JAresented to Che Hibrary of the University of Coronto by The Estate of the late Effie M. K. Glass | NN 7 i iin WY Ze, % & ae yy Intario Department of Agriculture FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT > OF LHe Horticultural Societies Pook THE YEAR 1919 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO TORONTO: Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 1920 fo His Honour LioneL H, CLARKE, Ineutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontarto. May Ir PLeEAsE Your Honovr: I have the honour to present herewith for your consideration the report of he Horticultural Societies-of Ontario for the year 1919. Respectfully yours, Manning W. DouHeErty, Minister of Agriculture. TORONTO, 1920. [3] hs : . e CONTENTS PAGE OFFICERS FOR 1920 2... ce occ cecie 2 iin o's ok tse ww aie meus ne te weigh oer arco oe eee 6 WIN ANCIAL SPATEMENT $< ..3.6 co 00 0 tive ere cialevalnre ploy © a sles epaiete ao cet aie a lias a ane 6 ONTARIO HORTICULTURAL ANNUAL CONVENTION .......... See beet eee eee ee eee eens 7 President’s Address: WM. HARTRY «.........2.0.00000 ese: Me Pe on v Report of the Superintendent: J. Lockit WILSON”... /..<2, £2. seen: 5 8 How We Increased Our Membership: Rev. W. H. McKay ...........,......... iA, Horticultural Education:: Ws. Bi AGROVIS <: 4 ited soe. 6s 655 ae ete 15 Bégonias and Their Culture:” WM: TARTRY \ . .-2 2. oe oe. + cc ae 25 Reports of Delegates to American Civic Association’s Convention: Dr. BENNETT and T..D. “DOCKRAY> ~ ec hee eee ae et ee een Te 28 Sweet Peas: H. W: -STRUDLEW 25 iets oe ier t eS caw ae So aan aie eee a neo 33 Rock and Alpine -Plants: Gio. SUMPSON co. ii. ics o. ae. whe 'y soya pea Se ee 34 Arrangement of Flowers at Horticultural Exhibitions: ane As WIE ao oy es 39 Are Our Annual Reports Interesting and Valuable to Our Horticultural Societies: G. H. M. BARER> 60 5o Fae ewe he OE epee 6 crea arene = Le eed 43 Natural or Informal Style in Planting: Miss -Magky YATES, :... 022. Sis .s5. ss 47 House Plants: Wat. ALUAW 90. cess Se ek SE atcmae sche -s 2 x Tee aes 50 Wild Birds: Jack MINERS 2. e..* Sw piece ee’ h os 0 weiss \ajle phe vile Wie ane aati a aie 52 Selecting Judges for Horticultural Exhibitions: H. J. Moone ..:............... 61 seore. Cards for Judging Wigwereag 2156. cot. «ae aen WE er ee 63 The Work of Horticultural. Societies: J. HH. Ross: . vc. 25. 2c ee 64 Reports of District Directorate) se. g thee 2 ok ee eee a eee Sarvs 67 teport of Committee on Hybridizing and Experimentation ................... 75 Experimental Grounds: Pror. ®..B: THOMSON‘): (5... 2. . eo eee 76 Report of Committee on Resolutions ......:..........--- ae Mh Acta Sia © 79 Best Class of Premiums and Where They Can be Obtained: Dr. F. E. BENNETT. 85 School Gardens: Jno. G. McDONALD ........... ga hice Wiebke eo dpe nn en 89 STATEMENT OF MEMBERSHIP AND LEGISLATIVE GRANTS .......-0+-+erceccecscveeceecs 91 RECEIPTS. AND EXPENDITURES OF SOCIETIES ............. ge Ss 2 Silent oe ee Si tee 93 LIST OF SECRETARIES .. 0.2... 05-005 uu ou pi sion ciate Btnene ene nieyi ee lana 953 BRAPS 1 P OCT 28 1962 Ly, A) W. H. McKay, WEsTon. We had a good campaign in Weston, the results were good, and I have ps asked to say how it was done. From a membership of 150 in 1917, through a membership of 450 in 1918, to a membership in 1919 of 1,741, is, as the boys would say, going some. Im- possible says the incredulous one, in a town of only 2,300 men, women and children. How was it done, enquires the red hot horticulturist? And I shall attempt to answer. To the Membership Committee of three the time seemed opportune for a forward movement. The campaign spirit of the war had not yet spent itself. The note of the heroic had not yet died out in the heart of the people. It was still sounding, and human nature loves a campaign. The campaign note was three-fold, and might have found expression in the revised version of a well known slogan, “Stop, Look, Loosen!” Our course of action was along this line. Let me explain. The Committee stopped to deliberate, and its deliberations. were concerned with the field, naturally, and a careful survey of its scope and possibilities. Geographic- ally, the Committee decided that our field should be limited only by the skyline, and anyone from one month old to ninety years young who could be interested in the vork of the Weston Horticultural Society to the extent of one dollar should be a member thereof. _ The next question the Committee was interested in was, what had it to offer? One thing put on the market was the past record of the Society, which had been almost entirely the dynamic power underneath the Organization of Resources Com- mittee during the war. Its pillars predominated among the pillars in the Red Cross, the Patriotic Society, and the Victory Loan campaigns. The policy of Juvenile Gardeners also appealed to the imagination of the people. Another com- modity was the offering of an opportunity for the expression of gratitude to our returned men, to the motherland, and especially to our honored dead. Two patriotic options were put on the market. The one was for helping to replant with orchards the devastated areas of France and Belgium. Four hundred and fifty memberships came in on this kind of option. The other was the planting of memorial trees for the heroes who had fallen in the war. Five hundred memberships came in on that sort of option. : The campaign risked its life on this commodity. This was their trump card, and we looked for big business. Of course it seemed to the Committee advisable under present conditions to offer also a bargain counter, laden with options recognizing at the same time that the offering of options is but a means to an end and should be a diminishing quantity. Lastly, the Committee placed on the market its plans for the future which aimed at a well defined policy regarding civic improvement. This had to do with ur Tiver, our streets and boulevards, our parks, our factories and our railways and depots, and also our public buildings. They were the products that we placed on the market. The second note is to be found in the second word of our slogan, Look! Our Committee had faith in its cause and its second task was to give to the public the vision which it had itself. To this end eight beautiful prizes were placed in a prominent store window, the rewards for eight aggressive and popular young ladies REPORT OF THE 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 13 no were chosen to.act as captains in an eight days’ whirlwind campaign. These ‘izes were gladly donated by prominent business men of the town. Each lady was ven a committee of four—two gentlemen and two ladies—and each team was ven a day to perfect its plans. This having been done all the teams with their orkers met in the town hall when final instructions for the details of the cam- ign were given, followed by an address by an experienced business man on the bject of salesmanship. Returns were to be recorded every second night—five credits being given for ch membership reported on the first recording night, four on the second, three on e third, and two on the fourth, and so although it was ten o’clock at night when e race began, the storm broke and swept everything before it. By the time the third note was sounding the people found it necessary to osen. Many a citizen found it necessary to rise early in the morning to answer e doorbell. Merchants had to give precedence to the campaign visitor: Milk ivers, bread drivers and coal drivers were waylaid and induced to loosen, and ese were not the only ones who set out from Jerusalem to go down to Jericho. ne storm had broken. The atmosphere was prepared for a great drive. Trolley rs were held up, places of business were marking time, and factorymen were joying a well earned recess. The mail order department also brought magnificent sults: +4 iy When the storm abated, the wind ceased, and there was a great calm, and many rprises. Whole classes of school children found themselves members of the eston Horticultural Society.. Members of Parliament at Ottawa and Toronto und certificates of, membership on their desk on their return to the day’s session the houses. President Wilson, David Lloyd George, Papa Joffre, King Albert of slgium, Sir Douglas Haig, and King George found memberships waiting on their eakfast plates, and altogether 1,741 fully paid up members were reported. The last feature of the campaign was a complimentary banquet tendered by e Directors of the Horticultural Society to the eight lady captains, all of whom quitted themselves most gloriously. More than one hundred guests were present, d in the course of the evening the prizes were presented by Mr. Roadhouse, the aputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario. Other prominent horticulturists esent included Past President and present honorary director, Dockray, and Miss acklock. The Town Council and Board of Education were officially represented, da magnificent opportunity was given to emphasize the aims and ideals of the yeiety. The whole town felt that a great piece of valuable work had been complished, ; There were many striking features of the campaign. The good natured rivalry,» e almost ungovernable activity of the captains and their teams from start to lish, the backing of the citizens generally, strikingly exemplified. But the thing uich towered high above all others, the thing which caught the imagination of the eat majority of the people, the thing which reflected the highest degree of delight id satisfaction was the popularity of the patriotic options. The campaign appealed the heroic in man for big business, and naturally won a magnificent triumph. JoHN GuassrForD: I have been considering for some time that some strict easures should be taken, placing us in a position to carry out the slogan of the ntario Association, “ For a more beautiful Ontario.” In order to carry out any special plan of work, it will be necessary to have rislation. One has but to look at the remnants of the attempts at beautifying the reets of any city or town in the Province to be perfectly certain of the lamentable ilure that has been made by trusting to individual enterprise. i4 REPORT OF THE No. 43 We have in Toronto many public spirited citizens who spend large sums of money and time to enhance the beauty of their homes and the street whereon they reside. Then we have other citizens who care for none of these things excepting the rise in the value of their property through their neighbor’s improvements. These are the citizens we wish to get after. And there is no way of getting after them excepting through legislation. As an idea of my meaning, I refer to an Act recently passed by the Nova Scotia Legislature; also an Aer by the State of Pennsylvania. I believe that now is an opportune time, seeing we have a new Government that may wish to do some- thing worth while. Excellent Boulevard Treatment. I therefore move that a Committee be appointed from this Association to con- sider carefully the question of the necessary legislation to compel citizens to care for their boulevards and streets properly; to determine whether this legislation should be provincial or municipal; and if it is deemed advisable to secure provincial legislation, to draft a petition to the Government setting forth the requirements of suitable Bill; and that copies of this petition be sent to every Horticultural Society in the Province for signatures. And further, so that the members of Parliament in every county in the Province may be fully conversant with the wishes of the Association, that the petition be presented to the Rs twee at the coming session. Mr. BAKER, in seconding this resolution, said: This patie us to a point where we can do some good. In the town of Lindsay we have several nice streets and the boulevards are nicely kept up on some of the lots. On others on the same street we have burdocks and thistles growing. We go to the owner of the_property, and ask them to get this unsightly mass cut, but usually find we can do nothing. The resolution of Mr. Glassford will help along that line in the way of compelling property owners to keep their boulevards in shape. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 15 Wma. Hartry: There is a law in the Province of Ontario by which a man can » compelled to keep his burdocks and thistles cut. We had a case in our town, here the owner did not accede to our request to have the cutting done, and we put man in to do it and charged it on the owner’s rates. A motion for the appointment of a Committee to consider this matter was then ut to the meeting and was carried, and the following were appointed members: fessrs. Glassford, Baker, Buck, McKay, Evans, Saunders, and Dockray. Dr. BENNETT moved a vote of appreciation to the Weston Society for its ylendid efforts and still better results. Seconded by Rev. Mr. Scott, and carried. HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION. W. E. Groves, HAMILTON. My subject may at first sight appear to be somewhat ill chosen, seeing that 1is convention is the essence of a movement that is educational through and 1rough. If there is one work that, more than all others, has contributed to a reater love for, and interest in horticulture, it is the work done by the societies apresented here to-day. I want to be quite clear on the point that I am not here ) talk to this audience about.education applied to its own branch of horticulture, ut thanks to the kindly invitation given me, I am here to make a frank appeal for wider, larger training ground, for the would-be gardeners of this great Dominion. nd whilst I can say in perfect sincerity, that I am not assuming the role of critic s to what has been done, and is being done by the departments, i feel equally sure nat no apology is needed for my subject. For good or ill the horrible. years of war left human society, commercial -lationships, and national institutions, stirred to almost fathomless depths. More nan at any time in history, is the word reconstruction on the lips of thoughtful 1en and women, and if reconstruction is wise or necessary in other directions, eed we feel alarmed or disturbed if the twentieth century horticulturist asks to be eard. So it is for this man I appeal, the man who sometimes digs up your furnace t this time of the year, and serves your perennials in the same way in the spring, he man who cuts your grass, and delights sometimes to use the lawn shears on your hoicest garden subjects; the man who prunes your early flowering shrubs in April nd your late flowering varieties in July; probably the most abused and certainly ne of the worst paid men in the country. I know him; he is perhaps all I have aid and more. He is probably no worse than the fellow who sands the sugar, raters the milk, or sells you eggs that first saw the light of day in some other year han that in which you bought them, and knowing all his weaknesses I am proud to tand here in his defense to-day, and boldly ask for him a new opportunity, a new utlook, and perhaps a new sympathy. * If horticulture is to develop in this country as it deserves, there appears to be eed for some definite action to really teach it. There is lacking here that system f apprenticeship which obtains.in some of the older European countries, in con- equence of which other methods have to be followed. At least two grades of vorkers stand in need of some real educational prov ision. First, and perhaps the nost urgent, there is that class of man who is aiming high and who has his vision urned towards a lofty level in his profession—the man who wants to get teaching, 16 REPORT OF THE No. 43 moe ee EE ae ee eee and experience that will equip him for almost any position, either in private or commercial horticulture. I am taking no risks in the statement that up to. the present this man has been imported, and has not been a product of the country. True, he has had to adapt his knowledge to new conditions of atmosphere and climate, but he learned the fundamentals somewhere else, generally on the other side of the Atlantic. For the present this source of supply is dried up. The wide- awake man is now emigrating, rather than immigrating. We felt a little here ot the devastation of the war, but it was in the old country where the shoe really pinched, with the result that stocks of nearly all kinds are so low. skilled help— decimated so badly during the war—is now so short, that many of the better class workers are returning, and certainly the supply of men from this source will be stopped for some time. From inside knowledge I have no hesitation in saying that really first class gardeners are as scarce here to-day as at any time for a generation. Then there is the very ordinary unskilled, or partially skilled man, the one whose ambition, or opportunity, does not touch the high levels, but who by reason of his integrity, his capacity for work, and his love for the profession, constitutes the large percentage of present day garden workers. This man has immigrated, chiefly to better his conditions, and has always to keep the thought of daily bread so much uppermost, that any improvement in knowledge has to be secured more by chance than by system. In directions which I will indicate later there seems to be need for helping both these workers, and for them both I ask your goodwill. A second reason for some new educational movement can be found in the fact that Canada may probably be thrown more upon her own resources in the coming years. It has been the rule rather than the exception to produce what can be grown with little difficulty and expense, and to import the balance. It has been possible to bring in more cheaply than we were able to grow, and, partly because this plan was easy, partly because it meant dollars and cents, we followed the line of least resistance. It is now beginning to be manifest that this cannot go on forever. Prices * over there” are getting prohibitive, supply is not unlimited, and Canada being now practically the only purchaser of nursery stock on this continent does not provide for the European countries a market large enough to warrant the same commercial relations as formerly. The fact that for the present nursery stock cannot find entry into the U. 8. A. will for a time make importations from that country small. The home market claims the products, though in time this may to ~ a large extent right itself. At the present time stocks’in this country are in some lines very low, some fruits being positively unprocurable. Jt may be new informa- tion to some present to know that in the year June, 1913, to June, 1914, nearly five million plants were imported into Canada, from which date there was yearly a decrease until the year 1918-19, the total then being 850,000, or less than twenty per cent. of the total in the year previously named. May I add that*there has been no serious attempt to replace by home production the shortage thus shown. I would not be fair to my subject did I not say that insthe future there may be reasons entomological for the compelling of home production. The present system of inspectton and fumigation is satisfactory and efficient. The department is con- ducted in a gentlemanly manner by Dr. Hewitt, with a full sense of his responsi- bility, both to the country and to the industry. There are none of the thoughtless, rough-shod methods of the F.H.B. at Washington, but rather a real co-operation of grower, importer and department. But if the time came when for oT é pathological reasons some restrictions had to be enforced, just where would we be? ; 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 17 One more reason why it is necessary to turn our attention to production, is the present serious condition of exchange. I am willing to learn my economies at the feet of men like the managers of our great banking institutions, who with one voice say that the condition will not adjust itself until exports more nearly equal imports, or in other words until we produce a great deal of the material for which we are now content to pay some other country. It may yet become a patriotic duty to practice some self-denial in this connection. Where art imitates nature. This leads up to the point I want to establish, that the one place more than all others where we should fall down, is the skilled labor difficulty. Quite recently a leading writer on things horticultural in the U. 8. A. asked, “ Where are we going to get the patience, skill and experience to grow stocks in this country?” He prob- ably asked the question in a panic, but it may well be asked here in serious reality, for the shortage is really a problem to be faced, and the demand is rather likely to increase than otherwise. The failure of the apprenticeship system and the tardy development of our vocational institutions are perhaps responsible. 18 REPORT OF THE NB 43 See ee eee en =n) ttt What are the remedies? It is not my purpose to present a scheme worked out in detail, though I do hope to make some suggestions as to what might be considered with a view to improvement. A kindred organization of which ] am a modest official felt the situation to be so urgent that at a convention in this city last August, it appointed a committee to consider and deal with the matter as it thought best. This body quickly overgrew its original composition, and if there were time to give you the names, you would agree that as at present constituted, it is a body of some. importance. It has carefully and sympathetically considered the matter in many of its aspects, reaching the stage of adopting a resolution as a basis for further dis- cussion. We have tried to face the conditions squarely,.and whilst some of our ideas may for a time exist only in dreamland, we have some that could, and should, come within the range of practicability. Still having in mind the two classes of workers indicated at an earlier stage in this paper, there is no doubt that for the production of experts, a real college education in a real horticultural college is essential. I have no right to utter one word (nor do !) in disparagement of the present college work. The training there has of necessity been agricultural rather than horticultural, and neither by situation or equipment can these institutions as at present constituted begin to do the almost equally important work with which I am dealing. A friendly critic recently wrote me suggesting that at least fruit and vegetable culture were receiving serious attention from the. departments, but in a following sentence my friend added “ the facilities afforded at the various institu- tions are not adequate to the needs of the country, and are largely handicapped by lack of funds to carry on the necessary work, and by lack of numbers of well trained men to cover the field in Canada.” ‘These are not my words, but.come from one of the leading college professors in the country. I take my stand on the statement, and suggest that no real educational work will be done until horticulture is separated from agriculture, and in some way have for its work, its own sites, allocation, and equipment. The aspiring student who can afford it needs real college atmosphere and training. Incidentally may I enquire why the aspiring student who cannot afford it should be shut out? But what is the present situation? The educational home of the best men we have, has been, or is, Illinois, Cornell, Kew, or some similar institution, and we say that a country so rich in resource as this great Dominion, could with the slightest effort find a remedy. I know what I venture when I say that the college with which this Province is most familiar (the O..A. C. at Guelph) has a plant and equipment for supposedly horticultural training that would be farcical, did it not deserve a stronger word. Its professors and teachers are men to respect and honor, but until something far more advanced and definite is done in the way of real provision, conditions can hardly improve. Horticulture heing a distinct branch of agriculture, should, I submit, have a distinct, separate equipment, at a point or points where access is not difficult, where conditions are suitable, and where real development is possible. At present it is without these advantages. Among other developments suggested are the establishment of national organ- ~ izations covering every branch of horticulture, and out of which a central body could be formed: the freer establishment of arboretums, of which there are already’ some in existence. The provision of botanic gardens, originating possibly in a botanic society, would be a grand step forward. Is it too visionary to look for-a time when every well kept town will have its public park or parks, constituting public breathing spaces, public playgrounds, public resting grounds, and so planted, and classified, that they would be real public schools? Is it possible to tabulate the national value of such a provision? Might it be practicable one day for the 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 19 gardeners, florists and horticultural societies to secure at the national expense lecture courses in their own district during some season of every year, regular home training spots, where perhaps experts may not bloom like flowers in May, but where the average man I tried to describe early in my paper could get an uplift and an encouragement. Correspondence schools are all right up to a point, even though they originate in some other country, but they do lack that personal touch, that intimate association, which is after all of great educational value. Some of these things might be done in the name of national education, and right here in our schools, but I am sure I can get agreement in the statement that they need doing. I refrain from following the argument that I may occupy my little remaining time with the definite work of the committee I am glad to represent here to-day. Under the sympathetic and capable chairmanship of Mr. W. W. Gammage of London it has reached a stage in its work covered by this resolution: Graceful Pergola Effect. Rose Bed in Foreground. “Whereas, a well-developed Horticulture is recognized as essential to the welfare and prosperity of Canadian home life, and “ Whereas, ‘ Horticulture is a definite craft in itself and is not a branch or Depart- ment of Agriculture, and consists of the more intensive cultivation of fruits, flowers, vegetables and ornamental plants,’ and ‘‘ Whereas, there is a great shortage in Canada of trained Horticulturists, and “ Whereas, Scientific Research in Plant Physiology, Plant Pathology and Entomology is of vital importance to the future development of Horticulture in Canada, and “ Whereas, Systematic Plant Improvement and Plant Introduction are likewise of fundamental importance to the future of Canadian Horticulture; “Therefore, be it resolved that this committee recommends the establishment of special facilities for the practical and scientific training of men in Horticulture, and further recommends that all Horticultural and kindred organizations in Canada be requested to appoint representatives to a Canadian Council of Horticulture with a view to formulating plans for the adequate development of horticultural interests in Canada as outlined herein.” 