and the
flies cannot then, deposit their eggs upon them,for they
lay their eggs only upon a filthy spot. If the sheep gets
bruised or cut badly enough to form a sore, attend to it
and keep it clean, until thoroughly healed.

Sometimes at weaning time, sheep will suffer from
caked bags, which break, causing ugly sores which the
flies soon attack, resulting in the formation of maggots.
Therefore, at weaning-time the ewes should receive
extra attention, to prevent this trouble. Sheep that
are affected with maggots, will stroll off by themselves,
lie around considerably, and remain separate from the
flock. When maggots are discovered, take turpentine,
crude petroleum, or whale oil, any one of the three, and
pour it freely upon them. This will kill the maggots,
and prevent the flies from depositing more eggs. It
will also assist in healing the wounds. These are the
best remedies for this trouble.

SHEEP TICK.

The sheep tick has been observed by every farmer
that owns or controls sheep. It is a dark red, tough-
skinned, plump-bodied insect, which developes from an
egg, laid by the female tick. As the female deposits
but one egg at a time, they do not multiply very rap-
idly, and if some attention is given to the sheep, it is
easy to keep the flock comparatively free from them.
When the sheep are shorn, in the spring of the year,
the ticks emigrate to the lambs, for better shelter and

SHEEP TICK. 495

foraging grounds, and if the sheep and lambs are dipped
into a solution of tobacco and sulphur, it will rid them
of these pests. Take

Tobacco (cheap leaves or stems)....

Uesdly sates) wha Wa ineeta a a‘aliaiaean diol four pounds.
Sulphur..................-one pound.
Waitin aa elaoe tee ace twenty gallons. Mix.

Steep in hot water, a sufficient length of time to
take the strength from the tobacco; then dip the sheep

SHEEP TICK.

and lambs while the liquid is as hot as they can bear it.
Hold the body in the liquid up to the head, for two
or three minutes, then allow them to drain off. Repeat
the same operation in September and you will free your
flock from this pest. The sheep will thrive better and
on less food, and the wool will not be rubbed off, thus
insuring a profit that will more than repay the cost of
dipping, beside the comfort to the sheep.

THE SHEEP LOUSE.

Lice are seldom seen on sheep whose wool is very
yolky. They are more often found on dry-fleeced sheep,
that have very little yolk in the wool. The louse is a
very small insect, with a red head and a pale yellow
body, marked with dark bands, running cross-wise. It
is generally seen along the sides of the neck, between

496 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

the forelegs, also around the groin, on the inner side of
the hind legs.* It is the cause of considerable annoy-
ance to the sheep, and when the animals are observed
rubbing their necks between bars or gates, or rubbing,

SHEEP LOUSE.

scratching and biting their legs on the inner surface, they
should be examined, and if lice are found, use the

following:
Oinve Oils a'e Saie< esis fein lace 6. one pint.
SUL RE steers atone shoves toese three ounces.
Oreosotés.. 4:42 ann on One .drachm:,. UMax

Rub the parts infested with the lice; or take blue
ointment and rub the parts sparingly. If the blue oint-
ment is used, protect the sheep from storms for ten
days. Sheep that are regularly dipped for scab or ticks
are seldom troubled with lice.

INTESTINAL WORMS—TAPE WORMS.

The bowels of sheep are often the home of a great
variety of worms, as round worms, pin worms, tape
worms, thread worms, ete.

Causes :—Sheep that are running on pasture, may
swallow some eggs that have been deposited there, by

INTESTINAL WORMS—TAPE WORMS. 497

‘
any animal that they may inhabit. The tape worm, for
instance, may be dropped by man, dog, skunk, hog,
rabbit, ete. But the most frequent source from which
they get them, is through the dog. Dogs are verv

THREAD STRONGLE ENLARGED.
prone to worms, and when their excrement is left upon
the pastures, these eggs from worms are liable to be
picked up by sheep, in whose intestines they soon

TAPE WORM.

develop, and sometimes cause great havoc among the
flock.

Symptoms :—The stomach and bowels are sometimes
alive with worms, without any observable signs, until
the animal is slaughtered, when myriads of them are
found, and the sheep previously, to all appearances
enjoyed excellent health. In general, the symptoms
noticed are a ravenous appetite, alternating with a
refusal of food; or there may be loss of appetite, with
constipation alternating with diarrhcea, with a desire

498 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

to eat dirt, sand, ashes, old mortar on walls, etc. There
is also irritation around the hinder parts, as will be
noticed by the animal rubbing its rump against fences,
posts, or other objects. Sometimes worms or parts of
worms are seen in the excrement that has recently
passed. A short, dry cough is frequently a symptom of
worms in the bowels. When there is a falling off in
condition, from worms, it occurs very gradually, and
when death claims the animal, it is greatly emaciated.

Treatment:—Old sheep are seldom troubled with
worms. They generally find lodgment in young sheep
and lambs. The medicinal doses should be varied
somewhat, giving lambs one-half as much as required
for a young sheep. For round, and thread worms,
take

Raw Linseed Oil.......... two ounces.
Spirits of Turpentine....... one ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose, to be repeated every four days
until four doses are given. For the expulsion of tape
worm, take

Powd)AreéaJNut, © jee sico one drachm.
Oil Male Kern e272. 20a, fifteen drops. Mix.
Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be sO ed
in twelve hours, with
Epsom Salts AAs lala el three ounces.
Gime esis Mee okie aisle ele lela one drachm. Mix.
Give at one dose in a pint of water. Another remedy
which is just as effective is to deprive the animal of
food for three or four days, and during that time give a
handful of hulled pumpkin seeds, ground, three times a
day. At the end of the fourth oe give a physic, as
Epsom Salts............. three ounces.
Ginger: Moy heute eon ate one drachm. Mix.

Give at one nee in a ok of water. When the

worms are passed they should be destroyed by burning.

THE ROT—LIVER ROT, ETC. 499

THE ROT—LIVER ROT—FLUKES IN THE LIVER.

This disease is produced by-a flat worm, of a whitish
color, varying in size from a half inch to an inch in
leneth and one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in
breadth, which seeks the internal organs for develop-
ment, and more especially the liver. It is propagated

by means of eggs, which are deposited in the bowels
and pass away with the manure, and through various
sources it is conveyed into pools of stagnant water,
where they pass one stage of their existence, possibly
in the bodies of snails, water insects and shell-fish. As
it is most prevalent during rainy seasons it is reusonable
to presume that the meadows become inundated, and as

FLUKES.

the waters from these pools become scattered over con-
siderable surface, these flukes are left upon the grasses,
where they again enter the animal for final develop-
ment. As they are taken into the stomach they pass
on until they enter the gall duct, passing from that into
the gall sack, then to the liver, where they complete

500 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

their development. The disorder is rarely seen where
sheep are grazed upon upland pastures, but is quite
prevalant on lowland pasturage, especially during rainy
seasons, when there is frequent inundation.

Symptoms :—When sheep are first affected with flukes
they are inclined to take on flesh very rapidly for a
short time; when this ceases, emaciation or failing in
flesh, commences. An examination of the eye ball
should now be made. In the healthy animal the mem-
branes covering the eye-ball and eye-lids are a pink or
reddish color, in fact, so much so that an amateur
would suppose there was inflammation of the eyes; but
when affected with flukes this membrane is of a pale or
yellowish color. This is a symptom that never fails
when the sheep is affected with flukes. As the disease
progresses the appetite becomes irregular, but the
demand for water increases. Dropsical swellings now
appear; a large, watery tumor is noticed under the
lower jaws, the back becomes prominently arched, the
skin looks pale and bloodless and is tightly drawn to
the frame. The wool is dry and harsh and separates
very readily from the skin, leaving bare spots. A
diarrhoea now sets in, caused by disorganization of the
liver. The flanks look hollow and there is a weakness
or tenderness across the loins. The eyes are very
yellow, or jaundiced. The whole system is now
deranged. The breath imparts an offensive odor and
the poor animal lies with its head outstretched, wear-
ing a solitary and forlorn look, until death claims it as
a victim. When the animal commences to run down
the course of the disorder is very rapid and fatal.

Treatment :—The treatment should depend more upon
prevention than upon a cure by medicinal agents, for
when rot has reached the stage of thorough development
and great emaciation, with a jaundiced appearance,

oe Wat i

THE ROT—LIVER ROT, ETC. 501

niedicines will avail but little. As. flukes cannot
develop at certain stages of their existence upon dry,
upland pastures, it is well to graze the flock upon hilly
pastures, fencing off all ponds of stagnant water, or
draining them and watering the sheep from wells.
Should a flock become affected with flukes, but not to
the extent of injuring them materialy, it is best to
fatten and dispose of them. It is a well established
fact that sheep affected with flukes will live and thrive,
but as to the amount their system can tolerate without
serious injury cannot be definitely ascertained. That
flukes are an established destructive factor in this
country cannot now be denied as over one hundred of
them were found in the liver of a single rabbit, in Minne-
sota, and they have also been found in deer and other
animals, saying nothing of the number of sheep that
have perished, the owners at a loss to know the cause.
Common salt is known to be a preventative and
destroyer of the flukes, at certain stages, and it should
be given quite liberally; and as turpentine is very
penetrating to the system, entering every crevice, and
is a great destroyer of worms, it should enter into every
combination in the treatment of this disease. The sheep
should not be allowed any food for three or four hours
either before or after giving the medicine. The follow-
ig formula has been used in England, with remarkable
SUCCESS :
Mellows esi un stele eee
Be SSN paren one and one-half drachms.
Spire urpenvmes cyt. kh ook
a. Weep yet ee one and one-half ounces.

Calomel ..............eighteen grains.
Tincture Todine .3 .{ 5. -'. thirty drops. Mix.

Give at three doses, one every morning, for three
consecutive mornings, ina little gruel. Or you may give

502 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Raw Linseed Oil.......... two ounces.
Spte, Lurpemtime a. .3000) 20: half ounce. Mix.
Give at one dose, and repeat every four days, until
four doses are given. Or

Sal EpPeLne® Gi-ccle ues e wale tO) OUMGES:
Bonds Gre Sr Mens hale esse ais one ounce.
eb uA e a RM ANE LUE ANRC ta one pound.
Bouin CW aber ys sa) ee three quarts. Mix.

Dissolve thoroughly, then add spts. turpentine, ten
ounces. Shake well before using. Give a_wine-
glassful every fourth morning, until four doses are
given. When sheep are known to have become affected
with flukes from certain pastures, it is best to plow up
those meadows and raise other crops for two or three
years, to destroy the parasite, and where it is at all
possible, it is best to graze sheep upon dry, upland
pastures, with a provision of pure, fresh drinking water.

LOCKJAW.

[t is seldom that lockjaw, or tetanus, is found among
sheep, but as it is a nervous affection, it may be pro-
duced by fright from being chased with dogs, or by
injuries or wounds from any source, when nearly or
wholly healed upon the surface; or it may be caused in
lambs, from cutting off the tail, or it may result from
castration.

Symptoms:—The head is elevated and the eye-
washers will protrude over the eye-ball to a greater or
lesser extent. The animal will appear very nervous,
and walk with a stiff, stilty gait. The jaws are closed
but can be moved sidewise and sometimes opened a
little; there is also some grinding of the teeth and more
or less desire for drinking water, of which httle can be

a

FRACTURES. 508

swallowed, as the throat is affected. In some instances
the head is drawn around to the side, while in others it
is drawn upwards.

Treatment :—Remove to a dark, quiet place and first
give a physic, as

Hpsom/’ Salts icc dc la.) bwo Ounees.

Wreater. icanias son a htat ya 2. half pint. Mix.
Give at one dose, to be followed with

Bromide of Potassium .... two ounces.

ChioraltHy dratel: sey nsf. ‘. one ounce.

Wiaberiy aie fcc tee tee a tie. one quart. Mix.

Give a wineglassful three times a day. If you can-
not drench the sheep without too much excitement, take
a syringe and squirt the preparation well back into the
mouth. Use extra precautions not to excite the animal,
and allow no one to go near it but yourself. If it can
eat or suck any soft food, give all it desires, and also
allow plenty of drinking water. If the disease results
from a wound or from castration, grease the injured
parts once daily with solid extract of belladonna. Quiet
and warmth are very essential to effect a cure, as some
will recover with good nursing, without the use of
medicines.

FRACTURES.

Broken limbs sometimes occur where a flock of sheep
is going over a fence; an animal may become fastened
between the bars and thus be crowded on by the balance
of the flock, or injuries of this character may result from
being kicked or trampled upon by horses and cattle,
and in various other ways, too numerous ’ to
mention. The bones will readily grow together,
‘if fastened with splints and bandages, first getting
the bones in proper position, the ends directly

504 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

opposite each other. The splints should be wrapped in
cloth or cotton batting, to prevent chating and the
bandages should not be so tight as to prevent free cireu-
lation of the blood; they should be examined frequently
to see that they are in position and not too tightly
drawn, and they should be worn for three or four weeks.
It is not always necessary to confine the sheep, as they
often doas well at pasture, but if confined, feed soft food.

CONSTIPATION IN LAMBS.

Constipation in lambs is generally brought about by
feeding on cows’ milk, or the milk of another ewe.
When the disease occurs, the bowels cease to act, or
that which does pass, is hard and lumpy, and there are
long intervals between each passage, with considerable
pain, the back arched, and heavy straining, when the
discharge does take place. The lamb lies down most of
the time. The urine is scanty and the belly distended.

Treatment :—This consists of injections of warm milk
or water into the rectum or last bowel; three or four
ounces should be injected at a time, and this should be
repeated every hour or two, until the bowels move
freely. To do this properly, seize the lamb by the hind
legs and elevate it so that it barely stands on its front
toes; hold it in this position while giving the injection,
and also for a few minutes afterwards. Give internally
every six hours, until the bowels are relieved, a dessert-
spoonful of castor or raw linseed oil. If the lamb seems
dull and inactive after the bowels have responded, give
small doses of sweetened hot brandy or whisky.

DIARRHOEA, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS.

Diarrhoea in the suckling lamb, is often called
‘¢ White Scours.”’

DIARRH@®A, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 505

Causes :—It may result from lying on cold, damp
ground, exposure to storms, sudden changes of tempera.
ture, cold drinks, etc.; but the most frequent source, is

WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS.

the altered condition of the mother’s milk, when fed
upon thrifty succulent grasses, or upon roots, as turnips,
carrots and mangels. When not arising from these
causes, there is a disordered condition of the Jamb’s
stomach.

Symptoms :—There will be a watery discharge from
the bowels, of a whitish color, which is the indigested
milk passing straight through the intestines. Some-
times the discharge is of a pale, greenish color, very
much resembling whey. This is produced by indigestion,
the food becoming coagulated in the stomach, where it
may accumulate in quite large quantities. The
lamb now appears stupid and ceases to play with
other lambs. It lies around considerably, and
when standing, it is doubled up and the back
is arched. It ceases to nurse or eat, but ap-
pears thirsty, and makes frequent efforts to pass
dung. While lying around, it will bleat frequently,
and upon pressing on the belly, it evinces pain. The
belly has a shrunken or tucked-up appearance; the
animal loses flesh rapidly, and if not relieved, dies
within a few days. Worms in the bowels will some-
times cause diarrhoea, but when this is the case, the
dung will be mixed with shme or mucous.

506 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Treatment:—When caused by the ewe’s milk, change
her diet immediately. Place her upon dryer food or
poorer pasture and give the lamb, two or three times a
day, the white of an egg beaten up with five times the
amount of warm water, to which may be added a few
drops of laudanum. Or,

Raw-binseed:- Oil se). 8 two ounces.
Essence of Ginger........ one drachm. Mix.
Give a teaspoonful once or twice daily; or take
Rrepared Chalkis cn peas one ounce.
Rowd. Catechin. uae uuc four drachms.
Rowd. Gingebe coe ssn. two drachms.
Powds Opium’: ssh. ee half drachm.
Peppermint Water .......... one pint. Mix.

Shake well before using and.give two teaspoonfuls
morning and evening. When resulting from worms,
give

Raw Linseed Onl... 02 one ounce.
Spts. Turpentine :......... half ounce.
PiapuGaeUT Aes ais heifer ten drops. Mix.

Give at one dose. If at any time there is great
weakness, give
The Whites of four Eggs.

Whisky tee iiie wala oe. DI OVON Mees:
Tincture’ of Ganger.)..)) 2-2! half ounce.
Linseed! Meay.e «vais Mihai on half pint. Mix.

Give a tablespoonful every three or four hours.

LUNG WORMS—HOOSE IN LAMBS—PALE DISEASE—
HUSK.

Causes :—There is no question but that these worms
gain access to the wind-pipe and lungs of lambs, but the
manner in which they gain entrance to these organs of
young animals, is not yet solved. The disorder usually

a

———e

DIARRH@®A, OR WHITE SCOURS IN LAMBS. 507

makes its appearance during the fall months and is by
far the most prevalent among lambs that graze upon
lowland pastures which are subject to inundation from
the rise of waters during the fall rains and which are
covered with rich, succulent, rank grass.

Symptoms:—The presence of these worms in the
wind-pipe causes much irritation and coughing. While
they do not always inconvenience grown sheep, they are
a frequent source of death among lambs. These worms
often accumulate in such quantities in young lambs as
to prevent proper aeration of the blood in the lungs,
which causes a general disturbance of the whole system
and produces a pale, bloodless condition. The appetite
is partially or wholly lost, the lamb loses flesh rapidly
and if not relieved, quickly succumbs. When these
worms affect the bowels, as they sometimes do,
dysentery will be observed, with bad-smelling passages,
which are effected with much straining, and blood-clots
will sometimes pass. The worms vary somewhat in
size, being from one to three inches in length, thread-
like and slender, and of a whitish color. When any
number of lambs are affected, an examination of the
passages of dung as well as the mucous from the
nostrils, should be made, in order to detect the worms
if possible; or if one of the animals should die, inspect
the windpipe carefully and if worms are observed, com-
mence treatment at once.

Treatment:—As preventative measures are always
the best, the lambs should not be allowed to graze upon
pastures that have received a top-dressing of sheep
manure, nor allowed to graze upon pastures which have
recently been trodden upon by old sheep. Fresh
pastures only should be used and in damp, rainy seasons
such as are hilly or well drained should be chosen. An
abundance of salt should be given, or better still, have

508 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

rock salt in the field continuously. Medicinally, these
worms must be attacked from two sources, viz., by the
administration of remedies internally and by inhala-
tions. Give internally,

Raw Linseed Oil........seven ounces.

Spts. Turpentine..... + sen - OMELOUNCE..), Mix.

Give two tablespoonfuls every morning on an empty
stomach, until four doses have been given. Or,

Spts. Turpentine..........- one ounce.
Whhislaytec) Gc wtinte .... fifteen ounces. Mix.

Shake well and give a tablespoonful every morning,
for a week or ten days. Inhalations of sulphurous acid
gas, should be given as follows: Place the lambs in a
room where the ventilation is not too great, then take
half pound of flour of sulphur and a quart of pine tar,
mix it with tow or waste and set it to burning. If the
gas becomes too strong for you to endure, step out and
remove the fire with you. Repeat this twice daily for
a few days. The food should now be the best that can.
be procured, and if the appetite has completely failed,
give linseed meal, oat meal, or corn meal gruel, as a
drench, until the appearance of returning appetite and.
strength.

SEDIMENT IN THE URINE—SAND IN THE URINE.

Causes :—Formations and accumulations of a sandy
deposit in the urine, are brought about by high feeding,
or being grazed upon dry pastures without a sufficient
supply of water. Resulting also from being fed upon
grain quite freely during the winter season, without a
necessary amount of water, or from a changed condi-
tion of the system, when recovering from lingering
fevers, etc.

a

CLAP, OR GONORRH@A. 509

Symptoms ;—It seldom causes any inconvenience with:
ewes, as their opening for the passage of urine, is large
and free, but among rams and wethers, on account of
the smallness of the urinary passage, it often causes
considerable annoyance, by becoming deposited and
adhering to the sides of the canal. Sandy or muddy
deposits are observed in front of and around the sheath,
clinging to the wool or hairs where the water has passed
through, sometimes to the extent of forming small
stones. Symptoms of retention of urine now appear.
The sheep exhibits great uneasiness and pain, while
trying to pass urine, and the passage will be a very
small stream, or possibly only drop by drop.

Treatment :—When first noticed, allow plenty of fresh
water to drink, to which may be added a teaspoonful of
acetate of potash, once or twice daily, for a week, to
increase the flow of urine and wash out the material.
But if the urine passes only by drops, lay the sheep on
its rump and draw out the penis, press the fingers along
this organ and try to force out the accumulation. This
should be repeated daily, until the passage of water is
free. Give internally,

Raw Linseed Oil........ three ounces.
Gaia mania shen ihn) eas. twenty drops. Mix.

Give at one dose. If this treatment fails in removal,
the deposit may be cut out, the incision being made
lengthwise along the penis; but unless the ram _ is
valuable, it had best be slaughtered and used for
mutton. In case of a wether being affected, use for
mutton at once.

CLAP, OR GONORRHOEA.

This disease is brought about in sheep from want of
cleanliness, with an excessive amount of ewes to attend
to, or by serving a ewe that is affected with the whites.

510 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

Symptoms :—The sheath and penis of the ram become
swollen and sore, and intense pain is exhibited while
passing the urine, which may pass by only a few drops
at atime. Soona whitish discharge comes from the penis,
which, if left undisturbed, will cause ulcerous sores.
There will be more or less stamping of the feet while
passing water and more or less uneasiness is observed.

Treatment :—Remove the ram to a quiet place and do
not allow him to serve any ewes, as the disease is very
contagious and will be imparted to the ewes. Admin-
ister internally,

Balsam Copabia..... ......two ounces.
Dr. abe bsie ss) oat <2 4,26 tO OUNCES.
AB rs RATIO Seeeikid aeiita dhe cio ete ONCKOUMCE’
Spts. Sweet Nitre..........one ounce.
Acari aurrunrins Hee he ee dime ce ae half ounce.
SVFUDe Hae one and one-half ounces. Mix.

Give a teaspoonful three times a day. Withdraw
the penis and bathe with the following lotion, after
bathing with hot water:

Sugar OL Lead eee one Ounee:
Sulphate of Zinc...........one ounce.
Wea ber: VOC a Aes .one quart. Mix.

Use once daily. In addition to the bathing, part of
the solution may be injected into the penis once daily,
until convalescence is established, when every third or
fourth day will suffice. If any of the ewes become
affected syringe them once daily with the above solu-
tion, or use the following:

Permanganate of Potash....one ounce.
AVG cnetit te Cera hae saat AN rg one quart. Mix.

Inject either into rams or ewes, once daily. The
food should be soft and easily digested, as bran mash,
grass, etc. Stimulating diet should be avoided.
Further, give ounce doses of raw linseed oil daily.

—— Stee

LAMBING IN THE EWE. 51

LAMBING IN THE EWE.

Farmers residing in the Northern States, usually cal-
culate to have their lambs yeaned in April and the fore-
part of May, as there is less danger from loss, than if
yeaned earlier in the season.’ But the percentage of loss
during the lambing season, is greater than there is any
necessity for, through negligence or carelessness, and

TWIN LAMBS.

the want of places of protection for the ewe and lamb.
Many lambs are lost each year by the ewe not being in
a proper condition. There is much less danger from
the ewe being in a good condition, even fat, than
from being too poor. Dogs are also a source of
great loss among lambs, and should not be allowed
near a flock, at this season of the year. The flock should
have a good, dry yard, so that they can move about in
the sunlight, and a good shelter with plenty of ventila-

D1? DISEASES OF SHEEP.

tion, for the night. The owner or shepherd should be
familiar and well acquainted with his sheep, thus insur-
ing confidence and not fear, among them. Patience is
required on the part of the shepherd. Do not be too
meddlesome, but see to those that are in labor, and if the
lamb is coming right, with forefeet and head first, leave
her alone for a considerable time, then if you deem the
lamb too large, render some assistance, but do not
become rash and use too much force; gentle traction,
with the parts well-oiled or greased, is much better.
When the hind parts swell up and look red, and the bag
swells and looks full, you may rely upon it, the ewe
will drop her lambs within thirty-six hours. It is then
the shepherd should be on the alert, to see that nothing
goes wrong. Ewes as a rule, deliver their young
without any serious difficulty, but occasionally a lamb
is presented wrong, when it would be impossible for the
ewe to deliver her young without assistance. Under
these circumstances, the lamb should be pushed back
i to the womb and straightened. If you can raise the
hind feet first, do so, and deliver in that position. The
various methods of delivery as laid down for mares and
cows in another part of this work, will greatly aid the
shepherd, and should be followed; the only exception
being that in the attendance of a ewe, a small hand is
required, and for this reason, a woman can do more
effective work thana man. The hand should be well
oiled before entering, and the movements should be
slow and careful; hasty and rough help, is worse than
none at all. Always raise the feet first. If the forefeet
are raised, see that the head lies between them and is
not doubled back. Ifthe afterbirth does not come away
voluntarily after the lamb is delivered, pull upon it
gently, and it will usually be expelled in a short space of
time. Should the ewe appear weak and exhausted,

AFTER-PAINS IN EWES, ETC. 5138
make and administer a ginger tea, of the same strength

as you yourself would require.

AFTER-PAINS IN EWES—PARTURIENT APOPLEXY.

Parturient apoplexy occurs within four days after
lambing and is most frequently seen in fat, thrifty

AFTER-PAINS IN EWES.
animals that are also heavy milkers. It is the result of
a fevered condition at the time of lambing.

Symptoms :—The ewe is first noticed to be panting as
if hot and feverish. Heavy straining follows, with a

PARTURIENT APOPLEXY.

heaving at the flanks. The eyes look staring and glassy,
the bowels are constipated, the urine is high colored
and smells strong. The external hinder parts are
swollen and red and later on become purple or black.
After death the womb is noticed to contain pus or
matter; sufficient of this has been absorbed or taken
into the system to poison the blood and cause death.
Treatment :—Prevention in these cases is always the
best and safest. As it is most always found in very fat
ewes, the safeguard les in reducing their condition
prior to lambing, but not to the extent of weakening

514 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

them. Their food should be gradually reduced and a
light bran mash should be given daily. After the dis-
ease has developed and pains are noticed, prepare the

following:
Ooimine Suilp bie cs berheke one drachm.
AGTH Nook ca Me Mele ena vm rTP cl one ounce.
Walt Kaye onie a Siren aire three ounces.
Wrather cient ta sortase HOMPYOUNGeS. a Vines

Give one ounce three or four times a day. Ifa bad-
smelling ‘discharge comes from the hinder parts, they
should be cleansed with

Permanganate of Potassiun.........

at aT at Oh sahg Oc an one drachm.
Wiebe rey sei iee caus metee ie aie aa a eae Naa one quart. Mix.
Syringe the vagina and womb with this mixture

twice daily, until the discharge stops. Give one ounce
of glauber salts daily to loosen the bowels, but do not
physic. Apply warm cloths to the belly for a day, then
in their stead apply a mustard plaster. The food should
be light and easily digested, as bran mash, linseed meal
or oat meal gruel.

INVERSION OF THE WOMB.

This is not a common affliction among sheep, but
sometimes results from difficult labor, more especially
in a weak ewe. The womb is turned inside out and
hangs behind as a large, red sack, to which the after-
birth is sometimes attached. When the after-birth
still clings to it, it should be gently removed and the
womb washed in milk-warm water, to which may be
added a little alum. Then elevate the hind parts and
gradually work the womb back into its place, but first
cut off the finger nails and oil or grease the hand thor-
oughly so as not to injure the delicate structure. After

GARGET—INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 515

the organ has been replaced fasten a bandage around
the hinder parts to prevent a recurrence, or as is some-
times practiced, put a deep stitch through the vulva or
lips of the outer parts and allow it to stay so for twenty-
four hours; when it may be removed, as the womb will
by this time have settled into its natural position and
will there remain. Should the ewe exhibit signs of

pain or attempt to strain, give thirty drops of laudanum

every hour until the pain ceases. If she appears weak
give ginger tea or half-ounce doses of hot brandy.
While she is lying down see that she is well bedded and
that her hind parts are elevated higher than her head,
for a few days. For illustration, see inversion of the
womb in cow.

