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THE HORSE

ITS TREATMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

SKIN MARKINGS -I

Black, While Snip on No>e Hro\\n, White Face

Skewlxild
Bay, White Bhize Chestnut, White Star

THE HORSE

ITS TREATMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

WITH A COMPLETE GUIDE TO BREEDING
TRAINING AND MANAGEMENT

Edited by

PROF. J. WORTLEY AXE, M.R.c.v.s.

Ex-PresideiU of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons

Late Lecturer at the f^oyal Veterinary College, and at the Agricultural Colleges of Downtoii and Wye

Chief Veterinary Inspector to the Surrey County Council

Consulting Veterinary Surgeon to the British Dairy Farmers' Association

Author of " The Mare and Foal " "Abortion in Cattle" " Anthrax in Farm Stock "

" Examination of Horses as to Soundness " " Glanders, its Spread and Suppression " " .Swine Fever'

" Lithotomy or the Removal of Stone from the Bladder of the Horse"

DIVISIONAL VOLUME IX

LONDON
THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY

34 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND

CONTENTS

DIVISIONAL -VOLUME IX

Section XL— WARRANTY {Continued)

Page

Patent Defects {Continued) 413

Dealers and Pfjvate Persons and Others ------ 414

Soundness ...--... 419

Vices -......- 424

Section XIL— HORSE-SHOEING

History of Horse-Shoeing - 429

Anatomy and Physiology of the Foot ------- 433

Internal Structure of Hoof --------- 435

Growth of Hoof 436

Cartilage - - - 436

The Frog - - 437

Preparation of Feet for Shoeing - - 433

Shoes ----- 441

Material ----- 441

Weight - - 442

Thickness 442

Width - 442

The Foot Surface of Shoes - - - - - - - - 442

Ground Surface - - 443

"Calkins" - - - - - 444

Toe-pieces - - - - 444

Nails and Nail-holes - 444

Prepared Bar-iron - - - - - 445

Machine-made Shoes - 446

Fitting Shoes ------ 446

Care in Fitting - - 446

i CONTENTS

rage

Circumferential Fitting -- 447

Surface Fitting 44iS

Hot and Cold Fitting 449

Clips 449

Nailing On the Shoe 450

koughing 451

Injuries fi;om Shoeing 452

Nails - - - - 453

Clips 453

Uneven Pressure of the Shoe - 453

" Cutting " or " Interfering " - 455

Over-reach .-- ^oT

Clacking or Forging 457

Section XIIL— THE TRANSIT OF HORSES

Sea Carriage - 461

Diet - 4(i3

Medicines 4G3

Horse Boats 463

Land Cariuage 464

Section XIV.— THE HORSE AND ITS POSITION IN THE
ANIMAL WORLD

The Horse of the Present and the Past - - - - - - 471

Special Features in Structure - 484

Bony Framework - - - - - - ' • - - -485

Muscular System - - 490

The Head 192

Colour ----- 495

Size - - 496

The Ass 496

Zebras 496

Skin Markings and Callosities of the Horse 497

Skin Markings 497

Callosities (Chestnuts and Ergots) 500

False Nostrils and Guttural Pouches 508

Fossil Ancestors of the Horse 509

CONTENTS v:
Section XV.— THE HISTORY OF THE HOESE

Page

Horses of the Past - - 517

The Grecian House . . - - 521

The Horses of Eojie 525

The Horses of Asia and Africa - - 531

The Arab and the Barb - - 531

The Horse in Britain - - 535

GLOSSARY 551

INDEX -563

ILLUSTRATIONS

DIVISIONAL-VOLUME IX

FULL-PAGE PLATES

Skin >L\rkin'gs — I (colaur) ...-.-.

Hackney Mare, Lady Keyingham {colour) 444

Mr. Armour's Team of Dappled Greys — Dappled Grey Gelding - - 498

Skin Markings — II {mlour) 502

Microscopic Structure of Plantar Pads, Chestnuts, and Ergot, - - 508

Skeleton of Phenacodus — Skeleton of Protorohippus - - - - 510

Comparison of the Fore and Hind Feet of the Horse with those of

some of its Ancestors - - 512

Skulls of some Ancestors of the Horse 514

Prjevalsky's Mongolian Wild Horse — Restoration of the Four-toed

Ancestor of the Horse ---------- 520

Assyrian Horses— Greek Horses - 524

The Darley Arabian — The Godolphix Arabian 534

Ecu I'SE— Flying Childeks ----- 538

ILLUSTRATIONS

TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Divers Shapes of Shoes - - - 431

Normal Foot : front view - - - 433
The Wall of the Foot: Hoof showing

Insensitive Lamina;, &c. - - - 434

The Sensitive Foot: Side View - - 435

The Sensitive Foot: Sole and Frog - 435

Lateral Cartilages, &c., of the Foot - 437
Under Surface of the Coffin -Bone,

showing its Position within the

Hoof - 437

Overgrown Foot - - - . 439
Well-proportioned and Ill-proportioned

Feet ---_.. 440

A Pared-out Sole - - - - 441

A "Seated" Foot Surface - - - 443

A Bad Foot Surface - - - - 443

Rodway Iron Shoe with Double Grooves 443

A " Concave " Ground Surface - - 443

Calkins 444

Nail-holes ------ 444

Wrongly-placed Nail-holes - - - 445

Pitch for Nail-holes for Quarters - 445

Pitch for Nail-hole for Toe - - - 445

Shoe Fitted Short at the Heel - - 447

An " Eased " Heel - - - - 448

Shoe with Level Bearing - - - 44S

Shoe Imitating a Worn Ground-surface 44S

Frost-nails - - - - - - 451

Steel Sharps to he Sci'ewed into Shoes

when required . - - . 450

Three-quarter Shoe - - - - 454
Sand Crack, showing Method of Paring

the Crust ----- 455
Shoe for Cutting, showing Position on

the Foot ----- 455

Shoes for Cutting - . - - 456

Over-reachine, Forging, and Clacking - 457

Bartrum's Tethering Apparatus - - 466

Bones of the Foot of an Odd-toed and
an Even-toed Animal - - - 476

Comparative View of Skeletons of Man
and Horse 486

Section of Finger of Man - - - 488

Section of Foot of Horse - - - 488

Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Com-
pared in Natural Positions - - 489

Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Com-
pared (positions reversed) - - 490

Side View of Skull of Man, with the
bone removed so as to show the whole
of the teeth 492

Side View of the Skull of the Horse,
with the bone removed so as to
show the whole of the teeth and
nasal bone ----- 493

Section of Liiworn Incisor of Adult
Horse ------ 495

Ghqitodon reticuhitus, restored from the
remains exhibited in the Natural
History Museum, South Kensing-
ton - - - - - '^- 498

Plantar Surface of the Foot of — A, Man ;
B, Dog; and C, Horse - - - 503

A large chestnut from a cart mare —
Ergot from same animal — Bare patch
from fore-leg of an ass — Bare patch
from ffetus of mare - - - 505

Sections of Chestiuit and Ergot of
Horse and Bare Patch of Ass - 507

Upper Molars of Fossil Ancestors of
the Horse 511

Short- and Long-crowned Molar Teeth 511

Radius and Ulna of Fossil Ancestors of
the Horse 512

PATENT DEFECTS 413

It should be noticed that, as the hxw now stands, a written warranty
can be varied by parole evidence (Graves v. Key, 3 B. v. Ad. 313, 1832).

A distinction should also be drawn between patent defects, which are
the defects of disease, accident, &c., and such as are in the nature of
natural malformations.

These latter are patent, and may seriously interfere with a horse's
action, as where it is cow-hocked, but a warranty will not cover them.
Whether curby hocks are a natural malformation or not is a moot-point,
and in Brown v. Elkington (8, 7 v. W. 132, 1841) the jury, under the
judge's direction, found for the defendant on the ground that curby hocks
are not, like splints, symptoms of disease, but malfoi'uiation for which the
seller is not liable.

One question that naturally suggests itself in connection with this
subject of patent defects is, what is the position of dealers in respect of
it? These, it is clear from their special training, are better able to judge
of, and would be quicker to notice, defects than an ordinary or unskilled
person, and defects that would not be patent to the latter might be so
to them. The answer is that the law makes no distinction between skilled
and unskilled persons in respect of patent defects, but the former are
placed in the same favourable position as the latter in this respect.
And rightly, as a man's special skill should not be pleaded to his dis-
advantage. Of course, where defects are so patent as to be obvious to
any one, neither a dealer nor a private person would be protected by a
warranty. Many defects are obvious to any one, as, for instance, broken
knees and severe lameness. Vice, too, can hardly be concealed. Very
often, however, a warranty is impugned when the buyer only is in fault.
A horse that was perfectly free from vice when sold may be rendered
vicious by cruel or improper treatment; or a horse that was perfectly
quiet to ride or drive in the hands of its former owner may become restive
from want of exercise and from high feeding.

Defects, of course, that are not patent may be covered by a warranty ;
but so indeterminable is the law of patent defects as applied to horse
warranty, that many dealers refuse to give warranties either absolutely
or for more than a certain time. We have already shown that a warranty
given by Messrs. Tattersall at their weekly sales at Albert Gate extends
only to two days, and a common warranty from Horncastle Fair la.sts
twenty-eight days.

^ VOL. ni.

414 WARRANTY

DEALERS AND PRIVATE PERSONS AND OTHERS

We have already had occasion to notice the position of dealers as com-
pared wth private persons in treating of patent defects.

In this relation the law makes no distinction between dealers and non-
dealers, and hence the former in this respect occupy a decidedly favourable
position by reason of their special knowledge.

In other respects, however, dealers are placed at a disadvantage. So,
by the statute, 29 Car. 2 C, 7 S.I., it is enacted that no tradesman, arti-
ficer, workman, labourer, or other person whatsoever shall do or exercise
any worldly labour, business, or tvorh of their ordinary callings, upon the
Lord's Day, or any part thereof (works of necessity and charity only
excepted); and that every jDerson of the age of fourteen years offending in
the premises (that is, in the aforesaid provisions) shall forfeit five shillings.
Under this statute it has been held that a horse-dealer cannot sue for a
breach of warranty made on the sale of a horse which he jjurchased on
a Sunday {Fennell v. Ridler, 5 B. v. C. 406). A sale, however, on a
Sunday, which is not made by the seller or his agent in the exercise of his
ordinary calling, is not void either at common law or under the above
statute {Scarfe v. Morgan, 4 M. v. W. 270, 1838; Drury v. De Fontaine,
I. Raunt. 131, 1808); and in Bloxsome ^\ Williams it was held that a
person who had bought a horse of a dealer, warranted sound, on a Sunday,
but did not know that the vendor was a dealer and exercising his ordinary
calling, could sue upon such warranty. The case of Smith v. Sparroiv
(4 Bing. 84, 1827) is important, because in it the judges doubted the
decision in Bloxsome v. Williams, and referred with high approval to
the case of Fennell v. Ridler. Horse-dealers, farmers, and others, there-
fore, whose ordinary calling, or part of whose ordinary calling, it may
be to sell horses, should be careful not to sell or give a warranty upon a
Sunday. Otherwise they are liable to have the sale repudiated, and the
horse returned upon their hands; or they may find themselves the de-
fendants in an action for breach of warranty to which they will have
no defence.

Another respect in which dealers differ from private j^ersons is that
of agency.

In some cases an agent is undoubtedly able to give a warranty.
Whether he is or is not so able depends upon the nature of the agency
and upon the position of the principal. Horse-dealers and others could
hardly carry on their trade unless they were able to delegate their
authority to a representative. Such a representative would be known

DEALERS AND PRIVATE PERSONS AND OTHERS 415

as a general agent, and, in the absence of express notice to a purchaser,
would have power to do all that is generally done in carrying on such
a trade. So the keeper of a livery stable is liable to an action for breach
of warranty upon a warranty given by his servant, though he had
expressly given such servant instructions not to warrant, for the public
is not supposed to know of any private arrangement between principal
and agent, where the latter is acting within the general scope of his
authority.

This last reservation is important, as where an agent does any act,
which does not form a part of his duties or employment as an agent,
his principal is not bound. {Fenn v. Harrison, 3 T.R. 757, 1790;
Hatvard v. Sheivmxl, L.R. C.P. 148, 1866.) So too the servant of
a private person, who is entrusted with the sale of a horse at a fair or
other public mart, would appear to have power to warrant and bind his
principal by such warranty, as it is usual, in the course of business, for
the person in possession to have such power. [Brady -v. Todd, 9 C.B.,
N.S. 592, 1861; Alexander v. Gibson, 2 Campb. 555, 1811; Brooks v.
Hassal, 49 L.T. 569, 1883.) Except, however, in such a case, the
servant of a private person, who has been instructed to sell and deliver
a horse on a particular occasion, is not thereby authorized to give a
warranty; and if a buyer takes a warranty from such servant, he will
have to prove, in order to bind the principal, that the servant was
authorized to give such warranty. {Brady v. Todd, vide supra.) It should
be noticed that in both the cases instanced above, where the principal
is bound by the act of the agent, he is so bound by general custom or
usage — in the case of the dealer, because the agent is a general agent,
who, in conducting his principal's business, has a generally understood
power to grant warranties; in the case of the private owner, because
it is customary for a person in possession of a horse at a fair or public
mart, and entrusted with the sale of such horse, to possess all the powers
of the owner, including that of warranty. He would not in this case
be a general agent, but rather a special agent with general powers.
In no other case, however, would such a presumption be allowed as
against a private owner, as it is no part of his business to sell horses,
nor can his servant be assumed to have the powers necessary in the
case of a horse-dealer for the conduct of his business.

Where an auctioneer is instructed to sell, he may be the agent of both
buyer and seller for the purpose of signing the memorandum contemplated
by the statute of frauds (29 Car. 2 C. 3).

Whether he is so or not, however, depends somewhat on circumstances.
Where the sale takes place at a private place, he is the agent of the seller

416 WAKKANTV

only, and wherever tlie place of sale may l)e, he only becomes the agent of
the buyer on the fall of the hammer ( Wa7'loiv v. Harrison, 28 L.J. 2
B. 18, 1858). There is no need to give a written authority to an
auctioneer. The mere act of sending a horse to a repository for the sale
of horses would be taken as an implied authority to sell, and an owner
would be bound by a bona-Jide sale even without his express consent.
"An auctioneer has a possession coupled with an interest in goods which
he is employed to sell, not a bare custody, like a servant or shopman.
There is no difference whether the sale be on the premises of the owner
or at a public auction-room; for the premises of the owner an actual pos-
session is given to the auctioneer and his servants by the owner, not merely
an authority to sell. I have said a possession coupled with an interest;
but an auctioneer has also a special property in him with a lien for the
charges of the sale, the commission with the auction duty, which he is bound
to pay." (Wilson, Justice, in Williams v. Millington, I.H., Bl. 81, 1788.)

Where a horse is sold at a repository on the condition that, if it does
not answer the warranty given with it, it may be returned within a certain
time, the auctioneer is statute-holder between the seller and purchaser, and
the money paid by the latter does not rest in the seller until such time
has ela^jsed. The purchase-money, until such time has ela23sed, should
be retained by the auctioneer. A misdescription of horse put up for sale
by the auctioneer will vitiate a sale, and may even amount to fraud,
as if a horse be wrongly described as the property of a certain gentle-
man deceased, or as belonging to a certain stud. Where, too, it is
expressed in the conditions of the sale that " the highest bidder shall
be the purchaser, and if a dispute arise, it shall be decided by a majority
of the persons present ", it would be fraudulent for the seller to bid either
himself or by an agent.

Puffing also is illegal, and if the buyer finds it out, the seller cannot
recover the price (Pilmore v. Hood, 5 Bingham, N.C. 97, 1838). This
point was fully considered in Crotvder v. Austiri (3 Bingham, 368, 1826).
This action was brought to recover the price of a horse sold at Aldridge's
Eepository, where one of the conditions of sale was that each horse should
be sold to the highest bidder. The seller had employed his groom to run
up the price of the horse, and the buyer, having discovered this, refused to
take it. The plaintiff was non-suited. Auctioneers have also a lien (or
claim) upon horses sold by them for their commission and charges {Robin-
son V. Butter, 4 E. v. B. 954, 1855; Williams v. Millington, v. supra;
and Grice v. Kenrick, L.E. 5, 2 B. 340, 1870). Where fraudulent repre-
sentations are put into the mouth of the auctioneer, the seller cannot
recover the price {Murray v. Maim, 2 Exch. 538, 1848).

DEALERS AND PRIVATE PERSONS AND OTHERS 417

Generally, it may be stated that a sale in a feir or market overt is
binding upon all persons claiming any property in the thing sold. In the
country, market overt is only held upon certain fixed days, in a place
specially set apart for the purpose; but shops are not market overt. In
the city of London every shop is market overt for the class of goods
usually sold there, and every day, except Sunday, is a market day. In
the case of horses, the general rule as regards sales in market overt are
somewhat modified by statute. The first statute dealing with the question
was passed in 1555 (2 v. 3 P. v. M.C. 7), and this was followed in 1589 by
another (31 Elir. C. 12). They provide inter alia that, in all fairs and
markets overt where horses are sold, a toll-keeper shall be appointed to
keep the place from ten o'clock in the morning till sunset, and to take tolls
for all horses. Such toll-keeper was further required to enter the names,
descriptions, and addresses of buyers and sellers in a book kept for the
purpose, together with a full description of the horses sold. These statutes
were mainly directed against horse-stealing, and practically eflfected their
object.

It should be noticed here that a sale at a repository outside the city of
London is not a sale in market overt {See v. Bayes, 18 C.B. 599, 1856).

Another class of persons who are liable to the laws of warranty are
job-masters. When a job-master lets out a horse or carriage for any par-
ticular purpose, he is taken to have warranted it for that purpose.

This reservation is important, as such liability ceases if the hirer
ias used the horse for any other purpose than that for which it is
let out.

Thus, if a horse is let out for riding, the hirer must not put it into
harness; if he does so, and an accident thereby happens, he, and not the
■owner, is liable.

Generally, also, if the hirer keeps the horse for a longer period than
that for which it is hired, he is responsible. AVith these exceptions, how-
ever, and certain others which I shall presently notice, the letter is respon-
sible for every accident and loss which he cannot prove to have been due
to the positive negligence of the hirer (Cooj^er v. Burton, 3 Camp. 5, 1810).
What constitutes negligence in contemplation of law is not capable perhaps
of exact definition.

Some acts, however, are clearly negligent.

Thus, in driving on the wrong side of the road, one is bound to exer-
cise more than ordinary care to avoid a collision; if one do not exercise
such care, and an accident happens, one will clearly be liable for such
accident on the ground of negligence. So, too, a hirer has been held liable
for "overdriving" a horse {Walley v. Holt, 35 L.T., N.S., 630, 1876).

418 WAHKANTV

But where a horse is returned with broken knees tiie letter must prove
negligence in the hirer {Coojjer v. Burton, v. supra).

If a horse fall ill during the hiring, and the hirer prescribes for it him-
self and the horse dies, he is liable, but not if he calls in a farrier {Deane v.
Keate, 3 Camp. 4, 1811); also, if a horse become exhausted and refuse its
food, the hirer must discontinue the use of it {Bray v. Maine, Gow. 1, and
see Edivardsv. Carr, 13 Gray's Massachusetts Rep. 234, 1859). To sup-
port an action for negligence the rule is that there must be some affirma-
tive proof of negligence; where the evidence does not go to prove which
party failed to take proper care, the plaintiff will fail in his action.
Further, if there has been contributory negligence, that is if an accident
alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant would not
have happened but for negligence on the part of the plaintift, the latter
could not recover. The owner is also bound to supply strong and proper
harness where a horse is employed to draw any vehicle, and is liable if any
accident occurs through the reins breaking {Cottcrill i\ Starhey, S.C. v.
P. 693). It was there stated that " if a person driving along the road
cannot pull up because his reins break, that will be no ground of defence,
as he is bound to have proper tackle ". It was also decided in this case
that " a foot-passenger has a right to cross a highway, and persons driving
carriages along the road are liable if they do not take care, so as to avoid
driving against the foot-passengers who are crossing the road ". They are
also bound " to drive slowly, cautiously, and carefully over a crossing for
foot-passengers", while a correlative duty is cast upon the foot-passengers
" to use due care and caution in going upon a crossing, so as not recklessly
to get among the carriages ( Williavis v. Richards, 3 C. v. K. 82). " The
rule", however, "as to the proper side of the road does not apply with
respect to foot-passengers; and as regards foot-passengers, the carriages
may go on whichever side they please " (Cotterill v. Tuff).

Where a job-master lets horses by the day, week, or job, and also
supplies the driver, he is generally responsible for all the injuries resulting
from careless driving; if, however, the hirer supplies the driver, he would
appear to be responsible for any accident or loss arising from negligence or
want of skill in such driver {Croft v. Alison, 4 B. v. Aid. 590). Where,
however, the letter supplies the driver, the hirer may make himself respon-
sible under certain circumstances, as where he takes upon himself the actual
management of the horses, or directs the driver to do something unusual
or improper, in consequence of which an accident happens {Quarman v.
Burnett, 6 M. v. W., 507).

The mere fact of the hirer sitting on the l)o.\-seat alongside the driver
will not, however, as conunonly supposed, relieve the latter of responsi-

SOUNDNESS 419

bility. Of course, if an accident happens through a servant exceeding or
not acting within the scope of his duties, the master is not liable. What
acts are and what are not within the scope of the servant's employment it
is not always easy to determine, and is a question that must necessarily
depend to a large extent upon the facts of each particular case.

SOUNDNESS

What is meant by soundness has been variously stated in works upon
the horse and also in decided cases. According to Baron Parke in Kid-
dell V. Burnard, " the word ' sound ' means what it expresses, namely, that
the animal is sound and free from disease at the time it is warranted to be
sound"; and in the same case Baron Alderson says, "the word 'sound'
means sound, and the only qualification of which it is susceptible arises
from the purpose for which the warranty is given. If, for instance, a
horse is purchased to be used in a given way, the word ' sound ' means
that the animal is useful for that purpose, and ' unsound ' means that
he at the time of sale is affected with something which will have the
effect of impeding that use." Such may be taken to embody the legal
definition of soundness.

Positive definitions are, however, rarely satisfactoiy, and for practical
purposes a negative definition, that is a definition of unsoundness, is at
once easier and better. " Stonehenge " gives the definition of unsoundness
as " the existence of disease or alteration of structure which does or will
impair the horse's natural usefulness ". Unsoundness, therefore, would
appear to be caused by disease or alteration of structure either actually or
prospectively impairing a horse's usefulness. The diseases that constitute
unsoundness we shall presently consider; what is meant by "alteration of
structure " may be disposed of at once. A sound horse has been defined as
" a horse in perfect health, with perfect action or motion of all its limbs
and organs ". Not that, to be sound, a horse must exactly fulfil these
requirements — very few horses do — but a horse may be said to be perfect
in health and limb without being ideally perfect. A horse, for instance,
with some natural malformation may be perfectly sound, as already inti-
mated, since natural malformation does not constitute unsoundness, and
yet not be perfect in such a sense. A horse, however, that had been
" nerved " would not be sound. In Best v. Osborne (E. v. M. 290), where
a horse moved soundly enough, but had been " nerved" to cure it of lame-
ness, Mr. Justice Best remarks : " Sound means perfect, and a horse de-
prived of a useful nerve is imperfect, and has not that capacity for service
which is stipulated for in a warranty of soundness".

420 WARRANTY

It remains further to consider wliat diseases or defects do. and wliat do
not, constitute unsoundness. It will clear the ground if we deal with the
latter class first.

Bog spavins are caused by sprain or hard work, and in the slighter
cases do not constitute unsoundness. If, however, they cause lameness,
the case is otherwise, though lameness alone amounts to unsoundness.
Spavins generally we shall have occasion to consider later.

Broken knees, when the joint is not so injured as to impair its
action, do not amount to unsoundness.

Capped hocks and elbows do not render a horse unsound, so long
as they do not cause lameness or interfere in any way with the action of
the joints.

Contraction of the foot is not in itself a mark of unsoundness. It
is, however, frequently a result of unsoundness, as of navicular disease, and
will then amount to unsoundness.

We may here also conveniently notice rings on the hoof. These are
sometimes regarded as marks of unsoundness, though they are not neces-
sarily so.

When a horse suffers from a disorder the growth of the hoof becomes
less active, resulting in the formation of a groove, and then, when the
horse is turned out to grass, healthy growth is renewed, thus causing a
ring. Blisters, too, if used periodically, will cause a rapid growth of the
hoof for the time, and a series of rings will result as a consequence.

Curby hocks are not unsoundness. In the celebrated case of Brown
V. Elkington (8 M. v. W. 132), Lord Abinger remarked that "a defect in
the formation of the horse, which had not occasioned lameness at the time
of sale, though it might render the animal more liable to be lame at some
future time, was no breach of warranty ". This view was upheld by the
Court of Exchequer, which refused to grant a new trial.

Cutting is not unsoundness, unless the horse is lame from it at the
time of sale. It is, in fiict, often the result of bad shoeing.

Soreness of the joints arises from overwoi"k and is not accounted
unsoundness.

Splints do not amount in every case to unsoundness, but only when
they cause, or by their size, form, or position are likely to cause, lameness.
The leading case on splints is Margetson v. Wright, to which we have
already had occasion to refer.

Thoroughpin in a moderate degree would not appear to amount to
unsoundness. As this, however, is a matter of opinion, it is unwise to
warrant a horse sound if suffering from this disease.

Thrush, when only a consequence of mismanagement, and not caused

SOUNDNESS 421

by any disea.^e or defect in the horse, will not be held to amount to
unsoundness.

Windgalls usually arise from overwork, and when of small size and
unproductive of lameness, do not constitute unsoundness.

We now come to consider those diseases or forms, or stages of disease,
which do constitute unsoundness.

Blindness. — All forms or degrees of blindness which impair a horse's
usefulness amount to unsoundness.

Bog spavins, when so severe as to interfere with the action of the
joint, amount to unsoundness.

Breaking down. — A horse is said to be broken down when through
an extraordinary strain on the sinews and tendons of the leg it has become
temporarily lame, and the part affected is swollen and inflamed. The
swelling may sometimes be so reduced as to pass unnoticed by an ordinary
buyer, but a broken-down horse is undoubtedly unsound.

Broken Knees. — These, when the injury is only slight and superficial,
do not, as already intimateci, render a horse unsound; but when the knees
have been so badly broken as to allow the synovia, or joint-oil as it is called,
to escape, or when the skin over the knees has become so thickened, in con-
sequence, as to impede their action, the horse will be unsound. The latter
kind of unsoundness, however, occurs more especially when a horse has been
thrown down repeatedly, or when the injury has been deep and severe.

Cataract constitutes unsoundness in every stage of the disease.

Cold. — This is unsoundness, and will vitiate a warranty of soundness
if the horse is suft'ering from a cold at the time of sale.

Corns, which generally occur in the fore-feet, are usually held to be a
mark of unsoundness, and if they cause, or are likely to cause, lameness,
are so. If, however, they are superficial and only of a trifling nature, they
would not apparently amount to unsoundness. In an aggravated form, or
in any of their more serious developments, they would unquestionably
amount to unsoundness.

Coughs. — A cough will render a horse unsound, that is, of course, if
the horse had it at the time of sale. To avoid unnecessary litigation, how-
ever, it should be observed that horses are specially liable to acquire this
ailment, and if they do so at any period after sale, there can be no return
for breach of warranty.

Curbs are accounted unsoundness, even though there be no lameness.
A horse with a curb, sold' under a general warranty, can be at once
returned; if, however, the curb be pointed out at the time of sale, it
will be a case of special warranty, and the buyer must be upon his guai'd.
Curby hocks have already been noticed.

422 WARRANTY

Farcy, a disease identical with glanders, renders a horse unsound.

Fever in the Feet, Founder, or Laminitis alters the structure
of the foot, and tlierefore uuiouuts to unsoundness. This disease alone,
apart from other considerations, renders a horse unsound, because the
laminae are so affected by the disease that a horse which can be proved to
have suffered from it is most likely to fall lame if put to work. Dropping
and bulging of the sole of the foot and displacement of the bones is often a
result of laminitis.

Glanders is a most serious disease, sometimes confounded with
strangles. A horse sold with glanders should be at once returned and
the purchase-money demanded back.^ If the seller can be proved to have
known of the existence of the disease, the buyer may also recover damages.
A horse with glanders must not be resold, but destroyed.

Grease, a skin disease generally afiecting the heel of the foot, and
which will be found dealt with elsewhere, constitutes a horse unsound.

Mange, a parasitic skin disease which is generally apparent, amounts
to unsoundness.

Megrims, or fits, renders a horse unsound.

Navicular disease, a disease of the foot, known in its advanced stage
as " grogginoss ". renders a horse unsound.

A "nerved" horse is unsound on two grounds; by reason of the
disease for which it was "nerved", and as being structurally imperfect
through the nerves having been severed. A " nerved " horse may be able
to work, but is at any time liable to become useless on account of the
defect.

Ophthalmia is unsoundness. If it has previously existed and again
manifests itself soon after purchase, it is most likely of constitutional
origin. Evidence of its presence by a competent veterinary surgeon will
be sufficient to enable the buyer to rescind the contract.

Ossification of any of the structures adjacent to the joints, and there-
fore ossification of the lateral cartilages, constitutes unsoundness.

Pumiced foot is unsoundness, as being evidence of laminitis.

Quidding, being an indication of disease or defect in the mouth, is
unsoundness.

Quittor, a chronic abscess of the foot, is unsoundness. It is generally
accompanied by more or less lameness, which, as already stated, would
alone constitute unsoundness.

Ring-bones and Side-bones, both large and small, render a horse
unsound.

' Notice to the vendor must lie given, recent law preventing the leading of a glandered horse through a
thoroughfare except under special conditions.

SOUNDNESS 423

Roaring and whistling, as evidence of contraction of the entrance to
the air-passages, render a horse unsound; in other words, they are evidence
of a structural defect, and a roarer or whistler is therefore unsound. This
was decided in Onsloiv v. Eames (2 Starkie, N.P.C. 81).

Ruptures of all kinds render a horse unsound.

Sand-cracks, or cracks in the hoof of a horse, sometimes extending
from the sole to the coronet, constitute unsoundness. They have been
already noticed in treating of "patent defects", and would apparently
only invalidate a warranty where the buyer has no power of inspection.

Seedy-toe, which appears as a hole or cavity in the hoof, is a form of
unsoundness. False -quarter, or sand-cracks in an aggravated form,
would clearly amount to unsoundness. The remark as to warranty in
cases of sand-crack would apply both to "seedy-toe" and " false-c|uarter ".

Spavin (bone). — A spavined horse has been held to be unsound,
although not lame [Watson v. Denton, 7 C. v. G. 86). Many good racers
and hunters, however, have spavins, which in no way impede their action
or inconvenience them.

If a spavin caused lameness, it would undoubtedly render a horse un-
sound. " Bog " and " blood spavins " have already been noticed.

Strangles, an infectious fever affecting the throat, which is very likely
to lay the seeds of roaring and whistling, amounts to unsoundness.

Stringhalt, a peculiar jerky action of the hind-legs, will render a
horse unsound. It should be observed that horses with this disease,
though unsound, are not incapacitated for any kind of work.

Thickening of the back sinews, or suspensory ligament, will,
when appreciable, constitute a horse unsound.

The diseases above noticed, it will be observed, apply for the most part
to the feet and legs. They constitute, in fact, in the vast majority of cases,
the grounds on which horses are returned for alleged breach of warranty.
There are, however, other diseases not so easily discoveral)le which amount
to unsoundness. Generally, it may be stated that all diseases of the
internal organs constitute unsoundness, though they are frecjuently so
subtle as to defy detection. Of these it will be sufficient to notice a few
to which the horse is more especially liable. Colic and gripes are self-
evident, as the horse that suffers from them is convulsed with agony; but
chronic nephritis, or inflammation of the kidneys, is less apparent, but move
insidious. AVe may also notice cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder,
spasm of the neck of the bladder, stone in the bladder, and diabetes,
all or any of which diseases will render a horse unsound for the purposes
of warranty, as will any acute or chronic ailment of the other important
organs of the body.

424 WARRANTY

VICES

Besides diseases and defects which amount to unsoundness, there are
certain faults which will entitle a buyer to return a horse when warranted
" free from vice ". Of course, it must be clear that such faults existed at
the time of sale, and are not the result of subsequent mismanagement or
unskilfulness. The first we shall have occasion to notice is: —

Biting. — A biter is manifestly vicious, as lieing dangerous to those
who have occasion to approach it. From the great power in a horse's jaw
it is capable of inflicting terrible injuries.

Bolting, or running away, is also held to be a vice, if habitual. It is
open to question, however, whether a horse that has run away once would
not be likely to do so again if a favourable ojjportunity offered.

Crib-biting, as tending to injure a horse, is sometimes held to be
a vice. If it has that effect, it undoubtedly is a vice. Many devices have
been tried to cure this habit, with more or less success. One, adopted by
a well-known sportsman, is a slung bar in front of the manger, which slips
away from the horse as often as he attempts to gnaw it.

Kicking. — This is a very bad and dangerous habit, and a confirmed
kicker is unquestionably a vicious animal. It is, however, not at all
an unusual thing for a high-mettled or even a docile horse to develop a
habit of kicking, in consequence of mismanagement or cruelty, which before
purchase was perfectly free from the vice. Thus a young horse warranted
" quiet to ride and drive", after being kept in the stable a long time
and too highly fed, may, on being put into harness, run away, though
it had never shown a tendency to do so before; or kick the dashboard
to pieces and upset the vehicle, from being urged uphill with sticks.
Before returning a horse, therefore, for the alleged vice of kicking, it is
always desirable to ascertain, first, whether the horse is a confirmed kicker;
and secondly, if it be so, how it acquired such a habit. Kicking when
" merely a mode of letting off superfluous spirit" is, of course, not a vice.

Rearing, if it has become a habit, is most dangerous, as the horse
may fall backwards upon and kill its rider. In this stage it is probably
incurable, and is a vice. In a raw, unbroken colt, however, it could
hardly be accounted a vice.

Restiveness, in the sense of refusing to go in the direction desired,
is a returnable vice.

Shying, when a confirmed habit, is a vice.

Weaving in the stable, or an uneasy moving of the head from side
to side, like a wild beast in his cao;e, is a vice.

VICES 425

AVe may conveniently sum up this brief enumeration of ailments
amounting to unsoundness and returnable vices with the definition laid
down in Elton v. Brogden (4 Camp. 281): "If at the time of sale the
horse has any disease which either actually does diminish the natural
usefulness of the animal, so as to make him less capable of work of any
description, or which in its ordinary progress will diminish the natural
usefulness of the animal, this is unsoundness; or if the horse has, either
from disease or accident, undergone any alteration of structure that either
actually does at the time, or in its ordinary effects will diminish the
natural usefulness of a horse, such a horse is unsound ".

It should also be borne in mind that ailments to amount to unsound-
ness need not be permanent or incurable. It is sufficient if the horse
is affected by such ailment at the time of sale; or even, according to
the decision in the leading case of Margetson v. Wright, to which we
have already had occasion to refer, if the horse has the seeds of unsound-
ness in him at the time of sale. Even if a horse which was unsound
at the time of sale, recovers before action is brought, this is no defence
to such action.

We may conveniently close this chapter with a few remarks as to
the proper course to be adopted where a horse is believed not to answer
to its warranty.

If there can be no mistake about its unsoundness, and that such
unsoundness existed at the time of sale, it should be at once returned,
with a letter demanding back the purchase - money. It is, however,
always desirable to obtain independent veterinary testimony, written if
possible, or the opinion of an expert, previous to returning the horse.
Such return should also be accompanied by a copy of the veterinary
surgeon's report, or the expert's opinion. If the seller refuses to take
the horse back, it may be sold, and he may be sued for any deficiency
between the price realized at such sale and the price originally paid for
it, together with any expenses to which the buyer may have been thei-eby
put. Of course, there must be no unnecessary delay in returning the
animal, as the law does not aid those who sleep upon their rights.

No definite time is fixed by law for the return, and each case must
be governed more or less by its own peculiar incidents; but generally,
in the absence of any stated time, as where the horse has not been sold
subject to the rules obtaining at some fair or repository for the sale of
horses, eight days inclusive may be taken to be a reasonable limit.

If the horse is very valuable, legal aid should be sought, and action
will then be taken in one of the superior courts, but many cases of
warranty will naturally come within the jurisdiction of the county courts,

426 W'AKUAXTV

and in that case the plaintiff may desire to conduct his own case. In
this latter event he can obtain all necessary information respecting the
usual formalities from the officials of the court belonging to the district
in which he lives. A few suggestions, however, will not be out of place.
All original letters or documents should be carefully preserved, together
with the warranty, if written. He should also write out a detailed
statement of his claim, of which he should make three copies, one for
his own use, one for service on the defendant, and the third to be attached
to the plaint note. He should also serve a notice upon the defendant
to produce all letters and documents bearing upon the case. The plaintiff
should then consider what witnesses he requires to piove his case, anil
if he has reason to think that any of them will not come willingly, he
should subpoena them. His statement in court should be a plain and
unvarnished setting - out of the facts, chronologically arranged, up to
the discovery and proof of breach of warranty. The defence set up ma}'
be a direct denial of the allegations of the plaintiff, or that such alleged
breach is the plaintiff's own fault.

If the warranty is in writing, the case will, of course, be much simplified,
as the court will be in possession of the exact terms. If the warranty
is not in writing, the plaintiff should be careful to give the exact terms
of the warranty, since, as already stated, there are many representations
which do not amount to, or constitute part of, a warranty.

A written certificate of soundness or unsoundness, it is to be observed,
is only of use in court for the purpose of correcting evidence, and the
person giving such certificate should be in court, so that the party to
whom such certificate is adverse may have an opportunity of cross-examin-
ing him. A written warranty, as already stated, need not be stamped.
Whether, however, a horse is to be sold with a warranty or not, the
intending purchaser should be careful to overhaul him before a bargain
is struck, as, where there is full power of inspection, the maxim caveat
emjytor, " at purchaser's risk", will apply, where there is a warranty in
respect of patent defects, and where there is no warranty, unconditionally.

HORSE-SHOEINGl

Section XII.-HORSE-SHOEINGl

HISTORY OF HORSE-SHOEING

The adoption of horse-shoeing marks an advanced stage of civilization
in a country. Good roads are essential to social and commercial develop-
ment, and good roads necessitate horse - shoeing. Until artificial roads
are made and generally adopted, the horse's hoof is able to withstand the
wear of tolerably long journeys. Between the time of no shoes and the
era of shoes fixed by nails a long period of slow evolution intervened.
In the days of Xenophon horses were not shod either for civil or military
purposes. The armies of Alexander suffered from the effects of wear
upon the feet of their horses, and we are told that cavalrv was left
behind, owing to the damaged state of the horses' hoofs. A form of
sandal woven of grass is the earliest protection for the horse's foot
recorded, and it was not constantly used, but only employed on horses
that were too lame to travel without some temporary co^■er for the worn
or broken hoof. Probably the next stage in hoof-protection would be
the use of leather, as less cumbersome than the sandals made from
vegetable fibre. Then we pass to the use of metal plates to strengthen
the sandals, and next to metal plates attached by leather thongs.

Metal shoes for continuous wear, fixed by nails, came gradually into
use in Europe between the fifth and ninth centuries. As skilled work-
men would be rec^uired to make and fix them, it may be concluded that
at first only horses employed for military or court purposes would be
generally shod. Then the hor.ses used for trafiic in towns would be
shod, and as hard roads extended, so would the art of shoeing spi'ead
along them for the protection of the feet of horses used for carrying goods
or passengers.

There is no account of the art in this country prior to the Conquest,
when William of Normandy gave to Simon St. Liz, one of his followers,
the town of Northampton and the hundred of Falkley, then valued at
£40 per annum, to provide shoes for his horses. In Brook's Catalogue
of Errors, page 65, it is stated that " he appointed Henry de Ferrers,

430 HORSE-SHOEING

to be superintendent of the shoeing smiths; and his descendants the
Earls of Ferrers bore six horse - shoes on the quarterings of their arms.
At Oakham, in Ruth\ndshire, the seat of the fomily, a singular custom
long prevailed. If any baron of the realm passed through the place, he
was to forfeit one of his horse's shoes unless he chose to redeem it by
i\ fine. The forfeited shoe, or one made in its place, was fixed upon the
castle gates, inscribed with his name. In consequence of this custom
the gates became in time covered with numerous shoes, some of them
of unusual size, and others gilt, &c."

From its introduction by the Conqueror, to the time of Elizabeth, we
have little recorded account of the shoeing art, but that it was not
neglected we may be certain, as one of the old City of London Guilds
— the Worshipful Company of Farriers — was founded as early as 13G0.

The first work in the English language which contains any detailed
account of .shoeing is that of Blundeville, published in 1609. In this
work, illustrations are given of shoes for general and .special purposes,
and for .sound and unsound feet. These shoes (fig. 623) are very similar in
outline to those now used, but are heavy and clumsy, and wanting in some
of the little details which are necessary to make them most useful and
comfortable. The horse-shoe of Queen Elizabeth's time was merely a ])ar
of iron about twice as wide as it was thick, turned to the outline of the
hoof, and supplied with nail-holes punched through its substance. In
1674 the Worshipful Company of Farriers obtained from Charles TI a
Charter of Incorporation which gave them controlling powers over all
farriers within the city of London and for seven miles around. One of
the rea.sons for granting the charter was that " horses were seriously
injured by the operations of persons unskilled in the art". In this
reign farriers not only shod but doctored the horse, and were the re-
cognized attendants on sick and injured animals.

In the eighteenth century further progress had been made, and more
than one useful treatise was published. Two of the most practical writers
were Osmer and Clark, who had noticed the injury done to flat feet by
the uneven bearings of a flat shoe. They con.sequently bevelled oft' a
portion of the foot surface of the .shoe, so that only its outer portion
came in contact with the hoof. Just before the clo.se of the century a
French veterinarian arrived in England and founded the Royal Veterinary
College. Charles Vial de Sainbel only lived a short while after establish-
ing the college, but during that time he reintroduced a shoe flat on
the foot surface and concave towards the ground. The successor of
Sainbel at the Veterinary College was a surgeon named Coleman, who
took great interest in the horse's foot and shoeing. He published two

HISTORY OF HORSE-SHOEING

431

volumes — one on the anatomy of the foot, with coloured plates, and one
on the jjrinciples of shoeing. About the same time a sporting gentleman,
Strickland Freeman, issued a book on horse-shoeing. It is difficult to
say whether his or Coleman's illustrations were the more artistic and
correct. Both were excellent, but it must be confessed that the principles

Fig. 6*2-3. — Divers Shapes of Shoes

A, A shoe for a perfect horse. B, Hinder shoe for same, c. For a flat-foot or pomised horse. D, For
a false quarter, shoe with the inside turned outward to show the shoulderings. E, Fore-shoe for interfering.
F, Hind-shoe for interfering. G, Liinet for weak heels. H, The planch for weak heels. I, A shoe with a
vice. J, A joint shoe to widen and straighten at pleasure. K, A shoe with a welt or border. L, A shoe
with rings to make a horse lift his feet.

of farriery laid down by Freeman were better than those of his scientific
rival.

Between 1800 and 1830 the subject of horse-shoeing found many
exponents. Bracy Clark, Goodwin, Moorcroft, and Cherry kept up a
continuous discussion, which doubtless did much to improve the art,
but which introduced some very unfortunate theories, followed by evil
practices. Flat .shoes and "seated" shoes were offered as panaceas for
all kinds of feet. Narrow shoes were pitted against wide shoes, short
against long. Frog pre.ssure and short shoes w-ere tried and discarded.
Soles were pared thin, and frogs trimmed to favour elasticity. Shoes

432 HORSESHOEING

were niiuk' with hinges to allow oxpaiision, iuid heated quanels took place
as to the position and direction which nails and nail-holes should take.
Each authority pledged himself to some special form of shoe or method
of applying it as the only one suital)le for all feet. Few, if any, seemed
to grasp the fact that horses' feet differed widely in form and suljstance,
and that the best general principles depended largely for success upon
the careful performance of every detail.

From 1830 to 18G0 not much was written about horse-shoeing.
Farriers followed their own lino, and rather looked a.skance at theories
and principles. The actual manual work was remarkabl}' well done in
the large towns, but too much attention was given to the production
of the slioe, whilst the preparation of the foot was neglected sa^•e for
the neat and smart appearance shdwii b}' the whole operation. The
hoof was pared and rasped as though it were an inanimate block, with
the result that it was more fitted for a taljle ornament than a basis of
support for a horse travelling over rough roads. To the late Mr. Joseph
Gamgee belongs tlie chief credit of the more sensible methods adopted
to-day. From IBGO to 1870 he never ceased to write and teach that a
horse-shoe was wanted to protect a hoof from wear, that the hoof should
be left as strong as possible compatible with its proper proportions, and
that tlie fitting of a shoe to the foot should be exact, whilst every foot
should be treated according to its own special requirements. He was
ably seconded in his endeavours by Dr. G. Fleming and other veterinarians,
with the result that correct principles are now quite understood and
fiiirly widely adopted. During the last decade a new dejDarture has been
made in some counties. The technical education connnittees have recog-
nized the importance of hor.se-shoeing as a craft, and an endeavour is
being made to improve the art by lectures and by practical demonstrations
with a travelling forge and an efficient instructor. Now that apprentice-
ship has fallen into desuetude, this practical instruction is the only way
in which many districts can off"er facilities for young workmen to see the
best work and to have it explained to them.

Few owners of horses appreciate the importance of the best shoeing,
which can only be done with time and care. Low-priced work means
low-priced lal)our, and tlie hurry necessary to obtain a living by it quite
prevents men from giving the attention to details which is essential to
good shoeing, even when knowledge of principles and manual skill exist.
The aim of this article is to aff'ord owners of horses such information
as will enable them to know good from bad shoeing, or at any rate to
impress them with the fact that the art is an important and difficult one,
worth much more attention than it obtains.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT

433

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT

Some knowledge of tlie structure of the foot and of its functions is
necessary to an understanding of the principles of horse-shoeing. The
hoof is only a layer of horn covering very sensitive parts and affording a
base of support for the limb. A damaged hoof cannot properly protect the
parts within, and a deformed hoof places the whole limb at a disadvantage
even as a column of su^iport — much more
so as a propelling organ, when great effort
is recjuired for draught, or quick move-
ments for pace.

The hoof is not a regular geometrical
figure, it is an irregular one (fig. 624),
and this irregular form must be followed
in shoeing. If the two front feet be looked
at on the ground it will be seen that they
are similar in form and size, that the inner
surface is more upright than the outer,
and that the hoof is much higher in front
than behind.

The Wall (fig. 625) is the part of
the horn forming the front and sides of
the hoof. It grows downwards from the
coronet, and as it slopes forward and is
constantly growing, there is a continuous
lengthening of the toe. The effect of ex-
cessive growth is therefore to l)ring the
bearing surface of the foot out of proper
relation to the leg, and all overgrown feet afford a disadvantageous
po.sition for the horse standing or moving. When a horse is shod his
hoof continues growing, and if the shoe be retained too long, the hoof
gets disproportionate, and may cause either stumbling or injury to the
tendons. The angle at which the front of the wall slojjes is a useful
guide to the proportions of the hoof It .should be about 45 degrees.
When the toe is too long the wall slopes too much, when the heels are too
high the front of the wall is too upright (fig. 631). The wall is thicker
at the toe than at the heels, and as this variation is gradual from front
to back, so nails may be driven into it with less danger towards the
toe. The wall does not vary in thickness vertically, so a good workman
may safely drive a nail to any reasonable height in its substance. The

Fig. 624. — Normal Foot; front view,
showing slopes of (a) outer wall and
(B) inner wall

434

HORSESHOEING

outer layer of the wall is the hardest, and thus most cai)al)le of resisting
wear. It jirotects the deeper layers, and by preventing evaporation keeps
them tough and pliant. The evil of rasping is that the exi)0sed horn soon
becomes hard, and a repetition or excess of the process renders the hoof
brittle.

When the under surface of the foot is examined, the sole, frog, and bars
are seen.

The sole forms the larger portion of tlie Hoor of the hoof. It is con-
cave, and firmly attached to the border of the wall. On a smooth, level

surface only the outer portion
of the sole^that wliicli is
immediately connected with
the wall — takes a direct
bearing. But the sole sus-
tains its share of the weight
of the liorse just as an arch
supports weight although
resting only on its abut-
ment.

The frog is the promi-
nent triangular -shaped mass
of horn situated at the back
part of the under surface of
the hoof It extends forward
to a point reaching more than
half-way to the toe. Its
prominent surface is broken
by a depression which should l»e shallow, but which is too often a
narrow, deep fissure. On each side of the frog is a sipace separating it
from the bars. This space permits lateral yielding when weight is placed
upon the frog. It must not be supposed that the frog is an extra thick
mass of horn resting on a level sensitive foot. Its prominent parts and
its depressions follow exactly a similar formation of the sensitive structure
under it, and the whole should be left in its full strength. The form of
this division of the hoof suggests its use, which is to form a catch when
the foot comes to the ground, and so increase the security of foothold.
The structure of the frog is a tough clastic horn, and as the l^ack of the
foot comes to the ground first during progression, the frog is well con-
stituted to break concussion.

The bars are the ridges of horn which run on each side of the fi'Og
forwards from the heels. They are formed by a turning-in of the wall at

, 625.— The Wall of the Foot: Hoof showing-
Insensitive Laminie, &c.

Peripolic horn-band. B, Coronary groove, c, Insensitive
laniin<ie. D, Horny sole. K, Horny frog.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THP: FOOT

435

Fig. 6"26. — The Sensitive Foot : Side View

A, Skin, a', Skin devoid of hairs. B, Peripohc band,
c, Coronary cushion. D, Sensitive laniinie.

its posterior extremity. Between the bars and the wall are enclosed the
exti'emities of the sole, which are often injured by a badly-fitted shoe,
especially upon the inner side,
and the resulting bruise is called
a " corn ". The bars assist in
preserving the ^yidth of the foot
at the heels, and when cut away
by the farrier, permit contrac-
tion of the hoof.

Bars, sole, frog, and wall
form one continuous horny
covering to the foot. By long
maceration in water they can
be separated, l)ut in a healthy
living foot they are all firmly
united so as to form a sound
hoof. Each division should be
kept in its most perfect condi-
tion, because any long-continued

defect of one is certain to affect the other injuriously. If tlie wall at
the heels be left too high, the frog soon shrinks and wastes. If the
sole be cut away and weakened, the wall
has to support unaided an excess of weight,
and it becomes broken and diseased. Wall,
sole, and frog must be kept proportionate if
the proper relations of the whole hoof are
to be maintained.

Internal Structure of Hoof.— Al-
though the hoof is a firm, strong, protect-
ing covering to the sensitive foot within
it, very serious injury to the horse results
from defects in its structure which are often
overlooked. These will be appreciated more
readily when it is known that within the
hoof is a particularly delicate and complex
arrangement. When a hoof is removed with
care, a beautiful, sensitive structure is ex-
posed, having a contour exactly matching
the inner surface of the hoof (figs. 626, 627).
The inner surface of the wall is covered with rows of thin, horny plates
running from above downwards parallel to each other, all sloping forwards

Fig 627

A, Median cleft of fleshy frog-. B, La-
miniB of the bars, c, Velvety tissue of
the frog. D, Velvety tissue of the sole.

436 HORSESHOEIN(;

like the fibres of the wall. The corresponding portion of the sensitive foot
presents hundreds of similar parallel projecting leaves of soft, velvety,
fibrous tissue. These are called the sensitive laminae, and in the living
foot are dovetailed between the horny laminse of the wall so as to aflbrd
a firm, secure attachment between the two. The sensitive frog and sole
iire firmly attached to the corresponding horny parts, but instead of plates
the connecting medium here is a mass of little papillre, .so closely arranged
as to give a velvety appearance and feel to the exposed surface. This
sensitive layer, known to farriers as "the quick", is bountifully supplied
with nerves and l)lood- vessels. Just where the hair meets the horn — the
part called by horsemen the coronet — is a very important structure, seen
when the hoof is detached. This is a prominent ring or band extending
round the foot and covered with very large papillte. From it the wall
grows, and injuries to it are followed by serious defects in the horn. Not
only do such easily-recognized conditions as " sand-crack " and " false-
quarter" follow injuries to the coi'onet, but all the defective qualities of
horn, such as are found in dry, brittle hoofs, proceed from the coronet. So
also do the rings and irregularities often noticed on the front of the hoof.

Growth of Hoof. — The wall grows downward from the coronet at
the rate of about an inch in three months. It is constantly growing, and
when protected from wear by a shoe, soon causes a disproportionate hoof.
If allowed to grow, it may even produce deformity. Remembering this,
horse-owners will understand how necessary it is that no shoes should he
worn more than about a month without the superfluous growth of horn
being removed from the hoof. Farm horses in idle seasons are often grosslv
BCglected by being forced to stand in shoes attached to hoofs so overgrown
as to place the foot quite out of its proper relative position to the limb.

Young horses that have never been shod are often injured by being
allowed to run in yards or small soft pastures where the hoof is not
naturally worn down. Their feet liecome so overgrown and dispropor-
tionate that the limbs are injured and joints twLsted permanently. Even
foals should be attended to by the farrier when their hoofs become ovei'-
grown. No 2:)aring is necessary. All that is wanted is the removal of the
excess of wall with a rasp. This necessary attention would freijuently
make all tlie difference between good feet and limbs and bad ones.

Cartilage. — It is unnecessary to enter more into detail as to the
anatomy of the foot. AVithin the sensitive layer just noticed aie the
bones, and attached to them the tendons which move the liml) in pro-
gression. There are two structures, however, whicli must l)e mentioned.
The chief bone of the foot — the coffin-bone — which gives the general form
to the hoof, does not extend throughout its whole interior. It forms the

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FOOT

437

basis of the front and sides of the hoof, but towards the heels is rephieed
on each side by phites of gristle or cartilage (fig. 628). This elastic material
can be felt at the inner and outer sides of the coronet through the skin of
the living horse. AVhen diseased
and converted into bone it
forms the so-called side -bones,
which sometimes cause lame-
ness, and always destroy the
natural elasticity of the foot.
These cartilages, replacing bone
at the back parts of the foot,
give resiliency to the hoof, and
so jjrevent concussion.

The Frog. — If we examine
the under surface of the foot,

another provision

for whilst the sole

a bony basis, the

we find
against jar
upon

-Lateral Cartilages, &c., of tlie Foot

rests

Fig. 628,

A, Os pedis. B, Lateral cartilage, c, Peripole. D, Perl-
polic hand. E, Goronary cushion. F, Sensitive Uiniinje, or
Heshy leai'cs. G, Section of skin. H, Fleshy frog. I, Horny
frog. J, Horny sole.

frog does not (fig. 629). The

body of the cofiin-bone only extends backwards to about an inch past
the point of the frog. It there divides into two processes which extend
nearly to the heels, but leaving between them
a large space which is filled by a pad of elastic
material, over which the frog rests. This
arrangement permits the frog great freedom
of movement, and gives to the back portion
of the hoof the special feature of elasticity so
necessary to its function of breaking concus-
sion when the foot comes to the ground
during progres.sion. The front part of the
foot, by the thickness and hardness of the
wall, and by the rigid basis of bone within,
is .specially fitted to sustain the strain which
is placed upon it when the toe takes the
weight of the horse, as it does in all forward
movements. The back part of the foot, by
its thinner and more elastic horn, by its

prominent and soft frog, and by the partial substitution of cartilage for
bone as its inner basis, is specially endowed for receiving its first impact
with the ground during progression. That the foot may preserve its func-
tions intact the hoof must be maintained in its best form. No parts must

Fig. 6-29.— Under hurf.acc of the Coffin-
Bone, showing its Position within the
Hoof

A, Os pedis. B, Sensitive ami insensitive
laminie. c, Wall of hoof. D, Horny frog.

438 HORSE-SHOEING

be defective, and all must be proportionate. A foot denuded of horn may
have its sensitive portions injured, and a foot covered by an excessive
or disproportionate hoof may so destroy tlie balance of the limb as to
cause orave lesions, resulting in lameness.

Shoeing is necessar}- to protect the foot by preventing wear of hoof,
but shoeing by preventing wear leads inevitably to excessive growth of
horn. Good shoeing, then, entails regular removal of shoes and systematic
reduction of the overgrowth of horn. Before a shoe can be properly placed
upon a foot, the hoof must be prepared for it, and this operation requires
for its skilful performance a knowledge of the normal form of a horse's foot,
of the proper proportion of its various parts, and some idea of the right
relative position of the foot to the limb.

PREPARATION OF FEET FOR SHOEING

The first step in the operation of shoeing a horse is to prejjare the hoof
for the shoe. As a rule the hoof is overgrown, and the farrier has to
reduce it to proper proportions. He has also to produce a level bearing
surface upon which a shoe can rest securely. The first question to
determine is, what is the natural bearing surface of the hoof? On soft
ground the whole lower surface of a hoof takes a bearing, because the
ground yields, and allows the frog, sole, and lower border of wall all to
take weight. On hard ground this is not so. The sole is arched, and on
a level surface only rests on its abutment with the wall. If we examine
the worn part of an unshod foot we find that the border of the wall,
with a little of the sole to which it is connected, is marked by contact
wdth the ground, and that the frog also shows evidence of wear. As a
shoe is only to protect the hoof these parts are indicated as the natural
bearing surfaces, and we follow nature in attempting to produce a
similar surface by artificial means. "With a rasp the farrier removes so
much of the lower border of the wall as will reduce the foot to a pro-
portionate form. He uses his rasp so that a level bearing is formed from
the heel to the toe. He must leave as much horn on the foot as is
necessary to prote(;t it from injury, and he had better err on the side of
leaving too much rather than too little. Some hoofs are so overgrown that
their reduction with a rasp is tedious, and a layer of horn all round the
circumference of the wall is more easily removed with a hammer and steel
blade known as a " toeing knife ". Properly used on a strong foot this
method is unobjectionable, but on weak, soft feet it is liable to abuse by
removal of too much horn. The whole of the superfluous horn must never
be taken away with the " toeing knife ", as it does not leave a level bearing

PREPARATION OF FEET FOR SHOEING 439

surface. The rasp is to be used to finish the process, and as it only obtains
a level by further removal of horn, sufficient must be left for it to work on.
But a level surface is not the only aim a ferrier has to keep in mind. It
may be produced with such exactness that a level shoe rests on it perfectly,
and yet the hoof may be altogether out of proportion. Both sides of the
hoof must be left of the same height, and if the sides of a foot when it comes
to a farrier be of unequal height, it is evident that one side must be reduced
more than the other to obtain a proper form. Again, it is clear that if the
foot be level on both sides, a man may rasp away more horn from one part
than another and so cause a disproportion. Carelessness in the use of a
rasp frequently leads to uuevenness of the bearing surface. From the
position in which a foot is held on

or between the knees of a farrier, /~-'— -~^

some portions of the hoof are more / ; ^"^--^^^

easily reached with the rasp than / I ^\^

others. The left foot suffers by / ■ \^

over- reduction of the outside and / ; /

inside toe, the right foot at the inside / I /

heel and outside toe. A left-handed /' ~ '''' ~'~--'--'-[^SS '1' '--'-'- -y^-
man is liable to injure feet in just '^ " T """ ^

the opposite positions. It is equally Fig. eso.— overgrown Foot

possible to OA'er-loWer both heels or al, Oia base of overgrown foot, ad. Level surface

^ -1 -p 1 fl obtained by lowering the heel more than the toe.

only ttie toe. JiiVen Wnen tne SUr- ;„._ Level surface obtained by lowering the toe more

face is quite even from heel to toe ^''^ ^^^ '^<=<^'' «• p™p<='" ''"s'^ *"'■ "^^ ''"'^^'""'■
on both sides of the hoof, the foot

may remain disproportionate. The heels may be left too high or the toe
too long, and the proper adjustment of these two extremities of a hoof
is the most difficult and most frequently-neglected part of the preparation
of a foot. The great cause of difficulty is the fact that horses' feet are
not of definite form, and that much harm may be done by attempting
to carve a foot to some ideal standard.

Some feet have naturally high heels, which can only be reduced to a
shapely pattern by weakening their structure. Some feet have naturally
low heels, and some have long toes, which must not be interfered with
(fig. 631). As a rule, when the overgrown wall is reduced to the level of
the sole, very little more horn need be removed. The eff'ects of lowering
the heels are to lengthen the bearing surface backwards and to increase the
slope of the wall in front. Too much horn at the heels tends to straighten
the foot and to lift the frog from contact with the ground. It is always
desirable that the frog should touch the ground, but when it is wasted
no attempt to let it down by over - lowering the heels should be made.

440

HORSE-SHOEING

When a hoof is excessively sloped in front and the toe long, it would
be injurious to shorten the toe by rasping the under surface of the foot.
Such a hoof is properly treated by directly shortening the toe with a rasp
applied to its border.

When a hoof presents broken horn on the lower border of the wall,
it is necessary not to allows a shoe to rest on it. Broken horn cannot
support weight, and wdien it yields may cause injury to the sensitive parts,
and always causes shoes to become loose. Broken horn should be removed
unless it can be left in a position offering no bearing for a shoe. When
a foot is insufficiently covered with horn, either as the result of excessive
wear from work without shoes or as the eftect of previous removal by
a farrier, great care is necessary to produce the best bearing surface. As

ABC

Fig. 631. — Well-proportioned and Ill-proportioned Feet
A, Foot too long and heel too low. B, Well-shaped foot, c, Heel too high.

a rule the cjuarters of a foot are most broken, and the heels may be trusted
to take most bearing.

The sole should never be pared out with the object of making it concave
and smooth (fig. 632). All that is necessary is to remove the loose flakes of
horn which are naturally being exfoliated. No part of the sole will stand
uneven pressure by a shoe, and therefore it must be lowered fully to the
level of the wall. The border of the sole, just within the w^all, may properly
be used as bearing surface, but only in conjunction with the wall. Where
the latter is broken away, no attempt should be made to use the sole as
a support for a shoe. On flat feet care must be taken, especially at the
toe, that the sole is not left unduly prominent. At the heels in all feet
the angle of sole between the bar and wall should be left less prominent
than the wall, or uneven pressure wdll take place and cause a corn. The
old method of scooping out the sole of the foot till it presented a saucer
shape not only left the horny covering too thin to protect the sensitive parts
within, })ut it destroyed the bearing surface for a shoe by leaving the cir-
cumference of the hoof a mere narrow ridge. The bearing surface should be
as wide as possible, and include not only the wall but the border of the sole.

SHOES

441

The frog should not be touched. The broken and ragged portions invite
removal, but are better left. They do no harm, and their removal nearly
always leads to further lo.ss of horn which is wanted.

The bars should not be cut away, but when they are very prominent
may be so reduced that they take no direct bearing on a .shoe except at the
extreme point where they meet the wall. This
extreme point of the bearing surface of a foot
is very often injured. What is called "opening
the heels" is a favourite operation with .some
men. It consists in cutting away a wedge-
.shaped piece of horn from each side of the
frog and from the point of the wall. It is
altogether evil in its effects, for whilst giving
a delusive appearance of width to the heels,
it robs the foot of some bearing surface and
favours contraction.

To repeat shortly the rules for preparing
a foot: — AVitli a rasp form a level bearing
surface for the shoe from heel to toe; keep both sides of the hoof of the
same height; see that the length of the toe and the height of the heels
are proportionate; let the frog and bars alone; remove from the sole
only such portions as are loose or may receive undue pressure from a
level shoe; finally run the rasp lightly round the circumference of the
hoof, so that no sharp edge be left which is useless to support weight
and might be broken.

SHOES

Fig. C3'2. — A Pared-out Sole

Probably the earliest shoes fixed by nails to a horse's foot were thin
iron plates, .similar to those now used by Arabs and Turks. The nails
were flat-headed, and so soon as the head wore off, the shoe would be
loose. On grass land or soft roads this arrangement would afford a fair
amount of protection, and the shoe would last a long time by merely
refixing it with fresh nails. One of the first improvements would be
to increase the thickness of the shoe, and to form the head of the nail
so that it might be countersunk into the iron of the shoe and thus afford
longer wear.

The great essential in all shoes is that they .shall protect the hoof from
wear and do no harm to the hor.se. They should be of sufficient substance
to wear three or four weeks, and they should afford a good secure foothold
on the surfaces over which a horse travels.

Material. — The best material for hor,se - shoes is undoubtedly good

442 HOESE-SHOEING

malleable iron. Steel is too hard, and favours slipping on stone pave-
ments. Cast-iron is brittle.

Weight. — A shoe should be as light as possible, provided it afl'ords
four weeks' wear.

Thickness. — No shoe should be much more than half an inch thick,
as the oreater the thickness the more the froa; is raised from a Ijearing
on the ground. Very thick shoes render it difficult to make the nail-holes
of the best size and form.

Width. — The older shoes were all made wide apparently with the
idea tliat the sole needed protection. A weak, thin sole, especially when
travelling over loose, sharp stones, may need some extra cover, but a
sound sole which has not been robbed of horn by the fiirrier needs no
protection from the shoe. The width of a shoe should depend simply
upon the amount of iron necessary to afford four weeks' wear. If a narrow-
shoe wears out too soon it is better to distribute the additional amount
of iron required in width than in increased thickness. A shoe should
not be the same width throughout; it should be widest at the toe and
gradually decrease towards the heels, as this provides the extra amount
of iron where it is most wanted for wear.

The Foot Surface of Shoes. — A shoe has two surfaces — one applied
to the hoof, the other for contact with the ground. Both may be quite
flat, but there are conditions which govern the choice of form and render
advisable some variations. The surface whieli is applied to the foot
must correspond with the bearing surface on the hoof. Dn all sound,
well-formed feet a shoe with a flat surface is the best. The foot surface
of hind shoes is always made flat, as is that of narrow shoes for either
hind or fore. So long as the sole of a foot is concave no uneven pressure
can result from a flat-surfaced shoe, but when the sole is flat or convex
there is danger of uneven pressure. Some front feet present this defect,
and to provide a safe form of foot surface a shoe is " seated" (fig. 633).
This means that the inner lialf, or more, of the foot surface is levelled so
that bearing is confined to the flat outer portion of the shoe. This form
of shoe is very commonly used, especially when the shoe is a wide one.
Properly made, this foot surface is a safe and useful one. When the outer
level portion is made too narrow, useful bearing surface is lost; when it
is left a little wider than the wall it is unobjectionable. A very bad
foot surface is formed by bevelling the iron so that it slopes from the
outer to the inner circumference of the shoe (fig. 634). Such a surfiice
affords no level resting-place for the hoof, and when it is attached to a
foot may cause lameness by squeezing the wall inwards. At the heels the
foot surface should always be left flat, and the seating of a shoe should

SHOES

443

cease about an inch or an inch and a half in front of the extremities of
the shoe.

The ground surface may vary in form without affecting the foot in
any way. The chief variations are such as afford some special means of
increasing the security of foothold, and of providing against injury to the

Fie-. 633.— A "Seated" Foot Siuface

Fig. 634. — A Bad Foot Surface

liorse. A flat surface, broken only by a groove or holes for nails, is
often used. Ridges or grooves are sometimes added for the special
purpose of affording better grip of the road surface. Ti-ansverse grooves
weaken a shoe and cause it to break more easily than longitudinal ones.
What is known as Roilway iron is rolled in bars, having on the ground
surface two grou^•es and three ridges (fig. 635). Into the outer groove the

Fig. 635. — Rodway Iron Shoe with Double Grooves

Fig. 636. — A "Concave" Ground Surface

nails are driven. No better form of shoe exists for harness work, provided
it affords the necessary wear; but this is just where it fails for the heavier
class of horse.

The hunting-shoe is concave on the ground surface, with a groove
for the nails round its outer border (fig. 636). This is a good form for
hacks and other light horses, as it affords very firm foothold, especially
upon the grass and soft roads.

444 HORSE SHOEING

"Calkins" are the turned-down extremities of shoes, which would
probably be called heels by non - horsey folk. Projecting as they do
from a half to one inch, they afford the most effectual stop or catch
where the surface is such that they can sink into it. For the hind shoes
of hunters they are quite indispensable, and they are most useful for
other classes of horse on soft roads. On some paved streets, where the
stones are set with a space between them, calkins afford the best foot-
hold, but on hard, smooth surfaces, such as asphalt, they are quite useless.
To provide against wear, calkins are often made too high. E.xcessive
height can be avoided by making the caikin
square, and so providing for wear with a lower
projection. The evils of calkins are that they

A preferable form P^t the foOt OUt of itS nOmial pOsitloU by

-Calkins raisiiig the heel. Thus the toe is subjected

to disproportionate wear, the frog is kept from
contact with the ground, and to some extent the muscles of the limb
are placed at a disadvantage for action.

Toe -pieces. — In Scotland and the north of England heavy hor.ses
are shod both fore and hind with calkins and toe - pieces. This form
of ground surface on a shoe has some advantages for horses that onlv
work at a walking-pace and have heavy loads to move. The toe-piece
consists of a portion of a square bar of iron welded across the toe of a
shoe. This, with calkins, makes the shoe more level, and so preserves
the pro^jer relative position of foot to limb. The toe-piece affords foot-
hold to the front of the shoe
just as calkins do to the back
of it, and the combination en-
ables a lighter shoe to be used.
Fig. 638^Naii-hoies ^ I^ is a good systcm for railway

shunt horses and for animals
dragging heavy wagons over paved streets, if the paving-stones have
spaces between them in which the toe-piece can find lodgment.

Nails and Nail-holes. — As soon as the head of a nail is worn off,
the shoe becomes loose, therefore a flat -headed nail such as a carpenter
drives into wood is of no use to a farrier. The horse-shoe nail head must
be countersunk into the shoe so that it wears with the shoe and may
retain it in position until cjuite worn out. The nail has a wedge-shaped
head. It has a flat shank, because the thickness of the wall into which
it is driven is limited. The hole in the shoe must be made to fit the
head of the nail, and as the size of nail most suitable for a hoof varies
considerably, it is necessary to make the nail-holes in a shoe \'ery care-

a =

SHOES

445

Too near inner edge Too near outer edge

Fig. 639. — Wrongly-placed Nail-holes

fully correspond to the head of the proper sized nail. Nearly all hind
shoes and some front ones are provided with nail - holes by stamping
through them a series of four-sided tapered holes of the size required.
Most fore-shoes are " fullered", i.e. a groove is sunk round the shoe
close to the outer edge, and
through this the holes for nails
are afterwards punched. Both
methods admit of nails being
easily driven with safety. The
number of nail-holes really re-
quired to retain a shoe should
vary with the size of shoe.
Never more than eight are re-
quired. Usually seven are suffi-
cient for the largest shoe. Small
shoes are safely retained by six.
The position of nail-holes is im-
portant. The wall at the heels is thin, and therefore if good hold
of the front portion of the foot can be taken it is unwise to drive any
nails at the back part. Nail-holes should not be too near to the outer
edge of a shoe, as when the nail is driven insufficient hold is aflbrdecL
it, and the hoof is likely to be split.

Still more important is it that nail-holes should not be placed too
far from the outer edge of a shoe, as then a nail is forced to approach
too near the sensitive structures within the hoof The nail-holes at the
toe may be a little " coarse", but the holes at the heels
must be "fine". The "pitch" or direction
of a nail-hole is important, because it
controls to a great extent the direction
in which a nail can be driven through
it. The safest "pitch" for a nail-hole

Nail-holes for Quarters i.s Straight tlu'OUgh the sllOC, but the

holes at the toe should have a little
inclination inwards, as the wall at the corresponding part of the hoof
slopes considerably, and the nail must follow its direction.

Prepared Bar-iron. — Formerly only plain four-sided bars were
supplied for farriers. Now manufecturers roll bars with flat or seated
foot surfaces, and with various forms of ground surface. These prepared
bars only require to be cut into proper lengths, turned round, and holes
punched for nails to form a very good shoe. For harness horses the
double-grooved (Rodway) bar is very handy and very serviceable. For

Fig. 640. — Pitch for

Fig. 641.— Pitch for
Nail-hole for Toe

446 HORSE-SHOEING

hunters, bars can be had ready fullered and concaved. For hind shoes
of hunters a very good prepared bar is made, which, being rounded on
two edges, affords a shoe without trouble that guards against over-reaches.
Machine-made Shoes. — All sorts of shoes are now supplied ready
for nailing on, made entirely by machinery. For front feet these shoes
are all that is wanted, but for hind feet the best hand-made are still
unequalled. No doubt engineering skill will soon be able to supply a
hind shoe which will last a month on a hard-wearing horse and yet not
be heavy and cumbersome. There will be a large demand for such a
shoe when it appears.

FITTING SHOES

Care in Fitting. — Very few horse-owners appreciate the importance
of care and exactness in fitting shoes to horses' feet, and yet this part
of the operation of shoeing may render a perfectly-formed shoe an instru-
ment of torture, and cost the owner more than the price of a hundred
sets of shoes.

Too much care in fitting the shoe to the foot cannot be taken, and
as care means time, the folly of valuing shoeing by its cheapness will
be evident. Cheap work is done by unskilled men or by skilled men
in a hurry. Under either condition it cannot be careful and exact, there-
foi'e the horse suffers. One reason why bad shoeing is tolerated is that
its evils are not always immediately indicated, and then the results are
credited to other causes. Quite a third of the ill effects to hor.ses' legs
that are supposed to be due to hard work are really the result of injury
to the feet. The grosser injuries cause acute lameness and are detected,
but the finer injuries cause only tenderness and discomfort, which is
overlooked, and so continued for months. The effects are seen in bent
knees, shot fetlocks, loss of action, and a shuffling gait, which combined
shorten the profitable working lives of horses by years. And yet horse-
owners will invite this for the supposed economy of eight or ten shillings
a year on their shoeing bill!

Having brought the hoof to the best form and proportions, the farrier
selects a shoe suitable for it in size, weight, and shape. His next duty
is to alter it so that in every detail it shall be exactly adapted to the
foot upon which it is to be nailed — in other words, he " fits " it to the
foot. There are two distinct objects to be achieved in fitting. First,
to make the outer border of the shoe correspond to the circumference
of the wall. Second, to make its foot surface rest evenly and closely
on the bearing surface of the foot. P'eet differ in shape; some are nearly

FITTING SHOES 447

round, others nearly oval, whilst many are very irregular, but they are
never geometrical figures. Were there a definite form, shoes might be
cast in a mould and applied without special fitting. The more ignorant
of the hundreds of inventors of horse-shoes are quite unaware of this, and
hence the stupid but plausible claim that their shoe " may be fitted to
the foot by a groom or stableman". The fact is, every shoe must be
fitted to the foot upon which it is to be fixed, and in this is the great
art of the farrier's trade.

Circumferential Fitting is the adaptation of the shoe to the length
and breadth of the hoof, so that the wall of the foot may rest firmly
upon the shoe throughout its whole bearing surface. In producing this
" fit" attention must be paid to the nail-holes, so that they are brought
into the safest and best position for the nails to be driven through into
the horn. The outer border of the shoe should correspond exactly with
the circumference of the wall all round,
except perhaps at the heels. In horses
doing fast work the shoe should be fitted
close, even at the heels, and especially on
the inside of the foot. The outer side of rig. 642. -shoe Fitted short at ti,e Heei
the foot may be always fitted a little

" fuller" or wider than the inside. The heavier horses may have the
heels of a shoe fitted wider than the hoof, and this especially when
calkins are used, because a firmer base of support is given by a shoe
when the heels are wide than when they are narrow. A shoe should
always be fitted full to the foot, i.e. not within the edge of the wall.
When shoes are fitted close, and neatness of appearance valued as
highly as sound work, there is a tendency for men to make the foot
fit the shoe. This is done by roughly and carelessly approximating
the border of shoe to the border of foot, keeping the shoe a little
within the edge of the wall, and, after nailing it on, levelling the work
by rasping away any prominent horn. In some strong, well - grown
feet this may do no harm, but it is a bad habit, certain to do injury
when a weak foot is being operated on. The length of a shoe is important.
It should be the full length of the bearing surface of the foot. When
longer it may injure the horse's elbow when he lies down, and on the
front foot may be struck by the hind shoe and pulled oft'. The fore
shoes of hunters are always fitted short to avoid this (fig. 642), but in
many cases they are unnecessarily short. A short shoe is objectionable
for many reasons — it loses some of the natural bearing of the foot, it
is likely to cause a corn by bruising the sole at the heel, and it carries
forward, out of its proper relative position to the limb, the base upon

448 HORSESHOEING

wliich the horse stands. On a hind foot tliere is no excuse for fitting
a shoe short. It stands no ri.sk of being pulled off by another foot, it
cannot injure any part of the limb when the horse lies down, and so the
hind shoe should always be longer than the foot, especially when calkins

are used.

Surface fitting is the adaptation of

the plane foot surface of the shoe to the

level bearing surface of the foot. The shoe
Fig. 643.— An "Eased" Heel should rcst evenly upon the hoof from toe

to heel, the pressure being uniform through-
out. Should either the foot or the shoe not be level some parts lose bearing,
and others sustain an uneven and excessive bearing. It is not uncommon
to find a shoe fitted so that its centre is higher than either heel or toe.
Such a shoe rests unevenly on the quarters of the foot, and as the wall
is there weak, we often find the horn broken as the result of excessive
bearing. Flat feet present the sole more prominently at the toe than

at other parts, and there-

\:\^

X >y. > , \\ ; .. ,x fore care is required, when

^\\y ;, , _,^ X i^ ^^ fitting shoes to them, that

the inner edge of the

Fig. 044.— Shoe with Level Bearing toC of tllC shoC sllOuld

not bear upon this part.
Special care must always be taken to avoid any undue or uneven pres-
sure by the heels of a shoe upon the angle of sole between the wall
and the bars. AVhen the horn of the wall is detached from the sole
or badly liroken, it must be relieved of all bearing either by lowering it
with the rasp or by fitting the shoe so that there is no contact between
the two. A very injurious method of fitting shoes followed upon an

erroneous theor}- to the
s^>^i-^vW% ^^ w »v^v\, effect that the heels were

, \\;\ ^ unable to stand their

share of bearing as well

Fig. 645. -Shoe Imitating a Worn Gronntl-siirface aS OtllCr partS of the

wall. With a view to
save the heels of the foot, shoes were what is called "eased" or "sprung"
at their extremities (fig. 643). This system of fitting left a space between
shoe and foot at the heels into which the blade of a knife might be passed,
and the space extended forward from an inch to an inch and a half

The fact is that the heels will stand, and they require, all the bearing
a level shoe can afford. The " eased" heel is altogether an injurious thing.
It loses bearing surface, and concentrates pressure on the spot where

FITTING SHOES 449

foot and shoe come into contact. Instead of aflbrding ease, it causes
an on-and-ofF pressure every time the foot is broug-ht to the sround durino-
progression. The surface fit of a shoe should be an even and level one
from toe to heel.

Hot and Cold Fitting.— Shoes may be fitted either hot or cold. If
fitted cold, exactness can only be attained by the same long process that
is adopted by an engineer who has to fit together two pieces of metal.
All shoes have to be altered to fit a foot properly, and they cannot
easily be altered cold. That exactness of fit cannot be obtained by cold
fitting is amply proved by the number of loose shoes that occur when
it is practised, to say nothing of the injury to horses' feet from uneven
pressure. An iron shoe is easily altered when hot, and this advantage
requires the accompaniment of very grave disadvantages before it can
be shown that it is wrong. Counterbalancing disadvantages do not exist,
and therefore all argument is in favour of hot fitting, in addition to the
weight of universality of practice. Hot fitting facilitates the exactness
of fit, it decreases the time necessary for fitting, it does no harm to the
hoof, and it undoubtedly results in greater security of the shoe. Opponents
as.sert that hot fitting leads to excessive burning of horn, but this is
only an abuse of the method, and does not occur in the hands of a good
farrier. When a skilled workman has selected a suitable shoe he heats
it in the fire, compares it with the foot, alters it on the anvil, and then
applies it to the hoof for a few seconds. Wherever the shoe touches
the horn it leaves a mark, and thus shows all irregularities. If the
horn is at fault a touch with the rasp corrects it, if the shoe is at fault
it is taken back to the anvil and altered. In this way exactness of fit
is soon attained and the hoof uninjured. The abuse of hot fitting takes
place when a hot shoe is retained on the foot until it beds itself into
the horn. There is no excuse for this practice, which is a sign of slovenly
work, and may be a source of injury to the horse.

Clips are thin projections drawn from the iron of the shoe at the
toe or quarters for the purpose of giving stability to the shoe when on
the foot. By many persons they are looked upon as essential for the
prevention of shoes shifting on the foot. On some horses, from peculiarity
of gait, shoes have a tendency to shift inwards. This may be prevented
by a clip on the outside of the shoe. The tendency of a foot to slip
forward on a shoe is rare, and yet clips are in Britain always used on
the toe of the shoe. The fact is, the toe-clip assists the farrier to fit
the shoe, and it gives steadiness to it whilst the first nail or two are being
driven. Clips should not be long and narrow, but rather wide and short.
They should be thin, and drawn with an inclination corresponding to the

450 HORSE-SHOEING

portion of wall against which they are to rest. Too often a large piece
of horn is dug out of the toe to make room for the clip. This is altogether
unnecessary, as all that is required is to form a level surface on the horn
with a rasp, so that the clip may lie evenly and not project. When the
shoe is nailed on the foot a few taps with the hammer are required to
leave the clip close, but the violent hammering too often seen is dangerous,
and usually due to the clip having been badly drawn.

When two side clips are used and both excessively hammered, lameness
results from the pressure on the wall.

NAILING ON THE SHOE

Nearly all horse-shoe nails are now made by machinery. They are
well made, sound in structure, properly pointed, and with heads of a
uniform size and shape. The machine - made nails are certainly better
than the hand-made, and no fault can be found with them so long as
the iron from which they are manufactured is good. A horse-shoe nail
must be made of the very best iron, or it will break and cause shoes
to be lost. According to the size of a foot so is the thickness of horn,
and nails are chosen to suit this. Too large a nail breaks the horn, too
small a one fails to hold the shoe on. The direction in which a nail
is driven is very much controlled by the form of the nail-holes in the
shoe. When a farrier finds that he cannot drive a nail with safety he
should either have the shoe altered or decline to drive the nail. The
direction which a nail takes in the horn is recognized by the sound and
" feel " elicited by the hammer. In a thin foot it is a delicate operation,
but in a strong hoof there is no risk whatever. The heads of nails when
driven should fit the holes or fullering of the shoe. A small portion of
the head should be visible when the nail is driven home. When the
head is only flush with the surface of the shoe, and visibly does not fill
the hole, the shoe is likely soon to be loose.

When a nail is driven through the hoof, its point is turned down
and wrung off, so that a protruding portion is left. This is called a
clinch. Just under it a notch is made in the wall with a rasp, and the
clinch gently hammered down into it. A stroke or two of the rasp levels
the whole and leaves the clinches smooth. E.xcessive rasping weakens
the clinches and destroys the security of the shoe. When the shoeing
is finished the clinches should be seen about equidistant from each other,
with a good hold of the wall, and rather higher at the toe than at the heel.

ROUGHING

451

ROUGHING

In winter some addition to the ordinary shoe is necessary to prevent
horses from slipping on ice and snow. In Great Britain the weather is
so changeable that a regular provision for frost is seldom made, as it is
in countries where ice and snow prevail for weeks or months at a stretch.
Here our roads are covered with ice and snow with very little notice,
and may be free again in a day or two. Horse-owners therefore provide

Fiff. 646.— Frost-nails

temporary arrangements to meet the short, occasional spells of slippery
weather. The most temporary method of affording foothold is by the
use of what are called frost-nails. These appliances are very similar to
the ordinary horse-shoe nail but with a larger head, and brought to a sharp
point or to a chisel-edge. The smaller ones may be driven into the
holes from which a nail has been removed. The larger are only used
at the heels in an extra hole specially provided for them. These holes
are punched through the heels of the shoe, which is fitted a little wider
than usual, so that a frost - nail when driven does not enter the hoof
at all, but passes through the shoe, and is fixed by being twisted over
the shoe. Frost - nails are very useful for an emergency, but not for
continued use.

When frosty weather looks as though it were to continue for some

452

HORSE-SHOEING

time, horses are "roughed" or "sharped". The shoes are taken off, heated
in the fire, and the heels turned down so as to form a sharp projection
that will cut into ice or frozen snow, and so give firm foothold. On hard
roads this sharp projection soon becomes worn away, and the process
of roughing has to be repeated. This repeated removal of shoes injures
the feet, not only by the driving of nails through old holes, but by
the shortening of the shoe, necessitated by the roughing. So injurious
is repeated roughing, that a better but more expensive method is now
adopted by all sensible men w'ho have horses of value that must continue
at work during frost and snow. From about the middle of November
to the middle of March sufficient frost to render roads unsafe may at
any time appear. To meet this the shoes, before being put on, are
furnished with holes at the heels, or both at toe and heel. These holes

Fig. B47. — Steel Sharps to be Screwed into Shoes when reqiiired

are made with a thread, into wliich movable steel sharps can be .screwed
when wanted. To keep the holes clear a cork may be screwed into them,
or better still, square steel plugs may be used during ordinary weather,
and replaced by the sharps when frost arrives. No removal of shoes is
required by this method, and no sharp projections need be left in the
shoes when the horses are in the stable.

INJURIES FROM SHOEING

When a horse has a good foot and shoeing is properly done, no harm
to the horse results from the repetition of the operation every month
for his whole lifetime. Accidents may happen, but to speak of shoeing
as " a necessary evil" conveys a very incorrect notion of its value. To
do the w^ork without shoes that is now done by horses with shoes would
require twenty times the number of horses at present in use, and more
than half of the whole would be lame at frequent intervals from injury
due to wear of the hoof. The British army keep very strict notes of
everything which causes a horse to be unfit for duty. The strength
on an average is Ifi.OOO horses, and the injuries from shoeing only 150

INJURIES FROM SHOEING 453

per annum, of which 50 are due to nails. These statistics show unmis-
takably that army-shoeing is carefully done, and there is no reason why
the work should not be done equally well in civil life. The direct injuries
resulting from shoeing may be classed under three heads — those resulting
from nails, those from clips, and those from irregular pressure of the shoe.

Nails. — Lameness may be caused by a nail being driven too near
the sensitive foot without absolute penetration of the " quick ". This
cause of lameness is called '" a bind", and may not be evident for a day
or two, or even a week, after the time of shoeing. In every lameness
of the horse which cannot be accounted for by a visible lesion the foot
should be examined, and especially when it is noticed within a few days
of shoeing. To detect a foot-lameness the shoe must be removed and
the hoof tested all over by firmly pressing it with pincers. When a
" bind" is detected before lameness is very acute, removal of the offend-
ing nail, rest, and warm fomentation are sufficient to prevent further
injury. When a "bind" is allowed to continue, inflammation is set up
in the foot, and pus may form. Then a serious condition exists which
rec[uires veterinary attendance. Another form of injury results from a
nail being driven directly into the sensitive foot. This is usually followed
by immediate lameness, but its gravity depends upon the extent of injury,
and upon whether the nail carries with it any dirt or septic material.
As a rule the fiirrier knows when he has "stabbed" or "pricked" a horse,
and withdraws the ofieuding nail at once. If suppuration does not follow
a prick its effects are very temporary, but the formation of matter within
the hoof leads to very grave results, in some cases to a fatal termination.
Continued work is the greatest aggravation of injuries caused by nails,
and therefore all such cases should be attended to at once, and rest strictly
enforced.

Clips may cause lameness by being hammered down too tightly. The
most serious injury traceable to clips occurs from a shoe becoming loose
and only partially detached from the foot, so as to permit a horse to
tread on the clip. A large punctured wound results, which may endanger
the animal's life. Eest and perfect cleanliness are essential to recovery.

Uneven Pressure of the Shoe causes the sensitive foot to become

bruised. The sole of a fiat foot is frecjuently bruised by pressure of the
shoe just behind the toe. When detected early enough removal of pressure
is all that is necessary. The most common seat of injury, due to bruising
by the shoe, is the inner heel of the fore foot. This is known as a
" corn", but is in no way analogous to the condition on human feet
described by the same word. A "corn" in the horse is simply a bruise
of the sensitive foot resulting from uneven pressure by the heel of the

454 HORSE-SHOEING

shoe. The injury causes lameness, and is accompanied by staining of the
horn by efl'used blood underneath. An open, flat foot is most liable to corn,
and the shoe most likely to cause it is one that is fitted too short and too
close. Even a well-fitted shoe may cause a corn when it is allowed to
remain on the foot too long. As the hoof grows the shoe is carried
forward, and the extremity of the iron is shifted from its safe bearing
on the wall to a position which allows it to impinge on the seat of the
corn. The excessive retention of shoes frequently leads to their being-
forced outwards, and then the inner heel is brought over the sole on
the inside, and bruising results.

The gravity of a corn depends upon the sensitive sole. In slight
cases removal of the shoe and its readjustment, so that no pressure on

the bruised part can occur, is sufticient to
ensure a return of soundness. Sometimes
a day or two's rest and warm fomentation
of the foot are necessary. In more aggra-
vated cases it is right to suspect the forma-
tion of matter at the bruised part, and as
this is a serious condition within the hoof,
it is necessary to pare away all the dis-
coloured horn, and thus aftbrd an opening
through which matter may escape. In cases
„,„ „, , CI of corn where the discoloration of horn is

d4». — 1 liree-quarter Shoe

not very great, and M'here lameness is not
excessive, it is inadvisable to cut away all the horn over the bruised
part. Horn takes time to grow again, and its al)sence .spoils the bearing
surface of the foot. In very many cases a simj^le bruise, that would
have recovered in a few days by merely relieving the pressure of the
shoe, is made a source of injury and of recurrent lameness by the un-
necessary removal of all the horn between the wall and the bar. When
a slight corn is found with slight lameness, relief of pressure is easily
given by cutting ofi" the inner heel of the shoe, thus forming what is
called a three-quarter shoe. This removal of iron is a safer and better
plan than removal of horn.

Uneven pressure by a shoe may take place at other parts of the hoof.
A badly - fitted shoe very frequently bears disproportionately on the
quarters, and the wall becomes weak and broken. In such a case relief
is given either by lowering the wall or by adjusting the shoe so that
heels and toes for a time aiford the only bearing.

In all cases where a separation exists between the sole and w^all,
bearing must be avoided, as the wall, when unsupported by a firmly-

INJURIES FROM SHOEING

455

connected sole, is unal)le to sustain its share of weight. In cases of
"seedy-toe" this must be remembered. Where a "sand-crack" exists,
pressure should be removed from the wall. If the sand-crack be at the
toe a good plan is to draw two clips on the shoe, one on each side of
the crack, and then to lower the wall between the clips so that it has
no contact with the shoe. With a sand-crack at the toe the heels should

Fig. 649. — Sand Crack, showing Metliod of Paring tlie C'nist
a, Bearing relieved at wrong place by "springing" the heel. b. Horn removed to prevent pres.sure

be kept low and no calkins used, as the higher the heel is raised the more
pressure is thrown upon the front portion of the foot. When a crack
exists at the quarters the wall just under the crack must be removed from
bearing, but it is of the greatest importance that the heel of the shoe
should have close contact with its horn behind the crack.

"Cutting" or "Interfering" are the terms api^lied to the act
of striking the fetlock of one limb with the
shoe of the opposite limb. Every horse-owner
imagines such an accident to be the fault of
the farrier, and every farrier fancies he has
a system of preventing or curing such injury.
I must, of course, allow that the shoe inflicts
the blow, but I am quite convinced it is a
passive agent, and that in 95 per cent of
cases no fault of the .shoe, either in form or
fit, can be shown to have occasioned the
injury. " Cutting" is practically confined to
young horses out of condition , or to old horses
suffering from deljility. It may also take
place in tired horses. Of course, a shoe ex-
cessively prominent on its inside will facilitate injury to the opposite
fetlock, and it is therefore right to fit the shoe close with a view to
prevent or cure cutting. It is not right, however, in any case to rasp
away the whole of the wall on the inside toe, and such a proceeding
never yet stopped a horse from cutting. It requires about two months
to get a green horse sufticiently into condition to stop him hitting his
legs. During this time he should wear pads or " Yorkshire boots". His

Fig. 650. — Shoe for Cuttintr, showing
Position on the Foot

456

HORSESHOEING

shoes may be fitted close, but the wall of his foot should not be damaged.
As he gets into condition he will cease striking his fetlocks, and what-
ever curious form of shoe he happens to wear when he begins to go
strong and cleanly will get the credit of a cure, although it had nothing
to do with the change.

The hind fetlocks suffer more from cutting than the fore. This is
due to the different form of shoe used quite as much as to the form
and action of the limb. The hind shoe has calkins which interfere with
the proper relative position of the foot to the limb, and so cause imper-
fection in the gait. Nothing so speedily stops cutting behind as removal
of calkins and the use of a level shoe. It is not the calkin that hits

1351. — Shoos for Cutting:

the opposite fetlock. In very few cases is the heel of a shoe the offending
part. It is the inside toe which strikes, and this proves that the injury
results from defective action and not from prominence of the shoe.

It has been found that a three-quarter shoe does good in cutting. It
does so, not because the heel was the offending part, but because the
movement of the foot is modified by the altered form of the shoe. The
practice of raising one side of the foot higher than the other for the
prevention of cutting is very widely adopted, and plausible theories are
framed as to its effects. Sometimes it is argued that the injured fetlock
is thrown farther outwards, and sometimes that the offending foot is made
to move fiirther away from the opposite leg. The practice is not always
successful, and the theory wants a true basis of fiicts. Not one horse in
a thousand "cuts" when in good condition, and nearly every horse does
when out of condition. Patience, good feeding, and regular work are
better treatment for cutting than all the usual alterations of foot and
shoe.

INJURIES FROM SHOEING

457

Over-reach is ;iii injiuy to tlie heel of a front foot by the shoe of
the hind foot of the same side. It is not the outer edge of the hind
shoe which strikes, it is the edge on the inner circumference of the toe
of the shoe. To prevent over-reaching, the hind shoe must be so altered
that the offending part is rounded off. As the accident only occurs

sj, and Clacking

1, Toe of hind shoe, showing the edge which cuts the heel of fore foot. 2, Toe of hind shoe, showing
rounded inside border. 3, Toe of fore shoe, showing places struck in forging. 4, Toe of hind shoe, showing
the edge which strikes the fore shoe. 5, Toe of hind shoe with inner border bevelled off.

during the fastest paces it is confined to hunters and trotters, two classes
of horses which ought always to be shod with hind shoes having rounded
edges on their inner toe circumference.

Clacking, or Forging, is the noise made by horses trotting when
the hind shoe strikes the fore. It is not the heel of the front shoe
that is struck, but the surface of the shoe just behind the toe, so that
the foot is in the air at the time of striking. The part of the hind shoe

458 HORSE-SHOEING

that strikes is not the extreme point of the toe, but the edge on either
side of the toe. Young horses out of condition, and long - stepping,
careless goers, are usually the animals that "forge". To prevent it the
front shoe is made concave on the ground surface, and the calkins may
be removed from the hind shoes. Quite as important as alteration of
the shoe is alteration of the horse's gait. He should not be driven
" past his pace", and he should be made to go up to his bit. Patience,
condition, and coachmanship are as neces.sary to stop "'clacking" as a
good farrier.

THE TRANSIT OF HORSES

Section XIII.-THE TRANSIT OF HORSES

SEA CARRIAGE

There is every reason to suppose that the horse was very early in the
world's history compelled to carry man, but when the latter first devised
means for the conveyance of horses is not known.

Potentates both great and little were from the earliest times the
recipients of presents in the shape of horses from distant lands, and sea
carriage appears to have long preceded the horse-box upon wheels.

Ships capable of conveying Hannibal's elephants from Carthage to the
Spanish peninsula may well have carried horses, but they do not receive
any mention in connection with that great general's disposition of the sea
forces which landed upon ^Mediterranean shores, to dispute with Rome for
the mastery of the world.

Viewing the shipping arrangements of to-day, one can scarcely believe
there has been much improvement, save in the matter of ventilation.

The great passenger ships by which private individuals usually convey
favourite horses offer no special accommodation; there are no stalls or
permanent fittings on the Peninsular and Oriental Company's steamers,
for instance, although they frequently carry horses of great value, both
east and west. The site usually assigned to horses is in the shij^'s waist,
where the greatest amount of protection from the weather is ensured. Here
they are enclosed in a narrow wooden box some 7 feet by 2 feet 3 inches,
the sides of which are 6 feet high. At one end is a door whence the
manure can be removed, and outside the other end a small manger fits
into iron slots. Beyond a little trap-door on a level with the Hoor there
is no provision made for drainage. The urine escapes from the box as best
it may, finding its way from the deck to the scuppers, and out through the
holes provided on all vessels for the escape of water. The horse is not led
aboard as in the regular cattle ships, but is boxed on the quay, and then,
by means of slings attached to semicircular iron bars placed equidistant
above him and from the ends of his prison, he is raised by the steam crane
or derrick, and lifted aboard as deftly as might be a lady's bandbox. In

462 THE TRANSIT OF HORSES

this position he has sometimes to remain tlic wliolo of the voyage. In cohl
and foul weather a tarpaulin is thrown over the box as it stands on the
open deck. Horses bound for the East suffer more from the heat in the
Red Sea than from the inclement weather so often experienced in the
Channel and the Bay of Biscay. It is therefore necessary, in exporting horses
to India and other hot climates, to make special arrangements w-ith regard
to clothing. In this journey a change from warm to light cool rugs will
be required on reaching Port Said, and if practicable the horses should be
removed to the cool and sheltered side of the ship, which in this case will
be the port bow. When weather permits advantage should be taken of
every available opportunity to give exercise on deck, so that any undue
filling of the legs may be obviated, and relief afforded from the cramp and
fatigue of long standing. It will be well, too, to bear in mind that much
relief from the discomfort arising out of these causes may be afforded by
the repeated application of friction to the surface of the body and vigorous
hand-rubl)ing of the legs. Except when the animal is at exercise bandages
should be worn and applied with a fair amount of tightness, so as to
support the joints and .sinews and prevent swelling.

The vessels which bring so many horses from America carry them
between decks. A number of stalls about the same width as the box
previously described are arranged on both sides of the ship, the animals
facing inwards. They are not slung, but the length of the stall is not
sufficient to include the head and neck, which protrudes over the gang-
way, and it is therefore impo.ssible for an animal to get down. Each
animal is fastened with the usual halter or head-stall, Avhich is long enough
to permit him to feed from the level of the deck or floor of the gangway,
where the nutritious alfalfti hay is strewn.

The stout planking that runs breast-high in front of the stalls is
screwed up with bolts, and, in case of a sick animal having to be removed,
it must needs be cut away for a space. The planks which divide the stalls
are made to drop into iron receptacles, and have only to be lifted out when
the horses arrive at their destination. To prevent slipping there are bars
across the floor of the stalls, liut no bedding is provided, as being
unnecessary and likely to hinder drainage. A gutter is provided in
those vessels specially constructed for the transatlantic horse trade, and
that it effectually carries away the urine may be presumed from the
comparatively pure air and freedom from ammonia which prevails on
these ships on arrival with a cargo of live stock.

The arrangements for disembarkation leave a good deal to be desired,
the movable gangways being too long, and most of the animals strike their
polls and at first refuse to mount the ladder. Another shoot or portable

SEA CARRIAGE 463

gangway over the ship's side enables tliem to reach tertn Jirma, wliich
they do with evident satisfaction, for though they a^e often cramped, and
occasionally the victims of fever in the feet, one cannot have associated
with horses on a voyage without observing the pleasure they display on
once more getting ashore.

Diet. — Diet on ship-board requires to be carefully adjusted. Bran and
sweet hay should form the staple food; a little corn may be added, but the
less the better. A daily allowance of 4 or 5 lbs. of carrots will keep the
body cool and the bowels in free action, l^esides which they are a wholesome
and refreshing addition to dry aliment.

In passing through hot climates horses should be watered at least four
times a day, and occasional sponging of the face will add materially to their
comfort.

Medicines. — When long sea journeys have to be taken by valuable
horses every provision should be made for dealing with diseases and
accidents which may occur on the voyage, and full instructions should be
given to the attendant how to act in certain emergencies. Among other
things he should be furnished with a clinical thermometer, and exercised
in its use before starting. Suitable needles, carbolized thread and cord,
should also be provided for stitching up wounds, as well as a stock of
antiseptic wool for dressing them in the course of subsequent treatment.

These, together with the following list of medicines, will be found to
meet all the ordinary requirements likely to arise in the course of a
voyage :—

Nitrate of Potash Powders.
Physic Balls.
Fever Draughts.
Colic Draughts.
Couo;h Balls.

Mustard.

Antiseptic Lotion for Wounds.

Stimulating Embrocation for Sprains.

Jar of Vaseline.

Pot of Zinc Ointment.

In some horses of excitable temperament it may be found necessary to
inject a little morphia beneath the skin now and again until they settle
down to their new mode of life.

Necessity may not arise for the use of any of the more active metlicines,
but where horses are confined for long periods in a standing posture a little
nitrate of potash powder given in the food every second or third day will
be found of distinct advantage in correcting any tendency that may arise
to filling of the legs.

Horse Boats. — On short voyages, like that from the mainland to the
Isle of Wight, horses are conveyed in barge-like boats with a floating plat-
form at the stern, corresponding to the tail-board of a cart. However calm
the sea or river to be crossed, there is always a difficulty in getting horses

464 THE TRANSIT OF HORSES

aboard, as tliey intuitively dislike an unstable plattbini, and an old stager
has to be kept as a " leader " to induce novices to follow.

Once on board they are packed closely together, and linked as well as
fastened singly to the l)ul\varks.

Horses taking a long sea voyage should have their hind shoes removed,
and tips applied to the fore-feet.

LAND CARRIAGE

Horses are carried on land in " floats", railway boxes, and trucks. The
first vary in different districts, l)ut the main principle is that of a box
on low wheels, in which sick or injured horses may lie carried. Entrance
to these useful conveyances is detained from behind, where the door, on
being let down, forms a gangway with very slight ascent, along which the
horse is led into the float.

The horse-box familiar to most travellers, at least from the outside, is
divided into three compartments, every portion of which appears to have
been designed with the special object of making the most alarming noises
calculated to frighten the inmates.

The .same description applies with even greater force to the doors, which
open upon the platform, or " dock " as it is called. It is too heavy for a
man to let it down steadily, and the traditions of the railway would be
altogether violated if it were not allowed to fall with great violence upon
the siding. Everything about a horse-box comes undone with a jerk and
closes with a bang. Some horses absolutely refuse to enter a box of the
kind, and much might be done to render them less fearsome to those
unaccustomed to travel.

The youngster is frightened at the outset by the sound of his feet on
the wooden frame door, which might just as well be " dead sounded " by
an intervening substance that would absorb sound, or an india-rul)ber floor.
The means of securing horses when in the box is also olijectionable.

In this connection Professor Axe, writing in the Lire Stork Journal
Almanac, observes: — "No one having acquaintance with the construction
of our horse-boxes during the past thirty years will fail to recognize how
very meagre have been the alterations and improvements which have been
effected in them during that period; ])ut what is still more important is
the striking want of uniformity, and obviously dangerous methods, which
continue to be practised throughout the various systems in the fastening
or tethering of travelling horses.

