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Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

CIRCULAR No. 40, SECOND SERIES.

United States Department of Agriculture,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.

HOW TO DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENT Oe at ORE OF NORTH ~
AMERICA.

In Circular No. 13, of this series, the writer discussed briefly the
habits of one of our commonest mosquitoes ( Culex pungens) and some
what at length the remedies to be used against all mosquitoes. This
account was abbreviated from the more detailed treatment of the sub-
ject in Bulletin No. 4, new series, of this Division.

Since the publication of this circular and of this bulletin wide-
spread interest has been attracted to the subject of mosquitoes and
their habits and also to the specific and generic distinctions which
exist between different forms. Thisinterest has arisen from the dis-
covery that certain mosquitoes are intermediary hosts in the develop- |
ment of the micro-organisms of malaria. The connection between
mosquitoes and malaria, although originally suggested in recent times
by an American physician, A. F. A. King, was first demonstrated by
experimental work carried on by the English surgeon, Ross, the Ital-
lans, Bignami, Grassi, and Bastianelli, and the German, Koch, while
the American, Me@atlur: has followed out the life history of a mala-
rial parasite of the common crow.

The latest work of the foreign investigators shows that not only in
South Europe but also in India and in West Africa only mosquitoes
of the genus Anopheles are concerned in the transmission of the
human malarial parasite, although mosquitoes of the genus Culex are
connected with the transmission of the malarial diseases of birds and
possibly of other animals. These conclusions have been confirmed by
the Americans, W. 8S. Thayer, F. N. Berkeley, and Albert Woldert,
for America, so far as their work has gone. The latest announced
results of the most advanced investigators seem to show that mosqui-
toes form the principal if not the sole means of transmission of mala-
ria, and workers in all parts of the world, including many parts of the
United States, are investigating the subject, more especially in rela-
tion to local conditions. }

In the course of this work tnere has arisen considerable difficulty in
. the identification of local species of mosquitoes. The literature of
15166—07

J

this gros of insects is fragmentary and scattered.’

ase :

oa
<

2

=

Fic. 1.—Anopheles punctipennis, female, with male antenne at right
and wing tip showing venation at left—enlarged (original).

The list published
in Bulletin No. 4, new
series, of this office,
above referred to
(1896), is the most com-
plete one which has
been published for this
country, and itincludes
a citation of very many
actual localities of cap-
ture of the different
species which give us
the first insight into the
geographic distribu-
tion of the different
forms. Very many in-
vestigators, mostly
physicians, are calling
upon this office for
assistance in the de-
termination of mos-
quitoes, or at least
for some indication of

the characters by which the different forms may be recognized.

In answer to this
demand the follow-
ing tables have been
drawn up at the
writer’s request by
Mr. D. W. Coquil-
lett.. They include
all of the mosquitoes
which have been re-
eorded from North
America, and com-
prise, (I) a synopsis
of the five genera
into which the loneg-
beaked, blood-suck-
ing mosquitoes
known to oceur in
North America are
divided; (II) a syn-
optic considera-
tion of the species
of the genus Ano-

he
Fic. 2

right—enlarged (original).

—Culex teniorhynchus, female, showing the short palpi which
distinguish Culex from Anopheles:

toothed front tarsal claw at

pheles, divided into (a) the recognized forms, specimens of which

5)

occur in the National Museum collection, and (4) the unrecognized
forms, which are known only from the literature; (III) a synoptic con-
sideration of the species of the genus Culex, divided into (a) a table of
the recognized species, and () an account of the unrecognized species;
(LV) a brief description of the only valid known species of the genus
Psorophora; (V) a synoptic table of the three known species of the
genus Megarhinus; and (VI) asynoptic consideration of the two known
species of the genus Aedes.

So far in the medical literature only the genera Anopheles and
Culex have received consideration, but since this circular is intended
simply to aid in the identification of the different forms, the other
three genera have been added in order to avoid confusion.