GARGET—INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER.

This consists of inflammation of the milk glands, and
is caused from ewes lying on the cold, damp ground;
resulting also in such as have lost their young and have
not adopted an orphan or been supplied with a foster-
lamb. It is also produced by a teat not being opened
by a new-born lamb, or in ewes that give a greater flow
of milk than the lamb will consume. The bag may also
become gargeted at weaning time, when the ewe is
giving a strong flow of milk, and if neglected it becomes
festered and is soon a tumbling, rolling mass of maggots.

Treatment :—When the disorder is first noticed give
a mild physic, as

Epsom Salte:...:.2.6......two ounces,
Cnet: eee es ah Nee one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose in half pint of water, to be followed
with drachm doses of saltpetre, morning and evening.
Bathe the bag for thirty minutes with hot water, then
apply camphor and lard twice daily, or take

516 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

COPDEEAS Wise cen aae Cle yee four ounces.

Wialteic tiene ae chiek SR else two quarts. Mix.
Apply frequently. Or,

Witehthazel ce tik aes five ounces.

MAGICA he ea Sie tersg een one ounce.

Dirbelladonnianyjfs 2% Sees ss one ounce.

Spts. Cam pmoran crocus tee one ounce. Mix.

Apply twice daily, after bathing with hot water.
Injecting the teats with a solution of carbonate of soda,
then milking out, will be productive of good. If the
bag has festered, open it and allow the matter to escape,
then wash the sore with

Campo lie sA Gide e cesar: ace or one ounce.

Soft Water te ie aces one quart. Mix.
Or;

Permanganate of Potassium .one ounce.

Soto Waters sive ae eaenct one quart. Mix.

Apply twice daily. If maggots have gained access
to the sore, apply some spirits of turpentine to rout
them, after which, keep clean, and use the carbolic
acid solution. If the disease has resulted in the perma-
nent loss of one or both teats, the animal should be dis-
carded as a breeder, and either kept for her wool or sold
to be slaughtered.

ABORTION—SLIPPING OF LAMBS.

Abortion is not of frequent occurrence among sheep,
and when it does happen, it is generally traceable. It
may result from being chased by dogs, or from injuries
received while in the yard with other stock; from
drinking an abundance of ice-cold water, also from
eating large amounts of cold carrots, turnips and
mangels. ~The stomach becoming distended with the
cold food, lowers the temperature of the internal

PARTURIENT FEVER, ETO. 517

organs to such an extent that it causes the death of the
young animal, and it is thus expelled from the womb.
Feeding upon blasted or smutty rye, as well as slipping
upon icy roads, will produce abortion.

Treatment :—In this case, also, prevention is the only
safeguard against loss. Great care should be exercised
when feeding roots; they should be moderately warm,
or fed in limited quantities. See that the ewes are not
chased, worried, or excited by dogs or any other sheep-
destroying animal. Avoid feeding smutty rye, and
driving over slippery roads. Allow them to drink
regularly, to avoid engorgement with ice-cold water.
When abortion does take place, see that the membranes
all come away and if the sheep seems stupid and sluggish,
vive a mild physic, as

aay Linseed Oneness. sos: two ounces.
Pandan ity 4e.0 forty, drops:, Mix

Give at one dose, to be followed twice daily with

drachm doses of saltpetre.

PARTURIENT FEVER—PUERPURAL FEVER—MILK
FEVER.

This fever rarely attacks our common ewes, but is
seen among imported sheep, that are highly fed and in
a fat condition, and are middle-aged, usually carrying
twin lambs. It generally occurs a few days prior to
Jambing. The earliest symptoms, are loss of appetite,
twitching of the hind legs, and of the ears. The ewe
appears dull and stupid, with weakness, and staggering
gait while walking. The eyes are drowsy, the head is
carried low down; a dark, offensive, coffee-colored
discharge comes from the vagina or hinder parts.’ If
the lamb is now dropped, it is dead, and possibly in a

518 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

semi-putrid condition, but if the lamb is not passed, the
patient grows steadily worse, the fever rises higher, the
animal moans with pain and the discharge becoines
more offensive. When the lamb does eventually come,
it is almost rotten.

Treatment :—Remove the ewe from the balance of the
herd to comfortable quarters, as soon as noticed. Then
give a laxative to open the bowels, as

Bpsomn Salbsler. ey va/s/eeiae wie = two ounces.
Salle me terete a ue avsyae tens one drachm.
Warm Water, or Linseed Gruel.....

DEERE Oe ree Vay MMO ERY one pint. Mix.

Give at one dose. Should she feel disposed to eat
anything, give nothing but warm gruels or mashes.
When the discharge is dark colored and offensive, the
lamb is certainly dead, and should be removed as
quickly as possible. Wash out the vagina with warm
water, then place some solid extract of belladonna on
the end of the finger, and smear it on the mouth of the
womb, making an application in this manner every two
hours. This will cause the mouth of the womb to dilate,
when the putrid lamb will be expelled. The womb should
then be washed out with,

Permanganate of Potash... one ounce.

Warm Waterece cesta. one quart. Mix.
Or,

Carbolic Acid ............ - one ounce.

Warm Water............-- one quart. Mix.
Use with a syringe. Also give internally,

Quinine Sulphate...... three drachms.

Sulphate of Soda..........two ounces.

Sailtpebre so ciyee wince elses = one ounce. Mix.

Make eighteen powders. Give one powder every
three hours. Should the physic not operate in fifteen
hours, repeat the dose. Mustard drafts along the beily

CASTRATION. 519

are very beneficial. Should collapse seem imminent,
give ounce doses of hot whisky. See that the position of
the patient is as comfortable as possible; supply with a
elean bed, at least twice a day.

CASTRATION.

This is a very necessary operation among lambs and
should be performed as early as possible after lambing,
as there ig less danger following than when the lambs
are older. When the lamb is a week or ten days old
the whole sack, seeds and all, may be cut off with one
stroke of the knife or shears, without being attended
with any danger, and only a few drops of blood will be
observed to follow. But when the lamb has passed a
few months the seeds develop very rapidly, the blood
vessels and nerves are large, and the operation is
attended with more danger. The seeds are to be drawn
well down, then one bold incision, cutting into the seed
and down to the point or bottom of the sack, should be
made. The seed should then be withdrawn and pulled
away forcibly, or the cord should be scraped with a
knife until it separates; otherwise, the clamp should be
used. If the latter method is chosen, fasten the clamp
very tightly, then cut off the seed half an inch below it
and allow it to remain for three days, when it may be
removed. The clamps may be hollowed out a little in
the center and a small quantity of corrosive sublimate
and lard placed in the groove. In castrating aged rams,
scraping is not always safe, as the seeds are very large
and the blood vessels correspondingly so and there is
therefore danger of bleeding in this manner of, opera-
tion. Neither is ligating or tying them with a string
advisable, as it is sometimes impossible to tie tightly
enough to prevent bleeding. But when the clamps are

520 DISEASES OF SHEEP.

pressed on firmly bleeding seldom follows and for this
reason this method is considered the safest and best
mode of operation. Always see that the opening is
clean down to the bottom so that all matter can escape.
To prevent too rapid healing, place a block of wool in
the wound.

DOCKING, OR CUTTING OFF THE TAIL.

This operation is performed in order to keep the
hind parts of the sheep in a clean condition, as those
sheep which are allowed to carry a full tail become very
dirty from accumulation of urine and manure, which
adhere to the wool around these parts and form a nest
for the blow-fly and maggot. The operation should be
performed while the lambs are very young—within two
weeks after birth. The parts are not then very sensi-
tive and consequently the operation is not very painfal.
The method is quite simple, vet mistakes are often
made. When the lamb is caught the skin should be
drawn up on the tail, toward the rump, so that after
the tail is severed it will cover the bone, then with a
sharp knife make a quick cut, about two inches from
the rump, and the operation is complete. A little pine
tar placed on the stump of the tail will keep off flies
and assist in healing.

~ DISEASES UT THE HOG,

THEIR

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.

HOG CHOLERA.

There are so many diseases of the swine which have
never been any too thoroughly understood, that have
been, for the want of a better term, called hog cholera.
The loss to the farmers in this country alone, has been
estimated at fifty millions ina single year, and all have

HOG CHOLERA.

been grouped under the one head—-cholera. Let us for
a few moments, briefly consider the manner in which
swine have been treated, when deemed in health, and
see what our own condition would be, under like
circumstances. In the first place, the creature is
considered—a hog—and that means, literally speaking,
anything that is filthy and dirty. ” History tells us that
the hog, in the natural or wild state, is, one of the
cleanliest of animals, so if the appellation, as applied to
the hog, means filth and dirt, it must be an unnatural
condition or innovation, brought about or inflicted upon
(521)

522 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

the animal, through domestication. Itis perfectly true,
that hogs will wallow about in dirty water, in order to
cool off the fevered or heated body, in summer, but if
allowed to select for itself, it will not only drink of
pure, clean water, but will lie in it also. Again, pen
up a hog and give it good shelter and a bedding of clean
straw to lie upon, and see if it will litter up its own bed ;
on the contrary, if a place is provided outside of its stall,
it will go there to comply with the demands of nature,
and deposit both manure and water. There are many
other habits of the hog, that tend to cleanliness which
might be mentioned, but space forbids, in a work of
this kind. I believe that many of the diseases which
swine are heir to, have been brought about through
domestication, and the manner in which they are cared
for and fed, the so-called cholera included. The average
hog is fed on sour swill, sour grain or corn, distillery
slop, corn that has already been eaten and passed by
cattle, that which has been trampled through dirt and
dung, in fact anything that is of a dirty, sour nature,
has been considered good enough to feed to the hog.
Now the essence of sourness is vinegar, which is formed
in the food after the alcoholic fermentation has run its
course. The first effect from feeding this sour food, is
constipation, followed by looseness or diarrhoea, super-
induced by the paralyzing effects of the alcohol, vine-
gar, carbonic acid gas, etc., upon the bowels. After a
time, the blood becomes affected through this vinegar
yeast and various diseases are produced. Just so long
as hogs are fed upon dirty, sour, indigestible food,
trouble with the bowels must be expected, of a more or
less severe nature, according to circumstances. When
the hogs are penned up, clean the pens daily, the same
as you would your horse stables; feed them upon clean,
sweet food,”and disease will become less frequent. If

SS ee

CHARBON, OR ANTHRAX. 523

+he food is cooked thoroughly, the heat will destroy the
alcohol and vinegar plants, and the danger of disease
will be greatly lessened. To say that hogs fed upon
sweet, sound food could not contract diseases, would be
mis-stating facts, but hogs that are fed on sound, sweet
corn, well steamed, are not so liable to become diseased
as those which are fed upon sour materials, and if those
who are interested doubt these statements, they can
easily prove or disprove them, by trials accurately con-
ducted. The various formulas that have been tried
with good results, all have a tendency to tone up and
correct the bowels; to prevent the formation of germs,
and to destroy any that are already existing. I will
now dwell somewhat upon the various forms of cholera,
although the treatment tends to the same purpose—that
of correcting the bowels, and destroying and preventing
the formation of germs.

CHARBON, OR ANTHRAX.

This disease, which effects both cattle and sheep,
also finds a co-partner in the hog. It is brought about
in a similar manner—by taking very thin hogs and
fattening them too rapidly, but more frequently in the
hog, by feeding upon sour material, or by being kept in
filthy places. It is one of the various types of blood-
poisoning, caused by a bacilli or other germ finding
ingress into and developing in the circulating fluids of
the body. The malady is contagious, the contagion
being given off by the blood, flesh and dung.

Symptoms:—The symptoms develop very rapidly.
At first there will be loss of appetite and great prostra-
tion, with red and bluish spots appearing on various
parts of the body. The ears and nose have a bluish
cast, the breathing is quickened and painful and a

524 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

pleading cry, or squealing, is often heard. Just as the
hog breaths its last, a passage from the bowels, coming
involuntarily, is always observed. These symptoms, it
will be noticed, last from one to forty-eight hours.
Others 1n the apoplectic form, have been seen to step
back from the feeding trough, utter a squeal, turn
around, tumble over and die in less than a minute. As
this disease has often been mistaken for contagious.
pneumo-enteritis, I will give the distinguishing char-
acteristics between the two, as laid down by Dr. Klein,
of London; then with the following table before him, the
ordinary careful observer can scarcely make a mistake:

CHARBON. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTER-.
ITIS.
Period of development

from two to five days and

Period of development
or latency from a few hours

to three days.
Easily transmissible to
other species of animals.

Spleen always enlarged
and often broken down.

Blood after death, dark
and fiuid.

Pacillus anthricus in the
blood.

Lungs and bowels fre-
quently not implicated.
Cough may be absent.

The discoloration local
and of a true carbuncular
appearance.

more.

Rarely and with diffi-
culty transmitted to other
species.

Spleen rarely enlarged
or otherwise changed.

Blood after death of
ordinary appearance.

No bacillus anthricus in
the blool, but numberless
bacilli in the serum of
thorax and abdomen.

Lungs and bowels always.
both inflamed; cough al-
ways present.

The red or purple color
diffused over the surface
and of an erysipelatous ap-

| pearance.

CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 525:

Treatment:—As there is no specific remedy for this
disease, the necessity for preventative measures becomes
apparent. The healthy should be separated from the
sick at once and turned into a fresh pasture where
there is an abundance of fresh water. The food given
should be sweet and steamed or cooked, and limited in
quantity and the person attending them should not go
near nor have anything to do with the affected ones.

As has been remarked before, it is very contagious,
being taken from the blood, flesh and manure. It is
therefore necessary to bury all dead animals, very
deeply ; also throw lime upon the carcass prior to cover-
ing; or burn them up, manure and all, then thoroughly
disinfect the place with carbolic acid or chloride of
lime, and do not allow any other hogs near the locality
that season.

CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS.

This form of cholera consists of an inflammation of
the lungs and bowels, causing red or purple spots on the
skin and it is very contagious.

Causes:—There are many causes assigned to this
disease, among which are feeding in close, filthy, foul-
smelling pens and compelling the animals to drink
water that is highly impregnated with decaying animal
or vegetable matter; also feeding and keeping in low,
damp, swampy, malarial places, feeding upon sour
food, as swill from a sour barrel, distillery slop, sour or
musty corn, or corn that has passed through cattle, or
dirty food of any description. It may also result from
feeding too highly on rich, concentrated, heating,
nutritious food, producing a sudden fattening of the
animal, whereby the blood becomes surcharged with
incompletely transformed material. Whether these are

«

526 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

the real causes or not they are certainly conditions that
should be remedied or avoided, as animals kept in such
a state will have more or less bowel trouble, which
renders them very susceptible to any contagious diseases,
whether brought about by contact or through atmos-
pheric causes. As the poison which produces this dis_
ease is a vegetable germ, so small as not to be observed
with the naked eye, it may be produced or developed
in the filthy material, as administered to the hog, or
carried for a considerable distance through the air and
locating itself with those animals that are in a condi-
tion to receive it. After it has once gained a foothold
ina herd, its contagious character is soon developed and
none need doubt the nature of the disease, as all hogs
in the herd, regardless of age, size, sex or condition,
fall a prey to the malady.

Symptoms:—The symptoms vary, according to the
part of the animal affected, whether it is of a severe
type or not. To this fact especially I would refer the
reader’s attention so that the varying forms will not
confuse him.

The Erysipelatous Form.

This is the most common of the different forms of
the disease. The animal appears dull, with loss of
appetite. If standing, the head hangs low down and it
scarcely moves unless pushed by other hogs, and some-
times efforts at vomiting are observed. It generally
hes down and when in that position can scarcely be
moved. Cough is sometimes present, the urine is high
colored and passed with great difficulty; the bowels are
somewhat constipated and what dung is passed is very
hard and dark colored. In afew hours or possibly the
next day, the symptoms peculiar to this form develop
themselves in the shape of dark red or purple blotches,

CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 527

gradually passing into a bluish black color. When
once seen they are not readily forgotten. ‘These spots
usually appear on the ears, throat, neck, breast and
inside the forelegs. On white hogs the spots are readily
observed. A discharge of dark purple fluid oozes from
the notrils, the breathing becomes more difficult and
labored, the hind parts become paralyzed and if the
animal is forced to move it reels along with its head
and hind legs drooping to the ground. At this stage a
bad smelling diarrhcea sets in and the animal dies in
from one to three days.

Form of Malignant Sore Throat.

This form occurs when the poison attacks the tissues
beneath the lining membrane of the throat, instead of
the tissues beneath the skin. The general symptoms at
first, are the same as appear in the erysipelatous form.
The dark red spots are seen upon the throat, gradually
changing to a dark purple. But the affection attacking
the throat, causes great difficulty in breathing and swal-
lowing and gives rise to another lot of symptoms
peculiar to this form, which are not seen in the erysi-
pelatous condition. From the very commencement, the
animal makes frequent attempts to vomit and there is
difficulty inswallowing; there is such effort in breathing,
that one would naturally suppose the animal was chok-
ing; in fact, it becomes so distressing, that the animal
sometimes sits upon its haunches and gasps for breath,
while the swollen and vid tongue protrudes from the
mouth. Sometimes the swelling in the throat is so great
and sudden, and the animal is choked to death in sucha
short space of time, that the other symptoms remain
unobserved, or have hardly had time to develop them-
selves.

Treatment :—While the treatment of cholera has not
been just as successful as we would desire it to be, yet

528 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

many farmers allow their hogs to go unattended, and
let them die, when a little time and the expenditure of
a small amount of money, might save them hundreds of
dollars. When the symptoms are very pronounced,
with a loss of appetite, there is but little hope for
recovery, and owing to the contagiousness of the trouble,
they had better be knocked in the head, and burned or
buried; but those that will eat, should be treated by
some of the remedies which have proved successful in
the hands of some of the greatest hog raisers in the
country. First and above all things, separate the
healthy from the sick, and place them upon fresh, green
pasture where there is an abundance of pure, fresh
water. Feed them upon clean, sweet food, well steamed
or cooked, and the party attending the sick, should not
feed nor go near those in health. The sick animals should
also be kept at a respectable distance. As the causes
which favor development of this disease have already
been mentioned, repetition is not necessary. The ani-
mals should be carefully removed, after which the atten-
tion should be turned to the procuring of medicines for
relief, and the destruction of the germs and _ their
further development. There are two agents which
possess great influence in this direction, and of which
we have positive testimony in regard to their value, by
their entering into all the various combinations which
have proved successful in the treatment of this disease.
They are copperas and chlorate of potassium. The cop-
peras is much the cheaper of the two, and just as
effective as the chlorate. It has been more abundantly
used, as it hastens chemical changes in the blood, and
increases the firmness of the spleen. It has proven
itself a valuable agent, and can almost be considered a
specific. A remedy much praised and extensively used
by western farmers, is the following:

oe nsf teas i ia

ae el

2x

sme ne

Oe te

er a eet ee

CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTERITIS. 529

OEE. 2c cie sg Fon pe ress one pound.
ate oawh 3 ns OFS 3 se one gallon. Mix.
Boil with four gallons of water. This should be well
stirred with the food, and is considered one dose for
twenty-five hogs. When the hogs are eating add a
| solution of two pounds of baking soda to make the food
foam while it is being consumed. Repeat the dose
every third day, until three doses have been given. See
that every hog eats a share of the remedy. If one fails
| to eat remove it to a place by itself and drench it, but
| if too far gone, kill it and put it out of the way.
Another method of treatment much used in Kentucky,
and called an infallible remedy, is composed of
OTIIBEAR : F ia0eo oe date. iis o ou one pound.
Warm Water ...........three gallons. Mix.
Stir until thoroughly dissolved. When the skin be-
gins to look rough, or a dark red color, commence iinme-
diately and apply every day, by using it warm—spong-
ing or wetting the skin thoroughly, until it looks smooth
and the discoloration disappears. If this bathing or
wetting of the skin be used in connection with the ad-
ministration of the former remedy, better results will
undoubtedly be obtained. Professor Turner, of Illinois,
gives two recipes, either of which, he says, positively
prevents the disease, and, if given freely in the first
stages of the malady, will also cure it. They are,

Flower of Sulphur....-... two pounds.
CONDPTAG 8 ol he oid Be be two pounds.
Waddle ten 6e 3.55 gs two pounds.
Black Antimony.......... half pound.
Salineise ook. 5-325 ..- half pound.
MOE el hae Fa sg ae two ounces.

Mix with twelve gallons of slop. This quantity is
sufficient for one hundred hogs, and when given sepa-

530 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

rately, the dose is one pint for each hog. The other

recipe is
Common Salty ean seis. four pounds.
Black: AmtimOny *)<).! 2/40 one pound.
COPPERAS sje ck mele isieie dus cele l> one pound.
SLOG OER CAPPS UR SRR PoE UME RR one pound.
Saltpetee stein cans coal four ounces.
Wood Ashes (unleached)....one peck.

Mix thoroughly and place in a dry trough, where the
hogs have free access toit. Moisten it a little to keep
from wasting. It has been reliably stated that where
this has been used, prior to the breaking out of cholera
in a herd, with a strict observance of cleanliness, it is a
specific for the prevention of the disease. The other
remedy which has been previously spoken of, is chlorate
of potassium, but owing to the cost of the drug, it has
not been so liberally used. However, I will give a
recipe, which if made use of, and more especially when
the throat is effected, will bring about remarkable and
astonishing results.

Chlorate of Potassium..... one pound.
Water.. ei ate -six gallons. Mix.

The dose is a » half pine fbr ahoh hog, given three or
four times a day. The local treatment consists in
bathing the swollen parts with hot water, which should
have a liberal amount of copperas mixed with it. If
sore spots break out, use

Sweet OUsein cee aus: four ounces.
Spirits Turpentine....... four ounces. Mix.

Apply twice daily to the sores. Common smart weed
has been highly spoken of as a preventative of cholera.
This plant has been used to a considerable extent by
physicians for many years, for its curative properties in
sore mouth, salivation, ulcers, etc., and I believe if it is
used judiciously among hogs, it would not only act as a

MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. 581

preventative of cholera, but would be beneficial in
warding off many diseases known by that name. When
the appetite is not what it should be, feed them enough
of the weed to make them cough and sneeze liberally,
and the beneficial results will be observed to follow.
The way to use the weed, is to make a tea of it and mix
it with the swill, in such quantities as they will eat. If
it is desired to keep the weed for use at any season of
the year, it should be gathered when in bloom, tied up
into small bundles, and hung ina dry, sheltered place.
Charcoal, salt, and wood ashes are also efficient in ward-
ing off disease in hogs. They can be mixed and put in
a special box or trough, where the hogs have free access,
whenever they have a desire for it.

MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH.

Causes :—This disease, like all others that are pro-
duced by floating germs, is brought about by having
the animals in a condition to receive it. It has often
been observed that good sanitary conditions greatly as-
sist in warding off all such diseases. Consequently,
hogs that are kept clean, well housed and fed, and al-
lowed an abundance of fresh water to drink and to
bathe in, seldom contract this disease, and if they do, it
is only ina very mild form. But where hogs are kept
in filthy pens, and their skins are unhealthy and cov-
ered with a mass of foul dirt, the act of perspiration is
checked and extra work is thrown upon the lungs, ~ So
also, when hogs are exposed to sudden changes of tem-
perature, as cold rains, sleet or hail storms; the process
of perspiration is checked, and by this means the other
membranes of the body have a surplus of work to per-
form, when they become over-taxed and weak, thus fur-
nishing the proper soil for these floating germs to take

582 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

hold upon and develop themselves, which they do with
extreme rapidity.

Symptoms:—The symptoms vary, according to the
part of the animal which is the worst affected. That
form wherein the nostrils, windpipe, and lungs are the
portions most affected, will develop a short, hoarse,
hacking cough, with difficult breathing and a panting
motion of the flanks. The head is held in a peculiarly
stretched and somewhat drooping position. The animal
moves along with a slow, stiff, or tottering gait, and if
it squeals, a hoarseness of the throat is noticeable.
Signs of fever are present all the time. Usually, the
bowels are constipated, but some have a diarrhoea and
make frequent attempts at vomiting. When the bowels,
spleen, liver and kidneys are the most affected, the
cough is greatly lessened and may be absent; the
breathing is not nearly so difficult, while the weakness
and staggering gait of the hind parts, is greatly increased.
The fever in the one form is equally as high as in the
other. There is usually at first, constipation of the
bowels, but as the disease advances toward a fatal issue,
there is a change to a profuse and badly smelling
diarrhcea. In some cases, and more especially when the
kidneys are greatly affected, the hog arches its back at
the loins, to a very high degree. Sometimes the brain
becomes affected, as is demonstrated by the animal
staggering about in a wondering manner and running
against objects as though wholly or partially blind.© Or
there may be ulcerating sores on different parts of the
body, indicating an affection of the lymphatic system.
The duration of the disease, is from five to fifteen days.

- Treatment:—This implies good care as well as the
judicious use of medicines. The sick animal should be
separated from the balance of the herd and provided
with a clean, dry bed. The apartments should be well

MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH. 583

ventilated, avoiding drafts, guarding against undue
heat and cold, wet and moisture. The sick always need
pure air in abundance, with clear, fresh water to drink,
and easily digested, nutritious food to eat. If these
directions are carefully followed, many will be cured
which under reverse circumstances, die. The patient
should be given, as soon as these symptoms make their

appearance—
Powdered White Hellebore.........
Re en eres kere Psr, 2 twenty grains.
MiNi tees cias' 3. Sanacce skal’ COIN b. ) ee

This is a dose for a full-grown hog. For younger
animals, give a little less hellebore. This will make
the hog desperately sick for a time, and it will sneak
away and hide in a dark place. In the course of two or
three hours, it will come out again and_ possibly receive
a little food; it should then be given three times a day
for several days, or until a change for the better is
observed, three grains of tartar emetic, if the trouble is
located in the nose, windpipe and lungs, and three
grains of calomel if the disease is mostly in the bowels.
The medicine can easily be given in a boiled potato, a
little milk or gruel. Externally apply to both sides, if
in the lungs, and along the belly, if in the bowels, the
following blister:

Powdered Cantharides..... one ounce.
MONG ON adits osale ws Bens hse 27 four ounces. Mix.

Boil together very slowly, for half an hour. If the
one application does not blister thoroughly, apply again
the following day, with good friction. When cenval-
escence has been established, give from ten to thirty
grains of copperas daily, to which may be added thirty
grains of carbonate of potash, when the lungs have been
greatly disturbed. In all cases where the bowels remain
constipated, give ;

534 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

POET ouoiht O11 RP Acs ea prar a SS one ounce.
Spirits of Turpentine..... one drachm. Mix.
Give in half pint of milk or gruel. The reader should

distinctly bear in mind that this disease attacks the
delicate membranes and glands of the body, and it may
localize itself in various places, while the symptoms just
described, are seldom all found in a single hog. Even
the two forms just spoken of, may be so closely blended
as to make it hard to distinguish which form predomi-
nates. However, the treatment is so similar, that no
fatal mistake can occur.

APOPLEXY.

This disease occurs only in hogs that have been
highly fed and are very fat. Hogs that are cared for in
this manner, are, very liable to congestion of the brain,
which may pass rapidly on to effusion or apoplexy.
During the congestive stage, which may last a few hours,
the hog acts very stupid and moves around in a drowsy
condition, but when it merges into effusion, and the
apoplectic stroke occurs, the animal drops as suddenly
as if knocked on the head with a sledge; the limbs
straighten out and stiffen, the breathing is hard and
stentorian, and there is a frothing and foaming at the
mouth. .

