Ex LiBRIS The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society B«orid by H. IJCHfLR THE HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, AND GENERAL MAGAZINE. VOli I. BY JOSEPH PAXTON, F. L. S. H. S. AND JOSEPH HARRISON. 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PREFACE. Having, in the introduction, stated the motives, objects, and induce- ments, which led the Conductors of the Horticultural Register to issue the present publication, it will be unnecessary to make any lengthened remarks in the preface. On viewing the contents of the first volume we trust it will be evident, that we have at least endea- voured, as far as practicable, to carry our promises into effect. Many of the subjects treated upon are of paramount importance : arbori- culture has been ably discussed by several Coirespondents, whose observations will be found to merit the attention of every experienced and inexperienced Forester. We would particularly recommend to the notice of our readers the gi-owth of gi-apes in pots, and to those who are troubled with strong clayey land, Mr. Stafford's article on burning clay will be of great advantage ; many others are equally deserving attention. We have to regret the typographical errors which the present volume contains, which from a variety of local disadvantages were rendered unavoidable, but as they are removed, we trust we shall not have a recuiTence. It is, however, gratifying to be enabled to state the satisfaction which we have experienced from the fact, that not- withstanding the large number printed, we have been called upon bv our Publishers to reprint the first Number to meet the demands of a more extensive circulation. We sincerely thank our friends for their readiness in communicating their sentiments on various subjects connected with Horticultui-e, &c., and we can assure them that none of their suggestions for improvement shall be disregarded. In con- sequence of the list of fruits and flowers occujjying more room than was contemplated, we have been compelled to omit the list of fruits and flowers that won the most prizes during the year ; we hope, how- ever, no great deficiency will be experienced by this omission as all the necessary information is furnished in the list akeady given. .UJainaHa ^xsltvuih^ ,:^Ar?.k.>aHkH «!Mtoin 821 ERRATA. Page 30, 3 liues from bottom for "Bambycidae" read Bombycidsc. 45, line 23, for " sold" read bought. 48, line 28 for " once a month" read once a week. 56, line 4 from bottom, for " one barrowful" read half a barrow ful 179, line 21, for " 10" read 5. 327, line 8 from bottom, for " valuable" read variable. 374, line 12 from top, for "elytra" read elytra. 375, line 6, for " Moth" read Butterfly. 386, line 2 for " Miatre" read Maitre. 386, line 4, for (Sukou, a fig, and phano, show) read Suchoyhantes (derived from Sukon a fig, and phano, 1 shew.) 475, line 16 from bottom, for "two feet" read twenty two foot. 448, line 3 from bottom, for "Crawshaws" read Crawnshaws. 557 & 558, for " Chrenberg" read Ehrenberg. 559, line 2 from bottom for " Philomelor" read Philomela. 559, line 7 for "notacilla" read Motacillac. Do. 11, for " notorcillEe" read jMotacillae. Do. do. ten lines from bottom, for" Mortensis" read Nortensis. Do. 13, for "Ledge Bird" read Sedge Bird. Do. 7, for " Sibillans" read sibilatrix. 6t7, line 5, for " Oram" read Orau. 697, line 5, for " experience" read experienced. 739, line 6 from bottom, for " lightening" read lightning. 702, line 11, for "faculty" read facility. 813, line 10, for " than" read that. oS8, line t, for " twenty" read ninety. 591, line 5 from bottom, for "Quod" read Quot. 593, line 14, for "credo" read crede. 634, line 7, for " becomes" read and become. 633, line 2 from bottom, for " heated" read treated. 635, line 18 from bottom, for pa?niflora" read pa?oniflora. 635, line 9, for " Dranthiflora" read dianthiflora. * 31, for " imbucata" read imbricata. 636, line 15, for "sasanqua" read sesanqua. 648, line 21, for " Berfo" read Bufo. 688, line 10 from bottom, for " Woodin" read Woodsii. 689, line 1 , for " pauntata" read punctata. 29, for " munda" read mundi. W3, line 2, for "Heuey" read Henley. 9, for " wirg" read wiiy. 18, from bottom, for " nearly" read " rarely. THE HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. July 1st, 1831. INTRODUCTION. Ox the inti'oduction of a new periodical in the present day, wlien publications of almost every description so greatly abound, there may appear at fli'st sight considerable difficulty to explain the moti\'es which have induced the Conductors of the Horticultural Register, to add to the number of those akeady in print, by bringing before the public what may seem an unneccessary woi-k. As we feel ourselves thus called upon to state the reasons of presentation, we shall endeavour to do so, in as brief and explicit a manner as we can. In compljdng with the customary formality of a preface, we con- ceive it unnecessary to pursue the visual method of Editors, by at- tempting to prove the decided advantages and enjoyments, afforded by attention to the arts or subjects upon which they treat. The subjects comprised in the present Work, will embrace every thing valuable and usefid in Horticulture, Natiu-al History, and Rural Economy; and judging from the almost universal, and increasing pursuit after an extended acquaintance ^nth these, we are fully satis- fied, that to dilate on their being advantageous, and affording enjoy- ment, would, in the present enlightened age, be an unpardonable presumption : for it is an admitted, because an indisputable fact, that an extensive acquaintance with these subjects on which we propose to treat, is both of real utility, and peculiarly pleasing. It is evident that a taste for Horticulture, in all its branches, both of Vegetable Culture, and Propagation, also Landscape and Archi- tectural Gardening, has, within the last twenty years, very rapidly increased, and a corresponding improvement has consequently at- tended it; for at no period of time has it reached so high a state of perfection as the present. This has been effected in a great measure by the readiness of Garden Proprietors, in general, to afford facilities to their Gardeners, in order to encourage them to attempt at improve- ments, and the results of the labovu" of these practical Gardeners, and Vol. 1, No. 1. B £ INTRODUCTION. Horticulturists, have been liberally communicated by themselves to the public, in as extensive a manner as the means of circulation afforded; but although this has been done in a certain degree by pub- lications already extant, yet, owing to these works being voluminous, and sold at a high price, the informations, however valuable and liber- ally contributed, M'ere thus placed out of the reach of many persons in the humbler classes of society, and necessarily very limited in their circulation. The primary object we have in bringing the present Work before the public, is to afford at a cheap rate, a medium of circulating to a far greater extent, every real improvement and interesting account, than has heretofore been done ; whether it relates to Horticulture, Natiu'al Histoiy, or subjects of Rural and Domestic Economy ; in doing which, we feel it incumbent uj)on us to state, that as practical Gardeners, we are not allowing our names to be applied to the Horti- cultural Register for any Iwoksellers' purposes, having no other than the required connexion with them as our prhiters and publishers : but our object is, to promote and fm-ther in every possible way, the in- terests of all lovers of Horticulture, and admirers of other branches of Natural History, and in endeavouring to accomplish this, the utmost attention will be given by us, to obtain full, clear, and correct descrip- tions, of all real improvements coimected with the subjects in hand, and also of whatever will be useful and interesting. Such will be natiu-e of the present Work, that Gardening in all its branches, will be the leading feature ; but sensible that what is of real benefit to ourselves, as practical Gardeners, would also be usefiil to other persons similarly situated, and being aware of the veiy close connection in many instances, which subsists between Horticulture and Natm'al History generally, and that to connect them in this Work would not only present to its readers, subjects highly interesting, and at the same time agreeable and delightful sources of recreation, but also be ti'uly valuable. In the selection of our articles, great care will be taken to insert only such as will answer the desired end, and as far as the limits of our Magazine will allow, no expense whatever shall be spared to illustrate the different subjects on which we treat, by neat engravings. In order to furnish the readers of the Horticultm'al Register with a correct description of all new and valuable Fruits, Flowers, and Im- provements in Horticulture, whether it consists in Vegetable Cultm-e, Landscape Gardening, or Designs of Horticultural Buildings, we have obtained the promises of the proprietors of nearly all the Public Horticultural Establishments in the Kingdom, and of a gi'eat number of Practical and Landscape Gardeners, of the first-rate eminence in INTRODUCTION. 