Fig. 3.—Resting positions of Culex (at left) and Anopheles (at right), enlarged (redrawn from a rough
sketch published in the British Medical Journal).

The figures which are given illustrate the structural points brought
out in the synoptic tables and have been drawn by Miss Sullivan,
of this office, under Mr. Coquillett’s supervision. The figure repre-
senting the difference in the resting positions of Anopheles and Culex
has been redrawn from a sketch made by a member of Ross’s expedi-
tion to Sierra Leone. Neither the writer nor Mr. Coquillett is able
to verify the suggestion that either of these insects uniformly rests In
the positions indicated, although it is quite likely that the attitudes
shown are the usual ones.

Respectfully submitted.
L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist.
Approved:
JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
Wasuineton, D. C., Lebruary 20, 1900.

4

SYNOPTIC TABLES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MOSQUITOSS.
By D. W. CoquiLuert.

ib —GEN ERIC SYNOPSIS.

The following table contains all the genera of the long-beaked mos-
quitoes known to occur in North America. The males are readily
recognized by the antenne being densely covered with long hairs: in
the females the hairs of the antenne are short and very sparse.

1. Palpi in the male at least nearly as long as the proboscis, in the female less than

one=hali as lone e225 Sees eae ee ne ed een 2.
Palpi in both sexes at least almost as long as the proboscis ag Reso eet a Anopheles.
Palpi in both sexes less than one-half as long as the proboscis. ......----- Aedes.

2. Proboscis straight or nearly so, colors of body brown and yellowish.......---- D.
Proboscis strongly curving downward toward the tip, colors bluish or greenish.

Megarhinus.

3. Legs bearing many nearly GTECt SGaless = yee ge ee eee Psorophora.

iheesraestitute OL such: stales 421 ae eee ee SA eee ec Culex.

Il.—Gernus ANOPHELES.

(7@) RECOGNIZED SPECIES.

1. With a yellowish white spot near three-fourths of the length of the front margin
of the wing; scales of last vein white, those at each end black.- punctipennis Say.

Wathoutisuchya Spot 2.22 222222 So Se ees, ee ee 2.

2. Scales of last vein wholly black, palpi, wholly black....-...- quadrimaculatus Say.
Seales of last vein white, marked with three black spots, palpi marked with white
aAtpases-o1 last TOUYr JOINS... ofacs soe a cee ae ee eee ee . crucians Wied.

(0) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES.

The following species which have been credited to our country have
not been recognized with certainty; some of them probably do not
belong to the present genus, while a few were evidently founded on
badly rubbed specimens in which the distinctive characters were
therefore wanting:

annulimanus vy. d. Wulp. I strongly suspect that this does not belong to the pres-
ent genus; the description applies fairly well to the male of Culex consobrinus Desy.
ferruginosus Wied. This author proposes this name for the species previously
described by Say under the name of Culex quinquefasciatus, but the description which
he gives differs so decidedly from the one published by Say as to give the impres-
sion that it is founded on a different species. I strongly suspect that the type of
ferruginosus is a rubbed example of Anopheles crucians, which was described from the
same locality. Say’s description of his Culex quinquefasciatus agrees very well with
the species which I have identified as Culex impiger Walker.

maculipennis Meigen. I strongly suspect that this European form is identical with
our Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, but this point can not be settled definitely at
present, owing to the lack of any European specimens for comparison with ours.

nigripes Staeger. This European species should be readily recognized by its
unspotted wings.

albimanus Wied. Differs from our other species by the snow-white apices of the
tarsi. ;

Anopheles pictus Loew I think should be placed as a synonym of A. crucians Wied.

%

—_ er a er

5

Our recognized species of Anopheles and their synonyms may

therefore be listed as follows, the synonyms indented:

erucians Wied.

pictus Loew.
2 ferruginosus Wied.

punctipennis Say.

bo

ws)

hiemalis Fitch.

quadrimaculatus Say.