Treatment :—This should be very prompt. Dash cold.

water on the hog, and also hold a can six or eight feet
above it and let the cold water splash and strike the
head for some time. Hasten the movements of the
howels. by giving injections of warm water and castile
soap, or if at hand, the following injection may be
used:

Giincerine (gre Gs hae am one drachm.

AWARE To 2M Seats tie aka san lap Rasa half pint. Mix.

Inject up the last bowel; or

EPILEPSY, OR STAGGERS. 535

Epsom Salts............ three ounces,
Spirits of Turpentine....two drachms.
SOAPSOOR ss eisai se clnan 2 Bales half pint. Mix.

Bleeding and blistering do no special good, and
should not be practiced. When the animal shows signs
of recovery, give

AW psOMl OBlEs. 2.6. 0/642 glee’ three ounces.
WV ALOE aah iis di Actas ahd ate ate & half pint. Mix.

Repeat every three or four hours, until a good physic
is produced, then change the diet te a lighter quality,
to reduce the flesh. If fattening for slaughter, after
recovery takes place, butcher it immediately.

EPILEPSY, OR STAGGERS.

This disease is often confounded with apeplexy, to
which it bears a striking resemblance, but as the treat-
ment is about the same, it makes but little difference
to the amateur practitioner.

Symptoms :—The disorder is caused by congestion of
the brain, and during the stage of congestion, the ani-
mal is both stupid and restless. The eyes present an
inflamed appearance, looking quite red. The pulse is
hard and quick, and the bowels are usually constipated.
These symptoms may gradually pass away, or they may
increase in force, which latter phase will surely result,
if the blood pressure increases on the brain. A period
of excitement is then brought on; the animal walks
about or runs to and fro, sometimes moving around in a
circle, frequently stepping very high, and running
against various objects as though it were blind; or, it
may fall over in an unconscious condition, The breath-
ing is somewhat affected, being hard and laborious. ‘*

Treatment :—Dash cold water quite freely all over the
body, splashing it upon the head with considerable
force. Give an injection immediately, composed of

536 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

Glycerine: is... 00) two: drachms;

Wieaiberen ciate ve sen canter nue. half pint. Mix.
Inject this into the last bowel. Or,

SOMA Meier eel oie sil uel eaet ls four ounces.

Spirits Turpentine.-..... two drachms.

DB) oes ai Cee eae Ais DTA Naa ee one pint. Mix.

Inject up the last bowel. Blisters applied to the
back of the neck, are frequently attended with bene-
ficial results. The following will suffice: ;

Spts. Turpentine.......... two ounces.
Ilartahl@nimtee ese ae eae et) cece one ounce.
Cantharides............-.two drachms. Mix.

When applied, rub thoroughly. Hogs affected with
epilepsy, should be fattened and slaughtered as early
as possibly.

CATARRH, OR SNUFFLES.

This consists of an inflamed condition of the lining
membranes of the nose and head, brought about by
exposure. It requires but little attention further than
good care by keeping in clean, dry, warm, well ven-
tilated pens, carefully avoiding further exposure for the
time. Open the bowels with a warm bran mash, to
which may be added three or four ounces of epsom or
glauber salts. There is, however, a chronic form of
catarrh which affects hogs, called nasal gleet, in which
there is a continuous discharge from one or both
nostrils. It is not contagious and causes but little
harm outside of the annoyance to the animal. If it has
been running for a continued length of time, the nose
may swell some and from the efforts to clean the
nostrils by sneezing, streaks of blood will sometimes be
observed. This is called by some, blue-nose,’ and is
thought to be contagious and incurable, resembling
glanders in the horse, which is a very erroneous and

COUGHS AND COLDS. oe,

mistaken idea; but when the ailment advances to a con-
dition where there is bleeding from the nostrils, such
animals so affected do not thrive well and had better be
destroyed.

COUGHS AND COLDS.

An ordinary cold is in some localities called a
“rising of the lights,’’? and is brought about by any of
the ordinary measures, as sudden changes of tempera-
ture, exposure, ete.

Symptoms :—The appetite is somewhat impaired—
sometimes wholly suspended. There is more or less
coughing and often the cough becomes quick and severe.
Fever is usually present, accompanied with panting or
heaving at the flanks.

Treatment:—It is quite unnecessary to bleed and
purge, or administer calomel and tartar emetic, which
is commonly advised and frequently followed. The
animal should be housed in comfortable quarters and
cleanliness should be strictly observed. The throat and
ehest should be rubbed with mustard thinned with
water to the consistency of thick cream. Feed the
animal upon light, warm, easily digested food, into
which should be mixed thirty grains of copperas, three
times a day. Also administer

Chlorate of Potassium......one ounce.

Witten acpi. ue. > uate. -----one quart. Mix.
Give a wine glassful three times a day. Or,

Pinee Pars so... Goctiateei sete one pint.

NVA Ere ats Foye wicca pate) oie Soe one gallon.

Mix thoroughly, and give a pint morning and
evening.

538 DISEASES OF THE HOG.
QUINSY—STRANGLES—TONSILITIS.

This is an inflammation of the glands in the upper
part of the throat, known as the tonsils. It is quite a
common complaint among hogs, and very often fatal,
death being caused by the rapidity with which the
swellings increase, thus completely closing the upper air
passages, causing suffocation.

Symptoms :—The symptoms are well pronounced, dis-
tressing and rapid. Breathing and swallowing are
performed with the greatest difficulty. Swellings appear
under the neck and lower jaw, and as these swellings
enlarge, the breathing is performed with increased
labor, the tongue protrudes, and there is more or less
slavering from the mouth.

Treatment :—As the disease progresses very rapidly,
the treatment must be correspondingly so, otherwise a
fatal termination may be looked for. A number of
incisions should be made into the skin with a sharp-
pointed knife, immediately over the swellings, deep
enough to draw the blood quite freely. These should be
well bathed with hot water, or cloths wrung out of hot
water should be applied. Internally administer,

Epsome Saltese oe aieee four ounces.
NViaIbe RE Web eit sea CAME an Ea, half pint. Mix.

Give at one dose, if the hog can swallow, to be fol-
lowed with two-drachm doses of spirits of turpentine,
every three hours, in a little milk or gruel, and if it
cannot swallow this, take

Turpentine 2 sean owe: two ounces.
Sweet Ome Oi einan ul: two ounces. Mix.

Fasten a cloth on the end of a limber whip-stalk or
green bough, dip it into the mixture, and force it well
back, around the upper part of the throat. Repeat this
two or three times a day.

a

DIARRH@®A, OR SCOURS. 589

CONSTIPATION.

This affection is most frequently observed in young
pigs that are too highly fed, and more especially upon
dry grain food. Sows are sometimes constipated after
the delivery of a lot of young pigs. In this case it is
brought about by the change of condition in the system,
the animal being more or less feverish. When hogs are
constipated, they exhibit a great desire for drink, and
the appetite is partially suspended.

Treatment :—This consists of a complete change of
diet. Feed hot bran mashes, to which may be added
some flaxseed meal. Give some green food, as green
clover; or turnips, carrots, apples, sweet beets, ete.
Also allow a liberal amount of charcoal; it will greatly
assist digestion, which is an auxiliary to the relief of
constipation. If these fail to bring about the desired
result, give two or three ounces of epsom or glauber
salts, and repeat if necessary, until the bowels are
relieved.

DIARRHOEA, OR SCOURS.

Hogs are very seldom troubled with this complaint,
but young pigs are quite liable to attacks of diarrhea,
which often terminate fatally. It is usually brought
on by a changed condition or bad quality of the mother’s
milk.

Treatment:—The efforts should be directed toward
effecting a change in the condition of the milk. Change
the sow’s food immediately. Ifshe has been kept upon
dry, sour, or musty diet, give her green food; or if from
too much green food, give her clean, sweet, dry food, to

which should be added

540 DISEASES OF THE HOG.
FAGHIBEEMEECL YS» treme nels sale etes one pound.
Gehan wee Rete lade half pound.
Baking Soda ey 3) s.la kee half pound.
Powdered Chalk.......... one pound.
Sulla eas etn ie tie .. half pound. Mix.

Give a tablespoonful in her slop, three times a day.
Great care should be taken to keep the youngsters
warm. It is very important that the pen be cleaned
every day, and scattered over with slacked lime or dry
earth, to absorb and destroy the smell arising from their
passages, as it has a tendency to aggravate the com-
plaint.

AGUE CAKE—SPLEEN ENLARGEMENT—SPLENITIS.

Hogs which are raised and kept in low, swampy,
malarial districts, are subject to the same complaints as
human beings and from continued attacks of ague are
quite hable to have enlargement of the spleen or milt.
While in this condition it is almost impossible to fatten
them. Or again, the continuous fattened condition of
hogs which are kept for exhibition purposes, in connec-
tion with high feeding and little or no exercise, event-
ually brings about enlargement of the spleen, where-
upon the animals commence to lose flesh and it: will be
found impossible to hold them in the condition the
keeper or owner desires.

Symptoms: —There is a gradual and preceptible loss
of flesh, apparently unaccountable. The hog eats fairly
well, but fails to take on flesh and appears somewhat
dull and languid. As the spleen enlarges, it is observed
to le always on the one side, or should it lie down on
the opposite side it very quickly changes its position,
and when walking it leans or doubles to one side as if
the natural position caused internal pain.

-
eb ai
je 2.

DIPHTHERIA. 541

Treatment :—The object in treatment is the reduction
of the size of the spleen. This can be accomplished by
a change of climate, which is not a profitable proceeding
in hog raising. The medicinal treatment calls for a
brisk physic, as

DAP ete aia a coe ne niet slam ten grains.
CalOMBE iene Dates gs tue COD SPAIN LD,

Give in a boiled potato, on an empty stomach, to be
followed with ten grain doses of quinine, three times a
day for a week or ten days. Change the hogs to dry,
upland pasture, also feed grains sparingly. Some
veterinarians recommend very strongly in cases wherein
the fattening process is interfered with, the use of

Wormwood Leaves......... one pound.
Liverwort Leaves.......... one pound. Mix.

Boil slowly in two gallons of water for an hour, and
give half pint to a pint daily, in soft food. Feed the
hogs at regular intervals and be careful not to give too
much atatime. If, after feeding, any food remains in
the trough, remove it.

DIPHTHERIA.

This disease, like many others which affect hogs, has
been classed under the head of cholera, presumably on
account of the suddenness of its symptoms and its
extreme fatality. It is more frequently caused by filth
than any other source and once breaking out in a herd,
owing to its contagiousness, it spreads very rapidly and
is very destructive.

Symptoms :—These appear very suddenly. The animal
ceases eating, the throat appears very sore, accompanied
with extreme weakness and stiffness across the back.
The eyes appear dull and sunken, the hog moves around
very slowly, with the head elevated and the mouth

542 DISEASES OF THE HOG,

open. The tongue is dry and livid and the throat red
and swollen, with grayish white spots scattered over the
upper part of the throat. These increase very rapidly
until the whole air passage is involved, threatgning
strangulation. There is more or less coughing and
during a paroxysm of coughing, shreds of false mem-
branes are expelled.

Treatment:—This must be prompt if attended with
success, Separate the sick to a respectable distance
from those unaffected, and see that the whole herd is
put in a clean, dry place. Give those hogs that have
been exposed,

Chlorate of Potash......... one pound.
Water ayant lec hs, 6 ia. oallons WIN iiess

This will make one dose for seventy-five hogs and
should be given once daily for a week, in milk, slop or
water. The sick hogs should have sulphur applied to
their throats three times a day. This can be accom-
plished by tying a cloth or sheepskin with the woolly
side out, upon a stick, filling it full of sulphur and
forcing it back around the upper part of the mouth. Or
use a spray for throwing powders. For those that still
continue to eat a little, place drachm doses of chlorate
of potash in their food, and give to such as do not eat,

Gisuber Sal tess ce ence six ounces.
Carholice Acid)... 502). two drachms.
Chlorate of Potash........ two ounces.
Wieltein iets te Se Riad eet, one quart. Mix.

Give one ounce, three times a day. Feed upon warm,
thin, sloppy food and keep in a dry, airy comfortable
place.

TRICHINOSIS—TRICHINA.

As no remedy has yet been discovered which is capa.
ble of destroying this parasite, it is only. necessary to

TRICHINOSIS—TRICHNA. 543

speak of it, to warn people against eating pork that has
not been thoroughly cooked or fried. The hog does not
appear to suffer materially when affected with this
parasite, hence its presence can only be determined by
* microscopical examinations of the flesh. They are so

TRICHINA AND CYST GREATLY ENLARGED.

small as not to be observed with the naked eye, yet
they increase with wonderful rapidity, developing
alike in all animals, man included, upon gaining access
to the stomach; here thesworm becomes freed from the
cyst that it has oceupied, through the process of diges-

— lt SA!
Se rast ets SMA b ae
yt es
eee agate Stas aT

MUSCLE WITH ENCYSTED TRICHINA.

tion; the male and female pair and each female then
lays a vast number of eggs, which develop into little
worms that burrow around through the flesh until they
become encysted. There they remain until they are
eaten again and find their way back into the stomach,
where they again reproduce. It has been estimated

=

544 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

that from one million to five million have been dis-
covered in a single pound of flesh. When man becomes
affected with trichina, it produces symptoms very sim-
ilar to typhoid fever.

MEASLES.

There have been several causes assigned to this dis-
ease, such as feeding upon certain articles of diet, as
nuts, fruits, etc., as well as hereditary tenden-
cies and contagion. It has been called measles, from
the striking resemblance of the flesh of the hog, to the
eruption of measles on the human skin. The real cause

MEASLES IN PORK.

is tapeworm, which the hog possibly eats while feeding
on human excrement, or pasturing upon ground which
has been fertilized with this kind of manure. After the
eggs are taken into the stomach, they develop into a
worm aid find their way into the muscles, where they
become encysted. These cysts are about the size ofa
grain of wheat, and they are scattered throughout the
entire system. When pork that has measles, is eaten
without being thoroughly cooked, so as to destroy this
parasite, tapeworm will develop in the human bowel,
and grow to various lengths, from ten to sixty feet.
The symptoms of measles, are general debility, cough,
running from the eyes; discharge from the nose, and
weakness of the hind legs. Small, watery pustules ofa

ee

PILES. 545

reddish color, will be observed on various parts of the
skin. The treatment consists in giving drachm doses of
sulphur and saltpetre, every. day for several weeks,
together with good, nutritious and easily digested food.

TAPE WORM.-

But prevention is always better than medicinal treat-
ment, therefore, keep hogs off from such pastures and
away from human excrement, especially if any one of
the household is known to have been affected with tape-
worm recently.

PILES.
This complaint is of more frequent occurrence than
is usually supposed, but is rarely discovered until blood
is seen passing away with the dung. It is caused by

M PILES.
indigestion, constipation, ete., and is generally consid-
ered incurable. But to relieve the animal as much as
is possible, in order to fatten it for slaughter, an entire

546 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

change of food should be given, such as light, easily
digested food, with some sour milk. Grease the parts
frequently with benzoated vaseline, or

Wiaselimetneciatt sce ie ae two ounces.
PanniceAcidssiicwse ee .four drachms. Mix.
Apply twice daily. Or inject the bowels with
Chlorate of Potassium....six drachms.
Laudananiice. voce See ein two ounces.
Waters. gones ec cEOUr OUNCES aiMiExe

Apply twice daily; or simply greasing the parts
with vaseline or common lard, is beneficial. Such hogs
should not be kept for any length of time.

KIDNEY WORMS, OR LARD WORMS.

The kidneys and the lard surrounding them, are
liable to become affected with parasites, many of which
are found in the fat in other parts of the body. These do
not cause any serious harm, but sometimes a large worm
called the Eustrongylus Gigas, makes its nest in the
pelvis or center of the kidney from which the secreted
urine flows.

Symptoms :—The animal is inclined to he down most
of the time, and on attempting to rise, experiences
difficulty in using its hind parts, which seem in a par-
tially or wholly paralyzed condition. If it regains its
feet, it moves about with an awkward, straddling gait.

Treatment :—That which has generally been practiced,
is the application of turpentine across the loins, daily’
for several days; but as turpentine is good for the
destruction of worms, it is better to give it internally,
as a spoonful twice daily, mixed with oil or milk.
Another remedy highly recommended, is

Copperas............... two drachms.
Slip hue ica eee two drachms. Mix.

LICE. 547

Give in the feed, every night for ten days. How-
ever, the turpentine will reach them quicker and be
more effectual than anything else.

LICE,

There is no earthly reason why hogs should be infested
with this most disgusting parasite, when a little care
and attention will free them from the terrible annoy-
ance resulting. Asa usual thing, they are not found
upon hogs that are healthy and thriving, but may be

HOG LOUSE.

found somewhat abundantly upon hogs that are half
starved, or are badly out of condition. Their presence
causes excessive irritation and itching, and prevents
hogs from thriving that would otherwise do well on the
same amount of food.

Treatment :—As lice belong to a low order of life, it
is not only necessary to destroy them with medines, but
if a permanent cure is to be expected, the whole pen
will have to be renovated. The bedding must be taken
out and burned, and the walls well white-washed. The
floor should be covered with air-slacked lime, or wood

548 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

ashes, and the animal kept clean and well fed. Also,
to place the hogs in a better condition, give drachm
doses of copperas and sulphur, once daily in their food.
Externally use the following wash:

Stavesacre Seeds.......... half pound...
White Hellebore..........two ounces.
Water. .t4.0a.5.. sv. sett wonmallons: JM

Break up the seeds and place over a fire, slowly
simmering down to one gallon. Bathe the hogs with
this solution every third day, until three applications
have been made, barely wetting the skin. As the nits
hatch out every five days, you will effectually destroy
them all, before there is time for a reproduction of more
nits. Or use

OC OTS oe pag sen an ot obs two quarts.
Lard Oil, or Whale Oil .... one quart. Mix.

Apply every three days, until three applications
have been made. In some parts of the country, hogs
are bathed in buttermilk, to exterminato lice. But the
first recipe here given, will be found more effectual
than anything else.

THE MANGE—ITCH, OR SCAB.

This disease is caused by the presence of a parasite
called the Sarcoptes Suis, and is transmissible to man.
These small parasites burrow down into the skin,
causing such annoyance that the animal keeps rubbing
itself until scabs are formed. The insects have a great
tenacity of life, and are communicated to other hogs by
rubbing against posts where mangy hogs have rubbed
and left some scabs.

Treatment :—This consists of external applications
mainly, as there is no possibility of effecting a cure,
until the insect is destroyed in its entirety. First,
cover the whole body with soft soap, which has been

THE MANGE—ITCH, OR SCAB. 540

made from lye of wood ashes, and let it remain on for
two hours, then wash off and immediately apply,

Flower of Sulphur........ four ounces.
Spirits of Turpentine..... two ounces.
Chilvat drains seven. < ses ... two ounces.
Dard ier ts. shoes, ves eat eight ounces. Mix.

Or the following wash may be used:

Flower of Sulphur........ two pounds.
Qaneklimie /\4.i':)..0).- wdis oo one pound.
WEEE Ro 9h near ces, ett occa two gallons. Mix.

Boil together, continuously stirring it until it is well
mixed. Mr. Richardson gives the following remedy
which he says has never failed. He first washes the
animal with soft soap and warm water, then dries it off
and applies this ointment:

SPR AMOI 2 aay shyly thee of Beer bh one pint.
Gilat Eats eee aera: two drachms.
Oil Turpentines «065... two drachms.
Petroleum 2... 2 dneson One drachme

Mix with flower of sulphur, sufficient to form a thick
paste, then thoroughly rub the animal with this mix-
ture, and allow it to remain on the skin for three days.
On the fourth day wash off with soft soap and water,
and give in the food once daily for two weeks,

Flower of Sulphur...... four drachms.
Sali wetnes ys Aidan. cet ctucie « one drachm. Mix.

Give at one dose. The pens should be washed with
coal oil, and afterwards white-wash also those posts or
rocks where the hogs have been in the habit of rubbing.
The bedding should be burned, and a thorough renovat-
ing system adcopted.

550 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

DELIVERY AND CARE OF YOUNG—PIGGING.

The uterus, or womb, of the sow differs but little in
shape from that of other animals, that bear one or more
off-spring at each time of delivery. . But in all mul-
tiparous animals or animals that produce a number of
young at each birth, conception does not take place in
the body of the womb itself, but in various places
along the channels which lead to the ovaries or female
testicles. After conception has taken place these
channels commence to enlarge, as also does the womb,

A.— Vagina, or Entrance,
B.—Body of Womb,

C.—Feetus, or young pig exposea.
D. —Feetus, or young pig covered.

to allow sufficient room for the perfect development of
the young pigs, as well as to insure their safe delivery.
They are covered with placental membranes or after-
birth, and are nourished through these and the umbil-
ical cord, from the blood of the mother, the same as all
other young animals, prior to birth. The period of
pregnancy usually lasts about four months, but perfect
development and a safe delivery may take place at a
much shorter period, as instances have been recorded
where sows have delivered living and healthy young at

DELIVERY AND CARE OF YOUNG—PIGGING. 551

one hundred and four days after service. When the
time has about arrived for the delivery of her young,
the sow should be placed in a separate pen or sty and a
liberal amount of short straw or chaff allowed for bed-
ding, as in a large bedding of long straw the youngsters
may become entangled and not have the strength and
activity to get out of the way of the mother, while
changing her position; thus she might accidentally lie
upon some of them and crush or kill them. It is a good
plan to place a scantling or plank about five or six
inches high, all around the pen, projecting outward
from four to six inches, then should the sow lie too close
to the wall and some of the young pigs should happen
to be in that vicinity, instead of being crushed they
would slip into the space under the projection and thus
escape injury. The sow should be kept in a place
that is moderately warm, yet it should have good venti-
lation. When the day of delivery has arrived, if every-
thing is normal she should not be disturbed, but given
a good allowance of nourishing and easily digested food,
as they generally suffer from weakness and prostration
immediately after delivery. If this is allowed them
and they are not irritated by the presence of people,
they are less likely to devour their young. If, how-
ever, they cannot effect delivery alone, manual assist-
ance becomes necessary and this should be rendered
very cautiously and carefully. An examination should
be made with the fingers, which have previously been
well oiled or greased with clean lard. If one of the
young pigs lies crosswise it must be straightened, which
can sometimes be accomplished by pressure along the
belly and by assisting with the fingers in the vagina;
or enlist some assistance from a person that has a small
hand, as a boy or a woman. Haye the person oil or
grease their hands well, then carefully pass it up the

552 DISEASES OF THE HOG.

channel until the little creature is felt, then straighten
it and also fasten a cord around its neck or hind feet,
whichever is the most convenient, then apply gentle
force or traction until it is delivered. Do not be rough
or use too great force, but if need be, pass the hand at
frequent intervals to be certain that it is straight.
After it is delivered, no matter whether it be living or
dead, allow sufficient time to elapse (say an hour or
more) when she may proceed and deliver the remainder
without assistance. If not, proceed in the manner as
before described, until all are delivered. There are
various instruments or forceps invented to assist in the
performance of this act, but in the hands of an amateur
they are somewhat unsafe as he might fasten onto the
womb along with the young pig and tear it, thus
endangering the life of the sow to a degree uncalled for.
But if manipulated by a small hand and cord, there is
much less danger. If there is much prostration in the
sow following delivery, give half ounce doses of hot
whisky every hour for a few hours, as well as the best
nourishing, easily digested, warm food, to which may
be added half ounce doses of glauber salts, three times
aday. Keep her comfortable and warm and if consti-
pation follows, give her a few injections of warm water
and castile soap. Ifthe womb is badly irritated, you
may inject the following into the womb: Take one
drachm of powdered opium and steep it thoroughly in
a quart of hot water, then add one drachm of per-
manganate of potassium and inject four ounces every
five or six hours. This will allay irritation and destroy
any foul smell that may be present. At all times allow
her what cool drinking water she may desire.

DISEASES OF THE DOG,

THEIR

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.

DISTEMPER.

Causes :—This is the most fatal of the common dis-
eases which affect young dogs. There is no doubt but
that it is contagious, no matter as to the cause of its
origin. It may be brought on by sudden changes of tem-
perature, or exposure to cold and wet, and as it usually
occurs about the time the animal is cutting its perma-
nent teeth, the irritation produced from this source,
may greatly assist in its development. Feeding upon
raw meat, with close confinement, not being allowed
the liberty of exercise at will, is also an auxiliary to
the development of distemper. But as it usually attacks
young dogs, and as they are seldom free from worms, I
am greatly inclined to the opinion that they are one of
the principal causes of this malady.

Symptoms :—The first symptoms observable, will be
a slight dullness, the animal not appearing in its usual
lively mood; the appetite begins to waver. Vomiting
or attempts at vomiting, with light purging from the
bowels, are among the earlier symptoms. The eyes now
begin to look red and tears commence flowing down the
cheeks. A light, short cough is now noticed, the pulse
has quickened to possibly one hundred and twenty beats
per minute, and as the disease advances, mattery

(553)

554 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

accumulations are seen about the eyes and nose, increas-
ing to a flow of mucous from one or both nostrils. The
cough now becomes more severe, the hair begins to look
rough and staring, and the nose is quite hot. If a change
for the better does not take place at this period, the
symptoms continue to increase in force; the eyes
will become almost glued together with matter, the
nostrils become closed up with a thick, mattery dis-
charge, and the breath has an offensive smell. The dog
now loses flesh very rapidly; blood streaks will be
observed around the nose, and partial paralysis of the
hind legs occurs, which gradually increases until it affects
the whole body. The poor animal now lies prostrate
and continues in this condition, until death relieves its
sufferings. In those cases where favorable recoveries
are looked for, the symptoms may appear very encour-
aging for three or four weeks, when a relapse occurs in
a violent form, and it dies very suddenly; but when the
acute symptoms subside and the dog appears to be doing
well and gains somewhat in flesh, a speedy recovery
may be looked for. If it fails to gain in flesh and the
eyelids still present a red appearance, it is not free from
dangerous consequences. After recovery has become
complete, it is very seldom they take the disease again.
There are cases known where distemper has occurred
the second time, but this is the exception and not the
rule.

Treatment :—Place the anima! in comfortable quar-
ters, where it will be clean and dry. Have the place
moderately warm, carefully avoiding excessive heat and
cold. Change the bedding frequently and allow plenty
of pure, fresh air. As regards diet, refrain from giving
meat altogether; give soft food, as bread and milk,
crackers and milk, boiled rice, or broth, and clean,
fresh water to drink. If the lungs are affected, apply

i

—

DIARRH@A AND DYSENTERY. 555

a mustard plaster to the chest, over which place a
blanket. Keep it on for an hour, when it should be
washed off and greased with a little sweet oil, but if
considered necessary apply the mustard again; the dog
should have a physic, for which the following will
suffice :

WaAShGnCOnb aileve Wie eit esos one ounce.

Dam LOIS s)s -o}<0%iccunadey ss twelve grains. Mix.

Give half and repeat in four hours, if the first dose

does not operate. This should be followed with

COAT aghs0' aos Vi oe ees one drachm.
OT PON ABs sie ass ew tintees one drachm.
Ba MURS roves sith twee oie ake one drachm.
GO b Vali a ..ssm aa ates blocs two drachms. Mix.

Make twenty powders or pills and give one three
times a day. Should the bowels become costive, give a
tablespoonful of syrup of buckthorn every three or four
hours until the bowels operate nicely. Sometimes,
during the course of the disease, the brain becomes
affected, as is demonstrated by delirium and fits. Pro-
cure the following as quickly as possible:

Bromide of Potassiun....two drachms.
Chloral Hydrate.........two scruples.
WWALCE Ure ve atte. tks tales four ounces. Mix.

Give teaspoonful every two hours until the acute
symptoms pass away, then give three times a day for
a few days.

DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTERY.

This affection is generally brought on from over-
feeding or the use of improper food. Severe work ona
very hot day or sudden change from hot to cold,
frequently affects the bowels, causing diarrhea. .