" That our railway companies, with all the experience before them, sliould
have failed to develop a reasonably safe system out of the half-dozen

LAND CARRIAGE 4G5

methocis or more now in vogue is by no means reassuring to the horse-
owning public, and so long as such divided opinions and practices exist,
so long may we expect accidents to continue, and litigants to press the
advantages of one system in order to fix blame on another.

" In tethering horses in boxes the general practice at present adopted
is to engage two stout ropes and a head-stall. The former are tied in
various ways, not only in the service of different companies, but also in
different boxes belonging to the same company. The more common arrange-
ment is to have an ' upper ' and a ' lower ' rope. These in some companies
have a regulation length of 3 feet for the former and 1 foot 10 inches for
the latter, while in others the length of rope to be allowed is left very
much to the discretion of the porter. When adjusted, one end of each rope
is attached to the right or left side of the head-stall below; the other end,
belonging to the long rope, is carried upward to one side, and securely tied
to an iron ring immediately beneath the roof above; while the still loose
end of the short vope on the opposite side is in some eases attached low
down to the partition in front, in others to a ring in the manger-board,
and in a third to a ring in front of the manger.

" Another system is to run both ropes from the head-stall through a
ring in the last-named position, and then fasten them to the front end of
the box right and left of the horse's head. In some boxes only a single
rope is employed, in which case one end is attached to the chin-strap of
the head-stall and the other to a 6-lb. weight, which keeps the rope taut
through a hole in the manger-board.

" It will be seen from this that, in all these methods of tethering, the
ropes, in one form or another, are made to rest on or near the manger or
manger-board, as the case may be, and consequently within reach of the
horse's feet whenever he is disposed to place them there. It is no rare
occurrence for excitable and refractory animals to land their fore-limbs in
this position, even when the head is tied down within 6 inches of the
manger-ring, and by entangling themselves in the ropes, to suffer severe,
if not fatal, damage; indeed, this is the great source of mischief in connec-
tion with our horse traffic by rail.

" An ingenious and simple device for correcting this unsatisfactory state
of things, and one in which I have taken a practical interest, has been
designed by Mr. Bartrum, late veterinary officer to the Midland Railway
Company, who have already recognized its merits and brought it into use.
The appliance consists of a rope, one end of which is attached to a ring in
front of the nose-band by means of a spring hook working oia a swivel.
The rope then passes upward, and over an adjustable pulley-wheel fixed
in a .slot in the partition between the stall and the coupe. Attached to

466

THE TRANSIT OF HOKSES

its other end is a small weight, surmounted liy a spiral spring, and confined
in a small box (fig. 653). By this arrangement only one rope is engaged in
the tying, and that is entirely removed from possible contact with the feet.
Instead of the horse being bound down by the head, he enjoys comparative
freedom and comfort, and indeed such an amount of liberty as will enable
him to recover himself from any awkward position in which he may, from
restiveness or other cause, liecome involved. Another conspicuous and
important advantage of the fastenings of this appliance is that, should he

653. — Bartnim's Tethering Appanitus

ftiil to free himself, he can be set at liberty at once, through the door of
the coupe, Ijy removing the spring hook from the ring in the nose-band.
These and other solid advantages are presented by the Bartrum device,
which promise to do away with much of that suffering and loss which
attend the transit of horses by rail."

Another serious objection to horse-boxes is tliat the padding which
prevents injury to the skin is not removable for purposes of disinfection
or ordinary cleansing, hence the danger of infectious disease, even if the
utmost care were exercised. The ordure from tlie last inmate commonly
remains, despite Rule 15 (Transit Order, Animals Act), which requires
that the vehicle .shall lie thoroughly cleansed according to .specified direc-
tions therein contained. Neglect to comply with these orders carries

LAND CARRIAGE 467

certain — or, rather, ?(?icertain — penalties, since the railway servants habitu-
ally disregard them.

Besides the horse-box there is the ordinary truck, which dealers, ever
ready to accept additional risk in order to efi'ect an economy, usually employ
to convey their purchases on the often long journeys from fairs and markets.
The truck is better cleansed and kept in a much more wholesome condition
than the more expensive box, as for some reason the Animals Orders in
connection with cattle are more respected, and these conveyances are fre-
quently whitewashed and otherwise disinfected.

They hold some half-dozen horses, and the object of the consignor in
packing them as closely as possible is to prevent them from kicking one
another. In the use of the horse-box there is no rule as to having the hind
shoes off, but it is a sort of lex non scripta of the truck, and usually insisted
upon on board ship, but not on so-called horse " boats ".

There is a special order issued by the Board of Agriculture with regard
to watering horses on railway journeys by wdiich the respective companies
are made responsible, but owners ha\'e been prosecuted for not feeding
animals on the journey while beyond their own control and detained on
the road by some failure on the part of the carriers to deliver within
reasonable time.

THE HORSE ATs^D ITS POSITION IN
THE ANIMAL WORLD

Section XIV.-THE HORSE A]^D ITS POSITIOT^
m THE ANIMAL WORLD

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST

From the investigations of geologists we have learned the fact that
the horse is descended from ancestors which existed in long -past ages
of the world's history, and which were very different in many respects
from the animal so familiar to iis. Probably it will be very generally
thought that it is late in the day to attempt to question, or even to defend,
the teachings of geology, and the kindred subject of palreontology, or the
science of extinct animal and vegetable life. At one period, however, not
so remote as to be out of the recollection of many of the readers of to-day,
the suggestion that the remains of animals and plants were to be found
in certain "petrifactions", dug up from the depths of the earth, was met
by opposition which was as violent as it was honest and ignorant.

Education has made rapid strides in all directions since the day of
merely unreasoned opposition to the advance of science; and it may per-
haps be said that the majority has changed its fi'ont, and is now either in
favour of investigation and receptive to its results, or at least accepts them
without any great effort, possibly it may be with some degree of indif-
ference, but in any case no longer opposes them. On either assumj)tion
it will be no more than fair to the reader who may not be a scientist,
and it will at the same time be inoffensive to the geologist and palgeon-
tologist, for whom the remarks are not intended, if we state in a few concise
sentences the broad princijales on which those experts base their arguments
and conclusions.

In the first place it may be observed that it is now well known that
rocks of different sorts constitute what is called the cnist of the earth —
that is, the superficial portion accessible to human observation — and what
is more significant, that these rocks are not for the most part heaped
together in disregard of order, but are arranged in a certain succession

472 THE HORSE'S POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

of beds, or strata, from Ijelow upwards. The lowest rocks bear evident
signs of the action of heat, and not being arranged in hiyers or strata,
are distinguished as luist ratified rocks, being also more or less crystaUiue.
The higher rocks, above those more ancient igneous rocks, whether hard
or soft, were originally deposited from water in the form of sediment, and
hence are called sedimentary or aqueous rocks. These are stratified, and
in them the remains of animals and plants are found more or less abun-
dantly, such remains being absent from the igneous rocks. The name
fossils is now familiar to everyone as applied to the remains of animals
and plants found in rocks, and this term also includes markings, such as
footprints and casts or impressions left on originally soft clay on which the
object has rested or in which it has been enclosed.

To the discoveries of the geologist the naturalist applies the same
mental processes which he uses in everyday life. He can see impressions
which have been left on the sea-shore, footmarks of men and beasts on
the sands, and, observing the marks, he realizes at once the existence of
the different creatures that made them. A skull or a leg-bone dug up
from a stone quarry or gravel-pit may attract his notice, and by the appli-
cation of his knowledge of anatomy he can decide whether the part once
belonged to a man or to an ox, a pig or a horse, and with added special
knowledge he will go beyond this and define the formation from which it
came, and form some idea of the period which has elapsed since it was
deposited. In like manner the geologist sees how river banks and sea-
w^alls are washed away year by year, and in other places how hollows are
gradually filled by sedimentary deposits, which are left to harden into
rocks, and Ijy the exercise of his ordinary intelligence he comprehends how
the strata in the earth's crust have been formed in succession by similarly
slow and often-interrupted actions going on through long ages. It is of
no avail to tell the palaeontologist that the impressions of animals' feet, and
the marks of shells and skeletons of birds and beasts and fishes, are not
what they seem to him, but only " petrifactions ", or " fossils ", curious
enough and highly interesting indeed, but in no way connected with living
creatures of a former period, when all the while his senses of sight and
touch inform him to the contrary. He can compare the fossil l)one of
many thousand years ago with the corresponding bones of the animals of
to-day and mark the close relation between them. In ftict, he is aware
that often, in comparing the later fossil remains with specimens of similar
parts of recent origin which have been buried close to the latest fossils, he
finds a dithculty in distinguishing between them. In short, the scientist
observes and reasons exactly as other people do. Of his facts he is as
sure as anv enquirer into everyday common things can be of his. and like

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST 473

him he exercises his intellect and imagination in drawing conclusions from
the fects which come under his observation.

It is true that some difference may exist between the mental processes
of the expert and those of the unscientific observer, but it is only one of
degree. The scientist is a trained, and therefore a keen investigator, and
his imagination is active as well as critical. Small matters which an
ordinary looker-on may pass by, the expert seizes and does not allow to
escape until he has exhausted their teaching. The method of Zadig is the
one which he, perhaps unconsciously, adopts in all his enquiries. What
that method is most people know, but as it may have been known and
forgotten, it may be well to follow Huxley's example in his lectures on
evolution and quote the short story of the sage entire.

According to Voltaire, Zadig, whose country, indeed whose existence,
is problematical, dwelt on the banks of the Euphrates, and occupied his
lonely life in the close study of nature. Thus by degrees he acc[uired a
marvellously keen power of observation and jirofound sagacity, of which
the following example may be given: —

" One day w'alking near a wood," so the story is told, " he saw hastening
that way one of the f[ueen's chief eunuchs, followed by a trooji of ofticials,
who appeared to be in the greatest anxiety, running hither and thither,
like men distraught, in search of some lost treasure.

" ' Young man,' cried the eunuch, ' have you seen the Cjueen's dog?'
Zadig answered modestly, 'A bitch, I think, not a dog.' 'Quite right,'
rejilied the eunuch ; and Zadig continued, ' A very small spaniel, who has
lately had puppies; she limps with the left foreleg, and has very long ears.'
'Ah! you have seen her, then,' said the breathless eunuch. 'No,'
answered Zadig, ' I have not seen her; and I really was not aware that
the queen possessed a spaniel.'

" By an odd coincidence, at the very same time the handsomest horse
in the king's stables broke away from his groom in the Babylonian plains.
The ofi'and huntsman and all his staff were seeking the horse with as much
anxiety as the eunuch and his people the spaniel; and the grand huntsman
asked Zadig if he had not seen the king's horse go that way.

"'A first-rate galloper, small-hoofed, 5 feet high, tail 3|- feet long;
cheek -pieces of the bit of twenty-three -carat gold; shoes silver?' said
Zadig.

" ' Which way did he go? Where is he?' cried the grand huntsman.

" ' I have not seen anything of the horse, and I never heard of him
before,' replied Zadig.

" The grand huntsman and the chief eunuch made sure that Zadig had
stolen both the king's horse and the c[ueen's spaniel, so they haled him

47-t THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WOKLD

before the Iligli Court oi DesfcrJiam, wliieli at once condemned liim to the
knout and transportation for life to Siberia. But the sentence was hardly
jjronounced when the lost horse and spaniel were found. So the judges
were under the painful necessity of reconsidering their decision, but they
fined Zadig four hundred ounces of gold for saying he had seen that which
he had not seen.

"The first thing was to pay the fine; afterwards Zadig was permitted
to open his defence to the court, which he did in the following terms: —

" ' Stars of justice, abysses of knowledge, mirrors of truth whose gravity
is as that of lead, whose infiexibility is as that of iron, who rival the
diamond in clearness, and possess no little affinity with gold; since 1 am
permitted to address your august assembly, I .s^\■ear by Ormuzd that I have
never seen the respectable lady dog of the queen, nor l)eheld the sacrosanct
horse of the king of kings.

" ' This is what happened. I was taking a walk towards the little
wood near wliicli I subsequently had the honour to meet the venerable
chief eunuch and the most illustrious grand huntsman. I noticed the track
of an animal in the sand, and it was easy to see that it was that of a small
dog. Long feint streaks upon the little elevations of sand between the
footmarks convinced me that it was a she dog with pendent dugs, showing
that she must have had puppies not many days since. Other scrapings of
the sand which always lay close to the marks of the fore-paws indicated
that she had very long ears; aiid as the imprint of one foot was always
fainter than those of the other three, I judged that the lady dog of our
august queen was, if I may venture to say so, a little lame.

" ' With respect to the horse of the king of kings, permit me to observe
that, wandering through the paths which traverse the wood I noticed the
marks of horse-shoes. They were all equidistant. 'Ah!' said I, 'this is
a. famous galloper.' In a narrow valley only 7 feet wide the dust upon
the trunks of the trees was a little disturbed at 3^ feet from the middle
of the path. ' This horse,' said I to myself, ' had a tail 3-^ feet long,
and la.shing it from one side to the other he has swept away the dust.'
Branches of the trees met overhead at the height of 5 feet, and under
them I saw newly-fallen leaves; so I knew that the horse had brushed
some of the branches and was therefore 5 feet high. As to his bit, it
must have been made of twenty-three-carat gold, for he had rubbed it
against a stone which had turned out to be a touchstone; with the pro-
perties of which I am familiar by experiment. Lastly, by the marks which
his shoes left upon pebbles of another kind I was led to think that his
shoes were of fine silver.'

"All the judges admired Zadig's profound and subtle discernment;

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST 475

and the fame of it readied even the king and the queen. From tlie ante-
room to the presence-chamber Zadig's name was in everybody's mouth;
and although many of the magi were of opinion that he ought to be burnt
as a sorcerer, the king commanded that the four hundred ounces of gold
which he had been fined should be restored to him. So the otiicers of the
court went in state with the four hundred ounces; only they retained three
hundred and ninety-eight for legal expenses, and their servants expected
fees."

That the method of Zadig is the method which is pursued by all
reasoning men must be evident from this illustration. In Zadig's case
the method was exhibited in a condition of the highest refinement, and
since his time, and possibly before it, has been practised by many, the
untutored savage among them, who never heard the philosopher's name.
In considering the facts and arguments on the development of the horse,
which is the subject of the following pages, the reader is invited to bring
Zadig's method to bear, and that he may begin with a clear understanding
of the object which will be kept in view throughout it is stated in plain
terms in the following proposition.

The horse of the present time may be traced, through a long line of
fossil remains of ancestral forms, back to the first discovered hoofed
mammals in the earliest beds (Eocene) of the Tertiary formation.^

The relation between the fossil remains and the present living animal
is the more easily shown in the case of the horse, and its immediate
relatives the varieties of the ass, zebra, and quagga, as these are all marked
by special characters, most of which can be very readily recognized in the
fossil specimens of the progenitors of the race which have been brought
to light in the course of geological explorations.

Before noticing the particular features of the equine grouji, it will be
necessary to define the position which its members occupy in nature.

The whole of the Equidte or horse family belong to the Vertebrate
kingdom and to the class Mammalia, which is separated by old writers
into two great orders or divisions, the Ungulata or hoofed mammals, and
the Unguiculata, including all animals with claws. This classification
originated with John Eay in his Synoj^sis Methodica Animaliam, published
in 1693. Sir William Flower in his work on the horse remarks on the
artificial character of the mode of division, but adds that some portion of
the system has survived, especially the group Ungulata, which has been
resuscitated of late years and used as a convenient designation for the
group of Cjuadrupeds that are distinctively hoofed.

'The Tertiary is the third of the great life-periods known to geologists, being followed by the Post-tertiary
or Quaternary, to which present-day life belongs.

476

THE nOKSE'S POSITION IX THE AXI.MAL WORLD

e I »

aa=«

-Q

Ungulate niamnials are described by Sir W. Flower as animals which
are eminently qualified for a life on land, and in the main for a vegetable
diet. Their molar teeth have broad crowns with tuberculated or ridged
grinding surfaces, and they have a perfect set of milk teeth, which are
changed for permanent ones as the animals advance towards maturity.
A very important point in their anatomy is the absence of collar-bones

(clavicles). Their toes are
covered with horny material,
which usually encloses them
completely, forming broad
lilunt nails or hoofs.

Cuvier, and after him
Owen, distinguished two
well-marked groujjs of un-
gulates, the fossil remains of
which are found throughout
the Tertiary period, the
Artiodactyla or even-toed,
and the Perissodaciyla or
odd-toed animals, both still
represented by living forms.
To realize the significance
of these divisions it must
be borne in mind that the
number of toes in mammals
is limited to five on each
extremity. Each toe is the
end of a sei"ies of bones start-
ing from a compound joint,
the carpus or wrist in the
front or upper extremity
(arm or fore-leg), and the
tarsus or heel in the hind
or lower extremity. To the series of bones the name digits is applied
to express either fingers or toes, and the term ^j/ia/aj'^^/c*' is used to
indicate the separate bones of which the digits are composed.

The annexed diagram, with the description taken from Professor Sir
W. Flower's work, will make the above remarks intelligible.

So far all is quite simple; but it happens in nature, and it may also
occur by chance, that one or moi'e of the digits may be missing. Still
the biologist is expected to decide from those which remain whether the

Fig. 654. — A, Diagram representing the Bones of the Right Fore-
foot of an Odd-toed or Perissodactyle Animal. B, Diagram of the
Bones of the Foot of an Even-toed Artiodactyle Animal, c, The
Carpus or Wrist (knee of quadriiped), consisting of two rows of
bones

The upper row consists of c, cuneiform ; I, lunar ; and .«, scaphoid ;
the lower row ?t, unciform ; m, magnum ; and Id, trapezoid ; with
the trapezium, Im, behind the cuneiform. The shaded parts of the
bones in A are those that are now present in the horse ; in B, those
that are present in the ox. In five-toed mammals the digits are
numbered one to five, beginning from the inner side of the limb.
Digit No. I in the upper or fore extremity is the thumb {/lotlej),
and in the hind or lower extremity the great toe (hallex) ; the other
digits are distinguished by the figures II, III, IV, and V.

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST 477

animal belonged to the odd-toed or even-toed group, and it will shortly
appear that it is most essential that there should be no risk of error in
the conclusion arrived at.

It will be seen by referring to fig. 654 that there is a marked
difference in the arrangement of the digits in the two figures in the
diagram. In the first figure, A, which may be taken to rejjresent the
foot of an early ancestor of the horse, the five digits are shown. The
shaded parts are the bones which are to be found in the horse now
existing. The special feature of the perissodactyle or odd-toed animal is
the one large middle digit, the third in situation. In the next figure,
B, representing the foot of the ox, the plan of construction is that of
the artiodactyle or even-toed group. The first digit is not present, even
in the most ancient members of the group, the second and fifth are
absent or rudimentary in the recent members, and instead of one large
middle digit there are two of equal size. These are distinct, and form
the so-called cloven hoof of the ox, which is, in fact, constituted of the
two middle digits, the third and fourth in situation. The shaded parts of
the bones in the second and fifth digits in the diagram show the portions
which remain in the foot of the ox.

Even a tyro in the science of anatomy will be able to understand
the value of the indications afforded by the middle digit or digits in
assigning to the animal to which they belong its proper jjosition in the
order Ungulata. For further illustration it may be assumed that the
bones of the foot of an imaginary animal are in question, and it is
granted that the animal is an ungulate mammal, and must therefore
belong to the odd-toed or even-toed group. To determine which, the
enquirer proceeds to examine the bones of the extremities below the
carpus or wrist, otherwise called the knee, and the tarsus or heel,
known as the hock in quadrupeds. Finding below these joints one large
digit, no matter what other bones are present or absent, it is at once
decided that the animal is one of the perissodactyle or odd-toed mammals.
If, however, there are two equal digits, it is as certain that the animal
is one of the artiodactyle or even-toed mammals.

Applying this scheme to the horse, it will be evident that as there
is " one big digit ", consisting of four phalanges extending from the knee
or hock to the toe, on the hoof-covered tip of which the horse stands,
the animal must be classed with the perissodactyles or odd-toed, and also
with the Solidungida or single-hoofed mammals.

Attached to the back of the one big digit of the horse, the leg-bone,
cannon or shank hone as it is sometimes called, are the well-known
spZm^bones, one on each side, reaching from the knee or hock to a point

478 THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

about two-thirds of the length of the first of the phalanges. It can hardly
be doubted that these splint-bones are the vestiges or representatives of
the second and fourth digits seen in the remote ancestors of our horses.
What has become of the first and fifth digits is a question to which no
convincing answer has yet been given. Certain horny excrescences, termed
corns or chestnuts, situated on the inner side of the legs above the knees
and at the lower part of the hocks, and also the horny growths found at
the back of the fetlock joints, partly or entirely concealed by the long
hair which is usually abundant in that part, have been looked upon as
the rudiments of the missing digits; but there are some facts connected
with their situation in the limbs which do not support this view. "What-
ever may be their true place in the animal economy, these horny growths
have always attracted attention, and much speculation has been indulged in
as to their meaning. At the least it may be said of them that they serve
to identify the members of the equine family, and to some extent aid in
separating the various member's of the group one from the other. In their
typical form the chestnuts on the hind and fore extremities are charac-
teristic of Equus cahallus — the scientific name of the horse. Asses and
zebras have them in a much-modified form on the fore limbs only. The
excrescences (ergots) at the back of the fetlock are as in the horse.

The anatomical characters of the growths will be described more par-
ticularly in connection with some other specialities of the horse when the
general structure of the animal is considered.

At this point it will be convenient to pause for a moment to note the
general character of the evidence which has been produced.

The preceding remarks have enabled us to ascertain with some exactness
the place of the horse in nature, and we have further noted some of the
more prominent special characters of the Equidse in their relations to the
fossil remains of extinct animals in which those special features had a more
perfectly-developed form, suggesting that in those animals they formed
an actively useful and essential part of their organization.

At this early stage of the investigation it is not intended to suggest
that the evidence which has already been advanced is in itself sufiicient to
prove that the horse is a descendant of some remote ungulate mammal
which had five perfect digits instead of the " one big digit " by which it is
now distinguished. On the contrary, many more facts have to be brought
forward and carefully analysed before that proposition can be considered as
proved.

Huxley, in his lectures on evolution, delivered in New York in 1876,
observes that the occurrence of historical facts is said to be demonstrated
when the evidence is of such a character as to render the assumption that

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST 479

they did not happen impiohable in the highest degree. It is requisite,
therefore, to consider the evidence bearing on the evolution of the horse,
and it will render the subject all the more easy of comprehension if an
attempt be made to explain what the word evolution is intended to express.

At the outset it may be remarked that the doctrine of evolution is not
exactly new. " The great theory of evolution", writes Mr. Hutchinson in
The Creatures of Other Days, " was first dimly suggested by Greek philo-
sophers, such as Anaximander (b.c. 610), who may have derived the idea
from Egyptian, Babylonian, or Hindu sources; then revived in a more
scientific form by Lamarck last century. In recent years it has been
placed on a truly scientific basis by the illustrious Charles Darwin, and is
now generally accepted by naturalists. Indeed it is hard in these days to
escape being an evolutionist, so abundant is the evidence in favour of the
doctrine, especially that derived from a study of extinct animals."

Huxley writes in reference to evolution as the acting force in the past
history of Nature, " that at any comparatively late period of past time,
an imaginary spectator would have met with a state of things very similar
to that which now obtains; but that the likeness of the past to the present
would gi'adually become less and less, in proportion to the remoteness of
his period of observation from the present day. Preceding the forms of
life which now exist, the observer would see animals and plants not iden-
tical with them but like them, their diff"erences increasing with their
antiquity, and at the same time becoming simpler and simpler; until
finally the world of life would present nothing but that undifferentiated
protoplasmic matter, which, so far as our present knowledge goes, is the
common foundation of all vital activity!" To all of which the reader,
according to his views, may urge the series of objections which have from
the first been formulated and overruled. How is it possible, it may
be asked, that a mass of protoplasmic matter — a simple, jelly-like mass,
giving hardly any evidence of life — can, under the influence of varying
conditions of e^ivironment, become resolved into plants and animals,
advancing steadily from the lowest forms to the highest? Clearly, the
answer comes; the possibility cannot be disputed, the changes are going
on perpetually under our eyes. Take the seed of a plant, or, better
still, the ovum of an animal, and place it under favourable conditions,
and the process of evolution begins and goes on to its completion.
Structures are successively evolved without any interference from without,
until a miniature man, or a lower animal, or a plant is formed. It is
very interesting to observe that in the process of development, as Von
Baer found, every organism in its earliest stages has the greatest number
of characters in common with all other organisms in their earliest stages,

480 THE HOK.SE.S POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

and at a stage somewhat later, its structure is like the structures displayed
at corresponding phases by a less extensive multitude of organisms. At
each subsec^uent stage features are acquired which successively distinguish
the embryo from groups of embryos which it previously resembled, thus
step by step diminishing the class of embryos which it still resembles,
and finally the class is narrowed to the species of which it is a member.
The embryo of a bird or a rabbit has at one time in its development
characters resembling those of the embryo of the fish — structures repre-
senting gill-clefts, for example. In the human embryo, it is only after
exhibiting successive changes characteristic of the organization of lower
animals that it at last assumes the form proper to man.

To the naturalist many instances will readily occur of remarkable
changes of form during the evolution of an animal from the ovum to
the mature stage. Steenstrupp, the Danish naturalist, in 1845 summarized
the process of development in the Medusae, Entozoa, and others of the
lower animals, under the title of " Alternation of Generations ", which
he described as " the remarkable and till now inexplicable natural pheno-
menon of an animal producing an offspring, which at no time resembles
its parent; but which, on the other hand, itself brings forth a progeny
which returns in its form and nature to the parent animal; so that the
maternal animal does not meet with its resemblance in its own brood, but
in its descendants of the second, third, or fourth generation." This re-
markable form of evolution is exhibited in the reproductive process of the
])arasite the liver fluke [Distoma heiKiticum) in the most striking manner.
The parent Huke provides the ovum, and there its responsibility seems to
cease. Hatching takes place in any moist spot or stagnant pool. The
product, however, is not a young fluke, but a long, thin embryo, having no
resemblance to the parent. Soon, however, this undergoes a change into
a cyst, or sort of bag, in the interior of which are developed more advanced
organisms known as redia, and in them, again, still more advanced tailed
cerca7-ia appear, which are nearest to the form of the Huke, and only await
entrance into the body of a warm-blooded animal to acquire their perfect
form and thus prove their descent from their original parent. (See p. 260
of this volume.)

Equally remarkable transformations occur during the development of
the embryo in the higher animals, but these go on within tlie organism
of the parent, or otherwise while the young animal is enclosed in the shell
of the egg. It is, however, possible to imagine that the changes which
occur in the embryo, which is hidden from sight, as in the egg of the bird or
the uterus of the mammalian, might be displayed to view, as it is in some of
the Entozoa and other animals lower in the scale of life. What a wonderful

THE HOKSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST 481

series of phenomena would be exhibited! Instead of sitting on her eggs
for weeks, the common lien would find her brood at the expiration of a
few days hatched but palpably unfinished, very unlike the chickens to
which she had been accustomed. The young living beings would present
some of the characteristics of the mammal, but they would also, in certain
parts of their organism, show structures connecting them with reptiles, and,
in the arrangement of the blood-vessels, they would run the risk of being
classed among fishes.

Day by day almost imperceptible changes would be distinguished by
the critical observer, and gradually the unnamed living thing would assert
its claim to be accepted as a Ijird, and finally the expert would decide,
without the least chance of making a blunder, to which particular species,
genus, and variety of birds the mysterious creature belonged. In like
manner it might be supposed, for the sake of illustration, that the mare,
instead of producing a foal at the end of several months, would give birth
at an earlier period to an unfinished organism in which some of the charac-
teristics of the lower Vertebrata would be recognized, those of the reptile or
the fish, for example. Gradually advancing day by day, the young organ-
ism would exhibit in turn, in the circulatory system especially, some of
the features belonging to the bird, and passing through the changes which
mark certain phases in the organization of the lower mammals, it would
arrive at the stage of perfect development and assume the form of the parent.

In reply to the very easy and obvious criticism that the above
description is absurd, and that the proces.ses referred to could not possibly
take place, it may be observed that nothing has been advanced of a hypo-
thetical character. All the changes or metamorphoses referred to do
constantly occur, and the only liberty which has been taken has been
that of supposing them to be visible. Facts which are invisible to the
ordinary observer, but perfectly distinct to the skilled microscopist, have
been assumed to occur in such a 2Dosition that they might be recognized by
the unaided eye. The facts are not the less real because they do not
present themselves in a palpable form. In the study of embryology all
these changes are recognized, but they are visible only by the aid of the
microscope. If they formed part of the ordinary observation of the breeder
of stock, as they do of the investigations of the scientist, the mysterious
doctrine of evolution would lose its glamour, and become one phase of mere
commonplace experience.

Eeplying to some of the objections which have been urged against the
doctrine of evolution, the late Herbert Spencer deals with two forms of
criticism which have often been advanced, one relating to the obvious and
admitted fact that the process of evolving a new species has neA'er l)een

482 THE HORSE'S POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

seen, and tlie otlier to the ditHculty which is l)a.sed on the ground of the
extent of time which would necessarily be ret]uired for the development of
highly-organized living creatures out of a masa of jelly-like protoplasm.

On the first point he quotes from the late Lord Salisbury's address to
the British Association, in which the speaker says that no man or succession
of men have ever observed the whole process in any single case, and cer-
tainly no man has recorded the observation. In reply, Herbert Spencer
quotes from an essay which was published many years ago in pre-Darwinian
days, in which the author remarks: " In a debate upon the development
hypothesis lately narrated to me by a friend, one of the disputants was
described as arguing that as, in all our experience, we know of no such
phenomenon as transmutation of species, it is unphilosophical to assume
that transmutation of species ever takes place. Had I been present, I
think that, passing over his assertion, which is open to criticism, I should
have replied that, as in all our experience we had never known a species
created, it was by his own showing unphilosophical to assume that any
species ever had been created."

Thus, supposing the two hypotheses — special creation and evolution by
natural selection — are to be tested by the directly-observed facts assigned
in their su23port, then, if the hypothesis of evolution by natural selection is
to be rejected because there are no directly-observed facts which prove it,
the hypothesis of special creation must be rejected for the same reason. In
fact, it would be impossible to arrive at any conclusion by such a line of
argument.

On the subject of the time which would be required for the evolution of
a living being of advanced type, the difficulty is thus cogently ijropounded.
" If we think of the vast distance over which Darwin conducts us, from the
jelly-fish lying on the primaeval beach to man as we know him now, if we
reflect that the prodigious changes requisite to transform one into the other
are made up of a chain of generations each advancing liy a minute variation
from the form of its predecessor, and if we further reflect that these succes-
sive changes are so minute that, in the course of our historical period — say
three thousand years — this progressive variation has not advanced by a
single step perceptible to our eyes, in respect to man or the animals or
plants with which man is familiar, we shall admit that for a change so vast,
of which the smallest link is longer than our recorded history, the biologists
are making no extravagant claim when they demand at least many hundred
millions of years for the accomplishment of the stupendous process." In
reply to this Herbert Spencer, setting aside the statement that the jelly-
fish is a remote ancestor of man, quotes again from a portion of the essay
previously referred to where the writer, after admitting that those who

THE HORSE OF THE PRESENT AND THE PAST 483

know nothing of the science of life may naturally think the hypothesis
that all races of beings, man inclusive, may in process of time have been
evolved from the simplest monad a "ludicrous one", continues: "But for
the physiologist who knows that every individual being is so evolved, who
knows further that in their earliest condition the germs of all plants and
animals whatever are so similar that there is no appreciable distinction
among them which \vould enable it to be determined whether any particular
molecule is the germ of a Conferva or of an Oak, of a Zoophyte or of a
' Man ' — for him to make a difficulty of the matter is inexcusable. Surely
if a single cell, when subjected to certain influences, becomes a man in the
space of twenty years, there is nothing absurd in the hypothesis that under
certain other influences a cell may in the course of millions of years give
origin to the human race."

In regard to the time required for the alleged evolutionary changes,
he accepts Lord Kelvin's proposition to the effect that, " life cannot have
existed on the earth for more than a hundi'ed million years ". At the
same time it is pointed out that the proposition is ojjen to doubt. Other
geologists, c[uoted by Huxley in his lectures on evolution, assert that five
hundred million years were occupied in the completion of the Tertiary
formations, and in that case the period may be taken as the measure of
the duration of the evolution of the horse; but the lecturer goes on to
suggest that he is not much concerned about the discrepancies in calcula-
tions as to time, the chief point of enquiry being " is it a fact that evolution
took place?" That question being answered, the time required for the
process may be left to be determined by the physicist and the astronomer.

Herbert Spencer, however, waiving all criticism, accepts the lower
estimate of one hundred million years as the time rec|uired, and proceeds
to compare the changes in the development of the embryo with the evolu-
tionary changes, as exhibited in the Tertiary formation, in regard to their
extent and the time occupied by them.

" The nine months of human gestation, more exactly stated, is 280 days,
that is 6720 hours or 403,200 minutes. Thus, then, the total change from
the nucleated cell constituting the human ovum to the developed structures-
of the infant just born, is divisible into 403,200 changes each occupying a
minute. No one of these changes is appreciable by the eye or even by a
micrometer." Turning to the other member of the comparison, the writer
proceeds to contrast the evolution of a man from a primitive protozoon with
the evolution of the infant from the protoplasm in the cell of the human
ovum. In doing this he supposes the developmental changes from the jelly-
fish to the man to be equal in their number to those gone through by the
foetus. And in order to arrive at a result he divides 100,000,000 years

484 THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANBIAL AVORLD

by 403,200 changes, a simple sum which gives in its quotient a period of
nearly 250 years as the interval available for an amount of change equal to
that which the foetus undergoes in a minute. If, instead of the human
ovum, the ovum of a rabbit had been taken for comparison, the contrast
in point of time would have been of necessity more striking, as similar
changes to those which occur in the human ovum during nine months take
place in that of the rabbit in a few wrecks.

It will be observed that the argument is not directed to the proof that
man was evolved from a jelly-fish or other primitive protozoon, Imt rather
to the fact of there having been according to the lowest estimate ample
time for the process, seeing that in the ordinary course of things a child
is evolved from a mass of protoplasm in a few months, and advances to the
condition of a man in the course of some twenty years.

Enough has been said to leave no room for reasonable doubt that what-
ever may be its limitation, evolution is a natural process, the successive
steps of which may be observed and recognized, as in the examples which
have been given.

It is, of course, open to anyone to oppose the proposition that every
existing organism, animal and plant, was developed from some original and
undifferentiated protoplasmic matter, just as the foetus is developed from a
microscopic speck of protoplasm. Nor is it required for the present purpose
that the proposition should be accepted. It cannot be denied, on the other
hand, that under the influence of changes in the environment certain
im^oortant alterations of form and function do happen, and are indicated
by the presence among existing beings of organs and parts w-hich are so
placed as to be devoid of any functional value, while a comparison of them
with similar and more developed parts in extinct races necessarily leads to
the presumption that they may be, and most probably are, rudimentary or
vestigial remains modified by the laws of heredity and the influence of
natural and artificial selection.

Leaving now the general for the particular, the question which presents
itself relates to the facts which are offered by the anatomist and the palieon-
tologist, in regard to structure and conformation, ])earing upon the state-
ment that the horse may be traced through a long line of extinct mammals
back to the earliest mammals of the Tertiary period.

SPECIAL FEATURES IN STRUCTURE

The horse is generally described as a remarkable animal, at once ex-
hibiting perfection of mechanism, complete balance of form, as well as
beauty of outline. Professor Sir W. Flower lays great stress on the

SPECIAL FEATURES IN STRUCTURE 485

S2yecialization of the horse, that is, the modification of its structure from
the average type of quadruped to meet some special requirements. The
horse is a favourite subject for the evolutionist, as illustrating probably
more satisfactorily than any other mammal the truth of the doctrine of
evolution. In particular, various rudimentary and apparently useless parts
are met with in the horse which correspond to fully-developed structures
found in other mammals. Such rudimentary structures in animals may
either be in process of growth or they may have the character of vestigial
remains; that is, they may be structures that have degenerated from a
former more perfect state of development and are now only vestiges of
what they once were. In the horse most of the rudimentary structures
and parts appear to be in the vestigial condition, and the discoveries in the
geological history of the horse all point to that conclusion.

Although the horse as it now exists may be looked upon as one of the
most recent among animals from the point of view of the geologist and
naturalist, from the historian's point of view its antiquity is considerable,
since it can be traced back almost to the beginning of the historic period.
According to Dr. George Fleming, the horse was domesticated among the
Egyptians nearly 2000 years B.C. The Persians, Greeks, and Romans used
the horse for ordinary work and in war not only to carry the riders, but
also for the even more useful purpose of being harnessed to chariots, with
which the armed warriors were accustomed to attack. (See the chapters on
the History of the Horse.) That the horse is specially adapted for the
purpose of suj^porting weight and also for rapid movement, we might con-
clude even from an inspection of the skeleton, which with all its delicacy
of outline is so adjusted, that great strength is combined with perfect
elasticity.

Bony Framework. — The accompanying illustration (fig. 655) will
show that in many respects it is possible to compare the bony framework
of the horse with that of man, in whose structure the highest type of
anatomical mechanism is exhibited.

For the general reader the most interesting feature in the illustration
will be the arrangement of the joints of the limbs of the horse in com-
parison with those of man, and a very little study of the engraving will
correct some popular errors, such, for instance, as refer to the position of
the knee of the horse. The real knee of the animal is, in the jihraseology
of the horseman, the stifle-joint, and the joint which is usually called the
knee of the horse is in reality the wrist. The letters in the illustration
indicate the true shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle in both man
and horse.

Commencing with the fore parts of the skeleton, we will first notice the

486

THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

joint Avliich is called the wrist or ccu'pus, the knee of the horse as it is
wrongly named. In this two rows of small bones are arranged, as can
he seen in the figure, between the arm-bone above and the shank-bones
below, the latter consisting of one large bone and two small splint-bones
attached to it. In man the corresponding arrangement conduces to a very
important end — a series of movements in the hand and arm which are

Fig. 6.')5. — Comparative View of Skeletons of Man and Horse

s, Shouliler-joint; E, elbow-joint; w, wrist-joint (so-called knee in the horse); H, hip-joint; K, knee
(stifle-joint in the horse); A, ankle (hock-joint in the horse).

mechanically impossible in the horse, notwithstanding the apparent simi-
larity of structure.

The hand of man constantly performs the movements of flexion and
extension, as they are called (these being binge-like motions with extensive
lateral movement), and in addition almost perfect rotation, at least to the
extent of two-thirds of the circle. On the other hand, the horse's wrist
or knee is only capable of flexion and extension.

Nearly the same degree and exactly the same variety of movement are

SPECIAL FEATURES IX STRUCTURE 487

possible in the elbow-joint of iiiun, wliile in the horse, owing to tlie rudi-
mentary form of the second bone of the arm {the ulna), no lateral or rotatory
motion can take place. The movement is purely hinge-like.

Another marked peculiarity is observed in the connection of the shoulder-
blade (scapula) with the trunk. In man the junction is effected by a bone
known as the collar-bone (or clavicle), which extends from the shoulder-
bone near the shoulder-joint to the first rib on each side. The horse has
no vestige of a collar-bone; the shoulder-blade [scapula) is joined to the
trunk only by means of the muscles which are attached to it, so that the
fore part of the horse's body is suspended by the aid of muscular Ijands
between the two fore -legs.

An examination of the hinder limbs will show that the general plan of
construction is nearly the same in both man and horse, as far as the joints
are concerned. The hip-joint, the stifle (the true knee) with the floating
bone or knee-cap {patella), and the hock (ankle of man) are almost identical
in mechanical arrangement.

With regard to the hock-joint it may be observed that the two rows of
small bones are placed as in the ankle of man, but the movement of the
joint is purely hinge-like, and experience proves that the two rows of small
bones may be cemented together, and to the cannon-bones and splint-bones
below them, by bony deposits in old horses without causing any defect
in the action — to a sufficient extent, at least, to be noticed. In fact, the
provision for perfectly complete flexion in the hock -joint is secured by the
mode of junction of the bones called tibia and astragalus (see fig. 658).
The so-called cushion bones do not appear to contribute much, if anything,
to the mobility of the joint, in the flexion and extension of which the small
bones are largely concerned.

Below the knee in front, and the hock behind, begins the hand and foot
respectively. The one large digit in each extremity, composed of what are
called the metacarpal and metatarsal bones; the rudimentary second and
fourth digits (the splint-bones) attached to them, and reaching two-thirds
of their length, and the three following phalanges, constitute the true hand
and foot. The horse, in fact, stands on those parts which in man form
respectively the tip of the middle finger and the point of the middle toe,
both of which are capped with an investing hoof instead of a nail.

The next illustration shows the exact relation between the finger of man
and the reputed foot of the horse. How very close the anatomical relation
is will be at once evident.

The chief anatomical difference between the fingers of man and the foot
of the horse (which represents the end of the middle finger) consists in the
presence of — (l) a complete horny box or hoof, which covers the organ in

488

THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

the horse; (2) the three floating bones or sesamoids, of which two are
attached to the back of the lower end of the metacarpal bone and one
navicular behind the last phalanx, or rather between it and the articular
end of the bone immediately above it, the coronal bone or short pastern.

Yig. C56. — Section of Finger of Man

IMetacarpal bone.

First phalanx.
, Second phalanx.

Third or ungual phalanx (pedal bone of horse).
i-6 wanting).

Tendon of extensor muscles.

Tendon of superficial flexor {flexor perforatus).
, Tendon of deep flexor (flexor perforans).
and 14. Derma or true skin.

Nail {imperfect hoof of horse).

Fibro-fatty cushion of end of finger.
, Fibro-fatty cushion of palm behind, metacarpal
phalangeal joint.

Thickened epidermal covering of the same.

Section of Foot of Horse

Metacarpal bone.

First phalanx.

Second phalanx.

Third or ungual phalanx.

One of the upper sesamoid bones.

Lower sesamoid or navicular bone.

Tendon of extensor muscle.

Tendon of superficial flexor (flexor perforatus).

Tendon of deep flexor (flexor perforans).

Short flexor or suspensory ligament of the fetlock.

Derma or true skin eontinned into

Coronary cushion.

14. Villous portion of the hoof matiix.

Hoof.

The heel.

Plantar cushion.

Fibro-fatty cushion of the fetlock.

Horny excrescence or spur (ergot).

In the human hand two sesamoid bones arc found where the thumb
articulates with the first metacarpal bone on the inner or palm surfece.
None exists elsewhere in the hand.

When we give full weight to the points of difference in the fore-limbs
of the horse, as compared with the upper (fore) extremity of man, the
similarity in the details of the plan of construction in both man and horse
must seem far more striking than the variations, and this fact, taken in

SPECIAL FEATURES IN STRUCTURE

489

connection with the marked diflference in the position and general functions
of the fore extremities in each subject, is certainly more suggestive of evolu-
tion than of special design. Unless on the theory of evolution from remote
ancestors, it is indeed umntelligihle that all the bones of the carpus (wrist)
of man, conducing as they do to the greatest perfection of complicated
movements, should be represented in the same joint (knee) of the horse,
but so modified in their arrangement as to permit of no more than a simple
hinge-like motion, which is quite effectually provided for in other hinge-
joints by the adaptation of two bones only. And again, some of the digits

Fig. 658. — Foot of Man anil Foot of Horse Compared in Natural Positions
(Note position of ground surface in each case.)

A, Tibia. B, Astragalus, c, Calcis. D, Scaphoid. E, Internal cuneiform. F, Splint-bone (a vestige of
2nd metatarsal). G, Cannon bone, or 3rd metatarsal. 1, 2, 3, !

of 'man, one of the five-fingered and five-toed mammals, are represented in
the horse bv undeveloped structures or rudiments which serve no useful
purpose, as the horse walks on the tip of a .single finger and a single toe;
in the foot of man, on the contrary, the whole of the bones from the ankle-
joint are brought into use, forming the plantar surface or sole. Such a
modification of structure in the lower animal can be understood only on
the assumption that it was the result of a gradual process of development
through which the five-toed foot of the horse's remote ancestors was in
course of ages transformed to the one-toed foot of the horse as we now
know it. A very pronounced series of changes it must be allowed, the true
character of which will be more easily understood by reference to figs.
6.58 and 659, taken by permission of the Eoyal Agricultural Society from
an article on the structure of the horse's foot by Profes.sor Sir Geo. T.
Brown, and publi-shed in the Society's Journal, 1891.

In fig. 658 both man and horse have the foot placed as it is in nature.

490

THE HORSES POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

Man presents the entire under surfaces of the bones of the tarsus (hock of
the horse), with the metatarsal bones and the four phalanges, to the ground
surfoce, while the horse stands on the fourth or terminal phalanx. Fig. 659
shows the positions reversed; the foot of the man has the points of the
toes on the ground in a position corresponding to that which is natural
in the horse, and the horse is supposed to be in the impossible position
of having the whole of the bones from the point of the hock to the last
phalanx of the toe on the ground as in the foot of the man. The teaching
of the diagram is that for the horse to exhibit a perfect foot, the bones
below the carpus (knee) and the tarsus (hock) would have to be included

Fiff. 659. — Foot of Man and Foot of Horse Compared (positions reversed)
(Note position of ground surface in each case.)

The names of the several bones are given below fig. 658 on the preceding page

in the structures of the organ; instead of this being the case, it is
obvious that what is called the foot of the horse only includes the two
last phalanges.

It will be noticed in comparing the above illustrations with the
skeletons in fig. 655, page 486, that in man the bones of the leg (the tibia
and fibula) up to the knee, and the thigh-bone (femur) from the knee
to the hip -joint, form a column which is nearly a straight line. The
limbs of the horse, on the contrary, present very decided angles at several
points, chiefly at the shoulder, elbow, hip, stifle, and hock joints; and
also from the fetlock -joints to the ground surface, an arrangement which
is eminently calculated to give freedom of movement, and at the same
time lessen the effect of concussion.

Muscular System. — The bones of the skeleton form the framework
of the body. Joints are obviously arranged to admit of motion, they

SPECIAL FEATURES IN STRUCTURE 491

do not originate it. Tliat function is relegated to the muscles, which
form the masses of flesh covering the bones. ]\Iuscular tissue possesses
the peculiar property of contraction, and the effect of contraction is to
pull the parts to which muscles are attached nearer to each other.

As nearly all the joints of the horse are simply hinge-joints capable
only of flexion and extension, it would be expected that only flexor
and extensor muscles would be required. It is a fact, however, which
Sir W. Flower comments on in his work on the horse, that many more
muscles exist in the limbs of the animal than would be thought necessary
for the very simple functions which they have to perform. It would
appear that the reduction of bones to a rudimentary condition, as in the
case of the ulna and the fibula, or their entire loss, as in the case of
four of the toes, has taken place more thoroughly than, and in advance
of, that of the muscles which were originally connected with these bones,
many of which linger, as it were, behind, though with new relations
and uses, sometimes in a most reduced, and almost, if not quite, function-
less condition, and sometimes even with completely changed structure.

Dr. G. E. Dobson remarks in this connection that if no other evidence
were obtainable of the descent of the horse from five-toed ancestors, the
condition of the muscles of the foot would be a sufficient indication.

Most of the muscles of the forearm of the five-toed mammal are still
represented in the extremities of the horse; the proper extensor even of
the fifth digit survives, although both its position and special function
have been completely altered.

In the hind-limbs of the horse the two flexors of the great toe and
the next one are both present with well-developed tendons united in the
foot, as in the greater number of five- toed mammals.

" In the human hand there are fifteen muscles which have special
functions in the complicated movements of the organ. Only five^ of
them remain in the horse, four in a very reduced condition, two interossei,
and two lumbricales. The fifth muscle, a short flexor muscle, called in
man the first palmar interosseous, is referred to as a remarkable instance
of a structure not becoming rudimentary and useless, but being completely
diverted from its original purpose, its function and its structure also
being changed. In the horse the modified muscle is entirely transformed,
and in its new form is known as the suspensory ligament — a strong
fibrous band lying at the back of the cannon-bone, being attached to
its upper extremity, and dividing at the lower end into two portions
which spread over the fetlock - joint and are inserted jjartly into the
sesamoid bones and partly into the extensor tendon on the first phalanx."

* Othei"S have been discovered in later dissections.

492

THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

The most interesting point, however, remarks M. D. J. Cunningham,
in connection with its structure is that it bears its history on its face.
Almost invariably two thin streaks of striated muscular fibre are to be
found on its superficial surface, leading down to the two inferior divisions.
On examining its deep surface two very distinct strands of pink, fiesliy
tissue are always observed extending throughout the entire length of
the ligament. These consist in each case of short oblique striated fibres,
and are presumed to represent the two heads of the muscle called the

fitxor hrevis, not yet converted
into fibrous tissue. It is hardly
necessary to suggest that mus-
cular fibre in such a form and
position, and with such sur-
roundings, cannot possess any
functional value, that is, does
not serve any really useful end.
Indeed, it can only be looked
upon as a vestigial tissue whicli
is slowly passing away.

The Head. — Proceeding
from the consideration of the
bones of the limbs we will
next give particular attention
to the head, mainly on account
of the teeth. These, although
in the popular view they are

s, Zygomatic arch ;«, nasal bone; 0, orbit; (.temporalfossa; ]„„l.pJ „„ mpvplv as Oroans

oc, occipital condyle; f, external auditory opening; ^.glenoid iOOkeCl UpOU mClCiy dS OlgaUS

fossa for articulation of the lower jaw ; CO, coronoid process of ^q^. niasticatiucf food aud for

lower jaw; i^ and ^"-, incisor teeth; c, canine; pvi^ and pm^j ^ . ,..,,.

premolar teeth ; m'm^mS, the three molar teeth. tluS purjDOSe are dlVlClcd lUtO

front and back teeth or in-
cisors and molars, do really possess very special features, by the aid of
which the naturalist is enabled to determine the family or order to which
animals belong.

The exploit of the palaeontologist in constructing the model of an
extinct animal from a single fossil bone or tooth is often accepted as a
trick of sleight-of-hand, more calculated to amuse than to instruct, but
when all the facts are known there is really nothing very wonderful
in the procedure. Anyone, for example, who is familiar with the form
of the teeth of the shark could hardly make a mistake in their identifi-
cation, and if a fossilized tooth of a shark were placed in his hand he
would at once, in imagination, construct the animal to which the tooth

Fig. 6G0.— Side View of Skull of Man, with the bone
removed so as to show the whole of the teeth

SPECIAL FEATURES IN STRUCTURE

493

belonged — iu fact, it would be impossible for him to avoid doing so. In
like manner other characteristic structures and organs are in themselves
indisputable evidence of their origin, and to the naturalist the realization
of the form of an animal upon such evidence is a mere involuntary and
quite spontaneous mental process scarcely attended with any effort.

To understand the value of the evidence afforded by the teeth and
certain bones of the skull of the horse as connecting the existing animal
with its remote ancestors, it will be necessary to consider some of the
most salient features of those
structures, premising that
no more than a cursory
view can be taken out of
respect for the patience of
the reader.

If we compare the skull
of man with that of the
horse it will at once be
evident that the difference
of form is very marked,
as shown in the two illus-
trations (figs. 660 and
661) from Sir W. Flower's
book.

The letters of reference in
the two figures are the same
in both, and indicate the
same bones. The remarkable
difference in form of the two
skulls is due to the variation
in size and shape of the

separate pieces of bone of which the cranial and facial divisions of the
skull are composed.

Most noticeable is the vast difference in size of the cranium of man
as compared with that of the horse. There is no difliculty in recognizing
the fact that the facial division of the horse's skull, the part which is
mainly used for the mastication of the food, is developed enormously
out of proportion to the cranial division in which the brain is lodged —
the centre of whatever degree of intelligence the animal may possess,
and the source of some of the most important nerves. In man the
conditions are exactly the opposite. The cranium is of immense capacity
compared with the insignificant proportions of the facial bones, yet it

Fig. 661.— Side View of the Skull of the Horse, with
the bone removed so as to show the whole of the
teeth and nasal bone

H, Nasal bone; o, orbit; s, zygomatic arch; t, temporal fossa;
or, occipital condyle; em, external auditory opening; of glenoid
fossa for articulation of the lower jaw; i^ i^ i^, three incisor teeth;
c, canine ; p m\ the situation of the first rudimentary premolar,
which has been lost in the lower, but which is present in the
upper jaw; pm^ pm^ p>»-\ the three fully-developed premolar
teeth ; m' m- m*, the three true molar teeth.

494 THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

is a fact that there are the same number of bones and a similar arrange-
ment of them, and in short a general uniformity of the plan of con-
struction in both cases, varied in details under the influence, it may be
presumed, of the conditions of existence.

With regard to the teeth of the horse some points of cousidera])le
interest have to be noticed. It has already been stated that the horse
has six front teeth or incisors, named more correctly, from their tlat sur-
faces, nippers, in each jaw, four canine teeth (tusks) in the male, two on
•each side, top and bottom, while in the female the tusks are absent or
AYc in a rudimentary condition. There are also six molars on each side,
top and bottom. The last three of these are specially distinguished as
the molars, those in front being known as p)remolars. To these must
.be added the first premolars, eye-teeth or wolves'-teeth, in the upper jaw,
which are in a rudimentary state, and have disappeared entirely from
the lower jaw. In the ancient ungulate mammals the first premolars
were fairly well developed teeth, making a row of seven instead of six
molars. After a gradual diminution in size, which may be traced in
the fossilized remains of the ungulates of the tertiary formation, these
teeth are represented in the horse of the present time only by the small
conical teeth in front of each of the first well - developed molars of the
npper jaw. These teeth (the eye-teeth) — which, as is well known, were
•once (and are still by some) looked upon as a cause of blindness, and
were always punched out as soon as discovered — are undoubtedly there-
fore vestigial remains, and in course of time may cease to appear altogether
in the horse's mouth. They are usually got rid of between two and
three years of age, when the two first molars are exchanged for the
second teeth or permanent molars.

Between the corner incisors and the first molars is a clear unoccupied
space, the diastema, popularly called the bar. This toothless space did
not exist in the most ancient mammals, but in the primitive equine
ungulates there were some indications of it, and the feature becomes
more and more distinct through the whole series of horse-like animals.
What circumstances led to the change, or what object is gained by it,
is not known, but in the horse the space in the lower jaw is taken ad-
vantage of for the purpose of adjusting the bit. The incisors and molars
of the horse are remarkable for their complicated structure. Three
materials of difi'erent degrees of density may be distinguished in their
formation. Of these the least dense is known as the critsfa petrosa
or cenientum; the next in hardness forms the bulk of the tooth, and
is called dentine; the hardest of the three is the enamel which covers
the dentine, following it in all its convolutions. The crusta petrosa

SPECIAL FEATURES IN STRUCTUKE

495

covers the root of the tooth; it consists of lamelhited bone tissue, with
lacunae and caualiculi, but without haversian canals. It is covered with
periosteum, which is also reflected on to the walls of the alveolar cavity.

In the incisor tooth of the horse there is no external dentine; the
crown of the tooth is enamel and crusta petrosa (fig. 662). In the molar
tooth aftairs are ditierent; crusta petrosa, dentine, and enamel all come to
the surface, and it is owing to the diftereut degrees of hardness of these
substances that the necessary roughness of surface is maintained, as the
crown is worn away by use.

Not only do the three structures of the teeth accomplish an important
purpose in the preparation of the food for digestion, but owing to variation
of colour they present a characteristic appearance which, taken
in connection with the form of the teeth, constitutes a dis-
tinguishing feature in the Equidct or horse family easily
recognized and quite reliable.

With the above sketch of some of the special parts of
the skeleton of the horse it will be convenient to proceed
to the examination of some other characteristics which are
exhibited by the animal.

Colour may attract the attention of an observer even
more than variations in size and outline, and in many in-
stances the peculiarities which are recognized on the surface
are more definite, and certainly to the ordinary observer more
intelligible, than the evidence which the anatomist obtains
from a close examination of internal parts.

For example, some six or seven species of the equine family
may be distinguished by mere inspection of the markings on cer-
tain parts of the skin, the arrangement of the hair of the mane and the tail,
the size and the shape of the feet, the length of the ears, and the existence
or the absence of small horny callosities on the fore and hind extremities.

The horse (Equus cabalhts, as it is known to naturalists) is variously
coloured, and to the observant eye has very curious markings, often spots
or stripes here and there. On the tail the hair is long, and grows from
the root to the tip of the organ, covering it completely. The mane also
is eminently characteristic, especially that part of it, the forelock, which
hangs between the ears over the forehead.

Peculiar markings are also frequently seen in the form of a spot,
light or dark in colour, on the centre of the forehead. This mark varies
in form, is circular or oval, elongated or lozenge-shaped, and sometimes
occupies a considerable space, forming a kind of shield over the whole
front of the face. Blaze or race is the term given to this mark.

Fig. 662.— Sec-
tion of Unworn
Incisor of
Adult Horse,
rt, Dentine; /»,

Enamel ; c, Ce-

nientum;rf, Pulp

cavity.

496 THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WOULD

Size. — One horse differs from another not only in the characteristics
described, but even to a much greater extent in size. Comparing the
smallest pit pony of thirty-six inches with the carriage or the cart horse
of eighteen or nineteen hands, it is often difficult to realize that both
belong to the same species. Nevertheless the apparently widely different
animals are in all essential features, excepting in size, the same. The
vast difference in bulk is largely due to the efforts of the breeder in
applying the principle of artificial selection. Pit ponies are required
to work in mines where the seams are only a few feet high; large
horses are wanted for special work or for appearance. Both require-
ments mu.st be met, and the skill of the breeder, aided by climate and
by food, is equal to the demand.

The Ass. — Next to the horse [Eqims cahaUus) comes the ass
{Equus asinus) with its varieties, which include the zebras. Naturalists
affirm that really wild horses are rare, i.e. horses which have descended
directly from parents which have never been domesticated. Wild asses,
on the contrary, are common in many parts of the world — in Africa, in
Syria, in Persia, in Tartary, in Tibet, up to the frontier of China.

Though asses have a general resemblance to each other, they still
differ so far in size, in form, and in shade of colour or of markings as to
justify their division into three varieties.

The domestic ass presents some features which require notice. Its
size varies in different countries, as also does its colour. The tail is bare
of long hairs, excepting the tuft at the end. The ears are longer in
comparison with its head than those of the horse, and there are no cal-
losities below the hock joint as there are in the horse. There is commonly
a dark stripe running vertically from the top of the shoulder, and another
darker in colour extending along the middle of the back, and occasionally
there are transverse markings on the legs.

Zebras {Equus zebra) belong to the group of striped asses. There
are several varieties, which are distinguished by the length of the ears,
by the fulness of the tail and the mane, by the colour and the arrangement
of the stripes, by the absence of the callosities on the hind-leg, and by
the existence of a modified form on the fore-legs. Quaggas {Equus
quagga) are really modified zebras, from which they are chiefly dis-
tinguished by the concentration of the stripes on the head and the neck,
the markings being less and less distinct from the shoulders l)ack to the
haunches, which are perfectly free from stripes. All the varieties of the
a.ss agree in having the horny callosities in a modified form only on the
fore-legs. With regard to these bodies, which have attracted so much
attention and led to so much diversity of opinion as to their nature and

SKIN MARKL\(;S AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE 497

uses ill the animal economy, sometliiug has to be said in connection with
the subject of coloration and skin -markings, of which these curious
bodies form an important part.

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE

Skin Markings. — Dr. E. Bonavia, in a recent work entitled Studies
in Evolution of Animals, takes a decidedly original view of the nature of
the skin markings, such as spots, rosettes, and stripes on the bodies of
various mammals. He holds that the action of the nerve-centres has more
to do with the remarkable variations of colours and of markings in animals
than natural selection has; and there can indeed be no doubt that the
nervous system does operate largely in determining colour in some cases,
because the fact has been demonstrated. Jacob's device of putting straked
rods in view of the flock which he was attending, in order to secure a liberal
proportion of straked animals for his own share, was palpably successful,
and more recent experience has shown, to the breeder's cost and annoyance,
that the determining effect of colours on the imagination of animals through
the eyesight is often marked. Further, Dr. Bonavia shows in numerous
illustrations how easy it is for spots to be resolved into rosettes and these
to be fused together so as to form stripes. A visit to the collection of
stuffed animals in the Natural History Museum, London, would make all
this quite clear, even to the untrained eye; and an extension of the
enquiry to the reptile room might assist in disposing of a good deal of the
hesitation which might be felt in accepting Dr. Bouavia's rather startling
suggestion that all the markings spoken of, and others yet to be considered,
are to be explained by referring them to what he deems to be the real
origin of marked mammals — the armour-plated ancestor of the armadillo, of
which family the illustration (fig. 663) will afford a good example.

In the figure the reduction of size necessarily disturbs the impression of
similarity of markings in the variously spotted mammals and the armadillo,
but anyone looking at the huge carapace of an armadillo in the Natural
History Museum could hardly fail to see an excellent pattern for the mark-
ing of many spotted and ,sf)eckled creatures.

Dr. Bonavia sums up his views of the nature of coloration of mammals
in a few short sentences.

•' Glyptodonts, or other armoured mammals," he writes, "were the
originals from which all mammals are descended. The jaguar has re-
tained the most primitive type of coloration due to the characters of the
ancestral armour-plates — a sort of 2}ictiiration of the carapace after it had
been got rid of entirely.

498

THE IIOHSKS POSITION IX THE ANIMAl, WOIM.!)

"All other .spotted mammalia, whether marked longitudinally, trans-
versely, or diagonally, are modifications of the jaguar.

" Stripes, whether longitudinal, transverse, or diagonal, are fusions of
lines, of spots, or of rosettes; witness the spotting of certain cheetahs,
of certain horses, and of certain tigers with twin stripes."

In the self-coloured mammals. Dr. Bonavia contends, there is evidently
a total obliteration of all special markings, though they now and then turn

Fig. G&i.—aii/jitodmc

hum the remains exhibiteii iii the Natural History Museum,
South Kensington

up as atavic or ancestral marks, due perhaps to some atomic change or
crossing in the nerve-centres.

Proceeding to the subject of coloration as it aftccts the horse, the animal
which is most immediately under consideration, it is at least very remark-
able to observe the curious mixture of colours in roan, jDiebald, .skewbald,
grey, and dappled horses — the last term indicating a peculiar pattern
irre.spective of colour, as the dappling occurs in bay, brown, grey, and dun-
coloured horses.

It appears from the experience of breeders that dappled foals are
unknown, the peculiar marking appears as the animal gets older; and it
must l)e admitted that in the figures in the accompanying plate (LXVIII)

PLATE LXVlll

MR. ARMOUR'S TEAM OF DAPPLHU GREYS

riioto, by 1-. Babbage

DAPPLED GREY GELDING

The properly of Messrs. S. .-Mlsopp & Sons

I'hoto. by 1-. Bjbbage

SKIN MAEKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE 409

the light spots are singularly suggestive of the plates on tlie carapace of
a large armadillo. In fact, the markings are exactly what would be
expected to remain if the armour-plates became loose and ultimately fell
off, leaving on the skin only the impression of their outlines.

No proof of such a change having taken place in the course of ages can
be ofl'cred, probably none exists, but it may at least be urged that there
would be nothing very remarkable in the change, given that the doctrine
of evolution is true. On this point Dr. Bonavia remarks that it would be
as idle to suppose that the bony plates of the armadillo, the hide plates of
the rhinoceros, and the picture plate of the horse are all so like each other
by mere accident, as it would be to suggest that the seven cervical vertebrae
or neck bones, which they possess in common, came to them by chance.

Markings on the face of the horse, before referred to, in the varied forms
of the so-called blaze or race, which are always present to a greater or a
less extent, varying in size and in colour, can be accounted for on the same
principle, as also may similar patches of colour or absence of colour in other
parts of the body, round the eyes, on the nose, and on the lower parts of the
extremities. And it is also the case that the upper portions of the body are
commonly of a darker colour than the under portions. All these variations,
according to Dr. Bonavia, may be explained, if his theory that the horse is
descended from an armour-plated ancestor is correct. The lighter colours
would indicate the parts from which the armour-plates- had first disappeared,
leaving only the pictures behind them, and it would naturally happen that
the most movable parts, or those most subject to friction, would first get
free from the hard plates which, while they protected the parts they covered,
would at the same time impair their motion. Thus the eyelids, the limbs,
and the terminal extremities would be most likely to be freed earlier than
the upper parts of the body, and on the same principle the friction which the
abdominal region would suffer, when the animal was lying on the ground,
would tend to assist the removal of the armour. The fact of the front
of the head being most exposed to rubbing against branches of trees and
other projecting bodies would account for loss of armour from that part.

That the process of removal of the armour-plates must have been a
gradual one, originated and modified by changes in the conditions of life,
cannot be doubted; and, in addition, natural selection, absolutely unchecked
by any restraining influences, would inevitably conduce to various altera-
tions in the size and the shape of the picture-markings, exactly as artificial
selection does in the present day, with the recognized exceptions which from
time to time upset the breeder's calculations through the operation of the
law of atavism, or reversion to some ancestral type. It does not, however,
at all times occur to the breeder so strongly as it might, that a red calf, or

500 THE HORSES POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

one of any other colour, instead of the expected black one, or a foal with
a large white blaze when only a small spot was desii'cd, is not a freak of
nature, but the consequence of a sternly enforced law of heredity which
never dies, although it may seem to slumber now and again.

Callosities (Chestnuts and Ergots). — Of all the peculiar markings

which have been referred to, the most remarkable and least explicable
are the horny growths or callosities on the inner sides of the legs and the
backs of the fetlock-joints of horses and their allies. It has been remarked
by an American naturalist " that whoever discovers the meaning of the
horse's callosities will become famous among naturalists all the world over".
AVliy so much thought and speculation has been devoted to these bodies
is not at all easy to understand. They are so placed inside the forearm
and at the lowBr and back part of the hind-leg, just below the hock and
behind the fetlocks, that they are quite out of the way. They are never
affected by or connected with any disease, and when they grow long enough
to be unsightly, as they sometimes do, the shoeing-smith pares them down
with his knife, just as he pares the sole of the foot. In size the horny
structures vary from that of a hazel-nut to that of an oval mass nearly
,3 inches long and l^ inch broad in the centre in coarse-bred horses. Their
shape is most commonly an elongated oval, those in the fore-legs being
larger and more distinctly pear-shajDed than those in the hind-legs. Some
of the earlier veterinary writers — Snape (1687), Bracken (1739), Gibson
(1751), Blaine, and also James White (1802) — do not mention the
chestnuts, although Gibson figui'es them in his plates of the limljs of the
horse in the fore-arm, but not in the hind-legs.

In a later edition (1832) Blaine ascribes to the chestnuts a fanciful value
as adjuncts to the generative organs of the stallion, apparently disregarding
the fact that they are quite as well developed in the mare. Chauveau, in
his Comparative Ayiatomy (1873), refers to the chestnuts as little horny
oval or round plates found in the horse in the inner face of the forearm,
and at the upper extremity of the inner surface of the metatarsal bone.
They are composed of a mass of epithelial cells, arranged in tubes like the
horn of the hoof " In solipeds," it is said, " the chestnut is the representa-
tive of the thumb.

" In fine-bred horses this horny production is much less developed than
in coarser breeds. It is always smaller in the hind-limbs.

" In the hind-legs and the fore-legs we also find a similar but smaller
horny mass growing from the skin in the tuft of hair behind the fetlock,
and named the ergot. Like the chestnut, it bears the same relative
development in fine-bred and in coarse-bred horses." This is all that
Chauveau has to say on the subject.

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE 501

Sir William Flower combats the view wliieli has beeu very generally
accepted, that the callosities are the remains of the first digits, and his
argument is well worth attention. After a concise description of the skin,
with its inner la}er of interlacing fibres, blood-vessels and nerves, and
glands and follicles, constituting the true skin, and the layer of flattened
cells which form a protecting layer of insensitive structure — the epidermis
or cuticle, — the author refers to the hairy coat of the horse, with its varieties
of fine and coarse hairs; the "chestnuts" are described as "mallenders" and
" sallenders ", with the remark that they are treated as a disease by the
older veterinary writers. It is true that these words are used by ancient and
modern veterinary writers to indicate an eruptive aflection in the bend of
the knee-joints and hock-joints respectively, but the terms have never been
applied by them to the horny excrescences called chestnuts or callosities.

Sir W. Flower's chief objection to the view that the chestnuts are rudi-
mentary digits is based on the fact that in the case of the excrescences
which are most constant — those on the fore-lim])s — the position which they
occupy on the forearm, at some distance above the knee, is quite inconsistent
with the theory that they represent the thumbs.

Sir W. Flower concludes " that the callosities belong to a numerous
class of special modifications of particular parts of the skin surface which
occur in many animals, the use of which is in most cases remarkably
obscure. Bare sjDots, thickened patches or callosities, and tufts of elongated
or modified hair, often a.ssociated with groups of peculiar glands, are very
common in various parts of the body, but especially in the limbs of many
ungulates, and to this category the chestnuts of the hoi'se undoubtedly
belong."

A somewhat similar horny excrescence has already been mentioned as
existing at the back of the fetlock of the horse, hidden by the tuft of long
hairs which give the name feetlock or fetlock to the joint. To this excres-
cence, owing to its growth occasionally in the form of a sjjur, the term ergot
is applied, and with regard to its significance Sir AV. Flower suggests that it
corresponds to the foot-pads of animals which walk more or less on the palm
and the sole. As no one has previously offered any explanation of the uses
of the horny growths at the back of the fetlocks, it will be interesting to
give Sir W. Flower's description verbatim. "If we look at the palms of our
own hands (which, as shown before, correspond with the hinder surface of the
fore-limb of the horse below the so-called knee) we see slight prominences
just behind the root of each finger and opposite the knuckles at the back of
the hand, which mark the jjosition of the joint between the metacarpal bones
and the first phalanges of the digits. Over these, especially when the
palm is subject to pressure and friction from hard manual labour, the

502 THE HORSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

epidermis is thickened. The sole of the foot presents exactly the same
arrangement.

" In such an animal as a dog or a cat, in which this part of the foot
comes to the ground in walking, there is a large, trilobed, prominent, bare
pad, composed of a thick, fatty cushion covered with hardened epidermis,
generally of a black colour. There are also smaller pads in front of this on
the under surface of each of the toes, but the large one corresponds with the
coalesced three middle prominences of the human palm or sole just noticed.

" In the horse's nearest relatives, the tapir and rhinoceros, the same
arrangement holds good. There is a large pad under the fore part of the
middle of the foot, which in these animals rests on the ground, and there
is also a hard sole under each toe. Now the ergot of the horse clearly,
both by structure and position, corresponds to the palmar or the plantar
pads of those animals which walk moi'e or less on the palm and the sole.

" Owing to the modified position of the horse's foot, standing only on
the end of the last joint of the one toe, this part of the foot no longer
comes to the ground, and yet the pad, with its bare and thickened epidermic
covering, greatly shrunken in dimensions, and concealed among the long
hail- around, and now apparently useless in the economy of the animal,
remains as an eloquent testimony to the unity of the horse's structure with
that of other mammals, and its probable descent from a more generalized
form for the well-being of whose life this structure was necessary."

In the illustration (fig. 664) the position of the parts described is shown.

In the description C[Uoted, the reference to the ergot of the horse's-
fetlock — representing the palmar or plantar pad — as being characterized
by " its bare and thickened epidermic covering greatly shrunken " does
not convey an idea of its true structure. The excrescence, both in the
horse and in the ass, is a decided prominence, and is identical in its
minute structure with the hoof of the horse, as will shortly appear, while
the palmar and the plantar pads of man and the dog are correctly described
as " thickened epidermic covering " quite distinct from hoof horn.

A careful examination of specimens which have been obtained for the
particular purpose of ascertaining what are the structural relations between
the callosities and the ergots of the horse tribe and the plantar and the
palmar pads in man and the dog has led to some very interesting results.

The several parts referred to may, for convenience, be considered in the
first place as they appear to the unaided eye of the observer. After whicli
their minute structure will be more easily explained.

Man has no distinct pads beyond those which have been described as
hardened cuticle, the result of pressure and of friction affecting certain
prominent parts of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. These

SKIN MARKINGS-

Blue Roan, \\'hite Stripe

Piebald

Red Roan, White Strice

Gray
Cream

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE

503

points are indicated in tlie liunian feet A in fig. 6G4 by tlic letters a h c.
To the unaided eye the parts referred to are apparently covered with a
hard mass of cuticle, and
a microscopic examina-
tion confirms this conclu-
sion.

In the dog the palmar
and the plantar pads are
underneath the fore-feet
and the hind-feet B, fig.
664. Two fatty cushions
form the bulk of each
pad, and the surface of the
skin covering the cushions
is an extremely beautiful
structure, to which the use
of the term hardened epi-
dermic covering, although
strictly correct, certainly
does very scant justice.

Looking at the surface
of any one of the pads
underneath the foot of
the dog, when it is freed
from the habitual coating
of dirt, the olxserver will
be struck by its tessellated
or chequered appearance.
A series of columns or
cones will be distinguished,
with the points directed,
in the natural position
of the foot, downwards
to the ground surface of
the pad.

The plantar pad of the
foot of man is composed
of epidermic scales, forming a nearly smooth covering to the sensitive
and vascular skin.

Among the horse tribe there are no developed palmar or plantar pads;
the remains of these are indicated in c of fig. 664. If, however, the ergots

Fig. 664.— Plantar Surface of the Foot of — a, Man; b, Dog; c, Horse

The small letters a, b, and c indicate the corresponding points of the
three. These points are in man at the centre of the heel «, the protu-
berance at the joint of the third or middle toe h, and in the centre of
the middle toe c. In the dog at the back of the point of the hock a,
which does not come in contact with the ground owing to the position
of the limb, also on the centre pad b, and on the centre of the third
toe c. In the horse in the centre of the point of the hock «, on the
ergot b, and near the centre of the frog t:

504 THE HORSE'S POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

arc to be accepted as the rudiments of tlie plantar pads in tlic primeval
horse, it must not be forgotten that they differ in structure from the pads
of animals in which pads are essential organs of progression, as the ergots
are distinctly horny structures and not merely hardened cuticle.

Ergots are constantly present in horses and in asses; in the latter
indeed they are relatively broader than in the horse, although they do not
often protrude quite as far above the skin. After maceration the horny
growths are easily pulled off, and even a naked-eye inspection suffices to
prove their identity with horn of the sole or coronary surface of the foot.

Chestnuts or callosities are met with in different forms and in varied
positions in the several members of the equine fiimily. In the horse,
breeding exercises some considerable influence on their development, and
in their earliest condition in the foetus they are not at all like the horny
excrescences which they afterwards become, but, on the contrary, corre-
spond strictly to the description given of them in the other equidae, i.e.
bare patches of skin with a thickened epidermic covering. It is interesting
to note, however, that their true nature is at once ascertained by micro-
scopic examination.

Among asses, chestnuts are usually found in the distinctly modified
form described — i.e. bare patches of skin, often rather larger and more
circukr in form than the chestnuts of the horse, — and to the naked eye
are covered with thickened epidermis. It may be added, however, that
in some specimens of chestnuts recently obtained from asses the horny
substances projected something like ^ of an inch above the surface of the
skin, in fact they were larger than some which have been lately obtained
from the legs of well-bred horses.

In the following illustrations (fig. 665) are represented a chestnut from
the fore-leg of a cart mare and one of the ergots from the fetlock joint;
also specimens of a chestnut or bare patch from the fore-leg of an ass and
one from the fore-leg of a foetus of a mare at about the eighth month of
gestation.

To the naked eye the chestnuts of the ass and those of the foetus of
the mare are identical in appearance, differing altogether from the chestnuts
of the adult horse; but under the microscope the three forms are seen to be
essentially the same in their minute structure (Plate LXIX).

That all the cuticular appendages, hair, nail, and horn, are composed
of epidermic cells arranged in various ways is quite well known. To
assert, therefore, in respect to any of the structures, that they are
hardened, condensed, or modified cuticle is correct; at the same time the
statement is not sufficiently definite from the point of view of the scientific
enquirer.

SKIN MARKINGS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE

505

Cuticle or epidermis is arranged in tlie manner of the tiles or the
slates on the roof of a building, each cell representing a tile.

Horn is formed by the secretion of cells round a cone or villus pro-
jecting from the underlying vascular membrane, and assumes in consequence
the form of hollow filu-es closely felted together.

Hair is developed in a similar manner from a papilla at the bottom
of a small depression or follicle, the chief ditference being that each of

amm

Fig. 665. — A, A large chestnut fro

Ergot from same animal, c, Bare patch from fore-leg

of an ass. D, Bare patch from fcetus of mare. All about | of natural scale. <i, Chestnut; b, Ergot.

the hairs is distinct. They are not felted together or arranged in masses,
as in horn.

Nail is also formed from a villous membrane, the fibres being very
fine, and densely crowded together, constituting an extremely hard
structure.

Although hoof, hair, and nail are all composed of the same elements,
the difference in their arrangement is so distinctive that a tyro in the use
of the microscope finds it a perfectly easy task to recognize and to name
the several structures when placed before him.

50G THE HORSE'S POSITIOX IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

The present enquiry is to ascertain the structure of those peculiar
formations on the legs of the horse family, known as chestnuts, ergots,
and bare patches of cuticle, and also of the parts described as plantar and
palmar pads in man and certain animals, with the view to placing them
in the classes of substance to which they respectively belong.

Perhaps the most simple way of performing the task will be to
classify the several structures at tlie commencemont, and then to show
by description and illustration how the classification lias Ijeeu arrived at.

Proceeding on this plan, the structure classed as horn will include all
the growths known as chestnuts, ergots, and bare patches of hardened
cuticle, notwithstanding the decided variations of form which they present
to the naked eye.

In the next class — " Modified epidermic covering " — must be placed all
the varieties of jDlantar and palmar pads.

Taking the chestnuts or ergots of the horse first, both in the adult
and in the foetus near the time of birth, there is no difficulty in showing
that they are horny structures. The sections, both transverse and vertical,
exhibited in the following diagrams (fig. 666) and in Plate LXIX place
the matter beyond doubt, and it will be interesting to compare the
different sections with the objects as they appear to the naked eye in
fio-. 665, A, B, c, D. The bare patches covered with hardened cuticle in
the ass, and the similar bare patches in the foetus of the mare, are, as
previously stated, both quite distinctly true horny structures developed
from a villous membrane, exactly as the perfectly formed horny excrescences
(chestnuts) are in the adult.

After maceration in water in the case of the chestnuts of the ass, and
without any prejDaration in those of the foetal horse, or of the foal at birth,
the epidermic covering may be stripped off, and with a pocket lens the
secreting membrane thus exposed may be seen covered with villi. The
thin layer which has been stripped from it may by the same instrument
be resolved into a fine plate of horn identical with the horn of the sole.
Transverse and vertical sections under the microscope show all the details
of the structures, the sudden transition from ordinary skin to the villous
secreting membrane and the horny covering on the surface. All these
parts are indicated in the figures referred to, which may be taken to
represent the minute structure of the organs exhibited in fig. 665, a, b, c, d.

Sections of the ergot in the horse and in the ass exhibit exactly the
same intimate structure. In fact they differ only in the size and form
of the horny growth. No further proof can be required in support of
the statement that chestnuts and ergots, whether they appear as horny
excrescences or as bare patches of hardened cuticle, are in their minute

SKIN MARKINCxS AND CALLOSITIES OF THE HORSE

507

structure identical with hoof horn, and further, that the membrane from
which they are developed is a vascular villous membrane, precisely analo-
gous to tlie villous membrane of the coronary surface and sole of the
horse's foot, which has already been described and figured on pp. 434 and
435. of this volume.

These facts would have consisted remarkably well with the theory of
their being remnants of digits, were it not for the cogent objections which

3-r

Fig. 666.— Sections of Chestnut and Ergot of Horse and Bare Patch of Ass

A, Horizontal section through chestnut of horse — 1, horn; 2, villous secreting membrane; 3, subcutaneous
tissue; 4, muscle. B, Perpendicular section through ergot of horse — 1, horn; 2, villous secreting membrane;
3, subcutaneous tissue. c. Section through bald patch of ass: a, the bare patch; 6, skin— 1, horny layer of
epidermis ; 2, malpighian (mucous) layer of epidermis ; 3, derma ; 4, subcutaneous tissue.

have been urged against that view. As it is, the identity of structure in
the horny growths and the horn of the foot does not tend to assist in the
attempt to assign to them any special economy, or in any way to indicate
what functions they might have possessed in their more developed
condition.

Plantar pads are represented in fig. 664, A, B (p. 503) in man and
dog. and their corresponding positions in the leg and foot of the horse are
indicated at c in the same figure. It has been stated already that these

508 THE HORSES POSITION IN THE ANI.^rAL WORLD

pads in man arc really liardencd cuticle, excessively thick portions of the
cuticle in fact.

In the foot of the dog, however, both on the surface and in section,
the structure diti'ers from the thickened cuticle of man's hand and foot, and
also from true horn. Indeed, the minute anatomy of the organ exhibits a
most perfect type of the transition or change from cuticle to horn. (See
Plate LXIX.)"

In the case of the dog the plantar and palmar pads are in perfect form
and active function. In man, however, they are more or less accidental or
rudimentary. The palmar pads, or those on the palm of the hand, depend
for their development on the amount of manual work done, and they vanish
when that work ceases, while the growth of the plantar pads is checked by
the devices of civilization, including shoes and stockings, and the use of
various modes of locomotion in place of the natural acts of running and
walking.

FALSE NOSTRILS AND GUTTURAL POUCHES

Two peculiarities in the anatomy of the horse yet remain to l)e
considered. The False Nostrils, as they are called, and the iiuttural
Poiiches.

It is generally known to horsemen that the horse breathes solely
through the nostrils, owing to the great depth of the soft palate, which
entirely cuts off the cavity of the mouth from the opening into the breath-
ing tubes. In compensation the nostrils are Hexible, and the opening on
each side is hirge enough to admit all the air which the animal requires for
breathing under all conditions, which include violent exertion and a high
rate of speed. A curious pouch, 3 or 4 inches deep, cone shaped, having
its apex pointing upwards, and known as the false nostril, exists at the
entrance to the nasal chambers on each side. No use can be found for this
cavity. The tapir has the same structure in a more highly developed form,
and it also exists in the rhinoceros.

To discover the real significance of this peculiar sac is now impossible;
most probal)ly it was an important organ in some of the earlier hoofed
mammals, but unhappily the conservative earth only preserves in a fossil
state the bones and like resistant structures. All that might be learned
from even badly-kept soft parts has been lo.st to us. but the organ as we
now find it in the three animals named is valuable as connecting the
ci'eatures of to-day with those of other times.

Guttural pouches (Vol. I, p. 505) are cavities at the back of the mouth,
also coniumnicating with the air-passages, and with a canal which enters

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF PLANTAR PADS,
CHESTNUTS, AND ERGOT

1. Section of Plantar Pad of Man (20 diameters).

2. Section of Plantar Pad of Dog (25 diameters).

.3. Chestnut of Ftetus of Mare, early stage (180 diameters).

4. C'hestnut of Fcetus of Mare, approaching maturity (3

diameters).

5. Transverse Section of Chestnut of Adult horse (12 diameters).

6. Longitudinal Section of Chestnut of Adult Horse (12

diameters).

7. Longitudinal Section of Ergot of Horse (12 diameters).

*^* Each section shows the horny covering, the secreting villi,
and the soft underlying tissues.

PLATH I.XIX'

\ '

■"%w

- ^>^

. c?MW

0

i " o ■>

/

'-¥.

f

mm

/ . ■VS»v<CS«rf M

^.^ t^"V...„.; ,.,

Mie.RUSCUPIC STKUCTURH OF PLANTAR PADS, CHESTNUTS,

AND HRGOT

FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE 509

the internal ear, called the Eustachian tube. The guttural pouches do
not now appear to have any special function, and to the veterinary surgeon
they are a source of anxiety in many cases, as they are liable to become
diseased from the lodgment of foreign substances in them. Sometimes
they are the seats of purulent deposits, and now and then become dis-
tended with air.

Altogether, so far as the horse of domestication is concerned, they
might apparently be dispensed with, notwithstanding their value as relics
of a long-past order of things.

FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE

The preceding remarks on the special characters of some portions of the
horse's structure, and on the presence of organs and parts which have now
no obvious use or function, have cleared the way for a brief enquiry into
the evolution of the horse. Organs which are now gradually becoming
rudimentary and useless must have once formed essential parts of the-
animal's structure; and in their present state it may be said of them that
their existence cannot be satisfactorily accounted for except on the assumji-
tion that they were transmitted from remote ancestors in gradually modified
forms, becoming less and less definite in character as they became either
obstructive or unnecessary to the animal in its different surroundings and!
new mode of life.

The doctrine of evolution has already been illustrated by reference to
the process of generation in the higher and lower forms of life. Changes
in the small mass of " undifferentiated (that is, formless and jelly-like)
protoplasm" in the human ovum (egg) have been seen to result in the
development of a mature human form; and almost identical changes in a
microscopic cell in the ovum of other animals have also been referred to.

No hesitation is permissible in respect to the facts of evolution which
have been described. Wonderful in truth they are, unbelievable, perhaps,
to many, but nevertheless commonplace facts to the man of science, who has
had the fixculty of wonder obscured and dimmed by incessant repetition of
the marvellous in his daily work, and who can no longer take refuge in
doubt, because the evidence forces him altogether out of the region of
doubt.

Continuing the investigation in the direction of the previous remarks,
evidence has now to be produced from the discoveries of geology to justify
the assertion that the modern horse had its origin in the remote past in
ancestors the history of which can be traced from the earliest beds of the
Tertiary formation up to deposits of a comparatively recent date.

510 THE HORSE'S POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

In dealing with this part of the subject two courses are open, cither to
trace the horse from its present condition backwards to the first-discovered
hoofed mammal in tlie lower Eocene, or to begin at the beginning and follow
the changes in size and arrangement of his various organs in successive
generations of horse-like animals, each series becoming more and more like
the horse, until, in the recent deposits, the differences ai-e almost obscured
by similarities, and finally vanish altogetlier. The latter course will ])ro-
bably be the more interesting and intelligible.

It has been well said that the horse is an animal the evolution of which
from the Eocene to the Pleistocene may be compared to a chain in which
there is scarcely a missing link.

Starting with the earliest hoofed mammal yet discovered, which, though
not a direct ancestor of the horse, has certiiin special characteristics in
-common with it — the animal known as the Phenacodus deserves notice.
The first specimen was dug up by Professor Cope from the Eocene marl
<on Bear River, Wyoming, and the restored skeleton of the animal is
iiepresented in Plate LXX.

The lighter shaded portions of the figure indicate the places where
■missing portions of bones have necessitated restorations. No important
bones are absent, although, as necessarily happens in fossil specimens, some
displacement of parts has occurred.

A glance at the skeleton of the Phenacodus will show that it belongs
to the perissodactyle or odd-toed mammals, and that the third digit is
distinctly larger than the rest. It is not to be understood that the
animal here shown is to be taken for the primeval horse, but it has
iieveral characteristics in common not only with the horse but also with
the rhinoceros and tapir, which lead us to conclude that these animals
are all descended from nearly allied ancestors, of which the Phenacodus
may be taken as a rejDresentative.

In the later Eocene and the formations overlying it the remains of
Iioofcd mammals are found exhibiting remarkable changes in their teeth
and in the arrangement of the bones of that part of the extremities which
is rightly called the foot, the bones below the joints called the carpus or
wrist and tarsus or ankle in man, the knee and hock of the horse (see
Plate LXXI). From the five-toed Phenacodus the change to four, three,
and then one (with rudimentary splint bones) is seen to have gone on
with remarkable regularity, as indicated in the illustrations.

In the Plate the extremities of the limbs have all been drawn to the
same scale, so as to show their relative sizes, fig. 1 representing the fore- and
hind-feet of the Phenacodus already mentioned — an animal about as large
as a fox — whilst fig. 7 represents those of the horse of the jjresent day.

P(,ATE I, XX

SKELETON OF PHENACODUS

SKELETON OF PROTOROHIPPUS

FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE

511

Fig. til)7. — Upper Jlolars of Fossil Ancestors of the Horse

rt, Hyracotherium ; li, Mesohippiis; c, Anchitherium;
rf, Protohippus; e, Hipparion; /, Horse — 1, dentine;
2, enamel ; 3, crnsta petrosa.

The worn or exposed surfaces of the upper molar teeth of five of these
fossil animals and of the
horse are represented in
fig. G67; in order that the
development from the com-
paratively simple structure
of the tooth of the Hyra-
cotherium to the compli-
cated details of the teeth
of the Hipparion and horse
may be more readily fol-
lowed, those figures are
drawn of the same size,
although in nature there
is a gradual increase in
size as well as in com-
plexity. Of these examples

the first three belong to the brachydont or short-crowned class, of which
a side view is given at «, fig. 668, whilst the teeth of the Protohipjjus
and Hipparion show an ad^■ance towards
the state of hypsodont or high -crowned
teeth (6, fig. 668) which culminates in
the horse (c, in the same figure).

Next in chronological order to the
Phenacodus mention must be made of the
Hyracotherium and the Eohippus, also
from the Eocene, which are, so far as is
at present known, the earliest direct an-
cestors of the horse, the former in the Old,
the latter in the New AVorld. They may,
indeed, be varieties of the same animal,
and they are described as being about
the size of a fox. In the fore-feet there
were four well -developed toes and the
rudiment of another, the hind-feet had
three toes, as represented in the Pro-
torohippus (fig. 2, Plate LXXI), which
marks the next step in the order of de-
velopment. The change which has taken
place in the latter animal, as will be seen by reference to the figure,
consists only in the loss of the rudiment of the first digit, leaving second,

Fig. 668. — Short- and Long-crowned
Molar Teeth

a, Anchitherium; h, Hipparion; c. Horse.

512

THE HOUSE'S POSITION IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

third, fourtli, and tit'th digits. It will })e observed that the third or
middle digit is the largest of the four, representing in feet what has
previously been termed the one big digit of the horse.

The Protorohippus has a well-developed ulna, a well-developed til)ula,
and short-crowned grinders of simple pattern.

Comparing its skeleton (Plate LXX) with that of the horse, we see
that there is a general correspondence in grace and delicacy of outline in
the two animals.

The next drawings (fig. 3, Plate LXXI) represent the fore- and
hind-feet of the Mesohippus, from the Lower Miocene immediately suc-
ceeding the Eocene in which the Protorohippus was found. In comparing
this set of figures witli those last described, it \vi\\ be seen that only three
prominent digits remain in both the fore- and hind-feet, the fifth digit

Fig. 669. — Radius (R) and Ulna (u) of Fossil Ancestors of the Horse, showing the gradual
diminution in relative size of the ulna (not to scale). 1, Phenocodus; 2, Protorohippus;
3, Mesohippus; 4, Miohippus (Anchitherium); 5, Protohippus; 6, Horse.

being reduced to a very slender rudiment. In this animal the ulna
(fig. 669) is well developed, but the fibula has become quite rudimentary;
the forms of the molar teeth have not undergone very considerable
change.

In the Miohippus, the contemporary of the Anchitherium of Europe,
the extremities remain nearly as in the Mesohippus. The ulna has the
lower part greatly reduced; the other limb -bones remain nearly the
same.

To the Miocene period also belongs the Merychippus, found throughout
a large portion of North America, which is remarkable in that in the young
condition it has the short- crowned, uncemented teeth of its ancestors,
while the adult animal has the long-crowned and cemented teeth of its
successors.

Proceeding upwards to the Protohippus and its near relative the
European Hipparion from the Lower Pliocene, it appears that the changes
chiefiy relate to the ulna, which in these animals has decreased consider-
ably in length, only reaching to the middle of the radius. The two

PLATE LXXI

COMPARISON OF THE FORE AND HIND FEET OF THE HORSE
WITH THOSE OF SOME OF ITS ANCESTORS

r. Phenaccdus. 2. Protoroliippus. 3. Mesohippus. 4. Miohippus and Anchitheiium. 5. Piotohippus. 6. Hipp.iri.
7. Horse. (All these figures are drawn to one scale.)

FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE 513

extra toes in the fore- and hind-feet still remain, but they are evidently
shrinking in size. The changes in the molar teeth are also very con-
siderable. As will be seen on reference to fig. 668, the teeth are passing
from the brachydont or short-crowned to the hypsodont or high-crowned
variety, a change which goes on progressively in correspondence with the
vanishing of the extra digits. In the upper molars of the Hipparion
there is a distinctive feature which is at once recognized by the anatomist,
in the presence of an interior column of dentine com^sletely isolated from
the rest of the mass, as shown in the section of the ujjper molar
{e, fig. 667) close to the bottom, in the form of a white oval spot
surrounded by a double line.

There can be no doubt that the Hipparion was remarkably like a horse,
though possibly not a direct ancestor. It was somewhat smaller than the
Wild Mongolian Horse, of which an illustration is given on Plate LXXIII,
and differed from it in the presence of the extra digits, which were,
nevertheless, becoming rudimentary. The animal evidently used only the
single hoof, the extra toes being some distance off the ground surface.
It may be remarked that some of the species of Protohi^Dpus are said to
have been as large as an ass; this is particularly the case with the
European Hipparion.

Proceeding from the Lower Pliocene to the Upper, the Pliohippus is met
with, in which the extra digits have become entirely rudimentary, closely
approaching in form the splint bones as they are found now in the limbs
of the horse. Tlie lower phalanges and the hoofs of the extra digits which
were depicted in the Protohijjpus have entirely vanished. The ulna and
the fibula are very much the same as we find them in the horse, the molar
teeth are assuming a more equine character.

The next step is to the Pleistocene and recent strata in which the fossil
remains of the true horse are found. Some of the fossil types have,
however, peculiarities of their own, such as the large nasal development
of the Hippidium from South America, figured in Plate LXXII. The extra
toes, the ulna, and the fibula are now in their present rudimentary form,
the molar teeth show the characteristic hypsodont type, and the anterior
separate column of dentine has entirely disappeared in the upper molars.
The history of the evolution of the horse, so far as the evidence furnished
by geological researches is available, is thus complete, and surely a more
connected and consistent story was never constructed.

According to promise, the chain of events in the descent of Equus
cahallus has been traced along its many links from the most distant, the
Eohippus of the Lower Eocene, to the modern horse found in recent
geological deposits.

514 THE HORSE'S POSITION IX THE ANIMAL WORLD

For the rest of the story of the horse no furtlier demand will be made
on the reader's patience or imagination. An active or perhaps a despairing
mind may indulge in gloomy anticipations of a time when the Eq-wis
caballus, no longer necessary for man, will gradually disappear, and be
known to future encjuirers only through the science of paleontology.

SKULLS OF SOME ANCESTOItS OF THE HORSE

1. Protorohippus venticolus.

2. Mesohippus Bairdi.

3. Hipparion gracilis.

4. Onohippidium Munizi (an extinct South American horse).

5. Arab Horse.

A is a cavity for a face gland, and is very marked in
Hipparion (3) and Onohippidium (4), while a vestige
of it remains in the Arab horse (5). It is absent
from some breeds of living horses.

B is the remarkably long nasal slit which is a very
noticeable feature of Onohippidium (4).

PLATE LXXIl

SKULLS OF SOME ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE

THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

Section XV-THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

HORSES OF THE PAST

Mention of the horse's existence is to be found in Chinese tradition,
which records that during the reign of Hwang-te, who lived before the
flood, "Chariots, horses, and bullocks began to be used", and that the
same emperor extricated his array "when bewildered in a mist" through
the agency of a magnetic pole attached to his chariot, " which always
jDointed to the south ".

The ancient Chinese work known as the Shoo-King speaks of Yaou, who
lived before and after the flood, as riding in a crimson chariot drawn by
white horses; and Yu, the person employed by Yaou in perfecting the
great work of removing the flood and restoring order to the empire, thus
narrates how he accomplished the task: "The deluge rose high and spread
wide as the spacious vault of heaven, buried hills and covered mountains
with its waters, into which the common people, astonished to stupefaction,
sank. I travelled on dry land in a chariot, on water in a boat, in miry
places on a sledge, and climbed the sides of hills by means of spikes in my
shoes. I went from mountain to mountain felling trees, fed the people on
raw food, formed a passage for the waters of the sea on every part of the
empire by cutting nine distinct beds and preparing channels to conduct
them to the rivers. The waters having subsided, I taught the people to
plough and sow, who, while the devastating effects of the flood continued,
were constrained to eat uncooked food, and in this way the peojjle were fed,
and 10,000 provinces restored to order and prosperity " (Kidd's China).

The quotations tend to prove that the horse had been subjected to
domestication, had been used for purposes of pageants and of war, before
the flood, and had assisted the Chinese in clearing the inundated provinces
of the waters that brought about the deluge 2348 years B.C. Chinese tra-
dition may be considered of too legendary a nature to be worthy of belief.
The criticisms of the past tend to prove that this was the general opinion
of the learned world, but during the nineteenth century geological research
has opened our eyes by demonstrating the vast antiquity of the earth and

518 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

the existence of man on it during thousands of years before the time of
Adam, and as such is the case there is not so much difficulty in believing
the Chinese ti'adition of their 75,000 years of national existence. If, tliere-
forc, it has been proved that man inhabited the globe at this early period —
75,000 years ago, — we can easily understand that the human family has
descended from ancestors of pre-Adamic origin, and that the tradition of
the vast antiquity of the Chinese race, and of the subjugation of the horse
during the antediluvian period, is more worthy of credence than the authors
who wrote during the eighteenth century suspected. It must, however, be
admitted that legends cannot be received as authentic records of the past,
neither are the statements handed down to us in ancient history always
incapable of refutation. Sometimes they are fables composed after the
manner of Plato, but always under the influence of religious sentiment,
and in this particular Arabian literature is conspicuous. For instance, we
read: "When Allah willed to create the horse, he said to the south wind,
' Condense thyself; I will that a creature should proceed from thee'. Then
came the angel Gabriel and took a handful of this matter and presented it
to Allah, who formed of it a dark-bay and a dark-chestnut horse." It is
also related by many Arabian historians " that after the time of Adam the
horse, like many other animals, lived in a wild state, and was first subju-
gated by Ishmael, the son of Abraham; but that the horses trained by him
lost much of their purity, excepting one stock, whose nobleness was pre-
served by Solomon, the son of David ". There is a tradition that some
Arabs of the Azed tribe went to Jerusalem to congratulate Solomon on
his marriage with the Queen of Sheba. Having fulfilled their mission,
they addressed him thus: " 0, Prophet of Allah, our country is far distant,
and our jirovisions are exhausted; thou art a great king, bestow upon us
wherewith to take us home ". Solomon thereupon gave orders to bring
from his stables a magnificent stallion, descended from the Ishmael stock,
and then dismissed them with these words: "Behold the provisions I
bestow upon you for your journey. When hunger assails you, gather fuel,
light a fire, jjlace your best rider on this horse, and arm him with a stout
lance. Hardly will you have collected your wood and kindled your fiame
when you will see him return with the produce of successful chase. Co,
and may Allah cover you with His blessing." The Azed took their de-
parture. At their first halt they did as Solomon had prescinbed, and neither
zebra, gazelle, nor o.strich could escape them. Thus enlightened as to the
value of the animal presented to them by the son of David, these Arabs on
their return home devoted him to foal-getting, and by carefully selecting
dams at length obtained the breed to which, out of gratitude, they gave
the name of Zad-el-Rakeb — the support of the horseman. This is the

HORSES OF THE PAST 519

stock whose high renown spread at a later period through the whole
world.

The importance of the Eastern horse no horseman will dispute, and the
investigation of equine pedigrees will show how largely the Arab horse has
contributed to the perfection of almost every breed of horse in existence,
which has been effected by the impression he made upon indigenous stock.

It is thought that the use of the ass and the camel preceded that of
the horse. Such might have been the case, but we must remember that
during the early historic period these animals were used for different
purposes, the ass and the camel to carry burdens — namely, tents and their
furniture. When Jacob took his departure from Laban, his goods, wives,
and children were placed on the backs of camels, and his sons conveyed
the corn they obtained from Egypt on asses; yet at the same time Jacob
and his sons recognized that horses possessed equalities that rendered them
valuable, for we read : " They brought their cattle unto Joseph, and Jo.seph
gave them bread in exchange for horses and for the flocks, and the cattle
of the herds", &c. The pastoral life which Jacob and his sons enjoyed
did not necessitate the use of the spirited horse, which in early times was
employed almost exclusively for war, and whose hoofs, previously to the
discovery of the art of shoeing, would have -ftx^rn down to the quick during
those long journeys which the ass and the camel were capable of performing
with impunity. But the nervous temperament, showy action, and activity
of movement marked the horse out as a likely assistant in battle, and as
a conspicuous feature at pageants; and thus we learn that when Joseph
carried his father's body to Canaan, he " had with him a large company
of chariots and horsemen ", which held a conspicuous position in the funeral
procession. This is the first time the Scripture mentions the subjugation
of the horse, but there is little doubt that he had been employed by
the Egyptians long before this period, and for many years afterwards
the breeding of horses was encouraged. This resulted in the production
of a fine stock, which Pharaoh was able to select from when he pursued
the Israelites across the Red Sea, with " six hundred chosen chariots, and
all the chariots of Egypt". But before this period communities of men
had collected together to form nations. About the year 2217 B.C. Nimrod
is supposed to have founded the Babylonian Empire and Assur the Assyrian
monarchy, and these states, according to Ctesias, had studied science and
art, fashioned implements of war, yoked horses to the chariot, and had
trained the charger to undergo the fatigues of battle, before Moses was
born (1571 B.C.). Although such was the case, history does not much
assist us in determining the class of horse that was employed during
these periods, nor does it inform us whether the horse was found wild in

520 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

these localities, or was imported froiu China or from other distant lands
in the East; nor do we know whether horses emanated from one centre
or many, nor whether they were distributed over Asia, Africa, and Europe
at one and the same time, thus forming distinct though distant groups
of equine communities from which by frec[uent intercourse the various
breeds of horses have been propagated. At the same time it must be
admitted that the early accounts given of the horse's existence are some-
what legendary, and it is not until after consulting the Scriptures that
we receive any authentic information on this vexed subject, and this too
only of a very fragmentary nature. " The beautiful description of the war-
horse given us by Job proves that the horse was very early appreciated
by Eastern peoples, and in no language have his merits been painted with
such force and enthusiasm: "Hast thou given the horse strength? hast
thou clothed his neck with thunder? Canst thou make him afraid as
a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible. He pawetli in the
valley, and rejoiceth in his strength : he goeth on to meet the armed men.
He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from
the sword. The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and
the shield. He svvalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage; neither
believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet. He .saith among the
trumpets, Ha, ha! and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the
captains, and the shouting." Although it is said that the Jews did not
make much use of cavalry in battle, owing, perhaps, to the mountainous
condition of the country, we learn that Solomon imported both chariots
and horses from Egypt, and kept a vast number of them — 40,000 stalls
for his chariot horses, 12,000 horses for his cavalry, and 1400 chariots
of war, — and these, we are told, were used more for purposes of display
than of war. Such may have been the case, and the taunting message
sent by Eabshakeh to Hezekiah, that if he should send him 2000 horses
he would not be able to put 2000 riders on them, tends to confirm this
opinion; but the Canaanites, with whom the Israelites were constantly
at war, possessed a vast number of them, and the Philistines, we read,
marched against Saul with 30,000 horsemen and chariots. Other nations
— the Eg}'ptians and the Greeks^relied much upon the support of horses
both in attack and in retreat, so that in Africa, in Asia, and in Europe the
distribution of the equine race had been commenced early. As civilization
advanced, the demand for horses increased, and the extensive propagation
of them became a necessity. Moreover, wars between nations caused
them to be dispersed throughout the various regions of the then known
world, where, by intermingling with indigenous breeds, new types were
produced.