3 their profession, to supply us regularly with notices and descriptions, of eA-ery thing that will contribute to the purpose, and that these ac- counts may have speedy circulation, we have resolved on publishing the work the first day of every month. We shall not only present to the readers of the Horticultural Regis- ter, valuable Original Communications fiom our friends, but we shall also make extracts of every thing that we judge will promote our ultimate object; and such extracts will not be confined merely to present publications, but where anytliing of a decidedly usefid char- acter is found, and such having been very limited in its circulation, we shall avail ourselves of the opportunity of giving it insertion in our pages, and in so doing, it will be our endeavour to condense every Article in as small a space as is practicable, consistent with giving the true meaning ; our object in doing so is to be able to insert as great a fund of information in our little work as the limits of its pages will allow. In the Review department, we have commenced with works pub- lished since the year 1 830, and we intend omitting no work of merit, that comes within the range of subjects to be ti-eated of; we shall at aU times rigidly abstain fi-om introducing anything of a political tendency, but shall endeavour to confine ourselves to what we have before stated. A Monthly Horticultural Calendar will be given at the end of each number, embracing every thing new in cultivation. This we judge will be found veiy useful, as it will enable the reader to see what is necessary to be attended to in the coming month, in whatever depart- ment it belongs, which will render it unnecessary for him to have recourse to other Works for calendarial information. We also intend furnishing our readers, at the end of each volume, with a hst of all Fruits and Flowers which have been previously named in it, with reference to the page, &c., and which of them we consider most worthy of attention; and in addition to this, a general list of all the best Fruits and Vegetables in cultivation : so that any one wishing to make a selection for a small or large garden, will see at once, which are considered most desirable, at what time the Fruits are natm'ally in perfection, how long they generally keep, and those will be marked which are known to be most valuable : thus placing without any research, a guide for materials to plant any extent of Fruit Trees of the best possible kinds. We consider that an Annual List of this kind, will give universal satisfaction to oiu* readers. On inserting the account of Horticultiu'al Meetings, &c., care will be taken that such only are admitted, as accord with the determination of the Conductors in the following details. We be beg to notice, that 4 INTRODUCTION, we shall be hapisy to insert all accounts and lists of Meetings, provided the name of the Fruit or Flower exhibited, with observations upon the merits of the best, be given, as well as the name of the person obtain- ing the prize ; but when the name of the person only is given, \vithout any other remark, as to the sort of Fruit, &c., we cannot permit the pages of this Work to be occupied in so useless a manner; for however proper it might be to insert such accounts in publications devoted to the purpose, it would by no means answer the desired end in the present Work, and would at best be only an insult to our readers, and as too much space be not occupied by these accounts, the Lists will be arranged in as uniform a manner as possible. And under this same head of Horticulture and Floricultural Societies, we intend at the end of each Volume, to present our readers with a List of all Fruits, Flowers, &c., that have won the most prizes during the year, so as to make a complete Guide to the Horticulturist, Florist, &c., in the choice of his articles for cultivation. The whole arrangement of the Work ^vill always be found so classed, as to be referred to in the readiest manner. The Horticultural Register will be printed in small tj'pe, in order to give as much matter as possible in each number, and the Work being sold at so moderate a price, we hope that it will meet the ■wishes and obtain the approval of the Public, as well as of every lover of Horticulture and Natural History ; and that this may be the case to the utmost extent, we earnestly invite the assistance of Gardeners, Horticulturists, and the studious in Natural History ; and from the acknowledged liberalit)' of such persons, we are not without confi- dence that our wishes will be met with the most cheerful compliance, by fiu-nishing us with contributions to the Work. The Articles on Natural History that Avill be inserted in this Work, will consist of all new discoveries and interesting accoimts, that are worthy of being recorded in every department of this delightful study, and each will be so given, that the uninitiated in science, may readily and vrithout any difficulty understand them. To enter into any details respecting what will be given on Rural Affairs, would, we think, be superfluous; — we intend recording all kinds of useful information, connected Avith these subjects, and the selections shall be such, as we trust will be most valuable. As we intend this work for the advantage of all classes of society, we i^hall always endeavour to adhere to this i-ule, that all oiu- Articles shall be inserted in so plain and intelligible a form, and each sub- ject be so stated and described, as to be within the comprehension of all its readers rXTRODUCTION. 5 Such being the clear and easy manner in which the Horticultural Register will be presented to the public, we trust our friends, will, with the utmost readiness, and as plainly as possible, send us com- munications— and such we solicit from every quarter of the globe. Any hints for improving the Work, will be very gratefully acknowledged by us, as all our efforts will be uniformly directed, to render it as useful as possible. In conclusion, we wish it to be understood, that on no account whatever, will the size and expence of the work be increased ; but to accomplish the object we set out with, as before stated, will all our future efforts be directed, and we trust they will be so approved of, by a liberal and enlightened public, as to merit increasing support. There will be no necessity for us to advance any apology, as it is very obvious both from the repeated applications made to us from time to time, by Gentlemen, Practical Gardeners, and other persons, as well as from the reasons we have before advanced, that a Work similar to the present, has been long wanting in this country, and from the nature of our busi- ness, we have necessarily extensive connexion with all classes of society, and consequently have considerable knowledge from our own experience, what will be deemed worthy their attention ; and we can assure the public that we have not entered the literary field without hopes that our efforts, however humble, may be the means of benefitting the community at large. Thus far have we been led, with a view to ex- plain why the present Work is introduced to public notice, and hoping we have proved satisfactorily the necessity of its appearance, we have only to add, that no pains or exertion shall be spared on our parts, to render each succeeding number more and more worthy of general acceptation. PART I. HORTICULTURE. ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS. Article I. — Description of a House for Forcing Vines in Pots. By Mr. Stafford, Gardener to Richard ArkwTight, Esq., of Willersley-Castle, near Cromford, Derbyshire. Gentlemen', As you requested to be furnished with my ideas on early forcing of Vines, I have sent you a rough sketch of a Vinery which I have often thought would be well adapted for growing early Grapes in pots : — from the very ill success I have always witnessed in this part of the kingdom, I have long been anxious to point out some permanent method to obtain this object, without risking the crop on the rafters or back walls, and should the method here described be adopted, I feel satisfied that both the plan, and the practice here attached to it, will be found to answer. The Plan itself will require but little explanation, being a very simple construction. The flues under the pit, will heat the air-chamber to a a very high degree, this heat should always be so applied as to act as a reserve, and be admitted into the house occasionally as may be required, through apertures in the back and front walls of the pit ; the same flue returns under the back walk, and likewise in the back wall; — and from having such a quantity of heated masonry, you may calculate upon a certainty with regard to the heat of your house, let the external air be what it may. I have so economised the heat of a house here, that I have often in the winter months had no fire for three weeks together, and have always had pine plants at the same time in the house. It will be unnecessary (and what I should by no means recommend) to fill the pit with bark during the time the vine pots stand in it, but they should be placed in rows in the pit, on the back curb and shelf, putting a feeder (or pan) under each pot, as the success will greatly depend on the proper application of water at the different periods of the season. In the front, it is intended to have vines to supply the rafters, which might be brought to vegetate some time before the pots were ready to remove ; and by planting them in the border in the front of the house, and with apertures to allow the outer air to enter under the partition marked on the plan, the vines will without difficulty remain torpid until May. — These are facts I have proved, in a house approaching in form very near to the one here mentioned. House for Forcing Vines in Po's. REFERENCES. a The flues, 6 An air-chamber under the pit c Archways left in the walls which bear the floor of the pit, to admit a person thro' for cleaning- and repairing'. d Pit, 7 feet 4 inches wide e Back shelf. y Furnace. g Partition to inclose the ^'ines planted in the front border, for the rafters. k Apertures to admit the hot air into the house. I Back and front walks. k Door. I Vine pots, shewing^ the man- ner of training-, &c. m Level of the ground. n Part of front partition filled with soil, to keep the Vines cool. a s >f S f ^ J—J — 1_: ( ■■.. 8 House for Forcing Vines in Pots. In respect to the treatment of the plants, I never throw them out on account of old age, I always renovate them, and have plants 10 years of age as perfectly young to all appearance as though they were raised last year in the pot. The size of the pots I grow them in, is 13 inches wide at the top, (inside measure) tapering to about half the width at the bot- tom, and about 15 inches deep. The soil I make use of is light rich vegetable mould. The sorts I would recommend are those naturally prolific, and not the large-bunch-bearing kinds ; all the most delicate sorts are more superior when grown in pots, to any I ever saw grown on the rafters; and I have often proved that a pot placed in the house on the first of January, and the same species trained up the rafter and subjected to ihc same heat, the former will ripen its fruit at least a month earlier than the latter. After the Vines in the pots have done bearing, the pit miglit be filled with bark, and pine plants plunged in it, which might be allowed to remain until the Vines were ag'ain brought in, this should be some time before the rafters are cleared of fruit. It might be conjectured by some that the roof in the sketch here given, was much too flat, and were there no upright sashes in front, I should be of their opinion. I am no advocate for narrow steep houses, and am sorry there are so many constructed this way. I can call them little better than shells. It will be quite unnecessary for me to state the number of bunches, and weight of the fruit borne by each plant, but I am ready to prove that it is almost possible to produce a weight of fruit equal to the weight of earth the plant grows in. I am, &c. May I8th, 1831. Geo. Stafford. Note, — If a Vinery was built on this plan, and well inanag-ed, there is little doubt but it would produce sufficient grapes for a small family nearly the whole of the year ; for instance, suppose the first plants in pots were put in on the first of De- cember, these grapes would be ripe about the end of April, or beg-inuing- of May; a quantity more might be introduced on the first of February, to ripen about the latter end of June; the half of those on the rafter should then be put in action, about the beg'inning- of April, these would ripen in August; and the other half of the rafter crop could be introduced by the middle of May, whiub would ripen in October; and in August more pots might be brought in, to ripen in January ; thus giving a complete succession of Grapes all the year round. We are about erecting a house for the purpose, and as soon as the results of our experiments are satisfactorily known, they shall be laid before our readers, for we are satisfied the fontents of this Article are not mere theories. Mr Stafford is a practical gardener of the first order, and one of the best grape-growers we are acquainted with ; he furnishes Mr. Arkwright's table with grapes nearly all the year round, and that, in super-ah\mdance. — His plan of treating them in pots, is deserving the atteTition of every person who has a hot-hou.se, or is likely to erect one: for it is an astonishing fact, that he can produce nearly as great a weight of fruit as the weight of the soil in which the plant grows; this has rej»entedly come JVew Mode of Glazing. 9 under our observation, we can therefore spoak of the surprising crops he produces in this way, equally as well swelled, and much better flavoured, than when trained up the ratters; — indeed the best swelled and best coloured bunches of the Grisley Fronlis:nac, we ever saw, wore g-rovvn in a pot, by Mr. Stafford, Al- though he reconuuends thj smaller and more delicate sorts, he sometimes cultivates the larger, and these are equally well grown and beautiful •, — we sa»v on one of his plants in pots, two years ago, 37 bundles, all well swelled and ripe! and he has at this present time, some of Iiis plants nearly us prolific. The means he uses to prevent his phints ever becoming old and usi.IesSj is well deserving notice; — he puts the plant dee[>er in the pot, every succeeding year, thus allowing the wood that was above the pot the preceding year, the oppor- tunity of making new roots, wiiich it does in abundance ; — at his next time of potting, he takes from the bottom about the same proportion of old roots, by which practice, the vine fdls its pot with new roots every year; he attends to them well with water during the whole time of forcing; (of course when the fruit begins to ripen they are allowed much less) they appetir to answer well cither on Spur or Single-rods, and when any one becomes weakly from over-beariBg-, it i*C&t down nearly close to the pot, and allowed a year's rest. '-'f-' ■■'^i ' Great praise is duo to Mr. Arkwright, for the liberal means he has afforded; he has done much towards the advancement of Horticulture, and we have long considered him a kind friend to Gardeners. CONDOCTORS, ^tvM^ttu^i. ban "■jvtin, Akticle II. — RctiKirks on Harriso/t aiul Ciirtis's New Mode of Glazliu/. By Jc^sEPfi Paxton, F.H.S., Gar- dener and Forester to his Grace the Duke of Devonshire; and one of the Conductors of this Magazine. A PATENT has been taken out by Mr. Harrison and Mr. Curtis, for a new mode of Glazing, and which in many respects is a great improve- ment. This new method consists "when complete" in having one plane sur- face, and no projecting part above the glass, except the collars and small heads of screws employed at the angles, to fasten down the squares. Having had some frames constructed for his Grace the Duke of De- vonshire, we are enabled to give an accurate description of the mode, as well as to slate our decided approval of the system as far as we are at present able to judge. The chief reason of onr early noticing it, is to call the attention of all practical men to. the subject