Symptems :—The first symptom noticeable is the soft
- fluid condition of the passage of the bowels, instead of

556 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

being solid, as in health. There is more or less sick-
ness at the stomach, with an unusual desire for drinking _
water. The breath becomes somewhat offensive, as
well as the passages from the bowels. The dog appears
weak, the eyes presenting a sunken appearance, and if
the animal is left alone it will go away to some cool
place and lie down most of the time. If dysentery
appears it will be observed by the heavy straining,
while passing a thin, liquid substance, which is some-
what tinged with blood, the last bowel appearing con-
siderably inflamed.

Treatment :—First give a mild physic, asa dessert-
spoonful of castor oil, to carry away any irritant that
may be causing the diarrhoea, after which allow the
patient twenty-four hours rest without medicines, as
it is always desirable to allow the bowels to resume
their natural functions, which they will often do, with-
out medical aid. If, after that time has elapsed and
the disease continues, the following will suffice.

Panag amis sc esis bee ole eek two drachms.
Dr? Catechunsd: . sess four drachms.
Pr Ginger avis h act, four drachms.
Pre Cardamons) cases e. two drachms.
Br anGiyees.. wera a eer four drachms. Mix.

Give teaspoonful every two hours. If it nauseates
the dog, mix it with a little syrup, or take

Bowd: Catechurs =.) 5.15)... one drachm.
Rowds Opinii pecs mie aah ene scruple.
Prepared Chalk .........two drachms.
Bowd.-Gineer.. 5-74. sues: one drachm. Mix.

Make twelve powders. Give one powder in a little
syrup every four hours. Should the bowels become too
greatly constipated from the effects of the medicine,
give a dessertspoonful of castor oil.

CONSTIPATION—COSTIVENESS. 557

CONSTIPATION—COSTIVENESS.

Causes :—Dogs are frequently troubled with consti-
pation, without any good, assignable cause. Feeding
rich food as meats, etc., without sufficient exercise will
produce it. Occasionally dogs swallow bones that have
not been crushed thoroughly and they become lodged in
the last bowel, thus preventing the passage. The dung
then dries out and becomes almost as hard as a stone.

Symptoms :—The dog will be noticed to make fre-
quent efforts to stool, without anything passing. Wher
making the attempts at passage, they will often pant.
At other times, the pain will be so severe as to cause it
to yelp quite loudly. It will sometimes lie around con-
siderably, often panting, and if taken out for a run, it
will often stop, and strain violently to make its passage.

Treatment :—I) ‘ections into the last bowel, will often
remove the trouble. These may consist of castile soap.
and warm water, or use some raw linseed oil, or

Glycerine........-+..+-- half drachm.
Raw Linseed Oil..........-.one ounce. Mix.

Or in the absence of the oil, use warm water and
glycerine. Give internally, half an ounce of castor
oil, or

Powdered Jalap.........two drachms.
Tincture Gentian........ two drachms.
Simple Syrup.............two ounces. Mix.

Give half, and repeat the dose if necessary, in six
hours. Lay the dog upon its side and feel along the
belly towards the hind parts, and you can frequently
locate the hard lump. By using continuous pressure, it
can sometimes be forced along the channel to the exit.
Grease the finger and insert it up the last bowel. If
you can feel the hardened matter, gradually break it to
pieces. Oraspoon handle may be used for this purpose.

£58 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

If you feel a piece of bone, work around it carefully -
until it is loosened, then work it away. If you have
tried for some time and have failed to remove all, give
an injection of oil or grease, and allow the animal rest,
for two or three hours, then try again. Continue in .
this manner, and you will eventually accomplish your
object. After you have removed the obstruction, give
a tablespoonful of castor oil, after which change its
food, giving soft material for a few days, with plenty of
exercise.

COLIC—BELLY-ACHE.

Causes :—It is usually brought about through some-
thing the animal has eaten, or exposure to cold and wet;
from fatigue and fasting or being fed a heavy meal,
after a hard day’s run. Owing to the ease with which
dogs can vomit, the overloaded stomach is emptied in
this manner, thus avoiding many attacks of colic.

Symptoms :—The dog appears very uneasy and rest-
less. It will draw its body all up in a heap and roll
around. It will yelp or cry, without any assignable
cause, also moan considerably and refuse to eat any-
thing. The bowels are usually costive and bloating is
sometimes observed.

Treatment :—If there is costiveness or bloating, injec-
tions will be beneficial, as

Glycerimes iy. oper cial: half drachm.
Neher: tory Ol oie jes etearee two ounces. Mix.

Throw this up the last bowel, or in the absence of
glycerine, use castile soap and hot water, frequently.
Bathe the bowels with heavy cloths wrung out of hot
water, and give twenty drops of laudanum or a tea-
spoonful of paregoric in some warm milk or some ginger
tea, to which may be added a little red pepper. Also
give a physic, as

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 559

Oastor Oilt or sags: secures half ounce.

Or,
Powdered Jalap.......+-- one drachm.
Simple Syrup....-.-------: one ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose and repeat if necessary in five
hours.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS.

This occurs from eating irritating substances in the
food, also from exposure to cold, or sudden chilling
when in a heated condition; from certain poisons, and
from colic when not given proper attention.

Symptoms :—These very much resemble colic, but the
pain is more continuous. There will be great uneasi-
ness and whining, or brief disconnected cries. Pressure
applied upon the belly, produces pain. The breathing
is fast and the pulse is rapid, with a high fever.

Treatment :—Give twenty drops of laudanum every
two or three hours, or half a grain of morphine will
answer the same purpose. Apply mustard to the belly,
and after it has acted, which will take an hour or more,
apply hot cloths or a poultice made of hot bran, all
along the belly. Aconite is good in this disease, there-
fore give the following:

Fluid Extract Aconite Root......--.
MR See Ge hE acd ares AhaPe one drachm.
Wiratemonts ccm canes Meet twek eight ounces. Mix.

Give tablespoonful every hour. Allow ice-cold
water to drink, in limited quantities. Do not be in too
great haste to effect a movement of the bowels, but
give slippery-elm tea or linseed jelly, and after recovery
has taken place, you may give a tablespoonful of castor
oil. If the bowels are still costive, give a few injec-
tions of warm water.

560 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

FITS—EPILEPSY.

Fits are very often seen in the dog, on account of the
high state of development of the nervous system, it
being very tense andacute. Anything th»t will produce
an irritation of the intestinal canal, is liable to produce
fits, as indigestion, worms, etc., or it may be caused
from some brain affection, as blood pressure, tumors, or
injuries causing pressure upon the brain, ete.

Symptoms :—These, when once seen, are not readily
forgotten. The dog will fall over and move its legs
violently. There is champing of the jaws and frothing at
the mouth. This may last for only a minute or possibly
several minutes, when suddenly the animal rises, looks
rather bewildered for a short time, then appears all right
again, until another fit comes on. If the fits occur very
frequently, the animal will likely die from exhaustion.

Treatment :—When fits are observed in young dogs,
it is well to treat for intestinal worms. If tape-worm
is suspected, give a wineglassful of pumpkin seed tea,
on an empty stomach, every four hours until three doses
have been given, then give half ounce of castor oil,
or give a drachm of powdered areca nut, and follow it
up with a physic. Or give two doses daily of finely
powdered glass, for two or three days, then physic. If
the fits are caused from some brain affection, use

Bromide of Potassium ...two drachms.
Chloral uaiais BRE Aaya one drachm.
Water.. Tiga duaihers os SEDATE A OUNCES. ales

Give a feaincontals every two hours until the patient
is quieted, then give a teaspoonful twice daily for a
week or ten days. Sometimes they will disappear and
not return, but if there is structural change in the
brain, they will likely terminate fatally. In all cases
of fits the food should be of such a character as will be
easily digested and keep the bowels soft.

COUGHS—CATARRH—COLDS. 561

GOITRE.

This consists of a gradual enlargement of the thyroid
glands, situated on the sides of the neck a short dis-
tance behind the jaws. These glands in their natural
condition are small, but when they begin to enlarge,
which they frequently do, no inflammatory action is
noticeable, but they gradually increase in size until
they acquire the proportions of a large goose egg. They
do not always produce harm, but sometimes they press
upon the windpipe to such an extent that they interfere
with the preathing. The treatment consists of painting
the parts once daily with tincture of iodine, for a con-
tinued length of time. Also give internally

Iodide of Potassium ..... two drachms.
Water 2. 3%<' otancinantess:. Lour ounces; -Viix,

Give a teaspoonful twice daily, and the enlargement

will usually disappear in the course of two months.

COUGH—CATARRH—COLDS.

Dogs that are subjected to exposures of wet and
cold, more especially in the spring and fall of the year,
are very lable to catch cold, when they will cough,
sneeze and run at the nose, and sometimes considerable
fever will rise, which, if neglected, may develop into
more serious complications, as lung fever, etc.

Treatment :—This is very simple and if attended to
early, no bad results follow. Give two grains of quinine
three times a day, ina piece of fried or boiled meat,
and rub the throat well with mustard. Or use

Raw Linseed Oil..........two ounces.
la ebshOriy.< sac. hea ec 2 ..two ounces.
Turpentine .. Ue a .two ounces. Mix.

Apply to the pees iiee daily. If it appears a

562 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

little too strong, which it may be for some dogs, add a
little more oil. Should a bad cough be present, use

PSV eG Ne ioucleueiseieyeates.« two drachms.
Vee Olds vele ee rsleterayaeueelar four drachms.
Syzr: ‘Ipecac::.)..'.!.).'....+.|..twodrachme,
GHIOFOLOLMIY apc te ee ie wee ten drops.

Honey, or Simple Syrup...two ounces. Mix.
Give a teaspoonful three times a day.

LUNG FEVER—PNEUMONIA—INFLAMMATION OF
THE LUNGS.

This disease is generally brought on from exposure
to cold and wet, changes of temperature, change of
climate, sudden chilling when heated, neglected catarrh
or colds, etc.

Symptoms:—The dog will appear somewhat stupid
and not inclined to move about very much. The head
will be held in an extended manner. There is an
anxious look of countenance and a red or bloodshot
appearance of the eyes. The breath is hot and the
breathing painful and accompanied with a slight grunt
at each expiration. The cough is short and somewhat
distressing. The animal will frequently sit up for
hours until through exhaustion, the forefeet slide for-
ward and it falls down. By applying the ear to its
sides the various sounds differing from the a
lungs, will be readily observed.

Treatment :—First place the dog in a good, comfortable
place, where it is not too cold, and without draughts,
Bandage the legs and body to keep it moderately warm,
Allow it all the pure, cool, fresh water it will drink,
Keep the bowels open and loose, feeding only such food
as is soft and nourishing, as milk, broth, boiled rice,
etc. Apply mustard drafts to the sides, rubbing well

»

MANGE. 5638

into the hair, and blanket immediately, to retain the
fumes. Wash off in an hour and repeat again, as often
as you deem it necessary. Internally, give
GUM ING 70h. nao tey Paws One Grachm.
Dover Powder..........-.one drachm. Mix.
Make thirty powders. Give one powder every four
to six hours. Also get six ounces of mindererus spirits,

and give a teaspoonful every two hours. Change the

Ledding frequently and keep the surroundings sweet
and clean.

RABIES—HYDROPHOBIA—MADNESS.

As this disease is incurable nothing remains but to
destroy the animal. For further particulars see treatise
on this disease, among horses.

MANGE.

Causes:—This is quite a common complaint among
dogs and is caused by a mite or parasite, of which there
are different varieties, that burrows into the skin, some

toa greater depth than others. Persistent treatment

is called for, and then sometimes the disorder baffles all
treatment applied. Again the parasites are more
superficial, even working around among the scabs, in
which case they are more easily reached and destroyed.
They are usually transferred from one dog to another
by the animals running together, or by sleeping in a
kennel where a mangy dog has been kept, as they
remain in a dirty kennel for an indefinte length of time.

Symptoms :—The dog appears out of condition and is
not active and bright. The skin is itchy, the animal
frequently and persistently scratching itself; or it sits
down and rubs or scratches until sore spots are formed.
The parasite usually makes its appearance in the form

564 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

of red pimples or eruptions, around the inside of the
hind legs, along the belly on the under side, around the
elbows, about the eyes, and eventually spreading all
over the whole body, when the hair either falls off or is
scratched or rubbed off in patches, and scabs or scales
are formed. The skin looks dry, harsh and sealy and‘
emits a disagreeable smell, more especially on a damp
day or if wetted a little.

Treatment:—As the disease is due to a parasite which
affects the skin only, internal remedies are not required
any further than to open the bowels nicely and keep
them in that condition. For this purpose give half an
ounce of castor oil, or

Powdered Jalap.......... one drachm.
Syrups iva Po aie ome rae ie oe one ounce. Mix.

Give at one dose, then wash the dog thoroughly with
soft soap and water, to remove all dirt and scabs. Dry
off well and apply

Onliot Bara. eee Bie aioe one pint.
Klower of Sulphuric. .> 6 half pound.

Mix thoroughly and rub it well into the skin, every
day until four or five applications have been made.
Wash the dog with soft soap and warm water every
other day, to allow the medicine to get well into the
skin. Or use

Wiles Oa eee m clie irs teres ometntes one pint.
Sun bpyark eres eet es oats apse. es eight ounces. Mix.

Apply in the same manner. Clean the kennel
thoroughly and burn up all straw, old rags, etc., and
wash the walls with

Corrosive Sublimate........ one ounce.
Wittering eric tiene auc one gallon. Mix.

CANKER OF THE EAR. 565

RED MANGE—ERYTHEMA—INFLAMMATION OF THE SKIN.

This affection usually breaks out on dogs that are
pampered and highly fed, without sufficient exercise,
and consists of a breaking out or irritation of the skin,
causing considerable itching. The scurf or material
which oozes out, has a reddish cast, eausing the skin and
hair to assume that color. It is not contagious and
yields readily to simple treatment, which consists in
reducing the dog somewhat in flesh. Give a physic, as
castor oil, half an ounce; or epsom salts, a dessert-
spoonful; or

Powdered Jalap......... two drachms.
PIMIple SyrAp Fete. l ss: ¢ -two ounces. Mix.
Give half and repeat the dose if necessary. Exter-
nally, wash the skin with tar soap and water, then dry
it thoroughly, and apply sparingly Friar’s Balsam once
daily for a few days, and a cure will result. Or use

USAT OLMGCRM 26s iexawl-7 5. half ounce.
Sulphate of Zinc........ four drachms.
yr bere ees ieee or a Ms ta eight ounces. Mix.

Apply twice daily for a few days.

CANKER OF THE EAR.

This is generally caused from injuries to the ear,
either by cufling it or by hitting it against some object.
Or it may be caused by getting something in the ear,
or by being in the water too much.

” Symptoms :—The dog will be observed to shake its
head frequently and violently, making the ears flap
and snap around its head. It will also dig and scratch
in and around the ears with its paws, and sometimes it
will carry its head to one side while walking. A fou!
smell emanates from the ear, and the surrounding parts
look red, swollen and inflamed.

566 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

Treatment:—If the disease has not been too long
neglected, it yields readily to treatment. First, refrain
from giving any meats to eat. Use only soft food, and
that principally vegetables. Wash out the ear well,
flaps and all, with either castile or tar soap, and warm
water, dry it nicely then blow some iodoform into it,
twice daily. Makea hood to go over the head, to con-
fine the ears, so that the animal cannot flap or scratch
them, and they will be well in a few days. Or you may
pour the following into the ears, twice daily:

Lead Weiter. orga ey, three ounces.
Pure Soft ‘Waters... ./. 5: three ounces. Mix.

Use just enough to fill the ears, then apply to the
flaps of the ears,

Galomelinicenig. ite eile one drachm.
Powdered Camphor ..... two drachms.
Oxide of Zinc Ointment....one ounce. Mix.

Then fasten on the hood to prevent scratching.

INLFAMMATION OF THE EYES.

The eyes of dogs often become inflamed from injuries
of various kinds, one of the most common being caused
by the spanish needle, a species of burr. Hunting dogs
frequently get these into their eyes, at the inner corner
beneath the membrane that shoots out to cleanse the
eye. They may also become inflamed from getting
dust into them, or many other various ways.

Treatment:—Make strict search for anything that
may possibly become lodged in these organs, and if
found, remove it. The following lotion will assist
greatly in the examination:

COCAINE srl Gal iat nsee ee ten grains.
8 ie ote st eae eR MD TE Bn half ounce. Mix.

Apply a few drops every thirty seconds, until the eye

WARTS AND TUMORS ABOUT THE EYES. 567

can be handled with ease. To reduce the inflamma-
tion, use

Sulphate of Zinc.......... four grains.

AE TOMTNGs hae Shans e da eee one grain.

Water opr sit lcuy «woe tic has one ounce. Mix.
Apply a few drops three times a day; or,

Brie Veer Ma dre gee eats tere: sacs two grains.

WA GERIION Is aia 'elebakgintets « atn-e one grain.

WaT e yoctie de eta whale wore ws one ounce. Mix.

Apply a few drops twice a day.

WARTS AND TUMORS ABOUT THE EYES.

Small tumors sometimes appear at the inner corners
of the eyes. They are generally fastened to the mem-
brane which shoots out over the eye to cleanse it. They
sometimes grow so large that they nearly or completely
cover the eyeballs and they bleed quite easily and pre-
sent an ugly appearance.

Treatment :—Apply to the eye

WRCAD Is Asabord sleet -+ts att ten grains.
aE Oe irs ea ide cc cales Sepa, OUNCE. MITX,

Put a few drops into the eye every half minute until
it can be handled at will, then fasten a hook or pair of
forceps into the tumor, or in the absence of these, run
a needle and thread through it, then raise it up gently
until you can see the whole of it. Take a pair of sharp
scissors and clip it off, and if it is then left alone, the
wound will quickly heal. If it does not, however, use.

DMBaB WARS Geers ey ofeis, 0s <8 one grain.
WOT Pig ays sta rs eases fis) eh erbt atch t one ounce. Mix,

Apply a few drops daily for a few days.

568 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

WOUNDS AND FRACTURES.

The feet of dogs often become sore, especially hunt-
ing dogs that run through long, wet and coarse grasses;
also thorns and stubbles, and injury likewise results
from continued exposures to cold water. Not infre-
quently the toe nails are torn off. These troubles
should be attended to as quickly as possible.

Treatment :—Remove any foreign substances imme-
diately, then poultice the foot with flaxseed or slippery-
elm until the inflammation has subsided, after which
apply Friar’s Balsam, twice daily, or

CarbolewAcid to yo. nes kk two drachms.

Wa GEE: Goch. bahay tle eeresataiensts one pint. Mix.
Apply twice daily. Or,

DW ar Oh Mean. ncrre amir one ounce.

WE IGe mV GETO i chphic esses et ness half ounce.

WAT cite tec dictate duersieis Stee one pint. Mix.

Apply twice or thrice daily. If the skin is torn
much it should be sewed up, and any of the foregoing
solutions applied. When medicines are applied to dogs
the parts should be bandaged loosely, to prevent the
animal from licking at the wounds. But if the injury
is not serious it is just as well to let the dog lick it and
not apply medicines, as they keep it clean and it heals
quite rapidly. If any bones are broken, set them
straight and apply splints and bandage. Use light,
flexible splints and steep the bandage in thick starch
water before applying. Allow the dog its liberty and
they will heal in about a month.

CHOREA.

This consists of a derangement of the nervous
system, and, so far, has proven incurable, when exist-
ing to any great extent. It quite often follows debili-

WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 5¢

tating diseases, as distemper, etc. The symptoms
observed are a twitching or quick jerking of a certain
part or set of muscles, more frequently around the face,
neck and forelimbs. Sometimes only one limb is
affected and again the whole body. Occasionally it
unfits a dog for any kind of work. After this disease
becomes chronic it is apparently painless, but when
developing, it is somewhat painful, as demonstrated by
uneasiness and whining,

WORMS IN THE INTESTINES.

The intestines of the dog are more or less troubled
with worms. The two principal varieties that affect
them, are the tape worm and the round worm. The
latter are mostly observed, as about fifty per cent. of

LORDERED OUND WORM.
the dogs examined after death, are found to be infested
with them. These worms do not always remain in the
bowels but often find their way into the stomach, where

ars

MALE BODKIN-TAILED ROUND WORM.
they produce great irritation. Nor do they stop when
they find access to the stomach, but occasionally wend
their way into the lungs, throat, windpipe and nostrils,
creating so much disturbance that they are frequently

BYLO) ViswASES OF THE DOG.

attended with fits or spasms. The tapeworm is the
most injurious of all the intestinal worms. They find
their way into the intestines of the dog, through eating
the brains of sheep, also from eating rabbits, and through
many other sources. The tapeworm is in appearance,
flat, and made up of joints, each joint ranging from one-
eigth to a half inch in length. The entire length of the
worm varies from a few inches to several feet. As fast
as these joints mature, they pass away from the bowels,

TAPEWORM.

when they deposit their eggs. These are in turn con-
sumed by hogs, sheep, rabbits, or some other animal, in
the intestinal organs of which they hatch, setting free a
small worm which burrows through the bowels and
locates itself in some part of the tlesh or brain, and there
becomes encysted, until eaten by some other animal, or
by some person, when it developes into another tape-
worm. There are two leading species of tapeworm,
which infest dogs, but as the treatment is the same, a
description here is quite unnecessary.

Symptoms :—Sometimes dogs will have an abundance
of worms within them, without any symptoms to indi-
cate their presence, but when you observe a dry, short
cough, a starimg coat, a hot and bad smelling breath,
a craving appetite with a failure to take on flesh in
proportion to the amount eaten, the bowels irregular,

WORMS IN THE INTESTINES. 571

alternately with constipation and diarrhcea, with a
desire to vomit, and sometimes vomiting worms followed
by spasms, or frequent fits, the animal presenting a
woe-begone appearance, rely upon it, it is troubled
with worms. If the worms have gained access to the
nose or throat, .the eyes will look red and the counte-
nance depressed, a frothy spume coming from the throat
and mouth. The animal may sneeze, or bark and howl
violently, or snap and bite at anything within reach.

Treatment:—When tapeworm is present, the best
mode to rid the patient of it, is not to allow anything to
eat for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, then give a
drachm of powdered areca nut with a little syrup. If
it vomits this, give another drachm and tie the mouth
shut to prevent vomiting. In the course of five or six
hours, give a physic. as

Powdered, Jalap i435... two drachms.
RSW. g -Le sweets dw arereys fs 208 two ounces. Mix.

Give half, and if the bowels do not move freely in

four hours give the remainder. Or give
Castor: Oils isu two tablespoonfuls.

If this fails to remove it entirely, repeat the treat-
ment in ten days, or the following will answer equally as
well: Take a quarter of a pound of hulled pumpkin
seed and add a quart of water. Simmer down to a pint,
and after fasting for a day or two, give a wineglassful
every two hours, until four doses have been given.
Immediately after giving the last dose, give a physic.
Either of the above will suffice. For the round worm,
take

SAVOUR as acre seksi ses half drachm.
CEO PERE cis eee Sestose aaeier plates half drachm. Mix.

Make into seven powders. Give one powder every
morning in a little milk or small piece of meat, on an
empty stomach, until they are all given, then give a
physic, as

572 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

Castors Oilers oie OMe: OUNCE:

Repeat the treatment in two weeks, if necessary.
When the worms are lodged in the throat or nose,
inhalations of the fumes of burning sulphur, repeated
every day for a few days, may dislodge them. Or forc-
ing some powdered sulphur up into the parts, will
greatly assist in removing them.

WORMS IN THE KIDNEY.

This worm, which is called the giant strongle, locates.
itself in various parts of the body, but more especially
in the kidneys. It measures from one to three feet in
length, and from a quarter toa half inch in diameter,

GIANT STRONGLE.

and is of a reddish pink color. Wherever it locates
itself, it literally destroys that part. It destroys the
kidneys completely, then drops into the abdominal cav-
ity and causes the death of the animal. As yet all
treatment has failed, although ten drop doses of turpen-
tine given twice daily, if persisted in, might give the
necessary relief desired.

GONORRHOEA—CLAP.

This disease is sometimes observed in the dog, but
as a rule it causes very little inconvenience. It is often
produced without any assignable cause, and since the
ways in which it may originate are so various, I will

PARTURITION—PUPPING. 510

not here designate any of them. The symptoms are
observed by the discharge of matter coming from the
penis or accumulating around the end of the sheath, the
dog often licking at it to keep the parts clean.

Treatment :—Bathe and syringe the parts with warm
water, once or twice daily, then wash with

White Vitriolvd.. 540.2%. one drachm.,
Sugar of Lead............ one drachm.
NN eae Seco land ct ark Sata tok oa one pint. Mix.

Apply twice daily, injecting a little at the same
time. Use internally,

Balsam -Copabia™....-0.. 4. half ounce.
Pe Cee sc f+ g Hens. © #saea% ORSON,
Spts. Sweet Nitre..........half ounce.
Pinietare WANG: se oes Sis «re two drachms.
Sulphate Morphine .......-. five grains.
BSMPUPos 7 ido aas. sata oe two ounces. Mix.

Give a teaspoonful twice daily.

PARTURITION—PUPPING.

This generally takes place between the sixty-second
and sixty-fourth day, and after it has commenced, from
a quarter of an hour to an hour generally elapses
between the birth of each puppy. Many bitches are lost
every year from this cause. There seems to,be a
natural propensity for bitches to co-habit with dogs
much larger than themselves, and their lives are for-
feited for so doing. Bitches should have considerable
exercise when pregnant, as delivery is much safer and
easier than when they are penned up and exercise
denied them. But when the time has arrived and the
delivery is a little prolonged, do not meddle too much;
give a little time. If, however, she cannot deliver an]
the puppy is either too large or is dead, oil the fingeis

574 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

and go at the work of delivery gently. Use slight pres-
sure along the belly until you can feel the head from
bedind, then fasten a string over it or a pair of forceps
and use gentle traction until it is delivered. After one
is delivered, she may dc’iver the balance herself, so
allow her a little time and see, but 1f it is absolutely
necessary, continue until you have gotten them all.
The bitch should be kept in a warm, comfortable place
and fed on soft, nutritious food. While giving milk
and sucking her young, she should be well fed, allowing
her some cooked meat every day. If, however, she
should commence to fail rapidly in flesh and have a
poor appetite, the puppies should be weaned at once
and fed on boiled milk. When the time arrives to
wean the puppies, care should be exercised to keep the
teats from swelling and becoming hard and inflamed,
or should the pups all die, the same trouble is to be
expected. The bitch should be milked frequeitly and
bathed with hot water, after which use

Camp hor Gring Hines oicoreratese one ounce.
1 Eat 6 oa aT pA ia es cr RM A three ounces. Mix.

Apply twice daily. Sometimes, but fortunately not
often, the bitch has after-pains after pupping, and
forces the womb out. This organ should be washed in
warm water, to which should be added a little alum,
after which it should be returned with gentle pressure
and the parts bandaged to prevent its coming out again.
Give five drops of laudanum every half hour until four
or five doses are given, to prevent the pains. If, how-
ever, the womb has been out very jong and go‘ten into
such a condition that it cannot possibly be returned, tie
a strong silk cord around it, close up to the body, and
in the course of a few hours cut the parts off about an

inch back of the cord. Many hitches may be saved by

FLEAS. 019

this operation. After the parts are cut off cover the
wound with iodoform, and some iodoform and vaseline
may be used as a dressing, for a few days afterwards.

FLEAS.

These are very lively insects, which infest dogs, and
cause considerable annoyance and worry. The irrita-

TKK DOG FLEA, OR CHIGGER.
tion produced by them causes the animal to scratch and
dig at the parts attacked, considerably. They are very

CAT FLEA.

easily gotten rid of by rubbing Persian insect powder
down into the roots of the hair, then wrapping the dog
in a sheet for a few minutes. Or by taking tar soap

>a

576 DISEASES OF THE DOG.

and applying it to the wetted hair until a very heavy
lather is produced. Allow it remain on for twenty
minutes, then wash off thoroughly. Coal oil or oil sassa-
fras rubbed through the hair will also dispose of them.
Catsare also troubled with fleas and they may be gotten
rid of in the same manner.