20) REPORT OF THE No. 43 ree es eee A Canadian Council appeals to us as a real working body that would be recog- nized by the departments, at least in an advisory capacity. The idea is to have upon it representatives of every branch of horticulture, and while not making it cumbersome, it should be large enough to be really responsible. A body such as this could form an avenue of approach to both Federal and Provincial Governments when necessary, and would command a respectful hearing. The Canadian Horticul- tural Association, through its Educational Committee, both of which I have the honor to represent here to-day, have placed on record the resolution as a real state- ment of policy. We are not in the least dogmatic about details, but realizing the situation, we are out to get something done, and something that shall be of the greatest good to the greatest number, hence the appeal for your interest, support, and co-operation. We already have behind us a large number of horticultural organizations, as well as the keen interest of a number of our leading educationalists. We have also gained the ear of the Provincial Minister of Agriculture and the sympathy of the Federal Department. Because of this, and realizing the justice of our request, we are going on, but we do want to gather in every possible interest and ~ every possible assistance. The man who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before, the man who spends his years tilling the soil to produce food for his fellow men, the man filling up his life making the countryside or the town lot lovelier places in which to live, the man who in the laboratory, or the field, is working to develop production and intensify beauty, is not only doing a work absolutely essential to the welfare and prosperity of Canadian home life, but he is doing work that, with the possible exception of preaching the gospel and healing the sick, is perhaps the most God- given, God-blessed work on earth. And with no hesitation I ask for this man that in this new age of building up, this new era of re-establishment, he should not only have a right to be heard, but that his occupation, which is at once both an art and a science, shall receive what we believe is its just recognition. Pror. Macoun: I was very much interested in Mr. Groves’ paper, because 1 agree with him that the time is coming when it is going to be practically impos- sible to get trained gardeners in Canada, unless something is done to change pre- sent conditions. I have men at the Experimenta! Farm in Ottawa, who have been engaged in the Horticultural Department for twenty-five and thirty years, and yet those men who were trained gardeners in the Old Country, are getting less than $1,200 a year, and they would not stay at the Experimental Farm except that they have spent a large part of their lives there and are not in a position to go elsewhere. Now it seems that what this Association and others have got to do is to show the Government of Canada that a horticulturist or a trained gardener is just as well a trained man or a better trained man than a plumber, a carpenter or any other trained man. At the present time the carpenters are asking $1 per hour and the plumbers $1 to $1.50 an hour. Now I venture to say that a gardener is a more highly trained man than a plumber or a carpenter. He has . got to have a wider training. And before we can do anything to improve the condition of the gardeners of this country, we have got to show the. authorities that the trained gardener deserves and should have twice as much money as he is getting to-day. In the new classification of the Dominion Government, they are put down with a minimum salary of $960 a year; the greatest possible salary they can get is $1,200 a year. A head gardener is put down at from $1,200 to $1,500 a year, that is to say, that if I want to get the highest trained gardener that is available, i920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 21 I can not offer him more than $1,200 a year. Now what kind of help cau you expect to-day for $1,200 a year? A man to do the work that he is expected to Jo at the Experimental Farm or the O. A.C. should have been well grounded in the principles of horticulture, so that he can attack any problem that confronts him, and it seems to me that this Association can do a great deal by bringing to the attention of the Government the fact that a man has to be well trained to bea xood gardener, and that he should be well paid for that. Now in any discussion, there could be something drawn up to show the education necessary and the skill that a gardener must have in order to do his work well, and once we get the Government of this country thoroughly familiar with the qualifications necessary in a gardener, then I think we will be able to attack the larger problem of edu- cational facilities for gardeners, for at the present time who is going to become a gardener, unless he is going to be educated to start in business? Wm. Hunt: I regret very much there is no better representative than mv- self here from the O. A.C. to speak on this question. Most of you are aware, of course, that I have been closely connected with Horticulture in Ontario, for nearly fifty years, and I have watched the progress of our Societies and of this organization especially, and also the professional side of the question which has heen-so ably represented to-day by Mr. Groves. I was delighted with his paper. and I am glad to say that the professional element of the Canadian Horticultural Association has joined hands with you in this great question of men fitted to take their place and help make our country more beautiful. -It is a big subject, and [ think the paper was a splendid one, and I hope this organization will take some steps in this matter to assist .this committee that has been appointed by the Cana- dian Horticultural Association. There is no need to discuss the first part of his paper as to the necessity of having good ‘men through our country now that the source of supply has to a great extent been cut off, that is, the trained element that we have been getting for a number of years from the Old Land will be very limited for a long time if not almost entirely cut off. And it behooves us to try to supply that want. _ As the representative of one of our educational institutions, I have taken a prominent part, particularly, in the Floricultural phase of the question at the M. A.C. for a number of years. I have long seen the necessity of something of this sort. Take your own organization for instance. I used to go around to the Agricultural Fairs judging, at the time when we were a sort of small auxiliary to the Agricultural Society. We made no headway until we broke away from the agricultural side. I don’t wish to disparage them. Naturally they stood first as an Agricultural Society and they got their grant as such, but the horticultural question was necessarily put in the shade. What has happened since? We have hroken away from the Agricultural Societies and have a grant of our own. I have only to appeal to the secretary, his facts and figures show that our Societies were never doing the work we have been doing lately. But we cannot carry this work on by talking here. We want absolutely practical men to do the work throughout the country. The source of supply is wanting, and I feel that our educational institutions along that line are not producing the element for that work. Our training is insufficient for that, and I am glad to see that this step has been taken, and I hope some good will come of it, that something may be done along this line, and I hope that this Association will appoint a good strong com- mittee to join with the Canadian Horticultural Association in this matter. We are endeavoring, as far as the Ontario Agricultural College is concerned, to do the 29 REPORT OF THE No. 43 ve can. Only yesterday I took our graduating class in Horticulture rough some of the main horticultural—both commercial and private—establish- ments of this city. We spent all day until evening in three or four places, mainly in Millers, Sir Henry Pellatt’s and Sir John Eaton’s. What our boys caw there was a revelation to them. : We do ‘not realize what these institutions mean. We should have these things right at our doors where we are teaching these young men and should be able to equip them. But as long as we are so clos ely connected with agriculture, we can do nothing. I don’t expect to be as active in Horticultural matters as |] have been in the last twenty-five or thirty years, but I am proud to see this day, when what I have been waiting for for a number of years, to get the active co- Entrance to “Old Oaks,’ Mississauga Road. A Returned Soldier’s Farm. operation of the professional element in this work, has come to pass. I trust that there will be a committee appointed on this matter, and that they may be able to carry through something that will result in good. Rev. Dr. Scorr: I would like to compliment the author of the last paper read upon the live thought that marks that paper, upon the points that are contained in it. And to lay particular stress upon one portion of that which says that next to the gospel of the grace of God for men and women, in our Canadian land, there comes the gospel of horticulture. I think that point is well taken. Where the soil is the basic industry of this, perhaps the most promising Gountry under the sun, I think the time has come when we Canadians and when we in the banner Province of Ontario, should put some machinery into play to carry out the idea that is set forth in that paper. I would like to call the attention of the members of the Association to-day to the fact that a few years ago this Association, through a committee, of which I was a humble member, approached the Government wat 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 23 hhe-day with a view to the incorporation into the school books of this Province yf certain articles or pages bearing upon Horticulture. The Government of the lay saw the reasonableness of that and gave us certain assurances that in course f time our ideas would be dealt with. The time has now come when we should esolutely seek to carry out the idea that is contained in this paper and call the ttention of the Government to-day to the assurance of its predecessors, and seek o have this idea that is set before us so forcibly and so beautifully in the paper ust read, carried into effect. A GitcurisT: If I were to start life over again I should be a gardener. yardening is my specialty, my business, my living. We work from daylight to lark, and that is our pleasure. My business for thirty years has been to grow tuff like you see there (pointing to decorative and flowering plants which Borne he stage), and I know a great deal about them. If I was to try to hire a man o-day to grow that class of goods I question whether I could get him. They are ot to be found. I have employed all kinds of men in thirty years—ministers. loctors, lawyers and professors. The last was a Cambridge man. A good gardener is not to be found to-day. We must have men who have een taught the theory as well as how to work. They must know how to raise, ow and plants and do it quickly. If you want a school where you teach practical ardening and also the theory of gardening, there is an immense opportunity in ‘andda for growing all classes of nursery stocks. We are depending upon Hol- and and other countries to produce inferior stock to what we can produce in this ountry. America has prohibited a great variety of goods from coming into their ountry, and there will be a great scarcity. The price of Gladioli alone has in- reased $10 since January. Why do not we grow our own roses? I was told at he market the other day by a man who has always succeeded in producing good limbing roses as early as Easter, while others failed, that he grew his own stock rhile others got theirs from Holland. The reason is the climate of Holland is ot suitable for producing the variety suited to our climate here. The day has ome when we must grow our own stock. Dr. BENNETT, St. Thomas: In respect to raising the plane of Horticulture n our municipalities, we have been able to obtain an outside man, a Welshman. le is going to be at the disposal of our Society at an expense of $1,800. It seems o me if the larger societies could employ a man like that, it would have a splendid nfluence on beautifying our cities. Wm. Hartry: It was my privilege last year to visit the Horticultural Section f the College at Guelph, and I had the pleasure of hearing my good friend, Mr. lunt, and when I saw the room that the lecture was delivered in that day, I as Teally surprised that there were not better conditions. Then when we went ut into the greenhouse where the experiments were carried on, I thought still nat there might be a great improvement. My own experience in the matter was mited, but it seemed to me, that there was not sufficient equipment, and that they id not seem to get the worth that should be gotten out of it, and it is for want f equipment. I know Mr. Hunt and his associates have been working hard, and rat they are capable men, but I do not think the conditions are favorable. I have done a little importing of stuff from Holland and I know what Mr. Hlchrist means. While we get bulbs there to very good satisfaction, a great eal of their other stock by way of roses, are not as good as we can grow in Canada. have some roses that I grow myself, particularly climbers, and they seem to be ronger and do better than any imported stock. 94 REPORT OF THE No. 43 T. D. Docxray, Tordénto: There is a suggestion in what has been said as to the opportunity for us in Ontario to produce commercial flowers, roots of plants, ete. I would like to instance one thing that occurred at the great American Pony Society’s Show at Detroit. There were 500 varieties of paonies shown there—a room crowded with the most beautiful blooms. One competitor with fifty acres of peonies brought on a carload of blossoms from down in New Jersey, put the car itself with blossoms in it in cold storage over night. The Detroit Florist Club did everything to carry the thing out splendidly, and yet with all the great competitors there, a lady from Ontario with a small pxony patch, of per- laps six acres; tock first and second in two of the biggest classes. Surely we see that we can grow peonies here with anybody else. That should be encouraging First Year’s Scene in Miss Beardmore’s Rock Garden. to those who wish to take up Horticulture m one line professionally. The lady was, of course, our well known member of this Association since it began, Miss Blacklock. | Wa. Harrry: There was an exhibit of gladioli which went from the Province. of Ontario, which, to use a well-known expression, “cleaned ’em up.” I am satis- fed.that in Ontario gladioli can be grown, not only for the bloom but.for the bulbs, as well as in any country in the world. GeO. Ryrrson: For the first time this year a catalogue has been put on the market advertising for sale sweet pea seed grown in British Columbia that is equal or superior to that grown in any other country. . J. M. PEAREN, Weston: There are just one or two matters that occurred to me from the remarks of Mr. Groves in regard to gardens, and I rather think the econ- rae) Or 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. ition that exists in our own town is applicable to a town of any size. Weshave in ur town a man who is one of the ablest gardeners, and that man, due to the fact nat he was not able to get sufficient money out of his profession of gardening, had 9 take up work in a munition factory. We, as a Horticultural Society, are en- eavoring to employ that man for the services of our town, and we think we will e able to pay him at least an equal amount to what he can earn in a factory. I m inclined to think that that condition exists all over. If the various Horticul- iral Societies would endeavor to look up men like that and see that they are em- loyed in horticulture, it would be a great development to the town and to the suntry at large. Prof. Macoun’s remarks in regard to the payment of men is ideed very applicable, and if we are going to develop horticulture in our country e must look after the men who have had their training and who are capable— ley may not be scientifically educated along the lines of horticulture, but they re valuable to us. J. Lockie WILSON: For the last two or three years there have been continually ming to my office splendid, solid men, who were too old to go to war, practical orticulturists, who wanted work, and they could not work at the prices that ere offered for gardeners. ‘Moved by Dr. Bennett, seconded by Mr. Middleton: “That the Ontario Hor- cultural Association finance the amount of a premium due to Mr. Jack Miner for ing a moving picture machine in this hall. And also that a collection be taken » this evening after the banquet to help Mr. Miner finance the purchase of food r his wild bird friends.” Carried. BEGONIAS AND THEIR CULTURE. Wma. Hartry, SEAFORTH. Begonias may be divided into three classes, namely: Rex, Fibrous, and Tuber- is rooted. The Rex give but little bloom, but their foliage is most beautiful, ranging in Jor from light green to a variegated bronze, and with proper pruning may be pt beautifully shaped plants, for house decoration, especially in winter when ants are scarce. They do well where there is but httle or no direct hight; hence ey are valuable where there are no sunny windows, but they want heat and fresh f : They start from a leaf readily. Take a fresh leaf with stem about three to. ur inches long, bury in sandy soil wntil the leaf rests on the soil, then cover all e leaf except a small portion just above the stem with same soil. Keep moist id warm, and they will soon shoot new leaves from the centre of the stem. The soil’should be rich leaf mould, with some sand and good garden soil. Use yuid manure during growing season once a week. Fibrous Rooted.—This class is now a large one and may be obtained at most eenhouses. They are grand for winter bloom, many of them fairly smothered ith blooms. Soil same as for Rex, but use slips or cuttings to start plants. Tubcrous Begonias.—It is of this class I wish to speak more particularly -day. | 26 REPORT OF THE No. 43 Unlike the Rex or Fibrous rooted they are a summer flowering plant, and may be grown either in pots or in a bed in the garden. There is no plant that will supply so gorgeous a bed as these Begonias from June 15th until frost sets in. They vary in color from pure white to a deep dark red, both single and double flowers from two to six inches in diameter. They are splendid as a cut flower. The flower with a portion of the stem and leaves placed in a shallow dish with moss and water will last good for three or four days. Perhaps the greatest difficulty with this class is the starting of the bulbs, to grow which, however, is easy when understood. Bulbs wey be secured from almost any good seed house. The bulbs may best be started in March or April by securing a watertight box,” big enough to hold the required number. Place about three or four inches of © moss in the bottom of the box, then place the bulbs on this moss and again cover — the bulbs about 1/2 inches with moss. Put in a warm place, keep moist, and see that they are right side up. They will soon send roots into the moss and shoot up through the top layer of moss. When bulbs have well started, say about two to three inches high, transfer into boxes of loose, fine, rich, bush soil. Keep well watered and in a warm place > where the sun does not shine on them directly. Now get yous: bed ready, and. plant about June 15th. An ideal situation is the north or west gas of a house or closed fence, where - they will get the morning or evening sun. Make the bed one foot deep, of good sandy leaf mould, well rotted manure, and good garden soil—equal parts—and — work up the bed several times before setting out your started bulbs. Place about 16 inches apart each way, water with rain water if possible. When plants begin to bloom, give once a week, a good watering of. manure wae about as strong as ordinary tea in color. As soon as frost appears take up the bulbs with adhering soil, put into boxes of sand, and keep in a warm cellar free from all frost. Follow these directions and you are sure to succeed. A DELEGATE: What is the best time of the year to set them out. Wma. Harrry: That would depend on the locality. We set them out about the 15th of June. We start them in the box of moss about March or April. They have sometimes been in bud when I put them out. They’ transplant splendidly. A DetzcatTe: Do you use any combination at all to relieve the foliage? Wm. Harrry: No, I use begonias entirely. If you get them about 16 inches apart, at first it will look as though there is quite a bit of space, but about the middle of July they fill up entirely, and sometimes you have to take out some of the outer leaves to get some of the flowers underneath. A Dexecare: Is there a large variety of color in the flower? Wm. Harrry: Just as many variations as you would care to see—yellow, white, pink, scarlet, crimson—all colors between white and dark red. . A Detrcare: What has been your experience in the life of the bulb? Wm. Harrry: I have lost from 8 to 10 per cent. of the bulbs during the winter season. Possibly that has been my own fault. I may not have taken the best of care of them. , A Derecate: Do you not divide them? Wm. Harrry: Yes, they can be divided. I have not ace that very much, but I have done it somewhat, and it has ids out all right. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. a7 A DELEGATE: We hear a good deal about planting these tenderer plants in od garden soil. Now, in our town I do not know where you can get a spadeful garden soil. We can grow roses, but when it comes to tenderer plants we cannot » it. I lived in St. Thomas for a while, and I never had flowers anywhere like St. Thomas, but I cannot grow any such flowers in Walkerville. Wm. Harrry: Take the town of Goderich. The soil around the Post Office all sand and yet they have the most magnificent roses there that you can sce. ney have cultivated the proper soil. In my Begonia bed I put a whole waggon ad of leaf mould that I took from the woods, and I work it up into that until e soil will grow anything. Good Foundation Planting. Note Special Treatment of Steps. A DertrGaTE: In our village we are thinking of getting up a village dump r leaves and such matter, and selling it for 5 or 10 cents a bag. I do not think ere should be any difficulty in getting this in any village in Ontario. A DetrGaTte: In addition to the dead leaves, the farmers use rye to loosen eir soil, plowing it down. Wm. Harrry: I have used the moss from around fruit trees and shrubs, rich I found excellent. REPORT OF THE No. 43. Oo DH REPORT OF DELEGATE TO THE CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION. Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. THOMAS. In respect to the Convention of the American Civic Association, it seemed to me that the one idea foremost in the minds of all those present was that a revolu- tion was heading our way, and they wished to deal with the best methods of pre- venting that, and to that effect they were dealing with bettering conditions, such as town planning improvement, and the man who gave them the best ideas at the Convention was not an American, he is a Canadian, Mr. Thomas Adams, the Town Planning Expert for the Commission of Conservation. Mr, Adams told them what should be done there, he also told them how to do it, and I think they realized he was the man of the Convention. | Horticulture came in for a considerable favorable place in the solution of the problem of unrest, in forming a connecting link between capital and labor. We were entertained splendidly by those people. They took us to the model town of Yorkship Village with probably 1,400 homes, some of them quite palatial, some of them not quite as good, but every one of them well equipped in every way, whether the cost was high or small, with ‘the centre of the village designed with a large green municipal square, with a market, a town hall, a municipal theatre, with gymnasium, bowling green and ball grounds, with everything for the uplift of the community. This was built largely for the people in the vicinity, who are shipbuilders, but according to some it was not being inhabited as it should be, by shipbuilders alone, it seemed to be in the minds of many that the intermingling of people of different occupations—a great many of Philadelphia’s people were coming and buying homes in that community—they thought it would have a very much better influence over the community where the interests were varied. They took us over what you might call the tenement districts, and Philadelphia is really doing great work along that line. It seems to be their whole ambition to improve the working and living conditions of the working classes, by giving them room and light. We were also taken through the ravine drives of Philadel- phia and to the homes of millionaires, the art clubs and art galleries, and they certainly treated the Canadian delegates royally. They appreciated the work we are doing in the Ontario Horticultural Asso- ciation. I think they can take some leaves out of our working here, but the Asso- ciation as I see it does a splendid work over there: There were men there from Dallas, Texas, and from the West, but, of course, principally from Boston, New York and Philadelphia. : Wa. Harrry: I have recently received a communication from a concern in the States, and they asked a number of questions with regard to the Ontario Horticultural Association, and wound up with the statement the the Americans — linked up with us in this work were really proud of the work the Canadians were doing along that line. : T. D. Dockray: My report is little more than a list of what happened at the Convention of the American Civic Association at Philadelphia. I cannot make much comment on it for several reasons: first of all, it has very little to do with horticulture; in the second place, it is an association, and while applying to the whole American Continent, there were only four a us from Canada there. 320 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 29 uturally then their programme would be very largely directed toward subjects d topics affecting the United States of America. Thirdly, being held in the city Philadelphia, the programme was affected very much by the city of Philadelphia, lich is a city considerably south. Another reason is, I could not very well say ything in the way of criticism because we were the guests of the Assoc‘ation. SPORT OF DELEGATE TO THE CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN CIVIC ASSOCIATION. Tuomas D. Docknray, Toronro. A Pessimist says: “Tt can’t be done!” An Optimist says: “It can be done.” But a Peptomist goes out And does it! This quotation, taken from the programme of the Fifteenth Annual Convention the American Civic Association, held in Philadelphia, on October 29th, 30th and st, 1919, at once showed us the spirit of hopeful activity in which we were met rether. 3 The general topic of the Convention was Constructive Community Service, ighly divided into such headings as (1) Government Planning and Zoning; (2) rks, Playgrounds, Home and Wayside Planting; (3) Our Undiminished Nuis- ces: Noise Smoke, and Billboards; Is the Movie a Nuisance? (4) A Peace-Time ogramme: What American Cities had accomplished before the War, as the Basis which to Build: after the War; (5) War Memorials; (6) Housing and Town Anning. Mr. J. Horace McFarland, President of the Association, opened the proceed- xs in a few happy words of welcome. Mr. Arnold W. Brunner of New York gave splendid address on Civic Centres and State Capitols. He pointed out the neces- y of rational city planning and instanced many failures to profit by the mistakes the past. Regarding the placing and erection of civic buildings, some of his se expressions were: “ Build what you can pay for: Sufficient unto the day are 2 taxes thereof. Selecting a site for a city hall is the kimg of outdoor sports. 1e practical man knows all about a machine but what it is for. Architects are netimes honored, not because they are architects, but because they are dead. th one half of the public spirit of ancient Athens, wonders could be accomplished.” Mr. Fred. H. Moore, Director of Community Service, traced the Department Community Service in Philadelphia to.a Commission on Living Conditions under > Department of Labor. Community Service is a crystallization of the War, with pecial objective of carrying the ideals and abilities of the experts to the rank and > of the people. In Philadelphia all classes of the people are associating with one other by developing playfields and by playing together, by community singing, block parties, etc. This will further develop when community houses can be ilt for meetings, lectures, dances, concerts and dramatic performances. “ Every- ly neighbors” is their slogan. . 