of Glazing in all its diiferent ways, and also to request them to take into consideration, of what materials the roofs of Hothouses ought to be constructed. No sub- ject relative to Horticultural buildings is more deserving of the decided explanations of experienced men than this ; for we daily see the "blind leading the blind" on this very important topic ; and while practical men are almost silent on this subject it is no wonder that persons Vol. 1, No. 1 c 10 Xew Mode of Glazivg. having only a superficial acquaintance with the nature and effects of ill- constructed roofs on vegetation, should be daily cavilling as to which is best suited for the purpose ; we therefore invite, as we before stated, the attention of all practical men to this unsettled question ; and shall be happy to insert any opinion respecting it. Experiments of this kind are under our especial notice, and have been for a considerable time ; and as soon as they are completed we will insert them in connexion with any other account that can possibly be collected, and endeavour if practicable to set this conflicting subject at rest. But to proceed : — The outer frame of the sash is made in the usual way, and rabbetted at the inside of the head and side-stiles of the frame or sash, to receive the outside edge of the glass : the inside of the frame is furnished with bars, the upper surfaces of which are flat, and made even with the rabbet [Fig.2, aa) at the sides and head of the frame. The glass is cut in squares, so that when placed on the bars, it meets quite close at the edges, up the middle of the bars, (6 b) and close to the sides of the rabbet, (a) In this progress of glazing, a very thin coat of putty is laid on the surface of the bars upon which the glass is placed, and then pressed down, so as to leave the least quantity possible remaining at the under side of the glass. The squares are secured by means of a metallic screw, (A) and lead collar, (B) screwed on at each angle, (c c) the lower edge of the collar being bent down to hold the glass in its place. When the sash The screw heads being flat. IS com- pleted, it has a most beautiful appearance, their projection is very trifling. There is a very extensive vinery, in this part of the country, glazed upon this' principle. The rafters are metallic, and consequently narrow; the whole of the roof, including the rafters, is covered with glass, and its appearance is handsome beyond anything of the sort ever before erected, and when viewed obliquely, has the effect of a complete sheet of glass. The expense of glazing over the rafters will be no more than the usual cost of painting, as small sized squares are used. Not only is this mode to be recommended from its elegant appear- fince, but also from the advantages it possesses in other respects over ri.e old method; for in consequence of there being no mid-rib above the alass, there is much less shade than in the old plan, which is of some On Chanqing the Colour of the Hydrangea Hortensis 11 importance in early forcina:. The evils naturally attendant on the cracking of putty, its separating from the wood, and admitting water to enter and drop into the house, are all entirely prevented ; it also dispenses with the renewal of putty, or having to paint the outside of the frame, which is an annual saving in expense, and keeps all the materials undei- the glass quite dry ; thus preserving a house a great number of years longer than can possiby be done by the old way. In the old mode, in general down the sides of the midribs, there is an accumulation of dirt and soot which causes shade, but it is not the case with this, all being clean ; also, when the frames are painted, it gene- rally occurs that the painters encroach upon the glass down the sides of the ribs ; this evil is entirely prevented. It is worthy of remark that the outside cost of this invention, including a trifling charge for patent-right, does not in any case exceed the ex- pense of the old plan, but in some instances is cheaper, and it also secures an annual saving afterwards. The method is so simple, that any person keeping a few squares of glass in possession, can replace a broken square, without being at the trouble of sending for a glazier. This system is not only wc 11 calculated for hothouses and sky-lights, but for every. other description of glazing ; an upright sash glazed upon this plan, has a very novel and striking appearance, and upon the whole this method well deserves the consideiation and attention of the public, for if it answers the desired end, of which we have Iiitherlo no doubt, it will be one of the most useful inventions ever brought forward. JJay'25th, 1831. J, P. Article III. — On Changing the Colour of the Flowers of the Hydrangea Hortenais. By RuSTlCUS. GeXTLEM1'"\, I HOPE you will not consider me as trespassing on the pages of your Magazine, oi- intrusive on the patience of your readers, if I make a few observations on what has come under my notice, relative to the treatment of the Hydrangea Hortensis, with a view to change the colour of the flowers. Some years ago, I turned my attention to the cultivation of this plant, and looking over the pages of the Encyclopedia of Gar- dening, I read the opinions of some eminent practical men, who stated that a compost of turf ashes, or ashes of Norway spruce, &c., &c.. •vould effectually change the colour ; this I made use of, out without the desired effect: for I found that the plants neither grew ?o.]ioalihy, nor 12 On Changing the Colour of the Hydrangea Hortensis. were the trusses of flowers any thing near so large as wlien free from it, and the colour was by no means a good blue. I next had re- course to a kind of peat-earth which appeared to contain a small portion of the oxide of iron ; the plants in this grew very healthy, and bore large trusses of flowers — but these too were far from being of a good blue. Nevertheless, I am satisfied that when the soil can be obtained with a good portion of the oxide of iron, the flowers will be blue ; but as I found this to be a method on which a practical gardener could by no means permanently depend, I was very anxious to discover some- thing that would answer the desired end. All the means I made use of proved ineff'ectual, and I was forced, though reluctantly, to give up the experiment ; but coming into the neighbourhood in which I now reside, I was much struck with the vigorous and healthy slate of the Hydran- geas kept by the cottagers here : the flowers are of an exquisitely fine blue, and in size the trusses are surpassed by none I ever saw, and a particular friend of mine who had lived some years in the neighbour- hood, assured me, that every year they blow the same beautiful colour. The compost they are potted in, is common sandy loam, mixed with about one third of fresh sheep'' s dung. A portion of the same dung is mixed with the water that is given to the plant, and I am informed that the young plants, which have been grown in all parts of the village, that have received this treatment, the same effects have been produced. As I have not hitherto, had an opportunity of proving the experiments myself, I beg leave to submit it to the notice of your readers, some of whom, may porliaps have used similar means. I ain, Gentlemen, Yours' &c. May -lAth, 1831. Ri'sricus. Article IV. — Arboriculture. — On llie Neylcct of Forest Planting, in Great-Britain. By QuERCUS Gextlemex, I HAVE received yom* circular, inclosing a prospectus of your contemplated Horticultiu-al Register, and to prove to you that J am sincere in my wishes ibr the success of your undertaking, J sliall endeavour to comply with the request A\ith \\hich the prospectus con- cludes. In doing so, 1 shall attempt to dii-ect the attention of gardeners, and others, to the science of AKBORrcuLTURE, a branch of rural eco- nomy, which, in addition to their multifarious duties, gardeners are frequently required to superintend : but to which, neither they, nor persons, who as foresters imdertake the management of wooded lands, Arboriculture. 