LICE.

There are two kinds of lice which infest dogs; the
blood-sucker and bird-louse. They are best destroyed
by using a strong solution of tobacco juice, or by sifting
wood ashes into the hair. Whale oil will also kill them,

BIRD LOUSE.

Or better still, take a quarter pound of stavesacre seeds,
make a strong tea of them, and bathe the skin well
every fourth day, for three or four applications. You
will completely destroy the lice, and in that time the
nits will all be hatched out.

USEFUL DRUGS AND MEDICINES

PRESCRIBED IN THE

TREATMENT OF LIVE STOCK, WITH DOSES, ETC.

Acetate of Lead, Sugar of Lead—Checks bleeding,
especially from the stomach and lungs. When com-
bined with opium it is used to check diarrhoea and
dysentery. Externally, it heals burns, scalds, bruises
and moist ulcers or sores, as well as itching skin com-
plaints and cracked heels. When applied externally,
mix half ounce in a pint of soft water.

Dosrs :—Horses4ind cattle, one drachm; calves and
sheep, fifteen grains; pigs, two grains; dogs, one grain.
To be given twice daily. Price per pound, 25 cts.

Aconite, Tincture of—Relieves pain and inflammation,
lowers temperature and produces sweating.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, twenty to thirty drops;
sheep and pigs, five to ten drops; dogs, one to four
drops. Price per pint, 60 cts.

Aloes, Barbadoes—Used as a physic, but should not
be given to mares with foal. It is not much used for
cattle.

Dosrs :—Horses, four to ten drachms; cattle, one to
two ounces; sheep, half ounce to an ounce; hogs, two to
five drachms; dogs, one drachm; colts, about five grains
to every week of its age. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.;
powder, per pound, 35 cts.

(577)

B78 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

Alum—Alum is procured in either lump or powdered
form and is seldom given internally. It is used prin-
cipally in sores and in ulcerated condition of the mouth.
Also when mixed with wheat flour to arrest bleeding
and the flow of joint oil from open joints. It is quite
extensively used as a healing powder, when mixed with
iodoform. It is a convenient gargle for sore throat.
Occasionally it is given internally along with opium in
diarrhoea and dysentery.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms;
sheep and pigs, one drachm; dogs ten to twenty grains.
Price per pound, 8 cts.

Ammonia, Aqua or Liquid—It is used as a stimulant,
relieves spasms of the bowels and bloating and also acts
upon the kidneys, causing flow of urine. When given
internally it should be well diluted with water. It is
principally used in making linaments.

Dosses:—Horses, half ounce; cattle, one ounce;
sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, ten drops. Price
per pint, 10 cts.

Ammonia, Carbonate—This comes in the solid form
and has the same action as the liquid ammonia, varying
only in strength.

Doses :—Horses, two to four drachms; cattle, three
co six drachms; sheep and pigs, twenty grains; dogs,
five grains. It is given either in pills with linseed
meal or dissolved in cold gruel. Price per pound,

17 cis. :

Anise Seed—Soothes an irritable stomach, relieves
indigestion and bloating, and acts as a mild stimulent.

Dosrs :—Horses, one ounce; cattle, one to two
ounces; sheep and swine, two drachms; dogs, thirty
grains. ‘Can be repeated several times a day. Price
per pound, 22 cts.

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 579

Antimony, Tartrate, Tartar Emetic—Causes a discharge
from the nostrils, lowers the heart’s action, and pro-
duces sweating. Externally it is used to cause sraall
pustules or blisters, and acts as an irritant.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to four drachms,
given three or four times daily. Causes vomiting, when
given in doses of from four to ten grains, in hogs and
dogs. Price per pound, 55 cts.

Antimony, Butter of—Is used as a caustic tor thrush
and canker, and unhealthy granulations; for fuulin the
feet of cattle, and foot-rot in sheep. It should be used
with great caution, as it is very powerful, and cannot
be diluted with water. Price per pint, 85 cts.

Animal Charcoal—-Is prepared from bones. It is used
to destroy foul smells, arrests putrefacticn, purifies
water when passed through it, and is an antidote in
poisoning by arsenic, aconite and strychnine.

Dosrs :—Horses, half ounce to an ounce: eee; one
ounce; sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, twenty
grains. It is usually given mixed with Bleak Price
per pound, 10 cts.

Areca Nut—Is principally used to expel worms from
dogs, proving distructive alike to tape and round
worms.

Doses :—For dogs, from twenty grains iv two
drachms. Prior to giving, the dog should fast for two
days. Price per pound, 40 cts.

Arnica, Tincture—It is principally used externally, in
cases of strains, bruises and wounds, and especially in
broken knees and sore shoulders. It is usually mixed
in the proportion of one ounce of arnica to ten of water,
to which is frequently added four drachms of sulphate
of zinc. For painful wounds or bruises, it is often
mixed with chloroform or laudanum, and diluted with
water according to circumstances. Price per pint, 50 cts.

580 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

Arsenic—Is used to alter the condition of the system,
by toning up the nerves. It is useful in dyspepsia and
indigestion, and in promoting recoveries from prolonged
attacks of influenza or distemper. Externally, it is
used to take off warts, and slough out fistula. In such
cases, it is generally mixed one ounce of arsenic to four
of lard or vaseline. It is much used in sheep dips.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to six grains; sheep,
one to two grains; hogs, two to four grains; dogs, one-
fifteenth to one-tenth grain. It may be given once
daily, and continued for a week or ten days. Price per
pound, 10 cts.

Asafoetida—This is a mild stimulent, and relieves
spasms and pain, as well as irritation of the stomach
and bloating. It also causes the expulsion of worms.

Dosrs :—Horses, two to four drachms; cattle, one
ounce; sheep and hogs, one drachm; dogs, fifteen
erains. It may be given several times a day. Price
per pound, 35 cts.

Atropine—This allays pain, soothes spasms of the
bowels, and if given in large doses, causes paralysis. It
is most generally used in eye washes. It is seldom
used internally, being too powerful. Price per drachm,
50 cts.

Belladonna—Soothes spasms of the bowels, allays

pain, and is frequently given in spasmodic colic, in half
drachm doses of the extract, or ounce doses of the

tincture. Itis very useful in tetanus, or lockjaw. It
also causes dilatation of the mouth of the womb, when
applied. The doses of the extract are, for horses, one
drachm; cattle, two drachms; sheep, ten grains; dogs,
.wo grains. Solid extract per ounce, 40 cts. ; tincture
per pint, 90 cts.

Benzoin—Used as a mild stimulant, expectorant and
arrests putrefaction. The compound tincture of ben-

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 581

zoin, which is usually known as Fryer’s Balsam, is
quite extensively used as a stimulant and healing rem-
edy for wounds, ulcers, and various skin complaints,
in all classes of patients. Fryer’s Balsam per pint, 70
cts. ; gum per pound, 60 cts.

Bluestone, Blue Vitriol—See copper Sulphate. Price
per pound, 20 cents.

Buchu—Is a mild stimulant and tonic. It also has
a soothing action upon the kidneys, causing an increased
flow of urine. The doses of the tincture are, for horses
and cattle, one ounce; sheep and hogs, four drachms;
dogs, one drachm. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts.

Calomel—When conjoined with aloes, it acts as a
physic. It has a direct action upon the liver, causing an
increased flow of bile, which it expels from the duo-
denum, or first bowel. Externally, when applied to old
sores or indolent ulcers, it assists greatly in the healing
process. It also destroys the parasite of scab or mange,
kills lice and is useful in cracked heels. It is one of
the best remedies for thrush in the horse’s frog.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one drachm; sheep and
pigs, ten grains, dogs, two grains. It is not used alone
as a physic, but is combined with other drugs, as aloes,
epsom salts or oil. Price per pound, $1.

Camphor—Camphor is a nerve stimulant and assists
in controlling spasms of the bowels. Externally, it is
applied in the form of spirituous solution, to allay itch-
ing, and is soothing to bruises and sprains.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms;
sheep and pigs, twenty grains; dogs, five grains. Gum,
per pound, 70 ets.; tincture, per pint, 60 cts.

Cantharides—Cantharides is a stimulant and acts

upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine.
It also causes an increased desire for sexual intercourse,

582 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

when given in small doses. Applied externally, it acts
as a counter-irritant and causes blisters to form in from
one to twelve hours.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, from four to twenty
yrains; sheep and swine, two to seven grains: dogs,
half grain to two grains. To be given once or twice
daily, usually in the form of a pill, or in flaxseed gruel.
Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, #4.

Capsicum, Cayenne Pepper, Red Pepper—This is used ag
a stimulant and tonic, promoting digestion and improv-
ing the appetite.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, three to four draciins;
sheep and hogs, one to two drachms; dogs, half draclim,
Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.; powder, per pound, 80 cts.

Carbolic Acid—It arrests putrefaction and destroys
parasites and germs, when applied locally. It is also a
stimulant and caustic. It is emploved mostly in heal-
ing lotions, when it should be diluted with water, oil, or
glycerine in the proportions of one to twenty or thirty.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, fifteen to thirty drops;
sheep and pigs, six drops; dogs, one drop. It is best
given in a pill, mixed with linseed meal. Price per
pint, 40 cts.

Cardamons—Has the same actions as anise seed, and
is given in the same doses. See anise seed. Price per
pound, $1.

Castor Oil—This is principally used asa physic. As
it causes no irritation or griping, it is frequently pre-
scribed in diseases of the digestive organs and can be
safely administered in advanced pregnancy. It. is the
best physic for foals and calves.

Doses :—Horses .and cattle, one pint; sheep and
pigs, two to four ounces; dogs, one to two ounces.
Price per pint, 30 cts.

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 583

Catechu—This is an astringent, and causes a binding
up of the bowels when administered, and is given when
there is bloody discharge from the bowels, in cases of
diarrhcea and dysentery.

Dosxs :—(Powder. )—Horses, one to three drachms}
cattle, one to five drachms; sheep and swine, one to two
drachms; dogs, four to twenty grains. To be given
three or four times a day, with gruel. Tincture, per
pint, 60 cts. ; powder, per pound, 20 cts.

Chloral Hydrate—This drug is quite extensively used
in the treatment of live stock, to allay pain, quiet irri-
tability and cause sleep. It is used in cases of flatulent
and spasmodic colic, brain troubles and nervous disor-
ders, as tetanus, hysteria, etc.

Dosrs :—For horses, two to eight drachms; for cattle,
four drachms to one ounce; sheep and pigs, one drachm ;
dogs, ten grains. Can be repeated ever two or three
hours, and should be well diluted. Price per pound,
$1.10.

Chloroform—By whatever channel it enters the sys-
tem, it slightly stimulates at first; excitement follows,
then sleep. It allays pain, whether taken internally or
applied locally, and is a valuable remedy when given
for spasmodic colic.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms;
sheep and swine, twenty to forty drops; dogs, five to
ten drops. It should be given mixed with syrup, muci-
lage, whisked egg, or weak spirits, and may be repeated
at intervals of from one to three hours. Price per
pound, 75 cts.

Cocaine—When administered internally, small doses
are stimulant and tonic. When applied externally, it
diminishes sensibility to pain, and is most frequently
used in making examinations of the eye. By mixing
ten grains with an ounce of water and applying a few

584 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

drops to the eye every thirty seconds, it deadens the
pain so that an examination can be made without diffi-
culty, when chaff and other foreign substances can be
easily removed. Price per grain, 2 cts.

Cod-Liver 0il—This is prepared from the liver of the
codfish and is a very nourishing tonic, changing the
system in such a manner that it lays on flesh quite rap-
idly. Itis very useful for weak and sickly colts and
calves, and for animals convalescing from a lingering
attack of distemper and influenza.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to three ounces;
sheep and pigs, one ounce; dogs, one to four drachms.
It may be given twice daily and continued for weeks,
if required. Price per gallon, $1.25

Copaiba Balsam—This medicine is not much used in
practice, save in diseases of the urinary organs, and in
the treatment of gonorrhea. Price per pound, 65 cts.

Copper Sulphate—Given in large doses, it is an irri-
tant, but in medicinal doses, it is a valuable tonic and
astringent. Externally it is used as a stimulant,
astringent and caustic. It is used in eye washes, as a
dressing for sluggish wounds, for the removal of warts,
to cut off unhealthy granulations and to arrest
bleeding.

Doses :—As a tonic and astringent, horses take one to
two drachms; cattle, one to four drachms; sheep, twenty
to thirty grains; pigs, five to ten grains; dogs, one
grain. It should be given while eating or eS a
thereafter. Price per pound, 20 cts.

Copperas—See Iron Sulphate. Price per pound, 4 cts.
Corrosive Sublimate—This is a preparation of mercury
and is an irritant poison. It should not be given inter-

nally, except when prescribed by anexpert. Externally
it is used to arrest putrefaction, promote healthy granu-

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 585

lations, to destroy indolent ulcers, for the destruction
of parasites and as a caustic. It is used also, in many
itching skin diseases. When used externally, it should
be diluted according to circumstances. Price per
pound, 90 cts.

Cotton Seed Oil— This is obtained from the seeds of
the cotton. It is a dark, brownish red, fixed oil, and is
principally used in making liniment. Price per gallon,
(5 cts.

Croton Oil—This is obtained from the croton seeds,
and is a drastic physic, producing griping. It is seldom
given alone but is usually mixed with other purgatives,
when a quick action of the bowels is required. It is
sometimes used externally, as a blister, but is more
frequently mixed with other medicines, in the forma-
tion of liniments. It is used quite often to physic
cattle.

Dosrs :—Horses, fifteen to twenty drops; cattle, half
drachm to two drachms; sheep and swine, five to ten
drops; dogs, one to three drops. Price per pint, $1.25.

Cubebs, Tincture—The chief use of cubebs is for the
relief of inflammation of the urinary passages, and like
copaiba, it has long been used for the cure of gonorrhea.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one ounce; sheep and
swine, half ounce; dogs, two drachms. To be given
twice daily. Price per pint, 50 cts.

Digitalis—Digitalis grows wild in this country on
gravelly, sandy soil, more especially hilly pastures. It
has a direct action upon the heart and kidneys, giving
force and strength to the former and causes an increased
flow of urine from the latter.

Dosrs :—Of the powdered leaves horses take ten to
thirty grains; cattle, half drachm to a drachm; sheep
and swine, eight to ten grains; dogs, one to four grains.

586 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

Of the tincture, horses and cattle take two to four
drachms; sheep and swine, one drachm; dogs, two to
five drops. Tincture, price per pint, 50 cts.

Emetic Tartar—See Antimony Tartrate. Price per
pound, 55 cts.

Epsom Salts, Magnesium Sulphate—This salt is used as
a physic, to reduce fever and to alter the condition of
the system. It is more extensively used for cattle and
sheep, as its action upon the bowels gives better results
than any other physic.

Dosrs :— As a physic for grown cattle, a pound to a
pound and a half; calves, two to three months old,
three to four ounces; sheep and pigs, four to six ounces;
dogs, two to four drachms. For other purposes, as to
lower fever and regulate the bowels, give one-fifth to
one-eighth of the above doses. It should be well
diluted with water. Price per pound, 7 cts. |

Ergot of Rye—This is obtained from blasted rye, and
is given to assist in difficult parturition, when the labor
pains occur at long intervals. It is also of great benefit
after parturition, to cause contraction of the womb and
arrest bleeding from this organ.

DosrEs :—Mare and cow, half an ounce to an ounce;
sheep, swine and bitches, one drachm. Repeat at
intervals of half an hour or an hour. Tincture, price
per pint, 60 cts. |

Ether Nitrous, Spirits of (Sweet Spirits of Nitre)—This
drug is an excellent stimulant, produces sweating and
also acts upon the kidneys, causing an increased flow
of urine. It is very useful in the various forms of
colic, acting as a stimulant and controlling the pain
produced byspasms. It is also useful in lowering fever.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to three ounces;
sheep, two to four drachms: pigs, one to two drachms;
dogs, one drachm. It should be well diluted with cold

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. OST

water, and should be given as quickly as possible atler
it is diluted. Price per pint, 40 cts.

Ether, Sulphuric Ether—This is quite a valuable rem-
edy and is used as a stimulant and to relieve spasms of
the bowels. It is a useful remedy in flatulent colic, to
relieve bloating. It is also used to produce sleep, the
same as chloroform. It is also very useful where there
is pain or cramping of the bowels.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one to two ounces;
sheep and pigs, two to four drachms; dogs, one drachm.
{t should be well diluted with cold water before giving,
but should not be diluted until ready for use. Price
per pint, 75 cents.

Foenugreek—This has the same action and uses :s
anise seed, and is given in similar doses. See Anise
Seed. Price per pound, 10 cts.

Gentian—This is a pure bitter, and is used to tone up
the stomach and promote digestion. It improves the
appetite and general tone. It is an excellent stimulat-
ing tonic in influenza and other epizootic diseases. It
is also beneficial for horses jaded and over-worked, or
suffering from slight cold.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half cunce to an ounce;
sheep, one to two drachms; pigs, one drachm; dogs, ten
to fifteen grains. To be given twice or thrice daily.
Price per pound, 15 cts.

Gentian, Tincture of—Has the same action as the
powder, and is given for the same purposes. Doses
about the same. Price per pint, 50 cts.

Ginger— Ginger is used as a stimulant, tones up the
stomach and relieves bloating, and cramps of the
bowels. It promotes digestion and increases the appe-
tite. ‘When mixed with physic, it diminishes the ten-
dency to nauseate and gripe.

588 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to one ounce;
sheep, one to two drachms; pigs, half drachm, dogs,
ten to twenty grains. Tincture, per pint, 60 cts. ; pow-
der, per pound, 30 cts.

Glauber Salts (Sulphate of Soda)—This is given as a
physic; also to reduce fever; increases the secretion of
bile in the liver, and has a slight action upon the
kidneys.

Dosss :—As a physic, cattle take a pound to a pound
and a half; horses, one pound; sheep, two to four
ounces; dogs, one ounce. It is usually combined with
a little ginger, and should be well diluted with water.
Price per pound, 5 cts.

Glycyrrhiza (Licorice Root)—This resembles sugar in
its medicinal uses, and is occasionally used in irritation
of the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Also to
cover the disagreeable taste and odor of various drugs.
Price per pound, 20 cts.

Goulard’s Extract—This is used externally as an
astringent. Also as a cooling or soothing application,
to reduce inflammation of the testicles, when it is
usually mixed with laudanum, in the proportions of one
ounce of each to a pint of water. Price per pint, 20 cts.

Hellebore—Hellebore is used to expel worms from
the bowels. When given as a physic it produces grip-
ing and in large doses produces vomiting. It is some-
times used externally and is a dangerous remedy when
not used with great care. Price per pound, 30 cts.

Hemlock, Oil of—This is used in the formation of
various liniments and is very fatal if given internally.
Price per pint, 40 cts.

Hofiman’s Anodyne—Oonsists of oil of wine, three
parts; ether, sixty-four parts; rectified spirits, one
hundred and twenty-eight parts. It is used to allay

ic Seas mappa sicincade

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 589

restlessness, sleeplessness and nervous disturbances,
especially in the absence of fever, and is a convenient
remedy for flatulentcy or bloating. It may be used in
all cases in which sulphuric ether is given internally.

Dosrs :—Horses, one ounce; cattle, two ounces ; sheep
and pigs, two drachms; dogs, half a drachm. Price per
pint, 65 cts.

Hypo-Sulphate of Soda—This remedy is used to destroy
odors, arrest putrefaction and for the destruction of
insects. It is beneficial in attacks of fever, and relieves
acidity of the stomach and bloating in badly fed young
zalves. It is also used to diminish the offensive secre-
tion and to abate the low fever occurring in distemper
in dogs.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms;
sheep and pigs, twenty to thirty grains; dogs, two to
five grains. It may be given several times daily. Price
per pound, 7 cts.

Iodoform—This is used to prevent putrefaction and
destroy foul smells. It is beneficial in healing wounds
and sores, by being dusted upon the wound, but it is
usually mixed with powdered alum for this purpose, in
the proportion of one ounce of iodoferm to four or six
of the alum. Price per ounce, 40 cts.

Iodine—Iodine is prepared from the semi-vitrified
ashes of sea-weed. Medicinal doses arrest putrefaction,
alter the condition of the system and act as a mild
stimulant. It exerts its effects especially on mucous
membranes, skin and lymphatic glands. Externally it
is applied to arrest putrefaction and as a counter-
irritant or blister. It is used in chronic inflammation
of the joints, wind-galls, bog spavin, strains of tendons
and enlargement of the udder, and other glands.

Dosrs :—For horses and cattle, twenty grains to a

590 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

drachm; sheep and pigs, ten to twenty grains; dogs,
three to eight grains. To be repeated once or twice
daily, and to be given a couple of hours after eating.
When applied externally it is used in the form of a
tincture. Powdered, per ounce, 85 cts.; tincture, per
pint, 85 cts.

Iron Sulphate, Copperas—This is a good blood tonic
and astringent, when given internally. Applied extern-
ally, it is an astringent and arrests bleeding and pre-
vents putrefaction. It improves the appetite, dimin-
ishes exhausting discharges and abates glandular
enlargements. It is especially beneficial when given to
young horses, cattle or sheep which have been poorly
kept, and whose blood is in a bad condition. It is also
used to expel intestinal worms. Used externally, when
dissolved in water, it is an excellent remedy for cracked
heels and scratches.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms;
sheep and hogs, ten to twenty grains; dogs, two to ten
grains. May be given twice or thrice daily, and is
usually combined with gentian or ginger. Price per
pound, 4 cts.

Jalap—Jalap is principally used as a physic for dogs.
It increases the flow of the bile from the liver, and
assists in the expulsion of worms.

Doses :—Dogs, one to two drachms. It is best given
combined with calomel, in the form of one drachm of
jalap to three grains of calomel. Price, per pound,
60 cts. ?

Kino—Kino is an astringent and causes a binding up
of the bowels. It is used principally in the treatment
of diarrheea.

Dosrs :—Horses, half ounce; cattle, one ounce;
sheep and pigs, two drachms; dogs, one drachm.
Tincture, per pint, 60 cts.

tas a Ra a a nn

SS AP

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 591

Lanolin -This is prepared by steeping and boiling
sheep’s wool in water. It is principally used as a basis
for ointments and liniments, and mixes readily with
fats and oils. Price per pound, $1.00.

Laudanum—See Opium Tincture. Price per pint,
$1.00.

Liquor Ammonia Acetatis (Lig. Ammonia Acet.—Minde-
rerus Spirits.)—This is prepared by taking one ounce of
acetic acid and seven ounces of water. Mix together
and add carbonate of ammonia until it ceases efferves-
cing. It should only be prepared shortly prior to use.
It is a valuable remedy to produce sweating, increase
the flow of urine, reduce fevers and cause expectoration.
It is useful in lung fever, influenza, strangles or dis-
temper, scarletina, erysipelas, colds and it bronchitis. It
is often combined with other remedies, as epsom salts,
chlorate and nitrate of potassium, gentian, ginger,
quinine, etc. Where patients are weak and exhausted,
it is usually combined with alcohol or sweet spirits of
nitre.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, two to four ounces;
sheep, one to two ounces: hogs, half an ounce to an.
ounce; dogs, two to four drachms. Price per pint
20 cts.

Listerine—This isa proprietary medicine, and has
about the same actions as carbolic acid. It is used in
many healing lotions; also as a gargle for the mouth
and throat. Price per bottle, 85 cts.

Liverwort—This herb grows wild in the shady woods,
of North America, and is very seldom used in the treat-
ment of disease. Price per pound, 40 cts.

Lime, Chloride of—This preparation of lime is some-
times known as bleaching powder, and is seldom given
internally. Externally, it is used asa stimulant, and

592 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

to destroy the offensive smell from unhealthy wounds.
It is more frequently used as a disinfectant, around
stables where contagious or epizootic diseases prevail.
Price per pound, 8 cts.

Lobelia—The chief use of lobelia, is in the treatment
of asthma, by relieving the bronchial spasm. It is
quite frequently administered to check or relieve
heaves.

Dosrs oF THE TinctuRE—For Horses and cattle, half
ounce to an ounce; sheep and hogs, one to three drachms;
dogs, half drachm to a drachm. Tincture, price per
pint, 50 cts.

Lunar Caustic—See Nitrate of Silver. Price per
ounce, 70 cts.

Magnesia, Sulphate—See Epsom Salts. Price per
pound, 5 cts.

Male Shield Fern, Oil of—This oil is principally used to
expel worms. It is a very effectual remedy for tape-
worm in dogs, sometimes dislodging them within three
hours.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms;
sheep and hogs, one drachm; dogs, half drachm to one
drachm. It is sometimes given with either turpentine
or linseed oil, and may be repeated within three days.
Price per ounce, 380 cts.

Mercury, Red or Biniodide—This form of mercury is
seldom given internally, but externally it is used to
produce superficial inflammation or blisters, and is
generally mixed with one part of the mercury to eight
of vaseline or lard. It is valuable in the treatment of
spavin and ringbone, sprains or enlarged tendons, and
when applied around the throat, it sometimes relieves a
chronic cough and roaring, where other remedies have
failed. It should be used with care, or blemishes may

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MEDICINES AND TIH#ZIR USES. 593

de the result, as it may destroy the hair roots, if used
ioo freely. Price per ounce, 80 cts.

Morphia, Sulphate and Muriate (Morphine. )—This is the
active principle of opium, from which it is obtained. It
may be used in all cases where opium is required. See
Opium.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, ten to thirty grains;
sheep and pigs, one to two grains; dogs, one-eighth to
one-half a grain. Price per ounce, $2.50.

Nitrate of Potassium—-Sec Potassium Nitrate. Price
per pound, 12 cts.

Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic)—It is sometimes used
as a tonic in chorea and epilepsy among dogs. It is
seldom used internally, but externally, it is used as a
c.ustic to promote healthy granulations in indolent
ulcers. Sticks of it are sometimes forced to the bottom
of pipes, in fistulous withers and poll evil. It is an
excellent dressing for obstinately sore teats in cows, as
well as for foot-rot in sheep. It is useful in removing
warts and other enlargements of the skin. A solution
containing two to five grains in an ounce of water,
abates pain and congestion of the eyes. Itis, therefore,
used in several eye lotions. Price per ounce, 70 cts.

Nitric Acid—This is an irritant and corrosive and
leaves a yellow or brown stain on the skin. It is used
internally as a stimulant and tonic to the liver, and can
be given to horses convalescing from influenza, jaundice
and other debilitating disorders. Externally, it is used
to remove warts or other malignant growths, such as
zometime appear in a bad case of grease-heel. When
applied for these purposes, the surrounding parts should
be protected by being well oiled.

Doses :—Of the diluted medicinal acid, horses and
cattle take one to two drachms; sheep and pigs, ten to

594 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

twenty drops; dogs, two to ten drops. It should always
be well diluted with water. Price per pint, 9 cts.

Nitro-Muriatic Acid—This very much resembles nitric
acid, and is given for the same diseases and in the same
doses as nitric acid. Price per pint, 15 ets.

Nux Vomica—Nux Vomica is the best nerve stimulant
and tonic that is prescribed in veterinary practice. It
is useful in dyspepsia and any stomach or nervous
derangement, and may be used with great benefit when
convalescing from any exhausting or nervous diseases.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, half a drachm to two
drachms; sheep, ten to forty grains; pigs, ten to twenty
grains; dogs, half grain to two grains. Of the tincture,
horses and cattle take half ounce to an ounce; sheep
and pigs, one to two drachms; dogs, five to ten drops.
When twitching of the muscles is produced, cease
giving. Tincture, per pint, 50 cts.; powder, price per
pound, 25 cts.