0 REPORT OF THE No. 43 The luncheon was presided over by Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, President of the Club of Philadelphia. On her invitation several ladies present gave bright tle three-minute reports on various aspects of civic work in which they were Mrs. J. Willis Martin, President of the Garden Club of America, presided at | afternoon session. She referred to the unsightliness of rural schools, and to the flacpole on the muddy square, with no grass, but lots of signs up reading “ Keep off the grass!” or “Keep to the right !” 4 q : 2 a x a On Hamilton Highway. Mrs. W. A. Hutcheson spoke on “Co-operation of Citizens, Trained and to that dreary sense of neat nothingness that pervades the average village street. “ Planting in English Garden Towns and Garden Suburbs” was dealt with by Mr. Thomas Adams, of the Conservation Commission, Ottawa. It was beautifully iiustrated. On several other occasions Mr. Adams was asked to speak or to answer enquiries, his ready information, broad view and large experience proving most. helpful to the Convention. During the latter part of the afternoon the Convention adjourned to the Camac Street Clubs. Mr. Arnold W. Brunner of New York had said: There is no street like it in the world.” Here on a lane one block long and perhaps twenty feet wide, z0 | HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 31 he heart of the city, in old two story houses, are clubs of all kinds. We visited of them, finishing up with tea at the Plastic Club, where we had a chance of ting the other delegates and the earnest people of Philadelphia. At the first evening session Mr. A. W. Welch of New York spoke on “The isades Interstate Park.” He showed in motion pictures many camps and summer rts where people from the crowded centres of population could go for nothing, ext to nothing, and spend a holiday. Another illustrated lecture that was inter- ng was “ River Front Improvement in American Cities,” by Leslie W. Miller, of ladelphia. He showed the river front in most cases before and after improve- it. The next day we went in motors along a driveway two hundred feet wide ; had been reclaimed from the marshes. It is expected that the land to be filled long this driveway will pay for the filling and the driveway. When near the ry Yard we turned aside and inspected a few acres of small houses built during war for the workers in the Navy Yard so as to have them handy to their work. Special police permits and an escort had been obtained. So we had the privi- of a drive through the Navy Yard and saw everything from the oldest battleship he latest hydroplane. Then we crossed over the Delaware River to Camden, N.J., and went past the v York Shipbuilding Company’s premises at midday, when its thousands of kmen were coming out. Just beyond is Yorkship Village. This consists of r-roomed houses and seven-roomed houses and some apartment houses or flats, 1 some shops, a garage, a gymnasium, a community building, a school, some ronal streets, and many playgrounds and open spaces. The houses are sold on y easy terms of payment, or are rented. An electric railway runs through the age to Philadelphia. We had luncheon at the gymnasium, after which Mr. Electus D. Litchfield, the hitect and Townplanner of this Yorkship Village, N.J., told us about the 2me and took us through the houses. Also at Yorkship Village we attended a session of the Convention presided r by Dr. James Ford of Harvard University. Here we had an address from a. George Tilden Tinkham of Massachusetts on a bill he is introducing, provid- for the creation of a Federal Bureau of Housing and Living Conditions. Mr. George E. Kessler of St. Louis opened on the subject of “Regional Plan- ¢,’ and Mr. John Irwin Bright followed on the “Trenton-Philadelphia-Wil- igton Region.” That evening, through the courtesy of Mr. John H. McFadden, we had a view nis beautiful art collection and were given a reception by the Art Alliance of ladelphia, and a view of their picture galleries also. Next morning Dr. Elbert Shaw, Editor of Review of Reviews, and Major d Englehardt, Director of the Bureau of Administration of the Pennsylvania te Department of Public Instruction, dealt with the topic, “ Our Undiminished isances: Noise, Smoke, and Billboards,’ and the report of the Committee on oise *” was read. Mrs. Otis Skinner of Bryn Mawr spoke very brightly on the question “Is the vie a Nuisance?” As she confessed that she had to hurry away to see a new |, we then knew where her sympathies lay, and we agreed with her that the jie is not a nuisance. The. subject of “ Urban and Suburban Zoning ” was introduced by Hon. Lawson rdy, President of the National Municipal Leagué: The discussion was led by sster E. Albright, of Philadelphia, and Edward. H. Bennett, of Chicago. REPORT OF THE No 43 ; 39 : 2 eee r Ts , "f “The Spirit of War Memorials” was the title of an address by Robert W. DeForest. President of the American Federation of Arts. A pamphlet entitled ‘War Memorials.” by the Commission of Fine Arts, Washington, and a folder 1 “The Location and Design of War Memorials,” by Andrew Wright Craw- PP Ra ee entitled | J. Horace McFarland, were distributed. Stone Pathway with Border. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 33 The afternoon of the last day was devoted to a drive through some of Phila- elphia’s parkways and suburbs and a visit to Lynnewood Hall, where Mr. Joseph ‘idener, the owner, was kind enough to give us a charming little talk on the many sautiful pictures and objects of art ; in the house. The Convention was brought to close by a banquet on the evening of the third day, when several fine speakers ave addresses. The American Civic Association does not publish a report of its convention ut some of its good things, or extracts from them, are issued in pamphlet forna > may be published in Civic Comment, the organ of the Association, issued occa- onally. Enquiry as to any of these could be directed to J. Horace McFarland, resident, Harrisburg, Pa., or The American Civic Association, 914 Union Trust uilding, Washington, D.C., and would be carefully attended to. SWEET PEAS. H. W. Srrupitey, STRATFORD. The sweet pea is the most unselfish flower we can grow. Properly grown, a ‘ty-foot row will furnish abundant bloom to keep ourselves and friends with a esh supply of cut flowers every day for three months. One sometimes hesitates cut from a rose bed the choicest bloom, but sweet peas must be gathered daily they will not continue to bloom. When I hear people say they cannot grow is or that here in this climate, I think they are in the wrong state of mind, be- use I think all the things we grow can be grown in any climate if we make con- tions right. For instance, I saw some very fine pictures of sweet peas which a dy said she had grown in Fairbanks, Alaska. They also grow at Calgary, Alta., to tfection ; they also grow in Stratford, at St. Catharines, Toronto, California, Aus- alia and England, so I think it is a great deal a matter of making the proper eparation. To grow them successfully in the garden there are certain conditions which ust be met in order to obtain the things we desire, long stems, good color, large oom and long blooming season. First of all good seed must be secured, preferably from growers who make a ecialty of sweet peas. The Spencer type is most satisfactory, but the new varieties early blooming or winter blooming Spencers do not have a long enough season bloom out of doors, in this climate. I have found that the best soil is heavy clay am, well under drained. If you want to grow sweet peas to perfection, dig a trench two feet deep and two et wide in the fall. Fill it in with soil well mixed with manure, and give it a good rinkling of bone meal and slacked lime. Leave the top of the trench rough so at the frost can get into it. You will then have an ideal soil condition for plant- g in the spring. Sweet peas should be planted nine inches apart or more to get the best results. plant seeds March the 15th, in thumb pots, one seed to a pot. A sunny southern dow is ideal for starting them indoors, or if you have, or can secure space in cool greenhouse, it will perhaps be better than in a room. They grow better if pt from frost although they can stand a few degrees. 3 HLS. 34 REPORT OF THE No. 43 At the end of April they should have attained a growth of about six inches and be ready to transplant. I take the pots to the trench and give them a good soaking of water to release them with all the soil attached from the pots, loosen the lower roots a little, and plant them about four inches below the level of the ground. As they grow I gradually fill the soil in to the level. Lach pot is marked with the name of variety it contains so that colors may be blended in the row. I set poles and attach wire netting at time of planting, and get the first tendrils attached to it as quickly as possible. No doubt proper brush wood is better to grow them on than wire netting, but suitable brush is hard to procure. During the very hot weather a good soaking at the roots once a week should be sufficient, and a grass mulch will help to retain the moisture and keep the ground from cracking. - Plenty of sun and air are absolutely necessary, and a row running north and south is most desirable. After the first heavy blooming season a liquid fertilizer at the roots is desirable as, on account of great profusion of bloom, sweet peas are gross feeders. Sweet peas in the open are free from almost all pests. The green fly can be washed off by a fine strong spray of water, which should be used in the cool of the evening, and not oftener than once a week, as water deteriorates the bloom. The climate and soil of Ontario are ideal for sweet peas. I am under the impression that the best seed could be home grown, and trust that our flower seed growers will give sweet pea seeds a trial. | All my observations are from actual experience in strictly amateur growing, and a discussion, with the added experiences of other growers, would no doubt be useful in helping many to enjoy the experience of a successful row of sweet peas. ROCK AND ALPINE PLANTS. GEORGE SIMPSON, OTTAWA (Read by F. E. Buck). The ideal and practical come into collision when the town dweller turns his thoughts in the direction of rock gardening. His pleasant fancy pictures a small, sun-bathed ravine through which a glistening stream splashes its headlong way, plunging over rapids, cascades and cataracts, and finally expanding into a quiet, clear pool that mirrors the overhanging rocks and towering trees upon the hillcrest, silent sentinels standing guard over this valley of delight. But, alas for dreams! The site that actually confronts the man hungry for a rock garden is a flat, rect- angular piece of land shaded by buildings and trees, intersected by concrete walks ria sadly lacking in all those elements which provide what the artists call “ atmos- phere.” Though the rock garden must be constructed according to a well-thought-out and coherent plan, anything suggesting regularity is foreign to its makeup and destructive of the naturalistic ideal which must ever be kept in view. Troubles exist only to be surmounted, and the art of all gardening—especially rock gardening ~-is the ability to overcome difficulties and make the best use of the opportunities that lie before us. Therefore, let us be contented with our “lot” whatever betide, and do the best we can. 7 ihe ca | . 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 35 Let it be well understood at the outset that a rock garden is not a garden of ks; nor yet the traditional heap of stones that encumbered many an old time yer enclosure and barked the shins of the unwary passing to and fro in the silent ches ot the night. Such an abomination is occasionally seen, but is happily ent from present-day gardens which can lay any claim to conformity with stic standards. An attempt to imitate nature in some of her grandest manifestations by the roduction in miniature of towering mountain peaks, bold crags, sheer precipices torrential rivers may at first blush appear like a transition from the sublime to ridiculous, especially when these marvels of creation are trundled in a wheel- row and set down one by one of a Saturday afternoon within the narrow confines 1 backyard. Yet it can be done and far from the finished product appearing ae em, Dry Wall Gardening in Lorne Park. ial or commonplace, it more nearly approaches the sublime in gardening than other branch of the art of which I have knowledge. The appeal that it makes he imagination is so seductive and irresistible that once you succumb there is urnizg back, and happy is he who has crossed the threshold and entered into communion with the rock-gardening brotherhood. The site should, if possible, be in the open because most of the alpines, cially those from near the snowline of the mountain ranges, are children of the aud respond quickly to its wooing in the bright days of early spring. Shade- ng plants, comparatively few in number, can be provided for on the north side ‘ocks so placed as to shield them from the burning rays of the summer sun. 1e of the primulas, saxifrages, gentians, anemones and campanulas, would fall ) this class. The higher you build the greater is the scope for sunny and led places, but the altitude must be limited by due consideration for proportion the more practical question of providing a sufficient supply of moisture at the 36 REPORT OF THE No. 43 ee apex during the summer drought. In order to accommodate a varied collection the growing requirements of the different plants must be provided for, which means that your rock garden, be it big or little, must present different aspects, sunny and shady, stony and boggy, gentle slopes and deep declivities, always remembering to provide a deep root run, whether in crevices, cracks, crannies, or pockets, for the penetrating roots of the plants, especially the true alpines, which would perish in the hot dry days of July and August if they could not find moisture at depth. The details of the actual work are best learned from the observation and study of existing examples of merit, but unfortunately, though rock gardening is an old story in the British Isles, it is a comparatively unknown art on this side of the Atlantic and object lessons are few and far between. Then the only thing to do is to observe nature, study the best available books on the subject and give free play to the imagination and creative faculty. While the art is imitative of nature itself, no rigid line can be laid down and, general principles being observed, individual conceptions and interpretations will be the determining factors in the plan and its result. The main purpose is not to pile up rocks, but to provide suitable receptacles and sites for plants of different habits of growth and every- thing else should be subordinated to that end with the qualification, however, that these plants shall not only grow vigorously, but that they shall have the setting that will enable them to display their charms to the best advantage. The plant and not the rock is the paramount consideration. Gray quarry limestone, abundant in many districts throughout Canada, makes an admirable material to use, especially if weathered, but the preference is some- times given to sandstone because of its porous character and ability to absorb and retain moisture. Any stone will do, even field boulders, and the wise and practi- cal thing is to use the material nearest at hand. It is better to use a few good sized rocks than a large number of small ones and if more than one kind is used —which is net advisable if it can be avoided—these should not be indiscriminately mixed, but built into separate parts of the work, the connection between the two being formed of a selection from both. The general outline of the garden having been determined and the foundation having been carefully prepared by deep trenching and provision for rapid drainage where the soil is at all stiff, the work of actually placing the stones is commenced and should proceed contemporaneously with the elevation of the mound or range. The stones should be well embedded to give them fixity and the appearance of naturalness, care being taken that stratified rocks shall lie horizontally; that the tilt shall be inward to catch and retain falling moisture and conduct it to the roots of the plants and, finally, that upper rocks shall not project beyond those immediately below and deprive them of their share of sunshine and rain. If a stream or pool is available, or can be im- provised, the scope of the garden can be extended to include marsh, bog and water plants and its beauty and interest thereby greatly enhanced. : The soil requirements of rock and alpine plants vary from peat to the gritty and stony material composing the moraine, but a great many-are quite at home in ordinary porous garden loam. While the staple of the rock garden may be a friable loam, having an admixture of sharp sand and leaf mold, provision should be made for those plants that demand special soil conditions whether it be an ex- cess of peat, sharp sand, stone chips, loam or leaf mold. by . The longing for a rock garden came to me a good many years ago. I looked around for a place to put it, but with my square city lot already crowded with perennial borders and other plantings there seemed to be no room for the alpines. - * * >» . 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 37 he a BE ecided that if I could not have a real rock garden I would at least have some x plants and that I would grow them in front of the perennials. I procured a ection of seeds from England and I was surprised and delighted to find with it ease these alpines could be raised in the cold frame. If there is any other dening experience more alluring than raising alpines from seed I have yet to r of it. The seedlings in due time were set in the open ground without any ticular attention to their soil or other requirements, and the little plants sad their fairy carpets of foliage over the bare ground and at the proper sea- s produced beautiful sheets of bloom. Plants of some species not readily ed from seed were purchased. So well did all prosper that it was soon neces- r to divide the clumps. In only a few instances were there any downright ures, and these I attribute to my then lack of knowledge of what the plants led to promote healthy growth. My initial list was limited to easily grown eties and I avoided the more difficult subjects that try the mettle and dis- oint the hopes of even the experts and specialists. The point of this recital is that so-called rock plants will grow luxuriantly bloom freely where there are no rocks and where the medium is ordinary len loam. Indeed some became so rampant that they usurped the space tted to less vigorous things and had to be ejected. Gaiety and cheerfulness are imparted to the spring garden by spreading ses of anemones. Iberis sempervirens, Myosotis, Alyssum saxatile, the dwarf 2s in varied hues, the creeping phloxes and moss pinks in delicate and refined rings, arabis, aubretia in purples, blues, mauves, reds and pinks, the violas, _ variety of delicate shades, the polyanthuses, primroses and hardy primulas bining great beauty of flower and foliage with the rarest and most exquisite erfumes together with other equally attractive dwarfs of the early year. Later, campanulas, gentianas, silenes, saxifrages, Iceland and alpine poppies, lysi- hia, erigeron, dwarf asters, cerastium, armeria and others come into bloom and ong the pageant. At the east side of the corner lot upon which our home happens to stand, e was a grass terrace letting down the lawn from the main level to the street e. The fact that it was difficult to mow, coupled with my hunger for more , started a train of thought which culminated in the resolve to convert this empt terrace into a sunny bank of bloom. Lest I should recant I went to : immediately, and the transformation was soon completed. The result was itisfactory and so easily accomplished that I wondered why I had not thought before; although, truth to tell, a dry wall would have suited the situation r. The number and variety of plants I found comfortable room for in that 1 space—thirty-six feet long by three feet wide—is almost incredible. I can- forego an enumeration because it illustrates the fact that large areas are not ssary to grow a respectable collection of rock and alpine plants. There are 1e bank quantities of the lesser spring bulbs, alyssum, pinks, arabis, creeping x and moss pinks, aster alpinus, campanula, cerastium, iris pumila, polymon- reptans, veronica teucrium dubia, Iceland poppy, saxifrage, veronica repens, nmthenum, viola, pansy, leontopodium (edelweiss) polyanthus, sedum, silene. etia, lily of the valley, English daisy, semper vivium, polygonum, myosotis, ophila repens, and others. Many of these are not confined to single speci- s. As the choicer things demand more room the fillers, such as myosotis, ry lily of the valley, etc. will be eliminated. It might be imagined that with number of plants and the limited area, the result would resemble the pro- 38 REPORT OF THE No. 4 verbial stuffed pudding, but the arrangement is not unhappy and some very prett easeades are formed in the bright and winsome colorings of the aubretias, phloxes campanulas, and other plants of trailing habit which look best when sprawlin over a mound or mantling a bit of grey limestone. These are only of a few o the commoner and more easily grown plants selected from the wealth of materia 7, available for the adornment of dry walls, banks and rock gardens. Careful Hillside Setting. 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 39 It is not a bad plan for the person contemplating a venture into this branch garden craft to become acquainted with his plants by growing a few on level und before attempting the construction of the rock garden. He thus gets upon ms of intimacy with them, becomes familiar with their habits and requirements 1 knows better what to do when the time comes to place them in the positions y are designed to adorn. What about hardiness and ability to withstand the rigors of the Canadian mate? On January 20, 1920, a temperature of 23° below zero was recorded Ottawa. It is not, generally speaking, low temperatures that injure rock nts, but rather excess of moisture in the winter season when growth is sus- ded, and protracted drought in summer. In England mechanical devices are essary to protect plants from winter rains, while our dry Canadian winters, h the thick protecting blanket of snow, afford conditions congenial to the jority of alpines whose native places are near the line of eternal snow and ice mn the mountain slopes. Miss Blacklock, to whom I am indebted for some vice rock plants from her fine collection at Meadowvale, has spoken to me of difficulty she has experienced in wintering the aubretia. With me the au- tia has survived several winters without protection other than that of the p snow. Altogether the Canadian climate—barring occasional summer droughts eems particularly well adapted to the cultivation of rock plants. All my rock plants have been so far grown on the level margin of the ennial borders or upon a sunny eastward slope. Now I have found room for a niature mountain range about twenty-five feet long and varying from six to ee feet in width, the rise from foothills to summit not being more than three four feet. It parallels not a purling, pebbly brook, but a utilitarian garden h and this again is skirted on the other side by a minor range, the pathway ming the intervening valley. Materials that happened to be at hand— lime- ne rocks left over from the building, and boulders dug out of the garden— re employed in the construction. Ample pockets and other spaces and re- tacles were provided for the plants which will be set in place in early spring. is is an extremely modest and simple affair, but it shows that the joys of rock ‘dening are within the reach of the ordinary amateur and are not a monopoly any class. I have hesitated to set down these few notes because my experience has not nm such as to qualify me to say anything that would interest anyone but the rest novice. Yet I have dipped into the subject far enough to see that it ms up a new avenue of interest and pleasure and if what I have said here fires y gardener with the ambition to make and plant a rock garden I will feel that rave had some justification for asking you to listen to this simple story of a rinner’s first attempt. to each member of the Societies. J. B. Spencer: But in regard to those members who do not read the reports, ams to be much more important that the Government should put a more attrac- cover on than the ordinary blue book cover. I think a bulletin which I issued 1 I went into the Department was the first which carried a cover with an mental design. We are using in Ottawa a line drawing, a very pretty little x, and using the slogan on that cover, “ The Forward Movement in Horticul- ” Jt seems to me if one gets a book with an attractive cover with the sugges- on it, itis much more likely to be read than the ordinary Blue Book. Dr. BENNETT: That expresses my idea of it. (He showed an envelope which sent out, bearing the words, “St. Thomas, the Flower City.”’) Wm. Hunt, 0.A.C., Guelph: These are days of publicity, and the more we can ar before the public in every way the better, if our work is going to bear the tiny of everyone. Our reports, as has been stated here, are read by the enthu- , but they are not read by everyone. Why can we not go outside of our own e by means of them It can be done, and done through the medium of the or weekly press. Up to the present time I have yet to find a paper anywhere ny city, town or small village which is not willing to print any article on Horti- ire which is of interest to a flower or vegetable lover. I would suggest that a t many articles appearing in our report be given by the secretaries of the eties to the editor of the nearest newspaper who will print them readily for ing. It is good reading matter. In the city of Guelph, our ex-Mayor, Mr. er, avery energetic man, has taken the trouble to write almost weekly, at any bi-weekly, articles in the two Guelph papers bearing on horticultural matters. has taken roses and other features of floriculture, and they are widely read and mented upon, and the newspapers are eager to get them. And that applies to r towns and villages as well. It can be done without cost. The more we g our work before the public, the more we shall advance the interests of horti- ure and the better country we shall have. T. D. Docxray: Now as to the publicity of this Association which Mr. Hunt rred to and the willingness of the press to publish anything in regard to your ticultural Societies if you will only tell them: from November, 1917, until the 16 REPORT OF THE No. 48 end of the year 1918, I wrote to secretaries of Horticultural Societies—I was presi dent then— asking them, are you doing this, or are you doing that? Do you wan to have help along this line or that line? And those secretaries of the Horticul tural Societies wrote to me—sometimes pessimistically—that they were doing al the work; others gave information very freely. J would write out a little para graph that that Society was preparing for its spring work, that the secretary ha things in line to start the people up as soon as something was ready to grow, an gave a little paragraph like that to the three great daily newspapers of Torontc notwithstanding the fact that those papers were crowded with all sorts of wa announcements. I found the secretaries very good at replying, especially when the found it was coming out in the Toronto papers. It showed how ready the paper were to give us this space, and it also showed how ready the secretarie , een 2 § 3 s > \ é 4 %, he > * 3 *, eet Ne A Shady Pool Well Placed. were to do something