Plath l.XXIll

PRJHVALSKY'S MONGOLIAN WILD HORSE

I'l.utu. by L. MedUnd, F.l.i

RESTORATION OF THE FOUR-TOED ANCESTOR OF THE HORSE

Protorohippus venticolus

THE GRECIAN HOKSE 521

THE GRECIAN HORSE

The Greeks, like the Jews, no doubt derived their knowledge of the
horse from the Egyptians, but neither Egyptians nor Jews have handed
down to us any authentic information relative to the cultivation of
horses, a subject with which Grecian literature abounds. Consequently it
is from Greek authors that our primary knowledge of ecjuine lore must be
obtained, although previous to this period the Babylonian, the Assyrian,
and the Egyptian empires flourished, and the ancient monuments dis-
covered in these countries prove that the horse had not been used for
agricultural or domestic purposes, but that his services had been confined
to the chase, to pageants, and to war. Traditions, poems, and myths
constitute among ancient nations part of their historical resources, and
Homer, Hesiod, and other authors have handed down to us most valuable
information relative to the manners, customs, and warlike pursuits of the
ancient Greeks. Homer describes the various labours of farming, ploughing
with oxen and mules, sowing, reaping, and treading out corn by oxen on
the threshing floor, and also describes the many various duties of the
herdsman, but we fail to discover that the horse had at this period been
employed for agricultural purposes. During the Trojan war cavalry did
not form a branch of Grecian military organization, but chariors and
horses were conveyed in the ships that sailed to Troy at the traditional
date of 1194 to 1184 B.C. The united Grecian princes, who undei'took
this famous expedition under the command of Agamemnon, sailed, accord-
ing to Homer, with 1186 ships and 100,000 men, and the ships con-
veyed horses and chariots in which they fought in battle; but no mention
is made of cavalry horses, and consequently it may be inferred that at
this time they had not been devoted to this service.

According to Greek legend Chiron the Thessalian, supjDosed to have
been an Egyptian, was the fir.st person who mounted the horse; and
there is no doubt that the unfamiliar appearance of a man on horseback;
gave rise to the fable of the Centaurs, a race of beings half-man, half-
horse, said to have anciently inhabited Thessaly. From the famous war
said to have been carried on between the Lapithae and the Centaurs,
we may conclude that at a date as early as 960 B.C. the Thessalians used
cavalry in war. Chariots and horsemen were known to several nations
before this period — the Babylonians, the Assyrians, and the Egyptians had
made use of them, — but the Greeks claim that Erichthonius, who was lame,
was the first inventor of a carriage, which he built for his own personal
convenience, and of horse and chariot racing, which was first inaugurated

522 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

at the Panatherifea, the festival held in honour of IMinerva, 1506 B.C.
But the horse had been ridden long before this date by Babylonians,
by Assyrians, and by Egyptians, and also by the descendants of Ishmael,
if we jjlace any faith in tradition. If Chiron was the first to mount a
Grecian horse, there is every reason to believe that the Arabians for ages
previously had been accomplished equestrians.

Up to this date the demand for horses had been created by the chase,
by pageants, and by war, but the world had not to grow much older before
an incentive occurred in the inauguration of the Olympic games. These
are said to have been first celebrated in Greece in 1453 B.C., but it was not
till 884 B.C., when Iphitus, and after him Choroebus, 776 B.C., renewed
these games, that they became a world-famed national in.stitution. The
horse did not, however, make his appearance in the hijjpodrome until
the 23rd Olympiad, 680 B.C., when he was ridden, and it was not until
the 25th Olympiad that he was yoked to the chariot, and his sjjeed and
power of endurance were tested in harness, after which chariot-racing
became a dominant pastime of the Greeks. The Olympic games com-
prised horse, chariot, and man racing, leaping, throwing the discus,
wrestling, and boxing, and for these sports separate areas were set apart:
the stadium for the contests in running and wrestling, the hippodrome
for horse and chariot racing, &c. Amongst all these games horse-racing
and chariot-racing were the most popular, and they embraced various
forms of .sjaort: the chariot race with mules, with mares (described by
Lausanias), the chariot race with matured horses, with four foals, and
with two foals, and there was also a horse race, in which boys rode.

The hippodrome of Greece possessed the same infiuence as the British
turf now exercises in the production of good horses. For performance
at these games fleet horses were imported from all parts of the world,
studs were established, training - stables built, and running - tracks laid
down with as much eagerness by the ancient Greek as by the British
owner of race-horses at the present day, and consequently Greece, from
its earliest days, became conspicuous as a horse-breeding country. Tacitus
describes the celebrated breed of horses that existed at Argolis, and the
surrounding country is mentioned by Homer as forming an extensive
grazing-ground favourable to the propagation and de^'elopment of horses.
Diodorus Siculus states that in ancient times Macedonia " abounded in
horses above all countries in Greece", and that at the royal stud in Pella
300 stallions and 30,000 mares were kept. Strabo also informs us that
the Cappadocians paid an annual tribute to the Persians of " 1500 horses,
2000 mules, and 50,000 sheep".

Yet, although Greece was a large horse-rearing country, and horses

THE GRECIAN HORSE 523

were extensively used in dangerous contests at the hippodrome, she seems
to have used them only sparingly on the day of battle, and then only
when yoked to chariots; but cavalry, which formed a most important
military force of the Persians and other neighbouring nations, was by
the Greeks long almost entirely neglected.

It appears, according to Herodotus, that up to the year 490 B.C. the
Greeks possessed no cavalry, and at the beginning of the Peloponnesian
war, 431 B.C., it only amounted to 1200 strong, out of which number
200 were hired Scythian bowmen. And even down to the time of
Demosthenes this corps was not numerically increased, but it was the
duty of the two hipparchs who commanded this force to see that it was
kept up to its full force of 1000.

At the battle of jMarathon (b.c. 490) the Greeks used no cavalry,
while the Persian army comprised 100,000 foot and 10,000 cavalry. It
seems difficult to understand why the Greeks did not employ cavalry
in battle, surrounded as they were by nations who made great use of
this branch of the service in times of war. Yet, unaided by cavalry,
they routed the Persians at Marathon, and on other occasions they had
beaten their enemies without the aid of this auxiliary, and instances
had occurred where chariots had caused confusion and disaster. Xerxes'
army which passed over the Hellespont, according to Herodotus consisted
of infantry 170 myriads, of cavalry 8 myriads, exclusive of chariots and
camels. In this expedition fifty-six dift'erent nations took part, the
infantry of which appears to have been little better than a rabble, whose
vast numbers, crowded together on the battle-field, interfered with the
action of the cavalry and put them into confusion. Marathon, Platsea,
and Mycale are witnesses of like dilemmas. The war-chariots could not
act upon uneven and broken ground, and thus, being rendered incapable
of acting, became dangerous impediments. Another reason why the
Greeks did not employ cavalry might have been the rough and stony
ground over which their armies had to march, over roads whose surfaces
wore down their horses' hoofs so low as to cause them to become sore
and almost incapable of locomotion. For short journeys and performance
in the hippodrome the tracks were laid down with soft material, so that
horses could run over their 4-mile courses with impunity: but over hard
roads during arduous and prolonged marches their hoof horn constantlv
wore down to the quick, when the sufierers had to be left in the rear.
It is evident that although the horse was not, in the early part of Grecian
history, used extensively as a war-horse, he was highly esteemed as a
hunter, for pageants, for racing in the hippodrome, and for purposes of
pleasure, and the pens of the greatest -minded Greeks were devoted to

524 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

the narration of liis qualifications and the means to be adopted so as
to jjrotect him from disease and injury and to preserve him in hcaltli.

The writings of the Athenian general and historian Xenophon prove to
what a high degree of perfection the horse at this day had arrived, and the
attention he required to keep him in sound condition. The retreat of the
10,000 Greeks, after their defeat by the Persians under Cyrus, 401 B.C.,
shows that in liis day Grecian cavalry had become an important l)ranch
of their military organization. At this period Xenoj^lion had the .same
difficulties to contend with as previous hor.se-owners had complained of,
namely the wearing away of the horses' hoofs during long and protracted
journeys over rough and stony roads, and for this reason he prescribes
treatment calculated to harden the unshod hoof, by causing horses to stand
upon rough stone stable-Moors, and ujion similarly constructed pavement
when groomed outside the stable. He adds: "Those horses whose hoofs
are hardened with exercise will be as superior on rough ground to those
which are not habituated to it, as persons who are sound in their limbs to
those who are lame ". Xenophon also has described the points of a good
horse, and the breeding, rearing, and treatment of young horses; from which
it is evident that at this period horses were used not only for the sports of
the hippodrome and for hunting, but also for war; but as yet they had not
been used as beasts of burden, neither had they been yoked to the jjlough
nor engaged in farming ojDeratious — the mule, the camel, and the ox per-
formed these services.

Although Greek authors have described the capacities in which horses
were employed, they have not given us pictures of the various equine
breeds which it is natural to imagine surrounded them. Xenophon certainly
has described the horse of his day, and the friezes of the Parthenon now at
the British Museum (Plate LXXIV) give us an idea of one equine type, but
not of the many which must have existed during the flourishing days of
ancient Greece. At the same time the Grecian horse might have been of one
type — the one linked to the chariot might have been of the same breed as
the one on which the trooper rode in battle, — and if such was the case it
must 'be accounted for on the supposition that the Grecian stock was of
Arabian descent, for the statuary of horses discovered in the ruins of Nineveh
gives portraitures of these animals very similar to the Grecian horses repre-
sented in the Elgin marbles, and consequently both might have originated
from a common stock and birthplace. Button considered that Arabia was the
centre from which the horse sprang, and this has been the generally accepted
opinion. This subject will be recurred to when crating on Arabian horses;
let it suffice for the present to give the opinion of an eminent authority.
" It is generally supposed from the omission of all mention of horses while

ASSYRIAN HORSES

From ibe P.ihice of Assur-bani-pal. Nineveh

GREEK HORSES

From the Parthenon F'rieze

THE HORSES OF KO.ME 525

the Israelites were in Arabia that this country, whicli has since become so
celebrated for them, was at that time entirely without them. The proof
is, however, of an entirely negative, character, though I confess that it is as
good as any of that nature can well be. Indeed 600 years later Arabia
could not in any way have been celebrated for her horses, for Solomon,
whilst he resorted to her for silver and gold, mounted his cavalry from
Egypt. Yet the latter country could scarcely have been the native land
of the horse, not possessing the extensive plains which are so peculiarly
suited to his existence in a wild state, and it is considered probable that
he was introduced from the central regions of Africa, which are undoubtedly
the native plains of the quagga, the zebra, and some other congeners of
the horse, but where, curiously enough, he is not found in a wild state."
■ — Stonehenge on the Horse.

These arguments are based on the supposition that the various ecjuine-
races emanated from one common stock, if not from one pair. But if we
accept the theory that difierent varieties originated in several regions of
the world, whether by creation or by evolution, it can easily be understood
that horses of more than one type existed at one and the same time, and
inhabited countries situated at long distances one from the other, each
country possessing a distinct stock of its own, upon which horses imported
from Africa or Arabia, by intermingling, were sure to produce a good cross_
Tradition tells us, and history lends its authority to the assertion, that in
the earliest ages of the world Africa was conspicuous for a celebrated
breed of horses. No doubt the Sahara was the birthplace of the barb,
which in the past gave as excellent impressions to the equine stock of
ancient nations as its descendants, the Oriental horses of the Stuart epoch,
did in the production of the British thoroughbred. It is possible that the
barb and the arab may have descended from the same stock, but they may
have been distinct breeds; and this seems most likely to have been the
case, as the Assyrians possessed horses, chariots, and horsemen at the same
time as the Egyptians.

THE HORSES OF ROME

The Romans appear not to have been an equestrian nation, though they
are said to have possessed a body of cavalry soon after the founding of the
city by Romulus (752 B.C.). It is well known that they relied almost
entirely on their infantry in the day of battle, and that their horse soldiers
were in most instances no match against the cavalry of their enemies.
They could not withstand the onslaught of the Numidian and Parthian
horse, and had to succumb to the cavalry of Macedonia and Epirus. We

526 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

cou.sequently learn that Kome relied more upon niercenaiy cavalry tlian
upon her own, and in the time of Caesar this force consisted of auxiliary
corps composed of Numidians, Thracians, Spaniards, and Germans com-
manded hy Roman officers [Praefecti eq%iituni). " The Roman cavalry
had ilisappeared before Marius; its last mention is in the Spanish campaign
of 140 B.C., and after the Jugurthan war it vanished entirely. Even the
Italian cavalry had been for long unable to cope with the enemies of
Rome; it had been defeated by Hannibal in Italy, and Scipio only won Zama
by the cavalry of Massinissa. It vanished completely in the social war, and
after that foreign troops — Gauls, Si^aniards, Thracians, and Africans — were
taken into the service in larger numbers than before." It will be un-
necessary to refer further to the native-bred equine trooper of Rome.

Yet although the native Roman horse was not a conspicuous charger,
he was a beast of burden, and in this capacity became most useful to the
postal service which was instituted for the purpose of tran.smittiug letters,
parcels, and baggage of every kind throughout the vast Roman empire.
This important state department required for the execution of its duties
several kinds of animals, namely horses, mules, asses, and oxen, which were
ridden or employed in drawing vehicles laden with light or heavy goods
and in the delivering of letters, parcels, &c., at their respective destinations.
This service was divided into two branches, the one for light and the other
for heavy traffic. Yet had it not been for the existence of the splendid
roads throughout the Roman tei-ritories, which connected the remotest parts
of the empire with Rome, the postal service never could have become so
important an institution.

At this time a vast road traffic necessitated the employment of thousands
of horses, the demand for which must have been great and have operated as
an incentive to the production of the general utility horse. This type of
horse was in most instances the descendant of native stock, and was the
class of animal adapted for heavy vehicular traffic; but he could not jjcr-
form with success in the arena, neither was he good enough for a charger.
At circus exhibitions horses obtained from foreign sources, especially from
Asia, always proved themselves to be facile j^rincijK's.

The Circus Puh/icus caused the employment of thousands of horses, and
consequently created a demand which was responded to by the importation
and extensive propagation of hor.ses; but a greater incentive even than this
far-reaching road traffic existed in the amphitheatre, which represented the
race-cour.se, where chariot and horse racing formed the leading sport of
patrician Rome.

The games which took place in the circus were, so it is said, instituted
by Romulus. They consisted in wrestling, running, fighting, horse-racing,

THE HORSES OF ROME 527

and cliariot-raeiiig. For the latter pastime swift horses from all parts
of the world were sought for b}' men who devoted their time and money
to the promotion of this sport.

The equestrian exercises in the circus, for which the Romans were so
famous, were no doubt introduced from Greece, and the best equine per-
formers were inqjorted from foreign sources — from Spain, Sicily, Greece, and
in later times from Cappadocia. The horses intended for this sport were
not broken in until three years old, and were not raced until the completion
of their fifth year; and in consequence of this wise treatment we find that
such horses were during several years winners of many races. A horse which
was a winner of 100 races was called Centenarius. In the inscription of
Diodes a horse named Tuscus is mentioned as the winner of 429 races, and
others were even more successful. The drivers of cliariots were originally
of a low class and often slaves ; yet when they won races the slaves received
their freedom, and the winners generally were handsomely rewarded.

Under the Empire, especially after Caligula and Nero had mounted the
chariot, tlie patricians condescended to contend in the arena, and many
descriptions of races have been handed down to us which reveal how great
was the rivalry between families and factions in order to gain victories at
the circus. Horse-racing and chariot-racing in the Roman circus were con-
ducted very much upon the same principles as horse-racing at the present
day: advertisements of race-meetings placarded in large letters were
exposed in conspicuous places, as the discoveries at Pomjjeii prove; cards of
the races, on which the names of the starters, riders, and drivers appeared,
were sold; fortunes were won and lost; betting enslaved patrician and
plebeian alike; intrigue and villainy corrupted the public mind, bribes
secured a winner, poison put an end to the career of a dangerous favourite,
and Caligula is said to have removed by iniquitous means the best drivers
of his rivals' horses. This brief description is sufficient to prove how great
must have been the incentive to the production of first-class horses, and
that such was the case we learn from the fact that Marius had a stud farm
where he "bred Moorish horses for the circus". "In 1878, in a village of
Oned Atmenia, in Algeria, some elaborate mosaic pavements were found in
the villa of the pro-consul of Africa under Honorius, who a^jpears to have
been a great breeder of horses for the circus. Perspective views of the
training stables are represented on those mosaics, and other pictures show
the racers in their stalls clothed from head to foot." — Dictionary of Grecian
and Roman Antiquities.

The horses bred on Roman soil for jierforming at the circus were of
foreign extraction. The native horse had proved himself inferior to the
horses of Persia and Greece on the battle-field, and in the arena he had

528 THE IIISTOHY OF THK HOUSE

given way to the importations from Sjjain and Cajipadocia. All the
countries named, it will be seen, owed their excellence to one source, to the
horses of Africa, which had no rival until the descendants of the Barli and
Arab, represented in the British thoroughbred, became kings of the e(|uine
race. Cabs also represented another institution which caused horses to be
in demand. The Roman cab was a two-wheeled vehicle capable of seating
two persons besides the driver, and was drawn by one or two horses or
mules. These vehicles were stationed about Rome, and were kejit for hire
on the great roads. Cicero mentions a case where a messenger travelled
56 miles in ten hours over these highways. From the foregoing we
learn the various uses in which the horses of Rome had been employed, and
although the Circus Puhlicns and cisia (ca])s) demanded the assistance of
strong horses, we find that the Latin authors who wrote conjointh' on the
tillage of the soil and the treatment of animals never mention the horse as
having been engaged in agricultural operations. Virgil, in his Georgics,
discoui'ses about trees and crops, but tells more about the cultivation of
bees than any other animal, and devotes only a very small sjjace to the
consideration of equine lore. Vegetius (a late Latin writer) gives descrip-
tions of the various breeds of horses that existed in Italy, and indicates the
difierent kinds of labour they had to perform, lint the ferm-liorse is not
included in his catalogue. For the circus, he writes: "The Spanish horse
excels all others, even the Sicilian, although xVfrican horses are the swiftest
of any. For the saddle above all the Persian horses are the easiest in
carriage and riiost soft in step, afterwards come the Armenian, nor should
the horses of Sicily and Epirus be despised, though not equal to them in
deportuient nor in form." For chariots he recommends the Cappadocian
hor.se; for war that of the Huns, which breed he thus de.scribes: "The
horse of the Huns is known from all other breeds by the great curving
outward of the front of the head, by his prominent eyes, small nostrils,
broad jaws, stiff neck, mane reaching to the knees, wide ribs wliicli stand
out, hollow ])ack, tail copious with long and curly hairs, stout shanks,
small fetlocks, large and spreading hoofs, hollow flanks, angular body with
projecting points of bone, length which exceeds his height, belly when it
is empty and when the horse is out of condition hanging low, bones every-
where large, agreeable leanness of appearance which contributes to him
rather a grace than a deformity, gentle and cautious temjjerj and by his
patient endurance of the wounds and casualties of war". For the saddle,
owing to their easy gait, he prefers Persian horses, which " in stature and
fashion are much the same as other kinds, but the great difference consists
in their walking with a grace peculiar to them, for their steps are very short
and frequent, and this makes riding delightful; nor can they lie taught it by

THE HORSES OF KO.ME 529

art. l)Ut it appears to be the pure gift of nature. With the Persian horse
it is ascertained that his step is more pleasant in proportion as it is shorter;
in long journeys his patience is very enduring. His temper is haughty;
unless he is subdued by continued exercise, he is apt to be vicious and
stubborn; nevertheless he is sensible and intelligent, and, what is sur-
prising, in impetuosity he does not lose sight of propriety. In his carriage
his neck is curved as a bow, and this brings his chin to touch his breast."

Thus during the age in which Yegetius lived it seems that horses of
various breeds existed on Roman territory, and were used for many useful
purposes — for the chariot and for the saddle, for pleasure and for war,- — but
even at this period horses had not been yoked to the plough, the occupa-
tion of the farm-horse proper had not commenced; his spirited nature had
liitherto exempted him fit'oni agricultural labour, which was performed by the
mules and the oxen, and for this reason much attention was bestowed on
these last-named animals. Indeed, a law was enacted to protect them, and
so severe was it that death was the penalty for abusing them. The wearing
down of the hoof-horn of unshod horses might have prevented their being
used for the prolonged labour of the plough, or their light build might not
have adapted them for drawing heavy burdens, which the lethargic dis-
j)ositious of the ox and mule rendered them capable of performing with
comparative ease: but for war and chase the horse remained an important
factor, and whatever incapacitated him from these uses received the diligent
attention of the Romans. The greatest evil they dreaded were injuries
to his unshod feet. To prevent such accidents, sandals and other foot
armatures were prescribed.

The Latin authors who wrote on this subject to a great extent copied
the writings of Grecian authors, especially in the treatment of equine dis-
eases and the means to be adopted in order to harden the hoofs of theii-
unshod horses. For instance, Xenophou advises that the best way to
harden horses' hoofs is to cause them constantly to be implanted on hard
stones. Columella, with the same motive in view, suggests in the place of
hard stones the use of oak boards for horses to stand on.

Xot only did the Romans attempt to protect their horses' feet from
injury, by applying sandals, &c., and by adopting measures calculated to
harden them; they also laid down those mighty highways, the Roman
roads, which were so constructed as to ensure smooth surfaces over which
their horses might pass.

The existence of these roads enabled the Romans to extend their con-
quests, for they were thus brought in contact with nations who possessed
horses which were better adapted for war than their own, and which, as
before stated, although they were smaller than those of Italv. were more

530 THE HISTORY OF THK HORSE

agile, and consequently |)(isse.s.sc'(l the facility of rallyinu' and retreating with
greater rapidity than the somewhat bigger -framed Roman horse. This
breed appears to have been obtained originally from Etruria, and it was
upon horses of this kingdom that Romulus mounted his equites or cavalry.
These were also the animals which supplied the circus with its first erjuine
performers, and the battle-field with its cliarger; and there is little doubt
l)ut that the size of the Roman horse was derived from the Etruscan.
Confirmation of this assertion is afforded by the discovery in an Etruscan
graveyard of a wall-painting on which horses are depicted so large as to
be quite out of proportion to the car to which they are attached. Whether
the carriage is drawn too small, or the horses too large, cannot now be
determined, but the jiicture, as it exists, suggests that the Etruscan horse
at that date was a large animal. During the incursions made by the
Romans into Germany and into Gaul large horses were found, and in
Bavaria and the neighl)Ourhood large horse-shoes have been exhumed
from tumuli. The Germans are represented by Tacitus as a big race of
men possessed of great bodily strength, who devoted their life almost
exclusively to martial exercises and hunting, in the performance of which
they required large horses to carry them. These facts to a certain degree
.show that an indigenous breed of large horses exi.sted in mid-Europe,
which l)y admixture assisted in developing the tournament horse, and
ultimately in the production of the British wagoner. A large breed of
horses also exi.sted in Spain before it was conquered by the ]\Ioors, and
these were probably the descendants of the hor.ses on which the soldiers
of Hannibal at the battle of Cannae were mounted. In other parts of the
world there is no evidence of the existence of large horses; in fiict they
seem generally to have been small, for the horse -shoes excavated from
tumuli evidently have been worn by ponies not 14 hands high, and
experience teaches us that the horse becomes small as he approaches the
tropics and the Arctic regions, but that in a medium temperature, like that
of mid-Europe, he gains size, and, if he is combined with Arab blood, he
gains pluck and endurance also. In Asia, Africa, and North Europe the
native breeds of horses remain .small, as they were in the past; and Caesar,
when he invaded our country, found only an indigenous race of .small
ponies. England is now the possessor of the finest horses in the world,
both large and small, l)ut .she obtained the materials from which they were
bred from foreign countries — size from Flanders and Lombardy, and quality
and elegance of form from Africa and Aral)ia.

THE HORSES OF ASIA A^'D AFRICA 531

THE HORSES OF ASIA AND AFRICA

THE ARAB AND THE BARB

Both Africa and Arabia claim to have been the birthplace of the great
Eastern race of horses. Some say that Africa gave the horse to Arabia,
and others that the Arabians migrated to Africa. Such migration,
according to Eusebius, did occur. He informs us that some of the early
descendants of Cush settled on lands on the eastern side of the Red Sea,
and gradually moved to the south of Arabia, whence they crossed the sea
and transplanted themselves into Ethiopia. The Ethiopians, we are told,
agreed in many points with the Arabian Cushites, and were believed l)y
most Asiatic nations in the time of Joseph us to have originated from the
same source. At the period when these Arabians passed over into Africa,
namely, during the time the Israelites were in Egypt, other African natives
besides the Egyptians possessed horses, and battles had been fought with
chariots and horsemen before these Arabians arrived in Africa. Conse-
quently horses must have been fairly well distributed on African soil before
their introduction into Ethiopia by the Cushites. Of course the idea of
migration has resulted from the belief that the equine species originated
from a single pair. It may be thought that it matters little whence the
horse originated, but iu reality it is most important. For if the various
animals emanated from single pairs, the horse from one stallion and one
mare, then we have to account for the distribution of varieties, and how
ditferent ecjuine types have been developed; whereas if we accept the theory
of the evolution of several varieties in different regions of the globe, it
will not be difficult to understand how, by intercourse between different
types of the same species, distinct breeds have been brought into existence.
That this mode of development has taken place during the historic period
is evident : we know how the large horses of mid-Europe have been im-
proved by commerce with those of the East, how the hobby, the race-horse
of Queen Elizabeth's time, by intermingling with the Arab, has led to the
ultimate production of the English thoroughbred, and how thousands of
years before this period, this great Eastern breed was sought after by
civilized and quasi-civilized nations — by Ass3'rians, by Babylonians, and
by Egyptians — for his qualifications as a hunter and a chariot horse. The
African horse was introduced into the hippodrome by the Greeks, and into
the circus by the Romans, and at the present day the great performers
in the hunting-field and on the turf are descendants of the Barb or the
Arabian.

532 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

There is no doulit tliat horses of the higliest qualifications have through
all ages come from tropical, or at least warm regions, and the Arab horse
is believed by many to have been the parent of the ecpiiue race, or at
least to have been the first domesticated variety.

Althougli the Arabs claim their descent from Ishmael, it must be
remembered that many provinces in this country had been inhabited
before Hagar was banished to the desert liy Abraham. Joktan ruled
over Yemen, and his youngest son, Jorliam, founded, it is said, the
kingdom of Hejaz, while his posterity " kept the throne until the time
of Ishmael ". Consequently Ishmael, when he lived in the wilderness of
Paran, was in contact with a settled and somewhat civilized pojjulation,
who possessed horses, and who most likely had subjugated them; for we
know that on the eastern side of Arabia the Babylonians and the Assyrians
had employed horses in battle, and that the wild life the Arabs led, owing
to the nature of the country, induced them in their earliest days to train
horses for hunting and martial pursuits. The prediction that their hand
should be against every man, and every man's hand against theirs, has
been fulfilled. From the time of this utterance to the jiresent day the
Arabs have lived by attacking and plundering caravans which pass through
the desert, and this they could not have accomplished so easily had they
not possessed swift horses to overtake the travellers, or to escape by rapid
flight from foes too strong for them to overcome. This desert life was,
therefore, a great incentive to the production of the world-famed Arab,
whose services from the most ancient times every civilized nation has
acquired, either by purchase or by capture in war. Both Greece and Rome
hired Arabian and African cavalry to assist them in their conquests, and
on more than one occasion the onslaught of these splendid horses and
horsemen converted a threatened defeat into victory. The auxiliaries also
of other nations who assisted the Eomans in the battle-field rode upon
horses who owed their excellence to the result of a cross lietween their
native breeds and the Arab.

The Persians, early in their history, obtained from the desert horses
which, liy intermingling with the indigenous stock of the country, produced
a breed second only to their half-brothers the Ara])ians, whose descendants
formed the magnificent Persian horse so celebrated in history for its
brilliant exploits in time of war. The same .story could be repeated of
other nations whose cavalry was composed of horses in whose veins flowed
the blood of the Arab. When the Saracens extended their dominion by
concpiest, the distribution of their horses in the various conquered countries
still further assisted in the diff'usion of Arab blood among the many native
equine races. In fact, it was propagated in the East and in the West

THE HORSES OF ASIA AND AFRICA 533

in the train of tlie Arabs who subsequently penetrated to the limits of
the known world.

After the introduction of Islamism, new Mussulman invasions extended
the fame of Arab horses to Italy, to Spain, and even to France, where,
without doubt, they have left traces of their blood. But the event which
more than any other filled Africa with Arab horses was the invasion of
Sidi-Okba, and still later the successive invasions of the fifth and sixth
centuries after the Hegira. It was not until the days of Mohammed that
the important qualifications of the Arab were fully recognized. By the
Arabs the horse is considered to be a divine gift, and his protection and
kind usage to be a divine duty; blessings also are to attend those who
keep horses. " Whosoever keeps and trains a horse for the cause of
Allah is counted among those who give alms day and night; publicly or
in secret he shall have his reward. All his sins shall be forgiven and
never shall dishonour his heart."

The Mohammedan conquests extended from the centre of Asia to the
western verge of Africa, and a great part of Spain was long held by the
Moors or the Arabs. In all the territoi'ies they acquired by the sword,
there the Arab horse always left his impression on native stock, or re-
mained in such regions to perpetuate, unsullied by admixture, the purity
of his race. In no country is this so observable as in Spain; for in this
country, when European nations possessed only very indifferent equine
stock, Spain was celebrated for her splendid breed of horses. No doubt
these animals had been obtained from the Moors during their 800 years'
po.ssession of Andalusia, during which period the Arab horse had con-
veyed his good qualities to the mares of the surrounding country. The
jennet, doubtless, is a descendant of these horses, but previously to the
occupation of Andalusia by the Saracens, two breeds of horses existed
in Spain; one, the ancient war-horse, which Gervase Markham and the
Duke of Newcastle considered in their days the best charger and most
accomplished menage horse, " an animal unrivalled in war and not to
be excelled in equestrian exercises"; the other, the horse indigenous to
the country, used in ancient times as a beast of burden, to carry packs
like the mule, the descendants of this breed being still used in the same
capacity as their ancestors. Both these breeds had been improved by
intercourse with the Arab horse during the domination of the Moors.
But previously to this date an improvement had been effected by the
introduction of Eastern blood, and when the Duke of Newcastle eulogized
the Spanish horse he praised not the native - bred horse, but a breed
which derived much of its excellence from relationship with the Arab.
Honian, a Nestorian physician at Bagdad, 850 a.d., brought out editions

534 THE HISTORY OF THE HOKSE

of Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates, Galen, and others, and also biographies
of celebrated horses in which the pedigrees of these animals are clearly
traced back for thousands of years, their performances narrated, and
their services rendered to their masters in battle and in the chase re-
corded, the highest praise always being bestowed upon the descendants
of the mares ridden by the prophet in his Hight from Mecca to Medina.
It is not to be wondered at that Mohammed valued the horses of the
desert so highly when we consider the services they rendered to their
masters in war, and that, without their assistance, the vast Mohammedan
conquests could not haxe been secured. The horse consequently became
an object of the utmost respect, and means were resorted to in order
to ensure that the Arab horse, in all his purity of descent, should be
handed down to posterity. It is owing to his jjuiity of blood that this
animal, both in the past and in the present, has made such a useful stock-
getter. No other horse in the world can be depended upon to stamp
his likeness on his progeny as the Arab, and it is for this reason he has
improved the various breeds of horses throughout the world. It is thought
by many that the Barb is a better horse and a more celebrated sire than
the Arab, and in this opinion Arabian authorities agree; but they do
not consider that this animal forms a distinct breed, only that he has
descended from Arabs which were imported into Africa, and iu that
country produced offspring superior to those grown in Arabia.

Accounts of the migration of the Arab horse into Africa, and thence
into other parts of the world, tend to show that European horses have
derived their best qualifications more from the Barb than the Arab, i.e.
from the region of the Sahara; and it certainly is the breed that both
in prose and verse is the most highly praised. But whether they are
both of the same descent is not of much importance, since one fiict is
patent, namely, that from both breeds European horses have ol)tained
those characteristics designated quality and high breed. There is little
doubt that it was with Barbary horses the Moors invaded Spain, and
that during the many years they remained there the l^lood of the Barb
was communicated to her native breeds, from wliicli crosses the jennet
and the celebrated Spanish war-horse arose. The exploits of these im-
proved breeds have been handed down to us both by Spanish and by
Arabian authors. We are told of their feats of daring and their splendid
performances, and to what a great extent the smiles of the fair sex and
their commendation incited the equestrians to deeds of valour. These
were the days of chivalry and of a civilization introduced into Andalusia by
the Moors and the Jews. This great intellectual development was checked
by the expulsion of the Moors and the .Tews, who, nevertheless, left behind

Pl.ATF I. XXV

THE DARLHV ARABIAN
From a contemporary engraving

THE GODOLPHIN ARABIAN
After a painting by G. Stiibbs, R.A.

THE HOKSE IN BRITAIN 535

them libraries, and among otlier tliing.s interesting manuscripts on equi-
tation and the treatment of horses, and these have been handed down to
us either directly or through the medium of Spanish literature. On the
departure of the Moors most of their property was confiscated. Their
horses, from which neither love nor money would part them, were seized
or sold for a tenth of their value. These remained in Spain, and from
Spain many of their descendants were distributed over Europe, and soon
after found their way into England.

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN

Before the commencement of the Christian era Rome, which had
become "mistress of the world", extended her conquests in Asia and in
Africa, and ultimately reached the shores of Great Britain. The landing
of Cfesar was hotly opposed by the Britons with a strong force of
cavalry, which they furiously drove between the ranks of the enemy,
discharging their darts, as they rushed along, with such dexterity as to
inflict considerable loss on the invaders. In his account of the invasion
of Britain, Caesar writes : " When they engaged the horse they left
their chariots to fight on foot, their charioteers in the meantime re-
tiring and placing themselves so that their masters, if overpowered by
numbers, might readily find them and have an easy retreat. By this
manner of fighting, they had Iroth the speed of the horse and the
steadiness of the foot, and they were by daily practice so expert that
they could stop their horses on a steep descent, though in full career,
turn them in a narrow compass, run along the pole, sit upon the yoke,
and from thence, with incredible quickness, return to their chariots."
This is the first historical account we have of the existence of horses in
Britain. Whether these animals were indigenous to the soil, or whether
they were descendants of horses imported by other nations, such as the
Phnenicians who, it is said, traded with the Britons as early as the Trojan
war, cannot be ascertained. Neither are we alile to discover their exact
type; we only know that they were small. As the horse-shoes found
in Roman and in Saxon tumuli were only of a size sufficient to fit
small hoofs, and as the size of the shoe indicates to a great extent
the size of the animal whose foot during life it had protected, it is
reasonable to assume that the original breeds of British horses were
small. In all northern countries of Europe the indigenous equine races
have always been represented by diminutive breeds of ponies. The
domestication of the horse has led to his improvement, and the knowledge
of man has assisted in securing his progressive development, especially

536 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

by judicious crossing and l)y the caroful .scdectiou of parents. During
the time the Romans were extending their conquests in Britain distinct
evidence is afforded, not only of the vast numher of horses that existed in
the country, but also of the large importation of them l)y the Romans.
When in 54 B.C. Csesar landed a second time in England, he Inouuht
witli him 20,000 foot and a very powerful body of cavalry, with which
he defeated the petty prince Cadwallon in every action. So numerous
were the horses of the Britons, however, that their leader was able to
bring 4000 chariots to impede the Roman advance. The imported Roman
horses no doubt were of a mixed breed, whose ancestral line of descent
during centuries had been improved by careful supervision; consequently
these animals, being much larger than the native ponies, would be capable
by intercourse between them of producing "fresh crosses of good blood"
in which both great quality and size might be anticipated. During the
400 years the Roman sway continued, horses from the Continent were
constantly landed on our shores, and British ponies were also transported
to Rome. Subsequent to the departure of the Romans from Britain the
invasions of other nations led to the further introduction of foreign horses.
Saxoa and Danish horses found their way into this country, and thus
laid the foundation for the production of improved breeds. Little .specific
mention is made of the British horse until G31, when Bede informs us
that the prelates, who had previously performed their journeys on foot,
at tliis date rode on liorseback, and always used mares instead of hor-ses
as a mark of humility.

When Judith, the daughter of Charles the Bald, king of France,
came to this country on her marriage with Ethelwolf, we learn she was
attended by numerous horsemen who rode "magnificent Sjjanish horses";
but it is not until the reign of Alfred the Great, the fourth sou of
Ethelwolf, that we obtain any distinct information that horses received
especial care, or that their propagation was intelligently supervised. This
prince was well qualified to inaugurate this important business, as he
had visited Rome, where he met many learned churchmen and others,
from whom he received not only his early lessons in i-eligion and in
secular matters, but also in equestrian exercises, in which the patrician
Roman youth took a great delight. This youthful visit to Rome placed
him in a position to make constant observations, and particularly concein-
ing the various breeds of hor.ses, from among which those most conspicuous
for their beauty and other qualifications could be selected. There is
no doubt the pastimes indulged in by the Romans did not escape the
notice of Alfred, and when he arrived at man's estate he was possessed
of such knowledge as enabled him to inaugurate a system of horse-

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN 537

breeding, and assisted liini in making selections from among those foreign
liorses which lie had admired on the Continent, with a view to mate
them with the indigenous breeds of Britain. Alfred was not only a
large importer of horses, but also imposed laws calculated to operate in
improving indigenous breeds; and in order to ensure that his mandates
should be thoroughly carried into effect he appointed a stud - groom
or master of the horse, who received the title of Horse Thane. The
duty of this officer was to superintend the breeding, training, and
management in health and in disease of the royal horses. During this
reign horses both foreign and native were bought and sold, but it was
not until Athelstane ascended the throne, 925 a.d., that horse-dealing
became a vast commercial pursuit. Laws were enacted designed to
regulate the price and otherwise to protect purchasers against fraud. If
a horse were destroj^ed or lost through negligence, the owner was entitled
to "thirty shillings compensation, for a mare or colt, twenty shillings, for
an untrained mare, sixty pence, for a mule or an ass, twelve shillings".
Athelstane was a large importer of foreign horses, but he would not allow
English horses to leave the country, proving that at this early date the
value of British breeds was recognized, and therefore their exportation was
jjrohibited by law. The importation of Continental horses was encouraged,
and nothing gave Athelstane so much pleasure as the receipt of presents
in the shape of horses. We read: "Sundry princes sought his alliance
and friendship, and sent him rich presents, the finest horses, with golden
furniture," &c. These are said to have been " running horses", probably
nags of moderate size, adapted for purposes of display, of hunting, and
of chariot-racing, which sports represented the pastimes of this period.
Athelstane evidently highly valued these presents, for in his will he
enumerates and makes a disposition of them : " Those given me by Thur-
brand, together with those given me by Liefbrand," &c. During this
reign it is evident that numerous horses existed in Great Britain, and
that intelligent measures had been adopted to cause their propagation
and their improvement, and to prevent any decrease in their number;
moreover, the law prohibiting their exportation was rigorously enforced.
During the following reigns it was the function of the horse thane to
superintend the cultivation and the propagation of horses. AYhen William
the Conqueror landed on British territory he brought with him from
Normandy a large army, consisting of archers, light and heavy armed
infantry and cavalry, and the superiority of the Norman horse no doubt
largely contributed to William's victory at the battle of Hastings. The
history of this memorable event shows us that the Norman horses landed
on these shores remained permanently in this country, and contributed

538 THE HISTOKY OF THE HORSE

to the increase of British stock and to the iini)ro\enK'nt of tlie native
breeds. William, at the battle of Hastings, rode a Spanish charger, and
the Bayeux tapestry depicts some of the equine types that were imported
on this occasion; all the boats of the invading army are full of horses.
" Every knight has a small pony, on which lie rides without armour,
whilst the great war-horse is led 1)\- a squire."' Thus history records
certain exact equine types that were landed on these shores by William.
His charger, most likely, was a Spani-sli jennet, and the cavalry on l)oth
sides were small, e\cn those that were yoked to the chariots; but the
great horse upon which the knight entered the combat made his first
appearance on the British coast at Hastings. From this importatiou the
tournament horse arose, and, centuries after, the heavy cart-horse. The
great horse was strictly a war-horse, and was used also for jaarade and
for display, but light horses were employed in the chase. The Conqueror,
who was devoted to this pastime, laid many villages waste in order to
secure large open 2)lains for his favourite pursuit of hunting, and no
doubt the chase was the cradle in which the future racer was primarily
nursed. At this period Roger de Belesme, Earl of Shrewsbury, in order
to im])rove the existing type of horse then in the country, introduced
Sjjanish stallions into his Welsh estate of Powisland. The excellent
(jualifications of these animals are recorded by Giraldus Cambrensis, and
their praises are celebrated by the poet Drayton. The Norman nol)les who
settled in England distributed both large and small horses throughout their
newly acquired possessions, and during the Plantagenet dynasty horses
from the East and from Lombardy were landed on these shores. Beranger
describes these horses as being adapted " for war purposes and exhibition
of pu])lic assemblies, of which horses are always an essential and orna-
mental part". As yet horses had not been attached to the jilougli, oxen
having been employed in the art of husbandry, and even up to a very
recent period the horse had been exempted from this service. At the
time of the Norman Conquest the horse had been employed in agri-
cultural labour, however, as the Bayeux tapestry gives a picture of a man
driving a horse drawing a harrow. In the reign of Henry I two horses
of Barbary were imported into this country, one being presented to the
king and the other to the church of St. Andrews, by Alexander the First
of Scotland. This is the first notice we have of Oriental horses having
been imported into Great Britain. Youatt says that some authors have
asserted that from these two horses sprung the English thorouglilu'ed,
a statement which he thinks " is devoid of foundation". This may or
may not be the case, but if they were Barbs or Arabians they certainly
were of the right breed from which race - horses could be jJi'oducedj

Plate lxxvi

ECLIPSE

From the painting; by G. Stubbs, R.A.

FLYING CHILDERS

From the Painting by Sartorius after Seymour

THE HOKSE IX BRITAIN 539

since it is from siu-li stock tliat Eclipse and Flying Childers descended.
Fitz-Stephen, who lived during Henry Il's reign, gives a description of
the public exhibition of horses; how at Smithfield [planus camj^us) they
were paraded for sale. " Every Friday, except some festival intervene,
theiie is a fine sight of horses brought to be sold. Many of the city
come to buy or look on, to wit, barons, knights, earls, and citizens.
It is a pleasant thing to behold the horses there, all gay and sleek,
moving up and down, some on the amble and some on the trot, which
latter pace, although rougher to the lider, is better suited to men who
bear arms. There are yet colts, ignorant of the bridle, which prance
and bound and give early signs of spirit and courage; there are also
managed war - horses, of elegant shape, full of fire, and giving every
evidence of a generous and noble temper; horses also for the cart, dray,
and plough are to be found here."

The tournament ou the Continent had been for many years a pastime
with warriors, but the love of hunting to which the English nobles were
devoted delayed its becoming a British institution until the time of Henry
II. At this time Fitz-Stephen tells us that on exavy Friday in Lent a
tournament was held at Smithfield, where young Londoners armed and
mounted on horses performed a variety of warlike evolutions, and from this
age the tournament ruled supreme both in England and on the Continent
until the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the race-course gradually pushed out
of existence this ancient pastime. The tournament was not established in
England until sixty years after the Norman conquest, but from the account
of Stephanides of Canterl)ury it is evident that during the reign of Henry
II various equine breeds were common in England, the charger or tourna-
ment horse being spoken of as distinct from the cart-horse. These animals
were the descendants of imported Norman horses, and were representatives
of an improvement that had been impressed upon native stock by the
judicious selection of parents under the supervision of their owners.
During the Plantagenet dynasty the chase became the incentive which led
to the propagation of swift horses, and in the same way the tournament
operated in causing the production of the great horse ; and consequently we
find that during the reign of King John the development of the great horse
was continued. AVe read that this monarch imported one hundred stallions
from Flanders, and, as the tournament was at this period a great national
institution, we may presume that these animals were destined for perform-
ance in the tilting yard and at the same time for purposes of the stud. The
value set upon these horses during this reign is indicated by a fine that King
John imposed upon a jjerson named Till, who " possessed a no])le ])reed of
horses", but falling under the king's disjileasure was condemned to pay

540 TllK HISTORY OF THE HOli.SE

H fine of teij horses, each wortli thirty marks, al)out £300 oi our present
currency. These were the days when large horses were in request, and
when kings and nobles vied with each other in attempting to procure by
importation and by breeding magnificent specimens of the "great" horse,
and also lighter bred animals for the chase. .Soon after Edward 11 ascended
the throne we find a commission is given to one Bynde Bona\onture for
twenty war-horses and twelve draught horses to be purchased in Lombardy.
John dc Trokelow, in 1307, bears testimony to the care this prince bestowed
on horses and the zeal with which he attem23ted their improvement.
Edward III was an ardent supporter of the tournament and the chase, and
warmly encouraged the importance and breeding of light and heavy horses.
It is recorded that this monarch purchased fifty Spanish stallions for
1000 marks, and imjjorted from France four great horses, for which he
paid Count Hainault 25,000 florins. This prince also introduced horse-
racing, in which sport Spanish horses seem to have been engaged, and those
animals which performed on the turf were named running-horses. During
this reign the various breeds of horses were separated into classes, each
breed being distinguished by a name indicating the use in which each
respective class was employed. Laws also were enacted to prevent dis-
honest dealing and to control prices; and as the laws were princiimlly
directed against owners residing in Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and York-
shire, we can perceive that even then these counties were considered
fiivoured localities for breeding and rearing horses. The equine importa-
tions mentioned above consisted of large horses from Flanders and from
Lombardy, and of light ones whose ancestors had been bred in Africa or
in Arabia; and it is from these two breeds that our race-horses, hunters,
and heavy wagoners have by gradual and progressive development derived
their origin.

The Crusades off'ered an opportunity to tlie warriors who left this
country for the Holy Land, to note the excellence of the horses ridden ])y
the Saracens, and on their return to this country they brought with them
many Asiatic horses, which , became the progenitors of that stock whose
descendants in the days of the first Stuart and later were conspicuous on the
race-course. These horses most likely had descended from the stock with
which Mohammed and his followers had waged war, and were represented by
Barbs, by Arabs, by Persians, and by Turks. They were small, as they are
to this day, i.e. not more than 14| hands high, but from these animals the
English i)ony gained size and the charger quality. For the tournament the
light Arab-looking horses imported by the Crusaders would have been use-
less. For this pastime heavy horses were obtained, and it was from inter-
mixture between these two types that quality was acquired and greater size

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN 541

induced. Upon such steeds the warriors of old faced their enemies in the
battle-field and on the tilting-ground, encased in armour so weighty that
it sometimes demanded the assistance of two squires to mount them.
Chargers of great size were imported by Anglo-Normans, by Plantagenets,
and by Tudors from Flanders and from Lombardy, and Chaucer gives a
distinct picture of this breed when he depicts its gTand conformation in the

following verse : —

" For it so high was, so broad and long.
So well proportioned for to ))e so strong.
Right as it were a steed of Lombardy ".

After the time of Richard the First there is little to record of impor-
tance relative to the breeding, rearing, and importation of horses, until the
reign of Eichard the Third, when we learn for the first time that durinor
1483 post-horses and stages were first introduced, and that horses were
specially employed in this service. Soon after the first Tudor ascended the
throne we are put in possession of interesting facts relative to the treat-
ment and disposition of horses by Polydore Virgil, who tells us how cattle
and horses browsed over English pastures and common lands, and that
horses, both mares and entire horses, were mingled together, which caused
so much confusion and disorder that Henry VII enacted that no entire horse-
should be pastured out on fields or common lands. This law caused sucb
horses to be kept within bounds and tied in stalls, whence the name
" stallion " or " stalled one " was applied to the entire horse. The incon-
venience of this enactment in causing so many horses to be stabled led to
their emasculation, which from this date became a common practice. The
exportation of stallions and of mares of less value than six shillings and
eightpence was prohibited, but the importation of foreign horses was warmly
encouraged as previously. Henry VIII, like his father, paid particular
attention to the raising and the improvement of horses, and it is evident
from the laws that were passed during his reign that small horses were
too numerous. In his endeavour to obtain a stronger and better type of
animal a law was enacted that no stallion less than 15 hands high and
no mare less than 13 hands should run wild in the country. A colt two
years old and Imder 11^ hands high was not allowed to run on any moor,
forest, or common where mares were pastured; and at Michaelmastide the
neighbouring magistrates were ordered to drive all forests and commons,
and not only to destroy such stallions, but also " all unlikely tits whether
mares or foals ".

Other enactments were passed during this reign with a view to obtain
more powerful horses. It was enjoined that every bishop and duke was to
keep seven entire horses, each above three years old and not less than.

542 THE HISTORY OF THK HORSE

14 hands high; those failing to obey this law were subjected to heavy
penalties. Every clergyman holding a benefice of £100 per annum, and all
those whose wives wore French hoods or velvet bonnets, were liable to a
fine of £20 unless they kept one stallion " and kept and rode upon stallions
not less than 15 hands high". Edward VI passed a law prohibiting the
importation of stallions less than 14 and mares less than 13 hands high,
and horse-stealing was made a felony. It is certain, therefore, that in 1550
great attention was bestowed by Englishmen in attempting to secure a
better type of horse than had 25reviously existed in the country. Yet the
progress to perfection was very gradual, since Ave learn from Blundeville,
who lived in the days of Elizabeth, that two classes of horses existed,
^' very indifferent, strong, slow, heavy-draught horses, or light and weak ".
Moreover, it is a notorious fact that during this reign horses were scarce.
Whether this was owing to the destruction of the " unlikely tits " or some
other causes cannot be determined, but history informs us of the scanty and
meagre display the British cavalry made at Tilbury Fort when assembled
there to be inspected by Elizabeth; and Carew in his History of Cornwall
suggests that it was to the wholesale slaughter-laws of Henry VIII that the
almost total loss of small horses was attributable, " formerly so common in
that part of England and Wales ".

During the Plantagenet and the Tudor periods two classes of horses
existed in England, "running horses" as they were called, and war or tourna-
ment chargers; but the great horse of the past was as inferior to the Shire
horse of to-day as the Barbs and Arabians of the Stuart epoch would be
to the thoroughbreds of this era. During the reign of the first Tudor the
demand for great horses was on the wane; battles being fought with artillery
rendered heavy armour defenceless, and led to the employment of armour
of a lighter description. This, however, was only partially adopted, and
tlieu more for ornament than use. Ladies of high rank who had been
accustomed to ride by the side of gentlemen on pillions soon discontinued
this practice after the appearance of carriages, which were introduced by
the Earl of Arundel in 1580. Heavy horses, no doubt, were primarily
attached to these cumbrous vehicles. Their novelty attracted the attention
of the rich, which ultimately led to better designs in the construction of
coaches, and as they were made to decrease in weight the demand for
lighter horses increased. During Elizabeth's reign the days of the tourna-
ment were drawing to a close, consequently one of the incentives to the
propagation of heavy horses was vanishing away. Whether the discon-
tinuance of this pastime or the introduction of carriages assisted in causing
the decrease in the horse supply which was noticed in the scanty display of
cavalry at Tilbury Fort, it is impossible to determine. We know that at

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN 543

this time private race-meetings were instituted, to be followed later by
public ones, and that "nags" were in demand, and although carriages had
been introduced they were used only to a very limited extent. Ben
Jonsou tells us how the grandees rode on horseback to the theatres, and
that when the great Shakespeare fled to London, from terror of a criminal
prosecution, his first expedient was to wait at the doors of theatres and
hold the horses of those who had no servants, in order that they might be
in readiness for their owners after the performance. In this capacity he
became so conspicuous for his careful attention that in a short time all who
alighted called for William Shakespeare, and scarcely anyone was trusted
with a horse if William's services could be obtained. Accordingly he hired
boys to act under his orders, who were called Shakespeare's boys, and for
years afterwards those who took charge of horses at the doors of theatres
were known as Shakespeare's boys.

At this period a more active breed of horses began to be propagated as
the effect of causes previously narrated, such as the disuse of heavy armour.
This gave rise to the cultivation of light " nags ", the existence of which,
a year after the Spanish Armada, Sir John Smythe deplores. He writes:
" Their horsemen, serving on horseback with lances or any other weapon,
think themselves well armed with some kind of head-piece and a collar, on a
deformed, high-bellied beast ". As the occupation of the great tournament
horse was "going", its propagation in great measure was discontinued; yet
an incentive to the breeding of stout horses still existed, as such animals
were required to draw the lumbering and heavy vehicles of this era across
countries and plains, over bad roads or where none existed. During the
Stuart dynasty consignments of large horses continued to be imported from
Flanders and Northern Europe, together with Barbs, Turks, Persians, and
Arabs, which by intermixture with our native breeds and between them-
selves succeeded in forming the ancestral stocks from which all British
equine breeds have emanated.

The British cart-horse's descent can be traced from the great horse
originally imported from Flanders and Lombardy, but much improved since
those days by judicious crossing and careful selection of parents. The
Stuarts first introduced quality, but size was wanting; for when William III
ascended the throne, and sought to drain the Lincolnshire Fens, he found
that the British cart-horse of this date was not strong enough for the tasks
imposed upon him; consequently he imported large Dutch horses (the old
Lincolnshire Blacks). The Dukes of Ancaster also brought over to this
country similar breeds from Holland. This was the first step of any note
which gave an impetus to the improvement of our coarser equine stock, and
formed the main root from which our cart-horses have proceeded. Our

544 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

grandfathers have tokl us how their fathers expatiated on tlie merits of
those horses, of their size and feats of strength, how the bhicks with white
legs and blazes were most esteemed. These animals or their descendants in
time became located all over England, and thus a good cross of fresh lilood
found its way to the descendants of the old tournament horse, and procured
that increase in size and strength for which our present breed of cart-horses
arc so celebrated.

During Elizabeth's reign horse-racing was in vogue, but it was only of a
private nature. Matches against time and trials of sjjeed between two horses
represented the racing of this period. It was left for James I to intro-
duce into England the sport he had previously established in Scotland. He
inaugurated races at Gatterley, in Yorkshire; at Croydon, and at Theobalds
at Enfield Chase. He encouraged every kind of horsemanship, the impor-
tation of foreign horses, especially of a racing type, and was the first to
laud ujion our shores a pure-bred Arabian, which he bought of a merchant
named JNIarkham for £500. This animal turned out a failure, and well it
might, if the description given of him by the Duke of Newcastle in his
treatise on horsemanship was correct, " a little boney, bay horse of ordinary
shape and almost worthless"; but James, nothing daunted, purchased of
Pace, afterwards stud-master to Cromwell, a horse brought from the north
coast of Africa, and known as the White Turk. The example set by James
was followed by his friends. The first Duke of Buckingham imported the
Helmsley Turk, and Lord Fairfax the Morocco Barb. From this date
improvement in our breed of light horses commenced. But although
Eastern horses were in demand to effect this object, their qualifications had
only been partially recognized, for we find Gervase Markham stating " the
true English-bred horse to be superior to those of any other country. I do
daily find in my experience that the virtue, goodness, boldness, swiftness,
and endurance of our true-bred English horses is equal to any race of
horses whatsoever. For swiftness, what nation has brought forth the horse
which has exceeded the English? When th-e best Barbaries that ever were
were in their prime, I saw them overcome by a black hobby at Salisbury,
and yet that black hobby was overcome by a horse called Valentine, which
Valentine neither in hunting or running was ever equalled, yet was a plain-
bred English horse both by dam and syre." From this (piotation it can be
seen that among native stock good specimens existed, upon which the
imported Oriental blood was about to give its impi-ession of further excel-
lence. These were the days when the love of racing created the demand
for swift horses, and the turf an incentive to their importation and propa-
gation. At this epoch the most successful performers on the turf, both
horses and mares, were distinguished from common stock by being classified

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN 545

as professional race-horses, and public race-meetings were formally gazetted
as at this day.

In the time of Charles I the importation and breeding of swift horses
continued, for supplying both the turf and the hunting-field with good
performers. The order of the day was for fast gallopers, who were rapidly
supplanting the tournament horse, and to so great an extent as to have
caused the presentation of a memorial to the king complaining of the great
diminution of stout and powerful horses " fit for the defence of the coun-
try", and urging that measures should be adopted in order to encourage
the propagation " of this useful and important type of horse ". To promote
the object sought, a law was enacted but never was put into execution, and
consequently became a dead letter. It was impossible, therefore, to keep
up a large supply, as the demand for this class of horse had considerably
diminished. The turf had usurped the occupation of the tilting-yard, and
the great horse had been supplanted by the racer. At the same time a
necessity still remained for the production of weight-carriers to draw vehicles
laden with heavy goods, and to carry men in armour — for even at this date
armour formed no inconsiderable portion of the trooper's uniform, — and con-
sequently a demand for " stout and powerful horses " still existed, but not
to so great an extent as during the Tudor era. During the civil wars racing
was neglected, but the importance of cavalry horses exercised a powerful
influence in causing the production of horses possessing both strength and
activity, and to the development of this type Cromwell gave his attention.
He raised a cavalry regiment, the best in existence at that date, composed
of powerful yeomen and stout horses. He on two occasions (February 24,
1654, and April 8, 1658) prohibited horse-racing, declaring all persons of
what " estate, quality, or degree soever, who should appoint or assist at
race-meetings, breakers of the public peace, and further requiring all civil
and military authorities to seize all the race-horses and spectators " ; but he
generally encouraged the breeding of stout, active horses, with a view to
procuring animals with speed and endurance, which he recognized were
more useful on the march and on the battle-field than those chargers which
posses.sed " mere bone and bulk ". It can, therefore, be seen that during
the Commonwealth the demand for cavalry horses was the incentive which
led to the production of animals possessing bulk combined w'ith activity,
and this result was obtained from crosses between the weight-carrier and
racer of this era. Thus a new type of horse was created, namely the active
cavalry horse, whose descendants at a later date drew the heavy springless
vehicles of our forefathers over rotten and almost impassable roads.

Although during the stormy days of civil war, horse-racing had been
neglected, after the third Stuart was crowned king this sport became a

546 THE HISTOKY OF THE HORSE

national institution. Tlic Menv Monarch was the greatest supporter of the
turf England has ever known. He not only encouraged and patronized the
race-courses already in existence, but he also added to those establi.shed Ijy
his father at Hyde Park, Newmarket, and at other places, that at Datchet
Mead, near Wind.sor, being the most celebrated. Newmarket became his
favourite resort. There he built a palace and large stables, which be filled
with Eastern horses obtained by his Master of the Horse for breeding pur-
poses. These animals were Arabians and Barbs, both stallions and mares,
which latter and also some of their produce were called royal mares. During
this reign Oriental horses were numerously imported, and racing began to
a.ssume an improved character. Treatises on horses were issued from the
press, and one on horsemanship, published by the Duke of Newcastle, gives
descriptions of various foreign horses, and advice relative to breeding them
for specific purposes — for war, the menage, and the turf, — and he selects the
Barb as his ideal of what a horse should be. He writes: "The Barbary
horses I freely confess are my favourites; I allow preference as to shape,
strength, natural air, and docility. Mountain Barbs are horses of the best
courage; many of them bear marks of wounds they have received from
lions." The same author also suggests how an improvement can be effected
upon native stock by careful selection of parents. " The best stallion is a
well-chosen Bar!) or beautiful Spanish horse. Some people believe that a
Barb or Jennet produces too small a breed. There is no fear of having
a horse too small in England, since the moisture of the climate and fatness
of the land rather produces horses too large. In choice of breeding mares I
would advise you to take either a well-shaped Spanish or Neapolitan; when
these are not easily obtained, then a beautiful English mare of good colour
and well marked." Previously to this reign we may assume that winning
mares and stallions were mated in oi'der to secure and perpetuate a i-ace of
flyers; but when the imported Arabs and Barbs were discovered to be faster
on the turf than the native stock, they were introduced to the harem with a
view of procuring in the offspring that turn of speed which was common to-
the foreign horses. This combination resulted in success, which was pri-
marily effected by such horses as Dodsworth Pace's White Turk, and
numerous other Barbs and Arabians, whose stock in later reigns laid the
foundation from which the superiority of the English horse arose. During
the short reign of James H there is little about horses worth mentioning.
Oriental horses were still imported. The Lister Turk was brought to
England by the Duke of Berwick, being taken at the siege of Buda.
This horse was the sire of many celebrated horses : Snake, Brisk,
Conyskins, &c. The king was devoted to hunting, and kept a large
stud of hunters. He is said to have been a fine horseman, and for this

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN 547

reason the Irish g;nT him the name '" Shamus-na-cappul " (James
of the horses).

William III was an enthusiastic horseman and lover of the menage
horse. He built a riding-school, in which it pleased him to be an inspector
of equestrian exercises. He also was a great supporter of the turf, and
kept a magnificent stud of Oriental horses, and thus assisted in the gradual
improvement in the breeds of horses that had been commenced by James I.
During this reign the Byerley Turk was brought to this country. This
animal was Captain Byerley's charger during William's wars in Ireland, and
was the sire of Sprite, Black Hearty, Grasshopper, &c. Queen Anne gave
every encouragement to horse-racing. She kept race-horses, which were
entered for prizes in her own name; she added also several plates in dif-
ferent parts of the kingdom. The importation of Oriental horses had now
become quite a mercantile pursuit. Numerous Barbs, Turks, and Arabs
were landed on our shores, but the most conspicuous of them was the Darley
Arabian, which was brought to this country from Aleppo in 1715, the year
after George I came to the throne. This animal was the sire of Flying
Childers, the fastest horse over a long distance that ever ran ; that is if his
record be correct, which asserts that he ran over a course at Newmarket, a
distance of 3 miles 6 furlongs and 93 yards, in 6 minutes and 40 seconds,
the Beacon course of 4 miles 1 furlong and 138 yards in 7 minutes and 30
seconds, and also could run a mile in a little over one minute. This
remarkable record of speed may be too good to be true, but whether exag-
gerated or not, it is certain that this animal was the fastest horse of his day,
and that from him the thoroughbred has derived a large proportion of its
present excellence.

In 1725 another celebrated horse, the Godolphin Arabian, arrived in this
country, and from him have descended most of the notable horses now on
the turf. In tracing the descent of thoroughbred horses it will be observed
that they emanate from three distinct sources: " The Darley Arabian, 1720,
from whom descended Childers, Squirt, Marske, Eclipse, King Fergus,
Hambletonian ; the Byerley Turk, 1689, whence came Jig, Partner, Tartar,
Herod, HigliHyer, Sir Peter, Woodpecker, Buzzard ; and the Godolphin
Arabian, 1725, whence came Cade, Matcham, Conductor, Trumpeter,
Sorcerer, Dr. Syntax. From the first source our present stallions are
Orlando, Wetherbit, Cossack, King Tom, Teddington, Touchstone, Stock-
well, Voltigeur, and Rataplan. From the second. Sweetmeat, Alarm,
Cowl, Flying Dutchman, Tadraor, Wild Dayrell; and from the Godolphin
Arabian, Nutwith, AVest Australian, Sir Tatton Sykes, Tomboy, and
Melborne. Wetherbit, Tomboy, and the Doctor are the eighth cross from
the Arab; Bradsman, Touchstone, and Melborne the ninth; West Aus-

546 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

tralian, Surplice, Voltigeur, Kingston, Chanticleer, and Fishcrmau the
tenth; Cossack, Ignoramus, Pelion, Tadmor, Ellington, Longl)ovv, are the
eleventh generation." Florizel II, Persimmon, and Diamond Jubilee, three
brothers by St. Simon out of Perdita II, bred by His ]\Iajesty King Edward
VII, are among the living representatives of these famous sires. On the
female side the royal mares consisted chiefly of importations of Barbs from
the north coast of Africa when Tangiers was under the British flag, but
many of them were English bred, and were selected because they had been
successful performers on the turf. Tlie late Admiral Eous was of opinion
that the English racie- horse has descended from "pure -bred Arabs",
untainted by English blood, and whose pedigree might be traced for two
thousand year.s — the true offspring of Arabia Deserta, — and the greater
size and height that the produce of these animals attained to he ascribed
to tlie climatic influence of " these damp, foggy islands ", assisted by
judicious management and good "pasture". But does our knowledge of
the past history of the horse warrant us in accepting this assertion as
a fact? Do not the writings of the Duke of Newcastle advise crossing
with a fine English " mare " ; and do not other sentences show that
intermingling with different breeds was resorted to by our forefathers as
the best means by which to improve the then existing British race-horse?
The admiral attributes the superiority that the race-horse of the Stuart
era obtained to our " damp, foggy climate ", combined with good pasture
and judicious management; and although he speaks of the first cross as
producing our primary first-class race-horse, in the next sentence he asserts
that the Turks, Barbs, and royal mares were pure Arabians, " pure Eastern
exotics, without a drop of English blood in their veins".

If climate and good pasture caused all the improvement which it is
allowed did occur, how was it that previously to the days of the Stuarts
the benefits derived from climatic influence had not been recognized by the
Tudors? If environment alone was capable of producing greater size in our
equine races, what need had Henry VIII to pass a law ordering the destruc-
tion of small horses and "all unlikely tits", when the same "fog and
damp" was ready to promote the same increa.se of size which we are
asked to believe was the sole cause of the change? Every physiologist
knows the benefit that arises from a " good cross of fresh blood ". Almost
all the breeds of domestic animals have been brought to their present excel-
lence, not by continuous breeding in a direct line in the .same family, but
by judicious out-crossing, and it was by the adoption of this system at the
outset that tlie Briti.sh thoroughbred has been produced.

In 1618 Michael Barrett had noticed the benefit that arose fi'om cross-
breeding. He writes: "Although the Spanish jennet, and Irish hobby and

THE HORSE IN BRITAIN 549

the Arabian courser are lield by Maister Bluiideville and Maister Markhani
to be the chief for racing and neat action, there is the bastard stallion be-
gotten by one of them on our English mares which doth exceed either of
them in swiftness and toughness ".

Of course it is impossible at this distance of time to trace distinctly the
pedigree of the horses and mares imported during the Stuart epoch, although
it is certain that to these importations the superiority in our breeds is
attributable. Some of the royal mares were purchased in Hungary, but
Admiral Rous thinks the majority came from Morocco, and that the Barbs
were brought during the sixth century from Arabia, when the Saracens
overran and conquered Northern Africa. That all these were highly bred
and were of Eastern origin cannot be doubted, and their introduction into
this country resulted in the improvement of native breeds and in developing
the British thoroughbred.

Writers in the past bear testimony to this fact, and cite instances and
describe the processes that have been adopted in their attempts to improve
present or establish new breeds. Clive, " On the good effects of crossing ",
writes : " We are told that the great improvement in the breed of horses in
England arose from the crossing with those diminutive stallions. Barbs and
Arabians, and the introduction of mares from Flanders into this country
was the source of improvement in the breed of cart-horses.

" When the Asiatic hor.ses were mated with native-bred English mares,
there was size on one side and superior quality on the other, the mare
exhibiting size and greater development of bone and muscle, but lacking
that ' density of fibre ' and vital energy which was possessed by the Barb
in an eminent degree. From such combination it might be anticipated that
the offspring would grow to greater size than the sire, and would show as
it arrived at maturity a good proportion of the Eastern horse's quality.
And this is exactly what did take place. Animals of size and quality were
obtained from the first crosses, and from the Stuart epoch to the present
day our race-horses have, decade by decade, increased in height. In 1730
the Oriental horse was denounced, and it was the opinion of sportsmen at
this date that the immediate uncrossed descendants of Eastern horses had
of late years, almost without exception, proved so deficient that breeders
would no more have recourse to them than the farmer would to the natural
oat, which is little better than a weed, to produce a sample that should rival
that of his neighbours in the market. Were the finest Eastern horse that
could be procured brought to the starting-post at NcAvmarket, with the ad-
vantage of English training to boot, he would have no chance at any weight
or for any distance with even a second-rate English race-horse." From this
quotation we learn that the cross-bred English racer was a gustier racer on

550 THE HISTORY OF THE HORSE

the turf tlian the pure-bred Barb or Arabian, proving how great had been
tlie iufiuence of the incorporation of the old English blood with that of the
Eastern horse. The celebrated horses, the Darley and Godolphin Arabians,
impressed upon the British racing stock a vigour, a power, and a physical
development which has been lianded down through succeeding generations
" from sire to son ". The great Eastern horse, to which we owe so much,
has preserved through thousands of years a distinct line of descent from
the days when Ninus, King of Assyria (2227 B.C.), marshalled his chariots
and horses in battle and Pharaoh pursued the Israelites to the Red Sea
(1401 B.C.). This breed of horses, whose existence at the above dates is
recorded, were the primogenitors of the Barb and Arabian, who have
through countless ages improved the various indigenous species of the
world; and at the present day the quality, whenever noticed in foreign
horses, has always been obtained directly from the Arab or indirectly
from the British thorough-bred, which has impressed his likeness on all
our existing breeds from the cob to the cart-horse, to which the American
trotter is indebted for much of his excellence, and whicli, into whatever
country he enters, is acknowledged to be king of the equine race.

GLOSSARY

Abrus (Gr. abros, pretty), Indian liquorice, the seeds
of A hrus precatorius or wild liquorice.

Abscess (Lat. abscessus, a separation of matter), a
collection of pus in some of the organs or parts of
the body, the result of local inflammation.

Absorbent (Lat. absorbere^ to suck in), a drug or
medicine that produces absorption of diseased tissue.

Acetabulum (Lat., a small cup), the cavity into
which the head of the femur or thigh-bone fits and
in which it moves.

Actmomyces (Gr. altis, a raj% and mt/kes, mush-
room), a rayed fungus.

Acute (Lat. acutus, sharp), pertaining lo disease
having a r.ipid and severe onset, progress, and ter-
mination.

Adenoid (Gr. aden, gland, and cidos, appearance),
resembling a gland.

.ffistrum (Gr. oisiros, gadfly), the heat or rut of ani-
mals ; the sensation occurring at the time of coition.

Afferent (Lat. affercns, carrying to), carrying some-
thing to a centre ; hence, applied to those nerves which
conduct influences to the central nervous system.

Ala (Lat., a wing), a name of various wing-shaped
parts.

Alveolus (Lat.), the bony socket of a tooth.
Amaurosis (Gr. amauros, dark), partial or total loss
of vi-i,.n.

Amide {aiuiiionia), a white crystalline solid often
capable of combining with both acids and bases.

Amphiarthrosis (Gr. ajnphi, around, and arthron,
a joint), a joint in which there is a disc of fibro-
cartilage between the ends of the bones; it enjoys a
limited movement.

Amylolytic (Gr. amylon, starch, and lusis, solution),
effecting the digestion of starch.

Ajnylopsin (Gr. aviylon^ starch, and opsis, appear-
ance), a ferment said to exist in pancreatin.

ABsemia (Gr. an, priv., and haima, blood), de-
ficiency or thinness of blood.

Ansestbesia (Gr. anaisthesia), want of feeling, a
nervous disease.

Anaesthetic (Gr. an, priv., and aisthesis, feeling),
a substance that produces insensibility to feeling or
acute pain.

Ancbylosis. Ankylosis (Gr. anhjlos, a stiff joint),
union of the bones forming a joint, resulting in a stiff
joint.

Aneurism (Gr. aneuri/sma, widening), a dilatation
or widening in the course of an arterj'.

Animalcule (Lat. animalculum, a minute animal),
a microscopic animal.

Anodyne (Gr. an, priv., and odyne, pain), a medicine
that relieves pain.

Anthrax (Gr. anthrax, a coal, or carbuncle), a fatal
disease due to the bacillus of anthrax.

Antidote (Gr. anti, against, and didomi, to give), a
drug that prevents or counteracts the action of poisons.

Antipyretic (Gr. anti. against, and pi/rctos, fever),
an agent which reduces the temperature in fever.

Antiseptic Kir. anti, against, and septos, putrid),
an a^eut win. h prevents putrefaction.

Antispasmodic (Gr. anti, against, and spastnos, a
spasm), an .igent that relieves spasm.

Anus (Lat.), the fundament, the posterior opening
of the large bowel.

Aorta. (Gr. aorte), the largest artery of the body.
It arises from the heart, and divides into the anterior
and posterior aorta.

Aphthae (Gr. aphthai, an eruption), small white
spots or vesicles occurring in the mouth, more espe-
cially seen in young animals.

Aponeurotic (Gr. apo, from, neuron, tendon), per-
taining to a broad fibrous membrane or tendon pro-
ceeding from a muscle, or used to bind down tendons.

Apophysis (Gr. apo, from, and physis. growth), a
process of bone produced from a separate centre of
growth.

Apoplexy (Gr. apoplexia. a striking down), loss of
consciousness from breakage of vessels in the brain.

Aqueduct (Lat. aqua, water; ductus, a leading),
applied to ducts and canals in various parts of the.
body.

Arthrodia (Gr. arthrOdia, a kind of joint), a joint
permitting a gliding movement.

Ascites (Gr. askites. a kind of dropsy ; askos, a
bag), an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the
cavity of the belly; dropsy of the belly.

Ascococcus (Gr. askos, a leather bag ; kokkos, a
kernel), micro-organisms made up of round colonies
surrounded by tough, thick, gelatinous envelopes.

Aseptic (Gr. a, priv., and septos, putrid), free from
pathogenic bacteria or septic matter.

Aspergillus (Lat. aspcnjcre, to scatter), a genus of
fungi.

Asphyxia (Gr. a, priv., and sphyxis, the pulse),
suffocation, the effect produced by depriving the lungs
of air.

Assimilation (Lat. asaimilarc, to make like), the
transformation of food into a condition in which it
may be used up in the nutrition of the body.

Astragalus (Gr. astragalos, a die), the bone upon
which the tibia rests.

Astringent (Lat. ad, to; strinycre, to bind), an
agent which, by contracting organic tissue, arrests
hemorrhage or diarrhoea.

Atavism (Lat. atai-us, a forefather), the reappear-
ance of an anomaly in an individual whose more or
less remote progenitors were similarly- affected, but in
whose immediate ancestors it had not been shown.

552

GLOSSARY

Atlas (from tlie fnbulous Atlas that supported the
earth), the first bone of the cervical or neck vertebrae,
sujiporting the head.

Atrophy (Gr. atrophia, want of nourishment), loss
of weiiiht, size, and function of an organ.

Auricle (Lat. auricula, the outer ear), the name for
the two superior cavities of the heart.

B

Bacillus (Lat. Ijucil/um, a small rod), a name for
various microscopic organisms or microbes of a rod-
like form, some of them associated with certain
diseases.

Bacterium (Gr. bakterion, a little stick), a genus of
short lyliiidrical fission fungi ; a bacillus. See above.

Basilar (Gr. basis, base), pertaining to the base,
usually of the skull.

Biceps (Lat. bis, twice; caput, the head), a term
api)lied to several two-headed muscles.

Bicipital (Lat. bi, two; caput, the head), pertaining
to the- l)ict|)s muscle.

Biologist (Gr. bios, life, and logos, discourse), one
who is a student of life forms.

Bishoping. tlie act of carving a cavity in the crown
of a t"i>tli and making it black by heat, for the pur-
pose of niukiii'4 an old horse appear young.

Blepharitis (Gr. blcpharon, the eyelid, and ills, in-
flariimatioii). inriammation of the eyelid.

Blepharopbimosis (Gr. blcpharon, the eyelid, and
p/iimosl.s. a sliiittin^ u])), constriction or narrowing of
the ..jiL-nini; of tile eyelids.

Brachial (Lat. hrachium, the arm), pertaining to
the upper arm.

Bruit (Fr., a noise or report), a term used to desig-
n.ite the specific sounds of auscultation.

Bubonocele (Gr. boubuii, the groin, and l-dli;, tu-
m(uir), intjuinal hernia, or hernia in the groin.

Buccal (Lat. bucca, the cheek), pertaining to the
cheek.

Bulla (Lat. bulla, a bubble), a Ijleb or blister.

c

Calcaneus (Lat., the heel), the heel-bone; in veter-
inary anatomy, the bone which forms the point of
the hock.

Calculus (Lat. dim. of calx, a small stone), a stone-
like concretion found in the bladder and some other
organs.

Callosity (Lat. callus, hard .skin), a hard, thickened
patch on the skin produced by excessive accumulation
of the horny layer.

Capillary (Lat. capillus, a hair), a minute blood-
vessel connecting arteries with veins.

Carbohydrate (Lat. carbo, coal; Gr. hudor, water),
a substance containing carbon with hydrogen and
oxygen in the proportion to form water.

Carboluria {carbolic, and Gr. ouron, urine), the
presence of carbolic acid in the urine.

Cardiac (Gr. kardia, the heart), pertaining to the
heart.

Caries (Lat. caries, rottenne.ss), chronic inflamma-
tion of bone, followed by pus formation and death of
the part.

Carlniform (Lat. cnrma, keel ;/oiMn, shape), applied
tn the keel-like cartilage in front of the breast-bone.

Carotids ((Jr. karOlides), the i)rincipal right and
left arteries of the neck.

Carpus (Gr. hn-pns. wrist), the eight bones collec-
tively forming the wrist ; the ktiee of the horse.

Carunculse myrtiformes (Lat. caruncula, a car-

uncle; myrtum, a myrtle berry), projecting membranes
near the orifice of the vagina — the remains of the
hymen.

Casein (Lat. caseum, cheese), the substance pre-
cipitated from milk on the application of an acid or
rennet.

Cataplasm (Gr. kataplastna, a poultice), a poultice.

Cavernous (Lat. carcma, a cave), having hollow
spaces.

Cellulitis (Lat. rclhila. a .small cell; itts, inflamma-
tion), a diffuse inflammation of cellular tissue.

Cellulose (Lat. cetlula. a little cell), wood fibre, the
priniiiial ingredient of the cell membrane of all plants.

Cement, Cementum (Lat. ccmentvm, a rough stone),
the frusta petrosa or outer crust of the teeth next the
root.

Centimeter (Lat. ccntitm, a hundred), a hundredth
part of a meter, or about two-fifths of an English inch.

Cerebritis (Lat. cerebrum, the brain; Gr. itis, in-
flammation), inflammation of the brain.

Chestnuts, the oval-shaped horny masses situated
on the inner side of the legs of horses, below the hocks
and above the knees.

Cbolesterin (Gr. chole, bile, and stereos, solid), a
glistening white substance found in bile and nervous
tissue.

Chorea (Gr. chorda, dancing), a nervous disorder,
characterized by convulsive twitching of muscles,
especially of the limbs.

Choroid (Gr. chorion, a membrane), the second
outer or vascular coat of the eye.

Chronic (Gr. chronos, time), long continued, slow of
progress.

Chyle (Gr. chijlos, juice), the milk-white fluid ab-
.sorbed by the lacteals during digestion.

Chyme (Gr. chymos, juice), food as it leaves the
stomach after it has undergone digestiim.

Cilia (Lat. ciliuvi, the eyelid or eyelash), the eye-
lashes ; the minute hair-like proces.ses on certain cells.

Circumvallate (Lat. circnmrallarc, to surround with
a wall), surrounded with a wall or prominence.

Clitoris (Gr. klcitoris, clitoris), the homologue of
the penis in the male, a small body situated at the
entrance to the vagina.

Coccidia (Gr. kokkos, a berry), minute oval struc-
tures with a thick capsule and coarse granular con-
tents, frequently found in the liver of the rabbit.

Coccus (Gr. kokkos, a berry), a spherical bacterium,
a micrococcus.

Coccyx (Gr. kokki/x), a series of bones forming the
terminal portion of the spinal column.

Cochlea (Lat. cochlea, a snail-shell), a cavity of the
internal ear resembling a small shell.

Coition (Lat. coirc, to come together), the act of
sexual connection.

Collapse (Lat. collubi, to fall together), extreme de-
pression and prostration from failure of nervous force,
as in shock, haemorrhage, &c.

Comminution (Lat. comminucrc, to break to pieces),
the breakau'e of a bone into several fr.agments.

Commissure (Lat. commiltcrc, to unite), a joining
or uniting' toeetlier; the line of junction of two parts.

Complemental (Lat. complementum, that which
completes nr tills up), the air that can still be in-
haled after ordinary inspiration.

Congenital (Lat. con, together; gcnitus, born), ex-
isting at birth.

Contagion (Lat. coittar/io, contingere, to touch), the
process by which a specific disease is communicated
between animals, either by direct contact or by means
of an interuiediatt: agent.

Convulsion (Lat. convxdsio, from corirellere, to con-
vulse), a general paroxysm of involuntary muscular
contraction.

GLOSSAEY

553

Co-ordinatioii (Lat. con, together; ordinarc, to
regulate), the harmonious activity and proper se-
quence of oiwrations of the various organs of the
body.

Copulation (Lat. copularc, to couple), the act of
sexual intercourse.

Coracoid (Gr. korax. a crow, and cidos, likeness),
a iKak-sliaped process of the scapula.

Cornea (Lat. corncus, horny), the transparent an-
terior portion of the eyeball.

Comu (Lat. cormi, a horn, pi. conma), a name
applied to any excrescence resembling a horn.

Coronet (Fr. coronctte, dim. of corone, a crown), the
second phalanx, or coronet bone.

Corpora lutea (Lat. pi. of corpus, a body; luteus,
yellow), the yellow spots seen in the ovary, dne to
change in the blood clots of the Graafian follicle.

Corpora nigra (Lat. pi. of curpug, a body; niger,
black), the m.asses of black pigment attached to the
inner Ijorder of the iris.

Corpuscle (Lat. corpuscidmn, dim. of corpus, a
body), any small round or oval body, as the minute
corpuscles of the blood.

Cortical (Lat. cortex, bark), pertaining to the outer
or surface part of an oi^an.

Cranium (Gr. kranion, the skull), the cavity that
contains the brain.

Creatin (Gr. kreas, fiesh), a neutral organic sub-
stance that occurs in the animal organism especially
in the juice of muscles.

Crusta (Lat., a crust), a thin lajer of bone covering
the fan^' of a tooth.

Cryptorchid (Gr. kri/ptos, hidden, and orchis, tes-
ticle), a horse with one or both testicles which have
not descended.

Cuboid (Gr. ki/bog, a cube, and eidos, resemblance),
a bone of the hock joint.

Cul-de-sac (Fr. cui, the bottom : de, of ; sac, bag),
a passaije closed at one end ; a closed bag or sac.

Cuneiform (Lat. cuncus, a wedge), having the form
of a wedge, said of a bone entering into the formation
of the knee joint.

Cyst (Gr. kystis, a pouch), a cavity containing fluid
surrounded by a capsule.

D

Dartos (Gr. dartos, flayed), a contractile fibrous
layer beneath the skin of the scrotum.

Defecation (Lat. dcfecare — dc, from, fax, dregs),
the separation of dregs or lees ; the discharge of
fffices.

Deglutition (Lat. deylutitio, a swallowing), the act
of swallowing.

Delirium (Lat. delirium, madness), impaired action
of the brain, characterized by mental disorder, a stag-
gering gait, &c.

Deltoid (Lat. delta, the Greek letter A, and eidos,
likeness), having the shape of a delta or a triangular
form.

Dentine (Lat. dens, a tooth), the bony structure of
the tooth, lying under the enamel of the crown, and
the cementum of the root.

Deodorizer (Lat. dc, priv. ; odor, a smell), a sub-
stance that destroys offensive odours.

Dermatology (Gr. derma, skin ; logos, discourse),
the science of the skin in health and disease.

Desquamation (Lat. desqxiamare — de, from, squama,
a scale), the exfoliation or falling off of cuticle in
scales.

Dextrin (Lat. dexter, right), the soluble matter into
which starch is converted by diastase or by certain
acids.

Diagnosis (Gr. dia, through, and gnOsis, knowledge),
the interpretation of a disease from its symptoms.

Diagnostician, one skilled in making diagnoses.

Diapedesis (Gr. diapedesis, a jumping through), the
passa^'i- c.f tilt cells of the blood, especially the white
ones, throUi;h the walls of the vessels.

Diaptiragm (Gr. diaphragma, a partition wall), the
midriff, that is, the musculo-raembranous partition
that St] urates the chest from the abdomen.

Diaphysis (Gr. dia, l>etween; pltysis, growth), the
middle part or shaft of a long bone.

Diarthrodia, Diartlirosis (Gr. dia, throughout, and
arthrosis, articulation), a form of articulation or joint
allowing extensive movement.

Diastema (Gr. diastema, a distance), a space or
cleft ; an interval between different kinds of teeth.

Diathesis (Gr. diathesis — din, through, and tithenai,
to arrange), a condition of the body in which it is
liable to certain disease.

Dicrotic (Gr. dikrotos, double beating), having a
double beat of the heart.

Diphtheritic, relating to diphtheria.

Diplococci iGr. diploos, double, and kokkos, berry),
a micrococcus who.se rounded bodies are found two
and two.

Dipterous (Gr. dis, two, and pieron. a wing), two-
winged, as a fly or a seed.

Discus proligerus (Gr. diskos, a disc; Lat. proles,
offspring ; gcrerc, to bear), the elevated cells of the-
merabrana granulosa of the ovum.

Disinfectant (Lat. dis, neg.; inficerc, to infect),
an agent that destroys disease germs, and arrests
fermentation and putrefaction.

Distoma (Gr. dis, double, and stoma, a mouth), a
genus of trematode parasitic worms; one of them,
the liver-fluke, is common in sheep.

Diverticulum (Lat. divcrtere, to turn aside), a small
blind pouch or cul-de-sac, branching from some organ.

Dyscrasia (Gr. di/s, bad, and krasis, combination),
an abnormal state of the blood due to general disease.

Dyspnoea (Gr. dys, ill, and pneo, to breathe), difficult
or laboured breathing arising from various causes.

E

Echinococcus (Gr. echinos, a sea urchin, and kokkos,
a berry), same as Echinococcus veterinorum, a parasite
of the tape-worm kind affecting domestic animals.

Ecraseur (Fr.), an instrument used in the amputa-
tion of parts.

Ectoparasite (Gr. ek'tos, outside, and parasitos, a.
parasite), a parasite that lives on the exterior of its
host.

Ectropium (Gr. ek, out, and trepein, to turn), an
eversion or turning out of the eyelid.

Efferent (Lat. ejierens, carrying from), applied to
those nerves which conduct impulses from the central
nervous s^-stem to some tissue ; applied to vessels
carrying fluid from some centre.

Electuary (Lat. clectuarium, an electuary), a soft
or p.asty confection containing some drug.

Embolism (Gr. embolos, an embolus), otetruction of
an artery from a blood clot or embolus.

Embryo (Gr. embryon), the fertilized germ of an
animal.

Emollient (Lat. emollire, to soften), a substance
I used to soften the skin, or to soothe an irritated
internal surface.

Emphysema (Gr. emphysaein, to inflate), an abnor-
mal collection of air in the connective tissue of a part.

Emulsion (Lat. emulgeo, emulsum, to milk out),
water or other liquid in which oil in minute sub-
division of its particles is suspended.

554

GLOSSARY

Emunctoiy (Lat. cmungerc, to blow the nose, to
wipe out), liny org.in that aids in carrying off waste
niatttTs fnmi the body.

Enamel, the vitreous or glassy substance of the
crown of tile teeth.

Endarteritis (Gr. cndon, within, and arlcria, artery;
itis, iiiflaniination), inflammation of the innermost
coat of an artery.

Endermic (Gr. en, in, and dcrmu, the skin), relating
to the administration of medicines by rubbing through
the skin.

Endocarditis (Gr. endon, within, kurdia, the heart,
and ilU. inflammation), inflammation of the lining
meniliraiR- of the lieart.

Endometritis (Gr. cndon, within, metra, the womb,
and His, inflammation), inflammation of the internal
layers of the uterus.

Endoparasite (Gr. cndon, within, and parasitos, a
parasite), a parasite living within the body of its
host.

Endosteum (Gr. cndon, within, and osteon, bone),
the vascular membrane lining the interior of a bone
that contains marrow,

Ensiform (Lat. cnsia, a sword; forma, form),
shaped like a sword.

Entropium (Gr. en, in, and trcpi'm. to turn), inver-
sion or doubling in of the eyelid.

Environment (Fr. cnvironner, to surround), the
general conditions by which animals happen to be
surrounded.

Enzootic (Gr. en, in, and zoon, animal), a disease
to wliii-h ljt;ists are liable in a certain district.

Enzyme (Gr. en, in, and zyme, leaven), any ferment
found within the living organism.

Epididymis (Gr. epi, upon, and didymos, testicle),
the small body lying above the testis.

Epileptic (Gr. cpilcptikos, epilepsia, a laying hold
of), pertaining to or of the nature of epilepsy, or a
sudden attaclc of unconsciousness.

Epiphysis ((/)/, upon, and phyein, to grow), a pro-
frs> nf lioiH- uttiLched to a lione for a time by cartilage,
hut siioM liiioming ossified.

Epistaxis (Gr. epislaxcin, to distil), htemorrhage or
bli'fding from the nose.

Epithelium (Gr. cpi, upon, and thele, nipple), the
outer cellular covering of the skin and mucous mem-
branes that line the cavities and canals of the animal
body.

Epizootic (Gr. cpi, upon ; zoon, animal), a con-
tagious or generally prevalent disease that may at
times affect animals.

Equilibrium (Lat. ccquus, equal ; libra, balance), an
even balance of a body.

Equlnia (Lat. eqnus, a horse), glanders, farcy, a con-
tagious disease affecting the horse and ass and com-
municable to man.

Ergot (Fr. etyot, spur), the horny projections situ-
ated behind the fetlocks of the horse.

Erythema (rri/thema, a blush), redness of the skin
tliat is removed by pressure.

Esophagus (Gr. oisopltayos — -oisein, to carry, and
phar/cin, to eat), the tube extending from the mouth
to the stomach ; the gullet.

Ethmoid (Gr. cthmos, a sieve, and eidos, likeness),
the bone separating the nasal cavities from the
cranium.

Etiology (Gr. aitia, a cause, and logos, discourse),
doctrine or theory as to the cause of a disease.

Eucalyptus (Gr. cu, well ; kalyptein, to cover), a
name of various Australian trees, especially the blue
gum-tree, that by distillation yields a camphor which
is liJLilily antiseptic.

Exanthema (Gi. exanthema, eruption), an eruption
upon the skin.

Excito-motor, pertaining to nerves that excite mo-
tion, apart from the action of the will.

Excrementitioufl (Lat. exccmere, exert turn, to sepa-
ratf I, piitaiiiini; to faeces or excrement.

Exomphalus (Gr. ex, out, and omphalos, navel),
umbilical hernia, undue prominence of the navel.

Expectant (Lat. cxpcctarc, to look out for), applied
to a plan of treatment which awaits the development
of symptoms that would justify interference.

Extensor (Lat.), a mu.scle for extending or stretch-
ing out.

Extrinsic (Lat. exirinsccits, from without), external,
outward.

F

Farcy-bud, a nodular swelling breaking out into an
ulcer in glanders or farcy.

Ferment (Lat. fermenlum, yeast), any micro-organ-
ism or other substance capable of producing the
decomposition of large quantities of certain other
substances by a process of fermentation.

Fibril (dim. of Lat. jibra, a fibre), a small fibre ;
commonly applied to minute nerve and muscular
filaments.

Fibrin (Lat. fibra, a fibre), a substance common in
animal bodies, and readily obtained from coagulated
blood in a stringy form.

Fibrinogen (Lat. ^'6ra, a fibre, and Gr. gennan, to
produce), one of the principal elements in the forma-
tion of fibrin.

Fistula (Lat., a pipe), an abnormal tube-like pas-
sage in the body.

Foramen (Lut. forarc, to pierce), a passage or open-
ing, espeeially such as exist in bones. Foramen
lacerum basis cranii, a large opening at the base of
the skull, betuten the biusilar process of the occiput
and the temporal Ixtnes.

Formic acid (XjoX. formica, an ant), an acid obtained
from ants, nettles, the shoots of the pine, and various
animal secretions.

Frenum (Lat., a curb), a ligament formed of various
tissues that checks the movement of an organ.

Frenzy (Gr. phrenes, the mind), extreme and violent

Frontal (\ja.t. frontalis, of the forehead), applied to
the superior bone of the face.

Fungus (Lat. fungus, a toadstool), a plant of the
class Fungi, which are parasitic plants without stems,
leave.s, or roots, made up of cells without chlorophyll
or green colouring matter.

Funicular (Lat. funis, a cord), having a cord-like
structure or .shape.

G

Ganglion (Gr. gam/lion, a knot), a small nervous
centre or knot in which nerves meet, connected with
other centres.

Gastrocnemius (Gr. gaster, stomach, and hneme,
leg), a muscle of the leg having two heads, and form-
ing part of the calf in man.

Germ (Lat. germen, sprig, offshoot, embryo), (a) a
portion of niatter having a tendency to assume a
living form, an embryo; (4) a microbe or bacterium.

Glanders, a contagious diseiuse more especially
affecting horses, but sometimes communicated to man
and some felines. .\lso called Eqainia.

Glaucoma (Gr. glanlos, sea-green), a disea.se of the
eye, giving rise to a bulging or hardening of the eye-
ball.

Glomerulus (Lat. dim. of glomus, a ball), a coil of
arterial blood •ves.sels projecting into the widened end
of each uriniferous tuljule.

GLOSSARY

555

Glycogen (Gr. glyki/s, sweet, and geiinan. to pro-
duct-), ii white amorphous powder occurring in the
blood and the hair of animals.

Graafian follicle {Gnmf, a Dutch anatomist ; Lat.
folliculus, a little sac), a name given to little sacs in
which ova mature in the ovary of mammals; an ovisac.

Gracilis (Lat., slender), a muscle placed superficially
on the inner part of the thigh.

Granulation (Lat. granulum, dim. of grauuni, a
grain), fleshy outgrowths by which wounds are re-
paired.

Gregarina (Lat- jrrcjr, a herd), a genus of parasitic
protozoa of very simple nature.

Gubemaculum testis (Lat.), the cord attaclied
above the lower end of the epididymis to direct the
descent of the testicle in foetal life.

Guttural (Lat. ffiUturalis, from giittur, the throat),
pertaining to the throat: in the horse, the large air-
sacs lying behind the pharynx are termed the gut-
tural pouches.

H

Habitat (Lat. habitarc. to dwell), the natural lo-
cality and geographical range of an animal or plant.

Haemoglobin (Gr. haijiia, blood ; IjAt. (ilobus, a round
body), a colloid or crystalline substance e.\isting in the
corpuscles of the blood, to which their red colour is
due.

Hsemoglobinuria (from hainoglobin, and Gr. oiiron,
urine), the presence of the red colouring matter of the
111. Hill in the urine. See above entry.

Hamoptysis (Gr. haima, blood, and pti/cin, to spit),
dij-cliarge of blood from the stomach.

Helminth (Gr. hebnins, worm), an intestinal worm.

Hemiplegia (Gr. hemi, half, and plei/e, stroke),
paralysis of one side of the body.

Hepatic (Gr. hepatikos, hepar, liver), pertaining to
the liver.

Heredity (Lat. hcrcditas, from hcres, an heir), the
transmission of qualities or conditions possessed by
the parent to the off.spring.

Hemiotome (Lat. hernia, hernia; Gr. tomos, cut-
ting), a hernia knife.

Herniotomy (Lat. hernia, hernia; tcmntin, to cut),
an operation for the relief of hernia by section of the
constriction.

Herpes (Gr. herpes, herpcin, to creep), an acute
disease of the skin in which groups of vesicles appear
on a patch of inflammation.

Hiatus (Lat. hiare, to gape), a blank space or open-
ing, as the hiatus aorticus.

Humerus (Lat.), the bone of the upper arm; in the
horse, the Ixine between the knee and shoulder.

Hyaloid (Gr. hyalos, glass, and cidos, likeness), trans-
parent like glass.

Hydatid (Gr. hydatis), a sort of bag or sac contain-
ing fluid, being the form which a tape-worm may
assume within an animal body; an echinococcus.

Hydrogen (Gr. hydor, water, and gennan, to pro-
duce), a gas occurring in nature chiefly in water,
which consists of hydrogen and o.vygen.

Hydrophobia (Gr. hydor, water, and photos, dread),
a symptom of rabies consisting of an inability to
swallow water.

Hygiene (Gr. hyrjicinos, good for health), the science
of the laws of health.

Hymen (Gr. hymen, membrane), a fold of mucous
membrane at the entrance to the vagina.

Hyoid (Gr. hyoeidcs, similar to the Greek letter
Upsilon or our letter Y), a term applied to various
parts in anatomy, from their peculiar shape.

Hyperaemia (Gr. hyper, over, and hatyna, blood), a
condition of congestion or excess of blood.

Hypersesthesia (Gr. hyper, over, and aisthesis, sen-
sation i. exalttii .sensibility of the skin.

Hypertrophy (Gr. hyper, over, and trophe, nourish-
ment), excessive growth in the size of an organ.

Hypnotic (Gr. hyptws, sleep), pertaining to sleep; a
remedy that causes sleep.

Hypodermic (Gr. hypo, under, and derma, the skin),
pertaining to the introduction of medicines beneath
the skin.

I

Icterus (Gr. ikteros, jaundice), jaundice.

Idiopathic (Gr. idios, own, and pathos, disease), not
consequent on or dependent upon another disease, but
having a known or recognized cause of its own.

Idiosyncrasy (Gr. idios, own, syn, together, krasis,
a mixing), the special temperament pertaining to a
person or an animal.

ninm (Lat.), the haunch Imne, or part of the inno-
minate bone next the backbone.

Incisors (Lat. incidcre, to cnt), the cutting teeth, the
six most anterior teeth in each jaw.

Incubation (Lat. incubare, to sit on eggs), the
period which elapses between the implanting of the
contagion and the development of a disease.

Indigenous (Lat. indu, in; giynere, to beget), na-
tive, not exotic.

Indolent (Lat. in, not; dolerc, to feel pain), pain-
less or sluggish, applied to ulcers, tumours, &c.

In extremis (Lat. iji, in ; exinmns, last), a term im-
pl3"ing extreme danger, or at the point of death.

Infiammation (Lat. intJamiuatio, a burning), a con-
dition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of
blood, with multiplication of the cells of the tissue or
organ, attended with heat, pain, and swelling of the
part.

Infundibulum (Lat. infundcrc, to pour into), the
funnel-like deprcssicm on the crown of a tooth.

Infusoria (Lat. infnsum, an infusion), a class of
microscopic ciliated protozoa, being minute organisms
found in fluids.

Inguinal (Lat. inguen, the groin), pertainmg to the
groin; inguinal canal, the canal which contains the
spermatic cord in the male, and the round ligament
in the female.

Innominate (Lat. in, without; twmen, a name), the
term given to an irregular-shaped bone, the os inno-
mintititm, forming the sides and floor of the pelvis.

Insemination (Lat. inseminare, to plant seed), the
introduction of the semen of the male into the uterus
of the female.

Insufflation (Lat. in, in ; svfflare, to puff), blowing
any powder upon a surface or into a cavity.

Integument (Lat. inlegumentum — in, upon, tegere,
to cover), an outer layer or covering, especially the
skin.

Intercostal (Lat. inter, between ; costa, a rib),
applied to the space between the ribs.

Intercurrent (Lat. inirr, between; currere, to run),
applied to a disease arising during the existence of
another disease in the same animal.

Intermaxillary (Lat. i7iter, betw'een ; maxilla, jaw-
bone), tit'tween the maxillary or upper jaw-bones.

Intertrigo I Lat. inter, between ; terere, to rub), an
eruption or soreness of the skin produced by friction.

Intervertebral (Lat. inter, between : vertebra, a
bone of the spine), between the vertebrje.

Intralobular (Lat. intra, within; lobultis, a lobule),
applied to vessels passing into the lobules of the liver.

Intrinsic (Lat. intrinsectis, on the inside), inherent,
inward.

Intussusception (Lat. intvs. within; suscipere, to
receive), invagination or doubling inward of one part
of the intestine within another part.

556

GLOSSARY

Iris (Gr. iris, a coloured halo or circle), the anterior
portion of the vascular tissue of the eye, surroundin;,'
the pupil.

Ischium (Gr. ischion, hip), the bone forminij the
jwistL-rior [lart of the os innominatum.

Isthmus (Gr. islhmos, isthmus), the neck or con-
stricted i)art of an organ.

Jugrular (Lat. jur/iiluin, throat), pertaining to the
throat, especially to two large veins of the throat.

K

Keratoma (Gr. Irnm, horn), a horn tumour; ap-
plied more especially to a growth from the hoof of
the horse.

Kilogram (Fr. kilor/rammc, Gr. chilioi, one thou-
sand, and gramma, a grain), a French standard
weight, one thousand grams or 2'2 pounds avoirdu-
pois.

Labial (Lat. labium, a lip), pertaining to the lips.

Lachrymal ( Lat. lacryma, a tear), having reference
tip tiK- iirL;ans seereting tears.

Lacteals (Lat. lac, milk), the lymphatics or vessels
of the small intestine that take up the chyle.

Lamella (Lat. dim. of lamina, a plate), a term
applied to a thin scale or plate of tissue, as the lamella
of the foot of the horse.

Laminitis (Gr. lamina, plate; itis, inflammation),
inHannnation of the laniinie of the horse's foot.

Lampas (Fr. lampas, lampas), a fleshy swelling
iK'liiiid tile ujjper incisor teeth in the horse.

Larval (Lat. larva, a ghost), pertaining to the con-
dition of a larva, the larva being the early form of an
animal quite different from the full-grown form.

Lecithin (Gr. Ickit/iox, yolk of egg), a nitrogenous
substance occurring \\'i(lil\- tlnnn^liout the body.

Leguminous (Lat. /,,ia,inn. imlsi-), pertaining to
the Leguniinosie or pea Howe nil family of plants.

Leptothrix (Gr. Icptos, thin, and thrix, hair), a
genus of bacteria whose elements form straight fila-
ments often of great length.

Leucin (Gr. Icukos, white), a crystalline substance
occurring in the pancreas, spleen, thymus gland, and
other parts of the body.

Lichen (Gr. IcichUn, a lichen), a skin disease in
wliich there is an eruption of solid papules.

Lingual (Lat. litii/ua, tongue), pertaining to or
shaped like the tongue.

Lithontriptic (Gr. lithos, stone, thryptein, to crush),
a])plied to an instrument for crushing stone in the
bladder.

Lithotomy (Gr. lithos, stone, temiicin, to cut), cut-
ting into the neck of the bladder to remove a calculus
or stone.

Lithotrlty (Gr. lithos, stone ; Lat. tertre, to rub),
the operation of crushing a stone in the bladder by
means of a lithotrite or crushing instrument, and
removing it i)iecemeal.

Lobule (Lat. lobulus, a lobe), asmalllobe or division
of an organ.

LumbrlcallB (Lat. lumhrJcits, a worm), a name of
certain small muscles in the hands and feet.

Lunare (Lat. luna, moon), a bone of the carpus.

Lupus (Lat., a wolf), a chronic disease of the skin
characterized by the development of nodules of granu-
lation tissue.

Lymph (Lat. lympha, clear water), a colourless
fluid allied to blood, and contained in vessels called

li/viplltltirit.