Olive Oil (Sweet Oi!) —Olive oil given in small doses,
resembles cod-liver oil, becoming assimilated and assist-
ing in the production of heat and fat. In large doses it
acts as a physic, for which it is seldom used. It is more
frequently used in the formation of liniments, but is
usually superseded by cheaper oil, as cottonseed oil,
lard, linseed oil or vaseline. Price per gallon, 75 cts.

Opium, Powdered—No one remedy is more frequently
prescribed than opium in its various forms. It can be
given as a stimulant. Small and frequent doses pro-
duce sweating; larger doses relieve pain and spasms of
the bowels, depress the activity of the brain and pro-
duce sleep. It also relieves congestion and inflamma-
tion and controls pain. It is useful in inflammation of
the lungs, bowels, kidneys, bladder, or any internal or-
gan. “It is useful in diarrhoea and dysentery and relieves

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 595

cough, whether acute or chronic. It is very effectual in
arresting premature labor pains. Externally it is used
to relieve painful wounds, bruises, boils, or blistered
surfaces, as well as inflammation of the eyes, skin or
joints. For such purposes, ten drops each of laudanum
and Goulard’s Extract, may be mixed with an ounce of
water and freely applied.

Doses :—( Powdered or gum opium.) Horses, one to
two drachms; cattle, two to four drachms; sheep, ten to
forty grains: dogs, one to five grains. Price per ounce,
88 cts.

Opium, Tincture of (Laudanum)—Tincture of opium
and laudanum are one and the same thing, and are pre-
pared from the gum of powdered opium. They may be
used for all complaints where opium is indicated, such
as colic, cramps, ete. See Opium.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to two ounces;
sheep, two to four drachms; hogs, one to two drachms;
dogs, five to twenty drops. Price per pint, $1.

Origanum, Oil of—This oil is sometimes used to relieve
the pain of carious teeth and neuralgia, but is more
frequently used in liniments. Price per pint, 40 cts.

Oxide of Zinc—See Zinc Oxide. Price per pound,
15 cts.

Podophyllin—This resin is taken from the mayapple
or mandrake, and is used as a physic, but is very uncer-
tain, unless combined with aloes, jalap or calomel; it
then relieves congestion of the liver. It is sometimes
used to lower the heart’s action, in acute rheumatism
and other inflammatory disorders in robust patients.

»* Dosks :—To cause an increased flow of bile from the
liver, horses and cattle take one to two drachms, mixed
with aloes, calomel or epsom salts. Dogs require one
to two grains, with calomel one to two grains, which

596 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

may be mixed with an ounce of oil. Price per ounce,
40 cts.

Potassium, Bicarbonate—Given before meals, it in-
creases the secretion of the juices of the stomach, and
is sometimes given for rheumatism. The action upon
the kidneys is not so certain as the acetate or nitrate.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce;
sheep and pigs, half a drachm to a drachm; dogs, ten to
forty grains. May be repeated several times a day,
well diluted with water. Price per pound, 20 cts.

Potassium, Sulphuret—Large doses are irritant. Small
doses stimulate the secretions of the skin and alter the
condition of the system. Externally, it is sometimes
used as a substitute for sulphur, in skin diseases. It
has been used in chronic cough and rheumatism.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one to three drachms;
dogs, two to ten grains. Price per pound, 380 cts.

Potassium, Iodide of—This closely resembles iodine,
but is less powerful. It promotes absorption of deposits,
reduces enlarged glands and lung consolidation. It is
useful in rheumatism and skin diseases. Externally
used, it is usually conjoined with soap liniment and
laudanum, and is applied to swollen, rheumatie joints
and to inflamed udders in cows and ewes.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, two to five drachms;
sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to
fifteen grains. May be given two or three times a day.
Price per ounce, 25 cts.

Potassium, Bromide of—This form of potassium con-
trols irritability or excitement, whether exhibited in
restlessness or convulsions. It is often given mixed
with alcohol, chloral or opium. It quiets irritability
from tetanus or lockjaw, in horses, and wards off
epileptic convulsions in dogs.

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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 5@T

Doses :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce;
dogs, five to twenty grains. May be given every twoor
three hours. Price per pound, 40 cts.

Potassium, Nitrate of (Saltpetre)—This drug is quite
extensively used in veterinary practice. Large doses
are irritant and slightly laxative. Medicinal doses
arrest putrefaction, alter the condition of the system,
reduce fever and act upon the kidneys by causing an
increased flow of urine. It is used quite largely in the
treatment of febrile and inflammatory complaints, both
‘in horses and cattle, and lessens the pain in fever and
founder. Externally, when dissolved in water, it is an
excellent application for bruises by dispersing the
inereased flow of blood to the parts, thus exerting its
cooling effects.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce;
sheep, one to two drachms; pigs half a drachm; dogs,
ten to thirty grains. May be given three or four times
daily. Price per pound, 12 cts.

Potassium, Chlorate of—This drug is quite extensively
used in veterinary practice. It arrests putrefaction,
alters the condition of the system, increases the tlow
from secreting glands and also the action of the kid-
neys. It soothes and heals eruptions and ulcerations of
the mouth and throat, while in catarrh, sore throat and
distemper, it thins the secretions and promotes the dis-
charge from the nostrils.. It lowers the pulse and fevers,
cleans the tongue, improves the appetite; gently stimu-
lates the bowels and renders their evacuations more
natural and less coated with mucous. It is useful in
distemper, epizootic and the various forms of influenza,
coughs and colds, as well as in the treatment of purpura.

Dosres :—Horses and cattle, two to four drachms;
sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to

598 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

fifteen grains. May be given three or four times daily.
Price per pound, 380 cts.

Potassium, Permanganate of—This remedy is seldom
given internally, but is used externally as a mild stimu-
lant, and to destroy the odors of foul and unhealthy
sores. It is used frequently as an injection into the
vagina and womb, to destroy offensive odors, and in the
treatment of leucorrhcea or whites, mixed in the pro-
portion of one drachm of the permanganate to a quart
of water. Price per pound, 40 cts.

Potassium, Acetate of—Is used the same as the nitrate
potassium, which it closely resembles in its actions, and
is given in the same doses. Price per pound, 40 cts.

Potash, Caustic—Caustic potash is attained from ashes
and is used to cauterize snake bites and to remove
warts and fungus growths. It is seldom used intern-
ally. It is now used quite extensively in preventing
the growth of horns on calves. This result is obtained
by taking the stick potash and applying it over the
parts where the horns grow, when the calf is two or
three weeks old. First cut off the hair over the parts,
then moisten them a little, then apply the potash spar-
ingly, and no horns will grow afterwards. Price per
pound, 60 cts.

Prussic Acid—This drug is such a deadly poison that
it is unsafe in the hands of an amateur and should only
be given where it has been prescribed by a professional
man. Dilute, price per pint, 50 cts.

Quassia—Quassia is a bitter, which increases the —

appetite, tones up the system and expels worms. It is
prescribed for dyspepsia, loss of appetite and in con-
valescence from debilitating diseases.
Doses :—It is usually given in the form of an infu-
sion, which is made by soaking for an hour, one part of

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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. , 599

the chips to eighty parts of cold water. Of the infu-
sion, horses and cattle take two to four ounces; sheep
and pigs, four drachms; dogs, one drachm. Price per
pound, 15 cts.

Quinine, Sulphate—Quinine is obtained from the bark
of cinchona, of which there are different varieties,
yielding various amounts. It is used for the same dis-
eases as cinchona bark, but being the extract is much
stronger, it is given in smaller doses. It is given to
tone up the system, improve the appetite and check
fermentation within the bowels. It reduces fevers and
hastens convalescence from debilitating diseases. Large
doses sometimes check congestion of the lungs, thus
cutting short an attack of lung fever. It is useful in
influenza, protracted cases of strangles, and purpura,
-and other feverish attacks in horses; also in fevered
conditions in cows and ewes after delivering their
young, and in bad cases of distemper in dogs; or any
disease which is caused from malaria.

Dosss :—Horses and cattle, half drachm to a drachm ;
sheep and pigs, five to twenty grains; dogs, one to eight
grains. May be given two or three times daily. Price
per ounce, 40 cts.

Rectified Spirits—Rectified spirits very much resembles
alcohol and is used for making all the spirits and a
large number of the tinctures and extracts now in use.
It is quite extensively used in its various forms. It
stimulates the secretions of the stomach and improves
the appetite in indigestion; it relieves bloating and
controls the spasms of bowels, colic or intestinal colic;
also checks persistent diarrhoea, equalizes irregular cir-
culation in chills and strengthens the heart’s action; it
is used in epizootic catarrh, sore throat, congestion of
‘the lungs, bronchitis and pneumonia, and in all patients
during lingering or debilitating disorders, or in any

600 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

case where stimulants are indicated. Used externally,
it causes redness of the skin and acts as a mild irritant,
entering, also, into the formation of various liniments.

Dosrs :—Of the rectified spirits, horses take about
one ounce; cattle, one to three ounces; sheep, half an
ounce; pigs, two drachms; dogs, one drachm. Whisky,
gin and brandy, which are made from rectified spirits,
are not nearly so strong and may be given in much,
jarger doses, as often as occasion demands. Price per|
pint, 35 cts. |

Resin—This is obtained as a residue, in the prepara-|
tion of turpentine. Itisa mild stimulant and acts upon:
the kidneys, causing an increased flow of urine. Ex-
ternally, it is used in the formation of various plasters.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to two ounces; sheep
and pigs, half an ounce; dogs, two drachms. Price per
pound, 5 cts.

Rhubarb—Rhubarb increases the tone of the stomach,
causes an increased flow of bile from the liver and
acts as a mild physic. Small and repeated doses,
improve the appetite. It is usually given combined
with aloes, epsom salts or some other cathartic, as it
scarcely produces any purging effect upon the bowels of
norses or cattle, when given alone.

Dosrs :—To increase the tone of the stomach, horses
take one ounce; cattle two ounces; sheep, one drachm;
dogs, ten to twenty grains. Price per pound, $1.00.

Salicylate of Soda—This is prepared from salicylic acid
and soda. It is a whitish powder and is used consid-
erably in the treatment of all kinds of rheumatism.

Dosrs :— Horses and cattle take two to four drachms;
sheep and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. Price per ounce,
18 cts.

Salicylic Acid—Salicylic acid is a soft, light, white
powder. It is odorless, but when inhaled, irritates the

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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. GOL

nostrils and has an action upon the liver which renders
the bile more watery. It is used in dyspepsia where
bloating occurs, and in diarrhoea in young animals to
arrest fermentation. It is used in all classes of patients
for rheumatism, whether acute or chronic. Externally,
it is used conjoined with alcohol, in the treatment of
skin diseases, where itching is a predominant symptom.

Doses :—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms;
sheep, hogs and dogs, ten to fifteen grains. May be
given every one to two hours, but should always be
mixed with either baking soda or borax. Price per
ounce, 15 cts.

Santonine—Santonine is used almost exclusively for
the destruction of worms and is one of the best remedies
for their extermination. When given at night, it should
be followed by a brisk physic in the morning, or it may
be mixed with the physic and given at the same time,
upon an empty stomach.

Dosrs:—Horses and eattle, one to two drachms;
sheep and hogs, two to ten grains; dogs, one to three
grains. Price per ounce, 30 cts.

Soda, Bi-Carbenate of, and Carbonate (Baking Soda)—
These two preparations of soda counteract acidity and
alter the condition of the system. When given a half
hour before meals, they increase the secretion of the
gastric juice. They are very serviceable in relieving
indigestion and bloating, hence are given to relieve
flatulent colic.

Dosses :—Horses and cattle, one to three drachms;
sheep and pigs, twenty to forty grains; dogs, five to fif-
teen grains. The bi-carbonate may be given in double
the amount above mentioned. Bi-Carbonate, per pound,
7 cts; Carbonate, per pound, 5 cis.

Sodium, Chioride—Common ‘fable Salt.

602 MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

Sodium, Sulphate—See Glauber Salts. Price, per
pound, 5 cts.

Spanish Brown—This is used in various mixtures and
contains a light percentage of sesquioxide of iron,
Price, per pound, 5 cts.

Spirits Frumenti— Whiskey.

Squills, Syrup oi—When given in large doses, squills
causes vomiting and purging; in small doses, it lowers
the pulse rate and raises the blood pressure. It also
causes expectoration, and increases the action of the
kidneys. It is chiefly given in diseases of the air pas-
sages and lungs, in the form of syrup.

Dossrs :—Horses and cattle, two to rour drachms;
sheep, hog and dog, ten to twenty drops. Price, per
pint, 45 cts.

Stavesacre Seeds—This seed is used for the destruc-
tion of lice, and is the best remedy known for this pur-
pose. It is prepared by taking one pound of the seeds,
adding two gallons of water. Simmer over a slow fire,
for two hours, then add water sufficient to make two
gallons. It is then ready for use. Price, per pound,
25 cts.

Strychnia, Strychnine—This is prepared from nux
yomica and is given in all diseases where nux vomica is
useful. See Nux Vomica.

Doses :—Horses, one to two grains; cattle, two to
four grains; sheep, one-fifth to one grain; hog and dog,
one-fiftieth to one-twentieth of a grain. May be given
twice daily.. Price, per ounce, $1.50.

Sulphuric Acid—This acid is a corrosive, irritant
poison, but is used to arrest putrefaction, to tone up
and cool off the system. It is also used as an astringent,
and is given in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It is
also useful in influenza tending to purpura. It is used

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MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 0038

externally in various liniments and asa blistering oint-
ment, when combined with other remedies.

Doses :—Of the medicinal acid, horses take one to
twe drachms; cattle, two to four drachms; sheep, half
a drachm toa drachm; pigs, ten to twenty drops; dogs,
two to five drops. May be given several times a day,
freely diluted with water. Price, per pint, 5 cts.

Sulphur—Flower of sulphur is quite extensively used.
It acts as a mild physic, when given internally. Exter-
nally, it is used in various skin diseases, being very
effectual in the cure of mange and scab, and is usually
combined with tar oils.

Dosrs :—To loosen the bowels, horses take one to
four ounces; cattle, three to six ounces; sheep and pigs,
one ounce; dogs, two drachms. Ointments used exter-
nally usually consist of one part of sulphur to four of
vaseline or lard. Price, per pound, 8 cts.

Sugar of Lead—See Acetate of Lead. Price per
pound, 20 cts.

Sweet Oil—See Olive Oil. Price per gallon, 75 cts.

Tannin, Tannic Acid—This is used principally as an
astringent in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery. It is
useful in preventing bleeding in the stomach, bowels or
womb, also from the lungs. Externally it is used on
ulcers of the mouth, sore teats, and piles. It is some-
times used as an injection, in gleet and whites.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, one to two drachms;
sheep, hog and dog, three to ten grains. Price, per
pound, $1.50.

Tansy, Oil of—This is used principally in the forma-
tion of liniments. It is a useful application for
bruises, sprains, muscular rheumatism and _ chronic
ulcers. Internally it is sometimes used to relieve flatu-
lent colic. It is also employed to produce abortion.

604. MEDICINES AND THEIR USES.

Dosrs:—Horses and cattle, half a drachm to a
drachm; sheep, hog and dog, one to four drops. Price,
per ounce, 28 cts.

Taraxacum—This remedy is taken from the dande-
lion, and is a good blood purifier, stimulates the liver,
and is an excellent remedy for jaundice. Price, per
pound, $1.86.

Tartar Emetic—See Antimony Tartrate. Price, per
pound, 55 cts.

Tincture Opii Camph., Paregoric—This is a preparation
of camphor and opium, benzoic acid, oil of anise, clari-
fied honey and diluted alcohol. It is used to relive ab-
dominal pains, or irritability of the stomach or bowels;
also for allaying cough.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce;
sheep, hog and dog, one to three drachms. Price, per
pint, 60 cts.

Tolu, Syrup of—This is principally used for coughs.
colds, sore throat, or any chronic disease of the throat
and lungs.

Dosrs :—Horses and cattle, half ounce to an ounce;
sheep, hog and dog, two to four drachms. Price, per
pint, 50 cts.

Verdigris, Copper Subacetate—This is an irritant poison
and is seldom used internally. Externally it is used as
a caustic stimu. cnt, astringent and antiseptic. It is ap-
plied in the form of a powder, solution or ointment,
and is made of one part of verdigris to eight or ten of
lard, vaseline or water. Price, per pound, 50 cts.

Vitriol, Oil of—See Sulphuric Acid. Price, per pint,
5 cts.

Vitriol, White—See Zinc Sulphate. Price, per pound,
10 cts.

Whiskey—See Rectified Spirits.

MEDICINES AND THEIR USES. 605

Witchhazel, Hamamelis—This is quite a valuable rem-
edy, for sprains, bruises, wounds, inflammations, con-
gestions, or injuries from any source, in soothing and
controlling the inflammation. It also enters into the
formation of many liniments. It is used also as a
soothing application for piles. Price, per gallon, 75 cts.

Wormwood, Oil of—This oil is used in the form. tion
of various liniments. Price, per ounce, 40 cts.

Zinc, Chloride—This remedy is scarcely ever given in-
ternally. Externally, it is used as a stimulant,
astringent, caustic, and for the destruction of parasites,
and is a valuable remedy in the treatment of canker of
the foot. Price, per pound, 50 cents.

Zinc, Oxide—Zinc oxide is mostly used externally, in
the treatment of skin diseases. It is useful in relieving
tenderness and itching, and assists in healing excoria-
tions of the skin, being also frequently mixed with
vaseline or glycerine, in the form of an ointment.
Price, per pound, 15 cts.

Zinc, Sulphate—This is seldom used internally, but
externally it is used as a stimulant and astringent, to
promote the healing of wounds and foul ulcers, and
when combined with sugar of lead and water, makes
the famous white lotion, a healing preparation. It is
sometimes used in the treatment of diseases of the eyes.
Price, per pound, 10 cts.

INDEX,

HORSE DEPARTMENT.

PAGE.
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Amputation of Penis.. Sea e Re Soe Ae cathodes terme Celvaisclees tone LO
Aneurism..... Rear USERS enn AP aR Gs sts F
ANIASAT CO ie Sth alan os sae cticeeica as deemed scan actese Car ti@teawiedeinacciae keh
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Ankles, Cocked.. BAe aes caedts Baer SelaNe He oselelh na aldow shaterdonieweee
pouleny bn ee. We etalvete bees’ seth goa beualecee ea count eeee
IAP UUTE ULM cja'aade dea calaeasisaicim steven acwlcciaelee del sales celeste Sisianui sive 281
Asthma ........ BS MGa seh ce asec on aa Oe eas) Ran es ee
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Brain, Inflammation Oiincdccioen tohivattde scwtlveseardaempcnscciesaes Lit

(607)

INDEX.

PAGE.

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COLONItIS sen cicstnieeein ested ein ce ae ordecin eae cle Bae crane on ae 2.9
Cough) Chronle gatas nsec eiwarcuaaalss Hele ee suleire Tee e eee eae ase GS
GATS sae -ssoierataretevere ease Geet alele wietate alot cto rostaniclas oon ete e eet we nae eAD
Cxrl=DICELS seach se sass cecaias esolem ate ale Unlae cao otto Sais Noa Poe eel OB:
Cub) sence Walmintn sie aiatelorateteisieieicteieiereielsicteinate oclnieisisihetaiacisisinice sche aaticetaae

Decay-or/Cariesiof ithe) Teethys co isciyscectscine sc eclecee osbneaicel se emeos
Diaphragm, Spasmiofincctdusnac toes ace snes ese eae ae econ 75
Diarrhea. Be Badd OCS So da aed aAido.daduoo add coarbebiceereddoer tel.
Diabetes, Insipidus. ioishelsiclsVelalslelieisicisiclalalelalatstaleeisicieisialciow siaivemeisicsetere lO
Dislocation) of the "Patella 2. )..cc.-55-nnsjs soe esame meee calecsosiceslee00
Disinfectioniss2.sasssscee Hoceacs tsleteinainialesinaienienieeelstesinetcescisdeisieOu!
Distemper Or Stranglesscs,sciccoaeisieacine doves Wolcisi cw cemsonine ceeecel

PAGB.
DORON CHEB coe occas ork catalan c's nyo clelnejajeie'ec.occnfoveenccecsioseaieecia\n® 28
TACO Bay eee ee ees Rees esas acenacrGhnsk adap wcominae sl Oe

4 of the Scrotum UA UR i Shee a TSN LE cate e oyess wale aeieye AOL
Dropsical Swelliug.......c0ssceecececcee cece cece cece cesses sees oo ALT
WIVRONGCEY. ook cock oe kc ccce + tah poneaasiss cates pe cos sipn ewes ee seen’ 91

TIA aTe Nese rostes od Ritu mertomaied aa asm ann sh pe eemonterlons S00

ElbOW LAMENESS. .ccce cece ccc ccccccvccscecnscsces essere Orsi JeniceeebD
Pinteritisisccesdes «sae a= es Me colce didaicvieie a ciemele cle uantsle sen a\¥ss6's 82
FinteritissMco cc ccs caw Velo ons ule sep iclenviacjes ss anise ajsisiniassecevssn sleiee 84
cose elle Be Sas ean ens css db desde ianuc> sive wekcaininn ese risles 53
Epizootic.. Re ek eae ae neiae Cad ea ocimecmetiensr ce -i9% Ba ctalee were 43
RGysipelas ye Dae REY ts 31 aegicg cine artdanaae. oe COL
Eversion of fia Bl ere IMIR: PES SESS cra, ht wieinre ae nee siecle acesedee

4 G6 MG Parl Pec cals waa Wesicwtelvicweqelbieips sated neicwras eest clO3
Eyes, Inflimmation Of.....2.2.csseeee coo ceceecseceennceoeann cesedBa
Eyelids, Turn........ iad dultalasee savage yas Me teeteettatneent nee
Bye, Watering ....00sce-eeeee ae eet a, cap eciniae sinte: ie sate oaeteses loo

Facial Paralysis ..... Bact hee Merah Saas es nase dees aeons Metnjees lciss
Farcy.. : BOF a Ate ar tite NL Sates ein Benn OO
Feet, Infiatimatiod “of Be Eels e iceinaleia,piets Beh Acweneitna ney ds ives wees 163
Fetlock Joint, Sprain of..........++ wr eepek aes et aceesse 261
19e hme ene ween oce Bie eas ice ale alaie’e wtb dievejuiowweimaieisine Pere rcivsen enka
Fistulous Wi Bers aa tant eees +. SB oe Cpe eo Ger SL aaa pane 182
Fits, Falling .. ee ae ES Ley Oech shen uaemaeme nena alae
Flatulent Colic. Sea srate oteiy nod ee Saws saat wae emmee™ tame se Sup)< 49
Flexor Tendons, Sprain ne ia She bee ae so area <a ane Rar isis" 262
OMG NAO DS ics nee cide g downs «ce dudcwre,svleedccuciasiae eelnsianisines se'ee.s 20
FOOGS ANd Feeding : ---. cece ccecccsecccccnccsenccessccccoscrs 11
MOOEAGEAVE! ils. cc ctoe | soancessaclsevene'-visnnesawiepsccrcsiense ices 197

© PUMICE... cece recceccers Kee tet Vie ccacsmcsaasa cena peeeeess 198
OMS HEAUD? ce tacccceeen s orise casas Jenni) bv sinew erejesiein'e se virineieeielei*.” 125
WUGUTCEES coe nw cdstoet Usielc ates eniemadesees Bp Ree aaa TOe 163
Frog, Bruises Of .....--.-2s+sees eee De hee ME aa arcinyeinie afete e'siafe Jenn)

Galls, Saddle or Collir.......-.-++ee+- ERI Ae ars OE). oe Oe cists ini ALO

CET POW ARTIC ute a'eis a anie ce erste s seaaele PRON Cera teres oc ofo,hgsin LO
ERS GLUT Se cea cre ioreie eset ero eae ata elsfayc alc thlaraleters'ose'=\n\eistaie'eis a/e\eiossin vie # cle, asic 92
GIT re Oe ee eee c nicinle els Sed bine stein sicple wieteiejals sie ciacclesgerrz.selald 5)
GOSSITISE aoe eepee cceccu= so ncriname monte da Seocndede Wie Tape tate Gdieiieeie) se 105
Goitre...... en cfow aioe ctosisiae re aig the a ne pha Sea rich npr ok
GOMNOLTN OR cece 6c vi denceccicscesiviccesicncn emacs cans EAE ecwlesinentes 128
Gorged StoMmachb....... ceceecccceecereecccrcencencccs cesses otis Oo
AyavelaniBOOk: ccs cece sclssst alsin sic.000 sietsis) ~~ SPR Srl Romaine tassel Od
Grains... s<- Se ee ee aac lsiala da clelaiesineie /efeisintslaisins.e\=mieie mina, 5s 14
GTASS oe cisco wieslents Ba aIN = ce calc seit sic.si alas seine sem Lb Rh oraicaiiete sie 16
Grease Heel...... eee cre eidaiaie fate Dene acto ieainsjevs ePoesiatsreree® sie ste 151
GUUBEAD LO che ee era tele esticna toe piatlcisiniets cee ni nine pert Wipe Steshe 8 eo TUL

C09

610

INDEX.

