iORSE BREEDING IM THEORY AND PRACTICE B. Von OETTINGEFS "■'*•?« LIBRARY UNIVERSITY^ PENNSYLV>W^A FAIRMAN ROQERS COLLECTION ON HORSEMANSHIP dOM N P. GRI E R EX liIJBMIS KKOM " KKAXK 1.. Wl r.f.s ^a^ lA ti' fr^'-i /-//J c^ HORSE BREEDING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE JOHN p. GRt E R Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/horsebreedingiOOoett HORSE BREEDING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE BY BURCHARD VON OETTINGEN I,ANDSTAI,I.MEISTHR AND DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL STUD OF TRAKEHNEN TRANSLATED FROM GERMAN LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO. 1909 vr) NEW BOLTOti J5 ^ Sij PREFACE. THE wish has often been expressed that i^ractical men should make known more generally their experiences in horse breeding, but in desiring this it is easy to lose sight of the fact, that when a practical man commences to write he at once steps out of the bounds of the practical. Moreover, it has to be taken into consideration that practical experience is only gained bv long years of labour, whilst mere theorists may write their works when even quite young and practically without experience, but being gifted with criticism, intellectual insight, and inspiration. 1 must also point out that mv work at the Trakehnen .Stud has kept me alwavs so actively employed that, unfortunately, I have not been able to spare the necessary time to go thoroughlv through the large mass of material which I have accumulated in the cinirse of man\- years, and to treat same in as exhaustive a manner as an expert ought. In writing the last chapter on " The Establishment of .Studs " my time was ver\- limited indeed, and I have had to be satisfied with simplx' giving an outline. The short historical sketch on the development of the Ihoroughbred is the result of notes made from racing calendars and stud books, and the chapter on the alteration of weight differences is lilcewise the outcome of investigations made in the same quarti-r. it was onlv when 1 came to the conclusion, from the present work, that there .seemed to be a deterioration in the Thoroughbred, commencing frf what is needed, but has not the slightest idea vi. Preface. of how to supply what is wanted. .As to whether the means which I propose for improving the Thoroughbred will be efficacious or not it is indeed difificult to prophesy. Experience alone will prove this. The chapter on " Inbreeding " is a modest attempt to come to a logical conclusion in this interesting, but as yet unexplored, region of thought. Without doubt the study of this question is in its veriest infancy. Up to the present time there has not been demonstrated the influence exerted by the bases of inbreeding, we do not yet know what is due to the own inbreeding of the base and what is due to its sex. Is it possible that the great prepotency of Melbourne, as shown in his female descendants, should be accounted for in the fact that the famous Termagant was the base of Melbourne's inbreeding? The computation of " Inbreeding " has entailed much labour, as unfortunately the necessary material has neither been collected n(jr published anywhere, and I know very well that in this difficult work many errors have crept in. In the chapter on Heredity, as well as in the practical part on Horse Breeding, much has been left out, as I take it for granted that only breeders and lovers of horses will read this work, who already know and are well acquainted with the elementary laws of horse breeding and sport racing. .\.ny man may make a mistake, and I claim this indulgence, but it has been mv earnest endeavour to take from the practical what I have recognised as right in practice. I do not lay any claims to completeness as regards the whole principles of breeding, such as is claimed in several books on this subject, as writers of these latter are often led into the error of copying ridiculous blunders of other, often injudiciously chosen, writers, and in this way spread incorrect teachings in this as in other branches. For a period of twelve vears in Trakehnen the long w inter evenings were shortened and brightened by these hippological studies, the results of which I give to the public in the present work, with the sincere hope that it will promote the love of that noble creature, the horse, its breeding, and trial on the race course. BURCHARD VON OETTINGEN. Trakehnen. October 1st, 1907. INDEX. Part I. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse and its value in the Breeding of Half-breds. CHAPTER PAGE 1. Sources fur Tracing- the Dcvflopiiiciu of ihc Thoroughbred and Race Trials in England 3 2. Development of tiie Tliorougiil)red and Racing Trials in England. Most Important Events 9 3. Origin and Cliange in the Weight Tables, and th ■ Conclusions to be drawn therefrom 32 4. General Obser\ations on the X'aliie of the Thoroughbred for other Breeds 50 5. .V Comparison of what Thoroughbreds ha\c done pre\ioiisl\- and w hal they are doing at the present time 101 G. Conclusions and Pro])ositions as to the Imprcjvement and Breed- ing of Thoroughbreds 194 Part II. Heredity. 1. General Observations on Ih'redily 209 2. The Transmission of .\cf|uiied Ch.'iracters 21-'5 3. The Doctrine of Constan(\- and lndi\idual I'reiiolenc\' .... 220 4. Inbreeding 22;") 5. Hereditary Faults 321 6. The 'Transmission of Coat Colour 329 7. The .\rt of Mating 333 viii. Index. Part III. The Practical Part of Horse Breeding. CHAPTER PAGB 1. Judging and Treating [breeding Material 339 (a) Judging Co\ering Stalli(jns 339 (b) Judging Brood Mares . 343 (c) Age and Treatment of Covering Stallions 345 (d) The Stallion whilst Covering " 347 (e) Age of Brood Mares 350 (f) Twins 351 (g) Firstlings 361 (h) The Treatment of Broud Mares 366 (i) Covering of Brood Mares 367 (k) Fertilisation 372 (1) The Time of Pregnane}' of Brood Mares 374 (ni) Abortion and Joint-illness 376 (n) The Birth 380 (o) Treatment of the Brood .Mare after the Birth 381 2. The Judging and Treating of Foals 383 (a) Judging Suckling Foals 383 (b) Treatment of Suckling Foals up to the time of Weaning . 385 (c) Treatment of Weanlings 389 (d) Treatment of the Skin and Hoofs of Weanlings .... 393 (e) rhe Treatment of Yearlings and Older Foals 397 3. Training 399 (a) The Training .Methods 400 (b) Stable Regulations and Instructions for Rubbing Down Horses 406 (c) Food whilst Training 407 4. Establishment of Studs 409 5. Tables for Comparison of Various Measurements 422 6. Tables showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line 427 I I. Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse and its value in the breeding of Half-breds. CHAPTER ]. Sources for tracing the development of the Thoroughbred and Race Trials in England. There is no breed in the world which places at the disposal of the investigator such an abundant and autiienticated mass of material for the examination of the various problems on breeding as does the English Thoroughbred, but, unfortunately, up to the present time this material has been made very little use of. It is to be found chiefly — as far as 1 know — in the following : — 1. The General Stud Book by James Weatherby (Iveeper of the Match Book, and Secretary of the Jockey Club, as successor of Tutting and Fawconer). X'olume I. appeared in 1793 improved and enlarged in 1S91. \'olume the .5th Edition, \ery much •2. .An Inlroducti 1I..J821. -Ith Ediiion, L89i. HI. 1827. 4th ■ ,, 1883. IV. 1836. 4th ,, 1899. V. 1845. 3rd ,, 1889. VI. 1849. 3rd ,, 1881. VII. 1853. 3rd ,, 1894. VIII. 1857. 2nd ,, 1883. IX. 1861. 2nd ,, 1903. X. 1865. 2nd ., 1893. XI. 1869. 2nd ,, 1904. XII. 1873. XIII. 1877. XIV. 1881. XV. 1885. XVI. 1889. XVI 1. 1893. XVIII. 1897. XIX. 1901. XX. 1905. n It) a General Stud Book by James Weatherby had already appeared in 1791, consisting of various collections of I'edigrees gathered from Racing Calendars and .Newspapers. 4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 3. The Turf Register and Sportsman and Breeder's Stud Book by William Pick. Volume I. appeared in York 1803. 11 ]805. " \\\- " " " loL jbv R.Johnson. ,, IV. ,, ,, ,, 1867. J - In this Turf Register the pedigrees and racing performances of the most prominent stallions and mares are very clearly arranged. There are also many valuable notes added on Breeding. 4. The Ancestress of the English Thoroughbred, by Hermann Goos, 1885. 4th Edition extended by Dr. A. de Chapeaurouge, 1907. 5. Frentzel's Family Tables of English Thoroughbred Stock, 1889. 6. Modern Pedigrees by Antwerp and Lamplighter, New York, 1895. 7. Tables of Pedigrees of Thoroughbred Horses by Ch. Wackerow. Volume I., 1900, from the earliest accounts to 1897 inclusive. Volume II., 1904, from the earliest accounts to 1902 inclusive. 8. Historical List of all the Plates and Prizes run for on Clifton and RawclifTe Ings, also since being moved to Knavesmire, near the city of York, etc., appeared in 1748 at York. It contains the Reports of the Races at York from 1709 to 1747. 9. The first Racing Calendar appeared in 1727, and was called : An Historical List of all Horse Matches run for in England and Wales, by John Cheny, 24 Volumes covering the period from 1727 to 1750. From 1741 the Races in Ireland were also included. 10. After Cheny's death appeared the Continuation by Reginald Heber under the same title, 18 Volumes covering the period from 1751 to 1768. 11. After Heber's death there appeared the Continuation, under the title of : The Sporting Calendar, by William Tutting (Keeper of the Match Book at Newmarket), and Thomas Fawconer (Secretary of the Jockey Club), 4 Volumes, covering the period from 1769 to 1772. In the volumes for 1771 and 1772 the Races in Jamaica are included. 12. The Continuation appeared under the title of : Racing Calendar, edited by James Weatherby (Keeper of the Match Book at Newmarket and Secretary of the Jockey Club), 135 Volumes, covering the period from 1773 to 1907. Up to 1800 the Races in Ireland are included, but from 1801 there is simply an abstract from the Irish Racing Calendar given, and in 1903 and 1904 the Races in Ireland are left out altogether. Of Foreign Races are included : 1770, the Races in America (Annapolis, Philadelphia and New York), 1773, 1776, 1777, the Races in Jamaica; 1776, the Races in France at Sablon and Fontainebleau ; and in 1792 and 1793, the Races at Moscow. Since 1864 there has always been an Abstract of the important Races on the 1. Sources for Tr.icirii;' the Development of the Thoroutjhbred, etc. 5 Continent included. Since the Autumn of 1867 the Hurdle Races have been left out, and since July, 1871, the National Hunt Flat Races have been omitted. Up to 1840 the Reports on Cock Fighting were included. 13. Irish Racing Calendar, 118 Volumes, covering the period from 1790 to 1907. 14. Turf Annals of York and Doncaster, by John Orton, appeared 1843, and contains in one volume the Races at York and Doncaster from 1709 to 1843. 1-5. Bailey's Racing Register appeared in 1845 in three thick volumes, and gives in a very convenient and lucid manner an abstract of all the great Races in England and Ireland from 1709 to 1842. 16. The Racing Calendar Abridged appeared in 1829, and contains in one volume the important Races in England and Ireland from 1709 to 1750. 17. Pick's Racing Calendar, 49 Volumes, covering the period from 1709 to 1826, containing all the Races in England and Ireland, appeared first under the title of : The Sportsman and Breeder's Vademecum, then as Racing Calendar. Since 1803 as The Annual Racing Calendar, since 1811 as Pick's (.\nnual) Racing Calendar. The lirst Editor, \V. Pick, died in 1816. 18. The Sporting Calendar, by John Pond, 18 Volumes, covering the period from 1751 to 1768, containing the Races in England and Ireland. In the Appendix of the volume for 1751 all the Matches which were held at Newmarket from 1718 to 1751 are included. 19. The Pocket Racing Calendar for the Races in Great Britain from 1821 to 1840 ( ?) 20. .A.n Historical List of Horse Matches, Plates and Prizes in Great Britain and Ireland, bv B. Walker, 2 Volumes, covering the years 1769 to 1770. 21. The Sporting Magazine. First year of circulation, 1792. A competing paper appeared in 1839 under the title of " The Sporting Review," by Craven, and was amalgamated from 1847 with the " Sporting Magazine." Also, the competing papers " The Sportsman " and " New Sporting Magazine," appeared in 1831. Since 1855 the " Sporting Magazine " appeared with the addition : United with the Sportsman, Sport- ing Review, and Sporting Magazine. Bailey's Magazine, commencing 1870 (86 Volumes up to and including 1906), may be considered as a continuation of the Sporting Magazine (156 Volumes), which finished 1870. 22. The Steeplechase Calendar. A cf)nseculive chronicle of the Sport in Great Britain from the great match over Leicestershire in 1826 to the close of 1844, to which is added the Irish Sport from the Autumn of 1842. Anonym, London, 1845. 23. Supplement to the .Steeplechase Calendar. The Sport in (ircat 5 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Britain, Ireland and France, from [anuarv, 1845, to the close of the season 1846, by Corbet. The following appeared under the title of : The Steeplechase Calendar, etc. The next and last volume by Corbet appeared under the same title, but did not include the Races in France. 24. The Steeplechase Calendar, by Joseph Osborne, 18 Volumes, cover- ing the periods from 1848-49 to 1865-66. 25. The Racing Calendar Steeplechase Past, by Weatherby, 40 Volumes, covering the periods from 1866-67 to 1907. 26. The Olde New-Markitt Calendar of Matches, Results and Pro- grammes, from 1619 to 1719, by J. B. Muir, 1892. 27. Raciana, by J. B. Muir, appeared 1890, and gave various interesting notes on the few Matches at Newmarket and York, as well as the rider's colours. 28. Gentleman's Magazine, 116 Volumes, covering the period 1731 to 1846. 29. The Sportsman's Dictionarv, bv experienced Gentlemen. London, 1778. 30. History and Delineation of the Horse in all his varieties, compre- hending the appropriate uses, management and progressive improvement of each, with a particular investigation of the character of the Racehorse, and the business of the Turf, by John Lawrence, 1809. This ran through 14 Editions. 31. How to Chase, Ride, Train and Diet both Hunting Horses and Running Horses, by Jessis Markham. London, 1599. 32. The Complete Gamester, or Instructions how to play at Billiards, etc., together with all manner of usual and most gentle Games, either at Cards or Dice, to which is added the Arts and Mysteries of Riding, Racing, Archery and Cock Fighting. 1680. 33. The Gentleman's New Jockey. Farrier's Approved Guide: con- taining the Exactest Rules and Methods for Breeding and Managing Horses in order to bring them up in the best manner for Profit, Pleasure, Service or Recreation, especially in what relates to Racing or Running, Coursing, Travel and War, etc. 3 Editions, 1696. 34. The Post and the Paddock, by The Druid. London, 1857. 35. Scott and Sebright, by The Druid. London, 1862. ^ 86. Silk and Scarlet, by The Druid. London, 1862. 37. Field and Fern (South), by H. H. Dixon. London, 1865. 38. Field and Fern (North), by H. H. Dixon. 1865. 39. Saddle and Sirloin, by The Druid. London, 1870. 40. Life and Times of The Druid (H. H. Dixon), by Hon. Francis Lawley. 2nd Edition, London, 1895. 1. Sources for Tracing the Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 7 41. A Treatise on the Care, 'IVeatment and Traininp of the English Racehorse, by R. Darvill. London, 18-28. 42. History of the British Turf from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, by J. Ch.' Whyte. 2 Volumes, 1840. 4:3. Horse Racing: Its History, and Early Records of the Principal and Other Race Meetings. Anonym, 1863. 44. The History of Newmarket and Annals of the Turf, by J. P. Hore. 3 Volumes, 1886. 45. Portraits of Celebrated Race Horses of the Past and Present Centuries, by Th. H. Taunton. 4 Volumes, 1887. 46. The Horse : How to Breed and Rear Him, by W. Day. London, 1888. 2nd Edition, 1890. 47. The Racehor.se in Training, by W. Day. London, 1880. 7th Edition, 1892. 48. The Racehorse, by W'arburton. London, 1892. 49. Racing Life of Lord George Cayendish Bentick, b\ fohn Kent. 1892. ■50. Ashgill, or the Life and Times of [ohn Osborne, by J. B. RadclifTe. 1900. 51. Breeding Racehorses by the Figure System, compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe, bv W. Allison. London, 1895. Translated into German, 1897, by V. Kirschy. 52. The British Thoroughbred Horse : His History and Breeding, together with an Exposition of the Figure System, by W. .\llison. London, 1901. 2nd Edition, 1908. 53. The Horse Breeder's Handbook, by Joseph Osborne. 1889. 54. Royal Ascot, its History and its Associations, by G. J. Cowthorne and R. S. Herod. 1902. 55. From Gladiateiir to Persimmon, by Sydenham Dixon. London. 1901. 56. The English iurf, by Charles Richardson. London, 1901. 57. A History of the English Turf, by Th. A. Cook. 3 Volumes, about 1905. 58. The British Turf and the Men who haye made it, compiled by the " Sporting Life." London, I90G. .■)9. On the Laws and Practice of Horse Racing, by .'\dmirai Rous. London, 1852. 2nd Issue, 1866. 60. Horse Racing in England, by Robert Black. London, 1893. 61. Kingsclere, by John Porter, edited by Bvron Webber. London, 1890. g Trial of the Thoroui^hljn-d on the Racecourse, etc. 62. Eclipse and O'Kelly. Being a Complete History, so far as is known, of that celebrated English Thoroughbred " Eclipse " (1764-1789), and of his breeder, the Duke of Cumberland, and of his subsequent owners, William A\^ildman, Denis O'Kelly and Andrew O'Kelly, now for the first time set forth from the original authorities and family memoranda, by Th. A. Cook. London, 1907. 63. Heroes and Heroines of the Grand National, by Finch Mason. London, 1907. 64. The Romance of the Derby, by Edward Moorhouse. 2 Vols., London, 1908. CHAPTER U. Development of the Thoroughbred and Racing Trials in England. Most Important Events. Going back to the time when England was ruled by the Romans, Anglo- Saxons and Normans, we find that Oriental blood was employed for (he purpose of breeding Racehorses in this country. Shortly afterwards the Crusades again gave the opportunity of introducing (Oriental blood, and as early as 1509-1547 Henry \'I11. had special paddocks made in his stud at Hampton Court for the breeding of Racehorses. During the reign of James I. (1G03-16-25) the importation of Oriental stallions increased very much, and during the reign of Charles II. (1660-] (585) ;-iO-40 Oriental mares, called the ■'Royal Mares," were brought nwr. We have reason to suppose that u]3 to 1750 about 60-80 Oriental mares had been imported to England, whilst the number of stallions imported from the East was much greater. It seems that only a very few of these Eastern stallions and mares were pure bred Arabs. The greater part were Berbers and Spaniards, whilst some were Turkish and others Persians. Also the home-bred English horse, so much praised by Ciesar, and after him by many other writers on this subject, on account of its staying powers and speed, contributed very largely to the building up of the English Thoroughbred. These native-bred horses in England and Ireland had the character of the wild horses of the Steppes, and are mentioned as living in the forests as late as the seventeenth century, with the remark that they were better and more capable than any other breed in Europe; whilst nowhere was there to be found such good, nourishing grass, as in England and Ireland (see the Sportsman's Dictionary, 1778). In the fourth part of the first volume of the " General Stud Book " there are 102 Eastern stallions given which have been used in the building up (if ihe Thoroughbred, but besides these there were many otiier Eastern stallions imported and used by breeders in England and Ireland (although the results, as far as the Thoroughbred is concerned, were probably very meagre), as can be gathered, for instance, from the publications in the old Racing Calendars. Of the 102 Oriental stallions which, according to the Stud Book, were imported, about 65 were imported before the famous Godolphin Arabian. It is worthy of note that, of the many Oriental stallions which were brought over to England _[() Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. after the famous Godolphin Arabian (probably a Berber), imported via Paris in 1730, none of them exercised any striking influence on the Thoroughbred of that time. Of the Oriental stallions imported from 1730 to the end of the eighteenth century (at least 40), probably the Cullen Arabian, imported in 1745, was the best, and even he did not leave behind any son of note, although many of Cullen Arabian's children won races, amongst which was Exotic, born 1756, up to the age of twelve inclusive, and although a son, called Camillus, born 1748, begot some race-winners, vet there has been nothing imperishable left behind. Of the many daughters of Cullen Arabian there are only two out of Lady Thigh in Fam. 12 a, one Foundation mare in Fam. 2 (born 1756), and one Foundation mare in Fam. 42 (born 1760) which can be said to have left an-\-thing lasting as breeding stock. In the following list are given the 36 Oriental stallions which have played a very conspicuous part in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, and which occur very often in the pedigree of every Thoroughbred of our time. We give below a list showing the probable year of their importation : — 1. 1635 Lord Fairfax's Morocco Barb. 2. 1660 Place's White Turk. 3. 1665 Dodsworth's (Mother imported in foal). 4. 1670 The Darcy Yellow Turk. 5. 1675 The Darcy White Turk, or Sedbury Turk. 6. 1680 The White-Legged Lowther Barb. 7. 1680 Shaftesbury Turk. 8. 1680 The Helmsley Turk. 9. 1687 The Stradling, or Lister Turk. 10. 1689 The Byerly Turk. 11. 1689 Oglethorpe Arabian. 12. 1690 Pulleine's Chestnut Arabian. 13. 1690 Leede's Arabian. 14. 1690 Fen wick Barb. 15. 1690 The Taffolet, or Morocco Barb. 16. 1695 The Marshall, or Selaby Turk. 17. 1700 Curvven's Bay Barb, or Pelham's Barh. 18. 1704 Holderness Turk. 19. 1706 Chillaby. 20. 1706 Darley's Arabian. 21. 1707 The St. Victor Barb. 22. 1708 Honywood's .Arabian, or William's Turk. 9 23. 1708 The .\kaster Turk. 24. 1709 Alcock's Arabian. 25. 1711 Bethel's Arabian. 26. 1712 The Strickland's Turk, or Carlisle's Turk or Barb. 27. 1713 Woodstock, or William's Arabian. 28. 1716 Bassett's Oxford Bloody-Shouldered Arabian. 2. Development of tlu- Tlioroughbred, elc. H 29. 1717 Wvnn Arabian. 30. 1718 Hall Arabian. 31. 1719 The Belgrade Turk. 32. 1720 Cyprus Arabian. 33. 1723 Lonsdale Hay Arabian. 34. 1723 Hutton's or'Mul.so Bay Turk. 35. 1725 Bloody Buttocks. 36. 1730 Godolphin Arabian. Horse-racing as a popular amusement was indulged in even in the times of the Romans, and during the four years which King Severus passed at York (206-210) the Roman soldiers arranged races with Arabian horses at W'etherby, near York. King Athelstan (924-940) was presented with race- horses, which had been bred in Germany, b\' his brotiier-in-law, Hugo Capet, Duke of Burgundv, later King of France. The first race in England of which we iiave a reliable description took place in 1377. Unfortunately, the place is not stated. This race was a match between the Prince of Wales (later Richard II.) and the Earl of .Vrundel. In all probabilit\- it took place at Newmarket. But already in 1309, and probably earlier, races (tournaments) had taken place at Newmarket (founded 1226, after the Plague had destroved the (jld market). Further, according to reliable information, races took place at the following periods : — 1511 at Chester (the Silver Bell, since 1609 Silver Cup). 1552 at Hattinglon (Scotland). 1574 1585 1.587 1588 1576 at Richmond. 1585 at Salisbury. The Earl of Cumberland won the Golden Bell in a tiiree-mile race. 1590 at St. James' Park. 1590 at York. 1595 at Doncaster. 1599 at Carlisle (tiie Silver Bell). 1601 at Teviotdale. 1602 at Huntingdon. 1605 at Newmarket in presence of James I. (1603-1625). 1607 in November a hunting match or steeplechase took place at Huntingdon, between Lord Haddington and Lord Sheffield. 1617 at Woodham .Moor, and at Lincoln races for the Cup took place in the presence of the King, James 1. 1620 at Paisley (.Scotland), the Silver Bell. 1632 at Harleston (Silver Cup). at Croydon in presence of the Oueen. 12 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1634 The establishment of the Gold Cup at Newmarket, the first winner of which, in 1719, was the Duke of Rutland's mare, Brown Betty, born 1713, b)- Basto (see Fam. 5). 1661 at Epsom, formerly called Banstead Downs, in the presence of King Charles II. (1660-1685). Epsom was formerly famous as a health resort on accoimt of the healins; properties of its waters, and race meetings were held there even in the reign of James I. (1603-162-5). 1672 at Liverpool. Towards the end of the seventeenth centurv race meetings were held regularly at Newcastle, Northamptonshire, Winchester, and many other places, and somewhere about 1635 a match, described in detail, took place in Hyde Park, London. From 1654 to 1658 races were forbidden by Oliver Cromwell for political reasons, although he himself was a breeder and owner of racehorses. There exists an exact register of the horses at the time when the Royal Tuttbury Stud in Staffordshire was handed over to the Parliament in 1649. There was in the Royal Stud at that time : •23 Brood Mares with 23 Sucking Foals, 15 Brood Mares without Foals, 22 One-year-old Colts and Fillies, 17 Two-year-old Colts and Fillies, 16 Three-year-old Colts and Fillies, 23 Four-year and older horses. After the Restoration, Charles IL (1600-1085) established in 1665 the so- called King's Prizes, known as The King's (Queen's) or His Majesty's Plates — also called the Royal Plates. Run over the new round course at Newmarket, R. C.= 3 miles, 6 furlongs, 93 yards (now R. C. = 3 miles, 4 furlongs, 187 yards), with heats under 12 stone. These King's Plates have played an important part in the testing of the breeding material, and thev still exist, but without heats, and over shorter distances. Under the reign of James IL (1685-1688), Gentlemen's Races took place in Newmarket, as, for instance, in 1688, under 12 stone, over 4 miles, with 3 heats. Towards the end of the seventeenth century there were races with conditions for sale. It can safely be taken for granted that as earlv as the beginning of the seventeenth century regular races were held at different places for the purpose of testing breeding material, whilst the races which took place before this time were more in the character of popular amusement. The first breeding tests with which we are acquainted arose from matches, about which we have an account in the collection published by Muir in 1892, 2. Development of tlie Thoroughbred, etc. 13 covering the period ]fil9 to 1719, but, unfortunately, in many cases the names of the horses are not given. The riders at that period were often Gentlemen, and sometimes even Kings. Charles II. and \\'illiam III. ran and won many races. Of one race in 1674 the report reads as follows : — " Yesterday His Majesty (Charles II.) rode himself three heates and a course, and won the Plate — all fower were hard and nt^er ridden, and I do assure you the King wonn by good horsemanshipp " (see Olde New-Markitt Calendar, by Muir, page 19). The distances were generally 4-6 miles, 1681 once 10 miles, 1708 once 12 miles. Most of the races had to be run and won twice, that is to say, the races were run with " heats." The age of the horses on the racecourse was generallv over 6 years, the weight usually 8-l'2 stone. Newmarket was the chief racing place for all the best matches, and was famed as such, so that even Peter the Great expressed the wish to become acquainted with this sporting place. In 1698 the Czar visited Newmarket in the company of William III., and participated in a race meeting at that place. The following horses were winners of the races of that earh' period, and were used for the building up of the Thoroughbred : — 1. Old Careless, born about 1()90, bv Spanker and a Barb mare, ran and won 1698-1702 at Newmarket, over 5 and 6 miles. 2. Honeycomb Punch, born about 1692, by Taffolet or Morocco Barb, ran and won 1699 at Newmarket, over 4 miles. 3. Basto, born 1702, by Byerly Turk and the Bay Peg, ran and won several times 1708 and 1709 at Newmarket, over 4 miles. 4. Duke of Bolton's Bay Bolton, born 1705, by Grey Hautboy — Makeless, ran and won 1712 and 171.3 at Newmarket, over 5 and 6 miles, having already won the Gold Cup over 4 miles at York in 1710. 5. Snail, born about 1710, by \\'hynot, ran several times at Newmarket in 1718, over 4 miles. 6. Flying Chiiders, born 1711, by Darley's .Vrabian and Betty Leedes, won as a six, seven and eight-year-old, five matches at Newmarket, over 4 and 6 miles. It was only after the year 1728 that a few races were arranged for four- year-olds; at Ilambledon, 3 miles without heats, 10 stone, and at Scar- borough, 2 miles with heats, 9 stone. In 1732 Blacklegs won a match as a four-vear-old. The first four-year-old winner of importance, as regards breeding, was Starling in 1727, by Bay Bolton (at Ilambleton). A sweepstakes for four-year-olds at Newmarket look place in October, 1730, and since 1734 the same were arranged several vears in succession, 4 miles without heats, 8 stone, -5 lbs. 24 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. In order to give the small horses more chance in the races, in 1713, according to authority (but probably even earlier), the weights in special races were fixed according to the size of the horse. The races were called the " Give and Take Plates." Before 1750 the standard measurement for a horse was 12 hands high=122 cm.; normal weight 5 stone, and for each increase of 1 inch ^ stone more. Also 7 lbs. was allowed for each year under seven years. In 1751 therp were fifteen races for the King's Plates, and likewise fifteen for the Give and Take Plates. Whilst the races for the King's Plates are still in existence, the Give and Take Plates gradually disappeared in the first half of the nineteenth century. The qualifications for these latter were published for the last time in the Racing Calendar of 1858. In the eighteenth century these races were important, in so far as several of the winners of the Give and Take Plates were the source from which came the material for the building up of the Thoroughbred. They were as follows: — 1. Grey Grantham, born about 1710, by Brownlock Turk, won 1717 at Newmarket. 2. Y. Cartouch, born 1731, by Cartouch, won four times as a five, seven and eight-year-old. 3. Squirt, born 1733, by Bartlet's Childers, won as a seven-year-old in Give and Take Plates with heats. 4. Ankaster Starling, born 1738, b\- Old Starling, won as a nine-year- old twice, as a seven-year-old unplaced. 5. Dormouse, born 1738, bv Godolpiiin .Arabian, won as an eight to eleven-year-old, four races with heats. 6. Cub, born 1739, by Fox, won as an eight-year-old once w ith heats. 7. Torismond, born 1739, by Old Starling, won as a seven-year-old once. 8. Othello, born 1743, b\ Crab, won as an eight-}ear-old. The races for the King's Plates, established by Charles II. in 1665, formed, from about the beginning of the nineteenth century, the main trials of young Thoroughbreds, corresponding to our present so-called fi\'e classical races — Derby, Oaks, St. Leger, 1,000 and 2,000 Guineas Stakes. At first the King's Plates were only for six-year-olds under 12 stone, and over 4 miles with heats, but later both older and younger horses were admitted. Since 1750 a part of the King's Plates were also open for four and five-year-olds, over 2 miles with heats, under 9 and 10 stone respectively. These King's Plates at first consisted of siher dishes of the value of ^TOO, upon each of which was engraved the name and pedigree of the w inner. It was not until the time of George I. (1714-1727) that, instead of these prizes, money prizes were given. This mone)' was partly raised by gentlemen who themselves had no racehorses, with the express idea that this money should go to the Crown, for races over long distances with heats and heavv weights, in order to improve the breed of Hunters, and not merely for breeding horses 2. Development of the Thoroughbred, etc. 15 with beautiful forms and great speed. (See the Gentleman's Magazine, April, 1739.) The most prominent winners of the King's Plates up to 1850, as well as those which have played an important part for breeding purposes, were the following : — 1. Coneyskins 1712 by Lister Turk. ■2. Cade 1734 by Godolpliin Arabian. 3. Regulus 1739 by tiodolphin Arabian. 4. Tartar 1743 by Herod. o. Shakespeare 1745 by Hobgoblin. 6. Eclipse 1764 by Marske (or Shakespeare). 7. Conductor 1767 by Matchem. 8. Woodpecker 1773 by Herod. 9. Highflyer 1774 by Herod. 10. Mercury 1778 by Eclipse. 11. Waxy 1790 by PotSos. T2. Gohanna 1790 by Mercury. 13. Stamford 1794 by Sir Peter. 14. Sorcerer 1796 by Trumpalor. 15. Dick Andrews 1797 by Joe Andrews. 16. Penelope 1798 by Trumpator. 17. Orville 1799 bv 13eningbrougli. 18. Walton 1799 bv Sir Peter. 19. Sir Paul 180-i by Sir Paul. •20. Whalebone 1807 by Waxy. 21. Catton 1809 by Golumpus. 22. Master Henry 1815 by Orville. 23. Langar 1817 b\' Seiini. 24. Guiccioli 1822 'by Bob Booty. 25. Little Red Rover 1827 by Tramp. 26. Priam 1828 by Emilius. 27. Birdcatcher 1833 by Sir Hercules. 28. \'enison 1833 by Partisan 29. Bees Wing 1833 by Dr. Syntax. 30. Harkaway 1834 by Economist. 31. Lanercost 1835 bv Liverpof)l. 32. Clarion 1836 by -Sultan. 3.3. Alice Hawthorn 1 8:38 by Muley Mnloch. 34. The Cure 1641 by Physician. 35. Elleidale 1844 by Lanercost. 36. Canezou 1845 by Melbourne. 37. Fiatcatcher 1845 by Touchslone. 38. Kingston 1849 b\- X'cnison. 39. '! orment 1850 bv Alarm. 40. Rataplan 18.50 by The Baron. X6 Trial of the Thoroutjhbred on the Racecourse, etc. The racing trials for iiorses in matches, which had been very costly for the owners, gradually became cheaper through tiie Sweepstakes, which were introduced at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and also by the increase of different Plates. In this way, and through the Handicaps, which were introduced in 1791, the participation in racing sport grew very consider- ably, less rich gentlemen now being able to participate in it. According to the statement of .'\dmiral Rous, there were for instance : — Matches. Sweepstakes. Plates. 176-2 .... 19 88 205 1807 . . . . 189 203 269 1843 .... 86 897 191 The further development of racing sport in England and Ireland can be seen from the following dates : — 1709. The first Racing Report of the Races at Clifton and RawclifTe Ings, York (see Bailey's Racing Register). Gold Cup, 4 miles with heats, 12 stone — 4 starters. Since 1731 the races take place at Knavesmire, York. 1710. Bay Bolton won the Gold Cup at York over 4 miles with heats, as a five-year-old, under 12 stone, the weight for six-year-olds. 1711. On the 11th of August, the opening of the new racecourse at Ascot in the presence of Queen .Vnn (1702-1714). A ;^50 Plate for six-year-olds, 12 stone, 4 miles with heats — 7 starters. Winner, Duke of St. .\ibans' chestnut colt, Doctor. The racing reports gathered from newspapers and letters, covering the periods 1711, 1712,1713, 1720, 1722,1724 ana 1726, about the races held at Ascot, were first published in 1902 (see Royal Ascot, its History and Associations, by G. J. Cawthorne and R. S. Herod). 1712. First race for five-year-old colts at York. The Ladies' Plate, 10 stone, 4 miles without heats. The proposition of this race, later called the Great Subscription, remained unchanged until 1758, that is to say, they remained unaltered for a period of 49 years. Since 1759 only the weight was reduced to 9 stone. 1715. First race for five-year-old mares at (Black) Hambleton. His Majesty's Gold Cup, 10 stone, 4 miles without heats — 15 starters. This race had always stronger fields than that for five-year-old colts at York. 1716, 12 starters (winner, Brocklesby Betty, foundation dam of Fam. 23); 1717, 21 starters; 1718, 19 starters; 1719, 31 starters; 1720, 18 starters ; 1721, 20 starters; 1722, 22 starters; 1723, 19 starters; 1724, 26 starters. The proposition of this race remained unchanged, with the exception of the name, as long as the races were run at Hambleton, that is, up to 1775. After 1776, when these races took place at York, the racing propositions for three-years remained the same as for five-year-old mares; 10 stone, 4 miles — that is to say, they remained unaltered for a period of 64 years. 1716. First racing report of the races which took place at Newmarket '2 Development of the Thorouyhbied, etc. 17 (apart from the matclies from 1619 to 1719, which have already been men- tioned above, and in tiie special collection b\- Muir). 1719. Bonny Black, foundation mare of the Fam. 39, won the Gold Cup at Hambleton as a four-year-old under 10 stone, at the weight for five-year- olds, over 4 miles, in a field of 31 starters. Bonny Black had already won a match as a three-year-old at Newmarket. 1725. First racing report of the races at Riciimond. 1727. On the 12th of March, Trcgonwell Frampton, Manager of the Royal Racing Stables under William 111., Queen Ann, George I. and George II. died, at the age of 86. He was called " The Father of the Turf," and was interred at Newmarket. 1727. Appeared the first Racing Calendar, under the title of: "An Historical List of all Horse Matches and of all the Plates and Prizes run for in England and in Wales (of the value of ;i{^10 or upwards) in 1727," by John Cheny. From this year there has appeared regularly up to the present time a Yearly Racing Calendar. In the first Racing Calendar were included the races run at 112 places, amongst which the following are well known to-dav : Ascot Heath, Epsom, Hambleton, Liverpool, Nottingham, Rich- mond, Lewes, Lincoln, Ipswich, Stamford, Oxford, Peterborough, Winchester, York. 1728. First race for four-year-olds at Hambleton, Bishop Auckland, and Hunmanbv, at Hambleton, 10 stone, 3 miles — 1-5 starters; 1729, 13 starters; 1730, 17 starters; 1731, 15 starters; winner, Old Starling, born 1727 by Bay Bolton, first four-year-old winner which played an important part in the breeding of the Thoroughbred, and shortly afterwards in the first years of these races for four-year-olds the following are noteworthy : — Sedbury 1734 by Partner (won at Hambleton). Fox 1735 by Partner (won at Malton). Traveller 1735 l)y Partner (won at HanibicKjn). 17.30. First race for four-vear-olds at Xcwmarket, S stone, 5 lbs., 4 miles — 4 starters. First racing reports in the Racing Calendar of the races run at : 1728. Doncaster. 1729. Chester. 1731. Canterbur\-. 1733. Manchester. 1741. Curragh of Kildare (Ireland). From 1741 no races could be held with a prize of less than ^50, excepting the cases where the prizes were specially bequeathed (i.e., left as bequests). .\t the same time the following weights were agreed upon for the " King's Plates " : — For five-vear-olds 10 stone. For six-vear-olds 11 stone. For seven-year-olds 12 stone. c "[g Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1750. jockey Club established at Newmarket. 1751. 15 King's Plates were run for in England as follows: — 10 for six-year-olds, 12 stone, 4 miles with heats. 1 for five-year-olds, 10 stone, i miles with heats. 1 for four-year-olds, 9 stone, 2 miles with heats. 1 for four-year-olds and older, 4 miles with heats. 2 for five-year-old mares, 10 stone, 4 miles with heats. 15 Give and Take Plates. In Ireland : 3 King's Plates, 4 miles with heats. Altogether there ran in England and Ireland 681 horses, of which winners were : — 21 four-year-olds. 34 five-year-olds. 26 six-year-olds. 36 older. 64 age unknown. According to the Sporting Calendar b\- John Pond, onlv 490 horses ran, of which winners were : — IS four-year-olds. 33 five-year-olds. 24 six-vear-olds. 45 older. •' 12 in Give and Take Plates. 1752. First known steeplechase match in Ireland over 4i miles, between Mr. O'Callagnan and Mr. Edmund Blake. 1756. P'irst race for three-\'ear-oId colts, mares and geldings, on the 4th of October at Newmarket — 2 miles, 8 stone, 7 lbs. During the next thirteen years this was the only race for three-year-olds, and there were always good fields. There were run : 18 King's Plates in England. 5 King's Plates in Ireland. There ran altogether, in England and Ireland, 924 horses — 779 in England and 145 in Ireland — of which winners were : 1 three-year-old. 45 four-year-olds. 45 five-year-olds. 0 33 si.x-year-olds. 49 older. 73 age unknown. 1760. The establishment of Tattersall's in London by Richard Tattersall, who in 1779 bought Highflyer for ^,'2,500, and thereby laid the foundation of his fortune. 2. OevL'Iopiutnt uf lliu ThuiDii^'hbred, clc. 19 17G2. Second Orlnbcr Meeting at Xewmarket. 1763. First winner in the rare for three-year-olds which played an important part for bn-eclint: purposes, viz., \Mrago (see Fam. 9, dam of Hollandaise L.). 1764. On the 1st of April Fciipse was Ijnrn in the Duke of Cumberland's stud at Windsor (born 1721, died 17(')5), wliere already Crab, Marske and Herod iiad been born and kept as stallions. 1765. First race for three-\ear-olds in Ireland; Scplcniber, Curragh. '2 miles; 7 stone, 7 lbs. 1766. The first Classical Cup-Race, which is still run at the present time : (Gold) Cup at Doncaster, at first for five-year-olds and older, 4 miles with heats; since 1772 for four-year-olds and older, 4 miles without heats; since 1786 for three-year-olds and older, 4 miles; since 182-5, 2 miles, .5 furlongs; and since 1891 to the present time, 2 miles. 1771. July Houghton and Craven Meeting in Newmarket. For the first time the Craven (Trial) Stakes for three-year-olds and over, about 1\ mile- — a very popular race, with very strong fields. For instance : 177;"), 29 starters; 1776, 2G starters; 1777, 29 starters; 1778, 29 starters. Up to 1812 no three- vear-old was able to win the race. At the beginning there were many classical winners, viz. : Pantaloon, \\'oodpecker (three times), Pot8os, Buzzard (twice), Hambletonian (twice), Selim, Rubens, and others. Since 1878 the race has been only for three-year-olds, over 1 mile. 1771 and 1772. Races in Jamaica were included in the S{)orling Calendar. 177.3. First volume of the Racing Calendar, by \\'eatherby, including also the races in Jamaica. I'irst race for two-vear-olds and older al Xewmarkei in Xoxcmbcr, but in which )W hvo-y ear-olds took part. Two matches between two-year-olds and four-\- car-olds at X'ew inarkcl, of which the two-year-old colt Baby won, over 4 miles. Sir Ch. Bunbury (since 1768 Steward, the First Dictator of the Turf, born 1740, died lcS21), Lord Bolingbroke and Mr. J. Shafto were the Stewards who had already sanctioned ihc races for I wo-year-olds in 1770, about which there were very different opinions. 19 King's Plates in I'ingland, of which were: 7 for six-vear-olds ; 12 stone; I miles willi heats. 1 ,, six-year-olds; 12 stone; 3^ miles with heats. 1 ,. fi ve-}ear-olds ; 10 stone; 4 miles with heats. 1 ,, five-year-olds; 10 stone; .'i miles with heais. 1 ,, five-vear-olds ; 9 stone; 3 miles with heats. 2 ,, five-\ear-olds ; Derbv the I-'rench grey colt, Holo- causte, broke his fetlock in struggling with i^'lying Fox. In June, 1899, came the two brothers, L. Reiff and J. Reiff (14-year-old); and in 1900 D. Maher (18-year-old), from .\merica to England. 1898. Introduction of the .Vustralian starting machine for two-year-old races, and in the following year also for three-year-t^id races. 28 Trial of the Thorouirhbrecl on the Racecourse, etc. 1900. Of the ten most successful jockeys who had won more than 50 races five were Americans, of whom L. Reiff stood at the head with 553 mounts and 143 wins. The most famous EngHsh jockc}- up to this time, S. Loates, followed with 809 mounts and 137 wins; then J. Reiff, with 604 mounts and 124 wins. The American style of seat at race-riding was now generally accepted. In the following table are named the champion jockeys of England in the last 50 years. Wins. 1859 G. Fordham 109 1884 1860 G. Fordham 146 1885 1861 G. Fordham 106 1886 1862 G. Fordham 166 1887 1863 G. Fordham 73 1888 1864 J. Grimshaw 164 1889 1865 G. Fordham 142 1890 1866 Kenyon 126 1891 1867 G. Fordham 145 1892 1868 G. Fordham 121 1893 1869 G. Fordham 95 1894 1870 W. Gray 77 1895 1871 G. Fordham 88 1896 1872 T. Cannon 88 1897 1873 H. Constable 109 1898 1874 F. Archer 147 1899 1875 F. .Archer 172 1900 1876 F. .Archer 207 1901 1877 F. .Archer 218 1902 1878 F. .Archer 229 1903 1879 F. Archer 197 1904 1880 F. .Archer 120 1905 1881 F. .Archer 220 1906 1882 F. Archer 210 1907 1883 F. .Archer 232 1908 Wins. F. .Archer 241 F. .Archer 246 F. .\rcher 170 C. Wood 151 F. Barrett 108 T. Loates 167 T. Loates 147 M. Cannon 137 M. Cannon 182 S. Loates 222 M. Cannon 167 M. Cannon 184 M. Cannon 164 M. Cannon 145 O. Madden 161 S. Loates 160 L. Reiff 143 O. .Madden 130 W. Lane 170 O. Madden 154 O. Madden 161 E. Wheatley 124 W. Higgs ' 149 W. Higgs 145 D. Maher 139 1900. Twelve yearlings from Eaton were sold by auction for ^"45,465, amongst which were: Sceptre, for ;^10,000 to Mr. Sievier; Flying Fox, a four-year-old, for ^^39, 375= roundly, one million francs, to Mons. E. Blanc. 2. Development of the Thorouerhbred, etc. 29 \tinil)cr (jf Horses whicli ran in Enijland and Ireland. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 In the There In the Year Years and older ran Year Years and older There ran Number of Winners 1741 — — — — — 1751 — — — 21 160 1756 — - 1 45 200 1757 — — 1 51 166 17.58 — — 1 58 215 1773 — 1 — — 1781 — 9 77 100 165 17!« 3 28 93 79 153 1795 1 31 90 ft4 132 t Number of Horses that ran 1797 — 67 191 142 312 1802 — 39 142 123 346 1827 — 158 390 250 570 184!) — 264 419 254 378 1856 7 527 457 275 376 1857 4 508 500 251 mi 1858 4 601 436 280 318 1859 9 576 496 240 324 18()0 — 608 521 :i02 286 1861 -- 061 550 214 at2 1802 — 626 528 291 381 1863 — 643 510 291 393 imi _ 664 548 298 4:i8 1S65 — 659 572 364 447 1866 — 729 572 359 449 1867 — 752 661 408 «i- 18(IS 844 631 418 617 1869 — 842 673 402 617 1870 — 807 709 442 611 1871 — 732 740 450 501 1872 - 699 627 :J82 390 1873 — 1874 — 4(17 1875 (Wl 1876 _ !)24 1877 — 885 1878 _ 931 1879 — 1275 1880 — 106! 1 1881 — !)2:^ 1882 — 834 188:^ — 1884 — 1885 — 712 1886 — m) 1887 — 1368 1888 — 1315 1889 — 1642 1890 — 1624 1891 — 16:-!!) 1S!)2 1645 18!)3 1717 18!)4 1767 1895 isai lSi)6 — i,s;i7 1897 — 1948 1898 — 20)2 l.S!)9 — 21(1!) 1900 — 24.")S 1901 — i-.lii 1!H)2 __ ■SM 1903 1 2.V)!) 1904 i 2l.s:{ 1!K)5 — 2(J!)S liJ06 — (>94 710 784 769 805 873 844 820 800 840 859 840 88:^ 880 908 949 986 9:« ' 1062 1091 1108 1255 1297 1276 1.369 ism 14:« 1528 [ 1445 la-jl I 602 :i5<> 572 320 5.50 354 5!)2 :«i (i04 318 612 321 (i:« 314 610 313 587 304 553 252 607 292 572 294 578 279 .593 293 523 290 566 287 .V)3 276 607 273 &43 296 772 :«6 727 399 ' 779 417 900 417 868 459 965 616 1039 517 1059 558 1116 589 1179 614 1070 647 127 :«i 396 :«) 330 291 322 28;s 279 271 312 276 293 310 286 321 316 290 .314 365 :«4 455 475 511 6(J6 651 6i)8 688 719 762 not given 1297 1001 1 576 ' 677 1»18 981 1 525 6SW 207!) v.m 2084 20.->4 2057 2097 2113 2026 1970 1916 2070 1982 2o:« 2076 2(X)7 212:^ 2131 2105 21^5 25(U 2(il8 2!)IK> :nm 3114 :i")5() :i-)7l a)2i 3957 38:«) :i->5i :i>l4 Since Aiitiinin, 1807, the Hurdle Races, and since July, 1)^71, (he N'ationai Hunt l-'lat Races, are nut given in above tigures. 30 Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc. o ~z c 0^ T3 C CO c re c O CO X! 3 1— 1 3 CO siii^-" i i lilies- ^ S s lili^-" i i "O 00 2(il 269 1(J35 1053 2;5b 258 261 239 79 77 11 9 6 2 CO -C -f CC X -+ CI CO 1 I— 1 05 OCl g Spi^-" 1—1 r- GO i 05 464 388 179 850 814 1020 .325 281 253 383 397 353 190 173 1.58 22 21 20 4 i 4 4 i ■M QO 1 £:§?52x?5*" *f X CO -t^ i-H s ■M ii?i5?1^" CO 2 ^giil^" 1 1— 1 « CO CO CO -M 1 r; ;3; S -* X g CD c^ «o 55 CO « 1 1— 1 IS^sS^" CO .—1 o 00 ■— I (rq-4 CI -t !-^- *"* g^lgg*'' CO q8 ;h' •— 1 TO n o8 s "^ I—* c~?ico-H c» X X iC " CO 1- -H ^ — CD X lO s; ocDcoo:io c6 S5rg?g:§2-* t^ ' 1- CI CO •= ^^ " i 1 lO CO CO .— 1 ^ -rtH (M lO 1— < -b or *i 1 ssis^- g " 1^ -+ CO O CO X -K t- 23 g OS 10 Cl o8 1 3 1 f-H ?i t~ a ^ t^ =5 ^1 h- * 1 co ■ •J) 'Ti '■ — 4) ' t/) 4) 4) 3 o tL, a. .- — -^ -^ 1 [—1 lO :d rH : ^, CO -f : ! »n m ^ ^ I oico -t t— ^ 1 '^cicoo CO i CO 1— ( ^ s i 1— ( -+■ iC 1 0 CO -+ -— 1 1— ( s s (M f 05G: lO 00 CO -— ' 1 g:?:?3j^^ i 1 isiii^"^ i 1 CO I'- 1—1 ^ to X ro i 1 03 1 1 X cl .0 Cl ■ Cl C33 lii^S-"" 1 ^H 05 21 -rt* OQ "^ C* CO .— < CO ^ C*! 10 1 X C^l 10 'M i i O -t- CO »0 CD X CO S5 1—1 \l J|||XCO« 1 C 5 4 Furl, and under 5 Furl. 5 Furl, and under 6 Furl. 6 Furl, and under 1 Mile 1 Mile 1 Mile and under 2 Miles 2 Miles and under 3 Miles 3 Miles and under 4 Miles 4 Miles o H 2. Development of tlie Thorousrhbred, etc. 31 tXi CO i SJ C5 « ® !0 ?-l -H oc o -i< a r- I 00 is -+ a S " "" :c ?J '^ GO i^ 'i^ , I •■o i-~ ^ ::■ 'a yi .0 CO CO 'ji ' ' C^ -r ^ C5 CO O I I '- ;;5 ?i ?5 5 ^ I I s^ii^S I I 75 yj t/c it. — — «5 ■O T) T3 •_ «:; CJ _o ^ "2 2 = 5 3 •a -a ■3 c c i-H Tl CO ^ CC' X X _r ii o -i X. 32 25 S i 1- 32 :s i-' ^^ |~ GO -' i^ I— CO ■— ?? — o 1 1 O -r e — »• 1 :f e - r^ i 1 § S :: -+■ " ■M 1 ■M -5 o ro 35 O , c: ri i~ X -f r? i 1 ^ ^ - S ^ 1 2 S «= g 1 -f< X X tt ir. , "h "h — o H — — ^, o lO '-O •-H X ^ CJ c^ = 3 = — -o -o zee X « n X « tf) t/. b/. be = :: c _£ _c _2 5 :; 3 13 CHAPTER III. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, and the Conclusions to be drawn therefrom. In the beginning and middle of the eighteenth century, i.e., up to about 1760, the difference in weight of horses of various ages was calculated generally at the rate of 1 stone=14 English lbs. per year. For instance : 4 year-olds 9 stone. 5 year-olds 10 ,, 6 vear-olds 11 , , Older 12 ,, 1759 to 1765. October. Newmarket, so-called weight scale according to age for distance, B. C. = about 4 miles. Difference 4 year-olds 6 stone, 11 lbs. | i stone, 7 lbs. " } 1 stone. 5 year-olds 8 ,, 4 6 year-olds 9 ,, 4 Older 10 ,, } 10 lbs. 1766. So-called weight scale according to age at Newmarket. October. Distance, B. C. = 4 miles. Difference 4 year-olds 7 stone, 7 Ibs.j i stone, 2 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 ,, 9 ,, ) ^^ ., 6 year-olds 9 ,, 7 ,, .[ "" Older 10 ,,_,,) 7 lbs. At the establishing of the Gold Cup in 1768 at Newmarket, to be run in October, over 4 miles, the weights were : Difference 4^ 4 year-olds 7 stone, — lbs. | i gtone, 5 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 ,, ^ „ | ^^ ibs 6 year-olds 9 ,, 3 ,, | "" Older 9 ,, 10 ,, / 7 lbs. At that time there was no universally accepted scale of weights, and the following examples show the average differences in weights in 1775 : 3. Ori),'in and ("li.int,'e in the Weif^ht Tables, etc. 33 In July, at Xewmarket, over 2 miles : Difference 1 Stone, '2 lbs. 12 lbs. 5 lbs. 2 lbs. Difference 3 year-olds (; stone, -- lbs. I i ^^^^ne, 7 lbs. •4 year-olds 7 ,, 7 " • j]^ i^g 5 vear-olds 8 ,. 1 ,, . } 8 lbs. 3 year-olds fi stone, 11 4 year-olds 7 ,,13 5 year-olds 8 „ 9 G vear-olds 9 ,, — Older 9 „ 2 bs. y ) In August, at Newmarket, over 4 miles () vear-olds 8 ,, ]2 Older 9 ,, 3 ,, ) ^ lbs In October, at Newmarket, over 4 miles : Difference 4 year-olds 7 stone, 3 Ibs.j. i stone, 2 lbs. 5 year-olds 8 , , (i vear-olds 9 ,, Older 9 ,, ( " '1 J 9 lbs. .-) lbs. Hereafter the differenct-s in wcitrht were, on the a\erage, about as follows : 1775. 3 year-olds 4 year-olds 5 year-olds G j-ear-olds Older 1 st(jne, 2 lbs. to 1 stone, 7 lbs. 10 lbs. to 1 stone, 5 lbs. ') lbs. to 1 stone, 2 lbs. 2 lbs. to 8 lbs. 2 year-olds | 3 year-olds 4 year-olds 5 year-( ilds G vear-olds Older 1800. I stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 2 lbs. I stone to 2 stone. 7 lbs. to 1 stone, 2 lbs. I lbs. to 10 lbs. •J lbs. to () lbs. 1830. 2 year-olds | i stone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 3 lbs. 3 year-olds 4 year-olds 5 year-olds G \ear-olds O'lder 1 stone to 2 stone. 7 lbs. to 1 stone, 1 lb. 2 lbs. to 9 lbs. 0 to 3 lbs. 34 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1850. 2 year-olds | i gtone, 12 lbs. to 2 stone, 3 lbs. 3 year-olds j ^ ^^^^^^ ^ j^g_ ^^ o stone, 6 lbs. 4 year-olds ^ _ ,, , -,ri iu _ ■' ,j f 7 lbs. to 10 lbs. 5 year-olds : 6 year-olds { - l^s. to 6 lbs. Older ) 0 to 1 lb. 1900. 2 year-olds j i stone, 1 lb. to 2 stone, 5 lbs. 3 year-olds , ^ lb. to 1 stone, 13 lbs. 4 year-olds ^ 5 year-olds ( « to 8 lbs. Older } 0. On page 35 is given the weight scale worked out by Admiral Rous in 1873. This scale has been frequently altered, and holds good at the present time. From 1832 the weights for the King's Plates were fixed for the different racing places in the Racing Calendar. At Newmarket alone were the weights for the King's Plates fixed by the Stewards. In the Racing Calendar for 1861 appeared for the first time the universally accepted weight scale for the King's Plates, which we give below. It was not until 1881 that the first copy of the weight scale worked out by Admiral Rous appeared in the Racing Calendar. A special table is given herewith for comparison of the weights from 1881 and of those from 1906. 3. 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S5 50 X C5 •35 I- c-. 35 t- 05 3; l^ 35 35 l- 35 05 35 -N cc ^ •^ cc i^ X M 35 0 '^ 1-1 •* ^ •^ 0 t~ X >^ 1— I I— 1 n 1 j 1 1 1 1 s cc X CJ C5 5C X 05 35 1^ 3: 3: l^ W. 35 t^ 35 ». l^ 35 35 0 •o 1 g_ o ■* ■ 4) o ^ «c to >> 5^ CO ^ %. CO ^ M -+ M K •* "M cc -+ in" !>! CO •* 10 (M « -s- •^ -(• 10 CO tf) tn • """ 4J M M 0 c (A C 3 S tn en S (A 5 u i 1 ? v: r^ »— I M CC 3. Origin and Chanjfe in the W'eiyht 'i'ables, etc. 37 o •a c —{ OD X y^ tfl 0.. .1) Q. O B 1 9 2 '- '- _ •t « e IS o O CO M ^ — * X - « 1- r- ^ c< CI -* 1 «~ e» a> la n « ~v e> CO M —1 CO i o » y o o '^ o o ^H •g ^ y y M ■M "^ 1 « M t^ ira « r- »-* 03 CO M « so 1 ^' o ^ o c o = - .- »- «" ■M ri -"__ _ _ i « « e> >n n w *-4 C5 CO M — . 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U n ■/] o X Ul OJ ■/I x y X ■7) U y> ■/I U '/) in w i c -0 9 o 2 "3 O o "3 2 j: 3 "3 O o 2 3 t: -3 j: 3 O o 8 s S ■3 « y V » 0) c 01 c V •^ 4, U C u >» >> 5 :>► >. X >, >, to >-. >. « >v >^ CO a 1 1 o 1 *r f '? f 1 1 1 1 1 *r i 1 — 10 to 1 1 1 J, =>', J: X 1 M 1 1 CO ^T i 1 __ ^ ' ^™, , . -^ _, - , ' — ,- — • . — ' X E/l V M S£ u C c X c _0 _o it « ? 2 k w S rci _« ^ tf) 3 3 •■" ^» ■"■ ^ D u. ti. ^. -ei «£ Ct 38 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. In order to arrive at a fair comparison of the weights carried formerly with those carried at the present time, hereafter will be given the weights for definite yearh- periods, distances, seasons, and, of course, only for races without heats. The first race for two-year-olds and older horses in November, 1773, at Newmarket, distance D. J. = about 2 miles, stipulated as weight for two-year- olds, 4 stone, 8 lbs., and for three-year-olds, 6 stone, 7 lbs., that is, a difference of 1 stone, 13 lbs. According to to-day's scale the difference would be 4 lbs. more, i.e., 2 stone, 3 lbs. It is very interesting to note how exactly, even at that time, the capabilities of the two-year-olds were valued against those of the three-year-olds. For further comparison of the weights for two- year-olds, as well as three-year-olds, the following examples will serve : — 1777. October. Newmarket. Distance | mile Ab. M.= 6 furlongs. 3 year-old, 8 stone (won). ) Difference, 2 year-old, 6 stone, 8 lbs. J 1 stone, 6 lbs. According to the present day scale : 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1777. October. Newmarket. Distance Ab. M.= l mile. 3 year-olds, 8 stone. ] Difference, 2 year-olds, 6 stone, 8 lbs. (paid forfeit), f 1 stone, 6 lbs. According to the present day scale : 1 stone, 12 lbs. 1781. October. Newmarket. Distance J R. M. = 4 furlongs. 2 year-old, Assassin, 7 stone (won). ] Difference, 3}^ear-old, Puzzle, Sstone, 3 lbs. j 1 stone, 6 lbs ' According to present day scale : about 1 stone, 1 lb. Assassin, winner of the next vear's Derby, and the three-year-old. Puzzle, were racing horses of almost equal value, and Puzzle won directly afterwards the — at that time — classical Perram Stakes at Newmarket. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs. 1800. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 Y. O. C.= . 5 furlongs, 136 yards. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 13 lbs. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance, 2 Y.O.C.= 5 furlongs, 136 yds. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs. ' Taking into consideration the usual 3-lbs. allowed for fillies. 3. Origin and CInange in tlie Weiglit Tables, etc. 39 1830. July. Liverpool. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = about 5 furlongs. Difference in weight between "2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. M ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 11 lbs. 1830. September. Doncaster. Distance IJ miles. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 3 lbs. 1850. July. Goodwood. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = 6 furlongs. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 13 lbs. 1850. July. Liverpool. Distance 2 Y. O. C. = about 5 furlongs. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 11 lbs. 1850. September. Doncaster. Dist. Red House = 5 furlongs, 152 yds. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 8 lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 4 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 12 lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Dist. 2 Y.O.C. = 5 furlongs, 136 yards. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 11 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7 lbs. 1850. October. Newmarket. Distance J Ab. M. = 4 furlongs. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 1 stone, 10 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, lib. 1850. October. Curragh. Distance Red Post=l mile, 6 fur., 3 yds. Difference in weight between 2 and 3 year-olds, 2 stone, 11 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 2 stone, 2 lbs. For comparing three and four-year-olds the following examples will serve : — 1775. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 7Jlbs. 1775. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 2 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, 4 lbs. 1775. August. Newmarket. Distance 4 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 7 lbs. ,, ,, according In to-day's scale, 1 stone, 9 lbs. 1800. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 fur- longs, 44 yards. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 2 stone. M ,, according to to-day's .scale, 1 stone, 7 J lbs. 40 Trial of the Thorouffhbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1800. ' May. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 12 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 stone, Tibs. 1800. July. Newmarket. Distance D. J. = about 2 miles. Difference in weight between 3 and 4 year-olds, 1 stone, 5 lbs. ,, ,, according to to-day's scale, 1 st 0 ,, 1800. June. Ascot. Distance 2J miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | iq lbs 5 lbs. 5 year-olds \ n 6 year-olds ' " " Older } 3 0 „ 3. Origin and Chang-e in the Weight Tables, etc. 43 1800. July. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | g lbs 3 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ , ,^ r. 6 year-olds ) ^"^ ' ^ " Older j ^ " ^ " 1800. October. Newmarket. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 7 ibg 0 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ „ 6 vear-olds f ' Older ,0 0 ,. 1807. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 jbs . 4^ lbs. 5 vear-olds 1 ^ n 6 year-olds [ 7 year-olds ^ '^ ' ' Older / 2 ,, 0 „ 1807. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2^ miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds \ iq i^s .5 lbs. 5 year-olds -) G year-olds J " " Older ) 0 0 ,. 1830. April. Newmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds j 9 j^s 4J lbs. 5 year-olds 1 ^ 6 vear-olds ■> ' " O'lder 1 4 ,, 0 ,, 1830. iNIay. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance l\ miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 jbs 3J lbs. 5 year-olds ^ 6 year-olds » ' " *^ " Older ) 3 ' 0 .- 1830. June. Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds j jq lbs 5 lbs. 5 year-olds , 6 year-olds J "^ " ^' '• Older } 0 0 ,, 44 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1830. June. Manchester. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : .According to present Malt : 4 year-olds | g 155 4 lbs. 5 year-olds \ . 6 year-olds f ■* " ^ ,, Older ) 0 ,, 0 ,. 1830. August. York. Distance 2 miles. Difference in weight : According to present scale . 4 year-olds | g ib^ 2 lbs. 5 year-olds 1 6vear-olds I * " ^ " older } 0 ' 0 „ 1360. September. Doncaster. Gold Cup. Distance 2 miles, 5 furlongs. Difference in weight: .According to present scale: 4 year-olds | 7 15^ 3 ,^5. 5 year-olds \ , 6vear-olds J ' ^ " Older } 0 ,, 0 „ 1830. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : .According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 7 ibs. ...... 0 lbs. 5 year-olds \ 6 year-olds / " ^ " Older j 0 0 ,, 1850. April. Xewmarket. Craven Stakes. Distance ] mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weight : According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 jb^ 4^ lbs. 5 year-olds "i G year-olds ^ '' ' '^ " Older } 0 0 ,, 1850. May. Epsom. Craven Stakes. Distance 1^ miles. Difference in wciglit : According to present scale ; 4 year-olds | g lbs. ...... 3^ lbs. 5 year-olds ^ 6vear-olds .» " ' ^ " Older } 0 ,, 0 ,, 1850. June. .Ascot. Gold Cup. Distance 2J miles. Difference in weight : .According to present scale : 4 year-olds | 9 ibs. ...... 5 Ibs. 5 year-olds ^ 6 year-olds I "^ " ...... .0 „ Older } 0 ,, 0 ., 3. Orif,nn and Chanj^^e in the \\Vi,y;lit 'I'ables, etc. 45 1850. September. Doncaster. Gold Cup. Dislance 2 miles, 5 furlonp;s. Difference In weight : Accordinj; to present scale : 4 year-olds \ 7 i^g 3 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ 6 vcar-olds ' ' " Older } 0 0 ,, 18-50. October. Newmarket. Distance 1 mile, 2 furlongs, 44 yards. Difference in weiglit : Accordinf! to present scale: 4 year-olds | 5 |bs 0 lbs. 5 year-olds ^ „ /» ij_r ^ »t '-' ». Older 1 0 0 6 vear-olds f ) 1851. May. York. Match. Distance 2 miles. Difference in According to . i» ,.■ o » 1 weifjht: present scale : 4 vears \ oltigeur, S st. { ^, °, ' ,, 5 years 1- lying Dutciiman, S st., b^ lbs. (wnn) J It is difficult t(i cnmpile examples of the King's Plates wliich can be of any use, as most of the King's Plates were formerh- run w ith heats, and those without heats were onlv iield for liorses of tiic same age. The few suitable examples wliich follow will suffice, however, -for our purpose : — 1820. .-Vugust. York. Distance 4 miles. Difference in DifTerence in weight as per scale of weight: IStil and 1881 4 year-olds | j stone, 2 lbs. 9 lbs. .5 lbs. ,5 year-olds ) o ., n 6 year-olds / '^ " " " " " Older } 2 ,, 0 ,, 0 ,, 1832 to 18-50. May and June, in Chester, Ascot and Manchester. Distance 3 miles. DifTerence in Difference in weight as per scale of weight: IStil and 1881 3 year-olds \ 2 stone 10— 13 lbs. 9— 10 lbs. 4 year-olds , -5 year-olds J ' 6 year-olds and older } 5 lbs. 2 .. 1 ,, 1850. August. York. Dislance 2 miles. Differenc-e in Difference in weight as per scale of weight: 1861 and 1881 • 3 year-olds | 1 stone, 3 lbs. ] stone, 2 lbs. 1 stone, 1 lbs. 4 year-olds if. - o 5 year-olds { ^ " • n " n " 6 vear-olds { ^ " ^ " ^ " older ) 2 „ 0 ,, 0 ,, 46 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. From these weight differences it can be seen that the abilities of four, five and six-year-olds changed very little up to 1850. An improvement of horses, on the other hand, after six years old ceases gradually altogether. In other words, the influence caused by two-year-old races and mentioned on page 42 with the weight-differences between two, three and four-year-olds, has not affected the carrying capacity of four, five and six-year-olds, but has stopped the further improvement of six-year-olds. Accordingly horses at six years old reached the height of their capabilities (Leistungsfahigkeit). The preservation of the capabilities of four, five and six-year-olds up to 1850 in the same proportion to each other (in spite or in consequence of the two-year-old races) is all the more remarkable, as in the same time (shown above) a progress in the development of three-year-olds, and still more of four-year-olds, must be assumed on account of the weight differences. From this we might suppose that the improved four-year-old would more closely approach the five-year-old and older horses, which ought to be seen by a diminution in the weight dift'erences. As up to about 1850 this diminution did not take place, the continued improvement of five-vear-old and older horses must be all the more appreciated. After 1850, or even later, the frequent and very early two-year-old races seem also here to have impeded the favourable development of horses after their fourth year. As a further example to confirm above conclusions, let me here mention the Thoroughbred Fitzwilliam Stakes, at Doncaster. This race was founded in 1807, and set apart for two-year-olds and older horses, over a course of 1^ miles, with the following weights : According to present scale : 2 Stone, 3 lbs. 11 lbs. 2 year-olds 3 year-olds 4 year-olds 5 year-olds 6 year-olds Older 6 stone. Difference in weight : 8 9 9 9 lbs. } 2 stone. 9 lbs. 6 „ 4 „ 0 0 0 Two-year-olds in this proportionately long distance of IJ miles had no chance (Oiseau was in 1811 the only two-year-old winner). Therefore the following changes were arranged in 1826 : — 2 year-olds 5 3 year-olds 8 4 year-olds 9 5 year-olds 9 6 year-olds and older 9 stone, 10 lbs, 6 10 } Difference in weight : 2 Stone, 4 lbs. 1 „ 6 lbs. 4 „ The weight difference between two and three-year-olds is here only 1 lb. more than according to present scale. In this race from 1834 two-year-olds are left out. The weight difference of 1 stone (11 lbs. to-day) between three and four-year-olds remained stationary till the race became a Handicap in 3. Origin and Change in the Weight Tables, etc. 47 1850. The weight difTerence, however, between four and five-year-olds increased in 1834 to 6 lbs., in 1838 to even 12 lbs., and decreased in 1839 to 7 lbs., whilst according to the present day scale the difference is nil. The weight difference between five and six-year-olds in 1834 came down to 2 lbs., and remained so to 1850. In the celebrated race between the three-year-old, Voltigeur, with 7 stone, 7 lbs. up, and the four-year-old. Flying Dutchman, carrying 8 stone, 12 lbs., over a course of 2J miles, in the Doncaster Cup, on the 20th of September, 1850, there was a weight difference of 1 stone, 5 lbs., against 1 stone, IJ lbs. of the present scale. In the year later, in that well known match of the 13th of May, 1851, at York, over a distance of 2 miles, the four-year-old, Voltigeur, carried 8 stone, the five-year-old. Flying Dutchman, 8 stone, 8J lbs. The w-eight difference was therefore 8J lbs., against 5 lbs. according to present scale. There was each time a close finish. In the Doncaster Cup, Voltigeur won by half a length, and in the Match, Flying Dutchman won by one length. We may, therefore, assume that the then existing weight differences corresponded with the average capabilities of three, four and five-year-olds. Therefrom follows that the present four and five-year-old racehorses are each 3J lbs. worse than those in the middle of last century. Against these conclusions one may, however, answer that it is just in con- sequence of the many and early two-year-old races, as well as in consequence of the progress made in the art of training in the second half of the nineteenth century, that the weight carrying capability of two and three-year-olds has been much improved, and that, therefore, three-year-olds have almost approximately reached that point of weight carrying capability which was formerly only held by five and six-year-olds. The consequences, therefore, would of course be that the four-year-old and older horses could not improve in such proportion as to justify the greater weight differences which were formerly extant. Therefore, the weight differences between three, four and five-year-olds must become less. In other words, the zero point from which we count, i.e., the weight carrying capability of two and three-year-olds, would become much higher. If this were so, then, with the assumed quicker and better development of two and three-year-olds, the weight difTerence between these two ages ought also to have become larger. This, however, it is remarkable to have to say, is not so. In the gradual building of the weight scale, one point is very noticeable : that the weight differences between two and three-year-olds are almost the same to-day as they were at the end of the eighteenth century, when two- year-old races were just beginning. On the other hand, the above-mentioned increase of weight differences of 2-7 lbs. between two and three-year-olds speaks for itself for the healthy development of two-year-olds in the years from about 1800 to 1850. Furthermore, it is very doubtful whether the present two and three-year-olds are really better than they were in the middle 4:g Trial of tlie Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. of the nineteenth century. We have no proof of this. Such horses as Touchstone, Cotherstone, Orlando, The Baron, Surplice, Flying Dutchman, Voltigeur, Stockweil, West Australian, Fisherman, Blink Bonny, Thor- manby, etc., are they reall}- worse horses than our present day champions? All these said racehorses yet belonged to those times in which there approxi- matel}' existed for difTerent ages that difference of weight which we have mentioned above for 18-30. Finally, we ha\e only to deal with one point, namely, that two-year-olds themselves are much better than they were before. If this reallj- be the case to such a great extent as to justif)- the above mentioned large weight differ- ences, then the progress in the average records of time should be more remarkable than the comparisons show hereafter. As the weight difference between t\»o and three-year-olds as above-said are the same as they were one hundred years ago, the records of three-year-olds suffice for comparison. The increase of weight differences between two and three-year-olds after 1800 has been shown above to be a result of the improvement of three-year- olds, probably in consequence of the races for two-year-olds. There is yet the possibility that the two-year-olds became worse, and that, therefore, the weight differences could rise. There is, however, no plausible reason for this possibility, whilst the assumed improvement of three-year-olds, through training and racing as two-year-olds, appears very probable. It is, rather, to be assumed that as everything improves, two- year-olds also impro\e in course of time. This, however, need not be at the expenses of three-year-olds. In breeding, where only two-year-olds improve, one can hardly speak of a general progress. I seem, therefore, to be justified, for the sake of com- parisons, in taking the capabilities of twd-year-olds as a standard, although an improvement, h(»wever slow, in the course of time is desirable, and also appears probable. The weight differences in the scale for King's Plates from the vear 18G1 are, as can be seen by comparison, considerabl)' higher than to-day. The weight differences of the lirst weight scale of Admiral Rous of 1881, compared with those of the scale of 190G, show, as can be seen from the figures of the table printed in larger type, that also in the last twenty-five yeaps, a diminution of weight differences has taken place. If one takes, therefore, the capabilities of two-year-olds as a standard, in comparing with the capabilities of other ages, one must consider the diminution of weight differences always as a sign of deterioration of stock. According to above comparisons of weight differences in 1861, 1881 and 190G, from 1861 a gradual deterioration of stock appears probable if looked at from this standpoint. Even if the pretended greater capabilities of present two and three-year- olds were approximately right, there still remains a grave doubt whether the 3. Origin and ("hanf^e in llie Wciicht Tables, etc. 49 lessened development capability of four-year-olds and older horses has also produced a lesser resisting power, as we show later on, in the chapter on the capabilities of the Thoroughbred formerly and now. Taken altogether, these f)bservati()ns justify us in assuming that, considered from the standpoint of the altered weight differences, the improve- ment of racehorses took place about up to ihc middle of the nineteenth cenlur\-, and also speciallv, that a favourable development of four-year-old and older horses up to the sixth year existed. Furthermore, that simultane- ouslv with the frequent occurrence of races for two-year-olds partly in the beginning of the }-ear, and with the existence of the many short Handicaps, a retrogression of the development of racehorses after their third year began soon after the second half of the nineteenth centurv. The time in which the ninnber of two-\-ear-old racehorses began to exceed the nimiber of three- year-olds, denotes the turning point. CHAPTER IV. General Observations on the Value of the Thoroughbred for other breeds. The prominent position occupied by the Thorouc^hbred in the breeding of half-bred horses^ has no equivalent in the breeding of any other animal. Breeding carried on for two hundred years and for a set purpose, as it has been done in England and Ireland, where soil and climate constitute an environment admirably adapted to horse-breeding, has produced the Thoroughbred of the present day. Breeders of other animals have also done great things in the same time, but in the breeding of horses one very great factor has co-operated which is more or less absent in the breeding of other animals. This mighty factor was passion. Battle and sport are the found- ations of horse breeding. These two have as if bv magic produced a passionate love for this breeding. This love works with more power, wisdom, ingenuitv and industry than all book wisdom of the wisest heads and all conscientiousness of the most industrious of men. To horse breeding, as well as to all that lives, the words u{ the Apostle St. Paul apply: "The greatest of these is Love." That this passion, otherwise so useful, may also lead to erroneous paths, is without doubt true in horse breeding. If this happens, and, unfortunately, it happens often, then wise counsel must step in; but this counsel must not kill the principal lever for the breeding of Thoroughbreds, namely, the just- mentioned passionate love. The facility with which the horse acclimatises itself everywhere has produced the spread of breeding of Thoroughbreds all over the world. All half-bred horses of the old and new world., even the Trotters, have, by mingling with the Thoroughbred, produced the required steel in their breeds, which otherwise could not have been produced as well and as quickly. Even the breeds of the Steppes of Russia, America and ' In Germany all improved light breeds of horses, save the Thoroughbred, are called "edles Halbblut," which means "high quality Half-breds." All of these light breeds as well as the Thoroughbred itself are also called warm or hot-blooded horses, as contrasted with the cold-blooded heavy or draft breeds of horses, which are summarized in Germany under the general term " Kaltblut." 4. \',ilur cif ilu- ■rhoniui;hbi"0(.l lor Oilier Brucds. 51 Australia, have, with the aid of Thoroiijjhbrod stallions (often, unfortunately, of very low quality), influenced the capabilities (I.eistun<;sfahig;keit) of their horses. When the celebrated Cossack officer, Hetman PlatoiT (the celebrated stallion, Iletman Platoff, born 1830, was called after him), about a hundred years aj^o, durino- the fitrht for liberty aj,^ainsl Napoleon in the West of Europe, learned lo know and to esteem the Thoroughbred, and other tine breeds derived from same, he caused to b(' imported many Thoroughbred stallions of good, and of the best class, into the Cossack breeding stables near ihe Don, and the neighbouring Steppe breeding places. The conse- quence was that l\ussian ca\alr\- soon after, in fact, up to the middle of the last centurv, were mounted on the best horses an army ever possessed. That was a time in which (here were often matches belween Co.ssack horses and Thoroughbreds. The most celebrated of these races took place on the 4th of .\ugusl, lS-i5, near St. I'etersburg, distance 75 versts, i.e.. about SO kilo- metres. Two Cossack horses started against two rhoroughbreds. The Thoroughbred, .Sharper, born 1819 in the stud of Lord ligremont, by Octavious and ^'. .\mazon, won easil\- in '2 hours, 48 minutes, although he carried 40 lbs. more {'■] stone). The race took i>lace on the high road, and the rider of Sharper broke a stirrup in the middle of the race. In Kngland, .Sharper had won as a three-year-old, a small selling race, as a four-year-old, two small Handicaps and a walk-over, and as a tive-ycar-okl, (lircc races, inclusive of two King's Plates. The good results which haxc been ol)tained, especialU- in the S(]Utli uf I'Vance, bv the mixed Anglo-. \rabic breeding, seem to lead lo the con- clusion that one could ])erhaps also improve th<' Oriental horse, including the .\rabs, in their own homes, by the introduction of Thoroughbred stallion:s. If the small mistakes made in breeding Thoroughbreds were avoided, it is more than probable that in future original Oriental breeds could be im|3roved bv Thoroughbred stallions than vice versa. Lately, in lingland, the\' ha\'e tried to improxi- Thoroi:ghbreds b\- the infusion of .\rabic blood, but in \ain. It is \er\- remarkable, after the importation of Godolphin .