13 have devoted tliat attention ^vllich the importance of tlie sulyect would seem to demand I am not sanguine enough to expect that those to %\'hom these obeenations apply will acquiesce in the justice of them; on the contrary, I am well aware that not only gardeners, and t^tewards, but even woodmen, and hedge-carpenters, would consider themselves insulted, were it but intimated that a doubt could be entertained of their competency to conduct operations, which in their opinion, required little beside a certain degree of strength for performing them ; but which, those wbo have directed their attention to the study, are convinced can only be acquired by years of close observation and experience. And what is the result of this lack of information on a subject which ranks next, in point of importance, to agi'iculture ? The ^^Titer of this article, happens to know something of the management of wooded lands, as practised in each portion of the United Kingdom, and he is con- vinced that the fact will bear him out, Avhen he asserts, that on this important subject, wde-spread, I had almost said imiversal, ignorance prevails. It will readily be conceded, that the gardeners of Scotland are not inferior to those of the other divisions of the United Kingdom, either in general intelligence, or proficiency in their particular profession : — Yet, how do they stand Avith reference to the subject in question? an eminent modem writer on Arboriculture, and a native of Scotland, and therefore not liable to the imputation of prejudice, shall answer that enquiry. On the subject of Arboricultural knowledge in Scotland, Sir Henry Stewart, of Alanton, has the following remaHcable passage, " Unacquainted with the history, properties, and culture of trees, he (the Scottish landed proprietor) naturally sees with the eyes and hears Avith the ears of his gardener, and as the gardener, ninety-nine times out of a hundred, knows nothing himself, it is ' the blind leading the blind,' in this important branch of rural economy. Sometimes, the forester is the operating person, which is still more unfortunate ; for he is generally a mere lopper and cutter of wood : — in ordinary cases, he is much worse educated than the gardener, Avith equal pretensions and equal ignorance. " Such is the testimony borne by a competent wnt- ness of the state of Arboricultural knowledge, in a country where, to use the words of Lord Kaim, "the spirit of planting has been aroused," and in which, the prediction of the same excellent wi-iter, that the spirit of improvement will not be arrested until it has effected happy results for the coimtiy, proceeds steadily to its completion. The neglected state of the wooded lands in England, has been the constant theme of every writer on foresting, fi-om the days of Lauson, Avho AVTote in 1597, to those of Lord Melville, in 1810. "Hoav many are the forests and woods," says the former of these -HTiters, 14 Arboriculture., ^* wherein you shall have for one lively thriving tiee, four, nay twenty- four evil-thriving, rotten, and dying trees?, ever whiles they live ; and instead of trees, thousands of bushes and shrubs. What rottenness I what hoUowness ! what dead arms ! withered tops ! curtailed trunks ! what loads of moss, drooping boughs, and dying branches, shall you see every where ! " And all this he attributes to the ignorance of the "Arborists,"' of his day. The father of British foresting, the truly respectable Eveljni, proceeds in a similar strain, to deprecate the bar- barous ignorance of the woodmen of his time. — "It is a pity," says be, " to see our fairest trees defaced and mangled by unskilful woodmen, who hack and chop off every-thing that comes in their way; by which our trees are made full of knots, stubs, boils, cankers, and deformed bumps, to their utter destruction."* Arthur Young, compares the mutilated trees in many parts of England, to mop-poles; and asserts, as a result of the neglect, so general at that time, that fifty forests were eradicating, for one which was being formed. And Lord Mel- A-ille, in his letter to Mr Percival, predicts with good reason, that if this culpable apathy to the interests of the nation shall continue, Eng- land willj " ere long experience a fatal want of an article, on which her existence as a nation, in no mean degree depends." To what other cause then, but an unaccountable want of information as to the advantiiges to be derived from wooded lands properly mana- ged, can we account for the necessity which exists, for importing timber into a country, where, for centuries, millions of acres of land, capable of producing valuable timber, have been permitted to remain totally unproductive. — When we traverse the wilds of Conemarra, or the' Grampians, we are incessantly struck with the eligibility of vast tracts for the production of timber, but that they should continue in a state of comparative waste, does not excite surprise. In Scotland, we have seen that much has been already effected; and the day has not yet arrived, when the resources of Ireland shall be called into action ; but that the hills of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, in the north, or the level plains of Hampshire, in the south, of England, should be suffered to produce heath instead of oak and deal ; and that too, in a country where unlimited capital exists, and industry onlv requires permission to exert itself, must be ranked amongst the most extraordinary ano- malies connected with the history of the country. Foresting, as a distinct profession, so far at least as I have been able to observe, can scarcely be said to exist in Ireland. — Much land has doubtless been planted in that country within the last 40 years, indeed more has been done to excite a spirit for this improvement there, than* in either England or Scotland; the Royal Dublin Society having within a few years before the commencement of the present century, • Hunters Evelvn's Svlva, page 470. On retarding the bloomivcj season of Roses. 15 a? appears by their published transactions, awarded premiums for that purpose, amounting to up\rards of i' 12000. But the phmtations ha- ving- been made, (if we may judge from the present appearance of the majority of them, as \',-ell as fi-om the puljlished reports in some of the county suiTeys) Httle was done to^iards the attainment of the end con- templated in a\varding the premiums: — and Ireland, ^^ith her five millions acres of A\-aste land, three-fourths of which is adapted to the gi'owth of tunber, and her }>opulation perishing for want of emplo)^- ment, presents a picture of bleak desolation, not elsewhere to be witnessed. In my next, I shall endeavour to point out the advantages to be derived from plantations judiciously managed; and as my name could not attach any additional importance to these remarks, I shall take leave, to sign myself. With great I'espect, May 27th, 1831, " QrKRors. Note. — The above, is one of a series of Articles on Arboriculture, that will be continued by the same writer, who has an extensive acquaintance with this subject, and has more fuciiities than most persons, of knowing- aud seeing- the ditierent sys- tems of manag^ing- woods. We hope they will be particularly attended to, as the subject is of national importance. COKD. Article V. — On retarding the blooming season of the corn- mon French and English Roses. By Mr. J. Hayward. The nobility and gentry who remain from their country seats till late in the summer, are generally prevented from seeing this class of flowering shrubs, in perfection, but the following practice causing them to blow three or four weeks later than when grown in the usual manner, well merits attention from those persons who are desirous of having Roses to bloom as late as August and September. The border in which the shrubs are planted, is manured with well- rotted cow-dung, about the first week in February. The shrubs are not pruned during the autumn or the early part of the winter, but remain tmtouched till the buds have pushed, some of them half an inch long ; the shoots are then shortened below where the buds have pushed. The shortening the shoots so late in the spring, does not in the least weaken the shrubs, they blossom as vigorously and as freely as in the usual mode of treatment. When desirable to have the blooming season prolonged, a portion of the Roses cut, as is here described, while the remainder are treated in the usual way, will produce the desired end. .¥a?/2l5?, 1P31. J. Hayward. 16 PART II. HORTICULTURAL AND RURAL SUBJECTS. REVIEWS AND EXTRACTS. Article I. — Extracts from Works on Horticulture, and Rural and Domestic Economy. 