PAGE.
Hemorrhagia Purpura....... stajuitantslslsiajelniuleteleaia(eiais'siateleisieinioisiaisiatsle essen CO
ELESINAGUTC divers) sicieinjeiniereaces cist eisis'siuia sie le's aeleleiisies aiaicieinyale Gis s/salefelniaiais a SL
ELPIIMOTE NOLS a ciisiccaisacclscie Waneciaciselatnty ecicleisnieiieneislelels Riaieielwle ore isoAe.
TALNESS a claelclwoies se'eselere Slercalelsins bracicsisinsaee cwsicealetoaemaciicesicsgios 17
IEE Wocdcde cagsononapna cong caseue Sodencsock. ees ochobocdaspsecoacoseue, 1s
TG AV OB a ceienlerec aierecie alate crsteiec cossactace cuaiaialoietescleeateicac coon ae oie in elec nelenicee mio
EiGels CONTLACDEC as vewicisisecwisiciesiaiian's selena istics ccvetinietaine deleleoncem nace
HF ETHNTPLO LR ctalejaisielojslelsicroteisniaiers ets BOM OOd 4 3 do eapeceecedecceedeco cag danosa, Lt
ELEY) AUDI eo lciswenencoanes=cancicninic eisisisiaislaisioivaerslalieietacrauisisvaineialeaistis einstein Ol

Ge PB OMNGy-Pesieiiis nies cictcinesislacnaieios «leis Sieatath se sisi siaisieve cintalaleisimiaictcha 158
Hind Limbs, Paralysis of......... Aelaasistolncivisiarcioctets cienicias ailatcwe el Ox
EVA AGATA CVESStercistate fel cieis ie lalcior sd eh vsve anys costenaberstelenee tc ovavatere ware late talelmetets 244
Ely drOCOlGiericisswrelceswielenisieseieleisics vieleiecle erisiacisrenicsiss cic’ ehatcloteeta mint ces 121
ERY GT OD NGI Ais ae alae steldiaeiain’clasialets n=iete aialsintalnlsieiniatatnisielaiia’ersialatsnineiaic ail
ERY Ste acces acsceeistcsiasscleisisainn satecice cisicw coi cianaleiiacicimactcaassisiserne ee

Icterus..... edaloialefoictoredal ctolenstciste? teas ntctotnieiniaiateteisteicioeinis Aeidcoognaaoaoosan Sie
Incised and Contused Wounds........ qdbsacosods so seodSdaco sabes
ATIC SF ESHLOTM sale taietcleins eciselaiciscraain onnbdtocds scomscttandantoossaace RE
In AAMT a tOMy OL TAGG rejects aisiois slate! ainlclelsinlelulersioiels lols islets niaieieiajaisietmia’s 127
oF se SOW OL Sa pisresistcistaiot is/are /aeialen iatateialate winhsla(eleteisislatele minatell Gee
ss Wy eigratal peng agandadage wisleleyeia slaia/eleteistetnicle Sn doosdinea click §
ss ¢ Coronet........ a yale a alla Jovetorateon es lnvatet a ieinye at trai inter len svar 209
a Jao Baye seacpuGodaciopadonauocadbeae uated Hsee Hace acon 133
“S CSCC Oba aeictcleleieiisiainiciciain! elae'= aNatelo stain sioreisiois icislaratersreteterstale 163
ss OP DP OIDTSY sy icleels se ns lseleninere asi sis fave Nee eyetets setdieet 277-281
e P SESICLTT OVS Fointsteraistslerateleietaleleieisiotelcien! sidieicietelsists Ssdoo once!
Bh EOIN ESS einiels sini sieitoininctseleleicie/= @ ciatsievatn ele) atnjelowers etste slays 266

ve “ Lining Membrune of the Abdominal Cavity.,111
ce $e WEN 2S) ares saonscosace BeiGdbodbosnoce aaddusacd, is!
ee “2 Gy aor) HEN HKES=, (ha Ga58 Hoon anooucc ods ogoanocauale Lt
Me ‘© Mammary Glands...........0. eiotaieiefotaiaras Bias 132
ee “© Membrane and Spinal Cord... . oc. occ. cecwlace 145
re SoM MOULD esis aiscniaeocsiccies atelpclatsictaieleieielciaters eerste sie at Me
ss ESE SUOMIACH Weis sotalm ciavelataisvacielore atciste aieieinie cic hiacieteiestar ieee
Ee EP MOS TICLES cca ciauecisale omnia clactels cs ciseieieisiel esta spersiaereey Akar)
“ & TOREUC 2.0.6 Shsiaiataniniolatsie) sie (alate vie eisieisletetael = foteia sate /cteke 105
ef SS RCCL GI n aipls'ntaleteisielereiaia SO ORS A GOOEIGTU CUS Bera bom aoe 132
PITA TOWZ7A, UZ OOHIC cr leies mlerem oie aa win tein einlel cveisiciastere) nie aiaialelois tateistaie meceks 43
Injections ......... poUpobin sve mbondnddadad daa sohoeanousad Sinn ieisioteintat ere
Intestinal Obstructions........ aiainiaelalslee bvosesuaenecacsiaaio nes cictataieleisieve noi
TENT OCICLOLYaclad we cele sreisjentce seieia clea stelsioileipe’ela cieisiermein eieiveinisrsivesle Benatar
TNGUSSUSCCPLLON < c-sesncecaiclemcesie vice e Sqdennsocmooonsas wehisieteieis Serie LLU,
Irregularities of the Teeth..................0. piee ys aihiaiee als ete eoo
Arrita tion Ofte skim cr te) leleisieleiesisacnieclesiesisnjeniselesise/eclcttes lesan eae

SAUD GICO NHS: ete hae est aeasadeleeioce ce Aeicoiee claateit lenin wie clea ates oe tae be ee
DOMES NO pers 2 i 07 Me ewe a dsarate teers cla leial oie mse netsletatesSicisimteia etctete ioe essen ane

Fe ee

INDEX.

HENIOS) SPE UNG ee ve us colee verre sel stelaiate siete vetete Me td ln Saag sae st gia isi an cl
Eeneeags Tn fannie nloMOte see sens ete ponies evict cue tas ae ah os atele gateihgtOO
o Brolcen Or WRMISEs dass case dere ea ck Reet ena vei eelac cama eeceeOk

TTT CAIN ON apace aretha ee teins a ian atoe ht covet a heats aides eslay vd ato sia’ ale les eo

Lachrymal Ducts OUStrachom OL. sj shea aajhe)- oi pclae <n anion njewiecine ee LOO
Diam Pasi wana col seran ce aac ol tect te mela ncaa oe Sees civ atamageiedss (OL

Tu arya ne aeeayehs cece ec taal ere arse tah re eae aaa ee le AAS Bb ae OD
MUAMENGSEMOOMMD ONG. oe ood ois kee cap vibts; da kn lasyle cieiegtets sacle e Zaid sie LU
s SUTSOUY cae icr eects tre totter aates aise eit) njseta es on ot we, aa cavaatemt seo”
Ue SNOWIGGE sate wuhnia cece hrafec aN Ebya aha cals acrse acrebpale 2a caerd
ss SHH ROM ort. ote caters catchers saat aves deaaceas sod

Baryneo s Daryn Mita ses pes alec a. seivclespaaledee de cr ts de Gas ineadnee OD
BU CORTIOS ee ES A eccveait telat s aovce ait opie cy Waser’ eapeerena oe,» a0 Meee

THALYS PE ALALV SIS Of GRE S dee sc ces ise eiga ete sn ate m= a ao IO ol bse’ elwlatel sofa 237
DBaliver, CONGESTION OL ci c5 lclqars on wicnntee Fes wien Meno ae aie a Glared > wisraieus 99

Rote iat LRIRAET NDNA A CONE OLS: see are oe den attend sie elclben Ae ne tanapeor aides ee 101
NAO CRA AW varia atette ete eis me x dose eRe piesa omatine «cuit Meh ey emashin gan eunsacke 141
AOLPGUS Sl aldol doh Aveeciolatein wha > Mumia clevised teeta we edna, we he med aidortercihanale 23
PAINS; Meee ATTN ALOM: OP. ys Maielare so en aw a en Ware als, doin ale led tiatul tienes s 63

Seiten COT ORCI Ola" crocie ite stele SE oie datwin tect blay de, Setnic lone Ualetasl = aistoens 70

GV TYP ANS LOLS 6 on a wigs teiboteesle. «els, nad swe o's ola te Aone ee RE oro) 17

Mammary Glands, Inflammation’ Of. iio cee ee cece cee elecs 132
MIAN Eta eee acina gta de dnween vies ota ied Saree emo ll ctenotonde ca eaetia Chee ob 155
MOO BINOHESS. akan shine sikninctoemtatuch aichiaurktoe sNica sedate tiga we toe 138
MOG: MTA ATION OT. stele esis saat Sol es Weeetn ie etme tae ee 79
MT OO-TMGCLIGIS). seve Mere diiay dicate fst cee et canikiontes fab Licule a ie fate sleiona 84
MRS CLSS) PEG HUPFE OL .c-e sieyara be cantatas wis kide ee rau low Stamos sae 5 245
re PXOIADTOLU NOL cami sseAe Pix aaah rece alasleper or tpsee fee wie wee idities 271
MataAtions.:.. oi cee sisine « PRA eee eee at eonineaiae arittin acento 17
INSTR err Gs. TrOrMiays yemieiace de ae crats Wyler ris arc ehiaya sialshidiel se aicrcla wise 195
TS QS UCP RBI rca re sercts a elem ale obeys M OA Saltratan cipieheettelyeiclne Mu cdlers 56
PAM LOC noma e alccoctsser Pest atats) ameeiate CWIE ¢jeakcutestaere semanas 246

brah HET OER LA nacal saat ders eka. clsletty/n Saleen ea Aram asa einre Case a eh wine tage V7
RMMLITEOAD St Nomar cinnin SE e aise athe k cimireis cleat aise seielinea aha Mr eeaers 177
INAVACTIATTNBO ASO te sft una Se Sitrel Sum ete coc Mlo las ual datas singaet 210
INGDRPIUIB sa 55 cise r= 2s - ARAN S Boba CHO OB OL Sc Pea: EO SOO eAAeSe 124
VE GL OE WASH crate rots ate Stalin Pa diate, diane cent Wiese Merete ersin ocibe cic a ee beans ete eae 180
NOSTLHUS sSlceqing trom tHE... 7s tecmasee ae eens Lee oie aie Seeds 53
se WiOolnGs ADOUE Je iced ona sk haere ede aela eaten Seen ae 179
INOSEU HM aISGs) MUMIOI IN. claccisscines ¢ ead phe ated Hasan deaaeeene s 177
Obstructions, Intestin all.6 ose .6) cha cea Sane Pode eee eis 87
Obstruction of the: Wachryaal Duct. 2:2 4) ss.18-eose eee eee 135
CO} cr AT Ub res yoy: cl ae eM A aERO Acta aac ASE ERGY IniCly Sei anpmeien Wena E ena ir on 254

612

Is

INDEX.

PAGE

Open WOlnbiserreccices de sovciege were sieiateretarn showers sree Weieie ciesleheta eee en,
Ophthalmia, Berloaie seco ieee oct e cicieis ave koe see seco bius wees 138
Over-heaeln go rajeciavs cee ctacinaise ae ascitemee ie Mobiclan siiatie teeicishtsiers ce nines 147
OYE Nac go550 nD 80H wos cane coud sdbgDoCusa ONS dndd doa doeDNeBoSdhe 246
Partial PPAaraly Sis) yy cpay<stisleece ae slercy oreo tacaeeote elelac nis sista teletete a ts eleieteeeeelere 54
Paralysis ery Mew cpeucamtcwis be bist silastic sale wits Sai Matleeeaicersots Sp aau tts
sf Of the BIA Mers ie se se liato inte ais cle cloais oie ehotetetloneieiemictients 120

“s BCT aL re os alae eo saca lots vial aucraeta]aeialiote cieieareievwle wate nanela' eleiod 3 153

fs Of therein d Wail Ds races sie ehatoesaetewioisieteeisodcen reeks 102

ss bE B3l) ois auoodo oc aanear ceded aon esaaloenscn sae HAnS AlnDodtn 6 237

as SPINEL VOLOL SIL G caiiiee.cselaenedeniclren terion cele tes certain 184
PAT Ob MOU bE ese siete awys nrsreie sysgate ele saters tone isles ip bole msl n ntaa als eral caine ator slalele 235
Patella MMDislOcatlOmon srt eiscjeiolectbeiersye weiss ctsysles ic severe cletele lerstersde Pay 23.5)
Ponis PAM Puta tlonsOfen. concious ce eee cieelete oy nee mtoveisioe ole einieveieleterine 187
J ETES ELIOT OUTS team At Bette set ce sd See Rae Cee LSC o ois SUE eo CERO E REE EN Uren ill
Perrodie!@prrtrvea lays g oo 7 wrest ove)-isieve me elaie/eicieinia viele Oe wictiate n eeucieaisee 138
iPharyngealPolyPUs s'i a ijare stele cjcicrs: iste ail craters oeieuaiersielqesebielairers ais elas dusts 178
MPT V ULL Os arsetere atece = ster scot tees etches Sia earclara ausaternvanuieceia Toe ul uleerera ere staiei orton ie 144
IPhymosisiand Para piyaWOSuis preteeraarectmerareled-ci=iistereelelcieleisiaie ieee 186
Pilest ye cueee ade ee BRE Scine aay e TN ng too SL ARE TED A Oa 240
APTAS BOT See ichetotee sive. 5 bse eve Sleroces ns elchetes ere cai Mae teats fe ievel alera at Geta imrcuateeinrsten iets 23
TOURIST 5 Se aes ronan a heretic siohevortoraintesalom: Smciatah me taiercrale eam Gaeta raennite 65
PnNewmMonil aes aeasy eee ABS ROD ADOT S COD CEOL OCS ORBOR BODO Sno oe tc 63
AE OLEH WLM ahora ascioelisra ese eretere ate Stato ove va eieoe cieie eve aie elo etaveroytead ey alisiete e veiole eels 169
POLY PUS NASA. Hs Me «sisio ncelos lage syeissetielclerd eseBianslecistoreis auc teelustelee 177
TPOCAEO CSE eee eee Sree Cane elas acted se merp ag eae 15
(PO ULHTCOS =o ccieuelecieveisisyarevetcaintsl sales le cove Sie clove wis eee eel witaisiseceuioeee 21
TOWELS sasaiace Bisisltuw a sts arcs Ne loleuee noice aloo) evalotaleuerevelaleig lets sieieet sinjemte 22
PP PICKS TP OMAN GLISY, cori sees coccrster cle ne eisoe oleate ete eevee anes ee ie eerie 195
ELOLAPS SPAM ate eye) oe cree otcte itse aictolseate ete clouatemionste ea welehimaene eee 108
APT PF Oa EMPIUUS aicreaiste vos eae al actesre ae ie noises e einstein ee ees 149
LUMI CODON OOL A Naaywtass os aici neisle sea aoe eeaed We eeu aieinleid Sato Sisiieeiwlela ale 198
Purpura peice OLEH apd a sanasce ct caciccsensece sere clecaice see cemienetcee 106
QUITS oS iateiey ati sic as Seats ote Sera alec etotoi a cious io eVeasigielaiceialey cveyats dtrsmerincita 74
(Aysh i itay pyperenenreess mun ner oy a AUER ai Sn F a aA TE aoe ame sae i Ae 196
RE DIGS gece dere x ste Dc [crei sol Dcieae soak taikte Bee marca SLA ae NG cle esoin aloe alors ma aie 241
RECHUM ME VELSLOLNO La ees a a ac a er ee ae Sacer 108
Retentionvol Urine scaides ones eso te sic wales Deeb escalate tabete aisles 3 126
UD SUB OLSTIN sei de ate tyevaiece te niet cove! Sraia fia Stele aieh aac motnlaisomralenicme ecieoeyes 278
PUL COGS i yatcere rere ushers Pe hats sia ator sratuaaiane feist taie'e fare Levelt pareraton areata Bataan Sa 282
FUT BeWVOLIMY Svea ate Napoiee wiekcte: seal coe. s ah aitiere| s eaiay eo omnes sere ole stale erate eed 181
RUIN FDONE vod MeN sata cules Sew Ween eee a cine Seale eumtacdue mae alammedl 257
MO ATID CHLONIC Siais sects oe cols taste ae oeiae ee asa alle levis enamine’ (oy
PEL UPD DULG tele latescteioserent cate Gee ote eONe oT te vovselevelenieleiom slic sleeve cists ceseia 188
ff OTMMUIS CLOSE e/chiensistie etaeteroie erestonetarn a Coles oreitic sini ts crate tees ste ache ea eRe)
Saddle'or/ Collar (Gals crisis scarce c esos celeelessiereciecueesllesaw 26 154
SaliViAtlOn Meee eos his seed seisce cote (ape suceeate ee Hosta eda etaloueioiae cas eabe 104
SANGIOLACKS he icca des sietisiinscsttievsis sho lecareatetae ore ce wletste ete le oe «s. .208
Scalds ang Burns evi Fe icic asics wis nis esis wae evotelalele.cecieie sisiclene sti ie oid ddieys 163

SOTA UCIOS)«io7s/slislssreh sos <iciavecs clnsathingnlcnainte winiolale oaielavemte aioe e preteen en ASLO

ROCA Vora pase Sie hye VAL. 8

Soa MASE Beste Sorte sats thin dents)

SN ota Res aon tas abene aT ee

Spasm of the Diaphragm *>.<\5 5.5.7
Suavile Boney seeses eas yo hist

oF BOW A fae co rena gars ee
. BBEDOG Soe weet Nosy. ty AOR
a ae UE aS ae a ee

SUG. Foner enges ome yaan Mh LL

“ ree We lexor Tandons.s.0 4)...

s “ “Suspensory Ligaments

ss Inflammation of
ss a Us ely ae ae Poa eG
Stomatitis.........,

ae acy i SE ene Pn Te
Strangles or Distemper.................. SO COREE Se F

. 41

MOEA Wencchdtonte coca e eae ele
baa! Ea ne nO oe eR Td » 279
Stricture of the Urethra.................... 123
SHAH ile poi OE OS CREE de
PRUSERORGAG sniac tterciet usc Gel, Wee ute o/stelleial slaves ctte LA 7:
Superpurgation.....00.. 0, ance .
Suppositories................ Wels viniw claiaicieie’ieisieceian ened SL
SUDO Fie Aenv's 0 csn shod shade bie hs ae Wisielsaiabeernie vac ae a 180
Swelled rT ISP a eae a a snls soles eee Aiscncca aus:
‘Legs, SOeKINg Es icc ee ee Sipsac sister creel

Swelling, Lie ca act ER Ee A Be a RS aac “17
Swinney...... PCRUnG Tapa ates saa tacweincidaion warwo.c'samaiied nay 1% 269-271
iebabridnirystic cee tras re ney aha ae mC AS alelsia eset «e281

614

<

PAGE.

POON soa: aise een es cleee GemeIT ARM ae Bee aE Ratna stares 283-292
ToL MEPPEUTATIBIOS OL: pei oue Cameleon sere ca a kedlei tae sle ce eeete eR ees
Wrolt/or,/Supernumeraryonssscsicsscas veces senile ceccweccinee 00
Desticles, Inflammation (of ss. e cones assess cele dat eates cntsese ee LOO
MMSE Veh Tt PAR Sa saa ea MOn a ALAN Ty Oa Us RIM are LoMU Ture ean asa
THOLrOugh Pim ss eNO Mele NU mes NA aule LA aaa a ee
Thrush..... wibieis amiaeee es iGIe Seles Walkie fom eiaiera ua cheers ura Grou ieliie auc MLE
AB ch bb art -V- Hy ear UNE ATE SRRI TAG CY Uae ee HANG ROMO HaHAM UIE NES Mea AT hfe Hr
DOO} BOO yea NNN ky len NASH NN aL OMe ce RUIN alloys whe ee OD
TonguenindarmniatonOl ane wae mua aera ae len meena ewie sta LOD
OS EN JURIGS We cieee eicsue ens :
Moothache saeco ee LO Acid par hier el ave ME DO
POrN Eyelids wey ew Nu 4
TOIMNONS eee a PSU arate kalemtataterate
Rihiacpend 321 E SeEHa Oy at Nc Yay Page IAL SI A RESIS Alan Sa Re Lf

ae dal Ma S@RNOSUPH Misr UNE CRM ARI ay a ete EERIE ea igi
se SONS ENTOAD! je ceaes Maeve ee tic auc eine eee ee eee ee

oe

Udder inilammatlonvon see secon elses ne ersaieee seme atte
WrethraStricture/oiis ease ce oee kee eee a eieeaccedeoe ee een ea
Urine, Bioody........ Sia eralsiaterevane etal ms etve lalate Mele a chose wee Tebele role satetaare 119
Urine Retentionvot sue See ea eaten

MADOLS.cceuce

SWAT ES role ee ieM ee NALA A RRA UA MLU A ba i OMANI Ry Oak rae eee aaa
DOV C OD ee eA cea edad a Le Ns Bal TEA OAR MALL UK oN LS UES Sb ated ean)
WY abelian RVs ci UN AA ase RRO I Ne pelea an OL Oe
AWYp eV ctsy regen ays Wal th 4; We pentane A HIS ou UR a Tea Ra Re ase asl
VV GOR Aas ie cla, RL ESE STN ei A PO IRs RCRA NL EA SOL La 120
SV SU Le aD Ss ek Ne8)2 Eh Us Manin ee) A at Ue Dy PO glee ee ah 219
NUNES of V6 fe AeA Papp ys IN Ors le NL
Aierbiote Ceca t Xe hd) gs PRU BRE MN WX HA Rio edn Tu SIRT GR ICAI POA MR a LA
Withers; Histulomsi eels Lee Ae A Melly Romie ILL wea 182
IWVOIRD Reb os a ee etn a Re no: Dagan e 236
iy (Co od 00 WS PR UTA IED HpaI IE RyTL GPL YOR n UNA oad eg Ite eyt ge es TELE
Wounds)from Barbed Wire sevaseo. cess cenenece sensiwaciernesele

re rare Sais erate ache gin ta oate hate i omaa terete Shc ale Sp elede oe eee reetetee 201

ee Incised and) Contwsed sis ses eka Mosse tee aes iene 231

We ab the Wontar eee eee eee A Ce ey Mee 27

se About the INOStrIIS, 20) sce Mepe c lelesenlewen ek rere moeweie enka

VOLO WiSissinisisielsla esis nce alt Sele sisereeualseisistacieccontie

CATTLE DEPARTMENT.

Affections of the Second Stomach..... 2... 2... cece ec eens eens eee O20
Al Dum n ura eee kel ctels TN Reet UE Ue A thee etarelaelreratohs a balate HCO
ADOPLEXY"SPlaniIS 5 evel clelolacaevea se ois ale cielate ciate leereiasg aici= ciate ene OOS

ADU cic oe cc teaa le hia k oce crease oaclegmelveis cle cwaipsieuls sicciveae/ap salem een

BIRCHIOS os erase cacti ladtacs see thoeaecanasd ae berasvese besa ccjiese DOO
Bladder, Eversion of...........s. ee eTnal este oe ns Whig oleislas Wetataalovers SeOnaee

ty Tehri Atl OM! OF os ae cine, taselnstes eb thinsa UG clas ee eee ath lees hOeL
Bloating.. Fe Ne Teh cee Re TEE blade wal o acialabrs = eyes Sitlcams enous
Bloody Urine. He Se eee Ha MOe a Lt eee NG ots cicteic a cldagsareesaoLe
Bowels, Tara tion ‘of. Bie chit se elas SMR Selolert be ectctee ise sop eats e
Brain, Inflammation of..... eae aeataciieioake ct she ceslaaes cote sola
Bright’s Disease... . cea se crete cess aesiapisce Maesesies sBUS
Buckeyes, Fits*from eHatne. LEOCLR A MRT perstve etter dase pa clack enim aiene src 331

OBlyess White SCOULS IN sos terete parses aiced a\nsmcie None oes v'e neuen OUD
CRRCOTOURNOICETS lian coe ck ses bats eles ncn nideles seme neds exes mee metie 311
GA GANV OTRO lO eye loc ctarcte cet Seis alots te niatelelolo ete Ey Sakaieajcie wie Cave mere a ORO
Choking... - Peer Cokie Sa Fee des ahem omekBbieciaes arene VOLS
Chronic Indigestion. EN ater t ete Wats MIRE ainlain a J alae s'eaiele'w diay e HOE
Colle... Nurse Rake SOM Sb Fe cary Voie Cth Bra Ciaran) het Cys ARAN ale oll Maret nigiels ean neD
Conjunetivitia, Ree a Ae ae aR oe aan’ sa /aainatobtadleaten achweamioeet 326
Contagious Pleuro- Pneumonia . Baton oleh eee we edie meee AUN
SAIS CoRR Ec aaa ana SIRT HERD UI CU CARE
OV ACLUIS 2 dey se ee eo nicie Paes iad ae Malye cena cleres cnet cis gin ciae bomurquenOen

VIGOR gies a cteeieis Ua ta tee esl femis cydaactas anieeo aise abetinat nine katara ie 369
Diarrhea.. Dots Bed eterna teuptet aleiatevon Bene eiaie cee
Dislocation of tie Patelia or ‘Stifle do ae cae abil h wa va edanteaoee
DrOpsy Of the CIterUs: OL) WOUND eso cows cc amie oecwwiwanelninss jan Oe0.
WY SENtSY ACTING Ut itas cataracts ale bere os'ewicmat wlelat o'r fis\slarosp\oi nareie SOU

MM COTLGIS saci. e's sates ecee ns oat weladl dais vic sla s'aicle aie falers abe lole oetdem (oldiafa ond
TO PIZOOGMCUA DEN At sn csi ales ecw eteeela tink waa'alsis,acleMm ie ciers fel aateiene asia > 309
VOL SLOT Ot VIEL Ay oni) stated, Cate nve minut pialslais ald tiapsit co 2 Le Sheer ald i der niy 344
Hes Vintamma ton Olgas rsks cesslanie ess aynee/s baste eates seins suet OeO

Fardel-bound.. avmaistbe ath sd abdasideadaeis sheet aoe aad cisenOoe
First Stomach, ‘Tmpaction of Be AACE ae FSO Stee Bt Sot OEE rnc 336
BGs trons Malini DUCKOVER tse cscicsaclease Gace secs evochkwesrteve + sOOL
Moot and MOULD: DISGASOces ties pesecg ce hess se ctomcise aslem caceeeRaud

TOSS UES scr a os aoe els tetera aid oid Semen awe ee Sas cGlcin ods aes ofa seen
Genouiinin: Baie Sse a eR Yatais sie ee Raa teerale theo eee een Niel setpatwiate see OND
Grubs Under the Sas seee caithic tel wale taisianleaiseie s\Gelcie/sepestooo,

ISS MAUUNSA Muar seee oucmiscealod Mechs a dapitteda cuca cess ae ticesd wamelveiobe
VORA A UL Sens s neers saentemia cia clatela niets ettinsyetsisial <lstatstayv)sisict sors e\sieseimai se 4
MTG O DOMME Ase eho las so se Go Sela ciclo) Hesistind a teleatoels secidiseie tO)
PTO VET sare eee cctae eccaladeclece sy sincacsisidee sie caja telensata wana sssOUe

Impaction of the Omasum....... BAR SEES CSAC AAP SPAR SRO oni
SoU SORATMIOM se sec ce aod ce clet scien onaeaawaweenetae Lise tien Ooo
Indigestion, Chronic..... Wicca dai kien ce Gainelats sutnc tintaaepe men eerenesaGek

615

616 INDEX.

Inflammation of the Bladder... 2.5. ccc ccc cece cece ccccitece cect OSL
Wo 66 SEBO WEIS eos tied eae wide bole peisicn onto s Reise caine eee
a See START aS ai ajaiais actoleacine ao tate oie ate ee CO
Ud BOs SE VOSS cic ic iss samin elas deere wlersleten alate stan aaa eRT OO
ac SPCC MRT AMO YS sia, sta cateceiete cre cleraulole oceieraelaterene ster eS

ety vce. laden: Seu! ae. Vig ge nll ey ah gil
Intestines, Strangulation Of.............c.esesccccerceuesecscces Ot
4 fryrhaVol ols \aappnocooD ano nsdoqucodarmcodcooposodducostiae Fioguoosoodssr 3849) |

Kadneys, Inflammation OLee se ccecscs) sc cels ol elsviisieielscelsi(istslseteeeiGOS

rFRec

LeUCOrrhoea....- ...0 ccc cece cvcvee mfefeleieinleixialelelalwialeretelel'einlalciaiaiatsiersiastee nacre
IUsS4n6 B605 Sadun co do ondbeDH doac oun nna seoetanoGJanCdODOSD cake odd co 359
MAVeEr a IN MAMIMATLON Of cicivicniclesicao aie sivialelaicle sipisinlslvie'slslelaicisielclaieletsiviaivete ff
MOCKIAWiaciee wicieewle)esickleeaii<« slefeteils clsibietelatocsferelerdic\ojufetescesacctetcioistelsh irate atae 363
Lump-jaw.......-+. ouladedonogadovlocodpabtasosC sisle sielvisieleeeeccncisilesieo lik
Lungs, InflamMmMation Of ......ccsecccceccscsccccccsecccccesscovcecs 339

1” eharbent to eae aedo codosaddanodudbaaqudcosb0 Gant slofetnisieretelaetate ecccecs dR
Mouth, Sore.........+ oid Soootoodnoo wooo cu ddcouccesnbndancto.recnosos des

P Patella Dislocatiomsotendycicstcnctciatessses ciccinastectcrs Soanonosoag es)
Phrenitis..... njaintela: nratetelninia otatslslateval sisal overs siecle nreleve/sieke ciatete cisisteis eietereteire -314
PICUPISYj- cris cleliakicl = = BH SUOCOUSU OD EEC Dagon oD oc do NQbORULLD, .cLknacos 347
Pleura-Pneumonia, Contagious..........sesseeseee Sroleisieiel neste coo a
PATO TINVONL A vie celctac esteieisineio s/cleisrsicisieietece: cicisieielerss ncisicleraicicielsieteinta cee eeeae

Q Quarter-ill........... Sogonodansos spanudoboandgantiooadonuaonaoobasc eis

D

UNS UIMA CSM ciccicicieleietie clatersleleinicinvalefate slo \eletelnielayeratatervals ciated ciatatatee actieverate 367
TRY baYEN, KO) BOM Gonoo oun ION Doac SoGonosogesadanbase aleveineloeie <ineicleiseleee ere ot
RUMEN, LMUPACTION Ofte miere(aleicinw ele wintein vleib/alelalelolaisialeislisie\elcis/einiayaie insect 336

S Second Stomach, Affections of........... Boast seen Aseiemees cageD
prabey (es ables) (Bir (ola eae céGosun JoooudeoH oc oo.cdoeKdK0 Hadcogsaca medal Se 358

Soro lout hecesaeccecinieiccisetee site cs car sisee ABA SAOuA Miste[alaielae setae eae

SEM MIT GSS cletsinc cases a/cicrevpisia olotsyoinrevcrasi Sisisielehstaistolslomerteles Socdaoncgous, tt)

Splenic Apoplexy.......... els lalate le\s/olein)a\eleis\ejaletellelatsheloeleisisieinieteiaiasette SOC
Stifle-Joint, Dislocation Of .... 2.0006... 2... ceececnvec ns de ees ene dl0
Strangulation of the Intestines................ nondodriasennarsosoe ar

T Teats, Injuries and Obstructions in,...............cceee cece cece «B50
CIRM: Uo ch peas oak Ue UE Senn He ae a VRP AR eee miner tS 3 349
Tetanus or Lockjaw.......-....-+++0. Bie ela) seid sadlelsiele conesneesee ee OOS

- Tongue, Inflammation Of.................. aieetnoersieele pagddoadao: 295
Tongue, Ulcerated.......ceecesseeseceeeccen cece caee Sjelsinielotes tier o es
TyMpanitis.........secee seer ecrceecerrereceeee cscs cere ccereees -. ..304

U Udder, Inflammation Of........s006e. esse cece ccerececee wo eecsonsess B88
Ulcerated Tongue...... aitaralsiatelpietetotnte la Stakes tavebera oe SO GononO sud asabe 207
Uloer®, CANCETOUE..... 2... eeeee sees cece eee saleleteisisielaleleteiciststalesatain wkd
Urine, Bloody ......cccecccccscccsccsccccs cscs ccsccecccscecsesccess BK}

=<

INDEX.