for the Societies. It shows how willing secretaries will b to get out these reports if they are sent to them. It is for us as delegates fror our Societies to report back and get them enthusiastic about these reports. Miss Duranp here showed a winter feeding station for birds made by Mi McBean of the Technical School. It was built of a biscuit box, and in order t make it a little wider for birds such as the long-tailed Jay to get in, he put a extension to the box. This box had roofing material on the top, but the builde said canvas would do as well. Posts ran down from the box about a foot long wit! a tray, which Miss Durand stated should be filled with sand or earth. Little win dows were at the side of the box, which she stated were made of celluloid in plac of glass to protect the birds when they dashed themselves against-the sides to ge at the food. Cost of hjox, she said, was but $1.95, 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 47 NATURAL OR INFORMAL STYLE IN PLANTING. Miss Mary YATES, Port Crepiv. Style in gardening means the expression of the national quality in the lands- e. “Natural” and “Formal” styles really are great fundamental garden ms. The formal gardening form is symmetrical, balanced, enclosed, determinate. The informal is unsymmetrical, not obviously balanced, not marked by visible indaries, not apparently enclosed. ‘Though spoken of in terms of form any vital’ style must have something re. Form without spirit is dead—fit only for the crematory. The informing rit of the natural style is the spirit of the natural landscape. In considering the native landscape we speak of the spirit of the woods or spirit of the mountains and in so far as common language can convey spiritual as we know what we mean. The native landscape can include the sea, the untains, the plains, the forests, the spell of the great rivers, the little brooks the lakes. The agricultural or cultivated landscape, meaning the farm lands- yes with the rolling hills, is mild and pleasant to live with. In learning the sons taught by the native landscape, the artist seeks only beauty, the beginner nds too much time criticizing what is bad, or trying to improve the indifferent. ok only for what is good, dismiss from attention as quickly as possible every- ng squalid, disorderly or ugly (it will be altered later). Exercise continually seeking for the best in the landscape and in fixing attention upon it. The ice, the profusion and charm in nature are the despair of the gardener. The art of grouping is a subject in itself, but this may be said that in art rmony should prevail, contrast should be the exception. Frequent contrasts any work of art soon lose their force, become tedious and even obnoxious. All puping should be studied with least emphasis upon the ground plan and much sater attention given to the vertical projection. This may be done more readily the field rather than in a room, in fact, the effective development of sky lines nnot be reached in-any other way. Every work of art should have a leading tive to give it character, the form and structure of this motive being of the most importance. The form of the group may take that of: . The single specimen. . The group of two. . The group of three. . Larger groups of five or more. . The row. . The mass. . The social group. The structure should not include scattered specimens unrelated to one another. The features and furnishings in the natural style of gardening should tend wards simplification and the use of a much simpler geometric pattern. Domin- .ce should be practiced meaning the selection of one or two species to work ith. The pictorial not horticultural treatment is meant. Color and texture, of urse, should play their part, they cannot be considered here. At this point thirty-one pictures illustrating the foregoing principles were own. They were taken in gardens belonging to members of the Ontario Horti- tural Societies, and were artistically colored by Miss M. E. Blacklock. zourwwre 48 REPORT OF THE 3 No. 43 The custody of the open native landscape belonged to professional landscape gardeners, the beauty and the majesty of it should not be impaired, but this is work for the landscape amateur as well as the professional practitioner and may well play a prominent part in the propaganda of the Horticultural Societies, as follows : | 1. Conserve the native landscape. . Restore it when needlessly despoiled. . Improve and clarify existing examples of it. . Make the landscape physically accessible to all men, women and children. 5. Make it intellectually intelligible. 6. Give a spiritual interpretation to the landscape. This surely is a great and a glorious charge for future treatment. A text book to be recommended for students is “The Natural Style in Landscape Gardening,” by Frank A. Waugh. Dr. J. A. BorH wet: I must congratulate Miss Yates. Her pictures are very beautiful. As she has said, there are two kinds of planting, formal and informal. And the informal is preeminently nature’s gardening. It is a long way, however, from nature’s garden to our front gardens. I sometimes wonder looking at the maps of the different continents we have on this globe, how perfectly it is made, and yet how informal it is. As we look at that great garden in which we live— the Garden of North America—we find that there are no straight lines, nothing repeated—think for one moment of that body of lakes with the St. Lawrence River feeding into them—think of that great picture—those lakes surrounded by the forests—surrounded by the different styles of shores, from the colored lakes of Lake Superior to the muddy shores of Lake St. Clair. When I think of the beauty of those lakes and rivers, and of that great picture down at Niagara, it is a wonderful conception, and yet when we come to look at the map of Canada we find that nothing is ever repeated. We can take up any part of the continent in the same way and find it is ever new. Nature never repeats. One great quality about nature’s subjects is that they are restful. Suppose we dropped into the great natural garden that we have in this country—Muskoka—wherever you go the scene is not only beautiful but restful. Now, if we want to plant informally, we must imitate nature. Nature is our great teacher along that line. That is one quality which we wish to install in our gardens—that they must be restful, and, if we imitate Nature, they will be beautiful. As I said before, it is a far call from nature’s garden to our own little garden. Unfortunately, in our large cities, most of us are limited to a little plot 30 by 100, and it is difficult to plant that informally. Those who have a larger plot con- taining many acres, who are situated in such a position as a resident of Rosedale, for instance, find it easier to imitate nature’s methods. The entrance to our homes is very often necessarily very formal. If we had the room, it is very pleasant to have, as has been shown here on the screen, byways, and walks that are off the straight lines, but, at the same time, I do not think it is wise to make a driveway or a walk curved just for the sake of having a curve or doing away with straight lines. There must be some evident reason for making it that way. If there is no obstacle in the way, the right place is not there. “For instance, you often see a sidewalk curved across a lawn. If there is no object for curving that sidewalk, except to make it curved, the effect is lost. If there is a tree in the way or a piece of shrubbery, then bie effect is a good one; otherwise He CO %~ 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 49 u have shown your hand too much—in all our imitation of nature we should - to hide our imitation. Another feature of the garden that has been shown the perennial border. If a perennial border is along a walk it must, of course, aform to it. The border of a lake shore will conform to the shape of the shore, t if a border faces on the lawn, I believe the effect is much better to have that rder irregular, wider. in some portions than others; but as I said before, we muld not make the irregularity apparently for a purpose. I have seen perennial rders made with a succession of curves that gave a very clumsy effect. The rves were there, and it looked to me as though the owner had heard somewhere 1t a perennial border should not be straight and had made it curved just for it reason. Now, if by planting in such a way that it would appear that the rder was obliged to curve around a particular shrub that was growing about ur height, that clumsy effect of seeking to make it irregular is eliminated. ee oe es. | x " SA all s bas hy r, PP a > te SI es BD eens ie A ah x ne rec naa a ne Sr ae FF cence i A Good, Permanent Planting. Then, as I said before, nature never repeats. If your neighbor has a certain ind of a garden I would not advise you to try to imitate it. Make your garden ; your own; let it be a reflection of yourself. | remember some years ago when was planning a lot of mine, I asked one of our professional men who happened ) be in the city one day to help me lay out the lot. His answer was courteous, ut he intimated to me that it would be much better if I just worked it out self. I was not satisfied with that, and after I got to the house I applied ) one of our growers for a landscape architect who could assist me in the matter. hey sent a man out, and I have always been pleased since that I did not follow 50 REPORT OF THE No. 43 his plan. I did not intend to go into the nursery business. The house would have been swallowed with vines and choked with shrubs. J am sure he had planned for 400 or 500 different shrubs and vines in a small lot. So I believe the professional man was right. We should each one try to work out our own difficulties as well as we can. Let your garden be a reflection of yourself. Let it be you. Ladies are like an informal garden; no one likes to wear her hat just the same as another. I think our gardens should be different also. G. H. M. Baker, Lindsay: The pictures that were shown on the screen were hand-painted by a lady for our Association here. They were a wonder, and it would be of great benefit if we had slides like that sent out to the different Societies in the Provinces. The coloring by hand is wonderful. Rev. Mr. MacKay: Could we not have a request put into the Government Department that this kind of work should receive great extension in the interests of our work generally? We want a lot of it, and we could make it count. HOUSE PLANTS. Wan. ALLAN, TORONTO. Hundreds, yes thousands of house plants die annually in our cities through no fault of their owm. Those that do not die outright eke out a miserable existence and would be better dead. The means available to prevent such wilful waste are simple in the extreme. It just requires a little common sense and judgment, backed up by intelligence. There are two things which terminate the life of a plant more than any other cause, namely, water and over-potting—that is, placing a small plant into too large a pot. A great many are under the impression the larger the pot the bigger the plant. This mode of treatment meted out to the plant kills out numbers. It is my desire to endeavor, if possible, to give in a simple way a few hints which I hope will be of use to many. By following up the instructions, the lives of many plants will be prolonged and instead of seeing so many miserable looking objects in our windows, the plants will be much brighter and happier, and, in response to the skilful hand of the operator and the fender care bestowed upon the individual plants, they are sure to flourish and grow, and bring forth their flowers to brighten up our homes, particularly during our long cold winter months. ; . The ideal conditions for house plants are practically the same as for human beings, 65 to 70 during the day and 50 to 55 degrees at night. The great diffi- culty with many is the keeping up of a regular and even temperature, this being particularly hard in zero weather. Many plants die, not through the fluctuation of the temperature in the majority of homes, but are drowned or chilled by applying too much water. Quite a number of plants can be grown and grown successfully in any home. The finest and most beautiful rubber plant I have seen was grown by an amateur. | | The Aspidistra, another very common but beautiful plant, can be grown in aby home and brought to perfection with ease without the aid of a greenhouse. It is plants of this type we should endeavor to procure for the home, omitting those that require more congenial surroundings, such as lots of humidity, togéther with a high temperature. Plants grown in a window will invariably turn to the light. You should change the position frequently, failing to do this the plant will grow one-sided. Turn the plant half way round each day, so that 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 51 ach half of the plant will get an equal share of light. During winter take care 1at none of the leaves of the plants touch the glass during the night or when vere is a frost outside, because it will at least chill and perhaps kill them. entilation is another consideration. Have a window open when at all possible ymewhere in the room on the opposite side to where the plants are. Watering a most exacting requirement of plants. It is easier to drown a plant than to ill it by drought. No hard and fast rule for watering can be made. Plants lay need water twice a day or only once in two or three days. The best way » determine whether a plant is dry is to rap the pot sharply with the knuckles f the hand. A hollow or ringing sound shows the plant needs water, a heavy ull sound indicates that it has sufficient moisture. The common fault in water- ig is not doing the job thoroughly. Never give a little surface sprinkling, the est way is to take the plant to a sink or tub and give the soil a thorough good atering, allowing the plants to remain there until the water has had a chance ) drain off. Never allow water to remain in saucers or jardinieres. By so doing 1e water will chill the roots which will cause the soil to sour and eventually the aves will turn yellow and often drop off. Potting is another most important peration. The best time of the year to repot house plants is in the spring, say pril or May. Only in very exceptional cases do house plants require repotting uring the winter. As a rule such plants as Ferns, Palms and Rubber plants re resting or making very little growth. To repot would be positively dangerous. he average amateur as a rule does not realize this. The plant may be in a good ealthy condition. The grower is worried because new growth is not forthcoming. hen he will repot the plant by putting it into a much larger pot and nine times ut of ten the plant becomes sickly and often dies in a few weeks. I would much ather feed with liquid manure than repot during the winter. Never work on 1e principle the larger the pot and the more soil, the bigger and thriftier the lant. Good drainage is absolutely necessary. To be successful with plants, see at the drainage is perfect. In the bottom of each pot place some broken pieces f pots, clinkers or even stones can be used, put the pieces in with convex side up, ne cracks fit better; according to size of pots used the drainage should be -from alf an inch up to three inches in depth. Over this place some of the coarse creenings. On top of all place a little moss or dried leaves to keep the finer 11 from washing down through. Sorz.—No hard and fast rule can be laid down for the amounts of the ifferent ingredients of a potting soil. I have found that a soil composed of three arts good rotted sod, one part leaf soil, one part well-rotted manure and a little harp sand, all mixed thoroughly, will give excellent results. With plants ordin- rily grown in the house, always bear in mind that during the dull dark days f winter they must be watered with great care. It is better to sprinkle the 2aves occasionally with a little tepid water through a rubber sprayer than to be ontinually flooding their roots. Also remember not to allow water to remain in he saucers as it chills and rots the roots. Be sure your plants get plenty of air. t is as absolutely essential to their living as it is to us, but at the same time uard them against draughts. Another most important point to remember when repotting your plants, be ure to leave at least from half an inch to an inch of space between the top of he soil and the rim of the pot. Leave enough room in all cases to hold sufficient vater to penetrate the entire soil. Another important thing to mind is cleanliness, and if you keep your plants erfectly clean you have won more than half the battle. 52 REPORT OF THE | No. 43 WILD BIRDS. JACK MINER, KINGSVILLE. I was born in the best state of America, Ohio, which has turned out more Presidents than any other. At the age of thirteen I was brought to Canada, and liberated in Essex County, Ontario, the best county in the world. We got along well, ten of us in the family, five boys and five girls. We chopped down ten acres, grew oats and corn, had three good meals a day, oat meal, corn meal and miss a meal. However, I was father’s favorite; he always called me in the morn- ing to start the fire, so I got out to hear the birds. Tropical Plants, grown by the late W. T. Ross, Picton. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 53 I am here to talk to you on the value and intelligence of our birds. As I id before, all I know is experience. I went to school three or four months in y life. The second oldest boy in a family of ten children, I had to put my oulders to the wheel. I was deprived of school, but thank God, I was out of ors! You have read that there was never a tribe of Indians but worshipped me idol. No intelligent man can live outdoors, and study nature, without being mpelled to believe there is an over-ruling power. Time rolled on. We were, as I said, poor. “My brother and I took to hunt- g for the market. There are lots of game in Essex. We two boys became expert ots. We left a bloody trail behind us; everything we could get ten cents for id to come down—to get warm clothes with. There is no man to be found on e American continent who has had a better time than Jack Miner. We hunted id had that sport. But time rolled on, I saw there was something lacking. Why did these birds that let the farmers go close to them, when we got ere, fly away and scream as if Satan himself was after them? Did the birds 1ow that we were their enemies? I know now that they did. I did not then 1ow. Well, we hustled along the best we could, and I cut out the shooting of rds. I have not shot a quail for twenty years. When I was thirty-three years of age, a dear little boy that God loaned to me r a little while—put his arms around my neck, and said, “ Come on to Sunday hool with us, papa, it looks so lonely for you to stay here.” I unclasped those ttle arms and said, “Go along, you are all right!’ The next Sunday here we were 1 on the way to that little old red school. The superintendent saw me and ive me a hearty invitation to come back. Well, three months after I was aching Sunday school. We started with the 20th verse in Genesis, and we found - at God created the fowls of the air. In the 26th verse, God created man after is'image and likeness, and gave him dominion over the fowls of the air. “Say, mcle Jack,” asked a boy, “does that mean that we can have dominion over at wild flock of geese that we saw up there?” “ That is what it says,” I told him. I had lots of material to entertain those boys with. I want to say here, ndness without firmness is a total failure. Our class grew. We kept on study- farther along. We came to the passage, “If a bird’s nest chance to be before yu cn the ground, or in a tree, and the dam sitting on her young ones, thou alt not take the dam, but let the dam go that it may be well with thee and ly day.” At that time, also, I was reading the life of Job and the 12th chapter says, Surely if you were the people and wisdom should die with me. If thou knowest ot such things as these, ask the fowls of the air and the beasts, they shall tell.” Do the birds return to their same homes? I know they do. A few years 70 when the fellows would ask me I would have to take father’s advice and rop the subject. What is the value of a robin that sings so beautifully, that atches so many cutworms? Because he eats 24 cents worth of wild cherries, we ang him down, even if he had rendered us $10,000 worth of service. The morance of us, intelligent and educated people! In the spring of 1912 I stole the eggs from an old black duck and a domestic »wl eventually became their step-mother. At the time they were two weeks old ney had accepted me as their step-father. Instead of being afraid of me, if I upped the tin with the water in it, they would come towards me and we would ork together. Don’t forget with your birds, there is no better feed on earth han custard. The crows taught me that. That is what we feed the ducks on. 54 REPORT OF THE No. 43 As soon as the ducks had their growth, I would put the custard on the side of the brickwork around the pond, and I noticed a motion in the water, and I looked down and here were the little bull-heads, the ducks came out of the bushes to get the custard, the fish came to the edge to get the crumbs that came into the water. Now to experiment. I went to the other side of the water and tapped the tin and the fish came to the edge of the pond. And the ducks came from out of the bushes. The fishes and ducks came at the same call. The ducks grew like mushrooms. When they were seven weeks old we named them Polly, Delilah, Susan and Helen. On or about the first of December they disappeared. The following day Dr. Rutherford, of St. Catharines, shot Helen at Mitchell’s Bay. The next spring I had a path walked down looking to hear from these ducks. The 10th of March Polly came home with a tag on her leg (Mr. Miner here showed the tags he uses). Delilah came home on the 18th, and Susan came home on the 30th. That fall they migrated again. Noah Smith, of Paris, Kentucky, shot Susan on February 27th. On the 14th of March Polly came home for the second time, on the 21st Delilah came home. In the fall they migrated again. Delilah came home on the 138th of March and Polly on the 16th of March. But a shot had cut the side of Polly’s beak off. 1 mixed up some porridge but Polly could not eat it because of this piece of her beak being off, and I got a spoon to feed the bird out of it. Yes you can do it. First throw some food away out of the spoon, so it will know what comes out of that spoon. Well, after three days Polly was eating out of my hand, and with the scissors I clipped the piece of beak off and in two weeks Polly was all right. That was the third spring. Polly decided the next fall that she would stay home. Well, those two ducks had evidently outwitted thousands of hunters who hid in the ambush for them. They got wild ducks out there squawking to bring them. But they had outwitted them all for three years in succession. Was it all worth while? Is life worth living! I once heard a man lecture on “ Was Life Worth Living?” He said it all depended on the liver! In the spring of 1916 I saw a fellow fire two barrels after Polly, and I have never seen her since. But Delilah for the sixth time came back. Mrs. Miner and I caught her the fifth time and put a new tag on her. During the 6th summer she raised five families. She raised two 8’s, two 9’s and a 12. What did we read? “Let the mother go that it may be well with thee and me, that it may be well with thee and thine days.” If you figure out the progeny of Delilah on a slip of paper, you will get a progeny of 2,300. The duck is one of the most faithful of mothers. She has to be father and mother both, because that scoundrel of a drake deserts her the minute she goes to the nest and becomes a Brigham Young for the rest of the season. No more perhaps, though, than some of us. The Canada goose is one of the grandest creatures that ever stood on the American continent. If the people of Canada knew the Canada goose and its principles, you could not keep him off our flag for ten minutes. If any of you — in Toronto can tell me how Canada came to be honored by having the Canada goose named “Canada” goose, I wish you would write to me and tell me. One day I was hurrying along the street, and I ran into a preacher. I don’t know why some of them are that type, but he turned and said, “ Pardon me, I did not know I was going to run into a goose.” The greatest compliment a man ever paid me was to compare me to a goose—the Canada goose. The Canada goose! Why it flies so high, he keeps so high, they have outwitted us. How did ZO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 55 i er ee ind it out? I hunted wild geese for about 25 years. Very few wild geese ne down in Essex at that time. I would be out in that field looking for him g before the stars closed their eyes. If there was a little snow on the ground March, I would have a sheet, three corners tied down, a blanket underneath, 1 I would be there, all hidden but my eyes. Eventually I would see them ning. As it gets a little lighter I can see there are seven or eight in the family. entually I could hear the quack, quack, “ All is well, follow on, everything is 1.” I would get under the blanket, there is nothing of me to be seen, but t my eyes. I am lying on my back. Two men come out in the next field to ch. It is all off, I might as well come out. But they come right straight over, ht on over them, and then I am all ready for them. I don’t know what it , but just before they got in reach of that deathly gun, they changed that note, | every goose started for flight. They would cover half an acre and then turn und for Lake Ontario. Why did they not take to flight for those two men? at fellow under the blanket, he got two of our family last year. I told the neighbors that if they would not shoot at the wild geese I would ng them around these ponds. I bought seven wild geese, and took the wing ht off at the joint and put them into the pond. That was in the spring of 44. Don’t shoot them, boys, I said, and I will let you come right here in pond and shoot them. In 1905 no geese came; in 1906 no geese came; in 7? no geese came. In 1908, late in April, one morning down came 11 wild se, right into the pond. We were quiet, let them stay and have a feed. The t+ morning they were there again. The boys were there with the guns. I 1, “Boys don’t shoot them.” “Well, you said we could shoot at them.” hat is all right, boys, leave that with me.” However, the boys did not shoot the geese. Later on we lined up one morning, I voiced the signal, the boys e down there. “There they are boys, behind that bank. There are the two ganders,” and we looked at them from a window in the shed. All ready boys! - some reason I missed those two ganders. When the smoke cleared away, re were five geese lying there dead. The two ganders got away. They went Lake Erie. To my surprise and delight in two hours they were back again, | the next morning they came back and lived there. The boys said, “ No, we | not-shoot at them until Uncle Jack tells us to.” The two stayed, and about first of May went north. On or about the 15th of March, a young man who ‘ked with me, said, “I have been wondering about the geese you said were 1ing back. I have been looking for them.” On the morning of the 18th of rch, I was out watering our self-starter, I heard a strange honking—my seven se were within 100 feet of me. Well, there was a line of geese coming, and whole 32 of them dropped down there and introduced their families. I was | behind the old starter, hiding. Eventually I came out. We let six go and came back. The boys lined up and we shot 10 in the spring of 1909. On 4th of March, 1910, they started to come. It is nice to have guests, but it is yarrassing when you have more than you can entertain. Three hundred and y came. After we had shot 16 there were 350 to go north. In 1911 they ‘ted to come on the 20th of February, and by the 15th of March, when the t bunch