1. — Gardeners' Magazine; edited by X C.Loudon, F.L.S., &:c. published every two months, 8vo. 3s. Od. No. 33, for Junk, 1831, — contains an article, 5. — Page 280. On Destroying fFoodlice on Trees or in Frames; — toith a Notice of a Mixture for protecting the Stems of Trees from the erosion of Hares anil Ruhliits. Communicated hy Mr, James Waldkok, late Gardener to Sir William Call, Bart., ofWhitford, near Callingtou, Cornwall. Take one lb. of dried cheese, and abont one dram of powdered arsenic, perfectly dry, for it is a fact not gfenerally known, that arsenic when moist is not a poison ; i^querij) the best way tiierefore is to keep it in the lump, g-rate the cheese, and mix it and the ar.senic well tog-ether. Then take small pieces of old board, and bore in eacli a hole about one inch in diameter, and as much in depth, put as much of tiie mixture as will lie on a shilling- in each hole, and beat it down hard to tlie 'lottom; this done, lay the bits of wood with the holes undermost, wherever the insects are troublesome. The mixture requires to be renewed every day, and very little of it should be made at a time, as in two or three days the arsenic loses all its poisonous qualities. Notice of a Mixture, for preserving the Stmts of Trees from t/ie ernsion of Hares and Rabbits. — Mr. Waldron. has also a Balsam of very great efficacj' in protecting- trees from the ravages of hares and rabbits. It is not at all unsig-htly in its appearance, but is so offensive to the hares and rabbits, that they will not approach it within a considerable distance. The composition he considers loo va- luable a secret to be disclosed without a pecuniar}' remuneration : to which the editor adds, "a circumstance we regret, and by no means approve of ;'' but we must beg- leave to differ from Mr. Loudon in this particular ;— it is our opinion that every person who makes a discovery that will be of permanent advantage to society, ought to have a proper remuneration for his invention, or what is the use of humble individuals applying- themselves to a particular object, if their re- ward is to be nothing more than the bare applause of the public. If IMr, Waldron has discovered any mixture that will prevent the devastation made by hares and rabbits on young trees, and the application of it is not expensive, the discovery is a most valuable one ; we have hitherto seen nothing of the kind that has had the desired eflect without injuring the trees; and if he will send us a little of his nos- trum and its effects are as represented, we will make him a handsome compliment to know what it consists of, for had we been aware of any real preventative, we could have saved our employer upwards of a thousand pounds in the storm of last year. Reviews and Extracts. 1 7 9._Pag-e 285. On Heath- Monld and Pcaf. By J. D. I HAVE often, (says the writer) found the terms Pcaf, Peut-carili, and Bog-mrtit, employed to designate tliat particuhir kind of soil in which the British species of heath, the Cape heaths, and the Nortli American plants, thrive so perfectly; that this kind of soil (which he calls "Heath-mould") is distinct enough from Peat, the following characters of each, will evince. — Heath-mould \s the sail which occurs on heaths, sites not extremely wet and low, as bogs are, but usually elevated, and in consequence well drained, and exposed to the scorching- rays of the sun of summerjand the withering blasts of winter. The stratum, or layer of soil, is usually less than twelve inches in thick- nass, lying" on a stony subsoil, and both the soil and subsoil of so sterile a quality as to forbid tillag-e, yielding usually a tough, thickly-woven turf, and heath or ling-, and furze in abundance, with occasional brambles, and low stunted specimens of other species of shrubs or trees. This stratum taken off', so as to leave the stones bare, forms, when partially decomposed and comminuted, the invaluable and indispensable soil for innumerable plants of the garden ; and is composed of the decaying- turf, v^ith its spongy interwoven roots, a highly friable black soil, and a plentiful admixture of small-grained white sand. The blackness of the soil is doubtless partly owing to the perpetually progressive rotting' o\ ihe exuviae, continually supplied by the growing turf, and which decaying ex;;v!LP, besides the blackness, give to the soil also, in no small degree, the properties of leaf or vegetable mould. From this, the spongy masses of vegetable fibres, the friable nature of the soil itself, the decomposed vegetable matter, and the large pro- portion of white sand which it contains, arises its peculiar eligibility for nil plants with delicate hair-like roots. Peat-earth or Bng-earth, on the contrary, is the soil yielded by fens, turbaries, bogs, and morasses. It constitutes almost the entire soil of the fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, and is, in fact, the soil forming the turf, of which so many millions are annually dug, sold, and burnt, as an article of domestic fuel. Peat instead of being in a thin stratum, foruis sometimes a stratum of great depth; instead of occupying high sites and being- well drained, it occupies the lowest, and is usually saturated v/ith water to the very roots of the herbage it bears; instead of a stony subsoil, stones are almost totally absent; and the subsoil is a water-hold- ing clay. While Heath-mould is most important to the g-ardener, Peat is unfit for, and inimical to, most of the purposes of floriculture. 20. — Page 314. Oil the mjiirmts effects of Ants on early-forced Peach Trees^ u'ith the means of extirpation. By Mr. Joseph Thompson, Jun., Welbeck- Gardeus, Notts. The writer informs us, his earliest peach-house was shut up, and small fires applied on alternate evenings, after the 25th of November : on the 10th of Decejiber some few ants were observed traversing tiie trellis in quest of their favourite food produced by the aphis, but as g-reat attention had been paid to washino- every shoot when the trees were pruned, no aphis' eg-g-s, &c., were on them ; — this pro- bably caused the ants to injure the peach blossoms, which was not discovered until the opening of the petals of two or three of the earliest blossoms, when the fila- ments, anthers, and pistillum, were observed to fall out of the corolla. On closer examination we found that many of the earliest blossoms had the unexpanded petals perforated, the filaments eaten oirt, and the ants lodged in the nectaries feeding upon the honey. This was on the evening of the 13th of December, and we immediately commenced killing them by hand, dislodging- them from the blossoms with slender wires. Soinc bones of roast nu'at, &c., were placed, which attracted their attention and prevented them from climbing- the trees, but when Voi. 1, No.l. D 18 Reviews and Extracts. the colony vvas discovered iiiuler tlie fire-fliie, at its entrance into the peach- house, they were supplied with the preparation below, and two days after not an ant appeared. Take thin slices of wheaten bread, (say half an ounce weight ) dry it slowly, but well, and pound it in a mortar ; — three quarters of an ounce of fine loaf sugar, pewder it also; then add half an ounce of the oxide of arsenic, commonly called levigated mercury ; triturate the whole well in a mortar, then put it into a clean, dry, glass bottle ; (of course it is a strong poison) very small portions of this may be applied on bits of glass or the flat side of an oyster-shell, as the smell of a recent oyster-shell is also an excellent decoy to ants. Small bell- glasses, such as are used for striking cuttings, or small flower pots, may be placed over it to prevent moisture from rendering it pasty, as well as to hinder any domestic animals from taking it. This poison is equally as fatal to vegetable as to animal life; for if it be laid on the soil round the stem of an orange or other plant, it will corrode the bark and alburnum, to the destruction of the plant. 