Lymphangitis (Lat. bpnpha, lymph; Gr. anyiion,
\essrl. itis, inflammation), inflammation of a lymphatic
vessel.

Lymphatic temperament, a condition of system
characterized l)y flabby muscles, sluggish character,
and a predisposition to diseases of a low type.

M

Macule (Lat. macula, a spot), discoloration of the
.skin due to hypertemia or extravasation of blood, or
to pigmentation of the skin.

Malar (Lat. viala, cheek), pertaining to the cheek
or cheek-bone.

Malarial (It. mala aria, bad air), pertaining to
malaria, a feverish disease common in many marshy
districts.

Malic acid (Lat. iniilnm, an apple), an acid formed
in many Jilanls and their fruit — apples, grapes, &c.

Mallein ( Lat. ma/leus, farcy), a fluid obtained from
tile IkuIIIiis mallei — the micro-organism of glanders.

Malleolus ( Lat. dim. of malleus, hammer), a process
of bdiK- Ijaviiiij a hammer-like shape.

Marasmus (Gr. marasmos, maraincin, to grow lean),
a gradual, general deterioration in strengtii, with
marked emaciation.

Massage (Fr., from Gr. musscin, to knead), rubbing,
kneading, and other manipulations of the superficial
parts of the body.

Mastoid (Gr. mastos, breast ; eidos, shape), having
the shape of the breast or of a nipple, ajiplied to a part
of the temporal bone.

Meatus (Lat. mcare, to flow or pass), a passage, duct,
or canal.

Meconium (Gr. mekonion, lit. poppy juice), the first
fiEcal discharges of the new born.

Mediastinum (Lat. medio stare, to stand in the
middle), a middle portion or septum .separating ad-
jacent parts.

Medulla (T^at. medulla, marrow), a structure en-
closed in am it her structure, like the marrow of bone.

Medullated (Lat. medulla, marrow), forming a
medulla, as nerve fibres enclosed in a medullary
sheath.

Megacoccus (Gr. megas, large, and Icohhos, a berry),
a large-sized rounded bacterium or coccus: opposed
to .a micrococcus.

Megastoma (Gr. megas, large; stoma, a mouth), a
genus of infusorians.

Megrims (Fr. migraine; Lat. hcmierania), neuralgia
of one half of the head.

Melanosis (Gr. mrlas, mclan, black), a general ten-
dency to the deposit of black pigment in various
parts of the body, mostly seen in grey horses.

Membrana nictitans. See Nictitating membrane.

Meningitis ((ir. inrninjc, membrane, and itis, in-
flanimation), iidlaniioation of the membranes of the
brain or sjiinal cord.

Merismopedia (Gr. incrismos, division ; pais, child),
a liaitiiluiii multiplying by rectangular division, thus
fonuing a i;n>u|i of four cells in one plane.

Mesentery (iir. meaos, middle, and enteron, bowel),
a fold of juritoneum connecting the small intestine
to the spine and keeping it in place.

Mesorchium (Gr. niesos, middle; orchis, testicle), a
folrl cif ]«ritoneum containing thefostal testicle before
its descent.

Metacarpal (Gr. metakarpion, wrist), pertaining to
the two b.mes Ijetween the knee and the fetlock joint
of the horse.

GLOSSARY

557

Metro -peritonitis (Gr. metra, womb), peritonitis
setMinlary to inflammation of the womb.

Miasma (Gr. uti'iiitdn, to pollute), a term having
referuiu'e to germs generated in marshy districts.

Microbe (Gr. ini/crus, and hios, life), a vegetable
or other micro-organism, often a disease germ.

Micrococcus (Gr. miiros, small, and kokkos, berry),
a micro-organism having minute rounded elements,
isolated, united in twos or in large numbers, or dis-
posed in chaplets.

Microstoma (Gr. mikros, small, and stotiia, mouth),
abnormal smallness of the mouth.

Micturition (Lat. micturitio, micturire, to pass
water), the act of passing water.

Mitral (Lat. mitra. mitre), resembling a mitre, said
of a valve in the heart having two flaps.

Modus operandi (Lat.), the manner of operating
or proceeding.

Molar (Lat. jnola, a millstone), grinding or chewing;
in the horse, relating to the twenty-four large teeth.

Monorchid (Gr. monos, single, and orchis, testicle),
an animal in whom only one testicle has descended
inti» the -siTotum.

Morphology (Gr. 7?ior/jAe, form, and lof^os, discourse),
the branch of science pertaining to form and structure.

Motor (Lat. vwt-ere, to move), a term applied to a
class of nerves which transmit the power of motion to
certain muscles.

Mucus (Lat.), a sort of slimy or viscid fluid secreted
by membranes that line the mouth, intestines, &c. —
hence called mucous membranes — and serving as a
lubricant.

Mutualism (Lat. mutuus, reciprocal), the living to-
gether of organisms for mutual advantage ; symbiosis.

Myelitis (Gr. mydos, marrow, and itis, inflamma-
tion), inflammation of the spinal cord.

Myocarditis (Gr. mys, muscle, and km-rila, heart ;
itis, inflammation), inflammation of the muscular
tissue of tile heart.

Myopic (Gr. myein, to close, and ops, eye), near-
sighted.

N

Nausea (Lat. nausea', Gr. imusia, sea-sickness),
sickness of tlie stomach, with inclination to vomit.

Navicular (Lat. natitida, a little ship), relating
to the navicular bone, a bone in the foot of the horse,
and to tile synovial membrane of the navicidar joint.

Necrosis (Gr. nckrosis, from jukros, dead), death
of a large portion of any tissue.

Nematode (Gr. nematodes, thread-like), resembling
a thread ; applied to certain par.asitic worms.

Neoplasm (Gr. neos, new; plasma, form), a new
growth or tumour.

Neurectomy (Gr. neuron, nerve, ek, out, tome, a
cutting), the operation of excising or cutting out part
of a nerve.

Neurilemma (Gr. neuron, nerve, and lemma, husk),
the outer sheath of a nerve.

Neuro-keratine (Gr. neuron, nerve, and kcras, horn),
a substance found in connection with some nerves.

Neurosis (Gr. neuron, nerve), a nervous disease, as
epilepsy; a functional disease of the nerves or nerve
centres.

Neurotomy (Gr. neuron, nerve, and tome, a cutting),
division of a nerve.

Nictitating membrane, a piece of cartilage in the
inner cantluis or angle of the eye, used to displace
foreign matter from the surface of the cornea.

Nosology (Gr. nosos, disease ; logos, discourse),
scientific classification of disease.

Nucleus (Lat. nucleus, from nux, nut), a small body
situated in the middle of a cell.
Vol. III.

0

Obturator (Lat. obturare, to stop up), a part that
stops up an opening ; applied to the obturator foramen
on the floor of the pelvis.

Occipital (Lat. occipitalis, occipital), pertaining to
the occiput.

Occiput (Lat. ob, against ; caput, the head), the back
or hinder part of the head in man, and the correspond-
ing part in animals.

(Edema (Gr. oidema, oidcin, to swell), a swelling
due to the effusion of serous fluid into areolar tissue.

Oidium (Gr. dim. of oon, an egg), a genus of para-
sitic fungi forming white disease of the vine; Oidium,
albicans, found in thrush on the tongue.

Olecranon (Gr. nlekranon — ohne, elbow, and kranion^
head), the large process at the head of the ulna.

Olein (Lat. oleum, oil), a constituent of fat com-
posed of oleic acid and glycerine.

Omentum (Lat.), a fold of the peritoneum connect-
ing the abdominal viscera.

Opbtbalmia (Gr. ophthalmos, eye), inflammation of
the eye.

Ophthalmic (Gr. ophthalmos, eye), pertaining to
the eye.

Orchitis (Gr. orchis, testis, and itis, inflammation),
inflammation of the testicle.

Osteo-porosis (Gr. osteon, bone, and poros, a pore),
a disease of the bone which causes it to expand and
to swell.

Ostitis (Gr. osteon, bone; itis, inflammation), inflam-
mation of bone.

Ovariotomy (Lat. ovarium, ovary; Gr. tome, a.
cutting), the surgical removal of an ovary.

Ovisac (Lat. orum, egg, saccus, sack), the sac of ani
individual ovum ; a Graafian follicle.

Oxalis (Gr. oxjilis, sorrel), a genus of plants, the-
wood-sorrel, containing oxalic acid,

Oxyuris (Gr. oxt/s, sharp ; oura, tail), a genus of
nematode parasitic worms found in the intestines.

Ozone (Gr. ozcin, to smell), an active o-xidizingi
agent possessing antiseptic properties.

Palatine (Lat. palatum, palate), belonging to the
palate, as the palatine bone.

Palmitin (Lat. palma, palm-tree), a constituent of
animal and vegetable fats.

Palpation (Lat. pjalpare, to feel), the manipulation-
of a part with the hand or fingers.

Papilla (Lat., a nipple), any soft conical eminence,,
such as the nipple.

Papule (Lat. papula, a pimple), a pimple or smalli
circumscribed elevation of the skin.

Paracentesis (Gr. para, beside, and keutesis, punc-
ture), tapping a cavity of the body, as in the case of
dropsy.

Paralysis (Gr. para, beside ; lysis, a loosing), loss-
of faculty in nerves, with consequent loss of action ia
muscles.

Paraplegia (Gr. para, beside, and plege, stroke),
paralysis of the posterior half of the body.

Parasitism {Gr. para, beside, and sitos, food), mode
of life of a parasite ; infestation by parasites.

Paresis (Gr. para, from, and hicnai, to let go),
slight paralysis.

Parietal (Lat. parietulis, paries, a wall), pertaining
to the walls of a body cavity.

Pari passu (Lat.), side by side, with equal progress.

Parotid (Gr. pum, near, and ous, otos, the ear), near
the ear ; as the parotid gland (which secretes saliva),,
parotid arteries, &c.

101

558

GLOSSARY

Parotitis (Gr. para, beside, mis, ear, and id's, in-
flamniatiiiii). inflnmmation of the parotid gland.

Paroxysm (Gr. pant, Ijeside, and ox)j$, sharp), a fit
or snddtMi attack of pain or convulsion.

Parturition (Lat. parlnritio, parturire. to bring
forth), the act of giving birth to young.

Patella (Lat., dim. of patimi, dish), the kneecap or
.small sesamoid bone in front of the stifle (where the
thigh and leg bones articulate).

Patbogenic (Gr. pathos, disease, and gcnnan, to
beget), producing disease.

Pathognomy (Gr. pathos, disease, and gnome, a
sign), the .science of the signs by which disease is
recognized.

Pathology (Gr. pathos, disease, and logos, discourse),
that branch of medical science which treats of the
modification of function and change of structure
caused by diseivse.

Pectin ((ir. pBttikos, curdling), a vegetable body
found in all ).lants.

Pectineus (Lat. pccten, a comb), a muscle deeply
placed ill the -inner part of the thigh.

Pelvis (Lat. pelvis, a basin), the bony cavity of the
posterior part of the trunk, in which are contained
.the rectum, liladder, and genital organs.

Pentadactylous (Gr. pcnte, five, and dallylos,
^nger), having five fingers.

Pentastoma (Gr. pentc, five, and stovm, mouth), a
genus of worm-like parasites.

Pepsin ((ir. pcpsis, digestion), the chief digestive
princijile of the gastric juice.

Peptone (Gr. pcptcin, to digest), a product of the
action of the gastric juice on albuminous substances,
by which they are rendered soluble and capable of
feeing absorbed.

Perforans (Lat. per, through; forare, to bore), ap-
plied to muscles whose tendon passes between the
tendon of other muscles.

Perforatus (L. per, through; forarc, to bore),
ajiplied to muscles whose tendon is divided in
order to allow another tendon or structure to pass
through.

Pericardium (Gr. peri, around, and kardia, the
heart), the membranous sac enclosing the heart.

Perineum (Gr. perineon), that portion of the body
between the anus and the scrotum in the male, and
■the anus and vagina in the female.

Periosteotomy (Gr. peri, around, osteon, bone, and
iome, cutting), incision into the periosteum.

Periosteum (Gr. peri, around, and osteon, bone), a
fibrous membrane covering bones.

Peristalsis (Gr. peri, around, and stalsis, con-
striction), the peculiar vermicular movement of the
intestines and other tubular organs carrying onwards
their contents.

Feroneus (Gr. perone, the tongue of a buckle), a
muscle situated on the outer side of the tibia or leg
bone.

Pes anserinus (Lat. pes, a foot; anser, a goose), a
plexus of nerves situated on the outer side of the
face and resembling a goose's foot.

Pessary (Gr. pessos, a pessary), an instrument
placed ill the vagina to hold the uterus in position.

Petechise (It. petccchie), a name for small round
blood spots of a purple colour on the skin.

Petrous ((ir. petra, a rock), stony, like a rock.

Phagocytes (Gr. phagein, to eat, and kytos, cell),
cells which take up and digest the soluble parts of
various other cells, organisms, and excretion products;
white blood -corpuscles.

Phalangeal, pertaining to the phalanges.

Phalanx, pi. Phalanges (Gr. phalanx, one of the
bonis i.f the tiie'i-rs or toes), in the horse, applied to
the large or small pastern, and the foot bone.

Pharjmgitis (Gr. pharynx, pharynx, and itis, in-
Hamiii.ili' Ml, inflammation of the pliaryiix.

Phimosis (Gr. phimoun, to constrict), enclosure of
the penis within the prepuce so that the glans penis
cannot be expo.sed.

Phlebitis (Gr. phleps, vein; itis, inflammation), in-
flaniiiiati..ii of a vein.

Phlegmatic (Gr. ph/egmatikos. like |)hlegm), the
same :us lympliatic, in the sense of sluggish or dull.

Phrenic (Gr. phrcn, diaphragm), pertaining to the
diaphragm.

Phthiriasis (Gr. phtheir, a louse), lou.siness, the lousy
disease.

Pisiform (Lat. pisuin, a pea; forma, form), re-
sembling a pea in shape, applied to a small round
bone of the knee.

Pityriasis (Gr. pityron, bran), a disease of the skin
characterized by the exfoliation of bran-like scales.

Plantar (Lat. plantaris, planta, sole of the foot),
pertaining to the sole of the foot.

Plasma (Gr. plasma, a thing formed or moulded),
the Hiiid jiart of the blood and lymph.

Pneumogastric (Gr. pneumon, lung, and gaster,
stomach), relating to the lungs and stomach.

Polypus (Gr. jwlys, many, and poxts, foot), a tumour
found chiefly on mucous membranes, as the nose,
uterus, bladder, &c.

Popliteus (Lat. poples, ham), the ham or hinder
part of the knee joint.

Portal (Lat. porta, gate), relating to that part of
an organ through which the blood-vessels enter.

Post partum (Lat. post, after; partus, birth), fol-
lowing jKii tiiiition.

Potential ( Lat. potcns, able), possible but not actual ;
possessing powers not yet manifested in action or
effect.

Predisposing (Lat. prae, before; disponere, to dis-
jpnse), applied to that condition of the body which
renders an animal especially liable to contract disease.

Prehension (Lat. prehendcre, to seize), the act of
taking hold of or seizing.

Premolar (\jAt. prae, before; mola, millstone), situ-
ated in front of the molar teeth.

Prognosis (Gr. pro, before, and gnosis, knowledge),
an opinion of the course and termination of a disease
based upcm a consideration of its symptoms.

Prophylaxis (Gr. prophylasscin, to keep guard
before), |irevention or warding oflf of disease.

Prostate (Gr. prostates, prostate), the name of a
gland situated in front of the mouth of the bladder.

Protagon ((ir. prOtos, first, and agein, to lead), a
crystalline sulistance discovered in nervous tissue.

Froteid (Gr. prdtos, first), a general term for the
albuminous and albuminoid constituents of the or-
ganism.

Protoplasm (Gr. protos, first; plasma, anything
formed or moulded), the slimy albuminoid material
resembling white of egg, constituting the basis of
living plant or animal cells; living matter in its
simplest form.

Protozoa (Gr. prolog, first; 2oon, animal), the lowest
class of the animal kingdom, which consist of simple
cells or colonies of cells.

Prurigo (Lat. prurire, to itch), a chronic papular
iiiHaniniatioii of the skin attended with severe itching.

Pseudoplasm (Gr. pseudes, false, and plasma, a
thing nioiildr(l), a new growth or tumour.

Psoriasis ((ir. psOrn, the itch), a chronic disease of
the skin, distinguished by the presence of white scales
on a red base ; dry tetter.

Psorosperms ((jr. jisora, the itch ; sperma, seed), a
naiiR- for the sjiorozoa.

Pterygoid (Gr. ptcryx, wing; eidos, shape), wing-
shaped.

GLOSSARY

559

Ptomaine (Gr. ptoma, corpse), any of the toxic or
poisonous substances resulting from the decomposi-
tion or decay of animal matter.

Ptyalin (Gr. ptyalon, saliva), a ferment found in
sali\a, liavins; the property of converting starch into
sugar.

Pubis (Lat.), the os pubis or pubic bone at the lower
part of the alxlomen and connected with the pelvis.

Pupa (Lat. pupa, a doll), the second stage of de-
velopment from the egg of tho.se insects which undergo
complete metamorphosis; the chrysalis.

Pupil (Lat. pupilla), the round opening admitting
light in the iris of the eye.

Purpura (Lat. purpura), an eruption of purple
spots in the skin. Purpura hsemorrliagica, an aggra-
vated form of purpura exti'iidnig i>\er the whole body.

Pylorus (Gr. pijloros, gattketper), the outlet or
opening of the stomach into the duodenum.

Pyriformis (Lat. pyrus, pear; fonua, a form), pear-
shaped ; a term applied to a muscle within the pelvis.

R

Racemose (Lat. racemus, a bunch of grapes), having
a shape resembling a bunch of grapes.

Radius (Lat. radius, a staff, rod, spoke), one of the
two large bones of the forearm : in the horse, a bone
of the foreleg between the humerus and the knee.

Receptive (Lat. rccipcrc, to receive), having the
quality for receiving.

Rectum (Lat. rectus, straight), the posterior part
of the large intestine.

Recurrent (Lat. rccurrcrc, to run back), recurring,
reappearing.

Reflex (Lat. rejlcxus, thrown back), applied to the
action of a part upon the application of a stimulus
to another and distant part.

Regurgitation (Lat. re, again ; gurgitare, to en-
gulf), an eructation or throwing back.

Renal (Lat. rcnalis — 7-en, a kidney), pertaining to
the kidneys.

Repellent (Lat. rcpellcrc, to repel), having the
power to repel morbid processes.

Rete mucosum (Lat. retc, a net; mucus, mucous),
the lower layer of living cells in the epidermis.

Rhizome (Gr. rhiza. root), a subterranean stem
having roots at its nodes and a bud at its apex.

Rugse (Lat., wrinkles), foldings or creasings of an
organ, as in the nmcous membrane of the stomach,
&c.

Rumination (Lat. ruminarc, to chew the cud), the
chewing of the cud, the returning of the food from
the stomach and its remaatication.

s

Saccharomyces (Gr. saccharon, sugar, and mylces,
fungus), a unicellular vegetable organism similar to
the yeast plant.

Sacrum (Lat. saccr, sacred), a triangular bone com-
posed of five pieces (vertebr<e), forming a portion of
the vertebral* column (spine or backbone), and be-
longing to the pelvis.

Sagittal (Lat. sagitta, an arrow), referring to the
suture uniting the parietal bones.

Sanguine (Lat. sanguis, blood), applied to an active,
energetic disposition.

Sapid (Lat. sapcre, to taste), capable of being tasted;
having taste or savour.

Sarcinococcus (Lat. sarrina, a bundle), a name of
round or ovoid bacteria dividing in three directions,
producing cubic masses of various sizes.

Sarcolemma (Gr. sarx, flesh, and lemma, husk), the
membrane that envelops a muscle fibre.

Sartorius (Lat. sartor, tailor), a long slender
muscle situated on the inner and front part of the
thigh.

Scaphoid (Gr. scaphe, boat, and eidos, shape), a
bone of the knee.

Scarification (Lat. scarificare, to scarify), to punc-
ture a swollen part with a sharp scalpel, to let out
effused serum, bl'Mid. or gases.

Schneiderian membrane (from a German anato-
mist, Schneider), the membrane lining the nose.

Scirrhus (Gr. skirrhos, a tumour), a kind of cancer,
a hard cancer.

Scleroderma (Gr. skleros, hard, and derma, skin), a
disease in which the skin becomes stiff and hard.

Sclerotic (Gr. skleros, hard), pertaining to the outer
white, opaque, coat of the eye.

Scrotum (Lat.), the pouch containing the testicles.

Scutiform (Lat. scutus, a shield), shield-shaped.

Sebaceous (Lat. sebum, suet, fat), pertaining to the
fat-secreting glands of the skin.

Semiology (Gr. semcion, sign ; logos, discourse), all
that is known in regard to the symptoms of disease.

Sensory (Lat. sentire, sensmn, to feel), a term applied
to a class of nerves which transmit sensation to certain
parts.

Septic (Gr. septikos, putrefying), relating to putre-
faction.

Septicaemia (Gr. septos, putrid ; haima, blood), a
condition of the blood induced by the absorption of
Septic products.

Septum (Lat.). a partition or division wall sepa-
rating one cavity from another.

Sesamoid (Lat. sesamon, a kind of seed, and eidos,
form), resembling a sesame seed, a term for small
bones situated in tendons about joints, and others
similarly situated.

Sinus (Lat. sinus, a curve, fold, or hollow), a hollow
excavation, recess, or pocket in any structure.

Smegma (Gr. smegma, a cleansing substance), the
fatty substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of
the prepuce.

Spasmodic (Gr. spasmOdcs), having the nature of a
convulsion or spasm.

Spavin, a disease of bones in which an enlargement
appears on the inner and lower part of the hock
joint.

Specific (Lat. species, species; facere, to make), that
which distinguishes a thing, or makes it of the species
of which it is.

Specific gravity, the measured weight of a sub-
stance compared with that of an equal volume of
another taken .as a standard.

Spermatic (Gr. sjiermatikos — spcrma, seed), relating
to the semen.

Spermatozoa (Gr. spcrma, semen ; zOon, animal),
the essential elements of fecundation.

Sphenoid (Gr. sphen, wedge, and eidos, likeness),
wedge-shaped, relating to the sphenoid bone, an im-
portant bone of the skull.

Sphincter (Gr. sphingkter, sphingein, to squeeze), a
muscle surrounding and enclosing an orifice such as
the anus.

Spirillum (Lat. spirillum, a curl), a bacterium whose
elements are curved, often forming a spiral of several
turns.

Splint, applied to a bony excrescence on the canon
bone of the horse.

Sporadic (Gr. sporadikos, scattered), applied to
diseiises which may spread, but which are not epi-
demic, and occur here and there.

Sporozoa (Gr. spora, seed, and zoon, an animal), a
cla^ss of parasitic protozoa.

560

GLOSSARY

Squamous (Lat. aquamoius, scaly, squama, a scale),
a skin disuase in which a scaly condition exists.

Staphyline (Gr. stuphyle, the uvula), pertaining to
tlir iiMila 111- till- palate.

Staphylococcus (Gr. stuphyle, bunch of grapes, and
knk-h)x. lii-nyl, a micrococcus of which for the mo.st
part tlie individual cocci in a culture are solitary.

Staphyloma (Gr. stuphyle, bunch of grapes), a giving
way or bulging of the cornea.

Steapsin (Gr. stcar, fat), a ferment which resolves
fats into glycerine and their corresponding fatty acids.

Stearin (Gr. stear, fat), a substance contained in
fat and coniposied of stearic acid and glycerine.

Sterility (Lat. stcriUs, barren), the condition of
an animal or plant when it is incapable of reproduc-
ing it.self.

Sterilize (Lat. sterilis, barren), to render sterile
or barren ; to destroy the vitality of germs and pre-
vent their reproduction.

Stertorous (Lat. stertcre, to snore), breathing with
a snoring sound.

Stethoscope (Gr. ststhos, breast ; sk-opein, to ex-
amine), an instrument through which the organs of
brcatliin<4. anil the heart and arteries, are examined as
to their s..uncls.

Stomatitis {Gr. slmn'i, mouth; itis, inflammation),
inflammation of the mouth.

Strangles (CJr. strunyalS, a halter), an infectious
disease of the air passage.s, especially of the nasal
cavities, of the horse, ass, and mule, associated with
a sui>purative condition of the submaxillary and other
glands.

Streptococcus (Gr. streptos, twisted ; holclcos, a
berry), a genus of microbes in which the cocci are
arranged in strings or chaplets.

Streptothrix (Gr. streptos, twisted ; thrix, the hair),
an order of fungi the cells of which unite into simple
or liraiiching threads.

Stricture (Lat. strictura, striivjcrc, to compress),
an abnormal contraction of a dvict or passage from
external pressure, or as a result of inflammation or
other changes.

Strumous (Lat. strumosus, struma, scrofula),
haxing the nature of .scrofula.

Styloid (Gr. stylos, pillar), resembling a .slender
cylindrical coliunn.

Subcarpal (Lat. sub, under ; Gr. harpos, the wrist),
situated luider the carpus or wrist: the wrist of the
horse is spot^en of as the knee.

Sublobular (Lat. sub, under; lobulus, a lobule),
situ-itnl l)iii,_-ath a lobule.

Submaxillary (Lat. sub, under; maxillu, jaw-bone),
lyiiiu iRiiiath tlie lower maxilla or jaw-bone.

Sudoriparous (Lat. sudor, sweat; purerc, to beget),
liroilnciui,' or secreting sweat.

Suffrage (Lat. suffrai/o, hock), the hock; os suffra-
tl'niif. till' Iwine of the hock.

Supplemental (Lat. supplcmentum), applied to the
air lli.it ran still be exh.aled after ordinary expiration.

Suspensory (Lat. sub, under; pcndcrc, to hang), a
structure liy which another part hangs.

Symbiosis ((ir. syn, along with, and bios, life), the
intimate association of living organisms, one of which
is necessary to the other.

Symbiotes (Gr. xi/n, with, hios, life), a small para-
sil.' Mifislinu tho ligs of horses.

Sympathetic ( ( i r. sytiipul/n't ikos, sympathetic), effect-
ing syuiiiathy or eonsentani ous activity.

Symphysis (Gr. syn, lou. ilu v. and /iliyein, to grow),
a growing togfthi-r, a union ; cj.r.ially, line of union
of till- two ]iiibii- bones, .syinjiliysis pubis.

Sjmarthrosis (Gr. syu. together, and arthron, joint),
a form of joint in which the boues are immovably
united together.

Syncope (Gr. synkope, a cutting short), a swooning
or fainting, a temporary suspension of the functions
of respiration and circulation.

Synovial (Gr. syn, together, and Lat. ovum, egg),
relating to the synovia, which is a lubricating liquid
connected with a joint.

Syntbesis (Gr. synthesis — syn, with; tithcnai, to
place), in chemistry, the formation artificially of a
compound by combining its component elements.

Systole (Gr. systole, contraction), the contraction of
the heart and arteries, by which the blood is propelled
along the vessels.

Tsenia (Gr. taiuia, a band), a fiat parasite composed
of a number of flat segments ; a t«pe-worm.

Taenia echinococcus (Gr. iainia, a band; echinos,
a hedgehog ; kokkos, a berry), a tape-worm J in. in
length.

Taenia perfoliata (Gr. tainiu, a Ijand ; Lat. per,
throuyli: fiiliiii:!, a leaf), a tape-worm composed of
conseiutive signients. increasing in size posteriorly,
measuring 2 in. long and § in. wide.

Taenia plicata (Gr. tainia, a band ; Lat. plieare,
to fold), a tape-worm about 3^ in. long and 3 "'.
wide.

Tarsus (Gr. tarsos, tarsus), tlie instep of man, the
hock of the horse.

Taxis (Gr. taxis, order ; tussein. to arrange), the
returning of a prolapsed structure, .as a hernia or the
uterus, by the hand.

Telegony (Gr. tele, afar; yone, offspring), the in-
fluence of a previous sire on the offspring of a sub-
sequent one through the same dam.

Temperament (Lat. tcm2Kramentum), disposition,
general character as regards acting and feeling ; the
predominance of one group of constitutional functions
over others in an individual.

Tendo Achillis, the tendon of the gsistrocnemius
mu.scU- lonntiteil with the heel; the tendon that is
cut in lKiijistriiii;ing.

Tenotomy (Gr. tenon, tendon; temncin, to cut), an
operation of cutting a tendon to correct some de-
formity of the limb.

Tetanus (Gr. tetaiios, tcinein, to stretch), a con-
tinuous spasmodic contraction of mu.scles.

Tetrad (Gr. tctra, four), a group of four; a micro-
scopic organism divided into four elements.

Therapeutic (Gr. thcrupcutikos, curing), pertaining
to therapeutics or the art of healing; curative.

Tboracic (Gr. thorax, thorax), pertaining to the
chest and to certain org.ans contained within it.

Thrombosis (Gr. thrombos, clot), a clot of blood
formed within the heart or blood-vessels, and causing
an obstruction to the circulation.

Thrush, a parasitic stomatitis presenting diffuse
white patches, also called ajihthae; a diseased con-
dition of the horse's foot attended with a foul-smelling
discharge.

Tidal air, the quantity of air taken in during quiet
breathing.

Tourniquet (Fr. tourner, to turn), an instrument
for controlling the circulation of blood in a blood-
vessel by means of compression.

Toxic (Gr. toxikon, poison), poisonous, due to
poi.soning.

Trachea (Gr. tracheia, a windpipe), the \vindpipe,
a civrtilaginous and membranous tube extending from
the larynx to the buigs.

Tracheotomy (Gr. trucheia, trachea, and totne, cut-
ting), removal of a portion of the trachea, or incision
into the trachea.

GLOSSARY

561

Trapezoid (Gr. trapeza, a table, and cidos, form), one
of the bones of the knee.

Traumatic (Gr, tmumalikos — tvaumn, a wound),
cause<i i\v a wound or injury.

Trichiasis (Gr. thrix, a hair), abnormal direction of
the eyelashes, producing friction and inflammation of
the globe,

Tricophyton (Gr, thrix, a hair, and phi/ton, a plant),
a germ or vegetable organism, parasitic upon the hair
— Trieophi/ton tonsurans is what causes ringworm.

Tricuspid (Lat. trcs, three; cuspis, point), having
three cusps : as the tricuspid valve in the aortic and
pulm<-»nary artery.

Trismus (Gr, Irismos, trizcitk, to gnash), spasm of
tlie muscles of mastication, locked jaw.

Trochanter (Gr, trochanter, trochos, a wheel or
pulley), the process of bone on the upper extremity
and sides of the femur or thigh-bone.

Trochlea (Gr, irochilca, a wheel or pulley), a part
having the nature of a pulley.

Trypsin (Gr, tripsis, a rubbing), a substance which
converts proteids into peptones ; the ferment of pan-
creatic juice.

Tuber (Lat. tuber, a bump or swelling), a thickened
portion of an underground stem, as the potato.

Tuberculin (Lat. Ivhcrculum, a tubercle), a gly-
cerine extract of cultures of the Bacillus tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (Lat. tuherculum, a tubercle), the
infectious disease corresponding to what is commonly
called consumption, and due to Bacillus tuberculosis,
discovered b}- Koch in 1SS2.

Turbinated (Lat. turbo, a top), top-shaped.

Tympany (Gr. ti/mpaywn, drum), distension of an
organ or part ^^^th gas,

Tyrosus (Gr. tyros, cheese), a substance occurring
in pancreatic digestion, a decomposition product of
proteids,

u

Dlna (Lat., a cubit), the small bone of the forearm
or horse's foreleg, its companion bone being the radius.

Umbilicus (Lat,), the navel.

Ungulate (Lat. ungula, a hoof), having hoofs.

Urea iGr. onron. urine), the chief solid constituent
of the urine.

Urethra (Gr. ourethra, urethra), the canal extending

from the bladder to the end of the penis, through
which the urine is discharged.

Urticaria (Lat, urtiea, a nettle), nettlerash, a dis-
ease of the skin characterized by wheals.

Vaccinia (Lat. racca, cow), cowpox.

Valvulitis (Lat. lahula, a small valve; itis, in-
flammation), inflammation of the valves of the heart.

Varicose (Lat. varix, a varix), showing varices or
dilatations ; abnormally dilated, as a vein.

Vegetations (Lat. veyctatio, reijcre, to grow), a name
applied to morbid growth.s, such as abnormal granula-
tions, excrescences, warts, &c.

Vena cava (Lat. vemt, vein, cavus, hollow), a name
for the two large veins entering the heart.

Ventricle (Lat. rentriculus, dim, of venter, a belly),
the name for the two lower cavities of the heart.

Vertigo (Lat. vertere, to turn), giddiness, dizziness.

Vesicle (Lat, vesica, bladder or blister), a small
blister-like forraatiim.

Vibrio (Lat, ribrare, to vibrate), a genus of Schizo-
niycetes similar to Spirillum,

Virus (Lat.), a poison that causes a morbid process
or disease ; any pathological microbe.

Vitreous humour (Lat, vitrum, glass ; humor, fluid),
the transparent gelatin-like substance that fills the
posterior chamber of the eye.

Volition (Lat. volitio, will), determination to act; a
willing to do or not to do something.

Vomer (Lat., a ploughshare), the bone situated in
the middle of the nostrils.

Vulva (Lat.), the female pudendum, or posterior
part of the genital passage.

X

Xiphoid (Gr, xiphos, sword ; eidos, like), sword-
shaped ; applied to the flat piece of cartilage behind
the sternum.

Zygomatic (Gr. zygoma, zygoma), pertaining to the
zygoma or cheek-bone.

INDEX

AMomen or Belly-
Breathing peculiar to pleurisy, ii, 14, 15.
Conformation and defects, i, 3, 16, 17,

62. 91, 102 : cavity and muscles, ii,

338, 341 ; pancreas and tunic, i, 241;

ii. 335-
Distension or swelling, i, 283, 290, 293,

303- 309. 3"» 316; ii, 13. 25.
Drugs for disorders, ii, 462, 464-468; iii, 3.
Hemorrhage symptoms, i, 502.
Muscles, ii, 335-338: respiratory uses, i,

492: rupture, i, 324.
Nerves— distribution, i, 377.
Pain — disorders indicated by, i, 270, 272,

274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 2S2, 288, 289,

290, 291. 293, 350, 471.
Poulticing and mustard plasters, iii, 32.

33-

&c..

Pregnancy and parturition-
iii, 264, 269, 272.

Rings, abdominal— form, &c., 1, 17: ii,
65,67; hernia treatment, i, 319, 320,
321, 323.

Show-horses' "let down" belly — treat-
ment, iii, 310, 311.

Tendons— forms, &c., ii, 306.

Testicles in cavity— castration, S:c., iii,
186-188.

Tuberculosis affecting lining of, ii, 51.

[See also Stomach; for special disease,

Abdominal aorta -formation, i, 451.

AtJdominal ascites or dropsy (see

Asci'es .
AbdUCentes— nerves from brain, i, 385.
Abductor muscles— action, &c., ii, 306.
Aberdeenshire Clydesdales — origin,

&c., i, 190.
Abortion— causes and treatment, iii, 267-
269: drugs, ii, 463, 475: show horses,

208, 209. 216, 217.

Abscesses-

Antiseptics and astringents for, ii, 421,

454-
As symptoms of — bone and joint dis-

capped elbow, knee, and hock, ii,
359. 361.. 362, 363, 364: epizootic
lymphangitis, ii, 59, 60, 62; facial
paralysis, i, 423 ; fistula of parotid
dncl, &c., i, 259, 260, 261 : heart
disease, i, 464; kidney disease. &c.,
'. 344, 348: liver inflammation, i, 305,
306: mammary glands and udder,
i'j 53i 95. 96 '• penis and testicle, ii,
81, 86 : pyaemia, i, 409, 481, 482 ;
spinal inflammation, i, 418; strangles,
ii, 40, 41, 60; tetanus, ii, 46; throat
affections, i. 255, 256, 257: throm-
bosis of jugular vein, i, 476, 477 :
tongue inflammation, i, 253 ; ventral
hernia, i, 325.

Abscesses— fO'«/.)

Forms and causes— brain and poll evil
abscesses, i, 409; ii, 431 ; eyelids, ii,
112; feet, ii, 375, 379, 386: shoulders,
i'. 433. 434 : speedy cutting, ii, 401 ;
withers, ii, 435, 436.

Pointing of abscess— description, i, 261:
ii, 431-

Pressure and wound-poisoning causing,

Pus in urine due to, i, 344.

Sinuses communicating with, ii, 42S, 433.

Absorbent System-
Definition and use, i, 425. 426.
Skin action and uses, ii, 128-130.
Structure, &c., of lacteal and lymphatic
system and glands, i, 426-430; blood
corpuscles formation, i, 433.
Acari— diseases due to, ii. 142, 163.
AcariasiS and its treatment, ii, 166-16S.

Accelerating nerves of heart, i, 441.
Accelerator urinse muscle of penis, ii,

70: of urethra, ii, 72.
Accessory flexor muscle of foot and

pastern, ii, 345.

Accidental dislocations— causes, &c.,

ii. ^^6, 349.

Accidents— first aid and articles, ii, 437-
441; pregnancy, iii, 266-269; nipture,
1,278, 315; ship-board horses, iii, 463;
warranty laws, iii, 417, 418, 425.
(See also Poisons.)

Acetabulum -form and pelvis connec-
tion, i, 83; ii, 192; fracture of, ii,
257. 258, 259.

Acetate of various drugs -medicinal uses
of ammonia, ii, 469, 472 ; of am-
monium, ii, 459; iii, 7, 10; lead, iii,
I, 9: morphine, iii, 9; potash, ii, 44S,
462; zinc, iii, 456.

Acetic acid — medicinal uses, iii, 1 ;
poisoning by, iii, 52.

Acidity of stomach— remedies, ii, 449. 466.

Acids—

Antiseptic and astringent properties and

forms, ii, 420. 421, 454, 485.
Blood composition, i, 435.
Digestion and foods— production of acids,

i. 235, 243.
Medicinal preparations, ii, 449, 466, 467,

468; iii, 9— antidote uses, iii, 45.
Stone in bladder— solutions, i, 360.

Aconite— medicinal uses, ii, 451, 461. 469,
471, 479 — doses, iii, 10, 11; poison-
ing and antidote, iii, 57, 63, 64.

Aconitine— medicinal uses, ii, 461.

Acorns— poison by. &C., iii, 104, 105, 106.

Acquireddislocation- form,&c , ii, 346.
Acquired rupture— classification, ike,

Actinomyces — ill food causing disease,

Actinomycetes -description, ii, 161.

Action in breach of warranty, &c.—

course tu follow, iii, 425, 426.

Action of a horse—

All action and no go, i, 122.

As symptom of— blindness, ii, 123; bone
diseases, ii, 206, 207, 218, 219; curb,
ii, 301 : fractures, ii, 244, 245, 257,
258, 262; indigestion, i, 270; lainiiii-
tis, ii, 377; sprains, ii, 294, 297, 299:
stone in bladder, i, 357.

Breeds — Cleveland bays, 1, 132; Clydes-
dales, i, 70, 192, 193; hackneys, i,
121-123: harness horses, i, 151, 152:
hunters, i, 146; Holsteins, i, 209;
Oldenburghs, i, 208, 209 ; pack
horses, i, 125; ponies, i, 160, 161,
hackney and Wilson ponies, i, 170,
171 ; saddle horses, i, 147, 148; Shires,
i, 70, 184; Suffblks. i, 194, 199, 200;
Yorkshire coach horses, i, 134.

Carriage of head and neck, i, 46, 47, 49.

Cart-horse drawing a load, i, 68, 88.

Conformation of various parts affecting
action, i. 58, 59. 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86; ii, 197.

Defective action and injuries from — (see
that title).

o soundness, iii, 374.

diseases due to, ii, 366, 391. 400.
Muscles affecting, li, 299, 320, 343.
Show horses training, iii, 311-313-
[See also titles Galloping, Locomotion,

Shoulder Action, Trotting. &c.]
Action of muscles— names according

to, and description of actions, ii, 306.
Actionable &aud or misrepresentation

in sale of horses, iii, 408, 409-411,

425, 426.

Acute diseases— definition, i, 213.

Adductor muscles— distinction, ii, 306;
parvus and magnus forms, ii, 341,

Adenoid tissue of absorbent system,

i, 429.
Adhesion of wounds— methods of heal-
ing, ii. 404-40S.

Adulterated food— disease by, i, 221

linseed and cake food, iii, 115.
Adventitia of arteries, i, 442.

^strum or heat. i. 18; iii, 247, 262; dis-

421, 479; ii, 91,

203;

uble

1S0-184; drugs, iii, 13.

Afferent nerve-fibres— form, i, 387.
Afferent nerves— description, i, 374.
African horses- history, &c., iii, 525,
52S, 530. 531-535-

After-birth— formation, iii, 251, 253: re-
moval and disconnection from foal,
iii, 220, 270, 271 ; in hemorrhage,
ii, 88.

Age of a horse-
Birthday and other guides, iii, 393 ;
form of back, i. 56, 58; nose and
eye, i. 9. n- (See also Teeth.j
Castration considerations, iii, 172.

564

INDEX

Age of a horse— (Con/.)

Disease and fractures influelicc, i, 214,
ii8; ii, 223, 236, 279, 28s.

Longevity of breeds, i, 197, 198, 200,
206, 207.

Medicinal doses according to, iii, 12.

(Sec also title Old Horses.]
Agents in sale of horses— warranty regu-
lations, itc., iii, 414-417.

Agricultural or farm horses-
Breeds and their merits — Cleveland
bays, i, 128, 129; Clydesdales, i,
186, 188: East Friseland horses, i,
210; hackneys, i, 113, 114, 118:
Perchcrons, i, 205; Schleswig breed,
i, 210: Shires, i, 172, 181; SufTolks,
'. >94, "97. 198, 199, 200.
Classification as heavy horses, i, 172.
Disease due to occupation, i, 219.
Food— composition and amount, &c., iii
89, 90. 347; indiflercnt feeding, i, 277.'
History on non-use of the horse, iii, 521,

524. 528, 529, 538-
Overgrowth of hoofs, iii, 436.
Royal interest in breeding, i, 173.
Working mares during suckling, i, 287.
[See also title Draught Horses.]
-Ailments cl.issed as unsoundness and
vices— list, &c , iii, 420-426.

Air and Atmosphere—

Air-pressure borne by horse and man i
488. ' '

Amount per horse, iii, 76, 78, 79 ; sick
horses, iii, 142-

Brcathing uses, i, 487, 403; after respira-
tion, i, 488,_ 493 : changes in blood
due to air, i, 489-491; entrance into
lungs, i, 483, 484.

Composition of air, i, 487, 493: bacillu.s.

Contamination due to stable and breath-
ing influences, iii, 76-78, 79.
Disease due to impure air, &c., i, 213

216,

152-

Ventilation of stables, &c., i, 495-497;

iii. 329. 331-
Air-cells- respiratory uses and formation,

i, 486, 487: dilation, ii, 12.
Air-passages -drugs for, ii, 468-470: iii,

14; stimulant and soothing remedies,

ii, 470-472; irritation causing piieu-

Alffi— coffin-bone, ii, 200; nostrils, i, 9.
Albumen — astringents coagulating, ii,

448, 454, 4S5 ; presence in urine'

analysis, &c., i, 345; ii, 26-29, 3i-
Albuminoids of body and in food, iii,

87, 88, 89: digestibility, iii, 91, 92^

96, 98; heat influence, &c., iii, 100.
Alcohol — blood-vessels, effect on, ii, 462;

medicinal uses, ii, 451, 460; iii, 25;

poisoning and antidote, iii, 50, 52,

56, 57, 64.
Ale for mares after foaling, iii, 227.
Alfalfa ciuslnR poisoning, iii, 62.

Alfred the Great — horse-breeding, iii,
ii(': 537.

Algse in water, iii, 127-129.

Alimentary Canal — absorbent system
conneition, i, 425; progress of food
through, I, 246, 247 (see also Diges-

Alkallne in intestinal digestion, i, 245,

Alkaline preparatlons-for digestion,

u. 467, 408; for lungs, ii, 469.

Alkalinity of the blood — drugs for re-
ducing, ii, 448-450.

Allah-ci cation and care of the horse, iii,
5"8, 53.1.

AllantOld sac— formation, iii, 251.

Allantols membrane — formation, iii,
Almaine horses— type, i, 175, 176, 177.

Aloes— tises and doses, iii, i, 9; for shou
horses, iii. 311; prepai^tion and giv-
ing or ball, ii, 444, 445.

AlOln-medicin.il uses, iii, i; doses, iii, 9.

Alteration of structures— explanation

of Itnn ni warr.iiity, iii, 4,9.
Alteratives .is metlicinc-action and ex-
amples, ii, 12: kinds acting on tissue
change, ii, 452-454 ; mercury uses,
n, 489; prescriptions for balls or
powders, li, 15, 16; show horses, iii,
311.

Alternate generation— process of, &c.,

iii, 259-261, 480.
Alum-medicinal uses, &c., ii, 439, 455,

456: iii, I— dose, iii, 9; solution for

sores, i, 248.
Alumina — compounds used in medicine,

ii. 455, 456.
Aluminium— medicinal uses, ii, 454.
Alveoli-of lungs, i, 486: of teeth, ii, 186;

effect of fractured teeth, i, 330.
Amaurosis -causes and detection, ii, 122,

123: iii, Si-
Amber tinge in eye, ii, 116, 117.
Amble — form of motion, iii, 195, 197.
Ambulance— first aid directions, &c., ii,

437, 439, 441-
American boil— treatment, ii, 150, 151.
American horse-pox ordisease-nature,

" • "• '!-• 's°. 'Si-
American horses — breeding and im-
portation, i, 153, 196, 207, 208; fossil
remams and history, iii, 510, 550; il-
Iusts.,ni,3i4: trainingand treatment,
i. 33S: "i. 313-316: water-supply, iii,

American "pink-eye"- nature, ii, 31.
Ammonia and Ammonium— medicinal

uses, 1, 283: ii, 459, 469, 477: iii, 3,
7 : doses, 9, 10 : poisoning by and
antidote uses, iii, 52, 56, 57, 64.

Amnion membrane— formation, iii, 250,
251-

Amoeba— formation, diseases due to, and
evolution, ii, i6i; iii, 258.

Amphiarthrosis Joints— form, &c., ii.

Amputation of penis, ii, 83, 85.

Amyl, nitrite of— medicinal uses, ii,

457. 463-
Amylolytic action in digestion, i, 244.
Amylopsln in digestion, i, 246.
Ansemia and its treatment. So., i, 47S-

unds

459-

Anaesthesia- local and general, ii, 479:
recovery means, ii, 440.

Anaesthetics and their uses, ii, 459, 470;
111, 12, 160: for nervous system, li,
479-483.

AnaphrodiSiaCS-mcdicinal uses, iii, 12.

Ancestors of the horse— fnssil remains
and origin, iii, 475, 509-513; from
five- to one-tncd foot, iii, 489, 491 ;
head and teeth formation, iii, 492-
495 ; marks and colouring, iii, 497-
500 (see also titles Back-breeding,
Evolution, History of the Horse,
Pedigrees, Telegony).

Anchltherlum— fossil remains of, iii, 512.

Anchylosis— causes, &c., ii, 281, 431.

Ancient Britons — horses used by, i,
154. 17-. 179; iii, 535-

Anconeus muscle- form, &c., ii, 330.

AnderSCh'S ganglion on cranial nerve,

i. 395-
Aneurism— causes and results, i, 471, 473,

474. 477. 478: ii. 174-
Angina pectoris in horses, i, 469; drugs

f"r. ii, .|t.;.
Angle of the Ilium- fracture, ii, 256-259
Animal body— composition of, iii. 87-
Animal matrix in bone, ii, 175.
Animal remains in earth's crust, iii, 471,

I Animal world-the horse and its posi-
tion 111. lli, 471-513^

Animals Act -transit regulations, iii, 466,

467.
Animals and evolution, iii, 286, 287.
Aniseed— medicinal uses, ii. 474 ; iii, i ;

Annular cartilage of car, ii. 310-

Anodynes and their uses, i, 290, 294, 313;

Antacids and their uses, ii, 449, 450: iii,

Anterior aorta -form, &c., i, 448. 449.
Anterior crural nerve— form, i, 402.
Anterior deep pectoral muscle—

ncnc t,.. .1,1.1 I.Tiu uf, i, 399; ii, 327.

Anterior extremity of body. i. 16.
Anterior gluteal nerves-formation, i.

Anterior ligament of hock, ii, 278.
Anterior limb- (see Kore I.imb).
Anterior maxillary bones-form, ii,

Anterior mesenteric artery— diseases

"'. i. 47'. 477: ii, 174: distribution

of. I. 44S.

Anterior radial artery-form. i. 449.
Anterior surface of head, i, 8-10.
Anterior tibial artery— form, i, 453.
Anterior tibial nerve -formation, &c.,

I, 404, 405.

Anthelmintics and their uses, iii, 12, 13;
for worms, ii, 465: iii, 16, 17; poison-
ing by vermin-killers, iii, 49, 53, 57,

Anthrax and its treatment, &c., ii, 41-43:
iii, 151: of gloss-anthrax, ii, 43. 44;
contagion and bacteria causing, i,
223. 224, 225. 226 : food contamina-
tion, i, 22 1 ; horse sickness similarity,
ii, 54-

Antidotes to poisoning— action and ex-
amples, iii, 45, 46: gastritis, i, 275:
mercury, want of antidote, ii, 489 ;
yomition difficulty preventing use of,
i. 275 (for special poison, see titles
Arsenic, Le.id, &c.:.

Antlfebrln-medicinal uses, ii. 450.

AntUiydrotiCS-action and examples, iii,
13.

Antimony and its uses, ii, 453, 471, 472;
poisoning by, iii, 50.

AntiperlOdlCS and their uses, iii, 13,

AntlpjTetiCS or febrifuges — their uses,
&c., ii, 448. 450-452, 485: iii, 13.

Antipyrln- medicinal uses, ii, 450.

Antiseptics- action, lisLs, &c., ii. 420-
422. 483-488; iii, 13, 174; common
articles used, ii, 439: Lister's system,
11, 407, 411: operations, iii. 162, 163,
171, 181. 182, 185; uterine hemor-
rhage, ii, 89; wounds and ulcers, ii,
386. 407, 411, 420-422, 427.

Antispasmodics and their uses, ii, 479;

Antitoxic serum for tetanus, ii, 49.
Anti-vivlsectlon Act — knowledge of

drugs retarded by, ii, 443.

Anus— formation and muscles. &c., i, 15,
229, 238; worms and bot-flies infest-
ing, ii. 169, 171.

Aorta — construction and uses, i, 438, 442,
448. 449, 45' ; diseases, i. 465, 471,
472: origin of other arteries, i, 448;
sounds connected with, i. 440, 460.

Aortic arch— formation and disease, i,
451, 472.

Aortic sigmold-sound due to tension
Aortic valves-disease, i, 465, 471, 472.

Aperient medicines- abuse of, ii. 442

-(see also Purgatives).
Aphrodisiacs and their uses, iii, 13.
Aphthse and its treatment, i, 250-252;

drugs used, iii, 2, 3, 5.

INDEX

565

Aponeurotic tendons and

Apophyses of bone— formation, ii, 178,
Apoplexy and its treatment, i, 412: other

causes, i, 220, 222, 308: heart affected

by, i, 457-
Appetite— disorders affecting, i, 272, 276:

ii, 9: drug improving, ii, 451: food

inducing, iit, 94, 140-142 ; poisoning

symptoms, iii. 47.
Appliances— see Instruments).

Aqueductus sylvli of brain, i, 384.
Aqueous humour of eye— formation,

ii, 105, 107; glaucoma causes, ii, 123.

Arab borses and blood-
Ancient pedigrees, "families", and his-
tory, i. 201, 202: iii, 518, 519, 524,

525. 528, 530, 531-535-
Belief on creation, and care by Arabians,

iii. 5i8, 533-
British thoroughbreds — origin and

crosses, i, 200, 203 : iii, 538, 540, 544,

546, 549. 550.
Conformation, colour, and merits, i, 40,

201-205.
Crosses — Cleveland bays, i, 124, 128:

hunters and saddle horses, i, 138,

141, 148, 149; Percherons, i, 205:

ponies, i, 163, 165. 166.
Desertion by breeders, i, 200, 201, 203.
Illustrations, i, 294: ii, 412; face form,

i, 40.
Stud inspected by Lady Blunt at Hail,

Arachnoid of brain and spine — formation.

Arbor vitEe of brain, i, 385.

Arch of vertebrae- fracture, ii, 235.

Arched back — appearance and defect.

Arched crest — appearance, i, 28.
Arched face— appearance, i, 41.
Arched neck— appearance, &c., i, 45, 47,

Architecture of stables— (see Stable),
" Ard Patrick"— thoroughbred (illust.',

Areca nut— dose, iii, 9.

Arm — (see Forearm).

Armadillo— horse-origin and history, iii,

497. 499-
Armour carried by old var-horses, &c.,

i. 175: iii. 542, 543. 545-

Armoured mammals— origin of marks

from, iii, 497, 499.

Army horses— (see titles Cavalry, Mili-
tary, War).

Arnica — medicinal uses, iii, i; doses, iii, g.

Aromatic spirit of ammonia— siimu-

Arseniates of iron and copper-
medicinal uses, ii, 447, 453, 47^; iii,

Arsenic— as caustic, ii, 143, 155: medi-
cinal uses, ii, 453: iii, 1,2, 9; for
various diseases, i, scxa; ii, 14, 148,
431: poisoning by, and antidotes, it,
448: iii, 48-50; gastritis due to, i,
274.

Araenious acid and oxide— medicinal

Arteriainnominata— formation, i, 449.
Arterial blood-composiiion, &c., i, 489.
Arterial circle— "circle of Willis", for-

Arteries and veins— Cow/.)

As organs of circulation — {Cont.)

Systemic arteries — distribution and
names, i, 448-453-

Bleeding from — arrest, &c , i, 501-503:
i'. 409. 437-439 (see also title Bleeding
or Hemorrhage).

Diseases — aneurism, i, 477: arteritis and
atheroma, i, 471-473: heart disease
detection, i, 458; thrombosis— iliac,
and of jugular vein, i, 473-477 (see
also Blood Diseases).

Embryo and foetus formation, iii, 255-257,

Of various organs, distribution, &c. —
bladder, i, 337: bones, ii, 176: ej'e,
ii, 105: limbs, i, 390, 398: liver, i.
239, 240; testicles, &c., ii, 66, 67, 70.

Pulse movement, &c,, i, 443: iii, 146-148.

[For special artery or vein see its title,
as Aorta, Jugular Vein, &c.]
Arteritis of arteries- treatment, i, 471.
Arthritis or joint-ill- forms of disease, ii,
285-288: origin of joint disease, ii,
280: symptoms of liver inflammation,
i, 306; of pneumonia, ii, 7.

Arthrodla joints-form of, ii, 263.

ArthrOpedes- forms of parasites, ii, 163.

Articular angles of hind limb, i, 83, 84.
Articular cartilage of knee, ii, 197.
Articular foramen in bone

Articular processes of vertebrae-
ligament and muscle coimections,
ii. 265, 324.

Articularwlnd-galls— form, S:c.,ii, 355.

Articulations (see joints, Joint diseases.

Sprains — special joint, see its name).

Artificial grasses— hay made from, iii.

Artificial insemination — process of,

iii, 231-234.
Artificial ventilation of stables, iii,

74-76.

Artificiality in show horses, iii, 313.
Artiodactyla or even-toed animals, iii,

476. 477-
"Artist"- chestnut hunter iillus.), ii, 456.

Arytenoid cartilages- formation, &c..

Arytenoid muscles— forms, Sic, ii, 317.
Arytenoideus muscle— form, &c., ii,

Asafoetida— medicinal 1

nd do

Ascarides— infesting intestines, ii, i;o,
171: drugs destroying, iii, 8.

Ascites, atdominal— causes, treatment,
&c., i, 307, 308, 310-312.

ASCOCOCCUS— formation, &c., i, 226.

Ascot Races— founder of, i. 111.

Aseptic prohe for wounds, ii, 414.

Aseptic treatment of wounds, ii, 408,

400, 411, 414; sponges, &c. , used in

Ash in body and food, iii, 87, 89.
Asia-^history of horses of, iii, 531-535;

tish .

549-

Arterial hemorrhage-

&c..

Arteries and veins—

As organs of circulation — formation, &c.,
i. 441-444-

Capillaries and connections, i, 446.

Chief arteries and veins and their dis-
tribution, i, 447-453.

Cold and heat effects, iii, 136.

Asphalt for coach-h(

Asphyxia — causes, &c., i, 494, 507.

Asses— ancient uses, iii, 519: glanders, ii,

35, 38; hornygrowths. chestnuts, &c.,

iii, 478, 496, 504, 506, 507; stomach

worms, ii, 169: "stone" in, i, 355,

I Association, a form of parasitism, ii, 160.

Asternal ribs — formation and respira-
tory use, i, 492.

Asthma and its treatment, ii, it: drugs
for. ii, 463, 472: iii, 3, 5.

Astragalus- structure, i, 86, 87; ii, 203:
iii, 487; muscles connected, ii, 344.

Astringents -acting on tissue change, ii,
454-457: action and examples, iii. 13:
iron uses, ii, 448: prescriptions for
powders, &c., iii, 15, 16, 18.

Athelstane and horse-breeding, iii, 537.
Atheroma — symptoms, &c., i, 472, 473.
Atlas bone — form, Sc, ii, 180, iBi, 268,

269: muscle connections, ii, 322.

Atlo-axoid articulation— form, &c., ii,

2t)S, 269.

Atmosphere— (see Air).

Atrophy— of heart, 1,467: of muscles due

to sprained back, ii, 298: of skin, ii,

155: of udder, ii, 95.

Atropla and atropine— medicinal uses,

Attendants <

"■ 23,

ck horses — duties, &c.,
154-

Attitude a sign of disease, iii, 145.
Auctioneer — warranty and the sale of

horses, iii. 415, 416.
Auditory canal- formation, ii, 185.

Auditory nerves — formation, S:c., i,

3S5. 395-
Auricles of heart— growths causing dis-
ease, i, 464: rupture, i, 470: structure,
i, 433.

Aurlculo-ventricular valves — con-
traction, &c., i, 439, 440.

AuSCUltationfordetection of— bronchitis,
ii, 2; congestion of lungs, ii, 6: heart
disease, i, 454, 458, 469: horse sick-
ness, ii, 56; pleurisy, ii, 14.

Axe, Pr0f.-on ha:mo-globlnuria, ii. 26-
29: meningitis, i, 423, 424: seedy toe,
ii. 370. 371: transit and tethering of
horses, iii, 464; water in animal tis-
sues, &c. , iii, 124: worms and para-

Asillary artery— formation, &c., i, 449;
Axillary nerve— formation, i, 401.

Axillary region — muscles and nerves
coiuitcted with, ii, 322, 327.

Axis or dentata— bone and joints, ii,
180. 181, 263, 268, 269; muscle con-

Ayrshire Clydesdales- origin, &c.,

Azoturia— analysis of urine and moisture
in tissue due to, ii, 27, 28: Epsom

B

Bacilli— description of, i, 226: of abortion,
ii, 80: anthrax and horse sickness, i,
225, 226, 228: ii, 41, 42, 54: epizootic
lymphangitis, ii, 50, 60; food, hay,
and digestion, i, 225, 228, 246 ;
glanders, ii, 34, 38, 39; tetanus,
diphtheria, and wounds, i, 228: ii, 46,
412: tuberculosis, ii, 50, 51.

Back— (see titles Spine and Back, Spinal
Diseases and Injuries).

Back-breeding- influences and opinions
on. iii, 2.1, 212, 213, 239-245, 480,
497. 499. 5I3'

Back-raking— directions, iii, 34.

Back tendons— operation on, iii, 161, 171:
soundness and warranty, iii, 379, 423.

Backing of horses— examination for,
iii. 374-

Bacteria— as cause of disease, i, 227-229;
causing anthrax, ii, 41, 42: blood-
poisoning, i, 481 : tetanus, ii, 46: ul-

forms of bacteria, i, 224-226: wounds
affected by. and disinfection of in-
struments, ii, 406, 407, 412, 415.

Bad doers— weak digestion, iii. 119.

Bad habits— as stable vices, iii, 341-343.

Bael fruit— medicinal uses, iii, 2.

Baker's horses liable to "stone", i, 300.

Bakewell era of heavy horse breeding,
i, 178-

Ball-and-socket Joints— form, &c., ii.

566

INDEX

Balling "Iron "and " gun " for giving

physic, ill, 20
Balls of physic— failh in. ii, 441: for
bitler Ionics, ii, 466 ; for condition-
ing, _ii_, 445, 446: preparation and
administration, ii, ^44-446; iii, 19-
21: prescriptions, lii, 15, i6; use of
.Trscriic in, ii, 451,

Balaams of Peru and Tolu— medicinal

">'-■-. li, 4'"'. .17'-

Balsams of sulphur, &c.— uses, ii, 474.

Bamboo :is fodder, iii, 26.

.Xcciilfiits— useful articles in, ii, 438, 439,

Application and preparation, iii, 36-38.

Bone diseases treatment, ii, 206, 208, 218

Fractures— fore-leg. ii, 2^1-233; humerus.
». 244, 245; jaw, ii. 242: knees, ii,
247, 423: metacarpal bones, ii, 249
pastern, ii, 250: radius, ii, 247.

Horses tearing— correction, iii, 341.

Hunters and muddy legs, iii, 136, 310,

Sick horses warmth, iii, 143.

Sprains, wounds, &c., ii, 220. 291, 296,
357, 386, 418.

(Sec also P.)ullices,l

Barbary horses-origin and history of

the ••B,irb". iii, 525, 528,531-535:

llntish thoroughbreds, crosses, &c.,

iii. .538. 539. 544. 546. 549. 55°.

Bare patches of skin — formation of

clicstiuits. &c, , iii, 504, 506.
Bar-iron— prepared for shoeing, iii, 445.
Barley as food— composition and pre-
liaration, i, 243: iii, 89, 107; digesti-
bility. &c , iii, 97, 99, 348 : invalid

"Barley Harvest" family of Cleveland

li.iys, i, 129.
Barley straw— as food. iii. 112: for bed-

hng.

355-

Barley-Water-as antidote, iii, 45.

Barrenness— (see Sterility).

Bars of foot-corn on. and cutting of
li:.rv. ii, 374, 394; iii, 435, 441; struc-
ture, 111, 434.

Bars of jaw— abuse by burning, i, 254;
slriictuie, disease. &c,, i. 6: iii, 494;
Iinrrnt mouth effect, i, 332.

Barton -OlUette clipping-machine, iii,
I. 17,

Bartrum'S tethering apparatus- use, &c..
iii, 465, 466.

Basilar process of occiput bone, ii, 184,

Bastard strangles in old horses, ii, 40,

Bay colour-Arabs, i. 205: Morgans, i.
207; .Snffulks, i, 1Q5, 196: origin of
■• dappling ", iii, 498 (see also Cleve-
land Bays).

Beak of ulna— formation, ii, 196.

Beans — composition and use as food, iii,
89. 112-114. 345. 349 : digestibility,
iii, 90, 91, 97, 99; diseases due to, ii,

■ ss.
Bean-Straw as food, iii, 88.
Bearlng-reln-abuse and use. iii, 359:

diseases due to, i, 511; ii, 430.
Beat of heart-medicines aiding, ii, 458,

462; testing pulse, iii, 146-148.
Bedding— eating by horses, iii. 130. 208,

265, 341: infectious diseases, iii, tc^-

materials used, iii, 138. 139. i

3s7 : pregnant marcs, iii, 208, j

sick-box, lii, 24
Bed-sores- prevention, ii, 237.
Bees poisoning by stings of, &c., ii, 4

Bees'-wax— fracture uses, ii, 241.

Beetroot— as invalid diet, iii, 27.

Belgic stallions— breeding from, i. 1

Belladonna-medicinal uses, ii, 473, ,
475. 4S0. 481: iii, 2: doses, iii, 10,
for lungs and cough, ii, 470, 471, <
for other diseases, i, 280, 294, :
347. 350 ; to reduce temperature
451 ; poisoning by, iii, 55.

Belly— (sec title Abdomen;.

Benzoic acid - medicinal uses, iii, 2, 9.

Benzoin — medicinal uses, ii, 469, 471.

Bicarbonate— medicinal uses of potash,
ii, 448, 472: potassium, iii, 2— doses,
iii. 9: of soda. ii. 449, 450, 472;

Biceps of man— flexor brachii muscle

Bichloride of mercury-^uses,
Bicipital groove — foi

Bicuspid valve of he

Big head disease — sympto

Bile and bile-ducts - drugs afTecting,
ii, 465: iii. 13: formation and diges-
tive uses, i, 240, 245. 246 : liver dis-
orders due to, i, 303, 304, 305, 306,
307; parasitic influences, i, 313. 314:
secretion causing constipation, i, 284;
urine affecled by. i, 343.

Bilious temperament -disease disposi-

Biniodlde of mercury- uses, ii, 421,

488, 489.
Bioplasm of parasites, ii. 161.

Birthdays— age and teeth tests, iii, 393.

BirthS-(see Koals, Parturition!.

BlShOping of teeth, iii, 393.

Bismuth— medicinal uses, i, 289: ii, 457.

Bistoury for lithotomy. Sic, i, 362, 380.

Bites— rabies due to, ii, 44.

Biting— vice and warranty, iii, 424.

Bits — care and kinds of. iii, 357-359; dis-
eases and troiiblesdue to, i, 151, 152,
248, 252. 258: ii, 209, 2T3: jumping
influence, iii, 202 ; use in horse-

Bitter tonics for St
Black antimony

ach. ii, 466, 478.
d sulphur — inedi

Black horses -early types and origin, i

Blackleg disease— inoculation, iii, 151.
Black pepper— medicinal uses, iii, 2, 9.
Black spots on eye

'Black Vulcan'

-pri

^s, &c.,
nd hon

Bladder-
Conformation, nerves and urinary uses,
'. 333. 336. 337: female, ii, 74, 76;
embryo, iii, 251.
Disorders of, and affecting bladder-
bloody urine due to hemorrhage, i,
347 : fistula, ii, 429 : inflammation,
i. 345; inversion, i. 371-373: irrita-
tion, 1, 344; retention of urinCj i, 352:
rupture, i. 343: spinal myelitis caus-
ing distention, i, 419; tumours, i,
357 : ulceration, i, 366 : vesiculie
seminales, ii, 68: stone in the bladder
(see that titleV
Drugs acting upon, ii, 473-475. 481.
Emptying by catheter, washing-out. &c.,
'. 352, 365: ii. 29, 30: iii, 178-180,

Un

anty,

Bladders on skin, ii, 137.
Bladder-worms causing disease, i, 313,

Blade-bone- see Scapula).

Blanket stitch (..r wound-healing, ii, 416.
Blanket weed in water, iii, 127.
Blastodermic membrane in breeding,

iii, 249. 250.
Blawtong- a form of horse-sickness, ii, 55.
Blaze — appearance and origin, iii, 495, 499.
Bleeders- on skin, ii, 158, 159.

Bleeding or Hemorrhage—

Accideiils,iiKl first aid, ii, 437-439.

Bloody urine and its causes, i, 347, 348.

Drugs for. ii. 448. 454, 456, 462, 463,
464. 468 ; iii, 6. 7. 8, 14.

Due to— apoplexy, i, 412: brain .and frac-
ture, i, 407: ii. 234; dysentery, i, 290;
face sinuses and fracture, ii, 239 ;
liver and heart rupture, i, 309. 310,
470; nose, i, 501, 503: poisoning, iii,
53: skin bleeding, li, 158, 159: warts,
;i. '54. 155; weak blood-vessels, &c.,

I. 501, 502.

Flooding ill mares, ii, 87-89.

Lungs and respiratory organs, i, 501-503;

Operation precautions, iii, 162, 166, 174,

183.
Prevention of death by -structure of

arteries and veins, &c,, i, 443, 445.
Wounds and their treatment, ii, 402.

408-410.
[See also title Blood, Blood-letting.]
Blepharitis clllaris of eyelid, ii, 114.

Blepharophimosis of the eyelids, ii, 114.

Blindness—
Causes— bone tumours, i, 417 ; cataract^

II, 121 ; eyeteelh. i, 332: iii, 389,
494 : lead poisoning, iii, 51 ; optic
nerve, &c., ii. 117, 122, 123.

Detection and tests, ii, 122, 123: ear

movements, i, 43.
Moon-blindness, ii, 116-118; heredity of.

Possibility of restoration of sight, ii, 121.
Unsoundness and warranty, iii, 421.

Blistering — directions and preparations,
ii. 488. 490: iii, 5, 38-40. 167: after
tenotomy, iii. 170: for hard mouth,
i, 248: fractures and dislocations, ii,
250. 252. 348, 353: joints and sprains,
ii, 2S3. 291, 293, 294, 296. 297, 298,
300, 355: trotters, ui, 316: villitisdue
to. ii, 383.

Blisters — gloss - anthrax and dourine
symptoms, ii, 44. 53: on lips and

skii

247:

■37-

ispiration.

Blood-
Air changes in.
489-491.

Bone nourishment, ii, 176, 177, 209.

Circulation — heart and blood - vessels*
.agency, i. 436, 441; mare and foetus,
ill, 252, 254: lungs, i, 487: prevention
of death by heinorrh.age, i, 443, 445:
pulse and blood-pressure, i. 443-445:
testis supply, ii, 66 (see also Arteries
and Veins, Blood-vessels).

Composition, coagulation, &c., i, 430-436.

Drugs. Sic, acting upon, ii, 446: iii, 7;
blood tonics, ii, 447, 448: cooling
medicines, ii, 450-452 : to reduce
alkalinity and volume of blood, ii,
448-450, 47>- (Sec also titles Bleed-
ing, Blood-vessels.)

Nervous system— blood supply and regu-
lation, i, 374, 380.

Parasites and other organisms— influence
on, i, 313: ii, 41, 42, 52, 97, 166, 172,
174, 287.

Pressure in circulation, i, 444, 445. 495.

Quantity in horse, i, 431, 433, 445.

Respiratory process cfTect, i, 48^, 487,
489-491.

Skin influences, and diseases due to, ii,
■30. "3'. 138, I3Q-

[See also titles Bleeding or Hemorrhage,
Blood Diseases, Blood-letting, Blooti-
poisoning. Blood-vessels]
Blood-clot- healing wounds, ii, 405.

Blood diseases and disorders—

Aiia:mia and plcthoia, i, 478-481.

Causing— arthritis, ii. 285: dropsy, i, 311,
312: lymphangitis, ii, 22: skin affec-
tions, ii, ii8, 139. 145: ulcers, ii, 427;
tetanus effects, li, 48.

INDEX

567

Blood diseases and disorders— (Ct'w^}

Distribution-disordered, ii, 457. 458-
Exercise and the causes of disease, i, 2t6.
Hcemo-globiiiuria— analysis, &c.. ii, 26-
29; treatment, &c., ii. 29-3*: fracture

nfusi

237-

Purpura hscmorrhagica, ii, 24. 25, 145;

bleeding nose a feature, 1, 503.
Pus due to brain abscess, i, 409.
[See also Blood-poisoning, Pya:mia.]
BlOOd-fibrlne powders for sick horses, iii.

: brail

Blood-letting -1 . .i^-ple:

.11. 1 u- I ' 1.407; enteritis, i,

,.csii, 6; eye-vein,
ii, Ii liii! ii; -. II. 337; plethoras,
i, 4?o, 4;'i: plLniri>y, ii, 15; quantity
safe for, i, 433; thrombosis due to, i,
47?. 474. 475-

Blood-poisoning—

Causes and effects — bone diseases, ii, 211:
castration, iii, 174: covering disease.
ii» 53: food, iii. loi; inversion of
rectum, i. 302: joint disease, ii, 284:
jugular vein abscesses, i, 477: kidney
disease, i, 348: parturient fever, ii,
97: pleurisy and pneumonia, ii, 7, 14;
sicin eruptions, ii, 142. 143: strangles,
ii, 41; udder inflammation, ii, 97;
wounds and bacteria, ii, 406, 407,

414.

Fori-

of septicaemia or blood-poisoning
481, 482.

Blood-spots on skin, ii, 24, 25, 156. 158,
159.

Blood-stained discharges —

uth,

&c., of foai
discharge, ii,
238: poisoning, iii, 48: pneumonia,
ii, 8; skin, ii, 25-
Blood tonics— action, &c., ii, 447, 448.
Blood-vessels-
Absorption of food— uses, i, 428.
As organs of circulation— structure, &c..
i, 436. 441-443: chief vessels and
their distribution, i. 447-453.
Causes or effect of broken vessels and
rupture, i, 343, 347. 412, 420; cracked
heels, ii. 424: fractures and sprains,
ii, 228, 233, 255. 292; wounds, ii, 404,
408.
Drugs acting upon, ii, 454, 457. 462-464*
Nervous control of, i, 374.
Parasitic influences, i, 313: ii, 174-
Struclure- in bladder, i. 337: bones, ii,
176. '77. '99t 200: brain and spine,
i. 378. 380; eyes, ii, 105, 106. loS;
hoof (model), ii, 491: intestines, i,
236: kidneys, i, 335, 336; liver, i.
239: Kings, i, 487; mare, embryo
and foetus, iii, 252, 254, 255: muscles,
ii, 305, 306: skin, ii, 126. ^
Weakness causing hemorrhage, i, 501.
Bloody urine— causes and treatment, i.
342, 343.. 344< 347. 348, 349, 350, 356;
ii, 475: in, 60.
Blowing— causes and disease symptoms,

i. 480: ii, 5, 19.
Blows as cause of disease. 1, 220.

Blue-green algae in water, iii, 127. 128.

Blueness of membranes— causes, &c., ii,
470.

Blue pill-medicinal uses, ii, 488.

BlueStOne-medlcinal uses, iii, 2.

Bluetong— a form of horse-sickness, ii, 55.

Board of Agriculture— epizootic lym-
phangitis, ii, 64, 65.

Boats for horse-transit, iii, 463.

Body — conformation and defects, i, 90, 91,
103: ii. i8o: head as unit of measure-
ment, i, 99-101; height, weight, and
other proportions, i, 91. 92, 93-98.
99: nutrition and constitution, iii,
87: water constituents, Jii, 119, 120,

Bog-spavin and its treatment, ii, 216, 290,
291: other influences, ii, 278, 299,
357. 35S: unsoundness and warranty.

Boiled barley— preparation, iii, 28.
Boiled roots as invalid diet, iii, 27.
Boiler— stable fittings, iii, 322, 325, 332,

334. 337-
Boils on skin, ii, 150. 151.
Bolting of food — oats preparation, iii,

107.
Bolting vice-warranty, iii, 424.
Bolus for physic balls, li, 444: iii, 18.
Bone-ash in the body, iii, £7.

Bones-
Arab merits, i, 202, 203.
Blood circulation means, ii, 176, 177.
Classificaiion and number in a horse, ii,

177. 178.
Composition and growth of bone, ii, 175,
176, 178, 208; before birth, iii, 255,
292-294; after birth, iii, 294-298,
Diseases— food and water influences, iii,
103, T23, 124: joint disease origin, ii,
280, 281: metacarpal periostitis or
sore shins, li, 219, 220: necrosis and
caries, ii, 212-214: osteo-porosis (big
head) or soft bones, ii, 214-216; ostitis
or inflammation, periostitis, ii, 208-
212; ring-bone and splint, ii, 205-208;
spavin, ii, 216-218.
Effects of epizootic lymphangitis, ii, 63:
fistulous withers, ii,433; rheumatism,
ii, 21; tuberculosis, ii, 51.
Model of hoof and limb bones, ii, 491.
Muscles and tendons attachment, i, 33-
Odd- and even-toed animals, iii, 476, 477.
Phosphorus uses, ii, 490.
Protection of brain and spine from injury,

i, 379. 380.
Strociure- as levers, i, 33-35: of fore-leg.
i. 19, 20: ii, 192-197: hindleg, 1, 23:
ii, 201-203: loins and hock. i. 15. 23;
ii, 203-205; pelvis, ii. 192; skeleton
division, ii, 176, 178; skull bones—
cranium, ii, 183-186; face, ii, 18S-
1S9: special features of horse struc-
ture, iii, 485-490 : thorax or chest
bones, ii. 189 — sternum or breast-
bone, ii, igo: ribs and costal carti-
lages, ii, igo. 191; vertebral column
and particular vertebrae, ii, 179-183.
[See also titles Dislocations, Fractures.
JoinLs, Ossification; also names of
bones, as Humerus', Os Hyoides,
Jaw, &c,]
Bone-spavin — form and treatment, ii,
216-218; unsoundness and warranty,
iii, 385, 423-
Bony growths— causing disease, i, 214,
417, 4^1. 473: firing, iii, 167; un-
soundness, iii, 366, 380: water m-

"BOZra"-Arab mare (illust.), i, 294.

Brachial artery and veins— formation,

i. 447. 449; operation, iii, 165.

Brachial plexusof nerves— formation,

.S:c., i, 398-402.
Bracken for bedding, iii, 357.
Brackets for harness room, iii, 332.

Brain-

Blood supply, i, 380.

Connection with spine, ii, 184.

Diseases— abscess and tumours, j, 408,.
409, 414, 415; age influence, 1, 218;
apoplexy, i, 412; cerebritis and men-
ingitis, i, 405-407; collar pressure

embolism, i, 473 : fractured bones-
effect, ii. 234, 235, 238; indigestion
and staggers effect, i, 268, 269. 271;
jugular vein (thrombosis) effect, 1,
476: nervous system causes, i, 405:
paralysis, i, 420; pulse in, iii, 147;
thickening of membranes, i, 417.

Drugs affecting, ii, 463, 482: iii, 2, 3.

Parasites. &c . infesting, ii, 163, 174. 175.

Protection from injury— bone formation,,
i, 379. 380.

Structure and functions, i, 8, 38, 39. 383-
386; arteries, i, 451, 452; capillaries,
i, 446: examination of fragment, i^
378: foetus, iii. 257; ganglia, i, 383,
390: nerves, i, 385, 386, 391-397. 494:
weight, i, 383.

Vital spot stopping breathing, i, 494.

[See also Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Crani-
um.)
Bran — as food, composition. &c., iii, 89.
og, log, 350; disease due to, li, 2i5r
physic given in, ii, 445.
Bran disease — treatment, ii, 137, 152.
Bran mashes- preparation, &c., iii, 26,

Bran poultice— preparation. &C-, iii, 29.
Brandy n^ a siimulaut, i, 290: ii, 46a.
Brass fittings in stables, iii, 324.
Bread poultices— uses, &c., iii. 28, 29.
Breakdown— due to fracture, ii. 251: to

sprain of ligaments, &c., ii, 292, 354;

firing ligaments, iii, 167: unsound-

flue

124.

Boots— for canker, ii, 382: defective action
and wounds, ii, 402, 414; poultice
boot, iii, 30: training trotters, iii, 315.

BoraX--mediciiial uses, ii, 449; iii, 2; for
stings, iii, 61.

" Border Lass " — fractured sesamoid

bon

, 250.

Boric or horaclc acid— antiseptic uses.

ii, 421. 4S5: medicinal uses, iii, 2;

doses, iii. 9.
Bot-fly — infesting stomach, ii. i6q. 170:

brain, ii, 175: tobacco destroying, ii,

4S1.
Bottles used in giving medicine, iii. 21.
Bourgelat'S splint for fractures, ii, 247.

Bowed knees and legs — causes, mus-
cles. &c.. affected, i, 74, 89: ii, 303-
T,o$; sprain influence, ii, 289, 296.

Bowed tendon — defect and unsound-

Bowels— fs<

:itte

itestmes,
Obstruction, Rupture),
Boxes- (see Loose Boxes).

nfla

nd W.I

nty.

Breaking-cart for training trotters, iii,
Br ea king-in— ', see Training).

Breast and breast-hone istemum)—

conformation and defects, i. 16, 61.
62, 64, 102; ii. 189, 190; muscles and
connections, ii, 320, 321. 327. 334,
336 : poulticing, iii, 32 ; ribs connec-

Breast collar for sore shoulders, ii, 436.

Breast presentation in parturition, iii,

281.

Breathing— (see titles Respiration or
Breathing, Respiratory Diseases).

Breech presentations in foaling, iii.

Breeding-
Aims and general requirements of a stud,
iii, 205-208; foundation stock, &c..

Back - breeding, or throwing back to

ancestors, iii, 211, 212, 213, 239-245,

480. 497, 499. 5»3-
British early history, iii. 535-541; Tudor

and subsequent periods, iii, 541-548.
Colour and skin markings— influences,

iii, 497. 499-
Creation of the horse, and early history

iii, 518, 522. 524, 525, 527, S3I.
Crossing — good influences of, iii, 549,

550.
Development and impregnation of ovum,.

growth of embryo, &c., iii, 245-257^

261-264, 289-294, 295. 298.
Disqualifying ailments of sires, ii, 302.

568

INDEX

JBreedliig-(C»«/.)

Lvolution and other influences, iii, 286,
287.

Food and water— during pregnancy, iii,
208-210, 215-217, 265, 266; after
birth, ui, 227, 228, 285; hand-rearing

of .

milk, iii, 222-226.
Head formation indie

Height limi
King's pren

213-215, 219, 234-238, 262, 297, 298 :
artificial insemination, iii, 231-234.
Organs of generation— [see Rcproduc-

Points transmitted from parents, iii, 248,
=49. 257-

Rate of growth of horse, iii, 286-288 ;
before birth, iii, 288-295; after birth,
iii, 294-298.

[See al^o titles Foals, Mares, Stallions,
Hercdilarv Diseases, History of the
Horse, Lasvs, Parturition and Preg-
nancy. Reproduction, Sexual Inter-
course, Sterility : for special breed
see titles Arabs, Clydesdales, &c.]

Brewers' grains as food, iii, 89, 107.
Brewers' horses-fatty livers of, i, 308.

Bricks for slablcs, iii, 69, 70, 325, 326.
Bridles — kinds and uses, iii, 358, 359;

influence of conformation, i, 43, 45 ;

poll evil due to, ii, 430, 432.

Brldoon bits-uses, i, 151, 152: iii, 3,3.

Brlsket-slniclure, i, 16.

British horses— history, iii, 530, 535-

550- (See also titles Thoroughbreds,

English, Suffblks, &c.)
Brittle bones-fracture liability, ii, 223,

Brittle hoofs — causes, iii, 394, 436 ;

litter affecting, iii, 139 ; shelly feet,

368.
Broken bones. &c— 'see titles Fnctures,

Knees, Neck, Spine; for special bone

Broken wind and its treatment, ii, 12-
m: "i. 95: asthma distinction, ii, 11;
cough due to, ii, 19, 472 ; dietary
special, ii, 13; drugs, &c., ii, 454,
463, 472; iii, 15.

Bromides of potassium, sodium, and
ummoniuni— medicinal uses, ii, 448,
477; ill, 2: doses, iii, 9.

Bromine, salts Of-action on nervous
system, ii, 477.

Bronchi— form and uses, i, 486; diseases
&c. (see Bronchial affections, liron-
chitis).

Bronchial affections- bleeding Inngs
due to, ii, 10 ; broncho-pneiimonia
and drugs, ii, i ; iii, 3 ; catarrh test
and drugs, 11, 39, 469; iii, 3; glands
affected by tuberculosis, ii, 51 ; tubes
disorders, ii, i, 11. (See also titles
Asthm.a, IJronchitis.)

Bronchial arteries— form, &c., i, 452.
Bronchial plexus and n

Brunner, glands of

Brushes liji KroomiuL

Brushing as defective action, ii,

cxaniinatioii for soundness, &c

374, 375. 380.
Bubonocele —symptoms, &c., i, 318.
Buccal glands— formation, i, 230.
Buccal nerve— formation, &c., i,
Buccinator muscle-form, &c.,

digestion, i, 245. | CaOf-knees -cause and

Calkins-defective actioi
iii, 456; forms and 1

393-

Buffed clot of blood, i

Bulb, The-of

436-

system.

:scrip-

Bulb, The-of penis, structure, &c:,ii. 70.
Bullae on skin, ii, 137, 149.

Bullous inflammation of skin, 11,149.

Bump of locality in horses-strength

and failure, ii, 439. 440.
Burgundy pitch for fractured jaw, ii.

491

39.7;

Callosities- origin and forms, iii, 500-508;

on asses and zebras, iii, 496.
Callous formations— fractured pastern,

ii, 250; joint anchylosis, ii, 281;

speedy cutting, ii, 401 ; ulcers, ii,

426, 427.
Calomel -medicinal uses, ii, 488; iii, 3:

doses, iii, 10.

Calumba-

dos.

nedicinal

nal

464, 466 ;

4.59. 469,
1, 111, 9.

Burnett's fluid-uses

500; ii, 449. 488.
Burning the bars-c

176,

ruelty, la
ugs for, i

of.

and

Burns and scalds— di

eyelids affected by,
Burnt alum and its uses, ii, 92, 456.
Burnt hay— effects of, iii, no, 352, 353.
Burrowing mite causing skin disease,

"Bury Victor Chief " — breeding and

price, &c., i, 185; iii, 214.
Butter-antidote uses, iii, 45.

Butter of antimony-poisoning by. Hi,

5'.

Buttock-conformation and length mea-
surements from, i. 22, 86, 95, 96;
eruption on, ii. 141.

Button-hole stitch for wounds, ii, 416.

Buying of horses— guarantee of soiind-

Wan

inly'.

"Byerley Turk "-history and descend-

Cabbage- composition, iii, f
Cab-horses-feeding, iii, 93
Cabs— Roman origin and use
Caecum of intestine, i, 237;

172.
Csellac axis of aorta, i, 452
Cake food -disease due to,
Calabar bean— medicinal

483.
Calcaneo-cubold ligament.

enia

Calcaneum 01

86. 87;

lit causing

calcis— bon

urb,

300 ; fracture,

261, 262

Camphor— medicinal uses.
470. 471, 472: "ii, 3: di
Camphorated Oil
Canadian origin of Morg

Canallcull in bom

Canals in eye strui

Cancellated tissue in bone, ii, 176, 177.

Cancer — as a disease of horse, ii, 156:
fracture causing, ii, 224; penis glans,
n, 83.

Canine teeth — formation, i, 6, 230; ii,

189; iii, 390, 494.

Caninus muscle— form, &c., ii, 308,309.

Canker of feet and its treatment] ii, 381-
-,8i: drugs, &c., for, ii, 456; iii, 7:
horn appearance, ii, 133 ; unsound-
ness, ill, 382.

Canon and canon-bone (metacarpus)—

conformation and defects, i, 20, 75-
78, 87, 88, 102: ji, 197; iii, 477: dis-
eases of bones, ii, 209, 210, 213; dis-
placement, ii, 222; fetlock joint for-
mation, ii, 272, 273; fractures, ii. 223,
224, 229, 230: growth before birth,
iii, 293; muscles and insertions, i, 21;
". 33<?. 33.1, 343. 344, 345: soundness
examination, 111, 376, 377; sprain of
check ligament, 11, 295.

Canter— action and forms, iii, 195-198;
jumping from, iii, 199.

Cantharldes- diseases due to use, &c., i,
348, 349, 350; ii, 475; medicinal uses
.and doses, iii, 3, 8, 9, 11, 263; poison-
ing by, iii, 60.

Canthus of eye— form, ii, 104.

Capillaries- as organs of circulation, i,
446: of kidneys, i, 335, 336; of liver,
1, 2)9. 240; of lungs, i, 487.

Capillary hemorrhage due to weak-
ness, i, 501: drugs used, iii, 6, 7.

Capped elbow— causes and treatment, i,
19: li, 159: "i,
warranty, 111, 376, 420.

Capped hock and its tream

Capped knee and treatment.
Capsicum- medicinal uses, ii.

462; dose:

Bronchial tubes -

■lUlM.lcs, ii. 306

Bronchioles— I

connections,
disorders, ii, i, n ;
nd uses, i, 4B6,

i treatment, ii, 1
i, 222: complicatit
ugh due to, ii, 18:
d ii. 469, 472 ; iii

Broom tops fur liver inf

Brown water in yarc

Sc, iii, 130.
Bruises-drugs used, ii

to. ii, 403, 423. iii.
Bruit of heart due 10 dis

Calcareous degeneratlon-of heart

v.alves, i, 464: of tendon due to
thoroughpin, ii, 358.
Calcareous deposits— in brain, causing
vertiga. i, 408; tuberculosis appear-

Calclc carbonate ir
Calcis bone- see Ca
Calculi

I 353. 354-

279:

from tumour, i, 357,
fistul.i and colic due to, i, 26ii
intestinal obstruction, i. 296, 298-300;
kidneys, i, 370. 371; pressure caus-
ing, i, 220; penis and sheath, ii, 82,
83; salivary ducts, i, 263-265; urine
indications i 344, 3^8, 351, 353;
vesical calculus— origin and com-
position, i. 354, 355, treatment, &c.,
i, 35'i-3''i; use of catheter, iii, 179:
water inlliicnces, iii. 124. (See also
title Stone in the Bladder.)

Capsular cataract- form.ation, ii, 120.
Capsular ligaments - joint formation,

li. .■7.,: tlh..w. fetlock, coronet, and
coffin joints, ii. 270, 272, 273; head
and neck, ii, 268, 269; hip and hock,
ii»274, 278; interspinous connections,
ii, 265 ; jaw and temporal bone, ii,
266; knee, ii, 272; ribs and sternum,
ii, 267; rheumatic effects, ii, 286;
shoulder joint, ii, 270.

Capsules— of kidneys, i, 334, 335; rupture
if liver, i, 309, 310.

Caput magnum, parvum, and medium

Caraway seeds-
Carbohydrates-

330-

as foods,
food, iii, !
Qi. (j'\ 97. 98, 100.
Carbolic acid— antiseptic and med
uses, ii. 420. 48.^, 487: iii. ,, c
for dung, i, 292; inhalation of, I
poisoning effects, ii, 129, 130; i
48.

INDEX

569

CarbOlurla-causes, &c., of, ii, 430.

Carbon dioxide— in air, iii, 78; lung dis-
charge and action of blood, i, 431,
448, 494; respiratory uses, &c., i,
482, 4S3, 4S9. 490, 491 ; ventilation
effects, i, 495.

Carbonate (medicinal uses) of ammoni-
um and ammonia, ii, 459: iii, 3; of
iron, ii, 447, 456: of lime, ii, 450, 457:
potash, ii, 448: soda, ii, 449; iii, 61;

Carbonate of lime in stone of bladder.

Carbonic acid— see Carbon Dioxide).
Carbuncles— antiseptics for, ii, 421.
Carcasses of animals died of anthrax-
destruction, ii, 43.
Cardamoms-uses and dose, ii, 467; iii,

Cardboard for fracture support, ii, 261.

Cardiac region of stomach, i, 234; heart
disease detection, i, 458, 462 : par-
alysis due to digitalis, ii, 461.

Carditis— a form of heart disease, i, 454.

Carles of bone-causes, &c., ii, 212-214,

3Qo: tuberculosis cl.assed as, ii, 51.
Carinlform cartilage of breast-bone, ii.

Carminatives — medicinal uses, ii, 466;

Carotid arteries of neck, i, 13, 376, 451:

Carotid plexuses— formation, i, 376.

Carpal articulation— form, &c., ii, 271.
Carpo - metacarpal articulation —

form, &c., ii, 271.
Carpus — formation. &c.. ii. 196, 271, 272:
iii, 406. (See also Knee.)

Carriage horses— breeding for. iii. 206:

breeds used, i, 125, 126, 128, 132. 208,
209, 2!o: feeding, iii, 93: physic, ii,
445. (See also Harness Horses.)

Carriage of a horse— head influences.

i, 43, 46: neck affecting, i, 48-51:
show and harness horses, iii. 312, 313.
(See also titles Action, Defective
Action.)

Carriage of horses- (see Transit).

Carriages- introduction and uses, iii, 521,

Carriage-washing stand — structure,

iii, 335-

Carron oil and its uses, iii, 3, 5.

Carrots as food, iii, 89, 91, 99, 115, 351:
special diet, iii, 26, 27, 311. 463.

Cart horses— (see Draught Horses).

Cartilages— bone growth, ii, 178; chest,
i. 63. 64; ear. i. 10: ii, 310, 311; foot,
iii, 436; fore-limb, ii, 193, 194, 198:
hind -limb, ii, 202; joint structure

loose cartilages causing disease, ii,
284, 285: larynx, i. 485; nose, i, 9:
quittor treatment, ii, 380 : ribs and
sternum, ii, 190, 191; .side bones due
to ossification, ii, 387: stifle-joint, ii,
276: trachea, i, 485: vomer bone, ii,
1S8.

Cartilaginous quittor— form, &c., ii,

379-

Carunculse myrtlformes of hymen.

". 75.
Cascarilla bark— uses, ii, 466.
Caseous degeneration a form of tuber-

Culosi

, 50.

Casting — for operations, methods and
• hobbles, iii, 159, 160, 162. 168, 169,
172. 173. 182; fractures, ii, 225, 229,
256, 261, 262; injuries and first aid,
ii, 424, 437-

Castor-oil- uses and dose, ii. 444; iii, 9.

Castors on fore-limb, i, 19.

Castration operation-
Advantages, necessity, and age, iii, 171,

Castration operatlon-(Co«/.)

Casting and preliminary preparations.

iii. 172. "73. 176.
Diseases following, and reduction of

liability to disease, ii, 60, 80, 8t.
Hernia treatment, i. 318, 319, 320, 323.
Methods and instruments— by actual

cautery, iii, 166, 172-174: by caustic

clamps — covered and uncovered

operations, i, 321, 323: iii, 175, 176;

by standing operation, iii, 176, 177;

by torsion and ligature, iii. 174, 175.
Rigs or cryptorchids, iii, 184-186: residts

of operations, t-able, S;c.. iii, 186-188.
Casts in urine, i. 345.
Catalepsy and its treatment, i. 410.

Cataplasms— use, &c., ii, 474: iii, 30.

Cataract — forms, causes, and detection,
ii, 108. 119-122, 123; iii, 370; heredi-
tary, iii. 215: spot mistaken for, ii,
110: unsoundness and warranty, ii,
302: iii, 366, 370, 421.

Catarrhal affections— climate effect, i.

222: common form of cold, i, 497;
drugs, &c., used, ii, 448. 454, 46S,
485; iii, 3, 8; influenza distinction,
ii, 31, 32: nasal catarrh, i, 499-501:

inflammation, ii, 146-148: strangles

a form of catarrh, ii, 39, 40.
Catechu — medicinal uses, ii, 455: iii, 3:

doses, iii, g.
Catgut for navel-string, ii, 288: for wound

stitching, ii, 411, 415, 416.
Catheter— operation of passing, ii, 71, 72:

iii, 177-180: use in various diseases,

i, 35=. 357: ii, 29, 30, 259.
Cattle— foods and digestion, iii. 88, 89, 96,

97 : glanders and lymphangitis, ii,

37, 60. 61: poisoning causes, iii, 48,

104. 105. 106: silage for, iii, 116, 117:

water for, iii, 120, 130.

Cattle plague— cause, &c., i, 223.
Caudal branches of nerves from

spine, i, j8i.
Cauliflower growths in valvular dis-
ease, i, 464.

Causes of disease-classification, &c.,

i, 214; the action of bacteria, i, 225-
229. (See also titles Exciting. Pre-
disposing, Specific, &c. 1
Caustic alkalies— poisoning and anti-

dote

8, 52

Caustic clamps for

176: in standing, iii, 176.

Caustics- acids, &c., used, ii. 453, 468,
484: iii, 13: for quittor and canker,
ii, 380, 382 : for warts, ii, 155 : lip
troubles due to. i, 248.

Cautery— application and uses, iii, 166,
167: for castration, iii, 172-174:
fistulous withers, ii, 434: hemorrhage,
i, 503: quittor, ii, 380: penis amputa-
tion, ii. 85: poll evil, ii, 431: ring-
bone, ii, 206: sand crack, ii, 367:

Cavalry— ancient history and uses, iii,
520, 521. 523. 524. 525. 530. S32:
British early history, iii, 535, 536,
537. 542, 545-

Caveat emptor — sale of horses and
warranty, iii, 407, 410, 412, 426.

Cavernous plexuses— formation, i, 376.

CaVeSSOn for hmuers, iii. 307.

Cavity of the belly— muscles and form
of, ii, 33S. 34"-

Ceilings- stable structure, iii, 320, 323.

Cells— bacteria description, i, 226: in im-
pregnation, &c. , iii, 248, 249, 250.
257: structure of bladder, 1, 337,
kidneys, i. 335, liver and fatty liver,
i, 239. 308, 300: saliva, i. 232: skin,
ii. 124, 125. (Nerve cells, see that
title.)

Cellulitis- causes, ii, 362, 387, 397.

Cellulose in food, iii, 96, 97. 98, loo.

Cement for stable walls and floors, iii, 70,
325, 3=6, 327. 334-

Cementum of teeth, iii, 494.

Centa.Urs-origin of half-horse half-man,

Centenarlus— horse termed, iii, 527.
Central canal of spinal cord, i, 382.
Centre of gravity in a horse, i, 28-30;

ill, 102-194.
Cephalic artery— formation, i, 449, 450.

Cercarla and alternate generation, &c.,
iii. 260. 480.

Cereals— food properties and analysis, i,
241, 243: iii, 345.

Cerebellum-disease catising giddiness,
&c., i, 405: protection from injury,
i. 379, 380; structure and nerves, i,
383-386. (See also Brain.)

Cerebral arteries forming internal caro-
tid, i, 451.

Cerebral disorders— (see title Braii>

Disc.ise^l

Cerebral nerves-origin and names, i.

CerebrltiS and its treatment, i, 405-407.

Cerebro - spinal meningitis — form.

&c

. 423-'

Cerebro-spinal system and nerves

—(see title Nervous System;.
Cerebrum— formation and nerves, i, 383-
386: protection from injury, i, 379,
380. (See also Brain.)

Certificates of soundness— (see War-

Cervlcal crest and groove of neck, i.

Cervical nerves— structure, Sc , i, 375,

376. 381, 397.
Cervical pannlculns muscle — form,

&c., li, 320.

Cervical trapezius muscle— form, &c ,

ii. 320, 322,

Cervical vertebrae — formation, ii, 179,

181: fracture, ii, 235: ligament and
muscle connections, ii, 265, 318-320,
321, 322: poll evil affecting, ii, 430.

Cervico-aurlcularls muscles— forms

of, ii. 312.
Cess-pools in stable drainage, iii, 320. 329.
Cestodes causing liver diseases, i, 313.
Chaff as food— amount and mixtures, iii,

93, 107, 112, 344-346, 353.
Chain for tying of horsies in stalls, iii, 328.

Chain snaffle— type of, iii, 358, 359.

Chalk m-ilicinal uses, ii, 457; iii, 3: in

Chamois leather as a plaster, iii, 43.

Chamomile— medicinal uses, ii, 466, 474.
Channel of the neck, i, 13.
Channels in st.-ible drain.ige, iii, 328.
Chapman's horse— name for pack-horse,

i, 127.
Chapped heels— applications for, ii, 456;

Chapped skin-causes, ii, 127.

Character in breeding, iii, 212, 213.

Charcoal as an antidote, iii, 58.

Chargers— origin of horses, iii, 539, 541,
543-

Charges-application and uses, iii, 42, 43.

Chariot-racing- inauguration and his-
tory ..r, iii, 521. 522, 524, 527, 537.

Chariots for war, &c.— use of horses,
iii, 517, 510, 520, 521, 523, 524, 525,
527, 528, 531, 535, 536, 538, 550.

Charller system of shoeing for speedy
cutters, ii, 401, 402,

"Cheadle Jumbo"

Check ligament of canoi

, i, 75: muscles

insertion, ii, 311, 33

; sprain, &c.,

ii, 294, 346; soiindiies

s examination,

Cheek and cheek-bone— formatic

II, 12: ii, 185: fistula, ii, 429; mu:

570

INDEX

Chemical causes of disease, i, 220.
Chemical changes due to bacteria, i.

Chemical composition and siimuli uf

iicrv.js, i. ,)S7, jS8.

Chest or thorax-
Bones and conformation, i, 3, 16, 62-64;
ii, 189-191: compensating points, i,
102; height and width tables, &c., i,
64-66 : narrow chest effects, ii, 400,
422; iii, 119.
Disorders — fluid due to pleurisy, ii, 14,
16, 17: hemorrhage, i, 502: ii, 10:
punctured or perforated chest, ii, 10,
255: tuberculosis, ii, 51: worms, ii,
174. (Sec also names of diseases, as
Asthma, Bronchitis, &c.)
Examination for heart disease, &c., i,

460, 466.
Muscles connected with, ii, 323, 327, 335.
Poulticing, &c., iii, 32, 33.
Respiratory functions, &c., i, 491-494;
breathing capacity affected by con-

Chest-founder— a form of navicular dis-

0,,,.. i,. ,3,,

Chestnut colouring— of Arabs, i, 205:

if SulTjilv horses, i, 195, 196, 199.

Chestnut hunter "Artist" (illust.), ii.

Chestnuts on limbs— formationand origin,
i, ig; ii, 133; iii, 500-508: as digit
remains, iii, 478.

Chewing of food — observations on, i, 233,
246, 247.

Chlasma of optic nerve, i, 392.

ChlUetl water for sick horses, iii, 142.

ChlUs-iirugs used, iii, 3 (see also Cold).

Chln-conformalion, i, 12: fall and first-
aid directions, ii, 438.

Chin groove— position, i, 12.

Chinese history on the horse, iii, 517,
Chinosol for wounds, ii, 421.

Chloral hydrate — medicinal uses, ii,

47'', 477; iii, 3. 9: poisoning and anti-
dote, iii, 45, 46, 58.

Chlorate of potash and potassium

—medicinal uses, ii, 448, 449; iii, 3;

doses, iii. 9.
Chloric ether — medicinal uses, iii, 3;

d.)ses, iii, 10.
Chloride (medicinal uses) of ammonium,

ii. 459: iii. .1: of mercury, iii, 3, 10:

soda and sodium, ii, 449; iii, 9; zinc,

ii, 456; iii, 4.
Chlorinated llme-as a disinfectant, ii,

4S::: medicinal dose, iii, 9.
Chlorine gas for disinfection, ii, 487; iii.

Chloroform— fracture treati
230; herni.i, i, 320, 32:
cinal uses, iii, 470. 479: iii, g: oper.a-
tions, iii, 166, 168, 181, 182, 184;
poisoning and antidote, iii, 45, 46,

of :

459-

Chlorophyll-green algae in water, iii.

Choking Old ils treatment, i, 265-267; as-
pliyxi.i t;tuses, i, 494; formation of
larynx, &c., preventing choking, i,
486.

Cholera— water causing, iii, 130.

Cholesterln in blood, i, 432, 435.

Chologogues .ind their uses, iii, 13.

Chorda dorsalis- form, iii, 250, 255.
Chorda tympanl nerve of face, i, 233.

394-
Chorea .mil its treatment, i, 410, 411:

drug, iii, 3.
Chorion of ovum— formation, iii, 251.
Chorlum of skin, ii, 124, 126-
Choroid plexus of brain, i, 384; ffidema

or tumours of, i, 414, 415, 416.