\rabian in 1780, that no Oriental stallion c() degrees latitud<', lalcr for a long linn- ihc Royal stud stallion in Torgel. i'lirelv Ivstlandii , i.e.. of light breed — a small, well- |>roportioned horse, similar to a small liast Prussian. This unexpected result, however, has, so it appears, prevented a repetition of this proposition. The knowledge that sham is easier and cheaper to produce than the real thing, and the fact that there are still people enough who are deceived by sham, has just as much a deteriorating influence in the producing of wine and tobacco and other things as in the breeding of horses. The claims of the consimiers on the capabilities, and the interest of the producer to produce as cheaplv as possible, will always be difficult to meet. I'he craftiness of the breeder to produce showy stock \ery cheaply has often made greater progress than the expert knowledge of the consumer. Experts of cattle breeding complain about the same thing. Finally, one would think that the real thing. Truth, wtiuld pre\ail in the end. The breeding of Thoroughbreds and Trotters bred for performance is genuine, as well as, for example, the unfortunately dying out breeding of the Russian Steppes; the breeding of horses for the Russian soldiers, formerly in tlie L'kraine, now at the .Manitsch ri\er, was very much based on it. Since the cultivation of land, and with it the breeding of cattle and the use of the plough, have driven away the breeding of the Steppes from the magnificent Ukraine to the Manitsch river, and from thence still further and further into the unsuitable salt-containing I^astern Steppes; even Russia, so rich in horses, is forced to establish a modern swstem of horse-breedincf in order to produce horses for its soldiers. The hope to get thereby just as nice-looking cavalry horses as the other great nations is a sop to \anitv, and suppresses the knowledge that horses lose thereby in capability. The difficultv of the organisation of a successful breeding of horses, like we have in East i'russia, is perhaps thereby under-estimated, and the c|uality of the breed of horses produced with a beautiful sham appearance is over-estimated. That one has to fight against this production of the beautiful sham, ext-n in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, one can see in many Ivnglish studs which breed for the yearlings' market. In this respect, in the course of the last fifty years, things have gone verv much to the bad in luigland, as now more than half — according to some authors e\en nine-tenths — of all Thoroughbred yearlings are brought up for the yearlings' market. .Mthough this showy stock very seldom becomes also breeding stock, f)n account of the race tests — in any case, not breeding stock which has an important influence on the breeding of Thoroughbreds — it is a pity that through human sin much good material is wasted w hich was destined by Divine Nature to be chosen material. Apart from the performances obtained by no other breed than the Thoroughbred, over anv distance and under anv weight, the 'I'horoughbred 5G Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. is also superior to all other breeds in various breeding performances. This is an eloquent proof that the tests to which the Thoroughbred is subject have also had a good influence on its fertility and longevity (as will be shown hereafter by many examples). The number of dams which, according to the statement of the General Stud Book, have produced sixteen living foals, is such a large one that for want of space they have been left out of the following lists. We only mention brood mares which have produced seven- teen and more living foals. As the first volume of the General Stud Book only appeared in 1793, the foals born in the eighteenth century are only given in so far as they were known through the Racing Calendar, the chief basis of the Stud Book. It is clear, therefore, that in the first book many living foals are not mentioned, as they have not appeared on the racecourse. Therefore, the number of brood mares which in the eighteenth century produced seventeen and more living foals is less in the following list : — Register of Thoroughbred Mares in the General Stud Book which have had not less than seventeen living foals. r- "^ 2,^ No. Names of the Mares. Sires of the Mares. o 3 t; a- Remarks 1 Sister to Sampson 172:^ Greyhound 20 Dam of the Fam. 12 a 2 Prntt's Old Mare 1750 Squirt 17 Dam of the Fam. 24 3 Mare 1777 Matchem 18 Fam. 15 4 Mare 1780 Y. Marske 18 Dam of the Fam. 34 5 Nimble 1784 Florizel 17 Dam of the Fam. 32 6 Heiress 1786 Paymaster 17 Fam. 12 7 Mare 1788 Adamant 17 Fam. 3 8 Amelia (Grand- daug-hter of No. 2) 1788 Highflyer 17 Fam. 24 9 Beatrice 1791 Sir Peter 17 Fam. 7 10 Mare 1791 Y. Marske 18 Fam. 9 11 Platina O. 1792 Mercury 19 Fam. 5 b 12 Bay Javelin 1793 Javelin 17 4 year-old first Fam. 3a foal 13 Mare 1795 Skyscraper 17 Fam. 2e 0 14 Miss Gunpowder 1797 Gunpowder 20 3 year-old first Fam. 34 foal 15 Rosamond 1798 Buzzard 17 Fam. 5 a 16 Carthaj^e (Firstling) sister to Hannibal D. 1798 Driver 18 Fam. 3 17 Grey Duchess 1799 PotSos 19 4 year-old first Fam. 6 foal 4. Value of the Thoroimhbrcd for Other Breeds. 57 No. Names of the Mares. j Sires of the Mares. Remarks 18 Miss llaworth 1802 Spadille 17 3 year-old first foal Fam. 29 10 Mare 1802 Precipitate 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 5 20 Bronze O. sister to Castrel 1808 ' Buzzard 17 Fam. 2d 21 Mare 180:5 ' Star 17 Fam. 23 22 Mare 1804 Hanibletonian 18 or 19 Fam. 18 23 .Maniac (Firstling) in 19 rears 1806 Shuttle 19 Fam. 4 b 24 Mare 1807 Shuttle 18 Not in the Goosschen Table Frentzel Fam. 46 25 Barrosa (Grand- daughter of No. 5) 1808 Vermin out of Nike O. 17 Fam. 32 26 Ladv of ' he Lai) 1850 Touchstone 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 4 112 Latona 1&50 Lanercost 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3 113 Georgiana 1851 Touchstone 17 Fam. 7 114 Black Cotton 1852 Faugh-a-Ballagh 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 6 115 Jeu d 'Esprit 1852 Flatcatcher 17 Fam. 7 lit) Mare 1&52 Jon 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8a 117 Defamation imi .lago 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 14 118 Stuff and Nonsense 1,85:^ The Libel 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 119 All's Well 1854 The Cure 17 Fam. 5 120 Christabelle 1854 Fernhill 17 Fam. 3c 121 Countess 1854 Slane 18 3 year-old first foal Fam. 8 122 Countess of Westmorland 1854 Melbourne 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 3 123 Daisy 1854 Touchstone 18 Fam. 12 124 Media Noce 1854 Weatherbit 18 Fam. 5b 125 Electra 1855 Touchstone 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2e 126 Mare 1855 Melbourne 18 Fam. 5 a 127 Emotion 1856 Alarm 17 Fam . 1 a 128 .Amethyst 1857 Touchstone 18 Fam. 11 129 Codicil 1857 The Cossack 19 Fam. 6 a 130 Emma 1857 Storm 18 3 year-old first foal Fam. 19 131 Lambda 1857 I'mbriel 17 Fam. 19 i:?2 Spring Blossom lS.-,7 Touchstone 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 14 4. \'.iliR- iif the Tliurouirlibri'd for Other Breeds. 61 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 Charniione Lady Blanche Miss Fanny Tartlet Verijiss Mein nicht Dewdrop Entreniet Mare Leda Pompadour Mare 144 Amaranth 145 Bonnv Bell 146 Crucifixion 147 Last Love 148 Novara 149 Old Orange Girl 150 Pimpernel 151 The Doe 152 Mystery 153 Tomfoolery 154 Mare 155 Agile 156 Lady Charlotte 157 Money Spinner 168 Danisli Rose 150 Delilah 180 Laura 161 Lina 162 Murcia 1858 1&58 1858 1858 1858 1859 1859 1159 1859 1&59 1&-J9 1860 1860 1860 1860 186(J 1860 1860 1861 1861 1861 1861 1862 1862 1862 1863 1864 1864 1864 1864 Orlando Voltigeur Vanderdecken Birdcatcher Flying Dutchman Mildew- Sweetmeat Lambton VVeatherbit Stoclvwell y. Melbourne Newminster V'oltiijcur Pelion Annandale Weatherbit Kingston Sweetmeat Turnus Augur King Tom Wild Dayrell Gibraltar Fandango Marsyas Surplice Thormanby Lambton Stockwell Lord of the Isles 17 Fam. 2 c 17 Earn. 2d 19 Fam. 8 19 Fam. 21 17 Fam. 9 19 4 year-old first Fam. 8 a foal 17 Fam. 2e 18 4 year-old first foal Not in Goosschen Table Frentzel Fam. 83 17 Fam. 2a 18 4 year-old first Fam. 2e foal 17 Fam. 9 17 3 year-old first Fam. 20 foal 17 Fam. 10 17 Fam. 27 18 4 year-old first Fam. 4 foal 19 Fam. 2 17 Fam. 7 17 Fam. 2c 18 Fam. 8 17 Fam. 2e 17 Fam. 2 17 4 year-old first Fam. 3b foal 17 4 year-old first Fam. 3 foal 17 4 year-old first Fam. 8 foal 17 4 year-old first Fam. 16 foal 17 4 year-old first Fam. 12 foal 18 4 year-old first Fam. Ic foal 18 Fam. 17 18 4 year-old first Fam. 7 foal 18 4 year-old first Fam. 6 foal 62 Trinl of tlie Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Names of the Mares. Year of Birth. .Sires of tlie MareS. 2,2 o 3 a a- Remarlcs 163 Ninna 1864 Buccaneer 18 3 year-old first foal Fani. 11 164 Queen l^sther 1864 Warlock 22 4 year-old first foal Fam. 4 c 165 Perea 1865 Voltigeur 17 Fam. 3 166 Siluria 1865 Caractacus 17 Fam. 1 a 167 The Sphynx 1865 Newminster 18 Fam. 2 a 168 Thrift 1865 Stocku.-ll 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 10 169 Jenny Diver 1866 Buccaneer 20 4 year-old first foal Fam. 20 170 Night jar 1866 Wild Daxrell 19? Fam. 15 171 Cestus 1867 Newminster 17 Fam. 3b 172 Performer 1867 .Adventurer 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 1 c 173 Canonical 1868 Cathedral 20 4 year-old first foal Fam. 11 174 Furiosa 1868 Orlando 17 Fam. 45 175 Lady Mortimer 1868 Kettledrum 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 10 176 Claretto 1869 Claret 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 25 177 Eva 1869 Bre.idalbane 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 2c 178 Wee Lassie 1869 Scottish Chief 18 Fam. 2 a 179 True Blue 1870 Oxford 20 Fam. 32 180 Cherry Duchess 1871 The Duke 18 Fam. 27 181 Mirror 1871 Speculum 17 Fam. 49 182 Pillase 1871 Cambuscan 19 4 year-old first foal Fam. 8 183 Pomona 1871 Skirmisher 18 Fam. 19 184 Turn of the Tide 1871 Mandrake 17 Fam. 18 185 Enig^ma 1872 The Rake 17 Fam. 2a 186 (Daughter of No. 167) Katrine 1872 Blair .\thol 17 4 year-old first foal Fam . 5 b 187 Katrine 1873 Blinkhoolie 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 9 188 Orchestra 1873 Trumpeter 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 12 189 St. Editha 1873 Kingley Vale 18 4 year-old first foal Fam. 16 190 Stone Chat 1873 .Adventurer 17 4 year-old first foal Fam. 16 4 Value uf llu- 'I'hiiiouijhlin'il lor Oilier Breeds. m No. Names of the Mares. -I ^ Sires of tlie .Mares. Number of Foals. Remarks 191 iMiss .Maniieriny; 1874 Blair .\lliol 19 4 year-old lirst Fam. 43 loal 102 Palinllower 1874 The I'.dmer 17 Fani. 20 198 hihalemuc 1874 O.xford or The Duke 18 4 year-old first Fam. L'd loal 194 kill 11 1876 Rosierucian 18 Fam. 4 195 .Mrs. Knight 1876 Kni,L;ht of the Garter 17 3 _vear-old first Fam. 4b foal 196 Osmunda 1876 Sterlinjj 17 Fam. 2 a 197 Festival 1877 Sterling 17 4 year-old first Fam . 1 b foal 198 lUumiiiata 1877 Rosierucian 18 4 year-old first Fam. 1 c foal 199 .Miss Mabel 1877 Knight of the Garter 17 Fam. 11 200 Pink Thorn 1877 Cathedral 18 4 year-old lirst Fam. 2 a foal 201 .Sciph\' 1877 St. .Mbans 18 4 year-old first Fam. 12 foal 202 Celandine 1878 King Tom or .Macaroni 17 Fam. 1 c 203 Eus:enie 1878 Pero Gomez 17 Fam. l(i 204 I^oving; Cup 1878 Brown Bread 17 4 year-old first Fam. 23 foal 205 Rent Day 1878 .Macgregor 17 4 year-old first Fnm. 3 b foal •m; True Love 1878 Sterling 18 Fam. 3c 207 Bonny Rose 1879 Rosierucian 18 Fam. 31 208 Biserta 1880 Lord Lyon 17 Fam. 22 209 Fisher Lass 188') Exminster 18 4 year-okl first F.-mi. S foal 210 Hall Mark 1880 Standard 17 Fam. 2 b 211 Jennie Winkle (I)auj,'hterof No. 109) 18«0 Mr. Winkle 17 4 year-old first F;im. -JO foal 212 Dnnt^ola 1883 Doncaster 18 4year-olil lirst Fam. G a fo;il 213 Red riove 1883 .Sterling 17 4 year-old first Fam. 3 b foal I know u( no lior.sc bri'cd wliicli c.-in .show, even ai)proxiniat('l\, sii(-li breeding merits as tlic I"!nf;Iisii hncil of 'riioroughbrcds, accordini; to the alcove li.st. in 'IVakelinen only two cases liave tal, \\'ise;icre. ,i good by Slcvscaper out of racer. Isabel'. 40 Mare 1796 Not run. First foal at 8 jears old. 16 foals. by Precipitate — Wood- .\t 2-3, -Monimia, a good racer and Foimdatiun pecker. Mare in Fam. 12 a; at 27, The Captain, a good racer. 41 Mare 1797 Ran three times as a 3 year-old. First foal by Ruler out of Tree- at 12 years old, Oiseau by Camillus. 13 foals. creeper. .\t 25, Miss Crachami, a good racer, and I'oundation Mare in Fam. 42. 42 V. Lalage j by Chocolate out of 21 year-old Lalage, which I 4 — 12 year-old won races. 43 Marcia bv Coriander out of Faith (3-7). 1797 R.in four times as a 2 and 3ye,ir-old, won once. 11 foals. .At 27, De \'erc by I'cramor/, a famous racehorse in Ireland. 1797 3 — 9 year-old a splendid racer, ran twenty- eight times, won nineteen times. I'irsi foal at 11 years old, 7 foals, amongst which were : Marciana (Foundation M:irc in l"am. 2 a, grandmother of Hetman Platoff and Don John L). .\t 20 had her last foal. 70 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 44 Rosamond 1798 3 and 4 year-old a good racer, ran nine by Buzzard out of Rose- times, won three times. First foal at 6 years berrj'. old. 17 foals. At 22, Barefoot L, and 26, a JNIare by Tramp, Foundation Mare in Fam. 5 a. Lived to 31 years of age. 45 jMandane 1800 Ran six times as a 2 and 3 year-old, won by PotSos out of Y. twice. First foal at 4 years old. 13 foals, Camilla. amongst which were : Mannella O, Altisidora L; at 20, Lottery by Tramp; at 21, Brutan- dorf by Blacklock ; and at 22, a Mare by Whisker, dam of Liverpool. Lived to 26 years of age. 4G Parasol by PotSos out of Prun- ella (No. .34) 1800 Ran and won 3 — 8 year-old, at 8 years in foal, ran foiu" times and won twice. First foal at 9 years old. 12 foals, amongst which were : Partisan, Pindarri 2; at 19, Pastille 2, O; and at 24 her last foal. 47 JMare 1802 Not run. First foal at 6 years old. 15 foals. by Delpini out of Tipple Cyder. At 20, Wildwood, and at 21, Sir Catton, both good racers ; at 23, The Colonel L, and at 24. The Captain, a famous racer. ■IS Thomasina by Timothy out of Violet. 1804 A verv good racer 2 — 5 year-old. First foal at 8 years old. 16 foals without a break. 49 Remembrance by Sir Solomon out of 1805 A very good racer 3 — 5 year-old. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 26, Oblivion, dam 20 year-old Queen Mab. of Springy Jack and grand-dam of Daniel O'Rourke D, Foundation Mare in Fam. 9. 50 Little Folly by Highland Fling out of 180(5 Ran three times as a 3 year-old, won once. First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Harriet. Folly, I'oundation Mare in Fam. 5 (Miami, Rosicrucian, etc.). 51 Lisette 1806 A good racer 3 and 4 year-old. First foal at by Hanibletonian out of 7 years old. ]4 foals. At 24, Clearwell 2. Constantia. 52 Snowdrop 1806 .A good racer 2 — 4 year-old. First foal at 7 by Highland Fling out of years old. 11 foals. At 22, Galantine 1. Daisy. 53 Miss \\'asp 1807 Won as a 2 year-old. First foal at 7 years by \\"axy out of Trum- old. At 21, Y. Muley, and at 23, Vespa 6. petta. 54 Mare 1808 Not run. First foal at lOyear-old. 11 foals. by Walton out of 19 year- At 23, Black Agnes, Foundation Mare in Fam. old Y. Noisette. 28. 4. Value of the Thoroutrlibretl for Oiher Breeds. 71 No. Name and Pcdiijree. Born. Breeding Performances. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 6;^ 61 Manuella O. by Dick Andrews out of Mandane (No. 45). 1809 Lady of the Lake 1809 by Sorcerer out of 20 year-old Mare by Salt- I ram. Bella 1811 by Beningbrougli out of Peterea. \Mre (sister to Whale- bone) bv Waxv nut of Penelope. Mare by Orville out of Miss Grimstone. Sister to Corduroy by Shuttle out of 18 year- old Ladv Sarah. 1811 1812 1812 Octaviana bv Octavian- ^Shutllt Sihcrtail bv V. Gohanna- ~Or' Mare by Comus — Delpini. Lacerta bv Zodiac out of Jerboa. 1815 1815 1816 1816 3 — 5 year-old ran thirteen times, won three times. First foal at 8 years old. 15 foals with- out a break, amongst which were : Memnon L, Belzoni, Margelina (had 19 foals); at 20, Nitocris, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11 (Fisher- man, Strathcona, etc.); at 21 and 22, two good racers, Belshazzar and Belluno. 3 — 4 3'ear-old a good racer. First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals. At 22, Ophelia, Founda- tion Mare in Fam. 43, and last foal at 27 years old. Ran twice as a 6 year-old, won once. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Bellona, Foundation Mare of the Fam. 44; at 25, last foal, ran in race. 3 and 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at 8 years old. 17 foals. At 22, Verulam ; at 26, her last foal. Lived to 28 years of age. Not riui. 14 foals, amongst which were : Tranby by Blacklock ; at 22, Miss Bowe, and at 25, a Mare by Priam or Zinganee, the two chief Foundation Mares in Fam. 21. Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 20 foals, the first 19 without a break, at 24, the last foal by Waverley (ran as a 2 year-old, had 11 foals, and became Foundation Mare in Fam. 5), and lived to 26 years old. 2 and 3 year-old a good racer. First foal at 5 years old. 15 foals. At 22, Crucifix O. 2. 1, dam of Surplice D. L. 3 — 4 year-old a good racer. First foal at 6 years old. 15 foals. At 24, Bonney Bonnet, Foundation Mare in Fam. 2d. Not run. First foal at 14 years old. 8 foals. At 22, Miss Lydia, Foundation Mare in Fam. 9; at 24, Nutwith L. 3 — 4 year-old moderate racer, then w.is used as a riding horse. First foal at 10 years old. 15 foals. At 21, Little Wonder D, and at 25, Little Fairy, grand-dam of St. .Angela, St. Simon's dam, Foundation Mare in Fam. 11. Trial of the Tliorousrhbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 65 67 70 71 Mare (Velocipede's dam) by Juniper — Sorcerer. Electress by Election — Stamford. Mare by Rubens out of Tippity- wichet. Guiccioli by Bob Booty out of Flight. 1817 1819 1819 1823 Mare i 1824 bv Cervantes — Camillus. Clari by Smolensl-:o- Precipitate. Greenmantle O. bv Sultan out of Dulcinea. 1821 1826 Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 18 foals, of which 7 were Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 c. At 24, Merope, grand-dam of Galopin D, Moslem 2, and Knight of the Crescent. 2 — 4 year-old a good racer, once slipped twins. First foal at 9 years old. 11 foals. At 16, Vauban ; at 19, Miss Twickenham (dam of Teddington); at 20, Mare by Sir Hercules (Foundation Mare in Fam. 2 and had 20 foals); at 22, Splitvote (grand-dam of St. .Albans L, Savernake and Gang Forward 2); last foal at 24 years old. 2 and 3 year-old ran twice, was second in O. First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals, amongst which were: Phosphorous D, May Day 1; at 20, Firebrand 1 ; and at 23, Ratafia, Founda- tion Mare in Fam. 27. 2 — 6 year-old a very good racer. Ran as a 6 3'ear-old, after foaling and again in foal (pro- duced a healthy foal), si.\ times, won twice, in the King's Plates, over 4 miles with heats, in September, in Curragh (6 starters), and in Northumberland Handicap in October, at Curragh (11 starters, amojigst which were such good horses as Skylark, a 3 year-old, and Napoleon, a 5 year-old). First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals, amongst which were : Bird- catcher and Faugh-a-Ballagh ; at 21, living twins, one of which was Gramachree, Founda- tion Mare in Fam. 11 ; and at 24, St. John (later Carlo w), a good racer 2 — 7 year-old. Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 17 foals without a break. Foundation Mare in Fam. 1. Not run. First foal at 5 years old : Clara, 2 — 5 year-old a good racer, and Foundation Mare in Fam. 6 a. The next 7 foals were used in Ireland as riding horses. 13 — 18 she was a riding horse, and afterwards, 19 — 27, she had 7 more foals, the greater part of which were good racers. Altogether she had 13 foals, and lived to 29 years of age. 2 — 4 year-old a very good racer. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals. At 24, Kernel, Foundation Mare in Fam. 6 a. 4. Value of the Thorou£jhbred for Other Breeds. 73 No. I Name and Pedigree. Born. Hreeding Performances. 72 ! Catherina j 1830 by Whisker out of Alecto. n 76 77 79 Black Agnes 1831 by Velocipede out of 23 year-old Mare by Walton. Burletta by Actiion out of Comedy. 1&32 Bee's Wing 1833 by Dr. Syntax — Ardrosean. Miss Bowe by Catton out of a 22 year-old Mare by Orville. Garland by Lanjjar out of Cast- steel. 78 Red Pape by Rowton out of Pigmy. Pocahontas by Glencoe out of Mar- pessa. 1834 1835 ia35 1837 A splendid racer, ran 2 — 11 vcar-old 17G times and won 81 times, 12 times as an 11 year- old. First foal at 16 years old. 9 foals, of which 6 were good racers (Sweetheart, winner in July Stakes, and Phaeton, winner in the Criterion Stakes). At 22, Y. Catherina (Nagara), Foundation Mare in Fam. G a ; at 27, last foal, which ran a race as a 3 vear-old. Ran once as a 3 year-old. First foal at 17 years old. 7 foals, amongst which was, .^s a firstling, .Agnes by Pantaloon, Foundation Mare in Fam. 28, and dam of the four off- springs of King Tom : Oueen-of-the-\'aIe. King-of-the-A"aIe, Dalesman, and Fvelina. 2 — 8 year-old a very good racer. First foal as a 10 year-old. 14 foals without a break, amongst which were two good Foundation Mares in Fam. 23 (of which one was a first- ling). 2 — 9 year-old a splendid racer, ran 64 times, won 51 times. First foal at 11 years old. 8 foals, amongst which were : Nunnvkirk 2, Newminster L, and three splendid I'oundation Mares in Fam. 8. Ran nine times as a 3 and 4 year-old, won 65 times. 16 foals, amongst which were : Iris O, Longbow, De Clare, Bowstring, and at 23, Tom Bowline. 3 — 6 year-old ran 24 times, won 6 times. 12 foals. .\t 24, Vertumna, Foundation Mare in Fam. 19, grand-dam of Moorhen, Oalli- niile's dam. Not run. Covered at 3 years old. 16 foals without a break. Nothing known after. 2 — 5 year-old ran nine times without win- ning, Criter., O., Gcp., Cs., Cm., not placed. First foal at 6 years old. 1.5 foals, amongst which were : Stockwcll L, 2, Rata- plan Dcp., King Tom, The Knight of Kars, .■\yacanora; at 21, Knight-of-St. -Patrick ; at 24, .Auricula (dam of Nuneham and Blanford); at 2.J, .Araucaria (dam of Wcllingtonia, Camelia 1 O., Chamont 2, and Rayon d'Or L, Cd.). Lived to 33 years of age. 74 Trial of the Thoroujrhbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performance^^. 80 Lapwing 1837 Not run. Covered at 2 years old, had first by Bustard — Muley. 10 foals without a break. Altogether 17 foals, the last in her 29th year : Sir Niel. 81 Alice Hawthorn 1838 3 — 7 year-old a splendid racer, ran 71 times by Muley Moloch out of and won 5O5 times, which included 17 King's Rebecca. Plates, Gcp and Dcp twice. First foal at 11 years old, and had 7 foals without a break. Afterwards she slipped and had 3 more foals, that is, 10 foals altogether, 3 splendid Foundation Mares in Fam. 4 c, of which were Terrona (grand-dam of Queen Esther, which had 22 foals); afterwards, after she had slipped, at 19, Thormanby D, and also Lord Fauconberg, Oulston and Findon. 82 Mare 1838 Not run. First foal at 13 years old. 12 by Beiram out of Addy. foals, amongst which was Christabelle, grand- dam of Aspirant. Lived to 27 years of age. 83 Florence 1839 2 — 3 vear-old ran ten times, won three times. by Velocipede out of Mar- First foal at 5 years old. 20 foals without a g-arette. break. 84 Revival ias9 Not run. Covered at 2 years old. 8 foals by Pantaloon out of without a break. Altogether 16 foals, in spite Linda. of having made a journey to France and back. 85 Boarding'-School-Miss 1841 A good racer 3 to 5 year-old, ran 22 times. by Plenipotentiary out of won 6 times. First foal at 7 years old. 17 Marpessa. foals without a break, amongst which were 6 Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 b, then killed. 86 Physalis 1841 2 — 5 year-old ran 22 times, won 6 times. by Bay Middleton out of First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals. .\t 23. Baleine. Legacy, Foundation Mare in Fam. 8 a. 87 Mare 1841 Not run. First foal at 8 years old. 15 by Little Red Rover out foals, amongst which were : Buccaneer; at 22, of Eclat. Lady .'\udley (Touchet's dam), and at 24, Stars-and-Stripes, Foundation Mare in Fam. 14. 88 Jocose 1843 Ran four times as a 4 year-old, won twice. by Pantaloon out of First foal at 6 years old. 17 foals, amongst Banter. which were: Macaroni 2 D, Dcp., and at 24. Flippant, Foundation Mare in Fam. 14. 89 Queen Mary (Firstling) 1843 Not run. First foal at 4 years old. 19 foals by Gladiator out of a 3 (and one dead foal), amongst which were : year-old Mare by Pleni- Blink Bonny D.O., at 21, Blinkhoolie, and at potentiary. 27, Bonnie Doon, Foundation Mare in Fam. 10. Lived to 29 years of age. 4. \'aluc of tho Thoroushbifd for Oilier Breeds. 75 No. Name and Pedigree. Born. iireedinjj Per for ma nee n. 90 Ferina 1844 Not run. First foal at 5 years old. IG foals. by Venison out of At 22, Pretender 2 D. Partiality. 91 Maid of Masham 1845 3 — C year-old a very good racer. First foal by Don John out of Miss at 8 years old. 14 foals. .\t 21, Faraway; at Lydia. 22, Lady .Masham. both Foundation .Mares in Fam. 9, the latter also dam of the two own brothers, Peter Hrd. and Timothy .\cp. 92 Haricot (Firstling) 1847 3 — 7 year-old a very good racer. First foal bj' Mango or Lanercost at 8 years old. 13 foals, amongst which were : out of the 4 year-old Caller Ou L; at 21, Lady Langden (dam of Queen Mary. Sir Bevys D and Hampton Gcp. Dcp.); at 24, .NLare by Kettledrum, Foundation Mare in Fam. 10; at 23, Lentil (ran four times as a 2 year-old). 93 :\Iai-c Bv Birdcatcher — Hetman PiatolY. 1850 Not run. 10 foals, amongst which was Solon. .\t 22, Xenophon. 94 Catliarina Ha}-cs O. by Lanercost out of Con- 1850 2 — 4 year-old a splendid racer. First foal at 6 years old. 13 foals, .^t 22, .Marquise de stance. C.iUN, Foundation Mare in F.ani. 22; last foal at 2"). Lived to 27 years of age. 95 Gertrude by Hautboy out of Middle. 1850 Not run. First foal at 9 years old. 12 foals, amongst which were two Foundation Mares in Fam. 3. :\t 22, Carnation ; last foal at 25, Reflex (ran as a 2 and 3 year-old, won once). 96 Xoi.sette l&V) 2^9 year-old ran 91 times, won 17 times. by Nutwilh out of .Mar- Won once as an 8 year-old. .\s a 9 year-old. mora. in foal, ran four times without winning. First foal at 10 years old. 9 foals, amongst which WMS .\cceptance, I'oundation Marc in Fam. 2. Last foal at 21. 97 Mi.s.s .\gne3 1850 Ran 2 — 4 year-old, won once. First foal at by Birdcatcher out of 6 years old. IG foals, amongst which were six .\gnes. prominent Foundation .Mares. .\t 23, .\gnes .Sore], Foun^lation Mare in I'ani. 16. Lived to 27 years of ;ige. S)8 Torment 1850 .As a 2 and 3 ye;ir-old a very good racer. by .Marm — Glencoe. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals, including living twins, B Flat and F Sharp, 7 Founda- tion .NLircs in I'am. 10, 'i'ormentor O. and at 22, Peine de ("ivur fdam of Despair and Caris- sima). 76 Trial of the Thorousjlibred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances -L 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Blue Bell b}' Heron — Zimmerman. 1851 Nelly Hill 1851 by Springy Jaclv out of Anne Page. Katherine Logie 1853 by Flying Dutchman out of Phryne. Christabelle by Fernhill — Beiram. Bathilde Cm. by Stockwell out of Babette. Anonyma by Stockwell out of Miss Sarah. Lady Sefton by West-.'\ustralian out of Clarissa. 106 Palmflower by The Palmer out of Jenny Driver (had 20 foals). 1854 1858 1859 1861 1874 Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals. 3 Foundation Mares in Fam. 25. .At 25, .Aura (dam of Orcan). Lived to 34 years of age. Ran 2 — 4 year-old and won as a 3 year-old four times. First foal at 6 }ears old. 14 foals. .\t 23, Jessie, Foundation Mare in Fam. 17. Ran 3 — 6 year-old 61 times and won 11 times. First foal at 8 years old. 13 foals, among which were : Bothwell 2, King o' Scots, and at 23, Pompeja, Foundation Mare in Fam. 3. Not run. First foal at 5 years old. 17 foals, amongst which were three Foundation Mares in Fam. 3 c. .\t 23, Sorcery (dam of -Aspirant OD, and See Me OO). Ran 2 — 6 year-old 24 times, won 5 times. First foal at 8 years old. 14 foals. .At 20, Lowland Chief, and at 24, Queen Bathilde, Foundation Mare in Fam. 23. Ran 2 — 5 j'ear-old 14 times, won 4 times. First foal at 7 j'ears old. 15 foals, amongst which were four Foundation Mares in Fam. 21. .At 23, Lonely O, and at 24, Hawkstone. Ran once as a 2 and once as a 3 year-old. First foal at 5 years old. 14 foals, a«Tiongst which were : Sefton D, two Foundation Mares in Fam. 25, and at 24, Quid Pro Quo by Isonomy. Ran 2 — 4 year-old 13 times, and won 4 times as a 2 year-old. First foal at 7 years old. 17 foals without a break, amongst wdiich were : El Dorado, St. Florian, three Foundation Mares in Fam. 20; at 22, Musa O, and at 23, Palmaro (ran and won as a 2 and 3 year-old). Special Breeding Performances of Old Thoroughbred Mares from abroad. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 1 Vittoria by Milton out of Geane, Meudon Stud in France, owned by L. Napoleon. 1823 First foal at 7 j'ears old. 18 foals, amongst which were : Nautilus Cd. three times, and Romulus F.D., at 23, Vergogne F.O., at 25, last foal. 4. Value of the Thoroug-hbred for Other Breeds. 77 No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 2 Miss Furev by Whalebone — Sooth- sayer. 1824 .\t 20. Donna Sol (dam of Negresse), Earn. 18. 3 Maid of Honor by Champion out of 1829 .\t 22, Kohinoor U., at 23, Darinoor, Fam. 14. Etiquette. 4 Mermaid by Whalebone out of .Miss Emma. 1829 .\t 23, Seahorse Hr., Fam. 12. .5 Ivory by Humphrey Clinker out of Ildegarda. 1832 At 29, CoUingwood IT. l^. 0 Jessy by Emancipation out of Eliza. 1835 At 24, Belle Etoile, Fam. 25. 7 Alice Carncal 1836 12 foals, amongst which were Le.\ington ; hy Sarpedon out of I^wena. at 21, Umpire, and at 23, .Annette. Fam. 12 a. 8 Dolphin by Priam out of Mermaid. 1836 .\t 21), Shark Hn., and at 22, Chingachgook. Fam. 12. 9 V'ictoria by Elizondo — Saracen. 1840 .\t 22, Vera Crux, and at 23, Victorieuse F.O. Fam. 1 c. 10 Bathiide by V. Emilius out of Odine. 1842 M 24, Orpheline (dam of Era Diavolo, F.L.). Fam. 5 a. U Ennui 1843 14 foals, amongst which were Saunterer and by Bay Middleton out of Loiterer; at 24, Constance. Fam. 11. . Blue Devils. 12 Belle de Xuit 1844 .\t 23, Good-Night (dam of Pourquoi Gl.). by V. Emilius out of Fam. 5a. Odine. 13 Officious 1847 At 21, Dami B.B.. at 22, II. .Miistro B.B. by Pantaloon out of Fam. 8 a. Baleine. 14 Sunrise by Emilius out of Sunset. 1848 .\t 23, Succes. Fam. 3. 15 Partlet by Birdcatchcr out of Gipsy. 1849 .\t 25, Patriarche. Fam. 19. 16 Vcrmeille 1853 13 foals, amongst which were : Vermouth by The Baron out of Fair G.P., B.B., and Vertugadin Gl., B.B., at 24, Helm. Extra (dam of Excuse Cd.). Lived to 29 years of age. Fam. 3b. 78 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name and Pedigree. Born. Breeding Performances. 17 Thrift 1865 Covered 3 years old. 17 foals and once bv Stockwell out of twins; at 24, Avoir. Fam. 10. Braxey. 18 Clotho RO. by Bois Roussel out of Ladv Clocklo. 1866 At 20, Cleodore Prd., at 25, Cloture. 8 a. Fam. The Thoroughbred also seems to have the superiority over the Half-bred as regards longevity, as can be seen from the three following lists. Of the Half-breds known to me, the Royal Country Stallions in Celle have reached bv far the greatest age, but even these are inferior to the Thorough- bred regarding their maximum performances, etc., as the last of the three tables following shows. Register of the Thoroughbred Stallions born in England which have attained the age of -25 years and more. No. Names of Stallions. Born. Sires of Stallions. Age reached. Years. 1 The Lister Turk abt. 1680 abt. 32 2 3 Bay Bolton abt. 1702 1705 Byerly Turk Grey Hautboy abt. 28 31 4 The Belgrade Turk abt. 1710 abt. 30 5 6 Flying Childers Partner 1715 1718 Darley .'\rabian 26 29 7 Crab 1722 -Mcock's .Arabian 28 8 9 The Godolphin Arabian Monkev 1724 1725 Lonsdale Bay Arabian 29 29 A. 10 The Bolton Starling 1727 Bav Bolton 29 11 Young Cartouch 1731 Cartouch 28 12 Sedburv 1734 Partner 25 13 14 15 16 17 18 The -Vncaster Starling Regulus Blank Jolly Roger Sampson Janus 1738 1739 1740 1741 1745 1746 Starling Godolphin Arabian Godolphin -Arabian Roundhead Blaze Janus 26 26 29 31 A. 32 34 A. 19 Matchem 1748 Cade 33 20 21 22 Marske Snap Svphon 1750 1750 1750 Squirt Snip Squirt 29 27 least 25 23 24 The Godolphin Colt JNIatchless 1754 1754 Godolphin .Arabian Godolphin Arabian 27 abt. 32 A. 4. Value of the Thoroughbred for Olher Breeds. 79 Age Xo. Names of Stallions. Born. Sires of Stallions. reached. Years. 25 Squirrel 1754 Traveller 26 26 Engineer 1756 Sampson 26 27 Centinel 1758 Blank 26 A. 28 Jalnp 1758 Regulus 29 20 Bay .Malton 1760 Sampson 26 30 Tantrum 1760 Cripple least 26 31 Coriolanus 1762 Whistlejacket least 29 32 Morwick Ball 1762 Regulus 25 3:^ Pilgrim 1762 Sampson 26 34 Chrysolite 1763 Blank 25 3o Pacolet 1763 Blank 25 36 Ranthos 1763 Matchem 31 37 Eclipse 1764 Marske 25 38 Goldfinder 1764 Snap 25 30 Phlegon 1765 Matchem 25 40 Trentham 1766 Sweepstakes abt. 26 41 Faggergill 1766 Snap 25 42 Paymaster 1766 Blank 25 43 Solon 1766 Sampson 27 44 Shark 1771 Marske 25 A. 45 Voung Marske 1771 Marske 29 46 PotSos 1773 Eclipse 27 47 \\'oodpecker 1773 Herod 25 48 Jupiter 1774 Eclipse 28 49 King Fergus 1775 Eclipse 36 50 ^^"easel 1776 Herod 25 51 Diomed 1777 Florizel 31 A. 52 Drone 1777 Herod 29 A. 53 Ruler 1777 Y. Marske 30 54 Dungannon 1780 Eclip.se 28 55 Messenger 1780 Mambrino 28 A. 56 Delpini 1781 Highflyer 27 57 Alexander 1782 Eclipse 20 58 Trumpator 1782 Conductor 26 59 Driver 1783 Trentham 28 60 Meteor 1783 Eclipse 28 61 Windlestone 1783 Magnet 29 62 Sir Peter 1784 Highflyer 27 03 Star 17a5 Highnyer 26 A. 61 Traveller 1785 Highflyer 28 (!5 Competitor 1786 Eclipse 30 66 Cocker 1786 Trentham 26 67 Grog 1786 Tandem 27 68 Star 1786 Highflyer 25 A. 69 Dragon 1787 Woodpecker 25 A. 80 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Age No. Names of StaUions. Born. Sires of Stallions. reached. Years. 70 Gohanna 1790 Mercury 25 71 Waxy 1790 PotSos 28 72 Parrot (ran 2—5 years 28 times and won 9 times) 1791 Dungannon 36 D. 73 Diamond 1792 Highflyer 27 F. 74 Hambletonian 1702 King Fergus 26 75 King Bladud 1792 F'ortunio 27 70 Stamford 1794 Sir Peter 26 77 Whip 1794 Saltram 31 A. 78 Bobtail 1795 Precipitate 27 79 Eagle 1796 Volunteer 30 A. 80 Sorcerer 1796 Trumpator 25 81 Quiz 1798 Buzzard 28 82 Orlando 1799 Whiskey 25 83 Orville 1799 Beningbrough 27 84 Walton 1799 Sir Peter 26 85 Remembrancer 1800 Pipator 29 86 Sir Oliver 1800 Sir Peter 29 87 Castrel 1801 Buzzard 26 88 Sir David 1801 Trumpator 27 K. 89 Sir Walter Raleigh 1801 Waxy 30 90 Grimaldi 1802 Delpini 28 91 Fyldener 1803 Sir Peter 26 92 Hollyhock 1804 Master Bagot 25 93 Waxy Pope 1806 Waxy 25 94 •■Xd Libitum 1807 Whiskey 30 V. 95 Bluster 1808 Orlando 26 A. 96 Grimalkin 1808 Chance 26 D. 97 Hamlet 1808 Hambletonian 27 F. 98 Phantom 1808 Walton 26 D. 99 Rainbow 1808 Walton 26 F. 100 Comus 1809 Sorcerer 28 101 Muley 1810 Orville 27 102 Tramp 1810 Dick Andrews 25 103 Bijou 1811 Orville 25 F. 104 Dr. Syntax 1811 Paynator 27 105 Captain Candid 1813 Cerberus 25 F. 106 Elector 1813 Election 25 D. 107 The Cryer 1814 Sorcerer 28 D. 108 Gaudy 1814 Peruvian 27 D. 109 Talma 1814 Sorcerer 28 R. 110 Allegro 1815 Orville 29 B. 111 Oracle 1815 Sorcerer 27 D. 112 Spectre 1815 Phantom 26 F. 113 Dr Eady 1816 Rubens 26 4. \"alue of tlic Tliorduijlibred fur Otlier Brccils. 81 No. Names of Stallions. Horn. .Sires of Stallions. Age reached. Years. 114 Tandem 1816 Kubcns 25 F. 115 Cavalier 1817 Lambton 27 D, 116 Parchement or Tring 1817 Thunderbolt 25 F. 117 St. Patrick 1817 Walton 26 118 Trance 1817 Phantom 29 P. 119 Minister 1818 Prime .Minister 26 F. 120 Belmout 1819 Thunderbolt 29 F. 121 Marcellus 1819 Selim 25 F. 122 Abrou 1820 Whisker 25 F. 123 Emilius 1820 Orville 27 124 General Mina 1820 Camillus 26 F. 125 Lottery 1820 Tramp 25 F. 126 Middleton 1822 Phantom 25 R. 127 Sir Geoffrey Peveril 182:^ Whalebone 25 D. 128 Royal Oak 182:3 Qatton 26 F. 129 Mameluke 1824 Partisan 25 F. 13(J Pantaloon 1824 Castrel 26 131 Terror 182;) -Magistrate 25 F. 132 Velocipede 1825 Blacklock 25 133 Aaron 1826 Moses 26 AU. 134 Lawnsleeves 1826 Dr. Syntax 25 R. 135 Sir Hercules 1826 Whalebone 29 im Birminj;ham 1827 Filho da Puta 27 R. 137 Giovanni 1828 Filho da Puta 26 138 Minster 1829 Catton 26 F. i:« Trustee 1829 Catton 27 A. 140 Emig^rant 1831 Tramp 25 AV. 141 General Chasse lasi -Actaeon 25 R. 142 Glencoe 18:^1 Sultan 26 A. 14;^ Touchstone 18.31 Camel 30 144 Safeguard 18:fi Defence 26 145 Sheet .Anchor 18.32 Lottery 31 D. 146 Birdcatcher 1&33 Sir Hercules 27 147 Langford 1833 Sir Hercules 25 n. 148 Slane 18.3:^ Royal Oak 25 149 Y. Confederate 18:i4 Confederate 25 D. 1.50 1 larkaway 18.34 Economist 25 1.51 .Melbourne 18:^ Humphrey Clinker 25 1.52 Mickle Fell 1834 Catton 28 D. 1.53 Yorkshire 18.34 St. Nicolas 25 A. 154 .Sportsman 18:i5 Flexible 25 D. 1.55 Bloomsbury 1836 Mulatto 25 n. l;5 Emilius 26 A. 160 St. Swithin mil Velocipede or St. Nicholas 27 D. 161 .'Vlonzo 1837 Alpheus 28 162 Satirist 1838 Pantaloon 20 D. 163 Consternation 1841 Confederate 25 A. 164 The Cure 1841 Physician 25 165 Orlando 1841 Touchstone 27 166 Weatherbit 1842 Sheet Anchor 26 167 King- of Naples 1844 Slane 28 n. 168 Springy Jack 1845 Hetman Platoff 25 D. 169 Surplice 1845 Touchstone 26 170 Voltigeur 1847 Voltaire 27 171 Harpsichord 1848 Touchstone 26 D 172 Stilton 1849 Cotherstone 26 D. 173 Captain Cornish 1850 J ago 25 D. 174 Sittingbourne 1850 Chatham 27 D. 175 .Arthur Wellesley 1851 Melbourne 25 176 Epaminondas 1851 Epirus 25 D. 177 King Tom 1851 Harkaway 27 178 Marsyas 1851 Orlando 25 179 Professor Airey 1852 Mathematician 27 180 Bonnie Scotland 1853 Jago 27 A. 181 Cotswold 1853 Nevvcourt 26 o. 182 Forbidden Fruit 1853 Birdcatcher 29 o. 183 Kentucky 1853 Mickey Free 31 D. 184 Leamington 1853 Faugh-a-Ballagh 25 A. 185 -Amsterdam 1854 The Flying Dutchman 25 186 The Attorney General 1854 Melbourne 26 D. 187 Gunboat 1854 Sir Hercules 29 188 Wardermarske 1854 Birdcatcher 26 D. 189 Kelpie 1855 Weatherbit 27 AU. 190 Flash in the Pan 1&56 Pontifex 25 191 Gaspard 1856 Daniel O'Rourke 26 D. 192 The Speaker 1856 Filbert 25 193 .\thos 1857 Prime Minister 25 AU. 194 Buccaneer 1&57 Wild Dayrell 30 o. 195 Mainstone 1857 King Tom 28 196 Thunderbolt 1857 Stockwell 31 197 Carbineer 1858 Rifleman 25 198 Don John 1858 Wild Dayrell 25 199 Kettledrum 1858 Rataplan 27 o ■200 Drummer Boy 1859 Rataplan 28 D. 201 The Marquis 1859 Stockwell 27 AU. 202 Victor 1859 Vindex 27 203 Conrad 1860 Kingston 25 AU. 204 Grimston 1860 Stockwell 26 D. 205 Macaroni 1860 Sweetmeat 27 4. \'aliie of the Tlior<>ui,'hl)recl for Ollu-r Breeds. 83 No. Names of Strdlions. Born. •Sires of Stallions. Age reached. Vear>. 200 .Mail Train IStil (jros\'enur 27 AU. 207 The Dart 1863 Lord Fauconberg 25 2()S Lecturer 1 18G3 Colsterdale 25 209 \'espasi;ui 1863 Newminster 27 Af. 210 Xi 186;^ General Williams 26 I.. 211 Friponnier 1864 Chevalier d'Industrie 25 I.. 212 Hermit* 1864 Newminster 26 218 Pathfinder 1864 Thormanby 29 1). 214 Tibthorpe 1861 Voltigeur 26 21.5 Tynedale 1864 Warlock 26 216 Bold Dayrell 186;-. Wild Dayrell 26 217 Rosicrucian ISO.-. Beadsman 26 218 Tregeajjle 1865 Wild Dayrell 26 AU. 219 The Drummer 1866 Rataplan 26 AU. 220 Dutch .Skater 1866 The Flying Dutchman 25 221 Goldfinscli 1866 Audubon 26 222 The Bobby 1867 Loiterer 26 22:s King Cole 1867 King Tom 26 AU. 224 Lord Glasgow 1867 Rapid Rhone 25 D. 225 Syrian 1867 Mentmore 26 22C Grandmaster > 1868 Gladiateur 31 AU. 227 Rapture 1869 Dioplantus 25 A. 228 .\nteros 1870 Loiterer 25 AU. 229 Gang Forward 1870 Stock well 28 AU. ■2S0 .Ascetic 1871 Hermit 26 231 Controversy 1871 Lambton or The .Miner 25 2:^2 George Frederick 1871 Marsyas 25 A. 233 Friar Tuck 1872 Hermit 27 A. -m Galopin 1872 Vedette 27 235 Hampton 1872 Lord Clifden 25 2:^0 The Muleteer 1S73 .Mogador 26 237 Spendthrift 1873 Blair Athol 27 238 Springfield 1873 St. Albans 25 2:^0 L'mpire 1873 Tom King 2(5 240 .Midlothian 1874 Rataplan or Strathcona 28 A. 241 Beauclerc 1875 Rosicrucian 25 242 Thurio 1875 Tibthorpe or Cremorne 27 243 Charaxus 1876 Distin 20 A 2+4 Bend Or 1877 Doncaster 20 245 Prestonpans 1877 Prince Charlie 27 A 25 Ar • 210 Leamington 1878 Fnugh-a-Ballagh 247 Despair 1879 See Saw 25 248 1 St. Simon 1881 Galopin 27 240 Kendal 1883 j Bend 'Or 2i-. A. A Died in America. n = Died in ( "lermany. F Died in Franc( O Died in .\ustria. R Died in I Russia. AT Dieil in Aust ralia. "In General Stud Book, \'ol. X\'II., pajje 938, the age of Hermit is wrongly given as 29 years. J34 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Register of the Thoroughbred Stallions born in America which have attained the age of '25 years and more. 1. Celler 177fi by Janus was -28 years old. 2. Jolly Friar 1783 by Janus ,, 25 ,, ,, 3. Old Friendship 1788 by Apollo ,,33 ,, ,, 4. Centinel 1800 by Diomed ,,25 5. Peacemaker 1800 by Diomed ,, 27 ,, ,, 6. Sir Archy 1805 by Diomed ,, 28 ,, 7. Eclipse 1814 by Duroc ,, 33 8. Manalopan 1828 by Johnson's Medley ,, 25 ,, ,, 9. Wagner 1834 by Sir Charles ,,28 ,, ,, 10. Grey Eagle 1835 by Woodpecker ,,28 ,, ,, 11. Y. Langford 1840 by Langford ,, 35 ,, 12. Revenue 1843 by Trustee ,, 25 ,, 13. Star Davis 1849 by Glencoe ,, 27 ,, 14. Lexington 1850 by Boston ,, 25 ,, 15. Wild Irishman 1850 by Glencoe ,,26 ,, 16. Brown Dick 1851 by Margrave ,,28 ,, 17. Rifleman 1855 by Glencoe ,, 28 ,, ,. 18. Asteroid 1861 by Lexington ,, 25 ,, 19. Norfolk 1861 by Lexington ,, 29 20. Ansel 1862 by Lexington ,, 29 ,, 21. Baltimore 1862 by Revenue ,,26 ,, 22. Morris 1863 by Lexington ,, 26 ,, ,, 23. Pat Malloy 1865 by Lexington ,, 25 ,, 24. Vauxhall 1865 by Lexington ,,25 25. Exchange 1866 by Endorser ,, 25 ,, ,, 26. Glenelg 1866 by Citadel ,, 31 ,. 27. Enquirer 1867 by Leamington ,, 28 ,, ,. 28. Longfellow 1867 by Leamington ,, 2() ,, ,, 29. Lyttleton 1867 by Leamington ,, 26 30. Regent 1867 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25 31. Bigaroon 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25 32. Eolos 1868 by Leamington ,, 29 33. Nathan Oaks 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 26 34. Spindrift 1868 by Bonnie Scotland ,, 25 35. Joe Daniels 1869 by Australian ,, 27 36. Springbok 1870 by Australian ,, 27 37. Grinstead 1871 by Gilroy ,, 25 38. Big Sandy 1872 by Australian ,, 25 39. Fiddlesticks 1874 by Lexington ,, 26 40. Himyar 1875 by Alarm ,, 30 41. Falsetto 1876 by Enquirer ,, 28 4. \aluc of the Thoroughbred for Other Breeds. ,S.5 42. The Jacobite 1870 by Prince Cliarlie was 29 years old. 43. Irish King 1,S7(; by Lonf^feliow ,, 2r> ,, 44. Foxhali I.S78 Ijy Ivino- Alfonso ,, 2(i ,, ,, 4-5. Onnntiau;i 1^19 by I.eamino^ton ,, 2-') ,, ,, Register of the Ixoyal Country StalMons in Celle wliich attained tlie age of 2-5 years and more. No. Name of Stallion Born. .Sire. Age reached. Years. 1 Prevenant 1788 unlvnown 27 2 Unique 17!»8 Unique 26 3 V. Ambush 1811 .\mbush II. 29 4 Faustinus 1815 Kitzlichen 31 5 Torador 1817 Grossvenor xx 2(> 6 Nil 1820 Gim 32 7 Tancred II. 1821 Herodot xx 26 8 Diomed 1822 Stallion in Ivenaclc 25 9 Bundler 1824 Coriander xx 26 10 Dorado 1824 .My 28 11 Gomul 1824 .Xntonius 27 12 \Vhisl Dun Duixiitt 27 ■n Sir Peter 2s \Vax\ 2!) Gdhnnna Hambletonian Stamford 22 ; Berenice, Fam. IJ. 10 24 Boadicea, Fain. 14. 10 2(i Thalestris, Fam. 2 c. 1.5 27 Delta, Fam. 2 f. 14 1782 20 Mare born 1803, Fam. 9. HI 21 Woodnymph, Fam. 4 h. 14 23 Mirth, Fam. 26. 9 2."> Pawn, I-"ani. Id. 11 2b. ]'.'. Delight, Fam. 5 a. 12 Perfection, Fam. 11. 15 July, Fam. 28. 16 Red Eagle Cm. Oxford .'\minette, Fam. 3. 14 Lady Trespass, Fam. 8 b. 20 Folkestone (won 10 r.-ices as 2 year-old Clearw. St.) Cantatrice, Fam. 22. 12 Tartlet, Fam. 21, 16 Humming Bird, Fam. ,S c. 15 53 Gladiatfir 1833 21 Ventre St. Gris 54 Caravan 1834 24 Souvenir 55 Melbourne 1834 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Mentmore The Peer V. Melbourne Blanche of Middlebie, Fam. ,'^ a. 12 Fascine, Fam. 20 a. 14 Go-ahead, Fam. 7. 11 Nelly, Fam. 18. 15 Mare born 1855, Fam. 5 b. 13 21 ? Honey, Fam. 8 a. 18 (or by The Cossac k) 56 Newcourt 1»W) 22 Cecrops 57 Orlando 1841 20 20 Chattanooga Fairyland, Fam. 3d. 12 9fi Trial the Tliorouirhbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. Name of the Stallions. Born. Age. Produced the following prog eny. 20 Kate Hampton, Fam. 10. 12 20 Lay Sister, Fam. 20 a. 14 20 Pulsatilla, Fam. 27. 17 20 Venus, Fam. 2e. 18 21 Bessie, Fam. 1 b. 16 21 Matilda, Fam. 22. 13 21 Mrs. Stratton, Fam. 5. 14 22 B. Flat (a twin), Fam. 10 b. 11 22 F Sharp (a twin), Fam. 10 b. 11 22 Nike, Fam. 3 c. 15 24 Flower Girl, Fam. 11. 17 24 Miss Evelyn, Fam. 20 a. 14 24 Miss Foote, Fain. 19. 15 25 Biretta, Fam. 5. 13 26 Furiosa, Fam. 45. 9 26 Gung-a Jee, Fam. 5. 14 58 The Cure 1841 23 24 Polly .Asnes, Fam. 16 a. 11 Pharmacopeia, Fam. 27. 17 iJ9 Weatherbit 1842 21 21 22 22 22 24 Brown Tommy Mandrake Agnes de Mansfeld, Fam. 16. 12 Frolicsome, Fam. 24. 17 La Belle Jeanne, Fam. 36. 11 Miss Merryweather, Fam. 4 c. 20 60 Voltigeur 1847 22 Voltigouse, Fam. 2. 21 23 Sweet Violet, Fam. 21. 17 24 Nelly Moore, Fam. 36. 13 25 Incognita, Fam. 23. 18 26 Tea Rose, Fam. 8 a. 20 61 Stockwell l&iO 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 Doncaster D Gang Forward 2 Cantiniere, Fam. 2 e. 19 Corrie, Fam. 3 e. 14 Wild Myrtle, Fam. 13. 21 Lucebit Posthuma, Fam. 12 a. 21 Stockdove, Fam. 2 c. 19 62 Rataplan 1850 20 Ben Battle # 20 Irma, Fam. 15. 15 20 Isabel, Fam. 11 b. 15 63 King Tom 1S51 20 ? Coomassie, Fam. 10 b. 11 (or by Norlh Lincoln) 20 Princess, Fam. 11. 16 20 Queen Margaret, Fam. 3 a. 13 20 Mare bcrn 1872, Fam. 15. 19 4. Value of tlie Tlv)roua:lihi-t'd for Oilier Breeds. 97 No. Name of the Stallions. Born.; .\si Bonnie Scotland 185:^ '>•'> Leamins:ton iw Gunboat •37 Saunterer draw a definite conclusion as to capability, even from the latest, reliable measurements of time seem to be out of question, especially when these measurements have to be compared with those of a hundred years ago. Most measurements of olden times are given in Orton's Turf Annuals, especially for the York races. A great deal of these measurements has, unfortunately, been given for races in which insignificant horses ran. The following examples (from the earliest times to 1832) give the best record performances 1 ha\e found : — 5. The Thoroug^hbred in the Past and Present. 103 m 03 (M be 00 — < tc; rH ; i C^l CC r-i C^ C^I r- 1 r ' -r -f cc c-1 X o r^ CO 'O c; X c-t C^ i"? »o -r irt it— IfMrHrHr- l-MCCi-Hr-HOOi— (OOOCO : ,o _2 -^ o •a ' c — x.x.:^.^' ; :.i Jr c S '.^ _: -i r- X ^ ■-: s: - - - X ii a. u r- : X X X X X X |-•^ X : X X : I- X X X X X X X X X X X 1^ 3= '_:; i X: = — iJ ^ ^ !ii ix ^ X X X X X ~. 5 ?.?.?. 5 5: C5 X, C cc -^ X c-i r? -r I - I - -ri r: -r o ^1 »-'?' o -r c^ -T o X *0 Lo to -^ i-0 -^ o -^ L-:* X X c-i *0 LC -^ LO C* "r* -rr "rj- O -^ to *C ■^ "^ "^ *-* ■•^ "^ '* "^ "^ tT -^ -^ "^ "^ "^ ■^ "^ CC O? -^ IM 'M 'M C^l -M iM C^l C-l C? CI (M C^ C-1 C^l CI CI CI CI CI CI CI C^ C» CI CI CI d (N G^ CI (N C^ SC o 9 J.ii &.? "o c O T3 r ^ - .;:■„:= Li. fcL. p _; ^. ::i -x. — ^. '< -^ . ceo, L, 5 ■,^ -; -: ^. _: w X. C c- :^ tji c o ,_, r^ ^_. X r^ "^ 1^ X c: — ,— 1 ^1 r^ t '* w 1— X c •X. 1— t CJ r: -t *-C w i-- 1" i~ -r V y X -/ c: c; X t-H X .—I X X 1— t X X X X X X X 1— » X X X X X X X X X X X. 1— 1 X ^ ;^ X; x^ ;^ c: X; I^ (N 1 5 C^ r^ 5 2 s X :< c ?; < - t! C X - -^ X i J' -^il if > < i X C ire i; t~ X c — ' I ^ -T C-. o ;= I- X c; c: — oi r: -T 1- o i~ X c. C — 2.1 r: -r IT ^ >- -T ^ -+ 1" i-t o :; -.s I- X X X X X c; c; c; c. :r. C-. c: c: o c: c s t c c := _ ~ aoooxxxxxxxxxxx«xxx-/:xxxxxxdC:e;c:c:c;c;o 104 Trial of the Thonuis:libred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. Distance -1 miles = 6437.2 m. Mill. Sec. 17-59. 1759. 1759. 1764. 1766. 1793. 1801.' 1802.' 1803. 1805. 1809. 1810. 1804. 1815. 1824. 1827. 1829. 1830. 1809. 1824. 182G. 1826. 1827. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1804. 1804. 1824. 1826. 1827. 1832. Cade 5 year-old by Cade, 9 stone 8 Silvio 5 year-old by Cade, 10 stone 8 Careless 9 year-old b}^ Regukis, 9 stone 8 Beaufrement 6 year-old by Tartar, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7 Bay Malton 6 year-old by Sampson,. 9 stone 7 Huby 5 year-old by Phoenomenon, 8 stone, 7 lbs. ... 7 Sir Solomon 5 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 7 lbs. ... 7 Alonzo 4 year-old by Pegasus, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7 Haphazard 6 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 10 lbs. ... 7 Saxoni 5 year-old by Delpini, 8 stone, 4 lbs 7 Petronius 4 year-old by Sir Peter, 7 stone, 9 lbs. ... 7 Theresa 5 year-old by Ilambletonian, 8 stone, 5 lbs. . . 7 2. Distance 2 miles = 3218.6 m. Witchcraft 3 year-old by Sir Peter, 8 stone, 2 lbs. Catton 6 year-old by Golumpiis, 8 stone, 2 lbs. . Fair Charlotte 6 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 10 lbs Mulatto 4 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 3 lbs. . . Velocipede 4 year-old by Blacklock, 7 stone, 12 lbs Fortitude 4 year-old by A\"hisker, 7 stone, 8 lbs. . 3. Distance 1^ miles = 2816.3 m. Sheba's Queen 3 year-old by Sir Solomon, 8 stone Sandbeck 6 year-old bv Catton. 8 stone, 3 lbs. APAdam 3 year-old by Tramp, S stone, 5 lbs. . Belzoni 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs. Medoro 3 year-old by Cervantes, 8 stone, 5 lbs. Maleck 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs. Velocipede 3 year-old by Blacklock, 8 stone, 5 lbs Sir Hercules 3 year-old bv Whalebone, 8 stone, 5 lbs Chancellor 3 year-old by Catton, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 7 8 51 30i m 8 32 28 25 30 Min. Sec. 3 3 3 3 3 8 40 33 28 34 33 29 Min. Sec. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 20 13 17 21 12 17 20 15 18 4. Distance 1^ mites = 2414 m. Min. Sec. Quid 3 year-old by Star, 8 stone 2 54 Lady Brough 3 year-old by Stride, 8 stone 2 47 Abron 4 year-old by Whisker, 8 stone, 6 lbs 2 51 Helenus 5 year-old by Soothsayer, 9 stone, 6 lbs 2 49 Mauto 3 year-old by Tiresias, 8 stone, 3 lbs 2 50 Retainer 3 year-old bv Jerry, M stone, 7 lbs 2 47 ' These two races were run at Doncaster, all the others at York. 5. The Tlioroufjlibred in the Past and Present. 5. Distance 1:^ miles = 201l.6 m. 105 Min. Sec. 18-28. Laurel 4 year-old by BlacUlock, 8 stone 2 15 1632. Mare 3 year-old by Figaro, s stone. -2 lbs 2 12 6. Distance 1 mile =1609.3 m. Min. Sec. 1811. Bethlem Gaber 3 year-old by Sorcerer, 8 stone, 2 lbs. . . 1 40 182G. Brother to .Miss Fanny 3 year-old by Walton, 8 stone, 0 lbs. 1 43 1827. Tom Jones 3 year-old bv Abjer, 8 stone, 5 lbs 1 47 1829. Voltaire 3 year-old by Blarkiock, 8 stone, 5 lbs ] id 7. Distance Redhouse at (Doncaster) = .5 furlongs, 152 yards =1145 m. Min. Sec. 1820. .Moonshine 2vear-c)ld bv Grey .Middleham, 8 stone, -j lbs. 1 12 8. Distance T. Y. C.= 5 furlongs, 44 yards= 1046.2 m. 1808. Middlethorpe 2 year-old by Shuttle, 8 stone, 2 lbs 1824. Androgeus 2 year-old by Minos, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 1827. Wlocipede 2 year-old by Blacklock. 8 stone, 5 lbs 1827. Slut 2 year-old bv Tramp, 7 stone, 11 lbs. . . 1828. Mare 2 year-old by Jack Spigot, 8 stone, 2 lbs. 1830. Chorister 2 year-old by Lottery, 8 stone, 5 lbs. 1830. Clarence 2 year-old by Comus, 8 stone, 5 lbs. . Min. Sec. 1 20 1 15 1 9 1 14 1 14 1 8 ] 11 Besides the above, the following interesting performances are well know n : — 1. Distance 6120 m. at Newmarket, Round Course = 3 miles, 6 furlongs, 93 yards. Min. Sec. 1721.' Flying Childers 6 year-old, 0 Stone, 2 lbs (3 48 2. Distance 6764.6 m. at Newmarket, B. C. = 4 miles, 1 furlong, 138 yards. Min. Sec. 1721." Flying Childers, (5 year-old 7 30 1755.' Matchem 7 year-old, 8 stone, 7 lbs 7 20 1792.' Hambletonian 7 year-old, 8 stone, 3 lbs 7 15 .\t Eclipse's time several horses 8 — 3. Distance 1610 m. at Newmarket, R. ^1.= ! mile, 1 yard. 1773.''' Firetail 4 year-old l)y S(|uirrcl, .S stone Min. Sec. 1 4J ' .Sporting Calendar bv J. Pond, \ol. I., ]7.)1, p. 21;^. " Turf Register by Pick, \"ol. I., p. 12. ■■ Turf Resirister by PicU, \o\. !., p. VM]. ' Kaciana by Muir, p. 162. ' Racing Calendar 1773, p. 14; Turf Register by Pick, Vol. H.. p. 327; Morning Post and Daily .Advertiser, 19th .April, 177.'?; and Sporting Magazine, Vol. IV., p. 32.5. 106 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. The time measurement in the race of Firetail at Newmari^et over a mile shows a record performance of almost 25 m. in the second, and appears to me to be incorrect. Possibly' a printer's error crept in the " Morning Post," and the others took the report from the newspaper. The remaining- time measurements show the following maximum performances : — Distance Meter. Year. Place. Name of Horse. Age \Yeight. .Meter in Year. St. lbs. 1 Second. 6764,6 1702 Newmarket Hanibletonian 7 8 3 15,55 61.37,2 1802 Doncaster .Monzo 4 8 7 15,04 6120 1721 Newmarket Flying- Childers 6 9 2 15,00 3218,6 1824 York Fair Charlotte 5 8 10 15,41 2993 1818 Doncaster St. Leg-. Reveller 3 8 2 15,35 2816,3 1827 York Medoro 3 8 5 14,67 2414 1804 York Ladv Brough 3 8 0 14,45 2011,6 1&32 York Mare bv Figaro 3 8 2 15,24 1609,3 1811 York Bethlem Gaber 3 8 2 16,09 1145 1826 Doncaster Moonshine 2 8 5 15,90 1046,2 1830 York Chorister 2 8 5 15,38 The best known record performances in F.noland during the last twentv- years are as follows : — Distance -Meter. Year. Place. Name of Horse. Age Year. Wei St. ght. lbs. Meter in 1 Second. 4224,6 1880 Doncaster. Cup. Dresden China 4 9 17,24 3646,6 1881 Newmarket. Ces. Foxhall 3 7 12 15,12 3646,6 1880 Newmarket. Ces. Robert the Devil 3 8 6 14,05 2937 1904 Doncaster. St. Leg. Pretty Pollv 3 8 11 15,88> 2414 1905 Epsom. Derbv Cicero 3 9 — 15,18= 2414 1905 Epsom. Oaks Cherry Lass 3 9 — 15,28= 1609,3 1885 Lincoln. Hdcp. Bendigo 5 8 5 16,62 1407,4 1882 iSLanchester. Hdcp. Toastmaster 5 9 6 17,28 1206,9 1882 Epsom. XA'oodc. St. Beau Brummel 2 8 12 15,91 1006 1882 Manchester Chislehurst 2 8 10 15,1^ The proportionately little dilTerences iii time in the classic races show that these times are the most reliable, and, therefore, the most suitable for ' Best time in the St. Leger. ' Best time in the Derby. ' Best time in the Oaks. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Prist and Present.' 107 making comparisons. A little more than 15 metres to the second seems to be about the distance which the better kind of racehorses of former, as well as of the present time can do. Just aliout the middle of this period lived the celebrated West Australian, l)orn Ls5(), winner of the Derby, St. Leger, and •2,000 Guineas. Also its record for tin- St. Leger was 15.41 metres, for the Ascot Gold Cup (distance 3.982 metres) 15.11 metres. In liie Ascot Gold Cup of 1.SG8, Buckstone's record, as a four-year-old, with 8 stone, 7 lbs., after a dead heat, was IG.IO metres, and in the year 1897, Persimmon's record, as a four-year-old, 9 stone, was 11. 08 metres. The compilation of the i)esl n-curds (if ancient and modern times, after taking into consideration all acces.sories, show therefore, neither a progress nor a retrogression in tiie capability of the Tiioroughbred. Only within the last few years tiie American nieliiod f (he fimdament of the present day Thoroughbred. I'^very sportsman will acknowledge this regrettable fact, i.e., that the galloping ciipahilily of the present cla\- Thoroughbred lias l:)een more developed than the less develoijed fundament can stand. In order to get an actual basis to compare the performances of older Thoroughbreds of former times with those of the present time on the flat, I have compiled, in the following tables, beginning with the most ancient times up to the time of the celebrated l-"isiierman (therefore about the middle of the last century), the most ])rominent performances of (jlder horses on the flat. .\s a rule, 1 have (jnly taken such horses that have won flat races as eight-year-olds and above that age. (u-ntlemen's flat races are not men- tioned, but the more celebrated steeple-chasers 1 have noted. I have compiled on the basis nf (he male ascent. Of the ligures given under each hor.se, the one on the left shows the age at wliich the hor.se first started racing, and the one on (lie right shows the age at which it won last on the flat. Sires of horses which h;i\e won races ;il a great age have also their own performances mentioned in the same manner as a comparison. To judge of the influence of the early and frer|uent two-vear-old races, 1 have given, with the sires as well as with the ci.ims of the respective race- horses, in which month they first ran as iwo-year-olds, and how often altogether as two-year-olds. Where the dam did not run at all as a two-year- old I ha\e not mentioned her at all. 108 Trial of the Thoi-ouylibred on the Racecourse, etc. The Provost ]S3() bv the Saddler •2 (May 3 times)— 6. Alp 184G by The Provost 3 — 8 Dam 2 y. August twice. means, The Provost ran as a two-year-old first in May, and ahogelher as a two-year-old three times, and won at last as a six-year-old. Alp ran first as a three-year-old. Its last win was as an eight-year-old. Its dam ran first as a two-year-old in August, and altogether twice as a two-year-old. Darley's Arabian bom 1702. 1. BRISK 1^11 by Darley's Arabian. 5. (Half-brother to Conejskins.) Foxhuilter (Cole's) 1727 by Brisk. 6—9. MOSES 174(j by Foxhunter (Cole's). 4. Otho 1760 by Moses. 4—7. 1. COXCOMB 1771 by Otho. •3 — 4, then up to 18 year-old used as a hunter, at 17 year-old won a Match over 2 miles witjli heats at St. Ives. Blackcock 1782 by Coxcomb. 3—8. 2. ALEPPO 1711 bv Darlev's Araliian. 5. Hobi,'ObIin 1724 by Aleppo. .5—9. SH.4KES1'E.4RE 1745 by Hobi^oblin. 4—8. Piiielitr 1705 by Shakespeare. 4 — 9. (Half-Brother to King' Fergus). 3. FLYINCJ CHTLDERS 1715bv Darlev's Arabian. 6—8. 1. SeCOIld 1732 by I'lyin;.; ("hilders. .5—11. 2. Blaze 1733 by Flyin.i;- Chllders. 5 — 7 (up to 10 year-old without winning). 1. SAMPSOS' 1745 by Blaze. 5 — 7. 1. Elijfincj'r 1755 by Sampson. .. .5—10. MAMBRINO 1768 by Engineer (s. tn America). 5 — 8 (up to 11 year-old without winning). 2. Bay Maltoii 1760 by Sampson. 4—8. 3. Piljjrim 1762 by Sampson. 4—12. .3. ']"Ik- Thorouglibrcd in the Past and Present. JQQ 4. Solon 17(56 by Sampson. 4—10. 2. SCRUB 1751 by Blaze. 4—10. Cllilllfrcliii!; 1767 by Scrub. 4—10. 3. Snip 1"36 by Flyinj,' Cbild.rs. •5. SX.4P 17.">() by Snip. 6—7. 1. I.alliom'.s Sliill) 17.^i) by Snap. 4—8. STARTIXC TDM 177-2 bv Latbom's Snap. 4—10. 2. Mefapliysiciaii 17(i.i bv Snap. 4—8. .'?. (ioldtlnder 1764 by Snap. 4-6. 1. KNIGHT ICh'hWNT 1774 bv Goldfinder. 5—8. 2. DOCTOR 1776 bv (loldfinder. 3—9. 4. Prize 1767 bv Sn.ip. 5—9. 5. Mexican 1775 bv Snap (s, tci N'irsj^inia). 3—8. 4. B.VRTLKT'S (or lilci'dini;-) C'hilders .-dHUit 1716 by Darley's .Arabian. (Not run). ]. Squirt 1"32 by Bartlet's Childers. 5 — 8 (up to 11 vear-old without wijinini^-, .also in (live and Take PI ) 1. SYPIIO-X 17;50 by .Squirt. 4. 1. Sweet AVilliam 176S bv Svphon. 4—8. 2. Sweetbriar 1769 bv Svpbon. 4-6. 1. CHOCOLATE 1777 l.v Sweetbriar. 3—5. Jrrry Sneak 1796 by Chocolate out of 25 year-old Mother 2 (October, once)— 13. [Brown. 4—11.] 1. Fitzjerrv 1807 bv lerrv SneaU. 2-9. 2. 11 n 1 1 y m o u n t 1M2 liv Jerrv Sneak. 4—10. 2. A-.\f7.S7::.U.1.V 1781 bv Sweetbriar. 8—12. 2. .M.iUSKK 17,30 by Squirt. 4 (5 and (5 year-old without winninj;). 1. Eclipse 1761 Iiv Marske. 5—6. -[IQ Trial of the Thoi-oui^hbrtd un the Racecourse, etc. 1. ]A VELIN 1772 by Eclipse. 4. 1. Chance 178U by Javelin (s. to Russia). 4— S. 2. Helmet 1788 by Javelin. 3—10. 3. 1'. Javelin (later .Antrim) 1795 by Javelin. 2—8. 2. POTSOS 1773 by Eclipse. 4—10. 1. Coriander 178G by PotSos. 3—8. Marcia 1707 by Coriander. 3—9. 2. Telescope 1786 by Pot8os. 3—8. 3. Alderman 1787 by Pot8os (s. to Virg-inia). 3—9. 4. Druid 1790 by PotSos. 3—8. 5. Waxy 1790 by PotSos. .3—6. D. 1. Waxy Pope 1806 by Waxy. • 3—6. D. 1. Noble 1816 by Waxy Pope. 5-9. 2. Gossoon 1818 by Waxy Pope. 4—9 (Half-bred). 3. Starch 1819 by Waxy Pope. 3—8. Confusion 1832 by Starch. 7—10. 4. Skylark 1826 by Waxy Pope (1836 s. 3 — 8. to America). St. Lawrence 1837 by Skylark (or 2—10. Lapwing). (10 year-old Chester Cup). 2. Whalebone 1807 by Waxy. 3—6. D. 1. Waverley 1817 by \\'halebone. 3—5. 1. The Saddler 1828 by Waverley. 2 (Sept., twice)— 6. Dcp. 1. The Provost 1836 by The 2 (May, 3 times)— 6. [Saddler. Alp 1846 by The Provost. 3 — 8. Dam 2y. Aug., twice. 2. Shadow 1836 by The Saddler. 2 — 11. Dam 2 y. April once. 3. Inheritress 1840 by The Saddler. 2—10. 5. 'IIr- Tliuruuyhbrcd in the I'asl and Present. JU 4. Radulphus 1843 bv The Se.ddlei-. 2—14. 5. Sir Peter Laurie 1873 by The Saddler. 3. .\ famous Steepler. (1852 3rd in Liverpool Grand National.) Hall Court 1859 by Sir Peter Laurie. A famous Steepler. 1865 and 1869 2nd in Liverpool Grand National. 6. Vesta 1843 bv The Saddler. 2—9. 2. The Bard 1833 by Waverley (s. to Russia). 2 (June, twice) — 4. (Own brother to The Saddler). Miss Burns 1840 by The Bard. 5—9. 3. Sambo Sutton 1834 by Waverley. ' 6 — 10. Dam 2y. April, once. 2. Camel 1822 by Whalebone. 3—5. 1. Abbas Mirza 1831 bv Camel. 3. The Widow 1839 by .\bbas Mirza. 7 — 9 (lOyear-old without winning, 8 vear-old Cm.) 2. Touchstone 1831 by Camel. 2 (Sept., twice) — 6 L. Acp. 2 x Dcp. 2 x 1. Cotherstone 1840 by Touchstone. 2 (Oct., twice)— 3. D. 2. Bordeaux 1847 by Cotherstone. 2 — 9. Dam 2y. Sept., once. 2. Orlando 1841 by Touchstone. 2 (Juni, 6 times) — 5. D. 1. Octavia 1849 bv Orlando. 3—8. 2. Fractious 1853 bv Orlando. 2—8. 3. Ithuriel 1841 by Touchstone. 3. Sir I'towland Treiichard 1848 by Ithuriel. 2—8. 3. Sir Isaac 1831 by Camel. (Not run). Yardley 1840 by Sir Isaac. .3—8. Dam 2y. July, twice. 4. Caravan 1834 by Camel. 3—7. (2nd D.) Acp. 5. Camelino 1836 by Camel. 2—8. Dam 2y. July, twice. 6. Queen of the Gipsies 1840 by C.iiiiel. 2 — 9. Dam 2 y. June, once. 3. Busk 1824 by Whalebone. 2—8. 112 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 4. Sir Hercules 182G by Whalebone. 2 (Oct., once and 1 w. o.) — 4. (.Sire of man)' good steeplecliascrs). 1. Birdcatcher 1833 by Sir Herculfes. 2 (Oct., once) —4. 1. The Baron 1842 by Birdcatcher. 3. L. Cs. Zouave 1855 by The Baron. 3. The Lamb 1862 by Zouave. A famous Steepler. 1868 and 1870 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. Kingfisher 1842 by Birdcatcher. 6—8. 3. Blarney 1847 (or 48) by Birdcatcher. 7—12. 4. Knight of St. George 1851 by Birdcatcher. 2 (Sept., 4 times) —3. L. Dan O'Connell 1858 by Knight of St. (Not run). [George. The Liberator 1869 by Dan [O'Connell. 3 — 5. 6 — 15 y. Steeplechase. 1879 winner in Liverpool Gn-ind National. Ran as 17}'ear-old in Liverpool Grand National. (Dam 2y. Sept., twice). 2. Magnum Bonum (later Discount) 1838 by Sir 4. Famous Steepler. [Hercules. 1844 winner in Liverpool Grand National. 5. Merman 1826 by Whalebone. 3—9. 6. The Sea 1830 by Whalebone. 3. Later in .Steeplechases. 1848 also in Liverpool Grand National. Freetrader 1849 by The Sea. 2—5. 185G winner in Liverpool Grand National. 7. Bodice 1831 by Whalebone. 3— S. 3. W h i s k e r 1812 by Waxy. 3—6. D. 1. Memnon 1822 by Whisker (s. to Russia). 2 (Sept., twice) —5. L. 1. Seventy-four 1833 by Memnon. 3. A famous Steepler, twice 2nd Liverpool Grand National. 2. King Cole 1833 by Memnon. 2—9. ■5. The Thorouirhbrt'd in the Past and Present. HJJ 2. CattericU ISL'l' bv Whisker. 3. 1. Jerry about 1830 by Catterick. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1840 winner in Liverpool Grand National. 2. Uodcricic Random about 1832 by Catterick. .\ famous sleepier. (Half-bred). 3. Catherina 1S30 b\ W'hislver. 2—11. (J. Doriclcs 1790 by PotSos. 4—8. 7. Oliver 1791 b.\' Pot8os. 3—8. Dam 2 y. July, 3 times. 8. Thereabouts 1702 by PotSos. 4—9. 9. Trijfle 1795 by Pot8os. 2—8. 10. Parasol 1800 by PotSos. 3—8. 3. SATE LUTE 1774 by Eclipse. 3 — 6 (up to 9 year-old without winning;). Keren-HappHch 1789 by Satellite. 3-8. (Half-sister to U"axy). 4. JUl'ITER 1774 by Eclipse. 3 — 4. (Own brother to N'olunteer ajid Mercury). 1. CarJoch 1785 b\' Jupiter. 2—9. 2. Halkin 178G by Jupiter. 3—8. 4. A7.V(; FERGl'S 1775 bv Eclipse. 3—6. 1. Benin sihroui^li 1791 b\ Kin^j I'eri^us. 3-C. L. ' 1. Orville 1799 by Hen infifbrousjh. 2 (Auijust, twice) —8. 1.. 1. Midey I'^IO l>y Orville. 5. 1. Morisco 1819 by Mulev. 3—5. Taurus 182f) by .Morisco (or Phantom) 11839 s. to (lermnny). 3 (and u[) to 7 year-old without winniiifj). 1. John oTiaunt 1>*3S by Taurus. 3—7. Hunijerford 1848 by John o'Gaunt. 2 — 8. Dam 2 year-old, June, once. 2. Oakley 1838 by Taurus. 3—7. 2. Atlas 182fi liy Muky. 4— n. 124 Tn.ii of tlie 'I'lioroughbrcd on the Racecourse, etc. 3. iMuley Moloch 1830 by Muley. 2 (May, twice) — 5. 1. Alice Hawthorn 1838 by Muley Moloch. 3_7. Gcp. Dcp. 2 X . Mother, Gran^I mother, and Great-grandmother not run. 2. Morpeth 1841 by Muley Moloch. 2—8. 4. Dulcimer 1836 by Muley. 3. Dulcet 1842 by Dulcimer. 3—10. 2. Fitz Orville 1R12 by Orville. 3—6. Gondolier 1826 by Fitz Orville. 3—8. 3. Master Henry 181.5 by Orville. 2 — 7 (7 vear-old, G races, won). Dam 2y. July, twice. 4. .Andrew 1816 by Orville. 3—4. Cadland 182.5 by .Andrew. 3—6. D. 2. Miss Kitty Cockle 1834 by Cadland. 4 — 9. Dam 2 y. Sept., once. .5. Bizarre 1820 by OrviIli>. 5—6. 1. Nike 1830 by Bizarre. 3—8. 2. Mus 1833 by Bizarre. 3—8. 3. Bellissima 1835 by Bizarre. 3—9. 6. Emilius 1820 by Orville. 3—4. D. 1. .St. Nicholas 1827 by F.milius 2 (Sept., twice) —3. (1840 s. to (lermany). 1. St. Lawrence 1833 by St. Nicholas. 2 (.Aug., twice.) Grillade 1852 by St. Lawrence. 4—9. 2. California 1833 by St. Nicholas. (Not run). Romeo 1850 by California. ^ 2—10. 12 y. 3rd in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. Priam 1827 by Emilius. 3—5. D. Gcp. 2 X . 1. V. Priam (later Wild Hero) 18.30 by Priam, 2 (Oct., 3 times.) Tom Tough 1840 by V. Priam. 3—8. (Half-bred). 6 The Tlioroughbred in the Pasl and Present. JJJ 2. Zoroaster 1836 by Priani. '2 — 8. Dam 2y. Uine. twice. •2. .Scud 1S04 bv Benini^bioLi-li. 3—4. .-\ctaon 1822 bv .Scud. 3—6. Aimwell 183o b\- .Actiion. 2—9. Dam 2y. .\pril, ojicc. 2. Hamblclonian 1792 h\ Kinij Ferj^us. 3—8. L. 1. W h i t e I o c k 1803 by llamblctonian. 4. Blacldock 1814 by WhitelocU. 2 (.\us;., 3 times) —5. 1. Bi-utandorf 1821 by BlacUloek. 3—6. 1. Hetman PlatolT 1826 bv Brutandorf. 3—4. 1. 'I'lic Cossack 1844 by Hetman PlatolT. 2 (July, once) —3. D. (up to 8 year-old without winnini,', but very good). ..Mcibiade 1860 by The Cossack. 3. 1865 winner in Liverp. Gr. Xat. 2. Timothcus 1848 by Metman Pl.-itoff. 2 — 9. Dam 2y. June, once. 2. Physician 1829 by Brut.-mdorf. 2 (Oct., once) —5. .Aristotle 1839 bv Phvsiciaii. 3—8. 3. .Arctic 1833 by Bruland(.rl. 4—10. (Half-bred.) 4. Gay Lad about 1833 b\- Brutruidoif. .A famous Steepler (Half-bied). 1842 winner in Liverpool (irand N'ation.d. 2. Brownlock 1822 bv Blacklock. 3—9. 3. Velocipede 182.^ by Blacklock. 2 (.April, 4 times) —4. 1. A'alentissimo 1832 bv \'cloci|)etle. 2-8. 2. Hornsea 1832 by Velocipctle. 3—4. Gcp. Cataract 1840 bv llornse.i. 3—5. Waterfall 1848 bv Cataract. ?— 8. 3. .\Liid of 'I'e.-im X'.dliy IS46 by Velocipede. 2—9. Dam 2 y. .\pril, once. 1. ^■. Blacklock 1825 bv Bl.icklock. 3. l^g Trial of the Thorout;hbi-(Hl on ihe Rncecoiirse, etc. Mas^pie 1804 by Y. Blacklock. "2 (Sept., 3 times, and 1 w.o.) — 5. Lough Bawn 1848 by Magpie. 3—10. •5. Traiiby 1826 by Blackloclc (s. to .America). 4 — 6 (ran as a 5 year-old in the famous bet of Mr. Osbaldeston). I-ani-not-aware 1835 by Tranby. 2 — 9. Dam 2y. June, 6 times, li. Flacrow 1826 by Blacklock. 3. Famous Steepler. 7. Voltaire 1826 by Blacklock. 2 (.'\pril, twice) —3. Charles XII. 1836 bv Voltaire. .3—7. L. 1-ittle Charley 1848 by Charles XII. A famous Steepler. 1858 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. C a ni i 1 1 u s 1803 bv Hambletonian and Faith. 3. ' 3—7. 1. Oiseau 1809 by Camillus. 2 (.April, 5 times) — 7. Revolution 1827 by Oiseau. 3—8. 2. Magistrate 1814 by Camillus (s. to Russia). 3—5. (H.'df-brother to Fleur de Lis.) 1. Coroner 1825 by Magistrate. 3—9. 2. Terror 1825 by Magistrate. 3—9. 3. Gar us 1812 by Hambletonian. 3—9. 4. .Anticipation 1812 by Hambletonian. .3—7. Dam 2y. May, once. (Half-brother to Clinker). Presentiment 1821 by Anticipation. 2—8. 3. Hipponci 1794 by King Fergus. 4—8. 4. Wartcr 1704 li\ King l-'ergus. 3—8. 5. Oiieeiishcrry (Later Picadilly) 1794 by King Fergus. 5. K a t t V l" 1 ,-1 n a g h a n 1792 by Oueensberry. 4—9. 6. TIFFANY 1775 by Fclipse. 4—8. 7. FLAMEU 1770 by Fclipse. 5—9. 8. MERCURY 1778 by Fclipse. 3— fi. (Own brother to Jupiler and X'olunteer). 5. 'I'hf 'riiuioui;libi\-d in llie Past aiul Presenl. 1 17 1. UU Cold 17S7 bv Mcjicuiv. 3—8. 2. Precipitate 1787 by Mercury (IHO:< s. U' \'iii,'iriia). 3 — 5. (Own brother to Golianiia). 1. Bobtail 179-3 by Precipitate. 3—10. Dam '2y. July, 4 times. 2. M a t ra n n e e 179-5 bv Precipitate. 3—8. 3. R o 1 1 a 1797 bv Piecipil.ite. 2—8. 4. L a n s' I o n ]S(I2 by Precipitate. 3—10. 3. Gohauna 1790 by .Merciirv. 3—10. (Own brother to Precipitate). 1. G o 1 u m p u s ]S()2 l)y rioliaima. (Not run). Catton 1809 by (ii.biinpus. 3-8. 1. .Mulatto 1823 by Caltoii. 3—6. Dcp. 1. Discord 1837 by .Mui.ato. 5 — 8. Dam 2y. June, twice. 2. African 1839 by Mulatto. 3-8. 2. Ciironet 182.") by Catton (1837 s. In \'irijini;i). 3—11. Dam 2y. May, twice. 3. Cistercian 1826 by Catton. 3—10. (Own brother to ("he Nun). 4. The Poet 1820 by Catton. .■\ famous sleepier. •5. The C'JKuicelior 1827 bv Catton. 3-8. fl Diana 1828 bv C.-itton. 2—8. 7. The Nun 1829 by Catton. 7 — 9. Later a famous Steepler up li^ 11 vear- old. Twice Leam. St. Ch. won. 8. David 1829 by Catton. .3 — -5. (Half-brother to Despot). Crnbbs 1844 by David. 3-9. 2. Cerberus 1802 by (iolianna i-. to Russia). 3 — 9. (Sire of many i;ood racers). 3. E 1 e c t i o n l'<04 bv (Johanna. 3—7. D. Dam 2 y. Jime, 4 times. 1. Leah Is] 4 by Election. 3-9. 2. Manfred 1814 by Election. 3-5. Bilberry lS2(i by .Manlred oi by lledley (b> 4-9. • |(i()b,u)iia). lift 'I'rinl (if tlie Thorous^hbreii on the Racecourse, etc. 4. Z u 1 e i k a 1810 by Gohaiina. 4 — 8. (Dam of Helenus). 4. Brii^adicr 1792 by Mercury. 4—10. .■). Sha-c'cr (earlier Little U'irley) 1792 liv Mercurv. 6—10. 9. JOK ANDREWS (earlier Dennis O!) 1778 by Eclipse 4-9. Dick Andrc'Li's 1797 by Joe .'\ndre\vs. 3—6. 1. C \v r w 18119 b\ Dick .Andrews. 3—7. 2. 2. T r a m p 1810 by Dick Andrews. 3—4. 1. Lottery (earlier Tinker) 1S20 by I'ranip (1833 s. to 3 — 6. Dcp. [France). (.'V large progeny by Lottery winiiing up to 7 vear-old, half-brother to .^Itisidora and Brutan- ilorf). 1. Lottery 1829 by Lotter\'. 5—16. -Steepler. (Not in the Stud Book, but ought to be a Thoroughbred). 1839. Winner in Lvp. Cr. Nation. 2. Zohrab 1831 by Lotterv. 3—10. 3. Sheet .-\nchor 1832 b\' Lottery 3 — 4. (s. to (ierniany). 1. Collingwood 1843 by Sheet .\nchor. 2—7. 2. U'eatherbit 1842 by Sheet Anchor. 3—4. Weathercock 1851 by Weatherbit. A famous Steepler. 1857 and 1858 2nd in Liverpool Grand National. 2. Little Red Rover 1827 by Tramp. 3—7. 3. Traveller 1828 by Tramp. 2—9. 4. W'lgrant 1828 by 'I'lamp. 3—10. 5. Liverpool 1S28 by Tramp. 2 (Sept., oiice) — 5. 1. Lanercost 1835 by Liverpool. 3 — 7. Cm. Dam 2 y. Oct., once. \"an Tronip 1844 by Lanercost (s. to Russia). 2 (July, 3 times and 1 w. o.) —5. L. Gcp. Prince of Orange 1853 bv \'an Tromp. 2—8. 2. Nauorth 1837 by Liverpool. 2—9. 5. The Tliorourjlibrcd in the I'ast and Present. HQ 3. A Brilish Yeoman 1S4(I by Liverpool. 2. (May, 6 times). Bourtreois 1850 by .\ lirilish Yeoman. 3—11. 4. Birlcenlie.nd 1J^43 by I.iverpmil. (Not run). New Briii^'hton 1850 ljy Birl^21 by Ambo. 3—13. l.j. GL'SPOWDER 1784 by Eclipse (s. to Russia). .3 — 9. (Own brother to Soldier 1779 by Eclipse). 3—7. X20 Trial of the Thorouglibiecl un ihe Racecourse, etc. 16. PEGASUS 1784 by Eclipse. 4—7. 1. King Ed'jjard (earlier Shum .Sheer Jung) 1795 by Pegasus. 6—8. 2. Novice 179-5 by Pegasus. ?— 8. 3. Parnassus 1797 by Pegasus. o— 11. 4. Laura 1800 by Pegasus. 2—8. (Dam of Dr. Eady by Rubens). 5. Hippomcncs 1802 by Pegasus. 2—8. 17. DON QUIXOTE 1784 by Eclipse. .3 — 8. (Own brother to Erasmus and Alexander). 1. Sancho 1801 by Don Quixote. 3—4. L. Cannon-ball 1810 by Sancho. 3 — 9. (Half-brother to Grinialdi and sire of many good hunters and Steeplers). Counsellor 1821 by Cannon-ball (or by Childc Harold). .5—8. (Half-bred). 2. Artichoke 1802 by Don Quixote. 3—8. 3. Amadis 1807 by Don Quixote. 4. 1. P a 1 m e r i n 1816 by .Amadis (s. to Russia). 2 (May, once) — 4. .\ggravator 1832 by Palmerin. ;>— 12. (Half-bred). 2. Magic about 1820 by .Amadis. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 18. SERPENT 1786 by Eclipse. 3—10. 2. Stripling 176-j by MarsUe. 4—8. 3. Y. Marske 1771 by MarsUe. 4. 1. RULER 1777 by Y. Marske. .3 — 5. L. (Half-brother to Rattler and Magnum Bonum). Hii;h Eagle 1790 bv Ruler. ■3(?)-9. 2. TRIMMER 1788 by Y. Marske. 3—8. 0 3. SHUTTLE 1793 by Y. Marske. 3—5. 1. Cambric 1807 by Shuttle. 2 — 8. (Ran and frequently won several times in a day). Dam 2 y. July, twice. 2. Engraver 1807 by Shuttle. 3 — 6. (Ran and frequently won several times in a day). 5. Tlu' Tliorouslibred in the Past and Present. 121 4. Hepliestioii 1771 by Marske. 4—9. •_'. MISS PKOCTOK (or Smallhopes) 1733 by Bartlet's Childers. 0 — 11. (I'p to 13 year-old without winning). Byerly Turk bom about leso. 1. B.iSTO l"^>-^ by Byerly Turli. 6 — 8. (Sire of Old Ebony, I-'oundation .Mare in Fam. 5). 2. sum about 1702 by Byerly Turk. (Not run). Partner (Mr. CVoft's) 1718 by Jigg. r> — S. (Up to lOyear-okl without winning). 1. P.4RTXi:i{ (Grisewood's) 1730 by Partner. 5 — 14. (15 year-old without winning). (Sire of Miss Elliot, Grimcrack's Dam, Foundation Mare in Fani. 23). 2. SEUBURY 1734 by Partner. 4—10. TantiTy 1749 by Sedbury. 4—11. 3. OLD TR.4VELLEK 17.3-5 by Partner. 4—7. 1. Skim 1748 by Old Traveller. 4—8. 2. Dainty Davy 17.32 b\ Old Traveller. 4—11. DAVID 1766 by Dainty Davy. 4 — 12 (also in Give and Take Plates). 3. S(|uirre! 17.54 by Old Traveller. 4—7. 1. WEASEL 1766 by Squirrel. 5—11. 2. FLRIBASD 1767 by Squirrel. 3 — 10 (also in Give and Take Plates). 3. SLIM 1771 by Squirrel. 3—10. 4. LITTLE JOliX" 1740 by Partner. 4 — 8. (Up to 10 year-old without winning). 5. TART.4R (earlier Partner) 1743 bv Partner. 5—7. (Kins) Heroii 1758 by I'arlar. 5—9. 1. FLORIZEL 17(is by llirod. 4—6. 1. Dioiued 1777 b\ l-"lori/cl (s. to America). 3—6. D. 1. G r e V D i o m c d 17S5 bv Dionied. 3—8. ;[22 'I'rinl of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. G 1 a u c u s 178G by Dioiiied. 3^10. 3. A g a 111 e in n o ii 179l> by Diomed. 3—12. 2. Ulysses 1777 by Florizel (s. to \':rginia). 3—10. Play or Pa y 1791 by I'lysses (s. to N'irginia). 3—9. 3. Fortunio 1779 by Florizel. 3—10. Sir F e r d i II a n d (later King Bladud) 1792 by Fortunio. 2—12. 4. Bustler 1784 by Florizel. 2—9. 5. Prizefighter 1784 by Florizel. 2—9. Swords m a n 1796 by Prizefighter. 4—7. 1. Fencer 1807 by .Swordsman. 4. Vivian about 1824 by Fencer. 1834—1843 a famous Steepler. 2. Spartacus 1808 by Swordsman. 3—9. 2. MAGNET 1770 by Herod. 4—9. 1. Noodle 1781 by .Magnet. 3—8. 2. Windlestone 1783 by .Magnet. 3—8. 3. Shovel 1785 by .Magnet. 4—9. 3. BACCHUS 1771 by Herod. (Not run). 1. Rutland 1783 by Bacchus. 4—9. 2. Kitty 1785 by Bacchus. 3—9. 3. Bacchus 1788 by Bacchus. 3-S. 4. WOODPECKER 1773 by Herud. 4—7. 1. Seagull 1786 by Woodpecker. ^ 2—8. w 2. Chanticleer 1787 by Woodpecker. 2 (.'\pril, 6 times) —8. 1. Traveller 1797 by Chanticleer. 2—9. 2. B o b B o II t V 1804 by Chanticleer. 2 (Sept., twice) — 4. Napoleon 1824 by Bob Booty (1833 s. to France). 2—9. TliP Tlioroushbrcd in tlu- Past nnc! Present. 123 3. Jiuzziud 1787 by W'oddperker (1S()4 s. to Aincricn). 2 (Oct., twice) —~. 1. Quiz 1798 hv Hii/zard. .3— i). L. 1. Roller ISM by Oiiiz. 3 — 11. (Sire of many Jjood Steeplers). 2. Euphrates ISlfi by Quiz. G— 1.3. •J. 1) r c a d n o ii u; li t 18(KI by Uiizz.-ird. 3—8. 3. B r a i n u o i- ni 1^(11 by Buzzard. 2—8. 1. Bust ;i r d l^ol liy Buzzard. 2—10. ."). (" a s t r e I Isdl by Buzzard. 3—4. 1. Btislard lM:i by Castrel. 3-5. Remnant 1833 bv lUistard. 4—10. 2. .Merlin 1815 by Castrel. 2 (.\u£;-., 3 tjmcs) —4. I.ancastrian 1825 by Merlin. 2 (Oct., twice, 1 w. o.) —8. Miss Mouliray about 1843 by Lancastrian. (Halt-bred) ls52 winner in I.iverp. Or. Nation. G. .S e 1 i m ls02 by Buzzard. 4—6. 1. Champion 1812 by .Selini. 3. Donnini;ton 1828 by Champion. 3—10. 2. .Sultan 1810 by Selim. 2 (July, once) - - 8. 1. Despot 1830 by Sultan. 2 s. (Half-brother to D.-ivid by Catton). 2. .\lpheus ls:lii hy Sultan. 3. 1. John Oor) 184() by .-Mpheus. 3—9. 2. .\Ionzo 1847 by .\lphcus. 3-9. 3. Ishmael 1S30 by Sultan. 3 year-olil in raciny; stable of Lord Jersey, but not .Sire of many i;ood Steeplers. [run. 1. .\bd-el-Kader about 1840 by Ishmael. .\ famous Steepler. (Half-bred). Is.'iO and 1851 winner in Liverp. fir. Nation. 2. 'riu- Switcher 1842 by Ishmael. .\ famous Steepler. 124 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 4. Caliph 1832 bv Sultnn. ■2—10. •">. Hampldii 1833 by Sultan. 3. Lady Flora 1838 by Hampton. 3—11. (). .-Vdrian 1834 by Suhan. 3—13. 7. Jereed 1834 by Sultaji (1846 ?.. to Russia). 2. (.^ug., twice). 1. Greatheart 184n by Jereed. 3. Gaylad 1846 by Greatheart. 3 — 10. (Hall-bred, and half-brother to Gaffer Green by Obadiah). 2. Ui.sho|) of Romford's Cob 1840 by Jereed. 3—10. 3. Thurgarton 1841 by Jereed. •5 — 10. (Half-bred) and in Steeplechases. 3. Langar 1817 by .Seliiii. 2 (Oct., twice) —9. 1. Philip I. 1828 by Langar. 2. (Sept., twice, and 1 \v. o.). lMont;\giie 1846 by Philip I. 3—8. 2. Potentate 1832 by Langar. 2—12. 3. Leander 1832 by Langar. 3. The ^L■lrchioness 1846 by Leander. .3—9. (Half-bred). 7. Rubens 180-3 by Buzzard. 3—5. 1. Gainsborough 1813 by Rubens. 3 — 7. Dani 2 year-old Oct., once. 2. VVouvermans 1815 by Rubens. 4 — 8. Dam 2 ye;ir-old June, twice. 3. Dr. Eady 1816 by Rubens and Laura 2—8 6 — 12. Dam 2 year-old June, twice. 4. Hampden 1819 by Rubens. 3—5. Guildford 1S26 by Hampden. 2—9. 0 5. Vandylce 1828 by Rubens. •3 — 10. (Half-bred, also in liurdle races). 11 year-old in steeplechases. 4. Olive 1787 by Woodpecker. 2—10. 5. Y. Wood[>fc!:cr 1794 by Woodpecker. (Not run). o. The Thorour'-libix'd in the I'ast and PresCMil. 125 1. \V o I) d m a n lyd" by V. Woodpecker. 3—8. Charity 1830 by Woodman. 5 — 9. (I l;df-bred). 14 year-old, steeplechases. .A famous 1S41 winner in Liverpl. (Jr. Nation. [Steepler. •2. S 1 e n d e r Hill \- ISlis by Y. Woodpeclcer. 3—9. G. Brother to \ iraldi 1799 by Woodpecker. 4 — 8. (Sire of many i^ood iuinters). .5. blTZHEROD 177:5 by llerod. (Not run). Mujti 1783 by Filzherod. 3—9. (J. IL'MIO 1774 by llerod. 3—5. Scorpion 178.5 by ll'mio. 3—12. 7. JCSriCE 1774 by Herod. 3- 4. 1. Trijlc 1782 by Justice. 3—9. 2. A'li.s/icT (l.-iler Ooiii^las) 17s2 by Justice. 3—9. 3. Mentor 17s 1 liy Justice. 3—11. (Half-brother to Sweetbriar). 4. Miitnii;lit (later Whip) 1792 by Justice. 2--11). s. LABIRXL'M 1774 b\ Herod. 4—9. 9. HIGinn.YF.R 1774 bv llerod. .3—5. 1. h'orhini^lutni 1781 by Hishnyer. t- 7. Dcp. (G year-old. 17 races won). 1. P a t r i o t 179(1 b\ Kockini^ham. 2—8. 2. B e n n i n l; t o n 1791 bv Rockini^hani. 3—8. 2. Delpini (earlier H.ackwood) 17^1 bv llii^bllver. .3-5. 1. G r i m ;i I d i 1802 b\ Oelpini ( I l.-df-brolher lo ( 'aniion-ball). .5—8. 1. Orinialdi 1820 by (irim.aldi. 1832— 183G ;i famous Steepler. 2. Panloinime 1820 by (irim.ddi 4— IG in Hunter Stakes. (Half-breed, s. Sportinij Mn.<,';i/ine, \dl. 89). 2. Bustle r ]'<07 by Oelpini. 4—6. The .Major 1*22 by RuslUr. 3—10. 3. R p p e r s t o n 18(i8 bv Oelpini. 4—8. [■2{', Trial of tht- Thoniui^hbi-cd on the Racecourse, etc. 3. Harlot (earlier Connilnss) 1783 by Higliflyer. 4—13. 4. Sir Peter 17S4 by Hii^htlyer. 3—5. D. 1. A m b r o s i o 1793 by Sir Peter. 3—6. L. Huntintjdon ISOO by .Ambrosio. 4 — 9. (Ran only in unimportant races ayainst very inferior horses). Dam 2 year-old .May, 10 times. 2. Mr. Teazle 1793 by Sir Peter. (Not run). Y. Vestris 1806 by Mr. Teazle. 3. Mathew 1838 by Y. Yestris. 6 — 9. .\ famous Steepler. 1847 winner in Liverp. (Jr. Nation. 3. S i r Sold 111 o n (earlier Tankersley) 179(1 by Sir Peter. 3—6. ■ Cambrian 1804 by Sir Solomon. 3—11. 4. Haphazard 1797 by Sir Peter. 3—9. 1. Don Cossack 1810 by Haphazard. 3—5. 1. Prosody 1818 by Don Cossack. 3 — 10. (Often many times in a day). 2. The Tartar 1821 by Don Cossack. 6—8. (Not in Stud Book). 3. Reform 1829 by Don Cossack. 3 — 9. (Often many times in a day). (Not in Stud Book). 2. Filho da Puta 1812 by Haphazard. 