of geese was coming down into the pond, you could not see the south of them. How many came? Don’t ask me. Where is the feed coming from? ounted 170 shots fired at those geese coming from the lake, but they were r the top. © 56 REPORT OF THE No. 43 In 1911 we shot some geese out of a bunch of five, two were killed, and one had its wing shot away. They gave me this gander—the biggest I ever saw. I clipped the wing off, and put him in the boat house. In about half an hour the two came back. By that time there were 1,000 geese in the pond. The two came back. Well, the place rang with honks, “Come on down, come on down!” But they turned toward the lake. When this particular one with the broken wing called from the pond they immediately came down, after they had been shot at just a half hour before. They came back to the house. Why? Because their brother was there. The goose migrated with the big flock on the 2nd of May, 1911. That big gander never left his brother. He voluntarily stayed with his brother for the rest of his hfe. How many men did you ever know that lived in prison with their brother? We named them Jonathan and David. A Satisfactory Permanent Pathway. That took the “shoot” out of the boys. I have seen many a boy bring his sweetheart and show her Jonathan and David. I have more confidence in one thimbleful of education than in a pailful of shooting compulsion. The boys never wanted to shoot a goose after that. | | The flock of geese grew. On a windy Good Friday of 1913, there was a field full. Now I bring the feed over to the house and it is only the tamer ones that come to feed. ; Lest I forget, I want to mention this: There is a sort of impression apparently that I am laying a trap for some of the Indians at Hudson Bay. It is true, I did say my heart sank when I got the tags back from the Indians of some geese that they had brought down at Hudson Bay. But the best missionary work I ever did was to feed up that wild flock of geese and let them go up to the Hudson Bay Indians. You have an idea what a nice feed a wild goose is for some of those fellows who had been feeding on snowballs and icicles for six AU HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 57 ths. So far as my being opposed to the Indians, that is not true; I will ) on sending the geese to them as long as I can. In the fall of 1917, on the 5th day of October, while we were eating dinner, wild geese dropped down into the pond, a pair of old ones and four young . I went out of the house and called to the wild geese. As soon as they d that call they answered. | In the fall of 1917 there were small ears of corn. I went out with twelve ll ears of corn, and I went right into the park, and here was this old gander ding. His old sweetheart was in the water. I got one of those ears of corn threw it at him. The young geese jumped up, but he quacked, and im- lately they came down. Do birds have a voice? By the time I threw about eighth ear of corn, these young wild geese, who had nibbled at the corn, uingly afraid of it, had taken their father’s word for it, when he said, eat corn, and what did that tell me? They came clear from Hudson Bay. It the first corn they had ever seen, and they were hungry. In about fifteen utes the little fellows were eating the corn; in less than half an hour they it cleared off. They had been without food for a long time. Mr. Miner here told of a device they had used in tagging the geese, getting n into the captivity of an enclosure by means of a net and string. He con- ed, “I told my mother-in-law’s daughter to hold the door. She held the - and I went in to catch them, and that old gander showed fight. I over- ered him, put the tag on his leg, and liberated him. He flew off about two , but came back, looked back to the pen and he put his chest up—that faithful father, and while I was catching the rest of the geese to tag them that faithful father never left the door until the last one of his family was liberated. We caught him the second time and put two tags on each leg. I had heard er tell about what a faithful general Sir John Moore was. We named him John Moore. The flock migrated with others that fall. In February one them was shot in Maryland. How do I know it was the same one? In r years I have added to my tagging system by putting on each tag a verse Scripture. Whoever gets a bird that I tag now gets a verse of Scripture, ther he needs it or not. On this tag was “No good thing will I withhold n them that walk uprightly.” On the 18th of May we were eating breakfast when one of the children od “ Father, father, look, there is old John Moore,” and within two rods of the dow was Sir John Moore watching the other four of his family eating break- Then the four stood while Sir John Moore had his breakfast. Is it worth le? Is life worth living? I tell you it is! Do I know they wére the same 3? Yes. They migrated; they went up north. In August, I got a letter 1 these tags in it “No good thing will I withhold from them that walk ightly.” In addition to this, the Indian says, one of the geese had two tags on. Walton, a missionary who has been up on the east coast of Hudson Bay, is the audience. He came to see me and he brought me three tags he had ected from the Eskimoes and Indians. Jack Johnson and his family: He is an old gander I have. He and his sweetheart decided to keep house just 200 feet from the north door of the 1. During her six weeks on the nest he is always on guard. One picture 1d do for all the wild geese I have on the place. All the time his sweetheart itting on the nest, he is watching—you would think it was a wooden goose. atched a fight between Jack Johnson and an American eagle one day. Old / me REPORT OF THE No. 43. Jack Johnson stood up to his opponent, and, anyway, the eagle decided to gol west. One day Old Charlie, the cart horse, came a little closer to the nest than © was good for him. I saw him approaching the nest, and I said, “ Where is old Jack Johnson?” Right at Charlie’s heels I saw something move. The old goose is right on the ground, his neck is out, he is lying right on the ground, but look, those eyes apparently standing out. As old Charlie was grazing closer, old Jack Johnson right at his heels, pushing himself along just like a snake, Charlie is coming a little closer until he is within two feet of the nest. Now, why didn’t the gander bite that horse before he got within two feet of the nest? When the old goose raised up his wing, old Charlie’s ears went forward, and his atten- tion was rivetted on the goose. Well, he started and bit him right in the fetlock. I never saw a horse so scared since. He came out there running. It had added $100 io his appearance. You would not have known he was a cart horse. You would have thought he was a horse from the race track. That horse snorts yet when we take him to that spot. Is it worth while? What does that tell me? How they protect their nest. Old Mrs. Goose took sick and left the nest. I think she had taken a sunstroke sitting out on her nest. Jack Johnson scoured the field, she took to the pond. We put the eggs under a domestic fowl. She hatched all the young ones out. Keep your nest dark in a case of this kind, and as quickly as the little ones get dry you can give them lght, as she will be a good mother to them. While Mrs. Goose was sick in the pond, old Jack Johnson was seeking those young ones. There is a brick wall between him and those young ones, but he goes to the north and to the west side of the field hunting all around trying to find them. He knows there were six goslings in those eggs. Then he goes back to his sweetheart. The wild geese lived at the back door. The wild geese grew like mushrooms, great big fellows when they were five weeks old. And they would run up to that old hen and she would try to mother them. My wife said those geese had to be taken away from that door. I started over there, © and ‘said, “Tommy, Tommy,” and you would not have to call, just say “Come on,” and they followed me through the gate. I had no hat on, just a pair of overalls and working shirt, barefooted, the sun was coming up, sparkling on the dewdrops that were hanging on the blades of grass. The geese were following me. Old Jack Johnson was away over at the corner, but when I came around the corner he saw them. When I got them through the gate, I went on about my work. — But I came back just as hard as I could when he saw them. I turned and ran . back, I was afraid he would kill them before I got there. But I need not have been afraid. When he got within about two rods, the gander ran up to the geese and stopped, and the goslings lay right down on the ground. I am not here to say that he caressed them, but he drew his beak right over the top of four or five of them, and you could hear that voice for miles around. I looked around, © and what did I see? The old goose coming out of the pond, falling down and getting up. He gets the goslings and they come together. If I live to be a thousand years of age, I will never witness a more beautiful reunion than I saw that morning when I was all alone with the wild geese. They all started for the pond, the old hen followed, and the goslings came up to their stepmother. Old Jack Johnson stood to the side, but hit that hen with that bad wing, and you could see the feathers fly. The goslings came back after their stépmother, and © old Jack Johnson came with them, but the stepmother would not return. She eventually came from the fence and the goslings came to her with their baby os s ' a i ts a i eel it Fe — ee ~ Srenerr 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 59 alk. The hen followed them out to the pond. No bird or birds could do any- hing to her. Old Jack Johnson protected her from that time on. She stayed yut there until the snow drove her into the hen house. é Mrs. Jack Johnson went from bad to worse, and we had to bring her into he house and give her some medicine. Jack Johnson went along. Coming by the cow stable, I went in and put the cow out, put the old goose down until I vent into the house. When I went back the old goose was dead. That gander ipparently blamed the cow for the loss of his sweetheart, and he lay for that cow or more than two years. Then I sold her. I had a goose for four years, and I had Jack Johnson two and a half years after his sweetheart was dead. And I would 1ever keep a wild goose again for ten minutes after its mate was gone. I would 10t want to hear that sad honk. The only reason I am here to-night was because I promised Dr. Bennett. I ancelled over thirty engagements to talk this fall. That morning as I stood Artistic Flower Bed, Wallaceburg. here, tears running down my face, to look at the reunion. “The beasts of the elds shall show them, and the fowls of the air shall show them.” What came efore my eyes, what were my thoughts? A thought maybe that has touched you: Will we know our loved ones in the beautiful beyond? Do we change when re get over there?” Those thoughts are in your mind. Will my dear mother’s ands be cramped with rheumatism, those shoulders bent with the years, or will he be in the rosy tint of girlhood, the same as when she became father’s sweet- eart. If we change, will we know each other. Oh, people, my sister, when her hird boy fell, I was there when the telegram came, she threw her arms around ne, “Oh, Jack, I will meet my boys, and I will know them!” Will she know er boys? That was the thought. Will they be in the uniform, or will they e little fellows as they were when I taught them to shoot. Will I know my urly headed little girl? The wild geese have cost me thousands of dollars, and 60 REPORT OF THE : No. 43 yet I am in debt to them. They have settled that argument in my chest forever: If God in heaven can give the wild ganders intelligence enough to know their loved ones, why should I not know my loved ones again. He says, “The birds of the air shall show them and the beasts of the field shall show them.” Mr. Miner wound up with a challenge that as God had created us after He created the wild birds and given us dominion over them, we should live up to His trust. ' Mr. Miner then showed his slides, illustrating his talk of the evening. He stated he had tagged altogether 351 wild ducks, and had received back 115 tags; he had tagged 105 wild geese, of which he had 35 tags back from Hudson Bay, and 10 from the Southern States. In showing the slides, Mr. Miner again made a strong plea for the protection ~ of the birds and geese during nesting season. He showed a picture of Susan and Delilah, also one of David and Jonathan. A number of the slides showed the geese in the pond by his home, and the crowds of people who came to see them. Also demonstrating their tameness and utter trust in members of his family, eating food from the spoon of Mr. Miner’s little son, ete. TREASURER’S REPORT. , C. A. Hesson, St. CATHARINES. The accumulation of figures in connection with your finances is not a very . onerous one. The amounts of expenditure are not very numerous, and I cannot forbear to say that the time has come when this Association should put itself in a position financially more fitting the importance of this body. We had an evidence of it yesterday when we were up against a proposition of perhaps failing to get Mr. Miner’s lecture of last evening. It brought tears to my eyes. I think that you will agree with me that that was an instance where we as a Convention should recognize as a necessity an added assessment from year to year for increas- ing our financial status. We are liable to be called upon for these unexpected expenditures almost any moment. I understand that there is a notice of motion in regard to the fixing of the maximum affiliation fee at a higher figure than has prevailed in the past, and you probably will have that matter brought before you, and it is with that hope that I am referring now to this point, so that you will be more ready to see the necessity for increasing the fee of the Association. Your Financial Statement has been duly audited and I have the honor to present it. The Affiliation Fee Statement shows that only 48 Societies out of 96. oo: where are the rest of them? They got my notice. I eM not get their ee Mr. Hesson thereupon moved the adoption of his report, which was science by Mr. J. H. Ross, and was carried. The Financial Statement appears on page. 6. The Chairman stated he was quite in accord with the thought of increasing the affiliation fee, so as to have a surplus sufficient to meet any emergency that might come in time to come. The election. of officers resulted as on page 6. 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 61 SELECTING JUDGES FOR HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS.. HENRY J. Moore, NIAGARA FALLS. repared for the Names and Varieties Committee of the Ontario Horticultural Association. ) Horticultural displays if not educational are not worth the time and trouble mt on them. No matter, however how great their educational value, no mat- what their cost, if the judges’ decision creates a wrong impression as to what stitutes quality of the subjects exhibited, or constitutes art in the exhibiting reof, the exhibition is worthless. The judge should be qualified to judge the yjects, and only he or she with experience in the culture of the subjects and with mowledge of their qualities should be chosen to adjudicate. Wrongful decisions not only mar the educational value of exhibitions, but dis- rage the enthusiasm of those who out of pure love for the work exhibit the ducts of their gardens. What is more galling to the enthusiast, who having duced splendid specimens finds that they are to be judged by a mere tyro. me one, probably, who has been chosen on account of the friendship which sts between himself and an official of the society and not because of any special alifications on the part of the would be judge himself. Officials who choose lves in this way are worse than the judges who accept the responsibility, and the final analysis of things will be found to be working wholly with the desire personal aggrandisement, and not with a love of the work of the society, or for | furtherance of education along Horticultural lines. THE CHOICE OF JUDGES. This paper is not a criticism of judges. It is a plea to the presidents and ectors of our Horticultural Societies to discriminate in the choice of judges. Ex- rts alone should be appointed to judge the classes in which they are expert. dges may differ in their ideals, but in experts these ideals may be of a high order. incompetent judges idealism cannot exist, for knowledge which they lack is » food of idealism. Judges without knowledge cannot by their decision establish tarndard worthy of attainment by the great mass of growers and exhibitors, and the judges’ opinion carries great weight with the masses wrongful decisions will luence many individuals to believe that wrongful standards are proper. Judges without a proper knowledge of the subjects they undertake to judge mot properly advise exhibitors as to the qualities an exhibit should possess, or to proper methods of arrangement.. The eye and the ear are two of the great annels of education. What we see and hear largely influence our thoughts. us when the standard is created it should be of the highest possible order. hibits if not’ grown to conform to this standard do not bring out all the skill the grower. If not staged to conform to this standard, they do not require all 2 art in staging of which the exhibitor is capable. If the exhibits are not so own and paaed that the eye can see all the points of usefulnéss and beauty, so ich the worse for education. It is not the purpose of this paper to tell judges what their duties are. cperienced ones know that when the actual work of judging is done their re- onsibility does not or should not end. It is the judges’ duty to advise the icials of the Society who are responsible for the exhibition of changes they 3 REPORT OF THE No. 43 nsider necessary for its improvement, and to suggest a means whereby such can brought about. He or she who neglects this duty when they know certain anges to be desirable are more responsille then the exhibitors or officials for the tandard that is set. Who is more qualified to judge the gladioli classes then a gladiolus grower, who roses, than a rose specialist, who vegetables, than a recognized expert in this line: the Herbaceous perennial classes, than one who having grown these success- fully may expertly judge them; the fruit classes than a recognized fruit grower? These remarks apply to our larger exhibitions, but in the case of small or ‘perieral exhibitions where only small classes of subjects are shown, the judging might well be left to one or two expert horticulturists, otherwise just as “too many cooks spoil the broth,” so may “too many judges spoil the show.” A Vista in Higi Park, Toronto. The means to the end. The Names and Varieties Committee of the Ontario Horticultural Association, have of recent years worked with the desire to standard- ize the methods of judging, in that score cards have and are being prepared for the use of judges. It must, however, be admitted that these score cards are of as much use to the exhibitor as they are to the expert judge. In the case of the former they serve a very useful purpose as a guide, for by their use the judge is able to advise as to the various points of merit required in an exhibit. The work that the Names and Varieties Committee has undertaken -with useful plants, and names, has been done with the object of making the various lists it has prepared useful standard references. These when finally printed and bound in book form will be valuable to every member of the Ontario Horticultural Association, and to all who deal in any way with plants. 0 - HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 63 With a view to the further co-ordination of the activities of the Ontario icultural Association, the Names and Varieties Committee would suggest this convention consider the advisability of establishing a system, whereby fied judges could be placed at the disposal of societies which required such ces; and that the Names and Varieties Committee be allowed to select, or an- ‘ committee be formed to select a number of judges, so as to establish and tain an uniform standard at our exhibitions which shall be recognized by the ejation. The standard cannot be too high. The best judges cannot raise it too high, he worst ones can so lower it as to make our exhibitions mediocre and without ational or aesthetic values. SCORE CARDS FOR THE DAHLIA, ASTER, GLADIOLUS AND DECORATIVE CLASSES. SCORE CARD. DaAHLiAs— Cactus, Show, Decorative, Paeony Types. Comparative : Values. EE PMILWIORS Cn Sk ccc cc tcc cect ececs 30 I SRC ta ro, fo co cc cease nncceccd. 30 es oc chic. eS Seine cou vecccesebccws 20 SS SA ee 20 100 Values for Judge’s Use. 100 It is necessary for Cactus and Show types to have good centres, but note should aade of this requirement in considering Form. DAHLIAS—Pompon. Use above score card, but substitute “Good Centre” for “Size.” DAHLIAS—Single, Duplex, Collarette, Anemone Types. Comparative Values. I ST a 25 ES ee 20 et ae epiee bees ese gas 20 Ea eg et lee a 15 EE Se ee ee 20 100 ASTERS. . Comparative Values. IRE Sg Ne is is adit ae wus 0 oo aiea oss oa 25 es tee Nr ae oe elute & eve ei are 25 MOlOUr: . hs se eee ee eee me tes 4S ame 6 arate ae 25 premiwnnd feliage ......is-. 660. ae hans <5 oe 15 Condition and arrangement ..........5...c0ccec8 10 100 Values for Judge’s Use. 20 20 20 20 20 ——— 100 Values for Judge’s Use. 20 20 20 20 ——_ ~ 100 64 REPORT OF THE No. 46 GLADIOLUS. Comparative Values for Values. Judge’s Use. Length and fOrm Of spike .. 0. F060 scne oe ete sy ae 30 20 Colour are FR eae es a Ss Se ae he ee 20 20 Freshness and number of open flowers .......... 20 20 Arrangement of spikes. ......%35>5s0-) 22-0 eee 10 20 Texture and size of individual flowers .......... 20 20 100 100 THE DECORATIVE CLASSES—Bowls, Vases, Bouquets, Baskets. General effect, due to simplicity, naturalness, or originality of arrangement...... 2: Artistic effect, due to choice of flowers and harmony of colours ............... 2! Freshness and quality of flowers and foliage used ............s¢sesccseessensee 25 Evidences of cultural sKi]] 2... occ e cece ese eee oes ve ce ons «itelel aint enmmS 2: ; 10( THE DECORATIVE CLASSES—T able Decorations or Group Displays. General effect, due to beauty, naturalness, originality or skill of arrangement.... 2% Artistic effect, due to colour scheme, choice of flowers, or arrangement......... 2k Freshness, quality and quantity of flowers uSed .....--.e eee ee eee eee eee eeeeeee 2° Evidences of cultural Skil] 2 6. cicc cece tee wee ot sees 0 ein olciy dims 6 Aine eAne tne nanalEe ie E 10¢ THE WORK OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. J. H. Ross, Winchester: In opening this discussion, I am going to speak of a society where the population is a little over 1,000, and I think that we have ¢ hanner and model society with, perhaps, a population of 1,200. We have a society with a membership this year of 220. Last year it went over 250. We did not put on a whirlwind campaign like they did at Weston. I must congratulate the re- presentative from that place on the splendid work of their society last year, we go along in the ordinary way, but we have a good organization. Now in having a good organization, the first thing to have is good repre- sentative men and women as officers and directors. If you can get such officers, you will get the interest of the community in which you live. The next good point is to enlist the support of the local newspapers. To do so you will find a very great help, and I do not think there is an editor worthy of the name in Ontario, who is not interested in horticulture or in what horticul- ture stands for—the beautifying of your town and the educational effect of hor- ticulture on the people. Now in the community that I live in, we observe certain rules in connection with our society. First of all, we enlist the support of the Municipal Council, the School Board and the churches. We receive a grant from the Municipal Council of $25, from the Hydro-Electric System of $25, from the ‘School Board of $25, and from two churches of $10 each. We keep the grass cut, we provide seats in open squares and in some places flower boxes during the season. We employ a man part of the year to whom we pay $75 to look after the grounds and these plots. The two churches that contribute to our funds have large lawns and we have planted flower beds in these. They are planted each year by the society and kept in order during the summer months. Besides that we plant trees around these lots. Last year we planted nearly one dozen trees around one church lot. For the School Board, we take charge of the school grounds. 