Choroid tunic of eye, ii, 105, 106, 107:

disc.isc of veins, ii, 124.
Chromic acld-mcdicinal uses, iii, 7.
Chronic diseases — definition, i, 213:

Chyle in .ibsurbcnt system, i, 427, 428, 429,

Chyme in intestinal digestion, i, 245, 246.
Cilia processes of trachea, i, 485.

Ciliary processes of eye, ii, 105, 106.
Cinchona medicinal uses, ii, 451, 452,

4' 7: in. j; doses, iii, o, ii.

Cinchonine- medicinal uses, ii.
Circle of Willis-formation of

Circulation system and organs-
Disease and disorder— general causes, i,
215, 216, 218, 221: ii, 457, 45S; iii,
136, 146; obstruction causes, i, 465,
466, 474, 477 : poisoning efi'ects, iii,
44, 45; sick horses stimulation, iii.

Embryo and fcctus growth, iii, 255-257.

Mechanism of the circulation, i, 436; dia-
gram of, i, 450.

Prevention of death by hemorrhage, i,
445-

Pulse and blood-pressure, i, 443-445: ii,
146, 147.

[See also titles Arteries and veins. Blood.
Blood diseases. Blood - vessels.
Heart.]

Circumferential fitting in shoeing, iii.

447-
Clrcumflex nerve— formation, i, 401.

Circus horses— diseases due to training,
iii. 202: Roman uses, iii, 526, 527,
528, 530, 531.

Cirrhosis of liver, i, 307 ; fatty liver

influence, i, 308.

Citrate of iron and ammonlum-

mcclicin.^1 use, ii, 447; dose, iii, 9.

Citric acid— dose, iii, 9.

Clacking of shoes— (see Forging'.

Clamps and clamping— for castration.

iii. 173-177 : hernia, i, 317, 32t, 322,
325: for sand crack, ii, 367.

Claws— formation, ii, 131, 133; classifica-
tion „f animrds hy, iii, 475.

Clean-cut wounds — form and treat-

titles Grooming,

Cleaning horses

Washing).
Cleanliness in the stable, iii, 323, 327.

Cleansing of wounds — methods, ii,

Cleft of frog — discharge from, and
wounds to, ii, 373, 385.

Cleveland Bay "Speciality" (1562)— il-
lust. of. i, 25S.
Cleveland Bays—

Conformation, stamina, and action, i.

■3'-i33-
Crosses — hacknev. i,

early breeding.

127, 128; Yorkshit

Harness horse qualificati
Oldenburghs compared 1
Origin, uses, and distri

ms, 1, 152, 153.

ith, i, 208.

ts breeding, i,

Stud-book introduction, &c., i, 129, 130.

Clever jumpers— methods, iii. 200.

CUmate-as cause of disease, i, 213, 222,
292; breeding and sizeinfiuenccs, iii,
530. 53". 532, 535. 546. 548-

CUnches used in shoeing, iii, 450.

Clinker bricks for stable Hoors, iii, 326.

Clipping and clippers for grooming,

iu. ..;7, 13S. 360.
Clips for shoes, iii, 449 : injuries from,

iii. 4S1.

Clitoris of vulva, i, 18; ii, 74. 75.
Close-coupled head-form, i, 44, 45.

Closets- for stablemen, iii, 335.

Clothing- advis.ibility of, iii, 138; infec-
tion and disinfection means, ii, 150,
151; iii, 24, 152: sick horses, iii, 24,
143: ship-board horses, iii, 462; tear-
ing by ^horses, iii, 341 : training
horses, iii, 303.

Cloths — for wound-dressing, disinfection
of, ii, 4.5-

ClOtS of blood causing apoplexy, i. 412 ;
arteries cibstruction, i, 473 : (cdema
of choroid plexus, i, 416: uterine
hemorrhage, ii, 87, 88.

Clotting of blood— (see Coagulation of
the blood).

Cloudy cataract— form, iii, 370.

Clover — as food, iii, 89, 91, tio. III.

351, 152, for invalid diet, iii, 26:
colic caused by, i, 283, 284.

Clydesdale horses-
Conformation, leading characters and

action, &c., i, 191-193; shoulder

form, i, 70.
Early breeding, origin, and distinction, i,

186-191, 193.
Galloway, Ayrshire, and other strains of,

i, 190, 193.
Illustrations of stallions, i, 280; ii, 321.
Shire resemblance and crosses, i, 186,

190, 191.
Suffblks coinp,ared with, i, 194, 196.
Title of " Lanarkshire " applied to, i, 189.
Clysters— administration and uses, i, 281;

iii, 34.
Coach horses— Cleveland Bays, i, 126,

128; harness and hunter breeding, i,

T36, 152, 153; Percherons, i, 205;

state coach horses, i, 177, 206; Suf-

folks, i, 195; Yorkshire breed, i, 133-

135-

Coach-house— structu

ii, 334; pla

Coaches-origin of. iii. 543.

Coagulation of the blood, i, 435, 436:

picMiitioii of licmorrhage by, i, 445;

llinimbi ISIS due to, i, 473, 474.
Coalesce io wound-healing, ii, 405.
Coal-tar— iniiseptic uses, ii, 421.
Coaptation of wounds— means, &c., ii.

410. 411, 412. 438; stitches, ii, 418,

Coarse conformation- of head, i, 37;

of w ithers, i, 52, 54 ; unsoundness,
iii. 384, 385-
Coats— blistering, iii, 38, 39; drugs affect-
ing, ii, 453, 474, 491; mustard plas-
ters on, iii, 33; temperature affecting,
iii. 362: trotters training, iii, 316;

ashir

35-

Clipping, Grooming,

Singeing, Hair, Staring coat.)
Coats— of arteries, i, 442; of eye, ii, 104,

105.
Cobs- height, and distinction from ponies,

i. 94, 153. 158.
Cocaine— medicinal uses, ii..475, 479. 483;

iii, 4; for operations, iii, 160, 166.
Cocci of bacteria .ell formation, i, 226.
COCCldia forms of p.u.isilcs, ii, 161, i('>9.

Coccygeal arteries and nerves— for-

m.ition. i, 37S. 402.

Coccygeal bones or vertebrae- forms,

ii, 170. 183.
C0CC3rX-(see fail).
Cod liver oil— medicinal uses, iii, 4 ;

doses, iii. 9.
Codela— medicinal uses, ii, 480.
Cod-wax in sheath-removal, &c., ii, 84.
Collin bone -(see Pedal bone).

Cognizable forms of disease, i, 219.

Coins as medicine weights, iii, 12.

ColChlCUm — medicinal doses, iii, 9, 11;
poisoning by, iii, 62, 104.

Cold— common ailment, i, 497: due to clip-
ping, iS:c., iii, 136, 138: unsoundness

INDEX

571

Cold(Ctf«/-)-

and w:\rranty, iii, 421. (See also
Catarrhal afTections. )

Cold appliCfttionS — astringent proper-
lies, ii, 454; douche for sick horses,
"'. 35; lor various diseases, i, 412;
ii, 20S, 220, 431, 434: poultices cold,
iii. 28.

Cold* climatic— causes of disease, i, 217,
219, 222, 497; cracked heels due to,
ii. 424; eyes aflfecied by, ji, iii, 114,
121: ponies' endurance, i, 156; urin-
ary effects, i, 338.

Cold fitting in shoeing, iii, 449.

Cold V. warmtll in stables— ventilation,
iS:c.. iii. 76. So, Si.

Cold - water injections for uterine

hemorrhage, ii, Sg.
Cold-water irrigation— for bone dis-
eases, ii, 208, 218. 392; capped hock,
ii, 363: curb, ii, W2; fracture, ii, 238:
joint synovitis, ii. 283: laminitis. ii,
378; sore shins, ii, 220: sprains, ii,
291. 296, 297, 300, 354: wind-gall'^,
ii, 357; wounds, ii, 40S.
Coldness of body due to poisoning or

disease, iii, 47, 54, 142, 143.
CoUc-

Causes, forms, and treatment — spas-
modic colic, i. 278-281: flatulent, i,
281-284; wheat and wind -sucking
causing, iii, 109, 140.

Distinction from enteritis, rupture, or
heart pains, i, 293, 295, 469.

Drugs and remedies for, ii, 459, 460. 462.
477. 481, 485: iii. 3..6, 7. 8; prescrip-
tions for draughts, iii^ 18; unloading

Symptoms or results of other diseases-
anthrax, ii, 42: arteritis, i, 47?;
cribbing and ^vind-sncki^g, i, 414:
enteritis, i, 292 ; intestinal obstruc-
tion, i. 297: inversion of rectum, i,
301: hver and kidneys, i, 307, 349;
parturient fever, ii, 98 : poisoning,
iii. 47: rupture, i, 295: spasm of
diaphragm, i, 313; worms, ii, 171.

Unsoundness and warranty, iii, 423.

Collapse and syncope (fainting)—

dies, ii, 458, 477.

CoUar-bone— absence in horse and un-
gulate mammals, iii, 476. 487.

Collar-holder for harness room, iii, 332.

Collar pressxire. &c., causing disease.
i. 22o; lioils, ii, 150, 151: er\'them3,
ii. 145 : fistulous withers, ii, 432 ;
giddiness, i. 407, 409: sore shoulders.
&c., ii, 145, 475. 436; tumours and

Companionship — requirements of

hurscs, m, 304.
Compensating points in cunfurmation

— Icni^th and conformation, i. 97, 98;

list of points and defects, i, 101-103.
Compensation for glanders and farcy, ii,

Complemental air in breathing, i. 493.
Complete dislocation— form, ii. 346.
Complete fracture— form, ii, 221, 225.
Complexus muscle— form, &c., ii, 318.
Compound fracture -form, &c., ii, 221,

Compresses— for bog -spavin, ii. 291:
thoroughpin, ii, 359: vilHtis, ii. 384.

Compressor coccygis muscle— form.

.-vc . ii, 326.

Compressor urethrae muscle-form,
Compulsory keeping of horses —

Mu:\cm I.IU-. lii, 542-

Concave shoe- urm, &c.. iii. 443.

Concentrated food— danger as diet, iii,

ulc

426.

Collateral ganglia of sympathetic

nerves, I. 374.

Collisions — first-aid directions, ii, 437-4 39;
fractures due to. ii, 254, 261.

Collodion— castration uses, iii, 186.

Colon of intestine, i, 236. 237, 238.

Colour of a horse— ancestral and ner-
vous influences, iii, 497. 498: diges-
tion and water influences, iii, 119,
130: distinction of horse family, iii,
495 - 497 : washing light - coloured
horses, iii, 137.

Colts — dropsy, i. 311; enclosure of penis,
&c. , ii, 81, 82; intestinal obstruction,
i, 296; lip and wart troubles, i, 248:
teeth shedding, Src, i, 326. (See
also Castration.)

"Coming Four"— age indications, use
..f term, iii, 393.

Commensalism— a form of parasitism,
Comminuted fracture— form and treat-

m.-nt, ii. 221. 225, 226, 228, 233, 249.
Commissure of optic ner\-es, i, 392.
Commissures— grey and white, of brain,

Common adder causing poisoned

Compact tissue in bone, ii, 176.

Congenital diseases (Cofti.)—

knees, bowed, i, 74; ii, 303; skin
aff-cctinns. n. 153, 158, 159. (See
also titles Delornuties, Hereditary.)

Congenital dislocation -form, &c., it,

346. 347-

Congestion — e.vcitenient and exertion
causing, i. 215, 222: of Hver, i, 303:
ui, 3: of lungs, ii, 5-7— air in lungs,
iii, 142— remedies for lungs, ii, 460,
470; heart affected by lungs, i, 457:
of palate, i, 254.

Conglomerate calculus — appearance.

&c

Conception— see impregnation).

Conchal cartilage of ear, ii. 31c

Concrete-for stable floors. &c..

334:

. 335-

Concretions — formation of internal, i,
300: difference of calculi or stones,
i, 299: disorders due to. i, 279, 296:
pus in guttural pouches, i, 504-507;
water influence, iii, 124.

Concussion — brain, due to fractured
bones, ii, 234, 238; knee protection,
ii, 197; sore shins due to, ii, 219:
spinal cord, resulting in paralysis,
ii, 236, 237.

" Condition "—uses of terms " bad condi-
tion ", "dealer's condition'", &c., i,
457: ". 445> 446.

Conditioning— balls and powders. Sec.
ii. 445, 446, 452; iii, I, 4, 16: breeding
affected by, iii, 215, 237: causes and
signs of disease, i, 221, 272, 275: ii,
290; iii, 145; fit condition recognition,
'". 339. "^40: foals' diet, iii, 224, 225:
feeding improvement, iii, 92, 93, 141:
show horses, iii, 310, 313: skin
improvement, ii, 47^ ; training of
thoroughbreds, &c.. iii, 301, 305, 306.

Condyles of various bones, ii, iSi. 184,
189, 198, 199, 201; fracture effects,

Condy'S fluid— antiseptic uses, ii. 486.
"Confidence" 158)— pedigree, i, 122.
"Confidence" (D'Oyleys 153), hackney
st.-illion ilkist.\ i, 172.

Conformation and defects-
Acquiring knowledge of— value, i. 27.
As predisposing cause of disease, i, 214.
Bones as levers, i, 33-36.
Breeding precautions for weak points,

&c.. iii, 213.
Centre of gravity, and equilibrium, i, 28-

31: iii, 192-194.
Compensating points for defects, lists,

&c., i, 101-103.
Defective action due to, ii. 398, 399. 400.
Distribution of weight of body, i, 91-93-
Height, length, and width, i, 93-98: pro-
portions of height to length, and head

Muscles in relation to power and speed,

i, 31-33-
Soundness and warranty, iii, 375, 411-

413, 420-423-
Special features and origin of a horse,

iii, 484-497-
[For special part or organ see its name ;

special breeds, see their titles.]

Congenital diseases and formation

—canon, i, 77: cystic ovary, ii, 10^:
eye growths, ii. 118: flooding, ii. 88;
foot inequalities, i. 81: hernia or
rupture, i, 315, 316, 318, 322. 323:

Conical teeth— formation, iii, 404.
Conium— medicinal uses, ii, 472. 483.
Coni vasCUlOSi of testicle, ii, 67.
ConjUgatge in water, iii, 128.

Conjunctiva of eye, ii. 105; disea

ii. 114. 116-11S: eyelashe

ii. II?. 11^: plethora and horse-

Conjunctivitis .nid i

Connective tissueineye,ii, 105; muscle,

ii. ios : trunk and spine, ii, 265;

wound-healing, ii, 404, 406.

Connemara ponies— form, &c.. i, 168.

Consciousness— drugs, &c., afiecting, ii,
458, 479; first aid for restoring, ii,
440; reflex movements, i, 389; symp-
toms of brain disorder, i, 406, 424,
of fractured skull, ii, 234.

Constipation and its treatment, i. 284-
286: aperients and drugs for, ii, 442,
465.478; iii, i; difference of obstruc-
tion, i, 296; foals, iii, 220, 224; in-
version of rectum due to, i, 301 :
symptoms of diseases, i, 272, 293.
294, 306: ii, 100; iii, 149.

Constitution and training considera-
tions, iii. 301. 304, 305.

Constitutional diseases — (see titles

Ha;mo-globinuria, Lymphangitis or
weed. Purpura haemorrhagica,
Rheumatism].

Constrictor muscles— form, ii, 306.

Constrictor nerves— influence on food,

Consumption- >ee Tuberculosis).

Contagious diseases — classification,

definition, and causes, i, 219, 223:
iii, 152 : drugs and disinfectants, iii,
3> t3, 23. 24: dourine or covering
disease, ii, 52, 80, 82: epizootic lym-
phangitis, ii, 59-65, 428; horse-pox,
'i. 43» 44: isolation, iii, 140: mange,
ii, 168; microbes producing, i, 228;
pneumonia, ii, 7. 33 ; ringworm, ii,
149; skin affections, boils, &c., ii,"
150, 151 ; sore throat, i, 254 ; South
African sickness, ii, 53-59: stomatitis
pustulosa, ii, 49, 50: tuberculosis, li,
50-52. (See also titles Anthrax,
Fevers, Glanders and farcy. Infec-
tious diseases, Influenza, Rabies,
Strangles, Tetanus.)
Continental horses— (see title Foreign
horses: also names of countries or
breeds'.

Contractile substance of muscle, ii, 305.
Contraction of arteries in circulation.

Contraction of foot — causes, treatment,
&c., ii, 3S0. 303-305: unsoundness
and warranty, iii, 378, 382, 420.

Contraction of muscle or tendon-
causing deformity, ii, 346, 347, iii,
491, fracture, il, 222, 224, 236, sprain,
ii, 289; carriage of head aff'ected by.
i, 46. 50: contractility of muscle as
regards power and speed, i. 32; foals
at birth, iii, 221 ; operation for, iii,
168-171 : substance of muscle caus-
ing, ii, 305.

Contused wounds and their treatment,
ii. 403, 412. 413: speedy cutting
effects, ii, 401.

572

INDEX

Conveyance of horses-fsee Transit).
Convolutions of brain substance, i, 384.
Convulsions— causes, i, 406, 410, 470;

drugs, ii, 463 : iii, 2, 3 ; heart and
hemorrhage symptoms, i, 467, 502 ;
ii, 88; sliccp-dip effects, ii, 129.

Cooked food as diet, iii, 346.

Cooling drinks -preparation, iii, 28.

Cooling medicines acting on blood, ii,

Co-ordinating nerve centres-forms,

i, 3Sq.

Copaiba — medicinal uses and dose, ii,
470. 47>. 474; "i. 9-

Copper — medicinal uses, ii, 454, 456:
poisoning by, iii, 46.

Copulation— diseases due to. ii, 52, 53,
80: hernia causes, i, 310; penis as
organ of. ii, 69 ; seminal fluid con-
veyance, ii. 71, 72, 73: sterility and
pregnancy, in, 230.

Coraco-humeralls muscle— form, &c.,

ii, 329.
Coracoid process— of scapula, and mus-

C-llfs, ii, IQ3, 329.

Cord-fir castration, iii, 175.
Cordials— prescriptions for medicine, iii,

15, 17, 18.
Corn — as food, iii, ^t, 118, 347: with hay

as sole diet, iii, 344-346, 347. (See

also titles Grain, Oats.)
Cornea of eye, i, ii; ii, 104, 105: amber

tinge cause, ii, 116, 117: diseases, ii,

and soundness, ii, no; iii, 368;
growths from, ii, 118.

Corner teeth— form and wear, iii, 398,
399, 400, 401 ; space near, iii, 494.

Corns— causes and treatment, ii, 374-376:
iii, 435. 453. 454: canker due to. ii,
381: flat feet effects, i, 82: remains
of digits, iii, 478: "unnerving" pre-

nty.

421

Cornu of spine— formation, i, 382.

Cornua of tongue bone, ii, 189 : mus-
tier, li, 313
Coronal process of coflinbone, li, 200.
Coronary arteries of heart, i, 448.
Coronary cushion of coronet — form

,„id disease, ii, 383.

Coronet—conformation and bones, i, 21,
22: ii, IQ9, 273; iii, 436: corn and
abscess, ii, 375, 376: flstulous coronet
or qiiittor. ii, 378, 379, 381, 435: foot
striking due to defective action, ii,
396, 398: herpes dise.ase, ii, 149:
pricks and wounds, ii, 387 : sand
crack, ii, 366: seedy toe, ii, 370, 371;
shelly feet, ii, 368: side-bones above,
ii. 387 : soundness examination, iii,
381; vilhtis affecting, ii, 383-385.

Coronold process of jaw-bone, ii, 189:

Corpora cavernosa of penis, ii, 70.
Corpora nigra, of eye, ii, 106, 107: iii,

Corpora quadrlgemlna of the pons,

i. 38i.

Corpora striata of brain, i, 383, 390.

Corpus luteum of ovum, ii, 80.

Corpus spongiosum of penis, ii, 70.

Corpuscles of blood— composition, fie,
•i 43t"434: diapedesis process, i,
434. 446: drugs affecting, ii. 447, 448,
449, 450 ; symptoms of diseases, i,
478: ii. 24-

Corrosive poisons— list and treatment
of poi~onini; by, iii, 46-54-

Corrosive sublimate — antiseptic and

c.chcr iivL-s, ii, 420, 486, 488: iii, 4,

Costal cartilages of ribs, i, 63, 64: ii,
Costo-sternal ligaments— form, &c..

Costo-vertebral, and costo-sternal
articulations of rii)s, li, 267.

"Cottager "-steeple-chasing records, i.

Cotton cake .t- food, iii, 89, 94, 114, 115.
Cotyloid cavity of coxa, ii, 274.

Cotyloid ligament— hip-joint formation,

ii. 275.

Couching for calar.ict, ii, 121.

Cough— causes and treatment, ii. 18; dur-
ing feeding, ii, 4. 12: drugs, ii, 45.J,
461, 472: iii, 3, 5: prescriptions, iii.
'5, ^7'- "too sore to cough", and
rest remedy, ii, 470.. 47": symptoms
of various diseases, i, 498, 501, 507,
509: ii, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 40, 5i:..i.ii. "49:

Counter-irritants— uses and examples,

ii, 469: iii, 14.
Coupling of head and neck — various

Covered operation in castration, i, 321;

Covered surface drains for stables,

iii, S4-86.
Covering disease — (see Maladie du

Coit).
Covert hacks-breeding, i, 749.
Cow-hocks— defect of conformation, i,

89; in harness horses and ponies, i,

151, 164: sprain due to, ii, 289: war-

COW-pOX due to grease disease, ii, 140,

141.
Cow's milk for foal-rearing, iii, 224, 225.
CoXEe of pelvis -formation, &c., i, 58,

50. ii. itiJ. 274.
COXO-femOral articulation, ii, 274, 275.
Cracked heels— causes, treatment, &c.,

11.423-425: iii. 68, 136: remediesfor,

ii. 456. 464, 474, 484: unsoundness,

iii, 381.
Cracked hOOf-lerm " sand crack " used

for, ii, 365.

Cracked mouth and lips— cause, &c.,

i. 248.

Cracks of skin— causes, ii, 127.

Cradle for fr.aclures, &c., ii, 241: iii, 39.
Cramp due to lead poisoning, iii. 51.
Cranial nerves— names, structure and

functions, i, 391-397.
Cranium— formation and bones of, i, 8:

ii, 183-186: iii, 493: fractures, ii, 234:

muscles connection, ii, 184, 310:

tumours on, i, 415, 417.
Cream horses-origin, breeding, &c., i,

Creaspte— antiseptic and medicin,al uses,
ii, 485: iii. 4: doses, iii, 9: poisoning
by, iii. 46.

Creatinine from kidneys, i, 333.

Creation of the horse — history and

theories, iii. 518. 525, 531.

Creation v. evolution— opinions, &c.,

iii, 482-484.
Crepitus for fracture detection, ii, 225:
false crepitus, ii, 226; difficulties in
ulna, sesamoid, and pelvis fractures,
ii. 245, 252, 258.

Crest, arched— formation, i, 28.

Crlb-blting — causes and correction, i,
413-415; iii. 3»7. 337. 343: troubles
due to, i, 247, 272, 332: unsoundness
and warranty, iii, 140. 424.

Crlco- arytenoid muscles — posterior

.and Literal forms. .>lc.. ii. 317.

Crloo-pharyngeus muscle- form, &c ,

ii. 316.
Crico-thyroid muscle — form, &c., ii,

3"7.

Cricoid cartilage of laryn.\-, i, 485.
Criminal offence- fraud and warranty

Crossing of horses— 'see titles Brecd-
iiiK. 'rdcgony — for special breeds

Crotchets used in parturition, iii, 283^
284.

Croton-oil— affecting bladder, i, 349: dose,
iii, 9; poisoning by, iii, 46.

Croup— conformation and defects, i, 15^
58-60, 102; ii, 183; height measure-
ments, &c., i, 93-95; iii, 288, 297:
length influences, i, 97, 98: muscles,
ii, 201, 339.

Croup disease causing asphyxia, i, 495.

Croup plexuses— nerves forming, i, 375,
37S.

Crucial ligaments of stifle-joint, ii.

Crura cerebri— formation, i, 383.
Cruras of penis- form, ii, 70.
Crural nerve— formation, i, 402.
Crural region— muscles, ii, 341-343.
Crushing the stone in bladder disorder,
i, 36^, 366.

Crust of the earth — formation, iii, 471,
472.

CrUSta of teeth, iii. 494.

Crutch for parturition aid, iii, 283.

CryptOCOCCUS causing epizootic lymph-
angitis, ii, 37, 59, 60, 61.

CrjrptOrchldS— animals termed, i, 17: iii,
184: castration isee that title;.

Crystalline lens of eye, ii, 105, 108:

diseases affecting, ii, 117, 119, 120;

soundness of, iii, 369.
Crystals— in blood haemoglobin, i, 433;

in urine, i, 345, 346.
Cubebs— dose, iii, 9.
Cubic air-space per horse-stable struc-

lure. &c., iii, 78-80. 81.

Cuboid bone -form, &c., ii, 204, 278.
Cumberland Clydesdales — breed, i,

190.
Cunean tenotomy — position. &c., iii,

162. 168.

Cuneiform bones— of fore-limb or knee,
li. 1.1 i. 107; of hinti-linib or hock, ii,
-.■04; inuscies insertion, ii, 344.

Cupped clot ot blood, i, 436.

Curb and its treatment, i, 90: ii, 300-302;
hereditary, iii, 215: unsoundness and
warranty, iii, 383, 384, 421.

Curb bits— types and uses, iii, 359,

Curby hocks—conformation and causes,
i, 86, go: ii, 301: unsoundness and
warranty, iii, 413, 420, 421.

Curry-comb — a cause of crib-biting, i,
414; for mange, ii, 168: form for
grooming, iii. 134, 135.

Curvator coccygis muscle-form, &c..

Curve of back— conformation, i, 56, 57.
Curve of ribs— conformation, i. 64.
Cushion bones- form and uses, iii, 487.

Cutaneous - pUiferous growths from

c.rnea of eye, ii, 118.

Cutaneous quittor— form, &c , ii, 379.

Cuticle of skin. ii. 124. 125; iii, 504, 505;

wound-healing, ii, 405.
Cutis of skin, ii, 126.
CutS-a cause of disease, i, 220.
Cutting — a form of defective action, ii,

396-398: speedy cutting, ii, 400-402;

Injuries and prevention, iii, 455:

soundness and warranty, iii, 420.

Cuttiiig the bars of foot-effects, &c..
Cyanide of mercury and gauze for

Cystic calculus formed round stick, j.

Cystic ovary— form and removal, &c.,

ii. 78, 70. 102: iii, 183, 184,229.
Cystic worms in intestines and liver, ii,

172-174.

INDEX

57S

Cystitis and Its treatment,
soundness and warranty,

Cysts in capped knee. ii. 361:
ii. 174; ovary. 11,78,79, i

D

Dale pony— appearance, &c.. I, 169.
Damaged oats— recognition, iii, 347, 34S.
Damp .li~eases due to, ii, r, 7, 20, 54, 55,

^14: loal-rearing effect, i, 112: stable

Mill, tiire, iii, 326.

Dandruff— grooming of coat, iii, 135.
Dandy-brush for grooming, iii, 135.
"Danegelt" 174 — hackney stallion (il-

Danegelt strain— breeding prepotency.

Dappled horse— origin of markings, iii,

49S.

" Darley Arabian " — history, crosses,

and descendants, i, iii, 115, 128: iii,

547. 550.
"Dart" family of Cleveland bays, i, 129.
Dartmoor pony— history, breeding, and

conformation, i. 163, 164.

Dartmoor pony stallion "Goldfinder"

(illust.-, i, .90.
DartOS of scrotum, ii, 67, 68; iii, 175.
Darwin nu hereditary diseases, i, 217: on

eding

Dead bone— poll evil effects, ii, 431, 432

Dealer's condition — e.\pja

term. ii. 446: heart affections due to,
i. 468.

Dealers and warranty laws, iii, 414-419;
patent defects, iii, 413.

Death— of hired horses, liability, iii, 41S
see also Mortality).

Deblllty-causes of condition, i, 215, 216.
217: iii, 102; constipation and bowel
disorders, i, 2S5, 296, 297: dropsy, i,
311: glanders'and farcy, ii, 34; heart
soinids in, i, 459; reproduction organs
affected by, ii, 82, 83, 84.

Decayed teeth— treatment, &c., i, 330.

Deceit in sale of horses — warranty

reL;iilations, &c. , iii, 409-411.

Decidua vera, refle.\a, and serotina in
ultnis, iii, 253.

Decomposition — causes of disease, i.
224; antiseptics arresting, ii, 483;
dilation of stomach a sign of, i, 277;
wounds poisoned by, ii, 403.

Decoration of stables, iii, 319.

Deep flexor of foot— form, &c., of mus-
cle ii, ;4-,.

Deep flexor tendon— operation, iii, 162.

Deep gluteus muscle— form. &c., ii, 339.
Deep muscles of neck and trunk-
Deep pectoral muscles — forms, &c.,

ii. 327.

Defective action and injuriesfrom— dish-
tact with foot', brushing and cutting,
ii, 396-398; overreach and forging,
ii, 398-400; speedy cutting, ii, 400-
402— shoes correcting, iii, 455-458 :
stringhalt or jerking limbs, ii. 395.

Defective ventilation — (see Ventila-
tion .

Defects of conformation — (see Con-
formation).

Deformities- contraction of muscles and
limb deformities, ii, 346. 347 — opera-
tion for. iii, 168-171 ; cow-hocks, i. 89,
164: foals at birth, iii, 221; foaling
difficulty, iii, 273; foot, i, 74, 75. 81;
ii. 348. 393. 394; iii. 436; knees, i. 74,
75; ii, 303-305; parrot mouth, i. 331;
rigs or cryptorchids. iii, 184: roach
back, i. 57; unsoundness and war-
ranty, iii. 175. 413. 419, 420. :See
also title Conformation and defects.)
VOL. III.

Degeneration of a

c.iscs due to, i, 471, 475.
Deglutition of food— process, i, 234.
DeUrium— due to brain inflammation, i,

406; indigestion, i, 271; rupture, i,

295.
Delivery of foal— (see Parturition).
Deltoid muscle— form, &c., ii, 32B.

Demulcents— medicinal uses, iii, 13.
"Denmark" 177 -pedigree, i, 118.

Dental canal and nerves— formation,

1, .il.;, ;'j.i: 11. iSq,

Dental operations, &c.— (see Teeth).
Dentata-,see A,xis).
Dentine of teeth, iii, 494, 495.

Deodorizers— preparations used, ii, 449,

487.
Deposits — causing aneurism and heart

disease, i, 463, 478.
Depressant drugs acting on lungs and

air-p.is^.mcs. u. 468. 4-0.

Depressor coccygls muscle — form.

Depressor labli inferioris and superioris

— forms of nuiscles, ii, 308, 309.
Depressor muscles— action and dislinc-

Derma of skin, ii, 126.

Dermatology— advances and classifica-
tion, ii, 134, 136.

Dermoid cyst— formation. &c., ii, 103.

Descent of the horse— (see History).

Development of organisms — evolu-
tion and other influences, iii, 479-484.

Development of the horse — (see

(iroivth .

Dew-ladengrass-horse-sickness caused
by. ii, 54, 55, 58.

Dextrin in digestion, i, 244.

Diabetes and its treatment, i. 346; war-
ranty, iii, 423.

Dlacetate of lead— medicinal uses, ii,
464.

Diagnosis of disease — definitions, i,

214; iii. 144. 145; general symptoms
and examination, iii, 145-150: medi-

Diagnostic symptoms of disease, iii,

144. 145.
"Diamond Jubilee "—descent, iii, 548.
Diapedesis process in blood, i. 434, 446.
Diaphoretics— uses, ii, 472; iii. 13.
Diaphragm or midriff— formation and

uses, i, 16, 63, 491-494: ii, 337;
paralysis of, ii, 235: rupture effects,
i, 268: spasm of diaphragm, i, 312.

Diaphragmatic nerve — formation, i,

39S, 399.

Dlaphysis— growth of bone, ii, 17S.

Diarrhoea and its treatment, i, 286-2S9;
abuse of purgatives, i, 286, 289;
diet errors causing, i, 218; drugs,
&c., ii. 448. 450, 454, 455, 456, 457,
460, 465, 468, 480; iii, t, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
7, 8: foals at birth, &c., iii, 222. 223,
227; hunters, iii, 149: symptoms of
various diseases, i, 272, 306, 471, 478,
479: iii, 149.

Diarthrodial joints— forms, ii, 262, 279.

DlaStatiC action in digestion, i, 244.

Diastema-formation and use, iii, 494.

Diastolic sound of heart in disease, i,
459. 460.

Dicrotic wave of heart, i, 440; diagram,
iii, 148.

Diet— (see titles Digestion, Digestive dis-
eases. Food and diet).

Dlgastricus muscle— form. &c., ii, 313,

314; connection, ii, 310.

Digestion and Digestive System-
Absorbent system influence, and fluids
acting upon, i, 426, 427, 430.

Digestion and Digestive System—

(Coul.)
Alimentary canal, its appendages and

wt)rk in digestion, i, 229. 230:

stomach and intestines, i, 234-238;

liver and pancreas, i. 238-240.
Blood supply and the influence of meaLs,

i. 443-
Condition balls and their effects, ii, 445,

446.
Digestibility and nutritive value oi
i foods — tables, &c., iii, 90-92,

Diseases — (see titles Digestive diseases.
Gastritis, Indigestion, &c.)

Drugs assisting, ii, 464-468: iii. i, 2, 7;
use of acids, ii, 467.

Mixing of foods, and foods given first —
effects, iii, 118, 119.

Processes of digestion— action of saliva,
insalivation and deglutition, i, 230-
234; gastric and intestinal processes,
i. 244-247: medicinal treatment con-
siderations, ii, 465.

[See also title Food and diet.]

Digestive Diseases and Injuries-
Choking and vomiting, i, 265-268.
Dilation and rupture of the stomach, i,

276-278.
Food and water a cause of disease, i, 215,

Intestinal rupture and obstruction, i, 295-
298.

Lips, mouth, tongue, and palate affec-
tions, i, 247-254.

Parasites, &c., causing disease, ii, 51^
169-175.

Poisons — effect of, iii, 46.

Rectum inversion, i, 301-303.

Salivation, or ptyaiism, i, 258.

Signs of disease — recognition, iii, 146, 149:.

Stones (calculi^ and other concretions —
intestinal, &c., i, 298-301 ; salivary,
i, 263-265.

Temperaments liable to disease, i, 218.

Throat and parotid glands, i, 254-263.

Various diseases affected by digestive
disorder — asthma, ii, 11; broken
wind, ii, 13; filled legs, ii. 364, 365;
herpes of skin, ii, 149: influenza, ii,
32; tuberculosis due to germs, ii, 51.

[See also titles Colic, Constipation,
Diarrhcea, Dysentery, Enteritis,
Gastritis, Indigestion, Liver, Super-
purgation, Teeth.]

Digital arteries— formation, i, 450, 453.

Digital nerve— operation on, iii, 164.

Digitalin— medicinal uses, ii, 460.

Digitalis— medicinal uses, ii, 451, 460,
461; iii, 4: doses, iii, 9, 11; poisoning-
and antidote, iii, 56, 64.

Digits and the evolution of the horse, iii,.
286, 288, 476-478, 5", S'.2,. 513:
compared with hand of man, iii, 487—
490: chestnuts as remains, iii, 500,
501, 507-

Dikkopaard-Ziekte form of horse-sick-
ness, ii, 55, 56. 57.

Dilatator nerves — influence on food,
i, 443-

Dilation — of arteries, i. 477: heart, and
sounds due to, i, 459. 460, 466 ;
stomach — chronic dilation, i, 276.

Dilator for lithotomy, i, 363, 365.

Dilator muscles — distinction, ii, 306:
roaring due to, i, 510.

Dilator narlS muscles — Lateralis, an-
terior, superior, and inferior forms.

Diluted acids — as digestive tonics.
467, 468 : medicinal uses
acids, iii. 5, 6. 8: doses
antidote, iii, 45.

Diluted liquid ammonia— 1

Diphtheria - bacillus and CI
causing asphy.xia, i, 495.

574

INDEX

DlplOCOCCl— formalion. &c., i, Jj6.
Dipping Of Steep— poisoning cBccts, iii,

Dlptera fiirm of flics, ii, 163.

Dirt— cracked heels due to. ii, 424. 425 :
grooming coat. iii. 134-137 : wound-
healing retarded by, it, 403, 408, 409,
412. 413.

Dirty water -organisms in, iii, 127, 131.

Discharges -astringents and alum uses,
ii. 454, 4s6; broken knees, ii, 423;
foaling, iii, 227: ulcers, ii, 426-428.
Sec also titles Blood-stained IJis-
chargcs. I'-eet, Nose, Pus, &c.)

DlBCUS proligerUS of ovum, ii, 79.

Disease-

Alternate generation and efTects, iii, 259-

Definition and classification of causes,
i, 213, 214— bacteria. &c., i, 224-229:
ii, 160; exciting causes, i, 219-224;
predisposing causes, i. 215-219.

Food and water effects, iii, 101-106, 123,

Resistance and recoverj', ii, 443 : use of

hygienics, iii, 66, 140-144.
-Signsand symptoms -delinitionsof terms,
iii, 144, 145 : general symptoms,
pulse, &c.. iii, 145-150: infectious
diseases, iii. 150-152: prevention
and suppression, iii, 152-156.
.'Stable air — organic impurities causing

disease, iii, 76-7B.
(Unsoundness and warranty — list of dis-
eases, itc, iii, 419-424, 425. 426.
(See also title Examination as to
Soundness.)
Vivisection restrictions, ii, 443.
l[See also titles Contagious diseases,
Diagnosis, Hereditary, Specific, &c. :
for special disease, see its name.]
Diseased animals— (see Sick Horses',.
Dished face— appc-irance of, i, 41, 54.
Dlshing-f.uilly action, i, 122.
Dishonesty in sale of horses— warranty

rt^lilalinns, &c., ill, 409-411.
Disinfectants-action and examples, iii,
13: activity in destroying organisms,
table, &c., ii. 486. 487 : antiseptic
and other preparations used, ii, 449,
4S4. 488, 491.

Disinfection of stables, &c.-foaling-

box and parturition precautions, li,
28S : iii, 260. 284 ; foul dung, i, 292 :
horse-pox, ii, 142; infected premises
and clothing, iii, 24, ii;4-is6: rail-
way boxes, iii, 153, 466 : skin dis-
eases, ii, 150, 151, 165: wounds and

Dislocation or displacement of bones

— forms and treatment, ii, 346-349:
accidental dislocation, ii. 349: frac-
ture enects and distinction, ii, 222,
224, 226: patella dislocation, ii, 349,
351-153: shonhlcrsllp, ii, 350: sound-
ness and heredity, iii, 383.

Displacement of heart — detection, i.

Distemper, a form of influenza, ii, 31:
eve inflammation due to, ii, 115; St
Vitus'dancedueto, i, 411.

Distension of belly- causes, i, 283, 290.

Dlstomes causing liver diseases, i, 313;

ii, 173. 174: development of, iii, 480.
Ditches— animals in, extraction, ii, 439,

440: water causing disease, iii, 124,

125.
Diuretics and their uses, ii, 473: iii. 15:

prescriptions, iii, 15, 17, 18: prohibi-

lioii in di..l)ctes, i, 347.
Divine gift -horse considered .so by

Arabs, iii. 53,.

Divisions of a horse, i, 2-4: various

Documents on sale of horse— use in

brt-acli of warranty, iii, 426.
Dog-tooth pea— poisoning by, iii; 58-60.

Dogs — cataract of eye, ii, 12J. 122: foot-
pads, &c., iii, 503, 507, 508: parasitic
diseases of liver, i, 313-315: poison-
ing symptoms, iii, 48: rabies, ii, 44:
worms, li, 174: Zadig and the lost
dog— story of, iii, 473-475-

Domestication of the horse— history,

&c., iii, 485, 517, 518, 519, 521, 524,

326. 528, 536.
Doors of stables, &c —structure, iii,

325, 334: ventihtion by, iii, 74.
"Dorothy Derby" (I and II , Wilson

Dorsal arteries— formation, i, 449, 452.
Dorsal nerves-simcture, &c., i, 376,

Dorsal trapezius muscle— form, ii, 322.
Dorsal vertebrje of spine, i. 13. 14 :

ii, I7y. lie, iSi. in embryo, iii, 250,
255: chest connection, ii, 1S9: frac-
ture, ii, 236 ; muscles and connec-
tions, ii, 318-320, 322, 334.

DorSO-lUmbar portion of supra-spinous
ligament, ii, 264, 265.

Doses— for various drugs, &c., iii, 9-12.

Double bridle-use of, iii, 358, 359.
Dourlne dlsease-(see Maladicdu Coit).
Dover's powder— medicinal uses, ii, 472;

Down at the hlp-

of dis

s, &c., i, l;
'". 372, 373-

Drainage -

24. 25
Drainage of stables— (see Stables).
Drainage tube -for lithotomy, i, 366 ;

iiJs,

Drain-pipe witli flap for stables, iii, 85.
Drains -animals in,extraction, ii. 439, 440.
Dram physic balls — contents of, ii, 444.
Draught bullocks for farm work, i, 173

Draught or Cart Horses-
Action in drawing a load. Sic, i, 68, 88,

184: iii, 192-
Breeding and crosses, i, 153 — ancient
laws and early types, i, 173, 174. 175,
177, 178, 187, 188: crosses for Cleve-
land Bays, 1, 127, 128, 129: hunters.

Breeds suitable — Clydesdales, i, 189, 192,
193: Percherons, i, 205: Shires, i,
172: Suffolks, i, 194, 200.

Classification as heavy horses, i, 172.

Conformation — back and loins, i, 55, 57:
breast and chest, i, 62. 65: canon, i,
76: croup, i, 59, 60 : head and neck,
i, 37, 41, 44, 51: height, i, 94, 95:
hock, i, 88: hmbs. i, 67, 68, 71, 83,
182, 183: pastern, i, 80: shoulders, i,
70, 182, 183: withers, i, 55.

Diseases, &c., common to cart horses,
i, 219 — bog-spavin, ii, 290: capped
knee, ii, 360: fistulous withers, ii, 433:
fractured pelvis, ii, 256 : lymphan-
gitis, ii. 22-24: mallenders. itc. ii,

bone, ii, 205 : ruptured stomach, i,
277: sand-crack, ii, 365: side-bones,
ii, 387 : skin infi.ammations, ii, 152:
sore shoulders, ii. 435; sprains, ii,
294, 295, 297 ; thoroughpin, ii, 557.

Food — amount required, &c., iii, 347,348.

History and origin, iii, 538, 540, 543, S45i
549-

Physic ball for, ii, 445.

Shoes for, iii. 443. 444, 447.

Stable structure, iii, 323, 336.

Teeth (illust.), iii, 396.

[For special breed, see its name.]
Draughts— prescriptions and administra-
tion, iii. 18, 2i: colic treatment, i,
284: pulmonary affections -caution,
ii. 9.
Draughts in stables — prevention, &c.,

iii, 71-74. 80, 81, 361.
Drenchlng-administration of the drench,
iii, 21, 2s: use in collapse, &c., ii,
440: for thrushf i, 251.

Dressings for wounds— antiseptics used,

ii. 411. 412. 420-422, 483-488.

Dried bracken for bedding, iii, 357.
Dried food as diet, i, 241 : iii, 108: grasses
causing poisoning, iii, 62.

Drinking water— (see Water).

Driving— defective action due to, ii, 400;
fracture due to pntling-up suddenly,
ii, 245 : management of horses, iii,
340 : rule of the ro.id, &c., iii, 418 :
staling opportunities, t, 351 : war-
ranty laws and accidents, iii, 417,

Driving Horses-

Ilreeds suitable, i,

■31. 133. 207,208,

Conformation— back and loins, i, 55 ;
croup, , 59. 60: height, i, 94; neck,
i, 51 ; hock, i, 90 : pastern, i, 80 ;
shoulders, i, 70.

Training and action, iii. 312.

[See also Carriage Ho

Ho

Harness

Driving-reins- use in training, iii, 305,

307, 314.
Dropping of foals— 'see Parturition;.

Dropping on lame leg in action, iii, 375.

Dropsy and dropsical swellings-
abdominal or lt\er, i, 307, 310-312:
aiia:niia, i, 479: drugs used, ii, 461;
iii, 4, 5: heart disease, i, 457: ovary
disease, ii, 102: pleurisy, ii, 14;
sheath, 11, 83, 84: wind-galls, li, 355.

Drowsiness — diseases indicated by, i,
405. 406, 409, 412, 424: pui.soning
causing, iii, 54.

Drugs— (see title Medicines and Drugs:
for special drug or disease, see its

"Druid, The", on hunter q«alific.itions,

i, 136. 142

Drum appearance of belly— causes, i.
Duct of Stenson— form of, i, 261.

Ducts— reproduction organs, ii, 65, 66, 67:
salivary glands, i, 231, 232: stone in,
i, 298: ureters, i, 333. (See also
Fistula, Parotid Duct.)

Ductus arteriosus Botalll— formation,

&<:■. i. 437. 448.

Ductus venosus and arteriosus in

fictus, m, i-jn.
Dulcamara — medicinal uses, ii, 472.

Dung or Faeces, and Manure -

Concretions, internal — ordung balls, form

Drugs, ii, 448 : iii, 1 4 (see also Purgatives).

Expulsion — amount per day per horse,
iii, 83: cause of pain, i, 284: foals at
birth, iii. 220: involuntary escape, i.

iscle:

^ith.

15, 16: ii, 336, 337.
Flattened appearance due to stone, i, 298.
Foul-smelling — disinfectants for, i, 292.
Obstruction of intestines, i, 297.
Removal by hand per rectum, i, 271,

281, 284: iii, 34.
Removal from stables — facilities, regula-
tions, and storage, iii, 78, 82, 83, 320,
32'. 335. 338.
Worms in, due to arteritis, i, 471.
[See also titles Constipation, Diarrhoea,
Dyscntry. &c.]
Dunpaard-Ziekte- a form of horse-sick-
ness, ii, 55.
Dura mater— of brain, i, 380. 384: thick-
ening of, i, 417: of spine, i, 380.
Dust-air contamination, iii, 76, 77: broken
wind aiid_ pulmonary disease pre-
cautions, ii, 13: iii, 24: eye affections,
ii, 114: grooming ofcoat, iii, 134-137;
laryngitis causes, i, 508.
Dutch forms of horse-sickness, ii, 55.
Dutch horses — British horse improve-
ment, 111, 543, 544.

INDEX

575

Dwarfing of horses — cvolut

eiice. iii, 2S6, 287.

Dynamical symptoms of dis

Dysentery and ils neatment, i,
drugs, &c., fur, ii. 455, 464
Dyspepsia— (see indigestion).

Ear

for he
I 459-

detection,

Embolism — arteritis and atheroma symp-
toms, i, 471, 473; lung affection, ii.

Ecraseurs-

177, i8s, 186;

Embrocations— applic

, &c..

Ears— bleeding, i, 501; conformation and
bones near, i, 10, 42, 43; ii, 184, 185,
310: disease symptoms, i, 260: ii, 430;
iii, 143; muscles and cartilages, ii,
310-312; nerves, i, 394, 398; syring-
ing antiseptics, 11,421,456; tempera-
ment signs, i, 42, 43; twitch injuries,
iii, 157. iSee also title Hearing.}

Earth — antiqtiity of, and existence of man
on, iii, 517, 518; crust formation and
animal remains, iii, 471, 472. I

Eased heel in shoeing, iii, 448.

Eastern blood in hackney and pack- j
hi>r>es. i, 115, 124; Percheroiis and i
Holsteins. i. 205, 209: thoroughbreds, 1

Eastern horses — historj-, &c., iii, 519,

531. 549. 550.
East Friseland breed of horse, i, 210.
Easton's syrup— medicinal uses, ii, 478.
EcbOllCS .ind their uses, iii, 13.
Echinococcosis of liver— causes, i, 314.

Echinococcus veterinorum infesting

Eclampsia and its treatment, i, 410.
"Eclipse"— history, &c., i, 109, in: iii.

Embryo and foetus- development, bone,
and rale of growth, ii, 65, 76, 80,
178, 182, 192; iii, 249-257, 264, 288-
295, 480-483 : growth of chestnuts
and ergots, iii, 504, 505. 506 ; re-
moval of dead foetus, and abortion
treatment, ii, 99; iii, 267-269. (See
also title Parturition— deliverj', &c. 1

Embryos of insects, &c., — alternate

other influence's, iii, '480-483.
Emetics— restrictions for use, ii, 470.
Emir IbU Rashid— -Arab stud owned by,

i, ji-'j, -04, 205.
Emmenagogues and their uses, iii, 13.
EmOlUentS -medicinal uses, iii, 14.

Emphysema and its caus.

Ecthyma — skin disease, ii, 150, 151:
American horse-pox form, ii, 142.

Ecto-patrasites, epi-, ento-, and endo-
paiasites— use of terms, ii, 160.

Ectropium and its treatment, ii, 112-114.

Eczema and its treatment, ii. 146-148:
drugs, iii, i, 7, 8; mallenders, &c.,
a form of, ii, 157: recurrent nature,
ii, 140: ringworm distinction, ii, 164:
sore shoulders, ii, 435, 436.

Education in \ eterinary science, ii, 442.

Efferent nerves— form, i, 374, 386.

Efferent vessel in kidneys, i, 336.

Egg bandages— uses. Sic, iii, 38.

EggS-as invalid diet, iii, 25, 141; use as
antidote, iii, 45.

Egyptian beans— use as food, iii, 349.
Egyptian horses— history, iii, 519, 520,

Eight-year-old— teeth, iii, 399, 400.
Ejaculatory duct of testicle, ii, 67, 69,

7"-

Elaterium— poisoning by, iii, 46.
Elbow and elbow-Joint -capped, i, 19 :

ii, 359 ; iii, 343 ; conformation and
defects, i. 19. 71, 72; ii, 195, 196, 270;
iii, 487; fractures, ii. 221, 245; height
at, and growth measurements, i, 90:
iii, 288, 294, 295-298; muscles, ii,
330, 33'. 333: pysemic arthritis affect-
ing, ii, 287.

Elbow-pad— form, and uses, ii, 360.

Electric fan for ventilating stables, iii, 75.

Electricity — nervous stimulus, &c., use
of, ., 386, 387.

Electuaries — drugs and administration,
ii. 455; iii, 3, i8, 21; for month and
throat, i, 250, 258, 508: for lungs, ii,
3. 9-

Ellesmere, Earl of— Shire horse prices,
i. 185.

EUlman'S physic bail, ii, 445.

Eltham stud— history, i, no.

, 460.

Emprosthotonos tetanus— form, ii, 47.

Emulsiflcation of food in digestion, i,

= 4.'. =43. 246.

Enamel of teeth, i. 230; iii, 494, 495.
Encephalic nerves— forms, i, 391-397.

Enclosure of the penis, ii, 8l.

Endarteritis deformans — symptoms,

&c., i, 472, 473, 478.

Endemic diseases — classification and

Endocardial murmurs

ease, i, 463.

dis-

EndOCarditiS and its treatment, i. 463,

464; ii. 42; joints aftected by, ii, 280.
EndO-metritis and its treatment, &c.,

ii, 89, 97.
EndOSteum in bone structure, ii, 176, 208.
EndOStitlS a form of bone inflammation,

ii, 208.
Endothelium of blood capillaries, i, 446;

disease affecting, i, 472.
Enemas- (see Injections).
Enemata —medicine and food given by,

iii, 18, 25.

English Breeds of Horses—

Conformation, &c., of Cleveland bays,
i, 125-133; hackneys, i, n3-i23 ;
hunters, i. 135-146; pack horses, i,
123-125; saddle and harness horses,
i, 146-153; thoroughbreds, i. 107-
113: Yorkshire coach horses, i, 133-
135-

History on origin, &c., iii, 530, 535-550.

[See also titles Cleveland Bays, Thor-
oughbreds, &C.J
Engorgement — see titles Liver, Stom-
ach. Udder).

Enlargement of abdomen— (see Ab-
domen .
Enlargement of glands of groin, i, 17.
Enlargement of heart — detection, i,

400: symptoms, ^^c., i, 465-467.

Enlargement of penis-treatment, &c..

Ensiform cartilage of breast-bone, ii,

Ensilage as food— preparation, &c., iii,

89, 115-118.
Enteritis and its treatment, i, 292-294;

drugs for, iii, 6.
Entire horses— 'see Stallions).
EntOZOa- development, iii, 480.
Entropium and its treatment, ii, 112.
Environment — influence on breeding,

&c., iii, 2S6, 287, 479, 484. 548.
Enzootic diseases — definition and

causes, i, 213, 223.

Eocene formation-horse origin, iii,
475. 509, 510, 513-

EOhlppUS-fossil remains, horse origin,

iii, 511, 512.
Epidemic diseases — classification and

.auses. 1. 219, 223.
Epidermis of the skin, ii, 124, 125.

Epididymis of testis, ii, 65, 66.

Epigastric portion of abdominal cavity,

il, 33S.

Epiglottis of larynx— formation, &c., i,

485; ii, 317-
Epilepsy and fits— causes, treatment,

&c., i, 410: megrims distinction, i,

410; skill dressings effect, ii, 129.
Epiphyses of bone, ii, 178.
Epistaxis— uses and treatment, i, 501, 503.
Epithelial cells— of bladder, i, 337: of

stomach, i, 235.

Epithelial lameUse of hair, ii, 132.

Epithelium in wound-healing, ii, 405.
Epizootic diseases - definition and

causes, i, J13. 12^; covering disease
.IS, 11, ;..; hst 01.11.. 152.

Epizootic lymphangitis- bacillus and

staining, li. 50. to; definition, causes,
distribution, and diagnosis, ii, 59-61;
symptoms and treatment, ii, 61-65:
prevenlijii ul spread, ii, 63-65; dis-
tinction from glanders and farcy, ii,
36, 37, 59.

Epsom salts-medicinal uses, i, 309; iii,
4, 11; use as antidote, iii, 50.

Equidse or horse family— classification, iii,
475-

Equilibrium of a horse, i, 30, 31, 92: iii,
I 192.

Equine locoinotion— (see titles Action,
Locomotion, Movements).

Equinia— a form of glanders, ii, 33.

Equus asinus —special features, iii, 496.

EqUUS caballUS — application of term,
iii, 47S; colour and marks, iii, 495:
descent, iii, 5.3.

Equus quagga— special features, iii, 496.

Equus zebra -special features, iii, 496.

Erector coccygis muscle— form, &c ,
Erector penis muscle— form, ii, 73.

Ergot — medicinal uses, ii, 89, 463, 475;

ErgOtin- dose, iii, 10.

Ergots of fetlock-joint, i, 18, 21: ii, 132,
133; iii, 478, 500-508.

Eruptions— covering disease, ii, 53; lips
and tongue, i, 247, 248, 249: mouth,
i, 249: soundness aiitl detection, iii,
374. (See also Skin Diseases.)

Erysipelas — singeing-lamp causing, iii,
360.

Erythema and its treatment, ii, 136, 144,
145, 148: mustard (

ing.

143-

Eschar due to small-pox, iii, 150.
ESCharOtlCS— acids used as, ii, 468.
Ether— medicinal uses.ii, 459, 470, 479:
iii, 3. 7, 8: doses, iii, 10.

Ethmoid bone-form, &c., ii, i86.

Ethmoidal ceUS of sieve bone, ii, i86.
Etiology - definition, and causes of

diseases, i, 214; skin diseases, ii,

138. 139.
Etruscan horse-history, iii, 530,
Eucal3T)tUS— uses, &c., ii, 471, 487.
European horses— history, iic, iii, 534.
Eustachian tube— formation, iii, 508.

Even-toed animals— classification, iii.

Evergreens— poisoning by, iii, 55, 56.

Evolution—

As natural process, and explanation of
doctrine, iii, 478, 479, 484; objections
and defence of theory, iii, 481-484.

Environment and other influences in
development of ovum, iii, 255, 479,
480-483.

576

INDEX

Evolution-(CoH/.)

Fossil ancestors of the hor^c, iii, 509, 510,

5'3.
Generation and evolution, iii, 257-261,

286, 287.
Horse a favourite subject for evolutionist,

iii, 485.
Jelly-fish and origin of man, iii, 258, 479.

482, 483.
Observation and its power, iii, 479 — story

of Zadig and the lost dog, &c., iii,

473-475-
Rate of growth of horse, iii, 286, 287.
Shoeing of horses — history, iii, 429-432.
Skin niarkingsand colouring — influences,

iii, 497> 499-
I'inie required to produce visible changes,

iii, 482-484.
Ewart, Prof, on telegony, iii, 240, 241.
Ewe-neck -appearance, &c., i. 45, 47,

Examination as to Soundness, &c.—

Action, and wind, iii, 374. 385.

Defects of conformation and deformities.

"1, 375.

General examination and for eruptive
diseases, iii, 372-374-

Inspection by buyer— warranty regula-
tions, &C-, iii, 410.

Introductory, and preliminary observa-
tions, iii, 365-367.

Special parts — eyes, nose, and mouth,
iii. 3'''7-37?i h<!ad, iii, 370-372: 'eg*
and feet, iii, 376-386.

Training considerations, iii, 301.

[See also title Warranty.]

Examinations for disease - eyes, ii,

109-111; general symptoms and
eruptive diseases, 111. 145. 372-374:
heart, i. 458-461. .See also Post-
Mortcm.)
Excitement -as cause of disease, i, 215 :
lie. in I iipliire, i, 470: plethora, i, 480;

Exciting causes of disease — classifi-
cation, &c., i, 214, 2.9; various
causes and influences, 1, 219-224:
fiacturcs and joints, ii, 222, 224, 279.

Excoriations on skin, ii, 137.

Excrescences -(see Growths).

Excreta see Dung and Urine).

Excretory ducts of testis, ii, 65, 66.
Exercise and exertion— air and blood

iiillueiices, i, 490; cause of disease,
i, 214, 216, 217, 222, indigestion, i,
272, rupture and spasm, i, 217, 313,
^70; treatment of pregnant^ mares,
iii, 264, .ship -board horses, iii, 462,
shoulder slip and laminitis, ii, 351,
378, show horses, iii, 311, sick
horses, iii, 143: trotters training, iii,
314-316: urine affected by exercise,
ii 337-

EzmOOr ponies — appearance, &c., i,
165, 166: Dartmoor cross, M, 163.

ExOmphalUS and its

Exostoses and their treatment, i, 417.
Expectoration- dniKs, &c., used, ii, 3,
46.1. 470, 471; iii, 14: symptoms of

Expiration of toeatUing, i, 492, 493;

aMiiina diflitiilly, ii, 11; muscles

assisliiii; in, ii, ii'j, 324, 334, 335, 336.

Exportation of liorses-early prohibi-

Expression of face. Si

iuide

Exsiccated alum and Iron-medicinal

uses, ii, 447, 456.
Extension in fracture setting, it, 230, 233,
sprain causes, ii, 289.

Extension movements in locomotion,

iii, 194, 486.

Extensor muscles— action, &c., 1, 19:

ii, 306: iii, 491 : forms — brevis, ii, 344,
meuacarpi inagnus and obliquus, ii,
332, pedis, ii, 332, 343. suffraginis,
"• 333: fracture effects, ii, 244: mal-
formations, &c., due to, ii, 303, 304,
346.

Extensor tendons -forms, &c, i. 20:

pedis tendons, ii, 333, 343, contrac-
tion causing deformity, 11, 346, 347:
sufTraginis tendon, ii, 333

Exterior of a horse -divisions, points.

and I

itructure— genital organs, 1,
17, 18. head and regions around, i,
4-12. lateral and inferior regions, i,
16, 17: posterior, anterior, and fore
e.\tremitics, i, 15, 16, 18-22; posterior
or hind limli, i, 22 ; upper body or
top line, i, 12-15.

External carotid artery— form, i, 45'-
External deep ligament of hock joint.

External genital organs — (see title

R.|.r,Hlii,:ti,,n Origans).

External iliac artery— form, i, 452.
External intercostal muscles- form,

I'vi. . II. .-, -.4

External oblique muscle of abdomen.

External popliteal nerve- form, i, 401.
External respiration -iMrm of, i. 4S;.
External saphenous nerve — forma-

Extemal tuberosity of hi

Extinct horses — remains and history,

iii, 471-404, 509-513. 5I7-520.
Extracts of various drugs— doses, iii, 10.

Extravasation of blood — a form of

hemorrhage, i, 501, 502; ii, 156.

Extremities of a Horse-
Blood supply to nerves, i, 380.
Coldness due to disease, iii, 143.
Diseases affecting— bone diseases, ii, 2:0.
211; fractures, ii, 225; joints, ii, 279;
mange, ii, 167; sprain, ii, 289.
Names and structure, i, 2, 3: bones, ii,
177, 178; fore-extremity and muscles,
i, 18-22: ii, 328-333: he.ad region, i,
4-8 : posterior and anterior extremi-
ties and limb, i. 15, 16, 22.
Extrinsic causes of disease, i, 214, 215.

Eye and Eyelids, S:c.—
Dirt and injuries— first aid, Sic, ii, 439;

iii, 157-
Diseases— (see titles Eye diseases, Eyelid

diseases).
Drugs and lotions, &c., ii, 454, 456, 457,

463, 464, 481, 483; iii, 14: quinine

impairing sight, ii, 451.
Examination of. i, 11; ii, 103, 109-iTi;

for soundness and warranty, iii, 367-

370, 422.

Head position, &c. , affecting sight, i, 45,

46: iii. 78, 82.
Influence of sight on breeding, &c., iii.

497-
Parasites infesting, ii, 175.
Poisoning symptoms,

Stri

iscle

and movement, ii, 103-105,
choroid tunic and ciliary processes,
ii, 105, 106, 107; humours and lens,
ii, 107, 108; iris, pupil, and retina,
ii, 106, 107; nerves, 1, 383, 385, 391,
392. 393: ii. to4. '05: orhit. haw.
sclerotic, cornea, and lachrymal
duct, ii, 103-105, 107, 108, 187.
Temperament judged by, i, 41.
Eye diseases, &c. — air and light ill
slaliles, i. 45. 46; iii. 78. 82. 142;
bleediii;; for. ii, 115: cocaine for oper-
ations, ill. 160. cold of eye, i, 497; de-
fective sight, i, 43, 270: ii, 109, 451 ;

Eye diseaseB-(C«n/.!

examination for disease, unsound-
ness, and warranty, i, 11: ii. 109-111:
iii, 367-370, 422 : fracture effects, ii,
238: glaucoma and removal of iris,
ii, 123. 124: hereditary effects, iii,
215; pink eye, ii, 31: retraction in
tetanus, ii, 48: seeds in eye, re-
mov.al, iii, 157: tear duct and watery
discharges, ii, 56, 114. (See also
liliiuliiess. Cataract, Conjunctiva,
Cuniea. Ophthalmia.)

Eyelid diseases, ii, in— laceration and
abscesses, ii, 112; iutlirncd and out-
turned, ii, 112-114; loss of Lashes,
&c., ii, 114: spotted with blood, ii,
25: swellings, li. 32, J14.

Eye-teeth— appearance and origin, i, 332;
iii, 389, 390, 497.

Face and facial region— conformation,

forms, and bones, i. 38-41: ii, 183,
186-189; iii' 493: diseased bone, ii,
215, 216; examination for soundness,
iii, 371 : fractures and injuries, ii,
238, 438; markings and blaze, iii,
495, 499: muscles, ii, 307-310; nerves,
1, 382, 385, 394: poulticing. 11, 30, 32:
swellings, i, 476: ii, 24; trephining.

501.

Face cradle for fractured jaw, ii, 241.

Facial nerve centre and nerves—

fundi. ms and origin, itc, i, 232, 233,

382, 385, 394.
Facial paralysis and its treatinent, i,

422: covering disease effect, ii, 53.
Fseces— Isce Dung!.
Fainting- see Collapse).
Fairs and the law of warranty, &c., iii.

Fallen horses -

t-aid directions.

Falling of the hips— causes, i, 15.
Fallopian tubes— formation and obstruc-
tion, ii. 77, So; iii, 229.

False anchylosis— form of, ii, 281.

False nostrils— origin, form, and uses,
i. 10; iii, 508.

False quarter — causes, iii. 4;s6; un-
soundness and warranty, iii, 379,

False ribs-formation .if. ii, 191.

False statements in s.ilc of horses-
False vertebrae- form, li, 179, i8t).

Fans-lor stable ventilation, iii, 75.

Farcin de boeuf— similarity to epizootic
lymphangitis, ii, 60, 6t.

Farcy — appearance (illust.). ii. i: distinc-
tion from glanders, ii, 33. 36, from
epizootic lymphangitis, ii, 59, 61;

"ty, J

I 423.

(See also title Glanders and farcy.)

Farcy buds— formation, &c., ii, 36.

Farm horses— (sec .Agricultural horses).

"Farmer's Glory"— type of Cleveland
liay, i, 129.

Farmers— early breeding of horses, an-
cient laws, &c., i, 173, 174, 186, 188,
189: hackney and hunters breeding,
i. 113. 114, 136. 142: sale of horses
and warranty laws, iii, 414.

Farmyard ponds— water effects, iii, 130.

Farriers— \\*orshipful Company founda-
tion. &c., iii, 430.

4 1 v. symptoms of fistulous withers,

Fast traveller— Morgan horse as, i, 207.
Fastening of horses - during transit,

iii, 464-466; for operations, iii, 157:

in stables, iii, 328, 465.
Fasting before operations, iii, 162.

Fat-forming glands of skin, ii, 125, 126.

INDEX

Fatigue causing sprain, ii, 354.

Fats— in blood and body, i, 435: iii, 87:

in food and dii^estioii, i, 241, 246;

ill. S.J, QD. Q7, 9^, 100.
Fattening if.inimals— (sec Conditioning}.
Fatty disease of heart — degeneration

and niniiration, i, 467, 468-47a
Fatty liver and its treatment, i, 308.
Faults— ^ee tides Conformation and de*

feels, Defective Action, Vices).
Feather-on Clydesdales, i, 192 : Shires,

i, iSi, 183; Suffolks, i, 197.
Features peculiar to a horse — special

structure, iii, 484-497-
Febrifuges— ;see Antipyretics).
Feeding— ;see Food;.
Feelers on lips and nostrils, i, 5, 9.
Feet-

Conformation. &c., i, 21, 22, 81, 82; ii,
199: compared with man, iii, 487-
490; for shoeing, iii, 433-438; homy
growths and pads, iii, 501-504, 506,
508 : joints and ligaments, ii. 273,
274; model of hoof, &c, ii, 491;
muscles, ii. 332, 333, 343, 345.

Evolution and fossil remains— five-toed
horses, &c.. iii, 286, 476-478, 489,
491. 5", 5". 513-

Grooming and healthy condition, iii, 67,
68, 135-137. »39-

Putting into manger — correction, iji, 342.

Soundness and warranty, iii, 367, 372,
378, 379. 386. 420, 42f, 422.

Unnerving precautions, &c., iii, 161, 164,
165.

[See also titles Hoof, Pastern, Shoes.]

Feet Diseases and Injuries-
Defective action causes, &c., ii, 396-402.
Deformities, contracted feet, &c., i, 81,

82, 89. 90: ii, 346, 347, 348, 393-395;

iii, 168, 439, 440 : sprain liability, ii,

289.
Discharges caused by various diseases,

". 373, 374. 379. 381, 383, 384. 425.

Disqualifying ailments for sires, ii, 302.

Fillings in crust— detection, iii, 386, 410.

Moss-litter effects, iii, 138, 139.

Poulticing directions, iii, 30, 31.

Pricks and wounds, ii, 210, 380, 381,
385-3S7. 413. 414. 428.

Soundness and warranty — see Feet).

Various diseases— fever in the feet, ii.
376-378 ; horn tumour, ii, 372 : sand
crack, ii, 365-367 : shelly feet and
seedy toe, ii, 367-371; side bones, ii,

387.

[See also titles Canker, Com, Cracked
heels, Lameness. Navicular dis-
ease, Qnittor, Thrush, Villitis.]

FeetlOCk— meaning of term, i, 21 ; iii, 501.

Fell pony— appearance and cross, 1, 169,

Femoral artery— formation, &c., i, 453.

Femoro-tibial joint and ligaments, ii,
275-277-

Femur bone— conformation, i, 22, 83, 85;
ii, 201; fracture, ii. 226, 260; joints,
ii, 274, 275-277; muscle connections,
ii. 339-341, 342, 343-345-

Fences — ^jumping methods, iii. 201.

Fenugreek— medicinal uses, iii, 15. 17.

Fermentation — a cause of disease, i,
216, 221. 283; in stomach, i, 270 —
dnig> fcT. ii. 4S5; influence of bac-
teria, i. 227.

Ferments produced in digestion, i, 234,
235. ^44. 245-

Fetlock and Fetlock-joint—

Conformation and defects, i, 21, 75, 76.
79: ii, 198, 199: malformations, ii,
346, 347, 348 : ergots, i, 18, 21 ; ii,
>32, 133: iii. 478, 500-508; muscle
connections, ii, 332, 333, 343. 345.

Fetlock and Fetlock-joint -[0«^.

Diseases and injuries affecting, ii, 60,
220, 286, 301, 3S6; bandages and
poulticing, iii, 31, 38: fractures, it,
25'. 252; sloughing, iii, 103: sprains,
ii, 294, 295. 297, 298, 355; wind-galls,
ii. 555. 356.

Examination for soundness, iii, 377, 380.

Foot striking — due to defective action, '
>'. 396, 397: iii. 455. 456-

Knuckling over causes, Jtc, ii, 297, 298.

Operation of unnerving, iii, 161, 164.
Fever- ailments due to, i, 254. 274. 468:
ii. 33. 56. 57. 304: drugs, &c., ii, 451;
iii, 7, 8. 15, 17, 18: food and appetite,
iii, 141: poisoning and pasturage
effects, iii, 48, 78; pulse indications,
iii, 147, 148. uSee also titles Con-
tagious diseases. Infectious diseases.
Temperature; for special fever, see
its name.)
Fever in the feet and its treatment, ii,
376-378; other causes and effects, i,
290; ii, 368, 369; iii, 109; unsound-
ness and warranty, iii, 422.
Fibres — bone structure, ii. 20S ; muscle
structure, ii, 305. 306: rupture due
to sprain, ii, 292; nerve tibres ^see
that title).

Fibrillae of muscle, ii, 305.

Fibrine of blood— in powder for sick
horses, iii, 141.

Fibrinogen in blood, i, 435, 436.
Fibre -cartilages -joints structure, ii.

i9i. iQQ, 263, 275; loose cartilages

around joints, ii, 284, 285.
Fibroma and its treatment, ii, 155.
Fibrous tissue, &c.— aneurism causes.

i, 47S; joint disease, ii, 281: liver

capsule rupture, i, 309,310; sheath of

tendons, ii, 306; testicle structure, ii,

66, 67 ; wound-healing process, ii, 405.
Fibula— conformation, i. 23. 85: ii, 203,

208: muscles connection, ii. 343, 344.
Fields — disinfection, iii, 156. {See also

Land, Pasturage.)
Filaria causing disease, ii, 174, 175.
Filled legs -causes, treatment. Sac, ii,

364; iii, 39, 462, 463; drugs, iii, 6;

unsoundness, iii. 380.
Fillings on foot— detection and fraud,

Filters l r i.an-uater, iii. 336.

Fingers of man — comparison with foot

of horse, iii, 487-490, 500, 501.

Fireplaces and fires — stable structure

and ventilation, iii, 74, 332.

"Fireway 249"— pedigree, i, 123.

" Fireway " West's and Read's)— records,
I. 110. 117.

Firing— advantages, methods, and instru-
ments, iii, 166, 167; for castration,
iii, 173, 174; -sprains, ii. 294, 296,
297: various affections, ii, 218, 220,
291, 302, 359, 366, 388: use of drugs,
ii, 483. 488; iii. 160.

First-aid to sick and injured — articles
useful in, ii, 438, 439: bleeding and
its arrest, ii, 437-439: collapse, fallen I
and runaway horses, ii, 440, 441; 1
horses in ditches, &c., ii, 439, 440;
poisoning, iii, 44-46.

First inter-pbalangial articulation, ii.

First plialanx of fore-limb, ii, 198.
Fissure of >pinal curd, i, 381, 382.
Fistula— causes and treatment, i. 261-263;

ii, 429, 430; disinfecting fluid for, ii,

4S8.
Fistulous wounds and their treatment

-poll evil, ii, 430-432: quittor on

coronet, and fistulous withers, ii,

378, 379, 432-435: shoulders, ii, 435.

436— drugs for, ii, 449: iii, 2, 4.
Fit condition— meaning of term, ii, 44*5
Fits— choking causing, i, 266: epileptic

and apoplectic fits, i, 410. 413: un-

Five-toed animals— horse evolution,

&c., iii, 286, 476-478, 489, 491, 510,

Five-year-olds— hunter's work, iii, 309;

tetth of, iii, 389, 390, 395. 398, 399.
Fixed joints— formation, ii, 279.
Flanders— heavy horse breeding, &c., i,

173, 175. 176. 177. »78: iii, 539. 540.
Flank — conformation, i, 15, 17; disease

effects, i, 17, 312, 320; muscles, ii,

335, 336-

Flannel bandages— for muddy legs, iii,

136: sick horses warmth, iii, 143.
Flaps— ill stable-drainage, iii, 329.
Flat bones— description, &c., ii, 177, 178.
Flat feet— shoeing, iii. 440, 44S, 453. 454-
Flat-worms— in intestines, ii, 162, 172-

174.
Flatulence— due to broken wind, ii, 13;

indigestion, i, 273; liver disorders, i,

303. 307 — drugs for, ii, 465, 466; iii.

Flatulent colic and its treatment, i, 281-

284; drugs, ii, 459, 485; iii, 6.
Fleam- use causing thrombosis, i, 475, 476,
Fleming's tincture of aconite — dose, iii,

Flemish bOrseS — hackney and pack
horse breeding from, i, 115, 124;
Shires and Clydesdale crosses, i,
?79. 1B6. 187, iSS, 189.

Fleshy head— appearance, Sec, i, 37.

Flexion movements in locomotion, iii,

IU4, 4SD.

Flexor muscles— action, &c., i, 19: ii,

306: iii, 193, 491: bowed knees and
malformations due to, ii, 303, 304,
346.

Flexor muscles— forms, &c.— brachii,

ii. 195. 329, sprain of, ii, 292, 293:
brevis, iii, 492: metacarpi — intemus,
medius, and evtemus, ii, 330, 331;
metatarsi muscle, ii, 343, 344; sprain,
&c., ii, 299; pedis accessorius muscle,
ii> 345; pedis perforans muscle, ii,
33^1 345: iii, 193: pedis perforatus
muscle, ii, 331, 344.

Flexor tendons [perforans and perfora-
tus)- forms, i, 20; ii, 331, 332; con-
formation of canon and fetlock, i, 75,
7^1 77, 79: contraction causing de-
formity, li, 346; curb causes, ii, 300;
navicular fracture and disea-se effects,
ii, 252, 253, 390, 392; iii, 193; opera-
tion for division, iii, 168-171; pricks
and wounds affecting, ii, 385: sprain
of tendons, ii, 296: wind-gall causes,
i'. 355. 356: weight effects, ii, 78.

Flies— horses infested with, ii, 163.

Floating bones— form and uses, ii, 198 ;
iii, 4S7, 4S8.

Floats for horse-transit, iii, 464.

Flood, The-Chinese history on, iii, 517.

Flooding in mares, ii, 87-89.

Floors for stables, iii, 69, 70, 326, 334,
337. 338; drainage, iii, 84, 86.

Flowers of sulphur— uses, ii, 490.

Fluid measure for medicinal uses, iii, 11.

Fluids— digestive juices, &c., i, 235. 245,
246; eye humours and disease, ii,
107. 108, 123; horse -sickness, ii, 56;
joint diseases and sprains, ii, 283,
297 : in muscles and tissues, ii, 27 ;
in ovary and womb, ii, 79, 91 ;
pleurisy syntptoms, ii, 14, 16, 17;
skin, ii, 22; absorption and poisonous
action on skin of certain fluids and
micro-organisms, ii, 129-131, 406.
{See also title Discharges.)

Fluke-worms— causing disease, i, 313,
315; ii. 162, 173, 174; generation of,
iii, 260. 480.

Flushing of stable drains, iii, 86, 87, 329.

"Flying Childers " — descent and his-
tory, in. 530. 547-

"Flying Fox"— illust. of thoroughbred,

578

INDEX

Flying jumper-methods, iii, 200.
Flying trot- action of. iii, 195.
Foaling - box — cleansing and heating,
ii:c., ii, 283; iii. 227, 228, 268.

Foals—

Ailments and diseases common to —
aphthx or thrush, i, 250-252; bowed
knees, ii, 303-305: constipation, i,
284, 285: diarrhcea, i, 286, 288; hernia
and trusses for. i, 316. 317, 322 ;
hoofs— overgrown, iii, 436; intestinal
obstruction, i, 296: joint ill. i, 306;
ii, 280: liver inflammation, i, 305,
306: patella dislocation, ii, 352;
pyamic arthritis, ii, 267-289; rectum
plugging, i, 284, 285.

Birth of — appearance and care at, iii,
270, 285; natural delivery

alprc.

preina

foals,

269-284

. , ... . . =94. 297; "sllp-

pmg the foal , lu, 367-269 ; when

foals should fall, iii, 285— ponies, i,

'55. 156.
Food— artificial after birth, i, 2^2 ; iii,

257: foster mothers, i, 287; iii, 222;

hand-rearing and weaning, use of

cows' milk, &c.. iii, 222-226, 285

{see also buckling,.
Growth of — rate before birth, iii, 245-

257, 261-264, 288-295; after birth,

ill, 294-298.
Navel-string — immediate dressing, ii,

288: iii, 285.
Teeth — temporary and milk teeth, iii,

393-396-
ughbred rearing— conditions, &c.,

Food and Diet— [Cout,)

Feeding systcm-(C.7«/.)

conditioning foods, ii, 446: cooked
food, iii, 346, 350: green foods, iii, 95,
351-354; mixed diet, need, iii, 343-
345. 346; oats and hay only, iii, 346:
steam power for cutting up foods,
iii, 337; various grains, &c.. used,
iii. 347-351- (See also subheadings
Special ^iet ; for special food, see its

Fracture causing feeding diITiculty,ii, 240.

Rectum — food injections by, i, 253.

Special diet for diseases- broken wind,
iii 13: constipation, ii, 442: gastritis,
i, 275, 276 ; tetanus, ii, 48 ; use of
arsenic, caution, ii, 453.

Special diet— for hungry horses, i, 269:
ponies, i, 155, 156; sick horses, iii,
25-28, 140-142 ; before operations,
iii, i6z, 181, 183, 184; ship horses,
iii, 463; Shires, "i. 181; show horses.
iii. 3>o, 311;. sires, iii. 238; SuflTolks,
i, 198; training, iii, 303, 316. iSee
les Breeding, Mares.)
s— natural food

Wild hor

[See aisc

Past

, 241.

titles Digestion, Indigestion,
e, Water; for special food, see

Food Errors and Improper Feeding—

As causes of disease, i, 21 1, 214, 21'i, 216.

Bed-eating— prevention,
enced by-

139,208,265,

, Par-

1, 107,
[See also titles Embryo and foetu

turition and Pregnancy.]
Foam at mouth— due to bleeding lungs.

ii. 10; bone disease, ii, 213; fits, i.

410, 413; horse - sickness, ii, 56;

poisoning, iii, 47; salivation, i, 258.
Fodder- see Food .
Fodder-room— structure, &c., iii, 333.

Foetal membranes — formati<

of,

Foetus- >ce title Embryo and foetus).
Follicles nf ovary, ii, 78, 79.
Fomentations— (see Hot applications).
Fontana, canal of— in eye, ii, 108.
Food and Diet—

A. CUM. u( disease, i, 214, 215, 216. 221,
222: ii, 51; iii, 101-106; damaged
fodder, ii, 20, 42; medicine v.
judicious dieting, ii, 442. (See also
title Food Errors.)
Body needs and constitution— table, &c.,

iii, 87.
Chewing and manner of eating— time,

&c,, i, 233, 246, 247, 329.
Choking prevention, &c., i, 486; ii, 17.
Cleanliness in stable— removal of food,

&c.; iii, 67, 142.
Composition, assimilation, and functions
of various foods— tables, &c., i, 241-
244; iii, 88, 89, 90-92, 96-101, iiB,

Digestibility and nutritive value 1
i foods— tables, &c., iii, 90-9;

96-

119.

Digestion process— action of saliva, &c.,
i, 230-234: food in stomach and
aUmentary canal. &c., i, 23^-238,
246, 247 ; processes of digestion, i,
244-247— of various foods, iii, 118,

Effect of food— on blood, i. 433, 434,
443: ii. 447: jactcal system, i, 426,
427,428; respiration, i, 490; "st,one"
formation, i, 29B, 300; urine, i, 338,
339-

Errors infecding— (see title Food Errors).

Feeding system— amount per day and
arrangement of diet, i, 221, 241, 243;
iii. 9'-ys. 340. 347 ; choice and
preparation of food, iii, 106-118;

Diseases

broken wind, ii, 12, 13; bog-spa'
ii, 290, 291; colic, i, 282; constipa-
j tion, i, 284, 285; dilation of stomach,

i, 276; diarrhcea and dysentery, i,
I 286, 291; filled legs, ii, 364; gastritis,

i. 276; glanders and tarcy, ii, 34:
hccmo-globinuria, ii, 26, 29 ; heart
affections, i, 468, 470: laminitis, ii,
376; liver disorders, 1, 303, 305, 308,
309; lymphangitis, ii, 22; oedema of
sheath, ii, 84 ;. plethora, i, 4S0:
rheumatism, ii, 20; skin disorders,
ii. 138, 139. M3. 145, m6: ihorough-
pin, n, 358.

Gorged food — antiseptic treatment, ii,
485.

Medicine v. judicious dieting, ii, 442.

Poison by food-stuffs, &c.-(see Poisons).
Foot— (see Feet).

Foot and mouth disease— cause, &c..

FootlOCk of fetlock, i, 21; iii, 501.
Footprints of various paces, iii, 197; of

animals nn rocks, &c., iii, 472.
Foot surface uf shoes, iii, 442.

Foramen dextrum and sinistrum

of diapliragm, ii, 337.

Foramen lacerum at base of skull, i,

Foramen magnum-cranium formation,

ii. 184.

Foramen of Monro— brain structure,

Foramen ovale— formation, iii, 256.
Force- as aid in foaling, iii, 284; in train-
ing, iii, 301-303, 309.

Forced respiration -conditions, i, 494;

high blowing due to, ii, 19.

Forceps — for castration, iii, 173, 174,
■75. 185; for foaling, iii. 284; litho-
tripsy or "stone", i, 364, 367: sand
crack, ii, 367: tenotomy, iii, 169;
wire cutting, ii, 419, 420.

Forcillg- (see Conditioning).

Forearm — conformation, defects, and
bones, i, 19, 71, 72, 102; ii, 194, 195-
197: disease due to sprain, ii. 29?:
dislocation, ii, 350; fracture, ii, 244,
246: joint, ii, 270; muscles and con-
nections, i, r9, 72, 73: ii, 327. 329-333-

Fore extremities-conformation, i, 3,
18-22: muscles, ii, 328-333.

Forehead— conformation and defects, i,
8, 38. 39. temper signs, i, 41, 42;
mu>cles attached to ear, ii, 311.
(Poll evil, see that title.)

Fore-Limbs—

Action- in drawing a load, i, 68, 88; de-
fective action and injuries, ii, 396-402.

Blistering, iii, 39.

Conformation, defects and bones, i, 18-
22,66-68,90; ii, 192-195— of forearm
bones, ii, 195-197 — of metacarpal
and other bones, ii. 197-200; com-
pensation for defects, i, 102; special
structure and comparison to man,
iii, 485-487, 49»-

Diseases -— (see title Limbs — diseases
and injuries).

Fractures of various bones, ii, 243, 244-
246, 247. 248-250, 2^50-253; bandaging
for. ii, 231, 232; iii, 37; iron splint
for, ii, 247.

Functions of the limbs, i, 67.

Growth before birth, iii
birth, iii, 294-297.

Lymphatic vessels of, i,

Nerves, arteries, and m
449: ii. 320, 328-333
>. 390. 398-

8-294 ; after

. 66, 447,

: iltusts.,

Strapping up in operations, iii
Tendons and ligaments, i, 20;
Weight of body distribution, i

Foreign Bodies -

Dii

inrtar

to— coii(

nllamnu

461,

titles

ryngiiis and spasm uf laryn
ii, 17; penis affection, ii, 83';
;, ii, 428.

Removal and results— cocaine uses, ii,
483: in tongue or throat, i, 253, 255;
wounds, ii, 408-410, 412, 413, 439.
[See also titles Calculi. Stone.]

Foreign breeds of horses— [s.

Arab, Kayt Friscland, Han.
HolMein. Morgan, Oldenburghi
Pcrchcion, Schleswig, &c.)
Forelock of head, i, 4.

Forfeited shoes— history, iii. 430.

Forging as defective action, ii, 399, 400;

»". 457-
Forks— wounds caused by, ii, 413.
Fossil horses— history on. iii, 286, 287,

2S6. 472, 475, 492, 494, 509-513.
Fossilized teeth-identification of ani-

FoSSilS— meaning of r

Foster-mothers— us

ic, ui, 472.

ud eflfccts, i, 287;

Foundation stock— for breeding, iii,

Founder— a form of unsoundness, iii, 422.

Four-Off— ase indications, iii, 393.

Four-year-olds — hunter training, iii,
3oui iiiaiing. iii. 215; teeth, iii. 398.

Fowler's solution of arsenic — various
uses of, i, 500; ii, 148, 157, 453.

Foxglove— medicinal uses, ii, 460; poison-
ing by, ni. 56.

Foxy oats causing disease, iii, 104.

Fractures or Broken Bones -

liandaging of various fractures, ii, 231-
233, 242, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 423:
»". 43-

Causes, and the influence of age, vio-
lence, &c., ii, 222-224.

Diseases of joints due to, ii, 280.

Distinction from displacement or disloca-
tion, ii, 222, 226; from sprain, ii, 298.

Forms, and general symptoms and treat-
ment, ii. 221, 222, 224-233.

Particular fracture*;, and special treat-
ment - compound fractures, ii, 233,
234: face and frontal bones, ii, 238;
maxillary bone, ii, 242; skull, ii, 234.

INDEX

579

Fractures or Broken Bones— (Cot;/.)

Setting procedure, ii, 228-233.

Teeth — treatment, i, 330: ii, 239-242.

Vertebra; or spine, ii, 235, 236 — spr.iin
distinction, ii, 298.

[For speci.1l bones see their names, as
J.1W, Pelvis, Ribs, Ulna, &c.-also
titles Fore-limbs, Hind-hmbs.J

Fraud In sale of ^orse— legal offences

and warranty, iii, 408, 409-411.

Free-moving Joints— form, &c., ii, 262,

Frencli breeds of horses, i, 205.
French suture needle for wounds, ii,

Frenzy-due

intlar

407; to "staggers' or indigestion, i,
268. 271; to parturition, iii, 271.

Friar's balsam— varinus uses, i, 248: ii,

Fright -control of horses during, ii, 437.

Froenum of tongue, i, ^.

Frog of foot — anatomy, iii, 434, 437;

affecting, ii, 392; paring evils, ii,
368, 373, 374, 394 ; preparation for
shoeing, iii, 439, 441 ; pricks and
wounds to, ii, 385-387 ; removal
effects, ii, 394; unsoundness, iii, 3S1,
382.

Front limbs- (see Fore-limbs).

Frontal bones of cranium, ii, i86; frac-
ture, ii, 238; muscles attached to, ii.

Frontal cranial nerve— form, i, 393.
Frontal sinuses — form, i, 8; ii, 186;

effec

, 239-

94.

Frost-bites causing quittor, ii, 379,
Frost-nails used in shoeing, iii, 45
Froth-lsee Foam at niouth).
Fulcrum in locomotion, iii, 191,

Fullered fore-shoes— method, iii, 445,

447-
Fumigation — (see title Inhalation and

Fundus of bladder— stone in, i, 358, 359.

Fundus of eye— appearance, ii, no.

Fungi— as cause of disease, i, 224; ii, 161:
by food, iii, 102-104: digestive sys-
tem parasites, ii, 169-175; ringworm
due to, ii, 165: water pollution, iii.

Fungous growths on feet, ii, 366, 382.
Furniture o( harness-room, iii, 332.
Furred tongue due to liver, i, 303.
Furrow of torsion in humerus, ii, 194;

!iiu-cIl- connection, ii, 330
FurunculU3—a skin inflammation, ii, 150.

Gag — fractured jaw due to, ii, 239; physic

given by, iii, 20.
Gag-bit— use of, iii, 359.
Gait -see Action).
Gaits, shortened— compensating points,

GaU-bladder not piesent in a horse, i,

240.

GaUed back— cause of, i, 220.

Gallic acid— medicinal uses, ii, 455; iii,
10; as antidote, iii, 51.

Galloping— equilibrium, action and forms,
i, 30, 82, 84 ; iii, 192, 197, 198, in
training, iii, 199, 305, 306; croup for-
mation, i, 58; poisoning effects, iii,
54: respiration effects, i, 494: results
or diseases due to, li, 17, 19, 219. 354,
398, 400.

Galloway horses— Clydesdale breeding
from, i, 187. 190, 193.

Galloway pony — wager won by Mr
Sinclair, i, 169.

Galvayne's teeth and age test, iii, 401.
Gamboge— poisoning by, iii, 46.

Game-hunting horses — prevention of

llur^e si.Ah.js~. li, 58.

Games, ancient— uses of horses, iii, 522,
520. 527.

Ganglia — brain structure and functions, i,
3S3, 390: cranial nerves — Gasseriaii,
Andersch's, and jugular ganglion, i,
393, 395: heart structure, ii, 458:
semilunar or solar ganglion of dorsal
nerve, i, 377; spinal nerves, i, 397;
sympathetic nerves, i, 374. 375.

Gangrene — of mammary gland, ii, 95. 96:
penis and sheath, ii, 83: vaginitis and
parturient fever causes, ii, 91, 92.

Gangrenous pneumonia due to influ-

ii. 41 : drugs for,

Gargles and the

ii. 454. 455:

Gases- air and water pollution, &c., iii,
78, 82, 121, 126, 127, 133: causing
asphyxia and poisoning, i, 494; iii,
45 ; colic, i, 278, 28 1, 283 ; eye diseases,
ii, 114, 116: fatty liver, i, 309: indi-
gestion, i, 269, 270; respiration ex-
changes, &c., i, 482, 483, 487-491:
skin absorption, ii, 129.

Gaskin— ci

Gasserian ganglion of cranial nerves,
i. 393-

Gastric artery — formation, i, 452.

Gastric digestion and juice— compo-
sition, uses, and action of juice, i,
235, 244: ii, 465: dings affecting, ii,
449, 465, 466, 467: gastric irritation
and efiects, i, 258, 273: peptic glands
for secretion of, i, 234, 235: process
of digestion, i, 244.

Gastric plexus— formation, i, 377.

Gastritis and its treatment, i. 273-275:
276; rup-

; due

277.

Gastrocnemli tendons— sprain, ii. 300.
Gastrocnemius muscle— form, &c., ii.

Gates — for stable-yard, iii, 334.
Geldings— hernia rare in, i, 318; penis and

sheath swellings, ii, 81. (See also

Castration.)

Gemelll muscle— form, &c., ii. 342.
General examination as to soundness,

iii. 372, 373
General symptoms, jf disease— defini-

Gllbey, Sir W.— earlyhorse-history, i, 172,
"75, '77; horses owned by, i, 123,185.
Gin for colic, i, 281.
Ginger- medicinal uses, ii, 445, 462: iii,

Girth -pos

tion and me

asure

ments from, i,

16,9

: iii, 297.

Glancer stallion 335-

-Clydesdale breed-

ing Ir

om, 1, 189, 1

90.

Glanders and Farcy

—

Appearan

ceof(illust

, ii.

. 34

Causes, i

fection, inc

ibati

nl, and symp-

toiiis

ii. 34-37; ii

, 131

; organism or

bacte

na causing.

1, 223, 224. 4S1: li,

34, 160, 428.

Commun

cable to hun

lan s

ibjects, ii, 37.

Complica

ions— anaen

ia, i.

479: bleeding

nose

and lungs, i

503

ii, 10: laryn-

gitn

. .=.07:

, 500.

Designations and early history, u, 33, 34.
Distinction, ii, 36 — from covering disease,

ii, 52: horse-pox or pseudo-farcy, ii,

141, 142; stomatitis pustuiosa, ii, 49,

50.
Examination for, iii, 370, 371.
Form of blood-poisoning, i, 481.
Mallein test and syringe, i, 228; ii, 35,

37> 38, 39-
Mercury uses, ii, 489.
Sale of horses— restrictions, &c., iii, 422.
Suppression-act, a

tion for, iii. 145-150.

General warranty— form of, iii, 406.

Generation— alternate process and iiifl
ences. iii, 259-261, 4S0. (See al
titles Evolution. Reproduction.)

Generative or genital organs— :s

Genio-hyoideus muscle— form, &c

Gentian-

, ii, 464, 466: i

Geology— horses of pre^
471-484.

German boil-form, &c., ii, 150.

German horses-description and tj'pes,

i, 175. 176, 208-210: iii, 530.
Germ-cell — impregnation, &c., iii, 245,

246. 248, 298, 483, 484.
Germinal vesicle and spot in ovum,

iii, 247, 248. 258.

Germs — air before and after respiration, i.
487. 488: antiseptic preparations and
destruction of, ii, 420,421. 451. 1 For
causes of disease see titles Bacteria.
Organisms, Parasites.)

Gestation— changes in uterus, and physi-
ology of, iii, 252, 261-285, 483.

Giddiness— due to brain, i, 405: megrims
or vertigo, i, 407-409: quinine uses,
ii, 451: worms causing, ii, 171, 174.

Unsoundness and warranty, iii, 422.
Glands — absorbent system, i, 429: drugs
affecting glands, ii, 464, 467, 489: iii,
5: structure — eye, ii, 108: groin, i,
17; intestines, i, 236, 245: pancreas,
i, 241: reproduction organs, i, 17: ii,
66, 67. 6g. 70, 74, 82: skin, ii, 126, 127-

symptoms of diseases, i, 500: ii,4i, 50,
51: salivary glands (see that titlej.
Glans penis — formation and ^welting, it»

Glass causing feet injuries, ii, 386.
Glass Of the eye— part known as, ii, 105.
Glauber's salt— medicinal uses, ii, 450.
Glaucoma and its treatment, ii, 123.

Glenoid cavity, &c , of scapula, ii, 194,

-70.
Gliding joints— forms, &c-, ii
Globus major and minor t

66, 67,

Gloss-anthrax — symptoms, &c., ii, 43,44.
Glossitis and its treatment, i, 252-254.

Glossopharyngeal nerve and connec-
tions, i, 232, 376, 385, 395.

Glossy skin— clothing uses, iii, 138: drugs
used, ii, 453, 474, 491; iii, 48: use of

263.

riol,

248.

Glottis of larynx, i, 4S5: muscle action,
ii, 317.

Glue bandages— uses, &c.. Hi, 38.
Gluteal artery- formation, i, 452.
Gluteal nerves— formation, i, 403.
Gluteus muscles— forms, &c., ii, 339.

Glycerine— medicinal uses, ii, 444: iii, 4.

Glycerine of carbolic acid— uses, &c.,
ii, 4S4.

Glycogen in digestion and muscles, &c.,

1. 241, 490.
GlyptOdOnts — animals termed, iii, 497, 498.

" Godolphin Arabian " — history and

descendants, i, in, 115: iii, 547, 550.
Good stable— plan, &c.. iii, 323.
Goose-grease -uses, iii, 42.

Goose-rump — conditions causing, i, 60,
151, 166.

Goubaux and Barrier on conformation

and defects, i, 39, 56, 57, 60, 62. 68,
71, 76, 80, 83, 91, 100: compensating
points, i, loi: centre of gravity and
equilibrium, i, 30: coupling of head
and neck, i, 45: defective action, ii,
396: height, length, and weight, i, 91,
92i 95, 96, 97. 99-

580

INDEX

Goulard's extract— as a lotion, ii, 464.

Gout— htrt-dity influence, ii, ao 'see also
Arthritis .

Gowlng's i)artiiritioii instniniciit, iii, 283.

Graafian follicles of ovary, ii, 78, 79, 80:
in, i^i, -■4'>-248: dilatation, ii, 102.

Gracilis muscle— form, &c., ii, 341.

Grain as food— choice, mixture, &c, iii,
I07. loS, 344-347; for show horses,
iii. )ii: boiling, iii, 28: disease due
to, iii, 102. (Sec also titles Corn,
Oats, Wheat. &c.)

Grains of Paradise— medicinal uses, ii,

4t,.-.

Granolithic paving for stables, iii, 327.

Granulation - ulcers covered with, ii,
426, 427; wound-healing and drugs
used, ii, 405-407, 412, 413, 457, 463;
tissue in stone of bladder, i, 358.

Grass— (see title Pasture and Gr.TSs).

Grass-woven shoes— uses, iii, 429.

Gravel— (see Stone).

Gravity— sec Centre of gravity).

Gray powder-medicinal uses, ii, 488.

Gray substance of brain and spine, i,
_;ti, >\i, 564.387.

Grazing- (see Pasture'.

Grease disease — causes, &c., ii, 127,
140. 141; iii, 68, 340; drugs, &c., ii,
44S. 456, 464. 474, 485; iii, 7: horse-
pox distinction, ii, 43, 140, 141;
niange-mite in, ii, 167: similarity of
canker, ii, 381: unsoundness and
warranty, iii, 374, 381, 422.

Great anterior cranial nerve - for
Great crural nerve— formation, i, 402.

Great horse- origin and history, i, 173-
176, 17U. iSo; iii, 539, 540, 543.

Great hyo-glossus muscle-form, &c.,

ii, 114.
Great metatarsal artery— formation.

Great portal vein— circulation through,

Great splanchnic nerve— form, i, 376,

Grecian horses— history, &c., iii, 520,

5.-1-525-

Green food — composition and advan-
t.iges, use of silage, &c., i, 243, 244:
iii, 8g, 115-118, 351; digestibility, iii,
90, 91, 97, 99; invalid diet, iii, 26;
for various diseases, i, 273, 2S5: ii,
23, 24. (See also title Pasture anci
Gr.-,ss.)

Green paints causing poisoning, iii, 49.

Green scum on water— causes, iii, 129.

Gregarines— form of parasite, ii, 161.

Grinders — sirncmre of teeth, i, 6; in-
H.inimjtioM due to, i, 252.

Grinding of food — teeth and muscles

uig

329;

Gripes— causes and treatment, i, 278-28
llalulent colic, i, 261-284: dru^s for,
iii. 1, 4: enteritis mistaken for, 1, 293:
unsoundness and warranty, iii, 423.

Gristle- structure of bone, foot, &c., ii,
178, 197, 262, 379: iii, 437.

Grogginess- a form of unsound foot, iii,

Groins— structure and swelling, i, 17; ii,
-J2, 144: examination for soundness,
iii. 373-

Grooming— appliances and methods, iii,
.^,^4-137, 159, 360: horses in training,
iii, 303: sick horses, iii, 143; tram-
way horses, iii, 338: trotters, iii, 316.

Grooms — qualifications and management,
i"- .'39, 340.

Grooves in shoes— uses, &c., iii, 443, 445.

Grooves in teeth— age evidence, iii, 401,

Ground surface of shoes, iii, 443.

Growth of the horse — development
of present and past types, &c. , iii,
471-484, 517-520: evolution and
other iiilluences, iii, 286-288, 298;
rate before birth, iii, 288-295 : rate
after birth, iii, 294-298.

Growths — bone disea.ses, ii, 205, 206:
cornea of eye, ii, 118: drugs destroy-
ing, &c., ii, 453,,<68. 488: iii, 2.. 4,
^< 7, I?; gut - thickening causing
obstruct^ion, i, 296: heart valves and
aorta disease, i, 464, 472, 473; loose
cartilages around joints, ii, 284, 285:

larynx growths, i, 507, 512: opera-
tions for destruction, iii, 166, 167:
ovarian cysts, ii, 103: penis and
sheath, ii, 81, 82, 83: sterility causes,
iii, 229: various diseases due to, i,
276, 277. 350, 35". 353: ii- '4- (See
also titles Cancer, Cysts, Tumours.)

Gruel — preparation, iii, 27: I'or hunters,
iii, 113, 309: mares, iii, 227, 270; sick
horses, iii, 141.

Grunting-a test of roaring, i, 511.

Guarantee as to .soundness— (see titles
Examination, Warranty'.

Guard bit— type and use, iii, 359.

Guinea-pigs — inoculation for various
discises, iii, 37, 38, 42, 45.

Gullet— obstruction, i, 265.

Gullies for stable drainage, iii, 85, 86.

Gum acacia— medicinal uses, iii, 5, 11.

Gum-arabic as an antidote, iii. 54, 60.

Gums— astringents for soft gums, ii, 457;
bliieness due to poison, iii, 51; in-
flamed, due to teeth, i, 326, 330:
spots on, i, 249: wound due to bone
disease, ii, 213.

Gustatory nerve— formation, i, 394.

Gut— colic effects on, i, 278, 295: hernia
or rupture treatment, i, 317, 319-323;
inversion of rectum, 1, ^01, 302; ob-
struction due to thickening or twist-
ing, i, 296; operation uses, iii, 163,
164, 175, 185. (See also Cat-gut.)

Gutta percha— for fracture uses, ii, 241;
for tooth filling, i, 331.

Gutters for stable drainage, iii, 84, 86, 329.

Guttural pouches - form, and diseases
due to pus in, i, 504-507, 511: iii, 508.

H

Habits, bad- (see Vices'.
Hackney Horses -

Action — points ami importance, i, 121-

123.
Appearance and conformation, i, 116,

Breeding and crosses, i, 114, 115; Arab
cross, i, 203: Cleveland bay, i, 130,
131; Oldcnburghs and Hol'steins, i,
208, 209: pack norse resemblance, i,
125.

Early uses and origin, i, 11 3-1 18.

Harness horse qualifications, &c., i, 152,

arc, i, .306; stallions, i,

38, 172, 180; teeth, iii, 396,
Hackney pony —appearance and origin,

i, 170; breeding uses, i, 160, 161, 162,

171.
Hacks — conformation, &c., i, 147-149:

Arabs as lady's hack, i, 203: show

horses, iii, 310, 312.
Hamatemesis a form of bleeding, i, 501.
Hsematinics medicines termed, ii, 447.
HsematOgraph showing pulse waves, iii,

Hasmatopinus on skin, ii, 166.
Hsematurla uul its treatment, i, 347, 348.
Haemoglobin— in blond, i, 432, 433; air-
changes, i, 489; in urine, i, 344.

Hsemo-globinuria and its treatment,
&c , i. 344; ii, 29-31; .aiualysis of
urine, &C-, 11, 26-29; fracture symp-
toms mistaken for, ii, 237.

HsemophiUa and its treatment, i, 501;
ii. .58. 159.

Hsemoptysis- description and treatment,

Hffiraorrhage sec Bleeding.

Haemorrhaglc diathesis and its treat-
ment, u, 158, 159.

Hail — Arab stud at, i, 202, 204, 205.