PAGE.
RIT ESVOLSLON, Of fcic cise taes’ c-scieceielaiciniels eeclsiuis beislaloeidseiviavane'sc Gee

SVVELP DIOS furs aicerateisie isola she sicemlelg ek tameltcass) Wwisduseislesececesnebis «5008

WAU ee aaae's’aers 2 aie olotasa'e bahcimlolsieais i tia. ctsiele ew seil Nistsia's Salta eaicle wateeeles COL
WWHHiLe SCOULPS in CAlVos. cas cccdeecadis de cuts avise iectteebisccaeesee-dUG
ROUUEELCC SS atoia’e aie) snisis. s/ o;Sloletalcicartenre seit incitaia el laiersleisinwacles’s'eisaimdclaeieiniela's 346
WOMD; DIOPSy- Offices co-cesnde wal oo cacaice weceeccevecesavcecnccsassie 345
SUMO RSETIIN cf «int cin'aratsie a esi pinlaiate pl inte’ stetsieraic leat’ s/'eie'e tis WAPSSO elec oidcinaeiaioin'slcteia citer

OBSTETRICAL DEPARTMENT.

Abdominal and Breast PreSentation.... ..cccseecccecevseeesesee. 408

AOL tLOI sacar siviatidalsejesiom solr « nin'b\Wie=\s'a Bisieta wins aa/ei See eile wieteiatale Seonsee eit!
Acites or Abdominal DrOpsy.. ooo... ccc. ccs cece cc cc cccsccscnsss oes 5400
After-birth, Retention of...... S bietalc lets Wisin slaieix Ralel cece saele sidsieeteieaiee Doo
I NAL y et 0:5 MV Ferg ReICe IE OO OOO SE OCUCOCCICOO ICG wesaueycovesinces esac OOD
ATIFETION PYCKONTAGION : «025s cede weccesevee, csovacceinis Shr CL SOeCUES 417
Apoplexy, Parburient,. .... 22-2 ccccsnccwcccersessccccccccccses 0000388
Barren Horses and Cattle: <;<.iccccc reese seccwses wobn sstkseanacreenen
Bleeding from the Navel..............++. SeaCg Rc A tecneo: Copper sh
LAIN VV ACOIVON « dic ccccih eu aacade cuwsldeys bdnlemawoiidaamateseiaaere - 461
Breast and Abdominal Presentation ...............+. aeuacleenwan toe
Care and Feeding of Pregnant Animals..........sseessecee sees O00
Colter Piarrhosa in icsscscesscsscuue Ao eRe eb eles Se Siar damie owes -..418
Constipation Shortly After Birth... ............ ccs sence eeeeee eres 411
Group and Thigh Presentation.............cssecsseccesses Soaawis 445
Deviation of Head Upward and Backward |... ..........00 00. 433
MI MER OBM AM COlUG is; --1 <isi0e v cleeedws coincide suainvnes asduse'ye'cee si cis tices 413
PION DIG MEROOG, MIORSEVOSIOY ss sicie:sic:. vsls v's. ce vinjvinceioa emcees scisebiens 458
Downward Deviation of the Head .............ceececeeeece sictente 427
LGPSY,) ADGOMING. coiccncccce secs secu vickswehse pene aviomsls(sisis sata aOu
Eversion of the Womb............ Maaevich aeivie/sclesiee's scecwaaantestedoe
Feeding and Care of Pregnant Animals........ SE ASHOUCEC SieceenisOe0
MIGOGINE ecicetteaateic ces cen coins eceat tear orlatacieis EN eth cdaeane 398
Foetus, Twin, in Different Presentations ......... 0... ceeee ceceeeee 4568
= Presentation and Position Of...........csccccsee cesses 416
Forelimbs Completely Retained ............0.cceeccccssceee swpvee shee:
se WMlexed At tHe KNEES. =: cece «caste cecentucceusvccec4Sl
Forelimb Crossed Over the Neck................. Sa0b0 Soodosaode 418
Head, Downward Deviation Of.....0....5.... ccesccescccsece 00 427
“Deviation of, Upward and Backward............. snes 483

“ Lateral Deviation of, to the Right or Left.......... ooee..429
Hernia Of Gne Uterus OF WWiOM Ds cocks sricispis:ccae visiccie's vies sclcjncicierss 401

Hind-leg Deviation, Anterior Presentation..........00...:0..-++ 434
Hind-legs, Deviation of, Into Genital Canal, Anterior Part of
The Hedy Presenting dcccciaviecvisiscseciisce detcecs cinacsucscenctess4O0
IOC PTONCHUALION: ws cicicic s(clsine u cieisivic's'siv suave aiviaslee aieeslsiosc vevietieeimas toe
Hydrocephalus, Water on the Wraln tho Leann hata

617

618

INDEX.
PAGE
Inflammation of the Peritone@ ums: . sees ac cciacincecieine eiciee cleeuioeee 406
by 69 ES NW OMIM szaaen arse leverale ro: cbolovst Sate wjere fetes’ Bees Sate ate - 406
Labor Pains, Premature............ Mat trachoyelevera ib ae ata favath celine eatata 3897
Lateral Deviation of the Head to the Right or Left............ 429
Doin andiShouldersPresen tation cv/cicwc seciedeeccensieiee sigteine a pele 449

MOEtrO=RELitOMLbLS can wcta tices: elects c/aoistenie sta einisalelsyactsicepineitinisel ate ea OG

VETO VST lease bles mic: ereisisiete asinicteioe setae alattclcietheetale sclera avajaps Miele ctelin urtie siabor 388
Monstrosity, Double-headed........... Nain tcteteletarclaleptetvsteteia Aloaaeesict 458
Navel, BICCdINe OMNI TNE ce) leslcisat lial) lelne)aials st aieyeltoierelsinlela aiaid oistele 408
Sai Men W ULD CLUE UO tae wlstet ete atatere ierale ter simiaita/atetefelsreta stoislaleinlaeierevels eiciclars orasereya 410
SMELT CAS SLN ST HOUM CIO s esses sields leis ne ieielosiate Sane ae rice teers 409
Normal ‘Parturition, Necessary Aid TUT stevaialeisicioas lero ature ais olsisloleks coe 37
OTN ee eeetaelet tate elciueve tail tacos sal eratat elas e yan” ie isda etter eralisle'Sietwieieiesiaiely 392
Parturibions Lusi Sy PtOMS, GbCie-o<cnieccccate.n\sja\ewiclesinje'clelwin(s:sialiaine 882
7 Necessary Aidin........... alfalevasaih Sistemas siete Chacala avavatatallels 377
Parturient Apoplexy, Milk Fever............. 2... .2ce cece seen es 808
PELINGUMU PR PUOUUBE OL cacti aieien atte stolateiutaiaie latelaleteie tuhelarslelelete slates ...405
POTrSISTENCEHOT ATM EWE PACS i sti clacisietele cers) cves(alele a Glacial sleiereleiacctolioteic 409
IPO LA DOL PE AIS sata e tats) care lefaeioie elsleiere ie et edete |x rete areteyeinle steieparels yoke 395
POSU-PAP ULM SELOMVOTE MAL Ol els cte nissatolclsitaisieleis oereietsichsletelayatelsle aiets etelatsrs 398
IPOSTCTIOLAELOSEIMDABLOD sis ae cote elee Reel ao eH Rae eR eSe Eee Se
Pregnancy, Swelling in.. as okt NLS nicola ets [jer re yee boos
Pregnant Animals, Care Na Pesan OT Na et afaie Whearer uate ratay aime 385
Premature Labor Pains.. Nes SRS ERE ERM aaa RE SUF
Presentation and Postion of the ihe tus. Sete ieie eastaltcieye sitar oe ERO.

Retention of the MeconiUmayee sssieceis ve wiisetrcnesactes onic ree vie ae abl

ne peu CMA PEC OULU EUR abe meretctats chats ctalah calacalais rig eieiAs clean elo Gay ata lato mea Oo
EV UP UUNG OL: BH OUN A Velie aeternicle sloth ciehetele akeleuelevels)eisiola lta evel efatzin/e sim Gefeieee LO

Mi Hane aii eters lasibaelyaneiniag: HConocicDnec Ag odnaackinSsadG= mislteiieee 405
Shoulder and Loin Presentation,...............04- mis sisiataleielatets . 449
Sterility Barren m gs aces vem cine testable cs s syelsieis ieleisieleisialeheisnererwis eicleles Oak
Swelling in Pregnancy.............. Pialalal cose ololeicterten cate taiersiaia tate (cnic 8392
Thigh and Croup Presentation..........0....000s cunaadsued eevee 445
Transverse PLeSCHUATLOM le [> ois s\0,\slesoie) uiciceieieie'n)|«|-jseinidieleleiave eisiaaie aE aae

Twin Foetus in Different Presentations. ..... 2... cece cece cecces -456

Gaile) FemOrrh amelie ic .cst-caclaicoeivicta/s/c\e'sicisialc\n aide .olnixisisio'sis|e srslnie s 405

vi HL OUIU Asian nateisiaieawialatel gia miatasistatenieicieis <teraisier Selina shield ieiolels eek O
Urine Passing from the Navel...............s.-.se0. spislasisieileeen Son
Water) On the Brain. ic. ccuceelsieviewalee'sisieeis SOS AOA ASAE Sic orce eat)
Womb, Eversion of..........sse0 sleletevsplerlaseta aeikis ate folsalutetarb iowa eekeie eee

ts FHOEMTR Of He iclelanicinteisialars eles Siatsiclecldniclaiwioinclelsilsie/ieivieata siaiaeire see

ee Inflamm atloniOt siccac\cee s cWacelclivencarisesieiccdasicinevesaa Mew

INDEX.

SHEEP DEPARTMENT.

Abortion.......-- Bee eee Sopaitale de uiu tale ivveyaiaie’alsialerpre(siel brielgicfe (eyaelnrs ate 516
After-pains in the Bwe....-.---..-. seers sseeee cee eee tere ee cs 518
APthae.sccceccccsccecercccccecccten sect ccneresevsssscageseneces oe 484

BlACK-lEg.ocsscoccevececcceesccreerncs cane creranesccsssrscseawasencs 480
Bloating Or HOVeN....cseeeeeeee teen reer ecereeeeeneereees Shiara. vil!
BYAXY svcvececesencccceesceree cece BR ease ni aleieiclaterdetaies eases alpine ala mer

Castration. ..vecrreeeees Seehsoletive etamns cea ackiais ltin's tee tien a eaeuteeehs 519
Charpon).s.. sec. 20s0 BAe S ey ey Sy ciate aie lata s tice nis Gin ad inioin aie iete sete bie's aims 472
Clap or Gonorrhoit...-- SU SRE Seki atercaied -uetnae eu omaninni sis cidste +. 509
TOI OF Catarrh. 0.0 cece cece ecccee eres cess cccrssemrrecescccens eves 465
Concretions in the Stomach ..-.......6 + cece ee eee een eee eee tenes 47
Constipation ........++- Noe tsah sak ea tease wolplaieale tistiveine'a ale mine Cvsent00
Ue APPT ATL DBs caein aa ee masie =i ane! peivipiciclaseie wfblew'n'n'u a oi siete oip's 504
Congestion of the Liver........+.seeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Boer tere (eit
Costiveness........ is re eM RE Ae oR Siig vind otae ki te siealales's Stars pao

Diarrhoea or Scours in LAaMDS......+-esee eee eeees eave tieleenaweeaoe

a % White Scours in LAMDS.......... -eeecserecrerecseee O04
VISTEMPEL 2... eee eeeeeecereeeeeee Bache sninclea seiiay seals aaise'els pies 477
Docking or Cutting Off the Tail....-.--....-e 5 eros ee eeee scenes ..520
Dysentery ...se0+--- ee Ed SUR erae iis Sle ota © ot asta srataplewsions (ae sielsiniee ele 478

Epizootic...... eed cmatecia «lap net ew atare ivkeia.a/s ste oI¥imis)e\ bile de eles visls)s'<\ $77
Ewe, Lambing in, ....0.....scesee cece cese cece ce cone ecenrececeees 511

Plukes in the Liver. ...c..ccccccescce cece cece cece wceeeesnnesacee ces 499
Foot Lameness......e+ eee eeeeee SE a ee see sc. -er erty eit
CONTRI TT Hc ae ee Pearse IONE Nes ob al sige pte soln, oleae sia aalw ofS en) le
se AIT OU h PISOASOM Laue. de caee +s tel-c ote seen sincete arent eee
MPR TOT ARE MNS Sa tone Decne) acc cab et wasn cies Cees ccelsphinaOe
AUF ACUUIDS coocis cone ary btacisml aalvid qais stivien's >) leece ns’ anom nine Lee ee OUS:

Gonorrhea OF Clap. ..6 2.5. oe neem cece cone vows sees cece ccen cocees
Gravel in UO eee aE CAELTIEL lca eeiacee air ecm aeekitelssne ayer e's AOD
TIGOTOS Bek corcivec cients ales Utica cialee cbibidin cis wom sans Rips aislaeisive sels) 5 8)s\6 487
FELOGSE Ta WBITUD Seis netey ois ctsisis sales oe owpelneie's sass saeisiveen se

Hoven or Bloating... 02. ccc ence cece ccc cceneces cncccence Sadelgents Sok
TERT reese tte Be snl BAe

Tafarmmation ofthe Lkyersssades ca cschasosecoaseceecsasscces/sces S00
ss BONS MURS teen ceibns srceiadacasetacabenstn40u
as ROOT ASIN wie Satine soe ake aba wo Subtract ciawse > sOLO

FAUNA Nee aa eons Foote decks oli be aaron chteBaisedelesla sys 000

TRteatiNalAuOLENe eee ee ee soca cle rokiccloa tals de sciactisels s eestelea\° 400

Inversion Of the WOmMD: <2: cscs. ss seccicccs coee toe secs cecnesesies,-OlE

Itoh or Mange....... evoccceees

INDEX.

Bam bing Ani ther weke otro ccs steciusten sole sretonesrceteloce cts achienmctne dll
ramibs; Constipation meeac wee ccnen ccc aeceee tenet eee coecstec doe
AGO Ate seioaar ae emt conan LR ca ee ea oe eee
Elven; Con restlonlotinn ciscdcseuceiinns ae nee een eisecae Sele ene 475

Se LNA INIT Ab OM OLA vaste «acute srs eatne Seine ene cece anaes a AO.
1 1A 1H Hae ae echt Bam ah BoA ape aHOSS Bae ISAO veiee ae Soeestettoe)

MOCK aWiccs evens ssc See earaee ote

TUN es MOVere. ince anenmee

Se PVVI@EING ys cae nein ate hes tierce oe

pacnonosadal™
Se epusne cele

Lungs, Inflammation Of...... ....-.-.se...

Mae POtsiercsiiaccsis ccs

WAP WOES OV) HUG ros sao Hoscosed boda rods oopdononaGeanas ctiEo.oC
MBE VOTE ee UMAR a emis bial temee olde clears cate
MUTT BIT are jascarevals, sepele to se teloinietera slot sieipete stoic sie elotecieiaies eines

Pale Disease..........
Pnewmoniayss.sa eee

ParturigntrApoplexy sen cea shen see cceecnacte nce
syoteratavers elaiciealeretevere sAeoObEo 000 LUMI

cf Fever

QwarteraUlse sh ee acaciaus ae opewenateeancieciectiada ctaleieets

Ce in i

Puerperal WeVer decuisciecen ste derek ocnncoeocs

Hopaosnabo nes}
cece pees e: weeees 517

dodootondadooudse))

SANG HM MUI S yok copeisarrecte sce ale ticks leere ne oleae eared Riieione lene oUs
ScoursinwWambs ior Miarihocdes. eeesiseeeececateeeiicee:
Sedimoentunithe Wrrimers oy Soe snr klonee cs hc oe elleeoeee ae canes meres

SHECD-LICK Mess shale siasitncas Mateo dio tw ac lula cick ab ce astee ce oeecakiecee ee tae
Slipping Of Wa mus heh RosieMaccts sa cenens cesses cartes se ae) eben eOLO
SEMA LEW OK Cats eeicie Ch sia alate eee alee ong Seance ies leis oe eR eee 481
SOTO MO Ob ei. ie Baha eae arene ate ynlcns oveloias a acetal orstc hel acc meee ere 486
SplenmicrApople yy. -wcoseiutrs ae Hi acd adele Sea e eee eRe Canes sese ANe
Stomach Horelenssubstancessnus. -aucscaskuet ee ceeeenececeeee 474
SSEFETCHES WahMi yee cee ete eves yo aetoet anette elton te eee eae ..468

Tail, Cutting Off the
PAD S=WOLIN. che lees isleicrt imctoial sels clete busts aisrerobte oleae alae eae nese ctenlesse toe

Madders inslammatiomrofeacrees clasactoecate se clcelemes niece ctw ccisecheice 513
WTIN eH SAN Gin sys. 24. sastelevas en vosnie wee sek csolecelon cma conieswematee 508
Urine, Sedinven tia eet, Sue leiteencaissrels sila coiticle caitins cites See OUS

Wihite SCours nam Ds a antes nce ocaciekis se toeiore cccisiomeloes slates OU
Womb Anverslonrotosas jicstcceciccetens oe cs nbeeieseauieoe eecateevacn 514

0

a lm

INDEX.

HOG DEPARTMENT.

AGule Cake. ......ce cece cece cece cece eres cees
ATED VERS oe asic soe N i ca cnidesem me sle 4 cries) ve
:49)0) 9) (>>. ¢ Ae eo

Catarrh or Snuffies.. Mer aaselee icc newied slaiealebiceiceins'eevwelasre
ee Malignant Epizootic. Basten ts Racehicteiese eusnins owisietea.vie: seb

GHSEVOM so5. ctor co dcarcciccs cParuncc svcsiesmelsess.

CROIELA: .avicelseas Seance cum ee ta ca! Gini AW.o tie iinle Niateyoaleete «88

Constipation.. ais d Sci taiettetais ce sjoeeaieen oa=[s

Contagious Pneumo- ‘Enteritis... Ace

Coughs and Colds.. Eee oiatea ealgaisatonmtaleisioe’s 2571 aivaeiasine

Delivery and Care of Young—Pigging.........+++++++-

Diarrhoea or Scours.... ....-.

PAGE
. 140
. 523

Pencimooe

30

531

t. .523
oe 100k
oe. 009

«»- 520
. 087

aia o)ats OU
.oe- 539
. 041

Diphtheria.... 2... 222 cece cece cere ceee Siete ats cals :
Epilepsy Or Staggers.......secees ceeeceeececsccee rescence ceescer:

HOg Cholera. .... 22.022 cence cece cece cece ccce senses ceensccs sees secs cs

Itch—Scab—Mange..

Kidney Worms......c.ceee cece ceccccee cress © teeeeree

535

521

eo pugte

DAT WOME. ccc ccc s ccc conc ccccaconccscccccces vescnccensetecnece
. D447

PAC bete lene aaah tne cincenicmdlecicas veace ¢

Malignant Epizootic Catarrh ..........++ e+. sees eee

..546

546

...d81

Mange —Itch Or Scab... ...... cece cece es cece cece teen reeser cree reses
Measles........ scOdeaddaaaettese SS os 55 Cee sipiareias aiciwis'® 0 ded

Pneumo-Enteritis Contagious........ 2.6. cece eeeeees

QWINSY 22 once coc ccc eens coe cece sscccc cece cesses

Scab—Itch Or MaAngZe..... 2... cee cece cece cscs cece cece secs ceccceees
Scours or Diarrhoea...........-+. elie nisieniacpelaints

Snuffles or Catarrh........ 2.06 wcccsccnsceee

Spleen Enlargement... .... 2... ceee cere -eee cece cere cece cece ceees
Splenitis.. He ate a ejalato) <le'stoyctele «/e/slatalacleio'e's'e'site's/ete Tele

Staggers or r Epilepsy BSAC Oh SE toes ork Rae thee

Strangles.... 2... .cce cece cece cece ccccvcceccccces

TPONSUTEIS se cresiciisee« ce'e< ena done doasisw celts cercsmatee

Trichina—Trichinosis........

wren eee wwen eens

se eeeeeeees

548
544

550
545

«..020

.. 008

548

22.039
. 0386

510

.. 540
. 535

...538

.538

542

Worma, Kidney or Lard......scscescscnnncnnenncanscncccces see B46

621

622

s4ou%2D

INDEX.

(fey
DOG DEPARTMENT.

PAGE.
IB OUIYRATC Gee teiteanse uae ee laluts siete alelly dataiebiaya teres eonate fe aye Savors celts veto tee 558
Bowels: inhlamimatronrOiascsente ceoe see aes ees woesleneecen 559
Casliersot ther bam wisn cme se shoe a Mime Lick prep oLtentava nan Ns cara er ately 565
(OPH EEN hd aR SRE Soe CY Ara ee NA Ot NTH AS EO 561
COTO se eeeteie ee ne arora seks a alate levobeteeshoinss de rents stars oleteuale Kiara bre Deicke tenet uieecets 568
Cla proryGonorrhoo nth. Soy piceavas ister acrasian eon eteiaatelelisvaletelete’ eletatetrie 572
GOV ke Oat ciejere peiatate simavailan slate re el ie crematevstu detpa ae atnate a ses LMMea Bl ae eyetetster 561
OMCs say eek DAU P Maal ed uh Mts eemrahetree ALM RIEU Vid EIN Cas aI ade ng 558
COnstipacrom series geste vernse essai telalsvo leg ates siete insta tolavenis elopets leteyaie ekereieaers 557
(Oloishahi(s} Keisisie 2 haa 5 SrdudoPosaieos bois oob crouaaraRs cco acu anpanipdnsooue 557
COUR ey ak sean nee ene ts atest aera Ae PAN oie ARMac Iane Mh Bat Cia Hareb 561
DIALEROSA/AN ADV SENGER Maa. cite ele sic cig cls ieiele/epetoreie arotste te cmloliets ial eters ¢ 555
TOTS HOT OTe oki n ks tie aia re A ecaaiais SySie Ghesd ar e\eeees te ede SE ecco ahete eieiciaiersts 553
Mal CANE Of ENG gr lant wissen mate unl attLnen Ratna, Rast LANs Me cana 565
LPM TS Vicisletesatenecete iets cloieeibrse vate y Sickest) ololevauat ec Ma taitale elatararst sictabe kala madalstys 560
IAA UOCANIEY Wantin Deon ogo aaah oaodido cee ieoncdelnao oO sDeD Haba ccpaGondoL, 565
AU pidetce w bouakzhoovonten mop oNCOva sare pa ne ae tate msi ts SAA eee a ey Reel 566
1 SVD CHS HCO rey AES PR SV Yo a ee a en RUA By RE 560
IO RSE eS is ces OR INES al Ree Magu Ue el a dee cue ie eee Ae te, AEA IO aa 575
PACTS eect oie isis elerotiates ce ieieruisotaaieuaicisisrere vee vehel ee poreia Sameer 568
GOlEn Os eaiadh iseate eis Aue al deltenaeiacs Mania ale eleats Slee vole alse wis mee dasiseiod SOOM
GOROETH OIA GLAD ee escapee ctelsictotelate/sicuains ietalelaale velate aresicle rolerste setts 572
ENV CLINO TON Melee maepetweedeieton sah facha\icte ein iatalcieticle’- pee lciony alatsielacinie: sie siaiele|oitle’s 563
IMA aM a hTON) OL LAS sOWMEIS sere ewe iersicdee staealeelsins cugisieta ble ets calcite s DODO
OL GATVE LEAVES cient aaetats teers cinta tices ie ata velinss coseley brat cre ettatavars 566
sé pele Nee HUT Gye rel OLA ty abete eet tw eer oi Teal ars pire vlMs 562
XY Pa CEM oS Ear ay 2) AR AN Le ep I EP US 565
Bo Ce 5) a AE EAN SE By a UG Re te Chet ieee gee PU SE Ua 576
A Dy bh a¥2ed ENS) O SARABANDE iti] Se aI SP IIe TSI OLS Tt ie crus i agiaerg aa tal Re fond 562
IMAI TIOSB ee ees) a heed el eicio he esoielaiejololiovs| ais Mralatonticnaye efejag MIAMI ot Aaa saben Ste ate SEs OG
PTR TT Citas altar aiioleiate)eletatoicate late ke is ells pfeataeyte mle atiaisto1< Dslayatartat lye ister | atarslsslsy a falar 563
GAC tg ao. 2(0 Hn Pa DAS Du SOR URE ir Sap ON Oa ates A wane eS Seed NAT 565
PAM UNL OL aiasysye clot og sieteneratorsi als eraie cee altsistera eles Larabie Acie laters lta siecle 573
ATO UMMLOMTAL cs vetetssievesiieveicele aimee len aetaiste oles alscae aaa eis Cian costae ie arth n (aad 562
EAU ITI ersehere hints stots evehe eth iin erate wee ohne Nie fateieyelie eteidlole teehee ererie ue are atedaietales 573
TUE DL SBE score ic sate wileln wie lo olen ieisiereds Miele alovels ctelters reticloleiavoleelatere cies oie wie steheisetals 563
Skin, Inflammation of........ sig eiainla folotstafolalsteiaialalstmintare natete Giletemtet ersterers 565
TUMOLS TA DOUG THE LVS i c\.ccss civic wiseaie,cPiaieisisleidie cis we sfelciers evelevehsisia eyes 567
WiAPtScCADOUb Eh OrBiVes icles siciob celsisie'sciniclesielssisieinicmisiete eleeiniasiastar 567
Worms in the Intestines,...... Mialerciplevvalc nicuMtsiniagbleisie sree ele eeISenU eee 569
as SSRN AS ERT CLEA OVCHME Ll sl ertia ceil We siete teitatttsteiclelay stasis eochatetalch tte elciaict 572

W OWNS: ana Pra chunes ese cs veils ice coislecere ects sisi teulee caine

ae

<s h

ase,