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 65 -are very fortunate down in Winchester, because we have a very large school und facing the main road, going to the depot. We have a frontage of perhaps ) or 400 feet, the High and Public Schools adjoining. We have taken about y feet from the front on these grounds, have erected an irregular wire fence 1 in front of that fence an irregular border. We have clumps of shrubs at ver end of each school grounds, and at the centre, at the entrance there are ubs. Flower beds are located at different places and these are all kept up by society during the summer months and present a very pretty sight. We have reputation of having the finest and best kept town in Eastern Ontario and it ull through the efforts of the Horticultural Society. The Hydro-Electric have lot near the depot. We took it over, levelled it up, sowed it with grass seed, ; a large flower bed in the centre, and made a border around the fence. We nted a dozen trees around the power house and we have one of the prettiest le spots in Winchester, through the efforts of the Horticultural Society for a r years. Adjoining the hotel there was a vacant lot. A house had been burnt down ~ 1 the ugly ruins remained there. The grass was long and unsightly. The Hor- ultural Society took up the question. It belonged to a busy doctor. He had objection to us fixing it up, but he said he had no time himself to look after it. e society took this up, cultivated the brush in the front of it, so that it now ers the ruin, and they ,put flower beds in the centre. The guests of the hotel out and enjoy themselves under the shade of the trees. We have also been © ng it as a public place in giving welcome to returned soldiers. All this was omplished through the work of the local Horticultural Society. Our superintendent mentioned in his report that ten new societies were med in 1919. Two of those come from our district. We are operating under orable circumstances, because the Commission of Conservation at Ottawa have acted the County of Dundas for experimenting. They have selected eight ms. They go to these farms and ask them to devote a certain acreage to the wing of certain grains or vegetables, under the direction of the Conservation mmission. They are doing a good work there because of the interest that is en in these farms and whatever is done on these farms under the direction of - Department of Conservation is of great value. Hach year the farmers gather ether in Winchester and we have a good time. We had a splendid address m Prof. Macoun a year ago. On that occasion it was suggested that we form a unty Horticultural Association. I am throwing this out as a suggestion be- ise it may be worked in other places, although we have not accomplished much h it so far. The object of the County Association is this: that if there is a iety within the county that is not strong or if the interest is not keen and it hard to get the people interested in Horticulture, the neighboring society will id a delegate to the annual meeting to help them along or give them advice how improve their society. Thus we work through the county to our mutual benefit 1 we hope this year the Association will accomplish some good work in that y- | won In order to promote our organizations we must get good live representative yple for officers. Enlist the support of your Muncipial Council, your School ard, your churches and your municipality. If you do that and show the en- isiasm that: should be shown by members of the Horticultural Society, it is ectious and bound to spread, and you will have a prosperous society. | D H.S, REPORT OF THE No. 43 66 A DeveGatEe asked Mr. Ross how the expenditure was met for all the labor entailed, remarking that Mr. Ross had intimated an expenditure of $75. J. H. Ross: The man we have employed has charge of the public and high schools. and also the town hall. This is in addition to what he receives for the other work done, and he gets paid for cutting the lawns of the school. He is also a member of our society, and he is as much in love with the work as though he were not paid for it. A Dertecate: Is that all your expense? J. H. Ross: That is practically all our expense in connection with the care taking. All the plants are furnished at the expense of the society. A Beautiful Scene in Mr. Godfrey’s Rural Home. Last year three members of the society offered their automobiles, and we took a trip to a greenhouse in Prescott, some twenty-four miles away and we pought and brought back with us geraniums. We have been favored, too, by the fxperimental Farm at Ottawa. I should mention that because it is due to Mr. suck. We asked him if he would come and lay out the school grounds for us. He did so and also offered us to give us a hedge of Siberian peas and assisted in the planting of it. We had a voluntary brigade—a banker, doctor, lawyer, editor, minister, druggist and several others—all prominent citizens, who went out to the grounds, took off their coats and assisted in the planting of the shrubs and flowers around the school. | Wm. Hartry: We pay a very small amount in our Town ef Seaforth. We have a committee who takes charge of the public beds; others of the school grounds. We do not pay out much money for doing the work; we would rather put the money into shrubs, bulbs, etc. We think the love of the work to us is worth all the time we put on it. PAU) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 67 J. H. Ross: We have a good membership for a town of 250. At our annual eting we appointed committees for the district. Two on a committee, a dis- ct toa town. We also have a committee for the country, and those that we do ; See personally are reached by phone. In that way we get our large member- p, and we enlist also the support of the people all around. A DELEGATE: Have you ever approached the Federal Government in regard the beautification of your city? A few years ago in Stratford we approached m, and each year we are allowed to spend on the Postal building, putting wer boxes around it, $40. By a by-law passed in the City of Stratford, we ed $50,000, for the improvement of our Waterworks system. This was largely ough the influence of the Horticultural Society. Dutton DrLecatE: A great many of the things mentioned by the speakers day are such as we have introduced in our village. We have gone a step fur- r, though, in the soliciting of sympathy. In our last County Council our eve, who is a very enthusiastic horticulturist, brought up the matter of receiving ne financial assistance from the county, and the county has promised to supple- nt the Government grant with 25 per cent. We started in this work, a lot very green people, but a great deal of work has been accomplished, and chiefly ‘ough working upon the interest of the people; a little piece of ground in the ym has been converted into a park. At the present time we are placing that id in the hands of an expert so that it may be better laid out. REPORTS OF DISTRICT DIRECTORS. District No. 2.—H. A. Middleton, Director. In regard to my stewardship of District No. 2, I regret to say that I have no w societies to contribute to our Association. In May, 1919, I visited Colborne and found abundant material to assist in ming a branch. I had a copy of the act mailed from Toronto to a man who peared quite interested and said he could get names for a good membership, but en I cated later on in the summer he was away from home and, unfortunately, have been unable to call there since. At Brighton also we can get a good membership, I believe. In speaking to merchant there, he said he would assist and help in organization. At Trenton, the Mayor seemed very favorably disposed and I left him expect- z he would call a meeting and get under way but his entrance into politics and s subsequent election as M.P.P. sidetracked my efforts. Outside of our district I approached the Reeve of Port Perry and gave him me literature and I think you will see a branch formed there before long. Many communities are open to have a good society formed in their midst d would suggest a small neat card, stating reasons why you should have a live rticultural Society in your town. District No. 4.—Rev. W. M. MacKay, Director. If it were not for the magnificent assistance given to me by past-president yeckray, and Vice-President, Miss Yates, and the district, I think so far as the rectors work would go officially at least we would not have very much to report. 68 REPORT OF THE No. 43 I became interested in the Horticultural Society largely through Juvenile work, which lies closest to my heart, but I had the privilege during the year of visiting some of our organizations—not all—and the more I get into it the more difficulty — I have in getting out of it so far as horticulture is concerned. And I sometimes wonder which I am in, horticulture or the work of the pastorate. I find, however, there are compensations, and, sometimes, I am able to interest a listless family in church affairs through horticulture. Sometimes I get the interest of the parents — through the children’s chickens. Most of the organizations through my district are well established. I have no real new organizations to report, but we are holding - our own. So far as I have been able to gather from the reports received, all are vot only holding their own but gaining substantially. The organizations are doing good work and growing. You will agree with me that in the few moments allotted for this report anything that might be said should be about the newer organizations. We have a new organization in New Toronto. If you will take my advice, you will keep your eyes on that little new town. There is community work evolving © there which is worth while keeping in touch with. Their new organization, for which Miss Yates is responsible is worth while. It is a manufacturing town and in this community work, horticulture takes the leading place. We have a new organization in Riverdale. The Superintendent and Secretary — of our association tell me that the way is open for the Riverdale organization ~ to become fully established and stabilized. ‘That is perhaps in a sense a new organization. They are doing good work there. Nothing has been said with regard to a phase of work in our own Society that, — in my judgment, Societies might take up, especially in the winter time—to find | employment for your Horticultural Society, and that is in the way of civic im- provement. We have had many excellent addresses along different lines, and we can see how the love of nature and the love of the beautiful in birds and flowers produced such a man as we listened to last night, of the right sort, and as horti- . culturists we should not be satisfied with anything less than that. q In the work of civic improvement, there is one special thing that I would liked to draw attention to. Our Horticultural Society put on a floral memorial service. All our returned men were home and the Horticultural Society supplied flowers to the churches which had the memorial service in the morning. There was a Union service at night in the open—one of the strongest things we ever put on at Weston. 1 mention this to show the way in which Societies can make themselves effective for the production of manhood and womanhood. So far as reports go, in my own district, No. 4, the work carried on is expanding, and there is strong evidence of a substantial forward movement in the work of District No. 4. District No. 5—Dr. Smith, St. Catharines (for W. B. Burgoyne). Those who were assembled here last year are aware that Mr. Burgoyne gave $1,000 for a rose garden. Jt has materialized in a most miraculous degree. The work was delayed for a long time in the spring. For the first year of a rose garden the results were the most remarkable. It is one of the show. spots of our beautiful city. We have two exhibitions—the Rose Show in. bass and the Flower Show later on in September. 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 69 District No. 6—J. A. Magee, Hanover, Director. The interest in gardening, flower and vegetable, is quite alive and keen in t quarters of the district, and the educational value of the different Societies of the Annual Reports of the Ontario Horticultural Association is inestimable. civic authorities in the various towns and villages are showing increased pathy with the work we are endeavoring to carry on in the way of private and ic improvements. During 1919 a new society was started, or rather resurrected, namely: Walker- with a membership of 160, and a new management. They had a fine flower vegetable show in September in which the school children’s exhibits played rge part. Plans have been made whereby the Floral Department of the C.P.R. A Well-kept Lawn. co-operating in making the station plot a beauty spot in the town; and it is 2d to have a park, though small, in the heart of Walkerton next year. For 1920, Chesley have about completed organization of a new Society, It of pioneer work by the Hanover Society, directly and indirectly in that town. $ promises to be a Society from which we may hear in the near future. The Clinton Society had different lectures during the year by such well- wn experts as Dr. Bennett and Mr. Hartry, the results of which were seen in ne show in September, many store window exhibits during the year, and much 2 beautification. Here work was done at the G.T.R. station, where a veritable ish dump-hole of about one-eighth acre was converted into a little park and -house. The Owen Sound Society, with a membership of 211, expended much time, ey and effort in a School Products Fair in September. The Board of Education ated $75 towards it and private citizens were very loyal also to the cause. Two 70 REPORT OF THE No. 43 judges from the Agricultural Department were present. The Society also planted | i : several public flower-beds in the parks and public grounds, besides being instru- ~ mental in having Mr. Tomlinson of the O.A.C. on hand to suggest improvements in the general planting of the town. 7 ae The Hanover Society, with a membership of 221, have had an exceptionally busy year, handling all sorts of fruits, flowers and shrubs for members, and taking part in the general improvement of the town, such as planting post-office flower beds, school borders, window-boxes on municipal buildings, station yards, etc., besides giving advice on the planning and planting of private borders. The Society — own two full-sized town lots, which were formerly unsightly brick-yards, but which are being converted into what will soon be a source of pleasure and profit to the citizens. In this space demonstrations are being made of perennial borders, choice varieties of standard shrubs, flowers, etc., and surplus stock from premium lists are held in reserve for future use. At present the Society values its premium supplies at $500. The town cemeteries are being remodelled and the Society has been given almost full charge of this. In the near future a park will be estab- lished and further opportunity will arise for good service. Many other Societies are doing good work, but the details were not forwarded to me. A District No. 8.—-Dr. Bennett, Director. I want to mention one innovation in my District. Inspector Taylor, who is” absent now, and myself, at the invitation of one of the members of the County — Council, took up the matter with the Elgin County Council regarding giving a grant to the Horticultural Society, supplementing the Government grant. | Inspector Taylor took the matter up with the County Council, and they unani-_ mously voted a grant of 25 per cent. of any Government grant, so that Dutton, Port Stanley, West Lorne and Aylmer, and Rodney eventually, will receive 25° per cent. of the Government grant this year, and any that are formed next year. That is an excellent feature in any county. The Societies in our district have increased their membership considerably. Stratford has over 900 this year, London has a membership of some 1,600. Our own Society in St. Thomas has a membership of 2,108, with an increase of $3,600 in receipts, making the receipts. nearly $12,000 this year. . Dutton has a splendid little Society full of enthusiasm, doing a splendid work. During the year Dutton, Port Stanley, West Lorne have been formed into a District. I also addressed Otterville and Leamington. I have had the honour of forming about half the Societies that were formed this year. T have had to go outside the district. Now, there is one thing here: go when the people want you. Red tape is all right, organize when the Government says. But, as T said to Mr. Scott, if a man ‘wants to come into the Church, don’t ask him to wait . . = ” + two months, tell him to come now—“ Now is the accepted time.” I feel the same way about horticulture. District No. 9—Mr. John Glassford, Director. I have written to the secretaries of all the thirteen societies in the district, asking if there was anything wherein I could be of service to them, which was free for the asking. I received replies from four. 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 71 I called personally on either the secretary or president of almost all the eties in the district. They all are optimistic of the future, excepting Walker- , which seems to have gone backwards, I am sorry to say. The trouble seems e that persons capable have not the time to give to the work. I took up another phase of work this season which turned out a failure, in so as response was concerned, yet I am still persuaded it is to be commended. h the school inspector’s permission and sanction in both East and West Kent, I te the teacher and secretary of every school in the county, asking them if they ld not enlist the young men of their section to bring in and plant native trees shrubs around the school yard. This would be accomplished before spring k on the farm commences, and any trees they wished to buy we would supply n at cost. I never received a reply. But that makes no difference, I will keep ; until I do succeed. This is my first year as director. I find it requires a little time to become rersant with the duties a director should know. My time is not my own, but belongs to an old Toronto firm, who have been considerate in allowing me these time privileges. I am pleased to report that I believe the following towns will have regularly nized Horticultural Societies in April next, as the Act provides: Rodney, setown, Dresden, Thamesville, Tilbury, Sarnia, and Leamington, they have ady been organized temporarily, until April, by Dr. Bennett. I do not believe in counting chickens before they are hatched, but I do feel onably sure, from the work already done, in each of these towns there will be nized a Horticultural Society in April. C. A. Hesson: There are two outstanding points coming from these reports, ch, if followed up and clinched, may lead to a bettering of the work of our ciation. There seems to be a lack of knowledge on the part of some directors o their duties. Can that not be overcome in some way? Could not the in- ing President or Board be instructed to inform new directors as to what is cted of them. They then will go out and work with some knowledge and report with some knowledge. We have had some reports that have been vellously complete, but there are others that were not so satisfactory. Tue Carman: Last year there was considerable discussion with reference ur shade trees. I have had considerable correspondence with Mayor Carter, Iph, Jast year in connection with the mutilation of shade trees. I have also a communication from Kingsville and one or two other points complaining bitterly about the condition of their shade trees after having been cut and 1ed by some of our linemen. This is a matter in which I have been very much interested. It was Mr. lair who reported last year that the Hydro Electric people had some arrange- t with the Government whereby they could cut back 10 feet. I suppose that intended from the top, 10 feet, whereas they have been cutting 10 feet from bottom. They came into our town. There was a beautiful row of trees on south side of the street, just where we wanted shade, and they took off fully half of the one side of the trees, and there they stood until the extreme cutting yed and rotted the trees, and they are now no more. It is really time, after amount of labor and expense in connection with those trees, that we take e step in the direction of putting a stop to mutilation. When I went to Sea- h about twenty years ago we had no cattle laws, and we had cattle guards md every tree so that the cattle could not injure them. Now that we have REPORT OF THE No. 43 ee ~? a) those cattle by-laws, the guards are off. But the Hydro men come in and just murder our trees. Those men deliberately, in the spring of the year, climbed those trees with irons and lacerated the whole trunk of the tree until it was bleeding with sap. Those trees will die. It is high time we took steps in connection with this matter. J. P. Jarrray, Galt: Does the Association want to go on record as being opposed to the Hydro-Electrie going into towns and cities and putting their trunk ~ lines in? It would be well to consider before passing a resolution. We got over that in Galt by providing in new additions to the city an alleyway. The poles and sewers are put in the alleys. The water was put in the alleys simply because we looked far enough ahead. 5 | Then there is another possibility. Why do not some of these towns and cities put their wires in the ground? It costs money but, as a matter of fact, the — property owner pays for it. The property owner in these thriving towns and cities must make up his mind to perform acts of that kind. We have a boulevard plan, 11 ft. inside, a walk 4 ft., then another boulevard outside that sidewalk, and — that is where the poles or the stems of the lights are placed, the trees are put on the inside of the boulevard. We have had hundreds of trees put in in the last — twenty years. We have not a single tree mutilated. We want power and light more than we want beautiful trees in some of the towns, and I do not take second place to anyone in connection with the tree line. Last year I got the Board of — Trade in Galt to take up the tree question, and we put 1,000 trees in, partly at our own and partly at the property owners’ expense. I would propose that we ask the Hydro Commission before they send their men in to do repair work and con- struction work, to notify the Council, to see if the trees can not be saved by — putting the poles in a different section or the back part of lots. If you have the © Commission do this, then the Mayor and Council can meet these men. | H. J. Moore: It seems to me that the solution of this trouble lies in the hands largely of the Ontario Horticultural Association. If any of us were going into business where we intended to spend large sums of money we would either handle that business ourselves or we would appoint the best and most efficient — managér we could get to handle it for us. It is a question of saving the trees that are beautiful. The future will take care of itself, because there will then be legislation to take care of this. The Ontario Horticultural Association has the power in its hands this morning to ordain a way in which the trouble can be eliminated. The Government give grants amounting to $17,000 to be used, as I understand, by the individual Societies of this Association. To what purpose is it being used? Whose is the controlling mind that says such things shall be done and such shall not be done? In many cases, in the towns of the Province where Horticultural Societies exist, the money is not being wisely spent. Certain im-_ provements are being effected and they are but temporary. Consequently these have to be done again a year or two later at a loss of 100 per cent. on the money. expended. : Would it not be advisable to have a qualified trained landscape gardener, to advise the secretaries and presidents as to the best way to spend that money? When his plans have been passed upon they can go ahead. It is like a man build- ing a house without a plan. | 3 Now as to the care of trees. Suppose we had a qualified landscape architect appointed at a living wage—this man would be at your disposal. You weuld ask the secretary. to send this man along, as the Hydro-Electric are coming in here 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. (6) o cut these trees. This particularly applies to the smaller towns. In the larger owns and cities where they have a park superintendent this is not necessary. This nan could be sent to the various points to advise upon planting and prun ng, etc., nd when the men arrived he could say what can be done and what can not be done. I note what this gentleman said about alleyways. That is a question for the uture, and under the Town Planning Act of this Province that work of devising lleyways and entrances will be left to the Town Planning Commission. I have drawn up the following resolution which I should like to bring forward rhen the resolutions are passed upon: “ Whereas the need of a trained landscape gardener is necessary to advise the arious societies to successfully and efficiently carry out their work and to mature lans for same, An Early Stage in Ornamental Planting. “ And whereas certain grants are placed at the disposal of the Ontario Horti- ultural Association, “Be it resolved that this Convention request the Executive to appoint a ialified landscape architect, which appointment would result’in greater efficiency id better results from the money expended in the work.” This was seconded by Pror. Crow from the O.A.C., Guelph, who said: It ems to me it-is a matter of the greatest importance to Horticultural Societies yerywhere, in fact, I can conceive of nothing which is more likely to stimulate tivity and give us real results in Horticultural Society work. I can say from xperience if a man were available to do this sort of work he would be able to pver a great deal of ground. We have been called upon very frequently to loan rof. Tomlinson to towns, but our work is considered to be largely in the country, 6 HLS. 74 REPORT OF THE No. 43 and for that reason we have had to pass the work aside. A man working in this capacity would be able to cover a great deal of work. If he cannot do the whole job, by all means let us have one for a start. F. E. Buox: As an Association we should go on record as adopting a reason- able attitude toward the Hydro-Electric and the Bell Telephone Company. It is no good fighting big corporations like that. What we should do, as an organization in the Province of Ontario, is to put on record our opinion that things could be furthered better by requesting the Hydro Commission and the Bell Telephone Company to get into touch with some of our officials, to amend their legislation dealing with the trimming of trees. If we take that step we shall have no difficulty in following up with the appointment of a specialist such as we spoke of here. Mr. Adams, the Town Planning expert, has also suggested legislation along plans similar to that to which Mr. Jaffray of Galt has referred. Why not refer this matter to the committee which you appointed yesterday, and also if you wish, pass the resolution before the house to them, so that we could get somewhere in a business-like way. H. J. Moore: There is no antagonism in what I said to the Hydro or the Bell Telephone Co. The suggestion was raade that the Horticultural Association make the appointment of a landscape architect, and simply be a means to an end, and under the existing conditions would ke: acting in quite a friendly manner toward these Corporations, in that when they expect to go into a town they would simply say, “Gentlemen, you criticized our men in regard to mutilating your trees; what is your solution?” You would say, “ Here is the solution.” Legis- lation is a fine thing, but it will probably take some time to pass it. An incident occurred in Niagara Falls where a Company ruined the trees on one side of the street. Now, I say, unless steps are taken at once to convince these Companies of our feelings in the matter, mutilation in the coming spring will be continued. We should have a man who is qualified to tell the Societies what should be done and what can be done. H. B. Cowan: I understand that Mr. Thos. Adams has offered to give infor- mation regarding Landscape Gardening to any city that asks for it. He has offered it to Peterboro. Wn. Harrry: In each small town and village where the Hydro or these other lines are run, they are erected and controlled by men of the town. The Hydro people do not send men from Toronto. The moment you say a word to them they will say they have the authority to do it from the Government. A Dexecate: Will not the laws of a town overrule that? THe CuHairman: Apparently not; the Hydro say they have authority to cut back 10 feet. , Rev. Mr. MacKay: I believe the Hydro have more extensive latitude than the Bell Telephone. It is a matter of law enforcement. I remember up in the old home county, we boys planted trees on the old homestead and upon our solicitation the Bell Telephone Company finally moved the wires on the other side of the road until his neighbors’ trees grew up. I don’t know what they can do now. The Bell Telephone Company have under consideration in a great 1 .ay places the grounding of their wires. We had one of their officials on our Civic Improvement, and he informed our Society to that effect. I do not think there is any time more opportune than the present that the Association could, by taking action, bring all the power in its control to bear upon these questions. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 75 Dr. BENNETT: We have a Hydro Commissioner a member of our local xecutive. The other day he said, “If you get this expert we will give $600 per ar towards looking after trees affected by wires, and put him in charge.” That es not say there will not be any more destruction, but it is put under the care a man who knows. Mr. THompson: I believe if you would go to the Hydro, sympathetically, you ould get their assistance in getting this thing through, and in that way they ould certainly be willing to co-operate with you. I move in addition to Mr. oore’s resolution that this Convention puts itself on record as favoring request- g the Hydro-Electric to consult the local authorities before locating their lines. Mr. Ross seconded, adding as an amendment that the Government be asked -amend their legislation so that the Hydro would have to consult the municipal ithorities before cutting into the trees. A member here suggested that these resolutions be referred to the Committee 1 Resolutions. This was agreed to. The Nomenclature Committee of last year, namely: H. J. Moore, F. E. Buck, . H. Mitchell, Prof. Macoun, Wm. Hunt, O. J. Robb, Wm. Herrick, L. C. Crombie ere reappointed. EPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HYBRIDIZING AND EXPERI- MENTATION ELECTED AT THE CONVENTION IN FEBRUARY, 1919. Personnel: Miss Mary Yares, Convener, Miss M. E. Briacktock, Mr. RANK S. Woop, Mr. J. C. CROMBIE. All members agreed that the time is ripe for a movement in the direction of e establishment of a location in which the interests of horticulture shall have ‘imary consideration. The general situation has been examined and it has transpired that kindred ganizations are considering similar projects. The Botanical Department of Toronto University has already taken steps present plans for a co-operative botanical garden which shall serve the Province 4egin with and shall later form a working model for the growing communities they are able to undertake such work. The Rose Society of Ontario has actively been engaged in the attempt to eure a site for trial rose gardens. Their objective has not been entirely success- 1 and as a society they are willing to consider co-operation in a wider scheme. The Vegetable Growers’ Association have a project which entails the securing a site of from eleven to twenty-five acres and plans have been worked out to rry on experiments of a high order of value. There are two lines, at least, open to us for consideration— (1). We can offer to co-operate with these organizations in regard to a com- ‘ehensive provincial plan. (2). Our own Association, it will be remembered has over a hundred -anches and twenty thousand paid-up members. Many of these branches feel at the Association should take the initiative and give the invitation to the ndred organizations to take interest in the special areas connected with their mn definite lines of work. 76 REPORT OF THE No. 43 It is quite clear that enough interest exists to warrant a definite appeal to all branches to discuss this matter of Experimentation and Trial Grounds fully at their regular meetings. Suggestions to be asked for—(1). As to the form such work shall take, ete. (2). The possible means of financing such a plan. One enterprising statement made was to the effect that model farms have been in order of practical politics for some time, therefore why not a model small holding er group of such holdings, a model village in fact. The branch making this statement recommended that plans might be asked for by the esteemed Mr. Adams, the village planning expert for the Federal Government. In buildings on such premises, the necessary verbal instruction should be given for the training of gardeners that is so badly needed, and for the showing of flowers. The practi- cal work would be provided in great variety in such a place. In view of the facts revealed the committee begs to recommend the formation of a standing committee to consider the situation more fully and to bring the idea of experimental gardens to the forefront of progressive work in the Association. EXPERIMENTAL GROUNDS. Pror. R. B. THomson, Toronto UNIVERSITY. When Miss Yates asked me some time since to open the discussion on Experi- mental Grounds, she referred to the offer that I had made some time ago to allow the use of the University greenhouses to members of the Association for experi- mental purposes. Perhaps you have heard it stated that the poor are the most generous givers. Certainly the offer savoured very much of the “sharing our poverty with you.” The intention was good, however, and when we do succeed in getting an adequate equipment it will give us the greater pleasure to continue that offer. In this regard you will be pleased to know that a home for Botany stands first on the University’s list of new buildings. In these buildings I hope you will find room and a cordial welcome for such meetings as this. The build- ings and equipment as proposed will provide for Forestry as well as Botany, and the present intention is that they occupy the northern portion of the block op- posite the General Hospital with greenhouses to the south, and gardens in the centre of the block, opening into College Street. Thus outfitted, not only will the teaching of Botany be facilitated, but public outward recognition given the subject. This is good, but it is not sufficient to meet the needs of the situation. Mr. Groves drew your attention yesterday to the need. of facilities for the training of gardeners. This need is one from which no one has suffered more than we. We started a small Botanic garden south of our present building about ten years ago, and succeeded in getting some 3,000 native and exotic species to grow, but this number is but a tithe of those that fell by the way—sacrificed to the hoe of the ignorant workman or to his lack of knowledge of the proper methods of cultivation. | We need then just as much as you do trained gardeners. Our young men and women also who come to the University for Botany courses ought to have an opportunity to learn how to grow plants. Any work they do in plant breeding demands this. Our mutual necessity is “A training ground for Gardeners.” 20 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 77 This country is woefully lacking in such facilities. Even the Old Country prentice system is not to any extent in vogue here. Perhaps, it is just as well, ice such a system might only delay the day of the definite institution, the hool of Gardening, or whatever you may call it, that is bound to come in yrticulture as it has in other crafts. Perhaps, some may demur at the sweeping aracter of my statement with regard to training facilities in this country, ind int shall I say to the possibilities at Ottawa and to the reality at Guelph. I y possibilities at Ottawa for the men and the means are there, but alas the nstitution of this Dominion of ours, whether for better or for worse, has put 2 onus of education on the Provincial Governments and does not permit the yminion a say in the matter. Ottawa is thus out of consideration in any veme of Education of Gardeners. e A Useful and Ornamental Gateway. Now what of the Department of Horticulture at O.A.C.? This Depart- ent is’ working under difficulties which no one appreciates more fully than I, ‘cept perhaps the members of that staff themselves. They are making praise- orthy and heroic efforts, but the question always comes up:—Why don’t we see e results in the trained gardeners they are turning out? Why is it that when position as gardener is advertised so few men apply, and why is it that of the w that do, nearly all are Old Country trained men? I shall state plainly what I think is the trouble, and in the candid exchange > views that will follow, I am hopeful that something vital will be disclosed. I aturally agree with the findings of the Educational Committee of the C. H. A. being privileged to be one of its members), those findings which were put before ou so ably yesterday by the Secretary, Mr. Groves. I agree that Horticulture ~? CO REPORT OF THE No. 43 should be recognized as a craft of itself, apart from Agriculture. I further hold that though Agriculture is the fundamental industry of this country, and as such worthy of your heartiest support, yet Horticulture is the handmaiden of culture and civilization; and must round out not only the life in the home on the farm, but also that in the home of the great urban centres. I am aware that I am not saying anything new to you, yet, perhaps, something new in this new country. Bacon voiced the same idea in the old world long ago. His words are: “God Almighty first planted a garden; and indeed it is the purest of human plexsures. It gives the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiworks. And a man shall ever see, that when ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to build stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening were the greater perfection.” Horticulture, then, which has so much to do with the home beautiful, and with the furtherance of civilization, should receive ‘broader reecognition than that accorded to it as an adjunct, and perhaps a none too honored one, of an Agricultural College. Since Horticulture pertains to the beautification, I was going to say beatification of the home, why not provide facilities for instruction in this great art in great centres of hetaea? Why not give a chance of such train- ing to the men, women, and especially the children of the city, as well as to those of the country. That is why Guelph to-day is not fulfilling the needs of modern Horticulture, not because of her staff, and not primarily because of her equip- ment or lack of equipment, but primarily and fundamentally because she is separated from the great body of those whom she would serve, whose sympathy and co-operation are essential to her success. Nor must I be misunderstood. In saying this I am not speaking against Horticulture for the country, and the beauti- fication of the farm home. Far from it, let “ Guelphs” be multiplied throughout the country, and their benign influence recognized, but why on this account de- prive the city dweller of the benefit? Why send him away to the country to learn to garden in the city? Why not provide the facilities where many more can partake and enjoy the benefits of them? I noted with pleasure your Secre- tary’s statement in the press last night, that the society was looking for some “ Central Experimental Grounds.” That word “central” spoke to me of the marshalling of sympathies and of co-operation—features which are imperative to SUCCESS. If Toronto were made that “centre” a vital connection could also be estab- lished between Horticulture and her basal science Botany in the University, with mutual advantage to both. The University needs a Botanic garden, so that she may have not only the necessary plant materials at hand, but also facilities for carrying on experimental work in plant breeding, plant diseases, plant growth, etc. Would it strike this Association that co-operation with the University might be advantageous? Certainly the University often deplores the distance that separates her from Guelph and would welcome a reunion. Perhaps your aid may be the very factor that is needed to bring about at least a reunion so far as Horti- culture is concerned. The war has taught us how closely in many ways, pure science and applied are related, and how dependent one is on the other. May the — lesson not be lost in this the reconstruction period. We have a scheme on foot for the establishment of a garden hére, and if it comes out in the discussion to follow that it would be advantageous for the 0. H. A. to have its Experimental Grounds in that garden, all I can say is that you will be made very welcome, and given an opportunity to help in the realization — of the scheme. ja0 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 79 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Dr. F. E. Bennett, of St. Thomas, the Chairman of the Committee, sub- tted the following resolutions, moved and seconded by members of the Com- ttee, as given respectively : Moved by H. J. Moors, Niagara Falls, seconded by W. J. Evans, Toronto Vhereas the need of qualified Judges is apparent at Horticultural Exhibitions roughout the Province, and whereas the appointment of expert judges would much to further the cause of horticultural education, be it resolved that this ecutive appoint a committee to select such judges to be placed at the service the various societies to establish and maintain a standard of uniformity which all oi recognized by the Association and to which exhibitors must conform.” ried. Border with Background of Stately Pines. Moved by F. E. BENNETT, seconded by James E. Brown, “ That the sum llowed each delegate for expenses incurred attending the Annual Meeting of the merican Civic Association be $50.” Carried. Moved by G. H. M. Baxer, seconded by W. E. Saunders, “ That this Con- ention feels that it would be to the interest of horticulture that a new cover design e prepared for the Annual Report of the Horticultural Societies and that the finister of Agriculture is hereby requested to carry out this proposition.” yarried. Moved by Mr. PrarEN, seconded by W. E. SAUNDERS: “That the opinion f the Convention is that the interest of horticulture would be greatly advantaged yy having a set or sets of lantern slides relating to progress in horticulture, and 80 REPORT OF THE No. 43 to that end would request that a sum of money be set aside for this purpose, to be expended under the direction of the Executive of this Association. Carried. Moved by D. H. M. Baxer, seconded by J. E. Brown, “ That in view of the increased work of the Horticultural Societies and the ever increasing membership, that this Convention deems it advisable to urge upon the Minister of Agriculture the desirability of having the Legislative Grant increased by $10,000.” Carried. Moved by W. E. Saunpers, seconded by Franx Ropsn, “ That this Conven- tion of the Ontario Horticultural Association views with apprehension and alarm the annual and persistent destruction of insectivorous and other birds, particularly during the breeding season, by persons who carry guns into the country with no intention of using them in any but an illegal way. “ And that this Convention would and does hereby urge upon the Government — of Ontario the advisability of passing legislation at an early date, to prevent all carrying and using of guns upon the highways and by trespassers on private pro- perty between the first of April and the first of September, thereby protecting our beautiful and useful insectivorous birds during the breeding season. Such legis- lation would not interfere with the use of the farmers gun to protect his crop from crows, sparrows and other birds, such as are occasional depredators, but would prevent irresponsible trespassers from roaming over farms and killing any of these volunteers who devote a fourteen hour day to the destruction of the enemies: of horticulture and agriculture. And that a fully equipped force of men be appointed for the enforcement of such legislation. “And further, in view of the fact that immigrants from Central Europe compose a large proportion of the ruthless destroyers of wild life, this Convention would urge that no alien be permitted to own or carry firearms. “And that a copy of this resolution be forwarded by the Secretary to the Premier and to each member of the Cabinet of the Provincial Government.” Carried. . . Moved by W. E. SAUNDERS, seconded by Dr. BENNETT, “That this Convention desires to express its appreciation of the work done by Mr. Jack Miner, at Kings- ville, among the Wild Canada Geese and other birds, and to heartily commend and approve of the encouragement and assistance given to him by the Government; and in view of the widespread interest taken in his work and its valuable effect upon the attitude of the citizens of Ontario towards bird life, in this connection would urge the continuance and, if possible, the increase of such aid and recognition as — has been given him by the Ontario Government.” Carried. Moved by F. E. Bennert, seconded by W. E. Saunpers, “ That the thanks of this Convention be and hereby are tendered to Jack Miner for his kindness in ~ giving such an interesting, instructive and thoughtful address at its evening session.” Carried. Moved by F. E. BENNETT, seconded by Jos. Brown, “That the formal thanks — of this Convention be and hereby are tendered to the Toronto Horticultural Society for their kindness in making it possible for the members to lunch together in social harmony, thereby contributing to the enjoyment of the members as individuals q in a marked degree. That copies of the foregoing resolutions be forwarded by the Secretary to this Society to the persons named and concerned.” Carried. Moved by F. E. Bennerr, seconded by Jos. Brown, “That the affiliation fee of this Association shall hereafter be $2 for the first two hundred members or less, and $1 for each additional one hundred or portion thereof up to one thousand members, as shown by the last Departmental Report.” Carried. - ° 4y ¥ 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 81 Moved by J. M. PEaRreEn, seconded by W. E. Saunprrs, “ That whereas a well veloped horticulture is recognized as essential to the welfare and prosperity of anadian home life, and whereas, “ Horticulture is a definite craft in itself and not a branch or department of Agriculture, and consists of the more intensive tivation of fruits, flowers, vegetables and ornamental plants,” and whereas there a great shortage in Canada of trained Horticulturists, and whereas Scientific esearch in Plant Physiology, Plant Pathology and Entomology is of vital nportance to the future development of Horticulture in Canada, and whereas ystematic Plant Improvement and Plant Introduction are likewise of funda- ental importance to the future of Canadian Horticulture; therefore be it resolved at this committee recommends the establishment of special facilities for the -actical and scientific training of men in Horticulture, and further recommends at all Horticultural and kindred organizations in Canada be requested to ap- int representatives to a Canadian Council of Horticulture with a view of rmulating plans for the adequate development of horticultural interests in Can- la as outlined herein.” Carried. Moved by G. H. M. Baxer, seconded by T. D. Docxray, “ That this Conven- on has heard with great regret of the death of our worthy member and ex-director ‘this Association, the late Walter T’.. Ross, Picton, who did so much in the field ' Horticulture, especially of Tropical Plants, and wish to express their deep mpathy to his family, and that the Secretary be instructed to forward a copy ‘ this resolution to the family.” Carried. Moved by J. M. PEAREN, seconded by T. D. Docxray, “ That the President 1d Ist and 2nd Vice-Presidents be a special committee having power to name ttain standing committees of this Association and appoint the Chairman of me.” Carried. Moved by F. E. Bennett, seconded by J. M. Prarsn, “ That we recommend iat the Executive take into consideration the advisability of holding a banquet 1 lieu of the present evening session of the first day of the Convention, and also commend that the Executive supply each Society with programmes of the Annual onvention at the same time that the certificates are sent out for the appointment fF delegates, and also that each Society be furnished with sufficient programmes wr each delegate that they are entitled to send.” Carried. Moved by Jas. WALLACE, seconded by W. E. SaunpeErs, “That this Conven- on of the Ontario Horticultural Association desires to place itself on record as pposed to the freedom given to that imported marauder and destroyer of wild fe, the cat, falsely called domestic. “The majority of these animals in Canada are half or wholly wild, and make neir living as much as possible, from our native birds and from that fact, only, ave earned the right to speedy extinction. “To the end that their number be curtailed, this Convention desires to and ereby urges the Provincial Government to pass legislation providing that all wners of cats shall pay an annual tax which shall be somewhat greater than the imilar tax on dogs, and that the duty of collecting the tax be placed on the houlders of some appropriate department in each municipality. “And that a copy of this resolution be forwarded by the Secretary to the remier and to each member of the Provincial Cabinet of the Government of ntario.” Lost. . 82 REPORT OF THE No. 43 In connection with the resolution re the slides, Mr. Wilson informed the convention that the Department had arranged for the ones that Miss Yates showed, which Miss Blacklock had kindly painted for the Department. Mr. Jaffray, of Galt, asked if these would go outside, also if outside societies might send in any pictures. He said they had a wonderfully beautiful cemetery at Galt, which would be an inspiration to other societies in improving their ceme- tery surroundings. Dr. BENNETT said that was the idea—that members of the Association submit any pictures which seem attractive to them, also he thought each society should have a lantern, one cost about $40, he thought. The thanks of the convention were tendered to Sir John Haton for the beau- tiful flowers loaned for decorating the hall. It was moved by Mr. Glassford, seconded by Rev. Dr. Scott: “ That we ap- preciate the work of the Canadian Horticulturist and would recommend that it — receive our hearty support.” Carried. H. B. Cowan: I thank you very heartily for that resolution. I am glad to see this Association growing. I think we are ready for a forward movement and I would like to see the same progress in the next ten years as we have had in the ‘ast. You passed a resolution to-day favoring an increase in the grant. Why should not this Association as an Association favor a direct grant like the Fruit Growers and the Vegetable Growers have. You have policies before you that you would like to see carried out. Your directors should be able to meet three or four times a year, as often as you see necessary to plan policies and see that they are carried out. ‘That is one of the first steps that I think you have to carry out. Dr. BENNETT commended the splendid work that Miss Wilson, the corre- spondent for the Farmers’ Advocate had done for the yearly conventions and the good report which the Advocate had always given of the Associatior’s Conventions. J. Lockie Witson: I move that the hearty thanks of this convention be tendered to Miss Wilson, the correspondent for the Farmers’ Advocate, and that we wish also to thank the Advocate for the splendid reports they have given us in the past. Dr. BENNETT seconded, and it was unanimously carried. Miss Witson: I am glad if we can help in any way the horticultural in- terests, and also the work of vegetable growing. I was quite in accord with what Prof. MacLennan said about vegetables. Pror. Crow: We are all interested very keenly in the development of Horti- culture in Canada. I wonder sometimes whether we as members of this Asso- ciation and as members of the Ontario Horticultural Societies realize our influence. Amateur horticulture is the important end of horticulture. What I mean hy that is that without the amateur horticulturist, we should not have the other, and also that when you size it up, the important horticultural interests of amateurs mean just as much, if not more, than other horticultural interests. They may not mean so much in dollars and cents, but Great Britain, to-day would not be where she is without British horticulture. The Englishman, particularly, has given to the world what is recognized the world over as the model of the home, and not the least feature about the Englishman’s home is the horticultural end of it—his trees, his shrubs and flowers. We are commencing in Canada to realize something of what home life may mean. We are coming to realize some- thing of the importance of home life and of seeing to it that our home life is 83 HORTICULTURAL SOC] ETIES 1920 Tete tvvtyderttettrtty *s MIM ‘UMBT Jday AT}BPAON TUPECEUECEEAYDNDEMErest entree teneg seesaw senna 84 REPORT OF THE No. 43 ee lived under proper surroundings. I am not ashamed, nor I imagine are you, to stand on a public platform and plead for the cult of beauty. Without it we should be inferior, degraded, and I submit it is only as we cultivate character and love beauty that we develop in our homes the type of individual that we wish to see in our country. Now with regard to horticulture, it seems to me that the difficulty is this: We take ourselves at a low valuation, and we certainly allow other people to take us at a low valuation. I feel that the things that we stand for are important, but we certainly do allow people to under-estimate those things, and possibly our problem is nothing more or less than the problem of bringing to the attention of the Canadian people at large the importance of horticulture and its signi- ficance to the body politic. | I feel that the first thing we should stress is the distinction which I believe exists between horticulture and agriculture. Horticulture, in our organizations, - all the way through, academic and legislative, has been considered a part of agri- culture. I have been told for example that my work at the college should be to devote myself to those phases of horticulture which are of interest to the farmers. of the Province. I have never been able to bring myself to believe that that is my sole duty, because I realize a sense of responsibility to the lovers of the orna- mental. This organization itself does not stand for rural horticulture, and I believe this organization has within it the greatest potential for good of any organization we have in Canada. The Horticultural Association is the subject of envy to our neighbors to the south. I have been in close touch with the American Pomological Society, which is the oldest Horticultural Society, and the American Horticultural Society, and I would say to you they held up the Ontario Horticultural Association as a model. I have heard no less a person than Dr. Bailey hold up to the Pomological Society the Ontario Horticultural Association. They have nothing like the organization of Horticultural interests that we have in this country. We have a working force which ought to mean a great deal. | The things we need in Canadian Horticulture are these: First a Training School in Horticulture. We have nothing in Canada at the present time which is making any real effort in that connection at all. Guelph cannot possibly turn out trained gardeners. We have neither the facilities nor the opportunity. We need a school for the training of gardeners that is recognized by vegetable growers, gardeners, fruit growers and amateur gardeners, such as yourselves. Invariably, it is the thing they speak of in connection with Guelph. We need, of course, au institution which will train men for more advanced work. We need also to take up seriously the matter of developing better varieties, because we are now able to command some of the scientific knowledge, perhaps, made available with re- gard to the breeding of plants. There is untold wealth to be created by our own © hands. Look at the work of H. J. Moore, a pioneer, a man to whom we should all give credit. Those men are the forerunners of numbers of men who will come from the ranks of the amateur. You can not depend upon Government stations to do that sort of work entirely. | ; Then the next thing we need is to get hold of plant material, whether it is grown in our country or produced from outside. We have at the present time no adequate means for distributing that sort of plant material, and those are the. problems which concern us immediately. I am delighted with the spirit of 1920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, 85 ee revived interest which is evidenced in this Association. This Association has be- fore it a wonderful opportunity. You have my very best wishes for success. Dr. BENNETT brought up the matter of the loss by death of the late J. Y. Smiley, who had been a member of the Association. It was moved by him, seconded and carried. “That a resolution of condolence and sympathy be for- warded by the secretary to the late Mr. Smiley’s family.” BEST CLASS OF PREMIUMS AND WHERE.THEY CAN BE OBTAINED. Dr. F. E. Bennett, St. THomas. It affords me great pleasure to speak upon the subject of premiums or options for members of Horticultural Societies for upon this feature of the Society’s work depends much of their success or failure, not that the ideal member seeks to get two dollars worth for his one dollar membership fee, but the fact that each member receives nursery stock means that much more additional planting in his or her municipality. Therefore in selecting premiums encourage the more permanent plantings such as shrubbery, roses, vines, perennials and hardy bulbs. Shrubbery and vines probably come first in point of hardiness and require the least attention. Some of the well-known shrubs to select are the Spirea, Weigelia, Hydrangea, Japan Barberry, Viburnums, Loncera, etc., some doing the double duty of pro- ducing bloom and later berries, the latter providing food during the winter for our native birds, but there is no reason why the rarer shrubs and ornamentals and the newer varieties of the shrubs just mentioned a moment ago should not be offered as premiums. It might be interesting to mention a part of the list selected for the members of the St. Thomas Society for 1920. The old fashioned lilac heads the list, but with new names, the latter creations, such as Hugo Koster, Ludwig Spaeth, President Grevy, Congo, Michael