Hair— composition and growth, ii, 125,
126, 131. 132; iii, 495, 504, 505, on
ear, 1, 10, groin, 1, 17. hp, 1, 5, nos-
trils, i. 9; eggs of but-fly on, ii, 170:
loss -duetocrythema, ii, 144, mange,
ii, 166-168, nettle r.ish. ii. 146, ring-
worm, ii, 164-166, senile decay, ii,
155; removal for wounds and blister-
ing, &c., i, 482; iii, 38, 39; washing
in disease, iii, 35. (Sec also titles
Coat, Feather, Staring coat.)

Hair follicles— structure and secretion.s,
ii, 125, 126, 131.

Hairy growths on eye, ii, 118.

Half-man half-horse- fable on origin

Halt-and-go-lame due to "speedycut",

11. 401.
Halters— for stalls, iii, 328 : operations,
iii, 157; training trotters, iii, 314.

Hampton Court stud-foundation, i,

Hamstrings — conformation, i, 23, 86 ;

sprain and thoroughpin effects, ii,

300. 357.
Hand-gallop-form of. iii, 196. 197.

Hand-rearing of foals, i, 287: iii, 222-

HandS — cleansing for operations, &c., ii,
421, 484. 4S7, 488; iii, 4. 154, 182,
1S5: driving innuences, iii, 312:
structure cunipared with foot of
horse, iii, 491, 501-504, 508.

Hanoverian horses — origin, appear-
ance, &c., i, 206, 207, 209; illust. of,
i, 320.

Hard ground causing disease, ii, 207,

Hard liver -cause of, i, 307.
Hard-mouths — production causing lip

iruul.ks. i, 2j8.

Hard palate-structure, i, 7.

Hard water-analysis, disease cause, and
sofleiiiiig. iii, 122-124, 131-

Hard work-too early, effects, ii, 348,
349; training for, iii, 302.

Harness— accidents and liability, iii, 418;
adjustment. choice, and care, iii,
357-359: friction causing disease, ii,
144. 145, 433, 435; infection from, ii,
150, 151: 111, 152; putting on a cause
of diarrhoea. 1, 287: show horses, iii,
313 ; undoing on falling horses, ii,
441; training trotters, S:c. , iii, 314.

Harness Horses-
Breeding and crosses, i. 152, 153: iii, 206:
comparison of British and foreign
breeds, i, 208, 209.
Breeds suitable — Cleveland bays, i, 125,
126, 129. 131, 133; hackneys, i, 122:
Morgans, i, 207 ; 'V'orkshirc coach-
horse, i, 133.
Conformation, action, and training, i,

149-152; ii, 320: iii, 310-313.
Diseases common to— brain tumours, i,
415: due to occupation, i, 219; sore
shoulders, ii, 435.
Illustration of type, i. 222.
Shoes suitable, iii, 443, 445.

Harness pony— use of type, i, i6o.
Harness room— structure, &c., iii,'33i-

;:;. ;;-: jilans, iii, 320-324.
"Harold" .'slnrc st.allion (illust.), i, 98.
Harold strain— breeding prepotency, iii,

INDEX

581

Haunch and bones— conformation, &c

. 325.

3i^t 339». 340 ; point position and
fracture, i, 15: ii, 222,223; "Mnlcing
of" causes, &c., i, 15: sitting on due
to rupture, t, 295, 319.

Haversian canals in bones, ii, 176. 177.

Haw of eye— siruciure and examination,
i. II. ij; ii, 103, 104, 109, no; iii,

3''7. ot'S.

Hay-
As food — amount, composition, kinds, i,
241, 243: iii. 89, 93. 97. 98. 99, no-
112, 346, 35»-354 : digestion of. i, 246.
247; iii, 90, 91. 96, 97, 99, 118; heat
and force influences, iii, 100. 101 ;
horses in training, iii, 303. 304; oats
and long hay as sole diet, iii, 343, 346:
special diet for broken-wind, ii, 13.
Bedding uses, iii, 355.
Chewing, and choking due to, i, 233, 266.
Diseases due to bad hay. i, 221, 273. 346;
ii, 42; iii, 102, 104: poisoning, iii, 62.
Organisms in hay, i, 224, 225, 228.
Hay bacillus — discoveries, &c., i, 224,

225. 228.
Hay-lofts — structure, &c., iii, 320, 322,

323, 326, 331.
Hay-racks— stable fittings, iii, 327.
Hay tea— preparation, iii, 27.
Hayes, Capt.— on conformation, i, 42,
43i 55, 57. 62, 63, 65, 70, 77; on bone

Head-
As a unit of measurement for body pro-
portions, i, 99-101.
Birth presentations, iii, 274, 279-2S2.
Carriage and position, i, 46, of show and
harness horses, iii, 312, 313: diseases
influenced by. i, 476. 502 : influence on
weight of body distribution, i, 91, 93.
Conformation, i. 2, 3, 4 ; compensating
points for defects, i, 102; divisions —
extremities of head, i. 4-S, surfaces
and softparts, i, 8-12; forms ofheads
and various views, i. 4, 9, 36, 37, 38-
42 ; general aspect and vohime of
head, i. 37, 38; length proportions, i,

i, 402, 449: muscles, ii, 307-310, 318-
320 ; special features, iii, 492-495.
Connection or coupling to neck, &c., i,
44-46; ii, 264, 265, 267-269; bones
supporting head, ii, 180, 181; mus-

Examination as to soundness, iii, ^70-372.

Growth — rate, iii, 297.

Joints or articulations, ii, 265, 279.

Poulticing, iii, 30, 32.

Spasm due to tetanus, ii, 47, 48.

Striking— a cause of poll evil, ii, 430.

Swelling due to horse sickness, ii, 55, 56.

(For special parts see titles Brain. Crani-
um, Ears, Nose, Skull, .<tc.]
Headache— horses suffering from, ii. 478.
Head-Stall 1 .r horse-training, iii, 307.
Head to tall atlachment in operations,

Healing of wounds— natural processes,
ii, 404-407. 412-

Health — definition, degrees, and hygienic
principles, i, 213; iii, 64, 65. 66-69.

Hearing- bones connected with, ii, 184,
1S5; nerves, i, 385, 391, 395: muscles
and cartilages, n, 311 (see also Ears).

Heart-
Absorbent system influence, i, 429.
Anatomy, action, and functions, i. 436-
441. 458; in embryo, iii, 251, 252,
255: ner\'es and arteries, i, 440-444, ,
448; ii, 438: pulse-feeling and kinds, I
iii. 146-148 : systolic action and
other sounds. &c., i, 439, 443, 460— 1
diagram, in. 148; sound due to
poi';oning, iii, 57.
Drugs and examination see Heart dis- '

Heart Diseases, &c.^~

Classification, and indifference shown by
veterinari.ans, i, 454. 460, 461.

Considerations on pathology and general
symptoms of, i, 453-458.

Drugs affecting heart, ii, 452, 457 ; as
stimulants, ii, 458-460; as tonics and
sedatives, ii, 460-462; iii, 4.

Enlai^ement, atrophy, and rupture, i.
465-467, 47a

Examination of heart — general remarks.
'» 454-458: difliculties and methods,
i, 458-461.

Fatty degeneration and infiltration, i,
467-470.

Inflainmaiion— of heart sac 'pericarditis ,
i, 461-463: of lining membrane en-
docarditis), i, 463, 464; of muscular
structure (myocarditis , 1, 464.

Pulse — feeling and kinds, iii, 146-148.

Valvular diseases, i, 464, 465; liver
affected by, i, 303.

Various diseases affecting heart, or re-
sulting from heart disease— blood-
poisoning, i, 482 ; circulation de-
ranged, i, 456, 457, 458; dropsy, &c.,
». 310, 3".,3»2, 457: filled legs, ii,
364, 3f>5', joints affected, ii, 280;
lungs congested and bleeding, ii, 5,
10 : rheumatism, ii, 21 ; spasm of
diaphragm, i, 312.
Heat - as cause of disease, 1,216,219, 222;
food influences, iii, 88, 99, 100;
giddiness and inflammation due to,
i, 407; iii, 136; nerve controlling, i,
389: respiratory process effect, i, 490;
stimulation of heart, Slc, ii, 459;

water purification, iii, 121.
Heat, period Of-(see ^tstrum).

Heating apparatus for stables, &c.,

iii. 3.^0, 333, 332, 333, 334.
Heavy horses — classification, i, 172
(See also title Draught or Cart

Clyde

Horses; special breed,
dales, Shires, &c.)

"Hedon Squire"— show success of, i.

Heels— cracked, ii, 423-425, other causes.
&c., ii, 60, 144, 145; defective action
injuries, ii, 398, 399; fracture symp-
toms, ii, 253; poulticing, iii, 31;
shoeing preparations and injuries,
ii>» 430. 440, 441, 448, 457; soundness
examination, iii, 381; sprain, ii, 204,
300: ulcers, li. 426 (see also Grease .
Heels of shoes— forms, iii, 444.
Height of a Horse-
Conformation and measurements, i, 93-
95; body and limbs, i, 90, 91; chest,
i, 64, 65; elevation at croup, i, 93,
94, at withers, i, 13, 52, 93, 94; pro-
portions to length, i, 99.
Increase, &c.. due to climate, i, 201, 202;

iii. 530, 531. 532, 535, 546, 548.
Ponies— difliculties and measurements,
j. 94. 154, 155. 158; various breeds,
i, 164, 165-169, 170, 171.
Rate of growth. Hi. 287, 288, 394-298.
Roaring influenced by, i, 511.
Various breeds — Arabs, i. 201, 202 ;
Clydesdales, i. 192; hackneys, i. 116;
hea\'5' horses increase, i, r8o: Hoi-
steins, i, 209; hunters, i, 139: Mor-
gans, i, 207 ; Percherons, i, 206 ;
Scottish "large horse", i, 1S6, 187;
Shires, i, 174, 175, 178, 181. 184;
Suffolks, i, 194, 199: Yorkshire
coach horse, i, 134,
Helminths- forms and diseases due to

worms, ii, 162, t6q, 170, 17T-175.
"Helmsley Turk"- history, i, m; iii.

Hemiplegia and its symptoms, &c., i, 420.
Hemlock— medicinal uses, ii. 483: doses.

Hemorrhage- see Bleeding).
Hemorrhages .m skin, ii, 156, 158.

Hemp— see Indian hemp).

Henbane— medicinal uses, ii, 481: iii, 10,

Henle, loop of— formation, &c., i, 334,

335-
Henry VII and VIII— horse-breed mg,

.'ic., i, 173-175. 179: iii, 541, 542.

Hepatic artery and vein — forms, i,

447. 452; liver structure, i, 239. 240.
Hepatic plexus— formation, i, 377.
Hepatic tissues— analysis for disease,

iS;c.. ii, 27. 28: in health, ii, 28.
Hepatitis and its treatment, i. 305-308.

Hereditary Diseases and Influences—

Breeding precautions and transmission,
iii, 215, 24S, 249, 257, rate of growth,
iii, 286, 287 ; colour and markings,
iii, 500.
Causes of disease, i, 214, 217.
Diseases — bleeding from nose, i, 503:
bog-spavin, ii, 290; bone-spavin, ii,
217; broken wind, ii, 12; brittle hoof,
ii, 383; curb, ii, 300. 302; crib-biting
and nervous habits, i, 413; epilepsy,
i. 411; eye affections, ii, 116, 121;
filled legs, ii, 364; hernia, i, 318;
laminitis. ii, 376; mallenders, &c..
ii. 158; navicular disease, ii, 390:
rheumatism and gout, ii. 20; roaring
and whistling, i, 510; shelly feet, ii,
368 ; side-bones, ii, 387, 3S8 ; skin
affections, ii, 139, 140, 153. 158, 159;
sore shins, n, 219; splints, ii, 207;
windgalls and thoroughpin, ii, 356,
357-
Evolution modification, iii, 484.

"Hermit" (if64)-pedigree,i,iio:growth
measurements, iii, 292, 293: rearing
and hereditary influences, i, 112, 503.

Hernia — definition, i, 315. See also
Rupture.)

Herniotomy for hernia, i, 321.

Herpes of the skin. ii. 149.

Herpetic ringworm — cause, &c., ii,

149-

Hiatus aortiCUS of diaphragm, i, 451;

High blowing and its treatment, ii, 19.
High in front-conformation, i, 95.
High neurectomy — method, &c., iii,

High ring-bone— form of disease, ii, 205.
High stepping— training, iii, 312.
Hilum of ovar>', ii, 78, 79.
HUUS of kidney, i. 334. 336.

Hind Limbs and Extremities-
Action— in drawing a load, i, 68, 88;
defective action and injuries, ii, 396-

BHstering, iii, 39.

Body-weight distribution, i, 91, 92.

Conformation and defects, i, 3, 22, 23,

66-68, 82-85, 90; bones, ii, 201-205:

compensating points, i, 102. 103 ;

ner\'es, arteries, and muscles, i, 390,

398, 402, 447; ii, 343-345; iii, 491;

special features, iii, 487-490.
Diseases-(see title Limbs-diseases^
Fractured bones, ii. 260-262 ; causing

paralysis, i, 388; :i, 236, 237.
Functions of the limbs, i, 67.
Growth before birth, iii, 2S8-294; after

birth, iii, 294-207.
Soundness — e-xamination, iii, 382-385-

Hinge joints— form, &c., ii, 262: iii, 491.
Hip and Hip-joint—

Conformation and bones, i, 67, 85; ii,
182, 183, 201, 262, 274: iii, 487; hip
girdle and " point ol the hip ", ii, 192.

Dislocation rare, ii. 349,

Examination for soundness, iii, 372, 373.

Fractures, ii, 256, 257, 258, 259: pelvis
fracture effects, ii. 256.

Ligaments and muscles, ii, 274. 275, 339-
341, 342.

582

INDEX

Hlpparion — fossil remains and horse

..nKin, iii, 286, 5>2, 513.
Hlppidium — fossil remains and horse

origin, iii, 513.
Hippodrome— Grecian performances and

origin, iii. 522, 523, 531.
Hippomanes— formation of, iii, 251.
Hippiirlc acid— in blood, i, 43s: in urine,

Hired horses -law of warranty, iii, 417.

History of liorse-shoeing, iii, 429-432.

History of the horse -ancestors, past
and present types and records, iii.
471-484, 500-513, 517-520: horses of
Asia and Africa, iii, 531-535, of
Britain, in, 535-550, of Greece, iii,
521-525, of Rome, iii, 525-530; posi-
tion m animal world, iii, 471: Scotch
history, i, 186, 187. (See also titles
Arabs, Evolution, Thoroughbreds,

Hobbles— for restraint in operations, iii,
'59. r6o, 166, 172; preventing kick-
ing, iii, 341.

Hobday's castration table and details, iii.

Hock and Hock-Joints Tarsus-
Chestnuts growth, i, 19: ii, 133: iii, 478,

500-508.
Conformation and bones, i. 23, 86-89: ii.
201, 202, 203-205, 277-279: iii, 487;
compensating points for defects, i,
103; ligaments and muscles, ii, 277-
=79. 343. 344. 345'
Difficulty in diagnosis of disease, ii, 217,

218.

Diseases, &c., affecting- arthritis, ii, 286,

287: bog-spavin, ii, 290; bone-spavin,

ii, 216-218: capped hock, ii, 362-364:

iii, 343: loose cartil.iges in, ii, 284:

niallendcrs and sallanders, ii. 157:

stringhalt, ii, 395: thoroughpin, ii,

357. 358; wind-galls, ii, 355. (See

also titles Bowed knees and legs,

Cow-hocks, Curb.)

Fractures and sprain, ii, 221,261,262,300.

Growth measurements from birth, iii,

295-298.
Poulticing and bandaging, iii. 32, 37,
Soundness and warranty, iii, 374, 383,
420, 421.
Hollow back— from age and natural
confornialion,_ i, 56, 57, 58: harness

Hoof and Horn— (Co«/.)

Poulticing the heel, iii, 31.

Shoeing preparations and injuries, iii,

438. 440, 441. 446-45°. 454-
Sloughing due to unnerving, iii, 165, 166.
Soundness examination, iii, 378, 379, 386,

Wearing and hardening— early practices,

"'. 323. 5=4. 5=9-
(See also titles Cleft, Feet. Frog.]

Hoof ointments— use of, iii. 139.

Hoofed mammals — classification and
horse-origin, &c., iii, 475, 476, 510.

Hooks for various uses, iii, 134, ife, 283.

Hopper windows for stables, iii, 80, 81.

Hops— medicinal uses, ii, 466, 467, 474.

Horn as appendage to skin, ii, 125, 132,
■33-

Homcastle Fair— warranties, iii, 413.

Horn of hoof- (see Hoof .

Horn tumour of feet, ii, 372.

Horny growths— origin, &c., iii, 478.

Sec also Chestnuts, Ergots.;
Horse balls-isee Balls).
Horse-chestnuts— poisonous quality, iii.

Horse-gag fur giving physic balls, iii, 20.
Horse-hair— growth, ii, 132; for wound-

smrhniL;. ii, 416. .See also Hair.)
Horse-hair crupper as means of re-

Horse-pox and iis treatn

lent ii, 43, 140-

i42;appearance(illus

t.}.!i.42:Ameri-

can form, ii, 142; co

man, ii, 43; lip tro

jhles due to, i,

248. [See also Grea

se disease.)

' so-

Hollow of the eye.
Hollow of the flank, i, 17.

HolStein horse— appearance, &c.,i, 200.
"Holyrood " Clydesdale stallion (illusL),

Hoof and Horn-
Conformation and growth, i, 22: ii, 199,
20o; iii, 433-436, 487: contracted, ii,
393~3?5: horn structure, ii, 133, 368,
383; iii, 433, 434, 504, 50s. 506:
muscle insertion, ii, 333: model and
nerves of hoof, ii, 491: overgrowth
of horn, iii, 436, 438, 439: rings on
hoofs, iii, 420.

Cutting or rasping — for quittor, ii, 380:
for side-bones, ii, 388: for sand
crack, iii, 455.

Diseases causing brittleness, &c. — can-
ker, ii, 382: corn, ii, 375: indigestion,
i. 272; ring-bone, ii, 205, 206: sand
crack, ii, 365, 366: seedy toe, ii, 368-
371; shelly feet, ii, 367, 368: thrush,
ii. 373: villitis, ii, 383, 384: wounds,
ii, 414; tumour, ii, 372.

Evolution and five-toed ancestors — (see
Five-toed animals).

Fracture, ii, 252, 255— causing separation
of horn from skin, ii, 253.

Healthy condition preservation, iii, 67,
68, 139, 140.

Moss-litter affecting, iii, 138, 139.

Origin of— ungulate mammals formation,
iii. 476, 477-

Horse-sickness— (see title South African

Horse-sickness).
Horse thane— ancient appointment, iii,

537-
Horse-training— (see Training).
Horsing— see .-Estrum .
Host in parasitic diseases, ii, 160, 162.

Hot applications, fomentations, &c.

— effect oublood-vessels, and making
of, i, 275: ii, 462: for bone- and bog-
spavin, ii. 218, 291: capped elbow,
&c.,ii, 360, 361, 363: colic, i, 281 :cuib,
ii, 3o2j eyes, ii, 115: fractured verte-
brte, ii, 237: hemorrhage, i, 503: ii.

obstruction, i, 298: inversion of rec-
tum, bladder, uterus, i, 302, 372: ii,
101; kidneys internal fomentation,
ii, 474: male reproduction organs, ii,
82, 87; pneumonia and pleurisy, ii,
10, 15; poll evil, ii, 431: rheumatism,
ii, 21: ring-bone, ii, 206: skin poison-
ing, ii. 129: spasm of larynx, ii,
18: speedy cutting wounds, ii, 401:
sprains, ii, 2J3. 294, 297. 354- (See
also titles Blistering, Firing, Inhala-

Hot fitting in shoeing, iii. 449.

Hot -water heating apparatus for

sl.iMcs. ,ii. 76.

Human ovum— formation and develop-
ment iiilluences, &c., iii, 251, 252,
258, 4S0-484.

Human subjects-horse diseases corn-

able

37:

Humeral artery and branches, i, 449.

Humeralis extemus muscle— form,

.tc. li. ^130.

Humero-radial Joint— form, &c., ii,

=70,
Humerus bone— conformation, i, 71: ii,
194, 195; dislocation, ii, 350: fracture,
and setting difficulty, ii. 229. 244;
muscles connected with, ii, 328, 329,
.333: sprain due to disease of bone,

Humours of the eye— de

riptit

Hungry horses— diet restrictions, &c.,

i, 269.

Huns-horses of. description of breetJ,
iii, 5.>S.

Hunters and Hunting-
Accidents, &c. - first aid, ii, 437, 438, 440:
treatment of " pumped-oul " animals,
11, 6: iii, 309
Action, jumping, and training, i, 146:
iii, 199-202. 307-310: show horses,
"1. 310-312; staying powers, i, 140.
■ 41. 144-
Breeding and crosses-Arab uses, i, 141,
203: Cleveland bay. i, 131: Irish
breed excellence, i, 137. 138: pack-
horse cross, i, 125; thoroughbred
cross and uses, 1. 108, 135, 136, 138,
139. 141. 143: distinct breed, produc-
tion difficulty, i, 135, 140. 143, 144;
king's premiums distribution, i, 140,

"Condition"— use of term, ii, 445.

Condition or physic ball for, ii, 446.

Conformation— early types, i, 137-139:
modern types, i, 144-146; of canon,,
i, 76. forearm, i. 73, head, i, 37,
shoulder, i, 70, thigh, i, 85.

Diseases, &c., common to. i, 219: bleed-
ing nose, i, 503; bowed knees, li. 303:
congestion of lungs, ii, 5, 6: curb, ii,.
300. 302 : diarrhoea, iii, 149 ; filled
legs, li, 364 ; navicular disease, ii,
391 : pleurisy and tetanus due to
swimming, ii, 14, 45: skin and mud
fever, ii, 139. 144: iii, 135-137; spasni
of diaphragm, 1, 313; thrombosis, i,
474-

Food and pasturage, iii, 95, 113, 114, 309^
310. 347-

Fractures common to, ii, 228, 235, 236,
249. 250, 256.

Grooming and care of feet, iii, 135, 136^
'39-

Illustrations of hunters, i, 214: ii, 456.

Origin and early history, iii, 523, 531^
538, 540, 545. 547-

Pony breeds suitable, i, 165, 166, 170.

Railway boxes— infection and washing,
iii, 153.

Shoes and shoeing, iii, 443, 444, 446, 447,
457-

Sprains common to, ii, 294, 295.

Stable plans and harness room, iii, 320,
332. 333-
Husk— a form of bronchitis, iii, 149.

Hyaloid membrane of eye, ii, io8.

Hybrid horse-breeding, iii, 239, 241.
Hydatids — infesting brain, ii, 162, 163,

174. 175. liver, i, 313, 315: ii, 174;

alternate generation, iii, 261.

Hydrated oxide of iron— as antidote

to poisoning, ii, 448 ; dose for per-
oxide of iron. iii. 10.
Hydrocele iodine uses, ii, 490: unsound-
ness, ill. j73.

Hydrochlorate of morphine — dose.

Hydrochloric acid— digestive uses and
production, i, 235, 245; ii, 464, 465,
467; iii, 5: doses, iii, 9: poisoning by,
iii. 46, 48.

Hydrocyanic acid— dose, iii, 9.

Hydrophobia— indications, ii, 44.

Hydrops -pericardii— a form of heart

disea.se, i, 454.
Hygiene-(see Veterinary hygiene).
Hymen of reproduction organs, ii, 74, 75.

Hyo-eplglottideus muscle-form, &c.,
Hyo-glossus muscles of tongue— forms
Hyo-pharyngeus muscle— form, &c.,

Hyoid bone-lsee Tongue!.
Hyold process uf temporal bone, ii, 185.
Hyoid region -muscles, ii, 312-314, 321.
Hyoldal articulations— form, &c., ii,

266.

INDEX

583

Hyoideus transversus muscle-form,

&c. ii. 3ii.

Hyoscyamus for iungi, ii. 470, 471.

HyOSCyamUS —medicinal uses, ii, 474,

Hypertrophies — skin diseases, ii, 154,

Hypertropliy of heart, i, 463-467.
Hypnotics — medicinal uses, ii, 476, 477;

Hjrpochondrlac portions of abdominal

Hypodermic sjnringe for injections—

Hypogastric portion of abdominal

cavity, ii. 333.

Hypoglossal nerve— description, i, 376,

Hyposulphites-medicinal uses of soda,
"' 449. 450. sulphur, ii, 490.

Hyracotherium— fossil

}-globinuria termed, ii.

Ice— for brain disorders, i, 271; for he-
morrhage of nose and lungs, i, 504:

Ichthyosis and its causes. &c., ii. 153,
154: heredity influence, ii, 139, 140.
Icterus and ils tre;ilmcnt. i, 304.

Idiopathic pericarditis- form, i, 462.
Idiopathic symptoms of disease, iii, 144.
Idiopathic tetanus— form, ii, 45, 46.

IleO-CSecal valve of intestine, i, 237.
niac arteries-form, i, 452: disease, i,

474. 475: ii. 237-
HiaC portions of abdominal cavity, ii,

Hiac thrombosis — cause, symptoms,
&c., i, 474.

niaco-musctilar nerve branches—

formation, i, 402.
IllaCUS muscle— form. S:c., ii. 325.

nio-femoral artery— formation, i, 452.
Ilio-lumbar artery— formation, i, 452.

nium— formation, &c., i, 15: ii, 192:
fracture, ii, 221, 256-259 ; muscles
insertion, ii, 325, 336. (See also
Haunch.)

niness, sudden— directions, ii, 437-441.

Immediate union— method of wound-
Immovable Joints— form, Sc, ii, 263,

Impacted fracture— form and treat-
ment, ii, 221, 225, 226.

Impetigo— drugs for, iii, i, 8.

Impregnation— process, and changes in
ovum due to, iii, 246-240, 261-264:
telegony and hybrids, iii, 239, 240.

Impregnation-tube- use of, iii. 263.
Impressions and impulses due to

nervous system. &c , i, 373, 374,

370, 3S2. 386, 387, 388, 389; paralysis

effect, i, 420.
Inbreeding— ponies success, i, 156, j6i;

Ehorou£:hbreds, i, log.
Incised wounds — their treatment, ii.

Incisor teeth— form, growth, &c., i, 6,
230, 327: iii. 389, 390-302, 396-399,
494: temporary teeth, iii, 393-395,
wear and grooves in, iii, 399-402;
fracture and other effects, i, 330, 332:
ii. 242, 243.

Incubation in infectious diseases, ii, 35;
iii. 150.

TiK^JQ — Arab uses in, i. 203; parasite in-
festing horses, li, 174.

Indian hemp— medicinal tises. ii, 482:

iii, 5, 10, 11: poisoning by, iii, 54.
Indian pea— poisoning by, iii, 58-60.
Indian pease as food, iii, 350.
Indian vetches as food— danger of, iii,

350.

Indigestion — acute or "staggers", i,
268-271. 406: chronic form, i, 271-
273: drugs, ii, 448, 449, 459, 465,
466, 467, 468: iii, 2, 3, 4, 5; abuse of
drugs, i, 272; food and errors caus-
ing, i, 272: iii, 102, 108, 109; saliva
secretion due to, i, 258, 259; various
diseases associated with, i, 278, 311,
346, 457; ii, 140: signsof disease, iii,
149: water effects, iii, 123.

Individual hygiene— definition of term,
iii. 133, 134: processes of grooming,
&c., iii, 134-140.

Indolent ulcers and their treatment, ii,
426, 427; diugs for. li. 448, 489; iii, 7.

Indolent wounds— drugs, iii, 4.
Infectious Diseases-

Classilication, causes, and list, i, 2ig,
223; iii, 133, 151, 152: special char-
and recognition, iii, 150-

Medicines f. maintenance of strength,
iii, 150, 151.

Prevention and suppression — general
care, iii, 140, 152, 153: railway boxes,
iii, 153, 466: stamping-out by slaugh-
ter and isolation, iii, 140. 153-156;
washing, disinfection, and occupa-
tion of premises afterwards, &c., iii,
24, 153-156.

Telegony — mare affected by first sire,

Various diseases which are infectious, i,
4?4i 425, 464, 4B1, 497; ii, 32, 35, 287:

Warranty laws and sale of horses, iii,

422, 423.
[See also titles Contagious Diseases,

Fevers. Inoculation ; for special

Infective ulcers- form. &c., ii, 427.
Inferior cervical ganglion-

Influenza— causes, treatment, &c., i, 223;
i'l 31-33;. iii. 144. 152: contagious
pneumonia a form of, ii, 7, 33: drugs,
li. 45'. 467. 487; iii. 3, 4. 6, 7; joints
affected by, ii, 280, 282, 286; " pink

eye

Vari

&c

;76.

Inferior extremity of head — struc-

Inferior laryngeal nerves— formation.

Inferior lumbar region — muscles, ii.

Inferior maxillary bone— form, ii, iS8
Inferior maxillary Joint- form, ii, 185.
Inferior maxillary nerve — form, i,

Inferior region of body-structure, i,

Inferior sesamoid ligament — form.

Inflammation and its causes, &c., i, 215,

222; arteries and veins, i, 471; blad-
der, i, 349; bone disease, ii, 208-212;
bowels, i, 292-294; brain and spine,
i, 405-407, 418; cracked heels, ii,
424, 425; eyes, ii, 31, iii, 114-118,
121 ; female organs of reproduction
— uterus or womb, ii, 89-91, 97. 98,
vaginal passage, ii, 91, 92, udder,
ii, 03-97: firing, iii, 166, 167;
glands — lymphatic, ii, 36, parotid, i,
259-261: heart forms, i, 460, 461-464;
hernia, i, 320. 324, 325: joints and
sprains, ii, 280, 281, 282-284, 29;?:
kidneys, i, 348: lips and mouth, i,
248, 249-252: liver, i, 305- 30S; lungs
and complications, ii, 5, 7-10, 14.
462: iii, 142: male organs of repro-
duction, ii, 82, 86; paralysis due to.
i, 420: skin diseases (see that title):
teeth, i, 330: temperaments liable to
inflammation, i, 218: temperature as
cause, iii, 136: tongue and throat, t,
252, 254-^57, 507; unsoundness and
warranty, iii, 423; wounds, ii, 40S.

oils complications — a
bladder, 1, 350; bronchitis, ii, 2: eyes,
ii, 115: filled legs, ii, 364: glanders,
ii, 36; heart, i, 461 ; liver, i. 303:
lungs, ii, 5; ccdema of choroid plexus,
i, 416: parotid glands, i, 259: pleurisy,
ii, 14; pneumonia, ii, 7. 35: purpura
haemorrhagica, ii, 24: pus formations,
i. 504. 506; roaring, i. 510. 512;
rheumatism, ii, 20; shelly feet, ii,
368 : skin purpura, ii, 145 ; sore
throat, &c., i, 225, 507; wind-galls,
ii. 356-
In-foal mares — {see Parturition and
Pregnancy, Mares).

Infra-orbital nerve— formation, i, 393.
Infraspinatus muscle— form, Sec, ii,

Infundibulum on teeth, iii, 395.
Infusoria— forms and diseases dne to, i,

246; ii, 161, 169: generation, iii, 259;

water purification, iii, 127.

Inffiiinal canal— structure, i, 17; ii, 65;

castration eflTects, &c., iii. 186-1S8.
Inguinal hernia — bubonocele form, i,

Inlialatipn and fumigation— for bron-
chitis and asthma, ii. 3. 12: catarrh,
i, 500, 501: laryngitis and spasm of
larynx, i, 509; ii, 18; parotid glands,
i, 260; strangles, ii, 40, 41: throat
abscess, i, 258— drugs and antiseptics
used, ii, 471, 485, 487. 4Qi: iii, 18;
horse-sickness due to inha'ation, ii,
54. 55: premises and infectious dis-
eases, iii, 155.

InMbitory nerves of heart, i, 441,
Injections and Enemas-
Administration, and medicines given by,

Antiseptics and drugs used, ii, 454, 456,,

459, 466, 486, 4S9: iii, I, 6, S.
Bacteria experiments— causes of disease,

i, 227.
Bladder- washing after stone, and for

stone solvents, i, 360, 365, 366, 367,

368.
Foals at birth, iii, 220, 224.
Glanders- mallein test, ii, 35, 37, 38, 39.
Guttural pouches — removal of pus, i.

Horse-sickness, ii, 57, 58.

Intestinal troubles and treatment — colic,
i, 280; constipation, i, 271, 285; en-
teritis, i, 294: obstruction, i, 297;
ovaries, iii. 181: parturient fever, ii,
99: uterine hemorrhage, ii, 8g— hold-
ing tail down to rfetain, ii, 474.

Nasal injections for catarrh, &c., i. 500,
504-

Pneumonia — injections into lungs, ii, 33.

[For skin injections, &c., see also titles
Intra- tracheal, Intra-venous, Sub-
cutaneous Injections.]
Injuries— accidents, and articles useful in,
ii, 437-441: bone diseases due to. ii,
209, 210; defective action (see that
title); eye injuries, ii, m, 112, 114.
121: foals at birth, iii, 227; fracture
and dislocation causes, ii, 224, 349:
joint diseases, ii, 279, 281, 282, 286;
nervous system — effect and protec-
tion from, i, 379, 380: shoeing results,
iii, 452-458.

In-knees- defect, i, 74, 75.

Inoculation in infectious diseases, iii,
150-152; anthrax, ii, 42, 43; con-
tagious pneumonia, ii, 33; glanders
and farcy, Ii, 37, 38, 30; horse-pox
and small-pox, ii. 43; horse-sickness,
ii> 54i 55* 58; stomatitis ptistulosa, ii.
49: strangles, ii, 40;
47; tuberculosis, ii, 5

584

INDEX

InsaliTatiOn of food— digestive process,
i. 2,53, 244: teeth influence, i, 326.

Insects— causing disease, iii, 78; horse-
sickness, ii, j5, 58; poisoning of
wounds, &c., li, 403, 414; iii, 61; skin
diseases, ii,_ 142. 163; stings, and
drugs soothing, i, 249, 250, 252; ii.
Si, 82, 414, 415; iii, 7, 61.

Insemination- artificial process, iii, 231-

= 14-

Inseminator-u'se. Sc , iii, 231-234.
Insensitive laminae of foot, iii, 434.
Insipidus diabetes and its treatment,

i. 146.

Inspection .f li rM-s see Examination).
Inspiration of breathing, i, 492, 403:

.issisling in, ii, 322, 334, 335, 338.

Instruments and appliances-anti-
septics and cleansing of, ii, 415, 484,
486: iii, 162: ball administration, iii,
20, 21: bandage roller, iii, 36; blood-
letting results, i, 475, 476: foaling
aids, iii, 282-284; firing, iii, 166, 167;
grooming and clipping, iii, 134, 135,
>37> 138: hernia trusses, &c., i, 317,
318, 321, ^22, 325: neurotomy or un-
nerving, iii, 163, 164, 165; operation
restraints, iii, 156-160: ovaries re-
moval, iii, 181, 182: sand-crack
clamps, ii, 367: stone in bladder, i,
362-364, 366-368; tenotomy, iii, 168-
170; tooth rasps and shears, i, 329.
(See also Castration; for special in-
strument see its name, as Catheter,
Trochar, &c.)

Insufflator for nasal catarrh, i, 500.

Integument- (see Skin).

Intelligence -head formation and nervous
influences, i. 39. 374.

Interartlcular fibro - cartilages of

stUle juiMt. ii. 270.
Intercepting tank in slable drainage,

Inter-condyloid fossa of thigh bone.
Intercostal arteries — formation and
Intercostal muscles — formation and

uvfs. i, 6;, 05, 492: ii. 334.

Intercostal nerves from spine, i, 381.

Interfering— forms of defective action, ii,
396-402: injuries and shoes, iii, 455.

Interlobular veins of liver, i, 240.
Intermaxillary space of head, i, 12.
Internal carotid artery— formation,

Internal flexor of the metacarpus—
furm, .>tc, li, 330.

Internal Uiac artery— formation, i,

452.
Internal Intercostal muscles— form,

&c.. II. u-t-

Internal ligaments of hock-joint, ii,

27S,
Internal maleolus of tibia, ii, 278.
Internal oblique muscle of abdomen,

Internal organs - unsoundness and

warranty, iii, 423,

Internal popliteal nerve -formation.

Internal pterygoid muscle and

nervs f„rm,in<iM, i, 394.
Internal respiration— form of, i, 483.
Internal saphenous nerve— formation.

Internal tuberosity "f humerus, ii, 194.
Inter-osseous arteries— formation, i,

Inter-osseous ligaments of knee-joint,

Inter - phalanglal articulations -

Interrupted sutures for wound-stitch-

Intersesamoid ligament of fctlock-

j 11. -■:-■

Inter-splnous ligaments-trunk con-

nctlioiis, ii, 20j, 265

Intertransversales colli muscles-
forms, &c., ii. 319.
Intertransverse muscles of luins—

forms, &c., ,,. 326.

Intervertebral articulations of the

trunk, ii, 2'.i,

Intervertebral foramina ..f spmal

Intestines-
Description and digestion process in, I've,
i, 235-238. 245-2^7, 272; floiv of bile,
1, 240; foals at birth, iii, 220; lacteal
system villi, i, 427: muscle structure,
ii, 306; nerves, i, 236.
Diseases and disorders— calculi or stones,
i, 298-300: cough, ii, 18, 19; debility,
i, 296, 297: foreign bodies, i, 279: in-
flammation, i, 292-294; inversion of
rectum, i, 301: obstruction, i, 296-
298, 300; paresis of bowel, i, 296;
pasture causing distension, iii, 95;
poisoning and post-mortem appear-
ances, iii, 45, 46, 47, 48. 54; rupture,
1, 295; tuberculosis, ii, 51; ulceration,
i, 290, 306.
Drugs aflicting, ii, 454, 455, 456, 457,
464-468, 477, 480, 483: iii, 4, 8, 13,
14-

Unsoundness and warranty of internal
organs, iii, 423.

Worms or parasites in, ii, 162, 170-174;
drugs destroying, ii. 465, 466, 481;
iii, 6, 12, 13— prescriptions, iii. 16, 17.

[See also titles Colic, Constipation. Diar-
rhoea; special organ, see its name.]
Intoxication— septic form and poisoning.

Intralobular vein of liver, i, 240.
Intra -membranous and intra-cartila-
ginous ossification of bones, ii, 178.

Intra-tracheal injections — adminis-
tration of drugs by, iii, 18, 21; for
horse-sickness, ii, 57; purpura hae-
morrhagica, ii, 25; tetanus, ii, 49.

Intra-venous Injections-administra-

tioii of medicine by, iii, 18. 22; for
horse • sickness, ii, 57 ; parturient
fever, ii, 99, 100.
Intrinsic causes of disease, i, 214, 215,

In-turned hocks— defect of, i, 89.

Invalid food — kinds, preparation, and

adminisiration, iii, 25-28, 140-142.
Invalid horses— isee titles Invalid Food,

Nursing, Sick Horses).
Inversion— of bladder, 1,371-373; rectum,

1, 301-303: uterus or womb, 11, 100-

102, drugs for, ii, 475, 481.

Involuntary muscle— form of, il, 305,

Iodides— medicinal uses and action, 11,

475, 490: of arsenic, ii, 489; iron, li,

447. 489; mercury, ii, 488; iii, 5;

potash and potassium, 11, 448, 469 ;

iii, 5, lo; .sulphur, iii, 5.
Iodine — medicinal uses, ii, 489; ill, 5;

doses, Hi, 10, 11; poisoning by, iii,

53-
lOdism — conditions producing, ii, 490.
Iodoform — antiseptic uses, &c., ii, 421,

486. 489; iii, 186.
Ipecacueinha— medicinal uses, ii, 469,

71. 47=: iii, 5: doses, iii, 10.
Iridectomy— operation on eye, ii, 124.
Iris of eye-form, muscle-fibres, and dis-

-c, i, ii; ii, 106, 110, 122, 124.
Irish horses as hunters, i, 137, 138; iii,

Irish ponies- appearance, &c., i, 168.
Iron-medicinal uses, ii. 447, 448, 454, 456:
I, 7, g, 10. 11; as antidote, ill, 50.
Iron for horse shoes, iii, 442.

Iron pipes, &c., used for stable drains,

111, 85, 86.
Iron splint for fore-limb fractures, ii, 247.

Iron stable fittings- use of. Hi, 69,

Irons-fur

iii. 173; for firing.

Irreducible hernia— description, 1, 316.
Irregular bones- formation of. il, 177.
Irritant poisons— list, and treatment of

(..ii^.nmg by, iii, 46-54.
Irritants ;i, medicine, iii, 14.
Irritatlon-of bladder, remedies, ii, 475;

skin iliscascs due to, il, 139, 140, 142,

■43-

Ischial tuberosity of buttock, 1, 22 ;

muscle connections, li, 340, 341, 342.

Ischio-urethral muscle-action, 11, 73.

Ischium of pelvis — formation, 11, 192;
fracuirc, ii. 237, 259.

Isolation in Infectious disease iii no
.53-1.56. • ' '

Isolation-boxes— disinfection and struc-
ture, ill, 154-156, 320-324.

Itching— due to barley diet, ill, 384, bed-
ding, ill, 355, parasites, il, 166, skin
diseases and other symptoms, ii, 140,
?.49. .56. 164, 167: drugs relieving,
III, 2: stamping caused by, iii, 341.

Jaborandi— medicinal uses, iii, 5, 10.
Jacob— horse-breeding, &c , ill, 497, 519.

Jacobson, nerve of-orlgln, &c., 1, 395.

James I and horse-racing, ill, 544.
Jaundice and its treatment, 1. 304.

Jaw and Jaw-bones — conformation, 1,

■ " "' - disease of

bone

209,

■■?.•

fracture and face cradle, li', 239-242;
joint, ii, 265: muscle connections, 11,
397-310, 312-314, 321 ; " lumpy "jaw,

370. 372: swelling due to

causes 1, 264, 330; li, 35, 40, 41, 44,
49- ( Locked Jaw, see 1 etaiius. )

Jelly-fish and the evolution of man, &c.,
iii, 258, 479, 482, 483.

Jennet descent from horse, iii, 533, 534.

Jerking of limbs due to strlnghalt, ii,
395.

Jibbing due to bone disease, il, 213.

Job-masters— law of warranty, &c.. iii
417.418.

Job's description of war horses, Hi, 520.

Joint 111 - see Arthritis).

Joint Oil— (see Synovia).

Joints and Articulations— anatomy,

ligaments, &c.
Classification and forms of joints, H, 262,

263. 279.
Fetlock, coronet and coffin joints, li,

272-274.
Glands causing flexibility of, 11, 127.
Head joints, 11, 265: head with neck, 11,

267-269.
Hip or coxo-femoral, 1, 67: 11, 274, 275.
Hock-joint or tarsus articulations, 11,

277-279.
Joint oil- (see Synovia).
Long- and low-jointedness— association

between, 1, 80.
Ribs— articulations of, 11, 266, 267.
Shoulder, elbow, and knee joints, il,

270-272.
Special features in structure as compared

with man, Hi, 485-490, 491.
Stifle-joint or femoro-tibial, and tibio-
fibular, ii, 275-277.
Tongue or hyoldal joints, ii, 266.
Trunk articulations, 11, 263-265.
Warranty and soundness, ill, 420.

INDEX

585

Joints. Muscles. Tendons, and Liga-
ments—dUeases and injuries-
Accidents and first aid, il, 439.

Breakdown of ligaments or sinews, n,
251. 354-

Capped elbow, knee, and hock, ii, 359-
364.

Causes and symptoms of joint diseases,
ii, 279-281.

Contraction and spasm of muscle —
causing fracture, ii. 222, 224, 226; in
colic, i, 278; in rabies and tetanus,
ii. 45, 48.

Defective action — causes of stnnghalt,
&c., ii, 395, 396-

Filled legs or cedema, ii, 364; lymphan-
gitis or weed, ii, 22.

Fistula and pus among muscles — causes,
&c, ii, 428, 430, 431. 433.

Fracture — muscle influence, &c., ii, 222.
224, 236, 237, 251, 252, 257: diffi-
culty of setting due to large muscles,
ii, 228, 233 ; prevention of fracture
by thickness of muscle, ii, 243, 244,
254.

Haemo-globinuria effects on muscular
tissues — analysis, &c., ii, 27, 28.

Heart muscles— inflammation, &c.,i,464,
468, 469.

Hernia due to rupture of muscular struc-
ture, i, 324.

inflammation of joint membrane (syno-
vitis), ii, 282-284.

Loose cartilages, or growths in joints, ii,
284, 285.

Paralysis and effects, i, 418, 419; urine
retention, i, 353 : slight movement
produced by drugs, ii, 478.

Poulticing directions, iii, 31, 32.

Roach back due to weak muscles, i, 57.

Skin cracks and swellings, ii, 141, 152.

Wasting of muscles due to disease, i,
311: ii. 30.

(See also titles Anchylosis. Arthritis or
"Joint 111", Bone diseases. Bowed
knees, Curb, Dislocations, Frac-
tures, Knuckling over. Rheuma-
tism, Sprains, Thoroughpin, Wind-
galls.]
Judging horses— acquiring knowledge

Jugular ganglion— formation, !, 395.

Jugular vein of neck, i. 13: bleeding, i,
271: ii. 377: drugs injection, iii, 22:
examination for soundness, iii, 372;
muscle separating carotid artery, ii,
321 : obstruction and thrombosis, i,
473. 475-477: pulse near, i, 462; iii,
146.

Jumping — action, forms, and hunters
training, iii, 199-202, 308, 309: croup
formation, i. 58: muscles used in, ii,
324 ; resulting in fracture, ii, 235,
236, 248, 249. overreach, ii. 399,
sprains, ii, 289, 297, 354, throm-
bosis, i, 474.

Juniper— medicinal uses, ii, 474: oil dose,

Kidneys-
Conformation and functions, i, 333-336;

nerves and arteries, i, 377, 448.
Diseases — diabetes or polyuria, i, 346;

nboli!

473;

nflai

nd abscess, i,
■ calculus, i, 298,

K

Kairin— medicinal uses, ii. 450.

Keeper of the Barbary horses— origin

of title, i, no.
Kell in scrotum due to hemia, i. 319.
Keratitis and its treatment, ii, 115, 116.
Kerato-hyoid muscle— form, ii, 313.

Keratoma :nid treatment, ii, 372.

Key bit for hunters, iii, 307.

Kicking— at night and in stables, iii, 140,
34t: manee symptoms, ii, 167: mares
during "horsing", iii, 181: muscles
connected with, ii, 334, 339: preven-
tion at operations, iii, 34, 159; ^'^r-
ranty* iii, 424.

348: II, 475: ruptu:

343. 344: stone
370. 371; urine indications,

344. 345-

Drugs afTecting, ii, 449..461. 473. 474> 475.
481: iii, 3: cantharides abuse, ii, 475.
Effects of disease — diarrhoea, i, 286 ;
dropsy, i, 311, 312; filled legs, ii, 364,
365: haemo-globinuria, ii, 30; horse-
sickness, ii, 57 : skin disorders, ii,
138; spinal myelitis, i, 419 : tubercu-
losis, ii, 51.
Warranty as to condition, iii, 423.
King's interest in thoroughbred rearing

and racing, i, 110-112.
King's premiums for horse-breeding —

conditions, Nic, i, 140, 141.
Kino— medicinal uses, li, 455.

Kintyre Clydesdales — origin, &c., i,

190.
Knees and Knee-joint—

Action—capabilities of hackney and har-
ness horses, i, 121, 122, 152; defective
action, ii, 400, 401 ; disease symp-
toms, ii, 391; flexion and extension,
ii, 196.

Bandaging, iii, 37.

Bones and conformation, i, 19, 73-75: ii,
193, 196. 197; knee-cap and joints, i,
23; ii, 201, 202, 263, 271. 272, 275:
muscles connected with, ii, 331, 332:
special features and comparison to
man, iii, 485-487, 4S9.

Bowed knees and other defects, i, 74, 75:
ii. 303-305: i'ii 375: sprain tendency,
ii, 289.

Broken knees, ii, 422, 423, 437: fraud and
warranty, iii, 410, 418, 420, 421.

Capped knees, ii, 360-362.

Fracture of bones, ii, 247.

Growth measurements — table, &c., iii,
297-

Loose cartilages in joint, ii, 284.

Soundness and warranty, iii, 372, 374,
375. 379. 383. 410, 418, 420, 421-

Sprain of ligaments, &c., ii, 294, 354.

Sprung knee condition, i, 74: iii, 375.
[ Stable vices — injuries, iii, 342.

Various diseases affecting— arthritis, ii,
286, 287; mallenders and sallanders,
ii, 157: splints, ii, 207— operation for,
iii, 164; wind-galls, ii, 355.
Knives— for castration, iii, 173, 185: neur-
otomy, iii, 163; ovaries removal, iii,
t8i. 183: tenotomy, iii, 169. 170.
Knuckle-bone— {see Astragalus).
Knuckling over at fetlocks, &c.— causes,
ii, 5^, 297, 298, 347, 355: unsound-
ness,' iii, 372.
Koch's discovery of tubercle bacillus, ii,
50; use of antiseptics, ii, 487.

Konigsberg beans as food, iii, ^49.
Kreatin and kreatinine In urine, i,

Labia— structure and glands, \, 18, 73, 74.
230: swelling and eruption on, ii, 53,
140.

Labour pains in foaling, iii, 270: drugs
for, ii, 475, 481; flooding, &c , due
to, ii. 87, 91.

Laceration- of eyelids, ii, lis; of mus-
cles of thigh, ii, 395.

Lachrymal bone-form, &c.. ii, 187.
Lachrymal fossa, sac, and duct— for-

Lachrjnnal gland of eye— diseases, ii,

Lachrymal nerve- formation,!, 393.
Lacteal system— composition, &c, i, 425,

426-42S; intestines, i, 236, 237; drugs

affecting, ii, 2.
Lacunse in bone structure, ii, 176, 177.
Lady's hack— Arab merits, i, 203.
Lair suit.il>lc for breeding purposes, iii, 208.
Lake water-plants polluting, iii, 129.
Laky blood— composition of, i, 433.
"Lamb, the'*— height, &c., i, 94.
Lamellar portion of ligamentumnuch^e,

ii, 264, 265.

Lameness—

Corns, contracted feet, broken knees, and
cracked heels, ii, 375, 394. 422, 425.

Defective action causing, ii, 401.

Diseased bone causing, i, 20: ii, 206, 207,
208, 209, 21 r, 215. 218: side-bones
and navicular disease, ii, 388, 389,
391-

Fractures causing, ii, 225, 244, 249, 250,
251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261.

Joint diseases causing, ii, 280, 281, 282,
284, 286, 287; loose cartilages, ii,
284, 285.

Operations for — firing, iii, 166, 167; un-
nerving, iii, 161, 164, 165.

Pricks and wounds to feet causing, ii,
386,387-

Shoeing causing, iii, 453, 454.

Sprain symptoms, ii, 289, 290, 293, 294,
295, 2915, 297, 299, 300, 30T, 302—
chronic sprain not showing lameness,

ii, 296.

Symptoms of various diseases — canker,
ii, 382: hsemo-globinuria, ii, 26, 29,
30: liver, i. 307; lymphangitis, ii, 22;
quitter, ii, 379: rheumatism, ii, 21;
sand crack, ii, 366: seedy toe, ii, 369;
thoroughpin, ii, 358; thrush, ii, 374;
villitis, ii, 384; womb inflammation,
ii. 90.

Un

ty-

for and diseases producing, iii,
374. 375' 377. 412. 420, 421, 422, 423.
Lamina of sieve bone, ii, 186.

Laminae dorsalis and ventrales—
Laminaa of hair and horn— form, ii,

affecting, ii, 368, 372, 376.

I<aminitiS and its treatment, &c.. ii, 376-
37S; other causes and results, i, 82,
290; ii, 90, 368, 369; iii, 24, 109:
stallions, iii, 237, 238; unsoundness
and warranty, iii, 378, 422.

Lampas — causes, treatment, &c., i, 7,
254, 326.

Lanarkshire origin of Clydesdales, i, 190.

Lancet— use for blood-letting, i, 407, 475,

47t

foi

Land — for breeding and rearing, i, 112; iii,
207, 208, 210, 216: ponies, i, 155, 159.

Land carriage of horses — facilities

and apparatus, iii, 464-467.
LanOline as an ointment, iii, 42.
Large horses of Scotland — history. &c.,

,. iSd, 1S7.
Large intestine— description and uses.

Large metacarpal bone — formation.

Large pastern bone^formation, ii, 198.
Laryngeal nerves— formation, i, 396.

Laryngitis and its treatment, i, 507-509:
iii. 6; cough, ii, 18, 19: cause of
asphyxia, i, 495.

Larynx— conformation, bones and uses, i,
5, 484, 485: ii. 189: diseases and
spasm, i, 507-509; ii, 2, 17, 18 :
drugs, iii, 6, 8; muscles, ii, 313. 315,
316, 317: removal for roaring, &'C.,
i. 507, 509, 511, 512: soundness, iii,

586

INDEX

Latches for loose-box

Lateral ligaments of i

i joints.

Lateral region of body, i, 16.
Lateral surface of hi-.id, i, 10-12.
Lateral ventricle of Lmin, i, 384.
Lateralis sternl muscle— form, &c.,

Lathyrus satlva as food, iii, 350.

Latlssimus dorsi— nerve and muscle, i,

Latrines for stablemen, iii, 320, 335.
Laudanum— medicinal uses, ii, 480.
Laws, S:c.— .incient breeding, i, 173, 174,
187: iii, 537, 540. S41, 542, 545:

335;

and vivisection, ii, 441, 443: poison-
ing by yew. iii, 56; railway box dis-
infection, iii, 153: regulations for
diseases, ii, 37. 64 ; warrant and
soundness (see Warranty).

Laxative foods for sick horses, iii, 26.

Laxatives-medicinal uses, iii, 14.

Lead -medicinal uses, ii, 454, 464.

Lead compress for villitis, ii, 384.

Lead-poisoning and its causes. &C., ii,
Y-'A- 'ii. -i: drugs as antidotes, iii,
I. S; par.ilysis due to, i, 420.

Lean head- form of, i, 36.

Leaping— action and forms, iii, 199-202:

iuinler training, iii, 308, 309.
Leather shoes -uses, iii, 429.
"Leave his legs behind him"— con-

f..r„iaiinri ciusing, i, 85.

Lecithin in bl.wd, i, 432, 435.
"Leedes Arabian "—history, i, m.
Left heart— structure, &c., i, 437.

Left portions of abdominal cavity, ii.

Left surface of bead, i, 10.

Leg or second iliigh of hind limb)-con-
formalion, i, 23, 85: nerves, arteries,
and muscles, i, 398; ii, 343-345-

Legs-fsee titles Fore-limbs, Hind-limbs,
Limbs).

Length of a horse— determination, &c.,
i, 95-98; of back, i, 55, 56, croup, i,
58. 59. head, i, 45, shoulder, i, 69,
70: proportions to height, i, 99.

Lens of eye. ii, io8; spots and disease,
ii, 117, 119. "20; soundness, iii, 369,

Lenticular cataract-formation, ii, 120.
Lentils ;is fiiu.l, iii. 112-114.

Let down at belly— treatment of show-
horses, iii, 310. 311.

Letters on sale of horse— warranty, &c.,
rogulations, iii. 407, 425, 426.

Leucocytes— in blood, i, 434, in urine,
i. ^43-

Leucorrhoea and its treatment, ii, 92-
drugs, iii, 5, 8.

Levator muscles— distinction, &c., ii,

306, 307: forms— anguli scapula;, i,
399, ii, 3.8, cost.arum, ii, 33^, labii
superioris .ind alxque nasi, ii, 308,
niL-nii. ii. 30Q. palati, ii, 316, palpcbra
superioris, ii. 308.

Levers in equine locomotion- bones, S:c.,
i. 33-3S: iii, 193. 194-

Lice and their treatment, ii, 163, 166; iii,
357 : drugs destroying, ii, 491 ; iii,
4. 7.

Lichen of the skin, ii, 148.
Licking the walls of stable— a sign of
disease, i, 272.

Lleberkiihnlan foUlcles of intestine,

1. •-■3^. 237. 245-
Life— \ital activity, e ;istence, and evolu-
tion, iii, 479, 483, 484.

Ligaments-
Diseases and injuries— (see title Joinu,

Muscles, &c., diseases;.
Displacement of bones prevented by, ii,

Ligamentum nuchae- {see that title).
Ossification causing "side-bones", ii,

387. 388.
Stnicturc of canon, i, 75, 76: fore-limb,
i, 20; ii, 199, 223; neck, i, 12; p.as.
tern and foot, ii, 274 : penis and
sheath, ii, 71, 72; uterus, li, 77, 78.
(See also titjes Capsular, Check, Sus-
pensory ligaments. Joints— anatomy,
Sprains.]

Ligamentum nucb» — formation and
tise.i, 531. ii, 264, 265: muscle con-
nections, ii, 312, 318, 322.

Ligatures— for castration, iii, 175, hernia,
', 32s, penis, ii, 85, veins, i, 502,
wounds, ii, 408, 409, 415. (See also
Sutures.)

Light— eye examination, &c., ii, 107, 109,
iii; iii, 142, 367: nervous influence,
i, 387.

Light-coloured horses— bedding, iii,

356: feet diseases, ii, 365, 389; wash-

nigof. HI, 137.
Lighting of stables— see Stables).
Limbs -Conformation, ftc—

Defective -action and its causes, ii, 396-

402; iii. 455-458.
Development in embryo, iii, 255, 288-294.
Feather or hair— (see Feather).
Flexion_ and extension— bones assisting

Functions of the limbs, i, 67, 68.
Grooming, washing, &c., iii, 68, 135-137,

138.
Height proportions, and weight of body

distribution, i, 90-95.
Length and rate of growth — before birth,

iii, 288-294, after birth, iii, 294-297.
Model of hoof and limb, ii, 491.
Soundness and form — examination and

warranty for, iii, 372, 373, 376-386.
Special structure and comparison to

man, iii, 485-490, of muscles, iii,

491, 492.
[See also titles Fore-limbs, Hind-limbs,

Action, Locomotion )

Limbs -Diseases and Injuries-
Bandaging, blistering, and firing, iii,
36-38, 39, t66.

Bone diseases, ii, 206, 207, 210, 213, 219.

Defective action injuries, ii, 396-402: iii,
455-458.

Enlargement or swelling— due to dropsy,
i, 311: filled legs, ii, 364: glanders
and farcy, ii. 36: liver disease, i, 314;
purpura hsEmorrhagica, ii, 25; lym-
phangitis, ii, 22-24, 62: rheumatism,
li, 20, 21: thoroughpin. ii, 357 — drugs
for swellings, ii, 449; iii, 1, 7.

Jerking and stringhalt, i, 411: ii, 395: iii,
2'5, 367, 374, 423.

Lime causing skin inflammation, ii, 143.

Operations— for contraction and straight-
ening, iii, 168-171: for unnerving,
iii, i6t, 162: means for restraint, iii,
157. 159.

Paralysis and crippling causes, i, 388; ii,
26. 30, 236, 237, 298.

Poulticing directions, iii, 31, 32.

Trotters— bruises on, iii, 315.

Various diseases affecting limbs, ii, 22-
24, 60, 62, 64, 143, 148, 157, 219, 376.

[See also titles Deformities, Dislocations,
Fractures, Lameness, Sprains: for
special parts of limb, see titles Feet,
Knees, &c.]
Lime — as a medicine, ii, 448, 450: iii. 5, 9:
antidote, iii, 45, 51, 52; "stone" for-
mation influences, i, 34s, 346, 354;
111, 124: skin inflammation due to,
ii, 143; w.ater tests, iii, 131, 132.

Lime Juice. .>ic — .as .antidote, i

Limit of confusion -skin a-

>■ 51, 52-
organ of

Limited warranty— form of. iii, 406.
Lincolnshire horses -history, &c., iii,

Lincolnshire Lad H (1365) -pedigree,

.■; .. 1. ]r4: Ulust., i, 266.

Linea alba .1 alidomen, ii, 335, 336.
Lineae transversse of abdomen, ii, 336.
Linen bandages— uses. Sc , iii, 36.
Lingual glands and nerves-descrip-

Llnlments- application, &c., iii, 42: drugs
used. ii. 459, 460: mouth trouble due

to, 1. 249,

Lining membrane of heart— inflamma-
tion, i, 461-463.

Linseed and cake— as food, composition,

.S:c., iii 27, 83, 94. 99, 114, 115, 350:

lor broken wind, ii, 13: for medicine
I balls, iii, 15, 18.

Linseed mashes— preparation, &c., iii,

26. 114.
Linseed oil -medicinal uses, ii, 444; iii,

5, 10; sick horse diet, iii, 27.
Linseed poultice — preparation, and

with bran, iii, 29.
Linseed tea— preparation, iii, 27, 114.
Lips-
Conformation and uses, i, 5, 229: muscle

connections, ii, 307, 308, 309: nerves,

1, 395: touch sensibility, ii, 128.

Dis

;ases, injuries, and eruptions, 1, 247-
249: bot-fly eggs on, ii, 170; frac-
tured jaw, ii, 239, 240: herpes, ii,
149: horse-pox, ii, 43: pustules, ii,
141 : stomatitis pustulosa, ii, 49;
swellings due to diseases, i, 476: ii,
24. 55-
Twitch application, iii, 157.

Liquid ammonia— as stimulant, ii, 459:

poisoning by. iii, 52.
Liquid food— cause of disease, i, 221.

Liquid medicines— adn

Liquor arsenicalis-u

: . 11, 453;

Liquor folliculi of ovary, ii, 79.
Liquorice- uses in medicine, iii, 15, 17.
"List " on back of Cleveland bays, i, 127,

132.
"Lister Turk "-history-, iii, 546.
Lister's antiseptic system for wounds,

•'•' ■ "■ 4 ■-■ 41". 420-422, 4S7.

Lister's strong mixture for wound
Stone in

Lithotomy tube— uses, S:c , i, 366.
Lithotripsy— operation and instruments,

i, 366-368.
Lithotrite-uses, Sc, i, 367.
Litter-(see Bedding).
Liver-
Condition balls eflfect on, ii, 446.
Conformation and digestive uses, i, 238-

241: bile-flow,_&c., i, 24s: capillaries

and arteries, i, 447, 448; nerves, i,

377-

Liver Diseases and Injuries-
Abdominal ascites — dropsy, i, 310-312.
Congestion of liver, i, 303.
Drugs aflecting, ii, 459, 465-468, 488;

Fatty and ruptured liver, i, 308-310, 470.
Inflammation or hepatitis, i, 305-308.
Jaundice, icterus, the yellows, i, 304.
Mustard plasters over liver, iii, 34.
Signs of disease, iii, 149.
Spasm of the diaphragm, i, 312.
Temperaments liable to disease, i, 218.
Tuberculosis and bacillus aflecting liver,
ii, 50, 51.

INDEX

587

Liver Diseases and Injuries— (Cc«/.)

Various disease^ due to, &:c. -diarrha:a,
i, 2S6; digestive disorders, i. 272, 303,
307: filled legs, ii, 364, 365: giddi-
ness, i, 409: hxmo-globinuria, ii, 27,
28, 29: influenza, ii, 32; oedema of
sheath, ii, 84; skin diseases, ii, 139,

Worms and parasites causing disease, ii,
169. 171. 173, 174, 3i3-3»5; genera-
tion of, iii, 260. 261, 480.
Liverpool bit— type and use, iii, 359.
Livery Stable owners-law of warranty,

Loads — lirawing and position of limbs, S:c.,
i. 67, 68, 88; hernia causes, i, 316,
319; merits of various breeds, i, 192,
193, 199, 206.

Lobelia— medicinal uses, ii, 472.

Lobules— of liver, i, 239, 240: of salivary
y lands, i, 230, 231; of testicle, ii, 66.

Lobulus Spigellii— position, i, 239.

Local authorities— disease regulations,
Local diseases — classification, &c., i,

2J.;; 111. 144,

Local dropsy of sheath, ii, 83, 84.

Local inflammations of the skin, ii,

Local paralysis— causes, treatment, iic.
Local symptoms of disease— definition,

arse, ii, 439:
nces, 1, 213, 214.
Lock-jaw— (see Tetanus).
Locomotion, Equine—

Bones as levers, and effect of air, i, 33-

35. 490-
Footprints of various paces, iii, 197.
Forms and position — in amble, canter,
and trot, iii, 195-198; galloping. leap-
ing, and jumping, iii, 198-202; stand-
ing and walkuig, iii, 191, 192, 194.
Muscles and head influences, i, 31, 36.
Nervous diseases causing failure, i, 405.
Organs of locomotion (see titles Bones,

Limbs, Vertebrae^ Sic).
Speed and centre of gravity, &c., i, 28-

30; iii, 192-194.
{See also titles Action, Movements.]
Lofts — structure, iii, 320, 322, 323, 326, 331.
Loins— conformation and defects, i, 14, 56,
57, 102: bones and fracture, ii, 179,
235. 236: lumbar nerves, i, 375. 377;
muscles, ii, 319, 322-324: rheumatism
in, ii, 21 : spinous processes of, ii,
179, 180; sprain, ii, 298.
London regulations— on stable matters,
iii. 83, 335; sale of horses and war-
ranty, ill, 417.
Long bones -description and ossification,
ii, 177, 17S; fracture setting, ii, 229,

Long conformation — of back, i, 54,

56: neck, i, 48, 50; pasterns, i, 80;

shoulders, i, 69, 70.
Long low horse — appearance. Sec, i, 99,
Longevity of cream Hanover horses, i,

Z06, 207, of Suffolks, i, 197, 198, 200.

Longissimus dorsi muscle— form, &c.,

ii. 300, 373, 324.
Longitudinal fracture— form, &c., ii,

Longus colli muscle— form, &c., ii, 322.
Loose cartilages in joints, ii, 2S4.
Loose-boxes

Keddin^ causing heat and injury, iii, 356.

Care of hunters in, iii, 310: mare and

foal, iii, 265, 268, 285; sick horses,

iii, 23, 24. 143: trotters, iii, 316.

Conveyance of horses — by land and rail,

iii, 464-467; by sea, iii, 461, 462.
Infection, disinfection, and occupation

afterwards, iii. 153, 154-156-
Shoes for animals in, iii, 139.

Loose-boxes— (Ctf«/. }

Structure, Sec, iii, 69, 70, 323, 325 — drain-
age, iii, 84, 85; plans, iii, 320-324,
325; racing stables, iii, 338; railway
boxes, iii, 153, 464-467: sick-bo.ves,
iii, 23, 24, 143; tramway stables, iii,
337-
"Lord Derby" (415) — hackney stallion

:illu

172.

"Lord Derby II" (417)— pedigree, i.iig.
"Lord Stewart" — Clydesdale stallion

^iIiust. , i. 280.

Lost dog and horse— story of Zadig,

iii, 473-475-

I Lotions — application, &c.. iii, 42: lead
preparations, ii, 464. {See also Em-
brocations. Eyes, Liniments.)

I Lousiness— see Lice).
Low in front— conformation and effects.

I Low neurectomy— method, &c., iii, 161,
I 162, 164.

I Low ring-bone— form of disease, ii, 205,
Low withers— character of, i, 52. 54.
L-shaped stables— plan, &c., iii, 322.

I Lucerne hay— composition, &c., iii. 89,

! u... 01, >,7. 99, no, HI.

I Lumbago -md its causes, &c., ii, 21.

Lxunbar arteries— formation, i, 452.
Lumbar muscles of infer!

regie

Lumbar nerves— formation, &c., i, 381,

401, 40.>-405.
Lumbar portions of abdominal cavity.

Lumbar rheumatism-symptoms, &c..

Lumbar vertebrae or spine— forma-
tion and bones, ii, 179, 181, 182;
fracture, ii, 236: iliac diseases affect-
ing, i, 474, 475: kidneys position, i.
333; muscle connections, ii, 324, 326

LumbO-aortiC plexus — formation, i.

.^77■

Lumbo-sacral plexus — formation, i,
Lumbricales muscle— form, &c., 11,332.

Lumps on skin, ii, 137. 146.
Lumpy jaw-causes, iii, 103.

Lunar bone -form. Slc, ii, 193, 197.
Lunar caustic— uses. &c., ii, 457.
Lunging in hunter-training, iii, 307, 308.

Lungs-
Blood distribution through — capillaries
and arteries, &c . i, 446, 448, 487:
heart's action, i, 438.
Conformation and respiratory uses, i,
482-484, 486. 491, 493, 494; confor-
mation showing good lungs, i, 39,
207, 208 ; consideration in prescrip-
tion of drugs, ii, 468, 469; fostal lungs,
formation, iii, 256.
Diseases and injuries — (see title Lung

diseases and injuries).
Drugs aflfectiiig, ii, 462, 468-470; stimu-
lant and soothing remedies, ii, 470-
472.

Lungs— Diseases and Injuries-
Bleeding or hemorrliage, i, 501, 502; ii.

Lungs— Diseases and Injuries -

159-

nd for detec-

Eroken wind, ii, 12-:

tion. i, 460.
Bronchitis and asthma, ii, 1-4, 11.
Classification and general considerations.

Congestion and inflammation (pneumo-
nia), ii, 5-10; heart affected, i, 457.
462.

Drugs for, ii, 462, 468-470: iii, i; stimu-
lant and soothing remedies, ii, 470-
472.

Embolism of lungs, i, 473: ii, 140.

Illustrations of diseases affecting, ii, 34,
42, 140.

Pleurisy or pleuritis, ii, 14-17.

:ffect and causes, i, 493; ii,
254. 255-
Sick-box bedding and temperature, &c.,

iii) 23. 24, 142.
Tuberculosis and bacillus, ii, 42, 50, 51.
Various diseases associated with— diar-
rhoea, i, 286: glanders and farcy,
i'. 34. .30, 39: heart affection, i, 457,
462; liver, i, 303: tetanus, ii, 48.
Worm infesting lungs, ii, 174.
Lupus affecting the horse, ii, 156.
Luxation of bones-(see Dislocation).
Lying down a cause of capped knee and

hock, ii. 360, 362: iii, 343.
Lymph — composition, &c., i, 428, 429,

430; liver spaces, i, 239.
Lymphadenoma— a form of tuberculosis,

ii, 50.
Lymphangitis and its treatment, ii, 22-
24: drugs, iii, 4: epizootic form, ii,
59-65; distinction from glanders, ii,
3^1 37; green food causing, iii, 351;
other effects, ii. 158. 428.

Lymphatic animals -dise.ise liability,
I. 218; ii, 356. 424.

Lymphatic glands and system— com-
position, &C-, i, 425, 428-430, of
bladder, i, 337: disease or "weed",
ii, 22-24, 36; drugs for swellings, ii,
474; effects and swellings due to dis-
eases, ii, 49, 51, 59, 62; soundness

Ls^mphOCyteS in blood, i, 434,
LySOl for wounds, ii, 421.

M

MacMne-made shoes— uses, iii, 446.
Maculae of skin, ii, 136.

Mad staggers— a form of indigestion, i,

268, 270, 27..
Maggots causing skin disease, ii, 163.
Magnesia — medicinal uses, ii. 448: as

antidote, iii, 45; water constituent.

Magnesium, sulphate of (see Epsom

salts).

Maize as food— composition. &c., i, 241,
-■•?■ ''.'.■, ^9' '°'' 348, 349: digesti-
bility, iii. 90. 91, 97, 98, ic8, 109.

Maladie du COit and its treatment, &c.,
ii, 52, 80. 82, 42S.

Malar bone -formation, &c., ii, 185, 187.

Malarial fevers— causes, i, 223; iii, 78.
Male fern-Jose, iii, 10.
Male organs of generation— (see Re-
Male pelvis— arteries of, i, 452.
Male teeth— number, &c., i, 230.

I Malformations— see Deformities).
Mallein for detection of disease, i, 228 :

j ii. 35. 37, 38, 39. 61.

I Mallenders- causes, &c.. ii. 157. 158;

* chestnuts as, iii, 501 : remedies, ii,

j 464; unsoundness, iii, 374.

I Malleolus of tibia, ii. 203.
Malpighi, capsule of— formation, &:c.,

I i. 334. 335. 336.

I Malpresentations in foaling, iii, 274-

279, of head, iii, 279-282,

Malt liquors-stimulating uses, ii, 460.

Malt sprouts as food, iii. 89, 108.

Maltose in digestion, i, 244.

Mammalian ovum— formation and fcr-
tih^ali .n. iii, 251. 252, 258, 480-484.

Mammary glands — conformation and
development, i, 16, 17: ii, 94, 335:
diseases affecting, ii, 53. 93-97, 98:
fractured pelvis effect, ii, 257; use of
alum, ii, 456; weaning effects, iii,
226. (See also Milk.)

588

INDEX

Hammltls— trcitmcnl, &c., ii, 93-97.

Han— comparison of skeleton of horse, ii,
176: 111, 485-49o;_ foot pads, iii, 502,
503, 507, 508; origin from jelly-hsh,
evolution indnences, &c., iii, 257,
=58, 479. 482-484-

Mane — characteristic of horse, growth,
&c., ii, 132; iii, 495; mange, ii, 167;
w.ishiiig in disease, iii, 35.

Uange and its treatmcnl, ii, 166-168: iii,
35; cure for, and mange-mites causing
disease, ii, 140, 163, 166, 167; drugs
used, ii, 481, 484, 491; iii, 4; skin
dressing causing, ii, 129; unsound-
Mangel-wurzel— poisoning by, iii, SI.

Mangels-.i- food, iii, 89, 115.

Mangers -unislruction .ind tying in, iii,
327, 328, 338; cribbing and feet in, i.
414: iii, 342; -food left in, and in-
fection precautions, iii. 142, 154, 155:
lip troubles due to wouj, i, 247.

Mangolds- food uses, iii, 350.

Manholes— in stable drainage, iii, 85, 86,
329. 33°-

Manure— (see Dung).
Mares—

Blistering while " in se.-ison ", iii, 39.

Breeding and origin of various types of
horses — ancient laws, i, 173, 17.;;
Arabs, 1, 201, 202; Clydesdales, 1,
187. 189, 190; Flanders, i, 175, 176,
177: hackneys, i, 115, 119: harness
horses, i, 152, 153: hunters, i, 125.
135. "36, HO. 142. >43: ponies, i, 157,
158, 161, 162, 163, 171; Shires, i,
172, 174. 177. 178, (illust.) iii, 268;
Suffolks, 1, 19s.

Care and food, &c., of in-foal mares, iii,
208-210, 215-218, 264-266: after
foaling, iii, 226-228, 285: constipa-
tion, 1, 285 : weaning after fresh
service, iii, 225 : working during
suckling and pregnancy, i, 286, 287:
iii, 217, 264.

Catheter insertion and uses, iii, 177, 179.

Causes of disease-sex influences, i, 218.

Growth of foals-influence of mares, iii,
297, 298.

Mating and impregnation, iii, 213-215,
219, 234-238, 262, 263, 297, 298;
artiflcial insemination, iii, 231-234:
cantharides abuse, iii, 60: influence
of first sire on further offspring, iii,
239-245.

Period for foaling, iii, 285.

Stone in bladder, or vesical calculus, i,
368.

Troublesome mares, removal of ovaries,
iii, 180-184.

[See also titles /Estrum, Parturition and

Pregnancy, Reproduction Organs,

Scvual Intercourse, Suckling of

Foals.)

Market sales of horses — warranty as to,

iii. 417.
"Markliam Arabian " — history, St,

Markings — forms and origin of specLil
marks on horses, SiC, iii,_ 495, 497-
500: on Cleveland Bays, i, 127, 132:
Clydesdales, i, 192: Suffolks, i, 196,
197 ; Yorkshire coach-horse, i, 134:
teeth ■• mark", iii, 392, 393, 395, 400.

Marrow— of bone, ii, 176.

Marsh lands-fever causes, iii, 78.

Marston— shire horse, price, i, 185.

Martingale — use for harness and show

. 313

Masculine features — effect of castra-
tion, iii, 172.
Massage— diseases benefited by, ii, 286,

357. 36s.

Masseter muscle— form,. &c., ii, 309.
Masseteric nerve -fi>rm.ition, i, 393.
Master of the horse or stud— ancient

:il.|.ointniciit, i, .10; iii, 537.

Mastication process and time, i, 23^, 244,
246, 247; imperfect— effects, 1, 272,
282, 286: loss of power and difficulty
due to diseases, 1, 420, 504: ii, 44, 48,
49: mixed food, iii, 346: nerves and
muscles assisting in, i, 385: ii, 310,
313: teeth effects, i. 326, 327, 330.

Mastoid process of temporal bone, ii,

Mastoido-auricularis muscle— form,

&e., ii, 3IJ.

Mastoido-humeralis muscle — form

and u^es. i. 46, 49, 50; ii, 306, 320;
fracture effects, ii, 245.
Materials for stable structure, iii, 319,

Mating of mares- see titles Breeding,

Mar^;-
Matter cc titi.; Pus or Matter).

Maxillary articulation- form, ii, 185.
Maxillary hones -forms, &c., ii, 186,

Maxillary nerves -forms, &c., i, 393.
Meadow hay quality. Sec. iii, 351, 352.
Means of restraint of horses during

Measures f.r drugs, &c.. iii, 11, 12.

Mechanical apparatus— bowed knees,

ii, 304, contracled feet, ii, 394, 395,
malformed limbs, ii, 346, 347.

Mechanical causes of disease, i, 219,

220; ii, 426.
Meconium plugging rectum of foals, i,

2S4,
Median nerve and branches- formation.

Median neurectomy— method, &c., iii.

Mediastinum testis— form, ii, 66, 67.

Medicinal plants — appearance of (il-

l^^t , 11. -i'»i. 470.

Medicines and Drugs-
Action and uses, ii. 441-444 — list of drugs,
iii, 1-8: therapeutical action of medi-

Administration and preparation of physic,
ii, 444-446: iii, 18: balls, draughts,
drench , &c. , iii, 19-22 : electuaries, in-
jections, and suppositories, iii, 21, 22,
41: refusal of horses, means of forc-
ing, iii, 157, 158.

Antiseptics and wound treatment, ii, 420-
422, 483-488.

Diseases due to abuse of drugs, i, 272,
276. 286: ii, 84, 143, 473, 475.

Doses, measures, and weights for various
drugs — list of, iii, g-12.

External remedies — gargles, liniments,
&c., iii, 41-43.

For acting on tissue change— alteratives,
". 452-454: astringents, ii, 454-437.

For blood, affecting nutrition of entire
body, ii, 446: tonics and reducing
drugs, ii, 447-450: cooling medicines,
11, 450-452.

For blood-vessels, ii, 457. 462-464.

For heart and blood-vessels, ii, 457-462.

For kidneysj bladder, and generative
organs, ii, 473-475-

For lungs and air passages, ii, 468-472.

For nervous system — hypnotics, tonics,
and stimulants, ii. 476-478: anaes-
thetics and anodynes, ii, 479-483.

For skin and "sweating", ii, 472, 473.

For stomach, digestive system, bowels,
and liver, ii, 464-468.

Infectious diseases — little value of, iii,
150, 15'-

Miscellancous drugs for various ailments,
ii. 488-491.

Operations, iii, 156, 157, 160, 182 (see also
Anesthetics).

Poisons and Poisoning— (see that title).

Prescriptions - horse balls for various
purposes, iii, 15. 16: powders, iii, 16,
17: draughts, iii, 18.

Medicines and Drugs- 'Co«/.)

Treatment of — pregnant mares, iii, 266;
ship- board horses, iii, 463: show
horses, iii, 311: trotters in training,
&c., iii, 316.

[For special drugs, &c,, see their names.]
Medulla, and medullary cavity and fora-
men in bone-structure, ii, J76.

Medulla oblongata -formation, &c., i,

382, 389. 494.

Medullary sheath. &c., of nerve-fibres,

■, i7y .-*

MegaCOCCi of bactefia, i, 226.
Megastoma-a forn, of worm, ii, 169.
Megrims see Vertigo'.
Melanosis — unsoundness due to, iii, 374.
Mellitus diabetes and treatment, i, 346.
Membrana decidua in uterus, iii, 253.
Membrana granulosa— form, iii, 248.
Membrana nictitans of eye, i, n: ii,

Membranes— blue colour of, ii, 470: bone
structure and disease, ii, 176, 208:
brain — thickening of, i, 417: heart
inflammation, i, 461-463: joint stnic-
tiirc and inflammation, ii, 262. 282-
284: lining stomach and intestines,
i. 235, 236: lung diseases, Ii, i: poi-
soning and disease signs, iii, 46, 47,
48, 145: spinal cord diseases, i, 418;
uterus during gestation, iii, 252, 253.
(See also Mucous membranes.)

Memory of a horse, i, 390: ii, 439, 440.

Meningitis— of brain, i, 405-407; spinal
and cerebro-spinal forms, i. 418. 423-
4.'5: drug for, ii, 477.

Mental nerve— formation, i, 394: fr.-icture

Menthol antiseptic uses, ii, 487.

Mercurial poisoning— causes, &c., ii.
Mercury and preparations — used

incJiLinally, &c., ii. 45.(, 486, 488:
iii. 3. 5 — doses, iii, 10: poisoning and
antidote, iii, 489: iii, 45.

Merismopedla of bacteria, i, 226.

"MesaOUd" — .^rab sLallion (illust.). ii,

Mesenteric arteries — formation and

diseases afl'ccling. i, 448, 452. 471,
477; parasites in. ii. 174.

Mesentery of intestine, i. 236: hernia

causes, i, 317, }j^.
MeSOhlppUS — fossil remains and horse

Mesorchium "f testis, ii. 65.
Metacarpal arteries-formation, i, 450.

Metacarpal bones shin or splint bones)

-fori

75;

197-

77. 47S. 487; forn:
and fossil remains. 111, 477, 478, 511,
513: bone diseases affecting, ii, 209,
210, 213, 216, 219; fracture, ii, 223,
248: joints formation, ii, 271, 272.
Metacarpal periostitis and its treat-

Metacarpi muscles— forms, ii. 330, 331,

Metacarpo-phalangial articulation, ii,

-7--
Metacarpus— sec t'anon).

Metal shoes— introduction, iii, 429.
Metallic sutures. Sic, for wounds, ii,

Metatarsal artery— formation, i. 453.
Metatarsal bones -formation, &c., ii,

..o,|. 278: iii, 487-
Metritis aiul its treatment, &c., ii, 89-91,

Metro-peritonitis and its treatment.

Microbes and micro-organisms— (sec

t)rs.uiisins.
Micrococci— formation, ivc , i, 226. 246.

Microscopical discoveries on causes

of disease, i, 224-226.

INDEX

589

Microstoma-.T form of worm, ii, 169.

Middle cervical ganglion— fonnation.

Middle flexor of metacarpus or canon

Middle gluteus muscle— form, &c., ii,

Midriff-isec Diaphragm).
Military Horses-
Air-space in stables. i".i. 80.
Disease treatment -y epizootic lymphan-
gitis, ii, 64; hoiVe-sickness, ti, 53-58.
History on, i, 176, 210.
Maize diet, iii, 108.
Shoeing — history and injuries, iii, 429,

452.
Water amount, iii, 120.
[See also titles Cavalry, War.]
Milk — absorption by skin, ii, 130; antidote
uses, iii, 45; foal-rearing with cow's
inilk, iii, 224, 225: sick horses' diet,

MUk of mares— alum for drying up, ii.
456: hand-milking practice, i, 287;
ii, 94, 96: microbes causing disease,
i. 225: refusal of mare to feed foal,
ii. 94: suppression causes, ii, 90, 93,
94-96, 98: various effects of dis-
ordered milk, i, 251, 285, 286, 287,
2SS, 289.

Milk-glands— see Mammary glands).

MUk-syphon— use of, ii, 96.

Milk teeth— appearance, &c., iii, 393,
4 -r ; shedding causing tongue inflam-
uLuion, 8;c., i, 252, 326.

Milky Streaks across eye— disease signs,

v.. 120: iii, 368.

Mill-dust for bedding, iii. 356.

Millers' horses liable to " stone"", i, 300.

Mineral acids— food and digestion, i,
-•4!: mt.-,licinal effects, &c.. ii, 454,
4'- p. IV iiiiig effects, iii, 48.

Mineral matter in bone, ii, 175.

Mineral poisons and their effects, ii.

Mines — contamination of air in, iii, 76, 77.

Miocene fonnation— horse origin, iii.

Miohippus — fossil remains, and horse

iT'gin, iii, 512.
" Mischief "—Yorkshire coach horse (il-

iuvt. , ii, 161.

Misrepresentations and fraud in sale

Mistakes in sale of horses — warranty

regulations, &c., iii, 409.
Mites causing skin diseases, ii, 163, 166-

i63.
Mitral valves-sounds and disease, i,

4"o. 464, 465.

Mixed concretions— forms, &c., i, 300.

Jlixed food -advantages and uses, iii,

Mixed hemorrhage— causes, &c.,i, 501.
Mixed joints - form, &c., ii, 263.
Modern horses— descent and position

in animal world, iii, 471-484-
Mohammedan belief and uses of horse,

■■i, 533. 534-

Moisture in tissues - during

oof,

health, ii, 28;

Molar glands— description, &c., i, 230.

Molar teeth— form, defects, and growth,
i, 6, 230, 327-329, 332; iii, 389, 390,
397-399, 476. 494, of temporary teeth,
>"'. 394-396: fracture and decay, i,
330- 33I-

Monads — generation of, iii, 259.

Monday morning disease — causes,

.v.: , ,1, 22. 364.
Mongolian horse— appearance. Sec, iii,

Monks-hood— medicinal
poisoning by, iii, 63.

Vol. III.

n, 461

Monorchld- description of, iii, 184.
Monro, foramen of— in brain, i, 384.
Moon-blindness and its causes, &c., ii,

Moorish horses— history, iii, 527, 530,

?JJ- 5i4. 535-

Morbid conditions a sign of disease, i,

-■15, 314.

Morgan horses — appearance, origin,

iic, 1, 207.
Morphia.— injections and medicinal uses

of, i, 280, 303: ii, 16, 480; iii, 5, 463

— doses, iii, lo ; fracture setting, ii,

230.

Morphine, acetate of— dose, iii, 9.

Mortality due to castration, iii, 186;
epizootic lymphangitis, ii, 6i, 63 :
influenza and pneumonia, ii, 32, 33:
pyaemic arthritis, ii. 287, 288 ; par-
turient fever, ii, 99; worms in young

Mortification of reproduction organs, ii,
8,1, 91, 92.

Mosquitoes causing horse-sickness, ii, 55,
58: parafBn-oilas protection against,
ii, 58.

Moss-litter- use of, iii, 138, 139.

Motion— gurgling sound during, ii, 71;
nerves of motion, i, 392. 397; para-
lysis and causes, i, 419: ii, 236, 237.
[See also titles Locomotion, Move-

Motor nerves— formation, i, 374, 385, 386.

Motores oculi nerves— formation, i, 385.
Motores oculorum nerves— formation,

^c-. ', 392. 394-
Mould causing disease, i, 216, 221: ii, 169,

371 ; iii, 102, 103.
Mouldy hay- effects of, iii, I02, 352, 353.
Moulting- nrsenic uses, ii, 454; rheu-

nul.sm during, ii, 21.
Mountain ponies— breeding lands for.

Mouth-
Conformation and examination, i, 5, 6-8;
i". 371) 372: bones and cavity, ii,
183, 186, 187: deformity, "parrot
mouth'", i, 331 : harness horses, i,
151; muscles, u, 307-309, 314.
Discharges — bleeding causes and aid, ii,
10, 439: froth and foam, ii, 56, 213;
saliva secretion, &c., i, 258.
Drugs for mouth-washes, &c., ii. 50, 455,
457, 4S4, 485; iii, 2, 3, 5: application
of mouth-washes; and poisoning treat-

; — facial paralysis,
parasites, ii, 169;

Eruptions and dis
ii, 423; fungi

stomatitis and thrush (aphthae),"!,

249-252 : ii, 49, 50.
Poisoning effects, iii, 46, 47. 52.
Space between teeth— formation of, iii,

390, 494-
Mouth-gag for physic giving, iii, 20.

Movements-
Absorbent system affecting muscular

movement, i, 429.
Blindness and its tests, ii, 123.
Centre of gravity and equilibrium of a

horse, i, 28-31; iii, 192-194.
Excitability denoted by ears, i, 42, 43.
Muscles in relation to power and speed,

', 3", 32.
Nervous system and brain influences, i,

373. 374, 39° — diseases affecting

power of movement, i, 405: refle.\

movements, i, 388, 389.
Poisoning effects, iii, 54.
Unsteady— due 10 heart, i, 458, staggers,

i, 268, thrombosis, i, 474.
[See also titles Action. Defective action.

Locomotion, Motion, &c.]
Mucous casts and mucus in urine, i,

34?: poisoning signs, iii, 47, 48.
Mucous glands— description, i, 232.

Mucous membranes — bladder, i, 337;

drugs affectuig, ii, 434; iii, 2, 13;
genito-urinary organs disease, &c.,
'.. 344, 345.; intestines, i, 236; liver
disorders, i, 303, 304, 307; poisoning
and disease signs, iii, 45, 145;
stomach, 1, 235, 273.

Mud— grooming of coat, &c., iii, 134-137,
310.

Mud fever- causes, &c., ii, 139, 144, 145,

158: iii, 135-137; remedies and pre-
cautions, ii, 464, 474; iii, 4, 310.
(See also title Lymphangitis.)

Mule feet — formation and advantages,
ii. 393-

Mulling of horses- early practice, iii.

Multiplication processes in genera-
tion. IH, ;5S, 259.
Mumps ui hoTves, i, 259.

Muscles aiid Muscular System-
Action, origin, and insertion of muscles,,
ii, 306.

Appearance (illusts,), i, 390, 398; ii, 310,.
314. 326.

Attachment to bones— tendons for, ii, 306.

Breathing uses, &c., i, 492.

Composition and kinds of muscles and:
fibre, ii, 305, 306— kreatin and gly-
cogen in muscle, i, 341, 490.

Digestive influences, i, 235, 246.

Diseases and injuries— (see title Joints,,
iluscles, &c. , diseases).

Drugsaffecling, ii, 449, 478, 481; iii, 6, 13.

Examination for soundness, iii, 373.

In relation to power and speed, i, 31, 32;
iii, 193; to locomotion, i, 33-35: iii,
191.

Moisture in tissue— analysis, &c., ii, 27,

Nervous and absorbent systems affecting
muscular movement, i, 373. 374, 429.

Regions— axiUary, ii, 327; hyoid, ii, 312:
lumbar, ii, 324; pharyngeal, ii, 315;
scapular, ii, 328.

Skeleton attachments, i, 53; ii, 178, 180.

Special functions and structure as com-
pared with man, iii, 490-492.

Sprains— (see that title).

[For muscles of special organ or part,
see its title, as Abdomen. Fore-limbs,
Neck, &c. ; for particular muscle see

Musculo-cutaneous nerve— form, i,

^°^■
Musculo-spiral nerve— form, i, 400.

MuSgrave'S- gutters for stables, iii, 329;
horse-tying in stables, iii, 328.

Mustard- medicinal uses, iii, 6.

Mustard plasters, &c. — preparatioi>
and application, iii, 33; for various
uses, ii, 462, 469, 471; irritation due
to, and question of use, ii, 3, 7.

Mutualism— a form of parasitism, ii, 160.

Muzzle for preventing bed-eating, iii, 139.

Muzzle of head, i, 5; warts and lip
troubles, i, 248.

Mydriatics and their uses, iii, 14.

Myelitis, spinal— causes, &c., i, 418.
Mylo-hyoid muscle— form, &c., ii, 312,

Mylo-hyoidean nerve— form, i, 394.
Myocarditis and

464, 46S.

Myotics and their i
Myrrh— medicinal 1

N

Nags-uses of, i, 113, n8; iii, 543.

Nails as skin appendages, ii, 131, 133.-

iii, 504, 505.
NaUS in foot— diseases and injuries by,.

ii, 210, 253. 385. 403. 4i2> 413; iii, 453.
103

590

INDEX

Nails and nailing on of shoes, ii!. ^^^,

450. 45': injuries, iii, 453

Nape of head- see Poll).

Narcotic poisons and treatment o!

poisoning by, iii, 54-64.
Narcotics-drugs used as, ii, 476, 481.

Narrow conformation— of breast, i, 6i,

6?. croup, i, 50, face, i, 39: digestion
influences, iii,'. 19.

Nasal bones — formation, i, g: ii, 186;
fossil remains, iii, 513; muscles at-
Ir.ched lo, ii, 308, 309.

Nasal catarrh or gleet— causes, treat-
ment. &c., i, 498, 4^9-501; drugs, ii,
489: iii, 5, 7: mallem test, ii, 39; pus
extraction, ii, 186; soundness exam-
ination, iii, 371.

Nasal duct— position, i, 10.

Nasal nerve— formation, i, 393.

Nasal peak-formation, i, 9; ii, 186.
Nasal process ~ fracture of maxillary
l.M.uihim.gh. ii, 242.

Natural ventilation— use of term, &c..

Navel and umbilical opening — for-
mation and dressing, i. 17; ii. 288,
335. 338: tiver and hernia effects, i,
306. 316; "navel ill" and pya:niic
ariliritis, ii, aSo, 287-289; separation
at birth, iii, 270, 271.

Navicular bone — formation, i, 22: ii,
200; fracture, ii, 224, 252; wounds
affecting, ii, 385.

Navicular disease— its treatment. &c.,
ii, 389-393: fracture and other effects,
ii, 200, 252, 2S0, 373: operation for.
iii, 161, 164, 165; unsoundness and
warranty, iii, 379, 382, 422.

Navicular ligaments — coffm-joint, ii,

Naviculartliritis{seeNavicuIardiscase).

Near side -explanation of term, i, 3.

Neck-
Carriage and coupling of head and neck,

i, 44-^6, 48-51: ii. 267-269.
Conformation and bones, i, 12, 13, 47,
102; ii, 179, iSi; arteries and veins,
i, 447, 449: joints and ligaments, ii,
264, 265- joint with hcad,ii, 267-26^;
muscles, ii. 318-322, 326; nerves, i,
375p 376; spinous processes of, ii, 179,
180; weight of body influenced by
length, i, 91.
Diseases and injuries affecting— covering
disease, ii, 53; eczema, ii, 148; frac-
ture, ii, 235: horse sickne'-s, li, 55,
56: mange, ii, 167; nettle-rash, ii,
146: poll evil, ii, 430; roaring, i. 511:
roping to extract horse, from ditch,
ii, 440: spasms, ii, 45, 47, 48.

Neck cradle used after blistering, iii, 39.

Neck presentations in parturition. Hi,

27,;, 270. 280.
Necrosis <^tf bone. ii. 212-214: othercauses,

''1 386, 431, 432; tuberculosis classed

as, ii, 51.
Needles causing heart disease, i, 461.
Needles— for hernia, i, yB; lithotomy, i,

366; neurotomy, in. 163, 164: slcln

injections, iii, 21; wound-stitching,

ii, 418, 419.
Negative symptoms of disease, iii, MS-
Nematodes causing disease, &c.. ii, 1:70,

17". i7'> 370; drugs destroying, iii,

Nephritis and its treatment, j;_348: un-

smiiidness and warranty, iii. 423.
Nerve-cells— composition and uses, i, 375,

378. 386-
Nerve energy or stimulus- generation.

&c.. i. 373. 387. 388: heart action, i,

441: n. 458.
Nerve-flbres — composition and uses, i,

375. 378, 379. 385, 386, 387, 494.
Nerve tonics .tnd stimulants— drugs used,

ii. 448. 477, 478; iii, 6.

Nerves and Nervous System—

As csNeiiti.il to life, and composition of
nerve tissue. ii:c., i, 373, 378, 387: in
muscles, ii, 305.

Blood supply, i, 374, 378, 380.

Cerebro-spiiial system, i, 373, 378: nerves
—cranial, i, 39>-397. spinal, i. 307,
brachial plexus, i, 398-402, lumbo-
sacral plexus, i. 402-405: structure —
of cells and fibres, i, 378-380, of
spinal cord, i. 380-382, of the bulb,
pons, and brain, i, 382-386.

Development in embryo, iii. 255.

Diseases - {see Nervous Diseases, also
names of diseases).

Drugs affecting, ii, 476; anaesthetics and
anodynes, ii. 479-483; sedatives and
hypnotics, ii, 461, 467, 476: iii. 2;
tonics and stimulants, ii, 448, 460,
477, 478; iii, 6.

Functions and stimuli of the system, i,
373. 374. 386-390: generation of
energ>', i, 373: heart influence. 1, 440;
ii, 458 ; impressions and iiTipulses
conduction, i, 379, 386; perspiration
regulation, ii, 130; respiration func-
tions. &.C., i, 494.

Plexuses of nerves — formation, &c., 1,398.

Sympathetic system and ganglia, i, 374.
375 ; nerves of cervical, dorsal,
splanchnic, lumbar, and sacral re-
gions, i. 375-378-

[For nerves of special organ, see its
name; fur particular nerve, see its
title.]

Nervous Diseases and Influences-
Affections classed under, i, 405.

Apoplexy and sunstroke, i. 412.

Breeding influences— colour and mark-
ings on animals, iii, 497, 498.

Causes of disease — excitement, i, 215,
222. 287; iii. 54, T49: shock, i, 220:
temperament, i. 218, 511; ii, 477;
temperature, i, 216, 217.

Cerebritis or brain inflammation, i, 405-
407.

Crib-biting, wind-sucking, and weaving,
i. 413-415-

Digestive disorders and saliva secretion,
i. 232, 233. 258; gastritis, i, 274.

Division of nerves — {see Neurotomy).

Drugs — (see title Nerves).

Epilepsy, eclampsia, and chorea, i, 410,
411.

Fracture and sprain influences, ii, 228,
233, 252, 292; protection of nerves
from injuries, i, 379.

Giddiness, megrims, or vertigo, i, 407-409.

Heart disease detection difficulties, i, 456.

Loss of power— (see Paralysis).

Meningitis— brain, i, 405-407: cerebro-
spinal, i, 423-425: spinal, 1, 418.

Myelitis and spina! inflammation, i, 418.

Parasites infesting nerve-centres, ii, 174.

Poisoning effects, iii, 54.

St, Vitus dance and stringhalt, i, 411;
ii, 395-

Spasm of diaphragm, i. 313.

Tumours and abscess in brain, bone, S:c,,
i, 409. 415, 417: oedema or blood
clot, i. 416: thickening of mem-
branes, i, 417.

Unsoundness and warranty — *' nerved"
horses, &c.. iii, 376. 377, 4»9. 422-

Various diseases associated with ncr-
vousness— anjcmia, i, 479 : asthma,
ii, ii: collapse, ii, 477: cough, ii. ig:
diarrhora. i. 287: larynx affections,
i. 507. 5»o. 511:. skin diseases, ii. i^q;
roaring and whistling, i, 51 1 ; tetanus,
ii. 45. 48.

Nervous temperament of horses, i.

218, 5!i: ii, 477: blistering restric-
tions, iii, 39; feeding and training
considerations, iii. 94, 302.
Nettle-rash— causes and treatment, ii,

143, 145, 146.

Neural arch of spinal column, ii. 179, 180.
Neuralgia causing saliva disorders, i, =58.
Neurilemma of ucrvc-fibres, i, 379.
Neurokeratin of nerve tissue, i, 387.

Neurosis of skin, ii, 156.

Neurotomy or neurectomy — advan-
tages, methods, and instruments for
"unnerving", iii, 161-164: for navi-
cular disease, ii. 392 ; after-effects
and detection, iii, 165, 376, 377, 419,

New Forest-extent, and pony-breeding
ill. i, 106. 169.

New Forest pony-origin, appearance,
&c., i, 166; teeth (illusts.), iii, 390,
400, 402.

Newmarket- origin as a race-course, iii,
546.

Newminsters-rearing and training me-
thods, i, 112: iii. 304.

"Nimrod" on hunter qualifications, !,
X36. 138, 139-

Nippers- ,see Incisor teeth).

Nitrates -medicinal uses of amyl, ii, 463:
mercury, ii, 488: potash, ii, 448. 462,
474: potassium, iii, 6: silver, ii, 457:
ui, 10; poisonmg by, ui, 53.

Nitre for glossy skin, ii, 453.

Nitric acid— medicinal uses, ii, 467; iii,
6; doses, iii. 9.

Nitrogen— in air, iii, 132: in food, i, 244.

Nitrogenous foods— value, S.c., iii. 87,

89. O.'.

Nitro-glycerine - medicinal uses, ii, 463.
Nitrous ether- medicinal uses, ii. 462,

474; iii, 7; duses. iii, 10.
Noah — Arab horses chosen by, i, 201:

Chinese history on The t'lood, iii,

517-
NOCard, Prof.— on glanders and farcy, ii,

36: maladie du coit, ii, 52; valvular

disease, i. 465.
Noeud vital of brain, i, 494.

Non-articular bones- forms, ii, 178.

Non-cognizable turms of disease, i, 219.

Non-striated muscle— form of, ii, 306.
Norman Conquest and horse history, i,

1U5: 111, ^i:. 533.
Nose and Nostrils-
Bleeding, i, 501, 503. 504; ii. 10: first

aid, ii, 439: heredilarj' cause, ii, 158,

159-
Conformation and examination, i, 0, 10,

39, 483: ii, 186; false nostril, i, 10;

in, 50R: fossil remains, iii, 513;

muscles, ii, 307-309.
Discharges— due to catarrh, i, 497, 498.

499; glanders, ii, 36: horse- sickness,

ii, 56; influenza, ii. 32: lungs, ii,

lo; purpura ha:niorrhagica, ii, 24:

strangles, ii, 40.
Eruptions and ulceiation due to diseases,

i. 503; >>. 35. 43. 49. 62. M»-
Examination as to soundness, iii, 370,

37»-
Injections, and inhalation by nose-bags,

i, 260; ii, 471; for bleeding nose, i,

504: catarrh, i, 4^8, 500, 501: ii, 489:

horse-sickness, ii, 58; use of alum,

ii, 456.
Obstruction causing roaring, i, 511.
Poking-ont nose a sign of disease, i. 260.

266.
Nosology— definition of, i, 214.
Nuclei of nerve centres, i, 389.

Nucleus and nucleolus of nerve cells,

i. 378, 379>

Nursing— aid and attendants' duties, ii,
381, 442; iii. 23- 24. '4». 154: cloth-
ing, water, and food for horse, iii,
24-28; unloading rectum per hand,
iii. 34, 35: various applications used
in, iii, 41, 42; washuig ihe horse,
iii, 3s. (See also titles Bandages,
Poultices, Sick-horses, Slings.)

Nut-galls-medicinal uses, ii, 455.

INDEX

591

Nutrient artery in bones, ii, 176.
Nutrition of body— definition, and

od, i

aliie of V

foods, ill, 96-101 : embryo and fteti
iii, 252, 253, 257: health maintenance,
iii. 66: medicines affecting blood,
&c., ii. 446-452; alteratives, ii, 452;
ulcers due to defect of, ii, 426.
Nutritive value of various foods— tables,

NUX vomica— medicinal
478: iii, 6— doses, iii,
iog by, iii, 57.

.475.

o

Oak bark -me.li. in.il uses, ii, 455: iii, 10;

Oat-hair concretions— forms, i, 300.
Oatmeal-and-water as food, iii, 28.
Oatmeal gruel -preparation, &c., iii. 27.
Oat-straw— as food, iii, 354: for bedding,

Oats as food-amount and advantages,
i. 241. 243: iii, 93. 107, 346, 347:
chewing, I, 233; composition, iii, 89,
97. 98. 99: digestibility. Sec, iii, 90,
91, 97, 99, 118, iTO, indigestion re-
strictions, i, 273: diseases due to, i,
221: ii. 42: iii, 104: hay and oats as
sole diet, iii, 343, 346; heat and force
influences, iii, 100. 101; special diet
for horses in training, iii, 303, 304.
pregnant mares, iii, 265, 266, 285,

Obesity —breeding and sterility influenced

by, iii, 215, 216, 237.
Objective SjmiptOms of disease, iii, 145.

Oblique fracture— form, &c., ii, 221,

2?2: of various bones, ii, 226, 249,

254, 260-

Obllque muscles of eye, ii, 104.
Oblique pasterns— form, &c., i, 80.
Oblique processes of spinal column, ii.

Obllquus abdominis

ternus muscles- forms, S:c , ii. 336.
Obllquus capitis superior and inferior

muscles — forms. &c., ii. 319. 320.
Observation — power in evolution, iii,

470: ^to^y of Zadig and the lost ani-

ni.-ik, iii, 473-475.
Obstruction- choking and gullet, i. 265.

I dis.

. of

, &c., i, 471-478; dilation of
stomach, colic, and constipation
causes, i, 277, 282. 284; eye tears, ii.
114; foaling difliculties, iii, 271-274;
heart valves. &c., i, 463, 465, 466; ii,
5. 10; intestinal obstruction, i, 296-
298, due to "stone" and worms, i,
300; ii, 171; liver, causing dropsy, i,
311; nasal, causing roaring, i. 511;
skin, ii, 127: sterility causes, iii, 229:
urine and urethral passage. &c., i,
301, 350, 357; use of catheter— pre-
cautions, iii, 178. (See also Foreign
bodies.)

Obturator artery— formation, i, 452.

Obturator extemus and intemus

muscles -1' mis. &c.. ii. 342.
Obturator foramen of pelvis, ii, 192.
Obturator nerve - formation, i, 403.
Occipital artery— formation, &c., i,4si.
Occipital condyles and the support of

held .Hid neck. ii. 181, 184, 267.
Occipital crest nf head, i, 4.
Occipital or occiput bone— form, &c.,

ii, lU: fracture, ii. 254.

Occlplto - atloid articulation— form,

c^C , ii, -jf.j-,fg,

Occlplto - Styloid muscle — form, &c.,

ii, 314.
Occult spavin— form of disease, ii, 216;

unsoundness, iii. 383.
Occupation a cause of disease, i, 218.

Odd hocks-defect, iii, 384.

Odd-toed animals — horse

gin, &c.,

181, 263,

Odontoid process of

268, 269.

ffidema— of brain or choroid ple,vus, i.
414-416; eyes due to horse-sickness,
ii, 56 ; larynx, i, 507 ; legs, ii. 364;
111, 7; opium uses, ii, 480; sheath, ii,
83; ulcers and granulations due to.
ii, 427.

(EsophageaJ nerve— formation, i, 396.

(Esophagus— formation, &c., i. i6, 229;
dilation causing vomiting, i, 268.

(Estrus equi and hsemorrholdalis

infesting digestive system, &c., ii,

169. 170.
Offers-early uses of oxen, &c.. i, 173.
Off-side— explanation of term, i, 3.
Offspring reverting back in breeding—

isee Back breeding;.
Oidlum albicans -a cause of '■ thrush ",

Oil-cake as food, iii, 89, 94.

Oil globules of liver, i, 239, 309.

Oils- digestive processes and emulsifica-
tion, i, 241, 245, 246; iii, 91,97; food
properties, &c., i, 241, 242, 243;
medicinal uses and doses, i, 297, 303,
304; iii, 6, 10; vitriol for glossy skin,
i, 248; ii. 453.

Ointments — application, &c., iii, 42; for

Old horses— dilation of stomach, i, 276;
dropsy, i, 312: hernia, i, 322; inver-
sion of rectum and uterus, i. 301; ii.
100; intestinal obstruction, i, 296;
liver inflammation, i, 307; oedema of
sheath, ii, 84; parturition difficulty,
iii. 272, 273; teeth and age test. iii.
401.

"Old Traveller" — breeding history, i.

Oldenburgh horse- appearance, &c., i,

Oleate of zinc and mercury, medi-

cin.il uses. ii. 456. 4S8.

Olecranon process of ulna, ii, 196 ;
fracture, ii, 245; muscles attached

Olfactory nerves and bulbs— form and
uses, i, 385, 391. 484: bones con-
nected with, ii, 186. 188.

Olympic games — inauguration, and uses
of horses at. iii, 522.

Omenta of stomach, i. 235: hernia causes.

One~toed animals — horse-origin from.
Opacity of eye— disease symptoms, ii.

Open surface drains for stables, iii,

"4-;- uu:icrs. iii, 329.

Opening the heels— in shoeing, iii, 441.
Operations-
Antiseptics and drugs used, ii, 483, 484,
486, 487, 488; iii. 3, 4, 156, 157, 160;
restorative in ammonia, ii, 459. (See
also title Anaesthetics.)
Control of horses and means of restraint,

iii. 156-160,
Deformed limbs and contracted tendons.

Depriving certain part of sensation-

-un-

nerving methods.

iii. 161-166.

Foaling — malpresenta

tions, iii, 272-

282;

mechanical aids.

ii, 282-2S4; us

eof

force, iii, 284.

Lameness and foot dis

eases, iii, t66.

167.

Shoes and shoeing — (s

ee that title).

Table for, iii, 160,

val,

"Ophelia" — hackney mare (illust.), i

Ophthalmia — rormK and treatment, ii
114, 116-118; hereditary, iii, 215
unsoundness — examination and war
ranty, Iii, 368, 422.

Ophthalmic nerve and branches -

fori

Ophthalmoscope — u

■ 393-
of,

77-180.

[See also titles Anaesihetirs. Castration, I
Catheter, Cautery, Firing, Litho- j
tomy. Neurotomy. Ovariotomy,
" Stone ", Tenotomy. ] 1

Opisthotonos tetanus— form of, ii, 47.

Opium — medicinal uses and effects, ii,
470, 471. 472..474. 475. 47^, 479: >"»
5, 6— doses, iii, lo, ii; colic and in-
testinal disorders, i, 280, 289, 292,
294, 297; hernia, i, 323; poisoning
by. iii, 55.

Optic nerves— formation and uses. i. ^85,
39". 39-:. eye .structure, li, 105, 107;
examination and disease, ii, no, 122,
123: iii, 36S.

Optic thalami uf brain, i, 383, 384, 390.

Optical appliances for examination of
eye. H. loQ-iii, 119: difficulty in
UMii,,', ii, 109.

Oral evidence and warranty regulations,
iii, 405, 407-409, 413, 426.

Orbicularis oris- form of muscle, ii,
307. 309

Orbicularis palpebrarum muscle of

eyelid, ii, 308.
Orbit— cavity formation, i, n; ii, 183, 187;
eye anatomy, ii, 103,

Orbital arch and process— formation,

i. 11; ii, 1S4: fracture affecting, ii,

238.

Orbital maxillary nerves— formation,

I- 393-
Orchitis and its treatment, ii, 86.
I Organic acids and food digestion, i, 243.

j Organic bodies— constitution of, iii, 87.

Organic life— nervous system of, i, 374.

Organic matter in bone, ii, 175.

Organisms Germs, Microbes, &c.)-

Air— before and after respiration, J, 487:
composition and pollution in stables,
&c., iii, 77, 78, 131, 132.

Antiseptics, disinfectants, and drugs de-
stroying, ii, 420, 452, 483, 4S4. 488:
ii'. 2. 3. 13— table showing strength,
ii, 486, 487.

Causes of disease, i, 214, 216, 223, 224:
ii, 160; iii, 78, 102-104, 124-126; in-
fectious diseases, iii, 150-152.

Digestion and food— forms infesting, i,
216: ii, 169-175: iii, 102-104; uses in
intestinal digestion, i, 246.

Diseases due to— anthrax, ii, 41, 42, 43;
aphtha:, i. 250; covering dl-iease. ii,
52; dysentery, i. 290; epizootic lym-
phangitis, ii, 59, 60, 61; glanders and
farcy, ii, 34, 35, 37: joint diseases,
ii, 280. 287, 288: liver, i, 306, 313-
315; South African horse-sicLness,
ii, 54: strangles, ii, 40; tetanus, ii,
46; tuberculosis, ii, 50, 51; ulcers, Ji,
426: womb and parturient fever, ii,
90, 97.

Distinction of parasites, ii, 159, 160.

Generation and evolution— growth, &c.,
iii, 258, 286, 479-484: alternate gene-
ration, iii, 259-261; spontaneous
generation, i, 225.

Hygienic destruction of, iii, 65.

Staining for examination, ii, 54, 60.
Water composition and pollution, iii, 126-
129, 132; disease influence, iii, 124-

Wounds infested by, ii, 406, 407. 411,412,

413, 4M-
[See also titles Bacteria, Parasites; for
special organism, see its title.]
Organs having no obvious nse— evolution

and other influences, iii, 509.
Orl&Ces of stomach and intestines, i, 234,
235. 238-rupture, i, 315.

592

INDEX

Origin of muscles— description of term,

Origin of the horse — (see lilles An-
cestors, Evolution, History).

"Orme" (1889 —pedigree, i, iii; tongue
inflammation case, i, 252, 325.

"Ormonde" — chest measurements, i, 65.

Orohlppus -fossil

Os calcls-(see Calcaneum).

Os cervix— sterility causes, iii, 263.

Os corona— form of bone and joint, ii,

njl. 1Q9, 273; deformity caused by,

ii, H6, 347.
Os femoris— form of bone, ii, 201 (see also

Ihigh.
Os hyoldes -form of bone, i, 6: ii, 189.
Os magnum lionc nf fi>rc-limb, ii, 193,

"■i7-

Os metacarpl magniun— form of bone,

ii. 197.

Os naviCUlare- form of bone, ii, 193, 20O.

Os pedis — form of bone, ii, 193, 199; mus-
cle insertion, ii, 332, 333, 343.

Os SUffraglniS— bone formation, ii, 193,
198: disease affecting, ii, 210; fr,ic-
tiire, ii, 224, 249 : joints formation,
li, 2yj. =73.

Os uteri externum of uterus, ii, 76.

brecdii

252.

, 4=7-

Ossa innominata of pelvis, ii, 183, 192.
Ossification of bones, ii, i78—of skull,

radius, and ulna, ii, 183, 195, iq6 ;
before birth, iii, 255 : conformation
and action causing,!, So; ii, 397:
fracture influences, ii, 223, 248; joint
disease, ii, 281; side-bones and liga-
ments, ii, 387, 388; sprained muscle
and spavin, ii, 2^3, 299; unsoundness
and warranty, iii, 422.
OsteO-porOSlS and its symptoms, &c.,
ii, 214-216; fractures due to, ii, 224,

Ostitis and its treatment, ii, 208, 210-212.
Ottorha3gla-a form of bleeding, i, 501.
Outer maleolus of tibia — ligaments

Mt.,ch«d to, ii. 277.

Ovaries— construction and ligaments, ii,
77-79: arteries, i. 452; development
of ova in, iii, 246. 248: removal —
causes and operation, iii, 180-184:
sterility and sestrum causes, iii, 229,
262. (See also titles Cystic ovaries.
Ovum.)

Ovariotomy in troublesome mares, iii,
,80-184.

Overreach as defective action, ii, 398:
injuries, and shoes for correction.

Ovisacs of ovary, ii, 78, 79.

Ovum, human— development of, iii, 251,
.■52, 258, 480-483.

Ovum of mare— formation and fertiliza-
tion, &c., ii, 79, 80: iii, 245-249, 258,
479, 480-483: sterility causes, iii, 230.

Oxalate of lime— in calculus or stone,
iS4; i" nriiic, i, 345, 346.

Oxalic acid —in urine, i, 346: poisoning

I'y.

11, 51.

Oxaluria and its causes, &c., i, 346.
Oxen— choking, i, 265: digestive powers,

iii, 96, 97: farm uses, i, 172, 173, 187:

foot formation, iii, 476, 477.
Ox-gall in jaundice treatment, i, 305.
Oxide of zinc— medicinal uses, ii, 456;

duse, iii, 10.
Oxidizing agents— antiseptics, ii, 421.
Oxygen— in air, iii, 133; water purifica-

lion, iii, 126.

Oxyurus curvula infesting

Ozoena— causes, &c., i, 499; alum uses,
ii, 456.

Pacing — form of motion, iii, 195.
Pacing stallion " Star Pointer" (illust.).

Pack horse "Triumph II" (illust.), i.

Pack horses -appearance, &c., i, 123-
125: Dartmoor and Arab crosses, i,
163. 203.

Paddocks for thoroughbreds, i, 112.

Pads in formation of foot— man and ani-
mals compared, iii, 501-504, 506, 508.

Pain— control of horses during, ii, 437:
drugs subduing, ii, 479: in, 5, 8, 12;
poisoning symptoms, iii, 47.

Paint— poisoning by, iii, 49.

Palate — conformation, i, 7 : congestion,
i, 254: muscles, ii, 188, 315, 316;
parrot niotith effect, i, 332.

Palatine bones of face, ii. 187.
Palatine nerves— formation, i, 393.

Palatine process of jaw-bones, ii, i86.

Palato-glossus muscle— form, &c., ii,
Palate -pharyngeus muscle — form,

&c., ii, 316.
Palmar pad— formation, iii, 502-504, 506,

508.

Palpation test for dropsy, i, 311.

Palpebro-nasal nerve-form, i, 393.
Palpitation of heart, i, 467, 468: due

to drup.sy .ind anaimia, i, 311, 479;
sound mistaken for, i, 312.
Pancreas— description and digestive uses,
i, 241, 24s, 246: drugs affecting, ii,

Panniculus camosus muscle— form,

S:c., ii, 335
Papillae— of foot, iii, 436: of skin, ii, 125,

126: growths causing disease, ii, 372,

381.
Papules— on skin, ii, 137, 147, 148.
Paracentesis for dropsy

Paraffin-oil as protection against mos-

Paragorlo elixir -medicinal uses, ii, 460,

480.

Paralysis-
Definition of term, i, 419.

Drugs — as remedies, ii, 490: iii, 6; caus-
ing paralysis, ii, 463; producing
slight movement, ii, 478.

Eyes and lids — tests for, iii, 367, 368.

Forms of cerebral, spinal, and nerve
paralysis, i, 405, 420-423; spinal
meningitis, i, 41B: cerebro- spinal
meningitis, i, 423-425 : penis para-
lysis, li, 82, 83, 85.

Fracture effects — back, broken or
sprained, i, 388: ii. 235, 236, 298;
biiid-qnarters, ii, 236, 237: jaw and
lip, ii, 240; skull, ii, 234.

Larynx affections, i, 507, 509, 510: ii, 17.

Litter or bedding for, iii, 24.

Poisoning causing, iii, 51, 59, 60, 64.

Use of catheter in, iii, 179.

Various causes or results -bl.adder, i.
298: covering disease, ii, 53: hacmo-
globinuria, ii, 26; indigestion and
staggers, i, 268, 269, 270; reflex
movements, i. 388, 389; respiratory
muscles, i. 495: roaring and whist-
ling, i, 396, 510, 512: .shoulder slip,
ii. 350; thrombosis, i, 474; urine and
fsces retention, &c., i, 16, 351.

[See also Facial paralysis, Local para-
lysis.]
Paramecium -generation of, iii, 259.
Paraphymosis and its treatment, ii, 80.
Paraplegia .md its causes, &c., i, 421; ii,

236, 237.

Parasites Eind Diseases due to-

Alternate generation of worms, Sc.

Causes of disease, iii, i, _

478, 479: aneurism, i, 477: arteries
and veins, i, 471, 472: colic, i. 279:
diarrhoia and dysentery, i, 286. 291:
epilepsy, i, 411; epizootic lymphan-
gitis, ii, 59, 60; infectious diseases,
iii, 152: indigestion, i, 272; seedy
IOC, ii, 370, 37..

Circulatory system, blood, and eye, ii,
■ 74. 175.

Classification, introductory remarks, and
terms used, ii, 159-161.

Digestive system, stomach, and intes-
tines, ii, 161-163, 169-174.

Drugs and antiseptics destroying, ii, 453,
481, 483. 484, 485, 488, 491; iii, 5, 7,

Food and water as causes of disease, iii,

102-104, 'ZS-
Liver diseases, i, 307, 313-315; parasites

causing, ii, 169, 171, 173, 174.
Skin and external parasites, &c., ii, 140,

142, 163, 166; lice and mange, ii,

166-168: ringworm, ii, 149, 163-166.
Washing in parasitic diseases, iii, 35.

Parental influences in breeding, iii.
Paresis of the i«.«els. i. 296.

Parietal bones-foims, ii, 184; fracture,

ii. 234-
ParietO-aUriCUlariS extemus and in-

-fori

Paring the crust-in sand crack, iii,
455- (See also title Shoes and shoe-
ing )

Park hacks — appearance, &c., i, 148,

Parole evidence and warranty regula-

n..i,-. 111. 405. 407-409, 413,426.
Parotid duct— fistula of, i, 261-263; ii,

4-9
Parotid glands— formation and use, i,
5. 11, 230. 231, 244: inflammation, i,

Parotido-aurlcularls muscle— form,

&c . ii. 112,

Parotitis .-nil its treatment, i, 259-261.
Parrot mouth— deformity, i, 331.

Partial dislocation— form. &c., ii, 346.

14'1,
Partial fracture— nature and treatment,

il. 221, 2:5, 249, 261.

Parts of a horse— names and divisions,
i. 2-4: various views, i, 13, 14, 21, 22.

Parturient fever — causes, complica-
tions, symptoms, Jtc, ii, 90, 97-100.
Parturition and Pregnancy—

.^ccidents, abortion, premature foals, &c.,
iii. 221. 226-269 — twins and deformi-

After-birth— removal, &c., ii, 88; iii, 220,
2.'ii. =53. 270, 271.

Artificial insemination, iii, 231-234.

Birth of foal, iii, 219-222. 269-271: diffi-
cult delivery, iii, 271-274: malpre-
sentations, iii, 274-279, of head, iii,
279-282; mechanical aids and use of
force, iii. 282-284.

Care and food of in-foal mare-s, iii, 208-
210. 215-218. 228, 264-266: after
foaling, ni, 326-228, 285.

Drugs assisting, &c., ii, 449, 451, 463,
475-

Expansion of passage aqd muscles assist-
ing in parturition, ii, 74, 336, 337.

First signs of pregnancy and foaling, iii,
263, 264. 269, 270.

Growth of embryo and ftctus, iii, 249-
257, 288-295.

Impregnation and changes in ovum, ii,
79, 80: iii, 245-249, 361-364.

" Slipping the foal ", iii, 267.

INDEX

593

Parturition and Pregnancy- ;C<»i/.)

Time lur dropping of roal>, lii, 219, 285.

Various diseases due to, i, 218 — anaemia,
i. 479 ; diarrhcea, i, 286 ; flooding,
&c., ii, 87: iii, 266-269; hernia, i,
324:^ mammary glands, ii, 94; inflam-
mation of bladder and womb, i, 349:
ii, 89, 90. 91 ; inversion of bladder, i,
371: rectum, i, 301; uterus, ii, 100:
joints synovitis, ii, 280 ; parturient
fever (see that title).

ISee also titles Embryo and foetus, Foals,
Mares, Uterus or Womb.]
Past horses— ancestors, forms, and his-
tory, iii, 471-484, 509-513, 517-520.
Pasterns-
Conformation and bones, i, 21, 79-81; ii,
198, 199: compensating points, i, 103;
joints formation, ii, 272, 273 ; liga-
ments, ii, 274; measurements from,
i, 91 ; muscle connections, ii, 331, 332,
333. 343, 344, 345-

Diseases aflfecling, &c.— bone-spavin, ii,
217: broken knees, ii, 422; horse-po.\,
ii, 43: ostitis, ii, 210; ring-bone, ii,
205, 206: stringhalt, ii, 395.

Displacement or dislocation, ii, 222, 349,
352-

Fracture and effects, ii, 205. 223, 224, 226,

229, 230, 249: ''split" pastern, ii, 249.

Pasteur- bacteria researches, i, 225, 226.

Pasture and Grass—

Advisability of turning horses out to
grass, iii, 95.

As food— composition and properties, 1,
241 ; iii, 89, 90, 91 —for breeding stock,
iii. 208, 210, 216, 217, 548; hunters
and at night, iii, 307, 310: pregnant
mares, and foals afterwards, iii, 208,
216, 228, 265. 266. 285; sick horses,
iii, 26:_nse of ensilage or "pitted"

Disea-ses due to or treated by-

1,479; anthrax, 11,42,43: ''big head",
ii, 214: colic, i, 283: dropsy, i, 310;
hsemo-globinuria, ii, ■^o ; hoi-se-sick-
ness. ii, 54, 55, 58; indigestion, i, 272;
liver, ), 308, 309; parasitic diseases
and worms, ii. i6r, 173, 174; pus in
guttural pouches, i, 506: thrombosis
prohibitions, i. 476.

Disinfection after disease, iii, 156.

Lands best for breeding, iii, 207, 208, 216,
217, 548.

Lime and the sources of calculi, i, 298,

. 5', 53,

Poisoning (

Pony-rearing on commons, S:c., i, 15

157. 162, 163; iii, 541.
Quality and disease causes, iii, 102.
Shoes and the care of feet during pastu

mg.

■39-

Teeth and urinary effects, i, 327, 338.
[See also Hay, Clover, &c.]
Patella- conformation, &c.. i, 23: ii, 202,

351: iii, 487: dislocation, ii, 349, 351-

353: joint formation, ii, 275, 276;

muscles connection, ii. 340, 341 ;

soundness, iii, 3S3.

Patellar ligaments of stifle joint, ii.

276.
Patent defects — warrai

Pathetici nerves— forms, i, 3S5, 392.
Pathognomonic symptoms of disease,

in, 145.
Pathology— Jefinition and scope, i. 213,

214, heart diseases, i, 455-458, 460.
Paving of stable floors, iii, 326, 327.
Pawing in stable— correction, iii, 342.
Peak of the elbow, ii, 195.

Pearl barley as cooling drink, iii, 28.

Peas— as food, iii, 8g, 112-114; digesti-

bilit

. 99-

Pease as food.

Peat-moss as bedding, iii, 24, 356.

Pectineus muscle -form, S:c., ii, 341.
Pectoral muscles - forms, &c., ii, 337;

'"•■"■'-■ ' "-■' i'--^' with, i, 399.

Pedal artery— i.iiination, i, 453.
Pedal or coffin bone— form and joint.

i, 22: ii, 199, 200, 271, 491; iii, 436,
437: corns, II, 375; flexure and de-
formity, ii, 346, 347 ; horn tumour,
"■ 372, 373; lameness and navicular
disease, ii 390; laininilis, ii, 376, 377;
pricks and foot-wounds, 11, 385: side-
bones, ii, 387, 388.

Pedigrees-
Ancient history and origin of horses, iii,

518, 519. 533. 534-
Famous horses — Confidence and Fire-
away, i, 122. 123 ; Denmark and
Lord Derby (III, i, 118, 119; Hermit
and Orme, i, 110, iii; Speciality, i,
128; Stockwell and St. Simon, i, 1 14,
115.
Records, &c.— Arabs, i. 201. 202; Cleve-
land Bays, i, 128-130: "creams and
whites", i, 206, 207; hackneys, i,
114, 115: hunters, i, 135; Morgans,
i, 207: Suffblks, i, 194, 195; Yoik-
shire coach horses, i, 134.
Thoroughbreds— tracing from three dis-
tinct sources, iii, 547. 548, 549.
Peduncles of brain, i, 385.

Pelham bit -use of, iii, 358, 359.

Pelias berUS causing poisoned wounds,
ii, 415.

Pelodera Axel causing seedy toe, ii, 370,
37i-

Pelvis — bone and conformation, i, 58. 59,
82, 83, 84: ii, 191, 192: female ai--
teries and cavity, i, 452 : ii, 193 ;
fracture, ii, 225, 226, 256-260; male
arteries, i, 452: muscle connections,
ii, 325, 340, 341, 342; nerves, i, 377.

Pelvis of kidney-form and uses, i, 334,
335: stones in, i, 298.

Penis — amputation or castration, ii, 85;

179: conformation
69-71; covering di.sease, ii, 52. 53
enclosure and inability to withdraw
ii. 80, 82; ligaments, muscles anc
tunic, ii. 72, 73, 335; paralysis, ii, 85
urinary lube, i, 333.
Pepper— medicinal uses, ii, 462.

Peppermint— medici

of, dose, iii, 10.
Pepsin— medicinal uses, ii. 464, 465: ii
Pepsine in digestion, i, 235, 245.
Peptic gland— form, S:c., i, 234, 235.
Percheron horse-appearance, &c.

Perchlorlde 'medicinal usesl of iron,
456; mercury, ii, 486, 488— doses.

Percussion for detection of heart dise;

forans. &c.,'.
Pericarditis and its treatment, i, 461-463.

Pericardium of heart, i, 436: disease

and inflammation, i, 454, 457, 460,

Perineal needle for lithotomy, i, 366.

Perineum — conformation, i, IS, 16;

"stone" affecting, i, 368.
Periodic ophthalmia and its treatment,

ii, 116-11S.
Periosteotomy for splints, ii, 208.

Periosteum of bone, ii, 176. 208: dis-
eases aff'ecliiig, ii, 207, 2o8, 210, 210:
preservation in fracture treatment,
ii, 233.

Periostitis and its treatment, ii. 20S-210;
metacarpal form, ii, 219, 220.

Peripheral paralysis-form, &c.. i. 420,

PeriSSOdaCtyla or odd- toed animals,
iii, 47'^. 477, 5io, 511.

7?.-

, ii, 464: oil

Peristalsis of food in stomach, i, 235.
Peristaltic action of bowels — drug

aflecling, ii, 483; iii, 13.

Peritoneum-of liver, i, 238; stomach
anti intestines, i, 235, 236; uterus
and inflammation, ii, 77, 90, 91 ;
testis, ii, 65.

Peritonitis— colic and "tapping" caus-
ing, i, 283; dropsy sequel, i, 310.

Permanent teeth -form, &c., iii, 389,

390-352. 393, 396-399.

Permanganate of potash— antiseptic,

use^, i^c.. ii, 421. 449, 486.

Peroneus muscle- form, &c., ii, 343.
Peroxide of hydrogen as an antiseptic,

li. 421.

Peroxide of iron as an antidote, iii, 50.
Persian horses— history and uses, iii,

528, 529, 532.
"Persimmon"— descent, iii, 548.

Perspiration and patchy sweats — (see

Sweating).
Peruvian bark— medicinal uses, ii, 467.
Pessaries— bladder treatment, drugs for.

Petrifactions -ho

n, 471

Petrous temporal bones — formation

and joints, ii. 1S4, 1S5, 266.

Phagedaenlc ulcer- form, &c., ii, 427.

Phagocytes in blood corpuscles, i, 433.

Phalanx of fore-limb and foot— formation,
&c.. i. 22; ii, 198-200, 272, 273; iii,
476, in comparison with man, iii,
487-490; fossil remains, iii, 513.

Pharyngeal nei^es— form, i, 395, 396.
Pharyngeal region— muscles of, ii, 315,

Pharyngitis and its treatment, i, 254-
!57; abscess and pus di

504.

10. I, 257>

Pharynx — conformation, i, 5. 229: mus-
cles, ii, 315, 316; obstruction causing
choking, i, 266.

Phenacetln— medicinal uses, ii, 450.

PhenacOdUS — form and horse origin, iii,

PhenlC acid, &c.— forms of carbolic acid,

ii, 484.
"Phenomena"— hackney records, i, 117,
Phlebitis— treatment, &c , i, 475-477.

Phosphates of lime, iron, &c.— uses,

ii, 447, 490; iii, 10.
Phosphoric acid- digestive uses, ii, 467.
Phosphorus — medicinal uses, ii, 490;

poisoning by, iii, 53, 54.
Photography- horses in motion, iii, 198,

Phrenic artery— formation, i, 452.
Phrenic nerve-formation, i, 399.

PhthirlasiS- causes and treatment, ii, i66.
PhymOSis and its treatment, ii. So.
Physic-, see titles Balls, Medicines and

Drugs— forspecial drug see its name).
PhyslOlOgy-of foot for shoeing, iii, 433-

43S; of gestation and parturition, iii,

261-285.

Physostigma venenosum — appear-
ance of, ii, 482.

Pia mater of brain and spine— formation,
i, 380, 3S3.

Picraena excelsa-appearanceof, ii, 466.

Picturation of animals— horse mark-
ings origin, iii, 497.

piebald horses— colour and markings,
iii. 4CS.

Pigeon-toe- causes and disqualification.

139;

I 347.

Pigmy horses— evolution and breeding,

iii, 286, 287.
Piles— remedies for, ii, 463.
Pillar reins for broken knees, ii. 423:

for fractured jaw, &c., ii, 241, 243,

594

INDEX

Pillars of the diaphragm— position.

,vc , ]., 3J7.
Pillions ill riding— early uses, iii. 54a.
Pills a<linii)i.stration, iii, 19.
Pilocarpine— medicinal uses, ii, 473.
Pimento — medicinal uses, iii, 7, 10.
Pimples on skin, ii, 137; mange and other

.:;iuses, ii, 49, 62, 63, 167.
Pink eye-a form of influenza, ii, 31.
Pins f r closing wounds, ii, 417, 438.
Pipes t" T st.-ible drainage, iii, 86, 329.
Pisiform of knee, ii, 193, 196, 197: muscle

. 3)1

, 496.

Pit ponies-
Pitch lor shi
Pltoh-plaster-for fractures, ii, 260, 261;

for wind-galls, ii, 357: preparation,

&c., iii, 43-

Pits on pressure-uscof term, ii, 364.
Pitting of slan iluc to smallpox, iii, 150.
Pityriasis .md il-. treatment, ii, 152.
Pivot Joints— form, &c., ii, 263.
Placenta formation, iii, 251, 253 : re-
\;il, ii, 88: iii, 220, 270, 271.

Plain and easy snaffle— type of, iii,

i'S. 359'
Plans for stable structure, iii, 320-323.
Plantar arteries— form, i, 453: ii, 500.
Plantar foramina of coffin-bone, ii, 200.
Plantar nerves— formation, i, 403; ii,

20.3; iln iM.in and injury, ii, 392, 397;

Plantar pads— formation, &c., iii, 503,
504, 506, 508.

Plant world— parasites from, ii, 161.

Plants — as food, causing disease and
poison, i, 274; iii, 102, 104: medi-
cinal plants (illusts. ', ii, 466, 470;
water purification and pollution, iii,
127-129.

Plasma of blood — composition and
an.ilysis, i. 430, 431, 434, 435; air
cliruiges, i, 489; eye nourishment, ii,
10s; wound-healing, ii, 405.

Plaster for stable walls, iii, 326.

Plaster of Parla—for fractures, ii, 232;
preparation, &c., iii, 38.

Plasters — application and uses, iii, 42:
for fractures of various bones, ii, 232,
241, 245, 247, 260, 261: for wounds,
ii. 419. (.See also Mustard.)

Plastic inflammations of the skin, ii,

14S, 149.
Platelets in blood, i, 432, 434.
Pleistocene— fossil remains of horses, iii,

Plenum system of ventilation, iii, 75.
Plethora and its treatment, i, 480.
Pleura of lungs, i, 484 ; diseases and

puncture, ii. i, 254. 255.
Pleurisy or pleurltiS and its treatment,

ii. 14-17; fractured ribs complication,

ii, 254, 255 : mallein and mustard

uses, ii, 39; iii, 6.
Pleuro-pneumonia — cause, and heart

complication, i, 223. 462 : use of

Pleurosthotonus tetanus — form of,

II. 17
Plexuses of nerves— formation, i, 398.

PlOUghlng-sprain of muscles and shoul-
der-slip due to, ii, 293, 350.

Plugging -;- of iliac arteries, ii, 237 ; of
nostrils, i, 504: of wounds, ii, 439.

Plumblsm and its treatment, iii, 51.

Pneumogastric nerve— form, &c., i,

i7<>. ^77. 395. 39'J: ii, 458; disease,
,Vc.. i, 313, 510.
Pneumonia and its treatment, ii, 7-10,
1 S ; gangrenous and contagious forms,
''■ .^2. 33_: fractured ribs cflccl, ii,
-54. ^sy* influence of climate, i, 222;
mustard uses, iii, 6; various compli-
cations, i, 464: ii, 7, 10, 20, 24, 36, 356.

Point of the elbow- fracture, ii, 245.

Point of the haunch or hip, i, 15: ii,

ig;: frauiire, il, 222, 223, 256, 257.
Point of the hock— conformation, i, 23,
87; ii, ;*i,. ; cow-hocks and capped
i, 362; fracture, ii, 221,

262;

iindn

de:
.383.

344;

Pointing of feet— in navicular di<
ii, 392; soundness defect, iii, 367.

Points for feeling the pulse, iii, 146.

Points of a horse- divisions and iiames,
i, 2-4 ; compensating poinLS, i, 101-
103: various views, i, 13, 14, 21, 22.

Poisons and Poisoning—

A poison— natural instinct of animals to
avoid, and liability of owners, iii, 43,
56-

Common symptoms, and what to do in
poisoning, iii, 43-46.

Disease causes— chemical and specific, i,
221-223; microbes, bacteria, &c.,
causing poison, i, 214, 227, 228; ii,
41, 42, 406, 407, 414; water, iii, 46.

Diseases due to — dysentery, i. 291 : enter-
itis, i, 292: gastritis, i, 274, 275; par-
alysis, i, 420; parturient fever, ii. 98;
pyaemic arthritis, ii, 287; rheumatism,
ii, 2o: tetanus, ii, 46, 47; tongue in-

Food and plants, iii, 46, 55. 56, T04-106;
cake food, iii, 115; hay, iii, 62; Indian
or dog-tooth pea, and vetches, iii. 58-
60.

Forms of poisons, their treatment, and
antidotes — corrosive or irritant
poisons, iii, 46-54; narcotic poisons,
iii, 54-60. {Forspecial poison, see its
name, as Arsenic, &c.)

"Orme" case — tongue inflammation, i,
252.

Overdose of chloral — recovery, ii, 477.

Skin — absorption of poison, &c., ii, 129-
131; diseases due to, ii, 138, 139, 142,
■43-

Stings of wasps and insects, iii, 61.

Urine composition, i, 335.

Vomilion — difficulty in producing, i, 275:
"i. 44. 45. 47, 48, 64

Wounds — due to bacteria, &c., ii, 403,
406, 407, 414.

[Seealso titles Antidotes, Blood-poison-
ing; for special poison, see its name,
as Arsenic, ftc 1
Poland horses-early Scotch

Poll, The— formation, i,4; fracture, ii, 234,
235 ; muscles attached to, ii, 319.

Poll evil and its treatment, &c., ii, 430-
432 : drugs, iii. 2, 4 ; pus among
muscles, li, 428.

Pollock's obstetric forceps-use, iii, 284.

"POlOnlUS" (4931)— hackney stallion (il-

Polo ponies— Arabs as, i, 204: breeding,
iii, 287.

Polypus— heart affected with, i. 454; lar-
ynx, i, 507 ; nose, due to lymphan-
gitis, ii, 63; examination for, iii, 371.

Polyuria and its treatment, &c., i, 346;
colour of urine, i, 343 ; use of nut-
gall, ii, 455.

Ponds as drinking water, iii, 124, 125, 126,

Ponies and Pony-breeding—

Distinction as class, and of breeds, and

group of varieties, i, 94, 153, 154,158,

162, 163.
Evolution influences, iii, 286, 287.
Foals — " sibbing " and other breeding

principles, i, 155-157, 161.
Food and rearing land, i, 155, 156; iii,

216: undesirability of grazing 011

common lands, i, 154, 157, 162, 163.
Founding a stud— advice on, i, 158-163;

iii, 2i6.
Height and size restrictions, i, 94, 154,

155. '58; iii, 496-

Ponies and Pony-breeding- Cm/.)

History on origin and size, iii, 496, 530,
535. 536. 538, S40-

Mange and parasites on, ii, t68, 175.

Stallion (illust.), iii, 193.

Teeth formation, iii, 390, 391, 400, 402.

[For special breeds see Dartmoor, Ex-
moor. New Forest, Welsh, &c.J
Pons, The-"f nervous system, i, 383.

Popliteal artery— formation, Stc, i, 453.
Popliteal nerves— formation, i, 403, 404.
Popliteus muscle- form, &&, ii, 345.

Poppy-heads medicinal uses, ii. 474.
Porous bones due todisease, ii, in, 214.
Portal vein— liver structure, i, 239.
Porte-cord m difficult parturition, iii, 276.
Porter-coloured water — composition .

Mild ... dni.li.iii, 130.

Portio dura nerve- formation, i, 394.
Portland cement for stable floors, iii.

Position lor slables, iii, 319, 320.

Position of horse— influencing distri-
bution of body-weight, i, 91, 92:
soundness indications, iii, 366; stand-
ing, trolling. S;c. (sec Locomotion],

Position of horse in the animal world.

Positive symptoms of disease, iii, 145.
Posterior bowel— see Rectum).

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle-
Posterior deep pectoral muscle—

loi-ni, \.: , 11. iJ7.

Posterior extremity of body, i, 15,
Posterior gluteal nerves— formation,
Posterior ligament and joints structure.
Posterior palatine nerve- foi

Posterior presentations in foaling, iii.

Posterior radial artery— form, i. 449.
Posterior surface of head, i, 12.
Posterior tibial artery— form, i, 453.
Posterior tibial nerve- form. i. 404.

Post horses — I'.iilish uses, iii, 541;
kon,.in uses, iii. 526. 528.

Post-mortem appearances— after an-
thrax, ii, 42, 43; blood due to pur-
pura, ii. 24; bone dise.ases, ii, 216:
congestion of lungs, ii. 7; dislocation
of patella, ii, 352; eye diseases, ii,
117, 119; fractured skull and sesa-
moid bones, ii, 234, 251; ha:mo-
globinuria and tissues, ii, 27; horse-
sickness, ii, 57; loose cartilages in
joints, ii, 284; poisoning, iii, 54, 55,
57, 105: tetanus, ii, 48; tuberculosis,
ii. 51. 52.

Post-mortem examinations— restric-
tions as lu puiliinciit fever, ii, 99.

Post sphincter muscle-form, &c., ii,

7.i. 75-
Potash and potassium — medicinal,
&c., uses, ii, 421, 448. 449, 477, 486;
111, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 -doses of various
preparations, iii, o, 10 ; poisoning
and antidote, iii, 45, 53.

Potassio - tartrate of antimony —

dose, iii, 10.
Potatoes— composition and use as food,
iii, 89, 115; digestibility, iii, 91, 92,
07: disorders due to, i, 282, 287;
invalid diet, iii, 27; poisonous nature.

Poultice-boot— form. &c.. iii, 30.
Poultices and Poulticing—

Applicalion and preparation, iii, 28-31,
33; to various parts of body, iii, 31,
32.

Blood-vessels affected by, ii, 462.

Pneumonia treatment- question of ex-
ternal applications, ii, 9.

INDEX

595

PovUtices and Poulticing- (Ovi/.)

Poisoning treatment, iii, 60.

Various diseases— craclied heels, ii, 425:
enteritis, i, 294: gastritis, i, 275;
ha:ntu-g]obinuria, ii, 29: intestinal
obstruction, i, 2Q7; kidney disease, i,
349; laminitis, ii, 378: laryngitis, i,
509: paralysis, i, 422, 423; parotid
glands, !, 260: penis, sheath, and
testicle, ii, 83, 87; pleurisy, ii, 16:
strangles, ii, 41: throat, i, 256, 258;
thrombosis, i, 47^; udder, ii, 96, 97;
urine retention, i, 352; ventral her-
nia, i, 325.

Poupart's ligament — formation, &c.,

Powdered gaUs-medicinal uses, ii, 455.

Powders as medicine-prescriptions, iii,
16, 17; blood-fibrine powders, iii,
141: use of arsenic, dangers, ii, 453.

Power— food influence, iii, 99, 100; muscles
and lever action in relation to power,
i, 31-34: height influence, i, 94; loss
of power (see Paralysis;.

Precipitated powders, chalk, &c.—

medicinal uses, ii, 488, 490: iii, 3.

Precursory symptoms of disease-
Predisposing causes of disease— clas-

Predisposmg causes of fractures, ii,

222-224.

Pregnancy — (see title Parturition and

Prehension, muscles of— de

ription,

Prehistoric horses— evolution, iii, 286.

Premature births — causes and treat-
ment, care of foals, &c., iii, 221, 222,
267-269.

Premises — disinfection after infectious
diseases, iii, 154-156.

Premolar teeth- structure, iii, 494.
Premonitory symptoms of disease—

deliiiition, ill. 144.

Preparation of food— (see Food— feed-
ing, .,kfi Invalid food).

Prepotency m breeding, need of, iii, 212.

Prepuce ^e.J Sheath).

Prescriptions— (see title Medicines and
llnigs

Present types of horses- descent and

position, iii, 471-484.

Preservation of green foods— silage

method, iii, 115-118.

Pressure— air, borne by horse and man,
i, 488; bandaging care, iii, 36; cause
of disease, i. 220, 311. of fractured
spine, i, 235, 236: hemorrhage treat-
ment, i, 502; "pits on pressure", use
of term, ii, 364: shoes causing in-
juries, iii, 448, 449, 453.

Pricked ears— muscles in play, ii, 31T.

Pricks- of feet, ii. 385-387, canker and
sinus due to, ii, 3S1, 428; punctured
wounds, ii, 403.

Primary adhesion method of wound-

hcalins. ii, 404-

Primary teeth— (see Milk teeth).
Primeval horses— (see Fossil).
"Prince of Wales" (673)— Clydesdale

Private persons — position as to war-
ranties, iii, 414-419.

Prize horses— see Show horses).

Probang for treatment of choking, i, 267.

Processes— of cranium and face bones, ii,
184, 185, 186: fore-limb bones, ii,
193, 200; lacteal system, i, 427;
nerve-fibres, i, 379: trunk articula-
tioits. ii, 263: vertebral column —
spinous and transverse processes, ii,

Profile of head— conformations, i, 39-42
Profuse staling and its treatment, i

346: nut-gall uses, ii, 455.

Prognosis of disease -definition, i, 214;
skin diseases, ii, 139.

Prognostic symptoms of disease, iii,

144.
Proliferous cysts-form of, ii, 102.

Prophylaxis of disease-hygiene effect,

Propulsion-ventilation by, iii, 75.
Prostate gland and portion of urethra,

ii, 71; enlargement, Stc, i, 351, 357:

use of catheter, iii, 179.
Protagon of nerve tissue, i. 387.
Proteids - foods and digestive action, i,

J4I. -Mii; in body, iii, 87.
Protohlppus- fossil remains and horse

..ncni. Ill, 512, 513.

Protoplasm -of nervous system, i, 373,
378, 387; development oflife from, iii,
479, 482, 483, 484, 509; undifferenti-
ated— formation, iii, 479. 484, 509.

Protozoa— description and generation, ii.
161: iii, 259; disease due to, ii, 52;
evolution of man from, iii, 483. 484.

PrOtOZOOn— evolution of man from, iii,
483, 4S4.

Protrusion of cornea, ii, irs, ii6.

Proud flesh— antiseptics and drugs re-
moving, &c., ii, 449, 485, 488: iii, 2,
8; due to bone disease, ii, 214:
larynx and roaring, i, 512; sand
crack, ii, 366 : stone in bladder, i, 358 :
ulcers, ii. 427: wounds, ii, 406. (See
also Growths.)

Provender— see Food).

Provender room-

treatment,

149: drugs.

form, ii,
stamping

324. 333-
Prurigo and il

Pruritus— naturf

PrUSSiC acid— medicinal uses, iii, 7, 9.

Psammoma tumours in brain, i, 415.

Pseudo-farcy— horse-po.\ mistaken for.

Psoas magnus and parvus muscles

-form, I've, ii, 324, 323.
Psoriasis and its treatment, ii, 152: drugs,
iii, i; hereditary influence, ii, 139,

Psoroptes "H skin causing mange, ii, 166.
Psorosperms infesting the skin, ii, 163.

Pterygoid bones of face, ii, iS8.
Pterygoid muscle— nerve of, i, 394.
Pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone,

Pterygoideus internus and exter-

nus r.irins of muscles, ii. 309, 310.

Pterygo-pharyngeus muscle — form.
Ptomaine poisoning in horses, iii, 46.

Ptyalln in digestion, i, 234, 244.
Ptyalism and its treatment, i, 25S.

Pubio-femoral ligament of hip-joint,

ii. =75-

Pubio-femoral muscles — forms, &c.,
ii, 325-

Pubis— formation, ii, 192; fracture, ii, 256,
257 : muscles connections, ii, 336,
341. 342.

PudiC artery— formation, i. 452.

Puflng in sale of horses— illegality, iii, 416.

Pulleys for slinging, iii, 40, 41.

Pulling up suddenly a cause of fi-

red

ulna

245-

Pulmonary affections — apoplexy af-
fecting heart, i, 457 : confusion be-
tween congestion and inflammation,
ii, 469; congestion and plethora, i,
481: ii, 5, 6, 7: ii. 460; draughts for,
caution, ii, 9 : drugs and mustard
uses, ii, 460, 463. 460, 471; hemor-
rhage symptoms, ii. 10 : oedema of
sheath, ii, 84; sick-box bedding and
temperature, &c.. iii, 24. (See also
titles Asthma, Bronchitis, Lungs,
Pneumonia, &c.)

Pulmonary arteries, veins, and

valves— formation and uses, i, 437,
438, 442, 448, 4S7 : obstruction of
, i, 466 ; sound due to action

of.

440.

, 396-

Pulmonary heart-form. &c..
Pulmonary plexus— formatioi
Pulse—

Description and forms in health and dis-
ease, i, 440. 443; iii, 146-148: con-
ditions causing pulselessness, i, 494.

Drugs and stimulants, ii, 460, 462.

Heart disease detection, &c., i, 454, 458,
462, 463, 464, 467, 470.

Poisoning symptoms, iii, 47, 54, 57, 64.

Symptoms in various diseases— anaemia,
i, 479; blood poisoning, 1,481; bron-
f lung ■•

ckne

pleur

11. 50: I
■5: rhe

nflue

hemorrhage, ii, 88; womb disorders.

Pumiced foot — unsoundness and war-
ranty, iii, 422.

Pump water causing disease, iii, 130.

Pumped-OUt horses — treatment, ii, 6:
ni, 309.

Punches, Suffolk — appearance, &c., i,
195. loS, igg, 200.

Punching for wind testing, iii, 386.

Puncture for bone disease, ii, 208, for
lymphangitis, ii, 23, for pus in gut-
tural pouches, i, 506.

Punctured lungs or chest — causes

and effects. 1, 493; ii, jo, 254, 255.

Punctured wounds and their treatment,
ii, 403, 413.

Pupil of eye— conformation, i, 11: ii, 106,
107 ; diseases and examination, ii,
110, 122, 123, 124: drugs affecting,
11,481; iii, 2, 14: soundness tests, iii,

369.

Purchase of horse — wai

for

tho

Purgatives or Aperients-
Action and examples, ii, 465, 471, 491;

iii, 14 — drastic purgatives, ii, 465.
Foals at birth, iii, 220, 224.
Poisoning treatment, lii, 51, 52, 53; re-
"ii 53. 54. 56. 59» ^^' 63*

Preparation and prescriptions for balls
and draughts, ii, 444-446; iii, 16, 18.

Purpura hsemorrhagica and its treat-
ment, ii, 24, 25; affection of skin, ii,
136, T45, 156; diseases due to, i, 503,
507; ii, 2S0: drugs used, ii, 448, 451,
487: iii. 3.6.

Purse— structure, &c., i. 17; ii, 67, 68.

Pus or Matter-
As cause of disease, 1. 224.

Astringents effect on, li, 454.

Diseases aflfected with — bone diseases,
ii, 209, 211; bowel obstruction, i,
296; brain abscess, i, 409; corn, ii,
375: epilepsy, i, 411; epizootic lym-
phangitis, ii, 62; eye inflammation,
ii, 115: guttural pouches, i, 504-507:
fistulous withers, ii, 43^, 434; joint
diseases, ii. 280, 282, 283, 287: hver
inflammation, i, 306: milk secretion,
ii, 95, 96; nasal catarrh, i, 499, 500;
poll evil, ii, 430, 431 ; pyaemia or
blood-poisoning, i, 409, 481; quittor,
ii, 379. 380, 381 : roaring, i, 511;
sand crack, ii, 366; skin affections,
ii. 137, 147: strangles, ii, 40, 41;
throat inflammation, i, 255; throm-
bosis, i, 476 ; urine composition, i,
344. 349-

Shoes causing pus in foot, iii, 453, 454.

Sinuses for escape of, ii, 428.

Wound-healing agency, ii, 406, 412.

[See also titles Abscesses, Fistula,
Tumours.]

596

INDEX

PUBtUleS on skin, ii, 137, 150; dressing
causing, ii, 421 ; iiorscpox symp-
toms, li, 43, 141, 142,

Putrefaction-agents arresting, ii, 483,
485,

FyseiUia and its causes, &c., i, 409, 481.
4S2; due to thrombosis and strangles,
i, 477; ii, 41, to wound-poisoning, ii,
407; joints affected after, ii, 282.

PySSmiC arthritis and its treatment, ii,
287, 288; " navel ill " resulting from,
ii, 280.

Pylorus and orifice of stomach, i, 234,
235. 236: action in digestion, i, 245;
closure and tumours, i, 268, 276, 277.

Psrramidal process of os pcdis-mus-

■ cics inM-rtion, ii, 333.

Pyrlformis muscle— form, &c , ii, 342

PjTO-CateCllin-iii urine, i, 339,
Pyrogenic fever— a forn\ of strangles.

Q

Quadratus femoris muscle — form,
Quadratus lumborum muscle— form,

^„ — jross-breeding with mare, iii,
239; special features and origin, iii,
496, 525.

Qualified warranty— form of, iii, 40*,

407.

Quarantine in infectious diseases, iii, 152.

Quarters— conformation, i, 22, 80, of
croup, ftc, i. 58-60: deformity due
to fracture, ii, 257: eczema, ii, 148;
length determination, i, 97, 98: spa-
vin in straight quarters, li, 217;
soundness exaniinalion, iii, 373, 374.

Quassia— medicinal uses, ii, 466.

QulckOf fOOt-fonn.-ition, iii, 436: pricks
and injuries, ii, 385, by shoeing, iii,

Quicksilver- medicinal uses, ii, 488.
Qulddtng the food— mouth and teeth
tioubles causing, i, 249, 330; un-

Qulet to ride and drive-kicking due

to treatment after purchase, iii, 424.

Quilled suture for wound-stitching, ii,
417, 410.

Qulnldlne- medicinal uses, ii, 452.

Quinine— medicinal uses, ii, 451; iii. 8, 11.

QulttOr and its treatment, ii, 378-381,
43;: drugs, iii, 2, 4: canker and
vilhtisdue to. ii. 381, 383: pricks and
wounds causing, ii, 386, 414 : un-
soundness and warranty, iii, 378, 422.

R

Babies of tlie horse, ii, 44.

Race on face— form, &c., iii, 495, 499.
Race-norses—

Coiidition— use of term, ii, 445.

Coiulition or physic balls, ii, 446.

Conformation — breast, i, 62: canon, i. 76:
croup, i, 59, 60: forearm, i, 73; hind-
limb, i, 83: height and chest mea-
surements, i, 65, 90, 94; iiock, i, 88:
neck, i, 50; pastern, i. 80. shoulders
and muscles, i. 69; thigh, 1, 85.

Diseases and injuries common to, i, 219;
bleeding nose and skin, i, 503: ii,"
158, ^159: bone disease or "sore
shins", li, 209, 210. 22o: congestion
of lungs, ii. 5: filled legs, ii, 364;
fractures, ii. 235. 236, 249: roaring,
1. 5'o, 511; sprains, ii, 294, 295, 354.

Evolution influences, iii, 287.

Merits and training -of Arabs, i, 203,
204: of thoroughbreds, i, J07-113:
iii. 304-307.

Origin of the race-horse, iii, 531.

Race-borses- Cont. ]

Stables structure, iii, 338.

Water supply in America and in England.

[See also title Thoroughbreds.)

Racemose glands— form. &c.. i, 230.

Races and racing - foundation, con-
duct and time-tests, itc,, i, 107-111;
early history, iii, 522, 526, 527, 5-,i,
539. 542. 543. 544, 54*, 547: proiiihi-
tiuii b)- Croniwcll. iii, 545; trotting,
I, 117. 118. iii. 313, 314.

Racks for slahles, iii, 327.

Radial arteries and veins — forma-
tion, i, 447, 449

Radial ligament— sprain, ii, 294.
Radial nerve— formation, i, 400.

Radial portion of flexor pedis perforans

niii>L|.j, ii, 3;ii.

Radio-carpal articulation— form, &c.,

ii, i-7i.
Radius — conformation, i, 19, 72: ii, 195,
196; fracture, ii, 246: inflammation,
ii, 212: muscle connections, ii, 330,
331. 333-

Railway horse-boxes — infection and

cleansing, iii, 153; structure and
drawbacks, iii, 464-467.
Rain-water — composition, &c., i, 224;
iii. i^i, 122; filtration and storage.

Rape-cake

riposition

Rape-oil- Ml physic balls, ii, 444.
Rarefying ostitis— form of disease, ii.

Rasping— of foot, evil eflects and method
for shoeing ii, 394: iii, 434, 438, 439,
441: of teeth, 1, 329.

Rat tails disease, ii. 148.

Rate of growthin a horse— fsee Growth).

Ready-made physic balls-nature of,

". 444-
Rearing— croup muscles, &c., assisting
in, i, 58; ii, 324, 32s, 339, 340, 341:
means of checking, iii, 158: warranty,

Rearing of foals- (see Foals).
Recapitulation and horse-breeding, iii.

Receipts for sale of horses- forms, &c.,

111. 4"?, 426.

Recti muscles of eye, ii, 104.
Rectified spirit— dose, iii, 10.
Recto-vaginal ligament, ii. 77.

Rectum- ciifi.rmalion. &c., i. 237, 238;
ii. 74... 7''; drugs destroying worms,
&c., iii, 8, 12: examination for hernia,
j. 3.20..323, "stone", i, 363, throm-
bosis, 1, 47s: inversion, i, 301-303;
nourishment per, 1, 253: plugging in
foals, i, 284, 285 : suppositories in-
sertion, iii, 41: unloading per hand
and before operations, i, 271, 281,
284; iii, 34, 35, i8i, 184.

Rectus muscles — abdominis, ii, 336:
capitis amicus, major and minor, ii,
321; capitis lateralis, ii, 322: capitis
posticus, nuijor and minor, ii, 320:
loiiKiiis, li, 330: parvus, ii, 3.(0.

Recurrent disease— definition, i, 213.

Recurrent nerve— formation, !, 396.

Recurrent ophthalmia and its treat-
ment, ii. 116-iiS; examination for,
iii. jCS.

Recurrent rheumatism— treatment, ii.

Red corpuscles of blood, i, 432, 433;

au-cli.Tnces in. i. 489; changes due
10 di^ras.-. i. 478; ii, 24: drugs affect-
'iik. 11. 4 17. 448. 449. 450.

Red oxide of mercury— uses, ii, 488.

"Red Robin "-dr.nught stallion 1759,

Red worms in arteritis,
Redlee and alternate ge
480.

Redness of eyelids -cause, ii, 114.
Redness of skin see Kiythcma)
Reduced Iron-medicinal uses, ii, 447.
Reducible hernia -description, i, 316.

RefieX action of nervous system, i, 388,

^^'■i: iiui-cles control, ii, 306.

Reflex epilepsy— form of, i, 410, 411.
Reflex paralysis -form of, i. 421.

Refusing to go in direction desired-
warranty and vice, iii, 424.
Reins -influence on carriage of neck, i. 49
sec also Hearing rein).

Relaxation stitches for wounds, ii, 419.
Reliance castrator use. iii. 176, 177.
Remains of horses - past types and

fi'slls, 111. 471-4-4. 509-513. 517-520.

Remedies for ailments - see title

1 ^1 — 1 I'n'K^I

' Renal arteries and veins-formation

Renal calculUS-in kidney, i, 370.
Renal plexus-formation, i, 377.
Repeller— used in foaling, iii, 283.
Repositories-warranty regulations, &c.,

111. 410. 417-
Representations that are not warranty,

111, 407-409.

Representatives selling horses —

w.iir.uity .Is t.i, ni. 414-417

Reproduction and evolution, iii. 257-

2"!. 286, 267: alternate geiier.ition,
iii, 259-261.

Reproduction Organs— Anatomy, &c;

(Female)—

Changes in ovum doe to impregnation,
iii, 24S-249, 261-264.

Development and rate of growth of em-
bryo, iii, 249-257, 288-295.

Labia, clitoris, vulva, hymen, vagina and
passage, i, i8: ii, 73-76; foaling diffi-
culty, ill, 273.

Muscular fibres, ii, 74, 75.

Ovary and ovum, ii. 78-80.

Urinary passage and urethra, ii. 74, 75, 76.

Uterus or womb and attachments, ii, 75-
78.

Reproduction Organs— Anatomy

F.numeralion and appearance, ii, 64, 65.
Inguinal canal and gland substance, ii,

65. 66.
Penis, prepuce or "sheath ", i, 18; ii, 69,

70— muscles, ii, 73.
Spermatic cord, scrotiirn or purse, and

Testicles, testis, and tunica albuginea, i,

17: ii, 64, 65, 66,
Urethra and openings, ii. 71 -muscles of,

li. 72. 73-

Reproduction Organs Diseases, &c.

Castration and Ovariotomy {see those

titles).
Catheter insertion and uses, iii, 177-180.
Covering disease, or maladie du coit, ii,

52, 80, 82.
Drugs aflTecting, ii. 473, 475, 478, 481.
Eruption due to variola, ii, 141.
Female— cystic ovary, ii, 102; flooding,

ii, 87-90: inflammation of uterus, ii,

89-9*. 97. 98, of vaginal passage, ii,

102: parturient fever, &c., ii, 97-
100; ^ udder troubles, ii, 93-97;
" whites " or leucorrhora, ii, 92.
Male — comparative immunity, ii, 80;
penis and sheath — enclosure and
inability to withdr,-<w, ii, 80, 82,
(edema or dropsy, ii, 83: paralysis
and amputation of penis, ii, 85; tes-
ticles inflammation, ii, 86.

Residual air in breathing, i, 493.
Resin— medicinal uses, ii, 474; iii, 10.

Resistance to disease — observations,
ii, 443.

ReSOrCln— antiseptic uses, ii, 48^.

INDEX

597

Respiration or Bi-eathing—

Act of, and description of internal and
external respiration, i, 482-484; num-
ber of breaths taken by a horse, i,
494.

Air and its composition, &c., i, 487, 493:
iii, 132; after respiration, i, 488, 493;
iii, 76-78, 79 ; air-changes in the
blood, i, 489-491: impure air causing
disease, i, 216, 222; ventilation, i,
495-497-

Amount of air required per horse, iii, 76,
78. 79-

Conformation affecting —breast and chest,
i, 62, 63, 64; forehead, i, 38: nostrils
and jaw, i, 9, 41 ; false nostril, iii,
508.

Effects of respiration -gases, &c., i, 482,
483, 487-49': iii. 70-78, 79-

Foals at birth, iii, 220, 285; prematurely

Formation and uses of lungs, larynx,

. trachea, bronchi, and air-cells, i, 484-

486: chest, ribs, and di.iphragm, &c.,

i, 49»-494: niuscles, ii, 308; nerves, i,

383.494; skni functions, n, 129, 131.

Hygienic conditions necessary for, iii, 67.

Mechanism of respiration, i, 491-494.

Soundness-examinaiion of wind, iii, 3S5.

Water evaporation, iii, 120.

Bespiratozy Diseases and Influ-
ences-
Asphyxia or suffocation, i, 494.
Bleeding —internal and from nose, i, 501-

503-
Broken wind as distinct from asthma, ii,

Bronchitis and asthma, ii. 1-4, 11.

Catarrh or cold, i, 497 — nasal catarrh or
gleet, i, 499-501-

Causes and diagnosis for signs of disease,
i, 216, 222, 260: iii, 146, 148, 149; for
poisoning, iii, 47.

Choking due to obstruction, i, 266.

Cough and high blowing, ii, 18, ig.

Drugs, ii, 459, 46S-470; stimulants and
soothing. &c., ii, 470-472.

Pus in guttural pouches, i, 504-507.

Symptoms in various diseases— heart, J,
456. 457. 467; hernia, i, 320; horse-
sickness, ii, 56; indigestion, i, 270;
influenza, ii, 32 : pleurisy, ii, 14 ;
pneumonia, ii, 8: rheumatism, ii, 20;
tetanus, ii, 48; tongue inflai

[See also titles Larynx. Lung diseases,
Ruaring, Tuberculosis.]
Restiveness- warranty as to, iii, 424.

Restraining nerves of heart, i, 441.
Restraint of horses— during medicine

administration, iii, 18-22; during

operations, iii, 156-160.

Rete mucosum— ofskin, ii, 125, 132.

Rete testis -formation of ducts, ii, 66, 67.

Retention of urine— causes, &c., i, 350-

553: withdrawal by catheter, iii, 177-

Retina of eye— form, &c,, ii, 107.
Retractor muscles— ani.i, 238: bulbi

of e\e, ii, 104: costae, ii, 324: penis,
ii. 73-
Returnof horses— warranty regulations,

^^c

Reverting back in breeding— (see titles

Mack-bretdiiig, Teiegony).

Rheumatism and Rheumatic Affec-
tions-
Causes and treatment of rheumatism, ii,
20. 21: of rheumatic arthritis, ii. 2S5,
286: of rheumatismal tetanus, ii, 47.
Diseases due to— heart, i, 461 , 463 : joints,
ii, 280. 282, 285: skin, ii, 138, 139:
wnid-galls, u, 356.
Drugs for, ii, 452, 461: iii, 2, 3— for rheu-
matic poison, ii, 490.
Influtiiceofage, i. 218.

Rhododendron— poisoning by, iii, 56.

Rhomboideus muscle — form, ii, 318;

nerve connected, i, 399.

Ribbed-UP horse— defects, i, 65: diges-
tion, iii, 119; show horses, iii, 311.

Ribs— conformation and bones, i, 56, 57,
61, 63-65; ii, 189, 191 — composition
and disease of bone, ii, 175, 213;
fractures, ii, 225, 226, 229, 254; joints
or articulation of, ii, 190, 266, 267;
muscles and connections, i, 63 ; li.
322, 323, 324, 333-335; mustard plan-
ters over, iii, 33, 34: respiratory uses,
&c., i, 491-493-

Rice— analysis as food, i, 243; iii, 89.

Rickets— fracture liability, ii, 224; phos-
phorus uses, ii, 490.

Ridge ventilation in stables, iii, 331.

Riding — early history on. iii, 521, 522, 52S,
535. 542.. 543. 547; management of
horses, iii, 201, 340; warranty, iii,
417. 42J. fSee also titles Hunters,
Saddle horses,)

Right heart— structure, &c,, i, 437.

Right portions of abdominal cavity, ii,

Right surface of bead- structure, i, 10.
Rigidity of body -drug producing, ii,

47S.
Rigors or shivering— in blood poison-
ing, i, 481, bronchitis, ii, 2, catarrh,
i, 498, dysentery, i, 291, enteritis, i,
293. kidney disease, i, 349. lymphan-
gitis, ii, 22, parturient fever, ii, 98,
pleurisy, ii, 14, poisoning, iii, 47,
spinal meningitis, i, 418,

fla

, 90; exa
374; heredity of.

: for

Rigs or ridglingS— description of, i, 18,

iii, 184: castration ;see that title).
Ring-bone-causes and treatment, i. So;

ii, 205, 250; ostitis form, ii, 21 1 ;

hereditary, iii, 215: operation for, iii,

161: unsoundness and warranty, ii.

302; iii, 378,422.
Rings — in bone structure, ii, 177: on hoofs.

unsoundness, &c-, iii, 420, 436.
Ringworm and its treatment, ii, 140, 163-

166; contagious form and herpes, ii,

149; remedies, &c., ii, 484, 485, 489;

Rise — inability to, due to broken or
sprained back, ii, 298.

"Rising star"— Suffolk prize, i, roS.

River water as drinking water, iii, 121,

122, 125, 209.
Roach back — appearance, S:c-, i, 57, 60.
Road— accidents and first aid. ii, 437-441;

British uses of horses, iii. 541. 545;

Roman roads and uses of horses, iii,

526, 529.
Roan horses— colour origin, iii, 498.

Roaring and whistling— causes and

treatment, i. 510-512. due to confor-

396, 506, to heredity, iii, 215, to
poisoning, iii, 59; high blowing dis-
tinction, ii, 19; operation for, causing
laryngitis, i, 507, 509: unsoundness
and warranty, ii. 302; iii, 366, 386,423.

Rock water— analysis, iii. 122, 123.

Rocks— animal remains in. Hi, 471, 472.

Rod for preventing tearing of horse clothes.

Rodent ulcer— form of. ii, 156.
Rodway bar-iron for shoeing, iii, 445.
Rodway iron shoe— form, &c., iii, 443.

Rokeby Fuchsia -champion Shire mare

illust. . i, 165.
Roman horses -history. &c., iii, 525-

530. 5?5. 536-
Roman nose— appearance, i, 41.
Roman r^ads— consmiction, and use of

hordes on, iii, 526, 529-

Roots— as food, iii, 89, 97, 115: for preg-
nant mares, iii, 208, sick horses, iii,
27: poultices made Irom, iii, 28, 29.

Ropes— for dislocation treatment, ii, 352;
for operations, casting, Jtc. iii, 40,
159, 160, 172; horses in ditches, ex-
traction, ii, 440; tethering of travel-
ling horses, iii, 465.

Rosettes as markings, iii, 497, 49S.

Roughing of shoes, iii, 451.

Rouleaux in blood, i, 435.

Round ligament of hip-joint, ii, 275.

Round worms— forms and diseases due
to, ii, 162, 169, 170, 171; drugs de-
stroying, iii, 12.

"Royal Albert" (i885:-pedigree, &c.,
i, 177-

Royal Commission on horse-breeding-
di>-qu.iliiyin^ .iilnients, ii, 302.

Royal Commissioners distribution of

king's premiums for hunter breeding,
1, 140, 141.

Royal cream horses — origin, &c., i.

Royal Interest in Horse-breeding-
Clydesdales, i, 186. 187: hackney and
pack horses, i, 1 16, 124; hunters
and premiums, i, 140, 141; bhire
and war horses, i, 172-175: thorough-
breds and racing, i, 110-112.
Early history on, iii, 535-541: Tudor
and subsequent periods, iii, 541-548.

Rubefacients and their uses, iii. 14.

Rugae of bladder, i, 337.

Rugs— chafing effects, ii, 432, 435: horses
eating, iii, 341, 342; hot applications
and poultices, ii. 10, 15; iii, 32; sick
horse clothing, iii, 143.

"Ruler" ;2453)— Suffolk stallion (illust.),

Rum pony— origin, form, &c., i, i

Rump bone (see Sacrum',

Run "lii.;" and " light " — trait

tlH.troughbreds, iii, 306.
Run down -horses suscepribility.
Runaway horses — injuries, i

warr.inly. iii. 424.
Running horses — early uses, i

540. 543-
Running sores— due to bone dist

Ruptures or Hernia—

A definition of hernia and kinds

69.

Bleeding

. 504-

Brain blood-vessels, i, 412, 420.

Forms of hernia and treatment— exom-
phalus or umbilical hernia, i, 316-
318; inguinal hernia, bubonocele and
strangulated, i, 318, 319-322: scrotal
and ventral hernia, i, 322-325: sound-
ness examination and warranty, iii,
373. 423-

Heart rupture, i, 470.

Intestines, i, 295: colic causing, i, 282.

Ligaments, tendons, and muscles, ii,
292, 299, 354, 395. {See also Sprains.)

Liver rupture, i, 309, 310.

Lungs — broken wind due to, ii, 12.

Poisoning symptoms similarity, iii, 44.

Stomach, i. 277— indigestion and dila-
tion causing, i, 270, 271, 277; vomit-
ing due to, i, 268.

Unsoundness and warranty, iii, 373, 423.

Various effects. &c. — aorta disease, i,

473: blood in urine, i, 343: enlarged

groins, i, 17: inversion of bladder, i,

372; uterine hemorrhage, ii, 87.

Rutherglen fairs- early history, i, 188.

Rutting-fsee fEstrum).

Rye and grass— as food. i. 243: iii, 89,

35?;. invalid diet, iii, 26: medicinal
uses of ergot of rye, &c., ii, 89, 463,
475; iii. 10, II.

598

INDKX

Sacchaxated carbonate of Ume as

.-lIltiliulL-. ill, 51.

Saccharated iron - nudicinal uses, ii

447— .li.>c-. iii. 10

Saccharine compounds as food, i, 241,
Saccharomycetes-<Uscnptioii, ii, 161.
Sacral artery lurnuuioii, i, 452.
Sacral nerves and plexus-fmrns, Sc,

I. !75-.;77. ;Si. 40.'.

Sacro coccygeal division of vertebrx,

li, 179, iSo.

Sacro-lliac ligament— connections, ii,

-64. 333-
Sacrum-conformation and bones, i, 15,

58: ii, 179, 180, 182: connection with

pelvis, ii, igz: muscle connections,

", 323, 324. 326, 340.
Saddle— diseases due to pressure, &c., i,

220; ii, 426, 432.
Saddle-backed horse— appearance and

I Sajlanders and its causes, ii, 157, 158:
remedy, ii, 464 : "chestnuts" as, iii,
501; unsoundness, iii, 374.

Salt— medicinal uses of common salt, ii,
449; "'. 93: on roads, causing disease,
ii. 424; water constituent, iii, 122.

Salted horses — immunity from horse-

Saltpetre -

Salts ni 1,1.

. 59

defe

. 57-

Saddle galls, v^ic.- causes, i, 220: ii, 426,

4;j. use nl' lioric a..id, ii, 4S5.
Saddle holders- types, iii, 332, 333.
Saddle Horses—

Ancient history, iii, 521, 522, 528, 535,

IJreed not distmct, except in America, i,
147-

Breeds used and merits of— Arabs, i, 203;
hackneys and hacks, i, 122, 147-149:
Holsteins, i, 209, 210: pack horses, i,
124, 125-

Conformation, action, &c., i, 147-149: of
back, i, 55. croup, i, 59, 60, forearm,
•1 TSi.l^e'ght, i, 94, neck, i, 51, pas-
tern, i. 80, shoidder, i, 70, thigh, i, 83,
withers, i, 54.

Crossing with thoroughbred or Arab
blood, i, 148, 149.

Fractvired back, and navicular disease
liability, ii, 235, 391.

Training, &c., iii, 201, 307-31°. 312, 340.

Warranty-hired horses, Src, iii, 417, 424.

[See also title Hunters.)

Saddle room-fittings, &c., iii, 331-333.

Sainfoin hay-composition, iii, no. III.
St. Albans -royal stud foundation, i, 110,
"St, Simon" — chest measurements, i. 65:

illiist. of, i, i; pedigree and stock, i,

■15: iii. 548.
St. Simon strain— breeding prepotency,

St. Vitus' dance and its treatment, i, 410,

Sale of horses -I see Warranty, also Ex-

.iminatioii as to sonndiiess).
Salicine as acooling medicine, 11,450-452

Salicylate of soda and sodium - medi-
cinal uses, ii, 452: iii, 7— doses, iii, 10.

Salicylic acid — niedicinal uses, ii. 452:
ill, 7 — doses, iii, 10; for warts, ii, 143.

Saline aperients and uses, ii, 449, 450,

471 ; for liver, i, 303, 305, 308. '
Saliva — action in digestion, i, 232-234,
244: drills affecting, iii, 14: exces-
sive secretion, i. 250: fistuhi of paro-
tid duct aflTccting, i, 261-263 '• jaw,
diseasedor fractured, ii, 213. 239,
240 : poisoning syniptoms, iii, 47 ;
stomatitis cfTccts, ii, 49, 50; tongue

Salivary calculi — formation and re-
moval, i, 263-265.
Salivary glands or ducts-description

.and uses. 1, 7, 230-234: drugs affect-
ing, iii, 14; fistula effects, i, 261-263:
"stones" in, i, 263-265.
Salivation and its treatment, i, 258; iod-
iMii and merctirial poisoning as, ii,
4S9. 490.

id dose, iii, 3, 10.
. , 1 food and diges-
tion, i, 241, 243: in urine, i, 338, 3.59,
342, 353. 354. 355— medicinal ii.ses of
v.irious drugs, li, 448. 454, 477.

Sal volatile-stimulant uses, ii, 459.

Sand for bedding, iii, 357.

Sandals used as shoes, iii, 429.

Sand crack and its treatment, ii, 365-367;
iii, 436: canker and villitis due to, ii,
381, 383: shoeing precautions, iii,
455: stopping up, fraud, unsoundness
and warranty, iii, 379, 4,0, 423.

" Sandflake "— .artificial insemination, iii,

Sanitas as an antiseptic, ii, 487.

Sanitation— foaling and sick boxes, ii,
288: iii, 23, 24; hygienic treatment
of diseased animals, iii, 140-144:
rheumatism and influenza influenced
by, ii, 2o, 32: washing of sick horses,
ill, 35. (See also title Veterinary
hygiene.)

Santonin— dose, iii, lo.

Saphenous nerves- formation, i, 403,

4'-*4-

Saponification of oils and fats in diges-

Saprophytes -w.ater purification, iii, 127.
Sarcinacoccus -formation, S:c., i, 226.
Sarcolemma "f muscle fibre, ii, 305.
Sarcoptes causing mange, ii, 167.
Sarcoptic mange — treatment, &c., ii,

140. 167.
Sarcous elementof muscle fibrilla. ii, 305.
Sartorlus muscle— form, &c., ii, 341.

Savin- Llkci .m uterus, ii, 475.
Saw-dust as bedding, iii, 24, 355.
Scabs— ringworm and mange, ii, 164, 165.

167: wound-heating process, ii, 404,

407, 457-

Scalenus muscle-form, &c., ii, 322.

Scales on skill, ii, 137, 152.

Scalpel and its uses, i, 362, 365: ii, 304, 349.

Scandinavian cross of Cleveland bays.

Scaphoid bone and ligaments connec-
tion, ii, iy3, 197, 278-

Scapiila or blade-bone-form, ii, 193:

iii, 487: fracture, ii, 221, 243: joint,

337. 328, 320, 330, 333.
Scapular cartilage- formation, ii, 193.
Scapular regions-muscles of, ii, 328,

Scapulo-humeral Joint-form, &c., ii.

Scapulo-humeralls gracilis muscle

— liiriu. ,v^c., ii, 329,

Scapulo-ulnaris muscle— form, &c.,

11. 33°.

Scarification- of bo«el in rortum inver-
sion, i, 301: of limb in lymphangitis.
li, 23; of sheath, i, 353: ii. 82, Sj; of
tongue, i, 253: of uterus, ii, 102;

Scarlatina— disease simikir to, ii, 25.

Scarring under a scab- method of wound-
healing, ii, 404, 407.

"Sceptre" — bay thoroughbred filly (il-

Schizoniycetes-description of, ii, 161.
Schlemm, canal of- in eye, ii, 108.
Schleswig horses-appearance, &c., i.

Scirrhous cord -examination for, iii, 373.

Sclrrhus .1 form of tuberculosis, ii, 50.
j Sclerotic of eye-— anatomy and examina-
tion, i, 11: ii, 104, 105, 107, 109.

Scoop for lithotripsy, i, 367, 368.

Scotland— early history on horse-breed-
ing, i, 186, 1S7. 189. English restric-
tions, i. 174: racing instituted in, i,
no: iii, 544.

Scraper f..r grooming, iii, 134.

Scraping in snl.le-viic of, iii, 342.
Scratching skin dise.ise due to, ii, 149.
Scriptural references to the use of

horses, iii. 518, 519. 520, 532.

Scrofula— a form ofstrangles, ii, 39.

Scrotal hernia and its treatment, i, 322-
324; hereditary, i, 318.

Scrotum— conformation, i, 17; ii, 67, 68;
grey masses in, ii, 71 ; hernia and
castration 1. 319, 320, J22: iii, 173,
17O; muscles insertion, it, 336: .sper-
matic cord and testicles "not down"
in, ii, 67; iii, 184.

Scurfy skin due to currycomb, iii, 135.

Scutiform cartilage of ear. ii, 310.
Scuto-auricularis externus and in-

ternus -f..i ms, ,1 mustie, ii, 31 1, 312.
Sea carriage of horses -facilities, diet,

\i-.. Ill, 401-464.

Sea-weed - medicuial uses, ii, 4S9.
Seated shoes-form and uses, iii, 442,
443-

Sebaceous glands— of sheath, i, 18: ii,

71. of skill, ii, 126, 13,.

Sebiparous glands "f skin, ii. 1,,,.
Second inter-phalanglal articula-
tion li rm, 0.1 ., 11, .7;.

Second phalanx bone of lorc-iimb—

lurni.iti.jii, ii. 199.
Second thigh— conformation and bones

i. 85: ii. 202. (See also titles Kibula

and Tibia.)
Secretion- a cause of disease, i, 222: of

fluids by skin, ii, 130, 131; of saliva

in digestion, i, 232; of urine, i. 352.

Secretory nerves— description, ii, 374.
Sedative drugs-action, &c., iii. 14;

,i;.islii., li, 465: heart, ii, 457, 461;

nervous system, 11, 476, 477, 479-483.
Seeds .as diet, i, 241, 242.
Seedy toe and treatment, ii, 368-371;

.shoeing precautions, iii, 455; un-

sutiiKiness and warranty, iii, 423.
Segmentation— process in breeding, iii,

Self-flxing base for stall-pillars, iii, 324.
Selling of horses — gu.irantee as 10

s..iii„lii,;ss (see title- ••"••■ — :■—-■

Schwann-" liile -nl.stancc of, !, 379.

Sciatic nerves and fibres-formation.

Semen— see Seminal fluid).

Semilunar cartilages of stifle-joint, ii,

275, 276

Semilunar crest of codin-bone, ii, 200.
Semilunar ganglion of dorsal nerve, i,

Semilunar valves of heart, i. 438, 448.
Semimembranosus muscle — form,

&c.. ii. 341.
Seminal ducts— formation, &c., ii, 66,

07, 69.

Seminal fluid or semen— conveyance,

&c., ii, 67, 68, 69. 71, 72, 73; ill, 229,

230, 246: artificial insemination, iii,

231-234.
SemiolOgy-dcfinition, i, 214.
Semisplnalis of back and loins- form,

fvc. ii. 324.

Semltendinosus muscle — form, &c..

Sensation— lirugs affecting, ii, 479; iii, 4,

8, 12, 14; nervcsaffected by fracture,
ii, 252: p.araly.sis of .sensation, i, 419;
ii, 236; skin powers, &c., ii, 127, 128,
156: depriving certain part of sensa-
tion-operation see Neurotomy).

INDEX

59&

Sense, organs of— fstal formation, Hi,
257: nervous s>'stem and nerves af-
ftrcting. i,_ 373.. 374... 385. 386, 391:
parasites infesting, 11, 174, 173 (for
spocial organ, see its name).

Sensibility— {see Consciousness).

Sensible perspiration — nature of, ii,

Sensitive laminse of foot, iii, 435, 436;

injuries by -h>.>^ing. iii, 453, 454.

Sensory impressions uf nervous system,
Sensory nerves and fibres, 1,^174, 385,

3ti6; division by operation, iii, i6i.

SeptiCSemia and its treatment, i, 481, 482:
due to — castration, iii, 174, to haeino-
globinuria, ii, 27. to strangles, ii, 41,
to wound-poisoning and microbes, ii,
407 ; eucalyptus for, ii, 487 ; heart
inflammation, 1, 464,

Septic glossitis— distinction, ii, 43.

Septic infection and intoxication—

r nils and causes of disease, i. 227.

Septic pneumonia-causes, &c-, ii. 7.
Septic poisoning and organisms-

4S1 : iii, 174 : joint diseases and
wound-poisoning, ii, 280, 287, 288,
406, 414, 421: ulcers, drug, il, 421;

womb inflammation and parturient
fc\cr. ii, CO, 07, g8.
Septum nasi of vomer bone, ii, 188.

Septum pectiniforme of penis, ii, 70.

Serous abscess— due to capped hock, ii,

362, 363, 364, to speedy cutting, ii,

Serous covering of uterus— form, ii, 77.
Serous fluid— in dropsy, i, 310, villitis,

u, 5;4. wounds, ii, 411.

Serous gland— description, i, 232.
Serratus anticus and posticus mus-
cles—forms, ii, 523.
Serratus magrnus muscle— form, &c.,

Serum in blood, i, 435: disease due to
urea in, &:c., ii, 27, 56; wounds, ii,

Servants— driving and accidents liability,
iii, 418, 419: sale of horses by, and
warranty, iii, 415. :See also titles
Attendants, Grooms.)

Service season— number of mares, and
condiiion of sires in, iii, 234-238;
period and indications, iii, 262, 263;
refusalof mares or sires, iii, 180,235,
236 (see also titles Breeding, Sexual

Sesamoid bones— formation, &c., i, 75.

78, 79: ii, 198; iii, 488; disease and
injury, ii, 250, 397 ; fracture and
sprain, ii, 250-252, 295 ; joints and
ligaments, ii, 272, 273.
Setoning and setons— for bone diseases,
ii. 2o3, 218: frog of fool, for disease,
ii. 392: poll evil, ii, 432.

Setting of fractures, &c., ii, 228-233:

compound, ii, 233, 234; metacarpal
Seven-year-old -teeth of, iii, 399, 400.

Sewage fungus— in water, iii, 126, 127.
Sewage gas— disease causes, iii, 78, 82.
Sewerage system — connection with

>tabtes, iii. 84, 3^9. 330-
Sex as cause of disease, i, 214, 218; ii, 80.

Sexual intercourse — diseases due to,

ii, 53, 80, 86, 376: drugs— abuse, and
affecting, i, 348. 350: ii_, 86, 475, 478:
iii, 7, 12, 13, 60: sterility causes, ii,
102 : iii, 229, 230 see also titles
Breeding, Service season).

Shaft of long bones, ii, 177 — ossification,
ii. .73.

Shafts for ventilating stables, iii. 71, 330.

Shakespeare taking charge of horses, iii,

ig of title,

Shamus-xia-cappul -

Shank bone— fo

Sharp withers— character of, i, 52.

Sharpening -t shoes, iii, 452.

Sheath of muscle - fibre — composi-

Sheath of penis — conformation and
ligament, i, i8; ii, 69, 70. 71, 335:
diseases — enclosure and withdrawal
of penis, ii, 80, 82: cedema or dropsy,
ii, 83: swelling due to urine and
fracture, i, 351, 353: ii, 257: washi'ng-
oui, ii, 82, 83, 85.

Sheep — digestive powers, &c., iii, 90, 91,
96, 97: dipping and poison effects, ii,
129, 130: iii, 4&, 49: gid or rot dis-
ease, ii, 173, 174; sheep-pox, i, 223;
yew poisoning, iii. 104, 105.

Sheep-dip— poison by, ii, 129, 131; iii, 48,
49.

Shelly feet and their treatment, ii, 367,
368; unsoundness, iii, 379.

Shelters for horses out to grass, iii, 95.

Shetland ponies — appearance, &c., i,
16S, 234; evolution and breeding, iii,
2S6. 2S7.

Shifting-pieces in stable-stalls, iii, 324,

Shin bones— diseases, ii, 209, 210, 213.
(See also titles Canon, IVIetacarpal,
Sore shins.)

Shipment of horses — facilities, diet,

&c., iii. 461-464,

Shire Horse Society- work of, i, 182,

Shire Horses-
Breeding— ancestry and early history, i,
172-178 : descent from v.*ar horses,
i, 178-180; present breeding, itc, i,
180-182; telegony influences, iii, 241,

Classification, and prices paid for, i, 172,

Clydesdale crosses and resemblance, i.

Conformation— chest and shoulder, i, 65.
70; defects and "feather", i, 180-
182: general appearance and action,
i, 182-184.

Illustrations — mares, i, 165: iii, 268:
stallions, i, 98, 266.

Suffolks compared with, i, 194, 197.
Shivering — examination for action of,
iii, 374: hereditary disease, iii, 214,
215. (See also title Rigors.}
Shock as cause of disease, i, 220, 222:
drugs, ii, 458; iii, 3: poison effects,
iii, 46, 61: rupture effects, i, 295.

Shoes and Shoeing—

Abuses— as rasping, cutting the bars, &c.,
results, ii, 375, 393, 394.

Anatomy and physiology of the foot, iii,
433-438.

Bad shoeing and injuries, iii, 446, 452-
458; causing broken knees and stum-
bling, ii, 422: contracted feet, ii, 393;
corns, ii, 375; cutting action, ii, 396:
navicular disease, ii, 390: ring-bone,
ii, 205; side-bones, ii, 388; splints,
ii, 207: thrush, ii, 373, 374.

Fitting of shoes — feet preparation, iii,
438-441; general care and methods,
iii, 446-450: nails and nailing, iii,
444. 450. 451-

Forms of shoes — early types, iii, 430,
431, 441: materials, modern and
special types, iii, 441-446.

Healthy feet— preservation, iii, 67, 68.

History of horse-shoeing, iii, 429-432.

Model of hoof showing details, ii, 491.

Pricks and wounds of feet and their
treatment, ii, 385, 386, 413, 414.

Removal for examination of foot, iii, 386.

Roughing or sharpening, iii, 451.

Shoes and Shoeing -iC^»/.:

Special treatment — harness horses and
hacks, iii, 312; horses at grass, iii,
139. 310: ship-board horses, iii, 464,
467: travelling horses, iii, 467; trot-
ters, iii, 3i4-3'6.

Specially-formed shoes or treatment, iii,,
441-446; for contracted and mal-
formed icct, ii, 346, 393, 394: curb,
ii, 303: defective action as cutting,
itc, ii, 3g7, 398, 399, 400, 401: dis-
location, li. 353: division of tendons,
iii, 170 ; fracture, ii, 252 ; horn
tumour, ii, 373; laminitis, ii, 378;
shelly feet, ii, 368 ; sprains, ii, 289,
295, 296, of back sinews, ii, 354, 355;
villitis, ii, 384.
Shoots— for hay. &c , iii, 333.

Short conformation-of back, i, 54-56,

neck, i, 48, 50, pasterns, i, 80.
Shortened gaits— compensating points,
i. 103.

Shoidder and Shoulder-joint—

Conformation and bones, i. 18, 68-70, 71,
182: ii. 194, 270: iii, 486, 4S7; defects
and compensation, i, 102 : length
from, i, 95, 96: muscles and connec-
tions, i, 69, 70: ii, 318, 320, 328, 329,
333. 335-

Diseases, &c. — abscesses, ii, 435, 436;.
fistulous wound, ii, 432, 434: galls,
or sore shoulders, ii, 145, 435. 436;
sprain and slip, ii, 293, 350; ulcers,

Shoulder action, i, 49, 121, 122; ii, 320.

Show "condition"— meaning of term,
&c., ii, 446: iii, 2T5 ; medicines used,.
". 452. 453.

Show horses— breeding advice and back
breeding, iii, 205, 212, 213, 215;
classification at shows, i. 130, 170;
defective action in ring, ii, 395; dis-
eases and rejection, ii, 116, 302; pre-
paration methods, iii, 310-313: Shire
successes, i. 185; sterility of, iii, 237,

Shuttle b0ne-(see Navicular bone).

Shjong— due to cataract, ii, 119: war-
ranty, iii, 424.

SialOgOgUeS and their uses, iii, 14.

Slbbing in pony breeding, i, 156, 161.

Sick-boxes— construction, &c., iii. 23, 24,
70, 320-324, 337: disinfection and
occupation after infection, iii, 154-
156; light, ventilation and tempera-
ture, iii, 142-144, 154-

Sick horses— first aid, ii. 437-441; food
and forcible administration, iii, 140-
142, 351 ; isolation, air, grooming,
&c., iii, 140-144: transit by land, iii,
464: warrantv and hiring liability,
iii, 418. iSee also Invalid food.
Sick-boxes, Nursing.)

Sick-nursing— (see Nursing).

Sickening for something — symptoms

ordi>c:.sc, iii, 144.

Sickle hocks-causes, &c., i, 90, 150: ii,

Side-bones-cau^es. &c., i, 219: ii, 387;

iii, 437; hereditary, iii, 215; opera-
tion and firing, iii, 161, 167: war-
ranty and unsoundness, iii, 381, 422.

Side-line— used in operations, iii, 159.

Side-rod-ii^c in stable vices, iii, 342.

Sides, "near" and "oflf"— meaning of
Sides of body— poulticing, &c., iii, 32, 33.

Sieve bone— form, &c., ii. 186.

Sight-(see titles Eye Diseases. Eyelid

Diseases, Eyes and Eyelids).
Signs of disease— (see Disease).
Silage— preparation, kinds, and uses as

food, iii. 89, 115-118.
Silk, &:c., for castration and operations,

iii, 163, 164, 175, 185: for wound

stitching, ii. 411, 416.
Silky hair on legs— (see Feather].
Silver — medicinal uses, ii, 454. 457 ;

poisoning by, iii, 46.

600

INDEX

Simple fracture-form, Scc, ii, 221, 225,

Simple ophthalmia and its trt-atmcnt,

Simple sutures fur wound-stitching, ii,

Simple ulcer— form and treatment, ii,

4..*6, 427.
Sinews, back— sprain or breakdown, ii,

Singeing-mcthods, iii, 137. 360.

Single-hoofed animals — foot forma-

lion, iii, 477.

Sinking of haunch bones — causes,

N:c., i. 15.
Sinuses— listuluus wounds aud withers, ii,

42?. 4V-\ 433: frontal bones, ii, 186:

plu.'^nii;. ii, 434: poil evil, ii, 430.

4^1; qiiittor of foot, n, 378, 379, 380.
"Sir George"— pony stallion, breeding,

fee , i, 156, 170; illust., iii, 103.
"Sir Horace"— pony stallion, price, &.C.,

i, 170.
Sires- see Stallions).
:Sites— for stables, iii, 60, 70, 206, 207, 319,

SiX-year-Old-leeth of, iii, 399-

-Size of horses-characteristics and his-
tory of the horse, iii, 496, 530; cli-
matic influences, iii, 53c. 535. 546,
548. (See also title Height.)

'Skeleton -appearance and bones of horse
and man, ii. 176, 178: iii, 485-490;
fossil remains and horse origin, iii,
511-513; growth of ftetus, ii, 178.

Skewbald horses— colour. Iii, 498.

Skewers— for accidents, ii, 438, 439; for
heiiiia, i, 318.

■Skin-
As external covering of body, ii, 124.
Bare patches— formation, iii, 504, 506.
Blistering and firing, iii, 38-40, 167.
'Castration after-treatment, iii, 186.
'Cuticle or epidermis, and cutis or derma.

Formation of hair, horn, chestnuts, &c.,
"t J3'-i33. i'i, S04, 506.

'Glands— fat-forming and sweat glands,
and hair follicles, ii, 125-127, 131.

Glossy skin— abuse of drugs for, i, 348,
349; ii, 143, 474; drugs producing,
i". 446. 453. 474. 49'-

•Grooming, washing, and keeping healthy,
iii, 68, 69, 134-137-

injections under— (see Subcutaneous in-
jections).

J\Iarkings--origin and forms of stripes,
&c., iii, 497-500.

J^crves and sensibility of skin, i, 385; ii,
124, 125, 126, 127, 128.

Parasites infesting, ii. 163, 166-168; iii,
103; drugs destroying, iii, 7, 8.

Poisoning through, iii, 45. 60.

Poulticing precautions, iii, 31.

Soundness— inspection for, iii, 374.

Uses — as protective covering and as
organ of touch, ii, 127: for absorp-
tion and secretion of fluids, &c., li,
128-131: respiratory uses and sum-
mary, ii, 131.

Water evaporation, &c., iii, 120, 123.

[Sec also titles Staring coat, Sweating.]
Skin Diseases, &c.—

Cl.i>.silir;itio[i ;ind general observations
;uid siLjns, ii, 134, 135; iii, 145, 150,

Diagnosis and description of .various
eruptions, ii, 136-138: iii, 150.

Drugs, lotions. &c., ii, 472, 473— .ibusc
causing d!se.ise, i, 348, 340: ii. 1 1 ;,
474; alteratives and astrin-c-i,! , n
453, 454. 456. 457:niitisepti. s. n, j , ,.
483: various drugs for erupt inn-. ,\ , .
ii, 488, 489, 490: iii, I, 2, 3, 5, 7, S.

Skin Diseases, &c.— (OwA)

Eruptions and discharges due to disease
— bleeding and hemorrhage, i, 501:
ii, 24, 25, 156, 158: covering disea>c.
ii, 53, 82: epizootic lymphangitis. 11.
60-63; fistula, ii, 429: glanders and
farcy, ii, 36. 37: hon>e-pox or variola,
ii, 43- I40-I42: infectious diseases.
iii, 150: lymphangitis fluid, ii, 22, 2.^:
stomatitis pusiulosa, ii, 49: swelling
of capped knee, ii, 361. ,

Eruptions due to insects, blood-poison, !

&c.,

142.

Eye growths — congenital formation

&c., ii, 118.
General causes and treatment, ii, 138-14'
Grooming causing injuries, iii, 135.
Hypertrophies (warts) and atrophic
lile decay:, ii, 154, 155.
us diseases — signs and list, ii

Infectic

Infla

pla

i — bullous, ii, 149: catar-
46-14S; local, ii, 143-146;
, 148, 149; squamous, ii,

152-154; suppurative, ii, 150, 151.
Inspection for disease, iii, 374.
Mallcnders and sallandcrs on legs, ii, 157.
New formations— cancer, &c., ii, 156.
Not attended with eruption— diagnosis,

ii, 136.
Parasitic diseases and causes, ii, 140, 163,

166-168; drugs, iii, 7, 8.
Sensibility of skin— neurosis and itching

affecting, ii, 156.
Urine and diabetes affected by activity

of skin, i, 337, 346, 347.
Washing as curative agent, iii, 35.
[For special skin disease s

Eczema, Herpes, &c.]

Skull and bones- classific

: its title

fori
493-404; fractu

I', ••'34. 2
314, 32

I 57. 6s-

Slack in the loin .ippearai
Slaughter of horses— anc

iii, 54'. 542, 548; diseased aud in-
fectious ailments, ii, 63, 64; iii, 153.

Sleep — drugs inducing, ii, 476, 478: iii,
3, 5. 141 poisoning effects, iii, 54;
prematurely-born foals, iii, 221.

Sleepy staggers and its treatment, i,
268, 269, 270, 406, 407.

Slings and slinging — directions and
materials, iii, 40. 41; for capped and
broken knees, ii, 361, 423; disloca-
tion of patella, ii, 353; fractures, ii,
231, 246, 247, 249, 250. 255, 258, 259,
260, 261: joint synovitis, ii, 283;
laminitis, ii, 378: sprains, ii, 297, 298:
testicle, ii. 86, 87.

Slipping-sliueing precautions in winter,
iii, 451.

Slipping the foal — causes and treat-
ment, iii, 267-269.

Sloping conformation— ol croup, i, 58;

p.isteins. i. 80; shoulders, i. 69, 70.

Sloughing— of bone due to disease, &c.,
ii, 210, 213, 240, 253, 380, 386; for-
mation of sinus, ii, 428; food causing;.
iii, 103: hoof due to neurectomy, iii,
16^5, 166; poisoning effect, iii, 47, 48:
skin sloughing, i, 249: ii, 25, 232,
233. 435: udder, ii, 95, 96; ulcers
and abscesses, i, 502; ii, 421; un-
soundness due to, iii, 372.

Small headS-cnfcirniatioii, i, 38.

Small hyo-glossus muscle of tongue

— fi.iin. &c., ii, 314.
Small Intestine— description and uses,

i. .-;^-237.
Small-pox-signs of. iii. 150.

Small stables— plans, &c., iii, 322.

Smashed bone— form of fracture, ii, 221.
Smegma i" sheath, ii. 74.

Smell- n.-rvcs of, i, 38s, 391. 484: ii, 188;
test of water and air, iii, 131, 133.

SmltUfield horse sales — history, iii
Smooth calculi in bl.iaUer. i, 359.

Smoothing-iron for pneumonia, ii, lo.
Snaffles— types of, iii, 309, 358, 359.
Snake-bites -causing poisoned wounds,

ii. 414, 415.
Sneezing- due to catarrh, i, 498.
"Snorer"— pony mare, price, &c.,i, 171.
Snorting — due to indigestion, i, 270.
Snow — causing cracked heels, ii, 424:

Soap

skin di.

'44-

icdicinal uses, ii, 474; skin crup-
Soap liniment for water tests, iii, 131.

Society of Improvers, Edinburgh —

work of, i. .88.

Soda and sodium — inedicinal uses, ii,
448-450, 452, 477; iii, 2, 8— doses,
iii, 9, 10, I i ; poisoning and antidote,
iii, 45, 53: sulpho-carbolates as anti-
septics, 11, 485.

Soft bones — causes, &c., ii, 214-216;
drug for, ii, 490.

Soft food — for horses in training, iii, 303.

Soft palate— formation, i, 7.

Soft soap — causing skin eruption, ii, 142;
in physic balls, ii, 444; iii, 15, 16:
washing of skin diseases, iii, 35.

Soft warts— treatment, &c., ii, 155.

Soft waters— analysis, &c., iii, 122, 123.

Solar ganglion of dorsal nerve, i, 377.

Solar plexus beneath aorta, i, 377.

Sole of foot— anatomy and preparation
for shoeing, iii. 434, 440, 441. pared-
out sole, iii, 441; canker and ((uittor,
ii, 381; "drop" causes, ii, 377;
pricks and wounds to, ii, 385-387;
removal causing contraction, ii, 394;
unsoundness, iii, 381, 382.

Soleus muscle— form, &c., ii, 344,

SOlldungula— mammals classed as, iii.

477-

Solomon— he

kept by, iii, 518, 520,

Solution of arseniC-lsee Fowler's).

Solutions of various drugs — medi-

SolVentS for •■ stone", i. 360.

Somerset pastures-disease causes, iii,
Something the matter-symptoms of

disease, iii. 144.
Soot as an .antidote, iii, 58.

Soothing medicines- for heart, ii, 457,

461 ; kidneys and bladder, ii. 474,
475; lungs and air-passages, ii, 471,
47?; nervous .system, ii, 476, 477.

Soporifics and their uses and action, '
476. 477; iii, 14.

Sore lips— causes, &c., i, 247, 248.

Soreness of joints— warranty, iii, 420.

Sore shins and their treatment, ii, 219,
220; form of periostitis, ii, 210; race-
horse susceptibility, i, 219; ii, 209;
unsoundness, iii, 376.

Sore shoulders and their treatment, ii,
435. 436-

Sore throat and its treatment, i. 254-257;
due to bronchitis, ii, 3, laryngitis, i,
507, 508, strangles, ii. 40; dru^s,
antiseptics and electuaries for, ii,
452. 455. 485; iii, 3, 5, 6, 21; mustard
and poultice uses, iii, 6, 31, 32, 33.

Sores— running, due to bone disease, ii,
213. (.See also titles Fistula, Skin
Diseases — eruptions. )

Sound—

!, 5 8,

Breathing— disease

12. 14. 15-
Crepitus in fractur
Ear m\isclcs and

Gurgling during n

symptoms, ii.

2, ii, 225, 226
cartilages for

olion-cause, i

INDEX

601

Sound— (Co«^.)

Heart's action in health and disease, i,
440, 454, 459. 4^. 4631 46S1 467, 469,
470— anxmia, i, 459, 479.
Nerves sensible to, i, 383, 387.

Sound for lithotripsy, i, 368.

Soundness — ailments disqualifying, i,
414: ii, 302: iii, 140— list of diseases.
iii. 420-423, 425, 426; definitions of
"sound " and "unsound", iii, 419,
425 ; future unsoundness and law,
iii. 409, 412, 420; high blowers' sound
coiidition, ii, 19; iii, 140; sight con-
dition, ii, 109: thoroughbreds, i, 113:
training considerations, iii, 301: un-
nerving precautions, iii, 164, 165.
{See also titles Examination, War-
ranty.)

Soup for sick horses, &c., iii, 94, 141.

Sour sUage— preparation, &c., iii, 117.

South African horse sickness —

causes, and modes of infection, &c.,
ii, 53-55: prevention, ii. 58: symp-
toms, lorms, and treatment, ii, 55-58.
South African war— hoi^e-disease ap-

!duri

, 59-

SOUth'S rational shoe for speedy cut-
ters, ii, 401.

Spanish-fly— poisoning by, iii. 60.

Spanish horses— history and crosses, i,
1S7; iii, 528, 530, 533, 534, 535, 536,
53S. 546-

Spasmodic colic and treatment, i, 278-
2S1; rupture and heart pains mis-
taken for. i, 295. 469; drugs, iii. 6.

Spasms— air passages, drugs relieving, ii,
472: iii, 3; asphyxia, i, 495: dia-
phragm, i, 312; larynx, i, 507,512: ii,
17, 18: heart and drugs, i, 469; ii,
461, 463: rabies, ii, 45: tetanus, ii,
4s, 46. 47. 48: warranty as to, iii,
423-

Spavla— forms and treatment, ii, 216-218;
290, 291: curb form, ii. 300; drug for,
iii, 8; firing, iii, 167: ligament affected,
ii, 278 ; neurectomy operation, iii, 1 65 :
sprain effects, ii, 299; nnsoiuidness
and warranty, ii, 302; iii, 367, 384,
385, 420. 421, 423.

Spavlu-punch for firing, iii, 167.

Special features in structure of a horse,
"i. 484-497-

Special warranty— form, &c., iii, 407.

"Speciality" (1562) — Cleveland bay,
pedigree and illust. . i, 128, 258.

Specific diseases and fevers— causes

of disease, i. 214. 222, 223: ii, 471;
drugs, ill, 3, 6: skin eruptions due to,
ii, 140-142; ulcers infective, ii, 427.
Specific drugs used in veterinary prac-
tice, ii. 442, 490.

Specks on eye due to

, ", "9.
Speed and pace in locomotion, iii, 192-

194; conformation affecting, i, 62, 72,
78, 85, 86; muscles in relation to, i,
31, 32, 34; qualifications and training
of hackneys, Arabs, and harness
horses, i, 117, 118, 2ot, 203: iii, 313:
thoroughbreds and trotters, iii, 305,
314-
Speedy cutting as defective action, ii.

Spermatic arteries and vein— form,

&c., i. 452; ii, 66; hemorrhage in

Spermatic cord— anatomy, ii, 67: en-
l.ir.;ed glands, i. 17: hernia. &c., i.
uS. 320, 321. (See also Castration.)

Spermatic fluid— {see Seminal fluid).