2 (Sept., once, rmd 1 \v. o.) — 4. L. 1. Troy 1820 by Filho da Puta. 3. Pumpkin 1829 by Troy. 3—9. 2. Conductor 1820 by Filho da Pul.i. 3-4. Oswald 1832 by Conductor. 3—10. 3. Forester Lass 1.821 l>y Filho da Put.-i. 6—8. 4. Haji Baba 1821 by Fillio da Put.i. 3-9. .5. Orthodox 1821 by Filho da Puta. 3 — 11. Dam 2 year-old May, twice. 6. Dr. Fau-itus 1822 by Filho da Puta. .3—9. 1. Jesuit 1834 by Dr. Ivaustus. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). Ran and won at 24vear-old? 'I'lu' Thoroui;hbn-d !ii llie Prist and Pix'sent. 127 2. Obadiah 1834 by Dr. Faustus. •J (Sept., once, and 1 \v. o.) — 3. Sailor (lator Gaffer Green) 1839 by Obadiali. 6—14. (Half-bred, and half-brother to Gaylad by Greatheart). (Often many times in a day). 3. Tiipsley 1S37 by Dr. Faustus. 3—4. Huntsman 1853 by Tupsley. 3—4. 1862 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 4. The Chandler 1836 by Dr. Faustus. .A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1848 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 7. Joclco 1823 by Filho da Puta. 3—9. >!. Chico 182.5 by Filho da Puta. 3—11. 9. Independence 1820 by I'ilho da Puta or by .Sher- 2—9. I wood 1820 by Filho da Puta. 10. Giovanni 1828 by Filho da Puta. 3 — 7. (8 .year-old 3 times very well rtni). (Half-brother to Potentate by Lan-ar|. 3. Victorine ISIG by Haph.izard. 4-9. 4. Fisaro 1819 by H.-iphazard (1831 s. lo Alccklenburi;). 3—6. Isaac 1831 by Figaro. 2 — 14. (Up to 15 year-old, rdso in lun-dle races). 5. W ;i 1 t o n 1799 . lo .Mecklenburi;). 3—4. D. 1. Spectre 1815 by Ph.-intom. 3-5. Granby 1823 by Spectre. 3—8. •2. Vanish 1825 by Ph.intom (183(i s. to F.isi Prussia). 2 (.June, 4 times) — 7. .Sunbeam 1833 by \'anish. 2—8. 2. Partisan 1811 by Wallon. 3—5. 1. .M.amelukr 1S2I bv Partis.m. .3—5. D. Zcthus 1S31 by .M.imelnUe. 3—10. 2. Patron 1826 bv Partisan. 3. 2. lOg Trial ut the Thorous'hbred on the Racecourse, etc. Peter Simple about 1839 by Patron. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1849 and 1853 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 3. Venison 1833 by Partisan. 2 (July, once) — 4. 1. New Forestdeer 1841 by Venison. 3—10. (Half-bre'd). 2. Herbert 1846 by Venison. 2—8. 4. Gladiator 1833 by Partisan. 3. (2nd D). Napier 1840 by Gladiator. 2 (Sept., 3 times) —3. Indian Warrior 1849 by Napier. 2—8. 3. Waterloo 1814 by Walton. 3. 1. Conquest 1822 by Waterloo. 3 — 5. (Ran and won often several times in a day). 2. Caleb 1828 by Waterloo. 2—8. 4. St. Patrick 1817 ijy Walton. 3—4. L. 1. Daniel 1832 by St. Patrick. 3—9. 2. St. Francis 1835 by St. Patrick. 2—8. 3. Garry Owen 1837 by St. Patrick-. 2—10. t). Ditto 1800 by Sir Peter. 3—7. D. Luzboroufch 1820 by Ditto. 4—8. 7. S i r Paul 1802 by Sir Peter. .3—5. Paulowitz 1813 by Sir Paul. .3—7. 1. Cain 1822 by Paulowitz. 3—5. 1. Ion 1835 by Cain. 2 (July, 4 times) — 4. Poodle 1849 by Ion. 2 — 9. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once. 2. Barney Bodkin 1830 by Cain. 2—8. 2. Little Boy-blue 1825 by Paulowitz. 2—9. 3. Changelins 1828 b\- Paulowitz (or Swap). 3—9. Dam 2 year-old Sept., once. S. C a r d i n a 1 York 1804 by Sir Peter. 3—5. 5. The Thi)r(Hit;libred in the Past and Present. 129 Advance I8I0 by Cardinal 'S'orli. 3—0. 1. Vani^uard 1835 by Advance. 4. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1843 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. Pioneer 1840 by .\dvance. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1846 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. U. P o u I t 0 n 1805 by Sir Peter. 3—8. 10. C I i n I< e r 1805 by Sir Peter. 3 — 4. (Half-brother to Anticipation). ClinUer 1806 by Clinker. A famous Steepler. 5. Star 1785 by Hif^hflyer (1811 s. to America). •2 (Oct., once) —6. .M r. Gundy 1804 by Star. 3—9. 6. Skyscraper 1786 by Highflyer. 3—8. D. 7. Walnut 1786 by Highflyer. 3—5. Lignum V i t a e 1797 by Walnut. 3 — 8. (Sire of many good racers). 8. Phaeton 1787 by Highflyer. 3—11. 9. St. George 1789 by Highflyer. 3—10. T o p s y - T u r V e y 1805 by St. George. 7 — 10 . (Died at 16 year-old through physic in training for Welter Stakes in Bibury). Nimrod 1820 by Topsy-Turvey. 6—10. 10. Sling 1789 by Highflyer. 3—11. 11. Tidy 1789 by Highflyer. 3—8. 12. Grouse 1790 by Highflyer 3. (4 and o year-old w'ithout winning). First Fruits 1797 by (irouse. 2—9. 13. Diamond 1792 by Highflyer (s. to France). 3—8. 1. Q u e e n of Diamonds 1809 by Diamond. 3 — 7. (Own sister to King of Diamonds). 2. King of D i a m o n d s ISIO bv Diamond. 3—8. King of Trumps l>^27 by King of Diamonds. ;3— 8. 14 Lark 1792 by Highflyer. 3—8. 130 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 15. Louisa 1792 by Highflyer. 4—9. 16. Ddamcre 1793 by Highflyer. 3—8. 10. BOURDEAUX 1774 by Herod. 4 — 6. (Own brother to Florizel). Highlander 1783 by Bourdeaux. 3—9. 11. GUILDFORD 1775 by Herod. 4—9. 12. BOXER 1776 by Herod. 3—8. 13. ROVER (later Tom Tug or Tug) 1777 by Herod. 3—9. Cornet 1792 by Rover. 3—9. 14. GOLDEN DUN 1777 by Herod. 3—11. 15. DRONE 1777 by Herod (s. to .\merica). 3—10. 16. ANVIL 1777 by Herod. 4—9. 17. FORTITUDE 1777 by Herod. 4—7. John Bull 1789 by Fortitude. 3. D. .Admiral Nelson 1795 by John Bull (s. to America). 3 — 8. Dam 2 3'ear-old July, 3 times. 18. PHONOMENON 1780 by Herod (1803 s. to .-Xmerica). 3—5. L. Htiby 1788 by Phenomenon s. to Russia). 3— S. Driver 1798 by Huby. 3—9. 19. BAGOT 1780 by Herod. 4. 1. Master Bagot 1787 by Bagot. 3—5. 1. Dawdle 1795 by Master Bagot. 2—8. (Half-bred)'. 2. Hollyhock 1804 by Master Bagot. 4—8. Hesperus 1820 by Hollyhock. 9 4—10. 2. Loyal 1796 by Bagot. 3—8. (Half-bred). 2. Soldier 17.5S by Tartar. 4—9. 5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 131 Godolphin Arabian bom 1724. 1. CADE 1"34 by Godolphin Arabian. 6. (7 to 11 year-old witliout w inninjf). 1. 'rnillllioil 1"47 by fade. -1 10. 1. MOTIIKKX HKOW.N 1771 by Trunnion (Dam of Jerry Sneali) 4—11. ■J. TITAXIA 1774 by Trunnion. 4—11. 2. Y. Cade 1^47 by Cade. (Not run). 1. HACHI'LOK 17,-)S l>y V. Cade. 4—9. 2. HrxrAMUNCA 1759 by V. Cade. 7—11. ;!. DA.MKL 17i;i.' by V. Cade. 4—10. 4. I'ARABIXEEU 1765 by V. Cade. 4-10. (Half-brother to MorwicU Ball by Regulus). 3. CliailHt'lillj:; 1"47 by Cade. t). (Own brother to Matchem). LE SAN(; 1759 by Changelinj,--. 4—8. 1. Scainpstoil Cade 1"47 by Cade. VOl"X(; DAVY 170O by Scamp>.lon Cade. 4—10. 5. JIatollCIU i:4S by Cade. 5-10. 1. TTRF 17(;n by .Matchem. 4— (3. Mpiitiir 177:i b\ Turf. BUFFER 1784 by Mentor. 4—10. 2. HAXKKR 1761 by Matchem. 3—9. Tj-^ress 1770 by Banker. 5—11. 3. CONrXDRI'M 17(>-2 by .Matchem. 4 — 8. (16 year-old without winning;). Tlieffonl 1772 by Conundrtnn. 4-9. 4. RAXTHOS 1763 by Matchem. 4—9. 5. CHYMIST 17fi5 by Matchem. 4—6. ] 32 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. l)ruf;gist 177o by Chyniist. 4 — 8. 7 year-okl (iold Cup !ii Chester and 6 other races. (5. PANTALOOK 1767 by Mntcheni. 4—6. 1. Merry Andrews 1783 by Pantaloon. •2—9. •2. Buffer 1784 by Pantaloon. 4—8. 7. GOLDFINCH 1767 by Matchem. 3—10. >^. C0NI»11CT0R 1767 by Matchem. 4— G. 1. Imperator 1776 by Conductor. 3—8. PIPATOR 1786 by Imperator. '2 (July, once) — 7. Remembrancer 18l)U by Pipalor. 3—4. L. R e c o r d o n 1807 by Remembrancer. 3—5. Welcome 1819 by Recordon. (Not run). .Sir William about 1830 by Welcome. .A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1838 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation. 2. Truinpator 1782 by Conductor. 3—4. 1. /I/.l/.4rOA' 1790 by Trumpator (s. to Russia). 3—8. (Half-brother to .Ximwell D). 2. PAYNATOR 1791 by Trumpator (s. to Russia). 2 (July, 4 times) —9. 1. Offa's Dyke (earlier Occator) 1807 by Paynator. 5—9. 2. Marksman 1808 by Payniitor. •5—18. 3. Dr. Syntax 1811 by Payn.ator. 3—12. 1. B e e's W i n 8 1833 by Dr. Syntax. 2—9. Dcp. 2. T h e Doctor 1834 by Dr. Syntax. 2—9. 3. A j a X 1838 by Dr. Syntax. 3—8. 4. F a m a 1838 by Dr. Syntax. 3—8. 5. S y n t a x i n a 1838 by Dr. Synta.x. 2—8. 6. Hope about 1838 by Dr. Syntax. .\ famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 5. 'I'lif Thorous'librt'd in tin- Past and Present. I33 3. REPEAT OR 1791 bv Trunipator. 3—9. 4. SORCERER irSKi bv Truni()ati)r. 3-5. 1. Soothsayer 18(»8 by Sorcerer (1S23 s. to Russia). 3—5. L. 1. W e 1 1> e c k 1815 by .Sc.otlisayer. {Not run). Bedlamite 1823 by WVlbeck. 3—4. Saul 1835 by Bedlamite. 3—10. 2. H e 1 e n 11 s 1821 by .Soothsayer (1835 to Germany) 3 — 8. and ZideiUa 4 — 8 2. Comus 1809 by .Sorcerer. 3-4. 1. Reveller 1815 by Comus. 3—8. L. 1. Oberon 1827 by Reveller. 3—11. 2. Bosphorus 1836 bv Reveller. 3—8. • 2. (' o r i n t h i a n IsU) b\ fomus. 3 — 5. (Half-brother to Jerry). Russel 182f) by Corinthi.in. 3-8. 3. H u m p h r e \ C I i n k e r 1822 b\ Comus. 3—5. Melbourne 1834 by Humphrey Clinker. 3 — 5. (6 year-old very j^ood but did not win). Sir Tatton Sykes 1843 bv .MelboLirne. 3—4. L. 2. Mr. Sykes 18.50 by Sir Tatton Svkes. 2 <). (Half-bred). 3. S)»ole)isko IMIi bv Sorcerer. 3 — 4. D. 2. (.Sire of many racers which frequently ran several races in one day. as, for instance, Tlioriisrove, 1827). 1. B a n k e r ISIG by .Smolensko. 3-7. I),im 2 year-old .\uffust, twice. 2. \ ;i u },' li t y T o ni m v l'<20 b\- Smolensko. (i— 11. 3. j e r r y 1821 by Smolensko. 3. [,. (Sire of many 2 year-old winners). Tomboy 1829 by Jerr\. 3—5. Nutwilh Is 10 by Tombo\. 2 (June, 3 times) —3. L. 1. Noisette 18.50 bv Nulwiih. 2—S. 134 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 2. Knight of Kars I800 by Nutwith. 3. 1. The Colonel 1863 by Knight of Kars. A famous Steepler. (Half-bred). 1869 and 1870 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nation, (s. to Germany). 2. New Oswestry 1864 by Knight of (Half-bred). ' [Kars. A famous Steepler, and sire of many good Steeplers, amongst which were : 1. Zoedone 1877 by New Oswestry. 1883 winner in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 2. Savoyard 1878 by New Oswestry. 1887 2nd in Liverp. Gr. Nat. 4. Bourbon 1811 by Sorcerer (s. to Russia). 3—6. 1. C o m t e d'.-X r t o i s 1820 by Bourbon. 3—8. 2. -Alder m a n 1822 by Bourbon (s. to Russia). 2—7. (2nd L). 3. Fleur de Lis 1822 by Bourbon. 3—8. Dcp. Gcp. 2 X (8 year-old Gcp.). 5. VEKNATOR 1796 by Trumpator. 3—5. Romeo 1804 by \'ernator. 4—9. 6. REBEL 1796 by Trumpator. 3 — 9. Dam 2 year-old Oct., once. 7. CHIPPENHAM 1796 by Trumpator. 3—8. 8. SIR DAVID 1801 by Trumpator (s. to Russia). 2—9. 9. ALFHEI) 1770 by Matcheni. 4. (Own brother to Conductor). Tickh- Toby 1786 by Alfred. 4—9. 10. CRITIC 1771 by ALatchem. 3—11. 11. MAGNUM BONUM 1773 by Matchem (s. to Russia). Riitler 1784 by Magnum Bonum. 4—9. (Half-brother to Ruler by Y. M;irske). 12. ESPERSYKES 177-5 by Matchem. (Not run). 1. Coii(|ueror 1779 by Espersykes. 4—11. (9 year-old Gold Cup. Chester). 2. Sir Peter Pellet 1780 by Espersykes. .3-8. 6. Sportsman 1753 by Cade. 4—8. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 135 7. HfTO (earlier Slape) 1753 by Cade. .5-13. 1. KKI.4K 17()8 by Hero. 4 — 11. (Sire of many good racers). 2. AUOXIS 1772 by Hero. 5—11. 3. LAL.4(iE 1776 by Hero. 4—12. (Dam of Y. Lalage 1797, s. p. 69). 8. Northumberland I'W by Cade. 4—5. BUFF 1766 by Nortliumberland. 4—12. 9. Silvio 1"54 by Cade. 4—11. 10. Sprillj^htlv 1"'54 by Cade. 4—9. 11. Fl.vlax 1756 by Cade. 6—11. 1"2. ElllilillS about 17.56 by Cade. MAYDUKK 1765 by Emilius. 7 — 13. (Also in Give and Take Plates). 2. DOKMOrSE 1738 by Godolphin Arabian. 7 — 11. (Also in Give and Take Plates). 1. Villiailt 17.55 by Dormouse. 4—10. •2. Doriniont 1758 by Dormouse. 4 — 10. (Sire of many good racers). 3. KEI;L"LL'S 1739 by Godolphin Arabian. 6—7. 1 . Cato 1748 by Regulus. 4—11. 2. Trajan 1748 by Regulus. .5—9. 3. Careless 1751 by Regulus. 4—9. 4. Dioiiysius 1752 by Regulus. 4—9. FORESTER 1765 by Dionysius. 4—12. 5. Apollo 17.55 by Regulus. 4- 10. JOLLY BACCHUS 1768 bv Apollo. .3—9. 6. Sultan 1757 by Regulus. , 6—9. 7. Morwiek Ball 1762 by Regulus. 4 — 7. (Half-brother to Carabineer by Y. Cade). ]^36 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. CAYENDISH (earher Ouintus) 1784 by Morwick Ball. 3—8. 2. GliSTATUS 1785 by Morwick Ball. 4—8. 8. SejailUS 1764 by Regulus. 4. (Half-brother to Herod). CHEROKEE 1780 by Sejanus. 4—10. 9. Bucephalus 1"64 by Retjulus. 4^9. 10. Denmark 1764 by Regulus. 4—8. 4. THE GOAVER STALLION 174f) by Godolphin Arabian. (Not run). ^^^(>f pi^fakeS 1"49 by The Gower .Stallion. 5—10. 5. BABRAHAM 1740 by Godolphin .Xrabian. 6—9. 1. AlcideS 1753 by Babraham. 5—7. TOJfZER 1768 by .\lcides. 4—9. 2. BosphorUS 1"54 by Babraham. 4—9. 3. Traplill 1"'>4 by Babraham. 4—9. 4. AmericUS 1"55 by Babraham. 4—11. 5. Cardinal Puff 1760by Babraham. 4—9. 6. Fop I'^O by Babraham. 4—11. 6. BAJAZET 1740 by Godolphin .Arabian 5—10. Selim 1760 by Bajazet. 5—9. 7. BL.iXK 1740 by Godolphin .Arabian. 5—10. 1. Lottery 1752 by Blank. 5—11. 2. Contest 17*3 by Blank. 5—9. 3. Horatius 1756 by Blank. 4—9. 4. AntinOUS 1758 by Blank. 4—9. 5. Pancake 1759 by Blank. 4—10. G. Chatsworth 1762 by Blank. 4—9. 5. The Thoroufjhbred in the Past and Present. 137 7. Tacoh't 1763 by Blank. 4 — 7. (.\lso in Give and Tal'(iL.VM> 1741 bv Godolphin .\rabian. 5—8. AniarailtllUN 17(J6 by Old England. 4—9. \}. MCXil'L 1741 by tlodolphin .Arabian. WhiiStlcjackct 1749 by Mo-ul. 4—11).' COKIOLAXUS 1762 by Whistlejacket. 4—7. Coquette 1783 by Coriolanus. 5—8. 10. AVHITEN'OSE 1742 by Ooddphin Arabian. 8. 11. MIRZ.V 1749 by Godolphin .\rabian. 6—9. 12. CRIPl'LE 1750 bv Godolphin Arabian. 6. ? 1 . (iillicrack 1760 bv Cripple. 4—11. 2. Tailtrilin 1760 by Cripple. 8 — 10. I, Sire of Terniasjant 1772). COPI'KRnOTTOM 1776 by Tantrum. 3—10. 13. LOFTY 1753 bv Godolphin Arabian. 4 6. Slim 1762 by Lofty. 4—11. Alcock's Arabian born about 1703. 1. CRAB 1722 bv Alcock's Arabirui. 5—7. 1 . (■rasslu»|)|M'r 1731 by Crab. 5 9. •J. Crah (Youth's) 1736 by Crab. •V 9. (Cp to 12 year-old without winninff). :i. Rih 1736 by Crab. 6—9. -J. Bustard 1741 by Crab. 6—8. (Beaten by Othello as a 9 year-old ; own brother to Othello and Oroonoko). 238 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 1. fiAMAHOE about 17.58 by Bustard. 1. Noble 1767 by Gaiiiahoe. 4—11. 2. Hippolitus 1767 by (jamahoe. 4—13. 3. Olympus 1767 by Gamahoe. 4^8. 4. Croniijhoo 1774 by Gamahoe. 4—6. 1. DUCHESS 1785 by Cromaboo. 3—8. 2. SHAMROCK 1789 by Cromaboo. 3—11. 5. Oljinpla 1777 by Gamahoe. 6—11. 6. Waterman 1779 by Gamahoe. 6—10. 7. Farmer 1779 by Gamahoe. 6—8. 8. Raiiiiiiciiliis 1782 by Gamahoe. 4—10. 2. LENNOX 1766 by Bustard. •5-7. 1. Tom Turf 1781 by Lennox. 4 — 7. (Up to 9 year-old without winning). 2. Peeping; Tom 1782 by Lennox. 3—9. 5. Othello ('^r Black and .All Black) 1743 by Crab. 5 — 9. (Also. in Give and Take Plates), fi. Why Not 1'44 by Crab. •5—8. 7. Crab 1744 by Crab. 4—12. 1. MILKSOP 1760 by Crab. S— 13. 2. CHAMPAKJNE 1764 by Crab. 4—10. 8. OrOOlloko I'^S by Crab. FLASHING MOLLY 17.56 by Oroonoko. 8—11. 9. Shcphenrfs (rah I'J" by Crab. (Not run). SPY 17.59 by Shepherd's Crab. 4—8. 10. Spectator 1'49 by Crab. 1. SULPHUR 1762 by .Spectator. 4—9. 0. The TlionHii,'hhi(d !ii the Past and Present. ]39 2. MARK ANTHONY 17(57 by Spcclator. .•5—9. (Half-brother to Highflyer). 1. George 1780 by Mark Anthony. 3—8. ■>. Mark-lio 17S.S by Mark .Anthony. 3—8. 3. DAMPER 1769 by Spectator. 4—1(1. 11. Brilliant 1">(1 by Crab. 1 ti. 1. NABOB 17(J-_' by Brilliant. 4—9. 2. BKI.I.ARIO 17(J3 by Brilliant. 3— S. 3. KICHMONI) 1763 by Brilliant. 4 8. (.Sire of many ^ikk] racers in Irel.ind). 2. (iKNTLE.M.VN 1723 by .Mcock's .\rabian. .5 11. The Darcy White Turk b.im about kjto. (or Sedbury Turk). HAl THOY about 1690 by Darcy White Turk. 1. iil'fy IlillltlMiy about 1698 by Hautboy. I. BAY BOLTON 1705 by Grey Hautboy. 5. 1. (Godolphin's) \YliilfliM)» 1719 by B.iy Bolton. .5—9. MOLOTTO 1736 by Whitefoot. 5—8. 2. Fearnought 172o by Bay Bolton. 3. Old Starliiii; 1727 by Bay Bolton. 4—7. 1. AS'CASTER STARI.IXG 1738 by Old Starling. •5 — 9. (.Also in Give and Take Plates). 2. rOIUSMOND 17.39 by Old Starling. ') — 7. (.Also in Give and Take Plates). 3. SKIM 1746 by Old Starling. 4-6. Tiiicy 17.')6 by Skim. 4—13. 4. JEXyy JESSAMY 1748 bv Old Starling. .5—9. •5. I'ERSEIS 17.-.4 liy ()1N 173!) by GoHah. 5—10. 2. HUNTS JIGG 1741 by Goliah (Mare with— 1 Irec 4 — 10. [generation.) /'i'i' f/ /'A'.'.'-''' l'^^ Ijy Hunt's Jigg (and the dam 4—7. |by Hunt's Jigg). 2. Merry Andrew 1730 by Old Fox. 5 — 11. (Up to 13 year-old without winning). FRIBBLE 1746 by Merry .\ndrew. G— S. 3. Cub 1739 by Old Fox. .5 — S. (.Also in Give and Take Plates). CI.ERICl'S 1763 by Cub. 4—11. 2. rOX (TB 1714 by Clumsey. 8. Ihiiikirk 172.5 by Fox Cub. G— 11. ;i. 01(1 Willdliam 1719 by Hautboy. 5—11. 1. CINNAMON 1722 by Old Windham. 6 — 7. (Up to 9 year-old without winning) 1. ni.snial 1735 by Cinnamon. 5 — 8. (Up to 10 year-old without winning). 2. Bri.«k 1737 bv Cinnamon. 5—8. 2. fiRFA'LEGS 1725 by Old Windham. 5 — 6. (I'p to 10 vear-old without winning). Belgrade Turk bom .ibout itio. Y. BELdiRADK about 1729 by Belgrade Turk. 1. A'oIllIltCPV 1735 by Y. Belgrade. 6—8. 2. Old Standard 1736 by Y. Belgrade. 5—6. JASON 1749 by Old Standard. 4 — 11. (Sire of many good racers). The Thorouslibrcd in the Past ainl Present. 141 Lister Turk i..irn .ihcut lesn. 1. (LISTKR) SNAKK about 17t)o by 1-ister Turk. DrivjT (Beavers) 1732 by Lister .Snake. LITTLE UKIVEK 1743 by Thriven. .5-12. (Give and Take Plates). 1. Y. Driver 17.")8 by Little Driver. 4 — 7. (.\lso in Give and Take Plates). 2. Cicero 176-) by Little Driver. 4—10 2. rON'KVSKINS 1"12 by Lister Turk. .5 — 7. (8 year-iild without winnini;). Holderness Turk born about i698. HARTLKV'S KMM) HORSE --ihout 172f) by Holderness Turk. Forester (('r(»ft"s) l"-^'i ^y Hartley's Blind Horse. (3. 1. (JUST.iVrS 174.5 by Forester. . .5—11. 2. RIPON 1740 by Forester. •5-11. Oxford Bloody-Shouldered Arabian b,.rn ..bout irin. 1. BOLTON SAVKKI'ST.VKKS l"-2 by Bloody-Shouldered .\rabian. .5—6. (L'p to 11 year-old without winninij). Turner's Sweepstakes l'-43 by Bolton Sweeepstakes. (Not run). TREXTH.4M 17(i(i by Turner's Sweepstakes. a— 10. Driver 1783 liy 'I'rcntliam. 4—8. 2. BRISK 1725 by Bloody-Shouldered Arabian. 5. ( I JJ to 9 vear-old without wiiinini,')- If in above sclu'diile all hor.scs burn before JNOO and all .steepleclia.sers arc left out, there remain.s -214 liorse.s which have won at seven years and older. 132 of them have parents which did not run as two-year-olds. .53 come from sires which ran as two-year-olds (only H of them before June), 21 come from dams uliici) ran as two-vear-olds (onlv ! of them before June), and on]\- in 8 cases did both parents run as two-year-olds. Of the.se 8, 2, namely Master Menrv and I.nnercost, won races up to the ape of onlv seven inclusive. 142 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. p-urther, the sires and dams ran on an average less than twice as two-year-olds. Horses which only won up to the seventh 3'ear inclusive are only mentioned in exceptional cases, i.e., Alice Hawthorn, whose sire, Muley Moloch, ran as a two-year-old in May, but the dam, granddam and great- granddam of Alice Hawthorn did not run at all. Such and similar com- pensations may often be found in the cases mentioned above. I do not claim that the above tables are complete, and mistakes ma)- have, here and there, crept in. Everyone who has studied old horse-race calendars w ill know how difficult and wearying such tables are, and that mistakes are verv difficult to avoid. Taking it altogether, however, we may safely draw the following conclusions from the above-named dates; — 1. Performances on the flat at a great age are more certainly inherited from sires and dams who did not run themselves as two-3'ear-olds than from those who did. The rimning as two-year-olds in more than two consecutive generations seems to deprive the parents of the suitability to produce race- horses who run for long with success. 2. The using of horses on the racecourse up to a great age seems to strengthen their breeding power in producing first-class racehorses and prominent stud stallions. The most significant examples of this are the following champions of Thoroughbreds which appear almost in every pedigree of our present day Thoroughbred horses several times, namely, Regulus, ^^'oodpecker, Buzzard, Pipator, Election, Paulowitz, Master Henry, Little Red Rover, Lanercost and Collingwood, won up to their seventh year inclusive. Imperator, Chanticleer, Hambletonian, Orville, Catton, Reveller and Sultan, won up to their eighth year inclusive. Herod, Mark Antony, Joe Andrews, Paynator, Haphazard, Ouiz, Cerberus and Langar, won up to their ninth year inclusive. Matchem, PotSos and Gohanna, won up to their tenth year inclusive. Squirt, grandsire of Eclipse, and Mambrino, foundation stallion of the American trotter, ran up to their eleventh year inclusive, although thev only won up to their eighth year inclusive. Dr. Syntax, sire of Bee's \\'ing, which as a nine-year-old won four races, won again as a twelve-year-old three good races. Out of the great number of the chief founders of Thoroughbreds which won as six-3'ear- olds, let me here mention onlv the following eight : Eclipse, Waxy, Whale- bone, Whisker, King Eergus, Beningbrough and Touchstone. 3. The use of stallions with race performances at a great age for breeding purposes decreases more and more during the first half of the nineteenth century. In spite of the increase of Thoroughbred breeding, the examples of prominent performers at a great age already diminish before the middle of the nineteenth century (see tables, pages 108-141). 4. The most famous steeplechasers in the first half of the nineteenth century are descended, with few exceptions, from parents which did not run as two-year-olds. 5. Most stallions and mares which ran as two-}'ear-olds, and yet pro- 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 143 duced horses which could run for long successfully, ran as two-year-olds late in the year, and seldom more than once or twice. As in our time nearly everything which is healthy runs as a two-year-old. it is remarkable that in examining the question from this point of view, there are still actually brought out points which speak against two-year-old races, especially against the early and frequent ones. In the last ten years, up to and inclusive of 1906, 63 horses born in England or Ireland still won flat races as eight-year-olds and older. The number 63 is a very small one considering that the breeding is to-day five to ten times more extensive. Therefore a retrogression in this respect is distinctly recognisable. Of these 63 horses, 27 have dams which never ran as two-year-olds. Of the remain- ing 36 dams, only 14 ran before the 1st of June, generally only one to three times ; 3 ran seven times ; 2 eight times, and 1 ten times. The above 63 horses have 50 difterent sires, of which 9 did not run as two-year-olds. Of the remaining 41 sires, only 19 ran before the 1st of June as two-year-olds. Osbeck ran and won longest — up to its twelfth year. He was born in 1895 by Common, who did not run as a two-year-old, and his dam Alibech ran once as a two-\ear-old in September. Also, several American and Australian horses won in England as eight- year-olds and older. Amongst the latter is especially to be mentioned Australian Star 1896, by Australian Peer and Colours, who won as an eight- year-old a Handicap in Alexandra Park, IJ miles, 9 stone, 12 lbs., against five four-year-olds, with 8 stone to 9 stone. Further, Merman 1892, by Grand Flaneur out of Seaweed, who, as an eight-year-old, won the Gold Vase at Ascot, 2J- miles, carrying 9 stone, 4 lbs., against the four-year-old Scintillant, and Perth (under 9 stone), and three others. Australian Star, as well as Merman, come from dams which did not run as two-year-olds. Also, Australian Peer, the sire of Australian Star, did not run as a two-year- old, and Grand Flaneur, a marvel on the Australian racecourse, and sire of Merman, ran and won as a tw-o-year-old only once, in Januar\-, which month, for the sake of comparison, corresponds to our July. To further show the hardness and stamina of the Thoroughbred up to about the middle of the nineteenth century, the following examples of excel- lent performances on the flat may serve. Of course, there are some horses given which, from the point of \ie\v of the regular racecourse frequenter, belong to an inferior class. 144 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 1. Partner 1730 by Partner. ran 5 year-old 2 times, won -2 times. ■1 > It -• M ) ') J- )! ! >I ^ 1) M 0 ,, o ) I> -• •! ) M t^ )! 1 M "1 1» „ 0 M ran 38 times, won 20 times. So. -2. Black Chance 173-2 by Button's Bay Barb, ran 5 year-old 2 times, won 2 times. 6 6 7 3 S G 9 3 10 3 11 4 12 3 13 4 14 3 15 J 6 0 0 M only in King's PI 7 3 0 1 » incl. 1 King's PI. S (5 () M 9 4 •2 n 10 1 1 M 11 without report. 12 2 times, won 1 »> 13 1 11 ' » 1 )» 14 3 '. 1 » o M ran 28 times, won 22 times. No. 3. Sedbury 1734 by Partner. ran 4-year old 2 times, won 1 time. , ,, 3 times. ,, 4 ,, incl. 3 King's PI. ,, 6 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. M 0 „ , ,, 3 ,, agst. 5 y. Oronocco 1 11 J- 1 » ■J »» 3 <) 1 y () 7 ») () 8 M •2 9 f f 3 0 ^ 1 ran 23 times, won 18 times. No. 4. 1744 Match at Lincoln 14 miles = 22,530 m. Mr. Southcote Parker's 6 year-old horse won with one length in 89 minutes, against Mr. Gilbert Colecut's 21 year-old horse. See " Westminster Journal," the 23/6/1744. 5. Tho Thoroui^librcd in the Pnst and Present. ] )') Nf). 5. Gusta\'us 17-l-"i hv C'nil'i's I'drrcstcr. ran o year-old J tinit-s, won 1 time. ,, n ,, (') ., ,, -J time.s. ,, 7 ,. ■.] ,, ,, 3 „ ,, S ,, 8 ,, ,, .'i ,, incl. 1 King's PI. ,, 9 ,, 4 ,, ,, [ ,, incl. 1 King's Fl. ,, 10 ,, I ,, ,,4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. ,,11 ,, -I ,, ,, -2 ., incl. 1 King's PI. ran '24 times, won ±2 limes. Xo. (■). Cabbage 1757 by South. ran 1 \'ear-old '^ limes, won (i times. 5 ' •' 1 ,, 6 ,, 5 ,, ,, 3 ,, Match at Newmarket, 13 St., 5 times R. C". = 3ll,-")n(i ni., in "(.-i minutes, 30 sei'onds. .,7 ..1 .. ,. 0 ,. ran II times, won 4 times. Xo. 7. Iluncamunca 17")1) hv V. C'ade. ran 7 \ear-oId 1 time, won 1 time. King's P!. ,, .s ,, ;i times, ,, 2 times incl. 1 King's PI. ,, 9 ,, 2 ., ,. 2 ,, 2 King's PI. ,, 111 ,, 2 ,, ,, 2 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. ,,11 ,, 2 ■_' ,, 2 King's PI. ran Id times, won 9 times. Xo. S. Ciimcrack I7(ill b\ (.'ri|)ple. ran 4 vear-old 7 times, won 7 times. (■) ,, won in i'^rance the bet •_'.!-] miles in one hour. .,7 ,,7 times, won -'l times in (ii\e and Take i'l. ,, s ,, fl ,, ,, 4 ,, '1 limes in (ii\eand T.nke PI. ,, 9 „ r, ,. ,, 4 ,. Xewm. R. C".-3 .M. (\ I'url. 93 Y. 9 St. against 9 horses of a good class. ., ]0 ,, 3 ,, ,, I ,. \ewm. n. C. . I M. 1 Furl. 13S Y.. against s \car-okl Pilgrim. ,, 11 ., 1 ,, ,1 ,, Xewm. R.C\-=3M. (i I'url. 93 Y., ' '.) St., against N horses of a good (lass, amongst which were Bellario s year-old. Sportsman ."i year-old, Teloiuni li \'ear-old. ran 3-"j timi's, won 2') limes. 146 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 9. Trentham 1766 by Sweepstakes. ran 4 year-old 6 times, won 6 times. 5 3 6 9 7 7 8 4 9 0 0 3 3 9 1 3 o o and twice as second, incl. Jockey Club PI. Newm. B. C. 4^\.l Furl. 138 Y. 4 behind. ran 37 times, won 26 times. No. 10. Mother Brown 1771 by Trunnion. ran 4 vear-old 2 times, won 0 times. ,, 3 „ ,, 3 ,, o !, 1 ,. 4 ., 5 •2 M 0 ran 5 5 , 6 7 7 5 , 8 3 , 9 4 , 10 6 , 11 „ 6 , 12 1 , was in foal. incl. 1 Kind's PI. after foaling. incl. 1 King's PI. and 4 times as second. .39 times, won 20 times, and had 6 good foals, amongst which at 25 years Jerry Sneak, s. No. 24. No. 11. PotSos 1773 by Eclipse. ran 4 year-old 5 times, won 0 times, twice second in big races. and twice second and once second. ,, 5 7 ,, M 5 ,, 6 ,, 7 ., 7 ,, 7 ., 11 „ ,, 8- M 8 7 ,, 6 ,- 9 9 ,, .. 6 10 incl. Craven St. at Newm. and jockey Club PI. at Newm., and 3 times second. at Newm. B. C. = 4 M. 1 Furl. 138 Y., against 7 year-old Nottingham. ran 49 times, w^on 33i times. No. 12. Titania 1774 by Trunnion. ran 4 year-old 5 times, won 3 times, and once second. ■J 8 M 7 and once second. 6 4 ,- 1 and 3 times second 7 2 ,, 0 and once second. 8 2 ,. 1 9 2 2 5. The Thorous'hbrcd in the Past and Present. ] 47 ran 10 year-old 'J times, won 'J times. Kiny's PI. ,, 11 ,, 2 ,, ,, 1 ,, 4 miles with lieats, 3 behind, incl. one 6 vear-old. ran 21 times, won 17 times. 0 ' 1 b 6 » ' .0 7 w 8 »» ■2 9 M 5 10 1 » 7 11 »» 3 12 ,, fi No. 13. !.ala,t;e 177() by Hero. ran 4 vear-old 7 times, won 6 times, incl. 1 ivino's PI. and once second. 5 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. and once second. o withotit report. •2 times, won 1 time, and once second. ,, 5 times, incl. 1 King's PI. ,, ,, 5 ,, incl. 1 King's PI., and twice second in good company. 6 \-ear-oid Cherokee beaten twice. ,, ,, 1 ,, King's PI. and once second. ,. 4 ,, incl. 1 King's PI. in good company, and once second, ran 38 times, won 29 times. Xo. 14. Ouibbler 1780 by Minor. ran 4 year-old 2 times, won 1 time. ,, 5 ,, 3 ,, ., 0 „ ,, 6 ,, 11 ,, M 7 ,, incl. 1 King's Pi., 4 Miles, Heats, and .Match at Newmarket, 4 st. 7 lbs., 23 Miles ( = 37 km.) in 57 min., 10 sec. ,,7 ,, 7 ,, ,, 1 ,, at Newmarket, ran 23 times, won 9 times. No. 15. Exciseman 1781 hv Sweetbriar. ran 8 year-old ."J times, won 3 times. ( t miles \\ith heats, against, 4, 5 and ,, 9 ,, (■) ,, ,, 2 ,, J 6 year-olds. ,, 10 ,, 11 :, ,, 8 ,, Newm.2 Y.O.C.= Furl. 13G Y. 9st. 7 apst. 2 3 year-old 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 5 3 4 year-old 7 st. 9—7 st. 11 2 5 year-old 8 st. 2 and 8 st. 9 (Serpent b\' Eclipse) 1 older 9 St. 7 against M horses. „ 11 ,. 10 ,, ., 4 ,, on the 12th .Mav, Newm. 2 V.O.C.= 5 F. 136 v., 8 St. 4, against 4 year- old Hector, 8st. on the 22nd May, Epsom, 4 .M., Heats, 3 Heats second and 1 Heat first. 148 Trial of the ThorouErhbred on the Racecourse, etc. Newm. 2 Y. O. C. = 5 Furl. 136 Y. Rst., against 5 year-old Stallion by n.spersvkes, 7 st. 8. Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Y. 8 St. 12, against 3 year-old Mare by Jupiter, 7 st. 10. ran I",' year-old 12 times, won 7 times. Xewm. 1 Mile, 8 st. 12, against 4 year- old Peggy, 8 St. 4. Xewm. 3 Miles, 8st. 12 agst. 3 4y.-o. 7 st. 11 — 8st.4. 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. 11 and 8 st. 13. (Eager D). On the following dav, 2 Y. O. C.= .5 Furl. 136 Y., 9 st., against 3 y.-o. 7 st. 2 (Brother to Sir John). At Warwick, 1 Mile, Meats, against 6, 3 and 4 3'ear-olds and one older. On the following day, 4 Miles, Heats, 8 st. 9, against 2 6 year-old, 8st.7 and 8 st. 12, and 5 times second. ra n 4-1 times, won 24 times. No. 16. Mentor 1784 by Justice. ran 3 year-old '■> times, w 4 , 10 0 8 6 9 7 9 8 4 9 6 10 4 11 1 on 1 time, in Derby not placed. 4 times. 4 .5 3 3 4 o incl. 1 King's PI. an-d once second, and once second, and twice second. ■2i Miles, 8 St. 7 against 1 3 vear-old, 6 st. 1 5 vear-old, 8st. 4. 2 older 8st.l2. ran 56 times, won 27 times. ran \(i. 17. Huby 1788 by Phonomenon. 3 vear-old 2 times, won 0 times, second in the St. I.eger. ■J 6 I 5 8 3 4 incl. 1 Kino-'s PI 'Flu- Tlmroiiirhbrcd in the Past and Present. ] 19 ran 7 year-old 4 liint-.s, won 1 tinu'. ,,8 .,7 ,, ,, 3J ,, in the best company, of 8, 4, ■) and (> year-olds. Dead heat, 8 st. 3, at Lewes, with the o year-old Her- mione O., 8st. 1, which won o races in the samp v(>ar, and twice second. ran 38 times, won IGi- times. ra No. is. St. Cieorge 17.S9 by Ilij^dillyer. 1 3 \ear-old 5 times, won 1 time, in Derb\- not placed. 4 5 , fi 6 () 7 fi H fS „ 10 incl. I Kins^'s PI. Jockev Club PI. at Xewni. H. C.= 4 AI. 1 Furl. 138 Y., 8st.ll attain St 1 4 year-old, 7 st. 2 1 ') year-old, 8 st. 3 •2 older s st. 11 ahd 3 times second, against 3, 4 and o year-olds, further against 7 year-old Paynator and 8 year-old .Vimator and 3 times second, and once second, 1, 5 and t' year- times. Xo. -Jil. (iohanna 1790 by Merciirv. ran 3 year-old s times, won Ci times, second in Derbv. ,, 4 ,, 12 ,. ,, 7 ,, incl. I King's PI. ,, •'5 ,, 7 ,, ,, 4 ,, incl. 2 Kino-'s PI. 150 Trial of the Thorouijhbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 6 year-old Ti times, won 3 times, incl. 2 King's PI. 7 8 5 1 1 1 „ 10 2J Miles, at Lewes, 8st. 7 against 1 4 year-old, 7st. 11 2 6 year-old, 8 st. 2 1 older, 8 st. 7 1 Mile, 9 St. against 2 4 year-olds, 7 st. 8 1 5 year-old, S st. 6 1 6 year-old, 8 st. 6 and twice second. 2J Miles, at Lewes, 8 st. 7 against 2 5 year-olds, 7 st. 12 and 8 St. 4 ran 48 times, won 26 times. No. 21. Hambletonian 1792 by King Fergus. ran 3 year-old 6 times, won 6 times, L. Dcp. Dcp. ,, 4 11 4 „ yj 4 M -5 ' 1 7 11 7 ., 6 1 ' not ,, 7 M 2 times, won 0 ,, 8 M 1 ,, »» 1 4 Miles, at York, 9 st. against 5 year-old Dion and 6 year-old Timothy, 8st.l0, both first-class racehorses which won good races in the same year. ran ra 20 times, \\ on 20 times. No. 22. Bobtail 1795 by Precipitate. 3 \-ear-old 3 times, won 2 times, in the Derby not placed. 3 1 7 3 4 4 7 0 ■2 6 , 7 7 , . 5 8 , 7 Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Y., 8st.7, against 5 year-old Muley Moloch, 8 St. 4 Newm. 1 Mile, 8st. 4 against 6 year-old Surprise, 8 st. Newm. Hdc, 1 M. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 9st., agst. 4 y.-o. Northampton, 7 st. 3 o y.-o. Eleanor D. O., 8 st. 12 5 y.-o. Flambeau, 6 st. 12 6 y.-o. Georgiana, 8 st. 10 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 151 ran !) year-uld 7 times, wcjn 4 limes. Xcwm. D. J. = 2 M. 97 Y., Sst.lO, agst. 1 3y.-o. 7st.4 6y.-o. Dick Andrews 9 st. 4 6y.-o. Surprise 7st.]3. Xewm. 1 M. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 8 .st. 9, agst. 7 y.-o. Lignum Vitae 8st. Newm. 1 'i\I. 2 Furl. 44 Y., 8 St., agst. 6 y.-o. Penelope 8 st. ran ra ran yS times, won '24 times. No. 23. Eagle 179r) by Volunteer. 3 vear-old 5 times, won 3 times, third in tiie Derby. 4 1 . 1 5 •) .J 6 .) , 1 7 .) , 1 8 / , fi Xewm. 2 Y. O. C., = 5 F. 136 Y., 9st., agst. 6 y.-o. Eleanor D. O. 7 st. 9 Xewm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 7, agst. 4 y.-o. Dreadnought 5 st. 8. X'ewm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 4, agst. 6 y.-o. Marianne 7 st. 6. in times, won 17 times. No. 24. Jerry Sneak 179G by Chocolate. (As a racing horse also called Toby and Y 1 2 vear-old 1 time, won 0 times, in October. incl. 2 King's PI. incl. L Kinij's P Toby). 3 , 1 times, o 4 , (•) M 4 5 , lU „ 2 6 , 12 ,, 10 7 2"' ,. 10 8 , 11 M 4 9 , 15 M 5 M 10 n 1 1» 11 » J 4 '1 12 M not »> 13 » y 10 3 Miles, 9. St. 7, agst. 5 y.-o. 8 st. 10 & 4 y.-o. 7 st. 8, 15 June, at Curragh, 4 Miles with Heats, second to 6 y.-o.. Blacklegs, Traveller behind, and won on the same day Malcii, I .Miles, 18st.= 114.3 kg., against a Hunter 18 St., in 9 min. 27 sec". (7 sec. quicker than the Hunter). Covered 1805 56 mares, of which onlv 3 were barren. I Miles, agst. 6 \'.-o. Midas. I Miles, agst. 8y.-o. .Midas. ran '.)9 tinii-s, won Hi times. \^o Trinl of the Tliorous'ibred on the Racecourse, etc. ra No. 25. Marcia 1797 by Coriander. 3 vear-dld 1 time, won 0 times. 4" ,, 5 ,. 7 times, won 2 times, incl. 1 King's PI. C-i ,, 5 ,, ,, 4 ,, inrl. 2 King's PI. / 4 8 ,, -5 ,, ,, -5 ,, (iold Cup at Newcastle, Gold Cup York, Doncaster St., 4 M., 8 st. 10, agst 3 3 y.-o. 6 st. (amongst which was Sir Paul), and 1 4 y.-o. 7 st. 7. 9 ,, 4 ,, ,,4 ,, always against \-oung horses incl. 1 King's PI., 8st. 9,' agst. 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 4 v.-o. 7 st. 7. ran 28 times, won 19 times. No. 2G. Rumbo 1800 by \\'hiskey. ran 2 year-old 2 times, won 1 time. ,, 3 5 M 4 9 M 5 1 ,, 6 M 7 M 8 5 M 9 6 times, incl. 1 King's PI ,, 2 ,, 2J Miles at Ascot, 9 St., agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 9 and 4 5 y.-o. 8 st. 5. 10 ,, 11 .,, ,, 7 ,, Gold Cupat Newm., 1 M. 2F.44 Y., 8 St., agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11 7 4 y.-o. 7 St. to 9 st. 7 3 5 y.-o. 7 St. 12 to 10 St., amongst which many good racers. 11 ,, 2 ,, ,,1 '. -i- Miles at Ascot. Selling race, agst. 2 6 y.-o. and 1 older. ran 41 times, won 20 times. No. 27. Sir David 1801 by Trumpator. ran 2 vear-old 2 times, won M 3 7 „ 4 9 ,, 5 9 „ 6 5 ,, 7 4 M 8 7 1 time. 5 times 6 9 5 1 3 Newm. 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., 8 st. 4, agst. 5 y.-o. Eaton 8 st. 8. 5. The ThoruUi,'hbrL-d in the Past anil Present. 153 Newm. -i Y. O. C.= r> F. m\ V., 8 St. 10. agst. 4v.-o. Morel O. 8 st. -l. mil !) year-old 'J times, won 1^ limes. Newm. 3 Miles, 8st. 7, agst. -J v.-o. Vanclvke 8st. Newm. 1 !\I. -2 F. 44'Y., 8st. 7, at 7 v.-o. Deceiver 8 st. 4, Dead heat. ran 4--) times, won :JU timrs. ra No. -28. I.angtiin ISd-J by Precipitate. n 3 vear-old 4 times, wcni 8 times. 4 5 6 7 8 M 9 „ 10 12 8 (i 10 6 -J ■5 4 5 3 1 o »» — *i Oali. St. at Newm. 2 Miles, 9 st. 11, agst. U young liorses 3 — 6y.-o., and 8y.-o. ^leteora O. 8st. Gold Cup at Newm. 1 Mile, 9 st. 7, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10 4 5 v.-o. 8 St. -J to 8 St. 10 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 1 older 8 St. 12, agst. cS horses. Newm. 1 Mile, 9 St. G, agst. 6 younger horses, and on the same da}- a race, 4 Miles, third, 2 behind, started as favourite. Newm. 3 Miles, si st. 7 agst. 4 v.-o. 7 St. 9 and 5 y.-o. 8 st. 3 ran ■V) limes, won 27 times. No. 29. Cambric JS(I7 bv Sluitlle. ran 2 year-old 5 times, won 2 limes, first race, July .Si. at .\e\vm. against 7 horses. Oct. Newm. 2 Y. O. C. = 5 F. 186 Y., second to X'ulture. and on the same dav wdu over 2 Y.O.C. = 5 F. ]'3() Y. 3 4 10 18 !) 2 ,, )) 13 ,, July at Bath, 2 .Miles. ag.st. 2 3 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o. 1 54 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. 4 July, 2 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o., and immediately afterwards 4 Miles, Heats (3 times), agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o. 16 July at Winchester, 1 Mile, second, 3 behind. 17 July, -2 Miles, Heats, 8st. 11, agst. 1 4 3^-0. 8 St. 8. 6 August, Oxford, 4 Miles, second, 1 4 y.-o. behind. 8 August, 2 Miles, Heats, not placed. 5 September, 2 Miles, agst. 1 3 y.-o., 1 4 y.-o. and 1 older, and immediately after 3 Miles, Heats, 8 St. 9, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12. 18 September, 3 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 6 y.-o. 24 September, 4 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o. 2 October, 3 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 4 y.-o. ran 5 year-old 1 lime, won 1 time. Oatlands St. at Newm., 2 Miles, agsl. 8 good racers. „ 6 „ 8 ,, ., 0 ,. ,, 7 ,, not. ,, 8 ,, 3 ,, ,, 1 ,, 3 -Miles, Heats, agst. 1 •") v.-o. and 1 6 y.-o. ran 45 times, w(jn 19 times. No. 30. Marksman 1808 by Paynator. ran 5 vear-old 4 times, won 1 time. 6 1 ) 3 7 ) > 5 8 } 1 9 9 M 8 10 yy 9 11 M 3 12 1 ) 7 J. 3 times. 3 5 " agst. 3, 4, -5 and 6 y.-o incl. 1 King's PI. 5 1 ) agst. 4 and 6 y.-o. 2—3 Miles. agst. 3, 4, 5 and 6 y.-o. II M ^ >» ,, 3 ,, 2—3 Miles, agst. 4 and 5 y.-o. 13 ,, 8 ,, ,,2 ,, agst. 3, 4 and 5 y.-o. and 4 times second. 5. Thu Thorouslibrc'd in the Past and Present. 155 ran 14 year-old 4 limes, won 1 time, at Basingstoke, 8 st. 10. Selling race agst. 4 3 \-.-o. 7 St. 1 to 7 St. 4 1 4y.-o.8st.3 -I T) y. -0.8 St. 9 and 8 st. 1] agsl. 7 lif)rses. ,, 15 ,, 0 ,, ,, 3 ,, at Lewes, 9 St. 4, agst. 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11 1 y.-o. 8 St. -2 at Basingstoke, 9 st. 1 agst. -2 3 v.-o. 7 st. 1 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 12 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 6 1 6 v.-o. 9 St. 4 I .ilder 9 St. 1 agst. (J horses. 16 ,, 0 ., ,, 3 ,, 2 Selling Races at Lewes. at C'anterbiirv, 2 Miles, with Heats, 9 St. 8, agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 6 17 ,, .J ,. ,, 1 ,, The Town PI. £'>0 at Tunbridge Wells. 3 M., with Heats, 9 st. 11, agst. 1 3 y.-(i. 7 St. 4 1 ■} y.-o. 9 St. 11 and twice second. 18 ,, 3 ,, ,,1 „ The Yeomen's PI. at Ahford, ;^50, 2^ .Miles, with Heats, agst. 13 y.-o. (Honeysuckle by Whalebone) I 4 y.-o. (Jack Bunce by Y. (johanna) 1 6 y.-o. (Roderich Randow by Regent) agst. 3 horses, which had won races in the same \-ear, and twice second, last race 11 Sept., at Hastings, the Town PI., 2 M., with Heats, ;^50 3 y.-o. Honeysuckle 7 st. (i . . 1. 18 y.-o. Marksman 9 st. N . . . 2. n y.-o. Barbarv sst. 13 .... 3, ran /ti tunes, won 32 times. 156 Trial of the 'riiuroiii^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 31. Cannon-ball 1810 bv Sancho. ran 3 year-old 2 times, won 2 times. ,, 4 6 M 3 ,1 „ 5 ,, 10 ,, 1, 8 ,, ,, 6 ) > 5 11 1, 3 ,1 M 7 9 ,, M 1 M „ 8 ,, 8 1, 4 1, beat Catton, Langold, Viscount, \\'anderer, Diamonds. Ski and King of Oatl. St. at Xewm., 2 Miles, 9 st. 3 agst.4 4y.-o. 7st. 5 to 7 st. 12 1 5y.-o.8st.6 2 6y.-o.8st.8 agst. 7 horses (amongst which were the 4y.-o. Waterloo and 6 y.-o. Anticipation). Jockey Club PI. at Newm. B. C.= 4M. 1 F. 138 v., 8 St. 11 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 3 agst. 3 good racers. King's PI. at Newm., agst. 4 y.-o. \\'aterloo. Hdc. at Newm., 2 Miles, 9st. 4 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 7 agst. 4 horses, and twice second at Newmarket. Crav. St. at Newm., 1 M. 2 F. 44 Y., 9 St. 7 agst. 7 3 y.-o. 5 st. 10 (inch Wou- vermans). 5 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 -5 y.-o. 8 St. 9 agst. l(j good racers. King's PI. at Newm. agst. 6 y.-o. Skim and 7 y.-o. Anti- cipation. Jockey Club PI. at Newm. B. C.= 4^M. 1 F. 138 Y., 8 St. 11 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 (Sam. D) and 7 St. 5 (Wouvermans). and twice second at Newmarket. ran 48 times, won 24 times. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past .ind Prt'seiit. 157 No. 3-2 Dr. Syntax 1811 by Paynator. 1 3 vear-old 8 tinu's, won 5 times. 4 7 , , , , (; 5 •J » 1 , , 1 6 4 , , , , 0 7 4 » 1 , , 1 8 4 M » » 3 ,, ("lold (.'up at „ 10 M 11 ]2 ran ncaster, 3 M., 8 st. 1-2 agst. () \-.-o. Paiilowitz 8st.l2 Gold Cup at Preston, 3 M.. 8st.J'2 agsl. ■'! \'.-u. (') St. (J once .second Gold Gup at IviclTmond 4 young Iiorses behind. 4 ,, ,, 4 ,, Gold Cup at Lanca.ster, 3 M., 8 st. 12 agst. 2 4y.-o. 8 St. Gofd Cup at Preston, 3 M., 8 st. 12 agst. 2 4 y.-o. S st. Gold Cup at RichmiMid, 4 M., 8st. 10 agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 St. 10 -I 1 y.-o. 8 St. 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 7 agst. 8 good racers. 4 ,, ,,3 ,, Gold Cup at Preston, 3 M., 8 St. 12 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. and liy.-o. Reveller L. 8 St. 12 • Gold Cup at Richmond, i M., 8 st. 10 agst. .5 y.-o. 8 st. 7 .second in the Gold Cup at Lancaster to i'l \-.-o. Re\-ellcr L. 4 ,, ,, 2 ,, C-old Cup at Richmond, 4 .M., Sst. 10 agst. 4 y.-o. 8 st. Gold Cup at Xorthallerston, 4 JVl., ?) St. 1 agst. 2 .'i v.-o. (■) St. 7 and (i st. 12 1 .5 y.-o. 8 St. 12 1 older 9 St. 1 agst. 4 liDrses, and twice second in the Gold Cup at Preston and in the (iold Cup at Lancaster. .5 ,, ,, 3 ,, Xewcastle, 2 Miles, 9 St. 19 times, xvon 3(i limes, agst. 1 3 y.-o. G St. 10 and 1 4 v.-o. 8 St. 3 Gold Cup a"t Pontefraci, 2 M., 9st. 1 agst. I y.-o. 8 St. 158 Trial of the Thoroutrhbred on the Racecourse, etc. Gold Cup at Richmond, 4 M., 9 st. agst.2 3 y.-o.6st.l0 1 4y.-o.8st. 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 9 agst. 4 horses. In this last race Dr. Syntax fell down immediately after winning, but without damaging itself. ,. 4 3 ,, ,, 2 times M 5 ,, 11 ,. ,, 8 ,, ., 6 9 ,. ,, 4 ,, ,, 7 9 ,, 2 „ 8 8 „ ,, 3 ,, No. 33. Euphrates 1816 by Quiz, ran 3 year-old 5 times, won 1 time, D. and L. not placed 2, third. Gold Cup at Cheltenham, 3 M., 9 st. 4 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. and 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 11, amongst which were Sharper bv Octavius, who won the race in St. Petersburg over 75 versts. Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 8st. 12 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 St. 8 3 4 y.-o. 7 St. 11 to 8 st. 1 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. 3= Escape agst. 5 horses. Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 M., 8st. 12 agst. 4 y.-o. 8 st. Gold Cup at Newton, 3 Miles, 8 st. 12 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 8 5 y.-o. 8 St. 8 agst. 4 horses. Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 M., 9 st. 4 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 1 6 v.-o.9st.l 13 agst. 3 horses. Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 Miles, 9 st. agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2 2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 • agst. 3 horses. Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 Miles, 8st.6 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6 3 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10 to 7 st. 12 apst. 4 horses. 5. The ThoroLiijlibred in the I'ast and Picsenl. 259 Gold Cup at Oswestry, 3J M., 9 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Buttler 8 st. and 5 y.-o. Hesperus 8 st. 9 ran ]() year-old 11 limes, won a times. Kint^'s PI. at Chester agst. 5 4 y.-o. Gold Cup at Lichfield, 3 M., 8 St. 12 agst. 4 y.-o. Cain 7 st. 12 and 5 y.-o. Longwaist 8 st. 6 Gold Cup at Oswestry, .3^ M., 9st.2 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. ,, 11 .. 8 .. .,3 ,, King's PI. at Lichfield, 4 M., Heats, agst. 1 4 v.-o. 1 6 V.-o. 1 older agst. 3 horses. Gold Cup at Oswestrv, 3 Miles agst. 4 y.-o. .Mayfly. Town PI. at Oswestry, 3J M., Heats, 9 St. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Mayfly 7 st. 10 and 5 y.-o. Cymb'eline 7 st. 12 and 3 times second in good races with large fields. ., 12 ,. 10 ,, ,, 5 ,, King's PI. at Chester 9 St. 10 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 2 and 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 6 Gold Cup at Ludlow, 3 Miles, 8st. 12 agst. 3 y.-o. Alcaston 6 st. 6 and 8 y.-o. Hesperus 9 st. Gold Cup at \\'orcester, 4 M., 9 st. 1 agst. 1 4 v.-o. 8 St. andl 6 y.-o. 8 St. 12 Gold Cup at Wrexham, 9 st. 7 agst. I I y.-o. 8st. ;5 and 2 -j y.-o 8 st. 9 and 9 st. and twice second. •• i;^ .. 9 . „ 3 ,, Gold Cup at Ludlow, 3 Miles, 8 St. 12 agst. 3 y.-o. Melody G st. 5 and 5 y.-o. Sampson 8 st. 10 Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 .Miles, 9 st. agst. 4 y.-o. Mufti 8 st. 2 and fi y.-o. Euxton 9 st. King's PI. at Lichfield, i .M., Heats, 12 St. agst. 7 y.-o. .\Iderman 12 st. and .; times second. ran 96 times, won 42 times. 1(^0 'IVial r)f the Thoniuslibred dp tlie Racecourse, etc. No. :U. Prosody ISIS by Don Cossack. ran 3 year-old fi times, won 2 times, at Goodw. -2 Miles, second, and im- mediately after 2 Miles with Heats, also second. ,,4 ,, ]1 ,< ,, -T .. -1 times winner two days one after the other over 1 and 2 INIiles with Heats. ,, .5 ,, 18 ,, ,, 10 ,, and 4 times second. 1 July, about 2 Miles with Heats, second, 2 July, 3 Miles, first, and won the same dav* about 2 Miles with Heats, first. 6 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first. 7 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first, and immediately after 2 Miles with Heats, first. 13 August, 2 Miles with Heats, third, and on the same dav 1 \l\le, first. 27 August, 2 Miles with Heats (three times), first. 28 August, 4 Miles with Heats (three times, once dead heat, twice first), first. 17 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first. 18 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first. ,, 6 ,, 11 ,, ,, 4 ,, and 5 times second. Won the 3 first races with Heats, then 2-5 August, 2 Miles, second, and 2 Miles with Heats, third. 26 August, about 2 INIiles with Heats, second, and immediateK- after about 2 Miles with Heats, second. 4 Sept., 2^ Miles with Heats, second. 15 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats (3 times), second. 4 October, 2J ]\Iiles with Ileats, not placed. 5 October, 25 Miles with Heats, first. ,, 7 ,, 11 ,, ,, 7J ,, and once second. 7 July, 4J- Miles with Heats, first. 13 July, 2J Miles, second, and immediately after I3 MiJes with f-Ieats (3 times), twice dead heat. 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 161 3 August, 4 Miles with Heats, first. •25 August, 2 Miles with Heats, first. 7 Sept., about 2 Miles with Heats, first, and on the same day about 2 Miles with Heats, first. 15 Sept., 2J Miles with Heats, first (Gold Cup at Exeter, 4 behind). 1() Sept., about 2 Miles with Heats, first. ran 8 yt^ar-old 13 times, won 8 times, and twice second, always against 3-ounger horses. 23 August, 2 Miles, second, and immediately after 2J Miles with Heats, not placed. 24 August, about 2 Miles with Heats (3 times), first against 1 5 3'.-o. and 1 4 y.-o. on the same day. 1 Mile with Heats, not placed. 5 Sept., 3 Miles with Heats (3 times), Second. 6 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first, agst. 1 5 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o. 12 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, first. 13 Sept., 2J Miles with Heats, first, agst. 1 5 y.-o. and 4 y.-o. Conquest. ,,9 „ 6 M .. 1 .. 15 August, 21 Miles, third. 16 August, 2J Miles, second. 28 August, 2J Miles with Heats, first, 9 St. 4 agst. 2 3 y.-o. under 7 st. 1 and 7 st. 7 29 August, 2J Miles, second. 12 Sept., about 2 Miles, third. 13 Sept., 2\ Miles with Heats, second. ,, 10 n 7 ,. ,.2 ,, 24 July, about 2 Miles with Heats, ran 83 times, won 39i limes, first, agst. 2 5 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o. and on the same day 1 Mile with Heats (4 times, once dead heat, once first), second, 1 5 y.-o. and 2 4 y.-o. behind. 6 August, 2^ Miles, second, and on the same day about 3 Miles with Heats (3 times), second 1 6 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o. behind. 21 .4ugust, 3 Miles with Heats, first, 8 St. 11 16-2 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. „ 5 ,, 12 ,. ,, 6 , „ 6 M Ifi ., ,, 8 , ,, 7 M 14 ,, ,, 4 , ., 8 9 ,, 2 , ,, 9 ,, 10 ., M 6 , 10 13 agst. 1 5y.-o.8st. 5, and 1 3 y.-o. 6 St. 7 3 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, third. 4 Sept., 2 Miles with Heats, second. Was covered at 11 years old, and had 6 foals, of which several won good races. No. 35. Hesperus 1820 by Hollyhock. ran 4 year-old 3 times, won 0 times. agst. 4, 5 and 6 y.-o. horses. under a high weight against younger horses. City PI. at Chester, 9 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Grimbald 8 st. Gift of Earl Grosvenor at Chester, 2 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 12 Gloucestershire St. at Cheltenham, 8 St. 7 agst. 5 4 y.-o. 7 to 8 st. and 3 5 y.-o. 7 st. to 8 st. 8 agst. 8 horses. Gold Cup at Worcester, 4 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 3 4 y.-o. 7 st. 12 to 8 st. 2 Handicap at Wrexham, 2 Miles, Heats, 9 St. 5 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 7 st. to 7 st. 3 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. C) 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 12 agst. 5 horses, .and 6 times second in good races. ran 77 times, won 33 times. No. 36. Liston 1821 by Ambo. ran 3 year-old 1 time, won 0 times. ,, 4 •4 times. won 3 ,, ,, 5 8 » r „ 5 „ „ 6 ,, 14 )» „ 9 „ M 7 „ 16 »» ,, 10 ,, „ 8 M 11 M ,. 5 „ Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 5 and 6 st. 12 and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 7 and 8 st. 2 agst. 4 horses. 5. The Thoroughbred in the I'ast and Present. 1C,3 Gold Cup at Warwick, 4 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 3 4y.-o. 8 st. 3 Cup at Abingdon, 3 Miles, 9 st. 2 agst. (iy.-o. Jocko 9 st. and 3 times second, ran 9 vear-old C times, won 3 times. Selling Race at Abingdon, 3 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 3 4 y.-o. 8 st. and 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 9 agst. 5 horses, and once second. ,, 10 ,, 7 ,, ,,3 ,. Cup at Newport, 3 Miles, 8 St. 13 agst. 4 y.-o. Paradox 8 st. 7 Selling Race at Abingdon, 2 Miles, agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 3 4 y.-o., and 3 times second. ,,11 ,, 12 ,, ,, G ,, \\'()n 3 Selling Races, over 2 Miles, agst. 3 6 y.-t). horses. Salperton St. at Cheltenham, 2 Miles, 9 St. 7 agsl. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. and 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 7 and on tlie same dav Cup, 3 Miles, 9 st.'l agst. 5 y.-o. Thorngrove 8 st. 11 ,, 12 ,, 8 ,, ,, 5 ,, Handicap at Bath, 1^ Miles, 8 St. 10 agst. 3 5 y.-o. 7 st. 10 to 8 st. J (Sinbad) and 2 (i v.-o.8 st. 2 and 9 st. 2 (iJryan) agst. 5 horses. 2 Selling Races, IJ and 2 Miles, agst. young horses. Beaufort St. at Cilnucestcr, about 2 Miles, Heats, agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 fiy.-o., and on the follow ing da\- City Member's I'i., 2 Miles, Heats, agst. 6 y.-o. Harry. ). 13 ,, 7 ,, ,,1 ,, Selling Race at Batii, 3 Miles, 9 St. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 and second in Gold Cup at Newporl. ran 90 times, won 50 times. |g4 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. No. 37. Fleur de Us T82-2 by Bourbon, ran 3 year-old 4 times, won 3 times, L. not placed. ,, 7 ,, Dcp. 4 M 7 5 yi (5 6 M 5 7 »» C-, ran 31 times, won ■22 times. 4 „ 3 „ 4 ,, Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 st. 3 agst. 5y.-o. Mameluke D. 9 st. 3 and 4 others. 1 ,, Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 st. 9 agst. 8 horses, amongst which were 5 y.-o. The Colonel L. 10 st. 0 ,, second in the Gold Cup at Goodw., 9 St. 11 agst. 4 y.-o. Priam D. 9 St. 5 behind 4 y.-o. Variation 8 st. 11 which had won 4 good races in the same year. No. 38. Conquest 1822 by Waterloo, ran 3 year-old 3 times, won 2 times. Altogether Races with Heats, „ 4 „ 11 „ „ 7 „ 2-2J Miles. .5 ,, 19 ,, ,, 12 ,, ran and won on August 9 at Salisbury — 33 times, won 21 times, 'i 3 races, one after the other with- out a pause, with fresh opponents, viz. : — 1. Sweepstakes, 2 Miles, 8 st. 7 2. The City Member's PI., 2 Miles with Heats. 3. The City Bowl, 2A Miles with Heats. Ran on the 16th August at Blandford the following 3 races : 1. Dorsetshire St., 2 Miles, not placed. 2. Selling Races, 2^ Miles, won, and immediately after 3. Member's PI., 2^ Miles, second. Won on the 23rd August at Taunton, 2J Miles with Heats, against 3 good racehorses. Won on the 24th August in the Town PL, 2| Miles with Heats. Won on the 28th August in Bridg- water Ladies' PL, 2i Miles with Heats, 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 105 and on the -JOth August at the same place Member's PL, 2J Miles with Heats (3 times), and on tiie 12th Sept. at Exeter Mem- ber's PL, -2^ Miles with Heats. Ran on the 13th Sept. at the same place Handicap PL, 2J Miles with Heats, not placed, and was victorious immediately after- wards in the City Member's PL, 2\ Miles with Heats. Ran on the 2r)th Sept. at Dorchester Tradesmen's PL, atioiit 2 Miles with Heats, not placed, and won on the same day in the Ladies' PL, about 2 Miles with Heats (3 times), against 4 good race- horses, and ran on the following day at the . same place Yeoman's PL, 2 Miles with Heats, against 3 good race- horses, won the first Heat, but fell in the second Heat, injuring itself inwardly, and had to be killed. No. 39. Tranby 1.S2G by Blacklock. November 1831. The famous bet of Mr. Osbaldiston to ride 200 miles in 10 hours, any number of horses. Won in 8 hours, 42 minutes, with 29 horses, amongst which was the 5 vear-old Tranby by Blacklock, which had to go four times, 4 miles eacJT time, with about one hour's pause each time. Tranby took for the : — 1st 4 Miles 8 Minutes, ID Seconds. 2nd 4 Miles 8 ,, — 3rd 4 Miles 8 ,, !'> 4th 4 Miles 8 ,, 50 In the next vear Tranbv ran and won twice at Newmarket in a well con- tested race, then became Sire of " I am not aware," who won races 2 — 9 year- old, and was then sold tn America, where he got renowned as sire of V'andal's dam. \o. 10. C'alhrrina 1830 by \\'hisker. ran 2 \ear-old 2 times, won 0 times, twice second. ,, 3 ,, 111 ,, ,, I ,, O. not placed, L. second. „ 4 ,, 17 ,, ,. 10 ,. „ r, ,, 19 „ „ 11 ,. ,, n ,, 20 ,, ,,11 ,. incl. twice King's PI. 166 Trial of the Thorou};hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 7 year-old 18 times, won 6 times, incl. once King's PI. 1,8 ,, 1~ ,, ,, 5 ,, The Tradesmen's Cup at Manchester, 21 Miles, 8 st. 7 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. and 7 st. 12 1 5 y.-o. 7 St. 1 older S st. 5 agst. 4 horses. 1 King's PI. agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 4 times second. 9 ,, 25 ,, ,, 10 ,, The Tradesmen's Cup at Burnley, 2J Miles, 8 St. 11 agst. 3 4 v.-o. 8 st. 2 1 older 9 st. agst. 4 horses. 10 ., 25 ,, ,, ]2 ,, Ladies' Purse at Chester, ahout 2 Miles with Heats agst. 3 3 y.-o. 1 4 y.-o. 1 5 y.-o. agst. 5 horses. Lancashire St. at Burnley, about 3 Miles, Heats agst. 4 y.-o. The Shadow and 5 y.-o. St. Leonard and immediately after A free PI., about 3 ]\liles. Heats agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. Sweepst. at Chesterfield, 2 Miles agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. and on the following day Sweepst., about 2 Miles agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o. and immediately after The Town PI., 2 Miles, Heats (3 times) agst. 2 3 y.-o. 1 4 y.-o. 1 5 v.-o. agst. 4 horses. The Tally-ho St. at Welshpool, 2 Miles, Heats (3 times), 11 st. 5 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 8 st. 7 2 4 y.-o. 9 St. 5 1 5 y.-o. 10 St. 10 1 older 11 St. 5 agst. 5 horses, 5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 167 atid on tlie foUowinj; day The Innkeeper's Purse, IJ Miles, Heats (3 times) afjst. 1 3 v.-o. and 2 5 v.-o. ran H year-old:28 timrs. won U times. The All-aged St. at Tenbiiry, 2 Miles, Heats (4 times), 8 st. 11 agst. 2 5 y.-o. 8 st. 7 and 8 st. 10 3 older 8 st. 11 to 9 st. 3 agst. 5 horses. Svveepst. at Bridgnorth, about 2 Miles, Heats (3 times) agst. 1 4 y.-o., 1 5 y.-o. and 1 older, and on the following day A Gold Cup, about 2 Miles agst. 1 4 y.-o., 1 5 y.-o. and 1 older. On the 30th August second in Race over IJ Miles with Heats. On the following day third in a Race over 2 Miles, and on the same day second in a Race over l\ Miles with Heats. On the 28th Sept. second in a Race over about 3 Miles, and immediately after winner in Pottery St., about 2 Miles, Heats agst. 2 4 y.-o., and on the following day winner in Town St., about 2 Miles agst. 2 3 y.-o. On the 6th October Sweepst. at Knutsford, 2 Miles agst. 1 4 y.-o., immediately after not placed in Race over 2J Miles, and on the following dav second, ]J -Miles with Heats (3 times), 3 be- hind. On tlic Mth October third in a Race over 2 Miles with Heats, and on the same dav Tally-ho St. at Welshpool, 2 Miles, Heats, 11 St. 5 agst. 4 y.-o. Hautboy 9 st. 11 and on the following day Innkeeper's Purse, IJ Miles, Heats ([ times), 9 St. 8 168 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. agst. 1 3y.-o. 7 st. 3 2 older 9 st. 8 and 9 st. 13 (amongst them Kitty Cockle) 18th October Moorland St. at Leek, about 2 Miles, Heats (3 times) acrst. 2 3 v.-o. and 1 older. ran 176 times, won 81 times, and had 9 good foals. No. 41. Isaac 1831 by Figaro. ran 3 year-old 2 times, won 1 time. ., 4 3 „ ., 5 „ 8 „ ., 6 M 14 ,, ,, 7 ,, 16 ,, „ 8 M 23 „ 2 times. 1 time, King's PI 9 times. 10 „ 18 Handicap at Coventry, IJ Miles, 9 st. agst.l 3y.-o. 6 st. 4 1 4y.-o. 7 St. 4 2 5 y.-o. 8 St. and 8 st. 6 agst. 4 horses. Handicap at Bath, 1 Mile, H eat 8 St. 12 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 and 6 st. 12 2 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6 and 7 St. 10 1 5 y.-o. 9 st 2 1 older 8 st. 1 agst. 6 horses. Worcestershire St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 10 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 10 and on the same day City Member's Pl.^ 2 Miles, Heats, 9 St. 6 agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 st. 10 2 older 9 st. 4 and on the following day Gold Cup, 3 Miles, 9 st. 4 agst. 5 y.-o. Modesty 8 st. 13. Oxfordshire St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 3 agst. 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 11 (Caravan) 1 6 v.-o. 9 St. 2 1 older 6 St. 9 agst. 3 horses, and on the following day Cup, 21 Miles, 9 st. agst. 1 5 y.-o. 9 st. 11 3 6 y.-o. 9 St. to 9 st. 5 agst. 4 horses. 5 The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 109 Leamington St. at W^arwick, 2 Miles, 8 St. 3 agst.2 4y.-o. 6 St. 7 and 7 st. 7 1 5y.-o. 7 St. 13 2 6y.-o. 8 St. 5 and 8 st. 10 (KinCT Cole) agst. 5 horses. On the following day second in the W^arwick Cup, over 4 Miles, T) y.-o. Caravan behind. On the following da\' Stand St., 2 Miles, 8 st. 10 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. and 6 st. 5, and immediately after third in King's PI., 2 Miles, Heats. King's PI. at Leicester agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 4 y.-o., and on the following day Gold Cup, about 3 Miles, 9 st. 4 agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. Ci st. 7 and 9 st. 1. Gold Cup at Shrewsbury, 3 Miles agst. 5 y.-o. Caravan, and on the following day King's PL, 3 Miles agst. 1 3 y.-o. and 2 5 y.-o. Cup at Oswestry, IJ Miles, not placed, 5 starters. Immediately after w. o., li Miles and Member's St., U Miles. Heats (3 times), 8 st. 13 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. and 1 4 y.-o. 7 st. 11 ran !) year-old ].') times, won T) times. Worcestershire St., 2 Miles, 9 st. 5 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 10 Cup at Oxford, 2^ Miles. 9 st. agst. 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 and 8 st. 2 1 Gy.-o. 9 St. 5 (Caravan) agst. 3 horses. Ifith Sept. at Shrewsbury, 2 Miles, not placed. 17th Sept. second Gold Cup, 3 Miles. 18th Sept. King's PL, 3 Miles agst. 5 good horses, Trial of the Thoroiifjhbred on the Racecourse, etc. and on the same day second in Mem- ber's Pi., about 2J Miles, Heats. Gold Cup at Wrexham, about .3 Miles, 9 St. 1 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 4 y.-o. S St. 1 1 6 y.-o. 9 St. agst. 3 horses. Handicap at Newm., 2 Miles, 9 st. 1 asfst. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 3 to 6 st. 9 4 4 y.-o. 6 St. 7 to 8 st. 5 2 5 v.-o. 7 St. 7 and 8 st. 1 ofder 8 St. 7 agst. 11 horses. In the Cesarew., 8 st. 5, not placed, ran 10 year-old 13 times, won 1 time. Handicap at Warwick, 2 Miles, 9 st. 4 agst. 6 4 y.-o. 6 st. 12 to 8 st. 4 3 5 y.-o. 7 St. 8 to 8 st. 10 1 older 7 St. 7 11 12 J> 4 13 M 3 14 M 4 15 ) » 1 agst. 10 horses. On the same day in Handicap second. Ran further in many big Handicaps, in small and large Handicaps, and twice second in Kino-'s PI. I in Hurdle and Himtcr Races. ran 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 „ 7 111 times, won 54 times. No. 42. Zohrab 1831 by Lottery, year-old 6 times, won 3 times. 8 6 10 7 17 4 3 8 4 11 1 King's PI. Victoria St. at Cheltenham, 2 Miles, 9 St. 7 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12 and 2 5 y.-o. 7 st. 12 and 9 st. 2 Ladies' PI. at Kelso, 2J Miles, 9 st. 2 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 7 " 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 7 1 5 v.-o. 7 St. 8 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 3 agst. 4 horses, o. The Thiiriiiitjhbrt'd in llic Past aTid Present. 171 (jften ran and won twice on the same day. ran 0 vear-old 11 times, won 'J times. Gold C"up in Hylinton Park, 2i Miles, 1'2 St. 4 ' agst.-2 6y.-o. 1-2 st. 4 (Cardinal Puff) 1 older 12 st. 4 often ran twice on the same day. ,, 18 ,, ,, (3 ,, often won twice on the same day, mostly- in Races with Heats, last Race at Kelso, 1^ Miles, 9 st. 9 agst. -2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 1 5 v.-o. 9 St. 6 1 older 9 St. 3 agst. 4 horses. „ 10 r;in S3 times, won -'iC) times. No. 43. The Potentate 1832 bv Lansrar. ran 2v 1 » 3 M 4 »» 0 , ^ n 1 » 7 M 8 ,-ear-old 3 times, won 0 times. o ]] 19 23 13 13 1 4 11 15 4 and twice second (Derby at York and St. Leger at Liverpool). incl. twice Kinej's PI. incl. 3 times King's PI. Goodwood Cup, against 19 horses of a good class (of which were Epirus, EucHd, Retriever, Verulam). mostly in big, well contested Races. The Glasgow Cup at Paislev, 2 Miles, 8 St. 8 agst. oy.-o. Rejected 7 st. 12 last Race, A free Handicap, 1 .Mile, Heats (3 times), 8 st. 9 agst. 2 G v.-o. 7 St. 3 and 9 st. 2 ran 01 times, won 39 times. No. II. Hee's Wing 1S.33 by Dr. Syntax, an 2 vear-old 3 times, won 2 times. .3 .1 5 .) L. not placed. 8 '■' ,. incl. 1 King's PI. 9 '' M incl. 1 King's PI. fi M 12 11 ,, incl. 3 King's PI. ., 12 10 .. incl. 1 King's PI. 17-. Trial of the Thorous"hbred on tlie Racecourse, etc. ran 8 year-old 10 times, won 9 times. Trial St. at Chester agst. 2 3 y.-o. 1 5 y.-o. 1 older. agst. 4 horses. Gold Cup at Newcastle, 2 Miles, 9 st. 3 agst. 4-y.-o. Calypso 8 st. 5 and 6y.-o. Lanercost Acp. 9 st. 3 Gold Cup at Stockton, 9 st. 8 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 6 st. 11 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 7 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 5 agst. 3 horses. Cup at Doncaster agst. .5 y.-o. Shadow. Gold Cup' at Ascot, 2J Miles agst. 2 4 y.-o. and 2 older (of which were Lanercost Acp.) agst. 4 horses. Gold Cup at Newcastle, 2 Miles agst. 6 y.-o. Charles XII. L. Gold Cup at Doncaster agst. 3 y.-o. Attila 6 y.-o. Charles XII. L. and 6 )'.-o. Shadow agst. 3 horses. ran 64 times, won 51 times. No. 45. Adrian 1834 by Sultan, ran 2 year-old 10 times, won 1 time. ,, 4 9 „ 0 ,, ,, 5 , 12 ,, 1 » • „ 6 3 „ 0 , , M 7 , 14 ,, 5 times. M 8 , 18 ,, 8 M ,, 9 , 20 ,, 4 M „ 10 , 14 ,, 2 »» ,, 11 , 7 ,, , 0 M „ 12 4 ,, 3 » » M 13 3 ,, 0 M Ran chiefly in Races over 1^ to 2J Miles with Heats, and beat many younger horses, often in Selling Races. \ also in Hurdle Races. 114 times, won 28 times. ■5. The Thoroui,'hbrod in the Past and Present. 173 No. 4(i. The Sli;ido\v ]S8(; by The Saddler. ran -I v ear-old -1 (in 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 10 19 ■2^ 17 10 cs, won -2 times 18 .2 2 7 13 n ]-2 t) 9 O. not placed. incl. twice Kind's PI. inch 3 times King's PI. incl. once King's PI. Gold Cup at We.stern Meeting, 2 M., 8 St. 13 agst. 1 3y.-o. 7 st. 5 and 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 5 and on the following day A Plate for all ages, 2 .Miles, Heats. A Plate of £50 at Perth, 2 Miles, Heats agst. 1 4 y.-o. and 1 5 y.-o. and on the same day Member's PI., about 2 Miles, 10 st. 2 agst. 4 y.-o. Armytage 9 st. 9 Cleveland Cup at Wolverhampton, 3 Miles, 9 St. agst. 1 3 y.-o. Coer de Lion 7 st. 2 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6 1 0 v.-o. 9 St. 7 1 G y.-o. 9 St. 11 agst. 4 horses. King's PI. at York, 2 Miles agst. 3 3 y. o. and 2 ~j y.-o. agst. 5 horses. -Member's PI. at York, U Miles, Heats, 9 St. 2 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 7 and 7 st. 10 King's PI. at Leicester agst. 1 3 y.-o. King's PI. at Donraster agst. 1 3 y.-o. .\ Plate at Dumfries, 2 Miles agst. 2 3 y.-o. A Plate of jCoO at Perth, 2 Miles, Heats agst. 1 3 y.-o. and I 1 y.-o., and on the same da\' .Member's PI., about 2 Miles ag.st. 2 3 y.-o. 171 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 10 year-old 7 times, won 1 time. Handicap at Aberdeen, IJ Miles, 9 St. 5 agst. 1 6 y.-o. 8 st. 1 and 1 older 8 st. 4 ,, 11 ,, 3 ,, ,,1 ,, Welter St., Gentleman Rider, 1 Mile atjst. 3 older. ran 113 times, won 61 times. No. 47. St. I>awrence 1837 by Skylark or Lapwing, ran 2 3'ear-old 6 times, won 2 times. incl. 5 times King's PI. in the best company. Tradesmen PI. Handicap at Chester, 7 St. 10 agst. 29 horses of a good class, amongst which were : Mendicant 4 y.-o. 8 St. (second), Newcourta 7 St. 10 (third), Annandale 5 y.-o. 7 St. 13. In the C'esarew. 8 st. 2, not placed. 3 G .1 4 16 M 9 5 4 M 1 6 17 M 13 7 ■5 ,, 1 8 4 ,, 0 9 0 M 0 0 0 M 1 62 times, won 29 times. No. 48. Lady Flora 1838 by Hampton, ran 3 year-old 4 times, won 2 times. ,, 4 15 7 ,. „ 5 8 0 „ M 6 24 12 ,. ,. 7 24 12 ,, M 8 19 6 ,. „ 9 16 5 ,, M 10 14 •5 M M 11 8 .1 Almost all in Races with Heats Ij to 3 Miles, against younger horses. Also ran in Hnrdle Races. 132 times, won 51 times. No. 49. The Sailor (later Gaffer Green) 1839 by Obadiah. (Not in Stud Book, a Thoroughbred nevertheless). ran 6 year-old 6 times, won 4 times. 7 n 4 8 24 7 5. Tlie Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 175 ran 9 year-old 15 times, won 4 times, and 5 times second. Chester Handicap, f Mile, 5 st. 12 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 to 5 st. 3 7 4 y.-o. 5 St. 11 to 0 st. 13 1 older 7 st. 8 10 ,, 15 agst. 11 h(jrses. Shrewsbury Handicap, li Miles, G St.' 12 agst. 1 5 y.-o. 7 st. 6 3 6 y.-o. 7 St. 2 to 7 st. 12 1 older 8 st. 10 agst. 5 horses, and on the same day Handicap, about 1 Mile with Heats, 5 St. 7 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 5 st. 4 2 .5 y. o. 5 St. 6 and 5 st. 7 1 older 5 St. 7 agst. 4 horses. ,, 4 ,, Chester Grand Stand Cup, about li Miles, 8 St. 2 agst. 5 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 to 6 st. 10 2 4 y.-o. G St. 11 and 7 st. 10 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. fi and 8 st. 2 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 10 1 older 8 s(. G agst. 11 horses. Shrewsbury Sev. St., 1 Mile with Heats, 7 st. 7 agst. 2 5 y.-o. 5 st. 11 and G st. Newport Handicap, 1 Mile, 8 st. 7 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 6 1 5 y.-o. 7 St. 13 agst. 3 horses. Leominster V'olka St., U Miles with Heats (4 times), 8 st. 12 agst. 4 4 y.-o. G st. 10 to 7 st. 10 I G y.-n. 7 si. l:i agst. .5 horses. li >> 20 ,, ,, 1 ,, Ran in good Races and in good company. Wrexham Handicap, IJ Miles with Heats (4 times), 7 st, 9 176 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 3 4 y.-o. 6 St. 13 to 7 st. 11 2 6 y.-o. 8 St. 1 and 8 st. 7 agst. G horses, ran 12 year-old 10 times, won 0 times. Ran in good Races and in good company. ,, 13 ,, not rim. ,, 14 ,, 8 ,, ,,1 )i in several big Handicaps in good company. Walsall Member's St., about IJ M. with Heats (4 times), 8 st. 11 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 7 st. 1 and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. 13 ran 109 times, won 25 times. No. .50. Inheritress (Foundation Mare of Veilchen) 1840 by The Saddler. ran 2 year-old 4 times, won 1 time. ., 3 0 „ 0 „ „ 4 „ 10 „ ,, 4 times ,, 5 n 24 ,, „ 14 „ ,. 6 ., 1-7 ,, „ 7 „ M 7 ,, 15 ,, „ 9 „ 18 „ 11 incl. 4 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, incl. 2 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, incl. 3 King's PL, 2 Miles, Heats, and 3 Miles. Liverpool Cup, 2 Miles agst. 16 horses, second in the Gr. Metrop. St. at Epsom, 22 horses behind. The Cheshire St. at Chester, 1 Mile 3 Furl., 8 St. 9 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 2 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 2 (The Swallow) 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 (Pyrrhus I D.) 1 older 7 st. agst. 4 horses. Handicap at Nottingham, 2 Miles, 8 St. 9 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 4 and 5 st. 7 1 4 y.-o. 6 St. 9 1 older 7 st. 11 (Yardley) agst. 4 horses, and on the following day The Chesterfield Handicap, 1^ Miles, 8 St. 10 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 4 st. 12 and 5 st. 6 o. 'I'liu 'rhoixiiii;lil>rcil ill iIk- I'.i>t aiul Present. 177 and on the same dav King's PL, -2 Miles, Heats, 10 st. aysl. 1 .'jy.-o. 8 St. 2 1 4 y.-n. 9 st. 4 1 (■) y.-o. 10 St. ajjst. ■'! horses. Second in the \\V)l\'('rhanipt()n St., '2i Miles, 3 behind, and im tiie following dav 'i'hc C"lc\('land Cup at W'oherhanip- ton, :] Miles, 9 st. 6 agst. 1 '■] v.-o. 6 St. 0 J 4 y.-o. 8 St. 2 Dundas St. at York, IJ Miles, 0 st. agst. 3 3 y.-o. 6 st. 8 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 2 agst. 4 horses. Caledonian Handicap, 2 .Miles, 8 st. 13 agst. 2 3 y.-o. -5 st. 11 and ('> st. 2 I r, y.-i). S St. (Plaudit) agst. 3 horses. Richmond Handicap, 2 Miles, 0 st. .) aqst. 4 3 v.-o. o st. 12 to (1 st. 4 1 4 y.-o. 6 .St. 4 1 older 7 st. 13 agst. fi horses, twice King's PI. Ce.sarew. 8 st. 8, not ]:)laced. ran !» year-old II time-,, won 1 time. Handicap at Nottingham, \l Miles, 8 St. 7 agst. 1 4 v.-o. 7 St. 1 times second and in 3 big Handicaps not placed. ., 10 ,, n ,, ,, 1 ,, llandicaj) at W'ohcrhampton, IJ, M ., 7 St. •') agst. 1 3 v.-o. .") St. () and 1 () y.-o. fi st. 4 and in 1 big Handicaps not placed. lan 101 timi>s, won 18 limes. No. ."il. Dulcet JiSl2 by Dulcimer, ran 3 vear-old Ci limes, won 1 time. .,4' ,. in ., ,, 12itimes. ,. i", .., 3 ,, ., 1 ,, fi ^ 0 178 Trial of the Thoroui^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 7 year-old 5 times, won 0 times. 10 11 Handicap Newm. 2 Y. O. C.= 5 Furl. 136 Yds., 7 St. 8 agst. 4 3 y.-o. 6 st. 4 to 7 st. 7 1 4v.-o.8st.5 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. 9 agst. 6 horses. Cobham PI. Handicap at Epsom, f Mile, 7 St. 7 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 5 st. 12 and 6 st. 12 2 4 y.-o. 7 St. 9 and 8 st. 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. 7 1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 10 agst. 7 horses twice second in big Handicaps. Cesarew. and Cambr. not placed. Berkshire St. at Reading, 2 Miles, 6 St. 13 agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 St. 3 4 4 y.-o. 6 St. 10 to 8 st. 1 5 y.-o. 8 St. 1 agst. 6 horses. Handicap at Newm., 1 Mile, 6 st. 5 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 12 and 7 st. 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 12 2 5 y.-o. 7 St. and 8 st. 8 (Russborough) second 1 6 y.-o. 7 St. 7 agst. 6 horses. Once second and once third in big Handicaps. In the Tradesmen's PI., 43 Starters, not placed. In the Royal Hunt Cup at Ascot, 30 Starters, not placed. ran 58 times, won 21i times. No. 52. Radulphus 1843 by The Saddler. ran 2 year-old 1 time, won 0 times. 6 times, won 0 ,, twice not placed. 3 4 5 6 7 5 » J „ 3 4 M „ 1 14 , , M 7 9 o incl. 1 King's PI. 5. The Thoroughbred in llic Past ami IViscnt. ]79 ran 8 year-old 7 times, won 4 times. Handicap at York, IJ Miles, 8 st. 12 agst. 4 3 y.-o. 5 st. 2 to 5 St. 12 and 4 4 y.-o. 7 st. 2 to 8 St. agst. 8 horses. Fitzwilliam Handicap at Doncaster, 1 Mile, 8 St. 12 agst. 5 3 y.-o. o st. 9 to 7 st. H and 3 5 y.-o. (J st. 5 to 8 st. agst. 8 horses. Handicap at Richmond, | .Mile, 9 st. o agst. 4 2 y.-o. 5 st. to 6 st. 10 and 1 5 y.-o. 7 st. 10 agst. 5 horses. „ 9 ,.8 ,, ,, 2 ,, Craven St. at York, 1 Mile, 9 St. 3 agst. 3 y.-o. Lady Agnes G st. 10 and 4 v.-o. Iris 8 st. 4 .,10 ,, 11 ,, ,, 2 ,, Trial St.'at Airdrie, IJ Miles, 9 St. 5 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4 1 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 2 5 y.-o. 8 St. 10 to 9 st. 1 1 older 8 St. 9 agst. 6 horses. Sweepst. at Paisley, IJ Miles, 9 st. 7 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4 ., 11 M 9 ,, ,,4 ,, Member's PI. at Paislev, 2 Miles, 9 St. 5 agst. 1 4 y.-o. 8 st. 9 andl 6 y.-o. 9 st. 2 Trial St. at Lanark, 1^ Miles, 9 st. 2 agst. 2 3 y.-o. 7 st. 4 and 7 st. 9 and 1 older 9 st. 2 >• 4 ,, Selling Race at Epsom, IJ .Aliles, 9 St. agst. 2 3 y.-o. 6 st. 13 to 7 st. 5 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 2 1 older 9 St. 3 agst. 4 horses, and on the same day second in Railway PL, | Mile, 5 3- and 5 y.-o. behind. Handicap at Warwick, 5 Furl., S st. 2 agst.l 3 y.-o. 6 st. 9 1 4 y.-o. 7 St. 6 1 older 8 st. 7 12 „ 10 agst. 3 horses. 13 ., 9 ,, ,,0 ,, in big Handicaps. ISO Trial lit Ihe 'riinrdiiijliljrfd on tlid' IvacfCuLii'M', ran 14 vcar-old 12 times, won 4 limes. Selling Race at Ripon, about 1 Mile, 7 St. 11 agst. 1 3 y.-o. 5 st. 9 andl 6 y.-o. 7 st. 11 agst. '2 luirses, and won 2 Gentlemen's Races at New- market over i Mile. ran 105 times, won 33 times. Xo. n;;. Alonzn 1SI7 b\- Alplicus. 4 times. D. not placed. ran 3 vear-old '.1 lim •s. won 4 tim 4 5 fi 7 ,. 11 ,, 12 M 7 1 ,. ■5 ,, 8 M « •2 ,. 0 ,, in 11 n St. Liz. Handicap at Xortlwmpton, U Miles, 8 St. 4 agst. 1 3 v.-o. 5 St. 6 0 4 v.-o. 5 St. 10 to 7 St. 3 1 6 y.-o. 8 St. agst. 7 horses. Handicap at Ludlow, 1^ Miles, 8 st. 3 agst. 3 3 v.-o. 6 st. 6 to 6 st. 12 3 5 v.-o. 6 St. 12 to 8 st. 1 2 r/v.-o. 7 St. 8 and 7 st. 10 agst. 8 horses, and 3 times third in good Handicaps. St. Liz. Handicap at Northampton, 11 Miles, 8 St. 2 agst. 8 3 v.-o. 4 st. 10 to 6 st. 7 4 v.-o. 5 St. 12 to 7 st. 7 1 5 y.-o. 6 St. 10 1 older 7 st. o agst. 12 horses. Welter St. at Worcester, 1\ Miles, 11 St. 3 agst. 1 3 v.-o. 8 St. fi 1 4 v.-o. 8 St. 6 1 5 y.-o. 9 St. 11 agst. 3 horses. Lancaster Cup, IJ Miles, 8 st. 7 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 5 st. 7 to fi st, 5 and 2 4 y.-o. 7 st. and 7 st. 12 3 times second. not placed in good Handicaps. ran 70 times, won 21 times. 5. 'I'lif ThdiuLii^hbrfd in tliu I'ast aiul IVesenl. 181 No. 54. Foodie 18^9 by Ion. ran 2 year-old 3 times, won 2 times. „ 3 , 11 ,, M 4 ,, M 4 , 13 ,, ,. 1 .. ., 5 9 ,, ,, 3 .. ,. 6 9 ., o M 7 (5 .1 M 8 . 11 • ,, M 3 .. Gr. .\Jrlr(ip. Si. al I'lpsom, -2] Miles. 8 St. agst. 8 3 y.-o. ~> st. 2 to (i st. 8 2 4 y.-o. 8 St. 4 and 9 st. (Fisherman) 1 (iy.-o. 8 St. s (Winidield) 1 older 7 st. 13 agst. 12 iiorscs. Handicap at Xewm., 1 Mile, 9 st. 2 agst. 4 4 v.-o. (j St. 9 to 7 st. 9 1 r, y.-o. 8 St. 3 1 iildcr 8 St. 7 agst. fi horses. King's PI. at New market agst. 2 4 \-.-(j. and •) V.-(l. „ n and in the Cesarew., 8 st. 8, not placed. Hibury Si., 1.] Miles, (ientlemen Riders, 10 .st. 8 agst. 2 4 y.-o. 8 st. 13 and 1 .■) y.-o. 11 st. in the Cesarew ., 7 St., not placed. ran 71 times, won 20 limes. No. 55. Mr. Sykes (Half-bred) l.s;,n |)\ Sir Taimn S\kes C'esarewitcli, (\ st. S (:]-\ horses). King's Pi. Roxburgh Handicap, li Miles, 7 st. 6 agst. 3 3 y.-o. 4 st. 10 to 5 st. 13 3 4 y.-o. (') si. () to 7 St. 2 4 5 v.-o. 5 St. 11 to 7 St. 10 1 older 7 St. 12 a^ysl . I 1 horsrs. an J. \ cai -IIIU U (Mil es, won 1 time. ,. 3 M 11 0 times M 4 .> 0 , » )) 5 M 11 , .3 „ 6 ,.11 1 >i 7 3 0 ,, 8 9 , 1 in the Cesarew., 7 st. J^, and in the Cambr., 8 st., not placed. IQ2 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. ran 9 year-old 13 times, won 2 times. City Handicap at Lincoln, IJ Miles, 7 St. 9 agst. 8 3 y.-o. 4 st. 10 to 5 st. 9 3 4 y.-o. 5 St. 12 to 7 st. 6 1 5 y.-o. 6 St. 10 1 older 7 st. 2 agst. 13 horses. ,, 10 ,. 3 ,, .,0 ,, in good Handicaps. ran 65 times, won 10 times. The most imposing performances of the above 55 examples from 1730 to 1850 begin with Marksman, born 1808, and slowly decrease after Inheritress, born 1840. In spite of the enormous increase of Thoroughbred breeding after 1850, we do not find any examples in the second half of the nineteenth century which can show better performances in this respect, and only a few with anything like these performances. According to the above examples, the best time seems to have been 1830 to 1840, as in this period the follow- ing horses, which accomplished extraordinary performances, were born, namely : Catherina, Isaac, Zohrab, Potentate, Bee's Wing, The Shadow, St. Lawrence, The Sailor, and Inheritress. All these facts go to prove that the hardiness and endurance of the Thoroughbred, and especially the resisting capacity of its foundation, decreased about tlie second half of the nineteenth century. \\'hether at the same time the speed of the Thoroughbred, for distances up to li English miles, increased, cannot be clearly shown, but it is probable. Height and appearance have been improved, or, as the classical defender of the present day racing s\stem. Admiral Rous, says, " We have bred more for size and strength." Yes, we have obtained that in our highly improved light breeds, but also at the same time a retrogression in the performing capacity which is required outside the racecourse. The celebrated Gimcrack, born 1760, No. 8 in above list, to which Admiral Rous points somewhat con- temptuously as a " generally small horse," is supposed to have been only 14 hands; according to other statements, 13 hands, 3J inches, equalling 141 cm. Admiral Rous contends that in 1700 the average height was 13 hands, 3 inches, and that since then this average height has risen every twenty-five years by 1 inch, and ought therefore to be now 15 hands, 3 inches, equalling 160 cm'. 