? maculipennis Meigen.
II].—Gernus CUuLEx.
(@) RECOGNIZED SPECIES.

Males.

. Front tarsal claws bearing a distinct tooth near the middle of the underside of

GAC Nee sears gh Stn ae Sete Sm eee Ee we ae rer eo
Front tarsal claws bearing two teeth on the underside of one claw, and one on
underside of the other, proboscis destitute of a whitish band near the
EME GL) igs epee aha pee Spa 2 Se ee HS Cem rep aN Ro Coe os es Pe
Front tarsal claws with one tooth on underside of one of the claws, none on the
other, bases of tarsal joints white, proboscis destitute of a whitish band near

HEY Cet RG CULO texaes teeter ee ee ay ee eee oe ee Lae ees Jasciatus Fabr.
farsi.distinctly white at: bases of the joints. _--.....-.2.-....--- excitans Walk.
arsienotswhite at bases Of the jomnte= 2. =. 2225-22-22 consobrinus Desy.
Proboscis destitute of a whitish ring near the middle.............22222222-- A,
Proboscis with such a ring, ends of tarsal joints white.........._-- iarsalis Coq.
Bases Ol takcal JOMLEG NO GrWeltes > 5 ok 3 Sea Se en a ee 5.
iBasecto tarsal jomts-whitece. =. 0a. sesame, sa ee ene stimulans Walk.

Petiole of submarginal cell less than one-third of the length of that cell.
| pungens Wied.
Petiole of submarginal cell at least one-half of the length of that cell.
impiger Walk.
Females.

. Front tarsal claws bearing a distinct tooth near middle of underside of each.__ 2.
i:

iRrontitarcal claws destitite: ob teethis a= = 32 Sins ee ee
Proboscis destitute of a white ring near the middle_...-....:-....5....-..--- oe
Proboscis marked with such a ring, bases of tarsal joints white.

ieniorhynchus Wied.

pases Onrtarsal jobs. distinetlye white #280 soa Pn aoa e Re oe oe ee 4.
BASE SvO mira] ORMIS-ME VER Wi Ibe= ssn ee SU a ee ee 5.
Mesonotum marked with four stripes of silvery scales.._.--.---- fasciatus Fabr.
Mesonotum=: destitute of such -stripegs_— =.= 222 eo Ss 2 stimulans Walk.
asiz ao, |Olnts Ohindctarsi nevers whites) Se yii22 oso Sk eee ee ees 6.
Last two joints of hind tarsi snow white. -----.----:.:.--.:----- posticatus Wied.

. Abdomen marked with a cross band of whitish scales at base of each segment.

impiger Walk.
Abdomen never marked in this manner, but with a cluster of whitish scales at

front aneles' Or some of the;seements 2222-222 = 22 2 See ee iriseriata Say.

. Proboscis marked with a distinct whitish ring near the middle, tarsi white at
SURUEL CCL Onsh Mea @LihGrpe ws ol <-> eae pie ee a settee Leo ay eh Se 2 ay 8.
Proboscis destitute of a whitish ring near the middle.........-.......-.---- 9.

8. Tarsal joints white at-bases ion ly. 2s see Se ee en eee perturbans Walk.
Tarsal joints ow hite at oth ems 3 ae eee peg eee tarsalis Coq.
9.7Larsi-white at- bases of -jomts = 5s Se ee ee ee iKGE
Tarsi never white at--bases ofthe: jomts) 222 5-22 ees ee ee LE

10. Mesonotum never marked with stripes of silvery scales._...........--! Peele
Mesonotum marked with four stripes of silvery scales, first tarsal joint never
marked. with a whitish ring near the middle —----2---=- 2 - signifer Coq.

11. First tarsal joint marked with a whitish ring near middle of each. excrucians Walk.
ihirst tarsal joimt: destitute of such a ring =~ =-< = ee excitans Walk.