2. — Mrmoir.s! ok the Caledonian Horticultural Societv. Vol. 4, Part II. Page l^l. — Article 48. On Destroying Caterpillars. By Mr. Alexamdbr WiTHFKSPOON, Haddington. Read May 23rd, 1815. Mr. VVituehspoon's garden was small, with a few rows of gooseberry bushes, and by constantly looking after them he was able to keep them pretty free from caterpillars, but after his crop of fruit, notwithstanding his care, he observed a numerous swarm of them of a very diminutive size. As the season was so far advanced, he conjectured they were the succeeding race of depredators for the following spring, and consequenlly, they must have .some means of self-preserva- tion, and if he could discover tlieir retreat, it would bean easy matter to kill them. By careful observation lie found that they retired to the lower parts of the bushes, where they live througii the winter in a torpid stale, without food, in clusters or groups principally, under chopped leaves', which are woven and bound to the', creatures and to (he branches, by a fine silken thread, which, like the spider, they have the power of working from their bowels; they are likewise found bound together by the same lliread, bi.t without such covering as leaves on the under side of (he horizontal and angular branches, where the branches divide, and especially near any rough or knotty part, which serv es them for shelter and cover- ing. I lind, (he adds,) such numbers collected in these retreats, that it appears few have died this winter, (1811 — 1815) tho\igli it is now January. Although they were torpid, they became lively when brought into the house, and seemed as if they could long subsist without food : — l:e infers from these observations, that these creatures come forth from the egg while it is yet summer heat, and spread themselves over the bushes, but being so minute are not discovered till near the close of tlie season : they then seek a place of safety until the returning spring again brinos them into action. — He proposes to kill them in their winter quarters, which, (he sjiys) may be done by besmearing the parts with tar: he, however finds some difticiilty with them on the walls, as they get under pieces of lime and stones, but being certain of the stage they are in, (he observes,) they can be traced out. Pafre 416. — Art. 51 . On the n/l/irafion of Pcr/r/irx and Xecfarinea on fixed wulh: — On sercpiti)ur (l,p hlonsovis nf wall tree:, unth Nets and Fern. — Onsm'ing Peas and Beam front the attnclis of M'x-e. — -ind. On Desfroyi/ig these J'ermin. By Mr. Willia.m Irving, Gardener to Sir C. Swinburn, Bart., of Capheatou, Read June 14th, 1814. The flued walls were built in the common way, twelve feet high, with three turns or levels, each forty feet in lengih, and trellised the height of the first flue Reviews an I E.vtracts. 19 to save llie trees from being- scorrlied by tlie heat of ibe fire, Tlic borders wera composed of eig-bteen inebes of strong- eluy, wliieli is tbe iiiUiiral soil, and eigh- teen inches of light soil, over a bottom of six inclies of stones and lime-rubbisii, all beat and smoothed tog-ether; the manure is stul)le dung-, soot, and vegetable mould. He prefers fan training- to horizontal, both of which he tried. His method of pruning- is, to unnail most of the tree and cut out all the wood that is most worn out by last year's crop, shortening such as are wanted for new wood, and such as have not ripened their shoots to the point : when they are well ripened to the point, he lays them in at their full length, allowing them a proper distance, he then nails them with all new shreds, boiling- the old ones and laying- them by for summer nailing. When all is finished, he washes the trees and walls over with the following wash: — 2 tb flowers of sulphur; 1 fl> soft soap ; and a few pints of soft water. Boil the mixture slowly for some time, take a tub, fill it nearly full of soap suds, and then put in a tolerable quantify of the boiled mixture, making- all milk warm: — to be used with a sqviirt or garden engine, stirring it all the time to prevent the sulphur settling. The winter is the best time for nsing it ; and by these means (he says) his trees are quite free from mildew, SiC, ihoug-h in a very bleak and co'.d situation. As soon as the fruit is all oft" his trees, he again waslies them with soap suds, and if the wood is not ripe he lights his fires to ripen it. On screening the blossamn of fruit trees with Nets and Fern, to sate the blossom from frost and bleak icinds. — In September he gatiiers a quantity of fern, and having fixed poles at the distance of four feet from each other, testing- their tops against the coping and their lower ends about eighteen inches from the wall, he draws a net over them, and fastens it to the poles with matting- ; fern is then placed or stuck in the net on the under side, afterwards another net is thrown over the whole, which safely preserves them till the fruit is properly set, when they are gradually removed. Method of saving Peas and Beans from the attacks of Mice. — When the peas kc., are sown in the common way, he gets a quantity of the tops of whins, (gorse) these he lays in the drills above the seed, so close, that the shoots touch each other; he then covers the drills with earth, and gently presses them with the foot , and tlien draws the remainder of the earth with the hoe, into a small ridge. He recommends sticking- them as soon as they appear above ground. Cheap method of catching Mice. — He sinks a bell-glass into the earth to the level of the rim, and fills it half full of water; he then throws some meal on the top of the water, and also spreads a little outside the glass on the soil : which means he has successfully proved. 3. — British Farmers' Magazine; 8vo. i>iibli-hed quai-terly. No. 19 for May, 1831,— contains an article, Page 162. — On Orc/utdi/ip, as a means of iiwreusitig tlic jn-udiicc of Sitmll Fur ins. By William Reed, Esq, of Chat-Moss, near Warrington, Lancasliire. After eulogising the laudable eflorls of the wealthy landholders, and endeavour- ing- to clear them of the imputations generally east ii|)on them, he goes on to sav that "the snail farmer lies under some disadvantages," which proves the necessity of something being done to render the land more productive, and "as one great means," to answer this end, he recommends "Orcharding," on a plan which he himself has practised with considerable success ; he, at once, repi-obatcs the old system of planting, " here and there a straggling tree in a field of grass," which are constantly exposed to the ravages of "rabbits, hares, goats, or sheep, which 20 Reviews and Extracts* gnaw oft" the bark 5 or cattle, whicli break them down altogether. The orchard, or fruit-gTOund, 1 propose to the small farmer, is a very different affair from the stragg-ling- sort of thing-, which 1 have before attempted to describe. The acre of orchard I recommend, shall be an acre of g-ronnd planted with fruit-trees, and not an acre of inferior pasture or meadow, with here and there a straggling' old tree. They should be planted in rows, 5| yards apart, and 1 1 feet from tree to tree in the rows; and if, after the lapse of years, they are found too close, 120 of them may be removed. The sorts recommended for planting, are — 120 Hawthorn Dean, or Hawthorndcn, 20 Keswick Codlin, 20 Nonsuch, 20 Fames Pippin, 20 French Crab, 20 Ribstone Pippin, 20 Scarlet Nonpareil, makino- in the whole 240, to be planted on an acre,'' he also particularly recom- mends the purchaser to be careful that the roots are cut as little as possible. After giving a description of the fruits he before named, he states, that the Hawthorn- dean, the Keswick Codlin, and the Nonsuch, should be half standards, or such as form their heads about three feet from the ground, because the weight of the fruit is apt to bend the branches so low, that it is necessary if dwarfs, to cut the health- ful bearinn- wood away, to keep them from the ground. When the trees are planted, he recommends cutting down about half the head; and in the spring-, forkino--in a little well rotted dung- about the roots; and as there will be consider- able ground to spare while the trees are small, on this spare ground he plants 240 gooseberries and currants, and 2 feet from the lines of apple trees, on each side, is to be occupied by potatoes, onions, tui-nips, French-beans, peas, &c. — but to avoid cabbages, parsnips, or carrots ; strawberries might be introduced, provided they were not allowed to stand alx)ve two years without a removal. The most impor- taiitquestion of all comes next, which isexpense ; — well, Mr. Reed proceeds, the labour of trenching the acre two spit deep with a spade, would in most parts be worth £6; trench-ploughing the same twice over, would perhaps be £2. 