5. The Thoroug-hbred in the Past and Present. 183 The following list gives the sizes of tlie most important Thoroughbred stallions whicli 1 liave been able to obtain. No. Names of Stallions. Born. Sire. Hands. Size in Inches. cm. 1 Darlcv Arabian Mixbury 1702 noi 15 152,4 i:^,2 2 The Curven Bay Barb 13 2 3 i Godolphin Arabian Sampson 1724 1745 15 15 152,4 l.-)7,5 Blaze 2 5 Matcheni 1748 Cade 15 1 i:>l,9 6 Herod 1758 Tartar 15 3 1()0,0 7 8 9 Eclipse Sir Peter Gohanna 1764 1784 1780 Marske Highflyer Mercury 15 16 15 2 1 157,5 102,6 151,9 10 11 Sorcerer Orville 1796 1799 Trumpator Beningbrough 16 16 H 1(«,3 1()2,6 12 Castrel 1801 Buzzard 16 — 162,6 13 \\'halebone 1807 Waxy 15 * 153,7 U Partisan 1811 Walton 15 2 157,5 15 Dr. Syntax 1811 Paynator 15 — 152,4 16 17 Filho da Puta Lottery 1812 182f) Haphazard Tramp 16 16 I 1(52,6 162,6 18 Camel 1822 Whalebone 15 2 157,5 19 Mulatto 1823 Catton 15 2 157.5 ai 21 22 23 21 Little Red Rover Plenipotentiary Touchstone Mundig- Sheet Anchor 1827 1831 1831 1832 1&S2 Tramp Emilius Camel Catton Lottery 14 15 15 15 16 3 2 2 3 1 149,9 157,5 157.5 l(i0,() 165,1 2.5 26 27 2S 29 Birdcatcher Harkaway Don John Bloomsbury Nutwith 1833 1834 1835 ias6 1840 .Sir Hercules Economist Tramp or Waverley Mul.itto Tomboy 15 16 15 15 15 3 2 3 3 21 160,0 l(i7,6 160,0 160,0 1.58,2 30 Newminster 1842 Touchstone 15 2 157,5 31 Chanticleer 1843 Birdcatcher 16 — 162,6 32 The Cossacl< 1844 Hetman Platoff 15 2 157,5 33 Daniel O'Rourke 1849 Birdcatcher 15 2 157,5 Ai Stoclvwell 1849 The Baron 16 — 162,6 :io Lexington 1850 Boston 15 3 Kio.o 36 Saunterer 1854 Birdcatcher 15 3 16n,0 37 Buccaneer 1857 Wild Dayrell 15 3 160,0 38 Macaroni 1860 Sweetmeat 15 3 160,0 39 Blair Athol 1861 Stock well 16 - 1(!2,6 40 Lelio 1862 West .\ustralian 15 2 l.-.7,5 41 Rosicrucian 1865 Beailsman 16 — 162,6 42 1 Prince Charlie 186i» Blair Athol 17 — 172,7 184 Trial of tln' Thdi-duyhbrt-il mi the Racecourse, etc. Size in No. Xanies of Stallions. Horn. Sire. Hands. Inches. cm. 43 Hector 1872 \"iri,nlius 15 2 157,5 44 Petrarch 1873 Lord Clifden 15 3 160,0 4.5 -Sprinj;- field 1873 St. Albans 16 — 162,6 46 Chamant 1874 Mortemer 16 — 162,6 47 Beauclerc 1875 Rosicrucian 15 3 160,0 48 Isonomv 1875 Sterling 16 — 162,6 49 Charibert 1876 Thormanby 15 3 160,0 o() Bend Or 1877 Doncaster 16 1 165,1 51 Despair 1879 See Saw 15 2 157,5 52 St. Simon 1881 Galopin 16 i 163,9 58 Esterlinj;- 1882 Sterling 16 — 162,6 54 Melton 1882 Master Kiklare 15 3 160,0 55 .\u,t;hri]ii 1883 Xenophon 16 ■— 162,6 56 Kendal 188:^ Bend Or 16 1 165,1 57 Minting; 1883 Lord Lyon 16 i 163,2 58 Ormonde 1883 Bend Or 16 1 165,1 59 Gallinule 1884 Isononiy 16 — 162,6 60 .\vrshire 1885 Hampton 16 — 162,6 61 Carbine ■ 1885 Musket 15 3i 161,3 62 Winktleld 1885 Barcaldine 15 8 160,0 63 .\mphion 1886 Rosebery 15 3 160,0 64 Donovan 1886 Galopin 16 1 165,1 65 Enthusiast 1886 Sterling 16 — 162,6 66 Melanion 1886 Hermit 16 — 162,6 67 H adder 1887 Petrarch 16 1 165,1 68 Marta^on 1887 Bend Or Ki — 162,6 69 Sainfoin 1887 Springfield 15 3 160,0 70 St. Serf 1887 St. Simon 16 3 170,2 71 Common 1888 Isojiomy 16 1 165,1 72 Orme 1889 Ormonde 16 1 l(w,l 73 Suspender 1889 Muncaster 16 2 167,6 74 Red Prince 1880 Kendal 15 3 160,0 75 Childwick 1890 St. Simon 16 — 162,6 76 Isinglass 1890 Isonomy 16 1 165,1 77 Grey Leg' 1891 Pepper and Salt 15 2 157,5 78 Ladas 1891 Hampton 16 — 162,6 79 Sir Visto 1892 Barcaldine 16 1 165,1 80 Persimmon 1893 St. Simon 16 2 167,6 81 Galtee More 1894 Kendal 15 3i' 162,© 82 Velasquez 1894 Donovan 15 3 160,0 83 Flying Fox 1896 Orme 16 ■2 163,9 84 Ard Patrick 1899 St. Florian 16 — 162,6 85 -Maintenon 1903 Le Sagittairc 16 3J 171,5 5. 'I'lic 'rlKiriPUi^lilii-fcl ill iIk- Past ami I'reseiit. ],S5 In order to arrive at a fair comparison, it is necessary to take six ol tiu' most important stallions from the above table tor tliree different periods, and we then i^et the follow ine; interesting results : Isl I'eriod— Second Half of tile l-!ighteenth Century. -Matchem horn 17-18 lo4.'.) cm. size. Herod ,. 17.3K 160.(1 ., l-iclipsi- ,, 17()4 1-j7.") ,, Sir Peter „ 1784 in-J.C. ., (Johanna .. 1790 V>4.9 ,, Qrville ,. l7tH) Wvlj; ,, .\verape, 1 o hands. -Ji inciies= 15N.7.") cm. size. •Jnd Period — Middle of the Nineteentli Century. Touchstone born lis81 I'u.'t cm. size. Birdcatcher ,, 1.S33 160.0 ,, Xewminster ,, 184'J 107. •') ,, StocUwell ., LS49 16-2.6 ,, Buccaneer ,. 18.')7 160.(1 ,, Macaroni ,, ]>S(;0 160. tl ,. Axeraye. 15 hands, 3 indies ^^ ]-V.).(i cm. ■']rd Period -The Last ■!') Years of the XineteeniJi Century. lsonom\' horn 1S7-"J 16'_'.li <'m. size. Bend Or ,, 1877 16-5.1 ., ., St. Simon ,, issl 163.'.) ,, Ormonde ,, LS.S3 165.1 ,. Gallinule ,. 1SS4 16-J.6 ,, Persimmon ,, iSH.'i 167.6 Ax'erage, 16 hands, 'l inc]i~ll)4.5 cm. size. h'roni aho\c it can be seen that tiie heigiit of tlie Til o rough bred in England has increased somewhat (|uicker than Admiral Rous supposed. rile desire to increase the height seems to me to be dangerous, and will probablv verv soon onh' be possible at the expense of the fundament. The present dav situation of racing and iireeding seems to be apnroaching iidlciis volciis a furtiier increase of height. To iudgi- rightJN' of the relmgressive nioNt-ment in thi' breeding ot Thoroughbreds, as regards their general capabilities (Leistinigsfiihigkeit), one must take into consideration that the races r)f to-da\' are rim over shorter distances, and without heats, and on an average at a considerably quicker pace than was the cast' 100 years ago, and also that the increased pace makes greater demantis on the fundament. One must, therefore, expect that the resisting strength of the fimdanieiit will be more (juickly used up. To the more intensive use of racehorses in a shorter time, due to railways, anil the numerous racecf)urses, as well as to the many short rates, wiiich require a quick getting ofl', must he attributed the fact that the nerves and health are more C|uickly destroyed. The (luestion as to whether tile Thoroughbreds of 1(10 vears ago would not also have deteriorated (piicker if they had had 186 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. to undergo present day methods, and as to whether the present day Thoroughbreds, on the other hand, would not have held out longer under the conditions of 100 years ago, may be answered as follows : Both cases can only happen slowly, i.e., if the supposed causes have lasted and had an influence for several generations. On the basis of physiological observations and practical experiences, we must assume that the present over-exertion, especially of the younger Thoroughbred stock, for many consecutive genera- tions, has an unfavourable influence on the constitution. These unfavourable effects, which are an especial consequence of the many earlv races of two- year-olds, are distinctly recognisable, also outside the course, bv manv retrogressive signs. The most conspicuous of these consists in the fairly regular decrease of the percentage of pregnant mares, from about 80 per cent, in the year 1851 to 70 per cent, in recent vears. The following list, the figures of which are taken from the General Stud Book, gives an exact summary of this retrogressive movement : — Year Foals Born Colts [ Fillies Total .Aborted Barren Total Covered Pregnant .\borted % 1851 538 597 1135 43 302 1480 79,59 3,65 1852 536 538 1C74 71 a34 1479 77,42 6,61 185:^ 574 558 1132 42 :^9 1543 76,09 3,71 1854 619 582 1201 35 440 1676 73,75 2,83 1855 610 609 1219 73 480 1772 72,91 5,65 1856 705 650 1.S55 61 448 1864 75,97 4,31 1857 691 679 1370 58 452 1880 75,96 4,06 1858 756 736 1492 64 424 1980 78,59 4,11 1859 745 722 1467 77 484 2028 76,13 4,99 1860 7.38 ';26 1464 85 498 2047 75,67 5,49 1861 750 749 1499 73 52.5 2097 74,96 4,64 1862 718 763 1481 68 562 2111 73,38 4,39 1863 783 757 1540 88 5.56 2184 74,54 5,41 1864 756 811 1567 95 .5:17 2199 75,58 5,72 1865 786 799 1585 136 55() 2277 75,58 7,90 1866 851 855 1706 96 686 2488 72,43 5,33 1867 893 964 1857 84 645 2586 75,06 4,:iS 1868 972 949 1921 127 719 2767 74,02 6,20 1869 1009 1041 2050 113 669 2832 76,:« .->,22 1870 983 t)65 1948 125 727 2800 74.04 6,03 1871 928 968 1896 147 693 2736 74,67 7,20 1872 881 888 1769 94 6t)4 2557 72,86 5,04 1873 862 858 1720 74 621 2415 74,29 4,12 1874 857 870 1727 72 657 2456 73,25 4,00 5. The Thoroughbred in the Past and Present. 187 Year Foals Born Colts Fillies Total Aborted Barren Total Covered Pregnant .'\borted 1875 824 910 1734 86 634 24^4 74.16 4,73 1876 879 863 1742 121 636 2499 74,55 6,55 1877 941 915 1856 105 722 2^ 1674 3427 169 1310 4tK)6 73,:#l 4.70 1991 1748 1697 ;«4<) 138 1416 4994 71.65 3.86 1902 1797 16.51 :«48 138 1380 4966 72.21 3,85 19(H 1629 1.564 3U« 12:^ i:»4 4&S0 70. .^.5 3,71 1994 1.565 L542 3107 132 1272 4511 71.80 4,08 l!)0o 1812 1461 2773 124 1091 :«)88 72.72 4,2S l!KXi 1418 i:isi 27i)9 117 115.3 4069 7 list given on pac^es 78 — S-'S. This conspicuous decrease of the length ot the lives of the stallions is all the more remarkable, as the jirogress of hygiene, improved Stabiintf, and other conditions, as well as the more reasonable training;: of horses, would lead one to expect loneei- li\'e^. As a matter of tact, this has taken place in the Inniian race. .\ chani^c in the lenj^th of the lives of English born stallions in the first half of the nineii-enth century is not recognisable from tlie abo\'e list. In the middle of the nineteenth century, however, these \ong li\es seem once again to occur, as shown bv the following five examples, in the short period of \'\\r \-ears : — l-'orbidden l'"ruil horn IS-')-'!, tlied at -JU vears. Kentucky , , 1 .s.-):i ,, ■n (lunboat ., ls:)4 •29 Huccaneer ,, ]S57 ,, 30 Thunderbolt ,, }sr,7 31 After iNfil) the length of life decreases slowlv but distincti}-, and the number of stallions which have attained •2-'J \ears is much too small in pro- portion to the remarkably increased breeding. The number of stallions which ha\e att;iined '2~> \cars antl more has been in no tlecade greater than in that of IS.JO to 18-59, namely, :iU. Alread\- in the following two det-ades a distinct decrease is recognisable : I8()U to isdl), 2-1 stallions, and 1870 to 1^79, 20 stallions. From th(- list of American born Thoroughbred stallions (page m4), we can also gather that the length of their lives has decreased. One can distinctly recognise this decrease about ten years later than in I-'ngland, but it is more sudden and more apparent, especialU' if thi' eiioimous increase in Thorough- bred brei'ding is taken into consideration. I'Vom a fu»ther consideration of the table (i)ages S7 to IDO) we can glean that the capability of the sires to produce excellent breeding and racehorses has also decreased from about their twentieth year, since the middle of the last century, and that considerably. The middle of the nineteenth century shows also in this respect a distinct culminating point. ( )f the stallions which have excelled after IftriO through prominent production, I can i>nl\- mention i in the abo\e table, namelv, l^osicrucian, Hermit, Hampton, and Cialopin, and here I may make the following remark-: (I) Rosicnician is a son of 190 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. Beadsman, which only ran twice as a two-year-old, the first time in July. All his ancestors in the male line never ran as two-year-olds. (2) Hermit is a son of Newminster, which did not run as a two-year-old. (3) Hampton is a son of Lord Clifton (by Newminster), who only ran three times as a two- year-old, the first time in June. (4) Galopin is a son of Vedette, who only ran twice as a two-vear-old, first time in August. Of the remaining stallions which lived a long time and produced pro- minent stock at a great age, one may mention, after 1860, the following horses in England : Springfield, Beauclerc, Bend Or, and St. Simon. Springfield, born 1873, attained 25 years, but produced in the last six years only o unimportant winners. Beauclerc, born 1875, also attained 25 years, and in the last six years produced only 1 unimportant winner. Even St. Simon, who reached 27 years, seems after his twentieth year to have deteriorated with regard to his former very prominent breeding power, as in the last eight years he could not produce any winner of importance. In the case of Bend Or, born 1877, 26 years old, the remarkable phenomenon blood of Old Stockwell seems to have had some effect still, as at the age of 24 he could still produce two such good horses as Golden Gleam and Rouge Croix, and as a 25-year-old, Radium, and Gold Rioch. Not only in theory, as I mentioned in the chapter about weight-differ- ences, but also various statistics (as already given), point repeatedly to the middle of the nineteenth century as a period from which the retrograde movement in the development of Thoroughbred breeding in England seems to have begun. It is worthy of note that it is just at the time when the almighty Third Dictator of the Turf, Admiral Rous, who first of all became celebrated by working out the scale of weights, became Handicapper of the Jockey Club (1855). The number of short races (1 mile and under 1 mile) begins to be more than half the races run, and the number of two-year-old racehorses (see page 29) begins to exceed the number of three-year-olds (1856). The impatience of many racing stables anxious to get money, and the power of the bookmaker, are finally the causes of the races for yearlings being held for four consecutive years (1856 to 1859). The most energetic opponent of the races for one and two-year-olds, Lord Jersey, died in 1859. Buccaneer, born 1857 (who still could produce as a 24-year-old Buda- gyongye N.D., as a 25-year-old Feneck OD, U., and Ollyannincs PL., and as a 27-year-old Talpra Magyar), ran as a five-year-old his last race at Salisbury with 9 stone, 5 lbs. up, the mile in 1 minute, 38 seconds ( = 16.42 m. per second), and therefore beating any mile performance before or since. Certainly Bendigo ran in 1885 a mile in 1 second quicker (=16.62 m. per second), but he carried, also as a five-year-old, 1 stone less). Abd-el-Kader won in 1850 the Liverpool Grand National, in the largest field (32 com- petitors), and as long as the race was run, on the then existing track, in the shortest time (9 minutes, 57^ seconds). In 1849 Stockwell was born, the 5. Tlio Tlioiouf,'hbred in the Past and Present. 19J champion of the whole English Thoroughbred breeding.' Leamington, born 1853, is most probably the last Thoroughbred stallion born in England which as a ■24-year-old could produce an Epsom Derby winner, namely, Iroquois. The number of pregnant mares reached the never before attained number of about 80 per cent. (1851). The number of foals born exceeds 1850, the first thousand (1,041 foals) and in 1859 the second thousand (2,028 foals). English Thoroughbred breeding was in every respect in the zenith of its performances, and England herself had become the first world power after the Crimean war ! In this decade were produced such a great number of racecourse champions and never-to-be-forgotten pillars of Thoroughbred breeding as has never occurred before or since in such a short period. The following examples demonstrate this : — 1. The Flving Dutchman D. u. L. 1849. ■2. Voltigeur D. u. L. 1850. 3. Teddington D. 1851. 4. Xewminster L. 1851. 5. Stockwell 'J u. L. 1852. 6. West .Australian 2, D. u. L. 1853. 7. Rataplan Gold Vase Asc. 1853, Dcp. 1855 u. 18 King's Plates. 8. Wild Dayrell D. 1855. 9. Blink Bonny D. u. O. 1857. 10. \'edette 2 u. Dcp. 1857. 11. Beadsman D. 1858. 12. Saunterer Gcp. 1858. 13. Fisherman Acp. 1858 and 1859. 14. Thormanbv D. 1860. 15. St. Albans L. 1860. 16. The Wizard 2. 1860. Amongst these 16 champions I have also numbered Fisherman, who nc\er attained classical honours, but who has become famous because ' Stockwell's proj^^eny has won 17 times classical races in Enj^land (amongst these the Derby 3 times, and the St. Leper 6 times) and 16 times ran as seconds. The 3 first places were occupied by Stockwell's prof^-^eny 1862 in the 2,000 Guineas, and 1866 in the Derby. Even at 20 years of age, Stockwell had a breeding power so as to produce in one year the winners of the Derby and the 2,000 Guineas, as well as the seconds in the Derby, St. Leger, and the Oaks. .Amongst these was one of the greatest heroes, namely, Don- caster. Isinglass, St. Gatien, Iroquois and Doncaster were the last Derby winners who could still win big races as five-year-olds. Doncaster did not run as a two-year-old! .Stockwell is in modern times most nearly approached as a sire by St. Simon. The St. .Simon progeny has also won up to now 17 classical races, amongst them twice the Derby and 4 times the -St. Leger, but were only 10 times seconds. One must, however, consider that St. Simon reached 27 years, while Stockwell, unfortunately, died six years earlier, that is, as a 21-year-old (5th of May, 1870). Stockwell, furthermore, has produced 209 winners, who have won 1,147 races. St. Simon, on the other hand, only 160 winners (up to 1907 inclusive), who have won 506 races. In their best years Stockwell's progeny won 132 races, and St. Simon's progeny 47 races in one year. 192 Trial of the Tlioiduj^libred mi the Racecourse, etc. between the age of twu and six he ran in !J9 races and won 09. lie is per- haps the last representative of tliat hardiness and toughness wliich are, imforlnnately no longer in the same degree, the attribute of our present da\' Thoroughbreds. Old Tom Parr used to sav verv characteristieallv of Fisherman : " Me would nexer begin to go imtil he had rim two miles, and then he would wear the heart out of anything on four legs; how he could be trained on a turnpil^e rf)ad, and raced ever\- dav, and nexcr leave a grain in the manger, (hough he ate more solid corn than an\- othrr hnrsc."' It is \\(.irth\- of note that also in American Thoroughbred breeding the king of all Thoroughbred stallions, corresponding to our Stockwell, was born at almost the same time, namely, Lexington (18-j() In" Boston and Alice C'arneal), sire of about GOO horses, amongst which -JSG winners. The Americans, who are believers in time performances, were especiallv astonished at Xew Orleans, in LS-j-"), b\- the hitherto imattained performance of Lexington in the match against time (4 miles in 7 minutes, 19f seconds, carrying 103 lbs.). I must here remark that Lexington became blind as a six-year-old, verv likel\- in consec|uence of an inflammation of the e\-es, first in the right eve, and then in both. During his 21 x'ears acti\itv at the stud this defect was not inherited b\' his piogenv-, but thm- \er\- plainh- inherited his longe\'it\'. Also the trotter king in .\merica was born at the same time, namely, Hambietonian 1849 bv Abdallah. Soon after this high tide mark of English Thoroughbred breeding, more and more notice was taken of ideas which tended to a deterioration of the Thoroughbred. The classical and \-er\- clex'er adxocate of Thoroughbred breeding. Admiral Rous, published in |N-r2, in the preface to his book, " On the laws and practice of h(jrse racing," and 1870 in Bailey's Magazine, \okmie 18, " Racing Past and Future," a defence of the present racing svstem with its short distances, light weights, and manv bets. Me admits the numerous and earlv breakdowns of 4"horoughbreds, biU attributes them to the too frequent starts caused bv railwaws. Me further priints out the greater pace, which has increased wrv much in consequence of the shorter distances, and of the larger fields. Finallv, the Admiral points to the same champions of Thoroughbred breeding as mentioned above, and concludes therefrom that the Thoroughbred has nexer been as good as now . Admiral Rous (born 179-j, died 1877) passed his best years just at the height of Thoroughbred breeding, which had greater attractions than the starting point of the retrograde movement could have. Against the opinion of Admiral Rous we have the interesting judgment of a practical man, who also li\-ed in the times preceding and succeeding the above-mentioned zenith of Thoroughbred breeding. I am speaking of the well-known jockev, John Osbf)rne, bf)rn 1833, who rode his first race in 1846 and his last race in 1892. Osborne says (viilc Ashgill & Radcliffe, page 428) : — " The method of training horses in the present da\- is quite ditTerent to what it was when 1 began. Morses are \-er\- much lighter now; they 5. The Thorouglibied in the Past nnd Present. IQ.'J have neither the bone nor the substance tliat Thoroughbreds luid fifty years ago. Of course, in the old times they were sweated a good deal. Heavy cloths were put on them, and they were galloped three and four miles in them. That plan has been discontinued for many years. I don't know tliat sweating is weakening to a horse. Old John Scott was a great believer in sweating and bleeding. I am certain that the constitution of horses of the pre.sent dav would not .stand .sucii work; the modern breed is neither so robust nor so strong. Formerly it was quite a common thing for horses to run three and four mile heats. If the\- were subjected to that now they wouldn't lie able to come out of the stable for a month after. 1 ha\-e had some experience m\"self of riding horses in heats — two mile heats; and 1 have ridden in four mile races but never in four mile heats. I am fully convinced the constitution of horses of the present day is not as strong as it was fortv or fiftv vears ago. It puzzles me to account for the degenera- tion in the stoutness of the modern racehorse; really, I cannot point to the cause of it." The well-known Malton trainer, Charles Lund, speaking about this (|uestion in the vear 1899, expresses him.self as follows (.\.shgill, page 430) : " Racehorses in the olden days were, on the average, 2 stone hea\ier than those of the present day. Now , horses like Touchstone and West Australian were, if one might sav so, twice the size in substance and power in comparison with the present day racehorse, most of which are light of bone and substance, and comparati\ely weedy in appearance. Present day trainers havi- gone in for speed too much, with the result that the great majoritx' of the horses are too finel\" built." The following points show that Thoroughbred horses in England have deteriorated from the middle of the nineteenth century as far as capabilities (I-eistungsfahigkeit), hardiness, and the whole constitiuion are concerned : — (1) Diminution of weight differences between weights for horses f)f different ages. (2) Decreased capabilitv of the older racehorses on the flat. (3) The decreased percentage of pregnant mares. (4) The decrea.sed number of foals. {')) The decreased breeding performances of the brood mares at a great age and under diflicult circumstances. ((')) '{"he shorter lives of Thoroughbreds and the decreased prepotency at a great age. CHAPTER VI. Conclusions and Propositions as to tlie Improvement and Breeding of Thoroughibreds. The great and important duties wliich the Thoroughbred accomplishes in the breeding of other light horses, justified, and even also obliged, those people who stood outside the domain of Thoroughbred breeding, to criticise the basis of all its performances, and breedings, on which it is built up, and on which it continues. Our present day Thoroughbred is the outcome of race propositions, and of the manner of breeding and training, which those propositions entail. These propositions are made on human under- standing, and are influenced by human misunderstanding, and what is much worse, by many side interests. Only by clever and purpose-answering race propositions, as w-ell as by reasonable breeding and rational training, shall we be able to still more improve our Thoroughbreds. After the observations made in the previous chapters, there seems to be no doubt that our present day Thoroughbred needs improving, and its room for improve- ment is just as certain as agreeable. The chief attacks which have been made up to now against the Thoroug*h- bred may be summed up as follows : — 1. Faulty conformation. 2. Want of endurance for long distances. 3. Want of cleverness. 4. A too weedy and light fundament. 5. A want of capacity to carry heavy weights. 6. Nervousness, difficult temperament, and the bad use of food. 1. — Faulty conformation. This oldest reproach against the Thorough- bred, rests partly on the fact that we over-estimate our knowledge of this matter, and partly on our inexperience in the judging of horses in training. 1 call to mind the opinion of the Landstallmeister von Burgsdorf, expressed in 1817 in a special brochure. He went on to say that most English Thoroughbreds had spavin, and that the English Thoroughbred must shortly disappear. We must not forget that from chipping come chips, and that of course every kind of breeding must produce a certain percentage of fault v G. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Inipnivenient. etc. 195 indi\iduals. Trainini^ and racing, moreover, show up many little faults in form which would not have been noticed when merely looking at a horse as, for example, at shows. Nevertheless, it is interesting and instructive to see that the Thoroughbred, even with such great faults, is still capable of performing very astonishing things, whilst a non-Thoroughbred with the same faults in most cases could not do anything. If with faulty conformation it is still capable of doing well, the substance used must be very good indeed. The so-called Biedenweg's instructions for judging horses competing for State prizes, which are still in vogue in the Prussian State, but probablv very rarely followed, can, in my opinion, be dispensed with. One cannot lay down laws to judge the conformation of a horse to suit all cases. The views as to what form a horse should have differ, and are, as history teaches, also changeable. There have been times in which long-legged horses were preferred to short-legged ones, and in which long shin bones were considered an advantage. I also believe that many so-called faults in a horse of 100 years ago were more dangerous than they are to the present day horse, and vice versa. In short, our doctrine as to the conformation of a horse will always have its limits, and will often change in the future, according to the experi- ences which we gather from the racecourse and from the other uses to which the horses are put. Races and other tests of performances will in themselves destroy what is useless. If, however, Biedenweg's instructions exclude a priori certain conformation, we rob those horses which are supposed to be better of the opportunity of showing that they can perform better things. The better form has not been proclaimed as such by the vacillating opinions of judges, but acquired for itself the right to be judged as such b_\' beating competitors. The history of Thoroughbred breeding teaches that even without such police rules as Biedenweg's instructions are, faults are finallv eradicated automatically. The best example of an effective elimination of faults bv racing is perhaps the walk of the Thoroughbred. I know of no breed which produces so many horses which walk so correctly as the English Thoroughbred. Where is the half-bred stallion in Germany which without freshness walks as correctly, gracefully and beautifully as Ard Patrick, who, besides, won the Epsom Derby, and beat the four-year-old Rock Sand, and Sceptre? The eradication of horses with irregular walk is not done in England, as in the breeding of Half-breds, or as they do when buying horses for 'military mounts, by picking out the regular walkers for the stud or military service, but by training and the struggle on the racecourse. Military commissioners can be as strict as they like in refusing to buy irregular walkers, but they will never be able to judge as keenly and as correctly as the winning post. Anybody can prove this statement if he will only examine the same horses two years later at the troop after manneuvres. He will find there arc more irregular walkers than in the racing stables. The regular walk of horses that have not worked, but are well led in, disappears very often with working as butler melts in the sun. 190 Trial of the Thorouf^hbred on the Racecourse, etc. Race propositions must therefore offer sufficient opportunity to eradicate tliese different faults, and not protect, for example, the roarers, not leave too niuch to chance, and not damasje the temperament of young horses by too many short races. Those handicaps, so much loved by the bookmakers, for horses of all ages, with the light weights, for distances under 1 mile, have also no value for breeding, and should be much more restricted than is at present, unfortunately, the case in England. The making of racecourses, for example, over uneven ground (as more detailed in No. 3), mav also have a favourable effect on the form of Thoroughbreds bv eradicating everv unharmonious conformation of racehorses. 2. — Want of endurance for long distances. This reproach is the most common, and not to use a stronger expression, a very ill-considered one. \\> have proved that no other race of horses has attained the endurance of the Thoroughbred in many long distance races. Generally the above reproach is applied to the former long races over 4 miles with heats, as thev took place in the time of Eclipse. \\'e must, however, emphasise that the remo\-al of these long races with heats was the first step towards progress. The errors made must be found somewhere else, and as we shall soon see, one did not go far enough in the shortening of distances. Not only representatives of Half-bred breeders, but also breeders and admirers of Trotters and Thoroughbreds, have always rightlv aimed at the production of a horse with the greatest possible endurance as the goal of their breeding efforts. As history shows us, however, thev were wrong in demanding performances over too great distances in order to reach this goal. They forgot that races shoHjld not only prove which is the best, but that the object of this test, and of the training for this test, should be to improve (he stock. A flat race, for example, over -20 kilometres or more (in Moscow there exists one for 20 versts) does not improve the stock but ruins it. The breeders of Trotters in America tried in the middle of the last century to get 100 miles covered in 10 hours. After that they wanted 20 miles doing in 1 hour. Thev also attained this result. They, however, observed at the same time that the health of the horses suffered, that is to say, that horses did not improve, but rather their value as breeding stock depreciated. The practical Americans soon found that the right distance for testing breeding stock is the one on which one can train horses, i.e., prepare them without damaging their health, and thev found — and I think thev are right — that this right distance is 1 English milt. Russian Trotters kept to their long distances. The result is, firstly, the American Trotter has improved its record in 1818 of 3 minutes per mile to 2 minutes to-day; secondly, the American Trotter to-day shows more endurance for every distance than the Russian. The improved record of Russian Trotters since 1860 (there are no reliable statements for former years) is mainly due to the establishment of good racecourses (hippodromes instead of roads), and to the intrr)duction of sulkies instead of the four-wheeled droskies, which 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Iniprovcintnt, etc. ]97 WL'iglied two and more puds heavier. In 18G0 the six-year-old W'ehsar from Chrenowoi, ran in a four-wheeled drosUy 2 versts in 3 minutes, 27 seconds, and in 189G the best record was in a sulky, 2 versts in 3 miniites. i3J seconds. Since 1893, the year in which sulkies were generally introduced, tl>e record performances of Russian Trotters have made very little progress indeed; for example, in 189G the best record for 11 versts was 2 minutes, loi seconds, and in 1907 the best record for the same distance 2 minutes 14 seconds. Trotting races for distances over more than 1 mile are justified and useful as a test for an individual horse in use, just the same as all kinds of long- distance rides for Thoroughbreds and Half-breds. As a matter of principle. one ought to distinguish tests for breeding stock from tests for stock in use The former have for object the improving of the production of capable breeding stock, whilst the latter serve to show what the maximum per- formance is. and how it may possibly be best attained, if need be, wiihout considering whether the stock is herebv damaged or not. The question, what distance, looked at from the above point of \ie\\, is the right one for flat races, still requires solving. At the time of Eclipse the chief races were run over distances of 4 miles. The classical Derbv is now run in all countries over about 2,400 metres. The Grand Prix dc Paris over 3,U0i) metres. The Doncaster St. Leger 2,937 metres. The longest races are in I'rance, in the Prix Gladiateur, 6,200 metres. In England there are now no races over 3 miles. In Ireland there is still one over 4 miles, and two over 3 miles, and in Germany, Second Class Autumn Meeting in Hoppegarten, I, sou metres. In the course of time the art of training has, of course, made much progress, and trainers have learned that gallops for more than 2,000 to 2, 101) metres, also in preparation for the Derby and longer distances, are bad. The gallops which were still in force twenty years ago, and which were often run lik« a race over the Derby distance, have almost totalh- ceased. .Most trainers incline to the opinion that such long gallops do not improve the condition of the horse, but rather the reverse. If that is so, it is a mistake to have flat races for longer distances than about 2,400 metres. It is a mistake to have races over distances which do not improve the rightlv trained stock, but rather do it harm. To fix the right limit with certainty is very diffi- cult, but the Derby seems to be the utmost limit for a useful race distance. Mv own opinion is that for three-year-olds 2,000 metres, and fur iwo-vcar- olds 1,200 metres is the correct and most useful test distance, aiul I should consider it a sign of progress if all so-called classical races, i.e.. such as serve for breeding stock, were raced over these distances, as is the case with the American Trotters. Training would not onlv be facilitated thereb\', but the horses would also prosper more. To train horses for diflerent distances at the same time, and especialh for verv short distances of 800 to 1,400 metres, as is now demanded, is of no use whatever for breeding stock. Races held for long and short distances, in order to use stock which is not usi'd for breeding, mav be useful and instructive, as long as the nimiber 198 Trial of the Thoroughbred on the Racecourse, etc. of these races is kept in moderate bounds and suitable to the requirements. For the same reasons there should not be too many sehing races and handicaps. It is wrong to believe that races of 2,000 metres for three-year-olds and 1,200 metres for two-year-olds would give little chance to so-called stayers, and would thus endanger the aim and end, namely, the breeding of horses for endurance. What is called generally a horse with plenty of endurance, and therefore one specially suitable for long distances, is not the same as what is^ called a sta3'er on the racecourse, as opposed to a flyer. I really believe that flyers are often more suited for long distance rides and other feats of endurance, as well as for steeplechases, than stayers. The quickest pace in which a horse can gallop a certain given distance without endangering the speed necessary for the finish, I would like to call its special pace. This special pace diminishes in the case of every horse with the growing distance. In the case of horses which we call stayers, this diminishing of special pace is less than in the case of those which we call flyers. At the same time the former have to put in a less speed than the latter. The scale at which this decrease takes place, and the amount of reserved speed, show in which degree the horse is a stayer or a flyer. Here 1 would like to further remark that the stayer can increase its speed only very little or not at all after a pace which is under its special pace. The special pace t of the stayer is greater than the special pace ti of the flyer. The stayer, therefore, gains on the way per metre a distance equal to M. On the whole distance d the advantage of the staver amounts to d M. If s equals the speed of the stayer, and Sj equals the speed of the flyer, the question is whether d. j\I. > Si — s or d. M. < Si — s i.e., whether the flyer on a gi\'en distance can, through its superior speed, gain the advantage which the stayer has obtained on the way (about to the distance) on account of its greater special pace. If this be not the case, the flyer will have to increase somewhat its special pace, but onl)- in so far as s' — s becomes larger than d.M. The pace in steeplechases is limited by obstacles and the ground. The stayer therefore in steeplechases is prevented from full}' developing its chief force. The fl\'er, on the other hand, can make use of the pace necessitated by the ground, which perhaps just corresponds to its special pace, and put on a better speed at the finish. The less the obstacles, the more even the ground, the more advantage there is for the stayer. Jf In races of such great distances as in the above-mentioned 20 verst race at Moscow, the racing galloping ceases more or less, and the special pace of the stayer as well as of the flyer (ceteris paribus, viz., in horses of approxi- matel\- ec|ual class) becomes prettv equal. For this reason, in case of such unraceable distances, the flyer will very often have the advantage. The above comparisons applv in general only to horses of approximately 6. Conclusions and Propositions as to the Improvement, etc. 199 equal class. A horse of the first class, for example, wiiich is at the same time a staver, may have a greater speed than a horse iiii)ns as to the Impiovemt-ni , clc. -JO."; 7. — -Abolish the early cnlry tlosinys, ;is thcv lead to U«t i-ari\- (rials, puL heavy taxes on breeders, and are the laiise that i^ood horses often cannot run in important races. 8. Increase breeders' rewards, so that more breeders niav participate in the earnings <>f races, anil in'ci'ease the interest in the brecdinfj of hard\' }'earlings. If, however, the representatives nS ThonjUi^hbred breeding;" will decline to reorganise the race trials in the above-described or a similar manner, and will persist in going on as they have done up to now, and if, further, as is iinfortunatel\- the case in lingland, the influence of bookmakers and nther business people should increase in the framing of racing propositions, the proud words, " prd repiiblica est diim litderc vidcmur," will soon he no longer true as regards race tests. Half-bred bri'eders will then be forced to apply to their own breeding tin- care and expense which has been the cause of the origin of the Thoroughbred, and thev will be forced to demand from their own breeding stock those tests of performances which have made the Thoroughbred so capable. In other words, Half-bred breeders will them- selves have to produce a sort of Thoroughbred. Of course, that is a long way off, and several generations will have to work before that standard can be reached to which the Thoroughbred of fo-da\' has attained. II. Heredity. chapti:r 1. General Observations on Heredity. TnK most inipciitaiit and diriioult work of llu' hrcfdcr is the mating of brood mares. It is aciiiiowledged that the breeding of horses is more diflicidt tlian liie breeding of our other domestic animals. Darwin contends that only few people have an idea what an amount of natural capacity, and how many vears' practice are necessarv, to become an expert breeder of pigeons. Mow much more difficult, more complicated, and above all, hcjw much more weari- some, is horse breeding I Judging from the results of mating, not onl\- many \ears' practice, but also a sharp eye and an impartial consideration are essential. Uesides the breeding material and the soil which are ;it the disposal of tire breeder, mating and tlie manner of rearing are the fundamental factors in horse breeding. F.\en if we have to acknowledge that the first worlc. namely, mating, is the more difficult part, yet, on the other hand, the mistake which most frequently occurs, not only in the breeding of horses, but also of our other domestic animals, is that one expects everything from the sire rind its mating, and omits to gi\e tliat care to the rearing without wliich, (•\-en with the wisest mating and the best lireeding material, iiotiiing great is produced. Tiie lireeder's t-vr must be able to distinguish wiiat is du« to the mating and what is due to the rearing with respect to the soil. We do not know an\- genera! rules or laws indicating which characters are generally or m(»stlv transmitted b\- the sire and which by the dam. Tiir former doctrine that the sire usually transmits the forequarters and the dam llii' liind(|uancrs is noi correct. \\\rn if there are .sires who nearl\- alwavs transmit certain parts of the bodv or intellectual characters, there are, on the other hand, dams who generallv transmit the same characters, ihere does not exist a fixed regularity of transmission, either on the part of the dam or on that of the sire. Generally, other things being equal, both dam and sire have the same pr{jncness to transmit the peculiar characters of tlu-ir body and temperament down to the minutest particular. .\lso, they mav transmit, more or less, (|ualities which tiiev do not themselves possess, but which (as Darwin contends) one of their ancestors as far ba W. ,. 8 „ H V. .. 10 „ 4 VI. .. 3-2 ,, 9 Vn. .. G4 .. 19 XVII. ,. 05,530 ,. T.iT + The numliur ut l'";miilv ;1 is tci \>l- >imilarl\ aildiil in tlic Kimiiinyf .nicl Sirt^-l.-unilies. Sin- I-'.-miily Outside family. family I o 0 3 8 0 13 ^•2 5 2« 1,439 t 03,303 If Ciiamant liad prodiui'd b;iciK', imr cciuld have made lln' cxciisi- that lit* had, in tin- sciond and tliird gcncratiim, iiiort* running blood tlian .•sire blood. If he prodiues well, it is evident from the seventeentii generation (or even earlier) that he has more sire blood than running blood. These different ways of judging liorses are indeed alwaxs possible for our pn-scnt dav horses, but not for the three foundatiim sires of the luiglish liioroughbred, for Eclipse, a marvel on tiie raeeeourse, iiad, just lii\e Ilerod, who between the ape of -J to 9 vears won in 0 r.'ices, no running blood whatever in his pedigree, whilst Mateiiem, who between the age of 5 to 10 vears won in ]0 races, can sItow \er\- little running blood (onlv famil\- 1) and no sire blood at all in his pedigree. .\11 this ought to be suftirieni to show how untenable Bruce Lowe's breeding theorv w ith the number svstem is. I*!ven if cleverness in the grouping of figures and diverse statistical tables often sei-m to support the Bruce Lowe theorv, one onh' needs to be reminded that tiguro pro\e anything, and often give verv remarkable answers to foolish or unjustitied questions. With the same justification we could also divide the blood of the sires into Running and Sire-families. Bruce Lowe's breeding theory, with its figure system, belongs to those errors which are fairlv harmless, with this advantage even, that breeders now trouble themselves more with the pedigree of the breeding material than formerly. Charles Richardson ("The l^nglish Turf," page 'J'JT) rightlv settles the whole Bruce Lowe doctrine bv saying : " 1 had some thought of criticising this figure system theorv, but. never seriouslv taken up bv breeders, it is alreadv a dead letter, succumbing through sheer inanition." The influence of sires and dams on their jirogenv varies in realiu trom the fact that the sires are, on the average, more important representatives of their race than the much more numerous dams c.'tn ever be. It is. therefore. to be assumed that the sires will oftener imprint their individuality than the dams. From this point of view can be explained the justitlcation and the especial value of the tables of breeding sires in the male line, as I have shown in the tables which follow. The recognised Goos tables in the female line up to the respective foundation dams are pre-eminentlv suitable for the correct judgment of Thoroughbred dams. The breeding tables of brood mares, com- 214 Heredity. piled according to tlie families on the dam's side, in the same manner as the Thoroughbred dams in the Goos tables, are used to serve this purpose in the stud books of the Royal studs at Trakehnen and Beberbeck. In these tables all dams which have produced nothing great are left out. The classical winners in the Thoroughbred tables correspond to the Royal stud and country stallions. As in all breeding of animals, bv far more female than male animals are necessary, the stallions will on an average excel the brood mares in qualitv. The chief thought expressed in the Goos tables, as well as in the tables just mentioned in the stud books of Trakehnen and Beberbeck, is therefore based on the claim that a division of the blood on the mother's side mav also take place. Through it the practical breeder will obtain an easy means to judge rightly and quickly the chances of a good heredity in ever}' single instance, and the investigator obtains an easy survey and insight in transmission affairs. It is a mistake, therefore, to conclude that the dam has a greater influence on the progeny than the sire, whilst from the above, it onlv follows that a good or prominent mare has more, i.e., more favourable influence, than a mare of less value, and that it is therefore important to use as good a dam as possible. It is taken as a matter of course that the stallion is good, especiallv as he can be more easily obtained, i.e., for a single covering, than a good mare. CHAPTER II. The Transmission of Acquired Characters. The ingenious Darwin theory of natural selection in breeding has latterly been mucii attacked. Critics, however, have not yet substituted it by any- thing better. The development of the genus horse is a proof of the Darwin theory. The destruction of the unfit is, according to Darwin's theory, eas\- to prove. The creation of the fit, which he speaks of, is explainable by the transmission of acquired characters, without it, it remains an enigma. The controversy as to the transmission of acquired characters seems to me to have become a war of words, just like the controversies about pure breeding, constancv and individual prepotency. The opponents of the doctrine of the transmission of acquired character admit that those acquired characters of the body, which when acquired influence also the germ cells, or, to speak more correctly, the corresponding so-called "determinants" oi the germ cells, can be transmitted. The question therefore arises, which of the characters acquired bv the body do not influence at the time when they are acciuired corresponding these germ cells? The above opponents admit also the eftccts rjf climate and food, for example, on the bodv and on the germ cells and the transmissi(jn of characters thus acquired. The transmission of immunities has also been proved by Tizzoni, for example, in the case of raby-proof raiibits and tetanus-proof mice, and by Ehrlich, in the case of rizin and abrin-proof mice. .Mares which have suffered from severe glanders and got over them seem, as far as m\' observations at Beberbeck and Trakehnen go, to transmit a certain immunity. Of course, it is possible that this transmission of immunities by the dam is deceptive, and has only been transmitted to their progenv by the milk of the dam. 1 have never been able to prove that sires transmit such immunities. .\!1 characters acquired by the body exercise an irritation tiirough the acquirement. We must, therefore, assume that the germ plasm nourished by the body, and thus connected with the same, is subject to every such irritation, even if only in a very small degree. The cutting off the tail, as in the case of dogs, very likely produces an irritation of the germ cells, which is, howc\er, not strong enough, and nut nf .such a kind that (ransmission 2ir Heredity. witliDUt a tail follows, 'llie cutting; oft the tail in the case of dogs belongs, as a matter of fact, just as little to acquired characters as the circumcision of Jews ; both are changes made from the outside, not acquired characters. Only irritations which for a long time and regularly, especially in earl\- years, have led to the acquirement of certain characters, as, for example, the trotting training of Trotters, which commences when thev are weaned foals, will be able to influence the corresponding " determinants " of the germ cells in such a manner that a favourable aptitude for the characters accjuircd from the parents is more or less transmitted. Thus is explained the transmission of changes produced bv the continuous influence of ground. The best example for this which I personally know is th<- previously mentioned change of the Percherons in the Russian Ciovernment Stud, Derkul (Government Charkow ), which was caused bv the Steppes, and transmitted. Darwin has especially emphasised the great influence which groimd, climate, food and manner of living exercise on the complete organism of animals in every kind of breeding. Important changes in the breeding stock may be effected by changes in the mode of living, which breeders can bring about. Practical horse breeding is based on these important and fundamental truths, and reckons w ith the transmission of many acquired characters. To these belong first of all, health, power, hardiness, habits, action, and the construction of the skeleton, combined with the action and changed by certain exercises. For example, the firmly established and early begun galloping exercises of the Thoroughbred have transff)rmed the previous more curved hind legs into more straight ones, and the less developed withers into prominent ones. On the other hand, the trotting exercises have, in the course of several genera- tions, produced straighter pasterns, longer middle, and flatter withers. Likewise the more upright shoulders of the draft horse, so suitable for draw- ing heavy loads, have been produced by degrees and transmitted in conse- (juenceof constant practice in drawing heavy loads through many consecutive generations. The deformation of the skeleton, which the Frenchman, De Gaste, takes to be the result of exorbitant trotting exercises, consists for the most part in a prf)longation of the ilium, a stunting of the ischium, and the diminution of the shoulder angle. Foals from parents which have been harnessed in their youth are more easily broken to harness than foals from parents which have never been har- nessed. It is more difficult to break in ff)r riding foals the parents of which have not been ridden or \(T\- little than those from parents which have been ridden for a long time. This is most noticeable in the case of breaking in young horses for jumping. In Trakehnen the brood mare Pirna, probably in consequence of an accidental opportunity, had accustomed herself not to be fastened up, or if she were fastened up, to get loose by cunning or force. Pirna transmitted this quality to several of her progeny, in the celebrated stud Palo Alto (California). October, 1893, 1 noticed as a very remarkable thing in the meadows that the foals of Trotters, unlike foals of 2. 'I'lu- 'IVansinissiuii of Acquired ("haracters. 217 riK.roughlKods. nearly always Inittrd. if they were urj^'cd on by a liandki-r- ohief'or whip. There was only one foal which i^allopcd nmre than trotted, and that foal was the product of a Trotter stallion out of the Thoroughbred mare Satanella. As is well Unown. the Americans liked until recently to infuse Thoroufrhbred blood into their Trotters. The stallion I'alo Alto and mare Maud S. are the best examples of this experiment. Briefly, the trans- mission of habits flnd faculties is in horse breeding a fact provable by many fxamples, and the most inifxirtant means for the impro\rmciit ot the breeds. .\s Darwin has proved by many examples, Imwever, not only habits and cleverness are transmitted, but all those characters which arc acijuired by continuous exercise of the same and according to the effect of the acquire- ment thev mav either injure or benefit the breed. In the following are given a few examples showing that the explanation of progress or retrogression in breeding by variation and selection alone seems to be insutificient. In August, I'.KIC), in TraUehnen, among the two-year-old fillies which were destined to become brood mares, the following ten fillies, by reason of their ancestry and conformation, were put to training for the llalf-bred breed- ing races 1907 in Konigsberg : — 1. .\clecial individual prepotency. Whether those individuals which excel by new formations of nature (according to Darwin's single variation) •224 Heredity. are — as Settegast says — endowed with a special individual prepotencv, is a question which, as far as horse breeding is concerned, cannot as vet be detinitely answered. In any case, male products in horse breeding are more prone to take on individual variations than female products. The aggregate of tilly yearlings is therefore always more equal than tlwt of colt vearlings. Of course, one will naturally prefer to use stallions with indixidual varia- tions or modifications which appear favourable for the purpose of breeding, and to establish and make the greatest possible use of these characters by inbreeding. It is possible that generally such stallions are specially endowed with individual prepotency. CHAPTER IV. Inbreeding. The investigations of scientists in biology and transmission have made, not only in Germany, but also in other civilised countries, especially in England and America, most considerable progress. Numerous regularly appearing periodicals have lately been created regarding this subject, amongst which is one that is especially worthy of notice appearing in England since 1901 under the name of " Biometrica " (Professor Pearson), in which — as the name already indicates — all mathematically tangible phenomena of biology and transmission are discussed. Laws of inbreeding are, however, to my know^- ledge, neither formulated in our country, nor in the just-mentioned " Biometrica." It appears to me the reason is that the material for such investigations in animal breeding is available to a sufficient extent only for the English Thoroughbred breeding, and this field is, unfortunately, up to the present not wholly familiar to the scientists. Even the book by Daven- port (" Principles of Breeding"), published in America, 1907, which gives many \ery interesting insights into the mathematically-expressed laws of transmission, leaves somewhat to be desired in its chapter on inbreeding. From the Thoroughbred of to-day are already known 20 to •2-3 generations of their genealogy. We could therefore make their pedigrees, with 1 to 17 millions of ancestors, whose abilities and capabilities are to be seen in the racing calendars since 200 years. It show-s how enormous is the material we possess in the Thoroughbred, and that it is without equal in any other breed ! Common ancestors constitute the basis of inbreeding. By " free genera- tions " is meant the number nf generations between the common ancestors and the sire on the one side, and between the common ancestors and the dam on the other side. In the following example of Stockwell, the common ancestor, Orville, is removed from the dam, Pocahontas, by two generations, and from the sire, The Raron, by three generations. Therefore the common blood of the basis, Orville, must altogether run five generations before entering the blood of Pocahontas and The Baron. From this is derived the S 226 Heredity. term " five free generations." It can also be seen from the same example that Waxy and Penelope form the basis of a different inbreeding with six free generations, three on each side. We further can notice that The Baron himself has four free generations to Waxy and four free generations to Penelope, and accordingly supports or increases the inbreeding of his son Stockwell on the same basis. Stockwell Pocahontas The Baron Marpessa Glencoe Echidna Birdcatcher Clare Muley Tramp- oline Sultan Miss Pratt Economist Guiccioli Sir Hercules -a n" 3 M CO K 3 O ■n o -I H n o 3- »! 3 3 O S3 D. !B a- o c 2 o O §■ 3 01 5". era' 3- o cr CO 1 >< "a re 3- ?r o- o 3 re r la N o 3 o o 3 Z 2. 55' a> a < o 3 (fi VI So' ■5 PI < St 3 03 n> 3_ 5' TO cr o c TO 3- 1^ a O o 3- 3 3 B CD 5 o > 3 CU ;^ c n s 3 O 3 5 o > 3 O. ro » D3 c N N 2 5' © -1 a. a> n £:; ■t fD 3^ 2. 0 n 7T O ■o o' o o < 5' B 2. 5' o T3 re -t 3 re n 3* 3 o] re re H 3 a. re "n re "a If sire and dam come from the same stallion (mating of brother and sister), that is an inbreeding with 0 free generation, and when it happens that a stallion is sire and grand-sire on the dam's side, that is to say, when he pro- duced a foal out of his own daughter, that is an inbreeding with — 1 free generation. In fixing the number of free generations, no notice is taken to which side they are allotted. On the other hand, in giving the number of removes, it is seen at once how many free generations are on the dam's side and how many on the sire's side. For instance, Stockwell is inbred to Orville in the fourth and fifth remove. It is usual in this designation to count both parents, commencing with the dam. It seems to me, however, improbable that finer shades in the laws of inbreeding can be detected by the help of removes than by that of free generations. I personally have not succeeded. In making these attempts, one is apt to run into the danger of getting together certain interesting geometrical groups, and to shape out fanciful and imaginary things, and in this way lose sight of the real facts. 4. Inbreedinj^. 227 1 myself know of no law of brfedintj wliicli cnn be settled or confirmed b\' the system of removes. Both parents, as well as all ancestors, ha\e heredity shares on the off- spring. The question now arises iiow great is the siiare of eadi of them. The second generation consists of two parents, both of which possess ec|iialh' great shares. To eacii of the parents mav be therefore ascrilied half. Now the question arises how much of this half eacii parent indi\idually transmits, and how much of it he transmits as mediator of his ancestors. The heredity share coming from eacJT parent must therefore be considered to consist of two parts whicii — as is shown at once — must be equally great. At first a still unkniiwn fraction e is supposed to be the individual heredity share of one parent. Both parents therefore individually possess 2 e shares, and figure as mediators of the remaining part 1 — 2 e, which is ascribed to the total of the ancestors. Thereby follows the demand that the fraction e is also valid for all former generations. Accordingly the four grand parents have the share 2 e . 2 e = 4 e", the eight great grand parents 2 e . 2 e . 2 e = 8 e' etc. The total heritage will thus be represented bj' : 2 e + 4 e= + 8 e-' + 16 e' — = 1. 1.) in which the 1 figures as the entire heritage. The value of this series quickly decreases until the\' soon become infinitesimal. From the above equation 1) one can eliminate 2 e and write instead : 2 e (1 + 2 e + 4 e= + 8 e-' — . . . .) = 1 2.) .\s the value contained in brackets near the ] is equal to the series in equation 1), it follows by substitution 2 e (1 + 1) = 1, therefore e = 1/4 3.) Thereupon follows that each parent individually transmits only the half of its total heritage, while the other half, also = 14, is transmitted on the offspring b\' each parent as mediator of all his ancestors. This is known in England as the so-called Gallon's law of ancestral heredity. But whether and in what manner Galton has furnished a mathematical proof of it is unkm iwn to me. Table I. gives a scheduled classification of the heredity shares for 10 generations, and Table II. the same in a lucid pedigree form. One sees that not quite 4-millionth represents the heredity share of an ancestor in the tenth generation. ,\s it is inconvenient to count with fractions, one can multiply all numbers by 262144. Thereby the heredity unity is the share of an ancestor in the tenth generation, accordingly =1 = 2" and the heritage of the offspring equals 262144 = 2 ". The last column in Table I. shows the heredity share of the various generations. One sees that each higher genera- tion has the half of the share of the preceding one. Below is show n the total of all generations up to and including the tenth. If one adds the remaining heritage of the still further removed generations of 512 the whole heritage of the offspring = 2 " is obtained. Heredity. Tablk I. in C [fl (Quantity of blood or Heredity shares of the offspring > and of the ancestors of the generations. n o E Offspring = 2" Offspring = 2'" Offspring = OI ^^ o 1 I. 0 1 •)o 2(52144 2'» 262144 '>i h 11. 1 i = 2-2 655:« = 2'" 131072 2'^ III. 2 tV = 2--> l(3:iS4 - 2" 65536 2 1'. IV. 3 ■,h = 2-" 409G - 2'^ 327(58 2^ '' V. 4 531? ^^ 2"' 1024 - 2"> 16:iS4 2'* VI. .5 tjiVj = 2* '" 2.J0 2" bl92 213 VII. 6 HTUr, = 2-12 (54 - 2« 1 4096 212 VIII. 7 ^T,r,s-i = 2-1 » 16 2* 1 2048 2" IX. 8 iTiiir = 2-1.1 4 = 2-1 1024 21" X. 0 » Ci fl ?1 ?1 fl s II a e« = £> ^1 fl ■?1 ■Si fl g II M 5i^ g Ji?:^ o , _ o * ^1 ■^ ?i Ol ri -M f 1 11 11 II -* ^ "M c* ^ ri ■M ^1 •M fl ;; 5i Si^ ?l II -f - -M * Q 5 o 5^ !^ »1 ■M ■M II % II 'M'-' - 2 Ji;^ ^ f _ _ ~ z. - ij ■ri fl •M fl fl A' ^ ^i^^ II S i'?i , •- ■» *• . 9 :: o ■M ■M CI ■M fl * «'-' 5j II 2 = r * « , « ■M ri ■M 7>1 fl 1 ?j •M — 1 1 I 1 230 Heredity. o ■Jl u O u c cS O o u ■a o o o c S; ^ S i^^ f^ g "0 C>l lO CO ,— , i>i in CO •^ 03 o 1—1 u 1 s i 1— 1 i g 8 00 10 X -r ZJ CJ C3 CJ c ■M o ^ o IM o -M s t^ o lo -f 3 S * CO t^ CO CO -f OJ 1 II >. = ;7E c» i 00 s g g g g -5 c-i .~' -f ^ CO CO 3 -5 to a ,, u il — . ■*■ c ■M o c>i ;^ ■M o -M Q l-~ i 3 CO f— 1 'c8 g O CO r; ^ s lO i -f ^ -T C §« ■^1 ^ g 2 § X o 0§ 5 ?i s i li ^ J3 -r • ^ i ri 2 o ^' "^ CO o „. -^ ?1 — ^ c^l o C^ o M Q •M — . r> II S CO c& •M irt s< !i-- CO -f t— 1 .— 1 CO ^ CO 5S' § f\ cc O -f "f -+ -f -T ■^ ■M c T & =s * 00 o 3 o 'X j_ -+ o 2 CO 23 ^ s o -t* 1 CO IM CO CO "M t-H T— 1 I— < 1— ( 1— ( S q ^ ^ "M _ ■M CD f^ & C3 »o -^ CO I— ' s Jg K S iS l.O 10 IS -^ if? 00 CO CO o CO CO CO CO CO o 2 m Li 5; o "t: o .— ( ■M CO -t "0 CO l^ X c: u X OJ ►S OS l^ ■fi •z T3 . O l- i -H i 3 i 3 o -+ ^ £ "o Xi HI 53 s ^ ""^ 01 T3 O II II II II II u II II II 0 3 >> ra £J c .t^ o (fi ^ c O >■ c ^ u 2 ?i 5i ^1 ?1 I>1 ri CI Si o •M o '5 C c CI 4. Inbreeding. •231 The simplest functinn wliirli fulfils the condition that J 1,2 becomes 0 if a ^ or a '1 = 0 reads as follows : J 1,2 6.) in words : The inhreedino; amount ec|uals the product of the hi redily shares of the basis. Accordintjly Table I V. is constructed. The unity to be chosen is an arbitrary one, as a unity to be absolutely described is unconceivable. The heredity shares are powers to -2, therefore their product also indicates in powers to -2 the inbreeding; amount. Accordingly, not the quantity of blood, but the inbreedino- amount as settled by the free generations, is the eftective agency which asserts the influence of the common ancestor in memory and in transmission with the power of the inbreeding amount. I'-rom the number of free generations, one can calculate at once the inbreeding amount F as p = 22 (fi-n 7.) in which f 1 = that number of free generations to which the inbreeding amount is supp<:)sed = 1. One can convince oneself of the exactness by re- garding the values in Table IW, for instance according to ccjlumn iii., there- fore f 1 = (5. It follows in case of •J free generations: F == 22(6-2)= o 8 = 256 G free generations: F = 22(6-6'= 2 0 = 1 Accordingh- the free generations are a practical and simple means for the calculation of the inbreeding amounts. Table IV. Inbreeding amount in the case of c I. II. III. IN'. ^■^ 0 ZJ > tS. ( f the lOttl tS. of the 7th tS. of the (ith tS. of the 10th c c generntion=2" generation=2" generation = 2" generation =2-'" 1^ " Offs )ring=2"' =262144 Offspring=2'-' =405)6 Offspring =2>° = 1024 OITspring=2'' -1 3 2=°^- 107:^741824 2'-= 202144 •2"- UXiSi 2-« = A 0 4 2' 6 = 2(KS4:i">4r>6 2"= 65536 2'-'= 4000 2- =-- a^r 1 5 2'"' = ti71<).SS(>l 2>*= IGim ■ 2'"= 1024 2-"'= m'li 2 6 2^« = ]077721(i 2"'- 4096 2" = 256 2->'= i,^. 8 7 2"- 4194»l4 2"' 1024 2" = 64 2 ■'= ,t,Ut 4 8 2=" l(ll.S.">7(i 2« = 256 2* = 16 2-"= ^J,, 5 9 2'- 2ii2144 2« = « = 65i-.:«! 2' 10 2" 1 2~"'= njTim 7 11 2>* = I(i8St 2^ - 4 2-'= J 2-"=mii« s 12 21- ■llKKi 2" - 1 2-'- h 2-'' = ,,tt'-i^ tS. = licredily sli.-ire of nm- anccsior (^see lables Land II.). 232 Heredity. There is yet a broad and unculti\'ated field before lis for furtlier mathe- matical considerations. I will here only point out that if the basis of inbreeding; occurs oftener than twice in the pedigree the inbreeding amount cannot be ecjual to a ^ , a ^^ . a ^^^ .... but is equal to a^ . a ^^ + a ^ , a ^^^ + a^^ . a m + for which we can also write : J 1,2,3 = J 1.2 + 'I ^^^ • B 1,2. where B 1,2 = cjuantity of blood = a ^ + a ^i. Thereupon we could still establish special values for the inbreeding sup- ports. Another consideration would be necessary for the inbreedings with more than one basis. In every kind of animal breeding, one has sought and attained improve- ment and progress by inbreeding to prominent^ ancestors as a basis. It is evident that the merits of a prominent ancestor have more chance of being transmitted, if this prominent ancestor appears as a basis of an inbreeding, in the pedigree of the product, for the breeding of which the mating is made. If we construct the case theoretically that two animals are mated w ith each other, which neither in themselves nor in mating with each other, can show any inbreeding whatever, we must ascribe to each separate ancestor of a generation, for example, therefore, to each of the 128 ancestors in the seventh generation, the same possibility and chance of the thorough heredity of its characters. As amongst these 128 ancestors there are very probably several of inferior value, there is just as much probability that the inferior ancestor thoroughly transmits as well as the prominent ancestor. Only on the basis of inbreeding the prominent ancestors is a better chance of transmission to be expected. If all ancestors were faultless and equally prominent, every in- breeding would be dispensable. The inbreeding of any developing breed must necessarily be very close at first. The question now- arises how close useful inbreeding shall be to-day, and how often it shall be repeated. Furthermore, on which ancestors as a basis the inbreeding mu.st be founded. Too much inbreeding in Thoroughbreds as well as in Half-breds has often ruined good tribes. In Thoroughbred breeding I recall the too frequent inbreeding undertaken by Lord Derby (9 times with 0, 6 times with 1, and 9 times with 2 free generations) with the daughters of Papillon, dam of the Derby winner Sir Peter. The best part of the female progeny of the cele- brated Papillon was ruined by it. Much of the blood of Eclipse has been spoiled by inbreeding too, and we have lost at Trakehnen in the same way, as will be shown later on, a great part of the blood of Thunderclap. Whilst the inbreeding mania of Lord Derby was a distinct fiasco, the breeding of the Duke of Grafton, undertaken almost at the same time, in the reasonable limits of at least 2 free generations, has produced from the valuable blood of Prunella, and her daughter Penelope, the most celebrated family of all Thoroughbreds. As further examples for the failure of inbreeding with 0 free generation the progeny of following mares will serve : — 4. Iiibi-et-diiii,'. 233 1. Sister to Rfqulus 174:i 1)\- ( Hautboy 7 Coneyskins by Lister Turk Emiliu.s a lli.irhllyer (by Herod) 4 Kclipse 6 Blank (by Godol. .Arabian) 1822 Paulowitz 1 lliirhflyer 1 Termapfant C Retrulus (by Godol. .\rabian) 1885 Mu.sket 4 Touchstone 4 Camel 1825 Whisker 3 Herod 4 .Snap 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian) ^''^ Matchem o Mare bv Spanker 1891 Himvar In I -- A i I AmeiicH I I A 111 lev I'** Marske o Hautboy (Grand-sire I of Old Country I Wench and Snake) o Lister Turk Grand-dam (Rubv -Mare) 3 Coneyskins 4 Hautboy 182() : Orville 2 Herod ; () Retfulus (by Godol. i Arabian) Mare bv Pavnator 4 Racliel (Dam of HiRh fiver) 5 Blank '(l)y Godol. .\rabian) The Mersey 3 Touchstone 4 Camel Mare bv Delpini 5 Tartar 5 Blank 6 Rctrulus Mare by Snap 4 Partner's dam 6 Bverlv Turk (Sire lj.v.liRf,') Mannie Grey 2 I^e.xini^ton Grand-dam 1 Reel (by Cilencoe) 2 Boston Spilletta 3 Snake 5 Hautbov Grand-d,am Western) 3 Hautboy .5 Brimmer Emilv 3 Eclipse 4 Herod 4 Blank .Mother 242 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 14 Emperor of Norfolk 3 Glencoe 6 Emilius 6 Tramp 7 Sir Archy 1885 America Norfolk 5 Sir Archy 3 Sumpter (by Sir Archy) Marian 5 Emilius 15 Epirus 3 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 4 Diomed 0 Herod 5 Eclipse 1834 Langar 4 Highflyer Olympia 3 Herod 16 Fitz James 3 Touchstone 5 Pantaloon (by Castrel) 1875 Scottish Chief o Orville 6 Selim (by Buzzard, Sire of Castrel) Hawthorn Bloom 6 Muley 7 Buzzard 17 Flying Dutchman 3 Selim 6 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 1846 Bav Middleton 4 "Sir Peter 4 Arethusa Barbelle 5 Eclipse o Highflyer 18 Gallinule 3 Stockwell 5 Touchstone (by Camel) 6 Birdcatcher 1884 Isonomy 3 Birdcatcher (Grand- sire of Stockwell) Moorhen 7 Selim (Grand-sire of Camel) Grand-sire : 4 Camel 19 Galtee More 3 Thormanby 4 Stockwell 1894 Kendal 4 Birdcatcher (Grand- sire of Stockwell) 5 Pantaloon Morganette 5 Pantaloon (Grand- sire of Thormanby) 20 Glaucus 3 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 5 Eclipse 1830 Partisan 2 Highflyer 3 Eclipse 4 Snap (Grand-sire of Sir Peter) Nanine 4 Highflyer 5 Eclipse 21 Gunnersbury 3 Touchstone (by Camel) 5 Sultan (by Selim) 1876 Hermit 4 Camel 6 Selim Hippia 3 Sultan 22 Hackler 3 Orlando 5 Melbourne 1887 Petrarch 2 Touchstone Hackness p 3 Orlando 23 1 Ion 3 Evelina (by High- flyer) 5 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 1835 Cain 3 Highflyer Margaret 5 Highflyer 4. Inbreedinef- 243 No. Naiiu's of Stallions Born Sire Dam 'M Isononiy 1875 Sterling Isola Bella 3 Birdcntclicr •3 Whalebone (Sire of 4 Sir Hercules \ Parents , ,, . ... >otBird- 4 GuiCCloh j catcher Sir Hercules) Grand-dam : 2 Sir Hercules 25 King Alfonso 1872 Phaeton Capitola 3 Glcncoe Americh 6 Orville .5 Orville 3 Mulcy (by Orvillo) 26 Lexinijton 1&50 Boston Alice Carneal 3 Sir' Aich_\- ill Ainericii 2 Diomed (by 6 Highflyer (by (by Diomed) Florizel) Herod, Sire of 6 Sahraiii (by Eclipse) 5 Eclipse 6 Marske Florizel) 27 Lottery 1820 Tramp Mandane 3 Eclipse 3 Eclipse 4 Cade 4 \Voodpecl . _ , 1 Parents 3 Mare '. ot o Alexander o Buzzard (by Eclipse) o Eclipse by Alcxand. ) ^•=^'"' 6 Sir Peter 5 Sir Peter 4 Sir Peter (by Hislinyer) 6 Highflyer 31 Paynator 1791 Trumpator Mare by Mark 3 Snap (by Snip) 4 (iiidol. Arabian .\nthony 5 Godol. Arabian ■1 I'arlner 3 Godol. Arabian 4 Mare by Basto (dam of Snip) 32 Pero Gomez 1806 Beadsman Salamanca 3 Lady Moore Carew 3 Tramp 4 \'eIocipede (by Tramp) 5 Orville 5 Camel 33 Privateer 1878 Adventurer La Favorita 3 Touchstone 4 Orville 3 Touchstone 6 Orville 6 Orville 244 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 34 Rosebery 1872 SpecuUim Ladylike 3 Touchstone 6 Orville 5 Orville 6 Orville (by Benins;- 6 Beningbrough brouffh) Xi St. Blaise 1880 Flermit Fusee 3 Touchstone 4 Camel (by Whale- .5 Whalebone (by Camel) bone) 5 Waxy G Whalebone 6 Selim 5 Penelope m St. Gatien 1881 Rotherhill St. Editha 3 Newminster (or The Rover) 3 Birdcatcher '5 Birdcatcher 2 Touchstone 37 Le Sanc}' 1884 .Atlantic Gem of Gems 3 Windhound 7 Orville 4 Touchstone (Grand- 3 Alice Hawthorn 7 Buzzard sire of Windhound) 5 Touchstone 7 Mare by .Ale.xander Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone Grand-dam : 2 Pantaloon (Sire of Windhound) :-!8 Selim 1802 Buzzard Mare by Alexander 3 Herod 3 Cade (by Godol. 5 Regiilus (by Godol. 5 Matchem (by Cade) .Arabian) .Arabian) 6 Retfulus (by Godol. 5 Partner (Grand-sire 6 Godol. .Arabian Arabian) of Herod) |o\vn brother to Castrel and Rubens] 3S) Silvio 1874 Blair Athol Silverhair 3 Birdcatcher 6 Whalebone 7 PotSos 0 Partisan 7 Orville 7 Orville 40 Sir Arciiv 1805 Diomed Castianira 3 Herod" ill Amarii'fi 4 Crab 6 Godol. Arabian 0 Blank (by Godol. 4 Partner (Grand-sire 6 Regulus .\rabian) of Herod) 7 Childers 4 Godol. .Arabian .5 Childers 41 Sir Peter 1784 Hisfhflyer Papillon 3 Resulus /Fl. Childers [Ban. Childers (■Fl. Childers ^\Bart. Childers 4 Godol. Arabian o Flying Childers 5 Sister to Mixbury 4 Bay Bolton 5 Fox 42 Tramp 1810 Dick Andrews Mare by Gohanna 3 Eclipse 4 Blank 3 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Regulus 3 Herod 4. Inhrecdiiii 215 No. Names of Stnllions •ti 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Tibtliorpe 3 Mulatto 4 BlacUIock Vedette 3 BlacklocU G Walton (by Sir Peter) Vertupadin 3 Partisan 6 Whalebone 7 Renint;broutjh Walton 3 Snap 3 Herod 4 Retfulus 6 Partner \\"eat!ierbit 3 Orville 5 Y. Giantess 6 Woodpecker (by Herod) Whalebone 3 Herod 4 Snap 6 Cade (by Godol Arabian) Whitelock 3 Herod (by Tartar) 3 I':cli])se 3 Mali-lieni \\'hisl\er 3 Herod 4 Snap 6 Cade (by (iodol. Arabian) W'iiullioiind 3 IVruvian 5 Mare by Alexander (by Ivdipsc) 5 Buzzard Born Sire Dam 1864 1854 1802 1799 1842 1807 1803 1812 1847 Voltigeur o Haiiibletonian (Grand-sire of Blacklock) V'^oltig;eur o Hambletonian (Grand-sire of Blacklock) 0 Sir Peter Fitz Gladiator ■J Sir Peter (Grand- sire of Partisan) o Buzzard 5 Mare by Alexander 5 Gohanna Sir Peter 3 Rej^ulus 5 Fox /) Flyinfj Childers Sheet Anchor 5 Woodpecker 6 Highflyer G Mercury Waxy .5 Godol. Arabian 6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod) Hambletonian 4 Tartar (by Partner) o Kej^ulus g Crab 6 (iod-^ Herod) 6 Bay .Middleton 1&33 Sultan Cobweb 4 Sir Peter (by High- 4 Highflyer 3 Y. Giantess flyer) 4 Herod (Grand-sire (by Diomed) 4 Arethusa of Diomed) 5 Highflyer 7 Eclipse 4 Ecli|3se 6 Eclipse 6 Herod 7 Bill of Portland 1890 St. Simon Electric Eight 4 Pocahontas G Sultan (Grand-sire 3 Birdcatcher 6 Birdcatcher of Pocahontas) 4 Touchstone 8 Bonavista 1889 Bend Or Vista 4 Pocahontas G Tiiuclistone (Grand- 4 Banter (Dam of 5 Windhound sire of Windhound) Touchstone) 5 Alice Hawthorn 4 Pantaloon (Sire of 7 Touchstone Windhound) 9 CambiiS(-an 1861 Newminster The Arrow 4 Whalebone !y Beningbrough 4 Beningbrough ij Orville (by Bening- '} Trumpator brouL^h) 0 Beninglirough 4. Inbreedin.Sf. 247 No. Names of Stallions 1 Born Sire Dam 10 Camel 1822 Whalebone Mare by Selim 4 Ilitjhnver 3 Herod 3 Hishllyer 5 Herod 4 Snap 4 Herod 5 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 6 Snap 11 Catton 1800 Goiumpus Lucy Gray 4 Herod 2 Herod 3 Herod 4 Eclipse 5 Cade (by Godol. 6 Godol. .Arabian 5 Matclieiii (by Cade) Arabian) 6 Blank (by Godol. Arabian) 6 Refjulus (Grand- sire of Eclipse) 12 ChildwicU 1890 St. Simon Plaisanterie 4 Pocahontas 6 Sultan (Grand-sire 6 Lan.i,^•lr 5 Voltigeur of Pocahontas) 0 Velocipede's dam Grandsire : 1 Pocahontas 13 Count SclTombers^ 1892 Au_£;;hrim Clonavarn 4 Stockwell 4 Birdcatcher 4 Touchstone 5 Birdcatcher 5 Sir Hercules 5 Birdcatcher 5 Orlando 5 Touchstone 5 Touchstone 14 Cyllene 1895 Bonavista Arcadia 4 Stockwell 4 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone 5 Xewminster 5 W'indhound (by Tiiuchstone) 5 Alice Hawthorn 5 Pantaloon 7 Touchstone 15 Le Destrier 1877 Flageolet La Dheune 4 Gladiator •J Partisan 5 P.-irlisan (by Partisan) 16 Diclc Andrews 1797 joe Andrews Mare bv Highflyer 4 Blank (by Godol. 4 Godol. Arabian 3 Blank Arabian) 5 Bart. Childers 6 Flyinij Childers 5 Regulus 6 Snip (by Fl. ChiUlers) 17 Dif)med 1777 Florizel Mare by Spectator 4 Crab 4 Elyiiiff Childers 5 Darley's .\r.ibian 4 Ciodol. Arabian 4 Partner 5 Flyintc Childers (by Darl. Arabian) I 248 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 18 Dollar 1860 Tlie Flying Payment 4 Cattoii Dutchman 5 Sorcerer 6 Beninsbrough 3 Selini 6 Beningbrough 6 Evelina 6 Sir Peter 7 Sir Peter 7 Sorcerer 19 Economist 1825 Whisker Floranthe 4 Herod 3 Herod 3 Herod 4 Eclipse 4 Snap 3 Eclipse 5 High liver 21) Energy 1880 Sterling Cher.-y Duchess 4 Sir Hercules 5 Whalebone (Sire of 4 Sir Hercules (Sire 4 Birdcalcher Sir Hercules) of Birdcatcher) 5 Touchstone 5 Touchstone 5 Melbourne 6 Sultan 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) 21 Fisherman 1853 Heron Main brace 4 Orville G Eclipse (Grand-sire 3 Mandane 5 Dick Andrews of Dick Andrews) 7 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) (by PotSos) 22 Flatratcher 1845 'I'ouchstone Decov 4 Waxy 4 Alexander 2 Sir Peter 5 Sir Peter (by Eclipse) o Eclipse 6 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 5 Sir Peter 23 Florizel 1768 Herod Mare ijy Cygnet 4 Flying Childers 7 Hautboy 3 Flying Childers 7 Byerly Turlc 7 Spanker 7 Leedes Arabian 5 Basto (by Byerly Turk) 24 Galliard 1880 Galopin Mavis 4 Birdcatcher 2 Voltaire 6 Blacklock 5 Voltaire Grand-dam : (by Blacklock) 4 Blacklock 25 Gladiator 1833 Partisan Pauline 4 Prunella (by High- 2 Highflyer 4 Trunipator flyer) 3 Eclipse 5 PotSos ♦ 4 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Snap 6 Eclipse 6. Highflyer 26 Goiiverneur 1888 Energy Gladia 4 Touchstone 4 Sir Hercules 5 Smolensku 7 Whalebone (by 4 Birdcatcher 6 Waxy Waxy and Penelope) 5 Touchstone /) Melbourne 6 Penelope 4. Inl)reedin£j. •249 No. NaiiK's of Stallions Born Sire Dam 28 29 30 81 32 33 H :« i Hambk'tonian 4 Tartar (by Partner) o Crab G Gcxliil. Araliian Hanibiirp 4 I-exin^lun f) Glciicoo Hannibal 4 Touchslujit 4 Stocliwell Haphazard 4 Rfi^iilus (by Godol. Arabian) fBart. Cliiklers \F1. Chilclers Hertnit 4 Camel 6 Paynatiii- (by Trumpator) 6 Selim 7 Orville (by Beninff- brou.qh) Joe Andrews 4 Gudol. Arabian 5 Bart. Childers (by D. Arabian and Betty Leedes) Kendal 4 Birdcalcher 3 Pantaloon Kingston 4 Smolensko 5 Sir Peter (by His;h- flyer) 7 Kclipse Kingston 4 Nielbournc .5 Glencoe 5 Touchstone 1792 King Fergus I ^ ( Bart. Childers ''[]■']. Childers 1895 I Hanno\'Pr America 1891 1797 18tU 2 N'andal (by (llencoe) 1778 1883 1849 1884 III Amrrlca Trachenberg 7 Bustard Sir Peter :i Rei^ulus 4 Godol. -Arabian 5 Fl. Childers .J Fox Xewminster .J Triinipator •3 Beiiinybrough lie! ipse ,S Sister to Old Coun- try W'encli 4 .SriaUe Bend Or 6 Touchstone 6 .Muley V^enison o Fclipse G Ilcrud Spendthrift o lunilius 6 Selim (Grand-sire of Glencoe) Mare by Highflyer 4 (iodul. Arabian 4 Partner Lady Reel 3 Le.\ini,'ton 3 Glencoe tir.iiRl-dam : 2 Lexinijton Zama 3 Touchstone 5 Camel Miss Hervev 4 Ciodol. .\r;ibian 4 Bart. Childers Seclusion .3 Sulian (bv Selim) 7 Orville .