12. Petiole of submarginal cell less than one-third of the length of that cell.
pungens Wied.
Petiole of submarginal cell at least almost one-half of the length of that cell.
consobrinus Desy.

(b) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES.

annulatus Schrank. This European species was credited to our fauna by Osten
Sacken. The description agrees fairly well with specimens which I have identified
as excitans, Walker, except that in the latter there is no white ring on the femora
toward their apices. .

boscii Desy. Probably a rubbed specimen of pungens.

nigripes Zett. Black, the legs of the male dark yellow, hairs of pleura of female
gray, a band of white scales at base of each segment of her abdomen.

rubidus Desy. The description was apparently founded on a rubbed specimen of
Psorophora ciliata.

testaceus v. d. Wulp. Is probably a somewhat injured example of consobrinus.

incidens Thomson. Is evidently a synonym of impiger Walker.

bigoti Bellardi. According to the figure and description, the bands of black scales
are at the bases of the abdominal segments; in the recognized species these bands are
always at the apices of the segments. In other respects this species must greatly
resemble pungens. 5

cubensis Bigot. Apparently founded on a badly rubbed specimen of pungens.

frater Desy. This name was proposed for the Culex fasciatus of Wiedemann under
the impression that this is not the same species as the one described by Fabricius
under the same name. It seems quite certain, however, that the word ‘‘ proboscis’’
in Fabricius’ description was simply a lapsus for ‘‘ palpi,’? and with this emendation
the two descriptions agree very well.

mexicana Bellardi. Is evidently a synonym of posticatus.

provocans Walker. Is probably a synonym of stimulans. In some specimens of
this species the light color at the bases of the tarsal joints is very indistinct.

territans Walker. Is apparently a synonym of pungens.

Our recognized species of Culex and their synonyms may be listed
as follows, the synonyms indented:

consobrinus Desy.
? annulimanus vy.d. Wulp (Anopheles).
inypatiens Walker.
imnornatus Williston.
pinguis Walker.
punctor Kirby.
? testaceus v.d. Wulp.
excitans Walker.
? annulatus Osten Sacken (nec Meigen, ete.).

“I

excrucians Walker.
fasciatus Fabr.

frater Desy.

mosquito Desy.

taeniatus Wied.
impiger Walker.

implacabilis Walker.
incidens Thomson.

2 quinquefasciatus Say.
perturbans Walker.
posticatus Wied.

? mexicanus Bellardi.

musicus Say.
pungens Wied.

? boscit Desy.

? cubensis Bigot.

? territans Walker.
signifer Coquillett.
stimulans Walker. S

? provocans Walker.
taeniorhynchus Wied.

damnosus Say.

sollicitans Walker.
tarsalis Coquillett.
triseriatus Say.

I1V.—GeENus PSOROPHORA.

Our single species is of a yellowish color, usually varied with
brown, the bases of the tarsal joints white. It is considerably larger
than any of our other species of yellowish or brown mosquitoes:

ciliatus Faby.

conterrens Walker.
molestus Wied.
? rubidus Desy.

V.—GENUS M&GARHINUS.
Our three species are among the largest in this family, and are not

known to occur north of the District of Columbia. They may be
separated as follows:

Mmimoieiniarkedwithe wihlteys as ate ee eS chi e Aloe ae eee eee rutila Coq.
indetarsi-alone marked: with white 2.222 5.222202. Leo: portoricensis Roeder.
Nonevoi-the tars: marked-with white <:-.2- 5222-225. S.22 =. hemorrhoidalis Fabr.

V1I.—Gernus AEDES.

Our two species are among the smallest of our mosquitoes, and
have a pale brownish ground color. They may be distinguished as
follows:

Thorax marked with a median violet blue stripe.......-.......--- sapphirinus

Oxs:
horixecdestitute Of such. a StMpess—.< 6-2-0222 ee os. eek ee Fuscus O.S8,