10s. to £3; and by the third plan the expense would not exceed £2 5s , if only a single deep plouohino- were had. If the depth of the soil will allow it, that is, if the sur- face soil would not be materially injured by such admixture vrith the sub.soil as trench-ploughing twice would occasion, he thinks it the best plan of the three; in "either case all the expense of working the land cannot in fairness be charged to the trees. ^- '- ''■ The cost of preparing the ground is assumed to be 2 0 0 240 Apple Trees at iVZ. each, 9 0 0 240 Gooseberries and Currants, 10 0 Planting and contingencies, 10 0 "I do not wish however," says the writer, "to lead or mislead others by prophe- syino- what may or will be the results : I have shown the cost, and 1 will now state what have been the returns from 10 acres planted in a similar manner bj myself, in the snrinc- and a\itiimn of 1822 ; — the fruit alone has .produced as follows, viz : — 1823, 000 1821, 13 0 0 1825, 65 0 0 i^^JO 103 0 0 1827i 412 0 0 Ig^s' 265 0 0 IS-"?*)' 261 0 0 Reviews a7id Extracts. 21 The produce in 1826 would have heen still greater, but for a sharp frost which almost destroyed the whole of the promised crop. I believe tiiat £300 out of £3G0 received for apples in 1827 was for Hawthorndeans, tlie remuiuder was received for gooseberries and currants. A piece of ground containing' ratlier less than an acre, which was occupied exclusively by Hawthorndeans, produced £80, besides growing an excellent crop of potatoes, followed by turnips. The average price for which the apples were sold, was only 4s. 6d. per bushel. The trees were rather weak in 1828, from over-bearing- the preceding year: — in 1829, the weather was wet, cold, and stormy The ground has since been under-let to a te- nant who pays a rent amply remunerating the planter for liis outlay, and at the same time, aftbrding- a means of respectable livelihood to a worthy and industrious man, who I hope will in some one year not far distant, receive £1000 for his fruit." 4. — Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, 8vo. No. 13, FOB May, 1831, — contains an article, Vii Pruning Forest Trees. By Mb. Gavin Cbee, Nurseryman, Biggin. After some preliminary observations on the evils consequent on bad pruning, and stating his views of the reaction of the sap and manner of vegetation in spring, Mr. Cree says, that " to manage woods properly, young trees should be examined the third year after they are planted ; and if more than one leading shoot is found to exist, the best one sliould be selected, and the others shortened to one half the length of the selected shoot. This practice of examining the trees should be continued every year, until they are about 15 feet high. These shortenings, however, should not be confined to superfluous leading shoots, but should include any branch whicli is gaining a disproportionate ascendancy over other branches of the same year's growth; and as trees produce only one regular tier of branches in each year, any branch should be shortened which is of greater length than the majority of the branches of the same tier, or if the whole are too long they must all be shortened. In the case of trees intended for timber, after they are at and above 15 feet high, this rule of shortening the branches must also be applied to the undermost tiers of branches. After the trees are 15 feet high, the undermost tier of branches only should all be cut off close to the stem, in one year ; in the sub- sequent year, another tier should in like manner be cut off, and so on every year afterwards, always cutting off only a single tier in one year. The same process of shortening the branches is always to be continued as before directed, but must be left oft' some years before the cutting off the branches shall be discontinued, so as to give a more extended top to the tree ; for all trees that have naturally conical heads, such as the willow, poplar, larch, silver and spruce fir, require longer heads than those trees which are of a spreading nattire, such as the oak, beech, and others. But no branch, wherever it be situated, is be to cut oft' close to the stem, luitil such branch stands upon the undermost tier. In this mode of shortening the branches, it will be seen that the tree will at all times present a head of nearly a conical form; and advantage should always be taken of short- ening such branches as will balance the tree best, and produce the proper .s'nape of the top." Having stated the size the tree ought to be when the "shortening and cutting off' the branches'" should commence, Mr. Cree goes on to show, how long it ought to be continued, or in other words, what proportion the head of a tree ought fo bear to tho trunk ; he supposes the tree " to have 12 tiers of branches, or be 13 years old, it is evident," he says, "that for a number of years to coine, by only taking oft' one tier in a year, the part of the tree covered willi brandies will be 22 Reviews and E.rtracts. greater than the part of the trunk which will be cleared." This will be more dis- tinctly known by (he following table: — in it, the statements are made at intervals of 4 years, for the sake of brevity; the growth of the tree too, for the sake of sim- plicity, is assumed to be the same in each year, namely l.'> inches; •'this'*'' he says, " I am well aware, is much less than the annual growth of properly pr\med trees, the assumption therefore, is merely taken up as one convenient for illustrating the eTects of this system of pruning : — Heigut •> Number of No. of tUTS No. of tier.i Lengtli cov. l.eiiKth of naked trunk At 15 ft. high & 121 tiersof branches J tree. tiers. remain!. i» removed. ren>aining. /«' feel. feel 15 12 12 0 15 0 Four years after .... 20 16 12 i 15 5 Four years after,.. . . 25 20 12 8 15 10 Four years after 30 24 12 12 15 15 Four yeais after,... . 35 28 12 16 15 20 Four years after, 40 32 12 20 15 25 "In the last line of the table, it will be seen, that at 33 years of age, at the as- sumed rate of growth, the tree will be 40 feet in height, it will have had 32 tiers of branches, of which 12 are still remaining, and 20 removed ; and the height of the part of the stem cleared of branches will he 25 feet, and of the part covered with branches 15 feet." He says, the proportion he has " found best is, the trunk to be about three-fifths of the whole height, and the head two-fifths, that is, in a tree of the size in question, 15 feet of trunk to 30 feet of head." He sets this down as a rule for forest trees, but where trees are intended for ornament or shelter, a differ- ent mode of pruning will be required to be adopted. For ornament, the object is to have large heads with long pendulous branches. In such circtiinstances the tree may be pruned to the height of 5, 6, or more feet, as may suit the taste of the indi- vidual, annually shortening and cutting off the branches as recommended for forest trees, until they are at the height required; and to produce the conical form, the long branches ought to be shortened ; and in those which are of a proper length, and are not required to grow longer, the buds on the extremities of the branches should be cut off. Where shelter alone is wanted, in general the branches should only be shortened. Trees in plantations, &c., by this mode of shortening are in a great meastire prevented from suffering by the destructive effects of heavy falls of snow. Old trees that have been neglected, he proceeds to state, may be greatly im- proved by this .system. But after the shortenings have been performed, a consider- able period must elapse before the branches are cut off close to the stem, which must be performed with much care, first by being cut off about 12 or 18 inches from the stem, and fimilly, by being cut offclo.se, but so us not to injure the adjoin- ing- bark. Article II, — Catalogue of British IVorkx on Gardening, Rural Subjects, Sfc. 1. — Edward's Botaxical Register, &c. ("new perio?) by Johv IjIXDLEY, F.R.S. &c., Professor of Botany to the London Uni- versity. Monthly numbers, 8vo., 4s. coloured. Vol.. IV, No. .3, FOR MAY, CONTAINS, Cdttlcya Guttata, Spotted Cattleya ;— this species is very remarkable for the curious spotting of the flowers; it was sent from Brazil, by the Right Reviews and Extracts. 23 Hon. Rob. Gordon. Aztilea CalenduWicia, vav . Stapletonidna; — Lady Harriet Stapleton's Highclere Azalia ; — (so called, in compliment to the daughter of the Earl of Caernarvon) — the flower is of a rich deep rose colour. Trifi)- liutn Vesicitbiium, Bladdery Trefoil ; — a neat perennial, discovered by M. Robert, in Corsica. Jusm'num (fa/Z/c/i/anf/j/j, Dr. Wallich's Nipal Jasmine; — this nearly resembles the J. Revolutnm, it is hardy, and an acquisition to the flower garden. Alstromrria Pulchella, var. Pilosa; — Red-Speckled-Flowered Alstromeria, hairy variety ; — this is a rich flower, of a bright orange colour, mixed with red, it is nearly liardy, and easily cultivated; \