\ ma ran da 3 (iiidol. Arabian 4 Partner G Oari. Arabian G Betty Leedes Windermere 7 Buzzard (Grand- sire of Pantaloon) 7 Orville Queen Anne C Hij-hllvcr Kapanga 6 Black lock 7 Wh.ilebonc (Grand- sire of Touchstone) 250 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 36 Lambton 4 Orville (by Bening- broug'h) 6 Wliiskey 7 Sir Peter 37 Lanercost 4 Gohanna 5 Wondpeclcer (by Herod) 5 Highflyer (by Herod) 5 Trumpator 6 Eclipse 38 Liverpool 4 Eclipse 5 Highnyer (by Herod) 5 Woodpecker (by Herod) 5 Trentham 6 Herod 39 Lonei'bow 4 Orville 7 Highflyer 7 W'oodijecUer iO Marsyas 4 \^^^xy 4 Penelope 41 Master Kildare 4 Birdcatcher 8 Blackiock 42 Meddler 4 Newniinster 48 Melbourne 4 Termagant 5 Highflyer (by Herod) 5 Trumpator 6 Eclipse 1850 1835 The Cure 6 Sir Peter 1828 1849 1851 1875 1890 1834 Elphine 2 Beningbrough 5 Sir Peter Liverpool Otis 4 Eclipse (Grand-sire 3 Wood|)ecker of Gohanna) 4 Herod 5 Woodpecker Grand-dam : 5 Highflyer 2 Herod 5 Trentham 3 Eclipse 6 Herod Tramp Mare bv Whisker 3 Eclipse 1 PcitSos (by Eclipse) 4 Herod 4 Herod Ithuriel 5 Buzzard (by Wood- ])ecker) 5 Mare by Alexander Orlando 3 Selim 5 Alexander Lord Ronald G Whalebone (Grand- sire of Birdcatcher) 7 Blaclvlock St. Gatien 3 Newniinster 5 Birdcatcher Grand-sire : 3 Melbourne Humphrey Clinker 2 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 4 Trumpator 7 Eclipse Miss Bowe 5 Highflyer 6 Herod 6 Eclipse Malibran 5 Herod Silk 6 Blackiock Busybody 5 Venison Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone Mare by Cervantes 4 Eclipse 5 Herod Inliretiliiii; 251 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 44 Mercury 4 Godol. Arabian 1778 Eclipse 3 SistL-r to Old Coun- try Wench 4 Snake i Mare by Tartar 5 Curwens Bay Barb 45 Mortemer 4 Partisan 1865 Compiegne G Whalebone Comtesse 1 Emilius (by Orville) (by Walton) 7 Bii/zard 6 Sir Peter 6 Orville 7 Mare by Alexander 7 Sir Peter (Sire of Walton) 46 Muley 4 Eclipse 4 Herod 5 Matchem 1810 Orville 2 Herod Eleanor 3 Herod 3 Matchem 47 Musket 4 Touchstone 1867 Toxcjphilite 7 Sir Peter Mare bv West- Australian (by Camel) 7 Woodpecker 2 Camel 4 Camel 48 The Nabob 4 Selini 1849 The Xob 4 Buzzard Hester 0 Woodpecker (Sire 4 Orville 4 Mare by Parents of Buzzard) 4 Penolopc Alexander (by Eclipse) _ • of Selim 6 Eclipse 4 Prunella 49 The Xob 4 Buzzard 4 Mare by Alexander 4 Prunella (by High- llyer) 6 Sir Peter 1838 Glaucus 3 Sir Peter (by High- llyer) 5 Eclipse Octave 4 Highflyer SO Nordenfeldt 4 Melbourne 5 Touchstone 1882 In Auatral. Musket 4 Touchstone 4 Camel Onyx ',) Touchstone 51 Pantaloon 4 H i If h flyer 1824 Castrel 3 Herod Idalia ■2 Highflyer (by Herod) •5 Matchem 3 Eclipse 4 Eclipse 6 Regulus 6 Regulus 5 1 1 erod 52 Phantom 4 Herod 1808 Walton 3 Herod Julia 3 Herod 4 Eclipse 3 Snap 3 Matchem o Snap t Rci,'ulus 252 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 53 Phonomenon 1780 Herod Frenzy 4 Blaze 7 Leedes Arabian 7 Hautboy 7 Spanker 4 Godol. .Arabian 51 Plenipotentiary 1831 Emilius Harriet 4 Sir Peter (by Hifjli- 3 Hit;ht1yer 4 Hifjh liver flyer) 4 Eclipse 6 Eclipse 5 Hif;hnyer 7 Eclifise 55 Plutus 1862 Trumpeter Mare bv Planet 4 Eniilius (by Orville) 4 Selim 3 Sultan (by Selim) 6 Seliin 5 Orville ■5 Penelope 56 PotSos 1773 Eclipse Sportsmistress 4 Godol. .\r;iljian 3 Sister to Old Coun- tr\' Wench 4 Snake 5 .Ancaster Turk 57 Rayon d'Or 1876 Flageolet Araucaria 4 Touchstone 5 P.artisan 5 Orville 5 Selim 58 Rosicrucian 1865 Beadsman Mad. Eglentine 4 Priam 3 'J'ramp 4 Phantom 5 Whalebone 5 Orville (Grand-sire 6 Buzzard 7 Selim ol Priam) fowii brollier to The 7 Buzzard PalmerJ 59 Royal Hampton 1882 Hampton Princess 4 Pocahontas 7 Whalebone (Grand- 4 Sultan (Grand-sire 6 Touchstone sire of Touchstone) of Pocahontas) 5 Whisker 60 Saphir 1888 Chamant Sappho 4 Pocahontas 5 Enn"lius 6 Touchstone 6 Touchstone () Orville Grand-sire : 6 Gladiator 2 Pocahontas 7 Emilius Grand-dam ; 4 Touchstone 61 Sir Hercules 1820 W'iialebone Peri 4 Eclipse 3 Herod 3 Eclipse 5 Herod 4 Snap 5 Herod 5 Hi!4hnyer 7 Snap 62 Sir Hercules 1843 Cap a Pie Paraguay 4 Waxy (by PotSos) In AHstr«l. 2 Waxy 4 PotSos 4 Penelope 4. Inbreeding. 253 No. \anifs of Stallions Born Sire Dam ea 1 Sir Paul 1802 Sir Peter Pewelt 4 Uetrulus (by Godol. 3 Regulus 3 Regulus Arabian) 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Godol. .\rabian 5 Snip (by FI. .5 Fl. Childers 6 Fl. Childers Cliilders) .-5 Fox Gr;ind-dam : 3 Godol. .\rabian ftt Smoli-nsko 1810 Sorcerer W'owski 4 Herod ■2 Matcheni (b\- Cade) 1 Herod 5 Snap 3 Snap 0 Cade (by Godol. 5 Godnl. .\rabian Ar.abian) 65 Sultan 1816 Selim Bacchante 4 llerod 3 Herod 3 Herod 4 Hit,'h flyer 5 Matchem 3 Eclipse (by Herod) 4 Dclipse m Sweetmeat 1842 Gladiator Lollvpop 4 Walton (by Sir 4 PutSos 0 Blacklock Peter) 4 Prunella (by Hish- 0 Sir Peler (by H gh- 6 PotSos flyer) flyer) 7 His,H'.nyer 67 Touchstone 1881 Camel Banter 4 .Vlexander 4 Highflyer 4 Eclipse (by Eclipse) 3 Eclipse 5 Eclipse .J Herod .5 Sir Peter (by High- flyer) 0 Buzzard C II it,'h flyer 68 Tranby 1826 r^lacklock Mare bv Orville 4 Kini,' Fergus :! Highflyer 3 Her6d 4 Hi.i?hnyer 4 Eclipse 4 Eclipse .5 Herod 4 Herod 60 Trappist 1872 Hermit Bunsh 4 Camel 4 Camel G Selim (Grand-sire of Camel) 4 Lottery 70 Trumpator 1782 Conductor Brunette 4 Partner 3 Partner 4 Partner 4 Godol. .Vrabian ."j Rroun Farewell 254 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 71 Trumpeter 1856 Orlando Cavatina 4 Selini 5 Orville 3 Selim 5 Alexander 4 Buzzard "1 , ■.. , Parents 4 Mare bv - of Alexand. J ^elim 5 Penelope 4 Bening- "j . , Parents brough I of 4 Evelina J ^"'"^ 72 Vermouth 1861 The Nabob Vermeille 4 Emilius (by Orville) 4 Orville 4 Whalebone 4 Partisan 4 Penelope (Dam of 5 Orville 5 Whalebone Whalebone) 4 Selim 4 Prunella 73 Vir.^il 1864 Vandal Hymenia 4 Tramp in Amerii'd 7 PotSos (Grand-sire ^ 6 Orville of Blacklock's dam) 6 Black lock's dam 74 Virgilius 4 Orville 1858 Voltig:eur 5 Hambletonian Eclogue 5 Sir Peter 6 Waxy 6 Sir Peter (by High- 5 Highflyer 7 Sir Peter flyer, Grand-sire of 7 Higjhflyer Orville and Hamble- tonian) 7 Highflyer 75 Voltaire 1826 Blacklock Mare by Phantom 4 King Fergus 3 Highflyer 4 Highflyer 5 Highflyer 4 Herod 4 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 76 War Dance 1887 Galliard War Paint 4 The Baron 4 Birdcatcher 4 Touchstone (by Birdcatcher) 6 Voltaire (out of Banter) 7 Banter 77 Wild Dayrell 1852 Ion Ellen Middleton 4 Selim 3 Evelina 6 Sir Peter 7 Sir Peter 5 Sir Peter 78 Yattendon 1861 Sir Hercules Cassandra 4 Partisan in Austral. (by Cap h Pie by 4 Whiskey 6 Waxy Colonel) 4 Waxy 4 Penelope 4. Inbreeding. SUillions with 5 Free Generations. 255 No. Names of Stnllions Born Sire Dam 1 Alarm 1842 Venison Southdown 5 Prunella (by High- 5 Eclipse 5 Spadille flyer) 6 Herod (by Highflyer) o PotSos (by Eclipse) 6 Highflyer 6 Maria (by Herod) (by Herod) G Eclipse 2 Alarm 1869 Imp. Eclipse Imp. Maude 5 Sultan (by Selim) 4 Sclim (by Buzzard) .5 Blackloclv 6 Bustard (by o Tramp Buzzard) 7 Buzzard 3 Aurum II. 1894 Trenton Aura 5 Fisherman in Aii!^tral. 6 Touchstone 6 Marpessa 7 Touchstone- 6 Camel 4 Ayrshire 1885 Hampton Atalanta 5 Touchstone 7 Whalebone (Grand- 3 Birdcatcher 5 Bee's Wing sire of Touchstone Grand-sire : 6 The Baron and Birdcatcher) 2 Voltaire (by Birdcatcher) Grand-dam : 6 Voltaire 3 Touchstone 5 Birdcatcher 1833 Sir Hercules Guiccioli 5 Woodpecker 4 Eclipse 2 Bagot (by Herod) (by Herod) o Herod Grand-sire : 6 Eclipse o Htfjh flyer 2 Herod 6 Herod Grand-dam : 6 Highflyer 3 Herod (by Herod) 6 Buccaneer 1888 Privateer Primula 5 Touchstone 3 Touchstone 3 Pocahontas 4 Redshank 5 Touchstone 7 Chamant 1874 Mortemer Araucaria 5 Emilius (by Orville) 4 Partisan 5 Orville 6 Orvilk- 6 Orville Grand-dam : 1 Emilius 5 Selim Grand-sire : 4 Orville 8 Chanticleer 1787 Woodpecker Mare bv Eclipse •5 Godol. .Arabian 6 Darley .Arabian 2 Regulus (by Godol. .Arabian) 9 Charibert 1876 Thormanbv Gertrude •5 Touchstone G Orville 4 Sultan 6 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Touchstone) •256 Heredity. \o. Nnnies of Stallions Born ' Sire Dam 10 Chester 5 Sir Hercules 5 Emiiius (by Orville) 6 Siillan 6 Whisker (by Waxy) 11 Com US 5 Herud (by 'I'artnr) 5 Snap 6 Cade (by Codol. Arabiaji) 12 Cowl 5 Whiskey 5 Y. Giantess 7 Sir Peter (by Hi-IiHyer) 13 Defence 5 Herod 5 Hishfiyer (by Herod) 5 Eclipse /Alfred \ Conductor 14 Desmond o \'oltis:eur (by \'oltaI-re) 1874 ia AJistiMl. 1809 1842 1824 1896 15 Despair 5 Defence 6 Whalebone (by Waxy) 6 Touchstone 16 Dr. Syntax i 1811 5 iMatchem (by Cade) 6 Snip 6 Cade 7 Crab Vattendon 4 Partisan 6 Waxy 6 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Sultan) Sorcerer 2 Matcheni (by Cade) ro Partner Lc Godol. Arab an J I3ay Middleton 4 Sir Peter 4 Arethusa 7 Eclipse Whalebone 3 Herod 4 Snap St. Simon 6 Sultan 6 Velocipede's dam Grand-sire : 2 Voltaire 1881 See Saw 7 Waxv Paynator 3 Snap (by Snip) 5 Godol. .Arabian Lady Chester 3 Economist (by Whisker) 5 Orville Houghton Lass 5 Blank (by Godol. .Arabian) 5 Tartar (by Partner) 5 Re^ulus (by Godol. .Arabian) Crucifix 6 Highflyer 6 Herod (Grand-sire of Whiskey) 6 Eclipse (Grand-sire of Whiskey) Defiance 4 Herod 4 Hii^-h flyer 4 Eclipse 5 Alfred L'.Abbesse de Jouarre 4 Touchstone 5 Banter Grand-dnm : 4 A"oltaire Peine de Coeur 5 Partisan C Whalebone Mare by Beninpbrousfli 5 Cade (by Godol. .Arabian) 5 Reg'ulus (by Godol. .Arabian) 7 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip and Crab) 4. Inbrecdiiii. •257 No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 17 Donovan 1886 Galopin -Mowerina 5 Bay MitUlleton (by 2 \"oltaire (out of 3 Touchstone Sultan — Pliantom) Phantom Mare) o Muley 5 Birdcatcher 6 Sultaii 18 Faugh-a-Rallagh 1841 Sir Hercules Guiccioli 5 WoodpecUer 4 Eclipse 2 Bagot (by Herod) (by Herod) o Herod (irand-sire : 2 Herod 6 Eclipse 5 Highflyer (jrand-dam : 'A Herod 6 Herod 6 Highflyer (by Herod) 1!) Fitz Gladiator 1850 Gladiator Zarah 0 Buzzard 4 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Sir Peter 5 Mare by Alexander 4 Prunella (by High- 6 Eclipse (by Eclipse) flyer) 6 Herod 5 Sir Peter (by Hii^h flyer) o Gohaiina 20 Flacjcolet 1870 Plutus La Favorite •5 Partisan 4 Eniilius o Whalebone (by Walton) (irand-tlam : 3 Walton 7 Whalebone 21 Flibustier 1867 Buccaneer Sweet Katie 5 Tramp 3 Edmund (br Orville) ■5 Tramp 6 Sultan 0 Pavnator 6 Orville 7 Orvillc [own brother of WaisenUnabeJ 22 Fulmen 1880 Galopin Li^litninij 5 Birdcatcher (by 2 Wiltaire •5 Sir Hercules Sir Hercules) •ja Glencoe 1831 Sultan Trampnlinc 5 Mercury 4 Herod 4 Highflyer 6 Eclipse 4 Eclipse 4 Eclipse 6 Herod 4 Highflyer o Herod 6 Hif,'ht1ver 24 Harkawav 1834 Economist Mare bv Nabocklish 5 PotSos' (by Eclipse) j 4 Eclipse 4 Highflyer 6 Highflyer 4 Herod (by Herod) 7 Herod 1 0 Highflyer Grand-dam : 2 Highflyer Great Grand-dam : 2 Herod 258 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 25 Highflyer 5 Sister to Mixbury 6 Barley's Arabian 1774 Herod 7 Leedes Arabian 7 Hautboy 7 Spanker Rachel 1 Godol. Arabian 6 St. Victor's Barb 6 Grey U'hynot 26 Jerry 5 Herod 6 Matchem (by Cade) 1821 Smolensko 4 Herod 5 Snap 6 Cade Louisa 3 Highflyer 5 Herod •5 Matchem 27 Isinglass 5 Birdcatcher 5 The Baron (by Birdcatcher) 5 Pocahontas 6 Touchstone 1890 Isonomy 3 Birdcatcher Dead Lock 4 Touchstone 28 Ithuriel 5 Buzzard 5 Mare by Alexander (by Eclipse) 1841 Touchstone 4 Alexander 5 Eclipse 5 Buzzard 5 Sir Peter Verbena 4 Sir Peter 5 Highflyer 29 King Tom 5 Waxy (by PotSos) 5 Penelope 1851 Harkawav 5 PotSos" (by Eclipse) 6 Highflyer Pocahontas 5 Gohanna (by Mercury) 6 Mercury (by Eclipse) 30 Ladas 5 Touchstone 5 Queen Mary 5 Melbourne 1891 Hampton 7 Whalebone (Grand- sire of Touchstone) Illuminata 4 Touchstone 31 Lamplighter 5 Glencoe (by Sultan) 6 Emilius (by Orville) 6 Touchstone 6 Sultan (by Selini) 1889 in Araerici Spendthrift 5 Emilius 6 Selim ? Torchlight 4 Touchstone 7 Orville Grand-dam : 3 Sultan 32 Marslie 5 Hautboy 5 Lister Turk 7 Leedes Arabian 7 Mare by Spanker 1750 Squirt Grand-dam : 1 Hautboy ■ Ruby Mare 3 Coneyskins (by Lister Turk) 4 Hautboy 33 Matchem 5 Mare by Spanker 1848 Cade Mare by Partner 5 Darcy's Yellow Turk (Sire of Spanker) 4. Inbreedint;. 259 No. Names of .Stallions i Horn Sire- Dam •M Mintincj 1883 Lord Lyon Mint Sauce o Birdcatcher 6 Selim 7 ("astrel 5 Touchstone 6 Whalebone (Grand- 7 Comus 5 Glencoe sire of Birdcatcher Grand-dam : I'Selim and Touchstone) M 'I'ouchstone "\CastreI :i"i Morion 1887 Barcaldine C'liaplet 5 Touchstone 1 Darling's dam 4 Priam 7 Whalebone 5 Touchstone 5 Whalebone :s(i Mulatto 182:^ Cat ton Desdemona 5 Florizel (by Herod) 4 Herod 2 Hif,'hflyer .5 Hifjjhiher 4 Kclipse 5 Marske (by Herod) 5 Matchem C Herod 6 Kclipse (by MarsUe) ;^ Newminster lats Touchstone i^ee's Wing o Beningbroug-li (by 4 Alexander G Eclipse KinjT Fertjus |by 5 Eclipse G Herod Rclipse] and a 5 Sir Peter Herod-Mare) C Highflyer •") Trumpator (by Herod) 38 Xorfollv 1861 Lexington Novice 5 Sir Archy 111 America 3 Sir Archy 6 Saltram (by Eclipse, CIrand-sire of Waxy) 5 Buzzard 6 Wax> Grand-dam : 2 Sir Archy Great Grand-dam : 1 Sir Archy 3S) Orme 188t) Ormonde Angelica 5 Pocahontas 5 Birdcatcher 6 Sultan (Sire o (by Glencoe) 5 Pantaloon Glencoe) 6 Birdcatcher C Velocipede's dam M\ Ormonde 188;-! Bend Or Lily Agnes 5 Birdcatcher 6 Touchstone 6 'Blacklock 5 Pantaloon Grand-sire : f Selim (by Castrel) G Blaclvloek \Castrel 7 Banter 41 Persimmon 1893 St. Simon Perditta IL 5 Voltigeur 6 Sultan (Grand-sire 3 Melbourne (by Voltaire) of Pocahontas) C Voltaire -> t ? 6 Pocahontas 6 Velocipede's dam C Martha Lynn /f -| 7 Bl.icklock (Sire of G Pocahontas c »» Voltaire) Grand-sire : 2 Voltaire 260 Heredity. No. Names of Stal Born Sire Dam 42 43 44 45 4(5 47 48 4i) Perth .5 Newminster .5 Stockwell (by The Barun) Pyrrhiis the First 5 Buzzard (by Woodpeclicr) 5 Mare bv .Alexander (by Eclipse) Rataplan o Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope Sheet Anchor 5 \\'oodpecker (by Herod) 6 Eclipse 6 Mercury 6 Mare by Herod Sir Visto o Pocahontas .5 Newminster 6 Banter (Dam of Touchstone) St. Florian .3 Ion 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) Saunterer .5 Waxy o Penelope 1896 1843 1850 1832 1891 1S54 Scottish Chief 1861 5 Orville (by Benins'- brouffh) 6 Sclim 7 Buzzard (by Wood- pecker) War Dance 4 The Baron 7 Banter Epirus 3 Sir Peter 4 Diomed 5 Herod 5 Eclipse The Baron 4 Waxy 4 Penelope Lottery 3 Eclipse 4 Trentham 4 Woodpecker 0 Herod Barcaldine 1 Dar'insj's dam (by Birdcatcher) .J Touchstone St. Simon G Sultan Birdcatcher \ ■'} \V'oodpecker i G Eclipse (Grand-sire of Waxy) Lord of the Isles 5 Buzzard 5 Mare by .Alexander (by Eclipse) 6 Benintjbroush Primrose Dame 4 Newminster 4 Stockwell .5 Touchstone 6 Birdcatcher Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone 2 Bee's Winij Fortress 1 Whalebone 4 Hifjhland Flinij 5 Buzzard 6 Woodpecker (by Herod) Pocahontas .5 Gohanna 6 Mercur\' 7 Highflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) jMorgiana 2 Y. Giantess 6 Herod 6 Eclipse Vista 4 Banter 4 Pantaloor Palmflower o Bay Middleton o Touchstone Ennui 5 Waxy .T Penelope 6 Whiskey 6 Sorcerer Miss Ann 7 WoodpecI<:er 7 Mercury (by Eclipse) 4 Inbreedini;. or,) No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 50 Solon 1 1861 j West Australian Darling's Dam 5 Whalebone 6 Trumpator ((irand- .-. Waky (by Waxy) sire of Comus) G PotSos 5 Comus 7 Trumpator G Waxy 6 Penelope (by Trumpator) 51 Spendthrift 1876 Imp. Australian Aerolite 5 Eniilius 111 Aoiertca •A Whisker ? G Selini 6 Selim 7 Waxy ^p„e„,sof G Evelina (Grand-dam 1 G Penelope j Whisker of Emilius) 7 Stamford (Grand- sire of Emilius) 52 Springfield 1873 St. Albans Viridis 5 Sultan (by Sellni) G ^^■halebone 4 Camel 6 Camel 4 Lani^ar (by Selim) (by Whalebone) 5 Selim G Banter 53 Sterling 1S6S Oxford W'iiispt'r 5 U'halebone 7 \^■axy 1 p^^^,„^ „f 7 Penelope jWha'cbone 5 Whalebone G Waxy 54 Stockwell 1849 The Baron Pocahontas 5 Orville 4 Waxy 5 Gohanna G \\'axy 4 Penelope 6 Mercury 6 Penelope 7 Iliyhtlver ((Ir.-ind- sire of Orville) 55 Timoleon 1814 Sir Archv Marc by Saltram 5 Trenlhani Id America 3 Herod" 4 l\e.i,'-ulus (by Godol 7 Blank (by (iodol. o Blank .\rabian) .Arabian) Grand-sire : 4 Godol. .\rabian Grand-dam : G Godol. .\rabian G Re.trulu> (inmd-sire : > 2 Re.y:ulus (i rand-dam : 4 Ret,'ulus 56 Van Tronip 1844 I.anercost Barbel le 5 Buzzard 4 Gohanna (l)y G Woodpecker (by Woodpecker) Mercury by Eclipse) G Eclipse G PotSos (by Eclipse) .5 Woodpecker C Herod G Gohanna 5 Hi.uhllyer .5 Trumpator 6 Eclipse •262 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 57 Velocipede o Highflyer 1825 Black-lock 8 Highflyer Mare by JunipcM- o Eclipse (by Herod) 4 Eclipse 6 Herod 5 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Herod 6 -Matchem 7 Matchem 58 Venison 5 Eclipse 6 Herod 7 Snap 1833 Partisan 2 Highflyer (by Herod) 3 Eclipse 4 Snap r£i\vn 4 Herod 5a Voltigeur 5 Hambletonian 1847 Voltaire 4 King Fergus Martha Lynn 4 Sir Peter (by King Fergus) 5 Highflyer (Grand- 6 King Fergus 6 Coriander sire of Hamble- 6 Sir Peter (by High- tonian) flyer) 7 Highflyer m Waxy 5 Godol. Arabian 6 Partner (by Jigg) (B. Childers '\F1. Childers 1790 PotSos 4 Godol. .Arabian Maria 4 F'lying Childers 4 Fox 6 Byerly Turk (Sire of Jigg) (ii Xenophon •3 Whalebone (by Wax.\) 1872 Canary 3 Camel (by Whalebone) 4 Selim o Orville Mare bv Birdcatcher 5 Waxy Stallions with 6 Free Generations. Beauclerc 6 Whalebone Bend'Or 6 Touchstone 6 Muley (by Orville) 7 Selim (by Bu/zard) 1875 1877 Rosicrucian 4 Priam o Whalebone Doncaster a Blacklock 7 Whalebone 7 Stlim Bonny Bell o Walton Grand-dam : , 3 Whalebone Rouge Rose G Orville 6 Buzzard () Mare by Alexanider 7 Waxv 4. Inbreeding. •263 No. Names of Stallions Born 1 j Sire Dam :i Blair Athol 1861 Stofkwell Blink Bonny 6 Whalebone o Orville G Evelina (Dam of 7 Orville 6 Waxy ~1 Parents Orville) 7 Evelina 6 Penelope / whalebone 6 Sir Peter 7 Trunipator (Grand- sire of Whalebone) 7 Hig-hllyer (Grand- sire of Orville) Grand-dam : 3 AX'halebone 4 Compiegiie 1858 Fitz Gladiator Maid of Hart 6 Whalebone .5 Buzzard G Sir Peter 7 Mare by .Me.xander 5 Mare by Alexander 6 Benini^brouijh 7 Buzzard 5 Sir Peter G Waxy 7 Sir Peter o Gohanna G Evelina 7 Beninsbrouf;h 7 Gohanna 5 Cremorne 1869 Parmesan Rigolboche 6 Tramp 6 Waxy •5 Tramp 7 Selim C Penelope •3 Selim 8 Waxy G PotSos 8 Penelope 0 Prunella 8 PotSos 0 Doncaster 1870 Stockwell -Marigold fi Blaclclock .5 Orville 4 Humphrey Clinker 7 Whalebone 6 Waxy "> Parents 6 Penelope J wha°Ibone G Selim 7 Selim 7 Favonius 1868 Parmesan ZepluT 6 Whisker 6 Waxy ^ Parents 6 Penelope / vvhtlker 6 Prunella \ Grand- 6 PotSos / '^^^ •5 Wliiskcr 8 Grand Flaneur 1877 Yattendon First Lady C Sir Hercules 4 Partisan •5 Pantaloon (by Whalebone) 6 Waxy (Sire of Whalebone) ■5 Camel (by Whalebone) U Hindoo 1878 Virgil Florence 6 Eniilius (by Orville) AtnriicA 4 Tramp •J Emilius 7 Tramp 6 Orville 6 Orville 10 King Fergus 1775 Eclipse Pollv 6 Bay Bolton 3 Sister to Old Coun- try Wench 4 Snake 6 Hautboy 0 Byerly Turk 264 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 11 Kisber 1878 Buccaneer Mineral 6 Sultan 3 Edmund 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville (by Orville) 5 Paynator 7 Orville 12 Leamington 1853 Faugh-a-Ballagh Mare by Pantaloon 6 Woodpecker 5 Woodpecker 4 Buzzard 6 Alexander 6 Eclipse (by Woodpecker) (by Eclipse) 4 Mare by Alexander 13 Lord Clifden 1860 Newminster The Slave 6 Paynator 5 Trumpator 5 Golumpus (by Trumpator) 5 Beningbrough 7 Orville (by Beninsbrough) 14 Lord Lyon ism Stockwell Paradigm 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 5 Selim 6 Selim 0 Waxy "( Parents 0 Penelope / whallbone 5 \\'axy 7 Orville 6 Orville 15 Lord Ronald 1862 Stockwell Edith 6 Whalebone 5 Orville 5 Whalebone 7 Selim 6 Waxy )^ Parents 6 Penelope j whalebone 6 Selim 7 Orville 16 Macaroni 1860 Sweetmeat Jocose 6 Sir Peter (bv High- 4 Walton 3 .Alexander flyer) (by Sir Peter) (by Eclipse) 6 Orville (Grand-son 6 PotSos (by Eclipse) 4 Highflyer of Highflyer) 4 Buzzard 6 Buzzard .5 Sir Peter (by High- 6 Mare by Alexander flyer) 17 Matclibox 1891 St. Simon Match Girl 6 Bay Middleton G Sultan 3 Orlando (by Sultan) 18 Parmesan 1857 Sweetmeat Griiyere 6 Waxy (by PotSos) 4 Walton 3 Waxy 6 Whalebone 6 PotSos 3 Penelope 6 Penelope 6 PotSos 6 Prunella (Dam of Penelope) # 19 Phaeton 1865 Kin£j Tom ftlerry Sunshine 6 Orville America 5 Waxy 1 Touchstone 7 Waxy 5 Penelope 5 Orville 7 Penelope 0 Castrel rCastrel ^ISelim 4 Inbrecdins'. •2f)r, No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 20 Rustic 6 Whalebone 18(53 Stockwell 5 Orville 6 Waxy "J Parents 6 Penelope / whaflbone Village La.sb 5 Whalebone 21 St. .Mbans 6 Whalebone (own brother to SavernaUe] ia57 Stockwell .j Orville 6 Waxy ) Parents 6 Penelope j \Vha"lebone Rriberv 6 Sir Peter 6 Statu ford 6 Woodpecker 22 St. Frusquin 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan) 1803 St. Simon 6 Sultan Isabel 6 Touchstone 6 Emma 23 St. Simon 6 Sultan (by Selim) 6 Velocipede's dam 7 Blacklock 1881 Galopin 2 Voltaire (by Blacklock) St. .\npela C Selim 24 Salvator 6 Selim 6 Orville 1872 Dollar 4 Catton C Beninfj- "1 , , Parents brouq-h '- ot 6 Evelina j °--""= Grand-sire : 3 Selim Sauvagine 4 Selim Grand-dam : 3 S elim 25 Speculum 6 Orville 1865 Vedette .3 Blacklock Dora! ice 4 Or vi Ik- 2«i Teddinnrton 0 Stamford (by Sir Peter) 7 Trumpator 7 Sir Peter 1848 Orlando 3 Selim o Alexander (by Eclipse, Grand- sire of Stamford) C Sir Peter Miss Twickenham 5 Sir Peter Grand-sire : 3 Trumpator 27 Tiiormanbv 6 Orville 7 Woodpecker (by Herod) 1857 VVindhound 3 Peruvian 5 Buzzard (by Woodpecker) .5 M.ire by Alexander Alice Hawthorn 3 Dick Andrews 4 Benini^brouy^h"! 4 Evelina (by Hii,'hnyer) j ■0 28 Trenton 6 Touchstone 6 Camel 7 Whalebone 1881 In Allstrsl. Musket 4 'I'ouchstone 4 Camel Grand-dam ; 2 Camel Frailty 5 Sir Hercules f; Whalebone 2S) Tristan 6 Sultan (by Selim) 7 Whalebone 8 Orville 1878 Hermit 4 Camel (by Whalebone) 6 Selim 6 Paynator 7 Orville Trieft 5 Tramp f) Whalebone G Whisker r> Orville •266 Heredity. No Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 30 Wen lock 6 Whalebone 1869 Lord Clifden : 6 Pavnator 7 Orville Mineral 1 Birdcatcher 7 Orville 31 West Australian 6 Evelina (by Highflyer) 6 Trumpator 7 Eclipse 7 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 1850 Melbourne 4 Termagant 5 Trumpator 5 Highflyer 6 Eclipse Mowerina 3 Waxy 3 Penelope (by Trumpator) 6 Sir Peter 6 Eclipse 32 Woodpecker 6 Darley Arabian 1773 Herod 7 Leedes Arabian 7 Hautboy 7 Spanker Miss Ramsden 3;^ Y. Melbourne 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 1855 Melbourne 4 Termagant 5 Trumpator 5 Highflyer 6 Eclipse Grand-sire : 2 Sir Peter Clarissa 4 Buzzard 4 Mare by Alexander •5 Sir Peter Stallic 3ns w ith 7 I''ree (Jeneration.'- 1 Atlantic 7 Orville 7 Buzzard "i « AT , Parents ( iMare by I of Alexander J ^elim 1871 Thormanby 6 Orville 7 Woodpecker (Sire of Buzzard) 7 Sir Peter Grand-sire : 4 Evelina (Dam of Orville) Hurricane 3 Sultan (by Selmi) Grand-sire : 4 Selim 2 Hampton 7 Whalebone 1872 Lord Clifden 6 Pavnator Lady Langden 3 Liverpool 7 Whalebone 3 Herod 7 Spanker 1758 Tartar 6 Old Peg (Dam of Spanker) Cypron 3 Darley 's Arabian 4 Himvar 7 ^Iuley (by Orville) 1875 iu America Alarm o Sultan Hira 3 Emilius (by Orville) 5 Sir Archy 5 Iroquois 7 Waxy 7 Penelope 1878 Leamington 6 Woodpecker 6 Alexander Maggie 6 Selim 4. lnl)rei'dint;. 267 No. Names of Stallions Born Sue Dam Kinotishcr 7 Orville 7 Sir Petet 8 Walton Oxford 7 Waxy 7 Ponelopt 1 See Saw ' 7 Orville 7 Waxy 8 Trunipatiir 9 I Toxophilite 7 Sir Peter (by llij^li- llyer, Grand-sire of Orville) 7 Woodpecker I 10 Trachenbercj 7 Bustard 8 Orville 11 I Vandal j 7 PotSos (by liclipsel 8 Hisrhf^yer 8 Herod War Dance 7 Dick Andrews 7 Orville 1867 111 Aiiii-rli'i 1857 1865 1855 1879 1850 1859 III AmerlcM Lexinjjlon 3 Sir Archv liirdcatclier o Woodpecker 0 Eclipse G Herod G Hij^hHyer lUicraneer 3 Edmund (by Orville) 5 Paynator (by Triimpator) Lonojbow 4 Orville 7 Woodpecker Flibustier o Tramp G Sultan 7 Orville Glenrne o Mercury li Eclipse ti Herod G Hisjh flyer C Woodpecker Lexington 3 Sir Archy 6 Saltram (by Eclipse. Grand-sire of Dick Andrews and Gohanna) I^ltliam Lass (i Walton 7 Orville Honcvdear 3 Orville 4 Selim .Margery Daw •J Wa.xy 5 Penelope (by Trumpator) G Orville Legerdemain 2 Peruvian (by Sir Peter) 5 Woodpecker Grand-dam : 2 Sir Peter Dirt Cheap 3 Camel 6 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Bustard and Sultan) .Marc" by Tranbv 7 Hip^hflyer Reel o Gohanna •Mis.sel Trush 8 Glencoe 8 Banter (Dam of Toudistone) 8 Bav Middleton Stallions wiiii S I'-r 18S>7 Generations. Orme •3 Pocahontas (by Glencoe) G Birdcatcher i'hrostle 4 'I'ouchstone Grand-sire : 2 Touchstone Grand-dam : 4 Bav Middleton 208 Heredity. From these examples may be drawn the following conclusions : — 1. The greatest number of approved sires are to be found amongst those with 3, 4 and 5 free generations. Also the sires and dams of the above-men- tioned 270 stallions with 1 to 8 free generations, have, as a simple calculation will show, on an average, 4 (exactly 4.13) free generations. This is a very remarkable and interesting result, and may be taken as a proof of the example. We here again see it confirmed that 4 free generations repre- sent the most favourable inbreeding for successful breeding material. 2. In former times we find more successful stallions with close inbreed- ing than in modern times. Of stallions with 1 free generation in modern times, only Barcaldine and Flying Fox can be considered really successful. It seems to me to be an open question, in any case it has vet to be proved, whether either of them will be the founder of such a successful line as Paulowitz, born 1793. .Among the stallions with 2 free generations in the past, the following may be mentioned as especially prominent : Brutandorf, Gohanna, Golumpus, Humphrev Clinker, Orville, Partisan, Sorcerer, etc. As equal to these in modern times we can onh- mention Galopin, Wisdom, and Sainfoin. In the case of 3 and 4 free generations, ancient and modern times are about equal. In the case of 5 and more free generations in former times are specially to be mentioned : Herod, Highflyer, King Fergus, Marske, Matchem, Waxy, and Woodpecker. The great majority of the horses mentioned in these lists are the \-ery best stallions of the more and most recent times. 3. .\s regards the repetition of closer inbreedings, it can be seen that the sires of stallions w ith 1 free generation had at least 4 (on an average 45) free generations, i.e., a little more than the remaining stallions with further removed inbreeding. We can therefore come to the conclusion that a repetition of such close inbreeding has not been successful. .Also amongst the many examples with only 2 free generations, Golumpus is the only one that can be mentioned in which the sire also had only 2 free generations, but the further removed inbreeding on the basis of Godol. Arabian is strongly supported on the dam's and sire's side. 4. In the case of the most successful stallions with a close inbreeding (1 and 2 free generations), a further removed inbreeding of the same is sup- ported in nearly every case hv a corresponding inbreeding of the parents, for example, with Paulowitz (1 Highflyer and 1 Termagant) the more removed inbreeding of the same is most strongly supported, viz., (3 Regulus, as well as by the sire Sir Paul (4 Regulus) as by the dam Evelina (4 Regulusj. Also in the case of F"lving Fox (1 Galopin), the more removed inbreeding of same, i.e., 6 Stockwell and 7 Pocahontas, is strongly supported by the sire Orme (5 Pocahontas and 6 Birdcatcher) and a little bv the dam Vampire (2 Vedette and C^ Birdcatcher). In the case of Friponnier (1 Orlando, 7 Orville, 7 Walton) the more removed inbreeding is strongly supported by the sire (•'j Orville) and bv the dam (:") Walton). In the case of the Derby 4. Iiibrccdint;. ^i'l'J and -2,000 Guineas winner Cadiand (1 Sorcerer, 1 llighnyer [by Herod], 4 \\'oodpeei free generations, it is advantageous not to sup- port this close, but more removed inbreedings, if such exist, as is explained in No. 1. It is therefore always advantageous to have several inbreedings, each on a different basis. Such stallions are also easier to get at for mating. One of the best examples of this is Ivclipse himself (see No. TJ, page ■241 ), in whose case also the closest inbreeding (3 Sister to Old Country Wench) is not directh' su]iported bv the inbreedings of the parents. The following more removed inbreedings : 4 Snake, 6 HautboN', and 7 t"one\'skins, are supported by the inbreedings of both parents and both grandmothers. This support of thi' inbreeding of prominent stallions bv the inbreeding of their parents is also often strikingK' visible in the case ot stallions with 7 and more free generations, as in the case of Atlantic, etc. The Derby winner lroc]uoi'^, himself a prominent racer, but not (|uite as successful at the stud, does nol show (he supi^ort of his inbreeding which is re(|uired abo\e, as is to be seen (page iOO, Xo. --)), but his best son, 4"ammany, has again (lie recpiisite supyDort of his inbreeding bv H dliMiccje, and his dam, 4 (jlencoe. In llie following table of the most important male blood lines the above rule of inbreeding support is distinctlv recognisable. .Stallions in the cases of which these inbreeding supports are especially \isible, outlast in their progens' intermediateU- one generation without this support, as in the case ot Rclipse himself, whose sons, PotSos, .Mercurv, and ixing i'ergus, have stood well one generation without this inbreeding support. 4"heir sons. Waxy, Gohanna, iieningbrough, and Hambletonian, siiow already distinctly the desired supports, [oe Andrews is the onlv son of I^clipse who answers him- self the above demands. In contrast to l-iclipse, the other two foundation sires, Herod and Matchem, as well as their sons (with the exception of Florizel, sire of the first Derb\- winner, Diomed), show a mu( h smaller, and in some ca.ses no inbreeding support at all. This is probablv the cause of the l-'clipse progenw in sjiite of the manv good rac(4iorses which Highflver has also produced, excelling most others as regartls breeding value. l*!clipse left behind him lour impcjrtant male lines, Highllver and Woodpt'cker oii/y one ctu'h. Here folKiwed two consecutive generations (llemd aiul his two 270 Heredity. sons, Highflyer and Woodpecker) \vitlK)ut the requisite inbreeding supports. Nevertheless, Herod and his son Highflyer have proved themselves to be a very good basis of every inbreeding. The Herod blood only commences to produce more sires for Thoroughbred breeding with the much better bred Sir Peter, born 1784 by Highflyer, and Buzzard, born 1787 by Woodpecker. The Matchem blood has undergone a similar experience, as his son. Con- ductor, did not possess sufficient inbreeding supports. Trumpator, born 1782 by Conductor, as well as his two sons, Sorcerer and Paynator, were the first to succeed in influencing Thoroughbred breeding to a greater extent, as only in their pedigree the requisite inbreeding supports became significant. From the following list of male blood lines we can further see that the Herod and Matchem lines possess Eclipse, or Eclipse progeny, more rarely as the basis of their inbreedings than the Eclipse line itself. In the Herod line, for example, the first Eclipse inbreeding, even yet little supported, occurs in the American bred Boston. The Sultan-Glencoe line, well sup- ported by Eclipse inbreeding, has also had its chief importance in America. Europe onlv retained Glencoe's celebrated daughter Pocahontas. In the Bay Middleton-Fl. Dutchman line, which remained here, the Highflyer inbreeding prevails, and in the Highflyer line, which also remained here, there is no Eclipse inbreeding at all (page 282). Only the Pantaloon line (page 285) shows some Eclipse inbreedings, but generally inferior to the Herod connections. The A\"alton line (page 283) has been more fortimate. The latter and the Pantaloon line have also produced the best representatives of the Herod blood in Sweetmeat, Chamant, and Thormanby. A similar picture is found in the .Matchem line (page 280). The Smolensko-Jerrv line, as well as the Paynator and Dr. Syntax line, does not show any Eclipse inbreeding at all. The Sorcerer-Comus line, beginning modestly with Humphrey Clinker, showed the first somewhat eflectively sup- ported Eclipse inbreedings in the case of Melbourne and West Australian. This is very probably the reason that Melbourne is the only remaining scion of the Matchem line, whose best son. West Australian, was early sold to France. F'ortunately, West .Australian left behind him in England a stallion well strengthened b\- many Whalebone, Waxy, PotSos (all Eclipse's pro- geny) inbreedings, i.e., Solon, sire of Barcaldine. The efficacy of inbreeding supports can be most instructively seen in the long male line from Highflyer down to Eels (page 282). Only in the case of W^ild Dayrell and Buccaneer is this support somewhat deficient, and, in consequence, one had to wait for a son of Buccaneer endowed with a more distinct support of inbreedings in order to effectively continue this line. Kisber was not such an one, but Flibustier (and his own brother Waisenknabe), with his double connection over Tramp and Orville. See Saw was perhaps sufficient regarding the building of the pedigree, but of too little class. Kisber was the third member of a male line built up with insufficiently supported inbreeding. On this account his heredit\- did not come up to expectations which were founded on 4. Inbreedinpf. gy-j liis great raci no: form. In lingland, l-libii.stier, and perhaps also VVaisen- knabe, with Kisber's cliances, might have been a great success. Buccaneer with his inbreeding (8 1-dmund and 5 Pa\-nator) was certainly difficult to handle so as to obtain the required inbreeding support. Also Fenek (6 Tramp, 7 Sultan, dam ', Cervantes), Good Hope (6 Tramp, 6 Sultan, 7 Orville, dam 7 Orville), and Pirat (5 Cain, 6 Sorcerer, dam 3 Comus, 5 Sir Peter), had not suflicient inbreeding supports in the building up of their pedigrees. Nil Desperandum was bred a little more favourablv, but not sufficiently so: 4 Bay Middleton. f, Orville. 7 Pavnator, dam 2 Touchstone, ■> W halebone. 272 Heredity. Eclipse Line. 1. I'otSos by Eclipse 1773. 4 Godol. Arabian. 2. Waxy 5 Godol. .\rabian. 1790. 6 Partner (by Jigg) 3. Whalebone 3 Herod. 1807. 4 Snap. I 6 Cade (by God. Arabian). 4. Camel 4 Highflyer. 5 Eclipse. 1882. o Herod. 6 Snap. .■). Touchstone 4 .Mexander (by Eclipse). 1831. .J Eclipse. •J Buzzard. o Sir Peter. (j Highflyer, li. Newiiiinster 5 Beningbrough (by King Ker- 1848. 5 Trumpator. [gus-Herod). j ij. Hermit 4 Camel. 1864. 6 Paynalor (by Trumpator). j 6 Seiim. 7 Orville (by Beningbrough). 8. Tristan 6 Sultan (by Selim). 1878. 7 Whalebone. 4. Sir Hercules bv Whalebone 1826. Birdcatcher 1833. The Baron 1842. 8. Stockwell 1849. 4 Eclipse. 5 Highflyer. .5 Herod. 7 Snap. .5 Woodpecker (by Herod). 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. 6 Highflyer. 4 Waxy (by PotSos). 4 Penelope. 5 Orville. 6 Waxy. 6 Penelope. 8. Blair Atliol 6 Whalebone (by Waxy and 1861. Penelope). 7 Orville. Dam Dam Dam 4 Fl. Childers. 4 Fox. 6 Byerly Turk (Sire of Jigg). 3 Snap. 6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod). 6 Godol. .Arabian. 3 Highflyer. 4 Herod. Dam 4 Eclipse. Dam 6 Eclipse (Sire of King Fergus). 6 Herod. Dam 3 Sultan (by Selim i. .5 Beningbrough. Dam 5 Tramp. 6 Whalebone. 6 Whisker. 6 Orville. Dam 3 Eclipse. 5 Herod. Dam 2 Bagot (by Herod). Dam 6 PotSos. 6 Phonomenon. (1 Highflyer (Grand-sire of Penelope). Dam 5 Gohanna. 6 Mercury. 7 Highflyer (Grand-sire ot Orville and Penelope). Dam 6 Evelina (Dam of Orville). 6 Sir Peter. 7 Trumpator (Grand-sire of Whalebone). 7 Highflyer (Grand-sire of Orville). 4. Inbreeding. 273 6. Ithuriel by Touclisionc 1841. 5 Buzzard. 5 Mare by Aicxaiukr. 7. I,oiiah(nv 4 Orxilk' (2 Ilorod). 1849. 7 UixidiH'clver (by Herod). S. Toxo|>liilit(' 7 Sir I\>tt-r (by Highflyer, 18.55. Graiid-sirc of Orville). 7 \\'(ioil|>ucker (by Herod). 9. .>Iusket 4 Touchstuiiu. 1867. 4 Camel. If). Xordeiifeldt 4 Mellxmrne. 1882. .5 Touchstone. Dam 4 Sir Peter. 5 Highflyer. Dam 5 Highflyer. 6 Herod. G Kclipse. Dam 2 IVTiiviaii (by Sir I'eter). 5 VVoodpeclver. Grand-dam 2 Sir Peter. Dam 2 Camel. Dam .3 Touchstone 111. Trenlitii by Musket 1881. 6 Touchstone. 6 Camel. W'lialebone. Dam .3 Sir Hercules. 6 Whalebone. 10. CarbiiU' by Musl^et 1885. 3 Brown Bess (by Camel). o Touchstone. Dam 3 Touchstone 4 Camel. 11. Spearmint 4 Stockwell. 6 Orlando Dam 3 Stockwell. 5 Orlando. 6 Melbourne. (by Touch.). 3 V. Melbourne. 6. Orlillldo by Touchstone 1841. 3 Selim. G Sir Peter. I o Alexander. Dam 3 Buzzard ^ Parents of 3 Mare by . Alexander J Selim. 4 Sir Peter. 7. Triiini»fter 4 Selim. ]a56. 6 Orville. 8. PIntus 4 Emilius (by Orville). 1862. 6 Selim. 9. Flaireolet -5 Partisan (Ijy W'.dton). 1870. 7 Whalebone. 10. liP beslrifi- I (iladiator (by Partisan) 1877. Dam 4 Buzzard "| Parents of 4 Mare by .Me.xanderJ Seliin. 4 Beningbrough ") Parents of 4 Evelina J Orville. Dam 3 Selim. Dam o Whalebone. (irand-d.im 3 W;dton. Dam J Partisan. 274 Heredity. 6. Newiuiiister by Touchstone 1848. 5 Beningbrough (by King Fer- gus [by Eclipse] and Herod- Mare). .5 Trumpator. ". Lord Clifteii 6 Paynator (by Trumpator). 1860. 7 Orville (by Beningbrough). Dam 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. Dam .5 Golumpus. 8. Hampton 7 Whalebone. 1872. Dam 3 Liverpool 7 Whalebone. 9. Lad.as 5 Touchstone. 1891.6 The Baron. I 6 Pocahontas. 10. TroHtbeek 6 Stockwell. 1903. 7 Touchstone. Dam 4 Touchstone. Dam 3 Thormanby. 4 Stockwell. 6 Birdcatcher. 7 Banter. 8. Petrarch by Lord Clifden 1S73. 2 Touchstone. j 7 Selim. 9. The Bard 4 Melbourne. 1883. 7 Defence (by Whalebone). Dam 4 Whalebone (Grand-sire of Touchstone). 5 Selim. Dam 6 Conius (Grand-sire of Mel- bourne). 6 Whalebone. 6 Sultan (by Selim). 7. Caiiibuscan by Newminster 1861. 4 Whalebone. o Orville (by Beningbrough). 6 Beningbrough. Dam 4 Beningbrough. 7. Adventurer by Newminster 18.59. 4 Orville. 6 Stamford (by Sir Peter). Dam 1 Orville. 4 Sir Peter. 7. Eclipse by Orlando .'\mer. 18o5. 4 Selim (by Buzzard). Dam 2 Phantom. 8. Alarm .5 Sultan (by Selim). 1869. 6 Bustard (by Buzzard). 9. Himjar 7 Muley (by Orville) 187.5. [2 Herod]. Dam 5 BlacklocU. 5 Tramp. 7 Buzzard. Dam 3 Emilius (by Orville). ^ 5 Sir Archy (3 Herod). 10. Uomino 3 Lexington. 1S91. Dam 2 Lexington. 11. Commando o Lexington. 1898. 4. Inbreeding'. 275 6. Oxford by Birdcatclier 1857. " Waxy. 7 Penelope. 7. Sterliiiir J W'lialtbone (by Waxy and ]S68. Penelope). Uam 3 Orville. 4 Sclim. Dam .3 Whalebone. 6 Waxv. 8. Isonoiiiy ,3 Birdcatclier (by Sir Hercules and Dam 1 Sir Hercules. 1875. Guiccioli). 4 Guiccioli. 9. Isillirlass 5 Rirdcatcher. 5 Pocaliontas. 1890. o The Baron. G Touchstone. Dam 4 Touclistone. 9. Galliiiule by Isonomy 1884. 3 StocUwell. 6 Birdcatcher. I 5 Touchstone (by Camel). 10. SlifTi' (■ullioii 6 Stockwell. 7 Touchstone. 1904. 7 Pocahontas. 7 Voltigeur. Dam 7 Selim (Grand-sire of Camel). Grand-sire 4 Camel. Dam 2 Galopin (Grand-son of Volt.). 7 Pocahontas. 7 Touchstone. 9. Janissary by Isonomy 1887. 2 StocUwell. I 3 Touchstone. •J Melbourne. 10. Jethiuli (J Touchstone. 1895. Dam 3 Touchstone. Dam .J Banter (Dam of Touchstone). 8. Energy by Sterling 1880. 4 Sir Hercules. 4 Birdcatcher. 5 Touchstone. 9. GouVenieur 4 Touchstone. 1888. 7 Whalebone (by Waxy and Penelope). Dam 4 Sir Hercules, o Touchstone. Dam 5 Smolensko. 6 Waxy. 6 Penelope. 5. Faugli-a-Ballagh by Sir Hercules 1841. 5 Woodpecker (by Herod). I 6 Eclipse. 6. Leamington (3 Woodpecker. 1853. 6 .\Iexander (by Kclipse). 7. Onon<1a!;a 7 Buzzard (by Woodpecker). 1870. 7 Mare by .•\lexander. 8. Lofoliatclie 3 Lexington. 1889. 6 Glencoe. Dam 2 Bagot (by Herod). Dam 4 Buzzard (by Woodpecker) 4 Mare by .Mexander. Dam 7 Dick .\ndre\vs. Grand-dam 2 Tramp. 4 Buzzard. Dam 4 Pocahontas (by Glencoe). 9. Caiman 5 Stockwell. 1896. Dam 2 Stockwell. 276 Heredity. 8. Doncaster by Stuckwell 1870. 0 Blacklock. 7 Whnlebune. 7 .Sflini. 9. Bend Or 0 Touchstone. 1877. 6 Muley. 7 Selim (by Buzzard). 10. Ornionde 5 Birdcatcher. 1883. .5 Pantaloon (by Castrel). I 7 Banter (D.-un of Touchstone). Dam 4 Humphrey Clinker. 6 Selim. Dam 6 Orville. 6 Buzzard. Dam 6 Blacklock. ( Selim. 1 Castrel. 11. Orme 5 Pocahontas (by Glencoe). 1889. 6 Birdcatcher. 12. Flying: Ft'X 1 Galopin (by Vedette). 1896. 6 Stockwell. 7 Pocahontas. 13. Ajax 6 Flyintj Dutchman. 1901. Dam 6 Sultan (Sire of Glencoe). 6 Velocipede's dam. Dam 2 Vedette. 6 Birdcatcher. Dam 5 Flying Dutchman. 6 Pocahontas. 8. St. Albans by Stockwell 1857. 6 \\"halebone. 9. Sprinsfl»ld fi Sultan (by Selim). 1873. 6 Camel (by Whalebone). I 6 Banter. 10. Sainfuiu 2 Stockwell. 1SS7. 6 Touchstone. Dam 6 Sir Peter. 6 Stamford. 6 Woodpecker. Dam 4 Camel. 4 Langar (by Selim). 5 Selim. Dam 3 The Baron "i Parents of 3 Pocahontas j .Stockwell. 8. Lord Lyon by Stockwell Dam 5 Selim. 1863. 6 Selim. 5 Wa.xy. 6 Whalebone (by Waxy). 6 Orville. 7 Orville. 9. Minting' .5 Birdcatcher. ^ ('Selim. Dam 7 Castrel. 1883. .5 Touchstone. '^(Castrel. .5 Glencoe. 8. Lord Ronald by Stockwell 1862. 6 \\'halebone. 7 Selim. 7 Orville. 9. Master Kildare 4 Birdcatcher. 1875. Dam 5 Whalebone. 6 Selim. Dam 6 Blacklock. 10. Melton 3 Stockwell. 1882. 5 Touchstone. Dam 3 Touchstone 4 Pantaloon. 4. Inbreedinsr. 277 10. Kl'inlal by Bend Or 1883. 4 Birdcatcher. I 5 Pantaloon. 11. Galtee More 3 Thormanbv . 1894. 4 Stockwell. Dam 7 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Pantaloon). Dam -3 Pant.-iloon (Grand-sire cif 'I'hnrm.-inlty). 10. Bonarista by Bend Or Dam 4 Banter. 1889. 4 Pocahontas, o -Alice Hawthorn. 4 Pant.iloon. 5 Windhound. 7 Touchstone, (by Pantaloon). 11. Cyllt'lll' 4 Stockwell. Dam 6 Touchstone. 1895. 5 NewminstLM- (bv Touchstone). 3. Whisker by Waxy 1812. 3 Herod. I 4 Snap. 6 Cade (by Godol. .\rabian) 4. The Colonel 3 Highflyer. 1825. 4 Herod (by Tartar). 4 Eclipse. 7 Blank. 5. Cap-a-1'le 2 Waxy. 1837. Dam 3 Snap. 6 Partner (Grand-sire of llerod). 6 Godol. Ar;ibian. Dam 5 Tartar. 5 Bl.mk. 6 Rei;ulus (( ir.ind-sire of Eclipse). Dam 5 Eclipse (tir,-unl-sire of Wa.xy). 6. Sir Hercules 4 Waxy (by Pot8os). 1843. 4 Penelope. I 18(jl. 0 Waxy. 7. Yatteildoii 4 P.irtisan. Dam 4 Pot8os. Dam 4 \\'hisk 8. (jlraiid Flaneur G Sir Hercules 1877. (by Whalebone). 9. Patron 4 Stockwell. 1890. 6 Melbourne. Dam 4 Pantaloon. 5 Camel (by Whalebone). Dam 2 Fisherman. 4 Melbourne. 4 Bay .Middleton. 5 Marpess.-i ((jrand-daui of Stockwell). 9. Merman by Grand Flaneur 1892. 5 Pocahontas. 5 Sir Hercules. Dam 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan, Gr.Mnd-sirc of Poc.ihontas). 8. Chester by Yattendon Dam 3 Economist (by Whisker). 1874. 5 Sir Hercules. G Sultan. 5 Orville. I 5 Emilius (by Orville). 6 Whisker. 9. Abercorn 4 Parajxuay (by Sir Hercules). Dam 4 .Sir Hercules. 1884. 278 Heredity. 3. Whisker by Waxy 1812. 3 Herod. 4 Snap. 6 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 4. Economist 4 Herod. 1825. 4 Eclipse. 5 Highflyer. 5 Harlianay 5 PotSos (by Eclipse). 1834. 6 Highflyer. 7 Herod. 6. King- Tom 5 \\'axy (by PotSos). 1851. 5 Penelope. 7. Phaeton 6 Orville. 1865. 7 Waxy. 7 Penelope. rCastrel. (^.Selini. 8. King Alfonso 3 fUencoe. 1872. 5 Muley (by Orville). 9. Fox 1878, xiiall 3 \'an dal (by Glencoe). Dam 3 Snap. 6 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod). 6 Godol. .Arabian. Dam 3 Herod. 4 Eclipse. Dam 4 Highflyer (by Herod). Dam 5 Gohanna (by Mercury). 6 Mercury (by Eclipse). Dam 1 Touchstone. 5 Orville. 5 Castrel. Dam 5 Orville. Dam 7 Orville. 1. Mercury by Eclipse 1778. 4 Godol. Arabian. 2. Gohanna 2 Tartar (by Partner). 1790. 4 Squirt. I 5 Mogul (by Godol. Arabian). C Godol. Arabian. rBartl. Childers. 1^ Flying didders. 3. Goliinipus 2 Herod (by Tartar). 1802. 5 Cade (by Godol. Arabian). 4. Catton 4 Herod. 1809. 4 Eclipse. I 5 Matchem (by Cade). 6 o. Mulatto 5 b'lorizel (by Herod). 1823. 5 Highflyer. 6 Herod. 6 Eclipse. Dam 3 Partner. fBartl. Childers. 4- . (Flying Childers. Dam 4 Godol. Arabian. 5 Partner. Dam 3 Herod. 6 Godol. Arabian. 6 Blank. 6 Regulus. Dam 2 Highflyer. 5 Marske. Inbreeding. 279 1. King Fergus l)y F.clipst' 1775. ^fBai-tl. Childers. ^\l-'lying- Childers. 6 Bay Bolton. 2. Benin a:l)r(Hi!>li 'A Tariar (by Partner). 1791. 4 Miss .Slainerliin. ( liartl. Cliilders. 1^ !''lviii!^- Childers. (j (iculol. Arabian. 3. On 6 lie 2 Herod (by Tartar). 1799. 6 Reyukis (by Godol. .Arabian). 4. Eniilius 3 Mii;hnM-r (by Herod). 1820. 4 Eclipse. I n Bhutk (by Godol. .\rabian). Dam 3 Partner. 5 Fl. Childers. 5 Confederate Filly. Dam 4 Regulus. 4 Blaze (by Childers). 4 Godol. .\rabian. Dam 3 Eclipse. 4 Herod. 4 BlanU. 5. Pritini .5 Whiskey. 1827. .3 Herod. 5 Eclipse. Dam 3 Herod. 4 Matchem. 2. Hambletonian by Kin:; l\rt;us 1792. 4 Tartar. 5 Regulus. I 6 God. .\rabian. .5 Crab. 3. Wliitelofk 3 HiTod (by •j'anar). 1803. 3 Eelip.si-. ! 3 -Matchc-in. 4. Blaeklofk 3 Ili-hllyir. 1SI4. 4 ML-rod. 4 Eclipse. 5. Vollaire 4 Kint; l'"iri.;ii> (by Eclipse). 1820. o Hii,dillyer. 6. Velocipede -j Mi-hilytr. 182.3. o P0I80S. 7 Matchem. Dam 4 Godol. .\rabian. Dam 4 Partner (Sire of Tart.-ir). Dam 1 PotSos (by Eclipse). 2 Herod. Dam 4 Highllyer. .3 Eclipse. Dam 5 Eclipse. 6 Herod. 6 Matchem. .5. Briilandorf by HIacUlock IS2I. 2 PotSos. j 5 Herod. 6. Hetnian IMatdtt' I P.it.Sos (by Eclipse). 1837. I Coriander (by PotSos). j .3 Eclipse. 7. The Cossark 3 Y. Gi.-intess. 1844. o Sorcerer. ;3 Stamford (by Sir Peter). 7 Eclipse. Dam 4 Cade. Dam 2 Sir Peter. 5 Eclipse. Dam 4 Y. Giantess. 6 Sir Peter. 7 Eclipse. 280 Heredity. 6. Voltigmr by Voltaire Dam 4 Sir Peter. 1847. 5 Hambletonian (by King Fergus). 6 King Fergus. 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). 7 Highflyer. 6 Coriander. Vedette 3 Blackloclv. 1854. 6 Walton (by Sir Peter). Dam G PotSos. Gcalopiii 2 Voltaire (by Blacklock). 1872. 9. St. Simon 6 Sultan (by Selim). 1881. 6 Velocipede's dam. 7 Blacklock. 10. St. t'loriail 5 Ion. 1891. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). Dam 4 Phantom (by Walton). 6 PotSos. Dam 6 Selim. Dam 5 Bay Middleton. o Touchstone. 11. Ard Patrick .5 Cowl (by Bay Middleton). 1899. 6 Pocahontas. Dam 5 Pantaloon. 6 Sultan (Grand-sire of Pocahontas). 10. Matchbox by St. Simon 1891. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). Dam 3 Orlando (3 Selim). 10. Persimmon by St. Simon 1893. o \'oltigeur (by Voltaire and Martha Lynn). 6 Pocahontas. Dam 3 Melbourne. 6 Voltaire. 6 Martha Lvnn. 10. St. Frusquin by St. Simon 1893. 6 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). Dam 6 Touchstone. 6 Emma. 9. Donovan by Galopin 1886. 5 Bay Middleton (by Sultan). .5 Birdcatcher. 10. Teliisquez 5 Pocahontas. 1894. 5 Touchstone. Dam 3 Touchstone. 5 Muley. (3 Sultan. Dam 4 Banter (Dam of Touchstone). 8. Speculum by Vedette 186S. 6 Orville. Dam 4 Orville. 9. Ko.sebery 3 Touchstone. 1872. 6 Orville (by Beningbrough). Dam o Orville. 6 Beningbrough. 4. Inbreeding. 281 1. Joe Aiidrt'us by Eclipse 1778. 4 Godol. Arabian, o Bartl. Cliiklers. 2. Dick .Viulrens 4 Blanlv (by Godol. .\rabian). Darn 3 Blanlv. 1797. o Rcf^ulus. 6 Flyiny Childers. I () .Snip (by FI\inj^' Childers). 3. 'J'ramit 3 Eclipse. 1810. 4 Herud. Dam 3 Eclipse. 3 Herod. 4. LiverjKM)! 4 Eclipse. 1828. .5 Iliijhnyer (by Herod). 5 Woodpecker, o Trenthani. G Herod. Laiiercost 4 Gohanna. 1835. 5 Woodpecker. •5 Highflyer (by Herod). .5 Trumpator. 6 Eclipse. V€in Troinj) .5 Bu/zard (by Woodpecker). 1844. 5 PotSos (by Eclipse). Dam 1 I'ot8os (by Eclipse). 4 Herod. Dam 3 Woodpecker. 4 Herod. Dam 6 Woodpecker. 6 Eclipse. 6 Herod. 4. Lottery by Tramp 1820. 3 Eclipse. I 4 Trenthani. 4 Woodpecker. 5 Herod. .3. Sheet .liiclior .5 Woodpecker (by Herod). 1832. G Eclipse. 6 Mercury. 6 Mare by Herod. 6. Weiitherbit .j Orville. 1842. 5 Y. Giantess. I G Woodpecker (by Herod). 7. Beadsninil 3 Tramp. 1855. 5 Orville. ' 7 Hu//;ird (by Woodpecker). 8. Rosicruciaii 1865. 4 Priam (Grand-son ot Orville). j 5 Whalebone. 7 Selim. 9. BeailfleiT <; Whalebone. 1875. 10. Cliisleslmrsl G Partisan (by Walton). 1880. 7 Whalebone. 8 Orville. Dam 4 Cade. ("Sister to Regulus. \Regulus. Dam 6 Herod. 6 Eclipse. D.im 1 Orville. 6 Herod. Dam 6 Bu/zard. Dam 4 Phantom. 6 Buzzard. Dam 5 W'.illon. Dam 5 Orville. 6 Waxy | Parents of 6 Penelope j Whalebone. 282 Heredity. Herod Line. 1. Higliflyei- by Herod 1774. 5 Sister to Mi.xbury. fBartl. Childers." 4- [ Flying- Childers. 2. Sir 'Peter 3 Regulus. 1784. 4 Godol. Arabian. 5 Flyini'- Childers. 3. Sir Paul 4 Regukis (by Godol. .Arabian) 1802. .5 Snip (by F'lying Childers). 4. Paiilowitz 1 Highflyer. 1813. 1 Termagant (by God. Arabian). 6 liegulus. •5. Cilil'l 3 Highflyer. 1822. 6 Godol. .\rabian. 6. Ion 3 Evelina (by Highflyer). 183.5. 5 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). 7. Wild Dayrell 4 Selim. 1852. 7 Sir Peter. Dam 1 Godol. Arabian. Dam j-Bartl. Childers. \ Flying Childers. Dam 3 Regulus. 4 Godol. .\rabian. 5 Flying Childers. Dam 4 Regulus. 4 Godol. .Arabian. Dam 5 Highflyer. Dam .5 Highflyer. Dam 6 Sir Peter. 8. Buccaneer 3 Fdnuind (by Orville). 1857. 5 Paynator. 9. Flibustier 5 Tramp. 1867. 6 Sultan. 7 Orville. 10. Traclieiiberi; 7 Bustard. 1879. 8 Orville. 8 Whalebone. 8 .Selim (by Buzzard). 11. Hannibal 4 Touchstone. 1891. 4 Stockwell. 6 Ion. 12. Fels 3 Hermit. 1903. 7 Ion. 7 Pocahontas. Dam 4 Beningbrough (Sire of Orville). Dam 5 Tramp. 6 Orville. Dam 3 Camel (by Whaieb.). 6 Buzzard (Grand-sire of Bustard and Sultan). 6 Selim. Dam 3 Touchstone ^ 5 Camel. 7 Sultan. Grand-dam 4 Camel. 4 Touchstone. Dam 5 Voltigeur. 6 Ion. Grand-dam 4 Touchstone. Inbreeding'. 283 Walton by Sir Peitr 1799. 3 Snap. 4 Rc,i;ulus. I 3 llerod. G Tartner. I'arti.^ilii 2 lliy^iiflyer (by Herod). 1811. 3 Eclipse. 4 Snap. 6 Kei^ukis. (iliKlialoc 4 Prunella (by Hit;hflyer). 1833. 4 I'otSos (by Rclipse). Sweetmeat 4 Wallcm (b\- Sir Feler). 1842. G PolSos. I 7 Hiijh flyer. Parinesnii (1 W.ixy (by PotSos). 18.37. G Penelope. Dam 3 Kegulus. 5 Partner. Dam .3 KeL;ulus. 6 Godnl. Ar.ibian. Dam 4 Trumpator. .3 PotSos. 6 Eclipse. G Hit;h flyer. Dam 0 BlaclilocU. 6 Sir Peler (by Hiirhflyer) Dam 3 Waxy. 3 Penelope. FaTonills G \\bi>l Touchstone. Dam 3 Gladiator. o Touchstone. o. Bay Middleton by Sultan 1833. 4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer). I 4 .^ethusa. I 7 l-)clipse. 6. The Flylntr Dntrhnian 3 Selirn. 1846. 6 Sir Peter I (by Highflyer). 7. Dollar 4 Catton. I SCO. 6 Beningbrough. 6 Evelina. 7 Sir Peter. 7 Sorcerer. Dam 3 V. Giantess. •J Highflyer. 6 Eclipse. D.im .3 Highflyer. •J Eclipse. i )am o Sorcerer. G Beningbrough. 286 Heredity. 1. Triiiiipator by Conductor (by Matchem) 17S2. 4 Partner. I 4 Godol. Arabian. 2. Sorcerer 2 Matchem. 1796. re Partner. T I Le Godol. Arabian. J 3. Comus 5 Herod (by Tartar). 1809. .3 Snap. I 6 Cade (by Ciodul. Arabian). 6 Eclipse. 4. HumplnTy I'liiikcr 2 Sir Peter (by Highf.) 1822. 4 Trunipator. I 7 Eclipse. 5. MelDoiiriie 4 Termagant. 1834. o Highflyer (by Herod). 3 Trunipator. 6 Eclipse. 6. AVest .4\istriiliiiii 6 Trunipator. 1830. 6 Evelina (by Highflyer). 7 Eclipse. 7 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 7. Solon 5 Whalebone (by Waxy). 1861. 5 Comus (Grand-son of Trunipator) 6 Waxy. 6 Penelope (by Trunipator). 8. Barcaldiiie 1 Darling's dam (by Bird- 1878. o Touchstone. [catcher). 9. Morion 5 Touchstone. 1887. 7 Whalebone. Matchem Line. Dam 4 Partner. Dam 5 Godol. .\rabian") Grand-sire of 5 Partner J Matchem. Dam 5 Blank (by Godol. Arabian). 5 Tartar (by Partner). 5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian). Dam 3 Regulus. 6 Snip. Dam 4 Eclipse. 3 Herod. Dam 3 Waxy. 3 Penelope (by Trumpator). 6 Sir Peter. 6 Eclipse. Dam 5 Waxy. 6 PotSos. 7 Trumpator. Dam 3 Birdcatcher. Dam 4 Priam. 5 Whalebone. 9. Sir Tisto by Barcaldine 1892. 3 Newminster. 3 Pocahontas. 6 Banter. Dam 4 Banter. 4 Pantaloon. 3. Smolensko by Sorcerer 1810. 4 Herod. 3 Snap. 6 Cade. 4. Jerry 3 Herod. 1821. 6 Matchem (by Cade). Dam Dam 1 Herod. 3 Snap. 3 Herod. 5 Matchem. 2. Paynator by Trumpator 3 Snap (by Snip). Dam 1791. 5 Godol. ."Xrabian. 3. Dr. Syntax 3 Matchem (by Cade). Dam 1811. 6 Snip. 6 Cade (by Godol. .\rabian). 7 Crab. 3 Godol. .\rabian. 4 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip). 3 Cade. 5 Regulus (by Godol. Arabian). 7 Mare by Basto (Dam of Snip and Crab). 4. Inbreeding. 287 A few of the chief lines in American Trotters. 1. Mcsscnoer xx born Hngl. 1780 by .Mambrino xx — 'I'lirf xx. 3 Cade (by Godol. Arabian), Dam: 3 Godol. Arabian, 5 Bay Uollon. •J. Mambrino xx ? born Amer. ISOfi by .Messenger xx — Soucrout xx. 5 Cade (by Godnl. Arabian), Dam : 3 Godol. Arabian, Grand-dam : 3 Godol. .Arabian. 3. Abdallah I. born .\mer. 18-23 by Mambrino xx ? and \mazr)nia. 1 Messenger xx, Dam ; ?. 4. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by .Abdallah I. and Charles Kent .Mare. 3 .Messenger xx. Dam : ?, Grand-dam : 0 Messenger xx. •5. George WilUes (519) 1856 by Hambletonian (10) and Dolly Spanker. Rek. 2,22 (insufficient pedigree of the Dam). 6. Patchen WilUes (3550) 188-2 by George Wilkes and l\itty Patchcn. Rek. 2,294. 5 Mambrino xx ? Dam: — 1 Mambrino Patehcn (Great Grand-son of .Mambrino. Grand-dam: 0 Mambrino Chief (Sire of Mambrino Patchen). 7. Joe Patchen (30-239) 1889 by Patchen WilUes and Josephine. Relv. 2, 01 J p. (insutTicient pedigree of tlie Dam). 8. Dan Patch (373-23) 1896 by Joe Patchen and Zelica. Reli. l,56i p. 3 George Wilkes (by Hambletonian [10]). Dam : 4 Hambletonian (10). 1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by .Abdallah I. and Charles Kent .Mare. 3 .Messenger XX, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 .Messenger xx. 2. Electioneer (125) 1868 by Hambletonian (10) and Green Mountain Maid. 3 Abdallah I, Dam: ?. 3. Mendocino (22607) 1889 by Electioneer and Mano. 3 H.'imbletonian (10). Dam: 4 Hambletonian (10). 4. Idolita 1896 by Mendocino and Edith. Rek. 2,09J. 2 Hambletonian (10), Dam : 5 Mambrino (Grand-sire by Hambletonian). 1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by .Vbdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare. 3 Messenger XX, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx. 2. Hanjld (413) 1864 by Hambletonian (10) and Enchantress. (.Sire of Maud S. born 1874. Rek. 2,08J) 0 Abdallah I, 2 Bellfoundez xx? Dam : ?. 3. Vasco (10996) 1882 by Harold and Vassar. 2 H.imbletonian (10) (by Abd.illah I). Dam: ?. 1. Baron Wilkes (4758) 1882 by George Wilkes and lielle Patchen. Rek. 2,18. 5 Mambrino xx? (Grand-sire by Mambr. Chief), Dam : 1 Mambr. Chief. 2. Moko (24457) 1893 by i^aron Wilkes and Oiiecn luhel. 2 llambleloni.ni (10), Dam: 1 Hambletonian ( 10). 3. Franko (33991) 1899 by Moko and Fraulet. 4 Hambktoni.in (10), G M.imbrino Chief, Dam : -J llambletoni.in (10), 5 M:imbrin(' Chief. 288 Heredity. 1. Hambletonian (10) 1849 by Abdallah I. and Charles Kent Mare. 3 Messenger xx, Dam: ?, Grand-dam: 0 Messenger xx. 2. Abdallah (15) 1852 by Hambletonian (10) and Katy Darling. 5 Mambrino xx?, Dam: ?. 3. Major-Edsall (211) 1859 by Abdallah (15) — Hambletonian (2). Rek. 2,29. 5 Messenger xx. Dam: ? (0 Messenger xx). 4. Robert McGregor (647) 1871 by Major-Edsall (211) and Nancy Whit- man n. ReU. 2,18. 6 Messenger xx. Dam: 6 Messenger xx. 5. Crescens (26217) 1894 by Robert McGregor (647) and Mabel. Rek. 2,02i. 4 Abdallah (15), Dam : 2 Mambrino Chief (11), Grand-sire : (.-Mlie West). 1 Mambrino Chief (11), A few examples of Russian Trotters. Polkan III. 1817 by Lofki I., his best son Duschak 1825. 2 Bars I (born 1784), 3 Bars I. Suriosni I. 1806 by f.ubesni I., his best son Ladin 1821. 0 Bars I. 2 Bars I- Scharodei Hi. 1862 by Polkan, his best son Lofki 1874. 4 Bars (born 1835). 3 Barsik (by Bars), Dam: 3 Bars. The question of inbreeding in the case of mares is less easy to handk- than in the case of stallions, because there are so man)- of them, and secondl}', because a dam can only produce a limited number of foals. I have only found the four following examples for a coarse inbreeding, i.e., incest breeding, with — 1 free generation : — 1. Bay Peg born about 1690 by Leedes .\rabian and V. Bald Peg by Leedes Arabian, was the dam of the two celebrated sires, Basto 1702 by Byerly Turk, and Fox 1714 by Clumsey. 2. A mare born about 1690 by Spanker and Old Peg (Spanker's dam), produced five celebrated foals, amongst them Jigg by Byerlv Turk, and Cream Cheeks, grandmother of the two Childers (see Family 6). 3. Old Lady born about 1702 by Pulleine's Chesnut Arabian — Pulleine's Chesnut Arabian, foundation mare of the Fam. 24 (Gohanna, Camel, The Baron). 4. A mare born about 1730 by Heneage's Jigg and the dam of Heneage's J'gg by Jigg, produced one filly of which there are no further reports, and six colts which became good racehorses, amongst them Hunt's Jigg (page 234), who also was bred with — 1 free generation. Of the many mares with 0 and 1 free generation which have been suc- cessful at the stud or have been prominent performers on the racecourse, tlic following may be mentioned : — 4. liibi'iM'din}^. Mares with 0 Free Generation. 289 \ allies of Mares and llieir Families Born Sire Dam 1 BeS3 Kam.3a 0 TotSos 6 Godol. Aialiian I (5 Partnei- 2 Brown Russet l''-i'"- 3 0 Hii,'litlyer 0 raijilloii Biitlerflv Fam.4 0 Hairot .) Cade (by Gudul. Arabian 6 (jntlul. Arabian Chesnut Skini Fam.Sb 0 Herod () Bay Bollon Goldenlocks I'am- 38 0 Crab Grev Sliim l"ani.5b 0 Herod Harlot Fam- 45 0 Herod 5 Ciodol. Arabian 180(i 1802 1804 1794 1758 1793 1783 Waxy •3 Godol. Ar: 6 Partner ibian Juliana Fam. ob 1810 0 Mercury ■J Herod (b\- Tartar) 10 11 Lollvpop l".i>ii- ^1 0 Blaekl.ick fi Sir IVlrr (by Hii,dillyer) Marparetta Fam.2c 0 Hi.i,dillyer •3 Reg^ulus (by Godol. .\rabian) 7 Flying Childers 7 Fox Mi.ss Elliot 0 Parmer Fani. 23 1S;«) 1802 1756 Sir Peter 3 Regulus 4 Godol. .Arabian 5 Flyini^" ("liilders .3 I'ox Master Bagot •3 Godol. .\rabian Woodpecker (i Oarlev .\rabian Oroonoko Woodpecker 6 Darley .\rabian Highflj'er 4 Darley .\rabian 4 Betty Leedes Gohanna 2 Tartar ,3 .Mo Mare bv Herod y Mare bv Herod 3 Partner (Grand-sire of Herod) Platina O. Belinda .3 Kins; Fer.tcus .3 Hii,'^hnyer 6 Eclipse 6 Heroil Mare bv Highflyer 4 Goilol. .\r.ibi.in 4 I'artncr Calia 290 Heredity. d Z Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dam 12 Old Ladv Fam. 17 0 Bald Galloway About 1715 Bald Galloway The Wharton Mare 13 Mare Fam. 15 0 Little Hartley Mare nm Shakspeare Miss Meredith 'J 14 Valentine Fam. 12 a 0 .Mare by Phantom (Dam by Voltaire) 6 PotSos (by Eclipse) 7 Highflyer 1833 \'(;iltaire 4 King Fergus (by Eclipse) 5 Highflyer Fisher Lass 4 Sir Peter (bv High- flyer) 4 y. Giantess 6 Eclipse 15 Mare Fam. 24 0 Herod 3 Cade 1798 \^'oodpecke^ 6 Darley .\rabian -Mare by Herod 3 Partner fBartl. Childers '•■(Flying Childers Mares with 1 Free Generation. 1 Bellissima O. Fam. 3 1 Herod 5 Regulus (by Godol. .Arabian) 6 Fo.\ 1795 Phoenomenon 7 Darley .Arabian 7 Fo.\ Wren 4 Godol. .Arabian 2 Blood Red Fam. l c 1 Ellen Home 5 Touchstone fCastrel '^Iselim 1875 Lord Lyon 6 Whalebone 6 Selim Rouge Rose 6 Orville fCastrel "^l Selim 3 Charmer Fam. 4 1 Herod 5 Regulus (by Godol. .\rabian) 1790 Phoenomenon 7 Darley Arabian 7 Fox (Grand-sire of Herod) Mare bv Fitz Herod 3 .Miss Partner 3 Cade (by Godol. .\rabian) 4 Partner 4 Comtesse Fam. i 1 Emilius 6 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 6 Delpini 1855 (The Baron) or Xuncio 0 Sir Peter o Delpini 6 King Fergus 6 Highflyer Eusebia 5 Highflyer 5 King Fergus 0 5 Mare Fam. 2 1 PotSos 2 Herod 5 Snap 6 Regulus (by Godol. .\rabian) 1799 Coriander 4 Cade (by Godol. -Arabian) 6 Partner (Grandsire of Herod) Wildgose 4 Blank (by Godol. .\rabian) 5 Godol. .Arabian 5 Little Hartley Mare 5 Regulus 4. Inbreedirii:;;^. •29 J g Names of Mares and ^ llieir Families Born Sire Dam 1 1 6 Flora Fam. 31 1768 Lofty Riot 1 Godol. Arabian y ",) 7 Fortress 1830 Defence Jewess 1 Whalebone 5 Herod 5 Mare by 1 Irrod 4 Highland 5 Hij,'h flyer 5 Mercury 5 Buzzard ■J Eclipse (by Eclipse) 6 Woodpecker 5 Woodpecker 6 Hi.yhllyer 6 Eclipse 8 The Jewel Fam. 28 1864 Stockwell Julv 1 Birdcatclier •J Orville 5 Waxy 5 Muley (by Orville) 6 Waxy 6 PotSos 8 (Johanna G Penelope (by Trunipator) 6 Prunella 6 Gohanna 7 Trunipator 9 Lizzie G. Fam. 23 a 1857 War Dance ^lare by Lecompte 1 Keel (by (ilencoe) Id AiiierlcH 4 The Baron 2 Glencoe 2 Boston 7 Banter 10 Mandrapora Fam. 4 b 1860 Rataplan Mant;anese 1 Birdcatcher .5 Orville 7 S'ir Peter 7 Orvillc 0 Waxy 6 Penelope 7 Trunipator 11 Maria Fam. 23 1791 Highflyer Maria 1 Herod 5 Sister toJMixbury 4 (iodnl. Arabian 3 Ke^ulus 6 Darley .\rabian 4 .Starlirii,' 4 Godol. .\rabian •J Crab 7 Bart. Childers (by 6 Flyini,' Childers Darley .\rabian) 12 Milliner Fam. 4 b 1869 Rataplan .Manganese 7 Sir Peter 1 Birdcatcher 5 Orville 7 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope 7 Trunipator 13 Minaret Fam. 4 b 1866 Rataplan Manganese 7 Sir Peter 1 Birdcatcher o Orville 7 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope 7 Trunipator 14 Mineral Fam. 4 1863 Rataplan .Mangane.se 1 Birdcatcher o Orville 7 .Sir Peter 7 Orville 6 Waxy 6 Penelope 7 Tru?ii[).itor 15 Miss Letty 0. Fam. 12 mu Priam .Marc bv Orvillc 1 Orville 2 Whiskey 1 Hurod 6 Herod 6 Eclipse 5 Herod 5 Eclipse 1 Eclipse ■* I. Proserpine ■292 Heredity. • Names of Mares and o Born Sire Dam /C their Families 16 Mare F--""- 3 1853 Orlando Brown Bess 1 Camel 3 .Selim 4 PotSos 4 Selim 5 -Mexander 17 Palma Fam. 12 1840 Emilius Francesca 1 Orville 3 Highflyer 4 Highflyer 4 Sir Peter (by Highflyer) 4 Eclipse 5 Eclipse 6 Eclipse 18 Pazmanita Fam- la 1875 Hermit Nyl Gau 1 New minster 4 Camel 2 Touchstone 19 Mare Fam. 24 1788 Phoenomenon Matron 1 Herod 7 Darley .\ra'bian 4 Partner 5 Squirt (Grand-sire of 4 Godol. .Arabian 7 Godol. .Arabian Squirt) 7 Fox 20 Rachel Fam. 13 1768 Blank Mare by Regulus 1 Godol. Arabian ? ? 21 Rantipole Fam. 321 1760 Blank Joan 1 Godol. .\rabian P P 22 Red Flag Fam. 1 c 1871 Lord Lyon Rouge Rose 1 Ellen Home 6 Whalebone 6 Orville 5 Touchstone 6 Selim /Castrel ■*! Selim fCastrel 7 Orville ■^Iselim 23 Red Rag Fam. ic 1870 Lord Lyon Rouge Rose 1 Ellen Home 6 Whalebone 6 Orville 5 Touchstone 6 Selim r Castrel n Selim /Castrel ■^L Selim 24 Ruth Fam. 13 1761 Blank Mare by Regulus 1 Godol. .Arabian P P 25 Rutilia Fa.-n. 13 1769 Blank Mare by Regulus 1 Godolphin -Arabian ! ■> P 2(i Sister to Old Fam. lli 1717 Snake Grey Wilkes Country Wench y P 1 Hautboy 27 Mare Fam. 11 1822 Whisker Mandane 1 PotSos 3 Herod 4 Cade 4 Herod 4 Snap 6 Cade 6 Godol. .Arabian 28 Wowski Fam. 18 1777 Mentor Maria 1 Herod 0 Godol. .Arabian 3 Godol. .Arabian 3 Snap .5 Godol. .\rabian 4. Inbreedini,^ •293 For the purpose of Judging of the iiKjre removed inbreedings of approved brood mares, 1 have arranged 60 of the best according to the degree of their inbreeding, so as to avoid anv confusion bv giving too manv iwamples. The choosing of tiiese 60 mares is not only a ditlficult task, but one about which one may have very different opinions. I have only gone into the deter- mining of their inbreedings after having selected the mares. The result was as follows : — W ith 2 free generations 8 mares. » I'ree (jenerations. Fam. 3 1862 A in b rose 4 Orville 21 Barbelle Fam. 3 o Eclipse .5 Hiijhflyer G Herod ^ ^lorganette Fam. 5 [ o Pantaloon i 6 Touchstone I G Sultan (by Selim) 4 Paradigm Fam. 1 5 Selim .5 W.ixy I 6 Orville 5( Pocahontas Fam. 3 5 Goh.inn.i (by Mercury) 6 .Mercury (by Eclipse) 7 Hiijhilyer (by Herod) 8 Sweet Katie I o Tr.inip 6 Orville ' 6 Whisker l'"aiii. .5 b 1830 1&S4 1852 18:^7 1801 Stockwell .3 Orville G W.ixy ^ Parent! of G Penelope J whi.kcr Pocahontas 5 Gohanna G Mercury 7 Hij^hflyer (Grand- sire of Orville) Sandbeck Darioletta 4 Hiyh liver 3 Eclipse •J liclipsc 4 Grecian Princess 'i Herod 5 Highflyer o Herod Springlield Ladv Morgan ■'} Sultan JSelim G Camel (by Whaleb G Banter ) - 2 " 2 ; ^(Castrel 7 Whalebone 7 Orville Paragone Ellen Home .5 Orville 4 Selini G Sir Peter 5 Benini^brough i => ? 5 Evelina ) =~i (by Hi-hllyer) 6 Highllyer ((irand- sire of Orville) Ciie-ncoc Marpessa ■j Mercury 2 Whiskey G Eclipse 4 Diomed G Hi.:;h liver G liiclipse G Heroil G Herod Kathleen G (Johanna (Grand- sire of Tramp) G PotSos 298 Heredltj'. 6 Names of Mares and their Families Born Sire Dam 7 Y. Giantess Fam. 6 5 Godol. Arabian 5 Partner 179() Diomed 4 Crab 4 Godol. Arabian 4 Partner .5 Flyins" Childers Giantess 2 Godol. .Arabian .3 Partner 5 Bald Galloway Mares with G Free Generations. Bee's AA'ing 6 Eclipse 6 Herod Bribery 6 Sir Peler 6 Stamford (by C Woodpecker Fam. 8 1833 Fam. 2 Sir Peter) 1851 Crucifix -2. 1. O. G Highflyer 6 Eclipse G Herod l-"am. 2 1837 Dr. Syntax 5 Matchem 6 Cade G Snip Tlie Libel 4 .\le.\ander 4 Buzzard 5 .Sir Peter Priam 2 Whiskey •5 Eclipse 5 Herod Mare by .\rdrossan 5 Eclipse 5 Herod 5 Old Tartar Mare 6 Marske 6 .Ansjelica (by Snap) Splitvote .5 Sir Peter Octaviana 4 Highflyer 5 Herod 5 Eclipse .3 Marske It can be .seen from these examples that the same rules as regards inbreed- ing, and especially' inbreeding supports, apply to the most approved mares just as well as to the stallions. .Among the approved brood mares with more than 6 free generations I only know, unless I have made a mistake, the following nine with 7 free generations : — 1. Jamaica (dam of Foxhall) — 7 Orville. 2. -Manganese (dam of The Miner) 7 Sir Peter and 7 Trimipator. 3. Mint Sauce (dam of Minting and The Lambkin) 7 Castrel and 7 Com us. 4. Miss Aitn (dam of Scottish Chief) 7 Mercury and 7 Woodpecker. 5. Moorhen (dam of Gallinule) 7 Selim. 6. Silverhair (dam of Silvio) 7 PotSos and 7 Orville. 7. ;\Iare by Tranby (dam of X'andal) 7 Highflyer. 8. Suicide (dam of .\mphion) 7 Whalebone. 9. Windermere (dam of Muncaster and Kendal) 7 Orville. This ntmnlDcr is, in comparison with the above-mentioned twehe approved stallions with 7 free generations, a verv low one. With more than 7 free 4. inbreeding. 299 jjeiicrations I only know llymonia, dam of \'irgil, and Aeroliii-, dam of Spendthrift. Perhaps the further removed inbreedings have been less suc- cessful with mares than with sires. The very dose inbreedings, conse- quentiv. seem to be less harmful with brood mares than with sires. I do not know of one single important sire with 0 free generation. On page 23fi are named tiie four stallions with 0 free generation of which I know. These four sires have not plaved any important part in Thoroughbred breeding. Amongst mares witii 0 free gcncralion, iiowe\er, besides several good foundation mares, we find a few willi excellent hri-eding performances, amongst them the followinp; : — 1. liutterflv, dam of Xaixicklish. •2. C"hesnut Skim, dam of l-'lcction 1). 8. [uliana, dam of Matilda F,. ■I. Loll_\'pop, dam of Sweetmeat. 5. Margaretta, dam of \\'a\erley. fi. Miss Elliot, dam of Grimcrack. 7. X'alentine, dam of War Hagle Dcp. and Snd in (he Derby. 8. Mantieuvre, dam of Lioness Cs. D. Mare ITH/i b\- Shakespeare, dam of Sweetbriar and Mentor. .■\s the nimiber of brood mares used for breeding is much larger than that of stallions, the absolute figures alone, of course, cannot be taken as equal measures of comparison. Conspicuous, howexer, is the fact that the number of sires with 1 free generation which have done well in Thoroughbred breed- ing is, as above shown, onh- \cry small (really onlv Paulowitz, Barcaldine, and perhaps l^'lving I'ox), whilst scxcral prominent stallions ha\(' been born of mares with onl\- \ free generation, amongst which are the following: — 1 .\dventurer, -2 Apologv, I. O. I.., :i Blacklock, 4 Cardinal York, 5 Drome, 6 Foxhunter, 7 General Peel, -2 Dcp., 8 Cioldfinder, 9 Grey Robinson. 10 Hannibal D., 11 Highflyer, 12 Kisber D. GP.. nV Knowsley. 14 Liverpool, l-j Mandrake, Hi .Mark .\nthonv, 17 Mortemer .\cp., 18 Padischah S.O., 19 Phaeton. 20 Przedwit OD., 21 Pvrrhus 1. D.. •22 Ruler L., 23 Schwindler l". XD., 24 Smolenski 2. D., 25 Squirt, 26 Statesman, 27 Theodore L., 2.s Thunderbolt, 29 W'enlock L.. .30 Weather- bit, 31 Fl. Childers, 32 Bart. Childers. In order to judge the inbreeding C|uestion with ILalf-breds, I have men- tioned in the following list 01 ILnlf-bred stallions which were born in Trakehnen, with their own and ihcii- parents" inbreeding. I have onlv left oiU a few stallions, as tiiey had pr;ictically no remarkable influence in the Trakehnen breedings. I'nfortimatcly, I have also had tf> leave out the following 9 stallions because their basis of inbreeding could not be deter- mined, partly on account of their insuiruient pedigree: F.deling, I*!lfenbein. Grezano, Fritter, Hirtenknabe, Lauer, Leporello, Paschal, and 'ihunder- clap. The remaining HI Half-bred stallir)ns are divided as follows: — 300 Heredity. \\'itli 1 free generation 2 stallions. ,, 2 ,, ., (i M 3 ,, ,, 6 M 4 ,, ,, 15 ,, r, ,, „ 11 .. 6 „ ,. 11 ,, 7 ,. ., 7 ., S .. ., 3 Total Gl stallions. Unfortunately, in the Trakclinen Stud Book' we Unci manv failures with still closer inbreeding than 1 free generation. A wealdv constitution, light bones, tenderness, and finally sterility, have been also in the breeding of Trakehnen Half-breds the consequences of too close inbreedings. Als(; in the Thoroughbred breeding we find the most robust and the strongest individuals among those with more removed inbreedings. Among the close inbreedings we find many light boned and small horses. With the natural breeds, as, for example, the breeds of the Steppes, endowed with a more robust constitution, a close inbreeding with ] or still less free generations may be carried on longer without bad consequences than with the modern improved breeds. Even within the modern improved breeds themselves, the more hardened amongst them, as for example, the Thoroughbred, seem, as above shown, to stand a closer inbreeding better than most Half-breds, especially the pampered ones. Although the dangers of carrying inbreeding too far have been known for a long time, yet we find breeders (also in Half-bred breeding) who ignore the experiences of their predecessors, till ihev themselves, but generally too late, find out from their own breeding that their great, imagined cleverness has cost them very dear owing to the mistalces thev have made. The evil experiences which Trakehnen suffered in the first half of the last century on account of exaggerated inbreeding should be a lessf>n to all who care to learn from the experience of others and who do not w ish onlv to appear themselves clever. In the first volume of the Trakehnen Stud Book we find many examples showing distinctly the deterioration and final destruction of pro- minent breeding material caused by exaggerated inbreeding. Thunderclap, born ISJO by Mikle Fell and 'I'oise, was perhaps the best Half-bred stallion ever bred in Trakehnen. He was used for -21 years as Royal Stud stallion, but by an exaggerated inbreeding much less has remained of him than one might have expected after 21 years' use. Thunderclap should perhaps have been the first sire of Half-breds of whom one might have been able to say that every Half-bred in East Prussia has his blood in him, even if not quite to the same extent as it has that of Eclipse. The list below gives a summary of the results of exaggerated inbreeding in Trakehnen. 4. lnhiee(lini,>-. 301 In tlic first volume of llie 'rrakcliiu'ii SUid l>ook, unless I lia\e inade a mistake in counting, tliere are 54 cases mentioned in wliich tiie stallion has covered his daughter, i.e., the breeding has been tried with — 1 free genera- tion. In the following list (jnly the stallions are given who have covered their daughters. ,- ,., Of which were .. r o. 11- i)aui9 1870 1887 1895 Paladin G Touchstone xx Oromedon 4 M. Farthings Turc xx? (Grand-sire of Trafalgar) ■5 Sir Peter .\x (prob- ably Grand-sire of Trafalgar) Djalma 3 Trafalgar .3 Ormond Venerate •3 Oronocco I. Grand-sire : 2 Blackamoor xx Passvan •5 Snyders xx Fiirstenberg 6 Ganges x Apanage ("Whalebone xx I Whisi'ier xx Deducta 8 Eclipse XX Daja 7 Eclipse XX Echo 2 Eurydamus 5 Blackamoor xx •J V. Wiialebone xx Emilia p H3'dra 3 Eurydamus (Grand- sire of Fritter) •3 V. Whalebone xx Aal 4 Pocahontas xx •5 Stilton XX Antenor 4 Sorcerer xx 4 Oronocco I. Calcas 4 Trumpator xx o Alexander xx (by Eclipse xx) Epaminondas 4 V. Whalebone xx 4 Tigranes x Stallions with 4 Free Generations 188: Tunnel 6 Camel xx l&io Leporello 1^^ I Scrapall xx .3 Eclipse XX 1872 Inspector X 6 Sorcerer xx (Grand- sire of Tigranes x, Y. Whalebone xx, and Blackamoor xx) Grand-sire : 4 Sorcerer xx Allbekannte 7 Whisker xx 8 Tramp xx Ancitia I\Ioira Epocca 3 Blackamoor xx 6 Sorcerer xx 304 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam Flug:el 4 Vega 6 Catton xx 7 Orville xx 7 Thunderbolt xx (by Sorcerer xx) 8 Sorcerer xx Hanno 4 Emma xx (by Whisker xx) Ibarra 4 Caril . 7 Trumpator xx Jemim 4 Ganges x 5 Leporello (by Tigranes x) Jenissei 4 Vecordia 10 Massa 4 Vega 7 Thunderbolt xx (by Sorcerer xx) 11 Merlin 4 Whalebone xx 6 Sorcerer xx (by Trumpator xx) ^^ Morpenstrahl 4 Pocahontas xx 4 Teddington xx 5 Orlando xx 7 Camel xx (by Whalebone xx) 13 Oromedon 4 Mr. Farthings Turc XX? 5 Sir Peter xx ■> 1869 1861 1818 1876 1888 1873 1860 1896 1836 Vorwarts 6 Orville xx 6 Sorcerer xx Danseur xx (^ Whisker .xx (^Whalebone xx Thunderclap Pless 7 Thunderbolt xx 7 \\'halebone xx Venezuela 6 Emilius x.n: Vorwarts 6 Sorcerer xx 6 Orville xx Sahama xx 5 Buzzard xx 5 Evelina xx 6 Trumpator .xx (Grand-sire of Whalebone xx) Blue Blood xx 7 Selim xx (Great Grand-sire of Pocahontas .xx) f Whalebone xx 6 \Whis J. Driver fi Herod x.x Flasche ■> Grand-dam : 5 Sorcerer xx Harriet Jupine Jessica 5 Tigranes x Jemba 3 .\ntenor 4 Ganges x Materna 9 Sorcerer xx Grand-sire : 6 Sorcerer xx Morea 1 Y. W'halebone xx Grand-sire : 2 Sorcerer xx Moba 6 Camel xx (Grand- sire of Orlando xx and Great Grand- sire of Teddington XX) Grand-dam : 5 Camel xx Trulla 4. Iiibieedinij. 305 No. Names of Slallioiis Horn Sire Dam 11 Pom pejus 4 X'esta xx 7 Whalebone xx 1871 Inspector x 6 Sorcerer xx Pomette 4 ICnima xx (hy Whisker \x) 15 Promoter 4 Oronocco I. fi Sorcerer x\ 1&J2 luirvdanuis 2 Oronocco I. Promise l-iberliard 5 Snyders xx .3 \'eK'a 5 Gyare Emporer 5 Pocahontas xx FisrlicrUnabe o Pocahontas xx Stallions with ") l-'rcc (Jcncrations 1877 Fliiije] 4 Vetja fi Catton XX Graniciis .5 Melbourne xx 1887 Juli o (llailia'tor xx 1880 Malteser 5 Ivninia xx Ihy W'hisUer xx) 7 Wlialebone xx 1872 189S> 1901 Matador 1843 o Waxy XX ■} Penelope xx (own brother to ! Maroeeo \ Muliis) , Nisos ; 1874 5 V. Whalebone xx (by Whalebone xx) Passvan | 1881 •5 Snyders xx 6 Kninia xx ( Miindii,' xx VMickle F.'ll XX l.ehnsiierr a Touchstone xx Obelisk 7 Ihniiphrey ( linker xx Kilicdom XX .") Sultan XX ') Camel xx Priponnier xx 1 Orlando xx [.elio XX ;! Camel xx (by Whalelxme xx) :i Banter xx G Waxy XX ) ^l^^';^ r. Penelp. xxl-;'^;'":- 'rininclcrclap \'enerato •") Oronocco I. I'liipel 4 \eKa (i C"atton XX (Sire of .Miindij; xx and Mickle Fell XX) Elba Emifjrantin o Sahtima xx Fisclierin .) Pocahontas xx Gradlitz 7 Whalebone xx 7 Hai^dadly ox Jacke 'J Malafjamba 4 V. Whalebone xx I) 'I'ijjranes x Muta Nixe (i Camel xx (by Whalebone x\l (irand-sire : :i Whalebone xx Palme (> Emma x\ ( Dam ol Miindii; xx and Mickle Fell xx) 306 Heredity. No. Names of Stallions Born Sire Dam 10 Poet 1904 Morgenstrahl Polynesia 0 \"oi"\varts 4 Pocahontas xx 8 Touchstone xx 6 Pocahontas xx 4 Teddington xx Grand-dam : 6 Stockwell XX o Orlando xx 3 Stockwell XX 8 Orlando xx 7 Camel xx Grand-sire : 6 Camel xx 11 Wnerato 1852 Dorimont Vecordia o Oronocco I. 2 Blackamoor xx ■> 7 Sorcerer xx (Grand- 4 Oronocco 1. sire of Blackamoor Grand-dam : XX) 4 Sorcerer xx 1 Discant 6 Camel xx Stallions with (i Free Generations 1877 Fiirstenberg 6 Ganijes x 7 \Mialebone xx Orcus 6 Camel xx (by Whalebone xx) Paladin 6 Touchstone xx Pardo 6 Orville xx C Rubens xx I^Selim XX Polarsturm 6 Pocahontas xx Principal 6 \Mialebone xx Prinz Optimus 6 Pocahontas xx 6 Melbourne xx (by Humphrey Clinker xx) 1878 \m>, 1874 1863 1900 1868 1898 Fltigel 4 Vei,'a Am bos 3 Eurydamus 4 Y. Whalebone xx Friponnier xx 1 Orlando xx (Grand- son of Camel) 7 Whalebone Adonis xx 0 Sultan XX Vindex xx 3 Selim xx 5 Orville xx 4 Waxy XX 4 Penelope xx Optimus 7 Hiniiphrey Clinker XX Vor\yarts 6 Sorcerer xx 6 Orville xx Optimus 7 Humphrey Clinker XX Diana Fulda X 5 Sir Hercules xx (by Whalebone xx) Orelia {Whalebone xx Whisker xx Grand-sire : 4 Whalebone xx Palme 6 Sorcerer xx Perilla 5 Sorcerer xx Povona 8 Touchstone xx Grand-sire : 3 Pocahontas xx Principessa 3 V. \^'halebone xx 4 Tigranes x Prinzess 3 Sahama xx 4 Stilton XX 4. Inbrcedinij. 307 N\). Name* of Stallions Born Sire Dam 9 Tunnel 187+ The Duke nf Tlltli 6 faniel xx Edinbouri;li xx 6 Camel x\ (lix- Whali'lioiu' xx) 6 Whalebone xx Grand-sire r W'lialcbonc xx 3 Whalebone XX 1(1 \'eneziiela 1878 i lector XX Viereck 6 Eniilius xx 6 Blaeklock xx (; \. Whaleli >ne XX n \'()r\v;irts 185!) Sahania xx \'eif)rdia G Sorcerer xx o Hvelina xx (Dam of y (by 'I'ruiiipalor xx) Orville xx) 6 Orville xx o Buzzard xx 6 'IVumpator xx 6 Sir Peter xx Orand-dam : 4 Sorcerer xx (irand-sire L' Orville Stallion.s with 7 Free Generations. 1 I Alter Herr 7 Pocahontas xx 7 Melbourne xx (by I lumphrey CliiiUcr x\l Amtsvorstcher 7 Touchstone xx Duduck 7 Waxy xx (Sire of Woful xx) Elton 7 Camel xx fiistizminister 7 Touchstone xx Panzer 7 Pocahontas xx (Dam of Stock well XX) 1902 Optinnis 7 Humphrey Clinker XX 1899 Fanfarro S Whisker xx 1863 r.ierhtning xx 4 Sorcerer xx (by Trumpator xx Grand-dam : 3 Waxy xx "j p^^„ 3 Penel. xx - „.>'f (by I rump.) j xx 1888 The Duke of Edinbourph .xx () W halebone xx 7 Selim xx 7 Buzzard xx 7 Mare by .Mexander XX I 1898 j Boulevard xx 4 Birilcatcher xx rrnt.s I liW-i j Greif XX 5 Stockwell XX .Vlmuda 7 Birdcatcher x\ 7 Eurydamus 7 Sahama xx Anisette 4 Pocahontas xx Dai.sv 3 W'aternian xx (by W.ifLd XX) Elpis G Camel ^x I ustltia 7 Touchstone xx Panzerkette 4 N'ecordia 4 Fritter 308 Heredity. No. Names cjf Stallions [?orii Sire l~)ani 7 Pless 1870 7 Thunderbolt xx 1 (by Sorcerer xx) ! 7 Whalebone xx Vorwarts (i Sorcerer xx G Orville xx Petze 4 Tiyranes x Flock 8 Orville XX Stallions with S I'Vee (ienerations 1875 Ructic XX H Orville xx Popilius 8 Waxy xx 8 Penelope xx Tliebaner S Whalebone xx 1873 1876 Lahire xx 3 Whalebone xx (Irand-dam : 1 Whalebone xx Pless 7 Whalebone xx Flamme 4 Vega C Catton XX 7 Orville xx 7 'rhiniderbolt xx Pocke 3 Deluge (by Water- man XX, Grand-son of Waxy xx) Theresia 7 Whisker xx Grand-sire : 4 Whalebone xx From liu'se Gl examples one may draw the following conclusions: — 1. 'I'iiat the greatest number of R(jyal Stud stallions (just as is the case in Thorouglibred breeding) are amongst tiiose with 4 free generations. Yet the most fa\ourabie limit for Half-bred breeding seems to me to be wider than with Thoroughbreds, as not 3, 4 and 5, but 4, 5 and G free generations show the best results. Besides, the merits of Half-bred stallions with 5, and especially with 6, free generations are much superior to those of the other stallions. Amongst the manv stallions with 4 free generations there are only three good ones, namely, Flugel, Mt)rgenstrahl, and Oromedon. Of these three Morgenstrahl (94J%) is very near to Thoroughbred, and very likely the other two would be also very near to Thoroughbred if one could only determine their pedigree more accurately. The two stallions with 1 free generation were very inferior. Amongst those with 2 free generations only Dorimont and Journey may be classified as important, but both became Royal Stud stallions only on account of their black colour. The final con- clusion to be drawn is that the most favourable inbreeding for Half-breds is 1 to "2 free generations more removed than is the case with Thoroughbreds, and that perhaps only very noble Half-breds prefer a closer inbreeding up to 4 or 3 free generations, just like Tlioroiighbreds. 2. The inbreeding supports seem to be just as useful in Half-bred breeding as in Thoroughbred breeding. In many cases, unfortunately, the 4. Inbiwdin-. 309 pcdi^R'c is Ml iiHomplcIc thai many iiilorccdinps cannot l)e asceriained. Precisciv the vcrv bcsl stallions, as for example, Fiirstenbcicj, Malteser, Morgonstrahl, Orciis, Passvan, 'I'linncl, X'enerato, X'orwarls, etc., show the same inbrci'dini; supports either on tlie part of their dam or of their sire, or of both, as is shown in the case of the best Thoroughbred stallions. Several of the most important mixed Thoroughbred stallions which are not mentioned liere show these inbreeding supports very clearly, as tor example, the best of them, Inspector \ with 6 Sorcerer xx and the sire : 4 Sorcerer xx, further, Ganges x with I Sorcerer xx and sire : 4 Sorcerer xx and Nobleman X with 2 Tigranes x, C, \\'ax\- xx and () Penelope xx (by Trumpator), sire: 4 Sorcerer xx (bv Trumpator and grand-sire of Tigranes) dam : (5 Trum- pator XX. Finaliv, to give an example from the racecourse, the at present best Half-bred Steepler, Ready, born Hanover 1899 by Lorbeer (Beberbecker) and Rosamunde, with 7 Melbourne xx, sire: 4 West Australian xx (by Mel- bourne), dam : :i V. Melbourne xx. As an example for an unsatisfactory heredity of an oliierwise lirst-class Half-bred stallion, on account of insufticient inbreeding supports, I may here mention Apis (l^age 308. No. 1), just as I mentioned lrof|uois for Thoroughbred breeding. Half-bred stallions, excellent in their cont'ormation but with insuflicient inbreeding support, as for example, Optimus (7 Humphrey Clinker |b\- Comus], sire 8 Comus, dam 7 Whalebone and It) Sorcerer [sire of (."omus]), are often very difficult to mate to get the best results. Melbourne (by Hum- phrev Clinker) and Pocahontas are the two cardinal points in Optinnis" pedigree. Probablv, therefore, one would obtain the best results with mares inbred to Melbourne or Pocahontas' blood. 3. When mating the parents, of course, it is to be understood that only prominent ancestors common to both should be chosen as basis of inbreed- ing, as we have already pointed out w hen dealing with 'Thoroughbred breed- ing. As in the pedigree of Half-breds, Thoroughbreds are generallv the best ancestors, it is recommendable in Half-bred breeding tfi direct the inbreed- ing, as far as possible, to a Thoroughbred ancestor. Half-bred is, however, in this respect often verv dif'HciiIt to handle. Yet the statistics of above Gl Half-bred stallions show that in -19 cases 'Thoroughbred (inclusive of mixed .ind questionable 'I'horoughbred) has served as a basis of inbreeding, and Half-bred in 12 cases only. All the 11 stallions with H free generations have 'Thoroughbred as basis f)f their inbreeding. Of all lietier stallifjiis, inl\- two ar<' inbred to Half-bred as a basis, and these two were the black stallions lournev and Wnerato, which on account iif their colom- could claim n more indulgent criticism. In bn^eding Half-breds in which a certain type, say a line ligmc, is more important than capabilities, as for example, with coach horses (Oldenburg. Tlolstein, and part of Hanover), an inbreeding to typical Half-bred ancestors will often be advisable. When breeding purely for conformation it is very :U0 Heredity. r-ssential to Unow ihe great influence which the exterior of tlie basis of in- breeding often exercises. High legs in the heredity of a stallion (for example Geheimrat) are, according to experiments which I have here made, mcjre surely remf)ved by a close inbreeding to a short-legged ancestor than bv mating with a short-legged mare (for example .Moba), without thereby attain- ing the close inbreeding to a basis characterised bv short legs. In all breedings for military and riding horses, capabilities are the most important tiling, and breeding must, of course, be directed to that end. Besides, in riding and military horse breeds, the t\pe to be obtained is in no way opposed to that of the Thoroughbred, but so nearl\- related to it thai by the increased and well-chosen addition of Thorougiibred blood the Half- bred type can only be impro\ed. Xeither Thoroughbred breeders nor Half-bred breeders ought to be frightened awa\- from (heir main purpose, i.e., capabilities, by fear of a change of type. Capabilities will automatically form the most suitable type in Thoroughbred as well as in Half-bred, if only the breeder will mate and rear his animals chiefly with respect to capabilities. 'i"he strength of the Half-bred, which is so desirable, and rightly so very much esteemed, would be diminished by the earlv training usual with Thoroughbreds. An extended grazing, lasting up to the third \ear, increases that strength, which gives type and value tf> the Half-breds. From the list given below of classical male and female winners, it follows that the inbreeding has been a useful factor in the production of good stock in use, i.e., in this case of successful racehorses. It is surprising that 4 free generations seem to be the most fa\-ourable limit of inbreeding with the best racehorses just as well as with the best breeding horses. The idea of producing breeding material with special individual prepotency bv a very close inbreeding, as for example, in the case of l''l\ing l-'ox (1 Galopin), or by a close and repeated inbreeding with distinct inbreeding support, as for example, in the case of Blacklock (8 Highflyer, I Herod, Sire: '■) Herod, dam : 2 Herod), is based on a lack of reflection. Should a stallion even be inbred as much and as often to Herod as a basis, he can never become ulti- mately more Herod than Herod himself was, and therefore cannot transmit more Herod peculiarities than Herod himself did. The indi\idual pre- potencv has nothing to do with close inbreeding. The most stallions who have shown a special individual prepotency had a propoitionately far removed inbreeding, as for instance, Birdcatcher, Buccaneer, C'hamant, I'libustier, Xewminster, Perth, Rataplan, Stockwell, V'olligeur, and many others with -5 free generations each, and Bend Or, Doncaster, F.ord Clifden, St. Simfni, Thormanby. West Australian, and many others with fi free generations each. In Half-bred breeding, Optimus can be mentioned as a stallion cndDwcd with unusual individual prepotency, and he also had a very far remoNcd inbreeding, i.e., 7 Humphrey Clink-er. 4. Iiibrft'dlns,'. 311 'l"hc nialf and t'cinalr winiiiTS of ihc Dci-by, Si. Leger, and Oaks, arranged according to tlic nunilicr of free generations : — 0 Free Generation. C'oi.is Kii.i.iKs ]. Odric I). IS-JI bv Pliantom. 1 I*"ree Generation. J. Xinety-Tliree L. 179U by I'lorizel. 1. TriHe O. 178-2 by Justice. ■J. .\sluon I.. 1806 by Walnut. -I. Bellissima O. 1795 by Phoeno- 3. Cadland D. 18-2.5 bv Andrew. nienon. 4. Knigiit of St. George I.. iS;")] by 8. Ivplieniera (). 1797 bv W'ood- Birdcatcher. pecker. ••). I'lvinu l"o\ i:>.f.. isQi; bv Orme. 4. )liss Lt'ttv (). 18:54 bv Priam. •_' I'ree Generations. 1. Sallrani 1). 17S(ibv I-lclipse 1 2. Noble D. 17s;i bv Higbflver -2. 3. Colt D. 1794 by Fidget ' :!, 4. Cocktighter L. 179(i bv Overton I, 5. Quiz !.. 179s l)v Buzzard ^>. Pi. Orvillc I,. 1799 by Beningbrough C, 7. Cardinal lieaufort 1). 1S()2 by 7, Ciohanna S, 8. Flection I). |.si)4 bv C.oiianna 9. 9. Petronius L. i8().5 by Sir Peter 10. 10. Pan 1). isu.-, bv St. Ceorge 11. Pope I). IsKC, l)v Waxy I I. 1"2. William I,, l.sn bv (lovernor l:{. Fbor 1.. I.SH bv OrvilJe |-2. 14. Sailor I). IsiT by Scud 1:!. 15. Theodore I.. Isl9 bv Woful I 1. Ifi. M.-mnon I.. |s-22 bv Whisker 17. Mamrliik.- !). l,S-24 bv Parti.san ir>. 18. Priam I). 18-27 by l-lniilius Hi. 19. Blue Gown I), ist;.-) bv lieatlsman 17. 20. Ilawthorndi-n I.. |s(i7 b\- l.oril bs. Clitden 19. 21. <;ill') by XWaihcrbii 41. I'l-cli-iultT D. iSCiC) bv .Xdvcntiircr 4'2. Pero (jonifz 1 , . iscdbv licadsman 13. Silvio D.L. Ls74 by lilair .Xthol 14. St. Blaise D. 18,S() bv Ilcniiil TIarvfsicr .} D. 1881 bv .Sterling St. (Jatieii i D. 18sl bv Rother- ' hill (IT rill- Roxcr 4fi. The Lambkin 1.. hss] bv Cam- hallo 47. Helton D.L. jssj bv Master ]\ildare 18. ^h-rry Mamptmi D. 1 S.s | hv riampton 49. (iaIteeMore D.L. Is'Jl hv Kendal ■">(). ^'(lur Majestv L. lOOo hv Per- simmon 4 ["ree fenerations. 1. Dionietl I). 1777 b\- i'lori/.el 1. Bridp-t O. 177(1 by I L-rod ■2. V. Lclipse D. 1778 by ivrlipse -2. Faith O. 177.s by Herod 3. Assassin D. I 779 bv .Sw.'cthriar 3. Serina L. 177.s by (ioldfinder 4. I'hoenonienon L. 17s(tbv Herod 4. Ceres O. 1779 by Sweet William ."). Serjeant 13. 178] bv i'lchpse o. Omphale L. 1781 by Hiirhflyer (). .Aimwell D. 17S2 by Mark .\ntonv H. Nightshade C). 1785 by Pot8os 7. Paragon L. 1783 hv Pavmaster 7. V. Vlora L. 17.s."j by Highflyer 8. Spadille L. 1 7.s I by HigliHyer 8. \ike C). 1794 by .Xlexander 9. Sir 'I'homas 1). 178.J hv Pontae 9. Bellina O. 179(; by Rockingham 1(1. Skvscraper D. 17S(; bv Highflyer K). >lete(»ra O. l^dj hv Meteor 11. Eager V). 17s,sbv I'lorizel ' 11. rauiina L. 1804 by Sir I'eter 12. Tartar L. 17.s9 In I-'lori/el 12. .Maid of Orleans 6. 180C, bv 1.3. ITaniitlctonian L. 1792 In King Sorcerer i-'ergus 13. Sorcery O. 18I)N by .Sorcerer 1 L Amhrosio L. 179.3 bv Sir Peter 14. Medora O. 1811 hv Selim I'l. Lounger L. 1791 b\- Drone 15. Caroline (). 1n17 by Whalebone Ki. Champion D.L. 1797 In Pot8os l(i. .Vuirusta O. IMs h\- Woful ;J14 Heredity. 17. Tyrant D. 1799 by PotSos 17. Lilias O. LS-23 by Interpreter 18. Remembrancer L. 18U0 by Pipatur 18. Ox.yjteii O. 1828 by ICmilius 19. Sancho L. 1801 bv Don Quixote 19. (aiiiziiee O. 1838 by Pantaloon •20. Phantom D. ISOSby WaUon iO. Blue Bonnet I>. 1839 bv Touch- 21. Octavius D. 1809 by Orville stone 22. Otterington L. 1809 by Golumpus 2L. Poison O. 1840 by Plenipoten- 23. Sniolensko D. islO bv .Sorcerer tiarv 21. Gustavus D. 1818 by Election 22. The Princess O. 1841 by Slane 25. Moses D. 1819 by VVhalebone or 23. :>nanii O. 1844 by Venison Seymour 24. iris (). 1848 by Itlniriel 26. Barefoot L. 1820 by 4'ranip 2-5. Catherine Ha.ves O. 18.)0 by 27. Middleton D. 1822 by Phantom Lanercost 28. liirminqham L. 1827 b\- Fiiho da 20. Siimnierside O. 1S')C) bv West Puta Australian 29. Ciiorister L. I82.s by Lottery 27. Heine O. 1869 by Monarque 30. .Mar£rrave I.. 1829 by Muley 28. Spinaway O. 1872 bv Macaroni 31. Plenipotentiary i).'l831 by 29. Piacida O. 1874 by Lord Lyon Emilius 30. Bunny Jean O. 1880 by Macaroni 32. Touehstone I>. 1831 by Camel 31. Reve d'Or O. issl bv Hampton 33. Miindio- D. 1832 by Catton 32. L'Ahbesse (le JonaiTe O. 1886 by 34. Bay )li(ldlet(»n D. i883 by Sultan Trappist 35. Amato V). ls:j5 bv Velocipede 33. Throstle \.. 1891 bv Petrarch 36. Little Wonder D.' 1837 by Muley 34. Limasol O. 1894 by Poulet 37. Launcelot L. 1837 by Camel 35. .Virs and 4«raees O. 1895 bv Ayr- 38. Coronation D. 1838 bv Sir shire Hercules ' 36. Keystone IL O. 1903 by Per- 39. The Baron L. 1842 by iiirdcatcher simmon 40. Surplice D.L. 1845 b\- Touchstone 41. Wild Oayn-ll D. 18.5'2by Ion 42. Hermit D. I.s64 by Newminster 43. Sefton I). 1875 by Speculum 44. Sir Bevis D. 1876 bv Favonius 45. Rayon *Vi)r L. I>i76 bv Flageolet 46. Rock .Sand D.L. 1900 bv Sainfoin 47. St. Amand D. 1901 bv St. Frus- C|uin 48. Challac(jmbc L. 1902 by St. Serf 49. Spearmint D. 1903 by Carbine 50. Orbv D. 1904 bv Orme Inbrcfilint;. 315 s. 9. 10. II. 1-2. i:!. 14. 15. ]r.. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 2a. 24. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 81. 32. Radaniantluis D. 1787 bv Justice Ambidexter L. 1787 by Phoeno- menon Y. Traveller L. 1788 bv Kin.a: Fergus Waxy D. 1790 by PotSus Dadalos I). 1791 by Justice Didelot D. ]79;5 bv Trumpatiir Soothsaver L. ISOS by Sorcerer Prince ' Leopold d". 18l:i bv Hedley Jerry L. 1821 by Smolenslco I.apdop D. 182H by Whalebone Row ton L. I Slid bv Oiseau Spaniel D. bS-JS bv Whalebone St. (hI.-s I). bS-J9 by Tramn Danj^erous I). ls:t() bv Trani]! Mango L. 1834 bv Hmilius Charles Xil. L. 18:ir, by \'oltaire Attila D. 1889 bv Cohv'ick Faiii.'li-a-Ballii;:ii I.. 1841 by Sir Hercules I). bS48 bv l':pirus D. 184 1 bv llrtnian i.s4 I b\' Lanercost 1847 by \'oltaire 18)8 bv Touch- Pyn'hus I. The Cossac Platoff Van Troiiip F. A'oltiirciir D.I Nt'wmiiister I stone Stockwcll [.. 1849 by The Baron Andover I). IS.*! bvBay Middle- ton Saucebox L. 1852 by St. Lawrence Musjid D. ISoC) bv Newminster Kettledrum I). IS.j8by Rataplan Caractacus I). IS59 bv Kingston The Marquis I.. IK59 bv Stock- well Cladiateur D.L. 18(52 by Monar(iue Kingcraft D. 1807 by King Tom 5 Free Generations. 1. Alabaculia !,. 1773 by Sampson •_'. Mulilda I.. 1824 by Comus 3. (rliiliiarc (). 1824 by Smolensko 4. (irceii :»Iaiitle O. 1820 by Sultan 5. Variation O. 1827 bv Bustard 6. Vespa O. 1830 bv Mulev 7. Pussv O. 1831 bv Pollio s. ({neen ol" tlie Trnnips O.L. 1832 bv V'elocipedc 9. rndiistry O. 1835 bv Priam 1(1. Lady Kvelyn O. 1840 by Don |ohn 11. Rhcclycinu O. 1S47 by Wintonian 12. Sonitstrcss (). 1849 by Bird- catcher 13. Man-liinness O. IS.VJ by Mel- bo Lime It. Mincepie O. 1853 by Sweetmeat 15. Ini|»»'ricns<' L. 1854 by Orlando 10. Caller (hi L. 185s by Stockwell 17. Qnecn B<'rtlia <). isiidbv Kings- ton is. Heiralia (). ISIVJ bv Stockwell 19. Brigantine O. IStJO bv Buccaneer 20. Hannah 0.[,. ISOs bv King Tom 21. A|»oloi;y O.I.. Is71 by -Vdventurer 22. I'jiguerrande JO. 187:! b\- \'iu'l.v (). lsS-2 by Hermit 14. Favoiiiiis 1). ls(')S hv Parmesan 1"). Miisa O. 189G by Martagon 1."). Crciiutriit' n. isiiO b\- Parmesan Ki. La Roche O. 1897 by St. Simon ](■). W'enlock L. Is(i9by LordClifden 17. Sceptre O. I.. 1899 by Persimmon 17. Doiicastt'i- D. 1870 bv Stockwell is. C'raio- Millar L. 1872 bv Blair Athol 19. Kisltcr D. 1K7;3 by Buccaneer 20. Bend Or D. 1877 by Doncaster 21. Ossian L. 1880 by Salvator 22. Kihvarlin L. 1884 by .Arbitrator 28. C'icero D. 1902 by Cyllene 21. Troutbeck L. 1903 by Ladas 7 Free Generations. 1. i^lo,,nisbury D. 1836 by Mulatto I . Brown Duelicss O. 18-58 by 2. Warlock L. 18.53 by Birdcatcher l<"lving Dutchman 3. Iroquois D.L. 1878 by Leaming- 2. Miss Jitmniy O. 1883 by Petrarch ton -3. Memoir O.L. 1887 bv St. Simon 4. La Floche O.L. 1889 by St. Simon The names of stallions and mares printed in heavv tvpe in above list distinguish those successful in breeding. As this classification is especially difficult with mares, a number of same are further distinguished bv printing in italic type as doubtfully succe.ssful. There is still to be noticed that the stallions and mares born after 18!)') have not come into consideration, as the time of tlieir activity is still too short to righlh' classify them. 318 Heredity. Xuinber of male and female winners of Derby, St. Leger and Oaks arranged according to free generations. r. Burn before and in 1905. l^orn before and in 1849. Born between 1850 and 1905 inclusive. '^ Colts. Fillies. Total. Colts. Fillies. Total. Colts. Fillies. Total. II ] 1 1 — 1 — — — 1 .5 111 4 (11 3 4 7 2 (1) — 2 (1/ 2 24 22 (1) 46 (1) 18 17 .•55 6 5 (1) 11 ID 3 50 (4) (3) (7) m (ii 24 (1) 63 (2) 11 (3) m (2) 214 (5- 4 50 36 86 40 24 64 10 12 22 (31 i3j (2) (2) (1) 111 5 49 (9) (6) 81J (14) 24 (1) 12 (1) 36 (2) 25 (8) 204 454 (8) 6 24 17 41 4 6 10 20 11 31 13) (•■i) «i) yi) (31 (6) 7 3 4 (2j 7 (2) 1 — 1 2 4 |2) 6 (2) Total 206 1,5(J :i56 130 ' 87 217 76 63 139 (■20) lU) (34) (4) (2) (6) (lli) (8) (24) The figures in brackets indicate the number of winners in two classical races. Each of the winners in dead-heat races is counted with J. From the above unfortunately small statistics of the above table one can draw the following conclusions : — 1. On the whole the most of the classical winners are found among the 4 free generations, next to which follow 3 and 5 free generations. •2. Up to the middle of the past century the 4 free generations pre- dominate also. The 3 free generations, however, excel remarkably the more removed inbreedings with 5 free generations, as also the 2 free generations do the (3 free generations. 3. From the middle of the past century up to now tiie whole picture has been changed in favour of a more removed inbreeding. Here the 5 free generations appear to be the most favourable only, after which follow the more removed inbreedings with 6 free generations, and finally that with I free generations. 4. Lastly, it is worthy of note that the winners of two classical races have been more numerously represented with the more removed inbreedings. The same change in favour of the more removed inbreeding is sho\yn in the following table, in which the percentage of stallions and mares most successful in breeding is reckoned from the above list. Accordingly, the 4. In breed ill!. 3T.) prrccnlage of stallions iiiosl succL'ssful in brcctiino' iiicicascs wilii the nunibcr of free generations up to 6 free generations, in the rase of nlal•|^s cxen up U; 7 free generations. .Mtliough the statistics arc somewhat small for these conclusions, and tiie right assessment of the stallions, and cspeciallv of the mares, with regard to their successful acli\il\- at rlie slud, is often verv dil'li- cult, the regular increase is still \vorth\' of not<-. There is \ei to be mentioned that every doubtfully successful mare has been countetl in the following table on!\- with i. The male and teiiiale winners of l)erl)\-, .Si. Leger and ()aks born until the \ear 18!!") inclusive. Colts. Killi.-. Free Generations. Number. Anuiiij. successful Number. si which in breeding. - % Number. .\mongst which successful in breeding. Number, j % II 1 II 0 1 4 0 II 4 1 -s. ■) 24 5 20.8 22 6 21, -2 H 45) 12 24.5 32 m («l,!l i 47 12 25,5 :« 224 M,2 5 44 14 31,8 ») 204 6S.-'^ fi 22 13 59,1 14 lit 71,4 1 :-; I :«,8 4 :i 7''." Total 1U4 57 29,4 141 824 1 58,5 In the above list of classical winners also proved in breeding is omitted Flying Fo.\, as he was only born in 189C). He was bought bv .Mr. Blanc for a million francs at the auction. His successes on the racecourse were remarUable, and at the stud, at least at the commencement, he was strikinglv successful. His exj^cnsive purchase further proved to be a good business. Many breeders have been induced by this example to risk such clo.se inbreed- ing (1 free generation) in the hope of obtaining similar successes. .\n exact study of the Thoroughbred breeding, and an impartial consideration of this case, would have been able to provoke manv scruples. Flying Fox was a grandson of the marvellous horse Ormonde, and his father, Orme, who, as is well known, nearlv died of poisoning shortlv before the Derby, was just as remarkable a horse. Bred in England's best stud, trained bv the past- master. Porter, on the hilly training-ground of l\ingsclere, and .set apart as stud stallion in France's best stud, F'lying Fox has been bred to as man\- first-class mares as perhaps any other sire in England or F" ranee. His olT- :3'20 Heredity. springs were reared and trained regardless u( cost, and finall\' ridden in an excellent manner by the best jockey' we had in Europe since the death of \rcher. All these things are powerful forces, which ought to increase much the chances of the offsprings of Flving Fox and repair much that exag- gerated inbreeding had damaged. If I'^lying I-'ox should (jnce — which J doubt — leave behind in his jjrogeny imperishable pillars of Thoroughbred lireeding, he would be, bv the side of manv miscarried attempts, the third successfid one of this group (with 1 free generation). Paulowitz, born 1813 by Sir Paul, foundation sire of Buccaneer, was the first, but even his suc- cess commenced first with his grandson, Ion, when the latter produced the Derby winner Wild Dayrell. The second is Barcaldine, born 1878 by Solon, and sire of W'hitefield, Morion, C.oodfellow (sire of Chalereux). Espoir, Wolf's Crag, Sir Visto, and Marco. If Flying I-'ox became at an\ time the third in this group, perhaps the natural power of the virgin soil or the excellent horse pastures of Argentine, where two of his sons now breed, will cause this. Where and what are, however, the four own brothers and two own sisters of Flying Fox? Exempla docent! CHAPTER V. Hereditary Faults. First of all llie (luestion to be answered is, What is transmitted? Incredible small details and shades in the build, the walU, and teni])erament are transmitted. Above all, the proportions of the individual parts of the bodv are transmitted, as well as llie leni,nh and smoothness of hair, small hair-curls, couraj^^e and timidit\', maliLjnit\- and conlidence, bad or f,'ood fertilitv, even immunity apainst certain illnesses; longevity, habits, acquired faculties; in short, nearl\- ever\thing'. So-call(>d hereditary faults, however, as blindness, spavin, biting, broken windedness, roarin at the ^N'J. b\ Childeric and Coturnix, suffered alr(>ad\- from spavin when Koval .Siutl st;illion at Trakehnen, and was afterwards alwavs lame of spavin. Neither at Trakehnen, nor during his sixteen vears' acii\it\ at (iudwallan, h;ts he. as far as I know, produced anv progenv with anv suspicion of spavin, lie was for manv vears the Thoroughbretl sire in the Ciudw.-illan district, which has produced most militarv remounts (about .'ioil). MorroMr, In- has pro- duced in Trakehnen 1") countrv stallions and H* brood ni.ircs, and in (iud- wallan about l'O brood mares afterwards registered in llu- l.;i>i Prussian Stud Book. ."). 'The i)erl)\ winner Hermit, liorn iMil, had spavin on the near hind, as his skeleton, which is preserved in the London X'eierinary .School, dis- lincth' shows. I lis verv numerous progenv, howev<-r, excelletl in j^'ood and strong horks. I do not know of on«- single offspring of llermit suflering from .spavin. 326 Heredity. G. The Trakehnen brood mares, Aqua, Emina, Ina, and Juniata, suffered from spavin (the hocks are in the Trakehnen Museum), and of their very numerous progeny none was suspected of spavin. The Thoroughbred staUions, Bkie Blood born 1876 by King Tom and Marigold, and Elsass born 1870 by Napoleon and Esther, suffered from ringbone (Periarticular). The respective preparations of the two stallions are in the Trakehnen Museum. Blue Blood has not transmitted this disease in Trakehnen, and I am assured the same thing about the progeny of Elsass. I believe, however, that the disposition to articular ringbone is often trans- mitted, as the upright pasterns, bulging out somewhat to the front, lend themselves easilv to transmission. In some breeds of horses there are whole families which are addicted, more or less, to articular ringbone, whilst I do not know a similar case of periarticular ringbone or spavin. It is difficult to work- horses lame from spavin. Their development without work is unfavourable. This is the only reason that horses which are lame from spavin when \oung are little suitable for breeding purp(3ses. The crib-champing, gasping, tongue-sucking bad habits, to which for the most part only very tough and durable horses are addicted, are, accord- ing to experiences in Trakehnen, transmitted by the sire to about o per cent, of his progeny. 1 ]5resumc that brood mares also transmit these faults to about the same extent. 1 do not kncjw of anv actual examples as, in spite of using for many years fi\e brood mares which were crib-champers, not one of their foals has inherited it. I must here remark that gasping and tongue- sucking are transmitted just as seldom as crib-champing. I have known some cases, on the other hand, in which nearlv 50 per cent, of the foals of a brood mare, who herself was not a crib-champer, became alreadv as foals crib-champers, without tiieir parents or grandparents having been addicted thus. It is an old rule that stallions which are crib-champers do not transmit it if burnt on account of a break'-down. This is right in those cases onlv in which the stalli(in has acquired this habit through ennui after a break- down, during the repose which follows the burning and which lasts for manv weeks. This crib-champing is not transmitted as easily as that which foals acquire whilst grazing, without any reason. Finally, 1 consider that the chances of transmitting crib-champing, or the disposition thereto, is so very small that the breeder need not to take it into consideration. If the lameness caused by spavin, or blindness, or broken wind, interferes with the gymnastic development of the body, and if crib-champing often causes attacks of colic, F would not, of course, recommend such animals for breeding material. The question on the transmission of roaring is more difficult. In the first ijlace, roaring seems to be more general in certain breeding districts. The damp and foggy climate of England produces more roarers than France, but in .Vmerica and Australia thev are the exception. The early born foals are in I-'ngland said to be more inclined to roaring than the late born ones. Roaring is a consequence, principally, of the break-down of the hindmost. 5. Herediuiiy Faults. 327 mostly left, aspcrgilliim nuisck- (rrico-arylaenuideus) or its nerve, which affects the movement of the aspergillum cartilage necessary for easy breath- ing. If this break-down has been caused by severe glanders, influenza, or by over-exertion from racing, only at the end of the third or fourth year, as in the case of Ormonde, a transmission of roaring is not to be expected. I do not know of anv roarer in the progeny of the roarer Ormonde. Prince Charlie has not transmitted this roaring in America. Pocahontas and Chamant were roarers. The former did not transmit it at all. and the latter verv seldom. The well-known Iliunphrev Clinker of former times did not transmit his roaring at all, and the most popular stallion of modern times, Gallinule, does not seem to transmit his roaring either. If the roaring, however, commences without anv special exertions in racing, and especially SO soon as in the second year, ont' nia\- reasonably assume that the general weakness of the horse is the cause. Weakness in horse breeding is the only real hereditarv fault which is transmitteti with certainty, and it should be eradicated b\' the most se\ere meaNures from the breeding material. I once knew a verv much jjampered stallion which apparently was not a roarer, at least not when galloping the pace he could well perform, but of his progen\- about '>() per cent, were roarers when they were trained tor a few months as two or ihree-vear-olds. The more tenderlv the horses of a breed are reared, the "more roarers will ai)pear. I'^or this reason the Drafters, which are reared under the pressure of unreasonable shows, mostly become roarers. After these come the dilTerent llalf-breds, according to the tender- ness or se\erit\- of the method of rearing, and the fewest roarers are found amongst Ste|)pe horses and 'I'horougiibreds. The only difl'erence is tiiat, in consecjuence of i^ublic races of 'i'horoughbreds, every roarer is recognised and be<-omes known, or that man\- become roarers on account of the too great exertion, which is not expected from other breeds of horses. The same thing applies to horses whose sinews have l)rokcn down through oxer-exertion in training or racing. Horses which break down alread\- as two-year-olds in racing, or even in training before racing, may be suspected of weakness. The worst, however, art' those which are so bad that the\- cannot break down l^ecause they lack the energy and the stride, without which th<'v are not subject to those shocks which produce the break- downs. Of such horses the Ivnglishman says, " 'I'hey can never go quite fast enough to trouble themsehes." All dis])ositions to disease and constitutional weaknesses, such as biliousness, bonv excrescences, soft and deformed hoofs, as well as all other diseases connected with innammalor\- swelling (I-'inscluiss) are transmitted. Broken-w iiidedness belongs also to constitutional weakness, and is easily transmitletl 1)\ stallions which suffered from it in their early years. In con- sequence of illness, and other unknown causes, the transmission by stallions difl'ers in certain \ears. I'or example, after inffuenza, ;i mon- unfavourable transmission has l)een often noticed. Horses which h;i\i- run much transmit 328 Heredity. their charaoters sometimes worse in their early years. Ormonde, however, produced in his first covering year his most important son, Orme, and the latter again, in his first covering year, four winners, amongst them the tough Ameer, and in the second covering vear Flving Fox, who in his turn pro- duced in liis first covering vear Ajax and Gou\ernant. Wild i^avrell produced in his first covering year as a four-year-old his best son, Buccaneer, and Florizel, who ran up to the age of seven \ears, produced in his first covering vear the first I^erbx' winner, Diomed, his best son. Old stallif>ns are said to produce more stayers, and young ones metre flyers. Just as weakness may be considered the onlv real hereditary fault, in like manner hardiness is to be looked upttn as the most important hereditary advantage. With hardiness is combined robust health, the most important qualitv of all breeding animals. Avoid weakness, improve hardiness, and the Alpha and Omega of horse breeding is obtained for producing capable horses^ and not horses simpiv fit for shows, or horses which during their whole existence are alwavs onlv sold, but reallv ne\er made use of; and there are many such ! As, of course, no stud can possess faultless breeding material, one must try to equalise faults in the conformation of brood mares by mating them with stallions which are especially good in these respective parts. Then it will be found that high-leggedness, narrowness, and bad temperament, are faults which are most difficult to remove bv mating, and therefore belong to the most serious faults. Mares which feed badlv are little suitable as brood mares, because in all probability thev will also feed their foals badly. Mares which are inclined to corpulency, also, feed as a rule badlv, and are not to be recommended. The same faults are to be blamed in the case of stallions, I:)ut thev are less dangerous. CMAI'TKK VI. The Transmission of the Coat Colour. What com-erns the heredity of the coat colour ? There is, 1 suppcj.se, a yet unknown orig^inating force which causes a distinct deviation from all other laws of h(Ti-dit\ . The sex, too, appears to play a particular i:)art, and the atavism has perhaps no influence at all. Whereas, it is remarkable that a distinct atavism is often e\'iclent in the transmission of white marks and particular spots. As in the Royal Stud of Trakehncn, for o\er a hundred years, in three special studs, blacks (in (jurdszen. W to lod brf)od mares), browns (in Danzkehmen, 70 to .S(» brood mares), and chestnuts (in Jonasthal. oO to (HI brood mares) have been bred, and in two studs (in Trakehncn Wl to 100 brood mares, and in liajohrp-tlUn (H) to 70 brood marcs) all colours are represented, and mixed with each other, we have plenty nt material at hand from which to construct laws as to the transmission ot coat colour. There exists a distin<-t ret^ulariiy with grays, chestnuts, and blacks as regards transmission. This regiilaritv is as follows: gra\s and chestnuts mated only to their own colour, produce either chestnuts or grays, and black with black about N jjer cent, chestnuts (often dark chestnius). the rest always blacks, never black-brown f)r dark brown. Here we must menticjn tliat rubican horsi-s (also rubican chestnuts) also produce at times grays, as for examjile, Proserpine (gray) lOO-'i by C'hittabob (chestnut with rubican) and C'ybele (chestniM. but 1 cannot say if with rubican). In till- General .Stud Rook. X'olunic XX.. 1 have found two casi-s, ;ind in V'olume III. three cases, in which hrown foals ha\f hci-n [)rothiied by chestmu parents : 1. OITcrtorv II. (iirown) IMI'.I h\ Kirkham out of (loUl Wave. •_'. Wavemore (brown) 10()-J bv Ocean Wave out of Make More. :!. C'.-iptain Candid (brown) iSbS bv Cerberus out of Mandane. •1. hllba (brow n) Isl.'j bv Stripling out of .Maniac. .'). liiarnest (brown) iNOr) by Blizzard out of Mandane. Referring to the first ca.se, it must be nK^ntioned that (lold Wave is by mistake given as a chestnut in \'olunie XX. of the C.eneral Stud Hook. In \olume X\T1., page '_'J, (lold Wave, at that time still unnamed, is rightly put dow n as a bro\\ n. 330 Heredity. Referring to the second case, the colour of Wave More, who never trod on a racecourse, is either wrongly given, or the dam, Make More (chestnut), has been confused with her own sister, born 1891, who was brown. In the third case, I suspect that Orville (brown), who during the two years previously covered ^landane, also covered her again in 1812 as well as Cerberus, and that the owner of Cerberus did not mention this covering, which, it seems, was formerly, for different reasons, often omitted. Captain Candid ran second in the St. Leger. Referring to the fourth case, it must be mentioned that Elba is bv mistake given as a brown in \'ol. III., page 139. In Vol. III., page 07, and in the Racing Calendar 1818, pages 55 and 147, Elba is rightlv put down as a chestnut. In the fifth case, I suspect that Whiskev (brow n), who covered Mandane in 1803 and 180-j, also covered her in 1804, and that the owner did not mention this covering. Many cases in the private studs of East Prussia, in which brown foals are said to be the offspring of chestnut parents, have proved, on closer examina- tion, that their respective dams had been also covered by another stallion who was of a brown colour. Also that this second stallion, either b\- mistake or for certain reasf)ns, was not mentioned in the certificate of serving (only the covering for one stallion, and that the dearer one, is paid for). In the appended pedigrees of the best known Thoroughbreds. I have given the colours where possible (only in the German edition). I have not come across anv case in which chestnut parents had no chestnut foals. The remarkably certain transmission of the chestnut colour is even completely independent of the colour of the ancestors. There are also cases in which all four grand-parents were browns and %et the two chestnut parents always produced chestnut foals, as for example, with Kincsem, The Biddy (grand- dam of Regalia), and many others. With Maintenon (a chestnut) it must be pointed out as a remarkable circumstance that of the four grand-parents two were brown and two grays, and with Rouge Rose, also a chestnut, three grand-parents were brown and one black. The certain transmission of the chestnut coat colour can still be more clearly recognised with the following chestnuts : — Diomed, Gladiator, Favonius, Hermit, Trampoline, Cambus- can. Pilgrimage, and Merrv Sunshine, where not only the two parents, but also the four grand-parents, were brown. In the three last-mentioned cases, of eight great grand-parents, only one of each was a chestnut. The case of the chestnut Le Sagittaire is remarkable, whose sire, Le Sanc\-, was a grav, and the dam. La Dauphin, was a roan (not a grav as given b\- mistake in the French Stud Book). Also Dryad (chestnut, and great grand-dam of Delphos), whose two parents, four grand-parents, and eight great grand-parents, were either brown or gray. In the case of Old Heroine, born 1775 (in Bird- catcher's pedigree), we may well take for granted that one of the grays was a roan, or that Old Heroine was a rubican. C. The Transmission of the Coat Colour. 331 When both parents are brown, foals may be of any colour, also gray if one parent is rubican. The majority of foals, however, will likewise be brown. If the parents are of different colours, in most cases the lighter colours are more easily transmitted than the darker ones. Grays transmit their colour the most frequently and blacks the least frequently. Chestnut and black produce most often browns, chestnuts less frequently, and least seldom of all, blacks. Brown and black produce more browns and dark browns or brownish blacks than blacks. Chestnuts and dark browns produce more chestnuts. Chestnuts and lir;ht browns produce more brown, and often a dirty chestnut colour. Chestnut colour is the most suitable to get rid of the gray colour. Some of the foals will be brown. In consequence of the very sure transmission of the chestnut colour, the chestnuts are easiest to renew in Jonasthal. They need not give anything away from their production, and are even increased bv additions from the black and brown stud. The Royal Stud of Trakehnen in East Prussia is about 11, 200 acres large, and is composed of 12 stud farms, among which, Ciurdszen, with 90-100 black mares; Danzkehmen, with 70-80 bay or brown mares; Jonasthal, with -jO-GO chestnut mares; Bajohrgallen, with 60-70 mares of difl'erent colours; and Trakehnen itself, with 80-100 mares of all difi'erent colours, also grav, roan, and piebald — total 350-110 brood mares; with all foals — riding, carriage, working horses — altogether 1500-1700 horses. Kemarkable to sav, these statements are in opposition to the fact that the chestnuts do not increase amongst Thoroughbreds, and are always in the minoritv, although the most celebrated foundation sire, liclipse (of two brown parents), and his four sons, PotSos, King Fergus, Mercury, and Alexander, were chestnuts; just as the famous stallions which appeared later, i.e., Birdcatcher, 'I"he Baron, Stockwell, Blair Athol, Doncaster, Bend Or, St. Albans, Sainfoin, Thormanby. Hermit, and many others, were also chestnuts. In the three principal English races, the coat colour is distributed as follows to the winners and seconds, up to and inclusive of 1907 : — - Derby Winners: 94 Browns, Seconds: 90 Browns 32 Chestnuts, 30 Chestnuts 1 Black, 3 Blacks 1 Grav, 5 Grays Total 128 horses as winners and 128 horses as seconds. Oaks \\'inners: 95 Browns, Seconds: 85 Browns 31 Chestnuts, 37 Chestnuts 1 Black, 5 Blacks 1 Gr;iv. 2 Grays Total 129 horses as w inners and 129 horses as seconds. 332 Heredity. St. r.cgcr Winners: 102 Browns, Seconds: 98 Browns 27 Chestnuts, " 31 Chestnuts 1 Black, 1 Black 2 Grays, 2 Gravs Total 132 horses as winners and l.'(2 horses as seconds. This uniform distribution of the coat colour seems, especially when we consider the certain transmission of the chestnut colour, to point to a special racing capability in connection with the brown colour. .V classification according to decades shows a regular diminution of the chestnuts and an increase of the browns among the winners and the seconds. It is remarkable that the predominant colour of the North-African horses was bav or brown, and that, especially in recent years, the most important and best influence on the building up of the Thoroughbreds is ascribed to the North-African horses, it is furthermore remarkable that chestnuts mated to each other produce more colts, and black- liorses more fillies. cii\pri-:R VII. The Art of Mating. Till-: most iiiipoilant ihiiig in i>ra(tical iTialini; at a sUid is for the breeder to favour the brood mares more tiian tiie rovering stallions, i.e., in the case of each brood mare he must consider witli which of the available sires she has the best chances of producing a good foal, and not vice-versa. People are \-er\- much inclined to give to the favourite sires the best mares, although the former are still untried, whilst the latter have already shown their breed- ing capabilitN'. One verv often forgets the natural demand that before mating, especialU- in Half-bred breeding, the special breeding result to be attained in each single case must be clearly pointed out, instead of which people often think that according to the result of the production one can fix its mission in excry case afterwards. The uncertaint\- thereby caused in the judging of the special factors of mating jjrevents a clear considera- tion of all necessar\- points of view. One must endeavour to equalise the ■faults of the brood mares bv corresponding merits of the coxcring stallions. These faults which have to be equalised do not onlv consist in a faulty con- formation, as for example, misplaced fore-legs, weak hocks, a too long middle part, liigli-leggedness, nanowness, etc., but also in defects of con- stitution (hard and tender), of temperament (iiasty, idle, good-natured, malign, courageous and cowardly), of walk (wide at the knees, narrow at the knees, slow, and full of action), of performance (stayer and flyer, action in galloping, trotting, walking), of the use of food, and, finally, in lack of (|ualitv, beautv and vigour. Statistics seem to recommend the mating of old sires with ycjung mares, and vice-versa. In order not to lose sight of all these points of view, it is not only necessary to have an exact detailed know- ledge of the brood mares and their previous foals, of the available sires and their progenv, but also of thi' ancestors. The reversions to grand-parents and great grand-parents (.\ta\ism, as it is called), are so frequent that a breeder who does not duly consider them will have manv bitter experiences. I'urtliermore, a knowledge of the ancesir)rs is ref|uircd as tar as to rightly 334 Heredity. judge of the ancestors occurring on both sides — representing, so to speak, a barb — i.e., to righth' estimate tiie basis of inbreeding when intending in- breeding with 3 to 6 free generations, which is most favourable for Thoroughbreds as well as for Half-breds. The more prominent, and the more suitable in any special case for a desired cjuality, the common ancestors are as a basis, tiie closer the inbreeding may be. It is specially favourable, if, as shown in the chapter on inbreeding, several inbreedings with different basis are possible in one mating. Furthermore, certain blood mixings, which experience has already proved to be good, must be preferred. This last point of A'iew is especiallv important in breeding of Thoroughbreds, unless one breeds Thoroughbreds not for racing, but for riding and hunting. When mating Half-breds, one must first of all consider which breeding result, even which shade within the given breeding lines, seems to be most probable and most attainable in the case of each single brood mare. The object must not be too far removed from the type which the mare herself possesses. .\ very noble, wiry mare does not recommend herself for the production of a Carossier, and vicc-vcrsa, unless the foal is considered as the final product, and is not to be used for further breeding. \^'hen mating, it is advisable to look at first onlv for the most suitable sires according to the pedigree of the brood mare and of the available stallions. For Thoroughbred breeding especially, the compilation of the pedigrees of the mares and of the sires, as well as of the basis of all their inbreedings, in lucid tables, is recommendable, so that one can easilv see the possible and the best approved blood mixings, and that the possible and desirable basis of the inbreedings attained bv mating ma}- be found. When doing this, one will mostlv find several sires which appear suitable. They must then be arranged according to the applicability which is recog- nised as the most suitable in exclusive consideration of the blood mixing. Then weigh the chances of same according to the other above-named points of view (deficiencies of conformation, constitution, etc.). Now begins the most difficult part of mating, the part which is considered an art, and for which no other advice can be given than to weigh exactly the advantages and disadvantages of each case of mating, and not to sacrifice in one case any more important thing than may be gained in the other. If the result of a mating decided on for good reasons does not turn out well, it is advisable not to proceed at once to another mating, but to try the same mating at least once more. Even with the best mating and the best breeding material, a small percentage will alwa3'S go wrong. The fertilisation of brood mares is also surer if the covering stallion is not changed. We find the longest series of foals for the most part where the covering stallion has been changed very seldom, or not at all. Even old Fugger is of the opinion that mares conceive easier from that stallion they have been already bred to than by another. I consider the doctrine of so-called saturation wrong, for if it were right, for example, in the case of Thoroughbred breeding, many more half- 7. The Art of Maliii},'. 335 sisters and brothers should have won classical races than own sisters and brothers, especially as the number of half-sisters and brothers is larger than that of own sisters and brothers. The following table shows that this is not the case : — 1. Derby Winners. (a) Own Unilhtrs and Sisiers. 1. Radamanthus 1787 | , , . n T-v-j 1 ir-ni ( bv ustice and Myer. 2. Dadalus 1/91' • ■' ■' 3. Archduke 1796 1 u c • .^ ^ Paris 1803 ' ■' teeter and Horatio. 0. Whalebone 1807 \ , ,,, , t^ , 6. ^^•hisker 1812) ''-^ ^^ '''^>' ""^ Penelope. 7. Lap Dog 1823) , .... , . 8. Spaniel 1828' ''•^' ^^ '-"alebone-Canopus. 9. Persimmon 1893 | , .■ f ■ t^ ,. 10. Diamond Jubilee 1897' ''>' •^'- ■^'"^"" ^"^ Perd.tta. (b) Half-brothers and Sisters^. 1. Spread Eagle 1792 by Volunteer r) Didelot 1793 by Triumpator ' ~ Highflyer. 3. Ditto 1800 bv Sir Peter | , , , 1. Pan 1805 bv St. George I ""'"^ Arethusa. 5. St. Giles 1829 by Tramp | 6. Bloomsbury 1836 by Mulatto i ''^"'^ "^'■'^°^ "-^^S- 7. Galtee More 1894 by Kendal \ , ,, o \ J r> * • I Torvn u' c» 1-1 ■ I 'ind -Morganette. 8. -Vrd Patrick 1899 by St. Morian J ^ 2. St. Legcr Winners, (a) Own Brotlicrs .nid Sisters. 1. Spadille 1784 1 , „• ua ^ c, -, ,. r-1 ir-o-i bv Highrlver and Flora. 2. \ . Flora l(8r>l ■ '^ 3. Touchstone 1831 ) , ,. , T , ^ Toor- f bv Camel and Banter. 4. Launcelot 183 ( > 5. Lord Lvon 18631 , c- , ,1 , t^ n X u- ' .. ion A I bv Stockwfll and Paradigme. 0. Achievement 1864 -> * 7. Memoir 1887 \ , ,- ^. , ^ . or n-1- 1 100a I bv St. Simon and Ouiver. 8. La Fleche 1888' ■ 9. Persimmon 1893 \ , r- ,-. , t-. •• ,,, T^. , T ,., -lon" i bv St. Simon and Perditta. 10. Diamond Jubilee 180/ ' '_ [(h) llalf-brothcrs and Sisters. 1. Van Tromp 1844 bv Lanercost 1 2. The Flying Dutchman 1846 by Bay Middlcton ' ''*"" liarbelle. 3. Common 1888 by Isonomv 1 , .,-, . , 4. Throstle 1891 by Petrarch / ''^"'^ '^''''"- <*36 Heredity. 3. Oaks Winners. (a) Own .Sisters. 1. Musis 18101 , ,,. 2. Minuet 1812^ ■ " '''^y ^"t' ^Voodbine. 3. Memoir 18871 . c c- 4. La Fl^che 1888/ "^' ^'- ^'"^"" '"'"^ Quiver. (b) Il.Tlf-sisters. 1. Rhedycina 1847 bv Wintonian 1 2. Governess 1855 bv Chatham / ~ Laurel. 3. Spinaway 1872 bv Macaroni 1 4. Wheel of Fortune 1876 by Adventurer / ^''^^ Queen Bertha. III. The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. CHAPTER I. Judging and Treating Breeding Material, (a) Judging Covering Stallions. From each breeding horse, be it stalHon or mare, one must demand, first and foremost, certain distiiict merits, i.e., prominent parts. Only a breeding horse possessing specially prominent characters is justified in having a few faults, and the less faults it has the greater they may be. The only un- pardonable fault of a breeding animal is bad health and weakness connected with it. A too great fear of other faults, which cannot really always be avoided, is the surest way to inferiority. Of course, one will estimate the faults of breeding material differently, according to the object of the breed- ing" in question ; further, in consideration of the characters of the other breeding material ; and finally according to sex. In Half-bred breeding, a Thoroughbred sire which has little quality, and which was a distinct cypher on the course, is just as little to be recom- mended as a Half-bred stallion which is too light in the bone and not of sufiiciently correct build. The former ought to transmit to his progeny principally capabilities and quality, and the latter strength and correctness. I mvself prefer an untried Thoroughbred to a proved cypher. A\*ith the former there is always a chance that he perhaps might have done something of note on the course. Such an untried Thoroughbred stallion which has produced prominently in East Prussian half-breedings was, for example, Cicero born 1882 by Chamant out of Liane, and perhaps also Kcrl born 1885 by Lord Colney out of Oceana. In Thoroughbred breeding only a few similar examples are known. At this moment only Golumpus and V. Mel- bourne occur to me. With Thoroughbred as well as Half-bred stallions, one great fault is less injurious than several small ones, especially if there are great merits together with the great fault. The best known example of former times for this is Soothsayer, born 1808, by Sorcerer out of Golden 340 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. r.ocks, who had a coarse club foot (Lymphangitis chronica). Only Bay Middleton, born 1883, whose dam, Cobweb, was a grand-daughter of Sooth- sayer, produced a few foals which also acquired a club foot. Furtlver, the following are to be considered as great faults to be passed over : — A strong, misplaced forefoot, as in the case of Stockwell ; a bad hock, as in the case of Birdcatcher and Saxifrage; roaring, as in the case of Chamant, Gallinule, Hawkstone (Euphony's sire), Vorwarts (Half-bred in Trakehnen), crooked fore-legs, as in the case of The Wizard (grand-sire of Optimus) and Hannibal; crib-champing, or gasping, as in the case of Euphony, Moros, and Mirmidone; strong wind-gall, as in the case of Marsworth; bad temperament, as in the case of Barcaldine, Friponnier, and Flugel (Half- bred in Trakehnen), etc. The progeny of the above stallions, in Thorough- bred and Half-bred breeding, has shown that even great faults may be combated with success, and that the blood streams of first-class stallions have been thus rightly preserved for breeding purposes. A great fault in walking — for example, a much misplaced fore-foot — is easier to eradicate by correct mating than an undecided walk without a great fault, as in the case of the Derby winner Ladas, who seems to walk sometimes close at the knee and sometimes wide at the knee, and who, almost without exception, transmits a bad walk. The fear of faults, especially distinct faults which any fool sees at once and criticises, has just as stagnating an effect in breeding as-elsewhere in life, political or scientific. Thoroughbred as well as Half-bred stallions must show the breeder distinctly for which parts he may expect a prominent transmission, also specially suited for improvement, and for which parts he must be particular about when mating. One mav obtain success in one direction, but seldom in several directions at the same time. A pronounced sire with a distinctly sharp build, a free movement from the shoulders, a courageous eye and good health, together with a thin mane, a thin, well-carried tail, shows at once a good covering stallion. Without going into the well-known demands for exterior, I would like to brieflv mention that I prefer a too short neck to a too long one, and pasterns which are too long and soft rather than those which are too short and upright. Further, straight hind legs rather than those which are too curved, and a knee which is a little protruding to a knee which is too tapered. From the table on page 185, it can be seen that the height of 15.3 hands to 16.1 hands is apparently the most favourable for Thoroughbreds. The same heights are also the best for Half-breds, if the object of the breeding is particularlv aiming at capabilities. Greater heights are often demanded in many studs in order to satisfy customers, but, unfortunately, at the cost of capabilities. Here we again come across the old fight between appearance and the real thing. One may here see the danger; how that vanity, folly and want of taste may drive breeders into the production of 1. jiicls^iiif; and Trentins; RrcediiiCT Material. 341 appearances by producin^^ exagfjeratcd lieiijlus, whicli all modern improved breeds nolens volens aim at. In Half-bred breeding; as well as Thoroughbred breeding, I prefer, all things being equal, the flyer to the pronoimced stayer. For Thoroughbred breeding it is certainly more important that the stallion can travel c|uickly over short distances than that he can stay for long distances. The best stayers of recent times were : (jladiateur, Thurif), Foxhall and Sheen, who, although they had good, and even the best chances, only transmitted mode- rately. The phenomenal stayer. Fisherman, lias not left one first-class sire behind him in Australia. Pronounced flyers over one mile who have trans- mitted well are, for example, Buccaneer, Isonomy, Gallinule, Energie and Hannibal, etc. On account of their high class, flyers have also frequently won longer races, as for example, Isononn- as a four-vear-old. Also Chamant, who has equally well transmitted in Thoroughbred and Flalf-ljrcd breeding, was a distinct flyer, and proved himself as such, especialiv when winning the 2,0(3(3 Guineas, against the subsequent Derby winner, Silvio. Even the great C)rmf)nde won liis races generalix- l)v the tactics oi a flyer. The best selection of chief covering stallions for Half-bred breeding is especialh- difficult, because the objects to be attained are much mt)re manifold than in the breeding of Thoroughbreds, which only are wanted for winning races. Of course, these difll'erent objects in Half-bred breeding can easily be simplified by talcing as the final aim of breeding a satisfactory supply of tlie country studs with country stallions, and not tlie sufficient capabilities and endurance of cavalry remounts. The latter, however, is the chief and final purpose of the most important part of Prussian Half-bred breeding. Here again, however, as so often in life, especially in oflicial life, the question arises : Shall the affairs be so conducted that people are first contented and cause no unpleasantness, or shall they be so arranged that one expects to gain the greatest advantage for the public welfare to man's best knowledge and belief? The first method is the one usual in America, where men laugh at an idealist who desires to further the cause, and, as they sav, wants to make man happier than he can comprehend. The less Tlioroughbred breeding produces good and strong fuiuiaments the more burning becomes tlie question lo (lie Half-bred breeder as to in which way he nia\- do justice to this most important retfiiirement in Halt- brcds. The history of Half-bred breeds in (lermany, as well as in other countries, sliows how bad — almost ruined many studs iiave become by refinement and deterioration of the fundaments. Tiiat is the heol of .\chilles in our HaH-hreds, for one can scarcely over-estimate the importance of a good fundament for a soldier's horse. The work of the breeder in this respect is the most important, as well as the most difficult one. Unfortunately, one has tried almost everywhere cross-breeding with Draft breeds. The favourable results which have often in the first genera- 342 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. tion been attained by this coarse crossing, have induced many breeders, even some Irish Hunter breeders, to continue breeding on this line. Even Irishmen, however, on their admirable breeding grounds, soon found out that the progeny of these coarse cross-breds was a failure, because it is just the coarseness and the weakness of the Drafter, and the light fundament of the Thoroughbred, which most surelv are transmitted. Irishmen have, in good time, got together the remains of their ancient old Half-bred, called draft horse (not cold blood), the best of which are foimd in Countv Roscommon. In more recent times they are again trying, with the help of the remains of their former native Half-bred horse, to produce the same good and strong fundament which their horses formerU- possessed to a greater extent, but which had been spoiled by mediocre Thoroughbreds and coarse Drafters. In this strengtiiening of breeding material, it is at first necessary, in Ireland as well as in Germany, to improve the fundament of brood mares — a very difficult, unpopular and unpoetical work indeed; because, if one strengthens, there is also brought into the breeding many ugly, unavoidable traits. One must not forget, however, that the ennobling and beautifying is afterwards the easiest work in Half-bred breeding. The most difiicult work is to find or breed Half-bred stallions which may be used for the above- mentioned purpose. According to the actual constitution of our Half-breds and Thoroughbreds, the use of Thoroughbred stallions alone is not sufficient for maliing good progress. I further do not believe that one will be able to breed such a strong Half-bred stallion with the desired fundament direct from a Thoroughbred stallion. In my opinion two generations will be necessarv to obtain bv right mating, feeding and exercise, what is wanted. If the mating has succeeded and the soil furnishes the necessarv bone-making food, one will be only able to obtain a good and strong fundament, such as we have in the Steppe horses, to perfection, by grazing lasting as long as possible, bv exercise in the summer, and bv a systematic dailv long exercise in the winter. If the breeder has succeeded in producing such a Half-bred stallion with ;i strong fundament, he must also have the courage to make good use of him, in spite of some faults which he may undoubtedly have, and which the merest dilettante can easily recognise. These faults which must be passed over will be mainly lack of beauty, harmony and quality, also, unfortunately often, a bad wallc. The swinging and correct walk will most certainly be bred in later, at the same time as the breed is ennobled by Thoroughbreds. Such a bony Half-bred stallion which has become big and strong in work will always, especiallv in its younger vears, look angular and ugly. Such a stallion will rarelv gain the affection of young breeders. These latter will for the most part trv to attain agreeable ideals, such as are embodied in the noblest Thoroughbred, and will trouble themselves less with the wearying cares just mentioned. 1. Judsinfr nnd Trcniinjj Breeding' Material. 313 (b) Judging Brood Mares. W'liat I have said aiiout stallions may also be said about the conformation of Ijrood mari'S ; yet in the case of tlie latter a greater length of trunk is allowed, even if the middle part siiould siifTer thereby. The f(>minine ciiaracter alwavs finds distinct expression witii good brood mares. \'ampire, the dam of I'lying Fo\', uitii iier conspicuous stallion neck and unfeminine coarseness, belongs to the exceptions, and besides the 1899 Derbv winner has not produced anything useful. Mares with pronounced hooked teeth are nearly always bad dams, and \ery often barren. Statistics further teach us that small, wiry mares arc preferable to large, so-called show mares. If the dams of classical winners are divided according to their conformation into the three military classes — Cuirassiers, Uhlans and Hussars — the most approved brood mares will be foiuid in the last lot. Good brood mares of the Cuirassier class are few . X'ergissmcinnicht and Pulcherrima, perhaps the best approved brood mares in Graditz, were only Hussar types, just as Sweet Katie (dam of I'libustier, Amalie von Rdelreich and W'aisenknabe), i.a TraNiata (tlani of Hauenfanger and Hochstapler), La Fille du Regi- ment (dam of Grimston and Primas), Cantata (dam of Hymenjeus), Gorse (dam o{ Goura and Goodhope), Dirt Cheap (dam of Trachenberg), B Flat (dam of Paul and Flatterer). Of Fnglish mares mav here be mentioned Perditta (dam nf two Derbx- winners), also Mcdora (dam of Zinfandel). Of Cuirassier t\pe> which ha\e produced a Derbv winner or similar, I onlv know — in I'lngland, St. Gntien's dam, St. Ivditha; in Ireland, Morganette (dam itf Galiee .More and Ard Patrick): in France, \'al D'Or's dam, W'andora, and Jardy's dam. Airs and Graces; and in Germany, Zama (ilannibal's dam). Ilippia, herself an Oalvs winner, is also a big-framed Cuirassier lK)rsc, and yet she could not produce anything better than Gunnersbur\- by such a good sire as Hermit. I have made the same observa- tions in the Half-bred breeding at Trakehnen. The so-called light riding liorses in Trakehnen suppK- ilu- best co\cring stallions. The strongest brood mares in Gurdszen suppiv fewer good covering stallions, and more seldom still chief stud stallions. 'i"he dams of the chief stud stallions Polarsturm. i'rince Optimus and Alter Ilerr, had scarcely the calibre to be put even in the class of brood mares for so-called light riding horses. Moba al.so, the dam of Morgenstrahl, belongs to the Hussar tvpe, and the heights of some celebrated brood mares given below support this theory. I'nfwr- Umatelv, I know onlv the height of a few of ihem, and even these few, when com|)ared with the heights of prominent stallions given on page !>>."). show that the most favourable size for brood mares is about 1.5-') to IGO cm. (15 hands 1 inch to 1.") hands ."i inchesi, iherefore at least o cm. less than the most favourable height of stallions. 344 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Heights of Famous Thoroughbred Mares. Size in No. Names of Mares Born Sire Hands. Inches. cm. 1 Oiieen Mab ITS.-. Eclipse 11 3 149,9 2 Maniac 18(X5 Shuttle 15 2 1.57,5 3 Velocipede's dam 1817 Juniper 15 — 152,4 4 Emma 1821 Whisker 15 H 156,2 5 Bee's Wins 183;^ Dr. Syntax 15 2 157,5 t) Crucifix 1837 Priam 15 3S 162,(J 7 Pocahontas 18:^7 Glencoe 14 3 149,9 8 Ghuznee 1838 Pantaloon 14 3 149,9 9 Miami 18U Venison 15 1 154,9 10 Lady Evelyn 1846 Don John 15 14 156,2 11 Bhnk Bonny 1854 Melbourne 15 •■^i 158,3 12 Imperieuse 1854 Orlando 15 3 160,0 13 Pulcherrima 1873 Beadsman 15 i 153,7 14 Pearlina 187.5 Brown Bread 15 1 l.'>4,9 15 Perditta II. 1881 Hampton 15 2 157,5 1(5 Haseljius 1882 Elibustier 15 14 156,2 17 Morifanette 1884 Sprin}jfield 16 1 165,1 18 Vitarba 1884 Rosicrucian 15 1 151,9 19 Sappho 188(i Wisdom 15 n l.V5,5 20 Vision 1886 Elibustier 15 u 155,5 21 La Fleche 1889 St. Simon 16 — 162,6 22 Medora 1890 Bend Or 15 2 157,5 23 Festa 1893 St. Simon 15 2 157,5 24 Hehii 1893 Morion 15 3S 162,0 25 \'ictoria 1904 St. Simon 15 24 l.Vi.S When purchasing or judging Thoroughbred brood mares, one must tabulate their pedigree in the female line for about four to five generations in order to easily and righth' estimate them. As a contrast to Goos' tables, not only the classical winners, but all products of the female blood stream which have won races are noted, showing how often thev have run and won. Of course, the classical winners are specially mentioned. Thereby one will often be surprised to find how few of the many offsprings in the respective female blood stream remain in the case of most mares. I give as an example of this the estimating table for the mare White Xun, formerly thus con- structed. For want of space I have only gone back two generations. The type in bold letters means also ran or won as two-vcar-olds. Everything which had not won up to the sale of White Xun has been left out, except where the progenv of a non-winning mare has won ; for example, Wingrave Lass, as dam of Windthorpe. The sires of White Nun, Lady Blanche, etc., stand above the respective mares. 1. Judgiiifj and Treating,' Bifcdin;,' Miitcri.il. 3-4o Hermit Thunderbolt Venjjeance \Vhitc\uji.2;).4. Lady Blanche 27. 12. C'ordeha 15. 1. 1882 1868 1862 1874 Winsjrave Lass by Wingrave 0. 0. 1870 Thunderer by Robin Hood 38. 4. 1883 Windlhorpe by Tibtorpc 31. 5. 1876 Goneril by Thunderbolt 0. 0. 1880 Spectre by Speculum 9. 1. 1880 DuUe of Albany K. 3. 1883\Vhitefriar by Hcrmi< 18. 0. ]ss:l Duchess ul Albany 14..'{. (Gratw. St. Goodw.) (c) Age and Treatment of Covering Stallions. I cannot recommend the use of stallions for covering purposes before tlieir fourth vear; firstly, because the stallions generally suffer in their development bv reason of this early covering; and secondly, because also in Half-bred breeding I have never yet seen good foals produced by three- vear-old stallions. In Thoroughbred breeding also, I do not know a case of a successful use of a three-year-old stallion. Only in American Trotter breeding I must mention the remarUable example of Ilambletonian (10), born 1849, who produced as a two-year-old in LSoJ Abdallah (Ij). Abdallah (15) became the foundation sire of the celebrated Crescens, born 1894, with a record of S.O'ii. The question, up to what age the stallion may be used, depends onlv how long he can cover and still fertilise. 1 have never yet observed at Trakehnen a diminution in the quality of the foals due to the great age of the stallion as long as he remained healthy and was not used too much. In Thoroughbred breeding, however, the power of transmission seems to have decreased lately from the 19th to the -JUth year, as may be seen from a previously given table (page 87), especially if one compan-s them with the performances of 19-vear-oids, which are not here mentioned, but which are verv favourable. In Half-bred breeding statistics are so incomplete that one cannot arrive at anv real conclusions. Many breeders in England contend that old stallions produce more stayers; further, old stallions and stallions which are much used produce generallv more colts. When stallions are verv much used, as sometimes happens in country studs, I have now and then observed that the foals become somewhat lighter, as for example, in Gudwallen with Halm and Harnisch, and in Trakehnen with Optimus. Fertility decreases easily if stallions are too much used in their youth, otherwise old stallions fertilise as long as they are healthy even often better than young stallions (as already Aristotle and I'ugger have taught us). The often observed worse transmission, as well as worse fertilisa- tion, on the part of young stallions, especially those who have run much and for long, is, in my opinion, caused by the fact that liic transition from the course to the stud is too sudden, and therefore injurifuis to health. The sensible and good treatment of young covering stallions (especially at Iiaton Hall, the Duke of Westminster's stud), has led in the following cases to good results in the first covering year : — 34C The Practical Part of Horsebreeding^. 1. Donraster — Bend Or — Ormonde and Kendal. 2. Ormonde — Orme, Llantony and Goldfinch. 3. Flving Fox — Ajax and Gouvernant. 4. Galtee More — Irish Lad. 5. St. Simon — Memoir, Semohna and St. Serf, f). Persimmon — Sceptre and Cheers. 7. riapeolet — Rayon D'or. 8. \V\\d Dayrell — Buccaneer. 9. Orlando — Teddington. 10. Florizel — Diomed. 11. Highflyer — Rockingham. The health of the covering stallions is, therefore, one of the most important problems of the breeder. Firstly, there must be a sensible tran- sition from the condition of training to that of covering. Stallions which have been accustomed to rugs must be slowly broken off the habit, of course, in the warm season, and always with the proviso that the stable temperature in winter does not sink below 5° C, and is not generally less than 8° C. Furthermore, a liorse in training is used to much work. The sudden stop- page of all work is therefore injurious to health. When, of course, quick work may be left out without injury, the young covering stallion ought to do sufficient slow work-, [n which also short canters belong. To sum up. the voung co\ering stallions must do dailv fully 2J hours' exercise. As long as Old Chamant was in Beberbeck he did his canters daily up to his 20th vear; but, of course, I do not wish in implv that ever\- stallion should do cantering work up to that age. Mere again the indi\idualising breeder's eve must decide how much worlv would be beneficial to anv single stallion. If, for example, such a full-blooded and phlegmatic stallion as Minting, when he commenced covering, had done iiis cantering work for the 2i hours neces- sary daily, he would not have got founder, and he would ver\- likel\- not have failed in his first vear as a co\ering stallion, and would verv probablv have transmitted better according to his magnificent form as a racehorse and to his perfect exterior. Fngland sins most in this respect, bv often taking things too easilv, I believe, and many excellent Thoroughbred stallif)ns have perished early in conseciuence of having had too little exercise. Old W'oll- stein alreadv speaks energeticall\- against the insufficient exercise of covering stallions, and says finally : " If you make doctrines, make them so that you \-ourselves are not ashamed of them, and that you do not injure the animals. Ask the beast itself, and from it you will learn." If cantering does not seem any more necessar\- for tin- covering stallion, the best thing to recommend is to lead him in comp£in\- with another stallion, and in summer to put him in a paddock' w ilh an adjoining iitjx. It is wvv useful for the co\ering stallions to be able to see, in the box as well as in the paddrjck, their neighbouring stallions. Xf)thing is so conducive to make covering stallions vicious than complete isolation. For Half-bred stallions I consider it very useful t« con- 1. Judging; nnd Treating Bieecling Malciial. 347 tiinie the trainiiiJi of four and five-\eai--(>lds for about four mimths after the covering season, in order to prevent premature ayeini,' and fattening, to wiiicii the best and healthiest Half-bred stallions are mostly prone. The quantity of food, as well as exercise, must be regulated to suit individual cases. During the covering season 1 recommend dail\- 10 to at the most 15 lbs. of oats (1 lb. of oats= about 1 litre) in four rations, and about 10 to l.j lbs. of meadow hay (not clover hay); twice weekly, wheat bran, about 2 litres, as a mash, with oats mixed for the evening fund. Ivarly in the spring, for about four weeks w hilst casting tiieir coats, daily abwut J lb. linseed grcjund or roasted (about a handful tn each feed of oats). After the covering season in summer, about (i tu K) lbs. oni their -JOth year the productive capacity of most stallions gradually decreases, and for that reason valuable stallions which 1. Jiidgitisj and Treating Breeding Material. 3-19 are 28 years or older must only in exceptional eases (two to three limes monthly) be allowed to cover twice in one day. Stallions are most liable to refuse to cover dark coloured mares, especially hlacU' mares. It is therefore advisable to iMive a light coloured mare, for preference a grey mare, to get the stallion ready, and at the last moment turn him on to the black mare; a trick which in most cases is successful. Performances of Hambletonian (10) at the Stud. In the ^■ear Age in Years Number of Covered M.ires Foals Born Alive Per- centage of Foals Amongst which arc the following Celebrated Sons. 1851 2 4 3 75 Al.dallah do), Billy Denton (65) :- 1852 8 17 13 76 185:^ 4 101 78 77 \'oIunteer (o5) 1851 5 ss 62 70 Edward Fverett (81) 1855 6 89 64 72 George Wilkes (519) 1856 7 87 64 74 Dexter Record : 2. 17i ! 1857 8 S7 ftS 72 1858 » 72 .54 75 1859 10 95 66 69 Robert Bonner (270) 1860 11 106 72 68 Bruno 1861 12 98 68 69 1862 13 158 111 70 Administrator (357), Dictator (113), Happy Medium (400), Harold (413), Chester, Sentinel (280) 1863 14 150 92 61 Jay Gould (197), Prosper (907), Idol (44), V. Brimo 1861 15 217 148 68 Knickerbocker (200), Messenger, Duroc (106), Rysdyk (653) 1865 ■ 16 198 128 66 .\berdeen (2"), General Stanton (2545), Socrates (287), Strathniore (408), Small Hopes 1866 17 105 75 71 Banker (4114), Bismarck (67), Blackstone (72), Deucation (889), Florida (482), Bolton (7C), Sweepstakes (298) 1867 18 72 42 58 Cuyler (100), Electioneer (125), Enfield (128), Masteriode (595), Drift (.322). \\"altham (687) 1868 10 not given 1869 20 22 18 82 1870 21 22 16 73 .\uditor (773) 1871 22 30 26 87 1872 23 30 24 80 .\rthurton (365), .\rtillery (750), Kisber 1873 24 31 20 65 .Meredith (1307) 1874 25 32 24 75 Egbert (1136) 1875 28 24 2 8 Total li«0 1S« 350 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. As example of the capabilities of a stallion in the case of reasonable management — as is found oftener in America than in England and Ireland — the above-mentioned Trotter, Hambletonian (10), born 5th May, 1849, by Abdallah I., is worthy of note. It may be especially noticed in the table on the preceding page that the percentage of fertilisation and the quality of transmission has not decreased after the 20th year in spite of very great use (15 years old 217 mares). Hambletonian died in March, 1876, when 27 years old, and left behind 150 sires, with 1,490 descendants, which had a record of 2.30 and better, as well as 80 brood mares, with 110 descendants, which had also a record of 2.30 and better. Furthermore, the Thoroughbred stallion, Red Prince II., by Kendal, has, for example, covered as a 19-year-old in four and a half months in Trakehnen 74 mares in 88 servings, and fertilised 66 of same, i.e., 89.2 per cent. Hereby it must be mentioned that Red Prince came to Trakehnen from Ireland only on the 8th January, during a temperature of 30° C, and the covering season finishes at the end of May. (e) Age of Brood Mares. The best age at which to cover mares is three years, except in cases where three-year-old Thoroughbred mares are still in training and have to run races, then it is better to put off the covering for another year. The same applies to Half-bred mares if thev as three-year-olds are still subject to regular training, or as riding or carriage horses do so much work that they do not get fat and come too often in heat, in spite of good food. The best results as regards the number of foals and perhaps also as regards their quality are, as previous tables (pages 56 — 63) show, found on an average with mares which are covered and were in foal as three-year-olds. This applies to Thoroughbred as well as to Half-bred breeding. I only know one mare in Germany which has dropped 20 living foals, namely, B Flat, which was covered with success as a three-year-old. According to experiences at Trakehnen, mares which produce the first foal in their fifth year, or later, remain in the following year barren much oftener than mares which have been successfully covered as three-vear-olds. Besides, the latter are, almost without exception, better nurses. Wollstein thinks that mares which bear their first foal as four-year-olds have the following advantages when compared with mares which have been covered later in life : — 1. The births are easier. 2. Mares are more fertile and have more milk. 0 3. The foals are bigger and stronger. The most prominent products of mares, on an average, are produced between their eighth and thirteenth year, as can be easily seen for Thorough- bred breeding from the Goos' tables. Goos says in the preface of his cele- brated tables that the winners of the five classical races in England are distributed as follows : — 1. Judi^ini,' and Treating: Breedinj,' Material. 351 of classical winners. 3 to 7-year-old dams 17 per cent. ' 8 to 13 ,, ,, 55 14 to 18 ,, ,. 21 ,. 19 to 25 ,, ,, 7 As experience at Trakeiinen shows, 8 to 13 years of age is also the best and most fertile time for Half-breds. In Half-breds, however, the brood mares, up to their 7th year inclusive — as opposed to Thoroughbreds — -seem to be much more fertile than between the age of 14 and 18. 20-year-old brood marcs have up to now produced three Royal Stud stallions only, those older than 20 none at all. Miscarriage or barrenness of mares in the first three to five years of their being made brood mares is less dangerous than if occurring in later vears. Of course, this is always bad. Brood mares at the age in which, as above said, the best products are expected from them, i.e., 10-year-old and over, have more seldom the power to overcome these unfavourable derangements of their breeding career than younger mares. Prominent products of Half-bred mares over 20 vears of age are not known to me, whilst, as shown in the previous tables (pages 65 — 78), in the breeding of Thoroughbreds also, 24- vear-old and older brood mares have produced classical winners or other prominent progeny. (f) Twins. Mares which have produced twins, dead or living, are in most cases, however undesirable any single case mav be, considered specially valuable brood mares, from which prominent progeny may be expected. Unfortun- ately, twin births frequently recur, as for example, with the Oaks winner Bronce, four times; with Legend born 1825 by Merlin, and grand- daughter of the celebrated Prunella, three times consecutively; and with Fairv Ring l)orn 1878 by Macaroni, also three times consecutively. This quality is often hereditary, and there are many examples of it in Thorough- bred breeding as well as in Half-bred breeding. In the last twenty-five years, from 1874 to 1898 inclusive, 33 Royal Stud stallions have been born in Trakehnen, of which the following 11 stallions are derived from dams which also had twins : — 1. Tunnel, born 1874 by The Duke of Edinburgh and Tutti. •J. Paladin, born 1874 by .\donis and Palme. 3. Discant, born 1877 bv Fliigcl and Diana. 4. \'enezuela, born 1878 bv Hector and \'icreck. 5. Elfenbein, born 1879 by Marsworth and Ellis, (i. Passvan, born 1881 bv Fiiigel and Palme. 7. (iranicus, born 1887 by Kingdom and CIradlitz. 8. Jenissei, born 1888 by Venezuela and Jemba. 9. Ilydriot, born 1895 bv Fiirstenberg and Hydra. 10. Morgcnstrahl, born 189() by Blue Blood and Moba. 11. Justizminister, born 1898 bv Boulevard and Justicia. 352 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinar. There can as yet be no final judgment about the later born stallions, as their dams are still alive and are too young. Of the 1,297 brood mares mentioned in the Second \'olume of the Trakehnen Stud Book, only 136 have up to now produced twins; nine mares twice, and two mares three times. In the First \\)lume of the Beberbeck Stud Book, 34-2 brood mares are mentioned, of which only 13 bore twins; amongst these 13 being the celebrated Optima, dam of the best stallion which Beberbeck has produced, namelv, Optimus, who was for eight years up to his death used as a Roval Stud stallion in Trakehnen. Perhaps the best son of Optimus, born in Beberbeck, was Cardinal, born 1895 by Optimus and Cedar, who commenced with twins. Only one brood mare (Lucca) has produced twins in Beberbeck twice. In one case both li\ed, of which one (Lollo) became a brood mare and also produced twins. Ajax, a twin born in Beberbeck 1800 bv Dreadnought and Augusta, became stallion in Xeustadt. As already mentioned, only one mare in Germany has produced 20 living foals, amongst them the Derbv winner Paul, and that was the Thoroughbred mare B Flat (born 1864 by Orlando and Torment), wiio herself was a twin. The number of twin births, according to observations made at Trakehnen in the last twelve years, varies very much — from J per cent, to 3 per cent., average about IJ per cent, of the mares in foal, and is higher in those years in which fertilisation has been favourable. It is worthv of note that in human twins also the average is just over 1 per cent. In the General Stud Book, in the first sixteen volumes, 1,085 mares are mentioned which ha\e produced twins. Of these 413 mares are mentioned in Goos' tables (3rd edition), a sure sign that they are amongst the most prominent for breeding purposes; an exceedingly good state of affairs. More than 80 prominent foundation mares in the Goos' tables are dams which have produced twins. From the following list of mares which have produced twins and also performed well in breeding, it can be seen that in England 13 Derby winners, 15 Oaks winners, 9 St. Leger winners, 10 Two Thousand Guineas winners, and 10 One Thousand Guineas winners are offsprings of mares which have produced twins. A Few Thoroughbred Brood JMares in England wiiicl Produced Twins. have No. Name and Pediirree Born Family and Prosrenv Horatia I I'ioS by Blank — Flying Childers Letitia 1783 by Highflyer — Matchem Nimble 1784 by Florizel and Bantipole Famous foundation mare of Fam. 6 Grand-dam of Dionied D. and Y. Eclipse D. Foundation mare of Fam. 46 17 foals NiU6 O. Foundation mare of Fam. 32 1. Jiuli^iiitr ■'iml Treatin£j Brccdinq' Mnterinl 353 Xo. Name nnd Ftditrree Born I'aniily and Proi^cny 4 Maid of Ely by Tandem — Merod 1785 13 foals Foiindatio[i marc of Fam. 4.5 5 Palmflower by Weazle and ("okimlia Twice twins 1787 CocUfishter L. Fam. 2 C Mare by llii,'-htlyer — Goldfinder 1788 12 foals Pensioneer 1795 by Dunfjanon Afjnes 1805 by Shuttle Fam. 26 7 Mare by Trenlham and Cytherea nso Pantina (dam of Bliiclicr I).) Fam. 4 8 Y. Giantess bv Diomed and Giantess 1790 Sorcerer Fleanor D. O. 9 Rallv by Triimpator anil Fancy 10 Woodbine by Woodpecker and Puzzle (lived to 32 years old) Twice twins Half-sister to Hornby I,ass 11 .Mare by PotSos and Fdillia 12 j Mare by Precipitate and I.ad\ Harriet 13 Hornby Lass by Buz/ard and Puzzle (lived to .32 years old) Half-sister to Woodbine 1-^ Lady Jane by Sir Peter and P.iulina Own sisicr lo Ilerniione O. !■> Mare by Precipitate and V. Tiffany Twice twins Julia (dam of Phantom I).) Cressida (dam of .\ntar 2. and Priam D.) Mare by Walton (dam of Xicolo 2. and Lanfjar) Fam. (j 1790 Famous foundation mare of Fam. 6a 1791 Music O. Minuet O. Fam. 1 a 179i 12 foals Famous foundation marc of Fam. 3e 1705 Wizard 2. Fam. 12 a 1706 12 foals Morel O. Fam. 1 a 1790 Briseis O. Miss Tooley (jrrand-tlam of HarUa- way Gcp. 2 x ) Fam. 2 1797 Bourbon isll by Sorcerer Mare by .Sorcerer (dam of JacU Spiffot I-) Fam. 5 a 354 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinc'. No. Name and Pedisfree Born Family and Progeny 16 17 18 19 20 23 21 26 27 28 Violante by John Bull — Highflyer Bronce O. by Bu^/.nrii — Alexander Twice twins Own sister to Castrel, Selim and Rubens Henrietta by Sir Solomon — Woodpecker Lady Grev by Stamford — Bordeaux Mare by Walton and Y. Giantess, whc also had twins ]\Iare by Shuttle — Drone Scheherazade by Selim and (21-year-old) Gipsy Selima by Selim and a Mare by PotSos who also had twins Miss Craigie by Oryille and Marchioness Twice twins Sunflower by Castrel — Alexander Mare by Clinker and Bronce O., who herself had twins four times Mare by Catton and Altisidora L. Sylph by Spectre and Fanny Legh 29 I Turquoise O. by Selim and Pope Joan Famous foundation mare of Fam. 3 a Grand-dam by Decoy Mulatto 1811 by Sorcerer Busto 1812 by Clinker and 2 good foundation mares in Fam. 2d Tarrare L. Fair Charlotte Fam. 6 Gustavus D. Fam. 7 Nicolo 2. (twins) Langar Fam. 6 13 foals. Famous foundation mare in Fam. 13 Foundation mare in Fam. 10 b Famous foundation mare in Fam. 3e 1802 1803 1807 1806 1808 1809 1810 1810 1811 1813 1816 1823 Ralph. 2. Cm. Acp. Fam. 11 1824 I Lugwardine Xewcourt Lady Lift (dam of Consul FD., Mazarin, Le Marechal) Fam. 35 Birmingham L. I'oundation mare of Fam. 34 Foundation mare in Fum. 4 a Famous foundation mare in Fam. 2 d 30 Variation O. by Bustard and Johanna Soutli- cote 1825 1827 Jericho Fam. 1 b Pompey Elphine, famous foundation mare in Fam. 9 b and dam of Warlock L., Phantom, etc. 1. Jucl,L;iiis' and Trcatiny;' Brcediiit,'' Material. 355 No. Name and Pedi,u:rec Born Family and Progeny 31 Zarina by Morisco and Ina 1827 The Prime Warden The Cur Cs. F'am. I" 32 Progress by Lang-ar — Blacklock 1833 Attila 1). Fam. l-j 33 j\Iiss Kitty Cockle by Cadlan'd and Maid of Mansfield Twins twice 1834 Truth Cm. Fam. 11 b 34 Virginia by Rowton and Puccllc 18:3o ^'irago 1. Gcp. Dcp. and .Sacrifice, pfrand-dani of Devotion, famous foundation mare in Fam. 4 a 35 Black Bess by Camel — Scud 1837 Hernandez 2. Bataglia, good foundation mare in Fam. 6 a 36 Crucifix -2. 1. O. by Priam and Octaviana 1837 Surplice D. L. Cowl Chalice (grand-dam of Placida O.) Fam . 2 c 37 ^lonstrositv by Plenipotentiary and Puce 18;^ The Cgly Buck 2. Foundation mare in I'am. 4 a 38 Moonbeam by Tomboy and Lujiatic 1838 Manganese 1. Fam. 4 c (grand-dam of .\pology I.O.L., Wenlock L., Kisber D.', Sch windier U. ND.) 39 Peggy by Muley Moloch and Fanny 1840 1.J foals, amongst others .Musjid D. Fam. 6 40 Emerald by Defence and Emiliana 1841 Mentmore Lass 1. Fam. 3b (dam of Hannah ]. O. L. and grand-dam of Favonius D.) King of Diamonds 41 The Landgravine by Elis and The Mar{4:ravine 1841 Landgrave Cm. Sittingbourne Maid of Kent F'ani. -5 d 42 The Princess O. by Slane — Phantom 1841 The Great L'nknown Fam. 1 c 43 Bridle by The Saddler and Monocda 1844 Habena 1. Lady Sophie, famous foundation mare in Fam. 9 44 Ellen Home by RedshanU and Delhi 1844 P.iradigm (dam of Lord Lyon 2. D. L., .Achievement 1. L.) Rouge Rose (dam of Bend Or D.) Fam. 1 d 356 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. No. Name and Pedigree Born Family and Progeny 43 Gaiety by Touchstone and Cast-steel 1844 Gamester L. Gadabout (dam of Scamander) Doncaster Fam. 19 46 Mare by Hampton — Muley Moloch 1844 Gaspard Odd Trick Cm. Mad. Stodare Fam. 2a 47 Mainbraoe by Sheet Anchor — Bay ^Middleton 1844 Fisherman .Acp. 2 x The Peer Fam. 11 48 Prairie Bird by Touchstone and Zillah 1844 Famous foundation mare in Fam. 1 b England's Beauty Bonny Blink Vitula 49 Hybla by The Provost and Otisina 1846 Mincemeat O. Kettledrum D. Fam. 3d oO Legerdemain Cs. by Pantaloon and Decov Own sister to Sleight of Hand, Van Amburg and Phryne 1846 Toxophilite Sagitta 1. Fair Star Fam. 3 a 51 Mrs. Hobson by Bay Middleton and Vitula 1846 Orestes Pylades Janus Fam. 21 52 Bassishaw by Prime ^^'arden and Miss Whinnie, whose grand-dam by Shuttle had also twins 1847 Ben \^'ebster Isoline Gcp. (dam of Isola Bella, who also had twins, St. Cristophe GG., Braconnier) Fam. 19 a 53 Figtree by Envoy and Azora 1848 Palm (dam of Vauban 2. Gcp. and Duke of Parma Cs.) Siberia 1. (dam of Cecilia 1., who also had twins) Westminster Cm. ^ Fam. 2 ^ 54 Frolic by Touchstone — The Saddler 1848 Frolicsome (dam of Frontin FD. GP.) Lady Sophia Fam. 24 1. Judfjinfj and Treating Brectlini:; Material. 357 No. Name and Pedifjree Born Family and Pr(iL;env 55 Indiana by Muley .Molucli and Pocahontas 1848 Kentucky Humminif Bird Fam. 3 c 56 Mare by The Cure and Elpliine 1849 The Wizard 2. Fam. 9 b 57 Mentmore Lass 1 by Melbourne and Emerald 1850 Hannah 1. O. L. Zephyr (dam of Favonius D.) Fam. 3 b 58 Torment by .Alarm-Glencoe 1850 Tormentor O. B. Flat (twins and had 20 foals) Laura (Sire Petrarch L.) Fam. 10 b 59 Villaije Lass by Pyrrhus I. and Maid of Hart 1851 Rustic Countryman Bittern Fam. 2e eo Chalice by Orlando and Crucifix 2. 1. O., who also had twins 1852 Pietas (dam of Placida O.) Fam. 2c 61 Homily by Surplice and Blue Devils 1852 Good foundation mare in Fam. 27 6-2 Rambling Katie by .Melbourne and Phryne 1852 Queen of the (jypsies (dam of Paul Jones) Chamberntaid (dam of Brocken NL. Hr. BB.) Fam. 3a 63 The Heiress (firstling) by Birdcatcher and Inheritress (Firstlintf, ran and won up to its 10th year) 1853 Vanessa (dam of Das \eilchen, Wagehals, etc.) Jeannie (dam of \\"him HZ.) Fam. 4 64 \'erona by Orlando and jodine 1854 Thurio GP. Lucetta Cm. Villafranca Fam. 2 65 Souvenir by Chanticleer and Rininlay 1850 Strathcona Fair Unknown (who also had twins) Fam. 11 66 Heroine of Liirknow by Nutwith and Pocahontas 1856 Famous foundation marc in Fam. 3c 358 The Practical Part of Horsebreedincr. No. Xame and Pedigree Born Family and Prosjeny 67 Diana bv Hartneitstein and Iris Feu de Joie O. by Longbow and Jeu d 'Esprit Lady Alice Hawtliorn by Xewminster and Lady Haw thorn 70 Mrs. Wood bv V. Melbourne and Phvsalis 71 Pompadour bv Stockwell and Marcliioness O Queen Bertha O. by Kinijston and Flax 73 Barchettina bv Pelion and Cvmba O. 74 Battaplia by Rataplan and Espoir 75 Breeze by King- Tom and Mentniore Lass 1, who also had twins 76 No Name by Teddington and Queen of Beauty 77 Rifjolbociie by Rataplan — Gardliani 1858 1859 1859 1859 1859 1860 1860 1861 1861 1861 1861 Miraflora Hn. Neudan (dam of Tartar OD. L". \D.) Wild Huntsman Fam. 8 c Alumette Hollandaise (dam of Solange FO.) Fam. 7 a Famous foundation mare in Fam. 4d Little Sister (dam of Thunderstorm, Krakatoa FL. Cd., Fousi Yama Cd.) Fam. 8 c Advance (dam of Alexander SD., CJisar ND., Gallus) Fam. 2 f Spinaway 1. O. Wheel of 1-^ortunc 1. O. Grandmaster Queen's Messenger Gertrude Fam. 1 c The Abbot 1877 by Hermit Marden 1879 by Hermit Canoe 1881 by Hermit Fam. 2 Lord Gough (the best son of Gladiateur) Fam. 12 Foundation mare in Fam. 3 b Nameless (dam of Geheimniss O.) Fam. 14 Cremorne D. GP. .Acp. Earl of Dartrey Mabille Fam. 2 d 1. Judgint: and Treating Breeding Material. 359 No. Name and Pedigree Born l-"aniily and Progeny 78 Mare by Y. Melbourne and Brown Bess 1801 Ouiver (dam of Memoir O. L. and La Flechc 1. O. L.) Fam. 3 79 Wild Agnes by Wild Uayrell and Little .\gnes 1802 Little Agnes FO. FL. Brown .Agnes Fair .Agnes Wild Tommy Fam. 16 80 Bounccawav by Zuyder Zee and Press Forward 1864 New 1 (nllaiid Gcp. Tripaway Fam. 22 a 81 Parma by Parmesan and Archeress 1864 Isabel (dam of St. Frusquin 2. Ec.) Biserta (dam of Goletta) Fam. 22 a 82 Lady Coventry by Thormanby and Lady Roden 1805 Yorkshire Bride Farnese Lady Golightly Lady of Mercia (grand-dam of Ragotsky FD. GP.) Fam. 27 83 Pearlfeather by Xewminsler and Bess Lyon 1865 Paraibl (dam of St. \\'olfgang, PradoTr. NZ., Lilinokalani OO.) Fam. 4 b 84 Thrift by Stockwell and Braxey 1865 Tristan .\cp. llrd. 3 x Fam. 10 85 Adelaide by V. .Melbourne — Teddington 1866 Peregrine 2. Queen .Adelaide St. Alvere St. Alvere St. Mary (dam of La Sagcssc O.) Fam. 9 86 Poinsettia by V. Melbourne and Lady Haw- thorn 1866 Famous foundation marc in I'am. 4d 87 W'lieatear by Y. Melbourne and Swallow 1867 Harvester D. Skylark Fam. l.j 88 Isola Bella by .StocUwell and Isoline 1868 Isonomy Cm. .\cp. 2 x Gcp. Dcp. F'ernandez Fam. 19 a 360 The Practical Part of Horsebreedins No. Name and Pedia:ree Born Familv and Protrenv 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Cicely Racket by Le Marechal and Meg^ O 'Mar- ley, who had also twins as well as her dam Light Drum by Rataplan and Trinket 1869 1870 Enigma 1872 by Tlie Rake and Tlie Sphynx Spinaway 1. O. 1872 by Macaroni and Queen Bertha O., who had also twins Bonnie Agnes by Blair Athol and Little Asnes Hermione by V. Melbourne and La Belle Helene Thistle by Scottish Chief and The Flower Safety 1875 1875 1875 Lucetta Cm. 1876 by Tibthor|3e and \'erona, who also had twins Wheel of Fortune 1. O. by Adventurer and Queen Bertha Three times twins Atalanta by Galnpin and Fcrojiia 1876 1878 Hackness Cm. Fam. 7 Little Duck FD. GP. Lapin Cd. Fam. 13 Florence BB. Cm. Tact (dam of .Amiable 1. O. and Manners) Gravity (dam of William IIL) Fam. 2a Busybody 1. O. .Arcadian Waltz Fam. 1 c Bonny Jean O. Agnostic Fam. 16 Perditta IL (dam of Florizel IL Gcp., Persimmon D. L., Diamond Jubilee D. L.) Bride of Netherby Fam. 7 Common 2. D. L. Goldfinch Throstle L. Fam. 4e Silver Gold .\cp. Speed Luciana Fam. 2 Oberon Fam. 1 c .Ayrshire 2. D. Ec. Melanion Troon Fam. 8 a 1. Judsini; ;inJ Treatinj,' BiXfdiiit,' .M;itfrial 361 No. Name aiul Peclii^iue Born inil\ and Progeny ysj Sanda bv W'ciilcicU and Samial 100 St. Maro-iierite 1. bv llcrnilt antl Devotion 1"1 Matilda bv Hfauclerc — ("ntln-dral 102 Match Girl bv Plebeian and Fusee 103 Virginia Shore ; bv lohn Davis and Distant Shore 1 - ■' loi Lady Loverule by Muncaster and Nellie lOo Ornament , by Bend Or and Lily .\i;"nes l'>5 Moth.-r Sieo-el bv Friar Balsam — (lalopin J878 . Sainfoin D. I Golden Garter I Sierra, BlacU Sand Cs. Fani. 2 b 1879 , Seabreeze O. I-. Lc. Valauris I I,e Var PWst. Roquebriine (dam o( Rock Sand 2. D.L.) Fam. 4 n 188(1 Nunthoipe Kp. Oueen's Birthday Dcp. Fam. 11a 1882 Matchbox .Matchmaker Fam. 22 a 1881 Whittier E. Lady Minting Fam. 9 a 1SS8 St. .\mant D. 2. F'am. 14 a 1887 Labrador I Collar Hrd. I Sceptre O. L. 2. 1. Fam. 16 1S97 Minc.ru 2 D. Fam. 5. (g) Firstlings. If we look more closely into the Stud Books, \vc lind amongst the firstlings of brood mares more good animals than was generally supposed, owing to observations in studs whcrr the brood mares were very poorly fed. Tiie firstlings of brood mares at Trakehnen formerly were .seldom good when ptjor ftjod was given to the brood mares, esijeiiallv before 1870. In Half-bred as well as Thoroughbred breeding, it is a remarkable fact that part of the best progeny were firstlings, hiu niilv in those studs where the brood mares got good food and plentv cd ii. In Heberbeck we can mention as firstlings the two Roval .Stud stallions, ()]5timus, born 1880 by Odoardo and Optima, and Jubelgreis, born ISO'I b\ l.amberg and julie. Since the existence of iieberbeck as a Roy;il chief stud, we have possibh- produced no better Royal -Stud stallions than the two named firstlings. In the last fifty vears, of 78 Ro\al .Stud slailions iirodncccl thcrr, the following 11 were firstlings : — 36'2 Tlu' rraclical Part of Hnrsebreedins; 1. Norton, Ijorn IS04 b\- Stilt(.)n and Xovell 0. o Fritter, born 1S.)() by Xobclmann and Faucette. 3. Grezano, Ijorn ]s.")7 b\- Stilton and Giralda. 4. Eckstein, born 1.S7U b\- \'enerato and Fcho. 5. Fiirstenberg, born 1878 by Ambos and Fulda. 0. Wnezuela, born 1878 by Hektor and Viereck. 7. Ehvin, born 1887 by Passvan and Emilia. 8. Elton, born l.S,s8 by Duke of Fxlinburgh and Elpis. 9. \'er.such, born 189(1 by Anarch and \'estitur. 10. Ethelwold, born 1893 by Euphonv and Etruskerin. 11 . Amtsvorstcher, born 1899 bv Fanfarro and Anisette. V2. Iloffnungsstrahl, born 1900 by Piper and Iloffnung (co\ered as a 3-year-oId). 13. Fischerknabe, born 1901 by Obelisk and Fischerin. 1-1. Panzer, born 190-J b\- Greif and Panzerkette. In the same period the dams of tiie follo\ying 19 Royal Stud stallions were firstlings: — 1 Antenor, -2 Elfenbein, 3 Ethelwold, 4 I-'ischerknabe, 5 Fliigel, fi FLirstenberg, 7 Granicus, 8 Grezano, 9 Hirtenlcnabe, 10 Hoff- niingsstrahl, 11 Insurgent, I'J full (out of a 3-vear-old covered mare), 13 Justizminister, 14 Lauer, 1') .Malteser, 16 Nisos, 17 Orcus, 18 Pless, 19 Tunnel (oiU (jf a 3-vear-old co\-ered mare). In Thoroughbred breeding the following are the firstlings which are noted as classical race winners : — 1. Derb\- Winners. 1. Spread Eagle, born 1792 by \'olunteer — Flighflyer. 2. Daniel O'Rourke, born 1849 by Birdcatcher and Springy Jack. 3. \\'ild Dayrell, born 185-2 by Ion and Ellen Middleton. 4. Favonius, born 18G8 b\- Parmesan and Zeph\-r. 2. St. I.eger Winners. 1 . Tommv, born 177(1 bv W'ildair — Syphon (covered as a 3-year-old). 2. PhiJnomenon, born 1780 b\' Herod and Frenzy. 3. Paragon, born 17S3 by Paymaster and Calash. 1. Ashton, born l8(jri b\' Walnut and Miss Maworth (covered as a 3-year-old). ■"). Otterington, born 1809 b\' Golumpus — Expectation (covered as a 3-year-old). C). Filho da Puta, born 1n12 b\- Haphazard and Mirs. Barnct. 7. Touchstone, born 1831 b}' Camel and Banter. 8. The Baron, born is 12 b\- l->irdcatcher and Echidna (co\ered as a .3-year-old). 9. Wool Winder, born 1901 b\- Martagon and St. Windeline. ]. Jiiili^iiii;" and Troatinu; IJrri'din:,'' Material. 363 •2,0(10 Guini'jis Winners. 1. Tlic L'glv Huck, Ixirn l''~ill 1)\' N'mison ami MimslrDsity (covered as a 3-ycar-()lcl). 2. W'dt'tte, born IS.")'.) bv N'olliyeur and Mir.s. Ridj^way. 3. Surcfoot, born 1S.S7 by Wisdom ■ — C.alopin. (_)aks Winners. 1. Ijridqel, i^orn ITTfi b\- Herod and jeniima. •2. Teloluni, born 1777 b\- Matchein (2S-vear-old) and Lady Bolintj- broke (10-year-old). 3. Soreer\-, born bSOS b\' Sorcerer and C'obbea. 4. Poison, born ls|() b\- Plenipoteniiar\- and Arsenic. 5. Mincemeat, bom IS-M b\- Sweetmeat and llybla. 1,000 Guineas Winners. 1. Marc, born 1S12 by Selim Cesario ? 2. Arab, bf)rn bS2l by Woful and Zerd. The following are to be mentioned as lirstlings which ha\T won other important races or whicii have otherwise become famous : — • A. Stallions. 1. V. -Merlin 17-"J7 by Merlin and Molly Long Legs. 2. Gimcrack 17(10 b\- Cripple and Miss Flliot (covered as a 2 or :'i-vear-old). 3. Paymaster 17(5^ b\- Blank and Snajjciragon. 4. Trentham 17()() b\- .Sweei)stakes and Miss South. 5. Conductor 17()7 by Matchem Snaj^. 6. Mark- Anthon\' ITtu bv S]:)eclator and Rachel (co\cred as a :!-\-ear-oId). 7. Pantaloon 17(57 i)y Matchem and Curiosity. 8. Pyrrhus 17(57 bv SprigluK Snip. 9. Telemachus 1770 bv ilei-od Skim. 10. Poti~!os 177."} b\- Iulii)se and .Sporlsmistress. 11. Joe .\ndrews 1778 by Iuli[)se ant! .\maranda. 12. Dungannon 1780 by F.clipse and Aspasia. 13. Rockingham 1781 bv llighfixcr and Purity. 14. I'idget 1783 by I'lorizel — >Latchem. lo. (ire\- Diomed 17.s'5 by Diomedand (jrey Dorimant (covered as a 3-year-oid). 10. Bustard 1789 l)y Wcjodjiecker and .Matron (covered as a 3-vear-okI). 17. Litll(> fohn I7-'~;!) bv Dungannon and I'airv. 364 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. 18. Oberon 1790 bv 19. Sorcerer 1796 bv 20. Catton 1809 b"v 21. Blackamoor 1811 b'v 22. Doctor Syntax 1811 bv 23. Scrapall 1812 b'v 24. Sultan 181G bv 25. Young Phantom 1822 bv 26. Royal Oak 1823 b'v 27. Robin Hood 1824 bv 28. Sir Hercules 1826 by 29. Taurus 1826 bv 30. Liverpool 1828 b'v 31. Alba 1831 bv 32. Heron 1883 b'y 33. Melbourne 1834 bv 34. Drone 1835 b'v 35. Jon 1835 by 36. The Provost 183G bv 37. Robert de Gorham 1839 b'v 38. The Cure 1841 b'v 39. The Libel 1842 by 40. The Great Unknown 1845 bv 41. E 1th iron 1846 bv 42. Newport 1846 by 43. Kingston 1849 bv 44. Orestes 1850 b'\- 45. Arthur Wellesley 1851 bv 46. Fandango 1852 by 47. Tournament 1854 by 48. Pizarro 1855 bv 49. Newcastle 1856 bv 50. Vanquisher 1857 bv 51. Mandrake 1864 b\- 52. Paul Jones 1865 bv 53. Hampton 1872 by Highflyer and Queen Mab. Trimipator and V. Giantess. Golumpus and Lucy Gray. Stamford — Sorcerer. Pavnator — Beningbrough. Granicus — Young Whiskey (covered as a 3-year-old). Selim and Bacchante (covered as a 6-year- old). Phantcjm and Emmeline. Catton — Smolensko. Blacklock and Marion. Whalebone and Peri (covered as a 3-year-old). Phantom or Morisco and Katherine. Tramp — \\'hisker. Nigel and Therese. Bustard — Orville. Humphrey Clinker — Cervantes. Pantaloon and Decoy. Cain and Margaret (covered as a 3-year- old). The Saddler and Rebecca, Sir Hercules and Duvernay. Physician and Morsel. Pantaloon and Pasquinade (covered as a 2-year-old). X'oltaire and The Princess. Pantaloon and Phryne. Epirus — Zimmermann (covered as a 2-year-old). X'enison and Queen Anne. Orlando and Mrs. Hobson. Melboin-ne and Lady Barbara. Barnton and Castagnette. Touchstone and Happv Queen (covered as an 8-year-old). Blonmsliury and Marina. Xewminster and Mary Aislabie. Wjltigeur and Eglantine. Weatherbit and Mandragora. Buccaneer and Queen of the Gvpsies. Lord Clifden and Lady Langden (covered as a 3-year-old). 1. Jud^iii.y; aiul Trial in:;' Bictdin.y: Material. 365 54. 55. 56. Perplexe Bendigo Le Nord 57. Espoir Tuting's Polly \'irago Flora Frenzy Y. Camilla Virgin Maniac 8. Katherina 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IS. 19. 20. 21. 22. Mermaid Marpessa Pocahontas Monstrosity (Covered as a 2-year- old, dam of Ugly Buck 2.) Pantalonade 1872 bv X'crniouth and Perip^tie. 1880 by Ben Battle and Hasty Girl. 1887 bv Tristan and La \oce (covered as a 3-year- nld). 1889 bv Barcakiint' and Bel Esperanza. B. Mares. 1756 by Black and All Black and Fanny. 1764 by Snap — Regiilus. 1768 by Squirrel and Angelica. 1774 by Eclipse — Engineer. 1787 bv W'liodpccker and Camrlla (covered as an 8-y car-old). 1801 by Sir Peter — Pot8os. 1806 by Sluittle and Anticipation (covered as a .'i-\ear-old). 1817 bv Wdful and Landscape O. (covered as a l'i-\ear-nld). 1829 bv W'liale-biinc and Miss Emma. 1830 by Muley and Clare. 1837 bv Cilencoe and Marpessa. 1838 bv Plenipotentiary and Puce (covered as a 3-vear-old). 1839 bv Pantaiddii and {"estival (covered as a •_'-\car-(ild). Inheritress 1840 by The Saddler and Executrix (covered as a 3-year-(iId). Eulogy 1843 by Euclid and Martha Lynn. Queen Mary 1843 by (jjadialor — Plenipotentiary (coxered as a 2-yt-ar-f)ld). Honey Dear 1844 bv Plenipotentiary and Mv Dear (covered as a 2-year-(ild). Haricot 1847 by Mango or LaniTccxst and Queen Mary ((•()\ered as a 3-year-olcl). \'esuvienne 1847 by (iiadiatnr and \'enus. Little .\gnes 18-56 by The Cure and Miss Agnes. Lady .Mice Hawthorn 1859 by Xewminsier and Lady Hawlhorn. Budagyongye 1882 by Buccaneer and Kincscm. 366 i'le Practical Part of 1 liirscbrecdiiicr. (h) The Treatment of Brood Mares. It is, as a matter of course, essential that brood mares outside the grazing time should talve gentle exercise for about one and a half hours dailv up to the day of foaling, and about ten to fifteen days after the foaling, along with the foal, commencing with a quarter of an hour, till finalh' they do one hour. This is just as necessary as is in spring the' gradual transition to grazing. Like many other things in horse breeding, the food rations of the brood mares should vary according to the characters of the mares, and according to the soil on which the stud stands and the food grows. I now give the rations as approved of in East Prussia. After the grazing time brood mares in foal are given in three rations 6 lbs. of oats and about 15 lbs. of hay; barren mares 4 lbs. of oats and about 1'2 lbs. of hay. Supposing that oats and hav are of the very best quality, and that there is an ample spread of healthy rve or summer straw, I consider that a larger ration, especially of oats, is only necessary in a few exceptional cases. To these exceptional cases belong, for example, mares C(n-ered as three-year-olds and having become pregnant, also Thoroughbred mares in foal for the first time, and some mares — mostly older and barren ones — which feed with difficulty, to whom an additional 3 to -5 lbs. of oats and the same quantity of hay may be given. Good Lucerne or Sainfoin hay is, of course, by far the best, and particularly to be recommended for Thoroughbred breeding, while for Half-bred breed- ing clover hay is to be recommended, together with meadow hay, in order to produce stronger bones. In many parts, as for example, in East Prussia, wheat straw, especially new, is not suitable for brood mares, as colic and abortion are easily caused thereby. After grazing time, it is recommend- able to add to the oats twice weekly 2 to 3 litres of wheat bran for the evening meal in the same manner as it is given to stallions. The last two to three weeks before foaling it is advisable to give this additional wheat bran three times weekly, or even daily, as many breeders do. In the spring, at the beginning of grazing, wheat bran is left out. To give extra food to the brood mares immediately after foaling is not advisable, because the after-pains are thus unnecessarily increased. In the case of the mare foaling shortly before her feeding time, it is advisable to reduce this first feeding somewhat. In the case when the mares are not in boxes, but are together with several others in loose boxes, they should be separated at once after giving birth, and remain with their foals alone for about eight to fourteen days. About eight days after birth suckling brood mares must have about 2 to 3 lbs. of oats and 5 lbs. of hay more, i.e., 8 to 9 lbs. of oats and 20 lbs. of hay. \\'heat bran three times weekly, or even daily, is given up to grazing time. I recommend that young Thoroughbred brood mares and four-^-ear-old mares should be given, after foaling, 12 lbs. of oats, but no more. The foal of a Thorough- bred mare (Noran, a very good eater) to whom I gave before foaling 12 to 16 lbs. of oats and after foaling IS lbs. of oats, sickened soon after of bone 1. jinlt^iiii;- aiul Ti-iMliiii;' Brfeiliii;;- Malcrial. 307 disease (Osleoporoxis chronica universalis) and died roiisc(|ucntly wlicn five years of a^e (Xapoleon, the sUeleton is in the Trakehnen Museum). 1 reeum- mend that bad feedin.<,Mnar('s should be triven an addiliunal 3 lbs. of ground bariev. In the ease of the above-mentiont-d oat rations, it is taken for granted that the suckling foals, as staled below, get the oats extra. Sail and chalk must ahvavs be in the crili. Pregnant mares must never lie given carrots. .Artiln-ial feeding sliilTs, chemical preparations, phosphoric aciti calcium, etc., arc not to i)e recommended. Opening pills seem to be dispensable. I have never used ihem, and never known the need of them. During grazing lime suckling mare.s must get G lbs. of oals in two rations, barren and weaned mares -J lbs. of oats (early in ihe morning). If the grazing is not rich, especiallv in lale autumn, an additional -'3 lbs. of hay in the morn- ing, and if that is not sunicient in the evening also, is neccssarw To keep brood mares, e\en in the summer when grass is plentiful and good, without oats, has proved to hv a failure in Trakehnen. Also, night grazings, which were found to be good at Beberbeck, proved to be iiad at Trakehnen. 'i'hese and many other things must be managed according to the different experi- ences obtained locallv. The more open air exercise the breeding material can be allowed without bad consequences, the more suitable is the soil for breeding. Grazing on frosty grass is tcj be a\dided. \'oung clover must only be grazed when in bloom. (i) Covering of Brood Mares. The (|uestion in which nionlh mares should be co\-ered must be answered according to local conditions. In lingland and .Vmerica late b(jrn foals have excelled. West Australian and Blue (jown, for example, were born in June. .Man\- contend that I'inglisli early horn foals are specially inclined to roaring. Prince Charlie, born in January, is a well-known example of this. John Porter savs " he never knew a roarer born in May." The question has there- fore been raised in l-'nglaiul, to calculate the age from the 1st of March instead of from the 1st of January. In Kasl Prussia and in C'ourland, how- ever, earlv born foals are stronger and healthier than late born ones. The age of llalf-bred foals in Ivast Prussia is now reckonetl from the 1st (j1 November. The reason is as follows : In East Prussia the grazing continues till about the middle of October, after which follows the so-called stabling of the broodmares, and winter life commences with 11 hours' exercise on the track and '2'1^ hours standing in the stable. Xow also come the short davs, so that in December mares must stand about Hi hours out of the '21 in a dark- room. I'eeding is also less fa\'ourable, exercise less complel<', aii', sun and wind, with all their benefits, very limited. It can be easilv understood that the fo;d in the womb also suffers from these unfavourable innuenccs, especi- ally as these unfavourable changes coincide with the last and most important time of its fivtal life. The shorter, therefore, this unfavourable time is from .3GS The rrnctical Pnrt of Ildrscbi-eedint,^. the Stabling to the foaling, the better for the foal. The disadvantage of earlv born foals in East Prussia coming to grass only when weaned may be modified by regular daily and ample exercise of the suclclings with their dams on special tracks, and is less great than keeping pregnant mares for months in the stable. Moreover, early bcirn foals are greatlv favoured bv passing one of the most important and most dangerous times of their lives, namely, weaning, during the most favourable time of the year, i.e., the time of the first and most nourishing green food, whilst late born foals only get weaned off when green food ceases or has lost alreadv a little of its nourishing power. The early born foals, in like manner as early hatched chickens, can make more intensive and better use of all the benefits which the short East Prussian summer gives. For late born foals the summer benefits, with their light days of IG hours' sun, offer more good things than so young foals can take advantage of. The early born foals can get about five months fresh Lucerne or clover, and this will ampl\- counterbalance the disadvantage of getting a smaller C|uantity of milk from their dams before grazing. On account of these reasons coxering begins in Trakehnen on the l-")th of December and finishes at the end of Mav. The most favourable day for covering foal-mares is tin- ninth dav after foaling. Breeders of every country are agreed on that point, but views differ over any further necessary covering, especially of barren mares. It is possible that in different countries different rules have been observed with regard to mares in heat, and with regard to the readiness of mares to be served. I give my views here, based on long experience in East Prussia, and I must add that these have been confirmed bv mv experiences in Beber- beck and Courland. My visits to the Thoroughbred studs in England and France have, on the whole, verified my experiences in this direction. In exceptional cases I have had foal-mares covered even on the seventh or eighth day after foaling when they have showed themselves distincth- in heat alreadv for several days, sometimes even beginning on the third da\- after the birth. Otherwise, the foal-mare is tried on the afternoon of the eighth dav after foal- ing, and if she, as often happens, is not vet well in heat, I have tried her again the following morning, and got her covered if she was well in heat. If the mare is not well in heat she is tried daily until she is. Many mares come regularly in heat only on the tenth or eleventh dav. I have never had mares forcibly covered which were not in heat. Neither do I know a stud which successfully uses such a forced service, as recommended bv Schwarz- necker. Furthermore, it mav happen that foal-mares come distinctly in heat already on the third, fourth or fifth day after foaling, but are no longer in heat on the seventh day, when, as above stated, it was desirable to cover them. I consider this heat in nearly all cases a false one. without ovulation (removal of a ripe egg from the ovary), especially as these mares are mostly in heat about the ninth day, and also conceive. If the foal is born more than fourteen days too soon (i.e., the time of pregnancy is less than 319 days), the 1. Judgiii}^ and Trealiiif,' Breeding; Material. 369 first ln-at is passed over, if the mare comes in heat as is usual tlie ninth day after the birth, which generally happens. The next heat is usually three or four weeks later. There are mares, however, which after premature births are always in heat at a later date, i.e., instead of on the ninth day, only on the fifteenth or twentieth day after foaling, and which, according to my experi- ence, may be covered at once without injurious consequences. If the too early born foal does not give the impression of not being fully developed, or if the conception of the mare is probably not attributable to the last, but to a previous covering, she may, even after premature births of less than 319 days of pregnancy, be covered the ninth day after foaling. If the mare has foaled in the night before the first of a month, she is covered, if everything is all right, on the ninth of the month, then tried nine days later on the morning of the seventeenth, and if she is in heat is covered again. The foaling day, or the day of the first covering, is always reckoned in order to get the right ninth day. These, and the following instructions for covering, are founded on the assumption, based on long experience, that the regular heat lasts nine days, and that if tlie mare has conceived in the first covering, the heat stops at latest on the ninth day after the first covering. There are numerous cases in which a mare after the first covering remains in heat even up to the eighth day. comes off on the ninth day and shows signs of pregnancy. These cases happen particularly with so-called foal-mares, i.e., mares which come in heat on the ninth day after foaling, and which have been covered at the right time. On the other hand, it is probable that the mare still in heat after the first covering up to the ninth day, then covered again, has conceived by the second and not bv the first covering, which can easily be seen from the many practical examples of properly kept service registers and stud books; firstly, by comparing the number of days between the covering and the foaling with the usual time of pregnancy of the mare; and secondly, by considering the colour and f(irm of the foal when a dilTerent stallion has covered the second time. There are, moreover, many practical examples which prove that a foal-mare in heat on the ninth day after foaling could only be covered the ninth day after the first heat (as the stallion was not available), and conceived from this covering. If the mare has not conceived after the covering, she comes, as a rule, in heat again three or four weeks later. After a strong heat the interval till the next heat is usually a little longer, and vice versa. It often happens that mares which conceive in the first heat come again in heat three or four weeks or more later. This heat is, however, a false one, and can generally be recog- nised, as the redness, swelling and moistness of the privy parts generally to be seen with a mare really in heat is not apparent. In the wild Steppe studs of Russia, where one stallion lives in the open together with twelve to fifteen mares (called Kosjaerk), one can clearly see how the stallion avoids the mares with a false heat pressing about him. He finds out the mares which are really in heat and covers them. Young Thoroughbred stallions do not A — 2 370 The Practical Part ol Horsebreediiifj;. often understand this business in the first year, but learn it also gradually, as I myself have observed. There are, however, mares who, although they have not conceived, do not come in heat again for a few months, whilst others come in heat again in a fortnight. In the interval between the first and second heat mares should not be tried, as the many attempts often produce false heat, and it is not always possible to recognise it as such. If a mare visiblv remains continually in heat after the last covering, she should not be covered again, as this heat is nearly always unnatural, and it is ver\' im- probable that the covering would lead to conception. Several cases have happened in Trakehnen where a mare, not conceiving easily, has been covered two or three times during the period of one heat, has continued to be in heat uninterruptedly for two or three weeks after the last covering, and yet proved to be pregnant without being covered again. If such mares are covered again they will very likely slip a small embryo, which in most cases is not noticed, and the mare is then wrongly considered as barren. In the case of suckling mares which have not conceived during the period of the first heat, or which could not be covered, it is very uncertain whether they will come in heat again after three or four weeks. The returning of heat can only be expected after weaning, or in the case of sudden warm weather. When the foal-mares are in heat for the second time, it is advisable to serve them two or three times, the second covering on the third day, or if the stallion be not available, the fourth or fifth day. In most cases this period of second heat does not continue as long as the first, and it is therefore advisable to have her covered for the second time earlier, and if the heat continues to have the third covering on the eighth or ninth day, according to experiences of previous years. The covering of barren mares must be arranged in the same manner as that of foal-mares in the second heat, unless previous experiences point otherwise. Covering of young mares must, how- ever, be arranged as for foal-mares in the first heat, i.e., the first and ninth day. In the interval there must be no trial. When covering barren or young mares one must pay special attention that they are well in heat, and if that be not the case, the covering must be deferred until they are. With foal- mares heat appears on the ninth day after foaling, in most cases very suddenly, and decreases generally in intensity after a few days. Therefore, the covering of these mares is most effective at the beginning of their heat. The heat of barren and young mares, however, develops very slowly, and increases in intensity in the first two or three days. The covering of same, therefore, is not the most effective on the first day, but only when the heat has reached its culminating point. The second or third covering in this heat on the third, eighth or ninth day is reckoned from the day on which the mare Ihas reached the culminating point of her heat. The days before the culminating point are not reckoned as heat days. There are, of course, many exceptions to the above-mentioned rules. There are mares which are only in heat one, two and three days. The stud- I. Juili4in},^ and Treatinj; Breedinjj Material. 371 master must take note of such marcs, but, of course, lie must not wait till the culminating point is reached, but must pet thcni covered as soon as thev come in heat, and again on the following da\'. I'rom m\' own experience I should recommend, in ditYicult cases, mares to be covered in the afternoon and again on the following morning. In the ca.se of mares which will not conceive. 1 would ad\-is<' (lu-m lo be covered with two stallions, one immedi- ately after the other, and taki' the desired stallion for the second covering, as I have observed that in this case the second stallion is usuallv the fertilising one, if it succeeds at all. I recommend, moreover, that mares which con- ceive with ditiliculty should be given a good trot about half an hour before the covering, in order that they may get warm and heated, or that their mode of living should be changed; i.e., mares which run about loose in the stud should be put to hard work, and, on the other hand, mares which have been at work should be let loose. Sometimes change of place also helps. Lean mares conceive easier, but come in heat more difficultlw There are mares which conceive with more difhcultv, or even not at all, from certain stallions. In Half-bred breeding 1 would, therefore, recommend that the stallion should be changed in the third heat, a thing which is often difticult in Thoroughbred breeding. .Mares which are ridden or drixen usually con- ceive with more difficulty. I would recommend that mares which do not come in heat should be put in another stable, if pos'sible, together with mares in heat, or in warm weather and sunshine should be let loose with several others in a paddock, but should not be driven. The}- then should be finall\- allowed to be present when other mares are covered. During the first covering of \-oung mares everything should be avoided which might frighten them. The mounting of a trial stallion is only advi.sable in e.xceptional ca.ses with ver\- troublesome and bad-tempered mares and specially valuable stallions. Finallv, I recommend breeders to tr\- and get the mares [pregnant from one covering ; at any rate from as few coverings as possible. There certainly exists the danger of exciting the sexuality of the mares by too frequent covering, and bv too many and too intensive trials, and of producing false heat without ovulation. I have come across hysterical mares often in heat, and freciuentlv without ovulation, mostly in studs in which the stallions had not enough to do, and in which the mares were consequentK- covered too often. Young mares e.specially are spoiled by too frequent covering. In the case of suddenly occurring heat of foal-mares, usuallv on the ninth day after foaling, the commencement of the heat very probably coincides with ovula- tion, whilst in the gradually arising heat in the ca.se of barren mares, ovulation probablv begins later, perhaps only when the heat is at its culminating point. .\s a fertilisation without ovulation is, of cour.se, impo.s- sible, the above recommended manner of covering of mares also complies with this point of view . 37i The Practical Part of Horsebreedin^. (k) Fertilisation. In order to compare the results of fertilisation, I have given in the follow- ing lists the figures of the respective stud books, but not the figures of country studs of the different provinces. It is too difficult for a countrj^ stud to get reliable statements with regard t(j foaling, and conseciuentiv country studs are not able to furnish statistically serviceable figures. In addition to the statements of the German General Stud Book of Thoroughbreds, I must say that the foaling results in many years — perhaps in all — appear more favourable than they really were, iDecause all those mares about whose foalings no information is given are not reckoned, but these mares may be pretty certainly considered as barren or as having slipped their foal. Moreover, the figures on the foalings have been asked for, sometimes with more, sometimes with less energv, and this explains the striking variations in the foaling results of Thoroughbreds in Germany. The foaling results in Trakehnen have come out too favourably, because mares which were covered and sold were not counted. The greatest number of these mares sold, however, are barren, and this is generallv the reason for their being sold in autumn. Foaling results of Thonjughbred breeding in (iermanv. Year I-^oals born Total Aborted Barren Total Number Pregnant Of Pregnant Mares Colts Fillies Covered °/ Aborted 1885 118 127 245 16 80 ::J41 76,.54 6,13 1886 141 118 259 27 87 373 76,68 9,44 1887 109 137 246 17 112 375 70,13 6,46 1888 136 137 272 16 123 411 70,07 5,56 1889 160 145 :so5 18 108 431 74,94 5,57 1890 140 149 289 29 131 449 70,82 9,12 1891 172 179 351 31 140 522 73,18 8,11 1892 177 193 370 34 162 566 71,38 8,42 1893 215 215 iSO 29 140 599 76,63 6,32 1894 •234 215 449 ■S8 175 662 73,56 7,80 1895 272 241 513 :« 170 722 76,45 7,07 1896 257 253 510 41 188 739 74,56 7,44 1897 265 266 5:^1 47 164 742 77,90 8,13 1898 291 296 587 40 180 807 77,70 6.38 1899 298 ■2m 561 37 221 819 73,02 6,19 1900 268 262 530 60 210 800 73,78 10,17 1901 279 285 564 38 236 838 71,84 6,31 1902 318 259 577 42 231 &50 72,82 6,79 1903 274 286 540 48 241 829 70,9:3 8,16 1904 266 253 519 54 227 8(J0 71,63 9,42 Total 4:«9 4259 8648 701 :«2(5 12675 73,76 7,50 1. Jutlsiiii; and Treatintf Breeding Material. 373 Foaling resullb in Trakehnen. Year Foals born Total Colts I Fillies Aborted Barren [ Total Number Covered Pregnant Of Pregnant Mares Aborted l>esides Twins, part living, part dead 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 124 126 12ii 145 126 119 148 163 152 146 144 144 l.V^ 110 m 142 268 i:« 261 136 281 108 234 116 235 143 291 135 298 148 :«)0 138 284 163 mi 172 316 la-) 2SS 24 18 30 19 99 21 26 17 22 28 23 16 15 88 55 78 63 63 140 57 74 61 81 78 67 7-> 34« 341 369 363 396 396 374 389 383 393 408 399 875 74,57 &3,87 78,8(5 82,64 8t,10 64,65 84,76 80,98 84,07 79,36 80,88 83,21 80,8 9,30 6,29 10,31 6,:« 29,73 8.20 8,20 5,40 6,83 8,97 6,97 4,82 4,95 2 Pair -J , , 5 „ 1 „ 4 „ 3 ,, 10 „ 5 ,, 8 „ 9 „ 5 ,, 5 „ 1 ,. Total 1813 I 17S4 3597 358 ' 4932 80,19 9,U5 60 Pair F'oaling results according to the East Prussian Stud Book, V'^ol. IV. Year Foals born Colts lotal Aborted I Total Barren I Number Covered Of _, Pregnant Pregnant ^i!;^^^ Aborted Besides Twins, part living, pari deail 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1874 1544 2918 26t5 902 1 1471 1534 3005 258 lo:?7 < 1524 1612 3136 287 1041 1 1.522 1485 3007 294 11.56 1.5&5 1588 3153 .307 1077 ' 4086 4;mo 4464 4457 4537 77,92 7.5,88 76,68 74,06 76,26 8,35 7,91 8,38 8,91 8.87 8 Pair 8 ., 4 „ 6 „ 8 ,. Total 74.">(5 TTiK 15219 1412 .■>213 21SU 7(i.l4 s. lii .M Foaling results according to the IIano\er Stud Book, \'ol. 111. Foals bcirn Total .Aborted Barren Total Number Covered Pregnant Of Pregnant Mares Aborted 7. Besides Twins, \ ear Colts Fillies part living, part dead 1898 ()H (i:il 1272 SI ;is:{ 173(i 77.91 5.99 2 P.iir 189t) 6.55 ft-,1 i:*M5 84 444 1834 75,79 6,04 2 1900 637 a5:^ 1290 85 521 ISSX? 72,.52 6.18 I ,. 1901 621 «,->2 1273 79 5(i2 1914 70.64 5,84 2 19<12 «:?1 r,.->3 128t 75 (!82 1991 as.L>fi ."...">■_' 1 ,. Total ■MS.; .UK I (»ii"> (1)4 2.M2 9H7I .5,92 3 1', 374 The Practical Part of Horscbreediiii;. (1) The Time of Pregnancy of Brood Mares. The time of pregnanc\' of mares is on an average of almost exactlx' 11 months' duration — equal to 334 days. Male foals are carried on an average '2 to 3 days longer than female foals. If the mares are well fed and their state of health is favourable, the time of pregnancv is shortened b}- a few- days, and vicc-vcrsa. For example, in Trakehnen early covered mares which foal in November, December and January, carry on an average aboiU 3 days less than those foaling in February, March and April, which have had for a longer time the less favourable winter food. Mares which work hard, or suckle their foals for a long time, carry a few days more. In the modern improved studs the time of pregnancy is shorter than in the wild Stepoe studs. The so-called Kunters of Russia, Poland and Courland often carry llj to 1'2J months. The improvement in meadows and prairies, and the better feeding of the br(jod mares in Trakehnen has, on an average, shortened the time of pregnancy by .5J days, namely, from 33-5.42 days for males and 333.38 days for females in the years 1868 till 1877, to 329.9 days for males and 327.67 days for females in the years 1903 till 1907. The regularity with which female foals are carried 2 to 3 days less can be seen more clearl\- from the following special list for the years 1903 to 1907 inclusive : — The time of pregnancy necessary in the case of : Trakehnen Bajohrgallen (jurdszen Danzkehmen lonasthal Colts 329.5 331.2 330.69 329.4 328.38 Fillies 327.37 330.36 327.95 326.46 326.24 There are mares which almost always foal 1 to 3 weeks too early, and there are others which require the same time in addition to the 11 months, and both often transmit this character for several generations. Young mares on an average carry longer than old mares. Many Trakehnen foals, having been carried onlv 315 to 320 days, have become prominent brood mares or stallions. According to experiences at Trakehnen, however, foals which have been carried more than 11 months have seldom become anything pro- minent, and those which have been carried more than 346 days never. The stallion also has an influence on the duration of pregnancy corre- sponding to the peculiarities of his breed and family. Mares pregnant from asses carry a few days longer ; twins are carried a few davs less (about 10 to 14 days), and are mostly premature births with an unripe appearance. Many firstlings are not carried their full time, and are therefore similar to twins — premature births with an unripe appearance. The dry statistics should be carefully gone into in this direction. In order to produce the first foal well developed the dam must carry it some days longer than the foals w hich come after, but many young brood mares are not disposed to carry their first foal longer. All prominent firstlings which I know , i.e., those that have become Royal Stud stallions, country stallions, brood mares, etc., were carried 5 to 1. JiRlt,nni,' ;iiul Trcalint; Hreediiii,' Material. 375 10 days lonj^er tliaii otiier promiiu'iit prudiKts. In the case of marcs foaling normally the time of pregnane)' often decreases a few days in the course of years. The Roval Stud stallions which have been born during my twelve years' activitv at TraUehnen ranU according to their merits as follows : — 1. Polarslurm . . 32(5 days carrying time. '2. Morgenstrahl . 327 » ) 8. Fisclierknabe . 333 1 » 4. Prinz ()])timus 319 1 ) 5. Poet . . . 329 , y (;. Panzer . . 334 ,, 7. Alter Herr . . 324 M 8. .\mtsvorstcher 323 , , 9. .\ckermann 324 J 1 10. Hoffnungsstrahl 339 ») 11. Emporer 330 ) t 1-2. Probstein 322 ,, 13. Justizminister . 336 ,, 14. Altgold . . . 340 1 ) 15. Lungerer 334 ,« ir.. Kthehvold . . 330 M Other Royal Stud stallion. 3 were : 1. Jagdnarr 329 d ays carrying time. .)_ Morgenruf . 325 M » t 3. Dachdecker 325 ,, 1 1 4. Hagel 327 » y t « 5. liandkuss . . 329 1 » M (Firstling) (Only 1 covering) (I^'irstling) (Firstling, also a 3- y.-o. covered mare) (Firstling) Of the above sixteen Roval .Stud stallion.s, the first eight best were carried on an average 320.87 days, the remaining eight 332.62 days, the five sent awav 327 davs. Brood mares (about 250) were carried on an average in Trakehnen in the last five years 326.7 days, and the country stallions (about 200, including Royal .Stud stallions) for the same period 328.8 days. From these unfortunately few figures one can .see — and this I believe to have approximately observed al.so at Trakehnen — that 8 to 14 days under 11 mi>nths of pregnancy is better than 1 to 8 davs or more over 11 months. I-'urther, on looking more clo.sely into the Trakehnen Stud Books, I find that most mares which carried longer than 11 months were covered .several times in one heat. It is vcr\- remarkable that mares which arc onl}- covered once during one heat generally carry some days less than they do in other years when they are covered several times during one heat. This is owing to con- ception occurring immediately after covering, thus preventing a further heat, 376 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. and causing the immediate commencement of a healthv foetal development. In the case of mares which are in heat for a longer period, the egg-fertilisa- tion appears to take place only several days after covering. The climate seems also to have an influence on the carrying time. In Mesoheyes, Kisber and Babolna the average carrj'ing time is about 3 or 4 days longer than, for example, in Graditz (colts 338.33 davs, fillies 836.38 days), and in Trakehnen about 3 days less than in Graditz. Arabians in Weil and Scharnhausen are said to carry on an average about 34-5 days. Draft horse breeds carry about 3 to 5 days less than warm-blooded horses. According to the statements of Rudolf Endlich (Untersuchungen iiber physiologische Unterschiede edler und schwerer Pferde, 1895), colts of Belgian breed on the Worbzig Estate in Anhalt were carried 331.1 days, fillies 329.5 days; and the carrying time of Belgian and Rheinish mares in Mankartshof, near Neufs, was 329 days, taking the average for three years. The average carrying time of Percherons is, according to Tessier (Goltz Handbuch der gesamten Landwirtschaft, Vol. III.), 322 days. Moreover, I have found from different old stud books that the carrying time of brood mares 150 years ago of all breeds was much longer. As warm-blooded breeds reach a greater age than cold-blooded ones, and as the average age of all horse breeds 150 years ago was higher than it is now, we must con- clude, when considering the above comparisons of carrying times, that on the whole a longer carrying time has as a consequence a greater age. The long- lived Arabians are even to-dav a good example in this respect. (m) Abortion and Joint-illness. If the milk begins to flow some time before the expected birth it is a sure sign that the foal is ill in the womb ; or if the mare carries twins, that one of them is dying. Generally abortion follows. I have noticed several times, however, that the milk again ceased to flow some weeks later, and that the mare produced a healthv foal at the right time, so that one could not really see the consequences of an illness doubtless existing, but which had been fortunately surmounted bv the foal. In other cases a healthv foal was born approaching the right time, and at the same time a dead twin of about the size of a cat. I also know of (tne case in which one dead twin was foaled in autumn and the other healthy twin in the following spring. As according to the above, the abortion may be, however, expected in most cases, it is better to separate the mare, at any rate during the night, so that she may not slip in the same stable where there are other pregnant mares, which might be infected by the undoubtedly contagious abortion bacteria. Late covered mares are in North Germany more inclined to slipping the foal than early covered ones. After abortion it is very important to protect the mares against colds, which they are very apt to catch in this condition. I therefore recommend that mares after abortion sliould he put in a warm 1. Judsjini,' and Treatinj; Breediiii,' Material. 377 Stable free from drauglit, and well cnvered up also. .Moreover, it is necessary to wash the uterus twice daily with a lukewarm solution of C"hinos(jl to I per 1,000 for about 0 to 9 days, i.e., till the orifice of the uterus is completely closed. I have chosen for these cleansint;s at Trakehnen the above solution because it more surclv kills the bacteria tiian the solution of J per cent. Ly.sol- Solution recommended bv Professor Ostertag and others. The latter has the additional disadvantage of producing in many mares strong pressure and vehement pains. As early as the beginning of 1890, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon, Matthias, in Graditz, used such cleansings of uterus after abortion at that time bv the aid of Creolin-Solution. This cleansing had such a suc- cessful effect in 1893 with the Thoroughbred mare Sappho, amongst others, that in the following vear she produced the Austrian Derby winner, Saphir. According to mv experiences at Trakehnen, these cleansings have prevented in most, if not in ex'erv case, repetition nf abortion, and ha\-e led to the pro- duction, at the right time, of healthy and strong foals. 'I'he mare should onlv be covered after abortion when the normal carrying time has pas.sed. If (he abortion takes ])lace after a pregnancy of 4 months or still less, she can be covered, after having been properly washed, when next in heat, which generally occurs 9 days later, with good results. 1 have experienced this several times at Beberbeck as well as at Trakehnen. The uterus of the mare should also be washed if the foals are joint-ill, or if the premature births are suspected of Joint-illness. Mares whose foals suft'er from jdint-illness should not he covered on the 9th day after birth, but in the subsequent heat, i.e., :] to 4 weeks later, after the above-mentioned cleansings, which should be used after birth for about 3 days, during the first heat for about (3 days, and at the beginning of the second heat once or twice. It is not generallv advi.sable to have as brood mares foals which have suffered from joint disease but which have been cured. In Trakehnen only one such mare (Trommel, 1899 by Jeni.ssei), which as a young suckling foal suffered from a pronounced joint-illness (right hock inflamed), was made a brood mare. She has up to now without interruption produced four good and healthy foals. To prevent the transmission of abortion it is advisable: 1. To clean and disinfect the stable in which the mare has aborted. •2. 4~o isolate the mare up to the close of her first heat, i.c, about 18 days. 3. To keep the mare warm during this time, and to pruti-ct her very care- fullv from cold. 4. If the abortion has taken place in the pasture, to dig up the spot and to discontinue the grazing of iirood mares on that part for at least 4 weeks. Whilst nearlv all scientists still deny the a'tiological relation between abortion and joint-illness of foals, all practical breeders, on the other hand, agree with the point of view held bv C"ount LehndoriT in his handbook for horse breeders, 1K81, namelv, that joint-illness is always inherited, i.e., has arisen during the pregnancv in the womb. Professor Dieckerhoft intended 378 The Practical Part of Horsebreedin.af. in the next edition of his special pathology and therapy to support the view of Count Lehndorff as to the relation between abortion and joint-disease. According to the clinical observations (without microscopic investigations) which I have made at Beberbeck and Trakehnen, I consider Count Lehn- dorff's view correct, although Ostertag's researches distinctly contradict it. When making observations at Trakehnen in 1899 on the occasion of the epidemic of abortion, the Chief Veterinary Surgeon, ^Matthias, in his report on the abortion of mares and the joint-illness of foals, reports as follows : — " The disease of joint-illness principalh- consists of an inflammation of the joint which is connected with lameness. Hence this disease has always been called 'lameness' ('Lahme')." In my opinion, we are at the present only justified in speaking of joint- illness ("Lahme") if there is an inflamed swelling of the joint, together with general fever. According to Bollinger, joint-illness arises from a septic infection of the navel wound, i.e., from a navel infection after birth trans- mitted by the blo(jd. Accordingly, I ha\e found in nearly 80 per cent, of all cases of joint-illness which I have come across, an inflammation of the navel or navel veins, with their accompanying and subsequent symptoms. Many authorities on joint-illness consider themselves justified in diagnosing for joint-illness in the case where a foal has been born weak and dies with the symptoms of general weakness. These authorities consider a yellowish tint of the Sclera during lifetime as a pathognomonic svmptom ot joint-illness. If the new-born foal dies soon after with all appearance of catarrh of the intestines, they consider this also as joint-illness. If at the post-mortem examination of the foal there is found a yellowish cokniring of the under- skin, or if the same colour is found in the peritoneal covering of the intestines, or if in the abdominal and thoracic cavity and in the pericardium there is found a quantity of 3-ellowish fluid, and the musculature is greyish-yellow and crumbly, the diagnosis is for joint-illness. The same pathological changes may be found with prcjducts w hich have been slipped in consequence of epidemic abortion, or with foals still-born as a consequence of abortion, or finally, with foals which were born alive but soon died of weakness. .A.11 these things are, as I have been well convinced at Trakehnen in 1899, con- sequences of epidemic abortion, the cause of which has been proved bv Pro- fessor Ostertag to be a distinct coccus. It has been asserted that " epidemic abortion and joint-illness are caused by one and the same germ." This is contradicted by the fact of Professor Ostertag having found in cases of joint-illness a different coccus, with which he could by innoculation produce the appearances of joint-illness. He did not find this strepto-coccus in aborted foals. There is, therefore, no valid reason to consider both diseases identical. I, however, believe that I shall be safe in saying that the greater part of the so-called cases of joint-illness, which lead to death without metastatic inflammation of the joint, are really nothing but the consequences of abortus coccus. 1. JiKli^inir .itul Trcaliiii; Bit (.iliiii,' Mattrial. 379 1 liave just stated tlial I tuiiiiil in at Ii-ast 80 per cent, of all cases nf joint- illness a navel illness. One may, therefore, consider it here proved, without further discussion, that the strepto-coccus has penetrated to the body from the navel wound after birth. The (|iiestion now arises whether there also exists an intrauterine orij^^^in of the joint-illness. In about 20 per cent, of the cases of joint-illnes.s 1 have found no pathological changes of navel and navel veins. To take the.se cases as a proof of intrauterine infection .seems to me too daring, for the strepto-coccus may easily have entered into the body of the voung animal by .s(jme other wav (feeding or breathing), or the illne.ss of the navel mav already have gone on so far that it can no longer be proved in a rough anatomical way. If the joint-illness had alrcadv originated in the womb, then one would expect al.so ca.ses of hereditary joint-illness, i.e., hereditary acute, py;emic inflammations of the joint. \o authority living at the present time has seen such a case of hereditar\- joint-illness. .Supposing that the three cases of hereditary joint-illness (compare Worz Uber Staats-oder Landcspferdezucht- Anstalten Wurtten-bergs, page 10-5) extracted by Profe.s.sor Sohnle from the complete literature on joint-illness have been rightly noted and interpreted, then there mav, of course, be a possibility of an intrauterine origin of joint- illness. At the same time, one mav, ho\\e^er, conclude therefrcjm that this sort of origin of joint-illness b\- intrauterine infection is very rare. It has been observed that in the \ears of epidemic abortion cases of joint- illness are more frer[uent. Of the about '290 foals which are born yearly in TraUehnen, taking an axcrage of five years, 8.4 die of joint-illness and G.6 of weakness. In the abortion year 1899, 10 foals died of joint-illness and 19 of weakness. The loss by joint-illness did not in this year, therefore, exceed the axcrage ver\- much. In tiie case of a great number of foals suffering from joint-illness, however, there may have been about 1-5 cured of the illness, in these latter cases the illness began very late, even 6 weeks after birth, and an illness of the navel could not be pro\ed. The fact of joint-illness beginning .so late is no proof of intrauterine infection, in spite of the non-existing navel illness. Concerning the combating of joint-illness, good results have without doubt been obtained by carefully attending to the navels of the new-born foals. The cleaning of the uterus of the mare and the washing of the penis of the stallion have cerlaiiiK- produced satisfactory results in fighting epidemic abortus. .\s an example of this, I may say that at 'i'rakehnen in the epidemic year 1899, there were 93 abcjrtions and C still-births. In the follow- ing year there were, after this treatment, only 19 abortions and -2 still-births. The yearly average of abortif>ns and still-births in Trakehnen is '21. The cleansing of the uterus and washing of the penis have not led to a further derrea.se in ca.ses of joint-illness in Trakehnen. This is another proof against intrauterine infection. 380 The Practical Part of Horsebreediiig-. Whether there is an intrauterine existence of joint-iUness or not, in any case it is recommendable, as is d.jne in Trakehnen, to clean in the same manner as in the case of an abortion the uterus of all those mares whose foals die under symptoms of weakness, or show signs of weakness and illness shortly after birth, or suffer from joint-disease. We have seen that the coccus of abortus does not in every case lead to abortion, but, nevertheless, it hinders the development of the foals in such a manner that they are born weakly and ill. Even if, as I suppose, these are not cases of joint-illness, nevertheless, the coccus of abortus which is in the uterus is destroyed by washing. If the orifice of the uterus is already closed when the foal shows signs of illness, the uterus must be washed at the first heat. The penis of the stallion must be washed after every covering. The most effective manner of combating joint-disease is, however, to take especial care of the navel. Complete extermination of joint-disease and of abortion will scarcely be attainable in larger studs where the greater quantity- of brood mares produce such a great deal of epidemic matter, for the h3^giene of confinement in stables is far from perfect, neither can the cleanliness of the stableman who acts as midwife alwavs be relied upon. Judging from the successes of Trakehnen, however, even in large studs one may succeed in limiting sufficiently the losses caused b\- joint-illness and abortion. (n) The Birth. A normal birth occurring at the right time causes no difficulties, and seldom lasts longer than 15 minutes, reckoned from the beginning of the first visible signs of the approaching birth labour. Under normal conditions the birth itself lasts about ^i minutes. Three men are sufficient to assist. Above all, these men must keep Cjuiet, and make their observations standing far apart, so as not to disturb the mare whilst she chooses the place which best suits her for foaling. Only when the mare, on account of the first stronger birth throes, has laid down and stretched herself out, should the studmaster see whether the head and the two fore-legs of the foal are in the right position. According to experiences at Trakehnen, irregular position of the foal in the womb, needing the assistance of a veterinar\- surgeon, is very seldom, as the studmasters are generally very capable. As soon as the head and the two fore-legs can be seen as far as the knee after the bursting of the so-called bladder, clean straw, which should be at liand, must be put behind the mare as a bedding for the foal, and the skin of the o\"um must be torn far enough to enable breathing to commence. Simultaneously with the labour pains, the men must begin to pull at the fore-legs if need be with ropes round the pasterns, generally in the direction of the hocks, i.e., away from the anus. When the birth is complete, at Trakehnen the navel is dis- infected as follows: — The navel string is cut with a pair of scissors which have been kept in undiluted lysol, at a distance of about 3 fingers width from 1. Judging and Tre;)(ing Breeding Material. 381 the belly o( the foal. After the blood has been properly pressed out of the stump, the latter is washed with a solution of a 1 per 1,000 sublimat, then it is dried with wadding and painted on all sides with a 10 per cent, solution of blue pyoktanin in spirits. .As soon as the navel has been disinfected, the foal is carried to the head of the mother, and she will then commence to lick the foal. The attendants should now leave, only one remaining in the stable, ob.serving the mare from a short distance. .\s soon as the after-birth has been removed, which gene- rail v takes half an hour, the wet straw i^ replaced by dry. In the twelve foaling years which I have spent at Trakehnen (from 1896 to 1907 inclusive), apart from all abortions, out of 3,388 births, only 38 have been difificult births (including 1-2 breech-births), where the assistance of a veterinary surgeon was necessary or desirable. Of these 38 difficult births, 23 ended with the death of the foal alone, 2 with the death of the dam and the foal, and 2 with the death of the dam alone — altogether 27 mishaps. .Accordingly, 3,363 foals were born without mishap, of which 1,689 were colts and 1,674 fillies. Twin births or abortions of twins happened in these twelve vears oir^, times. (o) Treatment of the Brood Mare after the Birth. if the foal dies, the mare should be used, if possible, as a nurse. When this is not done, she will suffer in her health, and give less milk in the ne.xt year. If the foal at the beginning is too weak to completely emptv the udder of the dam, the udder must be carefully milked at least three times dailv. This happens to nearly all foals, in consequence of a slight stomach illness, when they are two or three days old. As one does not like to lift the feet of the mares up in order to round their hoofs abfiut two or three months before they foal, this must be done after foaling. The .same thing applies to the cleaning of the stables. The observations made at Trakehnen show that very often a few days after the cleaning of the stables abortions took place, and this seems to confirm the old df)Ctrine that the smelling nerves of pregnant mares are very sensitive, and that evaporation of the dung and the smell of tar cause abortions, in Thoroughbred breeding it is, therefore, advisable to remove daily all dimg, tod meadow close at hand is essential. The more foals are weaned at the same time tiie sooner they settle down, and when in a few weeks the next lot of weaned foals are put in the same stable, the weaning will be much more easy. Tiie very best picked food, always attainable fresh water, and association witii Iiorses of their own age, soon helps the foals to forget their dams. During the time of their growing the fastest, young foals require very urgently plentiful and frequent supply of water. If that is not possible their development will be distinctly retarded. Weakly and backward foals must be separated — at least in the stable — if they are badly treated bv their more robust companions. To good grazing also should be added fresh Lucerne, Sainfoin, or green clover, with or without Timothy, ad libitum, especially in the evening, and in the hot summer weather at dinner time also. I do not recommend the giving of clover to Thoroughbreds, as experience has proved that foals fed with clover, green or dried, look very well but are much more difficult to train, suffer in the wind, i.e., have a thick wind. The best food for Thorough- bred and Half-bred foals is certainly Lucerne, and the longer foals can be fed with fresh, good, and not attacked by rust Lucerne (in East Prussia generally from the middle of Mav to the end of September and the beginning of October) the better they will develop. When the Lucerne or the clover begins to blossom, then is the most favourable moment to commence with green fofid. Before the blossoming foals do not care to eat Lucerne. Foals, and particularly young ones, prefer, however, green clover to Lucerne. It is not therefore advisable to substitute often Lucerne for clover. To obtain an early second crop of Lucerne or clover, a part of it must be cut before blossoming. This early cut part will then be ready as a second cut with commencing blossom when the first part has been eaten up or become too dry. In a few words, it is only with great care and a correct division of the available land for food crops that one will succeed in obtaining an uninter- rupted and regular supply of green food from spring to autumn. Those 2. The Judging- nnd Treating of Foals. 391 breeders possessing such good pastures that they do not need an addition of Lucerne or clover are to be congratulated. In East Prussia we iiave not got them. For weaned foals (> li)s. of oats are sufficient at the commencement, and for those who desire to, or must sa\c — for example, military horse breeders — 6 lbs. are sufficient for the whole period, if green Lucerne or clover can be added. Those wiio desire t(; breed breeding material or racehorses, or first- class horses for use, must increase the oats monthly by 1 lb. per day up to at most 12 lbs. 1 di) not consider that generallv a greater quantity is necessary, not even in Tiioroughbred breeding. At Trakehnen 1 have never given on an average more than 10 lbs. of oats. Of course, besides this average, an addition of about 3 lbs. of oats is necessary for some backward foals, and foals which eat verv little hay. The portion of oats is split up into three meals — morning, noon and e\ening — for supper a little more. The foals must always be fastened up when the oats are given, so that each one gets its right quantitv and so that it can be seen which one has not eaten its portion. It is verv useful to give weaned foals with every feed of oats a iiandfui of ground or roasted linseed (about \ lb. daily). When in autumn the green food is finished and the winter ration of about 1(1 ll)s. of ha\- (Lucerne or clo\cr iiav) begins, it is advisable to give them for about three to four weeks aliout Ci litres of fine chopped carrots daily, and after- wards for the wiioli- of tlie winter twice weeklv about 2 litres wheat bran, together witii oals. in those \-ears in which tlie hay has grown well in con- sc(|uencc of a dr\- and warm summer, and has been well got in, having therefore a greater nutritive value, we have, in Trakehnen, diminisiied the share of oats for weaned foals, and given in autumn and winter at the most 9 lbs. to prevent fatness. A diminution of hav or clover would have a bad effect on the formation of bones, as the hone-forming factors are not in the grain biU for the most part in the ha\- and green food, which contains plenty of lime. \'erv coarse clover or Lucerne hav produces in voung weaned foals diarrlut>a, as it irritates the intestines, and it is better to keep same for older foals. Three week's" feeding with meadow hav causes this diarrluwi of weanlings lo disappear without anv other remedv. For a few vears weaned foals ha\e in Trakehnen been gi\en :} lb. of rice along with their oats, with the idea that the large (|uantil\' of phosphorus contained in same would favourably influence the formation of bone. To give a definite result of this is not possible \et. ihe more potash there is in the food of the foals, and this is pariirularlv so in good grazing and with green Lucerne, llie more salt is recjuired by the horses. (This can be demonstrated by a chemical formula.) There ought always to be several large pieces of .salt in the mangers. .\s long as grazing is pr>ssible no difficulty whatever is experienced in giving proper exercise to weaned foals, (grazing in I-iast Prussia, which, unfortunately, only lasts about \\\c months, must he made the best possible 392 The Prnctical P.irt of Horscbrecdin^'. use of, i.e., the foals must remain on the meadows as long as it is light, with a short interval for the mid-day meal, which the\- should receive in the stables in the form of oats, water, and if required, especially in tlie autumn, an addition of green Lucerne or clover. On hot summer days this interval may at times be prolonged to about three hours, with green food in the stable. The utmost use of the grazing time also already for weaned foals is, for the breeding of light horses, the most important and potent factor for the produc- tion of healthy and capable stock, and yet this is a thing which is very much neglected. The neglect and the final leaving off of grazing represents, in the history of many breeding studs, the turning ]D()int in llie transfer from a capable breeding stud to one which is contented only with the cheaper pro- duction of showy stock. Those economical considerations which have led to the limitation or the abolition of grazing endanger our modern improved breeds in the highest degree. This applies to horses as well as to cattle. The influence of grazing, which is so very great, and which cannot be sub- stituted bv anything else, consists principally in the long, regular and slo\v exercise in the open air on elastic, turfy groimd, and under the continuous and beneticial effect of sun, wind and rain. The linest exercising place cannot replace these advantages of grazing, jjrincipally because the exercis- ing place lacks the required food-seeking stimulus necessary for the said regular exercise. The healthy and useful feeding on the pasture is only of second importance. In winter, wiien tiiere is plentv ot snow, exercise nia\' take place in the same pastures. In our climate it is in the sj^ring and autumn that the diffi- culty of regular exercise is experienced, as of course the pastures must be spared at these times. Horses have then to be exercised on the paved grounds, perhaps covered over with straw, railed in and circular, or if it is not possible to get exercise on such places on account of the ice or because the ground is frozen, etc., horses must be exercised in half-covered circus- formed rooms. This exercise must take place daily, about H to -2 hours in the morning and a little less in the afternoon, if possible with shepherds' horses, in order to get the regular trotting exercise. The regular exercise of weaned foals, as well as of r)lder horses, whether on the pastures in the summer, or on the coxcred or uncovered exercising places in the winter, is the most important thing in the whole breeding of light horses. This point is often ^•ery much sinned against, even in Thoroughbred breeding, especially when horses are to be sold as yearlings. After the finishing of grazing time, weaned Thoroughbred foals and yearlings recjuire a systematic, gradual and progressive course of exercise. This consists in leading them for IJ hours in the morning, and somewhat less in the afternoon, at a slow pace, and galloping them daily on a railed-in track about 10 metres wide and about 500 metres long. To start with, special leading horses with a man up are useful until the foals learn later on the purpose of it. 'i'hev then will gallop the distance of about 500 metres without such help. 2. The Jiidsrins: and Trentins; of Foals. 393 Whilst ihc \v(>aiu-d foals arc fasicncd up for diniH-r, it is the most suitable liiiu' to load tiu-m each dav on a neighbouring track, till they are quite fit to be handled and are obedient for leading, as well as to place them in a proper position to judge their exterior. This tirst and very thankful teaching of the young and willing foals should only commence four to six weeks after beine weaned. I'nfortunatelv, Thoroughbred foals vcrv seldom get this verv useful schooling, because one does not like the trouble, and, moreover, because one under-estimatcs the great advantages derived from this educa- tion. In Half-bred breeding this would be the most opportune time to select those colts for castration which are not suitable for breeding. The earlier thev are castrated the easier the foals get over the operation, and the more perfectly d lbs. of oats, and in both cases green I>ucerne or clover in additif)n. If Lucerne is very good and plentiful, 1 lbs. of oats arc c|uite sufficient: more would be detrimental, as it would 398 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. cause fattening. When autumn grazing is finished, the breeding material, colts as well as fillies, should be saddled and trained. At Trakehnen we give two and three- vear-old colts and fillies in training about 9 to 12 lbs. of oats. After grazing is finished 6 lbs. of oats and about 12 lbs. of hay is sutilicient for two-year-olds intended for use. In the following summer the three-vear-olds at Trakehnen get during grazing time 2 lbs. of oats, but if grazing is very good none. W'hen grazing is finished the three-year-olds are broken in, and get until the spring auction 9 lbs. of oats and about 10 to 12 lbs. of hay. The above indicated food rations are only sufficient if the quality, especially of the hay, is very good. In damp years the hay is less nourishing, and it is then advisable to increase the oat ration. On the other hand, the beneficial and bone-forming qualities of hay well got in dry years may be used in more plentiful quantities at the expense of the oat ration. A part of the oat ration can be replaced by beans or peas, say about 2 lbs. daily. By this means the formation of the bones is favoured, but at the same time the disagreeable gall formation appears, especially in the hocks. Beans and peas can therefore only be recommended when foals have at the same time plenty of exercise. Every expert will know, of course, that these rations, which are ordinarily speaking used at Trakehnen, must very 'often be modified according to the soil of the stud and the particular requirements of individual horses. A fixed standard to suit all the different conditions— harvests, illnesses, etc. — cannot be given. The eye of the breeder, especially when it works with pleasure, wHl itself perceive all the necessary shades in the treatment of foals. CHAPTF.R III. Training. 1 iiAXE already mentioned in previous chapters the importance of individiialisation in the treatment of both breeding material and foals. It is quite evident that when training horses, whether for the purpose of racing or hunting or other performances, it is most important to individualise, and it is therefore impossible to give a hard and fast rule. I only intend to give general points of view, ideas and experiences, from which each individual breeder must build up his own theory according to the particular require- ments of his available material, the training track and climate, etc. The dit¥icultv of the art of training lies in the fact that its object, the horse, like all other living creatures, is endowed with many powerful characteristics, rendering a maciiine-like and uniform treatment impossible. If the horse were a machine, then training would not be an art, and racing tests to the lifeless clock time would be all that would be required. Furthermore, the work of the trainer is made difficult by the task of having to obtain the highest passible degree of fitness by a fixed time, i.e., the race day. The iibject of all training consists in removing all superfluous fat and connective tissues, in strengthening the muscles and sinews, and in clearing the wind. In order to obtain this result the horses must be watched carefully and correctly every day and properly dealt with. The trainer's eye is the cause of horses being fit or unfit. The suitable Hnglish and Irish soil, as well as the admirable racing tracks — given bv the grace of God — especially at Newmarket, has led the English- men also in this branch into the comfortable and tenacious conservatism which is just as dangerous and hostile to all progress as was the former conservatism of artillerymen with reference to breech-loaders not invented bv them. It has taken a long time before the simplest doctrines of hygiene could remove much of the evil in English training. The distinct successes of the Americans in training and riding during the course of the last ten years have caused Englishmen to think and reform where necessary. In both training and riding, Americans, who are not bound down by tradition, 100 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding'. and who are not spoiled by Englisdi pastures and galloping grounds, obtained great successes through their practical ideas and almost incon- siderate leaning to what is natural. Moreover, the Americans have reason to be proud of the fact that Old England, with its long historx" of classical races, has had to learn such a rough lesson from them ! (a) The Training Methods. The training methods of the eighteenth centurv, that is, at the time of Eclipse, born 1st April. 17G4, had to adapt themselves to the following- circumstances : — 1. There were only a few attainable racecourses for each horse, and the racing season was much shorter than it is to-day, often onlv three months. 2. In most cases onlv four-\ear-old and older horses ran. Three-vear- olds only since 17-50, and two-year-olds only since 1773. 3. There were no railwavs, and consequentlv the visiting of the different racecourses entailed long journeys on foot. 4. Most races were run for a distance of 2 to 4 English miles, with heats, the weights for six-vear-olds being 12 stone. At that time it was verv usual to keep horses in training for only three to four months, and to send them for the rest of the time to grass. After the grazing, training began with weekly physics and bleedings. Then the horse received about two sweating gallops weekly, over distances of 2 to f> English miles. During the sweating gallops with woollen rugs, some parts (jf the body which had too much flesh very often — for example, the neck — were covered with extra heavy rugs. In these gallops the last quarter of a mile had to be ridden a little more quick, that means at half speed. After the sweating gallop the nose and mouth were washed, then the horses were brought into the stable or in the so-called rubbing-down house, and there covered with several woollen rugs until the sweat oozed out in sufficient quantities. The sweat was then removed with a sweating knife, and the horse rubbed dry by four persons with woollen cloths, then covered with fresh rugs and given walking exercise for half an hour. Some days a week complete rest davs were usual, whilst long walking exercise, as is common today, was almost u-nknown. Tiie usual daily canter or gallop was over 2 to 4 English miles, often without a leading horse, and in any case at a slower pace than is usual to-day. The word " canter," meaning a quiet gallop, arises from the slow manner in which the pilgrims walked to the grave of .\rchbisliop Thomas Becket at Canterburv, murdered 1170. The development of training in the last century, after the coming into prominence of the classical races for two and three-year-olds, proceeded as follows : — 1. .Vccording to Darvill, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the following sweating gallops were given. For yearlings over 2 miles, for 3. Tniinin;,-. 401 t\vo-\c'ar-olds o\L'r -I^ mik's, for tliree-vear-olds over 3 to 3J miles, for four- year-olds over 4 to 4^ miles, and for 5 and () year-olds over 5 miles. •2. The sweatinf;^ cjallops gradually became more scarce, and were held over somewhat shorter distances. The sweating gallops of two-year-olds (at the beginning once weekly, over 1 English mile) gradually ceased altogether. '.]. Sweating gallops at the beginning of the nineteenth century were given in addition to the daily work, i.e., in addition to the quick work or so-called gallop. Later on there was no c|uick gallcjp on the da\s of the sweating gallops. 4. Opening nu'dicincs, called physics, became more rare, and are finally limited to one or two doses a year, especially in spring, shortly before the beginning of C|uicker work, i.e., beginning as thev are transferred from the straw-bed to the racecourse. 0. The daily work consisted of 1^ to 2 hours in the morning, and about 1 hour in the afternoon. This afternoon work, however, does not seem to have been generally practised, and ceases almost everywhere towards the end of the nineteenth century. (). The work in the forenoon for the two-year-olds consisted of a short walk and trot, then two (|uiet canters of about 1,000 metres, and then a somewhat quicker canter of about 1,200 metres, the latter once or twice weekly, at full or half speed. The older horses cantered and galloped just as often, but over longer distances. The distance was gradually increased to the distance of the racecourse, i.e., extending eventually over 4 miles, equal to 6,437 metres. In .\utumn the yearlings cantered two or three times daily, each time 600 to 800 metres, and in the late autumn were tried up to SOO metres with the assistance of an older leading horse. The afternoon work consisted only in walking and a little trotting. 7. About the second half of the nineteenth century the work of the yearlings and of the two and three-year-olds was limited to two canters daily, of which the second canter was somewhat longer and (|uicker. Once or tw ice weekly the second canter was made almost at racing pace, in accordance with the progressive condition. The three-year-old and older horses cantered generally about 1 English mile, seldom more than 2,000 metres. Derby horses, for example, galloped at least two or three times before the race IJ miles, equal to 2,414 metres, at full racing speed. Gallops over longer distances than 1^ English miles gradually cease altogether, even in the case of horses, for example, which were trained for the Doncaster St. Leger (distance 1 mile, 6 furlongs. 1-32 yards, equal to 2,937 metres). The present day views on training are characterised as follows: — 1. Sweating gallops and physics are only applied in exceptional cases when the condition of the legs does not permit that quantity of work by which the useless fat and flesh, called in German luder, can be removed, and yet at the same time muscle can be formed. I'urther physics are given if a horse, in consequence of too much work, has become stale or has broken c — 2 402 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. ■down, so that during the time of its enforced rest it may not put on too much flesh. If a broken down horse has to be bHstered or fired, it is given a pill before and after the rest of four to six weeks. \\'here needed it is also ■given a physic about eight days before the race when some slight accident to a fit horse requires an important reduction of work. 2. The daily work consists in the morning of IJ to GJ hours' walking exercise, none or very little trotting, and two canters or gallops. In the afternoon f to 1 hour's walking exercise, either led or with a man up. After the beginning of the fast work, it is calculated that under normal ■conditions about six weeks are sufficient to make the horse fit for racing up to IJ English miles, equal to 2,000 metres; whilst at least two months are required if the distance is IJ English miles, equal to 2,400 metres. 3. In the case of the two daily canters or gallops, the last 500 to 800 metres (or as some trainers say, the last 300 to 600 metres) should, according to the American idea, be done at medium pace, and in the case of a more advanced condition at racing pace, at first onlv in the second canter, later on in both. The beginning of this gallop in an^^ case must be done at such a slow pace that one can trot alongside. This slow part of the ■canter may be accordingly extended up to 2,000 to 3,000 metres. Once or twice weekly, in the case of more advanced condition, the quick part of the •second gallop may be extended up to 1,200 to 1,600 metres, later on up to at the most 2,000 metres, when, of course, the slow part can be very much reduced, or omitted altogether. Only few trainers are of the opinion that the gallop at racing pace may be extended up to 2,400 metres. The idea which underlies this kind of training is that the daily gallops over short distances, at a medium or at racing pace, bring the muscles which are used for quicker work, and the lungs, better and more surely into condition than the former usual longer gallops, undertaken once or twice weeklv, for which the horses were not sufficiently prepared, as the other daily work was only slow cantering. The new method of training is supposed to effect a daily, uninterrupted ■and gradual improvement of condition, whilst formerly, according to the doctrine of the old trainers, every two steps forward should be counteracted ■by one in the opposite direction. Moreover, experience has taught that •gallops at racing pace for longer distances than about 2,000 metres do not •improve the condition, but rather the reverse. The winner of the St. Leger, 1906, Troutbeck, has, as I have been assured by his trainer, W. Waugh, never during the whole of his existence galloped or cantered over a longer distance than 2,000 metres. On the other hand, the American trainer, Walker, who gets perhaps the most out of his horses, gave his Derby candidate, Eels, several gallops at racing pace over 2,400 metres, sometimes €ven with relay leading horses. But even this trainer is of opinion that this 'distance is the extreme limit, and is even sufficient, for example, for the preparation of the Grand Prix, which is run over a distance of 3,000 metres. 3. Training. 403 In tlic bigger and l)cttiT American raring stables, one ftften finds the practical arrangement of using one part (jf liie stablemen for riding only, whilst the greater part is employed in cleaning, feeding and leading the horses. .\ racing stable of about .'50 horses not far from New York, had, for example, onl\- two stable boys who ciuld ride. Besides these, the stable jockev also rode. The cleaning and feeding of the horses, as well as taking them to their dailv work on the racecourse, and in the afternoon generally to the \ard, was undertaken by about eight to ten young fellows who, how- ever, never were allowed to ride. Bv this arrangement the two stable lads had plenty of opportunitv tf) practise galloping, as thev galloped each of their about 7 horses twice daily, it is principally owing to this very prac- tical division of work that the .\mericans are in the position to produce so many good jocke\-s. Some of them even learn to accomplish fairly accurately the verv difficult task of doing a gallop whilst training at a certain defined pace (eventuallv I mile in about 1 min. oO sees.). In American training such tasks are verv popular. The most difficult task, however, is to ride definite distances in the shortest possible time. The partisans of racing against time do not recognise, in mv opinion, sufliciently the difficulties attached to same. Thev think that in our racing to a finish the art of the jockey in riding is more important than the capacit\- of riding in the shortest possible time. If the horse were a mere machine it would be an easy thing to get the best record bv letting it go full speed ahead from start to finish. A\'ith living horses, howe\er, the best r(>cord would certainlv not be obtained by this method. For steeplechasing the same kind of training is also recommended, except that instead of galloping them once or twice weekly over 1,'200 to 1,600 metres as recommended, they are more often given a hunting gallop, over obstacles, for .3,000 to -5,000 metres. Many trainers assume that if a horse is fit to gallop 1,600 metres on the flat, and if it has had sufficient practice in jumping, it is also fit to do .5,000 metres and more at a steeplechase pace, and that finallv at the finish it can still put on the recjuired well-prepared speed w hich it has not used up whilst going at a steeplechase pace. Experience iuis furthermore taught that short quick gallops are less dangerous for the legs than longer canters, provided that the horses do not need to stretch themselves in these (|uick gallops. In these longer canters energy and a desire for going soon disappear, conse(|ueiitly the absence of strained nerves and muscles causes the sinews to break down easily or the legs to become splints. If this long canter is over obstacles it causes excite- ment, attention and the desire forgoing, which are so useful and so necessary in training. Lazy horses, as well as fillies in heat, often gallop with loose joints, and therefore often break down very easily. A change in the gallop- ing track is in this respect often verv useful, as it serves to increase the attention of the horses, and removes the so dangerous weariness. One of the most imporlanl instructions given to the stable boys is: In your daily 404 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. ranters or gallops be \ery careful to avoid pushing vour horse. Sit still, so that the horse may feel and think that the rider really wishes to go a little more slowly. This soothing belief sustains the desire for going, and strengthens the nerves of the horses. Besides a horse's galloping performances, there are several other verv remarkable signs to show how far its condition has improved. To commence with, notice must be taken how long it takes the horse to snort (clear the wind) after it has been pulled up. The sooner this happens the more forward is its condition, especially the breathing. If the horse, for example, requires a minute or more to snort, it is a sure sign that the horse has been asked to do too much in the gallop in question, i.e., a mistake has been made. If the horse is verv fit and the gallop has been too short, i.e., it has been easv work for it, it takes a long time to snort, or it does not snort at all. The length and pace of the gallop must fit the condition, so that if it clears the wind by snorting 10 to 30 seconds after being pulled up, it is a sure sign that every- thing is all right. In the case of a horse which is fit the skin becomes thinner, the hair more shiny, and the flesh firmer. The latter, as well as the disappearance of useless fat, can best be noticed at the mane and on the ribs. A little easy sweating is b\' no means a sign of bad condition, on the contrary, a fit horse certainly sweats less but more readily, as its sweat is more liquid and its skin thinner and more readily penetrated. The sweat of a fit horse looks like clear water; on the other hand, that of an imfit one like lather, which can be most distinctly seen between the hind legs, and dries up less quickly. If the horse when galloping begins to become long, or to breathe more deeply, pressing the knees of the jockey outwards, it is a sign for the jockey to pull up. Finally, I must add that before the race, and in order to get a perfect condition, in most cases several gallops at full speed, over not more than 2,000 metres, are required, and that the last quick gallop — which often works wonders — must be undertaken two or three days before race day. Of course, even after this last gallop the horse must do its usual two canters daily up to the day of the race. On the day of the race itself, early in the morning, give the horse 1 to IJ hours' walking exercise, a short canter of 800 metres, and-a so-called sprint for the same distance. If desired, you can do as the Americans like to — let the sprint follow the canter without any interval. About five hours before the race give the horse some oats with a little water. An hour before racing lead the horse out (jf the stable. The following points may be briefly mentioned with reference to the important treatment of horses' legs when in training : — 1. .'Vs long as the legs give no cause for anxiety bandages must not be made use of, except for steeplechasers as a orotection against external injuries when jumping, and when ucerne from the little Italian town Ciauserne; according to other information from tiie old Spanish word " L'serdas." .Soon after the dis- covery of the New World the Spaniards took this Lucerne into .Vmerica, and called it tiiere bv the .\rabian word " Alfalfa," later on the Spanish word for clover. Lucerne has onlv taken root in (iermanv since the middle of the eighteenlh century at hlrfurt. .Since ITHd Lucerne has been cultivated in England in the fields, and in the sunny East of h'ngland (especially in Essex and Kent) very much extended. In 1892 about 6,610 acres grew Lucerne, and in 1906 already about •2-2,160 acres. The horse, on accf)unt of the simpler organism of its stomach and the shorter intestines, has a much less capacit\- for digestion liian cud-chewing animals. For this reason the horse utilises less hay and straw than cows or sheep. Of all kinds of hay, the horse utilises best Lucerne hay, and excels in this respect even the sheep, according to the cNiieriments of E. W'olti, 410 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Hohenhcim, especially as far as the use of the raw prolein and digestible carbohydrates is mneerned. Therefore, not only the history of horse breed- ing, and the experiences of tlie present time, but also scientific con- siderations, seem to point to the special value of Lucerne for horse breeding. Medicago sativa, or common Lucerne — named " aspert " bv the Persians (i.e., literally forage for horses) — given either green or dried, is the most nourishing and healthiest food for horses, and most suitable to produce strong and hard bones. This grass requires a chalky, strong, deep and warm soil, with deep level of subsoil water, but it also grow-s well in mountainous districts, where the rain water, coming suddenly and in great quantities, is able to run off well. In the South of France it often grows in the same spot fifteen years and longer. In the middle of Germany about six years; in Trakehnen only three to four years. It can be cut in France five to six times yearly, but in Trakehnen only three times. It thrives better in dry years than in wet years. On account of its roots, which grow 2 to 3 metres deep, it can withstand the greatest scarcity of water. Lucerne thrives best after a crop of vegetables, about 20 lbs. to one acre, sown in oats or barley, and which can be mown green, as long as the Lucerne appears strong enough to suppress weeds. After everv crop it is advisable to harrow the Lucerne, and even in special cases to harrow- continuously even with the usurpator, in order to destroy the W'eed. In winter it is easily affected by strong frost, and it is therefore advisable to cut it for the last time in autumn, about two to three weeks before the first night frosts. Manure of 3 cwts. Thomas meal per acre every autumn, as well as 6 cwts. in spring, has been proved to be sufficient at Trakehnen. After Lucerne the best food for horses is Sainfoin (onobrychis sativa maxima). Sainfoin contains a little less chalk than clover, but like Lucerne, it is not injurious to the breathing organs, and is, there- fore, more suitable for Thoroughbred breeding than clover. Sainfoin is less capable of resistance than Lucerne. It takes more from the soil, gives only one crop, and is more difficult to get in. According to the tables of E. WolfT, there is contained in every 1,000 part : — Wood Sorrel Sweet Meadow Hay Sainfoin Hay White Clover Hay Red Clover Hay . Lucerne Haj- There is double the quantity of lime in Lucerne as green food as in red clover, almost three times as much as in meadow grass, and five times as much as in Timothy grass. The thrivino- of Lucerne is one of the surest indications that the soil is good for horse breeding, as has been proved in its home to the old Medes 4.7 1 ime 16.6 16.8 19.3 20.0 26.2 4. Establishnunt of Stial-. 411 and Persians. Where Liicorne thrives well, it ran he taken for qrantecl that there will be found j^ood pasture and meadow laiul, or that they can he laid out. (luod meadows and i^razintj are amon^jst the most important conditions for the thriving of horse breeding. Although horses have a great power of resistance against heat and cold, wind and weather, \-et there is no doubt that thev prosper better in (lr\- antl liigh-lving districts than in damn and low- Iving ones, because the food which grows on the former is more nutritive. Moreoxer, on high-King plains the lungs of the horses develop better on account of (he ihinner air, which causes the horse to breathe more often and more deep. The great superiorit\- f)f that wonderful horse, Ormonde, must partly be ascribed to the high-lying, otherwise rather deficient, training place, Kingsclere. The high-King training place, Beckhampton, near ("alne, in Wiltshire, has pro\ed to be just as good; witness the two Derby winners, Callee .More and Ard Patrick, trained there. The best Arabs are found on the highest-lying plains of Arabia, and ]irobahK- the first home of the Arabs is the same as that of Lucerne, namely, the niountainf)US Medea. .\dmiral Rous writes about the establishment of a stud as follows : — " The best site for a breeding establishment is undulating ground, on a light soil, oxer limestone, then over chalk, gravel, sand and loam, well drained; and the worst situation is a rich, wet pasture on stift' clav, which is only fit for cattle and cart horses." A windy climate is healthier than one which is not windv. The massage of the skin which is effected bv the wind strengthens the nerves and improves the health of men as well as of animals. The almost constant wind in East Prussia, and the good loam soil there, on which clover flourishes luxuriantly, are the elements which cause horse breeding to thrive so well in that district, in spite of many other unfavourable conditions, due to its Northern position. The possibility of foals catching cold after hcavv rain is much greater in districts where there is not much wind than in districts where there is much wind, as the wind, by drying the hair, is the best protection against colds. ^Foreover, in districts where there is not much wind it is very difficult to get hay really dried bv the wind, especially Lucerne and clover, without diminishing the nutritive power. To sum up, a chalky soil and a windy climate produce good and strong nerves, and thev in their turn produce health, C(Hirage and beauty, in both men and horses ! The noble horse, it is true, acclimatises itself easilv, and nia\' be used and bred all over the world, and yet a keen observer must confess that it prospers, and is better in every respect on a soil similar to the one just described. .Although the influence of the soil is generally recognised, and every practical breeder can see it everv vear in his own as well as in his neighbour's case, yet breeders who are not living on favourable soil admit it very unwillingly, ;ind often deceixc ihi-mselves. 1 have often heard East Prussian breeders say : " Why cannot 1 breed Hunters here in Iiast Prusski just as well as they do in Ireland?" The influence of the soil is, 412 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. however, much greater than even experienced breeders believe. If we were even to import into Kast Prussia the finest food from Medea, yet we could never import two \'er\- important conditions for breeding good Hunters — firstly, a grazing period lasting at best longer than five months; secondly, the splendid galloping country on which three-year-old Hunters carrying small apprentices gallop behind the hounds, over walls and obstacles, and even are able to gallop through the whole of the winter ! If we, on the other hand, look at the difficulties which the East Prussian breeder experiences in giving his horses the required exercise for seven or eight winter months, one can well understand, from this standpoint alone, the very great importance of the soil. The United Kingdom (England and Ireland) undoubtcdlv possesses the best soil for breeding horses. Perhaps, as is often said, the English fogs which are so frequent, caused b\- the sea, are the cause of more roarers being found there than in other breeding districts. Without this fog, however, the meadows, and especialh- the galloping tracks, would not be so good as thev are in this country and nowhere else in the world. Besides, the oceanic climate of England fa\ours the speciallv high proportion of amid in the horse forage, and as according to the latest researches of Dr. W. Voltz, amid combinations are especiallv useful for the building up of firm bones and muscles, consec(uentl\' the oceanic climate of England seems to be speciallv favourable for horse breeding. In the less sunnv Western part of England, the plants contain more amid, whilst in the more sunny East, as alread)- mentioned. Lucerne tii rives better. France is behind England in this respect, and in America the ground cannot stand being galloped on, and for that reason all races are run on artificial Macadam courses. The consequence of these advantages of the English soil is that the English reared and trained Thoroughbred is far superior to all other Thoroughbreds, bv reason of the elasticity of its gallop- ing and its high quality. This blood, which produces wonders, is to be had most surely in England. The other Thoroughbreds ha\e not shown as yet that they can make progress, or even remain at their height, without con- tinuous borrowing from England. England, on the other hand, in spite of the yearly growing export of good and the best breeding material, has retained its power. The danger to this horse country, endowed with the Grace of God, consists in the increasing neglect which, by reason of all producing wonderful nature, has rooted itself so often in mankind, as Th. Buckle has show n in his " Historv of Civilisation in England." The best soil for the breeding of draft horses is in fertile low-lying and diluvial regions, which, on account of their plentiful and fattening forage, are suitable for producing the desired large and heavy-limbed cold-blood horses. Even the home of the Suffolks in England has the trace of a marshy nature, and more so the Clyde valley, the home of the Clydesdales, It is, however, possible, and may be expected, that the breeding of heavy horses 4. EstablisliiiHiit of Studs. 413 fi)r performances mav roquire somrthinp else frnm the soil. One of the best examples 1 know of for the great influence which the soil exercises on the type is the previously mentioned pure draft breeds in the Russian Steppe stud of Derkul. The Percherons grew like .\rabs here, and the Suffolks and Clydesdales became stunted, in spite of the splendid forage from the Steppe. When choosing a ground suitable for a stud for horses, one must further take into consideration that the hay of higher lying meadows (especially mountainous and .\lp meadows) is superior as far as taste and nutritive value are concerned. The hav of lower lying valley meadows, and still more that of irrigated meadows and marshes, is, all things being etjual, inferior to the hav of higher Iving regions, on account of less ta.ste and greater quantity of woodv fibres, even if these same grasses should prevail here as well as there. .Mostiv on higher meadows less weed will be found, and less grasses of inferior value, or even dangerous. 1 nivself consider it imnrobable that a continuous drought reduces the mineral ingredients of the food, and that a food is produced poor in lime and phosphoric acid, causing diseases of the bones (as Professor Kellner says in his well-known manual, "Die l'>nahrung der landwirtschaftlichen Xutztiere"). As far as practice is concerned, in dry years one can onlv complain about a smaller quantity, the quality is always better, and the horses prefer it, and therefore develop much better, in spite of a smaller quantity. Of all domestic animals, the horse is the most sensitixc to bad drinking water. I'nclean, surface or stagnant water is (he most injurious. I'^\en the vapours arising from stagnant waters are very unhealthy for horses, especiallv \dung foals, since they cause an increase of troublesome flies. Continuallv running water containing lime, which is colourless and without smell, is best for horses. It has often been observed that glanders breaks out in a milder form after the horses are given better water from fresh springs newly bored. The growth of beeches is generally and rightly considered a favourable sign as regards a good soil for horse breeding. As oaks grow best in wet, liiw-l\ ing countries, or in countries with much rain, and as such countries are not favourable for horse breeding, the idea has arisen that horses do nrjt prosper where oaks prosper. Oaks grow, nevertheless on high-lying ground, and thrive well on strong clav soil, which is also suitable for horse breeding. On the other hand, limes, esjieciallv the small-leaved ones, as well as all kinds of barberries, are undesirable in a stud, because they are the most popular carriers of rust parasites, which an' especi;dly unfavourable for Lucerne, and also for clover, as well as other grasses. l-"urthermore. wheat straw suffers mostiv from rust, as in a lesser degree do also oat and barley straw . Fven the best soil re(]uires, in order to derive an\- benefit from its advantages for breeding good, capable and soimd horses, two very important factors, /.(■., jjaddocks and permanent pastures. These remarks are perhaps 414 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. superfluous when speaking of two benefited horse breeding countries like England and Ireland. But the method of rearing in the stable without paddocks and permanent pastures, which is still so widespread in Germany for all kinds of breeds, threatens to ruin many breedings. First of all must be mentioned here the breeding of horses. Paddocks and permanent pastures serve, therefore, as a contrast to the method of rearing in the stable, to keep the breeding material as long as possible outside the stable and in conformity with nature, to nourish same. The following advantages thus arise : 1. The injluence of light. The recently well recognised beneficial influences of light consist principally in destroying manv verv dangerous microbes, especially tuberculosis baccili, and in increasing the energy of life by multiplying the red corpusculli and the hc-emoglobis. According to the observations of Professor Gaule in Zurich, for example. Polar travellers often suffered more or less from aniemia. •2. The influence of good air. The air rich in oxvgen in the open is a primary condition of every healthy development. The continuous remaining out in the open increases the need of oxygen, and in order to satisfv their needs, horses must, by deep breathing, make a greater use of their lungs. Accordingly, the lungs will be extended and strengthened, and also the energy of life increased. 3. Tlie influence of -ii'/za/ and :^j; '• 3yearold.a veryyood riding remedied. horse, .ilw.ays healthy, 10/804 1. b, inflam. swelling; All illnesses overoome. yet 8/11 04 rerovered. Hroiid M.ari' Z. KI. II = right curb r ? = right tied-in be- low hock // = small hocks the tail carried proudly - = narrow behind ^ = behind strongly angled Iv = a hint of left spavin rvv = right spavin = broad behind 1. b. = left front upright hoof. KI = Class: I.a, I., H.a, II?, III. R = large frame Z. Kl = Class for breeding purposes L = joint ill G. Kl = Class for use purposes u = unripe Crib = crib biter sch = weak kr = ill Gil = gal! < kz = hip-shot ! = noble k = small ! 1 = very noble k = very small a = expressively N = needy being tr = lean R = large / = common c = correct t! = verv common h ^ harmonious 1. A. • = left eye cataract-spot w = little 4. EstJiblisliiiuMit of Studs. for Judging the Exterior. 421 ik't'p set neck = fore-leg bending bacUwards = nice sloping shoulders ong in the flank = ) ( = short and middle strong fore-leg = strong fore-leg with short knee r. fl. = front right flat hoof 1. Sch. = left front ring hone straight back ) = squeezes the tail Ig = long hind- legs = projecting hind-legs straight hind-legs g = large head . ^pc^ ^^■^^' .^^.\^e<* misplaced forwards = right X leg = >xe.^ = hind quarters over r. n. = right side lower •built = light fore-leg over in the knees M Ig = long trunk = hanging b^ = strong find long fore-leg ;_good muscle formation 1 in the crupper pointed haunch = misplaced behind r = right leg binding over pastern § = irregular action Uw = wide in knee ke = narrow in knee X = regular action ccl = verv regular action cr_-; = doubtful action cc = regular and forceful ^ - regular and not forceful 00 br = regular but somewhat broad oobr = regular but very broad oceng = regular hut somewhat narrow ooA = regular but high action go = regular but right thrown outwards 05= regular but left somewhat outward \ /\ = regul.ir but turned-in toes CHAPTER V. Tables for comparison of various Measurements. Linear Measure 1 Yard in I{ngland = 3 Feet . 1 Yard in America .... 1 Furlong = 2i20 Yards . . . 1 Distance = 240 Yards . . . 1 Mile in England = 8 Furlongs 1 Mile in America .... 1 Mile in Prussia .... 1 Mile in Hungary .... 1 Mile in Kurland = 7 Yersts . 1 Faden (Saxony) in Russia . 1 Verst = 500 Faden .... 1 Faden in Sweden and I'innland 0,91 438 m 0,91439 ,, = 201,16 = 219,5 = 1609,31 = 1609,33 = 7532,-5 = 8353,6 = 7467.5 2,13 356 „ = 1066,78 1,7814 ,, 1 Inch in Prussia (Rheinland) . . . = 2,6154 cm 1 Inch in England and Russia . . . = 2,539 954 ,, 1 Inch in .\merica = 2,539 977 ,, 8 Inches (English) = 20 ,, 8J Inches " = 2U „ 9 Inches ,, = 22.8 ,, 1 Foot in Pru.ssia (Rheini.) = 12 Inches = 31,38 535 ,, 1 Foot in England and Russia = ]2 Inches= 30,47 945 ,, 1 Foot in .\merica= 12 Inches . . . = 30,47 973 ,, 1 \\'erschok in Russia = 4,445 ,, 1 Arschin = 16 \Yerschok = 71,1187 5. Tables for t'omparisDii of Various Mcasiirfiiicnts. 423 Height Measurcincnl fur Horses. 1. In Lnv'l iiid. 1 nch = 2,53f)9 cm, 1 Ham = 4 Indies = 10,1590 cm. Hands Inches cm. Hands Inchc s cm. Hands 1 nches cin. 12 — =: 121,9 14 3 =^ 149,9 17 2 = 177,8 12 1 = 124, .5 15 — = 152,4 17 3 = 180,3 12 2 = 127 15 1 = 154,9 18 — = 182,9 12 3 == 129.. -5 15 2 = 157,5 18 1 = 185,4 13 — 132.1 15 3 = 160 18 2 = 188 13 1 _, 1.34,6 16 — = 162,6 18 3 = 190,5 13 2 =^ 137.2 16 1 = 165.1 19 — = 193 13 3 := 139,7 16 2 ^ u;7.6 19 1 = 195,6 14 = 142,2 16 3 = 1 70.2 19 2 = 198,1 14 1 ^= 144,8 17 — = 172.7 19 3 = 200,7 14 0 = 117.3 17 1 = 175,3 1 Inch -. Ill (•(■rMi:Mi|. L^(il•j4 cm. I Foot = V> Inches = 31 ,:JS uM-j cm. Feet Inches cm. Hands Inches Arschin Werschok 5 . — = 156.9 = 15 1,8 = 2 3,3 5 1 = 159,5 = 15 2.8 = 2 3,9 5 2 = 162,2 = 15 3,8 = 2 4,5 5 3 ^ 164,8 = 16 0,9 = 2 5,1 5 4 = 167.4 = 16 1,9 = 2 5.7 5 5 = 170 = 16 2,9 = 2 6,2 5 6 z^ 172,6 = 17 — = 2 6,8 5 7 ^^ 17.5,2 = 17 1 = 2 7,4 5 8 = 177,8 = 17 2 = 2 8 5 9 = 180,5 = 17 3,1 = 2 8,6 5 10 = 183,1 = 18 0,1 = 2 9,1 5 11 = 185,7 = 18 1,1 = 2 9,8 6 ^ 188,3 = 18 2,1 3. Ill Kiissiii. ^ 2 10,4 1 WcrM ■hok = 4,44.'> cm. 1 .\r^cl^in = l(i Werschok -^ 71,1187 cm Arschin Werschok cm. Hands Inches 2 — 142,2 ^ 14 — 2 1 146.7 = 14 1,8 2 2 151,1 = 14 3,5 2 3 155,6 = 15 1,3 2 4 160 ^ 15 3 2 5 164,5 = 16 0,8 2 6 169 = 16 2.5 2 7 173,4 = 17 0,3 o 8 177,8 = 17 2 2 9 182,2 = 17 3.8 r) 10 186,7 = 18 1.5 424 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Liquid and Dry Measure. 1 Quart in England = l,136 Liter, 1 Quart in America = 0,946 Liter. 1 Pint in England=0,568 Liter, 1 Pint in America = 0,474 Liter. 1 Garnez in Russia = 3,2797 Liter. 1 Liter=l Cubicdecimeter. 1 Hektoliter = 100 Liter. 1 Liter of Oats weighs about a Pound = 5 Kilogramm. Surface Measure. 1 Ar=100 s.m., 1 Acre = 25,.53 ar. 1 Helctar = 100 ar = 3,9166 Acre. 1 Acre in England and America = 40,47 ar=l,59 Acre. 1 Dessatine in Russia = L09 Hektar = 3 Lofstellen in Kurland. Weights. 1 Pound (lb.) ill Germany, Denmark, Switzerland = .500 gr. = i Kilogr. 1 lb. in Ensjland and America = 4.53,6 gr. 1 lb. in Russia = 409,5 gr. 1 lb. in Austria Hungary = 560,1 gr. 1 lb. in Sweden = 42.5,1 gr. 1 Stone in England = 14 English lbs. = 6,3.5 kg. 1 Pud in Russia = 40 Russian lbs. = 16,38 kg. Stone lb. 1 — = lOlJ = 6 8,1 10 o = 64J = 3 87,8 17 __ = 108 — 6 23.6 10 8 -- 64| = 3 38,4 10 4 = 6:H . 3 39,5 IS — = 1141 ^ 6 39,1 10 5 ^ 65!J - 4 0,6 n> — = 1203 = 7 11,6 426 'he Practical Part of Horsebreeding;. Most Important Distances at Newmarket. Mile Furl The Beaton Course (B. C.) 4 1 since 1852 4 1 since 1864 4 1 since 1865 4 1 since 1889 4 1 Round Course (R. C.) 3 6 since 1819 3 4 since 1852 3 4 since 1889 3 4 Ditch in (D. J.) 2 _ since 1852 2 since 1865 2 since 1889 2 — Ankaster Mile (A. .M.) 1 — since 1889 1 _ Two years old Course (2 Y. O. C.) July St. . — 5 New Two years old Course (on the B. M.) since 1888 July St _ 5 since 1902 ' — 5 Two years old Course (on tlie flat) since 1852 — 5 since 1902 _ 5 Yearling Course (Y. C.) 2 since 1853 (on the flat) — 2 since 1854 — 2 Cambridgeshire Course (1839) 1 1 Old Cambr. Course since 1843 1 1 New Cambr. Course since 1901 1 1 since 1902 1 1 Cesarewitch Course (1839) 2 1 since 1852 2 2 since 1889 2 2 since 1902 2 2 Across the Flat (-A^. F.) 1 2 since 1818 1 2 since 1852 1 2 since 1887 1 2 Dewhurst PI. Course — 7 Criterion Course — 5 since 1865 _ 6 Suffolk St. Course 1 4 since 1889 1 4 since 1902 1 4 Vds. Meter 138 = 6764,6 173 = 6796,6 157 = 6782 143 = 6769,2 177 = 6800,2 93 = 6119,9 187 = 5803,6 139 = 5759,7 138 = 5758,8 97 = 3307,3 119 = 3327,4 105 = 3314,6 118 = 3326,5 18 = 1625,8 22 = 1629,4 136 = 1130,2 142 = 1135,6 140 = 1133,8 140 = 1133,8 134 = 1128,3 147 = 536,7 22 = 422,4 52 = 449.9 156 = 1953,1 20 = 1828,8 17 = 1826 — = 1810,5 215 = 3615,4 28 = 3646,5 35 = 3652,9 — = 3620.9 44 = 2051,9 24 = 2033,6 73 = 2078,4 — = 2011,6 — = 1408,1 182 = 1172,2 — = 1207 2 = 2415,8 25 = 2436,8 — = 2414 CHAPTER VI. Tables showing the Ancestors oF Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 428 The Practical Part of Horsebreeiling-. O M n OS -< p Brisk 1711 D. bv Jigg Aleppo 1711 D. by Hautboy Flyiiis Cliilders 1715 D. bv Okl Careless Foxhunter 1727 — D. bv Basto Hob,i;oblin 1724 ~ D. by Old Careless Second 1732 D. by Basto Moses 1746 D. bv Porland Arabian Shakespeare 1745 n. by Bartl. Childers Table I. D Otho 1760 D. by Cade ? Eclipse 1764 D. bv Retftikis .V: Norfolk D. bv Grev Grantham Roundhead "l733 D. bv Bald Gallowav Snip 1736 D. bv Basto BarJlet's Cliildirs Squirt 1732 — about 1716 I), by Snake D. by Old Careless Biille Rock 1718 D. by Byerly Turk D. bv Hip Jolly Roger 1741 D. by Partner S)iap i750 D. by Fox Syphon 1750 D. bv Partner J Engineer 1755 — I D. bv Grcvhounc Bav Malton 1760 ' D. b\- Caile Goldfinder 1764 - D. by Blank I S-weet William 17 D. by Cade Swecthriar 1769 — D. by Shakespe; Tandem 1773 n. b\- Reyulus Eclipse 1764 - D. bv Reffulus Marske 1750 D. by Blacklegs Slriplint; 1705 D. by Cade V. Marske 1771 D. by Blank Shark 1771 D. by Snap till). Line. C«xco)ub 1771 D. by B.-ihr.'ihani Dorinuiiil 1772 n. In R.ihrahaiii ManihriiKi 1768 l\ b\ Cade ■p.ulor 177G l\ hv SeillcN Aiabinn 0. Tables Showiiiif the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Lhie. 429 — il/c.v.vcu.sjcr 1780 / Foundation sire of the \ D. bv Turf ^ Anier. Trotters ' — Hambletoiiian 1803 D. bv Shark Chiicohilc 1777 — n. by Handy Javelin 1 772 n. by Spectator I'l.lSos J77;i 1). bv Warrens Sportsman Jiil^ilcr 1774 I). I.v T.irlar kirja I'l'i'yiis 1775 I), by Black and all Black li''iidriiw 1777 I '. by Sweeper Sleniiry 1778 I >. b\ Tartar lhlll^s F.clifsc 1778 I >. by Ke,i,'ulus Iiic Aiiilreus 1778 n. by Omnium I ':nl i;iilllloit 1780 — I ). bv Herod I Utitlcer 1780 I > by Tartar ram 1780 '. by Snap i ' I \aiidcr 1782 — I I h\ William's Forester M> U-o'r 1783 I >. bv Merlin ( ii/xrau/cr 1784 I ' bv Omar ; Oid.xole 1784 ' bv William's Forester / ^as'tis 1784 I >. by Bosphorus ''(■lif 178(j bv Spectator ■»■ 1777 bv I.oftv , .//;■<• 1793' t I I. bv Vauxhall -- irk 1791 I ). by Flimnap Jerry Sneak 179G D. by Trunnion Coriander 1786 D. by Herod Asparagus 1787 D. bv Justice Alderman 1787 n. bv Squirrel >Vax.vl790 I), by Herod Champion 1797 I), bv Hij,Wi fiver Over Ion 1788 1). I)V II (-rod Ki'iiiiiiiuliroiiu'li 1791 >('( I), by Herod llaiiihletiiiiinn 1792 see I), by Hiy^hllyer Preeipitale 1787 O. I.v H.rod -a' 1807 D. by ICclipse Enquirer 1867 I), by Lexington Seiisniio)! 1877 I), by Lexington Iriiiiuois 1878 — - I), bv Australian Oi liaiTii 1879 I). I)y Lexington ( hippciidalc 187G I), bv Advi-nlnrcr Pui^anini 1865 1). by Peppermint Lo)i i^slrrrt 1886 1). bv Glen Athol Kiltv 1887 D.bv War Dance TaniDiaiiy 1889 n. bv (ireat Tom ■.oniiiiilrhce 1889 1). Ijv len BroeU -Caiiiiau 1896 D. by CoeruIeu> 432 The Practical Part of Horsebreedintf. Tabh' III. Darl. Aiiibian Line. Si Id □0.5 ro — CO 2 ' ' O c o "S o >-.J3 ■io s ra SZ ■ — — ■ ^ .-i-r; 00 ?: "? H %■ ^-Pretty Boy 1853 c^ "-T; D. by Glaucus o OJ 00 o o a; o 5 H >. ^ ilD a s >, £:Q King oj Diamonds 1857 n. bv Defence r)M Ta/nbar 1859 D. by Piccaroon Wingravc 1859 D. bv The Cure Master Fenton 1859 D. by Touchstone Moi;ador 1860 D.' by Orlando Tom King 1863 — D. bv Birdcatcher Dalesman 1863 D. bv Pantaloon Phaeton 1865 - — D. bv Storm Restitution 1865 D. by Slane Kini^ 'Alfred 1865 D. bv Bav Middleton Kingcraft 1867 D. by \'oltit,'^eur King o' Scots 1867 D. bv The I-'l. Dutchman The Baron 1869 D. by North Lincoln King I.ud 1869 D. bv N'oltig^eur Marsu'orth 1871 D. bv Fernhill or Gleam Coltness 1873 D. bv Thormanbv Great 'Tom 1873 D. by Voltigeur Skylark 1873^ D. bv Y. Melbourne Blue 'Blood 1876 D. by Teddington Gabier 1867 D. by Pantaloon Dandin 1879 D. bv Cambuscan Indian Ocean 1867 D. by Vortex Umpire 1873 D. by Ambrose Lowlander 1870 D. bv Windhound King 'Alfonso 1S72 - D. bv ^^^ndnl — Loit'land Chief 1878 D. bv StocUwcll ~ Foxhall 1878 D. bv Lexinafton Kingd{im 1879 D. by Prime Minister Grandmaster 1880 D. bv Kingston Bruce 1874 ' D. bv Newcastle Ben Alder 1880 D. by Rataplan King 'Monmouth 1882 D. by King of Trumps Boudoir 1893 D. bv Plutus Loutch 1890 D. by Blenlieim 4. 3 5-Q -= ^_V:itt(ii(loii 1861 '^'t7i D. by Tros (by Priam) Chester 1874 — D. bv Stockwell Grand Flaneur 1877 D. bv St. .Mbans CCQ Abercorn 1884 D. by Goldsbrough Patron 1890 D. by Tonnerre des Indes Merman 1892 D. bv Coltness C. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of ThoroughbreJs in the Male Line. 433 00 t n 00 i;» c :: s 1 cc ~l^ J ^^ 00 ^ 1 ^ 'rs . t = ?f 2t« o •^ 3 - ^11 !-• ^.^■."i.^|.^ '■J 1 m C i i' - ■;-.--- a; S 1' = .- 3C :: ~ ■= ■= "= -^ }iHMN:is;:iH 434 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding-. ■^ ffl 00 -a c 01 c «u n S < u >, s-^ k: w n ^Sh 00 3 'S >• n 1 1 (U 1 1 •a 1 2 "--H = CO - o OS y Smolensko 'I 1855 y Farintosh = £;« 1= >, = > t-H O >. 1 CO T-H 3 iii^o 185 y Don J Vebster '. y Prime . '-^ ~ ■^ \I-^ ■ ~a^c: -c: /^ ~ d 1 QgQ 5 c 2 c 1? SQ H f^ ■"- 1 , 1 ! -^ 1 ■- 1 02 1 1 5 1 C3 ll ^ 00 1 1 'ji 1 ^ 00 r-H 2J r—\ 1 CO 1 O ^ X ^ CO »^ 1 '■'3 c-^ ^ X 3 ■g. I 00 -*. t/l I— 1 »* cc^ >* i: -^ ti 53 ^ •S "^ c-i s U ■^.1^ '^ a CO r- r— 1 C- 5 i >^ ■S ^"2 '^':i CO ^j^ T "00 ^ i£ ^C ^ u K '^ CO >^CJ^ Eh ^I'^l^l "Z > ^ >, ^ >- C ;^ .i >,.^ >.2 >- t^ >. ^ >. ri- >- ^ -^ ^ ^ ^ J3 5d ^ci'od ~^ j;^!. «=; *-H ^ r-H cq s«* ^- '*i< u nn l-H s Oi c Stfl ^ >i O J3 ■t; a 5 00^ >. >, f! J2 eJ= oQ = Q -J ■^ o 1— 1 CO X OC t-H OJ i i-. o c 1 s 1 « 1 E a ■-H 0 o 00 .^ 3 1 a Oi -^ ,^ 1— 1 _ •~ O '2>-r: T^l r. »>< ,-.-° >^ rri «— 1 -^ i' t; fM r^ X 53 2 o lO u 1- c ss^o f\ VI c 2> ga (M 0) oou OS 53 ^' § -2"S .a' li . » . '^ ^ " '^ . • Q > d c ,—1 d tl -^ 1^ Id .5 S .^d -fl cq a ^ i" K-H T^ i-* "ij ct; aapucuo J Aq -G 1 1 eg tI8I V U0U31U0119 OllJ A'q Q jsin>i Aq -Q 608T «Das;o pJOJlUBJS Aq Q >■ lajooBj A'q a 9i e08T 13 omvi.w. e08I sii in'iii'j jaAyqSiH ^^q 'O 56il MYIKOXMiaitYH 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 435 9) b/) 0 a; 0 r-H to 7 QU 0 >J ■1 S >» ^^ u a c« •<* oc i-H "5 5 (« 0 ^5 "^ B 0 .'t; CO on ^■S ^|&- ^c ■C cSc -^ ■^ C5 2 5 03 a Pi ■a tf) a >, n t^ ■n a; Q 1 j: tr. 1 Zi 0 u 1 ^ hr 00 p f— ( «) r «— 1 11 -a- ca u >. .0 j2 m 2: ■it S 5^- rill -3 ^' -^ ^ 60b'I X(KLXV,) ^ X = X c 00 -1' S08I sn.iKi'jor) 436 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table VII. l^ail. Arabian Line. f Lottery 1820 1). bv PotSos Zii^anee 1825 D. bv y. Drone Little Red Rover 1827 D. bv Pavnator CO Liverpool 1S28 — O. hv Whisker St. Giles 1829 I), by Ardrossan Chorister 1828 i^. by Chorus Alter liter 1831 D. bv Orvillf Inheritor 1831 D. bv Walton Sheet Aiulior 1832 D. by Ahiley Verulam 1833 D. bv Wax\- Laiiercost 1833 — D. bv Bustard Mosstrooper 1839 D. bv Eniilius Sirikol 1840 D. bv Partisan Weatherhit 1842 D. by Priam ]'iilcan 1837 D. bv Tcniers War Eagle 1844 D. bv Voltaire Van Troiiip 1844 D. by Sandbcck /.OK/) Garou 1846 D. by Tombov Colsterdale 1848 D. bv Tombov De Ruyter 1848 D. bv Sandbeck 6. TaUlcs Sliowin;;- the Anccslurs uf Thorouj;hbr«l!; iji ihc Mule Line. 437 Kelpie 1855 D. bv St. Francis Be;i(lsman 1855 — D. bv Touchstone Set>liinus 1859 D. bv Birdcatchtr Bel Demoiiio 1861 D. bv Birdcatchcr FircM'orks 1S64 n. bv .Sir llorcuk' Th* Palmer 1864 D. bv Cowl Blue Go'vii 1865 D. bv Stock well Rosicruriiiii 1865 I), bv Cowl Brown Bread 1862 D. by West .Australian Bro'.i'ii Tommy 18G4 D. bv West .\ustralian Pcro Come: ISGO - —I D. bv Student Alvarez 1869 I), bv Student Coertileiis 1872 I), bv .Stockwell The Jolly Friar 1873 D. by .Nl.icaroni H7ii/(()(i/( 187] D. bv Lanibtun Pienie 1872 D. by .\rthur Wellesley or Post Tempore Hilarious 1874 I), by Knitrht of Kar.s Toaslmasler ]S77 n. bv The M.irquis S-feet'hread 1879 I), bv .\dventurcr Gohl!.broui;li 1870 — 1). b\ l'"i>lii iin.iii CI rev I'almer 1S72 D. b\- Ch.intiileer Pclh\c;ri)W 1874 O. b\ .Macaroni Chevron 1874 n. by Stockwell Reauelere 1875 i D. by \'olti.i,'eur | lireildouiie 1877 O. by Kini; Tom Zauoiii 1S75 D. bv Stockwell Allhoias 1878 1). bv \espasian Dalhe'ri; 1887 D by Paijanini Laureate 1879 n. by Orlando .S(> Charles 1878 I). In- Kthelbert I'erei^riiie 1878 I), by \. .Melbourne P,lur-xreni 1887 1 ). \i\ ( ialopin Atlantic 1878 I), bv Peter Wilkins Chistrhurst 1880 — Macdo}! aid 1899 1). bv Kinj,"' Tom Tyrant 1885 F). bv Kxmins^ Stratlimore 1874 I), by Slockwell 77)11 Whijller 1861 I), by C-Iy Buck I'm; Amhurf;h 1864 D. bv l,oni;!iow or Miuml.iin Deer 438 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table VIII. Darl. Arabian Line. CO 00 1^ CC Si/!foi! 1849 D. by Slane Auckland 1839 D. by Champion Cothe'rstoue 1840 — D. by Whisker 1^, ulenmassoii 18o4 > D. bv Priam Orl.nndo 1841 see Table VIII. a' D. by Lang"ar Ithuriel 1S41 Loiia^bow 1849 D. by \"elocipede D.'by Catton Annandale 1842 D. bv Lotterv Fahtdff 1842 ' D. by Filho da Puta Paragoiie 1843 D. b\" Tombov Flatcatclier 1845 D. bv Filho da Puta Surplice 1845 D. by Priam Pontifex 1847 D. bv Priam Bfewiujiister 1848 see Table \Tri. b D. bv Dr. Syntax Storm 1848 D. by Pantaloon Mountain Deer 1848 D. bv Belshazzar Harbinger 1849 D. by Elis Magnes 1849 D. by Langar Vindex 18.56 "D. by Lanijar Orpheus 1860 D. bv St. Nicholas Pyladcs 1852 b. bv Bay Middleton Flash in the Pan 1856 D. by Pompev Druid 1857 D. by Harkaway Coroner 1856 D. by Teara\\ay Victor 1859 D. by Scrosjg^ins The Avenger 1860 D. bv Sesostris Lord of the Isles 1852 D. bv Pantaloon De Clare 18.32 D. by Catton Rifleman 1852 D. by The Colonel Claret 1852 D. bv Belshazzar Artillery 1853 D. by Birdcatcher Toiiniiiiiieiit 1854 D. by \'enison ]\'amba 1857 D. by Recoverx- Atherstone 1858' D. by Merry Monarch Soaps'tone 1860 D. by Malcolm Dundee 1858 D. bv -Sweetmeat Scottish Chief 1801 — D. bv The Little Known Blarney 1861 D. by Magpie Londesborough 1867 D. by Hetnian Platoff Master Millie 1864 D. bv Hautboy Gitan'o 1866 D. by Esperance Baroiiietre 1868 D. bv The Baron Golos'imS D. by The Prime Warden Danscur 1854 D. by New Light Durcl'ilaucht 1858 D. by Snyders V estniinster 1866 D. by Envoy Toxophilite 1855 D. by Pantaloon North Lincoln 1856 D. bv Redshank Valour 1875 D. by Mount Zion Lord of the Vale 1863 D. by Pantaloon Marksman 1864 D. bv Birdcatcher Hobgoblin 1866 D. by The Ugly Buck King of the Forest 1868 D. by Fandango Lammermoor 1874 D. by Buccaneer Fitz James 1875 D. bv Kettledrum Childeric 1875 D. by Saunterer Napsbury 1877 D. by Rataplan Taurus 1879 D. by Thunderbolt Pursebearer 1879 D. bv Stockwell Mirliflor 1872 D. by Knowsley G. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in llie Male Line. 439 Musket 1867 D. bv West Australian Bay Archer 1876 D. by Y. Melbourne Lancastrian 1876 D. bv \\'est Australian Petronel 1877 D. bv Hesperus Trenton 1881 D. by Goldsbrough Nordfiifeld 1882 D. bv Angler Carbine 1885 — D. by Knowsley Auriim 1894 D. bv Richmond Eccleston 1898 D. by Beaudesert Carnage 1890 D. bv Knowsley Wargrave 1898 D. by Sk.\-lark Fowling Piece 1899 D. bv Galopin Spearmint 1903 D. by Minting Noble Chieftain 1886 D. by Moulsey The General 1882 D. bv Thunderbolt 440 The Practical Part of Horscbrteiliiij^. Taiik- VIII.il. IMrl. Arabian Liiir go c Tcdiiinaton 1848 1). bv R(ickiii>,'hain Orpheus 1849 I), bv Whisker Orcst'cs 1850 D. by Bav Middlcton Miirsvas 1851 — — D. bv Whisker FnzzolcttK 1853 1). by Melbourne Zuvdcr Zee 1854 D. by Sand beck Chevalier d'liidustrie 1854 . D. bv Priam Filz Roland 1855 n. by Eniilius Eclipse 1855 D. by Bav Middlcton Triiiii|H'ft'r 1856 I). l)v Redshank Crater 1857 I), bv Gladiator Diophaiitiis 1858 D. bv Emiliiis Ciiiiiry 1858 D. bv Plenipotentiary Lacyd'cs 1859 D. by Plenipotentiary Mntilsey 1861 n. by Pantaloon Urcst 1857 D. by Touchstone Albert Victor 1868 I), bv Stockwell fieorge Frederick 1871 — n. b\- Stockwell Kill}; Victor 1864 n. by Heron Blenheim 1861 D. by Robert de Gorhani I'ripoiiiiier 1864 D. by Tcddin.nton Alarm 1869 n. bv Stockwell Haiisiead 1862 n. by Stockwell Pliidis 1863 D. bv Planet Y. Trumpeter 1864 I), bv Surplice Disliii 1864 I), bv Hesperus Challeiii;e 1864 D. by Prime Minister Queen 's Messenger 1869 O. by Kintiston Cliatt.-inooga 1862 — I), by Birdcatcher Xenoplioii 1872 D. bv Birdcatcher Mellinirtonia 1869 D. b\ Ambrose Hollywood 1871 n. by Kin.t,' Tom Tlie Sailor Prince 1880 D. by Hermit Frontin 1880 D. b\ Weatherbit Beau ' Bruininel 1880 n. by Lord Clifden ilimyar 1875 D. by Lexint Mund'en 1871 " D. by Birdcatcher i^ton Flaireolet 1870 D. by Monarque Fil - en - Ouatre 1877 D. bv Monarque Fricai'ideau 1883 D. by Pretty Boy Avontes 1874 D. bv Ratan Hastiiigs 1872 D. by Hesperus The Baron 1884 D. by Lord Lvon Aiiirlirim 1883 D. by L'ncas Clover 1886 D. bv Prince Charlie 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 441 Diakha 189:1 I), bv Murtcnicr riaudit 189o D. by Tomahawk Uomino 1891 I), by Ijitjiiircr Isniacl 18", f^ t/2 H Q HH >^ S X: ^ c F^ ^ Musjid 1836 D. by Muley Moloch Exmiiister 1857 D. by Cowl Adyeiiturer 1859 D. bv Einilius Lord Clifdeii 1860 D. bv Melbourne see Table VIII. Cambiiscan 1861 D. bv Slane The Beadle 1861 D. by Plenipotentiarv I'iitliedral 1861 ■* D. by Melbourne Victorious 1862 D. by Jeremy Diddler Vespasian 1863 D. by Stockwell Stratbconan 1863 D. bv Chanticleer Laneret 1863 D. bv Venison The Peer 1863 D. bv Sheet Anchor Bertie 1863 D. bv Gladiator Hermit 1864 see Table VIII. D. by Tad m or Kidderminster 1864 D. bv Camel Argyle 1866 D. bv Birdcatcher Pretender 1866 D. by Venison Roehampton 1873 D. bv Stockwell Glen 'Arthur 1874 D. bv Kins'ston Riiperra 1876 D. bv Thormanbv Forager 1877 D. bv Stockwell Zeal 1877 D. bv Stockwell Privateer 1878 D. by Thormanbv Onslow 1869 D. bv Voltig^eur Billesdon 1872 D. by The Baron Camballo 1872 D. by Orlando Cambiisier 1879 D. bv Saunterer Pdsztor 1881 D. by Buccaneer Landmark 1869 D. bv Birdcatcher Dalham 1871 D. by The Marquis Buchanan 1877 D. by V. Melbourne Eastern Emperor 1881 D. by Rataplan Rajta-Rajta 1885 D. by Lord Lyon Achilles 1888 D. by Buccaneer Buccaneer 1888 D. by Lord Lyon Yard Arm 1897 D. by Cardinal York Cdsar 1878 D. by Kettledrum The Lambkin 1881 D. by Y. Melbourne Salisb'urv 1884 D. by Oxford 6. Tables Showing- the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 443 Table VIII. c. Darl. Arabian Liiip. CO ^C Hauitlioniden 1867 D. by The Flying- Dutchman Barefoot 1S68 D. by Stockwel! Hvinenaeus 1869 D. bv Wild Davrell Weidock 1869 D. by Rataplan Wiiislois.' 1869 D. by King Tom Haniptoii 1872 D. bv Kettledrum Rolherhill 1872 D. by Orlando Basnds 1872 D. by Stockwell Petrarch 1873 D. bv Orlando Lord Clive 1875 D. by Buccaneer IliKhlaiid Chief 1880 D. 1)\- Slockwell Royal Kaiiiptoii 1882 I), by King Tom Merry Hampton 1884 D. by Broom ielaw Ayrshire I880 D. bv Galopin Sheen 1885 D. bv Tibthorpe Biishey Park 1889 D. bv Thormanbv Ladas 1891 — — ' L). bv Rosicrucian Speed 1891 D. bv Tibthorpe Bav RonaU 1893 D. by Galliard The Bard 1883 D. by Svrian Florentine 1884 D. by Kettledrum Laureate IL 1886 D. by Macaroni Lactantiiis 1887 D. bv Macaroni Hackier 1887 D. bv Albert ^■^ctor Marcion 1890 D. by Queen's Messenger Kirke'onnel 1892 n. by Blair Athol Symington 1893 D. bv St. Simon Niniis 1895 D. bv Lowlander Troiitbeek 1903 D. bv Bend Or Bi'renger 1888 D. by Trocadero Launay 1893 D. by Mortenier or Monarque Saxon 1S98 D. by Clairvaux or [ Isonomy 444 The Practical Part ul Hursebreeding. Tabl CO l- 00 o ■-I E K e YIIl. (I. Hail. Arabian Line. Asccf ic 1871 1). In Melbourne Ih'ly Friiir 1872 D. bv 'riinrmanby Recorder 1872 — ' I). 1)V St. Albans Trap fist 1872 D. bv Muscoviti- Ainbi ri;ris IS'S D. l)y I,(ini;bow GuMiiershiiry 1876 D. bv Kint; Tom The .\Iiser 1877 D. by St. .\lbans Zealot 1877 D. bv Stock well Peter' 187(1 D. b\- Rrotlier to Straffortl The Abbot 1877 D. bv Pelion Retreat 1877 — D. by R.itaplan St. Louis 1878 D. by Macaroni Edward the Confessor 1878 n. by Stnckweil Trisfuii 1878 D. liv Stockwell Martini 1878 D. bv Toxopbilite Exile 'I I. 1878 n. bv Lord l.von Mardeii ]87!» I), by IVHon Clairvaux 1880 D. l)v Stockwell .Sf. Blaise 1880 — n. bv Marsvas Torpedo 1880" n. li\ Toxopbilite St. lloitorat 1882 1). by Stockwell .S-.i'////i/i,'/ii)i 1882 n. by Stockwell Taeiliis 1882 1). by V. Melbourne Gaiiiiii 1883 I), bv Scottish Cliicf Ha'i'ksloiie 1883 D. by Stockwell Gay Ileriiiit 188;-i D. by Rroomielaw Tiwot'hv 1884 n. bv Brother to StralTonI Iladeliateh 188.") 1). by Cithedral Friar's Balsa i)i 188.5 1). bv Rre:idalbane .istroio^i^er 188.j D. by Brother to Strafford Melanioii 1886 D. bv (lalopin Heiiiiiiic 1887 • D. bv Bread.albane Missal 181(1 D. bv 'I'liunderbolt Royal Mealh 1884 n. bv Coroner Sir Patrick 1890 D. hv Herbertstown Lord Abbot 1898 I), bv Chippend.ile Kdiii,i:stein 1888 I), bv .Strathconan (lajare 188.5 I), bv .\lbion Moeros 1886 D. by Rosicruci.nl 1' rdni-balydni 1886 I ). b\ Buccaneer Coiirniaiid 1890 I), bv Kisber ocscse Califard 1896 I). b\- (i.alopin Zsupaii 1884 I), by Blair .\thol Father Confessor 188.3 I), bv The Hadji .indree 1892 D. bv Galopin I.e llardv 1888 n. bv .St. Albans /.(• yhrd 1887 D. bv Weliini;tonia Le Sicham IL 1890 n. bv \\'ellini;tonia Sty.x 1891 O. b\' (.ialo|)in Ahori'i^ine 1890 1). bv (ilen Artliur Mari;rave 1893 I), bv lll-lscd Cospoilar 1891 I ). bv Trocadero 77(c Oiiack 1893 1). bv (ialopin Millenium 1896 I), bv Barc.ildine Black' .Sand 1897 I). b\ Weidock /.c A"('>/ Soleil 189o 1). bv Boia'd 6. Tables Showing' the Ancestors of Tliorou^hbreds in the Male Line. 445 Table TX. l>ail. Arabian Lint'. CI II,>sjy,Hliir 1800 D. bv Kniilius La MarMial ISGO D. bv Sir Hercules Le Miiinhiriii 1862 D. by Nuncio (;iiuliiileiir 1862 — D. bv Gladiator y. Moiinrqiif 1863 D. bv F.niilius Patrlci,n 1864 D. by Gladiator I.c Siirra:iii ISfio n. b\' Gladiator Consul 1800 — I), bv Sir Hercules BoiiIo\:iie 1S66 n. bv Ion Don Ctnlos 1867 D. bv The Baron Hciirv 1808 D. by Ion 1.0)1 i;ilia Dips 1864 n/bv The Baron General 1808 I), by I'estival or Valbruant Trociitlern 1864 D. by Epirus Fell dWmour 1871 O. bv \entre-St.-Gris l.e Drdle 1873 n. by Black ICyes t.ydon 1808 n. bv Sesosliis Craiui Coup 1S08 I), bv Slock well Lord V;.>ii,v/i 18(;<) O. bv Rataplan Cniiuhiui.slcr 1808 IX bv Stock well IIit;lil>oni 1870 I), by |-au.t,'li-a-Balla.i,di Xouiriil 1872 D. bv Gladiator Kill 1873 H. bv Slockwi-ll .l//>/.ui 1878 n. bv Atherslone Archiiliic 1881 I>. by Atherslone Fri|ioii 1883 I). l)y b'avonius Riirheroiis.se 1S80 D. bv Beauvais RnUiiiiiv 1874 D. by' I'ilz Cl.idi.ilor Xardsse 1876 • — O. bv Wealherbit Rariotet 1878 D. bv Orphelin Fra liiavolo 1881 n. bv Orjihelin h'iehe'lieu 1881 n. bv Orphelin r.iiif^li-ii-R,ilh,i:h 1879 I). l)y The Suidi'rit c o J h'arjadel 1880 — . XI o -•J n. by Joskin .ler(di'lh'e IssO n. by Dollar /..• Pompon 1891 D. bv Scottish Chief ration 1896 D. bv \\'e';nnin>ler Chene Royal 1889 D. by Perplexe I 446 ■ art eg The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. 9UipiB3JBg Aq -Q 'Z68T iUdmd4oi^ uoiiBaaqjSAg-jj Aq -q 5061 'iqqi^'uDi'j o ca t^ '-. I— I Ph c -rj CO : CO o ^ i; ccte: ot -a .i — St; re ^ ^re re,, "uoS"iare^,„ re .:;"05-"i:t->-«i.(u2!-'^?5?i O CO == co2 ci ' -O "t^ ,i ^ 0= :C-^°'I°I°. Pec r- .■S ^ b £ " =^ « o fc- 00 0) r-l 03 " o = c|Q-Q^d|d|c|c|Q ^Q tn ^\ £r.S ^ be 00 a,S c^ ^ 00 o O ,o ^ K ^ re — D s . = .a, = . 1 'X OT (J a I .^ = Q,re ■y^ o — 1 ^ 2A o lo re s f^ ooco's^*-' re^S J2 = ^ '^ 1,, "re o '-5 S tJ . ^ >• o >> •i; >.^ >,t >.g >•' "5 d S d s d "- s: fe, p- N) SQtTQ •a ^ re ^^ =-. >, oW ■- S -p lo ■- C 00 — ^ c ;^ >, S >.'5 *.. c J2 .S ^ = -a |d «d|d o ii CO §§2.- '— 1—1 ^^ij I — I >--; >,"5 >, c . '^. . ~Q >^G '^ re 1.0 5 -= ^ CO u ;=did GO 00 \S "5 re ^ i fc- 5 £ ~ &' ? >> ; ■"■d.ldJ c^ .= d 00 5= o £ a,S5 2 -Si u: ^ >. o oo "c ■;s >. = >. c-o 0-J3 K , ?=;Q ^Q o ■=^ '"' o o E »rs O p o 5J S 00 X 2o = ^ ^d|d ^Qc^f o t s o CO.: c en "St = drSi: 6. Tables Sliowins^ the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 447 u o a u Co t:^ .= cc E o 5 !i 2 £g = 3 ^ C O re C5 ~ "^ -^* "^ ^ -./-.* C ^ ^ "cj -r ^ .^00 ^00 ^ ^ - SS .— =t/5 c- > o: -^ -= -^ X 5 ■ >-f i'^ >~ >:- ^- 5:'= >■£ : - ^- ^-2 C- S-° =-K)J^ " '*•* ^ (^' •— '^ "z r^ C '^* - X ^ ^' c 2g = - -iC 00 |g I I-- T^ -*- ^ (— I J-^ ,-/" »— X ^ — V ^ ^ £ 5 . '^- ■S.ij: ■- ^ "5 ►!; S c- = > -i >. tj; >. — ^ ^ ^ Z CI ^ ^ 1 "^ r^"^ c = d ^ d a ^ t; -i: oid3o7 5gix_5 wss: S J'-^ E^^S' i:-cQ -'E a. c < in 4-1 JJ 1> £ v; c ^ U3 IS 1 Q. 3b, llH.KLV.XiniU 448 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. o tc 9 to. CO C^QQ 22 k" >< C 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 449 CO ^ re C5 c *■* < u >, jO ■=c o ^°t c 2 5 ^ ^ ~ ~ ■^.Lo e; IS ^ -- ir- W CC c, — y. oc o '-J o '8io ^q a AVMJ(KLS 460 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinj;. Table X. h. Darl. Arabian Line. l-~ >o ^H CXI J3 X: J 1 1) J3 . P3 H 1 1-9 >i ■< J2 HQ 1 cc 00 I— I O » PC Julius 1864 D. by Orlando St. Ronan 1865 D. by Birdcatcher St. Mungo 1866 D. by Melbourne Martyrdom 1866 D. by Euclid Silvester 1869 D. bv Kingston Mr. Winkle 1871 D. by Birdcatcher Springfield 1873 — D. by Marsyas Ethiis 1866 D. by Touchstone Jack of Oran 1869 D. bv Touchstone Strua'n 1869 D. by Touchstone Prince Charlie 1869 D. bv Surplice Andred 1870 D. bv Voltigeur Tangible 1870 D. bv Touchstone Craiii' Millar 1872 D. by Fitz Roland Claremont 1872 D. bv Kingston Maelstrom 1873 D. bv Touchstone Clanronald 1873 D. by Newminster Glcnd'ale 1873 D. bv Daniel O'Rourke Silvifi 1874 D. by Kingston Altyre 1874" D. bv Sweetmeat The Borer 1874 D. by Newminster Balioi 1879 D. bv Teddington The Child of the Mist 1882 D. by Lord Clifden Morgan 1883 • D. by Scottish Chief Sorrento 1884 D. by Macaroni Neapolis 1885 D. by Macaroni Sainfoin 1887 D. by Wenlock Watercress 1889 D. by Hermit Marshall Scott 1876 D. by Y. Melbourne Darby 1885 D. bv Statesman Brag '1878 D. by Flatterer Salvator 1886 D. by Lexington Lochiel 1882 D. by Voltigeur Bread Knif 1883 D. bv Brown Bread ■Pardon 1896 D. by Peter -Lutrin 1899 D. bv Don Charlos ■Rock Sand 1900 D. by St. Simon -Bumptious 1888 D. by Pell Mell ? St. Gatien 18..1 — D. by Kingley Vale ■ Meddler 1890 D. bv Petrarch CO <^ UJ c 1-H o ho lA a O C3 >* CL( ■ i-9 >. e J3 PS n o t-! Tonchet 1874 D. by Wild Dayrell Minting 1883 D. bv Y. Melbourne Necromancer 1882 D. by Scottish Chief Juggler 1885 D. by Scottish Chief Delphos 1891 D. by Speculum Ci. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 451 2 c ■ - 1- <^' tf. r. •- tt -M . ~ /^ .'^ rN C.^V'JC'^ tr-*^ ^r-*^ ^/^ S''^ •^■'~', ,i ^ "v -^ <5:_ I K? 3 S=_:h : _ 2 C J^ 2; -^ = ^ci-^'^^'^'^^ 1^ X ^ '~^' JH 1^* "^ ^' -i o ^'^" i d '■~ d *>■. (^"c o -0^ ^" ^ '^* 1 I I I 2S ^Sx^ =Sg=gc35s|sis|-i2'=c):|:^ ^ '1 ili^l 1^ s! I- E fe £st.=-05 '".!£ 1^ = • c . S ■ = . 5 . •— E <-. f- -r Iw UOJ7!U!|)poj_ .\q -Q 0i8i aaisvjvod 452 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table XI. Darl. Arabian Line. Skirmisher 1854 — D. bv Gardham Kaiser 1870 D. by Kinc; Tom Speculum 1865 — D. by Alarm or Orlando Tedette 1854 D. bv Birdcatcher Cavendish 1856 2 ° D. by Touchstone GC rt U 3 IS S iT >. -H J= So Yirgilius 1858 D. by Emilius Watch fire 1859 D. by Flatcatcher The Ranger 1860 D. by Gardham John Davis 1861 D. bv Liverpool Tibthorpe 1864 D. by The Cure Fortiinio 1864 D. bv Slane Brcnniis 1866 D. bv Stockwell Falkland 1867 D. by Faui^h-a-Ballagh Galopiu 1872 — D. by The Flyiiii; Dutchman Hector 1872 D. by Saunterer Double Zero 1873 D. by Phleg-on The Duke of Caiuhriilt^c 1870 D. by Kinjj Tom Fortissimo 1878 D. by Trumpeter ? Thiirio 1875 D. bv Orlando Koscbcry 1872 — — — D. bv Newniinster Selton 1875 D. by West Australian Castlcreagh 1875 D. by Birdcatcher Hagioscope 1878 D. bv Macaroni Fulnifii 1880 D. bv Thunderbolt (Jjilliard 1880 D. bv Macaroni St. Simon 1881 see Table XI. a D. bv King Tom Oberon 1883 D. bv Adventurer Galore 1885 D. by Macaroni Marmiton 1885 D. bv Cremorne Pioneer 1886 n. bv Hermit Donovan 1886 D. bv Scottish Chief S/. Aui^elo 1889 D. bv Dollar fiasa "1889 D. bv Tsonomv ]ovfui 1890 D. bv Doncaster Galoping Lad 1893 D. bv See Saw Gana'che 1893 D. bv Tsonomv Galeahzo 1893 D. bv Kisber Grafton 1894 D. by Hampton Guerrier 1894 D. by Clairvaux or Macheath Disraeli 1895 D. bv Sterling Brio 1895 D. by Springfield 6. Tiibles Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. 453 Crowbcrrv 1885 n. bv Scottish Chief Aiiii>hi()n 1886 1). b\ Hermit SunJnJi^e 1898 D. bv Springfield /. JD ofa-O OIO u U ^ « ~ QJ C -C; - Oj ~ O «s o -fi pa S ™ '-' c Cf) o sm ^X l^:-t- S-= >.e >■ :^ >, -c ft -^ ^ J2 J=Q eQ =C to t^ ^ n C.-Ci sd •**. ^ 1/1 o ~ - c= > g° r-H "^ i 'h22,|: ' g en 00- 5 00 O 00 tc C 00 C 00-^ E •r '-^ c ~ u cQ =-Q ^ I gfc§ c o :^0 CO _ J; mrv. 00 a .2 .z "-^ c 05 •r, (J 00 -a „ o 00 s p 03 -^c^T^r^ uoo. . 2 c g-.~ o 00 .^ "^ ^ D C "^ C '^^ c ^ ^ r' -■^ S^ "Qxi ^-^ -a-^ -° '••oij - . ~ . ,2 ■ 's^ . '- ■£ • = • >~ ■ Oh 2 o N '-' — oi c en 00 tU3 ^ c U- "O Mr •— kT* "-^ r ~^ o o c St U t/: O o CO , c >. ■ _ :-. I— _; « ^ I— 1 ^ >- ~ u. ^ t. r .ft .Si . .^ o o iC^ T3 t/} _ O -o CO 5 00 «^ fc Sc^a J2 «c" rH E JJ ccin" O c t— I '— ' 00 ;:3 J- CD .2 >! ^°^° ^ S3 Is 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroujj;hbreds in the Male Line. 455 c cc c-. ~ X-- :5d — <^5;-~_m- •-ic---c o ^- U =,. •''^— i:5£>-,~i -"Cvc trrCp ccccciji— ^c;P'~o iy;d|d|d|c|d ^d ,^d,^d|Djd|d|d|d|d|d|d|c^-dJd|d|d|c|c^d~c^d~Q 456 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Table I. Bjerly Turk Line, Ba5fo 1702 o D. by Leedes Arabian 00 ' o 7—i ■*-! 3 C XJ « ^ o: P H ^ »^ Partner (Mr. Croft's) >1 1718 p; D. bv Curwen Bay t£ Barb w CH Ji«?g about 1702 D. by Spanker Soreheels about 1720 D. bv Curwen Bay Barb Partner (Grisewood's) 1730 D. by His Grey Barb Sedbiiry 1734 D. by Woodcock Old Traveller 1735 D. by Almanzor (Foundation sire of the Cleveland Bays) Skim 1748 D. bv Son of Smi|i{ Bail Dainty Davy 1752 D. by Fox Cub Squirrel 1754 D. by Bloody Butt Tartar 1743 D. by Fox Herod 1758 - D. by Blaze )le T. a. Grey Diomed 1785 1/ t D. bv Dorimant Timoleon 1813 — Boston 1833 Sir Ai-cliy 1805 D. by Saltram D. bv Ball's Flori; D. by Rockingham ^ \ Diomed 1777 Sir Charles 1816 — — Wagner 1834 -< D. by Spectator Ball's Florizel 1801 D. by Shark D. by Citizen D. bj' Morion S Duroc 1806 American Eclipse 1814- — Brawner's Eclipse ] J D. by Grey Diomed D. by Messenger D. by John Henry (>. Tables Showing- the Ancestors (if Thoroughbreds in the Male [.inc. 457 h'lori/el 1786 D. 1)\ Cvgnet Mai;iict 1770 n.' hv Blank riuud'cr 1771 n. by Blank Wnodperker 1773 n. bv Cade Filz Herod 1773 n. by Snap /;i-v/iVi- 1774 O. by Snap Bordeaux 1774 n. by Cysjnet Hiirhflver 1774 n. bv Blank Drone 1777 n. bv Blank Ti'iit Tiis; 1777 n. by Y. Snip Fortitude 1777 — — D. bv Snap Biii;ot' 1780 n. bv Matchem Plu^eiiomenoit 1780 D. by Snap Dloiiicd 1777 see Table I. a D. by Spectator Fortniiio 1770 D. 1)\ Squirrel Fidi;et 1780 D. by Matchem CIniiiticleer 1787 — [). by Eclipse Biizziird 1787 see Table II D. bv Dux Mentor 1784 D. by Shakespeare Rockini^ham 1781 I), bv Matchem Delpini 1781 D. bv Blank Spadiile 1784 D. h\- Squirrel Sir Peter 1784 see Tabl, D. bv Snap Skyse'raper 1786 D. bv Eclipse Wahilit 1786 D. bv Matchem St. Georire 1789 n. bv Eclipse Conmiodore 1793 D. bv Scaramouch John RuU 1789 D. bv Eclipse Master Bagol 1787 D. bv Eclipse Hi((>y'l788 — D. bv Matchem Striplint: 1795 n. bv Eclipse B:'b Booty 1804 [). by Bagol Seymour 1807 D. bv Javelin III. Rui;antino 1803 - D.' bv High fiver Ardroisan 1809 — D. bv \'olunteer Driver 1798 D. bv Carbuncle Octavian 1807 — D. bv Oberon NaboekUsh 1810 D. bv Master Bagot Jack Spiiiot 1818 D. bv Sorcerer Antonio 1816 D. by Evander Lexiiiirton 18.50 — n. by Sarpedon l.ecompte 1&50 - n. bv Glencoe '^tarki- 1855 I ). bv Glencoe Optimist 1857 — D. bv Glencoe X or folk 1861 D. by Glencoe Ki)ii;fisher 1867 D. by Kingston ( mpire 1857 D. by Sarpedon — Mars 1867 D. bv Wild Davrell — Emperor of Norfolk 1885 ■ D. bv Malcolm Americiis 1892 D. by Glenelg 458 The Practical Part of Horsebreedinsj Table II. Byeilj Turk Line. Quiz 1798 Roller 1814 CO I-H X 3 D. bv Matchem Castrel 1801 D. by Alexander Bustard 1801 D. by Trumpator D. by Woodpecker Bn>itar(l 1813 D. bv Shuttle Merlin 1815 — D. by Delplni Paiifaloon 1824 - D. by Peruvian Selini 1802 D. by Alexander Sultan 1816 - D. by Ditto Frcuzv 1830 D. by Walton Heron 1833 D. by Orville Lamplighter 1823 D. bv Walton Sleight of Hand 1836 D. bv Filho da Puta The Libel 1842 D. bv Camel Windtionnd 1847 D. by Touchstone Glencoe 1831 D. by Tramp Beiram 1829 D. bv Stamford Ishmael 1830 D. bv Phantom Beiram 1829 D. by Stamford Lan!;ar 1817 ~ D. bv Walton Bay Mlddleton 1833 D. bv Phantom Ibrahim 1832 D. by Phantom Jereed 1834 D. bv Comus Elis 1833 D. by Sir Oliver Epirus 1834 D. bv Sir Oliver Fisbornian 1853 D. by Sheet And ( New Light 1833 I D. bv Wanderer I Phosphorus 1834 "^ D. by Rubens Traducer 1857 — D. by Elis Thormanby 1857 D. by Muley Mo Vandal 1850 — D. by Tranby Burgundy 1843 D. by Drone ■ Farintosh 1840 D. bv Rubens Co7vl '1842 D. bv Priam Rubens 1805 D. by Alexander Teniers 1816 Snvders 1833 D. by Highland Fling D. by Thunderbolt :1 The Flying DutcljB 1846 D. by Sandbeck Andover 1851 D. by Defence Herm'it 1851 D. by Touchstone Px'rrhus L 1843 D. bv Defence Ephesus 1848 D. by Defence Rostrum 1849 D. by Malek Ade Lightning 1852 D. bv Y. Whalel 6. Tables .Showini; the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. ^59 Ant^lcr 1SG2 X by jMclbourne Maribynioiif; 18G3 D. by FI. Dutchman Sir Modrcd 1877 0. bv Cambuscan iTahle IV. Viriril 1864 I), by Yorkshire Ellington 18.53 D. by Lanercost Anisterilam 18-54 — D. by Elis Ipnoramiis 18.54 n. by The Little Known lii.'v/rrJnm 1855 I l\ by Idle Boy 'n' Satan) ' FIva-i'ay 18.57 bv Melbourne b) ollar 1860 - D. bv .Slane Ifassi Nixsa 1866 D. bv Ion Robinson Crusoe 1873 D. by Stockwell Riciiinond 1872 — — D. by The Premier Hindoo 1878 — — - D. by Lexington Schiedam 1865 D. by Heron .indrnoles 1870 D. bv Light or Serious Salvaior 1872 D. bv Ion St. Cvr 1872 D. by Ion Fonldiuchlcau 1874 - D. by Ion Patiiiirdie 1874 — — D. by Birdcatcher Vigncmalc 1876 D. bv The Baron Prologue 1876 D. by Gladiateur SauDiur 1878 D. bv Jon The Condor 1882 D. bv The Nabob U|>as 1883 D. bv Skirmisher The Admiral 1887 — D. bv Countrvman The Victory 1898 D. by Henchman HiiiiiioTtT 1884 Hamburg 1895 1). bv Bonnie Scotland D. bv Fellowcraft CaUistrate 1890 D. bv Mars Gardcfeii 1895 D. bv Bruce Arbac'es 1897 D. by D'Estournel Codoman 1897 D. bv The Bard Cambyse 1884 D. bv Plutus Pastisson 1890 D. bv Marksman Phla^'eton 1886 D. bv Plutus Lntin 1891 D. by Don Carlos Clamart 1888 D. by Prince Charlie Oiiiiiinin IL 1892 I), bv W'ellingtonia Elf 1893 D. bv .Adventurer CO o a 1— 1 ^^ •M OJ t^ c 5 £ Q >. t< J3 ^ ::: Q a; Arizona 1899 D. bv Melton Kizil Kourgan 1899 D. bv Viligant Rocage 1885 Roitelct 1892 D. bv Chattanooga D. by Mars Dauphin 1885 D. bv Father Thames Dutch Skater 1866 D. bv Gladiator Insulaire 1875 D. bv Beadsman 460 The Practical Part of Horselireeding. <; oj c o 3 O 3 OJ I— I C3 ~ 1- -^ *— 1- £ ^'^ =0 i ^ d '? d .= d ^ £ r- C GO u -^ ^ .2 R I - I I h I g I >. Si °t,| oc ; 6 •= c " t;5 2 1^ '£ tA s £ -^ . sr . i: . L^ . ^ . .5 . •H ■--: ^ ^- -^ '-r. w 00 j:: 0; "■ « '-I ^ ^•dpd;^d |dl;d.^d:°dsc •< fc [^ D^ -< ^ ^ V". e J3 ^^ 1 let: I si H I g I g c I § Ji '^^ "^^ ^" gSi I I I 11 «£ 5i -~ go :^-s- §^ |- 2g o-g |g « "CW g^ gW -C §C |Q _H -0. i"d 5d ^d •i:d .^d .= d a; • . ■ S dcug A'q Q H f&AI HaXja HIS -^ 4) ^■? Cl W t- CL 1—1 ™ S o -gw l-^' Sc k^ /-N !/: ^. 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Thoroughbreds in the Male Line. Jgl s H 0) ^ o h ■-'in ■Zri, 00 00 (h tie S: ■= , = 9 r.= -i = = :i: .-cQ 00 :? I -^ .— c: »^ c X J • ^ ~ .^ — ^ /-^ • s^ rj;. cC 't/ a > = >. » = J3 = j:.? j= ^ --> ^ . c ■ . — ^^ - ^ ^ ■- ■- ■-- ^ •— ^ OC JJ i 00 oc 1/ 00 X , r; c X ■I Ij ^ u i 0 X ^ t: x: ■X ^ - -;^ X X l-H u o c ^ .^ t-^ |.c- ^ X ■CL. Q oc -Ji - .c' 5-^ *^^'.:;^ -o* s >> ^ ^ "TS X o . C ■ ^-/ V f^ c X "*" "" -i, —. "~- •— - - y. -i =^ .5 - -S'-^. = L. •?,x g;}: . s: -C'-h X X ■ M 462 The Practical Part of Horsebreeding. Fourire 189C D. by Energie I op F ro i_ g 3 -^ b/; 00 u ? y 2 J3 "S >. c >. ~ >.3 ^'-S fe' 2 ra 2 c " .S S 0) ^ ~ ■& •■§ .^ £■ ..2 .2 . &- >, 1 I c C I = 1. ^ O u I O o'^ C l^ CU u ° 00 n Ira's T-H n -^ t-h "S'^ ao"oP~5P •^ .^ .^ = . ?i ..2 . PS a, ■ . oj SOgJOJ Aq -Q H II8T Kvsixayj 6. Tables Showing the Ancestors of Tliorouf;hbreds in llie .Malft Line. 463 Table VI. Byeiiy Turk Lino — o - T3 — -3 Buccaneer 1857 D. by Little Red Rover n'ilJ Oats 18C6 — D. bv Harkawav The Rake 1864 — — D. bv Birdcatcher Mlhrook 1866 D. by Daniel o'Rourke Idtis 1867 D. by John o'Gaunt Gay bayrell 1867 D. by king Tom I'ltiit Jones 1865 D. bv Chanticleer See Saw 1865 - D. bv Broclcet Cadet 1867 D. bv Orlando Triumph 1S67 D. hv Alert Flibustier 1867 D. by Stockwell i'. Buccaneer 1870 D. by Orlando Gamecock 1870 D. by Chanticleer Uaisenkiiabe 1872 - D. bv Stockwell Reme'ny 1873 D. bv Pvrrhiis \. Cood'Ho'pe 1873 D. by King Tom Kisher 1873 I), by Rataplan A'// Desperandum 1873 I), by Adventurer Kisher ocscse 1877 — D. by Rataplan Elcmer 1877 D. by Blair Athol Balvany 1878 D. by Newminster Vedcremo 1878 D. bv Compromise I'/iif(i'l881 D. bv Compromise Fciek 1883 D. bv Y. Melbourne Talpra Masyar 1885 - O. bv Cambuscan Gozo 1882 D. bv Oxford Pepper and Salt 1882- V). by Oxford Oroszvar 1875 D. by St. Albans Vasistas 1896 n. bv Vermouth Discord 1876 D. bv Cathedral Bn((-<''1879 St. I'ropez 1890 D. bv Stockwell D. bv Mortemer Little 'Duck 1881 — Cham'paubert 1893 D. hv Rataplan D. bv Carnival Ocean Wave 1S83 D. bv Stockwell I.ovedone 1883 Dinna Forsret 1892 — Z)n;iic/or ^ V- U o j: ^5 o ^ u;; t/5 [^ > t*- X: X Q PZmn Puddin,i; 1857 D. by Birdcatcher Parmesan 1857 - D. bv Verulam Carnival 1860 D. by Blackthorn Macaroni 1860 — D. bv Pantaloon Saccharometer 1860 D. by Jago Lozenge 1862 D. bv Star of Erin D'Estournel 1864 D. by Chanticleer Favonins 1868 D. by King Tom Cremorne 1869 D. by Rataplan Camenbert 1873 D. by King Tom Straccliino 1874 D. by Robert de Gorham Hydromel 1875 D. by Orlando Grollo 1869 D. by Weatherbit Constans 1872 D. by Stockwell Mask 1877 D. by Thunderbolt Scobell 1878 D. by King Tom Mac^re^or 1867 D. by the Fallow Buck Couronne de Fer 1871 D. by Birdcatcher Macaroon 1874 D. by Brocket Macheath 1880 D. by Stockwell Vanderdecken 1869 D. by Melbourne Cticutnber 1870 D. by Birdcatcher Father Claret 1873 D. by Jago Sir Bevys 1876 D. by Kettledrum ? Thurio 1875 D. by Orlando Cameliard 1878 D. by Lord Lyon Reveller 1883 D. by Marsyas c o in >> 00 J CO r-H-O U 6. Tables .Showiii}; the Ancestors of Thorouj^hbrcds in the Male Line. 465 ^1 _ --t ■ c = ZJ X cxS S^.t: :c u 2 ^ 2^ -i 2 y. l; -3 'O ,y. - -^ i: = ^ -f ^ i X i .= i t^ = ,5 •'• a3 j; 'c ^ S oc 'S i ^ Qc C o £ 5 :-" -i^ 1^ Z i= '- '- 2 "■ E >. = >. = >. t >.'^ >.7~ >.'-' >.i— >.i. >.•" >. - >." > ^ >. ^ -^ ~ ^ ^ j: -t-j^ ex; ej: >^j: ^-'^■•-x ^.o ~x -"^^^ -° .^^ ^ "^ X ~ ^' ^ o - ^ '"^ ^' "%^ ^ ^ d -^'* ~'~'"^c cc'^'^ ir-%~ -^ -H =:5 t-^ i ■£ ^ "5 I § a «o > ' _ ,- - c I cs x£ 2 c - — fer*'. c i ■? _ - fS - I £ 2 S ^ '^ .2 ^ = i— B . s— as .a - X __ — 5 r- C — X ^ -c p ; X tdld b s OSSI UOlVKIV'i;) Z.LIJ G — 466 The Practical Part of Horsebrfcding. Table I. (Jortolphiii Arabian Line. Lath 1732 D. by Bald Galloway Trunnion 1747 D. bv Partner V. Cade 1747 (Foun D. by Partner Cliaiii^cliii t; 1747 I), bv Partner Carte 1734 D. bv Bald Gallowav Janus 1738 D. by Bartl. Childers Dormouse 1738 D. bv Partner Reaiiliis 1739 D. bv Bald Galloway Goii'er Stallion 1740 - D. by Whitefoot Babraham 1740 D. by Blind Horse Blank 1740 D. by Bartl. Childers Bajazet 1740 n'. bv Whitefoot Old En inland 1741 D. bv Bartl. Childers Cripple 1750 D. bv Crab Matchless 1734 I"), bv Soreheels .llatchem 1748 D. by Partner Sportsman 1753 D. bv Whitenose Hero 1753 D. by Spinner ]Vildair 1753 D. by Steady Janus 1746 D. by Fox Dorimont 1758 D. by \\'hitefoot , South' 17 oO D. by Soreheels Careless 1751 D. bv Heneage's \\1iitenose Fearnou!;ht 1755 — D. by H.'s Whitenose Jalap 1758 (Foundat D. bv Blackleers Moru'ick Ball 1762 D. by Traveller Sweepstakes 1749 D. bv Partner Cardinal Puff 1760 D. bv Snip Pacolet 1763 D. by Crab Paymaster 1766 — D.' by Snap Amaranthus 1766 D. bv Second Cimcr'ack 1760 D. by Grisewood's Partner Tantrum 1760 D. by Hampton Court Childers dation sire of the coach horses) Le Sang 1759 D. bv Whitenose Turf i760 D. bv .Ancaster Starling Dux 1761 D. by Whitenose Chymist 1765 D. by Whitenose Pantaloon 1767 D. by Snap Coiuliictor 1767 D. 1)V Snap Alfred 1770 D. by Snap Mai;num Bonum 1773 n.' by Swift Espersykes 1775 D. bv Gower Stallion Imperator 1776 —Pipator 1786 r D. bv Herod D. bv Squiril Paviiiitor 17fli D. bv Mark, Anthony Trumpator 1782 D. by Squirrel SdiTerer 179(: D. by Diom< Symme's Wildair 1770 D. by Jolly Roger ion sire of the Cleveland Bays) Paroi^on 1783 D. bv Herod Clockfast 1774 D. bv Regulus Medley 1776 — n. by Snap _ Grev Diomed 1786 D. bv Sloe C. T.ibles Showiiii,' the Ancestors of Thuruu},'Iibrtds in the Male Line. 4f)7 RenwrnhnuHcr ISOO D. bv F.clipse l»r. Sjiitiix 1811 D. bv Beninsbroufjh Thinulcrbolt 1806 D. by Mentor draniciis 180" D. bv Alexander T nil lie 1808 D. bv Blizzard Soolhsavcr 1808 D. by Oolpini Coiims 1S09 1). l)v Sir Peter SiiKiIeiisko 1810 — D. by Mentor BKiirhoii 1811 D. by Precipitate I^ccordoii ISO" D. bv Precipitate The Doctor 1839 D. bv Lotterv .Srra/>(iZ/ 1812 D. by Whiskey Tircsias 1816 D. bv Waxv llc'lciiiis 1821 D. by Oohanna Reveller 181.5 D. bv Benintrbroui^^h Corinthian 1819 D. bv Orville Huiiiplirey (linker 1822 I), bv ("linker Grey Monuis 1835 D. bv Cervantes Jerry 1821 n. bv Orville Milerwan 1822 I), bv Shuttle —Fernhill 1845 D. bv Elis II. Ascot 1832 I), by Rubens Rockini^lutni 1830 1). bv Swordsman Bran 1831 D. by Oiseau Melbourne 1834 see Tabli I), bv Cervantes Ibiciis 1849 I), by Taurus 7'(»»6<)y 1829 Nutu'ith 1840 D. bv .\rdrossan D. bv Comus Jcrem'v Diddler 18.39 D. bv Mulev Jericlio 1842' The Promised Land 18.56 n. bv Seb'm D. by Touchstone Clearii'ell 18.30 I), bv llambletoni.in C5 00 I-H !0 o g i< c CJ c o ».» >, •^ XI 408 'ihe Practical Part of Hiirsebreedin^ Table II. ( Tatton Sykes 1743 D. bv Margrave Prime Minister 1848 — D. bv Pantaloon West Australian 1850 n. bv Touchstone Brocket 1850 D. by Muley Moloch ArtliKr Wellesley 1851- D. bv Launcelot Oidstiyn 1852 D. by Muley Moloch Illuminator 1853 D. by Emilius Meiitniore 1855 n. b\- Defence Y. Melhoiirne 1855 I), bv Pantaloon Knight of the Garter 1864 D. by Touchstone Joskin 1856 D. by The Major The Wizard 1857 D. bv The Cure Australian 1858 I~>. bv Y. Emilius Solon 1861 D. by Birdcatcher Lelio 1862 D. by Launcelot Templier 1862 D. bv Cotherstone Bagdad 1862 D. bv Ionian Riiy Bias 1864 D. bv Gladiator Eole 'II. 1868 D. by The Baron Palmerston 1867 D. bv Flying Dutchman Morn'insiton 18G8 D. by Orlando York Minster 186f) D. bv Newminster The Peer 1855 D. bv Touchstone Syrian 1867 D. by Autocrat Brother to Rapid Rhone 1859 D. bv Lanercost or Retriever Rapid Rhone 1860 D. bv Lanercost or Retriever Brother to Strafford 1860 D. bv Gamebdv Strafford 1861 D. bv Gamebov General Peel 18(31 D. bv Orlando The Earl 1865 D. bv Orlando Statesman 1869 D. bv Orlando Pell Mell 1869 D. bv Voltiijeur New Holland 1872 D. by Zuvder Zei' Darebin 1878 D. bv Traducer 'I'liblus Slniwini; the Ancestors of Tliorouglibrt-ds in the Male Line. -169 -PrzeJswH 1872 D. bv Stockwell Plebeian 1872 D. bv Autocrat -Gosu'iii 1864 D. bv St. Nicholas S|K'ii(ftlirift 1876 D. by Lexington Ailiitriitor 1874 — - D. by Musjid Philammon 1874 D. bv Wild Dayrell Barraldine 1878 D. bv Belladrum -Rchiisant 1882 D. by .Adventurer -Mourle 1875 D. bv Svlvain Ahoiiiiciit 1884 D. by Lecturer Piidis'cliah 188.5 D. by Hermit Kiiii^.stoii 1884 I), bv \'ictorious iMinplifilitcr 1889 I), bv Speculum Hiistiiigs 1893 D. by Blue Ruin KihdHirliii 1884 D. bv Lord Gouij^h AViiiktield 1885 — — D. bv Beadsman Morion 1887 D. bv Beadsman Goodft'lloxv 1887 — D. bv Clanronald Glitter 1887 D. bv John Davis Espoir 1889 D. bv Beauclerc Wolfs Cras 1890 D. h\- Lammermoor Barhary 1891 D. bv Rosicrucian 77;, • Riisli 1892 D. bv .See Saw Sir ]''isto 1892 D. bv Macaroni Marco 1892 D. bv Hermit Barrister 1893 D. bv rianron.-ild ■Ogden 1894 O. bv Bend Or Winkfleld'.* Pride 1893 D. b\' Isonomv -Chaleureux 1894 D. by John Davis c. - -Lord Glasgow 1867 D. by Hobbie Noble Earl of Dartrev 1872 D. by Ratnpl.i'n -Carlton I88.S D. by Speculum -Australian Peer 1884 D. bv .Macaroni — Aiislraliaii Star 1896 D. bv Grandmaster