Spermatozoa-contact with ovum, iii,
24S; artificial insemination, iii, 231-

Sperm-Cell— impregnation of ovum, iii,

245. 246, 24S, 298.
Sphenoid hone-form, ii, 185; fracture,

Spheno-palatine nerve— form, i, 393.

Sphincter muscles— formation, &c., i.

■5. 238, 337; li. 73. 75: paralysis, i,

419. 42': soundness, hi, 373.
Sphygmograph — for testing pulse, iii,

146. 147, 148.
Spices— fur conditioning, ii, 446; inducing

appetite, ni, 94.

Spinal accessory nerve — origin and

form, i, 37f>, 3S5. 386. 396.

Spinal Diseases and Injuries-
Broken or fractured vertebrae, ii, 235-

237: distinction from disease or

sprain, &c., ii, 237, 298; setting

difficulty, ii, 228.
Dislocation, concussion, and sprained

back, i, 421; ii, 236, 237, 298.
Drugs used, ii, 463, 477, 483; iii, 2, 3.
Meningitis or inflammation of membranes

of cord, i, 418; cerebro-spinal form,

i> 423-4=5-
Myelitis or inflammation of cord itself, i,

418.
Nervous diseases effects, i, 405.
Paralysis and its causes, i, 421; ii, 236,

237.
Parasites in spinal canal of ponies, ii.

Poulticing the back, ii
Protection of cord fro

inju

. 379.

^-porosis, 11,

Soft bones due
Tetanus effect;

Spinalis colli muscle— form, ii, 319.
Spine (Vertebral Column! and Back—

Arteries and blood supply, i, 380, 449,
451, 452-

Bones (vertebrse) and conformation of
back, i, 3. 13, 14, 15, 55-58, 380-382:
II, 179-183: compensation for defects,
i, 102: spinal canal, i, 382: ii, 179.

Cord or marrow — composition and func-
tions, i, 378, 380-382, 388, 389; ii, J79.

Diseases and injuries— (see title Spinal
Diseases and Injuries).

Embryo and foetus growth, iii, 250, 255,
257-

Eruptions, &c., on back — boils and
ulcers, ii._ 150, 151, 426 : fistulous
withers, ii, 433, 434; ringworm, ii,
.64.

Joints and ligaments of vertebra, ii, 263,
279 : rib connections, ii, 266, 267 :
stifle-joint, ii, 276. 277: trunk, ii,

Length measurements, i, 96, 97.
^luscles and connections — back and

loins, ii, 322-324. 336: fore-limbs, ii,

328: ribs, ii, 334: neck attachments,
, ii, 318-320.
Nerves —forms and functions, i. 380-382,

397, 398: lumbo- sacral plexus, i.

402-405; reflex movements. &c. . i,

388, 389; sympathetic ganglia, i, 374,

375-
Processes of vertebrse —formation, ii, 179,

180, 181, J82; muscle connections, ii,

318, 324.
Spine of scapula hone— form, ii, 193.

Spirilla of I..1. teria-form, i, 227.

Spirits of camphor- uses, ii, 460.
Spirits of nitrous ether — uses and

doses, iii. 7, ,0.
Spirits as stimulants, ii, 460; in accidents,

&c., ii, 430, 440.
SplTOptera infesting stomach, ii, 169.

Splanchnic nerves-forms, i, 376, 377.

Spleen— nei;ves and arteries, i, 377, 448:
skin diseases due to. ii, 139: tuber-
culosis affecting, ii. 51.

Splenic artery— formation, i, 452.

Splenic fever— (see Anthrax).
Splenic plexus— formation, i, 377.
Splenius muscle and connections, ii.

Splint bones -

: Metacarpal bones).

Splinters of wood— in eye, ii, 112:
tongue, i, 252; wounds, ii, 409, 412,.
4'3

Splints— bone disease, ii, 206-208 — drugs,,
iii, 5. 8: other causes and forms, i,.
20, 2C9: ii, 210, 211, 301; operation
and firing for, iii, 164. 167; unsound-
ness and warranty, iii, 366, 377, 412,,

Splints for fractures, ii, 232, 233, 247;.

various bones, ii. 244, 245, 247, 249,.

Split pasterns-form. &c., ii, 249, 250.
Split -up quarters and thigh— ap-

60, 85.

fection.

i, 415: feeding,
er pollution, iii.

Spongy bones Juc to disease, ii, 211,216.
Spongy tissue in bone, ii, 176, 177.

Spontaneous epilepsy— form of, i, 410.
Spontaneous generation of microbes,.

Sporadic disease— definition, i, 213.

SporOCyst-fMriiiation of, iii, 260.
Sporozoa— f'-rnis and diseases due to, ii,.

:6i, 169.
Sports— early history on, iii, 522, 526, 527.
Spots— on aorta, i, 472: eyes and sound-
ness, ii. 56. 117. 119, T2o; iii, 369,.
170; facial "blaze", &c.; iii, 495;
lips and mouth, i, 247, 249; special"
markings, iii, 497-500. (See also,
titles Blood-spots, Skin diseases.)
Sprains — Joints, Tendons. Ligaments,
and Muscles-
As cause of disease. &c.. i. 220: of an-
eurism, i, 477; bone-spavin, ii, 218;
dislocation, ii, 349: joint diseases, ii,
279, 281, 282, 286: thrombosis, i, 474.
Definition, and question of sprain or-

strain. ii, 291, 292.
Drugs used, ii, 480; iii, i, 3, 5. 7, 8.
Examination for soundness, iii, 380.
First-aid directions, ii, 439,
General causes and symptoms, ii, 289,.
290; galloping, iii, 199; hereditary.

Particular sprains — back sinews or
" breakdown ", ii, 354 ; check and
suspensory ligaments, ii, 251, 252,
294, 295: fetlock joint, ii, 298; flexor
muscles, ii, 292. 299: pcrforans and'
perforatus. tendons, ii, 296; radial
ligament, ii, 294; sprained back, ii,
298,
Plasters or charges for, iii, 43,
[See also Bog-spavin, Bowedknees,Curb.]i
Sprays for nasal catarrh, i, 500.
Spring hook for hobbles, iii, 160.
Spring-water— analysis, iii. 122.
Sprinter and thoroughbred condition, iii,

Sprung heels in shoeing, ill. 448.
Squamse and squamous inflammations of
skin. ii. 137, 152.

Squamous eczema— form of, ii, 148.
Squamous temporal hone— form, and

mus.-les from, ii. 184, 311.
Squills- medicinal uses, ii, 469; iii, 15, 17.

Stable equilibrium of a horse, i, 30.

Stablemen — apartments structure, iii,
321. 322, 323.

Stable Management—

Accidents- first aid, ii. 437.

Complete supervision— importance of, iii^

339-341.
Diseases of stabled horses — bowel and

liver, i, 285, 287, 308; due to damp

premises, i. i, 7, 12, 20; poll evik

prevention, ii, 432.
Fastening of horses, iii, 328, 465.
Hygienic treatment of coat, feet, &c.,.

iii, 133-140-

602

INDEX

stable Management— ((Toti/.)

Infectious diseases— disinfection andpre-

horse-sickness and horse-pox, ii, 58,
142; intlucnz.-!, ii, 32: nasal catarrh,
i, 500; skin diseases, ii, 150, X51, 165.

Treatment of— horses in training, iii, 303:
hunters after work, iii, 309, 310:
pregnant mares, lii, Si8, 265, 268;
ship-board horses, iii, 461, 462, 463:
thoroughbreds, i, 107, 109, 112, 113.
(Sec also Training-)

tSee also titles Food, liedding. Groom-
ing, Harness, Stable viees, VcntiKa-
tion. Temperature.]

Stable Structure, &c.—

Choice of site and materials, iii, 69, 70,
206, 319.

Coach house, tool-house, and carriage
wash-stand, iii, 334, 335.

Drainage— construction and systems, iii,
84-87, 326, 328-330 : flushing and
cleaning out, iii, 86, 87: manure and
urine— efTect and removal, regula-
tions, &c., iii, 82. 83, 335 ; town v.
country stables, iii, 82, 83, 84.

Flooring which dispenses with drainage,
iii. 337-

General decoration, accommodation, and
materials used, iii, 319, 320, 323.

Harness and fodder rooms, iii, 331-333.

Horses in training — accommodation, iii,
303. 3o-t-

Lighting and position of windows, iii, 70,
71-

Plans, iii, 320-323: a good stable, iii, 323:
illust., iii, 324-

Special structure for cart-horses, tram-
way, and racing stables, iii, 336-338.

Ventilation and air-space— common de-
vices and direction of air-currents,
iii, 71-74. 76;. 326, 330, 331; artificial
ventilation, iii, 74-76; contamination
of air and organic impurities due to
breathing, &c., iii, 76-78; cubic air-
space per horse, table, &c., on, iii.
78-80, 81 ; drain openings, iii, 85, E6;
examination of air, iii, 132; warmlli
V. cold in stables, iii, 76, 80, Bi.

Water supply, iii, 336.

Yard and latrines, &c., iii, 334, 335.

[See also titles Loose boxes, Sick boxes,
Stalls.]
Stable vices and their correction, iii. r40.
341-343 ; soundness and warranty,
iii. 367, 413. 424-426.
Stage-COacbeS— horses for, i, 195, 20s.
Staggering-due to anthrax, ii, 42; heart
stimulants for, ii, 458 ; hemorrhage
symptoms, i, 502: poisoning causing,

, 47-

and treatment.

268,

Staggers— ca;

Stagnant pools— purification, iii, 127.

staining of organisms — methods, ii.

54. 60.

Stakes- wounds caused by, ii, 403, 413.
Staling— (see titles Urine, also Retention
of urine).

Stallions and Sires—

Hreeding and origin of various breeds —
ancient laws, i, 173, 174; iii, 541.
542; Cleveland bays, i, 128: Clydes-
dales, i, 186, 192: hackneys, i, 115.
116-118, 119, 123: harness horse, i.
152, 153: hunters, i, 'loR, 135, 136,
138, 139-142; Shires, i, 172-176, 185;
SufTolks, i, 195 : thoroughbreds, i,
109, 110, 111 — present stock of thor-
oughbreds sources, iii, 547, 548.

Castration— (see that title).

Catheter insertion and uses, iii, 177-180.

Definition of term "stallion", iii, 541.

Disqualifying ailments — list of, ii, 302.

Drugs affccti.ig generative organs, i, 348;
ii. 475. 478: iii. 4. 7. 60.

Stallions and Slres-{Co«/.

Early mating and service
iic, lii. 213-215. 234-235.

Generative organs— (see titles Rcpr
duction organs — anatomy and d
eases).

Growth of offspring — influence,

297.

Hernia or rupture, i, 318, 319, 320, 323.

Illustrations— Arab, ii, 412; American
trotters, i, 336 ; Cleveland bay, i,
358; Clydesdales, i, 246, 280: ii, 326:
hackneys, i, 38. 172, 180; pack horse,
i, 190; pony stallions, i, 190; iii, 193;
Shires, i. 98, 266; Suffolks, i. 202;
thoroughbred, i, i, 108, 112; York-
shire coach horse, ii, 166.

Indifference to mares, iii, 235, 236.

Influence of first sire on mares— opinions
on telegony, iii. 239-245.

Period of puberty, iii, 262.

Pony breeding and "sihbing", i, 156.
161; cro.sscs, i, 160, i6i, 163; grazing
on common lands, i, 154, 157, 162,
163; origin of famous breeds, i, 165,
170, 171; polo pony, Arab sire, i, 204.

Soundness— examination, iii, 373.

Use of artificial insemination, iii, 333.

Working in Paris, iii, 171.
Stalls in stables, &c. — construction,
iii, 70. 324, 325. 327. 328, 337; drain-
age, ill, 84. 85: pillars, iii, 324, 325;
plans, iii, 320-324 ; railway boxes,
iii. 465; ship fitments, iii, 461. 462;
tying-in arrangements, iii, 328, 465.
Stamping in stables— correction, iii, 341.
Stamps on warranties, iii, 405, 426.
Standing-diseases due to, ii, 356, 364,
369. 373. 394: equilibrium and posi-
tion of a horse, i, 30, 31: iii. 191. 192:
soundness guide, iii. 366; loss of
power isee Paralysis).

Standing leap-method, iii, 200.
Standing operation for castration, iii.

i?"^. 177.

Stands over— knee formation, i, 74.
Staphyline glands— form, &c., i, 230.
Staphyline nerve -formation, i, 393.
Staphylococcus — formation, &c., i, 226
Stapbyloma and its treatment, ii, 115,

116.
Starch- food properties and digestibility,

i, 241, 242: iii. 87, 89. 90, 91, 96; use

as antidote, iii, 53.
Starch bandages for fractures, ii, 250;

preparation, iii, 38.
Staring coat— diseases causing, i, 293,

304. 311, 498, 499; ii, ,90; iii. 145:

poisoning symptoms, 111, 47: water

causing, iii, 123.
Starvation a cause of disease, i, 223.
Starwort . ..using poisoning, iii, 63.

State coach horses— description, &c,,

i. 177. 206, 207.
Statical symptoms of disease, iii, 145.
Stealing of horses— ancient law on, iii,

54^-
steam inhalatiOn-(sec Inhalation).
Steapsin— in digestion, i, 246.
Stearin-ciimposiiion of, i. 242.
steel -f.ii- horse-shoes, iii, 442.
Steel drops— medicinal uses, ii, 447.
Steel sharps— for shoes, iii, 452.
Steeplechaslng — training methods, iii,

^01. .to5. 311.

Stenson, duct of— fistula of, i, 261.

steps in walking, iii, 194, 197.
Sterility and its causes, &c., iii, 229, 230;
due to cystic ovary, ii, 102; to neck
163; tp obesity •■•

I Sterno - thyro - hyoldeus muscle -

I form, .-ic , ii. _,..,

Sternum— (see Breast .
Stethoscope for heart disease deteclioi

1, 455. 458.

Stick— causing choking, i, 265, 266; stor

in bladder, i, 370, 371.
Stlffiiess due to glanders and farcy, ii. 31

to poll evil, ii, 431: rheumatic

of uteni

service and sires, iii. 180. 236.

Sternal articulations and cart

,286:

shin

. 474:

1,418.

Stifle and joint- conformat

90; ii. 275-277; iii, 485,

;thr.
48; of spine,

3.85.

scles and
343. 345;

ectioiis, 11, 340, 34

diiess, iii, 383, 383; various dis-

i alTecling, ii, 284, 285, 2E6, 287,

395-

Stimulants-
Accidents and exhausted horses — uses

of, ii, 6, 439, 440.
Drugs to stimulate heart, ii, 457, 458-460;
lungs and air-passages, ii, 470, 471:
nerves, ii, 477, 478; stomach and
liver, ii, 465, 488.
Invalid diet, iii, 25.

Treatment of apoplexy, i, 413: asthma,
ii, 11; blood-poisoning, i, 482: colic,
i, 260, 281, 284; diarrhoea, i, 289;
pleurisy, ii, 16; pneumonia, ii, 9;
poisoning antidotes, iii, 50; 52, 56, 57,
64; purpura hemorrhagica, ii, 25;
spasm of diaphragm, i, 313; super-
purgation, i, 290.
Stings pf insects. &c — llnigs allaying
mouth and tongue

flammati^
and sheath aftcttioiis,
poisoned wounds, &c.,
iii, 61.

Stitching of wounds— di

penis
81, 82;

disinfection of r

rials,

•tuds, i

Sterno-maxlllaris muscle— form, &c

Stock medicines kept
446.

Stocking of breeding stud, iii, 210-213.
"StOCkWell" {1849)— pedigree, i, 114.

Stomach-
Blood supply before and after meals, i,

443.
Conformation and digestive uses, i, 91,
229, 234, 235; ii, 465; food progress,
&c., i, 246, 247; iii, 118, 119; gastric
digestion, i. 244, 245; muscular coat-
ing, &c.. i, 235; ii, 306; nerves and
arteries, i, 377, 448.
Worms and parasites infesting, ii, 169-

174; causing tetanus, ii, 45.
[See also title Abdomen or Belly.]
Stomach hot and its effects, ii, 169, 170.

Stomach Diseases and Disorders-
Bleeding or ha;matemesis. i, 501.
Cough due to, ii, 18: remedy, ii, 470.
Dilation and rupture, i. 276-278 : indi-
gestion causing, i, 270, 271; pasture
causing, iii, 95; vomiting due to, i,
268.
Drugs and tonics, ii. 451, 457, 460, 464-

468, 470, 478; iii, 5, 6, 7.
Engorgement and overloaded, i. 271 ;
other causes and results, i, 268, 269,
270, 274, 278, 470; iii, 101, 102.
Poisoning effects, iii, 44, 45. 46. 48- in-
fluence of food in stomach, iii, 40. 55,
58; post-mortem appearances, iii, 54,
55-
"Staggers ", a form of indigestion, i, 268,

270, 406.
Stomatitis, or mouth inflammation, i, 249.
[See also titles Gastritis, Indigestion,
Ulceration.]
Stomatitis (simple) and its treatment.

INDEX

603

stone in the Bladder— 1

Analysis and composition of calculus and
urine, i, 353-356; pus, &c., in urine,
i. 344. 348-

Formation and causes of stone, i, 220,
298. 354, 369-371; in niarcs, i, 368.

General symptoms, diagnosis and treat-
ment, i, 356-360,

Inflammation due to, i, 349.

Internal remedies and solvents, i, 360.

Operation of lithotomy— general prepar-
ations, &c., i, 361-363; exploring the
bladder, removal of stone, &c., i.
363-366.

Operation of lithotripsy or crushing, i.
366-368.

r distinction, i, 357, 358.

\\ J

. 423-

Stone pipes. Sic, for drains, iii, 85, 86.

Stone solvents and their uses, i, 360.

Stone walls -jumping methods, iii, 201.

Stones— bloody urine due to, i, 348; con-
cretions not stones, i, 300; intestinal
obstruction, i. 296; salivary duct, i,
263-265; fistula due to, i. 261. (See
also titles Stone in bladder, Calculi.)

StOuewOrtS in water, iii, 129

Stop-noose used in parturition, iii, 283.

Stopping of feet, iii, 68, 139.

StOraX— niedicinal uses, ii, 470, 471.

StOtS— use of oxen and meaning of term,
i, 173-

Stoves lor stable heating, iii. 334.

Straight conformation— of back, i, 57;

croup, i. sS; face, i, 40; neck, i, 47,
4S; shoulders, i, 70.
Straight muscle of abdomen — form,
&c.. ii, 335, 336-

Straight muscle of thigh — form. Sc

ii. 339-

Strain or sprain — definition, &c., ii.

Straining— causing inversion of rectum
IS, i, 301: ii, 100: kidney
, 348: rupture and hernia.

and

324.

:s, &c..

Stramonium — medit

4C9. 470.
Strangles—

Causes, forms, and treatment, i, 224, 48 1 :
ii, 36, 39-41: infectious nature, and
mallein test, ii, 39: suppression, iii,
152. 154-

Drugs used, ii, 487; iii, 3, 4, 6, 7.

General remarks, and terms used, ii, 39.

Various complications, &c- — bronchitis.
ii, 2: heart, i, 461; nasal catarrh, i,
499; joint diseases, ii, 280, 282, 2S6;
liver, i, 303: parotid glands inflam-
mation, i, 259; pneumonia, ii. 7;
purpura, ii, 24, 145; pus accnmu'a-
tion, i, 504, 506; rheumatism, ii, 20;
roaring, i, 510. 512: throat affections
and laryngitis, i, 255, 257, 507.

Warranty and unsoundness, iii, 423-

Strangiilated rupture or hernia—

tre.itment, &c., i. 316, 319-322.
Strangulation— penis and sheath, ii, S3 ;

respiration, i, 292, 494.
Strangury due to use of cantharides, ii,

Strapping-up limbs, &c., in operations.

iii. 157
Stratified rocks— animal remains in, iii.

Straw— as food, composition. &c , iii, 89,
96, 97. 99. 112, 354: for bedding and
horses eating, iii, 24, 13S. 130, 265,
354, 355: wisps for grooming, iii, t34.

Stream water causing disease, &c., iii,
125, 127.

Streptococci as cause of disease, i. 224,
-'26; li, 40.

Striated and non-striated muscle-
description of, ii, 305, 306.

Stringhalt .and its treatment, i, 411; ii,
395; hereditary, iii, 2t5; unsound-
ness, examination, and warranty, iii,
367. 374, 423-

Stripes as skin markings, iii, 497-500;
asses and zebras distinction, iii, 496

Strokes due to paralysis, i, 420,

Strongylus armatus and tetracan-

thus— diseases due to, i, 471. 477.
4:y; 11. 171. 172, 174-

strongylus axei in stomach, ii, 169.
Strophanthus— medicinal uses, ii, 451,

"StroxtOU Tom" (15871)— bay horse

iillust, , i, 246.
Structure of a horse— (see Conforma-

Structures— alteration and ossification,
warranty as to, iii, 419, 422, 425.

Strychnia— medicinal uses, ii, 475. 478;
iii. 10; poisoning by, iii, 57; tetanus
due to, ii, 47.

Stud books or records — Cleveland

bays, i. 129, 130; Clydesdales, i, 186.
189: hackneys, i, 114, 115; Hol-
steins, i, 209; hunters, i, 135. 143;
Shires, i, 182, 184; SuflTolks, i, 196;
Yorkshire coach horses, i, 134.
Stud for breeding-aims, needs, and
foundation stock, itc, iii, 205-213;
medicines, ii, 444, 446; pony-breed-
ing, i. 158-163. (See also titles
Breeding. Reproduction, Stable man-

ageii

45.

StumbUng— due to conforn

72,81: defective action. 11,401; navi-
cular disease and broken knees, ii,
391, 422.

Stye in eye, ii, 112.

StylO-glOSSUS muscle— form, &c., ii,

Stylo-hyoid muscle— form. &c.. ii, 313.
Stylo^maxiUaris muscle-form. &c..

Stylo-pharyngeus muscle-form. ,vc .

ii, 316.

Styloid processes of occiput and tem-
poral bones, ii, 184, 185.

St3T)tlCS and their uses, ii, 456: iii, 14:

Subcarpal arch of arteries, i, 450.
Subcarpal ligament of fore-limb, i, 20.
Subcutaneous Injections-administra-

[ tion of drugs by, iii, 18, 22; drugs

used, ii, 459, 480, 481, 483; iii, 6. 160;
mallein test, ii, 35, 37, 38, 39; poison-
ing by, iii, 45.

Subcutaneous thoracic nerve — for-

Sub-horny quittor— form. &c., ii, 379.
Subjective symptoms of disease, iii.

Sublimed sulphur— medicinal uses, ii,

4,-: ill, 7: .l:.ses, iii, II.
Sublingual glands -formation, &c., i,

Sublobular veins -liver structure, 1,240.

Submaxillary glands — form, &c , i,

230. 231 : enlargement due to dis-
ease, i, 499; ii. 63; pulse in, iii, 146,

Subscapularis muscle-form, &c , ii,

328; nerve to, i, 399.

Subscapulo-hyoideus muscle — form.

Sic, ii, 321.

Subzygomatic nerve — formation, i,

394-

Suckling of foals — constipation and
diarrhoea during, i, 285, 286, 2S7.
288, 289: difficulties due to thrush, i.
251, 252: pyemia symptoms, ii, 287:
refus.al to feed foals, ii, 94; teats and
udder attention, iii, 226; weaning
process, iii, 225, 226; working mares
during, i, 287. (See also Milk.)

Suckling teeth— see Milk teeth).

Sudoric sweat— form of, ii, 130

Sudoriflcs -drugs cbssed .as, ii, 472.

Sudoriparous glands— formation, &c..
ii, 126, 127, 130.

Suffocation— due to .asphyxia and laryn-
gitis, i, 494, 507, 508 : punctured
lung, i, 493: tongue inflammation, i.

Suffolk Horses—

As distinct breed, origi:

i, 194-196.
Comparison with Shire;

1.77. .'78..

'94,

and Clydesdales,
196, 197: with

Schleswig;

Conformation, age, action, uses, i, 194,
197 - 200 : colour, markings, and
feather, i, 195, 196, 197, 199.

Crosses— early, i, 195. 196; for Arabs, i,
204: harness horses, i, 153.

Illustration of stallion, i, 202.
Siiffolk Stud-book Association — re-
strictions, i, 196.

Sugar— as food constituent, and digestion
of i, 242; iii, 87, 89, 96; in blood, i,
435; in urine, i, 346.

Sulky for trotter-training, iii, 314, 315.

Sulphates — medicinal uses, iir 490: of
ammoni.a and alumina, ii, 455; atro-
pine, iii, 11; copper, ii, 456; iii, 2:
iron, ii, 447, 456: iii, 7: m.agnesium,
iii, 8: quinine, iii. 8: soda and
sodium, ii, 449, 450; iii, 8; zinc, ii,
456: iii, 8 — doses, iii. ii; u.se of
magnesia as aiuidote, iii, 51.

Sulphides and sulpUtes — medicinal

Uses, ii, 490.

Sulphocarbolate of sodium — medi-

oiud uses, in, 8.

Sulphocarbolates of soda and zinc

.IS antiseptics, ii, 485.
Sulphur — medicinal uses, ii, 453, 490:
)ii. 5. 7. 8: premises disinfected by.

Sulphurated antimony — medicinal

Sulphurated potash — medicinal uses.

78, 82.

Sulphuric acid — medicinal and other
uses, ii. 453. 467, 468: iii. 8— doses,
iii, 9: poisoning and antidote uses,
iii, 45, 46, 5>-

Sulphuric ether— medicinal uses, iii, 8,

Sulphurous acid — medicinal and anti-
.septic uses, ii, 467, 485. 491: iii, 8—

Sun rays — disorders due to, i, 407, 412.

Superficial ligament of hock-joint, ii,

Superficial muscles — appearance (il-
lust. ,ii, 310: forms— of flexormuscle,
ii, 344, gluteus muscle, ii, 339, pec-
toral muscle, ii, 327.

Superficial temporal nerve — forma-

Superior cervical ganglion — struc-

Superior extremity of heail, i. 4.
Superior maxillary bones of face. ii.

Superior maxillary cranial nerves

- formatiuii. &c , i, 393.

Supernumerary teeth - presence of, i,

327-

Superpurgation and its treatment, i,
20'j; action of mercury causing, iii, 3.
Supplemental air in breathing, i, 493.
Support in equilibrium of a horse, i, 31.
Suppositories— insertion and uses, ii.,41.

Suppression of infectious disease-
see Infections diseases;.

Suppurating com— form, &c., ii, 375.

604

INDEX

Suppurating lymphangltls-form of,

Suppuration- :^ce title Pu^or Matter}.

Suppurative inflammations of skin,

Supra-carpal ligament— spr.iiji, ii, 294.
Supra-condylold fossa "f bunes, ii, 195,

Supra-orblt of eye, i, II

Supra-orbital nerve-formation, 1, 393,
Supra-scapular nerve— form, i, 399;

shoulder sli[) due to injury, ii, 350.

Suprasplnatus muscle— form, &c., ii,
Supra-splnous ligament -trinil< con-
Surcingle for horse-training, iii, 307, 314.
Surface drainage and gutters for stables,

HI. S4-if.. 329.

Surface fitting, &c., in shoeing, iii, 442,
Surfaces of head-slmcture of parts, i,

S-I2.

Surgical instruments - (see Insirn-

Surra parasite infesting Indian horses,

n. 174.
Suspenders for slinging, iii, 40, 41.

Suspensory ligament of fore limb-
form, &c., i, 20, 75, 78, 79: ii, log.

491, 492: sprain of, ii. 251, 252, 295;

iii] 380,' 423.
Suspensory ligaments of penis and

she.illi- form, ,^c.,ii, 71,72. 335.
Suture forceps for wound-stitching, ii.

420.
Suture needles for wound-stitcliing. ii.

4,8,4,9.

Sutures for wound-stitching, ii, 416-4,0;
disinfection, ii, 415: use of pins, &c .

i,, 438.

Swabs of wool for wounil-drcssing, ii,
4"5-

Swallowing— choking and prevention, i,
265, 4B6; muscles assisting in. ii,
3,3. 316, 317: various diseases affect-
ing, i. 251, 255, 257, 26c, 504, 508;
ii. 44-

Swan neck- form, &c., i, 47, 48.

Sway-backed horse— causes of defect, i,

Sweat glands of skin— forms and action,
ii, 126. 127, 130, 131.

Sweating or Perspiration, and Patchy

Clipping the coat for, iii, 137, 138-
Driigs producing and checking, ii, 472,
473. 485;

Ne

nHuc

130.

Skill as organ of
Symptoms of dise.ises, &c,— anthrax, ii,
^2; congested lungs, ii. 5; diabetes.
i, 347; enteritis, i, 293: fractured ver-
tebra;, ii, 236; gloss-anthrax, ii, 44:
hernia, i, 320: indigestion, i, 270, 271,
273: inversion of uterus, ii, loi: kid-
ney disease, i, 349: laminilis. ii, 377;
I.tryngitis, i, 508; liver rupture, i,
310: poisoning, iii, 47; niptiire of in-
testines, i, 205; spasm of larynx, ii.
17; tetanus, li, 48: thromliosis, i. 474;
uterine hemorrhage, ii, 88; womb in-
flammation, ii, 90.
Training of thoroughbreds and trotters,

iii. 304-307, 3'6-
Urinary cflTccts, i. 337.
Ventilation affecting, i, 497.
Swedes -as food, iii, 89, 115.
Sweet birch— medicinal uses, ii, 452.
Sweetbread-description, Re, i, 241
Sweet silage— preparation, &c.. iii, 117.

Sweet spirit of nitre-dose, iii, lo.
"Sweet William"— Shire horse, price,

i. iSi.

Swellings-
Drugs used, ii, 449, 461. 489.
Food causing, iii, 103
Fractures symptoms, ii, 225.
Joint diseases, ii, 281, 282, 283, 286, 287.

301.
Male organs of reproduction, ii 81, 82,

84, 86.
Plasters or charges for reduction of, iii,

43-
Sprain symptoms, ii, 291, 293, 294, 295,

Tongue and palate, swollen, i. 252, 254.

Various diseases causing swellings — an-
thrax, ii, 42: covering disease, ii, 53:
glanders and farcy, li, 35, 36: hernia,
i, 325; horse-sickness, li. 56: influ-
enza, ii, 32: liver, i, 314: lymphan-
gitis and filled legs, ii, 22. 62. 364;
poll evil, ii, 430, 431: purpura hac-
morrhagica. ii, 24, 25 ; quittor. ii,
379: rheumatism, ii. 20. 21: salivary
calculi, i, 264: stomatitis pusliilosa.
ii, 49: strangles, ii, 40.

Swine fever— cause. &c., i, 223.

Swinging bars as stable fittings, iii. 337.
Symbiosis a form of parasitism, ii, i6o.

Symbiotic mange— symptoms, Xc, ii,

,67.
Symmetry of a horse, i, 28, 41, 1,9, 121.
Sympathetic nerves— heart influence,

ii. 45S: lumljar connections, i, 402;
saliva uses, i, 232, 233. ;See also
title Nervous system. )

SsTnphysis pubis of pelvis, ii, 192.
Symplepharon of eye, ii. 114.
' Symptomatic epilepsy— form of, i, 410.
Symptomatic tetanus — causes, &c..

Symptoms of disease— (see Disease).
Synarthrosis joints-form, &c., 11,263.
I Syncope— mc Collapse!.

Synovia or Joint-oil in joints, ii, 262;

diseases due to, ii, 286. 290, 355: dis-
charge in fracture, ii, 247.
Synovial articulations of ribs, ii, 191,

Synovial bursse il.;scription of, ii, 307.

Synovial membrane of joints — com-
position of tendons, ii, 306: diseases
due to distention, &c . ii, 280, 281,
355. 356; loose cartilages, ii, 284.

SjrnOVltiS and its treatment, i, 282-284.

Syphilis and covering disease similarity.

Syringes and syringing — antiseptics

for, ii, 421 : artificial insemination,
iii. 231-234: mallein test, ii, 39; skin
injections, iii, 21. ;See also title In-

Systemic arteries — distribution and

n.Tines. i, 448-453.

Systemic heart-structure, S;c . i, 438.

Systemic veins— circulation through, i,

Systems of feeding— see Food;.
Systems of horse-training — general

methods, iii, w.-;r>4.

Systole and systolic sound, &c., of

heart-dcscriplion. i. 439, 440, 459,
460; diagram, iii, ,48.

Tactile papillae of skin, ii. 126.
Taenia echinococcus infesting lii

Sr.. 1, ii3. 3,4 : ii, 174.
Taenia perfoliata, [.licata. and mat

lana in intestines, ii, 172, 173.

Tall or coccyx— bones and structure, 1,
15; ii, 132, 179, 183, 192: before
birth, iii, 291, 292: exaiiiination for
soundness, lit, 373, 374; muscles and
connections, ii, 326, 327. 341 ; tetanus
causing elevation, ii, 48: tying and
whisking during operations, i, 366;
iii, 174.

Taking-OfiT in jumping, iii, 199.

Tank in si.,l,le drainage, iii, 330.

Tannic acid and tannin — medicinal

uses, i,, 455. iii. 8 -dose, iii, 11:
l>oisuu antidote, iii, 51.

Tanno-gelatin— composition, ii, 454.

Tape used in poll evil, ii, 432.
Tape-worms in intestines, ii, 162, 172-

174. liver infested with, i, 314, 315;

drugs destroying, iii, 13: generation

of, iii, 260, 261.
Tapping- for colic, i, 283 ; for dropsy, i,

312: for liver inflammation, i, 308;

for pleurisy, it, 16, 17.
Tar— dressing for thrush, ii, 374: inhaling

in horse-sickness, ii, 58 ; medicinal

uses, ii. 471.
Tarsus— (see Hock'.

Tartar emetic— dose. iii. lo.
Tartrate of iron and potash— medi-

cinal uses, ii, 447, 448.
Taste-nerves of, i, 385, 391, 394; water

test, iii, 131.
Tattersall's saJes-uarranties, &c., iii,

406. 413.
Taxis for hernia, i. 321, 323.
Tears from eye-

itc, ii.

Teat-syphon— use of. ii, 96.

Teats and udder-cleansing, iii, 222.

227; de\elopment and diseases af-
fecting, ii, 93-97: glycerine uses, iii,
4: pregnancy signs, iii. 264: spong-
ing in "thrush", i, 251, 252; wean-
ing effects, iii, 226.

Technical education — horse-shoeing,

ni, 432; veterinary medicine, ii, 442.

Teeth -

of horse dentists, i, 325, 331 ;

nflue

325.

Age-tricks and birthdays, iii, 392, 393.

Conformation and changes due to age,
i, 6, 220, 230, 326: iii, 389-392. 404:
of " milk " and temporary teeth, iii,
393-396; of permanent set, iii, 396-
399, after ten years, iii, 401 : special
features- and identi6catioii uses, iii,
492-495-

Diseases and irregularities, i, 325-327:
decay or caries, parrot month and
wolves' teeth, i, 330-3^33 ; filling, i,
331; loose in sockets, ii, 216; molar
teeth, special defects, i. 327-329;
numerical excess and deficiency, i,
327.

Diseases due to condition of, i, 218;
congestion of palate, i. 254: indiges-
tion, i. 272 ; inflammation of mouth,
tongue, and throat, i, 249, 252, 253,
255: nasal catarrh, i, 499.

Examination for soundness, iii, 372-

Food and parasites causing disease, iii,
103.

Formation of artery and nerve sui^plying
sensation, &c., i. 393, 394: it, 189;
of j.aw-bone and muscles, ii, 186, 187,
189, 308, 309.

Fractured jaw causing displacement,
&c., ii, 239-242.

History and origin of the horse — fossil
leeth, &c., iii. 476, 510. 51 1, 512, S13.
, llhists. of dentition at various ages, iii,
390, 394, 396, 400, 402.

Stable vices injuring, iii, 140.

Wear effects, iii, 399, 401 , 495.

rSee also Model of Teeth — separate
pamphlet.]

reetb rasps and stiears-uses, &c.,

i, 32j: ii, 2+s.

INDEX

605

TelegOny i" brccJing- opinions on effect
ol. ill, 239-245; evolution, &c, in-
fluences, iii, 480.

Temper and temperament — disease

cau^c^, i. 214, 217, 21S; head, face,
and e.ir guides, i, 36, 41, 42, 43:
stable vice>, iii, 140; training con-
siderations, iii, 301, 304, 305,

Temperature, climatic — influence on

breeding and size of horses, iii, 531,
552, 535, 546. 548.

Temperature of Body-
Causes of disease and nervous stimulus,

i, 214, 2i6, 2.7, 387.
Mud fever and the cause of inflammation,

iii, 136.
Reduction — by alcohol, ii, 460: by drugs,
ii, 443. 447. 450. 452; iii. 7. S, '3: by
sweating, ii, 130, 131, 472, 473.
Sick horses — regulation, iii, 142, 143.
Symptoms in disease — blood-poisoning,
i. 481; dysentery, i, 291; horse-sick-
ness, ii, 56, 57, 58; parturient fever,

ii, 8; pyxinic arthritis, ii, 287; rheu-

Temperature of stables — influence

and management, iii, 362, for bron-
chitis, &c., ii, 2, 3, 9, for sick-box,
iii, 23, 24, for training horses, iii,
303: warmth 7'. cold in ventilation,
iii, 76, 80, 81.

Temperature of water for sick ani-

Teinple of head-f.

Temporal artery of head

Temporal tones of cranium, ii, 184, 185:

J, ri[ with jaw, ii, 265; muscles, i, ~

Temporalis muscle-form, &c.. ii, 3
Temporary teeth— formation, &c,, iii,

3C,. ^iyO, 503-396.

Tendinous quittor— form, &c., ii, 379-
Tendo Achilles — form, i, 23: fracture
eliccts. ii. 262 : thoroughpin, en-
largement, ii, 357.
Tendons-
Attachment of muscles to bones, use
and structure of tendons, ii, 306;
displacement of bones prevention, ii.

Conformation — of abdomen and hip-joint,
i. 16: ii. 275: canon and "tying-in"
of tendons, i, 75, 76, 77: fore-limb,
knee, and arm. i, 19, 20; ii, 196:
hind-limb, i, 23.

Injuries due to broken and fractured
knees, ii, 247, 422, 423; to wounds,
". ■t'3-

Operation by division, Ul, 165, 168-171.

[For diseases see title Joints. Muscles,
and Tendons diseases; for sprains
see Sprains ; for special tendon see

"Tennis Ball"— hunter (illust.), i, 214.
Tenotomy— uses and methods of opera-
tion, iii, 16S-171; localities for, iii.

Tensor palati muscle — action and

tonn. ii. iSS, 316

Tensor vaginae femoris muscle-

furni, ic, li, 339.
Tentaculae-hair growths, ii, 132.

Ten-year-olds- teeth of, iii, 400. 401.
Teres minor and major muscles-
forms, &c , ii. 328, 320; nerve to, i,

Termination of disease— prognosis, i.

Tertiary formation— horse history, iii.

475. 483, 484, 494. 509. 5"0.
Testicles-
Anatomy and glands, &c.. i. 17: ii, 65,
66; descent diagram, ii, 64: muscles
insertion, ii, 336.

Vol. III.

Testicles- (Co/1/.)

Castration— (see that title).
Dise.ises, &c.— cysts, ii, 103; inflamma-
tion, ii, 86; hernia effects, .^c. , i,
318, 319, 321: not "down" in scro-
tum, iit, 184; v^'asting due to drugs,
ii, 475-

Testis— anatomy, &c., ii, 65, 66; castra-
tion, iii. 174, 176.

Tetanic spasm of muscles— causes, &(:.,
ii. 46, 47, 48; poisoning effects, iii,
45. 58.

Tetanus and its treatment, &c., ii, 45-48;
bacillus or worm of, ii, 171, 412;
drugs used, ii, 483: iii, 3, 6, 7: un-
soundness and docking, iii, 373.

Tethering of travelling horses — means,
&c.. iii. 464-466.

Therapeutic symptoms of disease, iii,
Therapeutical action of medicines,

&c., ii, 443: iii, 12-14.

Thickening of membranes, &c..—

brain, i, 417; heart valves and walls,
i, 459, 463. 464, 466; jugular vein, i,
475-477; lymphatic glands, ii, 23, 24:
sinews, back — unsoundness and war-
ranty, iii, 423.
Thigh and Thigh-bone-
Conformation and defects, i. 22, 83. 85,
86; ii, 201, 202; compensating points,
i, 102, 103; joint with hip, ii, 274;
nerves, arteries, and muscles, i, 84,
85. 390, 398; ii, 339.
Dressing after castration, iii, 174.
Fracture and setting difficulty, ii, 224,

Lacerated muscles causing stringhalt, ii,
395.
Thin horses— appetite, and want of flesh,

Third phalanx bone of fore-limb, ii, 199.
Third ventricle of brain, i. 384.
Thirst— as symptom of disease, ii, 2, 44;
sick-horse treatment, iii, 142.

Thompson's Black Horse — origin of

Civdesdales, i, 190.

Thoracic aorta— formation, i, 451.

Thoracic duct of absorbent system, i.

Thoracic nerve— formation, i, 400.

Thorax— see Chest

Thorns- causing choking, i, 265. 266.

Thoroughbreds-
Ancient and modern types— comparison,
Kc-, i, 107, 109.

Arabs* speed against, i, 203.

Breeding, origin, and historj-, i, 107-111,
112, 113; iii, 528, 531, 538. 539. 540.
544. 547, 548. 549. 550— modern slock
from three distinct sources, 111, 547,
548.

Conformation— of canon, i, 76; head and
face, i, 36, 40: withers and shoulders,
i, 52. 69.

Crosses— Arab, i, 200, 203, 204: Cleve-
land bays, i, 127, 128: hackneys, i,
115; hunters, i, 135, 136. 138, 139,
141, 143; Percherons, i. 205; ponies,
i, "57, 158. 160, 161, 162, 163. 165;
saddle horses, i, 148, 149; Yorkshire
coach horses, i, 133, 134.

Disqualifying ailments for sires, ii, 302.

Illustrations, i, i, 108, 112.

Ring-bone and curb liability, ii, 205, 300.

Teeth at various ages (illusts.), iii, 390,
394-

Training methods and trials, i, 112, 113;
iii. 304-307-

[See also titles Pedigiees, Race horses.]
Thoroughpin and its treatment, ii. 357-

Thread-W irms infesting the skin, ii, 163.

Three-quarter shoe — form and uses,

iii. 4:4. 456.

Three-year-olds — as hunters, iii, 308:

mating, iii, 213, 214, 235, 236; rate
of growth, tables, &c., iii, 295-297:
teeth of, iii, 396, 397.
Throat — formation, i, 5; muscles, ii, 310,
312, 313; soundness, iii, 372. (Sec
also titles Neck, Lar>'nx, Pharynx.)

Throat diseases and disorders— ab-

throat, i, 254-257; larynx diseases,
i. 507-510; poulticing and mustard
plasters for, iii, 31, 32, 33; symptoms
of various diseases, i, 506; ii, 3, 40,
42,43,44- (See also Roaring.)

Throat-Strap for crib-biting, i, 413, 414.

Thrombosis— iliac, and of jugular vein,
i, 473-477; fractured vertebrae con-
founded with, ii, 237.

Thrombus— formation of, i, 473.

Throwing back in breeding— (see title
B.iik breeding!.

Throwing of rider by hunters— training

prec

, 309.

of

Thrush — of feet, ii, 373; _i

canker and navicular disease, 11, 351,
392: of mouth, i, 249. 250; remedies
for, ii, 456, 485; iii, 4. 7; soundness
antl warranty, iii, 382, 420.

Thymol as an antiseptic, ii, 487.

Thyro-arytenoid muscle— form, &c ,

Thyro-hyoid muscle-form, &c., ii, 316.
Thjrro - pharyngeus muscle — fonn„

>Vi.. 11, 515-

Thyroid cartilage of larynx, i, 485-

Tibia— ciiformatiun of thigh and bone,,
i, 23, 8j, 85; ii, 202, 208; iii, 487; frac-
ture, ii, 261: joints with bock, &c.,
i, 87, 88; ii, 275, 278; muscle con-
nections, ii. 332. 340. 341, 343-

Tibial aponeurosis— muscle action, ii,

341.
Tibial artery— formation, i, 453.

Tibial crest -formation, ii, 202-
Tlbial nerves— formation, i, 404.
Tibial spine —formation, ii, 202.
Tiblo-fibular articulation— form, &c..

Tibio-tarsal joint— foi

263.

Tic— nervous habit described as, i, 413.
Ticks— on skin, ii, 166.
Tidal air— in breathing, i, 493.
Tied-in hocks— curb causes, ii, 301.
Til cake— composition, iii. 114.
Tiles for stables, iii, 69. 81, 325.
Time and evolution influences, iii, 483-
Time tests— in racing, i, 108. 117.
Tincture of iron— medicinal uses, ii, 447.
Tincturesof various drugs— doses, iii. 11.
Tlnn, zonule of— in eye, ii, 108.
Tissue respiration— form of, i, 483.

Tissues— bone structure, ii, 176; _ 177:
health and repair of tissue, iii, 66;

ii, 27, 28; medicines acting on tissue
change— alteratives, ii, 452-454, as-
tringents, ii, 454-457; sprain causes,
ii, 292 ; water as body constituent,
iii, 119, 120, 124; wounds and heal-
ing, ii, 403, 407— use of cauterj', iii,
166.

Tobacco— medicinal uses, ii, 481. 482.

Tobln'S stable ventilation, iii, 331.

Toe, seedy— see Seedy toe).

Toe-clips in shoeing, iii, 449.

Toe-pieces for shoeing, iii. 444.

Toeing knife— use of, iii, 438.

Toes- ancient conformation, and classifi-
cation of animals, i, 21; iii. 476: de-
fects of in* and out-turned toes, i,
74. 75 : examination for soundness,
iii, 375; fracture effects, ii, 252, 253:
operations effects, iii, 165, 171. (See
also titles Feet, Hoofs.)

104

606

ixi)?:x

Tongue -

Conformation and bone, i, 6; ii, 185. 189;
muscles and connections, ii, 312-314,
3>5. 3'6, 321; nerves, i, 386. 397.

Diseases and disorders — furred, due to
liver, i. 303; inflammation of tongue,
i, 252-254: spots on, i,. 249: symp-
toms of gloss-anthrax, ii, 43, 44. <^)t

e-sickn

in, 47-
False tongue in foal,
Inju

S3, of poisoning,

s— first aid,

438;

: of all!

, 45*:
Skin sensibility, ii, .28.

Tonics -action, examples and prescrip-
tions, iii. 14, 16, 17, i8t for blood, ii,
447. 448; heart, ii. 457, 460^ nerves,
ii. 477, 478; stomach and digestion,
ii, 466, 467, 468.

Tool-house-stable structure, iii, 334.

'Toothless space in month— use, &c.,
iii. 494.

Top-line of body — i, 3; structure of
neck, &c., i. 12-15.

• Torsion- ti. arrest bleeding, ii, 409; for

cj^tr..ii..ii, iii, 174.
Touch skin as organ of, ii, 127, 131.
Tournament horses-origin and uses,

iii. 538, 539, 540, 541, 543. 545.

• Tourniquet for arrest of bleeding, ii.

409: for neurectomy, iii, 162.
'Towels-disinfection of, ii, 415.
'Town horses— Clydesdale and Suflolks

crus
diseas,

193, '94. "99.
. =72,

Town-Stahles— removal of dung, regula-
tions, Sc-, iii. 82, 83, 84.

Toxic agents— poisoning effects, iii, 45,
4". 4-^. 54-

Toxic fluid- bacteria producing, i, 228.

Toxic tetanus -form of, ii, 47.

Trace-harness— undoingon fallen horses,
li, 441.

'Trachea-(see Wiiulpipe).

Trachelo-mastoideus muscle— form.
^;c., li, 319.

TraCheotomy-fnr larjngitis, i, S09; for
poisoning, iii, 52, 59, 62.

Trails of

i paces I

"97-

Training and Breaking-in Horses

I — application of whip and U
m, iii, 301-303; food ai
02, 303 : grooming, St
ii. 303, 304.
; to training, i, 248.

and of s

bling, &c.
Hard mouth (

iofr

Me
Show ho

■aim. 111, 157, ,58.
nd harness horses.

3'3.

.3 to-

Special breeds — h

thoroughbreds,

iii. 313-316.
[See also Domestication.)

■Tramway horses— amount of food per

day. iii, 347: influenza or pink eye.
ii, 31: poisoning by Indian pea, iii.
50: stables for. iii, 337.
Transit of horses— facilities and diet,
v'^i* . by laiul, iii. 464-467. by sea, iii,

Transversalls abdominis muscle -

U-rnl, .>vc., ii. 537

Transversalls costarum muscle-

form. &c.. ii. 374.

Transverse fracture — form. &c., ii,

250. 254.
Transverse muscle of abdomen —

form, &c,, ii, 335. 337.

Transverse perlnel muscle — action

on urethra, ii. 72.

Transverse processes of vertebrae.

ii. 170, 180. i8--: ligameMl and muscle
c.i.m-ctinn.,. ii, 2^5. 324. U4.

Trapezium bone -of knee. ii. 107.
Trapezius muscle— form. &c., ii, 322.

Trapezoid bone-of knee, ii, 193, 197.

Traps in st.ible drainage, iii. 84, 85, 86,

Traumatic epilepsy-form, i, 410, 411.
Traumatic tetanus— form of, ii, 45.

Travelling of hor.scs (see Transit).
Travis-us.jd in operations, iii, 158, 159.

Treacle in poultices, iii, 29.

Trefoil -composition, &c., iii, 99, III.
j Trembling-disease symptoms, i, 480; ii,
44. 88: heart stimulants for, ii, 458;
poisoning causing, iii, 47.

Trepanning or Trephining— fractured

frontal^ bone, ii, 239: nasal, for ca-
tarrh, i, 500. 501.
t Triachlasls-of eyelid, ii, 114.
Trials of race hordes, iii, 306.

Triangularis stemi muscle — form,

Mc, ii, 334-

Triceps extensor cubltl muscle —

Trlchodectes— . II ~tin. ii. 166.
Trichophyton tonsurans causing ring-
worm, ii. .63. ,64,

Tricks on teeth for age. iii, 392, 393.

Tricuspid valve of heart, i, 438.
Trigeminal nerves -formation, &c., i,

39=. 393-
Tripping — (see titles Defective action,

Stnmblmg).

Trismus tetanus-form of. ii. 47.

"Triumph II"— pack horse (illust.). i,
t90.

Trochanter (great and small)— of hu-
merus, ii, 194.

Trochanter (m.ajor and minor) of thigh-
bone, ii, 201 ; fracture effects, ii. 260:
muscle connections, ii, 339, 342.

Trochanteric fossa— formation, &c., ii.

201, 342, 343.

Trochar- for relief of colic, i, 282, 283.

Trochlea-of thigh-bone, ii, 201.

Trochlearis— of eye, ii, 104.

Trotters — descent, iii, 550; illusls., iii.
314; shoeing, iii, 457: training ami
general treatment, iii, 313-316; water
supply, iii, 302. (See also American

Trotting- action and forms, iii. T95. 107.

of Clydesdales, i, 103, hackneys, i.

116-118, 121, 122, hunters, i, 146.

p,ack horses, i, 124, Percherons, i.

206, Shires, i. 184. show and harness

horses, iii, 312, Suffolks. i, 195, 199;

jumping from the trot, iii, 199: sport

popularity, iii, 313, 314.
Troughs— cleansing precautions, iii, 209:

stable fittings, iii, 327.
Trucks for transit of horses, iii, 464, 467.

True anchylosis— form of, ii, 281.
True hock joint — formation, ii, 202,
203, 263^ ligaments, ii, 277, 278;

290.

True ribs- formation of, ii, 101.

True skin— formation and inflammation,
ii. 126, 131, 146.

True vertebra of spinal cohimn, ii, 179.

Trunk-divisions and structure, i. 2. 3;
ii. 178. of chest and abdomen, i. 62-
66; height, Krc, proportions, i. 52, 53.
90. 91 : joints or articulations, ii,
263-265 : muscles and connections,
i, 53: ii, 326. 334; supply of blood to
nerves, i, 380.

Trusses for bog.spavin. ii. 201 ; hernia, i,
317; uterus inversion, ii, 102.

Trypanosoma equlpedun causing

dourine, ii, 52.
Trypsin in digestion, i, 246.
j Tsetse fly causing disease, iii, 78.
I Tubercle bacillus causing disease, ii,
50. 160.
Tubercle In bone formation, ii, 191, 194,

Tubercula on skin, ii, 137.

Tuberculin produced by bacteria, i, 228.

Tuberculosis- causes, appearance, and
symptoms, i, 223, 224:. ii, 42, 50-52,
160; other terms used, ii, 50, 51; use
of tuberculin, i, 228: various com-
plications, i. 464; ii, 10, 139: wounds
treatment, ii, 421, 422.

Tuberosities of bones — humerus, ii,

194: ischium fracture, ii, 257: tibia

ligaments, ii. 277, 278.
Tubes for ventikuing stables, iii. 72.
Tubull semlniferl of 'testicle glands, ii.

Tubuli uriniferi -

n, &c..

Tucked-up appearance-a sign of dis-

e.'ise, i. 17, J51; show horses, iii, 311,

Tumours-
Caused by disease, pressure, and wtn-ms,
i, 214, 220; ii, 169, 171; by food and
water, iii, 103, 124.
Distinction of stone or calculus, i, 357,

358, 363.
Forms and treatment— aneurism, i, 477:
brain and cranium, i. 414. 415: eye,
ii. 115, 116; horn of feet. ii. 372:
larynx, i. 507. 509; sore shoulders, ii,
435, 436; spinal tumours, i. 418;
stomach and intestines due to worms,
&c., ii, 169, 171.
Sterility due to, iii, 229.
Symptoms or causes of disease— capped
elbow and knee, ii, 359, 360. 361:
dilation of stomach, i, 277: glanders
and farcy, ii, 36: intestinal obstruc-
tion, i, 296: inversion of bladder, i,
372; liver aijd jaundice, i, 304; penis
enclosure, ii, 81 ; paralysis, i. 420,
423; roaring, i. 511 ; valvular disease,

Tunic of abdomen— description, ii, 335.
Tunica albuglnea— form. &c.. ii. 66.
Tunica flbrosa and granulosa of

ovary, ii. 79,

Tunica vaginalis, &c.. of testis, ii, 65:

castration and hernia treatment, i.

Tunica vasculosa— formation, ii, 66.
Tunics of arteries— formation, i, 442
Tunics of eye form. &c., ii, 104, 105.
Turbinated bonesof face— forms, ii. 188.

Turmeric as aid to appetite, iii. 94.

Turnips— as food, composition, &c., iii.
89. Its, .350; disease due to frozen
turnips, iii, 104: poultice uses, iii.

, 463, 47'

390. 395, 396.

Turpentine— med

474; oil of, iii, fi — doses,
poisoning by, i
Tusks in male horsi
398. 400. 494.

Tuson's physic ball formula, ii. 444.

Twins -fo.iliiig difficulty, iii, 273; 282.
Twisted snaflle-rype of. iii, 358, 359.
Twisted suture for wound - stitching,

ii. 417-

Twists of bowel -cause. &c.. i, 297.
Twitches for operations, &c., iii, 156, 157,

166, 176.
Twitching due to heart disease, i. 458.
Two or more persons conspiring to

di-fnimlinsak-ofahorse. iii, 411.

Two-storied stables— structure, iii. 338.

Two-year-olds — breeding and mating
capacities, iii. 213. 234, 236. 262;
racing prohibition, i, 107, 108: rate
of growth, &c.. iii. 295-207 ; teeth
of. iii, J95, 396. 397: training —
hunters, lii, 307, 308, thoroughbreds,

Tylng-ln of canon tendons and hock, i,

77. 87.
Tying of horses— during operations, iii,

157; in stables, iii, 328: in transit,

iii. 465.
Tympanitis causing heart rupture, i. 470.

INDEX

607

Typhoid fever — causing congestion of

U

Udder— >ee title Teats and udder).

Ulceration and Ulcers—

Antiseptics and drugs for, ii, 421, 448,
454> 456, 457. 464, 4841 4S5. 486, 489;
lii, 3, 5. 8.
Forms of ulcers and general treatment,
it, 426-428: nasal formation mistaken
for an ulcer, iii, 371.
Organs affected with ulceration —bladder,
i, 366; bowel, i, 290; eyelids and eye,
ii, 114, 115: larynx, i, 507, 509;
mouth and lips, i, 248, 249; nostrils, |
i. 503: ". 35. 36; skin, ii. .^6, 137 ■
143: stomach {see Gastritis ; tracheal
or bronchial membrane, ii, 10.
Symptoms of diseases— bone _" caries '\
ii, 212: covering disease, ii, 53; epi-
zootic lymphangitis, ii. 63: glanders
and farcy, ii, 35, 36, 37: liver inflam-
mation, i. 306; navicular disease, ii,
390 : stomatitis pustulosa, ii, 50 ;
stringhalt, ii, 395; vaginitis, ii, 91.

Ulna— form of bone, i, 19, 72 ; ii. 196 ;
fracture, ii, 245, 246: joint, ii, 270;
muscle connections, ii, 330, 331, 333.

Ulnar nerve— formation, i, 400; division
oper.iti''ii. iii, 162, 164, 165.

Ulnar portion of flexor pedis per-

forans muscle, ii, 331.

Umbilical arteries in Retns, iii, 256.
Umbilical cord and opening— see

N.^vel .
Umbilical hernia and its treatment, i.

Umbilical vesicle— formation, iii, 250.

Unciform bone of knee, ii, 193, 197.

Unconsciousness— see Consciousness^
Uncovered operation of castration, iii,

Underground drainage of stables, iii,

"Under himself behind"— conforma-

tmn and .. unipciis.,nun, i. co, 103.

"Under himself in front"— compen-

s.uiii.^ pniius. i, 103.

Undifferentiated protoplasm— gener-
ative changes, lii, 479, 484, 509-
Undulating face— appearance, i, 40.
UnguiCUlata— animals classed as, iii, 475.
Ungulate mammals-description, &c..

Urethra and Urethral Canal—

Furms and uses, i, 333, 337: female

organs, ii, 74,75, 76: male organs

and muscles, ii, 71-73.
Matadie du coit, or covering disease

affecting, ii, 53.
Obstruction due to stone in bladder, i,

357. 358; dilating the urethra, &c.,

i, 362, 363-366: opening for crushing

stone, i, 366-368-
Urine disorders due to rupture, injury,

or stone in canal, i, 343, 347, 348,

351. 353-
Use of catheter, iii, 178.
Urethral tube-formation, ii, 71.
Uric acid— in blood, i, 435: in urine and

"stone", i, 341, 353-

Urine and Urinary Apparatus -

Anatomy and functions of urinar>' organs,
i. 3J(3-336: female. 1. 18, 73-75; male,
ii, 63, 70, 71, 72; nerve centre, mus-
cular tissue and muscles, i, 337; ii,
72. 336, 337-

Colour of healthy urine, i, 342, 343: ii,
28; discoloration not a sign of dis-
ease, it, 474.

Coloured and thick urine due to disease,
i, 342-346: iii, 149, 150; bloody urine,
i, 347; ii, 475; dropsy, i, 3it,_3I2;
hsemo-globinuria or "azotuna", 11,
26-29: horse-sickness, ii, 57: indiges-
tion, i. 271, 272; liver diseases, i,
303, 304, 305, 306; lymphangitis, ii,
22: poisoning, iii, 47; pneumonia, ii,
8; purpura haemorrhagica. ii, 25: pus,
i, 344, 349; wounds treated with car-
bolic acid, ii, 420.

Composition and quantity of urine —
amount per day, i, 338; iii, 83; ana-
lysis and conditions affecting, i, 337-
340. 353, 354; »; 26-31: chief consti-
tuents of urine, i, 340-342; poisonous
nature, i, 335-

Discharge and retention of urine — appa-
ratus and muscles, i, 336, 337; ii, 70,
71, 72, 336) 337; custom of horses
driving, i, 351; diseases causing re-
tention, &c., i, 350-353: ". 20, 30, 53,
81, 82, 91, 364, 365; involuntary es-
cape, i, 419, 421; profuse staling, i,
343» 346.
Drugs affecting, ii, 473. 474— abuse of
cantharides and tobacco, ii. 475.

Uterus or Womb— (Cow/.)

Drugs affecting, ii, 456, 463, 475

iii. 3-
Entrance of semen and causes of in

nation, iii, 230, 246; artificial

mination, iii, 231-234.
Growth of embryo and fcctus — (se<

bryo).
Removal of after-birlh, iii, 270, 271

Mares during "horsing"

ouble with,

eth. i

Uninterrupted suture for wound-st
University instruction in veteri

mediLine-reiiiarks, ii, 442.

: Rectum).

itch-

Unloading rectum-
Unnerved horses -

soundne

22; operation of unnerving
see Neurotomy .
Unsoundness— ^f".- titles Examination,

air and drainage consideration
, 78, 82, 85.
IS disorders— colic mistaken ide:

V

Vaccination and vaccine— infection of

' "«--['"x. li. '^o. 141.

Vachette clamp for sand-crack, ii, 367.

Vagina and vaginal passage — con-
formation, ii, 75, 76; discharges, ii,
92, 93, 98: diseases affecting— cover-
ing disease, ii, 52, 51, fistula, ii. 429,
inflammation and contraction, ii, 90,
91, 92, irritability, i, 344. rupture,
1, 372; dressing of wounds, syring-
ing, and use of catheter, ii, 99, 421;
iii, 180; removal of ovaries, iii, 181-
18^; semen injection, iii, 246, arti-
titial process, iii, 231-234.

Vaglnascope— use, &c., ii, 93.

Vaginitis and its treatment, ii, 91, 92.

Vagus nerve — formation, &c., i, 385,
305, 396.

Value of a horse, i, 27.

Valves — heart structure and sounds, i,
436-440, 460: neck and limbs, i, 447.

Valvular diseases- causes and appear-
ance, &c., i, 461, 464, 465; ii, 42;
digitalis effects, ii, 461: diseases
associated with, i, 303, 312, 463^ ".
5: sounds accompanying, i, 440, 460:
thickening and obstruction of valves,
i, 463, 465, 466.

Valvulitis — a form of inflammation of
heart, i. 461.

Van work — horses suitable, i, 194, 199,
200, 205. 2TO.

488, 491 see

Varicose veins — thrombosis causes, i,

475-

Varieties of the horse — English, !.

107-149: foreign, i, 200-210; heavy
horses, i, 172-193: ponies, i, 153-170;
stock for breeding, iii, 211. :SeeaIso
titles History of thehorse: for special
breed see Clydesdales, Thorough-
breds, &c )

Variolous diseases — medicinal treat-

withdrawal by

iii, 177-180.

[Se

cathelei
Bladde

29, 30, 259;
Dis

Poly

also titles Bladder, Cystit
betes, Hjematuria, Kidney
uria. Staling, Stone.]

Urlniferous tubules — formation, &c.,

i. 334, .'35-
Urticaria and its treatment, ii. 145. uS;
in covering disease, 11, 53; drugs for.

Unstable equilibrium of a horse, i

Unstitched condition due to sprain of uterine arteries— ffrmaiic

Upper aspect of body— top-line, struc-
Upright conformation of feet and pas-
Upright dislocation- form, &c.,u, 349-

UraChUS— forn.alion of. iii, 251.

Urea— in blood, i, 335, 435: diseases due
10, i, 480; ii, 26-29; discharge from
system, i, 431, 490; sweat glands

", i, 338. 340,
, 333, 336; rup-

130,

stltuent and
34'. 342. 353-
Ureters- form and 1

uterine hemorrhage and its treatment,

Uterus or Womb-
Anatomy, use, and attachments, ii, 76-78:

nerves and muscles, ii, 77, 306.
Changes during gestation, iii, 252.
Diseases, &c.— hemorrhage or flooding,
ii. 87-89: inflammation or metritis,
ii, 89-91. 97, 98; injuries and pro-
lapsus, ii, 97, 456: inversion of uterus,
ii, 100-102: parturient fever, ii, 97-
100: pressure causing dropsy.

pus

.344:

alofo

182. 183; sterility (
230. 2*3-

ment, u, 443.

Variolous eruption

Varnish ^n coat— inju
Vas deferens of testi

Vasa recta and vasa e
ii, 67.

on labia, ii, 140.
rious effect, ii, 131.
i, ii, 66, 67.
R'erentia of testicle

: also

HInod-<

:ssels;

VaseUne as an ointment, iii, 42.

Vastus externus and intemus mus-
cles—forms. &c., ii. 340.
Vegetable acids — as food, i. 241; for

antidotes, iii, 52.
Veins— ^ce title Arteries and Veins).

Velum Interpositum of brain, i, 384.

Vense cavae-circulation through, i, 437,

Venae vorticosae of eye, ii, 105.

Venesection— 'see Blood-letting\
Venice turpentine for fractured jaw, ii,

241.
Venous blood and system— composi-
tion, ^c. i. 430. 480: hemorrhage,
i, 501. pulse in disease, i, 462.

608

INDEX

Ventilation—

Hrcatliiiig process— need and regulation

of vetililalioii, i, 495-497.
Disease caused by defective ventilation,

i, 222; ii, 24.
Sick-box ventilation, iii, 23.
Stable management and structure, i, 495-

497: 'ii; 330. .361 : drains, iii, 329, 330:

horses in trannng, lii, 303; laryngitis
508: plans of stables,

Ventral hernia and its treatment, i, 324.
Ventral lamlnse- formation, iii, 250.
Ventricle of laiynx— muscle action, ii.

Ventricles of brain — conformation, i,

384-
Ventricles of heart — conformation, i,

438; dilatation sounds, i, 459: growths
and rupture, i, 464, 470: valves ob-
struction effects, i, 466.

Veratrlum— medicinal uses, ii, 479.

Verdigris as an antiseptic in castration,
ill. 173, 174.

Vermicides and verniifuges-(see An-

thelmmtics).
Vermln-klllerS— poisoning of horses by,

i'i, 49. 53, 57, 58.
Verrucas— isee Wartsl.

Vertebrae and vertebral column—

(see Spine, also titles Dorsal, Lum-
bar, &c.).

Vertebral arteries— formation, &c., i,

380, 449.
Vertical fracture of ribs, ii, 254.

"Vertigo or megrims and its treatment,
i, 407-409: collar causing, i, 220: dis-
tinction Irom epilepsy, i, 410: symp-
toms of heart disease, i, 458, 464,
467; of poisoning, iii, 59; bf throm-
bosis, i. 476: unsoundness and war-
ranty, iii, 422.

Vesical calculi— (see title Stone in the
bladderj.

Vesicants in blistering, iii, 39.

VeSioles-of lungs, i, 487, of ovum, ii, 70,
80: on lips, i, 247; on skin, ii, 137:
symptoms of diseases, ii, 44, 53, 63,
147. 149

Veslco- vaginal fistula- form, ii, 429.
Vesico-vaginal ligament near uterus,

ii. 77-
Vesiculse seminales — formation, &c.,

li, 68.
Vesicular calculus— (see Stone in the
bladder).

Vestigial remains of horses— evolution

theories, iii, 485.
Vetches— as food, composition, &c., iii,
110, III, 113, 350, 351: for indiges-
tion and sick diet, i, 273: iii, 26:
poisuning by Indian pea, iii, 58-60.

Veterinary College, Royal — founda-
tion, iii, 430.
"Veterinary Hygiene and Hygienic
Conditions -

Application, and general considerations,
ii, 442; iii, 64-66.

Conditions of health, iii, 64, 65 — ordinary
conditions for maintenance, iii, 66-69.

Disease— due to bad conditions, i, 478,
480 : hygienics applied to diseased
animals, iii, 140-144: signs and
symptoms of disease, iii, 144-152,
prevention and suppression, iii, 152-
156; special treatment of pneumonia
and purpura ha:morrhagica, ii, g, 25.

Examinalionofair, iii, ,32.

Grooming, bedding, &c., or "individual
hygiene", iii, 133-140: sweating, ii,
473-

[See also titles Food, Nursing, Stable
management. Stable structure. Ven-
tilation.]

Veterinary science- technical and uni-
versity instruction in. ii, 442.
Vibrios a form of bacteria, i, 227.

Vices and nervous habits -ear and

eye guides, i, 41. 43; forms and cor-
rection of stable vices, i*tc., i, 413-
415; iii, 140, 341-343. 424-426: mares
during "horsing", iii, 180: sound-
ness and warranty, iii, 367, 413,
424-426.

Vicious mares— removal of ovaries, iii,
180-1S4.

Villi— in intestines and lacteal system, i,
237, 427 : of coronary cushion and
horn, ii, 383 : iii, 505 : on human
ovum, iii. 251.

VllUtlS and its treatment, ii, 383-385.

Vinegar— dose, iii, n: use in accidents,
&c., ii, 439. as antidote, iii, 45, 52:
use of vinegar of cantharides, iii, 8.

Virulent diseases — cause and trans-
mission, i, 219, 223.

VirUS-as caii.se of disease, . 22i, 222:

nd ult

'55.

248: poisoning

402, 403, 427: inocula-
tion and destruction, iii, 150, 151, 155.

Vision- (see titles Eye diseases, Eyes;.

Vital activity — foundation and evolu-
tion, iii, 479, 484.

Vital capacity in breathing, i, 493.

Vital spot arresting respiration, i, 494.

Vitality and the causes of disease, i, 216,

218, 222.

Vitelline membrane in breeding, iii,

249.

VlteUus of ovum, ii, 79.

Vitreous humour of the eye-confor-
mation, ii, 105, 108; diseases affect-
ing, ii, 117, 123.

Vitriol for glossy
and antidote.

Voice— organ of, i, 484, 485.

Volatile oils — food constituents, i, 243.

Voltaire on Zadig's method of observa-
tion, iii, 473-475.

Volume of the head, i, 37.

Voluntary muscles — description and
movements, i, 31, 32: ii, 305, 306;
drags aficctrng, 11, 478, 483.

Volvox glObator in water, iii, 128, 129.

Vomer— form of bone, ii, 188.

Vomiting— causes, rarity, and difficulties
in. i, 235, 268, 275: antidotes use and
poisoning, iii, 44, 45, 47, 48, 64: due
to indigestion antl rupture, i. 270,
271, 278: stimulants used, ii, 470.

VUlVa-^conformation, i, 16, 18: ii, 74:
diseases causing swelling. &c., ii,
53, gi, 98: flooding and
uterus through, ii, 88, i<

w

Walker's face cradle for fractured jaw,
ii, 241.

Walking— action and steps, iii, 192, 104,
197 : of Clydesdales, i, 192, 193 ;
hackneys, i, 123. hunters, i, 146,
Shires, i, 184, Suflblks, i, 199; equili-
brium of a horse, i, 30, 31, 92; iii, 192.

Wall Of foot— anatomy, &c., iii, 433, 434.

Walls of Stable-structure. &c., i, 496;
iii, 323-325-

Waltham royal stud — foundation, i.

Want a rib — appearance of horse, i, 57.

War Horses-
Ancient history and uses, iii, 4S5, 517,
519. 520, sai, 523, 524, 525, 528, 529,
530, 531. 53=. 533. 534-
British — breeding and history, i, 172-176;
">'. 535; 536, 537. 542, 545, 55o: con-
formation and crosses, i, 124, 126,
173; descent of bays and Shires, i,
125, 126, 178, 179. 180; weight of
armour. &c.,i. 175.
[See also titles Cavalry, Chariots, Mili-
tary horses.]

Warmth v. cold in stables, iii, 76, So, 81.

Warranty of Horses-
Dealers, and private persons and others —
special laws, iii, 414-419.

Defects that arc patent, iii, 411-413, 414.

Definitions and forms used, iii, 405-407,
4'9. 425. 426.

Fraud in various forms, iii, 409-411.

Horse not answering to warranty— course
to follow, iii, 425, 426.

Lists of diseases, &c., disqualirying or
constituting " unsoundness " — and
what coiisiiiuies " soundness ", i,
414: ii, 302; iii, 419-424, 425, 426.

Representations not amounting to war-
ranty, iii, 407-409.

Vices and other faults, iii, 424-426.

(See also titles Kxamination for sound-
ness. Soundness.]
Warts and their treatment, ii, 154, 155,
on lips, i, 248, penis, &c., ii, 81, 82,
83: fluids and drugs destroying, ii,
M3. 453. 468; i». ». 4i 6. 8.
Washing of horses — advisability and
processes, cause of mud fever, &c.,
iii, 135-137; before operations, iii,
173. 181, 182, 185: sick horses, iii,
35: slranglfs. iii, 154.

Washing of railway horse-boxes, iii.

Washing-places. ^:c., in stable-yard—
structure, iii, 320-324. 335. 338-

horses — formation of withers,
, 55: indigestion and diarrhoea, i,
272. 287.

stings causing inflammation and
poisoning, i, 249, 250, 252; ii, 414;

Waste from body— action of skin and
blood, ii, 131, 447; hygiene infiiience,
iii, 66; water excreted, iii, 120.

Wasting— due to arteritis, i. 471; covering
disease, ii, 53: dilation of stomach
and dropsy, i, 276, 311; food, iii, 102:
hasmo-globinuria, ii,3o: tuberculosis,
ii, 51: udder disease, ii, 93-97— iron
effects, ii, 448; soundness examina-
tion, iii, 372, 373.

Water-
As drink— amount per day, and analysis,
i, 241, 243, 273; iii, 120; digestive
uses and before meals, iii, 118, 119;
for breeding studs and mares, iii,
2og, 266; restorative in accidents,
&c., ii, 440: sick horses, iii, 24, 14a;
" sippers ", i, 273 : training of horses,
iii, 302: travelling horses, by sea and
rail, iii, 463, 467.
Body constituents and requirements, iii,
87, 119, 120; in various organs, iii,

Breathing process and uses, i, 491.

Causes of disease, &c., i, 216. 224; iii,
124-126; anthrax, ii. 42; colic, i, 279;
dysentery, i. 291 : joint inflammation,
ii, 282; nettle-rash, ii, 145. 146; stone
in bladder, i, 354: superpurgation, i,
289.

Composition, purity, and impurities of
rain and other waters, iii, 121-123;

ral processes of purification, iii, 126-
129; organisms in and hygienic de-
struction, i, 224: ii, 161; iii, 65.

Hard water— disease influence, iii, 123,
"4- #

Health maintenance, iii, 66, 67.

In food — percentage of, iii, 89.

Physic preparation uses, ii, 445.

Poisoning by, and pollution of water, iii.

Rabies in horse — thirst, ii, 44.

Skin sensibility and absorption, ii, 128,

129.
Stable supply and fittings, iii, 336— pots,

iii, 327, 328, 337.
Storage systems, iii, 125, 126.

INDEX

609

WaXer-iCmt.}

Swimming in water, &c.— diseases du

to, i, 393; ii, 14, 45.
Treatment of indigestion and gastritis, i

273, 276: pneumonia, ii, g.
I'rinc constituent, &C., i, 337, 338, 342.
Water bath— for physic, ii, 445.
Water bladders— on skin, ii, 137.
Water-pots-stable fittings, iii, 327, 328

Water wash— for neurosis, ii, 156.
WaterhOUSe'S system of stable ventila-
tion, in, 33t.
Weak fore-legs— appearance, i, 66.
Weak points— breeding precautions, iii.

Weak ulcers— form and treatment, ii,
4 = 7-

Weakness due to heart disease, i, 465.

Weaning of foals, iii, 225, 226; American
trotters, iii, 314.

Wear — change of teeth due to, iii, 399,
401, 402.

Weather as cause of disease, i, 213, 222,
292.

Weaving as a vice, i, 4:3-415; iii, 140:
warranty, iii, 424.

Wedge-heel shoe for sprain of back
sinews, ii, 354, 355.

"Wedgwood"— Suffolk measurements,
.•ic, i, 197.

Weed disease -1 see Lymphangitis).

Weed killers — poisoning by, ill, 48, 49.

Weeds causing water contamination, iii,
129.

Weight of a horse— conformation and
distribution— tables, &c., i, ,91-93,
locomotion and distribution, iii, 191,
194: lever action and functions of
limbs, i, 33, 34, 67: standing position,
iii, 191: weight for hunters, i, 135,
143: saddle horses, i, 149: Suffolks,

Weights for various drugs, &c., iii. 11, 12.
Weights in training show horses, iii, 312.
"Well let down" thigh conformation,

■ i, 8s.
"Well ribbed up" conformation, i, 56,

Well-water— purity and analysis, &c.,

Welsh pony— origin, appearance, &c., i,
166.

Westmoreland pony— origin, appear-
ance, S:c..i, 167.

Wetting of food to induce appetite, iii, 94.

Weymouth bridle— type of, iii, 358, 359.
Whalebone probe for lithotomy, i, 363.
What to do in cases of poisoning, iii,

"What's Wanted" (2332,1 — pedigree,

S:c.. i, 176.
Wheals on skin, ii, 136.
Wheat — as food, composition, &c., i, 242,

243:

349; poisoning

caused by dressing,

Wheat-Straw— as food, iii, 89, 97, 99,

112, 354: for bedding, iii, 354.
Wheezing due to bronchitis and asthma,

Whip-rack— fittings, iii, 332.

Whip-worm— in intestines, ii, 171.

Whisky — accidents and stimulant uses,
ii, 440, 460: for colic, i, 281, ex-
hausted horses, ii, 6, mares after
foaling, iii, 227 : pneumonia and
pleurisy, ii, 9, 16.

Whistling- .see Roaring and Whistling).

Whistling by grooms during grooming.

White corpuscles of Wood— composi-
tion, itc, i, 432. 434, 446: changes:
due to dise.ise, ii, 24.

White horses— origin, breeding, &c., i,

200, 207.

White line across eye due to injurj',
White line of abdomen — form, &c.,

■i. 335-

White markings on Suffolks, i, 196.
White of the eye— see Sclerotic).
White spots on eye— disease signs, iii.

White substance of Schwann-ncr%e
White substance of spine and brain,

i, 381, 3S2, 383, 385, 387.

"White Turk"— history, iii. 544.

White worm in intestines, ii, 170, 171.

" Whites " in mares, ii, 92— drugs, iii, 5, 8.

Whitewash— as an antidote, iii, 51; for
stable walls, iii, 338.

Width— conformation and determination,
i, 98, of chest, i, 66, of croup, i, 58, 59.

Wild horses-Arabian history on, iii, 518:
fossil remains of Mongolian horse,
iii, 513: natural food, i, 241; rarity
of, iii, 496.

Will power of a horse, i, 388, 390; mus-
cles control, ii, 305.

"WUliam the Conqueror" (2343)—

pedigree. &c., i, 1S5.
WiUlamS, Prof, on various diseases,

&c,, i, 3.'i, 417, 459. 469: ii, 26, 27,

29. 39, 'S^, =89.
Willow bark— medicinal uses, ii, 452.
Wilson pony — breeding, appearance, and

prices, i, 156, 161, 170, 171.
Wilson's muscle of urethra, ii, 73.

Winan's trotters (illusts.), iii, 314.

Wind and the ventilation of stables, iii,
72, 73-

Wind of horse

White arsenic— medicinal I

, ". 453-

s and warranty.

Wind-sucking— causes :

4i3-4'5: "■..■166; iii, 140, 343; un-

Winded animals — treatment in field,
&c., ii, 6.

Windows— stable structure and ventila-
tion, iii, 70, 71-74, 76, 8c, 81, 330,
33t-

Windpipe or Trachea-
Formation and uses, i, 13, 485 — muscles

Injections— (seel ntra-tracheal injections).
Mustard plasters on, iii, 33.
Treatment in disease, &c. — laryngitis
and tracheotomy, i, 509: roaring and
tube insertion, i, 511, 512: tongue
inflammation and opening, i, 253:
ulceration effects and appearance, ii,
10. 34.

Windsor stud— foundation, i, no.

Wings of coffin-bone, ii, 200.

Winser's gullies and trap for stable
drainage, iii, 85, 330.

Winter-green— medicinal uses, ii, 452.

Wire— for wound-stitching, ii, 411, 413:
injuries due to, ii, 386, 413.

Wisps <if straw for grooming, iii, 134.

Witch-hazel— medicinal uses, ii, 463.

Withers-
Conformation and forms, i, r3, 52-55:
defects compensation, i, 102: height
inHuences and measurement tables,
&c., i, 92, 93-95: iii, 288,__ 294-297:
muscle connections, i, 53: ii, 322.
Diseases, &c., affecting— boils and ulcers,
ii. 150, 151. 426: fistulous withers, ii,
432-434: ringworm and_ mange, ii,
164, 167; wrung withers, i, 220: iii, i.

Withers— (Co«/.)

Fractures in region of, ii, 336.
Poulticing, iii, 31, 33.
Rate of growth after birth, iii, 295-398.
Wolves' teeth— formation, &c., i, 332;

iii, 389, 390, 494.
Womb- (see Uterus or Womb).
Wood— mangers and infection by. iii, 15.^,
155; pavements causing fractures, ii,
224, 256, stable stalls and walls, &c.,
iii, 324, 325.
Woollen bandages- uses, 8rc., iii, 36.

Word of mouth— warranty regulations,
&c., iii. 405, 407-409, 413, 426.

Work-food regulation, &c., during, iii,
93. 94. oy. too: selection of horses
for particular work, iii, 339, 340 ;
treatment of pregnant mares, iii, 217,
264, of show horses, iii, 311: training
of horses, iii, 302, of thoroughbreds,
iii, 304-306, of trotters, iii, 315, 316.

Working power— food influence, iii, 99,

Worms -

Description and forms of, ii, 159, 162,

169-175; generation, iii, 260. 261.
Drugs, ii. 453. 465. 466, 481: iii, 6: ball

and powder prescriptions, iii, 16, 17:

abuse of arsenic, iii. 48.
Liver, stomach, and intestines — worms

infesting, i, 313-315: ii, 169-174.
Sympton

471

dise

cough, ii, 18; eye, ii, . _
tion, i, 273; seedy toe, ii. 370, 371:
spinal paralysis, i, 421; tetanus, ii,
45-
(See also Fluke-worms, Tape-worms,
&c. : for special worm see its title.]

Wounded animals— first aid, &c., ii,

437-441-

Wounds and their Treatment-
Antiseptics and drugs for, ii, 420, 421,
456, 485. 486, 488, 4S9: iii, 2, 3, 4, 6,

Arrest of bleeding and general t
ii, 408-410, 415.

Closing and cleansing, ii, 410, 438 — dis-
infection of instruments used, ii, 415:
first-aid, ii, 437-439: stitches, needles,
&c., ii, 416-419.

Feet wounds— danger and cleansing, ii,
380, 381.

Forms of incised, lacerated, contused,
punctured, and poisoned wounds, ii,
402, 403: special treatment for, ii.

Healing — natural processes, ii, 404-407.

Symptoms or causes of disease — blood-
poisoning, i, 482; epizootic lymphan-
gitis, ii. 59, 60, 62: fractured ribs, ii,
254; joint diseases, ii, 279, 280, 282,
283, 287, 288: liver inflammation, i,
306: speedy cutting, ii, 401; vaginitis
and vagina wounds, ii, 91, 92, 99;
tetanus and danger of dressing, ii,
45, 46. 47-

[See also titles Broken knees. Cracked
heels, Fistula, Fistulous wounds,
Quittor, Sinus. Ulcers.J

Wrist of horse and man— comparison,

iii, 485, 486, 4S9.

Written warranties — forms, &c., iii,

Wrung withers or shoulders— cause and

drugs i, ,,0: iii. I.

"Wykeham Mabel" and foal (illust),

X

Xeroderma -skin disease, ii, 153.
Xiphoid cartilage— of breast-bone, ii.

Xiphoid region— conformation, i, 91.

610

INDEX

J V

YaXd of stables — plans and fittings,
&c.. iii. 32c>-324. 334» 335-

YeaxllngB— castration, iii, 1 72 : forcing
for sale, i, 107. 112, 113: rale of
growth, tables, &c., iii, 294-296. 297;
teeth of, iii, 395, 396 : training-
hunters, iii. 307, 308, thoroughbreds,
iii, 305, trotters, iii, 314.

Yellow discoloration due to liver, i,

303. :(04. i<,7.
Yellow fluid due to horse-sickness, ii, 56.
Yellow masses in glands due to tuber-

CUIOMS, II. 5,.

Yellow oxide of mercury— uses, ii, 488.
Yellow scabs due to ringworm, ii, 165.
Yellow worm infesting intestines, ii, 170,

Yellows, The-c

, treatment, &c.,

•> i.

i HI

Yew poisoning and its treatment, iii, 55,

itJ4, 103; gastritis due to, i, 274.
Yolk of ovum— formation, &c, ii, 79, 80.
Yorkshire boots— use in " cutting ", iii,

Yorkshire coach horses— appearance

and crosses, &c., i, 133-C35: as
hunters and harness horses, i, 136,
152; comparison with Oldcnburghs,
i, 208; illustration of, ii, 161.

Zad-el*R&keh breed of horses- origin.

Zadlg and the story of the lost dog and
horse, iii, 473-475-

Zebras — cross in horse-breeding, iii, a^i;
horny growths, iii, 478 : origin, iii,
525; special features as distinct from
horses, iii, 496.

Zinc- medicinal uses, ii, 454, 456; iii, 4, 7,
8 — doses, iii, 10, 1 1 : sulpho-carbolatcs
as antiseptics, ii, 484: poisoning by,
iii, 46.

Zinc gauze for wound dressing, ii, 411,

Zona pelluclda of ovum, ii, 79.
Zonule of Tinn in eye, ii, 108.
Zygomatic arch — formation, ii, 187;

pulse near arterj-, iii, 146.
Zygomatic process of temporal bone,

ii, 185.

Zygomatlco - auricularis muscle-
form, &c., ii, 311.
Zygomatlcus muscle -form , &c , ii. 508.

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Everything has been done that could be done to elucidate the text by the free use of illustrations.
These represent recent gardening appliances, houses, heating apparatus, flowers, trees, &c.

The Household Physician

A Family Guide to the Preservation of Health and the Domestic Treatment of Illness.
By J. M'CiREGOR-RoniiRTSON, M..\., M.B., CM. (Honours), F.F.P.S.G., f.r.s. (Ed.), formerly
Lecturer on Physiology in the University of Glasgow. Nctv Edition, igoy. The work is
issued alternatively in 4 half-volumes, cloth, or in 2 volumes, Roxburghe library binding.

The aim of The Household Physician is to supply, in as plain language as possible, some know-
ledge of what Science has to say as to the body whicii w-e inhabit, and also to give reliable assistance in
the domestic treatment of simple ailments. It deals with health, human anatomy, and physiology,
and tlicn examines the main ailments, their nature and treatment. Much space is given to the subject
of children's ailments, and to the care of children both in health and disease. Other subjects dealt
with are general hygiene — embracing foods and feeding, clothing, exercise, climate, health rcsons, liouse
s.miiation— medicines and drugs, first aid, minor surgery, treatment of accidents, sick nursing,
invalid cookery, and. indeed, all the details that appertain 10 the care of the sick and the duties of
the nurse.

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The World of To=Day

A Survey of the Lands and Peoples of the Crlobe as seen in Travel and Comnicrcc. By
A. R. Hope Moncrieff. Complete in 6 imperial octavo volumes.

This is a new work which, witliin comparatively narrow compass, presents a comprehensive survey
of all the countries of the world.

Every volume contains much material of the greatest interest at the present time. Thus, in the first
volume, which deals with Asia, the reader will learn much about China; of ilie strange Tibetans, «ith
their mechanical religion and their repugnance to foreigners; of the vast empire which Russia lias built
up in central and northern Asia; of the "hermit kingdom" of Korea; of Manchuria; of tlie vast
Indian Empire, with its great variety of races, languages, and religions ; and of Japan, w hich has suc-
cessfully claimed a place among the Great Powers.

There are numerous illustrations in half-tone and four beautiful coloured plates in each volume.
Each volume also contains a series of carefully-prepared maps in the tcNt, besides large coloured maps.

By nteans of a full, well-arranged index the work will be found to supply in large measure the pur-
poses of a gazetteer. In fact it is at once a description of the world, a dictionary of commerce, an
atlas, and a gazetteer.

The British Empire

An Account of its Origin, Progress, and Present Position. With full descriptions of Canada,.
Australia, Sotrth Africa, India, and other Colonies and Dependencies. By Ldg.ar .S.aniiER-
SOX, M.A. (Cantab.), Author of " History of the British Empire", "Outlines of the World's
History", &c., &c. Beautifully illustrated throughout with full-page drawings by the most
eminent artists. New Edition. Greatly enlarged, and brought down to the reign of King-
Edward Vn. In 6 volumes, cloth elegant, olivine edges.

The reader will find a full account of every colony, possession, and dependency where flies the
Union Jack. The wonderful tale of our progress in the United Kingdom receives full justice and is not
less interesting, embracing as it does the civil and military history of our country, the reform legislation,
the foreign policy of Britain, and the chequered history of Ireland. While the narrative deals, for the
most part, with the nineteenth century, a thoroughly interesting account of Great Britain in the
eighteenth century is also presented.

The Hodern Plumber and
Sanitary Engineer

Treating of Plumbing, Sanitary Work, \'entilation, Heating (Electric and Other), Hot-
Water Services, Gas-Fitting, Electiic Lighting, Bell-Work, Glazing, &c. By si.xteen
specialist contributors under the Editorship of G. Lister Sutcliffe, .^.r.i.b.a., m.r.s.i.,
Editor of " The Principles and Practice of Tilodern House Construction ", &c. With
Appendices of Tables, Memoranda, Mensuration, &c. To be completed in 6 super-royal
octavo volumes, bound in cloth.

This is a work for the master plumber, the operative plumber, th.- plumber-electrician, and, in
fact, for all who are in any way practically concerned in plumbing, sanitary engineering, or any of the
associated trades ; for all who have to do with the building, sanitation, ventilation, lighting, and heating
of houses and other edifices.

The illustrations are a special feature. They include diagrams, half-tone pictures, full-page and
folding plates, many of the last in colour. There are upwards of 40 plates and rioo illustrations ia
the text.

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The Practical Grocer

A Manual and Guide for the Grocer, the Provision Merchant, and Alhed Trades. By
\V. H. SIMMONDS. With contributions by speciahsts, trade experts, and members of the
trades. Illustrated by a series of separately printed plates. Complete in 4 volumes, cloth.
Grocery says : " That most excellent manual ... a most useful work ".

riodern Electric Practice

Prepared under the Editorship of .M.\GNUS MaCLE.aN, M..\., U.sc., Professor of Electrical
Engineering in the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, assisted by over thirty
specialists. Copiously illustrated. Complete in 6 volumes, super-royal octavo, cloth.
A new and thoroughly up-to-date practical «ork written by practical men for practical men.

Modern liouse=Construction

Including Water-supply and Fittings, Sanitary Fittings and Plumbing, Drainage and Sewage-
disposal, Warming, Ventilation, Lighting, Sanitary Aspects of Furniture and Decoration,
Climate and Situation, Stables, Sanitary Law, &c. Edited by G. Lister Sutcliffe,
Architect, Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Member of the Sanitary
Institute. .Author of "Concrete: Its Nature and Uses", &c. The Work is printed on
fine paper, demy quarto, and issued in Six Divisions, strongly bound in cloth ; also in two
volumes, Eoxburghe binding.

MoDEk.N HousE-CoxsTRUCTiON is accurate, thorough, and up-to-date, and therefore invaluable to
professional men engaged in house-construction or house-inspection, including Architects, Civil Engineers,
Sanitary Engineers, Doctors, Medical Officers, Sanitary Inspectors, Building Inspectors, &c.

The Modern Carpenter, Joiner,
and Cabinetmaker

A Complete Guide to Current Practice. Prepared under the editorship of G. Lister
Sutcliffe, Architect, Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Member of
the Sanitary Institute, Editor and Joint-Author of "Modern House-Construction", .-\uthor
of "Concrete: Its Nature and Uses", &c. With Contributions from many Specialists.
Illustrated by a Series of about a hundred separately-printed Plates and a thousand Figures
.in the Text. Complete in 8 divisional-volumes, super-royal quarto, bound in cloth.

The Modern Carpenter comprises no fewer than sixteen sections. \\'iihin the eight divisional-
volumes of the work we have a treatise on every branch of the craft, distinguished by four outstanding
qualities. It is (11 complete. (2) clear, 13) practical, and (4) up-to-date.

The Book of the Home

An Encyclopedia of all Matters Relating to the House and Household Management.
Produced under the general Editorship of H. C. D.^vidson, assisted by over one hundred
specialists. Copiously illustrated by coloured and black-and-white plates and engravings in
the text. In 4 volumes, cloth, with artistic design ; also in 8 divisional-volumes, cloth.
An indispensable ally to the novice and a valuable work of reference to the more experienced.

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Works of Shakespeare

Edited by Sir Hexrv Irvinc. and Frank A. Marshall, with a general Introduction and

Life of Shakespeare, lay Prof. Edward Dowden, and many hundred illustrations from

drawings by GORDOX Browne and other artists. In 14 volumes beautifully bound in cloth.

The ideal edition of Shakespeare, embodying the result of everything of value done before in the text

and illustration of our great poet.

The Gresham Library of
Standard Fiction

A Series of 21 Standard Works of P'iction by the most eminent authors, each volume illus-
trated with six full-page drawings, many containing a biographical sketch of the author and
a critical estimate of his work. The set of 21 volumes bound in leather back are : Barchester
Towers, Scenes of Clerical Life, Hajji Baba, After Dark, Ormond, Jane Eyre, The New-
comes, Westward Hoi, The Caxtons, David Copperfield, The Heart of Midlothian, Pride
and Prejudice, Harry Lorrequer, The Scarlet Letter and The House with the Seven Gables,
Lavengro, Cranford and Mar)' Barton, Framley Parsonage, Tom Burke of "Ours", The
Mill on the Floss, John Halifax, Gentleman, Coningsby.

Charles Dickens' Novels

The Imperial Edition of the Xovels of Charles Dickens, in 16 volumes, large square octavo,
cloth extra, gilt top. The following is a list of the volumes in the Imperial Edition: The
Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, Martin Chuzzlewit, The Old Curiositv
Shop, Barnaby Rudge, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Sketches by Boz, Christmas Books,
Dombey and Son, Little Dorrit, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, Hard Times and
blaster Humphrey's Clock: Charles Dickens: .A Critical Study, by GEORGE GiSSING.

The Choice Library of the
English Poets

AVith Introductions by Alice Meynell, Arthur Symons, Owen Seaman, .Mfred .Austin,
and other eminent writers. Beautifully bound in cloth, with frontispiece photogravures,
24 volumes, in neat box. The volumes are as follows : — Tennyson, Christina Rossetti,
Milton, Wordsworth, E. B. Browning, Robert Browning, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Burns,
Coleridge, Cowper, Calverley, Herrick, Longfellow, Whittier, In Memoriam {Tennysoiis),
Arnold, Keble {The Christian Year), Keble {The Psalter in English Verse), Herbert, Six-
teenth Century .Anthology, Seventeenth Century .Anthology, Eighteenth Centur)' Anthology.

The Warwick Library of English
Literature

Prepared under the general Editorship of C. H. HerfORD, Litt.D., Professor of English
Literature in the Victoria University of Manchester. In 8 uniform volumes. The volumes
are as follows: — English Lyrics, English Pastorals, English Masques, English Tales in
X'erse, English Satires, English Literary Criticism, English Essays, English Historians.

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The Brontes' Works

The Complete Works of CHARLOTTE Bronte and her Sisters. With many illustrations and
portraits. This scries includes /(;/;<.' Eyre, I'illelte, Shirley, The J'mjessor, and Emma, by
Charlotte Bronle ; Wuthcring Heights, by Emily Bronte ; and Agnes Grey, and The Temint
of Wildfell Hall, by .-\nne Bronte; also the Poems of the three sisters, and Mrs. Gaskell's
Life of Cliarlotle Bronle. Complete in 7 volinnes, limp lambskin.

Casquet of Literature

A .Selection in Prose and Poetry from the best authors. Edited, with biographical and
literary notes, by Chari.es GlBIiON, author of "Robin Gray", and Miss Marv CHRISTIE.
In 6 volumes, handsomely bound in cloth.

The Cabinet of Irish Literature

Selections from the Works of the chief Poets, Oratois, and Prose Writers of Ireland. Edited
by Charles A. Reade, f.r.h.s., and Katharine Tynan Hinkson. In 4 volumes,,
super-royal octavo, cloth extra, gilt edges.

In the Land of Burns

Select Illustrations of the Life and Writings of tlie Scottish Poet from Paintings by D. O.
Hill, R.S.A. 24 Engravings, carefully printed on fine paper, imperial 4to (size 15-: 11 inches),
accompanied by Descriptive Notes, indicating their association with the life and works ot the
poet. Issued in an artistic portfolio.

A Popular Family Commentary

ON THE NEW TESTAMENT. By Rev. Alllrt Barnes, author ot " The Life of the
Apostle Paul", "The Way of Salvation", "The Evidences of Christianity in the Nineteenth
Century", " Notes" on the Book of Job, on the Psalms, and on the Prophecies of Isaiah and
Daniel. With 70 finely-engraved illustrations, and a valuable series of maps and plans.
Complete in 1 1 beautifully-bound volumes in handsome case.

Encyclopaedia Biblica

A Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by the Re\. T. K. Chevne, m.a., d.d.. Oriel Professor
of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at 0.\ford, and formerly Fellow of Balliol College,
Canon of Rochester; and J. Sutherland Black, .M.a., LL.D., formerly assistant Editor of
"The Encyclopaxlia Britannica". Assisted by many contributors in Great Britain, Europe,
and America. Complete in 4 volumes, cloth and half-leather.

The Qresham Dictionary

The Gresham Dictionary of the English Language, founded on the great works of NOAH
Webster, ll.d., and John Ogilvie, ll.d. With 1200 illustrations. In i volume, super-
royal octavo cloth. Also supplied in Ro.xburghe binding (library style).

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The Modern Cyclopedia

■OF UNIVERSAL l.XFORMA I'lON. Edited by Charles Annandai.e, m.a., i.l.d.,
Editor of " Ogihie's Imperial Uictioiiary ", &c. .\ew Ei/i/ion, iiyij. With inany pictorial
illustrations and a series of maps and plates. Complete in 8 volumes, square octavo, bound
in rich cloth, coloured cdKcs, or in tine leather binding (librarv stvle).

The Natural History of Plants

Their Forms, Growth, Reproduction, and Distribution. From the German of the Late
Anton Kerner Von Marilaun, Professor of Botany in the University of Vienna. By F.
W. Oliver, m..'\., d.Sc, Ouain Professor of Botany in University College, London, with
the assistance of Lady BusK, B.sc, and Mrs. M. F. M.xcdonald, b.Sc With about 2000
original woodcut illustrations. Complete in 2 handsome \olumes.

The Natural History of Animals

The Animal Life of the World in its various .Aspects and Relations. By J. R. AlNSWORTH
Davis, m..\., of Trinity College, Cambridge, and of University College, Aberystwyth. Pro-
fusely illustrated with full-page colour and black-and-white plates, and engravings in the text
by eminent animal artists. Complete in S halt'-volumes or in 4 volumes, cloth e.\tra.

Comprehensive History of England

Civil and Military, Religious, Intellectual, and .Social. From the Earliest Period to the.
Present Time. Illustrated by above iioo engravings in the te.xt, 65 finely engraved plates,
and many excellent separate page engravings, including portraits of sovereigns, pictures of
important historical events, iS:c. Complete in 4 volumes, super-royal octavo, cloth.

A History of the Scottish People

From the Earliest to the Latest Times. By Rev. Thomas Tho.m.son and Charles
-Annandale, M.A., LL.D. Illustrated by W. H. Margetson, Walter Paget, Gordon
Browne, and other eminent artists. In 6 divisional-volumes, cloth elegant.

Gladstone and his Contemporaries

Seventy Years of Social and Political Progress. By THOMAS ARCHER, f.r.h.S. Revised
and extended to date by Alfred Thomas Story, author of " Life of John Linnell", "The
Building of the Empire ", &c. Illustrated. In 4 volumes, super-royal octavo, cloth.

Queen Victoria

HER LIFE .-\.XD REIGN. By Thomas Archer, f.r.h..s., author of "Sixty Years of
Social and Political Progress", &c., and AMELIA HUTCHISON Stirling, m.a.. Examiner
in History in the University of St. Andrews, author of " Torch- Bearers of History", &c.
With many highly-finished illustrations. In 4 -volumes, cloth extra.

Mr. Chamberlain

eer. By S. H. JEVES. Profusely illustra
le events. Complete in 2 volumes, cloth, j

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His Life and Public Career. By S. H. Jeves. Profusely illustrated with portraits, views,
and illustrations of notable events. Complete in 2 volumes, cloth, gilt top.

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The Home Teacher

A Cyclopedia of Self-Instruction. Edited by Samuel Neil, author of " Culture and Self-
Culture", "Art of Reasoning"; Editor of "The Cyclopedia of History", &c., &c. Copiously
illustrated with full-page plates and engravings in the text. In 5 volumes, cloth.

Modern Practical Farriery

A Complete Guide to all that Relates to the Hoibc. Its History, X'aneties, and Uses —
Breaking, Training, Feeding, Stabling, and Grooming — How to Buy, Keep, and Trent a
Horse in Health and Disease, &c., Sec, formmg a complete system of the Veterinary
Art as at present practised at the Royal \'eterinary College, London. By \V. J. Miles,
M.R.c.v.s.L. Including Practical Treatises on "Cattle: their Management in Dairy, Field,
and Stall", by John Walker; "Pasture-Grasses and Forage Plants", by Samuel P.
Preston ; "The Practice of Sheep Farming", by CHARLES ScoTT; "The Diseases and
Treatment of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs'", by J. I. LUPTON, M.R.c.v.s.L. In i volume, bound
in cloth, or in half-calf

The Modern Practical Fakriery has long been accepted as the standard work on its subject.

Agriculturist's Calculator

A Series of 46 Tables for Land Measuring, Draining, Manuring, Planting, Weight of Hay
and Cattle by Measurement, Building, &c., forming a complete ready-reckoner for all
engaged in agriculture. Sixteenth thousand. Bound.

Engineers' flanual

Of Rules, Tables, and Data, based on the most recent investigations. By DANIEL KiNNEAR
Clark, author of " Railway Machinery ", &c. With many diagrams. Fifth edition. Large
octavo (1000 pp.), cloth, or half-morocco.

Peddie's Practical fleasurer

Or, TRADESMEN'S AND WOOD MERCHANTS' ASSISTANT. Tables for the use
of Wood Merchants, Builders, Carpenters, &c. With a Treatise on the Mensuration of
Superficies and Solids. Illustrated with diagrams and examples. Foolscap octavo, bound.

The Practical Decorator

AND ORNAMENTIST. For the use of Architects, Painters, Decorators, and Designers.
Containing 100 plates in colours and gold. With Descriptive Notices, and an Introductory
Essay on Artistic and Practical Decoration. By George .-Xshdown Audslev, i.l.d.,
f.r.i.b.a., author of several works on architecture and decorative art, and M.\URICE
ASHDOWN Audslev, Architect. Folio (i6j by iij inches). In cloth portfolio, complete.

Decoration and Ornament

Suggestions in Design. A Comprehensive Series of Original Sketches in \"arious Styles
of Ornament, arranged for application in the Decorative and Constructive Arts. By Iohn
Leic.hton, f.s.a. Accompanied by Descriptive and Historical Letterpress, with above
30 explanatory engravings, by J. K. Colling, i-.r.i.b.a. One volume.

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