Buchner, Marie Legraye, Madam Lemoine, and Rothomagensis giving us a wide range of color and with different shaped trusses. In flowering Dogwood, Cornus Sanguinea Amea Elegans, Mar- ginata, and Spathi; In Philadelphus (mock orange) Grandiflora, Mt. Blanc, Coronarius Flora Pleno and Coronarius Aurea: Rhus or Purple Fringe; Spirea A Waterer, Prunifolia and Von Houttei; Tamarix, Viburnum Carlesi and Rhyti- dophyllium, the latter being an evergreen variety, and the Altheas which are fairly hardy with light protection in Southern Ontario. We also included a short list of Conifers, which brighten up the landscape and add color in winter. Abies Concolor, Juniper Virginiana Glauca and Pfitjeriana, Koster’s Blue Spruce, Taxus Cuspidata and Brevifolia. Among the less hardy varieties, some of which are very decorative are the Magnolias, Aucuba Japonicas (Gold Dust trees) which require housing in winter, Acer the Jap Maples with their blood red foliage, Buddeya Magnifica or Butterfly bush, Kalmia (the mountain Laurel) the Box- woods as pyramidals or globe shaped, and Bay trees; but I must not leave out the beautiful flowering crabs and thorns, Crataegus, Wm. Paul, Bethel’s Flowering Crab and Malus Parkmanii and Scheideceri. In climbing vines, the Boston Ivy, Dutchman’s Pipe, the hardy Clematis Paniculata and the less hardy but more showy Jackmanii (Purple), Ville de Lyon (carmine) Lazenstern, Skyblue, and Madam Le Coultre, White, and lastly the Euonymus Radicans and Evergreen Climber. In roses the Rugosa Conrad Meyer 86 REPORT OF THE No. 43 and Rosa Hansa are especially hardy, flowering profusely, are mildew proof and particularly adapted for specimens. For bedding purposes the Polyanthus or Baby Ramblers are splendid, flowering continuously throughout the season and are not subject to the ills of the Hybrid Teas, Jessie, Ellen Poulson, Anna Teschendorff and Fred J. Grootendorst being the leaders. In climbers, Dorothy Perkins, Crim- son Ramblers and-Tauschendon are well known. Next in hardiness I would place the Hybrid Perpetuals and lastly, the Hybrid Teas. I will not attempt to enumer- ate the varieties as that would consume a whole evening’s time. There is one warning note to sound in connection with roses as premiums, and that is their proper care. Many are susceptible to mildew, or to black spot and all to insects. All require great care in cultivation, in fertilizing, in watering and in spraying if results are wanted, otherwise failure will result, causing dampened enthusiasm on the part of many members. Perennials are again becoming popular. They are ideal gifts for when once planted they are permanent.. This, to a certain Bungalow on the Mississauga Road. extent, is not exactly true for they require to be dug up at periods and subdivided and replanted. With care in selection a premium can be selected that would give continuity of bloom throughout the season. A great many of the Perennials offered by Societies could be grown locally from seed or bought as small plants and developed in a trial ground owned by the Society or arrangements could be made with a gardener to grow them on a percentage basis. By this method they can be dug fresh and sent out the same day without danger of loss from drying out. - Ponies make a very desirable option, withstand frost, require little care in boxing and can stand a long journey with apparently little evil results. The hardy bulbs deserve a place on any good option list. Our Society has for years specialized in Tulips and other fall bulbs, the Tulip being our city flower, some 150 varieties being listed. The spring flowering bulbs are so welcome, form- ing a connecting link between the winter and early spring planted, as they are 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 87 | groups amongst the shrubbery or in beds by themselves. Bulbs are easily andled, easily planted and require practically no attention, and with shipping ditions getting back to normal the great drawback is practically eliminated. o special quarters are required for their housing. The same can be said of ladioli, which also make ideal premiums for shipping and handling. As a cut ower it is ideal, especially for its lasting qualities, and looks fine when planted ; clumps in shrubbery. Our Society has made a reputation of late in its range : varieties of this popular flower, winning the silver and bronze medals (non rofessional) at the 1919 Annual Exhibit of the American Gladiolus Association how at Detroit. This year we are listing some 200 kinds, the majority being underd’s own creations, Dieners, Mrs. Austin, Dr. Hoig’s, Groffs and Holland ock. In all the options, our members are allowed to select to the value of $1 an any additional stock wanted can be secured at prices quoted. . You will notice that I referred to the easy handling of bulbs which make them leal in that respect, but on the other hand, this is offset by their short blooming nd foliage season, and having to be stored either in summer or winter. Shrubbery ines and roses, on the other hand, are permanently planted, but the difficulties f transportation and handling is an important problem, many shipments being estroyed or badly damaged, through delays by strikes, customs’ red tape, or fumi- ation,—the latter two delays pertaining to foreign shipments only. Then upon pening a consignment it is absolutely necessary to have proper facilities for storing ) prevent the roots drying up. A shed with bins of mossing up is required, or nd in which they can be trenched. Unless a Society has the proper place to ore them it is better to eliminate them as options or huy them all ready done p in individual options and properly mossed ready to deliver. This latter course ; not only costly but rather unworkable. There are, however, more troubles than storing and shipping and that is here to buy and buy right. To me this is the greatest problem, and especially » the smaller Societies, and then again the constant change of officers from year ) year with an uncertainty about the number of members. No Society organizing 1 January can go into the open market and buy any kind of decent selection for pring delivery except through a public or local agent who has to have his profit. ‘he more hands it passes through the higher the price. Let me instance the case f our own Society. In the latter part of last June I placed an order with a ;oskoop firm’s traveller for some 3,600 roses and 2,500 shrubs. This was the last rder for spring 1920 delivery that he would take and guarantee buyer’s selection. ‘hen the same condition exists in Gladioli. I found many U-S. firms with S.R.0. igns out away back in late October. I refer particularly to the newer creations. ‘ome firms are even refusing spring orders in many lines. Perennials and fall ulbs are seemingly easily procured at any time. Now comes the question where to buy to advantage. As I mentioned before, he small societies are handicapped. They should buy a fairly wide range of offer- ngs, which necessitates buying in small quantities at a disadvantageous price, an rder whch very few growers will bother with, consequently I think I am safe n saying that very few Societies get really wholesale rates. This is unfortunate. know for a fact that many Ontario nursery men refuse to quote except at almost etail prices to Horticultural Societies, but give very special rates to agents and mall dealers. This is unfortunate and, in our case, has forced us to go overseas r to the United States. It seems to me an opportune time for the Ontario REPORT OF THE No. 43 CO CO Societies to advocate a central buying agency where nursery stocks could be bought in a large way at favorable prices and thus give the benefit of the middlemen’s profit directly to our members, and thus more than ever popularize the movement. The Programme Committee have asked me “ where to buy.” That’s a big subject, but I will answer it in a general way. Around Boskoop, Holland, seems to centre the shrubbery growing, though France produced vast quantities of lining out stock. Holland seems to have the bulk of the fall bulbs too, this industry being centred around Haarlem. Gladioli growing is rapidly developing in the United States, especially in Michigan where Holland firms are locating due to the plant embargo, but prices at present are very high owing to scarcity of stock. There is a great field in Canada for the development of the nursery industry, especially in Southern Ontario, between the Niagara and Detroit Rivers, and I Street Corner in Wallaceburg. hope the day is not far off when nursery stock labelled “ Grown in Canada” will be offered to our organizations at prices as low as foreign quotations. ‘There are many points in this address that have been overlooked for lack -of time, but I hope for a full discussion with its accompanying benefits. H. A. Mrppteton: We are very grateful to the Doctor for his very helpful paper. J know the same difficulty exists with many of your Societies as with our own. The usual dealer is ready enough to take our money but he does not care much what he gives us. We tried our local florist to sell us asters this year, and our members all reported the worst asters they ever had. We have in our community a species of retired farmers who are out for all they can get. Now the doctor said that in this list given out this spring that they can make a selection to the extent of $1. Why, we would not have anything left for the fall. Does the doctor mean to say that that dollar allows them both a spring and fall selection. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES, | 89 le have a young Society in our neighborhood, at Fenelon Falls, which I am leased to say is growing with leaps and bounds. -I would ask him to explain to us how he can give $1 worth in the spring a member who pays $1 for his membership, when he expects something in the I] as well. Dr. Bennett: If we make delivery in the spring that means one at cost. - we have another to make in the fall, we divide the premium, and they do not t much of anything. They must state their option, and if they do not they get e spring stuff and we get rid of it. We did not have 100 fall options this year, id we know how to order accordingly. If they did not like it, it was their fault, they sent in their request. Anything they want in the fall in bulbs, etc., they sually buy outright. Dr. Scorr: Where do you get your Spireas for St. Thomas? Dr. Bennett: What we have to date we had to get in Holland. We have ecial wholesale arrangements with a firm and unfortunately they will not tend them. SCHOOL GARDENS. JoHN G. McDonatp, Aurora. It is a recognized principle that we learn to do by doing. So in school irdening nothing will awaken an interest in this subject so much as getting to ork at it. The teacher who is interested in this subject and awakens an interest . his pupils has opened a large field for experiment. It is a ceritre from which > can get in contact with otherwise unapproachable pupils. The teacher dressed old clothes with hoe or spade in hand appears in a different role. He is more 1 a level with his pupils and together they investigate the hidden mysteries of iture. The subject also suggests problems, in practical arithmetic and compo- tion. To illustrate, the pupil measures his plot, estimates the amount of seed quired and after harvesting, reckons the gain on a hundred acre farm at the me rate. Problems in per cent. may also be obtained in the same way. ompositions may be written on different phases of the school garden work. I believe the best way I can approach this subject is to tell you what we in urora have done along this line. The Aurora Horticultural Society became uch interested in this subject from the first and put great stress on the work he first year we interested the pupils in home gardens and had a fair in the fall. e found that this plan was not altogether satisfactory, owing to the fact that me pupils worked under the disadvantage of poorly fertilized plots. Last year e procured a section of ground suitable for the work and divided it into seventy- yo plots. This plan was quite successful. We procured seed for the pupils and ew our own tomato plants in window boxes in the school room. This was a ractical lesson on plant growing. The plants developed well, and each pupil xt six for his plot. The pupils were taught the proper method of staking the ants, and a good opportunity of seeing the benefits of staking was given, for me of the pupils neglected doing this. The plots contained onions, beets, carrots, ursnips, potatoes, and tomatoes, with a row for flowers. The results I may say ere altogether satisfactory. It wakened a real community interest in our town 90 REPORT OF THE No. 43 and many citizens found it a pleasure to walk around and visit the school gardens. In the fall we had a fair at which the product from the plots was on exhibition. Special prizes were also given for aeroplanes, bird houses, kites, and home baking. To add still more interest, the afternoon of the fair we had a field day of sports for the pupils to which citizens received a general invitation and manifested their interest by attending in large numbers. The success of the work is due largely to the ladies and gentlemen who assisted materially in the organization and labor connected with it. Let us aim to have a school garden in every town and village and thereby train our pupils to see that there is nothing mean or low in tilling the soil, and by so doing we will provide for the future men and women of Ontario a real recreation which will better fit them to face the problems of life from day to day. Moved by W. E. Grovzs, seconded by A. Gitcurist, “ That this Biotin of the Ontario Horticultural Association puts itself.on record as favoring co- operation with the University of Toronto in the effort to secure a Botanic Garden in the city of Toronto, where experimental grounds would be available; and to this end instructs its President to name a committee to co-operate with the Univer- sity Committee, having the matter in charge.” Carried. After the singing of the National Anthem the delegates repaired to Sir Edmund Osler’s to see his greenhouses. 920 ~ HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. ; 91 STATEMENT OF MEMBERSHIP AND LEGISLATIVE GRANTS FOR 1918-20, Gx penditur’ Membership. Legislative erants. ee in 1919, on which - Sig grant for 1920 | 1918 | 1919 | 1918 | 1919 | 192 is based. | | 9 | 1920 $ Cc. $ 0 a a 246 79 120 108 75 76 76 0 AN ee 138 00 56 83 56 40 47 8 SAE eee 95 75 63 90 49 55 | 41 Is ee ache cbereccsss 310 05 | 51 113 124 95 | 90 urora (organized in 1919) ...... 346 78 82 107 | 22822 75| 95 ylmer ....... a Seen 737 49 99 119 125) 151! 178 0. 376 74 112 175 151 120 119 oe 38 2b wk oo 'e'wie wce 2 3 205 65 | 111 114 80 89 69 lenheim & Harwich ............ 466 96 99 107 139 87 | 120 othwell (or ganized in 1919) 95 81 | 63 Ge sonre: 63} ~ 34 Ne Oe gs) cialaceoe.e ce’ 138 75 | 67 68 70 | 54 44 a tS a a ee 269 53 154 134 180 125 87 ada ccc cle wets eis oes 1,696 58 345 1,012 545 294 594 MSS sg ace ck 00 ieee ie ee 193 31 87 87 80 66 59 SIEGE «055.5 ic asce cecewess 488 36 | 165 148 176 146 =: 135 ae =P a eee Ss 4,598 18 | 518 767 800 | 800. ~=— 800 Ra RR Ra 204 88 | 90 OF eee tas 75 | 65 on i a ee 845 52 141 164 229 | 236 212 Ie 754 14 236 325 192 | 176 | 233 SS o's cis vciwictec tenes 120 80 60 77 49 | 40 | 43 ccs a Gea snd dalcina’s a 286 09 112 108 171 111 | 84 a a 168 62 Sl 66 50 | 46 49 ca ame Duriwich .....:...... 414 64 85 128 75 112 112 ee 193 00 | 69 77 74 68 | 57 ae Oo AS eee eee shade 434 56 92 96 123 | 106—s 111 a 344 73 121 90 99 | 154 91 enelon Falls (organized i in 1919). 109 08 | 102 ie ocean 75 46 4S ae 159 10 85 92 | aye EN as cu ws oa ce oe 427 37 139 235 142 112 145 ere nea a soe cic aas clave 531 17 231 334 263 | 235.| 190 ed 5 sb Sule nwese's « © 285 21 129 127 115 | 107 88 SRS 2 an sas wis Swe eccces 140 56 75 72 AT | 54 46 0 2 ae ae 2,075 10 490 1,096 378 517 692 SE ee 281 68 106. °F 14] | 111 81 De eds ows c.cdes we 1,525 49 | 608 | 842 456 | 450 515 0 a 718 62 201 287 221 | 136 216 aac ac dcceswv cece 364 01 120 132 78 | 121 106 ee ee 7H: 22 280 346 114 227 230 ae OSES 296 88 50 67 104 | A 75 | Ee 1,594 77 169 177 259 366 364 ‘oquois (0 rganized i in 1919) ake. 234 00 101 106 e. see 75 72 hice eae es ce eens 792 26 103 119 151 198 189 NS Se ee 1,097 72 392 349 324 37d 826 I rhe o's kd cca cee o's 1,461 57 284 238 200 270 353 ee oe cas «= 300 29 65 65 69 47 76 ee iwi ccke peed snes 2,622 16 1,100 1,604 436 761 800 - Se 214 25 88 121 81 62 72 a 136 51 123 88 | 106 101 49 errr 983 34 88 191 75 108 245 ee 150 30 63 63 60 51 = Sas oie oo on o's 165 67 78 79 47 72 52 ew Hamburg (organized in 1919) 120 89 54 Bd joscceeee a4 37 ew Toronto 534 57 92 101 [teense + 19 133 ir 1,368 02 234 708 75 149 453 ree 398 93 139 67 131 149 96 ere Ss eens casas a 257 15 102 118 88 16 80 0 ern 253 55 99 132 100 75 83 oo ae eet te al oa wien aueies 3,058 72 1,300 1,523 800 800 800 I ee. Sc twee wane 720 77 ff a | 237 192 | 197 205 ge ee 759 49 304 323 283 284 23 92 REPORT OF THE No. 43 STATEMENT OF MEMBERSHIP AND LEGISLATIVE GRANTS FOR 1918-20.—Continued. Expenditure d ; ; as in $519, on witeb Membership. Legislative grants. iirc 3) grant for 1920 | ——_"_—— > 7) ee is based i918 | 1919 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 = a; $ $ $ PeterboropGn-. 00. see ts». 2 ss% 607 20 268 340 265 212 207 Piet: hee be. Sate 66s es ee 161 62 |° 86 60 78 75 47 PRG OFOGEhe Cate wr: «soe s «nese 141 38 70 54 60 58 41 Prk PIOUGE es Ss. sx s:clueae So ee 3/6 81. |, -° 98 | 106 107 104 101 Pye TOPe ss. . ccs eee eee 221 25 92 90 93 60 67 Prescott (organized in 1919)...... Bal. al 167 16% eee 75 105 fathmond Hill 3.7 ey dan oe Seetee oes 112 68 63 50 76 56 36 Russell foiac/csslctemers se oc eee 84 11 70 1031 Sone 75 33 St.. Catharines::.: saatedaaeeocs 2,401 55 828 862 800 800 697 St. "Peantas 2 aloes oon ees oe 10,880 01 964 | .2,006 | 800 800 800 PSMA UVIGN 35.35 cs cece eRe epee eee No Returns 16 eee 415 = i eee Semfortlt icc oc iced ciel cee 583 87 156 169 Ba 156 160 smiths alls oo. eda50 o> «cae 343 75 60 52 123 115 82 S. Norwich Township... .-i cus «le 159 59 51 102 BL 38 56 ShBUINE . 4.2 ds hoes sk ee 176 78 75 102 60 51 60 Btrationd assoc 6 etic. . 52h-45). 2c 1,429 68 150 263 130 292 352 Waterloo <..3233.. ass fone 313 39 89 101 81 90 87 Welland 20.655. ¢car sche eee 113 06 102 107 75 96 48 Weswsore 25). 5 625. a eos ee eer 401 48 127 214 &3 101 133 Weston. . 2. <.6.cvara sce eee 1,666 42 30 MB me Be | 164 342 768 VW mestley.-.. 5:5... sees. oe ee 372 41 83 56 75 $9 88 WAMGDY. oc, on a cc Beano eee 123 78 79 65 74 60 40 Wiarton .03.i5 305 sey So eee No Returns GG 42s 'ss ven che ee on eas Winchester... ..:.s7ok.es Sipe eee 473 21 219 213 159 192 148 Wadsor vole ee 70,286 99 | 18,220 | 24,877 | 16,466 | 16,865 17,644 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 93 ML... oo TUAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN 1919. Zz = : 3.2 ; ie eek Se ole 3 e163 | 3 | ea] a s Bias o ws oo a 2 So . ~ mag 3a — a5 Societies. & | aa “| Se Sa a go 2 (ee): a et Seo a eee toe | See | 23) w..| 35 mp Sees Petes | Salses | be} & | 58 on 3 8 eS) =a oH = 3 as | 89 = So par: tame pd i <= an 4 Se $ Cry ear $ $ $ SS ae an. i: .... 76 et ee aes 179 36 15| 247 incourt .......... i eee BA A. a iat see 138 yinstOn..c....... Bal ac os 7 ee 164i. 5. OE Sei Due a 96 aherstburg ...... Dek sigah ieee -\. = eee ee hear 25, 310 a Talo Ott: WOT. c. 352| 139 15 OFS ete 347 ee =|. 15 l|.,.. 5, fie 695 2 620 o| 54] 737 1 aaa iy oe Ts eee oe O74|...... 50| 376 _. Se eae hie 17 | 148 8} 25) =. 205 * | enheim & Harwich| 87 35,43)... 345)...... | a eae 467 re = ee ee = eee 209|....... Seaen eae 96 wmanville ....... 111\..,.... > psi as: iat a ls i | 251 286 ee... "eee 66) ns 2 Ty Senne ea es | 30} 168 ttonand Dunwich.| 112) 71| 123)...... 526 7 348} 12] 301 414 * eee. | 68) 65) 77} 15], aaa a. ! 17} 10| 198 Ira and Salem.... 106 25 78 23) 421 80 p= || ee 15} 435 Rem ete | BAL 95) 90}... .. 307)... .. 933; 321 60; 345 nelon Falls ....... RS ae 7: 180} 20! Soar 7) leet 109 * See 62 7} 92! 20' 1838 73 cha 15| 159 rt William....... 112 Bol Tees wwe 50} = 113) 165 eer: 427 a. Beh. T10l B84) a os “7. ee 390/ 101 100 531 “Sa 407| °20| | 137}:..... ot 218} 13| 20| 285 me . Mate Shas 158} 38 a Nee Pte 141 Es eae 517; 300| 1,096|...... 2,056] ....+. ; ae 138]...... 2,075 ileybury ......... Bane os eer | Bek 281) © 28). os..eccauleisews 50| 282 eis... 450| 82} 801; 24 1,510| 144 646 49] 163) 1,525 MnyEELeL. ss... 1g -- 30 F297... .. Byehed = 5. 574, lil 20] +718 speler ........... Pes ls... =o aan, 273 53, 121 +364 ae 227, 78| + -346)...... 696, 112 oso, 50 34 711 SS ae : 1 ee 67 90|. 226} 144 er te 15} 297 SS ae a Read “ay ae ti =. t 16th... 100) 1,595 Semis 75 6| 106} 55) 298] 33) 159 PSR 234 ngsville ....... =} 198} +252} 119] +200] 1,185]...... 129 Le 20| 792 tchener.......... 378| 210/ 349| 118/ 1,106' 347) asl} 6) 100) 1,098 US ee 270) — 630). 238|.....- L begs Aes 1,296 110 40) 1,462 + Se Speeee | G5\..... yal o aoee it ees ae 305 ae 761 7| 1,604|...... 2,638\...... 1.074 636 150) 2,622 Sais... ee asc. 207hae bk zal 15) 214 94 REPORT OF THE No. 43 ACTUAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN 1919.—Continued. i | | te | | | | a2 - = Yu a ~ i» n a e 3 wm Q75% - 2 " | & | 22| $ |es/, | S| Ses heme las ieti 2 a2, = Tes] Sb aoe = ae ft oa | as Societies. Be Ole ee ee ee er ee ee ge a & © 3 8 & apa Ss o Sy ° . Lo] wn = Ss rs ae .| See O.2 | ga 5 ae 26 cA se wr eB eS od | qe 5S.|. 88a.) Be oS | 4 & | | 88] 8 | 83/22) 5 | pee | ea] @ | 88 et ae = (6 |8& | & | & a. 1), | & $ {| $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Morrisburg. ......+- 108) 16) ASV os aes 962 40 3 20! 983 Napaneein. eco ses ek 51) 100 Hotes ea se Zo2|se\s000|) = » tare 25| 150 Newcastle .........- 72| 2 TSG) bet Al ees Bie tees 166. New Hamburg ...... 5a) 75) fay 0 Aa eta ier 121 New Toronto......+. 75 221) 101) +56) 602] «178 } a9) 25] 534 Niagara Falls ...... 149° “B77? STA 1 eh Pk 7 1,368 Orangeville ........ 149 50. Ofte ceca 413|......| = 2 Sees 15} 398 Oriligk. (cscs nas eee 1Gsaees. Pee SA ee pt) ee ) 4) 25, 257 Oshawa. a: vs <5 cE eee | 182)...... 210). od 2 | 20| 254 Ottawa. icf ss.:: 800} . 587|/1,528)...... 3,048] 314 175| 3,059 Owen Sound........ 197 BO) 210)... Po. 755} = 209 10 30) 721 PLIGG ks .a5 omteee 284 100'~=— 304 4; 1,024 86 rs Sry ae 759. SERPs 5a cele eka 153 43) Ded atmos BO} coat 90 25} 506 Peterborough ...... 212 4; 328/...... 709 11 Pe ey. 50} 607 Bichon. ovis iawn Lee OMe eee 167}. .5..0) 0) oo eel Se’ Tee Port Gredit. ... s24:s6 58 9 Dal, stains 129 Silicis nee Tis ks 141 Port Dover .\: 0.0. 104. 86 106 33| ool 81 465 50| 377 Pert Hove soi oes ee SCI | se 150}...05304 50 2a 10} 221 * Richmond Hill......) 56 18 59)...... 128} 89 UES Peer ieee Te | SR ER aR (Coe | 90le ALA. SBR ol er te ee St. Catharines ...... 800, 483 862) 114) 2.399) 308 10} 310) 2,402 Bt. Thomas... 5; -./.5'. 800| 2,422) 2,006)...... OFZ). Sie 248) 1, 750/10, 880 Sandwich, ..3 5.6.5... No Re turns BealorGh. i aiiiop.5%s. 15G\<-ee 1 5 END tas cee et A72| 2.005% 5 35, 584 Smith’s Falls ....... 115; 200; Bel sw teil 367 26 /| Gee 343. South Norwich Tp.. oh! Sue fs eee 02 ee UE a 160 STO oS otsak vases 51 ...... TOR) eae 156 2 | eae 177 Stratford ..5.i 5. 5,.. 420, 66): 802)... 7... 1,492) 167 82} 58} 1,748 Strathroy..... jasiesia ZOD! setace) BUG) occs.< 509 38 17 25| 427 EROLUMI iis nae shee 5 126, 32 50 64; 290 71 es nes Tillsonburg......... LSS. Sigcted | ae 205 25 20 25 80 Pononie as 2. nets 575| 285] / B22. ve. 3,498] 598 135, 60} 3,532 Wallerian 6 428 .6a3c5s sh acs 2; 160 ST) :. Zou eee se 192 Walkerville. ........ 161) 66 dies 168): AS LE ea Ep. Pee a 75| 638 Wallaceburg........ 292! . O75), BOs swing cel eel owas coocce rece} 1,041) - 201): 1, 225m WARPING... sfc cn as be 90 75} 101 35} 313 99 25 40} 313, PUOLUASUAy sc »'sdan Dine OB). staan LDF sis eiiate 211 | csewest > |) OR eeee eras 113 ROO RDOTO 65:5 cae Favs 101 24). SRG ethos: 319} 124 Bisceuse 401 MW UN 5 ovine sins cee 342 86| 1,738).. 2,196]. 288) © aes 15) 1,666 PU MCAGIOY. §..scans ss 89 60 56).. Sool cess se]; pOBOGS age |= see 3724 MEME, ora's Jio'as pga as GOI sentra Gas. sien 126 5 Bal ns sates 124 WOLBTUON,. «5s ne aes 23 No Rejturns : Winchester Pee 192; TOO} Zisicsswns 542 16 eees oe a5} 4738 WOME sideic sina eed 524|: 377] “Boe centee cB «AS aa is 150} £,770 Woodstock.......... 182} 150! / 2e2\cesese)) Oae 45 6 50} 6 {0 es ee 1 ;881/10,057/°50m 1, 268/61 952 4,657 40,092) 3,573) 5,160|69,974 | l * For lawns and gardens. 920 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 95 SECRETARIES OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Oe Societies. ton eoeoevereeeeeeeee eeoeceeoeree ee ee rrie lleville enheim & Harwich thwell wmanville eevee eee eee rlington “eer Fe see eer eeeereee esterville fford nton eereeereeeeaee oeoeres et ee ere eee ee ee eee rham itton & Dunwich. mira ora & Salem .... sex nelon Falls rgus rt William a : nanoque orgetown derich imsby MR ois os n'a cee ileybury milton mptville Gre edie ko ngsville PIE Fane ce conce amlington ....... RE Corn iats 0.06 stowel lt 6 eg = ER rrisburg Secretaries, R. M. McDonald. Mrs. M. B. Quantz. C. Dyer, Rev. L. W. Reid. Chas. Bilbrough. A. A. Learn. J. G. Fair. T.. Ty Young. Mrs. Lilian Walker. O. F. Anderson. Rev. J. Kinner. Mrs. E. V. Scobell. Geo. Brown. Jas. S. Rowe. Geo. J. Robinson. B. S. Scott. Miss Townsend. J. R. McDiarmid. Jas. Innes. Miss J. E. Beattie. -| Miss Helen Moad. Jno. R. Scott. H. R. Sharp. W. H. Floyd. C. M. Banister. R. Brandon. Jas. A. Kyle. C. Elvidge. W. H. Cape. Louis Koerber. W. O. Mendell. Rev. H. Millar. G. A. Robson. John Brownridge. A. Caskey. Arthur McBean. T. C. Smith. H. R. Minns. W. Lane. W. B. Calder. J. E. Carter. Jas. N. White. Mrs. R. B. M. Potts, 16 Bruce St. D. Luesing. J. M. Thomson. BE. H. Birkin. H. P. Howard. Miss E. McKinnon. A. Rogerson. C. K. O. Cameron. W. M. Croskery. A. W. McLean. J. E. Brown. H. R. Wood. W. Smith. T. A. Power. Thos. Male. Edward Wyatt. DD. Pris. R. S. McLaughlin. R. L. Hemstreet. A. J. Blowes. C. E. Cook. Riverdale || Stirling Societies, Secretaries. Napanee Newcastle % New Hamburg New Toronto Niagara Falls Orangeville Orillia Oshawa Ottawa Owen Sound ....... Palmerston Paris Perth Peterborough — . Picton Port Credit Port Dover Port Hope .. Port Stanley PPCROCORE) as Paresh Richmond Hill Ridgetown ROGET sss Saees Rockwood ha =, | leek Oe St. Catharines St. Thomas Sandwich Sarnia BOM ORG (Sue! Aincsukee Smith’s Falls Southampton ...... South Norwich Tp.. “ete eevee *eeee eeevevees er ee ere eee © 942 06 |0 + @ e608 eeeee Stratford Strathroy Thornhill WaIDOLY —<:. 0. Sos Pee Tillsonburg Toronto eer re ee eee Trenton Walkerton Walkerville Wallaceburg Walton Waterloo Welland Wiarton Westboro West Lorne Weston Wheatley Whitby Wiarton ‘Winchester Windsor Woodstock eee ereee eeeeereeeeee eoeeereereae eoeeeveer eevee eevee ee eevee eee ee ee eese o'¢) be 06 pe = Sie ..8) ® sh @ "ese eee W. S. Herrington. ..|Mrs. J. Matchett. J. H. Doyle. C. W. Longley. G. L. Sherlock. Miss Ruby I. Allen. Geo. J. Overend. Mrs. E. J. Jacobi. H. W. Cooper, City Hall. Miss J. S. Maughan. Reube Horning. O. R. Whitby. B. S. W. Buffam. J. H. Callander. Miss G, Hazzard. A. W. Briggs. W. L. Sovereign. W. D. Stephens. A. J. Nicholas. J. H. Doyle. .|Miss Mary Trench. Jas. Milne, 85 Fer- rier Ave., Toronto. Harry Campbell. Miss Maret. Bisnett. S. Oldham. Miss S. L. A. Lowrie. Mrs. A. N. Lindsay. R. W. Johnson. A. R. Marentette. Geo. Weniver. A. D. Sutherland. J. F. Smith. Wm. Jas. Ferguson. Miss Ivy E. Pen- nington, Otterville. J. S. Morton. John Elborn. Chas. Beckett. Miss M. Simpson. Jas. Foster. H. Fairs. O. St. George Freer, 136 Arlington Ave. J, ¥- Cox: Mrs. E. Truax. D. C. Bawtinheimer. Wm. Heap. R. H. Hoover. J. Uffelmann. A. Many. Robt. Miller. Miss R. B. Davidson. Mrs. E. Lemon. Thos. Harrison, Mrs. R. W. Leader. Wesley Augustus. Robt. Miller. E. N. Elliott. H. J. McKay. .|W. L. MacKay. Pr o> : 4 SB Ontario. Dept. of Agriculture ae Horticultural societies of 034416 Ontario. Report 1919 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY