UC-NRLF B 4 3m OW TO FIND AND NAME WILD FLOWERS THOMAS FOX c/ Les I DLOSY LIBRARY '<*. 4 •. » • »• a COW PARSNIP OR HOGWEED. (Heracleum Sphondylium.) SEE PAQE 97. How TO FIND AND NAME WILD FLOWERS BEING A NEW METHOD OF OBSERVING AND IDENTIFYING UPWARDS OF 1,200 SPECIES OF FLOWER- ING PLANTS IN THE BRITISH ISLES BV THOMAS FOX, FX*S. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY F. E. HULME, F.L.S. ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK, TORONTO & MELBOURNE 1908 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED EiOLOGY LIBRARY Fkst Edition July 1906. Reprinted September 1906, February and July 1907, 1908. CONTENTS PACK INTRODUCTION BY F. EDWARD HULME, F.L.S. . . v PREFACE . xi AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION ..,„.«. 1 FEBRUARY FLOWERS , . .16 MARCH FLOWERS 18 APRIL FLOWERS ........ 24 MAY FLOWERS . 37 JUNE FLOWERS 65 JULY FLOWERS 116 AUGUST FLOWERS ........ 162 SEPTEMBER FLOWERS 174 OCTOBER FLOWERS .... .... 174 ARRANGEMENT: NATURAL ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES 175 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES . , . . . 259 INDKX TO PART II. . . . 263 M30208 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Cow PARSNIP OR HOGWEED .... Frontispiece COMPOSITE FLOWERS ....... 7 LEAVES 9, 11, 13 PINNATE ROSE LEAF 15 GROUNDSEL To face 16 HERB ROBERT „ 33 BUSH VETCH „ 48 SCENTLESS MAYWEED OR CORN FEVERFEW . „ 69 YARROW OR MILFOIL „ 76 FIELD SCABIOUS , 97 BLUE MEADOW CRANESBILL . . . . „ 112 TUFTED VETCH „ 115 LARGE-FLOWERED BEE HEMP-NETTLE . . ., 126 YELLOW TOAD-FLAX „ 135 HOARY RAGWORT „ 138 GREAT HAIRY WILLOW HERB . „ 149 GIANT BELL FLOWER „ 156 HARE-BELL ........ 165 CHICORY OR SUCCOEY 172 INTRODUCTION By F. EDWARD HULME, F.L.S. THE appreciation of Nature has in these latter days made great progress. With but few exceptions our forefathers seem to have had but little sympathy with rural life, and the traveller journeying on the grand tour through Europe viewed with a feeling of repulsion the mountain passes which are now each year sought out by thousands with delight. We have, indeed, a charming picture in Chaucer's description of how, on the coming of May, he put aside his books and sallied forth to revel in the beauty of Spring, the joyous singing of the birds, the uprising of the daisies in the meadows outside the city, and all the wealth of interest around him. A Ruysdael would paint the rushing torrent or the forest shades ; a Van Huysum depict the brilliant triumphs of the florist's skill. But these were conspicuous ex- ceptions: ordinarily, Nature was either represented as of gloomy terror, forbidding in its aspect; or so emasculated and brought into line with popular pre- possessions, that a mountain background became little more than a County Council park, with well-ordered winding paths fringed by neatly trained trees. It has been laid down as an altogether self-evident vi INTRODUCTION. axiom that the proper study of mankind is man, and the dogma has been propounded so persistently that to doubt it would seem little short of heresy, but, as a matter of fact, man in his relation to what lies outside humanity is at least as important a study. The great world of Nature may be viewed from many standpoints. The utilitarian finds in its study much that ministers to his needs — healing balms, food, raiment, the wherewithal to build him a shelter. Hence our old herbalists, men of the stamp of Gerard or Parkinson, are careful to justify their books to their readers by the demonstration of " the vertues " of the plants they deal with. This state of mind, however, by no means covers the whole field : man is not wholly material, and, thanks to the splendid advocacy of Ruskin and others, a wider outlook has been given to us, and one is no longer tied and bound by the necessity for bringing all things to the selfish standard of what material good will accrue to us if the contemplation of the starry host of heaven, the glory of the sunset, the painting of the insect's wing, the delicate pencilling of the petals of the roadside blossom, appeal to us. The work to which we have been asked to write these few opening words is yet one more of the numerous works that happily nowadays point out the delight of a study of Nature, and it is evident that the special ground it takes, the means of identifying the plants we encounter in our rambles, is a very valuable one. There INTRODUCTION. vii are few to whom the dandelion or daisy are unknown, we should surmise — though it is sad to think that in the midst of our crowded cities grow up thousands to whom the commonest detail of country life is a sealed book, and even outside a horizon so circumscribed dwell other thousands who neither know nor care — but there must be few indeed who have not found, sooner or later, as they gathered rich floral spoil in a ramble through the woods, across the breezy moorland, and by the banks of some placid stream, the difficulty of assigning names to all their treasures. The power of appreciating the beauty and interest of the wayside weed, the hedge- row garland, is much ; but the beauty is no less, and the interest the more, if we can in addition recognise our plant as an old friend, can welcome it by name, can have a clue whereby we may search out in the writings of authorities its life history : a means of identifica- tion which we can in all confidence employ in detailing our good fortune to those who will sympathise with us in our discovery. Many beginners are afraid of scientific terms, but science after all only means knowledge, and no one, surely, need be afraid of that, while the word botany is but derived from the Greek word for a plant. If there are any who, alarmed in taking up the present book that they are going to be inveigled unawares into the study of the science of botany, and prefer to consider that they are being induced to learn something of the plants around viii INTRODUCTION. them, the object of the book will be equally well obtained. There is no doubt that botanical studies can be made to look uncommonly dry to the uninitiated, and that some of the terms are of portentous length, but all the terms that it is essential for the amateur to know can be readily mastered. Some little knowledge of botanical terms is necessary, but we may fairly assume that all plant lovers are willing to acquire this knowledge. Failing this simple botanical outfit, the tyro is quickly at sea, reading description after description comfortless. Every pursuit has its technicalities, every trade its working tools. We remember to have seen an excellent little book in which all the facts of plant structure were explained in ordinary language, but this necessitated a great deal of roundabout diction that might have been prevented had a few technical terms been mastered, and as these terms are found in every other book that the student desires to consult it is the better policy to master them once for all. It would, for instance, be a most hopeless state of things to be entirely willing to take a course of lessons in carpentry on the distinct understanding that such words as gimlet and chisel were not on any excuse of convenience to be employed. The love of Nature is its own exceeding great reward. The old tale of " Eyes and No-Eyes " is still we suppose current, but we may now happily look forward to a time when the latter individual will be no more, and INTRODUCTION. ix when the tale consequently will have lost its point and its warning be rendered needless ; when the days that Carlyle did but see in a vision, when astronomy and natural history should be taught in every school, shall be realised, and the glorious domain of Nature thrown freely open to all comers. All who are of the brother- hood, allied in this common sympathy, will welcome whatever brings nearer this ideal. " For many years it has been one of my most constant regrets that no schoolmaster of mine had a knowledge of natural history, so far at least as to have taught me the grasses that grow by the wayside, and the little winged and wingless neighbours that are continually meeting me with a salutation that I cannot answer as things are."— THOMAS CAULYLK. PREFACE THIS little volume is intended for the use of those whoy possessing little or no botanical knowledge, desire to know the names of our British wild flowers. It is planned to enable the earnest novice or the young enthusiast to make pleasant practical progress in the pursuit of Nature-knowledge. While, necessarily, super- ficial attraction cannot be its chief feature, it endeavours to avoid equally the dry-as-dust technicalism on the one hand and the scrappy, ephemeral, almost futile method on the other. It is hoped that it will supply at least a portion of that solid basis of facts upon which only can principles be either formulated, tested, or understood. So much has the study of Nature been neglected, and even discouraged, in the past, that the wish expressed by Carlyle voices the sentiments of thousands, who feel, as he did, that Man has many interests in common with the rest of Nature, is indeed constantly appealed to by her, and that through the study of Nature and her works that profound longing for knowledge inherent in the human mind, can be best met and satisfied. I have very vivid recollections of the time, many years ago, when as a beginner in Field Botany, desirous of a closer acquaintance with the feast of Nature, I went, together with an able and highly- valued friend, on an excursion to a delightfully secluded botanist's hunting- ground in North Derbyshire. The day was almost a perfect one, and the joy of hunting for various kinds of plants, many of which we had never met before, seemed only to be marred by the difficulties encountered and the time spent in naming the treasures discovered. Whilst my companion, plant in one hand and " Flora " in the other^ patiently proceeded^ with the help of a xi PREFACE:. has to count the iiumber of stamens, carpels, etc., before he can hope to eventually name the plant. Now, this is quite a difficult matter for a beginner, there being in- numerable pitfalls in his way ; and as Greek and Latin names are used from the first, and the minute structures to be examined require a considerable amount of previous knowledge in order to be understood, the novice is gener- ally discouraged from the very beginning. 3. He may adopt what is known as the Natural System* certainly the most scientific and reliable method. But, unfortunately, it pre-supposes an extensive knowledge of minute botanical structure — external and internal — com- bined with a close familiarity with Latin and Greek terms, and requires a very free use of time and an unlimited amount of patience. 4. Now, certain simple external characteristics of our British wild plants can be made of considerable service as determining factors in their identification. Through a long process of evolution each species of plant has acquired (1) a habit of flowering at one particular season, (2) a pretty constant scheme of colouring, (3) a fairly fixed size of flower, (4) a particular and distinctive form, and (5) a habitat suited to its needs. Adding to these the extremely varied structure of the different species in flower, leaf, stem, and root, and the distinctive proper- ties of the plant, we have a wealth of material which, if adequately made use of, gives us a very efficient and conspicuously easy method for naming our British wild flowers. It is hoped that this may fairly claim to be the most natural of artificial methods for identifying wild flowers. The 1,223 species of British wild flowers are divided into nine sections, according to the time of commencing to flower. This is a convenient arrangement (especially useful also in the seasonal or successional study of Nature), as it breaks up the mass into smaller portions, increasing gradually in size and complexity. The flowers of each month are then dealt with in a more strictly analytic manner. Sub-sections include all PKEFACB. xv flowers of a similar colour. Divisions of these place them in order according to the diameter of the flower, and then each species is fully described according to its own par- ticular features. Common names only are given at first, but easy reference can be made to the scientific name, genus and order, etc., in Part II., according to the usual Natural System of Botanical Classification. Thus the learner can easily, by graded steps, in a few minutes — indeed, by the roadside — get at least a clue, and generally more, to the name of any plant he may come across, and can verify his conclusions at leisure. The present plan has been carefully and thoroughly tested in school whilst in an incomplete state, and is now greatly enlarged so as to include every flowering plant it is possible for the rambler to find growing appar- ently wild in our islands. The grasses, sedges, horse- tails, ferns, etc., are not included, of course, partly on account of their inconspicuous colouring, and partly because they are not popularly regarded as being flower- ing plants at all; and, moreover, are much too difficult for a beginner to hope to identify. The chief aims of this work, then, may be stated as follows : — 1. To enable a beginner to easily name our wild flowers. 2. To provide a complete nature -student's botanical calendar. 3. To prepare the beginner for the use of a scientific " Flora." 4. To develop the powers of close observation, care- ful contrast, and absolute verification. Of the great educational value and importance of Nature study for young and old alike, there is now, for- tunately, little need to speak ; the " Nature " movement, though still comparatively young, is rapidly bringing about a greater recognition of its importance in modern education. The Board of Education's " Suggestions for Teachers " contains abundant and remarkable testimony on this point. Certain it is that no more attractive, xvi PREFACE. interesting, or valuable means for the production of healthy mental occupation and training can be named at the present time. In compiling thia little handbook I have relied prin- cipally on my own observations, records, and measure- ments made during a period of fifteen years ; but in every doubtful case I have taken as my authority Hooker's "Student's Flora." I strongly advise the beginner to record at least the date and place for every plant he names. With regard to the vexed question of rare plants, I hold that it is quite possible to find the name without uprooting the plant. If it is really necessary to carry away any portion at all, a single flower from the inflorescence will be quite suffi- cient. If this handbook assists other beginners, wandering over a path on which at first the writer often stumbled, the aims and purposes of the work will have been accom- plished. Bradwdl, June, 1906. T, F. HOW TO FIND AND NAME WILD FLOWERS. AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. A.— HOW TO USE THE LISTS. 1. If possible, observe several specimens of the kind of plant to be named, and select an average specimen. Turn to Part I. and find the list for the month in which your specimens commenced to flower. You will notice that the February list is a very short one, as the season is very young, the ground cold, insects scarce, and few plants find it advantageous or even possible to bloom at this time. The March list is rather longer, and the succeeding ones gradually increase in length, until June is reached, when we have the longest of all. It is necessary to bear in mind the part of our Islands in which you are collecting, for this makes some difference in the flowering time of a species. The lists have been compiled so as to give the average time of com- mencing to flower throughout the British Isles, so that if your locality be near Yorkshire (which is fairly central) you should find the times or dates — stated approximately in Part II. — to be fairly accurate in most cases, and in an average season. If, however, your district be in the South of England, or near the sea-coast, you will find that one to three weeks earlier than the times given will be a suitable guide to the monthly division to consult. The farther northwards, of course, the later the flowers as a rule, unless, again, the locality be near the sea. Another point to bear in mind is the height above the sea-level, for specimens growing on the mountains usually flower later than those growing at a lower level. Again, a sheltered nook or a south aspect, which gets a greater share of the sun's rays than the surrounding land, will B 2* IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWEKS. also have some influence on the flowering period. Incident- ally, it may be remarked that the kind of soil also affects the likelihood of finding a plant in any neighbourhood, as well as its relative abundance. Some plants will only thrive on chalk or lime, some on shale, some on peat, others on sandy coasts near the salt water, and others on rocky mountain tops. Indeed, an intelligent knowledge of plant-life is only to be attained by due consideration of the many influences which affect the life-history of a species. 2. According to the usual or general colour of your flower, refer to the portion of the lists in which you may reasonably expect to find it described. Some few species of plants may bear flowers of several colours. For instance, in some places Milkwort will be found bearing only white flowers, but elsewhere you may find it to have only blue flowers ; in a third locality it may bear only pinkish flowers, while, again, another district will produce both red and white, or red and blue flowers. Fortunately, there is no other plant which gives so much trouble in the matter of detection by colour as the Milkwort. Others which vary somewhat are : — Wood Anemone, white (or pinkish-purple). Blackberry or Bramble, white (or pink). Yarrow or Milfoil, white (or pink). Red Pimpernel, scarlet (or deep blue). Comfrey, cream (pinkish or purplish). Wallflower, yellow (orange or brownish-red). Forget-me-not, blue (white or flesh). There are a few plants which produce white flowers growing amongst those of the usual colour, such as : — Sweet Violet, bluish (or white). Dog Violet, bluish (or white). Bluebell, bluish (or white). Harebell, bluish (or white). Field Speedwell, pale blue (or white).1 Primrose, pale yellow (or white or lilac); Early Purple Orchis, red-purple (or white). Green-winged Meadow Orchis, red-purple (or white). AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. 3 Lesser Periwinkle, bluish (or white). Bugle, bluish (or pinkish or white). Spotted Orchis, lilac (or white). Wild Roses, rose-pink (or white). Thistles, red-purple (or white). Hemp-Nettle, pale yellow and purple (or white). Herb-Robert, pink (or white). Willow-herb, pinkish (or white). Cornflower, blue (or dark purple). But the ordinary colour in these cases is decided by the colour of the majority amongst which they grow. 3. According to the average size of the flower, refer to the division in which you may reasonably expect to find it described. In order to do this, measure across the mouth of the flower, taking the greatest diameter as the guide. It is essential to fix on the average size of any particular kind of flower, for sometimes a very large, well- nurtured specimen or a very small starved and stunted one might lead you to assume that such was the usual size of the species. The following Scale of Sizes is used throughout : — Very large flowers, from 2 in. to 4 in. across. Large flowers, from 1 in. to 2 in. across. Medium flowers, from J in. to 1 in. across. Small flowers, from J in. to J in. across. Very small flowers, from J in. to J in. across. Minute flowers, less than J in. across. 1 1 , I 1 1 1 1 1 2 i ! | I 3 SCALE or INCHES. 4. Compare the description given with the specimen in hand, taking care to observe not only the flowers, but also the stem, leaves, and other parts of the whole plant. For this purpose a short outline of the general elementary structure of flowers, leaves, and stems, etc., is given in this portion of the book. 4 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. 5. If the description seems to agree well with the specimen, turn up the corresponding number in Part II., and pursue the work still further for the purpose of verifica- tion. The number given after the scientific name is an indication of the extent of its distribution in our Islands. Thus, the number 118 means that the plant grows in all the 118 counties in the British Isles, and that it is a plant probably common in those districts ; while the number 10, for instance, indicates that it occurs only in 10 of those counties, and is therefore a plant growing in a restricted area, and is probably rare in those districts. In the place of these numbers the sign — indicates that the plant is not a native of these Islands ; its distribution, therefore, is variable and its permanency uncertain. The special areas in which each plant species is found, and the approximate date of appearance, are also given as further guides. The dates given are in- tended to form the groundwork for the student's observa- tion and records. His own special district will provide its own set of dates, approximating to the dates given as a guide for beginners. Those species which are figured in Hulme's "Familiar Wild Fiowers':* are marked "F. W. F.," and the numbers following refer to the volume and page in that work. The essential features of each family of plants are given at the head of the order to which the plant belongs. If your plant be found to agree with these descriptions and details, you may then decide to give it not only the common name in Part I., but also its scientific name in Part II., and assign it to its proper family, etc. If you have access to a work with coloured illustra- tions, you are then easily able to still further confirm your conclusions, as well as to obtain supplementary information about the plant. B.— ABOUT FLOWERS. 1. Simple or Single Flowers (as distinguished from Com- posites? such as the Dandelion, Daisy, Coltsfoot, and * Published by Messrs. Cassell & Co, AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION. 5 Thistle) generally have four whorls or sets of parts, al- though there are some species with one or more of these whorls missing or suppressed — e.g. Hazel, Willow. In the centre is the pistil, or ovary, which may be com- posed of one (e.g. Primrose) or more (e.g. Celandine) pieces. It is, however, never composed of tube-shaped structures, though often made up of separate carpels, which may burst when ripe (e.g. Marsh Marigold). Stamens form a whorl, in some way surrounding the pistil, and these again are never tube-shaped. The dust- like pollen grains come from the anthers of the stamens. In the Primrose the stamens are fixed on the petals or corolla, and in this way surround the central pistil. Petals are usually large, brightly-coloured, rather thin and conspicuous . They form a whorl fixed around, and generally fitted in below, the stamens. The petals together form the corolla. Sepals are usually greenish in colour. They form, when present, the outermost ring or whorl, are fixed on below or outside the petals, and are together known as the calyx j because they form a sort of cup-shape when united. Some flowers have no pistil or ovary, others no stamens, while some have no sepals, others no petals, and a few are destitute of both sepals and petals. There must always be present, however, either pistil or stamens, or both, as they are of more importance to a plant than either petals or sepals: Simple flowers are of many different shapes and struc- tures, but only two kinds need special mention here. Many flowers (e.g. Primrose) have their petals so joined together as to form a corolla in one piece. In this flower the number of petals composing the corolla is evidently five, but in many others the shape of the corolla gives no idea of the number of petals. Lipped flowers have their petals so joined as to form a corolla (generally in one piece, and more or less tubular), which is divided at the mouth into an upper and a lower lip, each of which may be again divided so as to assume a great variety of forms. In the White Dead-Nettie the lips are open or gaping, while in the Snapdragon and 6 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Toadflax the lips are closed, forming a sort of mask. In the Orchidacese there is a lower lip-petal, often surmounted by a hood of several petals and sepals, and resembling an upper lip. An umbel is a somewhat flat flower-cluster in which several flower-stalks or pedicels appear to start from the same point on the main stalk, and are nearly of the same length. Umbel-bearing plants generally have small flowers, each with five petals, the flowers being rather crowded and forming a more or less level-topped cluster. A small number of umbel-bearers have flowers with six petals, and such belong to the Lily and Narcissus orders, etc. An umbel is said to be simple when each of its branches or rays bears a single flower. The Primrose order has umbels of this kind. A compound umbel is one whose branches bear each a further umbel at the ex- tremity. Measurements of the individual flower, the simple or partial umbel, and the compound umbel, are given in each case, but such are only to be taken as approximate. A spike is composed of flowers without separate stalks fixed close on and along the main stalk or axis. A raceme is composed of flowers, each with a little stalk or pedicel, fixed along the main stalk or axis. When the flowers forming a spike or a raceme are crowded very closely together, the resulting cluster has somewhat the appearance of a Composite, whilst being essentially differ- ent. The Clover " head," for instance, is composed of entirely separate flowers in this way, each tiny flower, however, having ten stamens, whilst true Composites never have more than five. A panicle is composed of flowers which are mostly on side branches growing along the main axis or stalk. A corymb is a flat-topped panicle, formed by the lengthening of the outer and lower branches of the main axis or stalk. 2. Composite flowers are composed generally of very small, stalkless flowers called " florets," crowded very tightly together, or massed in " heads." The centre of a Composite flower differs materially from the centre of a Simple flower. COMPOSITE FLOWERS. 8 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWEES. The Dandelion is a common example of one type of Com- posites, each yellow strap-shaped ray being a flower in itself with pistils and stamens, and producing a fruit or seed below. The whole mass of florets is called a " head of flowers " or a Capitulum, having a ring of green bracts, called an involucre, underneath the flower-head. In the Knapweed all the florets are tubular and 5-cleft. Its central florets have stamens and pistils, but its outer florets are larger and have neither stamens nor pistils. The involucre is large, oval, and is composed of rather large, fringed, and imbricated bracts. The Daisy is a common example of a second type of Composites. In it the yellow inner part or " eye " is composed of many tube-shaped florets or flowers, and each white strap-shaped piece is also a floret, though of a different shape, the whole whorl of them forming the " rays " of the compound " head " of flowers. In the Groundsel, the Thistle, and the Butter-bur is found a very similar structure. They have tiny florets crowded together in " heads " and surrounded below by a number of green bracts forming an involucre, which serves to contain the florets and the fruits or seeds, and also to protect them. In measuring Composite flowers, the whole of a single " head " or capitulum is taken as the basis, each floret or flower being usually too inaccessible and minute for measurement. C.— ABOUT LEAVES. It is essential that in the examination of a plant the leaves from various parts of the stem should be observed. The gradations in size and shape from base to apex of the shoot are often considerable, and may lead to wrong conclusions. An average leaf, both in size and shape, taken from about the middle of the stem, will be found the best from which to work. Alternate leaves proceed one only from each node, one on one side and the next above or below it. Opposite leaves are those which proceed two from the same node on opposite sides of the stem. SESSILE. SIMPLE. HALF-CLASPING. CORDATE. CRENATE. CUNEATE. OECURRENT. DENTATE LEAVES. 10 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Radical leaves are fixed on the stem close to the root, sometimes lying on or near the ground, and may be either stalked or stalkless. When radical leaves are rather short; flat to the ground, and radiate from the base of the stem of the plant, they form a Rosette. Sessile leaves are such as have a blade without a dis- tinct stalk. They may spring either from the root or from the stem. 1. About Simple Leaves. — A simple leaf is one whose leaf-blade has no distinct or separate divisions, but is in one piece. Acute leaves have their apex tapering to a point or forming an acute angle. Acuminate leaves are suddenly narrowed near the apex, which forms a more or less narrow point. A clasping (or amplexicaul) leaf is a sessile one whose base nearly surrounds the stem. A half-clasping (or semi- amplexicaul) leaf is a sessile one whose base clasps about half of the circumference of the stem. Cordate leaves are those which are somewhat heart- shaped. A leaf may be cordate at the base, whatever its length or breadth, but truly heart-shaped leaves are broadly ovate and acute with rounded auricles (or little ears) at the base. Connate leaves are two leaves joined at their bases so as to look like one leaf, through which the stem passes. Crenate leaves have regular and blunt or rounded por- tions on the margin in place of pointed teeth, etc. Cuneate leaves are broadest above the middle, and taper towards the base, which is pointed. A Decurrent leaf is a sessile one whose leaf-blade con- tinues downwards along the side or sides of the stem. Dentate or toothed leaves have their edge or margin only cut a little way in, forming a resemblance to teeth. An Entire leaf has the margin or edge of the leaf-blade wholly free from indentations. Hastate leaves have two pointed auricles or lobes at the base, fixed nearly at right angles to the midrib. Lanceolate leaves are three or four times as long as LEAVES, 12 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. broad, tapering from near the base towards the pointed apex. Linear leaves are long and narrow, the length being at least four or five times the breadth. Lobed or cleft leaves are deeply indented or divided, but so that the incisions do not reach the midrib or petiole. Lobed or sinuate leaves have deep cuts in their mar- gin, so as to make several more or less separate pieces or segments. Lyrate leaves are pinnatifid or lobed leaves with the end lobe the largest. An Obcordate leaf is inversely heart-shaped and has its broadest end farthest from the stem. Oblong leaves have a similar breadth throughout, except near the base and the apex. Obovate leaves are scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader towards the apex. Obtuse leaves have their apex forming a very obtuse angle, and so have a blunt or rounded end. Orbicular leaves are those having a nearly circular out- line. Oval or elliptical leaves are about half as broad as long^ and widest in the middle. Ovate leaves are scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader towards the base. Palmate leaves are those which have about five lobes, the midribs of which meet at one point at the base of the blade. Peltate leaves are generally roundish, and have the stalk- fixed near the centre of a complete, undivided disc. A Perjoliate leaf surrounds the stem so that the stem passes through the blade. Pinnatifid leaves are simple leaves, with the segments or lobes arranged like the leaflets in a pinnate leaf ; the segments, however, are not cut to the midrib, and so can- not be removed without tearing the leaf-blade structure. Bipinnatifid leaves are simple pinnatifid leaves, the divisions of which are also pinnatifid. Renijorm leaves are broader than long, broadly cordate SPATHULATE. STALKED. COMPOUND TR» PINNATE PINNATE. COMPOUND BIPINNATE. LEAVES. 14 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWEKS. at the base, with rounded auricles, so as to resemble a kidney in outline. Ruminate leaves are pinnatifid or lobed leaves with the divisions pointing downwards or backwards towards the root. Sagittate leaves have two pointed auricles or lobes at the base, pointing downwards. A sheathing leaf has its base pro^nged down and around the stem, forming an open or closed sheath around it. Serrate leaves have teeth which are regular and pointed like the teeth of a saw. Spathulate leaves have a short, broad part near the apex, and a long, narrow, tapering part towards the base. A stalked leaf is one whose blade is connected to the stem by a stalk. W horled leaves proceed several from the same node, and are also arranged regularly around the stem at that point. 2. About Compound Leaves. — A compound leaf is one having distinct divisions of the leaf-blade, each of which is separately inserted on the common leaf-stalk or on the midrib. These single, separate divisions of a compound leaf are called leaflets, being devoid of stipules and buds. They may themselves be either whole or divided. Digitate leaves have several leaflets diverging from one point on a common stalk. Pinnate leaves are composed of entirely separate leaflets arranged on opposite sides of a leaf-stalk ; they are, there- fore, compound leaves, and have only stipules and buds at the base of the main stalk or petiole. Bipinnate leaves are pinnate leaves the divisions of which are also pinnate. Tripinnate leaves are pinnate leaves in which the primary divisions or pinnae are themselves bipinnate. A Quinate leaf has five leaflets starting from one point on a common stalk. Ternate leaves are those having only three leaflets start- ing from the same point on a common stalk. Trifoliolate leaves have only three leaflets starting from or near the same point on the main stalk. AUTHORS INTRODUCTION. 15 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. c. Common. The species is found in most parts of the Islands, and is likely to be met with pretty often in every district. v.c. Very common. This indicates that the species is found in all parts of the British Isles, and is also abundant in almost every district. L. Local. The species is found only in certain areas (specified by name in Part II.), and is not abundant even in those districts. R. Rare. The species is restricted both as to distribu- tion and abundance in any district. R.A. Rare alien. This is a convenient term to denote a foreigner which crops up here and there, disappearing and reappearing partly through the agency of man. DIAM. Diameter. IN. Inches. FT. Feet. F.W.F. "Familiar Wild Flowers," see p. 4. E. East. N. North. s. South. w. West. PINNATE ROSE-LEAF part L FEBRUARY FLOWERS. Medium. White. Snowdrop. — Diam. £ in. ; length £ in. ; flower solitary, hanging ; sepals 3, white ; petals 3, white with green ; stamens 6 ; leaves 2, linear, about 6 in. long and J in. wide ; woods ; 5-10 in. (L.)* 1152f Small. Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil or Barren Strawberry. — Diam. f in. or more ; flowers rayed, short-stalked ; sepals 10 ; petals 5, notched ; stamens many ; leaves of 3 obovate leaflets, each f in. ; plant hairy ; banks ; 1-6 in. (v.c.) 385 Chickweed. — Diam. J in. ; flowers rayed ; stem hairy in alternate lines ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, cloven as if 10 ; stamens 5-10 ; leaves egg-shaped, pointed, J-f in. ; roadsides ; 3-15 in. (v.c.) 208 Minute. Shepherd's Purse. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers clus- tered ; many triangular seed-cases or fruits below ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 long and 2 short ; root leaves in a rosette, pinnatifid ; stem leaves sessile, oblong, toothed, arrow-shaped at base ; roadsides ; 4-18 in. (v.c.) 68 Small. Whitish with Lilac. Winter Heliotrope. — Each flower head f in. diain. ; many heads on a thickish stalk ; sweetly scented ; florets * Abbreviations used in Part I.: L. = Local? V.C. = Very Common ; C = Common ; R. = Rare ; R. A. = Rare Alien j Diam, = Diameter; in. Cinches; ft* = feet. t The figures correspond with those in Part II., where the generic and specific names, etc., of the flower are given. 16 GROUNDSEL (Senecio uulgctris.) FEBRUARY FLOWERS. 17 tubular, minute ; petals 5, joined ; leaves roundish, 4-10 in. ; plantations and roadsides, mostly near the sea ; 6-12 in. (R.A.) 696 Medium. Yellow. Winter Aconite. — Diam. about 1 in. ; flower solitary, resembles a buttercup ; sepals 5-8 large, yellow ; petals smaller than the stamens ; stamens many ; leaves round- ish, lobed, or cut ; plantations ; 2-6 in. (R.) 29 Gorse or Furze.— Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers pea-flower shaped ; plant very spiny ; sepals 2, yellow ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves small ; heaths ; 2-10 ft. (v.c.) 285 Very Small. Groundsel. — Heads cylindrical ; diam. T3g- in. ; length J in. ; flowers not rayed, fluffy in fruit ; florets minute, each 5-pointed ; leaves lobed and cut ; waste places ; 5-18 in. (v.c.) 705 Large Yellowish Green. Hazel (tree), catkin. — Length 2 in. ; each flower J in. with stamens only 8 ; pistil flowers crimson, J in., growing on twigs, before leaves appear ; (see Crimson) ; hedges ; 4-15 ft. (v.c.) 1084 Small Green. Spurge Laurel. — Diam. J in.; length f in.; flowers hidden among large evergreen leaves, which are lanceolate and 3 or 4 in. ; stem mostly bare ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 8 ; woods ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1050 Very Small. Crimson. Hazel (tree). — Pistil flowers ; diam. J in. ; stigmas crimson, rayed ; other parts greenish, bud-like, sessile ; producing nuts in autumn ; (see Yellowish Green) ; hedges; 4-15 ft. (v.c.) 1084 Large. MARCH FLOWERS. White. Wood Anemone. — Diam. 1J in. ; flower solitary, often pinkish purple at back, with a whorl of 3 leaf-like bracts below ; sepals white, large, G, separate ; petals 0 ; stamens many ; leaves with 3 cut divisions, radical ; woods ; 4-8 in. (v.c.) 6 Medium. Daisy. — Heads diam. f in. ; florets of 2 kinds ; ray florets flat, white ; centre or disc florets yellow, 5-pointed ; leaves radical, obovate, 1-3 in. ; fields ; 2-8 in. (v.c.) 724 Spring Snowflake. — Diam. f in. ; flowers resemble snowdrops, 1 or 2 together ; sepals 3, marked green ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, numerous, 8-12 in. ; spathe or flower case 2-pointed ; copses ; 8-14 in. (R.) 1153 Small. Blackthorn or Sloe (bush). — Diam. J in. ; flowers on bare twigs often ; plant spiny ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; hedges ; 3-8 ft. (c.) 365 Bristol Rock-Cress. — Diam. J in. ; plant rather rough ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 long and 2 short ; radical leaves spathulate, lobed ; stem leaves sessile, half-clasping ; flowers creamy white ; rocky places ; 5-10 in. (R.) 97 Very Small. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, twice as long as petals ; petals 5, slightly notched ; stamens 10 ; leaves elliptical, J in. ; banks and walls ; 1-6 in. (c.) 217 Common Whitlow-grass. — Diam. J in. ; flowers on tiny plants ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 long and 2 short ; 18 MARCH FLOWERS. 19 leaves all radical, in a rosette, oblong-lanceolate, about | in. ; banks ; 1-6 in. (c.) 87 Linear-leaved Speedwell. — Diam. f in. ; flowers sessile in spike-like racemes ; sepals 4: ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 2 ; leaves nearly oblong, f in. ; upper ones sessile ; stem erect ; cultivated ground ; 6 in. (B.A.) 835 Minute. Hairy Bitter-cress. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers clus- tered, with long, narrow, erect seed pods around ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 or 6 ; root leaves pinnate ; leaflets roundish, f in., sharp tasted ; damp waysides ; 3-12 in. (v.c.) 94 Rock Hutchinsia. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers clustered, with many tiny, oval, flat pods below ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 and 2 ; leaves J to 1 in., pinnatifid ; rocks ; 2-5 in. (L.) 69 Medium. Whitish. Columna's Trichonema. — Diam. J in. ; flowers solitaryj drooping, with purple veins and yellow centre ; sepals with petals 6, alike ; stamens 3 ; leaves radical, thread- like, furrowed, 5 in. ; pastures ; 4-5 in. (R.) 1145 Small White Butter-bur. — Diam. of heads J in. ; flowers creamy whitish ; florets all tubular minute, each with 5 points ; heads about 12, terminal, loose ; leaves roundish- cordate, much-tootheds 3-10 in. ; damp, shady places ; 8-12 in. (R.A.) 697 Very Small. Butcher's Broom. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers greenish white, fixed on centres of rigid, spiny leaves ; sepals 0 ; petals 6, joined ; stamens 3 ; heaths ; 1-4 ft. (R.) 1179 Large. Yellow. Dandelion. — Diam. 1J in. ; flower heads rayed, with many strap-shaped florets ; no disc present ; flower stalks hollow, milky ; leaves radical, deeply cut, the sharp lobes pointing backwards, 4-8 in. ; waysides; 6-12 in. (v.c.) 646 20 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Daffodil. — Diam. below tube 2 in. ; length 2 in. ; flower with a long wide tube and 6 sepals with petals, all yellow ; solitary ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, 6-12 in. ; moist woods ; 10-18 in. (L.) 1150 Marsh Marigold. — Diam. If in. or more ; flower deep yellow, buttercup -like ; sepals 5 or more, roundish ; petals 0 ; stamens many ; leaves roundish, kidney-shaped, 2-5 in. across ; marshy places ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 27 Medium. Coltsfoot. — Heads diam. 1 in. ; flowers with disc florets and many narrow ray florets, all yellow ; flower stalk with small, brownish bracts ; leaves appear later on ; fields ; 4-10 in. (v.c.) 698 Lesser Celandine. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers like buttercup, but with 8 or 9 narrower petals ; sepals 3 ; stamens many ; leaves cordate, 1-2 in., mostly radical ; damp places ; 3-8 in. (v.c.) 14 Yellow Gagea. — Diam. J in. ; flowers 4 to 8 in an umbel ; petals with sepals 6, yellow, greenish underneath ; stamens 6 ; 1 radical, linear leaf, 5-15 in. ; 1 to 3 bracts below flowers ; woods ; 4-8 in. (B.) 1168 Small. Wood Spurge. — Flower clusters f in. ; flowers and leaves golden green ; 2 bracts below flowers, connate, orbicular, | in., yellow ; stem 6-20 in., very stout, leafy ; with 5-10 rays in an umbel having a whorl of leaves below ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, 2-3 in. ; plant with milky juice ; woods ; 8-20 in. (L.) 1062 Very Small. Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grass. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers clustered, bright yellow ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves J in., shiny, rigid, resetted ; walls ; 2-5 in. (R.) 83 Common Golden Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in flat-topped clusters, gold and green ; leaves opposite, roundish, nearly f in. across ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens 8; wet places; 2-6 in. (o.) 487 MARCH FLOWERS. 21 Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in flat-topped clusters, gold and green ; leaves alternate, roundish, nearly f in. across ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens 8 ; wet places ; 2-6 in. (L.) 488 Large. Greenish. Green Hellebore. — Diam. 1J in. ; flowers pale green, rayed ; stem few-flowered ; sepals 5 large ; petals 9-12 minute ; stamens many ; root leaves digitate, with 5-7 long, narrow, serrate leaflets ; woods ; 12-18 in. (L.) 30 Medium. Stinking Hellebore. — Diam. f in. ; stem many-flowered ; flowers drooping, cup-shaped ; sepals 5 large ; petals small ; stamens many ; leaves palmate or pedate, with 5-7 long leafletSj outer ones recurved ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 31 Small. Moschatel. — Diam. of heads f in. ; length f in. ; each of the 5 clustered flowers J in. diam. ; sepals 3 ; petals 4 or 5 ; stamens 8 or 10 ; plant slender ; root leaves tri- angular-ovate, cut into 3-lobed leaflets, each J in. ; hedges ; 3-6 in. (v.c.) 490 Very Small. Mistletoe. — Diam. TST in. ; flowers clustered without stalks ; stamens on different plants from pistils ; petals 4 ; leaves oblong, 2 in. ; on trees ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 562 Dog's Mercury. — Staminate flowers diam. nearly J in. ; yellowish green in a slender raceme, 2 in. long ; sepals 3 ; stamens 8 to 20. Pistillate flowers diam. TV in., greenish, on separate plants ; sepals 3 ; styles 2 ; leaves nearly ovate, crenate-serrate. 1-3 in. long ; hedges and woods ; 6-18 in. (v.c.J 1071 Yew (tree). — Diam. nearly $ in. ; stamen flowers in catkins J in. long ; pistillate flowers solitary ; flowers under branches ; leaves J-l in., narrow, evergreen ; woods; 10-50 ft. (L.) 1096 22 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS Very Large. Greenish and Blue Black. Snake's-head Iris. — Diam. 2 in. ; perianth 6, outer 3 blue-black, inner 3 green ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3, like petals ; stem 1-flowered ; leaves long, narrow, 4-edged ; Penzance and Cork ; 9 in. (R.) 1142 Small. Purplish Pink. Mezereon. — Diam. T^- in. ; length f in. ; flowers tubular on bare branches before the narrow -obovate 2-in. leaves, sweet-scented ; perianth 4-lobed ; stamens 8 ; woods ; 1-5 ft. (R.) 1049 Red Dead-nettle. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; flowers 2-lipped in whorls ; upper leaves cordate-crenate, crowded, nearly 1 in. ; sepals 5, joined ; corolla-tube longer than calyx ; stamens 4 ; waysides ; 6-12 in. (v.c.) 912 Cut-leaved Dead-nettle. — Diarn. J in. ; length nearly J in. ; flowers 2-lipped in whorls ; leaves deeply cut, cordate, 1 in. ; sepals 5, joined ; corolla-tube shorter than calyx ; stamens 4 ; waysides ; 6-8 in. (c.) 913 Large. Wo/e* Purple. Purple Spring Crocus. — Diam. 1 J in. ; length 2 in. or more ; sepals with petals 6, large ; stamens 3 ; flowers before linear leaves appear ; meadows ; 2-6 in. (R.) 1146 Medium. Bluish. Lesser Periwinkle. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers wheel-shaped with a closed tube ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 ; leaves oval, 1 in., smooth, evergreen ; woods ; 3-12 in. (L.) 780 Sweet Violet. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers scented, on long stalks ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, lower one with a spur ; stamens 5 ; leaves cordate, 2-3 in. ; banks ; 3-6 in. (c.) 145 Dog Violet. — Diam. f in. ; flowers not scented, on long stalks ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, lower one spurred ; stamens 5 ; leaves cordate, 1 in., smooth ; woods, etc. ; 2-6 in. (v.c. ) 174 MARCH FLOWERS. 23 Very Small. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. — Diam. J in. ; flowers pale blue, solitary in leaf axil ; leaves f in., broadly ovate with 5 lobes ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 2 ; walls, etc. ; 6-18 in. (c.) 831 Field Speedwell. — Diam. T3g- in. ; flowers blue with white, solitary in leaf axils ; leaves ovate-cordate, coarsely serrate, f in. long ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 2 ; waste places ; 4-8 in. (v.c.) 832 Large. Reddish Brown. Alder (tree). — Catkins 2 in. long ; each flower in catkin, minute, and with 4 stamens ; pistillate catkins separate, woody, J-J in. long ; leaves later, obovatez 2-4 in. ; watery places ; 20-40 ft. (v.c.) 1085 Small Brownish. Wych Elm (tree). — Clusters nearly J in. ; flowers J in. on bare twigs ; sepals or petals 4 or 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves later, 3-6 in., ovate-oblong, much serrated ; 30-100 ft. (c.) 1078 Common Elm (tree). — Clusters nearly J in. ; flowers \ in. on bare twigs ; sepals or petals 4 or 5 ; stamens 4 or 5 ; leaves later, 2-3 in., less toothed than Wych Elm ; woods ; 30-120 ft. (c.) 1079 Very Small. Field Woodrush. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers in clusters ; a small grass-like plant ; stem and linear leaves with hairs ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; stigmas 3 ; heaths ; 4-10 in. (v.c.) 1222 Large. Dark Brown. Aspen (tree). — Flowers minute in catkins 2J in., ap- pearing before leaves ; stamens 4-12 in each flower ; stigmas 2-4-lobed ; leaves nearly round with wavy margin ; stalks flat ; watery places ; 20-80 ft. (L.) 1090 Large. APRIL FLOWERS. White. Poet's Narcissus. — Diam. nearly 2 in. ; flowers solitary, rayed, with small, central, orange-tipped cup ; sepals or petals 6 ; leaves linear, 9-16 in. ; stamens 6 ; plantations. (R.A.) 1151 Drooping Star of Bethlehem. — Diam. nearly 1J in. ; flowers several on a stalk ; sepals or petals 6, each green- striped at back ; stamens 6 ; leaves 12-20 in., radical, linear; copses; 6-15 in. (R.) 1170 Wild Pear (tree). — Diam. 1£ in. ; flowers 5-10 together ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves oval, 1J in. ; styles long, separate ; woods ; 15-40 ft. (L.) 414 Medium. Broad-leaved Garlic. — Diam. f in- or over ; flowers pure white, 15-30 in a flat- topped umbel, from a greenish spathe ; plant strongly onion-scented ; sepals or petals 6, narrow ; stamens 6 ; leaves 4-8 in. ; ovate-lanceolate ; woods ; 6-15 in. (v.c.) 1164 Greater Stitchwort. — Diam. f in. ; flowers satiny white ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, deeply 2-cleft ; stamens 10 ; stem weak, among bushes ; leaves 2 in., sessile, opposite, stiff, lanceo- late, pointed ; hedges ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 209 Wood Sorrel. — Diam. f in. ; flowers solitary, bell- shaped ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves in 3 heart-shaped folding parts ; flowers veined purple ; hedges ; 3-6 in. (v.c.) 277 Wild Cherry (tree). — Diam. f in. ; flowers in almost sessile umbels ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; young leaves with halves folded together ; leaves oblong- obovate ; woods ; 10-30 ft. (c.) 368 24 APRIL FLOWERS. 25 Triangular-stalked Garlic. — Diam. f in. ; flowers bell- shaped, all to one side of stalk ; sepals or petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, 6 in. ; hedges ; 10-18 in. (E.) 1165 Mossy Saxifrage. — Diam. f in. ; flowers creamy white, buds pinkish, drooping ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves, forming cushions, 3-5- cleft, lobes narrow, pointed, J in. ; shady places ; 3-12 in. (L.) 485 Wild Service (tree). — Diam. f in. ; flowers many in corymbs ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves 3 in., oblong-ovate, with 6-10 deep, sharp lobes ; woods ; small tree. (L.) 416 White Dead-nettle. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers 2-lipped, gaping ; 6-10 in a whorl ; sepals 5 ; petals forming a tube ; stamens 4 ; leaves 2 in., cordate, toothed ; waysides; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 909 Field Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. J in. ; flowers with 5 cloven petals, twice as long as sepals ; sepals 5, with glands ; stamens 10 ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; 5-8 in. (c.) 219 Small. Umbelliferous Jagged Chickweed. — Diam. f in. ; flowers, in umbels of 5, bent back after flowering ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, toothed ; stamens 3-5 ; leaves J-l in., oblong ; stem sticky ; old walls ; 4-8 in. (R.) 206 Common Scurvy-grass. — Diam. -£$ in. ; flowers clus- tered ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves fleshy, nearly heart-shaped, 1 in. ; fruit roundish ; shores and mountains ; 4-15 in. ; trailing. (L.) 79 Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in panicles ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, cloven ; stamens 10 ; stem hairy, sticky ; leaves lanceolate, f in. ; dry places ; 6-10 in. (v.c.) 216 Garlic Mustard. — Diam. T5F in. ; flowers clustered ; sepals 4; petals 4, roundish ; stamens 6; leaves 1-3 in., heart-shaped, shiny, veiny, with large broad teeth ; bruised plant rather disagreeable; hedges; l£-3 ft. (v.c.) 112 Very Small. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. Ts¥ in. ; 26 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. flowers in dense panicles ; plant hairy, sticky ; sepals 5, with some hairs gland-tipped ; petals 5, notched ; leaves oval, fin. ; dry places ; 6-10 in. (c.) 215 Rue-leaved Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; flowers with 5 roundish petals ; sepals 5, joined ; stem small, reddish ; leaves 3-forked, J-J in. ; stamens 10 ; walls ; 2-5 in. (c.) 484 Broad-leaved Woodruff. — Diam. J in. ; corolla bell- shaped, 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; flowers clustered, terminal ; leaves 4 in a whorl, elliptical, 3-veined, 1 in. ; stem 4- angled ; shrubberies, etc. ; 1 ft. (E.A.) 590 Wild Beaked Parsley. — Diam. each flower J in., with 5 petals and 5 stamens ; each simple umbel J in. ; com- pound umbel 2-4 in. ; leaves fern-like, twice or thrice pinnate, 5-10 in. ; fruit narrow, smooth ; waysides ; 1-4 ft. (v.c.) 554 Minute. Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass. — Diam. -| in. ; leaves rough, egg-shaped, toothed, f in., clasping stem; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; lime rocks ; 6-12 in. (R.) 86 Smooth Field-pepperwort. — Diam. J- in. ; leaves hoary or downy, upper arrow-shaped at base, 1 to 2 in. ; plant branched and woody at base ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6, with violet anthers ; fields ; 6-15 in. (c.) 75 Naked-stalked Teesdalia. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves all radical 1-2 in., pinna tifid, close to the ground, with broad spreading lobes ; sepals 4, spreading ; petals 4, unequal ; stamens 4 or 6 ; fruit roundish ; dry banks ; 2-4 in. (R.) 71 Perfoliate Penny-cress. — Diam. nearly \ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem leaves cordate, clasping the stem, 1 in. ; pods small, obcordate, yV in- J ^me rocks ; 4-6 in. (R.) 66 Alpine Hutchinsia. — Diam. ^ in. ; petals 4, twice as long as the 4 sepals which fall off ; stamens 6 ; stem naked, leaves pinnate ; fruiting stalk long ; rocks, Ingleboro' ; 2-4 in. (R.) 70 APRIL FLOWERS. 27 Medium. Whitish. Large-flowered Bitter-cress. — Diam. | in. ; leaves light green, pinnate, about 2 in. ; root leaflets roundish, upper leaves toothed ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6, with purple anthers ; wet places ; 9-20 in. (L.) 92 Tooth-wort. — Diam. f in. ; length \ in. or over ; plant with scales, but no green leaves, tinged purplish ; stem erect, thick, among dead leaves, with about 8 flowers ; flowers 2-lipped ; woods ; 4-10 in. (R.) 877 Large. Yellow. Wild Tulip. — Diam. If in. ; flower solitary, drooping, fragrant ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, G-10 in. ; chalk pits ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 1156 Pale Narcissus. — Diam. If in., flower stalk being a 2- flowered spathe ; flowers pale with a cup ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, 10-18 in. ; sandy fields ; 9-15 in. (R.A.) 1149 Primrose. — Diam. 1J in. ; flower pale, wheel-shaped with tube ; sepals 5, joined ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 on petals ; flower stalk 3-8 in. ; leaves wrinkled, radical, narrow-obovate, 3-6 in. ; copses ; 4-8 in. (v.c.) 963 Goat Willow or Palm. — Catkins 1J in. long, each with many staminate flowers ; buds silvery ; pistillate catkins greenish on separate plants ; leaves later, oval ; woods ; 10-30 ft. (c.) 1092 Medium. Wallflower. — Diam. f in. ; flowers scented, often reddish brown ; leaves narrow, 2-4 in. ; sepals 4, coloured ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; walls and cliffs ; 6-12 in. (L.) 118 Yellow Archangel or Dead-nettle. — Diam. f in. ; length | in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla tube-shaped and 2-lipped, lower lip marked reddish ; stamens 4 ; leaves ovate, pointed, 1-2 in. ; woods ; 6-18 in. (c.) 908 Goldilocks. — Diam. f in. ; a species of buttercup ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens many ; root leaves smooth, roundish, lobed, about 1 in.; stem leaves sessile, with about 8 narrow parts in a whorl ; thickets ; 6-10 in. (L.) 18 28 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Oxlip. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers pale yellow in an umbel of 10-20, each more open than Cowslip ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; leaves radical, 3-6 in. ; stamens 5 ; copses ; 4-12 in. (L.) 964 Cowslip. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers cup-shaped with tube, drooping, 6-20 in an umbel ; sepals 5, long ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves radical, 2-4 in. ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (v.c.) 965 Small. Spring Cinquefoil. — Diam. J in. ; flowers 2 or 3 to- gether ; sepals 5 large, 5 small ; petals 5 roundish ; stamens many ; plant prostrate ; root leaves with about 5 leaflets, serrated ; hilly pastures ; 3-6 in. (R.) 381 Yellow Fig-wort. — Diam. \ in. ; length J in. ; flowers swollen, oval, mouth narrow ; sepals 5 ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 4 ; leaves oval, 2-3 in. ; plant hairy ; waysides ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 853 Very Small. Toothed Medick. — Diam. TV in. ; length J in. ; flowers 2 or 3 together, pea-flower shaped ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, cordate, toothed, J in. ; fruit spiny ; fields ; 6-24 in. ; prostrate. (L.) 299 Minute. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass. — Diam. nearly J in. flowers usually yellow first, then dull bluish ; sepals 5 petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 ; leaves linear-oblong, f in. meadows; 3-10 in. (v.c.) 937 Cross-wort Bedstraw. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers in little clusters ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; leaves 4 in a whorl, hairy, f in., elliptical ; waysides ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 574 Small. Yellowish Green. Mousetail. — Diam. TV in. ; length 1 in. ; flowers erect, lengthening in fruit to about 2J in. ; leaves radical, linear, 2J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens many ; corn- fields ; 2-6 in. (L.) 10 APEIL FLOWERS. 29 Black Currant. — Diam. TV in- I flowers in hanging racemes ; plant strongly scented, without spines, woody ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, minute ; stamens 5 ; leaves 2J in., angled with 5-7 pointed lobes ; hedges ; 3-5 ft. (R.) 456 Red Currant. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in hanging racemes ; sepals 5, spreading ; petals 5, minute ; stamens 5 ; leaves 3 in., with 3-5 angles and crenate lobes ; hedges ; 3-5 ft. (R.) 457 Very Small. Box. — Diameter nearly J in. ; flowers in small clusters, sessile ; perianth 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ; styles 3 ; leaves oval-oblong, f in., opposite, evergreen ; chalk hills ; 3-12 ft. (L.) 1070 Mountain Currant. — Diam. •£$ in. ; flowers, some staminate, some pistillate, in erect racemes ; sepals 5, smooth ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves If in., broadly ovate, 3-5 lobed ; woods ; 2-4 ft. (R.) 458 Alexanders. — Diam. of each flower J in. ; simple umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; stamens 5 ; petals 5 ; leaves with large sheathing stalks ; stem leaves with 3 serrate-ovate leaflets, each If in. ; stem stout, 2-4 ft. ; waysides. (L.) 501 Very Large. Greenish. Cuckoo-pint. — Length of green spathe 5 or 6 in. ; breadth 2 or 3 in. ; flowers hidden on a purple club- like spike inside the folded spathe ; leaves 4-6 in., arrow- shaped, radical, shiny, often spotted ; woods ; 8-24 in. (c.) 1202 Medium. Common Birch (tree). — Staminate catkins 1 in. long or more, hanging ; pistillate J in., nearly erect ; stamens 2 ; styles 2, slender ; leaves nearly ovate, pointed, serrate, wide- angled at base, 2 in. ; woods ; 20-50 ft. (c.) 1086 Beech (tree). — Diam. of staminate heads | in. ; pistillate | in. ; stamens many ; styles 3, linear ; leaves silky when young, folded fan-like, 2J in., ovate ; woods ; 20-100 ft. (o.) 1081 30 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Oak (tree). — Length of staminate catkins 1J in. ; each flower J in. ; pistillate flowers separate, produce acorns ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; leaves nearly obovate, margin wavy, 3-6 in. ; woods ; 40-100 ft. (o.) 1080 Small. Wild Gooseberry. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers in hanging racemes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; shoots with 1, 2, or 3 sharp spines under leaf -buds ; leaves round- ish, 3-5-lobed, 1-2 in. ; hedges ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 459 Medium. Yellowish Green and Brown. Early Spider Orchis. — Diam. £ in. ; flowers with deep- brown lip and yellow marks ; sepals 3, greenish yellow ; petals 3, unequal, 2 small linear and 1 large and lip -like ; leaves oblong, 2-3 in. ; stem erect, 4-9 in. ; chalk. (R.) 1134 Brownish. Very Large. (Leaf stalks flat, long, slender.} Black Poplar (tree). — Staminate flowers minute in catkins 2 or 3 in. long ; pistillate shorter on separate plants ; stamens 12-20, red purple ; stigmas 2 ; flowers before leaves ; river banks, etc. ; 40-60 ft. (L.) 1091 Gray Poplar (tree). — Staminate flowers minute in catkins 2 in. ; pistillate shorter on separate plants ; stamens 6-10 ; stigmas purple, 3-4-lobed ; flowers before leaves ; woods ; 50-100 ft. (L.) 1089 White Poplar or Abele (tree). — Staminate flowers minute in catkins 2 in. ; stamens 6-10 ; stigmas yellow in 2 parts ; leaves white beneath, ovate-cordate, 2 in. ; woods; 50-100 ft. (L.) 1088 Small Broad-leaved Hairy Woodrush. — Diam. J in. ; flowers chestnut brown, many ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves slightly hairy, linear, nearly J in. broad ; fruit obtuse ; woods ; 6-12 in. (o.) 1220 Very Small. Narrow-leaved Hairy Woodrush. — Diam. Tsg- in. ; flowers brown, many ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves APRIL FLOWERS. 31 linear, J in. broad ; fruit pointed ; woods ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1221 Ash (tree).— -Each flower J in. diam. ; length J in. ; flowers in clusters, purplish at first, then brownish ; sepals and petals 0 ; stamens 2 ; buds large, black ; leaves pinnate, each leaflet 2 in. ; woods ; 20-60 ft. (v.c.) 779 Very Small. Brownish Purple. Black Crowberry. — Diam. J in. ; heads of staminate flowers f in., sessile, hidden among the small evergreen leaves ; perianth of 6 scales ; stamens 3 or 4 ; heaths ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1055 Medium. Brownish Purple and Pinkish. Water Avens. — Diam. J in. ; flowers drooping, bell- shaped ; sepals 10, 5 large and 5 small, purple-brown ; petals 5, broad, pinkish yellow ; stamens many ; root leaves roundish at end ; damp places ; 6-18 in. (c.) 373 Very Smalh Reddish Green. Sheep 's-sorrel. — Diam. J in. ; flowers many, hanging; sepals 6 ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; leaves hastate, 1-2 in., stalked, with 2 spreading lobes at the base ; pastures ; 3-12 in. (v.c.) 1046 Bilberry. — Diam. J in. at mouth ; length J in. or more ; flowers bell-shaped, drooping ; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla 4-toothed ; stamens 8 ; stem angular ; leaves ovate- serrate, f in. ; heaths ; 6-18 in. (L.) 768 Medium. Red °r Pink- Red Campion. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers rosy pink ; sepals 5, joined, hairy ; petals 5, separate, cloven ; stamens 10 (if present) ; styles 5 (if present) ; leaves sessile-ovate, 1J-3 in. ; hedges ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 184 Herb Robert. — Diam. nearly f in. ; stems often reddish, jointed, brittle ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, with white rays ; stamens 10 ; leaves fern-like, hairy ; waysides and walls ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 267 32 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Small. Soft Cranesbill. — Diam. f in. or over ; plant soft with short hairs ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, separate, pink-purple, notched ; stamens 10 ; leaves 1-2 in., round, with narrow slits towards centre ; waysides ; 6-15 in. ; nearly prostrate. (L.) 264 Shining Cranesbill. — Diam. J in. or more ; stems often reddish, jointed, brittle ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, separate, not notched ; stamens 10 ; leaves 1-2 in., round, shiny, with narrow slits towards centre ; walls and rocks ; 6-12 in. (L.) 268 Very Small. Irish Heath. — Diam. at mouth J in. ; length J in. ; flowers bell-shaped ; sepals 4 ; petals* 4j* joined ; stamens 8 ; leaves 4 in a whorl, narrow.-," evergreen ; Ireland ; 2-5 ft. (L.) ..../ 758 Large. Reddish Purple. Snake 's-head or Fritillary. — Diam. 1 J in, ; length 1J in. ; flowers dull purple, bell-shaped, hanging, solitary, with small whitish square dots ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; stigmas 3 ; leaves linear, 3-8 in. ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1157 Medium. Early Purple Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; flowers deep red- purple, gaping, dotted ; sepals 3, not green ; petals, 2 like the sepals and 1 lipped, 3-lobed, broad, below the mouth ; tube or spur J in. ; ovary twisted, below the flower ; leaves narrow-oblong, usually spottedj 2-5 in. ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (o.) 1113 Solid-rooted Corydalis. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers in a terminal raceme, tubular^ closed at mouth, horizontal ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves much divided, with stout stalks ; root thick ; stem stout, 6-10 in. ; thickets. (R.) 59 Spotted Dead-nettle. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers sessile, red-purple, in whorls of 4-6 ; leaves '<*, APRIL FLOWERS. 33 cordate, about 2 in., with a white blotch ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla lipped ; stamens 4 ; waysides ; 6-18 in. (L.) 910 Purple Mountain Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; flowers solitary ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; stem low, tufted ; leaves ovate, J in., opposite, fringed ; mountains ; 4-8 in. (R.) 480 Small. Common Fumitory. — Diam. ^ in. ; length f in. ; flowers tubular, horizontal, closed at mouth, in a raceme ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves much divided, lobes J in. ; cornfields; 3-12 in. (c.) 54 Narrow-leaved Lungwort. — Diam. f in. ; buds pink ; flowers pinkish purple, turning to bright blue ; calyx 5- lobed ; corolla 5 -cleft ; stamens 5, on corolla ; root-leaves 6-8 in., lanceolate, often spotted pale green ; thickets ; 12-18 in. (B.) 951 Large. Bluish Purple. Pasque-flower. — Diam. If in. ; flowers solitary, silky outside, with 3 leafy bracts below ; sepals 6 ; petals 0 ; stamens many ; leaves much cut into linear segments ; chalk hills; 4-8 in. (R.) 5 Medium. Common Lungwort. — Diam: J in. ; flowers changing colour from pink to pale purple ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla 5 -cleft ; stamens 5, on corolla ; leaves ovate, always blotched with pale green, 2-6 in. ; thickets ; 8-18 in. (L.) 952 Small Ground Ivy. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers lipped, violet, in whorls of 3-6 ; calyx 5-cleft ; stamens 4 ; leaves J-3 in., kidney-shaped, deeply crenate ; stem trailing, 6-24 in. ; waysides, (v.c.) 924 Medium. Lilac or Pale Purple. Bulbiferous Coral-root. — Diam. J in. ; flowers cross shaped ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; root thick white ; leaves lanceolate, lower pinnate with leaflets 1 J in. ; upper leaves bulb-bearing ; hedges ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 91 D 34 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Cuckoo-flower. — Diam. f in. ; flowers lilac, cross- shaped ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves pinnate, dark, narrow ; moist places ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 93 Marsh Violet. — Diam. f in. ; flowers lilac with dark veins ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, lower one spurred at back ; stamens 5 ; leaves cordate, j-2 in., smooth ; marshy places ; 2-6 in. (L.) 144 Butter-bur. — Diam. of heads f in. ; length \ in. ; many on a thick lengthening stalk ; flowers minute ; corolla 5-toothed ; stamens 5 whitish; enormous leaves later, 1-4 ft. across, rhubarb -like ; river banks; |-4 ft. (o.) 695 Small. Spring Vetch. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; flowers pea- flower shaped, solitary, sessile, bright lilac-purple ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaves f in., pinnate, of 4-6 leaflets ; pastures ; 6-8 in. (L.) 346 Minute. Field Madder. — Diam. J in. ; flowers close-set, cross- shaped ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 4 ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, J in., oblong-lanceolate ; cornfields ; 3-12 in. (o.) 587 Lamb 's-lettuce or Corn-salad. — Diam. nearly TV in. ; flowers in clusters -^ in. across ; corolla 5-cleft, pale lilac^ resembles white glass ; fruit with 3 minute teeth ; leaves linear-oblong, 1-3 in. ; waysides ; 3-12 in. (L.) 596 Keeled Corn-salad. — Diam. nearly -^ in. ; flowers in clusters TST in. across ; resembles Lamb's-lettuce ; leaves strap-shaped, 1-3 in. ; fruit with 1 tooth ; way- sides; 3-12 in. (R.) 597 Large. Bluc °r Bluish. Blue Mountain Anemone. — Diam. If in. ; flower solitary with a 3-leaved involucre below ; sepals or petals 12 or more ; leaves thrice ternate, lobed and cut ; stamens many ; woods ; 4-8 in. (n.) 7 Great Periwinkle. — Diam. If in. ; flowers solitary, wheel-shaped, with a central cup or hollow ; sepals 5 ; APRIL FLOWERS. 35 corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate ; thickets ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 781 Medium. Spring Gentian. — Diam. J in. ; flowers solitary, clear- blue, sessile ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla with 5 ovate lobes ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate-oblong ; mountains ; 1-2 in. (R.) 782 Hairy Violet. — Diam. f in. ; leaves heart-shaped, hairy, 1-3 in. ; flowers not scented ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, lower one spurred ; chalk or lime pastures ; 2-6 in. (L.) 146 Blue-bell or Wild Hyacinth.— Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; flowers 5-20 in a raceme, each bell-shaped, but 6 separate petals or sepals ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, 6-15 in. ; woods; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 1174 Narrow-leaved Lungwort. — Diam. f in. (See Reddish Purple.) (R.) Small Buxbaum's Speedwell.— Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers solitary, axillary, bright blue ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 2 ; flower stalks long ; leaves oblong or ovate- cordate, J-1J in. ; waste places ; 6-12 in. (L.) 834 Spring Squill. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers bright blue, crowded, fragrant ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves 3-8 in. long, J in. or more broad ; coast pas- tures ; 4-6 in. (L.) 1172 Blunt-fingered Speedwell. — Diam. J in. ; flowers few^ dark blue ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 2 ; leaves nearly J in., fingeredj with 3-7 lobes ; heaths ; 3-6 in. (L.) 830 Very Small. Wall Speedwell. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers in terminal spikes or clusters, light blue, nearly hidden ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 2 ; leaves ovate-cordate, J in., crenate-serrate, stalked ; walls ; 4-12 in. (c.) 828 Gray Field-speedwell. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers solitary, bright blue, axillary ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 36 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. 2 ; leaves nearly 1 in., broadly ovate-cordate, coarsely serrate ; waysides ; 4-12 in. (L.) 833 Spring Speedwell. — Diam. J in. ; flowers crowded in ter- minal spikes or clusters, pale blue ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 2 ; leaves J in., lobed or pinnatind^ crowded; heaths; 2-4 in. (L.) 829 Early Field Scorpion-grass. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers blue, in clusters, nearly hidden ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5, on corolla ; leaves linear-oblong, £ in. ; dry banks; 3-10 in. (L.) 936 MAY FLOWERS. White. Large. Common Medlar (tree). — Diam. 1J in.; flower stalk J in. long ; calyx 5-cleft, large ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. ; plant spinous ; hedges ; 15 ft. (L.) 411 White or Evening Campion. — Diam. 1J in. ; flowers open mostly at night ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; plant hairy ; root leaves 3-6 in., obovate ; stem leaves oval, 2 in. ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 185 Star of Bethlehem. — Diam. 1J in. flowers ; rayed, 6-10 in a corymb ; sepals with petals 6, white, narrow ; leaves radical, linear, 6-8 in. ; copses ; 6-12 in. (E.) 1171 Narrow-leaved Helleborine. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers in few-flowered spikes ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, 1 forming a lip ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-8 in. ; woods ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1108 Medium. White Meadow Saxifrage. — Diam. f in. ; flowers nearly cup-shaped ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; pistils 2 ; leaves kidney-shaped and lobed, 1 in. ; meadows ; 6-15 in. ; plant rather slender, (c.) 481 Hautboy Strawberry. — Diam. J in. ; plant larger than Wood Strawberry ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; short flower stalk with spreading hairs ; leaves of 3 ovate leaflets ; woods ; 3-10 in. (R.) 390 Strawberry-leaved Rock Cinquefoil. — Diam. J in. ; flowers few ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves with 3 or 5 oblong leaflets, each } in. ; mountains ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 378 37 38 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Red or Wild Cherry (tree). — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers in almost sessile umbels ; calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves ovate-oblong, dark blue-green, 3-5 in. ; bark red ; woods ; 3-8 ft. (c.) 367 Wood Strawberry. — Diam. f in. ; flowers creamy white ; calyx 10-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; short flower stalk with close-pressed hairs ; fruit drooping, red ; leaves of 3 ovate leaflets ; woods ; 2-6 in. (v.c.) 389 Tufted Alpine Saxifrage. — Diam. | in. ; flowers cup- shaped ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves densely tufted, wedge-shaped, 3-5-lobed, J in. ; Scottish moun- tains ; 2-4 in. (L.) 486 Hawthorn or May (tree). — Diam. J in. ; flowers in level clusters, after leaves ; bush thorny ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, pink ; leaves wedge-shaped at base, deeply cut, 1-2 in. ; hedges ; 10-20 ft. (v.c.) 412 White Beam (tree). — Diam. J in. ; flowers clustered ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves 2-6 in., variable, lobed, coarsely serrate, woolly beneath ; woods ; 4-40 ft. (L.) 417 Broad-leaved Alpine Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. J in. ; flowers often solitary ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, cloven ; stamens 10 ; leaves ovate, 1 in. ; mountains ; 3-5 in. (E.) 221 Glaucous Stitchwort. — Diam. J in. ; flowers few ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, deeply cloven ; stamens 10 ; stem nearly erect, 4-angled ; leaves very narrow, sessile, 1-2 in. ; marshes; 1-2 ft. (c.) 210 Bird Cherry (tree). — Diam. J in. ; flowers creamy-white in hanging racemes 2-4 in. long ; sepals 5 small ; petals 5 roundish ; stamens many ; leaves oval, 3 in. ; woods ; 6-20 ft. (o.) 366 Small. Lesser Stitchwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; stem smooth, 4-angled ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, deeply cleft, as long as the 3-nerved sepals ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; leaves linear ; hedges; 1-2 ft. (c.) 211 Wood Stitchwort. — Diam. f in. ; leaves ovate or cor- date. 1-2 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, deeply cloven, longer MAY FLOWERS. 39 than sepals ; stamens 10 : styles 3 : damp woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 207 Fringed Sandwort. — Diam. f in. ; leaves oblong, spoon- shaped ; flowers nearly solitary ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, spoon-shaped ; stamens 10 ; Irish mountains ; 2-6 in. (L.) 198 Spring Sandwort. — Diam. f in. ; leaves J in. and very narrow ; flowers star-like ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; dry, sandy places ; 2-4 in. (L.) 202 Lily of the Valley. — Diam. f in. ; flowers bell-shaped, drooping, scented, 4-10 in a raceme ; leaves broad, 4 in. ; perianth 6-lobed ; stamens 6 ; woods ; 5-8 in. (L.) 1181 English Scurvy-grass. — Diam. f in. ; flowers clustered in corymbs ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves 1-2 in., heart or kidney-shaped, smooth, fleshy ; river- banks ; 10-18 in. (L.) 80 Baneberry. — Diam. f in. ; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnate ; leaflets 1 J in. ; stem triangular ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 minute ; stamens many ; copses ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 36 Mud Crowfoot. — Diam. f in. ; flowers rayed, lying on muddy places ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens many ; leaves roundish, f in. ; leaf-lobes narrowest at base ; 4-8 in. (c.) 12 Holly (tree). — Diam. Tsg- in. ; flowers in clusters on branches ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; leaves spiny, ovate, evergreen, shiny ; hedges ; 10-30 ft. (c.) 777 Two-leaved May Lily. — Diam. T5¥ in. ; flowers 8-10, fragrant, in racemes ; perianth of 4 free pieces ; stamens 4 ; root leaves cordate ; stem leaves 2 or 3 ; woods ; 4-8 in. (R.) 1180 Common Water-cress. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers clus- tered ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves pinnate, end leaflet round and large, about 1 in. ; brooks ; 1-2 J ft. long, (c.) 104 Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. — Diam. TV in. ; flowers rayed, lying on muddy places ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens many ; leaves roundish, f in. ; leaf-lobes widest at base ; 4-8 in. (c.) 13 40 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Small. Sweet Woodruff. — Diam. J in. ; flowers cross-shaped, fragrant, in clusters ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 4 ; upper leaves 7-9 in a whorl, lanceolate, 1 in. ; woods ; 6-10 in. (c.) 588 Sea Purslane. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in forks of the stem ; leaves ovate, sessile, fleshy, fixed in 4 rows ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ;. creeping, 4-8 in. ; sea-shores. (L.) 195 Erect Moenchia. — Diam. J in. ; flowers large for size of plant ; sepals 4, sharp -pointed ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; styles 4 ; leaves stiff ; waysides ; 2-6 in. (L.) 187 Four-cleft Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. J in. ; root leaves obovate-lanceolate ; sepals 4, sticky ; petals 4, notched ; stamens 4 ; sandy places ; 6-12 in. (L.) 218 Narrow-leaved Pepperwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; plant much-branched, wiry ; root leaves cut ; stem leaves linear ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; salt marshes ; 6-12 in. (L.) 77 Horse-radish. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem leaves 6 in. long and f in. broad, lanceolate ; root long, thick, tapering ; ditches and waste places ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 81 Three-nerved Sandwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers solitary ; leaves ovate, acute, f in. ; sepals 5, 3-nerved ; petals 5, entire ; stamens 10 ; damp places ; 5-12 in. (c.) 205 Thyme-leaved Sandwort. — Diam. -^ in. ; leaves ovate, pointed, sessile, roughish, nearly J in. ; stem forked, downy ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, entire ; stamens 10 ; way- sides ; 2-6 in. (c.) 200 Chalk Milkwort. — Diam. -$$ in. ; length yV in. ; foot leaves obovate in a rosette ; stem leaves lanceolate, } in. ; sepals 3 green and 2 coloured ; petals 3 ; stamens 8 ; downs ; 2-6 in. (R.) 155 Common Milkwort. — Diam. T\ in. ; length T8¥ in. ; leaves narrow, lanceolate, f in. ; flowers in racemes ; sepals 3 small, green, and 2 large, coloured ; petals 3 ; stamens 8 ; heaths, etc. ; 2-10 in. (v.c.) (Often blue or red.) 154 MAY FLOWERS. 41 Whitlow Pepperwort.— Diam. •& in- » stem wav7> leafy ; leaves oblong, clasping the stem ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; banks ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 74 Hairy Rock-cress.— Diam. ^ in. ; root leaves in a flat rosette, dark green, obovate ; stem leaves sessile, half- clasping ; all roughish ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; top drooping ; walls ; 8-20 in: (c.) 99 Bog Stitchwort. — Diam. J in. ; stem slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, small ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, deeply cloven ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; boggy places ; 3-12 in. (c.) 212 Fine-leaved Sandwort.— Diam. J in. ; stem slender, much branched ; leaves awl-shaped ; sepals 5, twice as long as the 5 entire petals ; stamens 10 ; fields ; 4-6 in. (L.) 201 Annual Small-flowered Pearlwort. — Diam. J in. ; stems slightly hairy, erect ; leaves fringed, awl-shaped, fV in. ; sepals 4 ; petals minute or 0 ; stamens 4 ; styles 4 ; dry banks; 4-8 in. (L.) ^188 Fringed Pearlwort. — Diam. J in. ; stems creeping ; leaves awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, Ts¥ in., fringed ; sepals 4, pressed to the fruit ; petals minute or 0 ; stamens 4 ; styles 4 ; waysides ; 1-4 in. (L.) 189 Sweet Cicely. — Diam. of single flower J in. ; simple umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; leaves bright pale green, fern-like, large ; plant strongly scented ; ripe fruit nearly 1 in. long ; waste places ; 1J-3 ft. (c.) 557 Alpine Penny Cress. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; root leaves obovate ; stem leaves arrow- shaped ; pods large, flat ; pastures ; 6-10 in. (R.) 67 Thale Cress. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves few, nearly all radical, oblong, hairy ; plant slender ; pod angular, f in. ; dry places ; 6-10 in. (c.) Ill Perfoliate Claytonia. — Diam. J in. or over ; flowers few, with 2 leaves forming a basin below ; sepals 2 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; root leaves ovate ; waste places ; 3-10 in. (R.) 447 Common Beaked Parsley. — Diam. flowers J in. ; umbels 42 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. J in. ; compound umbels 1 J in., on the side of the stem ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves fern-like ; fruit, bristly ; waysides ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 553 Field Penny Cress. — Diam. J in. or over ; petals 4 ; sepals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves oblong, arrow-shaped at base ; fruit flat, silvery, f in., roundish ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 65 Minute. Common Earth-nut. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; large umbels 1J in., drooping ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaf-segments hair-like ; plant slender, smooth ; fields ; 8-20 in. (v.c.) 514 Garden Chervil or Beaked Parsley. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in., ses- sile ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves fern-like ; fruit smooth ; hedges; 12-18 in. (R.) 555 Three-lobed Laserwort. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; root leaves with long stalks, 3-lobed, cut ; stem leaves ternate ; waste places ; 3 ft. (E.A.) 560 Water Blinks. — Diam. over -^ in. ; calyx 2-leaved ; petals 5, unequal, 3 smaller than the others ; leaves oppo- site, spoon-shaped ; wet places ; 1-4 in. (c.) 446 Honewort. — Diam. TV in. ; small umbels J in. ; com- pound umbels 1 in. ; leaves thrice pinnate and shiny, leaflets very narrow ; stamens and pistils on separate plants ; limestone ; 3-8 in. (R.) 506 Common Pepperwort. — Diam. ^ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves downy, upper arrow-shaped at base ; fruit roundish, rough ; fields ; 10-12 in. (L.) 76 Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress. — Diam. TXF in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves pinnate, 2-4 in., stipules fringed ; fruits many, long, linear ; rocky places ; 6-24 in. (L.) 95 Medium. Whitish. Large White Helleborine. — Diam. f in. ; leaves broadly ovate or lanceolate ; flowers sessile in few -flowered spikes ; sepals with petals 6, unequal ; woods ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1107 MAY FLOWERS. 43 White Bryony. — Diam. f in. ; corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed ; calyx 5-toothed ; stamens 3 or pistils 3, but not both together ; leaves 5-lobed, 4 in., rough ; stem angled, with tendrils ; hedges ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 445 Small. Mountain Ash or Rowan (tree). — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers resemble hawthorn, but not so white, and leaves pinnate with 6-8 pairs of leaflets ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; woods, (c.) 418 Berry-bearing Cucubalus. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; flowers solitary, drooping ; leaves opposite, ovate, 1 in. ; stem straggling, hairy ; fruit a black shining berry ; waste places; 2-3 ft. (R.A.) 180 Common Comfrey. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers tubular, closed within ; corolla 5-cleft ; stem stout, broadly winged above ; leaves rough, ovate-lanceolate, 3-10 in. ; moist places ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 942 Angular Solomon's Seal. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; leaves alternate, oblong, with 1-3 flowers to each ; flowers widest in middle of length, hanging ; petals with sepals 6 ; stamens 6 ; stem arched, angular ; woods ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1184 Very Small. Upright Fly Honeysuckle. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; flowers tubular, sessile in pairs, axillary ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; leaves opposite, ovate ; thickets ; 2-5 ft. (R.) 569 Common Solomon's Seal. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. ; leaves oblong, with 1 to 3 flowers each, hang- ing, narrowest in middle of tube ; petals with sepals 6 ; stamens 6 ; stem leafy, round ; woods; lj-3ft. (R.) 1183 Wayfaring-tree. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers clustered in flat- topped cymes ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate, 3 in., heart-shaped at base, very downy beneath ; branches yellowish, mealy ; copses ; 5-20 ft. (L.) 566 Tower-mustard or Smooth Rock-cress. — Diam. J in. ; flowers yellowish white ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; 44 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. stem leaves sessile, clasping the stem, smooth ; banks ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 100 Hare's-ear Treacle-mustard. — Diameter nearly J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, creamy ; stamens 6 ; leaves whitish* smooth, entire, heart-shaped,; clasping the stem ; fields, etc. ; 6-24 in. (L.) 116 Corn Cromwell. — Diam. ^ in. ; calyx deeply 5-cleft ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; stem erect, branched, solitary ; leaves linear-oblong ; waysides ; 10-16 in. (o.) 939 Underground Trefoil. — Diam. J in. or more ; length J in. ; flowers about 4 in axillary heads or clusters, erect; then bent down, and rooting ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, obcordate, small ; pastures ; 4-18 in. (R.) , , 306 Procumbent Pearlwort. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, shorter than sepals ; stamens 4 ; styles 4 ; stems slender, prostrate, smooth ; leaves awl-shaped, nearly J in. ; dry places; 1-3 in. (v.c.) 191 Minute. Sea Samphire. — Flower diam. TV in. ; umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves divided, leaflets linear ; plant fleshy and glabrous ; sea- rocks ; 6-10 in. (L.) 536 Rough-rigid Trefoil. — Diam. ^ in. ; heads of flowers sessile, ovoid, J in. ; length of heads f in. ; sepals 5, spread- ing ; petals 5 ; leaflets 3, obovate ; plant hairy ; fields ; 4-10 in. (c.) 322 Mossy Tillaea. — Diam. •£$ in. ; flowers solitary, tipped red, nearly sessile ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; stamens 3 ; carpels 3 ; leaves small, opposite, blunt, oblong, thick ; stem reddish ; heaths ; 1-2 in. (L.) 460 Wood Sanicle. — Diam. each flower ^ in. ; umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; petals 5 ; leaves radical, glossy, roundish, 2 in., with about 5 deep lobes ; woods ; 6-12 in. (c.) 495 Large. Whitish Mostly. Crab Apple (tree). — Diam. 1£ in. ; flowers in sessile umbels marked pink or crimson ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, MAY FLOWERS. 45 roundish ; stamens many ; leaves ovate, 1J in., serrate ; woods; 10-25 ft. (c.) 415 Burnet-leaved Rose. — Diam. 1J in. ; flowers creamy white with pink on buds and petals ; sepals 5, simple ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaflets smooth, small, serrate ; prickles many, crowded, unequal, straight ; heaths ; 1-4 ft. (L.) 397 Perfoliate Honeysuckle. — Diam. 1J in. ; length If in. ; flowers in terminal sessile heads or clusters, tubular ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5, long ; upper leaves and bracts united (connate) at the base ; woods ; twining. (R.) 568 Water Crowfoot. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers white with yellow centre ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, yellow at base ; stamens many ; floating leaves roundish, 1 in. ; water leaves with hair-like divisions sometimes very long ; water ; 1-10 ft. (o.) 11 Medium. Bastard Balm or Wild Balm. — Diam. f in. ; length 1J in. ; flowers lipped, with rose colour ; calyx 2- or 3- lobed ; corolla with a tube ; stamens 4 ; leaves large, hairy ovate, serrated ; flowers in whorls of 2-6 ; copses ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 898 Buckbean or Marsh Trefoil. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers with many white hairs, pink in bud and tips ; leaves of 3 leaflets, each oblong, 2 in., thickish ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bogs ; 3-9 in. (L.) 796 Wild Radish. — Diam. J in. ; flowers whitish straw with purple veins ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; root leaves rough^ lyrate ; fruit jointed or lumpy ; fields ; 8-24 in. (L.) 133 Summer Snowflake. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers marked green, hanging, 2-6 together ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, 10-14 in. ; stem 2-edged ; meadows; 1-2 ft. (R.) 1154 Small. Eyebright. — Diam. f in. ; flowers white with purple lines and yellow spot ; sepals 4 ; corolla lipped ; stamens 4 ; 46 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. stems branched, wiry ; leaves f in., sessile, deeply serrate ; heaths ; 2-10 in. (o.) 841 Dwarf Orchis. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers in a dense, erect spike ; 3 sepals and 2 petals dark purple and green, lip petal larger, white and spotted, 3-lobed ; leaves narrow- oblong, pointed, unspotted ; pastures ; 4-5 in. (L.) 1114 Star-fruit. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers with yellow centre ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; leaves floating, oblong, 2 in. ; fruit 6 to 8 carpels, rayed ; ditches ; 4-6 in. (R.) 1195 Wood Bitter-vetch. — Diam. T5F in. ; length J in. ; flowers in 1-sided clusters, cream with purple streaks; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 7-10 pairs,- no tendrils ; stem prostrate, 1-2 ft. ; rocky places. (L.) 342 White Dutch Clover. — Diam. each flower T3¥ in. ; length | in. ; heads or clusters roundish, J in. ; flowers scarcely pinkish, and brown when fading ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, un- equal ; stamens 10 ; leaves of 3 obovate leaflets ; fields ; creeping, 3-12 in. (v.c.) 310 Pinkish Dutch Clover. — Diam. each flower T3ff in. ; length f in. ; heads or clusters J in. ; flowers more pink than white ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3 obovate ; stem partly erect ; fields ; 6-24 in. (v.c.) 311 Minute. Black Bear-berry.— Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. ; flowers white with a purplish tinge ; sepals 5 ; corolla egg-shaped, 5-pointed ; stamens 10 ; leaves obovate, small, wrinkled, serrate, not evergreen ; mountains ; 3-4 in. (L.) 766 Common Bird's-foot. — Diam. each flower TV in. ; length greater ; heads J in., with 3-6 flowers creamy white with crimson veins ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; leaflets 6-14 pairs, close-setj oblong, T\ in. ; dry places ; 6-18 in., prostrate. (L.) 337 Large. Pa/e Yellow. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. — Heads diam. 1 in., reddish beneath solitary, rayed with many strap-shaped florets like Dandelion ; no disc ; leaves close to ground, obovate, 1 in.j with long upright hairs ; banks ; 2-10 in. (v.o.) 631 MAY FLOWEKS. 47 Medium. Yellow Mountain Pansy. — Diam. about 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, separate, unequal ; stamens 5, short ; leaves oblong-crenate, 1-2 in., with leafy stipules at base ; moors and hills; 4-10 in. (c.) 150 Wild Cabbage or Sea Cabbage. — Diam. f in. or more ; flowers lemon yellow ; sepals 4, erect ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves fleshy, lobed, waved, smooth, glaucous, lower ones 1 ft. or more ; upper sessile and oblong ; sea -cliffs ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 122 Isle of Man Cabbage. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers lemon-colour, streaked purple ; sepals 4, erect ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves cut into distant, toothed, spreading segments ; upper leaves linear ; pods 4-angled ; shores ; 6-20 in. (L.) 126 Hairy Cinquefoil. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; stem hairy, erect ; leaflets 5-7, toothed- serrate ; root leaflets obovate, wedge-shaped ; stem leaflets linear ; roadsides ; 1 ft. (R.) 387 Small. Corn Crowfoot. — Diam. f in. or more ; sepals 5, spread- ing ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; stem erect ; fruit spiny ; leaves pale* smooth, deeply cut, segments narrow ; corn- fields ; stern 6-24 in., solitary, (c.) 25 Barberry. — Diam. f in. ; flowers in hanging racemes ; sepals 6, coloured ; petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves obovate, 1 in., sharply serrate, with about 3 spines below each leaf ; hedges ; shrub, 4-6 ft. (L.) 38 Tower Rock-cress. — Diam. J in. or over ; leaves clasp- ing the stem, lanceolate ; flowers with bracts at base ; fruit pods 4 in., slender, curved downwards ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; walls ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 101 Very Small. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. — Diam. T3¥ in. ; leaves smooth, of 3 rather narrow parts ; sepals 5, hairy, bent down ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; fruit heads oblong ; ditches ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 22 48 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Large. Yellow. Yellow Flag or Iris. — Diam. about 3 in. ; leaves sword- shaped, 2-4 ft. and 1 in. broad ; petals 3, erect, in centre ; sepals 3 larger, turned down ; stigmas 3 petaloid ; sta- mens 3 ; wet places ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 1141 Plantain-leaved Leopard 's-bane. — Diam. 2J in. ; stem leaves alternate, clasping the stem, lanceolate ; flower heads solitary with ray and disc ; woods ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 717 Large. Great Leopard's Bane. — Diam. 1J in. or more; flower- heads rayed, about 4 on each stem; root-leaves cordate, toothed, long-stalked ; upper leaves with two clasping ears at the base ; damp woods ; 2-3 ft. (R). 716 Mountain Globe Flower. — Diam. If in. ; lower leaves of 5 parts lobed and cut ; stem and leaves smooth ; flowers ball-shaped ; sepals about 10, large ; petals about 10, minute ; stamens many ; copses ; 6-18 in. (R.) 28 Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercup. — Diam. 1J in. ; leaves of 3 parts, each part trifid ; flower stalk furrowed ; root bulbous ; sepals 5 hairy, bent down ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; pastures ; 8-15 in. (v.c.) 21 Medium. Upright or Common Buttercup. — Diam. J in. ; leaves of 3 lobes, each lobe trifid ; flower stalk round ; sepals 5, spreading ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; fields ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 19 Creeping Crowfoot or Buttercup. — Diam. £ in. ; leaves of 3 parts, each part trifid ; flower stalk furrowed ; stem creeping ; sepals 5, spreading ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (v.c.) 20 Broom. — Diam. J in. ; leaves of 3 separate leaflets, each f in., nearly ovate ; upper leaves simple ; branches angled, straight, switch-like ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5, unequal ; flowers pea-flower shaped ; stamens 10 ; banks ; 2-10 ft. (c.) 284 Chervil-leaved Buttercup. — Diam. f in. ; stem erect, simple, with silky hairs, 1 -flowered ; root fibres thick ; leaves divided; sepals 5, spreading; fields; 5-10 in; (R.) 26 BUSH VETCH. (Vicia sepium.) SEE PAGE a\. MAY FLOWERS. 49 Greater Celandine. — Diam. nearly f in. ; plant juice orange-yellow ; leaves pinnate ; flowers in loose umbels ; fruit linear ; sepals 2 ; petals 4, separate ; stamens many ; shady places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 49 Hybrid Geum. — Diam. f in. ; flowers pale orange- yellow, nearly erect ; sepals 5 large and 5 small, not re- flexed in fruit ; petals 5, obovate ; fruit with long hair- like bent styles hooked at end ; lower leaves pinnate with a large end leaflet ; hedges ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 374 Field Flea-wort. — Heads diam. \ in. or more ; flowers in umbels, ray and disc both yellow ; root leaves oblong^ 1 J in., nearly entire ; stem leaves few, narrow, tapering ; plant shaggy ; stem simple ; downs ; 4-12 in. (L.) 715 Charlock. — Diam. \ in. ; length f in. ; stem and leaves bristly ; leaves toothed or lyrate, 1-3 in. ; sepals 4, spread- ing ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 127 Small Yellow Pimpernel or Wood Loosestrife. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves 1 in.; ovate, acute, nearly sessile ; flowers solitary, axillary ; sepals 5, joined ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stem creeping, 2-12 in. ; woods, etc. (c.) 974 Needle-greenweed or Petty-whin. — Diam. f in. or over ; branches spiny ; leaves nearly J in., narrow, smooth ; flowers solitary, axillary , curly ; sepals 5, joined ; petals 5, unequal, spreading ; stamens 10 ; heaths ; 6-24 in; (c.) 290 Hairy Greenweed. — Diam. f in. ; stem prostrate, much branched and bent ; leaves J in., narrow, not pointed, sometimes obovate, silky beneath ; sepals 5, joined ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; heaths ; 6-12 in. (R.) 289 Turnip. — Diam. f in. ; root fleshy or oblong ; root leaves large, rough, and lyrate ; upper leaves cordate and clasping the stem ; sepals 4, erect ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; waysides ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 125 Rape. — Diam. f in. ; root oblong ; leaves large, all smooth, glaucous, lower ones lyrate ; fruit pods spreading ; sepals 4, erect; petals 4; stamens 6; waysides; 1-2 ft. (L.) 124 E 50 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Yellow Rocket. — Diam. T~ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem erect, grooved ; plant shiny and smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, end lobe nearly round ; upper leaves obovate, toothed, all dark green ; waysides and damp places; 1-2J it. (o.) 102 Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch.— Diam. •& in. ; length f in. ; stem prostrate, smooth ; flowers 6-10 in a cluster ; calyx 5 -toothed ; petals 5, unequal, standard with brownish veins ; leaves pinnate, leaflets f in. ; flowers rather pale ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (c.) 339 Tormentil. — Diam. T5^ in. ; flowers cross-shaped ; sepals 8 ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; stem slender, creeping ; root leaves stalked, leaflets 3 or rarely 5, each J in., wedge- shaped ; heaths ; 3-10 in. (v.c.) 384 Hoary Rock-rose. — Diam. | in. or over ; leaves ovate- oblong ; opposite ; very hoary beneath, and hairy above ; stem procumbent, shrubby ; sepals 3, and 2 very small ; petals 5 thin, and soon falling ; stamens many ; rocks ; 6-8 in. (R.) 142 Small-flowered Crowfoot. — Diam. J in. ; stem slender, low ; leaves kidney-shaped, lobed, hairy ; flower stalk furrowed ; sepals 5, bent down ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; cornfields ; 3-18 in. (R.) 24 Yellow Cow-wheat. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; corolla 4 times as long as calyx ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in pairs ; sepals 4 ; corolla 2 -lipped ; copses ; 6-15 ina (c.) 846 Common Yellow Rattle. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; stem erect ; leaves stiff, opposite, lanceolate, serrate ; calyx much swollen, 4-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped ; damp fields ; 4-18 in. (v.c.) 842 Bushy Yellow Rattle. — Diam. J in. at mouth ; below mouth | in. wide ; length J in. ; purple spot on upper lip- end ; flowers in crowded spikes ; leaves narrow, serrate ; bracts yellow ; cornfields; 1-2 ft. (L.) 843 Yellow Corydalis. — Diam. J in. at mouth ; length nearly | in. ; leaves prettily twice-pinnate and lobed ; stems brittle, angular ; sepals 2 ; petals 4, forming a horizontal tube ; near old walls ; 6-10 in. (R.) 58 MAY FLOWERS. 51 Very Small. Yellow Bugle or Ground Pine. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; stem reddish-purple, sticky, stem leaves with 3 linear parts ; plant hairy ; flowers in pairs shorter than leaves ; sepals 5, joined ; corolla 2-lipped, upper lip short ; stamens 4 ; fields ; 3-6 in. (R.) 905 Spotted Medick.— Diam. -£$ in. ; length f in. ; leaves ternate with stipules, leaflets obcordate with a purple spot ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; pastures ; 6-20 in. (c.) 298 Early Winter Cress. — Diam. T3¥ in. ; root leaves lyrate, upper deeply cut into narrow segments ; fruit long 4- angled ; stem angular ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; waysides ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 103 Minute. Little Bur-medick.— Diam. nearly \ in. ; leaflets 3, obovate, downy ; flowers 2-4 together ; fruits twisted, prickly ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; fields ; 6-10 in. (K.) 300 Black Medick or Nonsuch. — Diam. TV in. ; heads J in. ; leaflets 3 obovate, finely toothed ; flowers in dense, oblong heads ; ripe fruit kidney-shaped, black ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; waysides ; 6-24 in. (c.) 297 Hop Trefoil. — Diam. -^ in. ; heads J in. diam. ; length nearly f in. ; flowers in roundish heads ; leaves stalked, ternate ; fruit hop-like ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; pastures, etc. ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 324 Very Small. Greenish Yellow. Irish Spurge. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers in clusters ' on 5 branches, unlike most flowers in structure ; leaves broad, oval ; fruit warted, shiny ; flower-glands purple and kidney- shaped ; plant with milky juice ; thickets ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1059 Portland Spurge. — Diam. Ts¥ in. ; flowers in clusters on a 5-branched umbel, each branch 2-cleft ; leaves obovate, | in. long, leathery ; flower-glands with 2 long points ; fruit rough at the angles ; plant with milky juice ; stem and leaves reddish ; shores ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1066 52 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Marsh Sun Spurge. — Diam. -^ in. ; stem leafy through- out ; leaves broad-lanceolate ; umbel of 5 branches, each divided again ; fruit warted, hairy ; plant milky ; shady places ; 2-4 ft. (R.) 1060 Coral-like Hairy Spurge. — Diam. J in. or more ; leaves lanceolate, woolly ; fruit nearly smooth, woolly ; umbel of 5 branches, each divided again ; plant milky ; hedges ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 1061 Scotch Fir or Pine (tree). — Diam. staminate flowers J in. ; heads J in. ; pistillate flowers in cones J in. ; leaves needle-shaped in pairs ; mountains ; 50-100 ft. (L.) 1094 Very Large. Greenish. Spanish Chestnut (tree). — Diam. of flowers J in. ; staminate catkin 4-6 in. long ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrated, 6-10 in. long ; pistillate flowers J in. ; fruit large, prickly ; parks ; 50-100 ft. (R.A.) 1083 Hornbeam (tree). — Diam. of flowers J in. ; staminate catkins 2-3 in. long ; pistillate smaller ; leaves nearly ovate, doubly serrate, hairy beneath ; fruit enclosed in a large leafy bract ; woods ; 20-60 ft. (L.) 1082 Large. Herb Paris. — Diam. 1J in. ; stem with a whorl of 4 ovate net-veined leaves ; sepals 4, green, long and narrow ; petals 4, linear, yellow ; stamens 8 ; woods ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1185 Small. Common Twayblade. — Diam. T7^ in. ; stem with 2 ovate, opposite, ribbed leaves, each about 3 or 4 in. long ; flowers in a long, narrow, loose spike ; flowers lipped, lower lip long, divided ; slopes; 1-2 \ ft. (L.) 1103 Spindle Tree. — Diam. f in. ; flowers greenish-cream ; branches 4-angled ; leaves opposite, nearly ovate ; fruit crimson and orange ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, narrow ; etamens 4 ; woods ; 5-20 ft. (L.) 280 Common Maple (tree). — Diam. J in. or more ; leaves with 5 blunt lobes ; flowers in erect racemes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 8 • hedges ; 10-20 ft. (c.) 255 MAY FLOWERS. 53 Sycamore (tree). — Diam. J in. ; leaves 5-lobed, crenate ; flowers in hanging racemes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 8; woods; 30-50 ft. (c.) 256 Common Buckthorn. — Diam. J in. ; leaves ovate- serrate ; plant thorny ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; thickets ; shrub, 5-10 ft. (c.) 282 Alder Buckthorn. — Diam. J in. ; leaves obovate, entire ; plant not thorny ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; thickets; 5-10 ft. (c.) 283 Sea Buckthorn. — Diam. J in. ; staminate flowers in clusters f in. ; pistillate on separate plants, solitary ; a thorny shrub with very narrow, silvery leaves ; berries orange coloured ; sepals or petals 2 ; stamens 4 ; shores ; 1-10 ft. (L.) 1048 Dwarf Birch. — Catkins f in. long ; leaves roundish, crenate, f in., dark green ; flowers of 2 kinds ; stamens 2 ; fruit winged ; mountains ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1087 Very Small. Common Lady's Mantle. — Diam. T3^ in. ; flowers in dense clusters ; calyx 8-cleft in 2 rows ; petals 0 ; stamens 1-4 ; leaves kidney-shaped, fan-like, with 7-9 lobes, serrated ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 408 Black Bryony. — Diam. Tsg in. or more ; leaves heart- shaped, pointed, very shiny, dark green ; stem slender, twining ; flowers of 2 kinds ; perianth 6-cleft ; stamens 6 ; hedges; 4-10 ft. (c.) 1186 Minute. Seaside Arrow-grass. — Diam. J in. ; spike or raceme of flowers narrow, 2 in. long or more ; leaves radical, linear, fleshy ; perianth 6-cleft ; stamens 6 ; salt marshes ; 10-12 in. (L.) 1198 Field Lady's Mantle or Parsley Piert. — Diam. -fa in. ; leaves small, rather hairy, 3-parted, lobes deeply cut ; flowers in sessile heads ; calyx 8-cleft ; petals 0 ; stamens 1-4 ; banks ; 2-6 in. (c.) 410 Vernal Water Starwort. — Diam. ^ in. ; leaves in pairs joined at base ; flowers in axils of leaves ; no sepals or petals ; stamens 1 ; ditches and pools ; floating, (c.) 438 54 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Common Juniper. — Diam. T\ in. ; leaves linear, pointed, 3 in a whorl, f in. long ; stamen flowers in roundish cat- kins ; pistillate roundish, fleshy ; fruit blue-black ; downs ; 1-5 ft. (L.) 1095 Alternate-leaved Water Milfoil. — Diam. Txg- in. ; flowers in whorls forming a slender spike ; stem 2-6 ft., much branched ; leaves very finely divided, 4 in a whorl ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; ponds ; floating. (R.) 437 Medium. Greenish and Rose. Great Brown-winged Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; the largest Orchis ; flowers in a dense spike, each green and purplish, with a rosy, obcordate divided lip, spotted purple ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; leaves oblong, blunt, glossy, 4 in. ; downs ; 1-3 ft., stout, erect. (R.) 1115 Small. Greenish Mostly. Asarabacca. — Diam. T5g- in. ; length f in. ; flower solitary, dull greenish-purple, bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; sta- mens 12 ; leaves reniform, in pairs ; evergreen ; woods ; creeping. (R.) 1053 Very Small. Brownish Green. Greater or Broad-leaved Plantain. — Flowers diam. J in. ; spike of flowers grass-like, about 4-8 in. long and f in. wide ; leaves all radical, 2-9 in., broadly ovate, ribbed ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4,, rather long ; waysides ; 8-20 in. (v.o.) 988 Blackish, with White and Brown. Ribwort Plantain. — Flowers diam. J in. ; spike of flowers about 1 in. long and f in. wide ; flowers in an oval grass-like spike with a long 5-ribbed stalk ; leaves 3-6 in., narrow, tapering, strongly ribbed ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4, very long and whitish ; spike black in bud, whiter afterwards ; waysides ; 3-15 in. (v.o.) 990 MAY FLOWERS. 55 Very Large. Yellow, with Brown. Lady's-slipper Orchis. — Diam. 2J in. ; sepals 3, and petals 2 deep rich brown, and lip petal yellow, 1 J in., large, inflated ; leaves oblong, ribbed ; woods ; 12-18 in. (R.) 1138 Medium. Clove-scented Broom-rape. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length 1 in. ; flowers in a loose spike, yellowish red-brown or brownish -purple ; a leafless parasite ; sepals 4, bifid ; corolla lipped ; stamens 4 ; hedges ; 6-12 in. (R.) 870 Fly Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; flowers distant, in a spike ; sepals 3, yellowish-green ; petals 3, unequal, lip petal bright red-brown with a blue patch ; leaves few, linear- oblong ; pastures ; erect, 6-12 in. (L.) 1135 Great Broom-rape. — Diam. \ in. ; length £ in. ; flowers lipped, yellow and purplish -brown ; sepals 4, each 1-3- nerved, long ; corolla gaping, 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; stem brown, without green leaves ; copses ; 1-1J ft. (L.) 869 Very Small. Pale Brown. Great Hairy Wood-rush. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves mostly radical, about 8 in. long, J in. broad, with few long hairs ; flowers many in a large cyme ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; woods ; 10-24 in. (c.) 1219 Medium. Pa/e Pinkish. Water-violet. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves finely divided, under water ; flowers in whorls on an erect, leafless stalk, centre yellow ; calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 ; pools ; floating. (L.) 970 Small. Sandwort-like Claytonia. — Diam. f in. ; root leaves ovate pointed ; stem leaves roundish, sessile ; stem brittle ; flowers in cymes ; sepals 2 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; waste places ; 6-15 in. (L.) 448 56 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Small. Great Bilberry or Bog Whortleberry. — Diam. J in. or more ; length yV in- J stem not angular ; leaves obovate, strongly veined ; flowers bell-shaped ; calyx 4-5 -toothed ; corolla 4-5-toothed ; stamens 8-10 ; mountain bogs ; 6-10 in. (L.) 769 Minute. Marsh Pennywort. — Diam. T^- in. ; flowers about 5, in simple umbels Tsg in. ; stem creeping on bogs ; leaves round, peltate, crenate ; petals 5. (c.) 494 Knotted Hedge Parsley. — Diam. T^ in. ; flowers in small, simple, sessile umbels opposite a leaf ; leaves fern- like ; stem prostrate ; fruit bristly ; waysides ; 6-18 in. (c.) 551 Very Large. fled or Pink. Pseony. — Diam. 4 in. ; flowers red, or pink, or white ; leaves large, twice ternate, glabrous, segments ovate, entire; sepals 5, unequal ; petals 5-10 ; stamens many ; Steep Holmes, Severn ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 37 Common Red Poppy. — Diam. 2J in. ; sepals 2, falling off ; petals 4, scarlet ; stamens many ; flower stalk with hairs spreading ; fruit smooth, globose ; leaves pinnatifid, sessile ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 46 Long Smooth-headed Poppy. — Diam. 2 in. or over ; sepals 2, falling off ; petals 4, scarlet ; flower stalk with hairs close pressed ; fruit smooth, oblong ; leaves pin- natifid ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (o.) 45 Large. Long Prickly-headed Poppy. — Diam. 1J in. ; sepals 2 ; petals 4, rather narrow ; flowers pale scarlet-red ; fruit rough, club-shaped ; leaves bipinnatifid ; waste places ; 6-10 in. (c.) 44 Round Prickly-headed Poppy. — Diam. 1J in. ; flowers purplish-scarlet, with black centre ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; leaves much cut ; fruit round, bristly ; fields ; 10-18 in. (L.) 43 MAY FLOWERS. 57 Ragged Robin. — Diam. 1J in. ; stem erect, slender, narrow ; leaves very narrow ; sepals 5, joined ; petals 5, each with 4 long parts ; wet places ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 183 Medium. Marsh Lousewort. — Diam. f in. ; length 1 in. ; flowers lipped, dull pink ; leaves 1-3 in., linear-oblong, pinnate ; calyx reddish green, ovoid, ribbed, hairy ; stamens 4 ; marshes ; 6-18 in. (c.) 848 Field Lousewort. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length f in. ; flowers lipped, rose-pink ; leaves about 1 in., pinnate, segments acute ; calyx angled, smooth ; stamens 4 ; wet pastures ; 3-10 in. (v.c.) 849 Small Thrift or Sea-pink. — Diam. f in. ; flowers pink, in roundish heads nearly 1 in. diam. ; leaves radical, linear, crowded ; calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; cliffs and shores ; 3-10 in. (L.) 982 Scarlet Pimpernel. — Diam. f in. ; flowers wheel-shaped, crimson-scarlet or deep blue ; leaves ovate, sessile, nearly \ in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 ; waysides ; creeping, 3-12 in. (c.) 977 Tuberous Bitter Vetch.— Diam. f in. ; length j in. ; flowers crimson, fading to bluish, pea-flower shaped ; petals 5 ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, oval ; tendrils 0 ; flowers 2-6, in long-stalked racemes ; heaths ; 6-12 in. (v.c.) 361 Crimson Vetch or Grass Vetch. — Diam. f in. ; length \ in. ; leaves (petioles really) linear, 3-6 in. long ; flowers solitary, crimson ; tendrils 0 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10; copses; 1-2 ft. (L.) 354 Common Vetch (slender variety). — Diam. f in. ; length 4 in. ; flowers bright crimson, 1 or 2 together, sessile ; stem slender ; leaflets narrow ; sepals 5, 2 upper shortest ; petals 5 ; dry sandy places ; 4-12 in. (L.) 348 Jagged-leaved Cranesbill. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves roundish, much divided, segments narrow ; stems hairy ; sepals 5, with long points ; petals 5, notched ; stamens 10 ; fruit long-beaked ; waysides ; 9-24 in. (o.) 265 58 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Small. Cotoneaster. — Diam. J in. ; a shrub with ovate leaves, 1 in., hairy beneath ; flowers pink ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; Great Orme's Head ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 413 Striated Corn Catchfly. — Diam. J in. ; stem erect, forked ; leaves narrow, downy ; flowers reddish ; calyx 5-cleft with 30 furrows ; petals 5, cloven ; stamens 10 ; fields ; 6-12 in. (L.) 175 Red Spur-valerian. — Diam. TSF in. ; length J in. ; flowers very narrow, many, in clusters, rosy coral-red ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; stamen 1 ; walls and rocks ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 592 Common Milkwort. — Diam. -^ in. ; length -£$ in. (See White, Very Small.) Common Sorrel-dock. — Diam. J in. ; flowers reddish with greenish ; stamens and pistils on different plants ; plant acid tasted ; leaves oblong, slightly arrow-shaped ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; fruit triangular ; meadows ; 8-24 in. (v.c.) 1045 Red Bear-berry. — Diam. J in. ; length -^ in. ; leaves obovate, entire, evergreen ; flowers in clusters ; flowers rose ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla egg-shaped, 5-cleft ; stamens 10 ; mountains ; 4-6 in. (L.) 767 Marsh Andromeda. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; a leafy, evergreen shrub ; stems slender ; leaves narrow, pointed ; flowers flesh, drooping ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla egg- shaped, 5-cleft ; stamens 10 ; peat bogs ; 6-12 in. (R.) 764 Trailing Azalea. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; a trailing, tangled shrub ; leaves stiff, smooth, -^ in., deep green, margins rolled back ; flowers flesh, 2 or 3 together ; calyx 5 ; corolla 5, bell-shaped ; stamens 5 ; mountains ; trailing. (R.) 763 Small Marsh Valerian. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flowers purplish -pink, whiter inside ; plant erect ; stem leaves cut ; root leaves ovate ; stamens and pistils in separate plants ; stamens 3 ; marshes ; 3-8 in. (L.) 593 Sea Stork 's-bill. — Diam. J in. ; leaves J in., simple oblong, with crenate lobes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, pale pink, often wanting ; stamens 5 ; shores ; 6-18 in. (L.) 271 MAY FLOWERS. 59 Large. Red Purple. Purple Goafs-beard or Salsify. — Florets all strap-shaped, in heads 1 in. diameter ; long bracts round the head, about 10 ; leaves long, tapering to an acute point ; flower stalk swollen upwards ; moist meadows ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 608 Medium. Monkey Orchis.— Diam. £ in. ; flowers lipped ; lip petal with 4 deep segments, white and crimson-purple ; 3 sepals and other 2 petals, pale purple-spotted ; leaves large, oblong, smooth, unspotted ; chalk hills ; 1-1J ft. (R.) 1117 Loose-flowered Orchis. — Diam. £ in. ; leaves not spotted, lanceolate ; spike of lipped flowers loose ; flowers bright red-purple, lip 3-lobed, side lobes very large ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; Hartlepool, Channel Islands ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 1118 Military Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; leaves large, oblong, smooth, unspotted ; 3 sepals and 2 petals, purple ; lip pale and dotted, with 4 lobes ; chalk hills ; 12-18 in. (R.) 1116 Marsh Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; leaves usually spotted, smooth, lanceolate ; flowers in a dense spike, dull purple ; lip spotted, hardly 3-lobed ; meadows ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1119 Alpine Barrenwort. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; each with a scale at the base ; stamens 4 ; stem-leaf solitary, but consisting of 9 (3 ternate) heart-shaped leaflets ; woods ; 6-12 in. 39 Green-winged Meadow Orchis. — Diam. J in. ; leaves small and narrow, smooth, not spotted ; sepals 3, side ones with greenish veins ; petals 3, lip 3-lobed, spotted ; stem erect ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (L.) 1112 Common Vetch. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; flowers nearly sessile, in pairs, pale purplish and crimson- purple ; calyx 5- toothed ; petals 5, unequal ; leaflets 5-6 pairs, and a tendril ; fields ; 6-24 in. (c.) 347 Small. Alpine Erinus. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5- lobed, nearly regular ; stamens 4 ; leaves spoon-shaped, I in., crenate at the end ; flowers in a raceme ; moun- tains ; 3-6 in. (R.A.) 837 60 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Henbit Dead-nettle. — Diam. J in. ; length { in. ; flowers lipped, deep rose-purple, in whorls ; calyx very hairy, 5-toothed ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-angled ; leaves roundish, deeply crenate ; fields ; 4-10 in. (c.) 911 Corn Woundwort. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flowers lipped, pale red-purple, with white markings, corolla scarcely longer than calyx ; stem square, weak, trailing ; leaves ovate, not pointed ; flowers in an interrupted spike ; fields ; 6-18 in. (c.) 922 Sand Garlic. — Diam. J in., flowers in a roundish, loose head If in. across ; stem leafy below ; leaves long, linear ; flowers reddish -purple ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; woods ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 1159 Common Purple Clover. — Flowers red-purple, sessile, each J in. diam., length J in., in roundish heads 1J in. by 1J in. ; leaves of 3 ovate leaflets ; calyx hairy, 5-toothed ; petals 5, unequal ; meadows ; 6-18 in. (c.) 318 Zigzag Trefoil. — Flowers red-purple, sessile, each J in. diam. ; length J in. ; in roundish heads 1J in. by 1J in. ; leaflets 3, ovate ; calyx not hairy, except 5 teeth ; stem straggling, zigzag ; petals 5, unequal ; meadows ; 6-18 in. (o.) 319 Very Small. Rampant Fumitory. — Diam. -^ in. ; length J in. ; flowers red-purple, spurred, tipped darker, tubular ; leaves twice pinnate, segments small ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; fields ; climbing; 1-2 ft. (L.) 53 Sea Pearlwort. — Diam. J in. ; stem nearly erect, 2-6 in. ; leaves fleshy, linear, blunt ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 or 4 ; stamens 4 ; plant reddish ; sea-coast. (L.) 190 Small-flowered Fumitory. — Diam. T^ in. or over ; length J in. ; flowers pale purple, spurred, tubular ; leaves twice pinnate, segments small ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; fields ; 3-10 in. (o.) 55 Very Large. B!uish Purple. Violet Horned Poppy. — Diam. 2 in. ; flowers violet- blue ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; sepals 2, falling oft' ; MAY FLOWERS. 61 leaves rough, 3 times pinnatifid, segments linear ; chalky fields ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 51 Large. Columbine. — Diam. 1 J in. ; flowers hanging ; petals 5, each with an incurved spur ; sepals 5, petal-like ; sta- mens many ; leaves twice ternate, lobes rounded ; shady places; 1-3 ft. (L.) 32 Hoary Shrubby Stock. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers light purple ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem shrubby, leaves hoary with down, narrow, entire ; sea-cliffs ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 119 Medium. Large-flowered Butterwort. — Diam. | in. ; length 1 in. ; flowers violet, lipped, irregular with a spur ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2 -lipped ; stamens 2 ; leaves yellowish, radical, slimy ; bogs ; 4-8 in. (R.) 956 Dusky Cranesbill. — Diam. f in. ; flowers dark, dingy purple ; petals 5 ; sepals 5 ; stamens 10 ; fruit long- beaked ; leaves roundish, lobed, lobes cut and serrate ; thickets ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 258 Small. Bush Vetch. — Diam. nearly \ in. ; length over \ in. ; flowers dull, pale purple, about 4 in a nearly sessile raceme ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 5-8 pairs ovate ; hedges ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 350 Tea-plant (Duke of Argyll's). — Diam. f in. ; flowers purple, turning yellowish, corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; stem straggling, drooping ; leaves narrow, lanceolate, 1-3 in.; 6-12 ft. (L.) 811 Very Small. Seaside Smooth Gromwell. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length over i in. ; flowers purplish -blue, dotted yellow, pinkish in bud ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate, pointed, rough with hard dots, fleshy, with powdery bloom ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 941 Wild Sage or Clary. — Diam. T\ in. ; length nearly f in. ; flowers lipped dull violet in whorls of 6, in long, hairy 62 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. spikes ; sepals 5 ; stamens 2 ; leaves oblong ; chalky downs ; stem square ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 879 Medium. Bluish Purple and Yellow. Wild Pansy. — Diam. f in. ; flowers erect, facing out- wards ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate, oblong, lyrate, crenate ; stipules leaf-like, f in. broad ; lower petal largest, with, a spur ; waysides ; 4-10 in. (v.c.) 148 Curtis 's Violet. — Diam. nearly f in. ; rootstock woody, creeping ; branches stout ; stem rough, angular ; petals 5, unequal, scarcely longer than 5 sepals ; lower petal largest, with a spur ; leaves ovate, oblong, lyrate, crenate ; stipules leaf-like, large ; shores ; 3-10 in. (L.) 149 Very Small. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; leaves kidney-shaped, 5-lobed, smooth, rather fleshy , J-2 in.; flower stalk long and slender ; flowers lipped, spurred, and closed ; yellowish at mouth ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; walls ; 6-18 in. ; creeping, (c.) 857 Least Toadflax. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly J in. ; leaves linear-oblong ; flowers lipped, spurred, pale purple and whitish-yellow, on long stalks ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; cornfields ; 3-6 in. ; erect. (L.) 865 Medium. Ulac- Dame's Violet. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed, about 2 in. ; flowers fragrant in the evening ; fruit pod 4-angled ; stem stiff, erect ; hilly pastures ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 121 Small Bluish. Germander Speedwell. — Diam. nearly £ in. ; flowers bright blue in long, axillary clusters ; petals 4, unequal, lower narrowest ; sepals 4 ; stamens 2 ; leaves ovate- cordate, sessile, deeply serrated ; stem with hairs in 2 lines, shifting at each pair of leaves ; banks ; 8-20 in. (v.c.) 827 Common Bugle. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers bluish, with veins, upper lip short ; in whorls crowded into MAY FLOWERS. 63 a spike ; stem unbranched, erect, smooth, square ; stem leaves oblong, sessile ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; damp places ; 6-12 in. (v.c.) 903 Evergreen Alkanet. — Diam. f in. ; flowers brilliant blue ; petals 5, joined, equal ; stamens 5 ; calyx 5-cleft ; plant stout, bristly ; leaves egg-shaped ; waysides ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 947 Scarlet Pimpernel (Blue variety)* — Diam. f in. (See Red or Pink, Small.) Wood Scorpion-grass. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers blue ; petals 5, joined, equal ; stamens 5 ; sepals 5, with spreading bristles ; leaves oblong, lanceolate ; stem with spreading hairs ; dry woods ; 1-2 ft. (o.) 934 Brooklime. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers in axillary racemes* deep blue ; petals 4 ; sepals 4 ; stamens 2 ; plant smooth^ fleshy, or succulent ; leaves oval, thickish ; ditches ; 6-24 in. (v.c.) 824 Very Small. Mountain Speedwell. — Diam. J in. ; flowers light blue in axillary clusters with few flowers ; stem hairy all round ; leaves stalked ovate-cordate ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 2; woods; 1-2 ft. (L.) 826 Pyramid-shaped Bugle. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flowers bluish-purple, lipped, upper lip short ; in whorls forming a 4-sided close, leafy spike ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; stem solitary ; stem leaves oblong, sessile ; plant hairy ; mountains ; 4-12 in. (L.) 904 Thyme-leaved Speedwell. — Diam. J in. ; flowers lilac- blue veined darker ; in terminal many-flowered spikes or clusters ; leaves egg-shaped, smooth, slightly notched ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 2 ; waysides ; 3-10 in. (v.c.) 819 Common Speedwell. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers pale blue in axillary clusters ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 2 ; stems stifiish ; rough with short hairs ; leaves elliptical, serrated; dry fields ; 2-10 in. (v.c.) 825 Tufted Water Scorpion-grass. — Diam. -fg in. ; flowers sky-blue with yellow disc ; leaves shiny, nearly oblong ; 64 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. petals 5 ; calyx of 5 triangular lobes ; stamens 5 ; hairs of calyx and stem close pressed ; wet places ; 6-18 in. (c.) 932 Common Milkwort. — Diam. -^ in. ; length -j^- in. (See White, Very Small.) Starch Grape Hyacinth. — Diam. over J in. ; length f\ in. ; flowers dark blue, bell-shaped, in a terminal cluster or close spike ; perianth 6-toothed ; stamens 6 ; leaves linear, 4-10 in. ; fields ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1175 Common Echinospermum. — Diam. J in. ; flowers nearly sessile, deep blue ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-cleft, bell-shaped, larger than calyx ; stamens 4 ; leaves lanceolate, J in. or more ; plant roughish, prickly ; fruit prickly ; waste places ; 3-12 in. (R.A.) 955 Minute. Field Woodruff. — Diam. nearly | in. ; flowers blue in clusters, surrounded by long fringed bracts ; sepals 4, very small ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; leaves 6-10 in a whorl, very slender, linear-lanceolate ; cornfields ; stem erect, square, 4-8 in. (R.A.) 591 JUNE FLOWERS. Very Large. Whlte> White Water Lily. — Diam. 4 in. ; flowers expanded on water ; sepals 4 ; petals many ; stamens many ; leaves roundish, cordate, 6-10 in. ; ponds ; 3-10 ft. (c.) 40 Great Bindweed. — Diam. 2 in. ; a hedge climber ; corolla bell-shaped, 5 -angled ; stamens 5 ; 2 large bracts enclosing 5 sepals ; leaves about 4 in., arrow -shaped ; hedges ; 3-8 ft. (c.) 799 Large. Great White Ox-eye Daisy. — Diam. of heads nearly 2 in. ; ray florets white, disc yellow ; leaves lower spoon-shaped, upper oblong sessile ; fields and banks ; 1-2J ft. (v.c.) 726 Corn Chamomile. — Diam. of heads 1J in. ; ray florets white, disc yellow ; leaves deeply cut, segments TSF in., white with down ; head-bracts scaly ; receptacle convex ; cornfields ; erect, branched, 1-2 ft. (c.) 731 Scentless Mayweed. — Diam. of heads If in. ; rays white, disc yellowish -green ; leaves twice pinna tifid, with hair-like segments ; disc nearly flat ; waste places ; 6-20 in. (v.c.) 728 White Dryas or Mountain Avens. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers with 8 petals ; sepals 8-10, equal ; stamens many ; fruit feathery ; leaves J in., ovate, white beneath ; mountains ; 1-3 in. (R.) 375 Medium. Stinking Chamomile. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; offensive smelling ; ray florets white ; disc yellow ; plant not downy ; leaves deeply cut, segments very narrow ; re- ceptacle convex ; fields ; 8-16 in. (c.) 732 F $5 6(3 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Sea Campion. — Diam. 1 in. ; length f in. ; petals 5, slightly cleft ; calyx inflated, 5-toothed ; stamens 10 ; leaves oblong, tapering ; shores and cliffs ; 3-6 in. (L.) 170 Nottingham Catchfly. — Diam. £ in. ; root leaves oblong, 3 in. ; flowers fragrant, expanding in the evening ; calyx 5-toothed, not inflated ; petals 5, deeply cloven ; rocks ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 173 White Rock-rose. — Diam. f in. ; leaves hoary on both sides, with stipules ; sepals 3 ; petals 5, soon falling ; stamens many ; stem shrubby ; downs ; 3-10 in. (R.) 141 Wild Chamomile. — Diam. of heads f in. ; ray short, white, disc yellowish ; leaves twice pinnatifid, with very narrow segments ; receptacle very conical ; waysides ; 12-18 in. (c.) 729 European Chickweed Winter-green. — Diam. f in. ; flowers on slender stalks ; stamens 7 ; calyx 7-cleft ; petals 7 ; leaves 5-6 in a whorl, each 2 in. ; woods ; 4-6 in; (L.) 969 Guelder Rose. — Diam. of outer flowers | in. ; inner ones TV in., creamy white ; flowers in umbel-like cymes 3 in. across ; leaves 2-3 in., 3-lobed, serrate ; hedges ; 6-8 ft. (c.) 565 Hairy Alpine Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. f in. ; leaves white and silky, ovate ; flowers few ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, 2-cleft, twice length of sepals ; stamens 5 or 10 ; rocks; 3-5 in. (L.) 220 Bladder Campion. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; plant whitish and smooth ; leaves oblong ; calyx 5 -cleft, bladder- like, veined ; petals 5, deeply cloven ; pastures ; 1-3 ft. (v.o.) 169 Small. Black Nightshade. — Diam. nearly j in. ; leaves egg- shaped, wavy, bluntly toothed ; flowers drooping, in umbels ; petals 5, spreading, wheel-shaped ; stamens 5, large, cone-shaped ; plant smelling disagreeably ; waste places; 6-24 in. (L.) 807 Wild Cornel or Dogwood. — Diam. nearly j in. ; a shrubby plant ; leaves opposite, egg-shaped, pointed ; JUNE FLOWERS. 67 flowers in clusters, dull white ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; hedges ; 5-7 ft. (c.) 492 Starry Saxifrage. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers few in a cluster ; leaves nearly sessile, wedge-shaped, serrate, in a rosette ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; mountains ; 3-8 in. (R.) 476 Wood Vetch. — Diam. \ in. ; length | in. ; flowers with blue veins, about 12 in a raceme ; flower stalks long ; tendrils branched ; leaves pinnate, parts many ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; rocky places ; climber, 2-5 ft. (c.) 343 Virginian Stock. — Diam. J in. ; flowers cross -shaped ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, white or lilac ; stamens 6 ; grown in gardens ; sea-shores, Kent ; 3-10 in. (R.A.) 135 Sea Kale. — Diam. J in. ; leaves fleshy, 6-10 in. ; smooth, whitish, broadly ovate-cordate, waved, toothed ; flowers in clusters ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; spreading ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 61 Cow Parsnip or Hogweed. — Diam. each outer flower f in. or over ; small umbels 1 in., compound umbels 4 in; or more ; leaves large^ coarse, rough, hairy, pinnate ; leaflets cut ; stem furrowed, stout ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, each 2 or more lobed or horned ; stamens 5 ; umbels flat-topped ; fields ; 2-5 ft. (v.c.) 544 Norwegian Sandwort. — Diam. f in. ; leaves oblong, tapering towards the base, fleshy, smooth ; sepals 5$ egg-shaped ; petals 5 ; creeping ; Shetland, etc. ; 2-4 in. (L.) 199 Privet. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length nearly J in. ; a small tree or bush ; leaves evergreen, opposite, narrow - oval ; flowers in dense panicles, sickly-smelling ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 2 ;' thickets ; 4-10 ft. (c.) 778 Corn Spurrey. — Diam. -^ in. ; leaves linear-cylindrical, in whorls ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 entire ; stamens 5 to 10 ; styles 5 ; cornfields ; 6-12 in. ; plant hairy, (c.) 194 English Stonecrop. — Diam. T8g- in. ; stem bent down, much branched ; leaves fleshy, thick, -£$ in., almost globular ; flowers white or pink ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; rocks ; 2-3 in. (o.) 465 Yarrow or Milfoil. — Diam. of flower-heads ^ in. ; 68 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. clusters flat-topped, 2 or 3 in. across ; ray florets white or pink ; disc whitish -yellow ; leaves alternate, feathery, twice pinnatifid, not flat, and woolly ; fields, etc. ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 735 Kidney-shaped Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; leaves round- ish or kidney-shaped, toothed, hairy ; stems slender ; leaf stalks channelled ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, separate ; stamens 10 ; mountains ; 6-12 in. (R.) 474 Shrubby Mignonette. — Diam. J in. ; leaves pinnate, wavy, whitish ; sepals 5-6, each 3-parted ; petals 5-6, each 3-parted ; stamens 12-14 ; stigmas 4 ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (c ) 139 Very Small. Mountain Flax. — Diam. nearly J in. ; stems very slender, smooth, branched ; leaves small, nearly J in., oblong ; flower-buds drooping ; sepals 5, separate ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; heaths ; 2-10 in. (v.c.) 226 Twisted-podded Whitlow Grass. — Diam. ^ in. ; erect, rough with starry hairs ; stem leaves oblong, clasping the stem ; root leaves | in., in a rosette ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; rocks ; 4-12 in. (R.) 85 Smooth Heath Bedstraw. — Diam. J in. or over ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-angled, smooth, prostrate ; flowers in clusters ; leaves 6 in a whorl, narrow, obovate ; downs ; 4-10 in. (v.c.) 577 Upright Bedstraw.— Diam. J in. or over ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-angled ; flowers in slender panicles ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate with prickles pointing forward ; hedges, etc. ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 578 Bog Sandwort. — Diam. J in. or over ; stem loosely tufted ; flowers solitary, long-stalked ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 entire ; stamens 10 ; leaves awl-shaped ; sepals as long as petals ; Teesdale ; 2-3 in. (R.) 204 Brookweed or Water Pimpernel. — Diam. J in. or over ; root leaves obovate in a rosette ; stem leaves alternate, 1 or 2 in., oval; calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5; stamens 5; watery places ; 8-18 in. (L.) 980 Cross-leaved Bedstraw. — Diam. J in. ; leaves 4 in a JUNE FLOWERS. 69 whorl, smooth, lanceolate ; petals 4, joined ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-angled ; moist rocks ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 581 Common Cress. — Diam. J in. ; leaves much divided ; sepals 4, short ; petals 4, short ; stamens 2, 4, or 6 ; fruit nearly round, very flat, notched ; rubbish heaps ; 6-12 in. (R.A.) 78 Alpine Pearlwort. — Diam. J in. ; leaves opposite, awl- shaped, tip awned ; plant tufted, rather glandular and hairy ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, rather longer than blunt sepals ; stamens 10 ; flower stalks solitary and very long ; dry places ; 1-4 in. (c.) 192 Common Wart-cress. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4, short ; petals 4 ; stamens 2, 4, or 6 ; leaves twice pinnate, segments linear, with disagreeable odour ; flowers in short racemes, opposite a leaf ; fruit-pouch 2-lobed, rough ; way- sides ; prostrate, 3-10 in. (c.) 63 Rough-fruited Corn Bedstraw. — Diam. J in. ; leaves rough, 6-8 in a whorl, lanceolate ; flowers 3 in an axillary cluster ; fruit large, with hooked bristles ; fields ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 584 Minute. Goose-grass or Cleavers. — Diam. nearly J in. ; cymes 3- flowered ; stems straggling, long, rough, matted ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, rough, lanceolate, with short, hooked prickles bent back ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; hedges ; 1-5 ft. (v.c.) 582 Rough Chervil. — Diam. each flower J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; leaves ferny, bipinnate ; stem slender, spotted purple, grooved, rough, and hairy ; bracts several, fringed and turned down ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; waysides ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 556 Broad -leaved Hog's-fennel. — Diam. each flower nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; leaves twice ternate ; leaflets broadly egg-shaped, cut and ser- rated ; bracts narrow ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; moist meadows ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 542 Seaside Prickly Samphire or Sea Parsnip. — Diam. each flower nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 70 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. 1J in. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets cut, with spiny entire awl- shaped segments ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit heads prickly ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 537 Sulphur-wort. — Diam. each flower nearly J in. ; small umbels \ in; ; compound umbels 1J in. ; root leaves twice pinnate ; stem leaves pinnate ; leaflets linear, pointed ; plant tubular ; bracts many ; marshes ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 526 Common Caraway. — Diam. each flower nearly J in. ; small umbels \ in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; bracts 0 or 1 ; leaflets cut into slender segments ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; seeds scented ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 511 Hemlock. — Diam. each flower TV in. or over ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; leaves thrice pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut into sharp segments ; stem hollow, smooth, spotted with purplish-brown ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; waysides ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 499 Tuberous Caraway. — Diam. each flower nearly TV in. ; small umbel J in. ; compound umbels If in. ; bracts many, very slender ; leaves thrice pinnate ; leaflets very slender ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; chalky fields ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 513 Callous-fruited Water-dropwort. — Diam. each flower nearly ^ in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; root leaves twice pinnate ; stem leaves only pinnate, shorter than their stalks ; bracts many ; fruit not prickly ; pastures ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 524 Shepherd's Needle or Venus 's Comb. — Diam. each flower TV in. ; umbels (simple generally) f in. ; leaves tri- pinnate ; fruit not prickly, but very long, 2 in., slender ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; cornfields ; 4-12 in. (c.) 552 Spreading Hedge Parsley. — Diam. ^ in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; leaves ferny ; leaflets narrow ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit-spines hooked ; corn- fields ; 4-12 in. (o.) 550 Least Marsh "Wort. — Diam. each flower ^ in. ; small umbels only two-rayed, J in. ; compound umbels f in. ; stem creeping ; lower leaves, with hair-like segments ; upper ones pinnate, cut ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; marshy places ; 3-12 in. (c.) 508 Large. JUNE FLOWERS 71 White, with Pinkish. Cloudberry. — Diam. 1 in. ; leaves simple, lobed, ser- rate ; flowers white, tinted rose, solitary, terminal ; calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; stem erect ; 6-10 in. ; mountains. (L.) 391 Medium. Mountain Lloydia. — Diam. J in. or over ; leaves very narrow, linear, 6-10 in. ; stem leafy, slender, 1 to 2 flowered ; sepals with petals 6, veined purplish ; stamens 6 ; mountains ; 2-8 in. (B.) 1176 Variegated Simethis. — Diam. J in. ; sepals with petals 6, white inside, purplish at the back ; stamens 6 ; leaves grassy, radical, 6-18 in., J in. diam. ; fir-woods ; 4-12 in. (R.) 1177 Small. Mountain Everlasting or Cat's Foot. — Diam. of heads Ty in. ; length -^ in. ; flowers not rayed, in small heads, pinkish-white ; root leaves spathulate, woolly beneath ; stem leaves linear-lanceolate, close-pressed ; bracts scaly ; florets 5-cleft ; mountains ; 3-8 in. (o.) 686 Alpine Rock-cress. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4, short ; petals 4, spreading ; stamens 6 ; flowers white or purplish- pink ; root leaves spathulate ; stem leaves sessile ; moun- tains ; 3-6 in. (L.) 96 Lesser Winter-green. — Diam. J in. ; leaves round- ovate ; flowers in racemes, drooping, globose, white, tinged pink ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 5-lobed, bell-shaped ; stamens 10 ; woods ; 8-12 in. (c.) 774 London Pride. — Diam. J in. ; leaves roundish - obovate crenate, in a rosette ; flowers in panicles, white spotted pinkish ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; moun- tains ; 6-15 in. (L.) 475 Common Enchanter's Nightshade. — Diam. J in. up- wards ; i~ in. sideways ; petals 2, obcordate, cleft ; sepals 2, bent back ; stamens 2 ; fruit with hooked bristles ; leaves ovate ; stem hairy ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 432 72 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Small. Wild Carrot. — Diam. each flower J in. ; small umbels J in ; compound umbels 2 in. ; flowers often in hollow pinkish umbels, sometimes white ; leaves ferny, tripinnate ; bracts large and cut : plant scented ; coasts and pastures ; 1-2 ft. (o.) 546 Fenugreek. — Diam. £ in. ; length J in. or over ; stem smooth, prostrate, closely matted ; leaflets 3, obcordate ; flowers white or pink, 1 or 2 together, short-stalked ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; pastures ; 2-8 in. (L.) 305 Clover Dodder. — Diam. J in. ; heads J in. or over, sessile, with a bract ; corolla tube cylindric, lobes spread- ing ; stem thread-like, slender, reddish ; leaves none ; sepals 4 or 5 ; petals 4 or 5 ; stamens 4 or 5, exserted ; grows on clover ; 1-2 ft. (L;) 804 Great Hartwort.— -Diam. each flower J in. ; small umbels f in., about 7 in number, stiff, crowded; compound umbel 1 J in. ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets about 2 pairs, cut, J in., oblong ; bracts short ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; way- sides ; 1-4 ft. (L.) 545 Minute. Small Bur Parsley. — Diam. each flower T\ in. or more ; small umbel J in. ; compound umbels 1 in. ; leaves 3 or 4 in., twice or thrice pinnate, segments small ; stem erect, solid, roughish ; branches spreading ; bracteoles linear ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit with hooked spines ; corn- fields ; 6-18 in. (L.) 547 Very Small. Greenish White and Pink. Knot Grass or Knotweed. — Diam. -^ in. ; length T^- in. ; stem branched, prostrate ; leaves \ in. or more, narrow, elliptical, nearly sessile ; flowers short-stalked, clustered in the axils ; perianth 5 ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; fruit triangular ; waste places ; 6-30 in. (v.c.) 1028 Medium. Greenish White. Lesser Butterfly Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; length nearly 1 in. ; stem erect, smooth ; leaves 2, ovate, parallel veined, JUNE FLOWERS. 73 smooth ; sepals with petals 6, one lipped and spurred ; spur long ; sepals spreading ; meadows ; 6-18 in. (c.) 1125 Spiked Star of Bethlehem. — Diam. f in. ; flowers in an erect raceme, without leaves ; leaves all radical, linear ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; copses ; 1J to 2 ft. (E.) 1169 Wild Raspberry. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves of 3 or 5 ovate leaflets, each 2 in., white beneath ; flowers drooping ; stem shrubby ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, short ; stamens many ; woods ; 2-5 ft. (v.c.) 393 Stone Bramble. — Diam. f in. ; stem prostrate, flower- ing shoots erect, flowers clustered, few ; sepals 5, spread- ing ; petals 5, whitish, erect ; stamens many ; leaves of 3 roundish leaflets, each 1J in. ; prickles very few and small ; copses ; 6-18 in. (c.) 392 Small. Common Elder (tree). — Diam. J in. ; flowers in umbel- looking flat- topped cymes 4 in., with 5 main branches ; leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate-serrate ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; woods ; 10-20 ft. (c.) 563 Very Small. Lint-leaved Bastard Toadflax. — Diam. J in. or over ; leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, f in., pointed ; flowers solitary, axillary, white inside, greenish outside ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; downs ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1051 Gout-weed. — Diam. each flower J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; stem stout, grooved, hollow ; bracts none ; root leaves triternate, on long stalks ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; damp places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 510 Great Ammi. — Flowers diam. J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; seed convex or flat in front ; leaves pinnate, sharply serrate, finely cut ; leaflets of lower leaves obovate ; upper linear ; waste places ; 2 ft. (B.A.) 561 Narrow-leaved Solomon's Seal. — Diam. J in. ; length | in. ; leaves soft, lanceolate, parallel-veined, in whorls of from 3 to 6 ; stem erect, angular ; flowers bell-shaped, 74 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. drooping, narrow in middle ; sepals with petals 6, joined ; stamens 6 ; woods ; 1J-3 ft. (R.) 1182 Erect Bastard Toadflax. — Diam. J in. ; leaves linear, 1 -nerved, fleshy ; stem erect, branched ; flowers in spiked racemes, sessile, with 3 bracts ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; downs ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1052 Hoary Plantain. — Diam. each flower J in. ; spikes 2-4 in. long, 1 in. broad ; stamens very noticeable, long, white, very numerous ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; leaves radical, broad, oval, strongly ribbed, 2-4 in. ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (o.) 989 Minute. Four-leaved Allseed. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; stem small, prostrate, branched ; lower leaves J in., in whorls of 4 ; upper in pairs ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 small ; stamens 3 ; shores ; 3-6 in. (L.) 453 Wall Bedstraw. — Diam. T^ in. or more ; stem slender^ rough with prickles pointing backwards ; leaves J in., about 6 in a whorl, lanceolate, bristles on margin pointing forward ; flowers in little clusters ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; sandy places ; 6-12 in. (L.) 585 Wild Celery. — Diam. each flower TV in. or over ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; stem furrowed and branched ; leaves shining, pinnate generally ; lower leaves on long stalks ; leaflets large, cut or lobed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bracts 0 ; marshes ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 503 Hidden or Suffocated Trefoil. — Diam. flowers T\ in. length J in. ; heads J in., sessile, ovoid ; leaflets 3 obcor- date J in., toothed ; leaf stalk long, 2 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5; shores; 1-3 in. (L.) 309 Autumnal Water-Starwort. — Diam. ^ in. ; leaves in pairs, united at base ; flowers in axils of leaves ; stems long, slender, rooting in water ; upper leaves floating, star- formed ; sepals and petals absent ; stamen 1, or ovary 1 ; ponds ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 439 Small. Qreem Caper Spurge. — Diam. J in. or more ; flowers unusually formed ; plant with milky sap ; leaves opposite, sessile. JUNE FLOWERS. 75 2-6 in., deep green with whitish bloom, often purplish ; bracts large, pointed ; fruit round, nearly J in. ; stamens many ; thickets ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 1069 Very Small. Marsh Isnardia. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; leaves opposites ovate, pointed, shortly stalked ; stem low, rooting, smooth ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens 4 ; boggy pools ; 6-10 in. (R.) 431 Minute. Common Marestail. — Diam. nearly J in. (not to be con- fused with the Horsetail, or Equisetum, a non-flowering plant ) ; leaves many, linear, 6-8 in a whorl ; stem stout, erect, jointed ; flowers sessile ; sepals and petals 0 ; stamen 1 ; style 1 ; ponds ; 6-18 in. (o.) 434 Smooth-fruited Corn Bedstraw. — Diam. TV in. ; re- sembles Goose-grass, but flowers more numerous ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, narrow, lanceolate, with prickles on margin ; fruit -£$ in. ; waysides ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 586 Very Small Greenish. Wall Pennywort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; leaves round, peltate, fleshy, 1 or 2 in. ; stem erect, with a raceme of hanging flowers ; sepals 5 ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 10 ; walls ; 6-12 in. (c.) 473 Wild Beet. — Diam. T3^ in. ; leaves fleshy, glossy ; lower broad, stem leaves small lanceolate ; flowers in long, loose, leafy spikes ; stem angular ; perianth 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1014 Green Musk Orchis. — Diam. J in. or more ; root leaves 2, oblong, acute ; flowers in a slender spike, smelling of musk ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, narrower and longer, lower one lipped, narrow and 3-lobed ; pastures ; 4-6 in. (R.) 1131 Seaside Plantain. — Diam. each flower J in. ; spike of flowers 1 J in., variable ; leaves linear, fleshy, 2-8 in. ; stalk not furrowed ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; shores and mountains ; 3-10 in. (L.) 991 76 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Annual Knawel. — Diam. J in. ; flowers solitary in the lower axils, or in cymes ; sepals 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 1, 2, 5, or 10 ; leaves small, awl-shaped, f in. ; stem slender, green, erect or spreading ; fields ; 2-8 in. (c.) 454 Minute. Marsh Arrow-grass. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers in a very narrow spike 2 in. or more ; a grass-looking plant ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves radical, linear, 4-10 in., fleshy ; marshes ; 6-18 in. (c.) 1199 Buck's-horn Plantain. — Diam. each flower TJF in. or over ; spike of flowers 1 in. or more, variable ; leaves linear, cut, 1 -ribbed ; stalk not furrowed ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; dry places ; 2-8 in. (L.) 992 Spiked Water Milfoil. — Diam. T^ in. ; greenish-white ; spike protruding from water 1-4 in. ; stamen flowers : sepals 4, petals 2 or 4, stamens 8 ; pistil flowers : sepals 4 small, petals small or 0 ; styles 4 ; leaves whorled in fours, feathery, under water ; ponds ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 436 Common Hornwort. — Diam. -^ in. ; leaves close- packed in a cylindrical horn-like spike, bristle-like, whorled, and repeatedly forked ; plant entirely under water ; flowers of 2 kinds ; sepals many ; petals 0 ; stamens 12-20 ; streams ; stem slender, 1-3 ft. (L.) 440 Greenish Goose-grass or Cleavers. — Diam. T\ in. ; stems straggling, very long, rough, matted ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, rough, lanceolate, with short, hooked, reflexed prickles ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; cymes 3-9 flowered ; fruit rough with hooked bristles ; fields ; 1-4 ft. (R.) 583 Very Large. Yellowish Green. Italian Cuckoo-pint. — Diam. of leafy spathe 2 in. or more ; length 6 in. or more ; flowers very small on a club- shaped, yellow spadix inside, length 2 in. or more ; leaves radical, large, triangular, base lobes wide apart, appear- ing before winter ; copses ; 10-20 in. (R.A.) 1203 Medium. Green Man-orchis. — Diam. fin. ; lip petal Jin.,yelloW| narrow j edges red ; 3 sepals and 2 petals forming a hood ; YARROW OR MILFOIL. (Achillea Millefolium.) SEE PAGE 67. JUNE FLOWERS. 77 flowers in a loose spike ; leaves oblong -lanceolate, parallel- veined ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (E.) 1129 Small. Common Lime (tree). — Diam. f in. or more ; flowers in a cyme growing from a large (2 in.), oblong, leaf-like, yellow- ish bract ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves cordate-serrate, unequal-sided ; plantations ; 20-60 ft. (L.) 240 Broad-leaved Lime (tree). — Diam. f in. ; flowers growing from a large (2 in.), oblong, leaf-like, yellowish bract ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; twigs hairy ; leaves downy beneath, cordate-serrate, unequal-sided ; woods ; 30-90 ft. (L.) 241 Sun Spurge. — Diam. J in. ; stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant ; stem with 5 umbel - branches, each forked ; leaves and bracts membranous, no stipules, obovate, alternate, wedge-shaped, serrated upwards ; fruit 3-lobed, smooth ; plant with milky sap ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (c.) 1057 Very Small. Spanish Catchfly. — Diam. nearly J in. ; petals 5, narrow, entire ; calyx 5-toothed, not swollen ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; stem sticky, erect ; leaves spathulate ; stamens and pistils in separate plants ; fields ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 171 Wild Mignonette. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 6 ; petals 6, very unequal ; stamens about 18 ; leaves 3-cleft, lower pinnatifid ; flowers in short spikes ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 138 Roman Nettle. — Diam. nearly J in. ; clusters about J in. ; leaves opposite, ovate-cordate, 2 in. ; plant stinging ; flowers of 2 kinds, larger than Common Nettle ; perianth 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; waysides ; 1-2 ft. (R.A.) 1075 Wild Madder. — Diam. -x\ in. ; flowers in short pani- cles ; calyx small or 0 ; corolla nearly bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; plant stiff, shining, very spiny with short, curved prickles ; leaves 1J in., oblong, 4-6 in a whorl ; rigid ; stony places ; 6-24 in. (L.) 572 Mossy Cyphel. — Diam. TST in. or more ; flowers solitary ; sepals 5j each 3-nerved ; petals 0 or 5 minute ; stamens 78 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. 10 ; leaves densely crowded, linear, 3-sided, f in, ; moun- tains ; 1-2 in. (R.) 222 Alpine Lady's Mantle. — Diam. T\ in. ; leaves white and satiny beneath, with 5-7 oblong, blunt leaflets, serrated at the end ; sepals 8 ; petals 0 ; stamens 4 ; mountains ; 3-9 in. (L.) 409 Dyer's-weed or Dyer's-rocket. — Diam. -5^ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 3-5, unequal ; stamens about 22 ; flowers in spike-like racemes ; leaves long, linear, lanceolate, un- divided ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (o.) 137 Sweet-flag. — Diam. each flower J in. ; spike or spadix dense, f in. diam. ; length 2J in. or more ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; plant fragrant ; leaves 3-6 ft., 1 in. broad, midrib thick ; marshes ; 3-6 ft. (L.) 1204 Spignel, Meu, or Bald-money. — Diam. each flower J in. ; small umbel f in. ; compound umbel 2 in. ; plant with strong, pleasant odour ; leaves feathery, long, twice pinnate ; leaflets with hair-like segments ; bracts numerous ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (L.) 535 Common Parsley. — Diam. each flower J in. ; small umbels \ in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves shining, thrice pinnate ; leaflets wedge-shaped,; 3-cleft and toothed ; upper leaflets narrow ; bracts thread- like ; walls ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 504 Minute. Good King Henry. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers in leafless spikes 1-4 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 5 ; stem stout, angled ; leaves about 3 in., triangular, arrow- shaped ; waysides ; 1-3 ft. (o.) 1006 Great Nettle. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers of 2 kinds ; stamen flowers in loose panicles ; pistil flowers dense ; leaves about 3 in.^ ovate-cordate, serrate ; sepals 4 ; stamens 4 ; waysides ; 1-4 ft. (v.o.) 1074 Branched Bur-weed. — Diam. T\- in. ; heads f in. ; flowers of 2 kinds in dense globular heads ; perianth 3 ; stamens 3 ; stem erect, branched ; leaves narrow, 3-sided, 2-4 ft. ; ditches ; 2-4 ft: (c.) 1207 JUNE FLOWERS. 79 Flixweed. — Diam. Tl¥ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves much cut and finely divided ; fruit pods narrow, | in. long ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 110 Small. /)*/// Greenish. Frog-orchis. — Diam. -^ in. ; sepals 3, forming a hood ; petals 3, lower one lipped, spurred, cleft ; flowers in short spikes, brownish -green ; leaves several, narrow -oblong, parallel- veined, smooth ; pastures ; 4-8 in. (c.) 1127 Very Small. Water Figwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length nearly f in. ; flowers greenish tipped brown-purple, roundish, in- flated ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; leaves oblong, lanceolate, serrate, 3-8 in. ; stem 4-winged ; marshes ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 851 Knotted Figwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. ; flowers greenish and purplish, inflated ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped^ 5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; leaves ovate-cordate, serrate^ 2-4 in. ; stem 4 -sided ; moist places ; 1-3 ft^ (v.c.) 850 Heart-leaved Tway-blade. — Diam. T\- in. ; 3 sepals and 2 petals, olive-brown ; lip petal dirty yellow-green, 2-cleft ; flowers few in a narrow, loose raceme ; leaves ovate- cordate, | in., sessile ; stem angled ; moors ; 4-8 in. (R.) 1102 Broad-leaved Pondweed. — Diam. —• in. ; flowers in a spike 1J in., protruding from water ; perianth 4 ; stamens 4 ; leaves mostly floating, oblong, oval, leathery, about 1-3 in. ; pools ; 1-5 ft. (v.c.) 1201 Salad Burnet. — Diam. each flower \ in. ; heads J in. diam. ; length J in. ; flowers in heads, on long bending stalks ; upper flowers in each head have crimson pistils, lower with long drooping stamens ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens numerous ; stem long, slender, wavy ; flower heads distant and few ; leaves prettily pinnate, leaflets toothed f in. ; plant smells and tastes of cucumber ; heaths ; 6-18 in. (c.) 406 80 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Minute. Wall Pellitory. — Diam. T\- in. ; flowers hairy, clustered in axils of leaves ; leaves oval, hairy, reddish, J-2 in. ; perianth 4: ; stamens 4 ; walls ; 3-12 in. (c.) 1076 Very Large. Creamy White. Trailing Rose. — Diam. 2 in. ; flowers scentless, in a corymb of about 4 ; branches long, trailing, rather slender, purplish, with stout hooked prickles ; sepals 5, nearly entire, purplish ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; hedges : 2-6 ft. (c.) 403 Large. Honeysuckle or Woodbine. — Diam. 1 in. ; length If in. ; flowers many together, tubular, creamy within, reddish outside ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-cleft, spreading ; stamens 5 ; leaves oval, hairy ; copses ; 6-15 ft. (v.o.) 567 Medium. Tall Broom-rape. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; whole plant stout, leafless, dull yellowish ; flowers in a spike and lipped ; sepals 4 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; grows on scabious roots ; 6-12 in. (L.) 871 Dropwort. — Diam. f in. ; leaves pinnate, leaflets deeply toothed or serrate, 4-9 in. ; stem often erect-wavy ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; downs ; 12-18 in. (c.) 370 Meadow-sweet. — Diam. TV in. ; leaves rather large, pinnate, downy beneath, end leaflet large and lobed ; flowers clustered, plume-looking, strongly fragrant ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, prominent ; wet meadows ; 2-4 ft. (v.c.) 369 Tuberous Comfrey. — Diam. f in. ; length nearly f in. ; plant hairy, not rough ; stem hardly winged, rather leafy, slender ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 4-8 in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla tubular, 5-toothedj closed ; stamens 5 ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 943 Very Small. Starry-headed Trefoil. — Diam. each flower -fa in. ; heads f in. ; length 1 in. ; sepals 5, large, hairy, bristly- JUNE FLOWERS. 81 stiff, star-like ; petals 5 ; leaflets 3, obcordate ; shores ; 4-12 in. (L.) 323 Bladder-nut. — Diam. T\ in. ; flowers in close racemes, yellowish-white ; sepals 4-5 ; petals 4-5 ; stamens 4-5 ; leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7 ; styles 2 ; shrubberies ; 5- 10 ft. (R.A.) 281 Small White Habenaria. — Diam. J in. or more ; flowers yellowish -white in a long spike, fragrant ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; lower petal lipped, 3-lobed, with a short spur at the back ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, parallel- veined ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (L.) 1128 Sand Joint Vetch. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers yellowish -white with red lines ; stem prostrate, thread- like ; flowers 2-4 together ; leaves pinnate, many leaflets ; fruit-pod rough, jointed ; sandy ground ; 6-18 in. (R.) 338 Asparagus. — Diam. J in. ; flowers drooping, bell- shaped, hidden close to stem ; stem slender, erect, branched ; leaves very small, many, linear ; perianth 6- cleft ; stamens 6 ; sea-coast ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1178 White Climbing Corydalis. — Diam. at mouth J in. ; length J in. or more ; flowers in racemes, tubular ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves pinnate, leaflets small ; stem slender, climbing by tendrils ; woods ; 6-24 in. (a) 57 Very Large. Pfl/e Yellow. Yellowish Gladdon or Stinking Iris. — Diam. 2J in. ; stem 1-2 ft., leafy ; leaves 1-3 ft., stiff, erect, f in. broad ; plant smelling badly ; perianth 6, 3 outer longer, 3 inner erect ; stigmas 3, petal-like ; stamens 3 ; pale yellow with purple lines ; copses ; 1-2J ft. (R.) 1140 Medium. Henbane. — Diam. £ in. ; flowers nearly erect, bell- shaped, dull yellow with purple lines ; plant clammy and sticky ; stem stout, branching ; leaves oblong, toothed, clasping ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; waste places ; 1-2J ft. (c.) 806 82 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Small. Rough-podded Yellow Vetch. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; stem prostrate, tufted ; leaflets linear-oblong, 5-7 pairs with tendril ; flowers solitary, sessile ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; sea-rocks ; 6-18 in. (L.) 349 Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. — Diam. each flower f in. or more ; heads | in. ; length f in. or over ; flowers in dense, stalked heads ; calyx teeth 5, awl-shaped ; leaflets 3, oblong-ovate, lower heart-shaped ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (L.) 317 Alpine Butterwort. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length J in. ; leaves all radical, entire, slimy ; calyx 2-lipped ; corolla spurred, hairy, 2-lipped ; stamens 2 ; Scotch bogs ; 2-4 in. (R.) 958 Birthwort. — Diam. f in., oblique ; length f in. ; flowers several together, dull yellow, swollen at the base, narrowed above, expanding into an oblong lip J in., with a short point ; leaves large, heart-shaped ; stamens 6 ; ruins ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 1054 Least Broom-rape. — Diam. f in. ; length \ in. ; plant slender, yellow -brown tinged purplish, leafless, erect ; flowers lipped ; sepals 4, with long points ; corolla 3-lobed ; stamens 4 ; grows on Clover roots ; 6-24 in. (R.) 872 Sweet Milk Vetch. — Diam. flowers J in. or more ; length J in. or more ; flowers in close racemes 1 J in. ; stem zigzag ; leaves 4-6 in. ; leaflets entire, 11 or 13, smooth ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; thickets ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 332 Very Small. Lesser Bladderwort. — Diam. J in. ; length T5¥ in. ; a floating plant, with fine root-like branches and thread-like branched leaves bearing tiny floating bladders ; sepals 2 ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 2 ; pools ; flower stems 2-6 in., with 2-6 flowers. (R.) 962 Common Cromwell. — Diam. f\ in. or over ; stems many, erect, branched ; leaves 2-4 in. ; hairy above, narrow- lanceolate, half-clasping ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed, spreading ; stamens 5 ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 938 JUNE FLOWERS. 83 Worm-seed Treacle Mustard. — Diam. £ in. or more ; flowers cross-shaped ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem erect, rigid, leafy ; leaves nearly entire, lanceolate, pale green, 3-4 in. ; waysides ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 115 Spiked Rampion. — Diam. flowers J in. ; length nearly J in. ; flowers in a terminal, oblong head, diam. f in., length 2 in. ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 deep lobes ; stamens 5 ; thickets ; 2-3 ft. (B.) 751 Minute. Small-flowered Melilot. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers in dense, one-sided racemes, which are loose in fruit ; calyx 5- toothed ; petals 5 ; leaflets 3, obovate, toothed ; plant fragrant ; waste places ; 3-12 in. (R.) 304 Common Hare's-ear. — Diam. each flower TTg- in. ; small umbel J in. ; compound umbel 1J in. ; leaves pale green, smooth, egg-shaped, stem passing through the middle ; bracts leaf-like beneath the flowers ; petaLs 5 ; stamens 5 ; cornfields ; 1-1 J ft. (L.) 522 Pepper Saxifrage. — Diam. each flower -^ in. ; small umbel | in. ; compound umbel 1J in. ; leaves thrice pin- nate ; leaflets narrow -lanceolate ; bracts few or none ; leaves mostly at the root ; plant with a disagreeable odour ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; damp pastures ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 534 Very Large. Yellow. Welsh Poppy. — Diam. 2J in. ; plant with yellow juice ; leaves green, stalked, pinnate ; flowers golden-yellow ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; rocky places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 48 Yellow-horned Poppy. — Diam. 2 in. or more ; leaves clasping the stem, wavy, very rough, pale green ; fruits 6-10 in. long ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 50 Yellow Water-lily. — Diam. 2 in. or more ; leaves roundish, cordate, floating ; stems long, in water ; sepals 5 ; petals 18-20, thick ; stamens many ; ponds ; 2-6 ft. (L.) 41 84 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Large. Great Fen Ragwort. — Diam. heads nearly 1 \ in. ; leaves undivided, toothed, cottony beneath ; ray florets very many ; disc yellow ; florets 5-cleft ; Fens ; 3-6 ft. (L.) 712 Corn Marigoldo — Diam. heads nearly 1 \ in. ; leaves 1-3 in., clasping, smooth, oblong, toothed, pointed ; disc yellow ; florets 5-cleft ; cornfields ; 12-18 in. (c.) 725 Yellow Goafs-beard. — Diam. heads 1J in. (variable) ; florets all ray ; open only till noon ; leaves entire, long, slender, clasping ; bracts below flower-head 8-10, leaf- like, lanceolate, pointed, 1-1 \ in. ; waysides ; 1-2 J ft. (v.c.) 607 Rough Hawk-bit. — Diam. If in. ; Dandelion-like flowers ; stem simple ; florets all ray ; bracts below florets hairy ; leaves like Dandelion, radical, but rough hairy ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 612 Long-rooted Cat's-ear. — Diam. 1J in. ; leaves bristly* radical, cut ; florets all ray ; flower stalks branched, smoothed, swollen at top ; waysides ; 8-18 in. (v.c.) 616 Greater Spearwort. — Diam. about 1J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; flowers Buttercup -like ; leaves sessile, narrow ; stem erect ; watery places ; 1 J-5 ft. (c.) 16 Pale Hawkweed. — Diam. heads 1 in. or more ; plant smooth pale green ; root leaves in a rosette, ovate-lanceo- late, fringed with long hairs ; stem leaves sessile mostly ; heads 2-6 together ; mountains ; 6-18 in. (L.) 636 Yellow Anemone. — Diam. 1 \ in. or over ; leaves of 3 or 5 portions, leaflets cut and toothed ; bract leaves in 3 parts ; sepals or petals 5 or 6 ; stamens many ; woods ; 6 in. (R.A.) 8 Silvery-weed. — Diam. 1 in. ; leaves pinnate, serrate, silky beneath mostly ; stem long, reddish, wiry, creeping ; flowers solitary ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; roadsides ; 3-9 in. (v.c.) 379 Small Rough Barkhausia. — Diam. heads 1 in. ; leaves rough pinnatifid, resemble Dandelion in shape ; bracts bristly and hairy, narrow ; stem branched, ribbed ; florets JUNE FLOWERS. 85 all ray, striped brown at back ; pastures ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 644 Common Ragwort. — Diam. heads 1 n. ; flowers rayed; disc yellow ; florets 5-cleft ; stem strong, erect ; flowers many, close, in a flat-topped corymb ; leaves much cut, ragged, smooth ; fields ; 1-4 ft. (v.c.) 710 Shrubby Cinquefoil. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5, oblong, f in., acute, hairy, margins rolled under ; stem shrubby ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; rocky places ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 377 Medium. Moth Mullein. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; plant smooth ; stem leaves ovate, sessile ; flowers in a loose raceme ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-cleft, irregular ; stamens 5, hairy ; waste places ; 1-4 ft. (L.) 816 Common Rock Rose. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; sepals 3 ; petals 5, soon falling ; stamens many ; leaves nearly 1 in.; green above, hoary beneath ; dry places ; trailing ; 3-10 in. (c.) 140 Tutsan. — Diam. f in. or over ; sepals 5, unequal ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 5 bundles ; plant shrubby, smooth ; leaves ovate ; thickets ; 1J-3 ft. (L.) 242 Wall Hawkweed. — Diam. heads J in. or more ; stem with 2-6 heads ; flower stalks rather woolly ; leaves mostly radical, resetted ; ovate, rather cordate ; rocks ; 12-18 in. (c.) 637 Bristly Ox-tongue. — Diam. heads f in. ; length nearly J in. ; florets all ray ; stout, much branched; many prickles from raised white spots ; upper leaves cordate ; outer bracts large, heart-shaped ; waste places ; 1 J-3 ft; (c.) 609 Moneywort. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stem long, trailing ; leaves nearly round; f in. ; flowers solitary, axillary ; damp places ; close to ground ; stem 1-2 ft. long, (c.) 973 Pale Hairy Crowfoot. — Diam. nearly { in. ; a Butter- cup ; sepals 5, bent back, hairy ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; stem upright, hairy ; leaves 3-partite ; fruit rough ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (o.) 23 86 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Creeping Cinquefoil. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers solitary ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves 5-fingered mostly ; stem slender, creeping ; roadsides ; 6-18 in. (c.) 383 Broad-leaved Ragwort. — Diam. £ in. ; flowers rayed, disc yellow ; florets 5-toothed ; stem erect, stout, leafy ; leaves smooth, lanceolate, 5-8 in. ; meadows ; 3-5 ft. (L.) 713 Stinking Barkhausia. — Diam. heads J in. ; plant with bad smell, rough, branched from below ; flower stalks long, thickened upwards ; buds drooping ; florets all ray ; chalky downs ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 643 Marsh Flea-wort. — Diam. heads nearly f in. ; flowers rayed, disc yellow ; florets 5-toothed ; stem erect, leafy, stout, unbranched ; leaves lanceolate, half -clasping ; bracts many, slender ; Fens ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 714 Rough Hawk 's-beard. — Diam. heads f in. ; florets all ray ; stem stout, ribbed ; leaves 6 in. or more ; stem leaves sessile, cut, lower more cut ; bracts, inner long, outer short, spreading ; pastures ; 1-4 ft. (L.) 628 Perfoliate Yellow-wort. — Diam. f in. or more ; plant smooth, nearly white ; leaves opposite, ovate, united, stem passing through ; sepals 8 ; petals 8 ; stamens 8 ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (L.) 794 Common Sow-thistle. — Diam. heads about f in. ; rather pale yellow ; florets all ray ; leaves sharply toothed, clasping, with 2 spreading arrow-shaped ears ; lower leaves stalked ; flower heads crowded, often cone-shaped ; plant with milky sap ; waysides ; 1 J-3 ft. (v.c.) 624 Sharp-fringed Sow-thistle. — Diam. heads about f in. ; as above, but leaves more prickly, clasping, with 2 rounded ears, (v.c.) 625 Dyer's Green Weed. — Diam. f in. ; plant shiny, with- out spines ; leaves narrow -lanceolate, f in. ; flowers in slender racemes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; banks ; 9-24 in. (v.c.) 288 Wall Rocket. — Diam. f in. ; flowers few, rather pale ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; flowers almond-scented ; leaves when crushed offensive, long, narrow, acute, cut ; stem erect, leafy ; old walls j 1-2 ft. (L.) 131 JUNE FLOWEKS. 87 Lesser Spearwort. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers Butter- cup-like ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves undivided, narrow, tapering ; stem bent at base ; wet places ; 4-15 in. (v.c.) 15 Sea Radish. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers cross-shaped ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves 5-8 in., with alter- nate small and large leaflets ; stem stout, roughish ; sea- coast; 1-3 ft. (L.) 134 Bird's-foot Trefoil. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length f in. ; flowers in umbels of 5-10, spreading, often deep orange- crimson in bud ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem decumbent ; leaflets obovate ; banks ; 4-12 in. (v.c.) 329 Smooth Cat's-ear. — Diam. heads J in. ; florets all ray ; bracts very unequal, few, green, linear, pointed ; stem branched, smooth, leafy ; root leaves oblong, lobed ; dry places ; 6-12 in. (L.) 614 Small. Small or Beautiful St. John's Wort.— Diam. J in. ; flower buds tipped red ; flowers in clusters ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 3 bundles ; leaves cordate, sessile, | in., upper oblong ; banks ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 249 Wood Avens or Herb Bennet. — Diam. J in. ; length | in. ; flowers nearly erect ; petals 5, rather short ; sepals 10, 5 rather long ; stamens many ; leaves pinnate ; plant Straggling ; banks ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 372 Spotted Annual Rock-rose. — Diam. J in. ; flowers with 5 petals, spotted deep red at base ; sepals 3 ; stamens many ; leaves narrow, 1J in. long ; downs ; 4-12 in. (E.) 143 Meadow Vetchling. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; flowers 3-12 in a long-stalked raceme ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, un- equal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets lanceolate, 1 pair, stipules very large ; stem angled ; meadows ; 1-2J ft. (v.c.) 356 St. Vincent's Rock Stonecrop. — Diam. flowers J in. in flat- topped cymes 3 in. ; sepals 5 or 6 ; petals 5 or 6 ; stamens 10 or 12 ; leaves J in., thick, slightly flattened, spurred, sessile, glaucous ; rocks ; stem stout ; 6-10 in, (L.) 470 88 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Inelegant Ragwort. — Diam. heads J in. ; flower heads rayed ; disc yellow, corolla 5-cleft ; plant smooth ; stem leafy, rather stout ; heads in a very loose corymb ; leaves unevenly cut, upper half -clasping ; old walls ; 8-12 in. (L.) 708 Dark Mullein. — Diam. J in. ; flowers wheel-shaped in long racemes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, with purple hairs ; plant hairy ; stem angular ; leaves ovate -cordate ; banks ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 815 Welsh Rock Stonecrop. — Diam. flowers J in. in round- topped cymes 3 in. ; sepals 6 or 5 ; petals 6 or 5 ; stamens 12 or 10 ; leaves \ in., thick, slightly flattened, spurred^ sessile, not glaucous ; rocks ; stem not very stout ; 6-10 in. (L.) 471 Biting Stonecrop or Wall Pepper. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; flowers starry ; stems tufted in cushions ; leaves fleshy, J in., sessile, crowded ; walls ; 3-6 in. (v.c.) 467 Common Mustard. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers cross- shaped ; sepals 4, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; lower leaves lyrate, upper entire, narrow ; fruits pressed to stem ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (o.) 129 Wild Navew. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4, erect ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; root leaves roughish, cut and toothed ; stem leaves smooth, cordate, pointed, clasping,- rather whitish ; fields ; 6-24 in. (v.c.) 123 Agrimony. — Diam. f in. or more ; plant scented, slender, hairy ; flowers in long spikes ; calyx 5-cleft, with hooked bristles ; petals 5 ; stamens about 15 ; leaves pin- nate, with the alternate leaflets smaller, cut ; copses ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 404 Ivy-leaved Lettuce. — Diam. heads f in. or more ; florets 5, all ray ; bracts few, narrow ; flower heads in loose, angular panicles ; plant slender, dark ; leaves 3-8 in.j cut, with end piece ivy-shaped ; walk ; 1-3J ft. (c.) 620 Greater Bladderwort. — Diam. f in. or more ; length \ in. ; plant 2-8-flowered, floating, with fine root-like branches, and thread-like Branched leaves bearing tiny JUNE FLOWEKS. 89 floating bladders ; sepals 2 ; corolla 2-lipped, with a spur ; stamens 2 ; flower stems 4-8 in. ; pools. (L.) 960 Strong-scented Lettuce. — Diam. heads f in. ; florets many, all ray ; bracts few, green, tips red ; leaves, upper oblong, wavy, toothed, lower clasping ; waste places ; 3-5 ft. (L.) 617 Hoary Cinquefoil. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 10 ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; leaves 5-fingered, leaflets £ in., much cut, white beneath ; stem slender^ low ; roadsides ; 6-15 in. (L.) 380 Runcinate-leaved Cabbage. — Diam. f in. or over ; sepals 4, erect ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves resembling Dandelion (runcinate), smooth, lobes unequal, not pointed ; stem rough at base ; waste places ; 1 ft. (R.A.) 136 White Mustard. — Diam. nearly f in. ; sepals 4, spread- ing ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; plant rough, with reflexed hairs ; leaves lyrate, cut and lobed ; stem furrowed ; branches spreading ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 128 Creeping Yellow Cress. — Diam. -^ in. ; sepals 4, spread- ing ; petals 4, twice as long as sepals ; stamens 6 ; leaves pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut ; pod J in. ; wet places ; 9-12 in. (L.) 106 Yellow Sticky Bartsia. — Diam. J in. or more ; length f in. ; plant with clammy down ; leaves narrow, deeply serrated ; flowers axillary, solitary ; sepals 4 ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; meadows ; 6-18 in. (B.) 839 Amphibious Yellow-cress. — Diam. J in. or over ; sepals 4, spreading ; petals 4, twice as long as sepals ; stamens 6 ; leaves undivided, sharply toothed, or cut ; pod ovoid, J in. ; wet places ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 107 Kidney-vetch or Lady's Fingers. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; heads 1J in. ; flowers crowded, woolly, sometimes red-tipped ; sepals 5, woolly ; petals 5, nearly equal ; stamens 10 ; leaves 2-4 in., pinnate, 2-6 pairs, with an end leaflet ; leaflets f in., narrow -oblong ; pastures ; 6-16 in. (v.c.) 294 London Rocket. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4, equal at the base ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves deeply lobed, points 90 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. turned backward ; plant smooth ; old walls, etc. ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 109 Yellow Vetch. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; flower stalks single- flowered ; leaves reduced to tendrils ; stipules leaf-like, | in. broad, hastate, in pairs ; fields ; 1-3 ft., trailing. (L.) 353 Yellow Sickle Medick. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem bending ; leaflets 3, oblong, toothed ; flowers numerous, in racemes ; fruit curved ; banks ; 6-24 in. (L.) 296 Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel. — Diam. J in. ; plant acid, erect, with runners ; leaflets 3, obcorda-te, J in. ; leaves often whorled, not radical ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (R.A.) 279 Serpent 's-tongue Spearwort. — Diam. Jin. ; stem slender, nearly erect, nearly smooth ; lower leaves broadly ovate or cordate ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, equal ; stamens many ; marshes ; 6-10 in. (L.) 17 Very Small. Common or Small Purslane. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers sessile ; sepals 2 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves obovate, fleshy ; calyx obtusely keeled ; waysides ; 9 in. (L.) 449 Yellow Wood-sorrel. — Diam. about J in. ; plant acidj erect, hairy, without runners ; leaflets 3, obcordate, J in. ; leaves not radical ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (R.A.) 278 Calycine Alyssum. — Diam. T\- in. ; sepals 4, not falling ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; plant hairy ; leaves nearly J in;, few, linear-spathulate ; pods nearly round, thin ; sea- coasts ; 3-8 in. (L.) 90 Slender Bird's-foot Trefoil.— Diam. T\ in. ; length | in. ; plant clothed with soft hairs ; flowers in umbels of 3 or 4 ; sepals 5, very long ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; banks ; 2-6 in. (L.) 331 Common Melilot. — Diam. J in. or over ; length -^ in. or more ; plant erect, branched, light green ; leaflets 3, narrow-oval, serrated ; flowers in 1 -sided racemes ; sepals JUNE FLOWERS. 91 5 ; petals 5, nearly equal ; stamens 10 ; plant sweet- smelling when dry ; fields ; 1 J-3 ft. (c.) 301 Minute. Gold of Pleasure. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4, short ; petals 4, spathulate, erect ; stamens 6 ; stem leaves 2 in., entire, sessile, arrow-shaped at base, lobes pointed; fruit large, roundish, on long stalks ; flax fields ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 88 Cypress Spurge. — Diam. J in. ; plant smooth, glaucous, with milky sap ; flowers numerous, of unusual construc- tion ; leaves alternate, narrow -linear, 1 in., sessile ; bracts near flowers, cordate ; fruit roughish ; stem with 10-20 rays ; woods ; 1 2 ft. (L.) 1064 Golden Trefoil. — Flowers diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flowers in nearly round heads or spikes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, standard deflexed ; stamens 10 ; teeth of calyx awl- shaped, unequal, smooth ; leaflets 3, oblanceolate, toothed ; clover fields ; 6 in. (R.A.) 328 Lesser Yellow Trefoil. -Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; heads J in. or over ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, obcordate, toothed ; flowers 6-15 in a head, each flower with a little stalk ; pastures ; 10-20 in. (c.) 325 Least Filago. — Diam. heads nearly J in. ; length J in. or more ; flower heads 3-6 in terminal clusters ; bracts woolly ; florets all disc, tubular, no ray ; corolla 5-cleft ; leaves J in., lanceolate ; dry places ; 4-6 in. (c.) 693 Yellow Bedstraw. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers very many, in dense cymes, terminal mostly ; corolla 4-lobed, cross-shaped ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-angled ; leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, linear ; downs ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 573 Marsh Yellow Cress. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves pinnatifid, end lobe large; fruit curved; watery places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 105 Common Hedge Mustard. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. ; stem rough, branches stiffly and horizontally spread- ing ; leaves hairy, deeply lobed, the points turned back- ward ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; fruits close-pressed to the stalk ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (v.o.) 108 92 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Field Melilot. — Diam. y¥ in. ; length T8¥ in. ; flowers in racemes, rather pale yellow ; sepals 5 ; stamens 10 ; petals 5, keel shortest ; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong ; fruit egg- shaped, with a sharp spine ; fields ; 6-24 in. (c.) 302 Slender Yellow Trefoil. — Diam. flowers -^ in. ; length T3g- in. ; flowers rather pale ; heads loose, 2-6-flowered ; leaflets 3, nearly J in., toothed at the tip, obcordate, nearly sessile ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; pastures ; stem very slender; 4-6 in. (o.) 326 Large. Orange Yellow. Orange Alpine Cinquefoil. — Diam. 1 in. ; stem nearly up- right ; root leaves of 5 wedge-shaped leaflets, f in., with deep cuts ; sepals 10 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; moun- tains ; 4-10 in. (R.) 382 Medium. Orange Hawkweed. — Diam. heads | in. ; florets all ray ; heads about 6 in a dense cluster ; plant with blackish hairs ; leaves obovate ; copses ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 632 Tawny-coloured Balsam. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers irregular, with a tube and an upcurved spur ; leaves oblong, crenate-serrate, acute ; sepals 3, petaloid ; petals 3 ; stamens 5 ; river-banks ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 274 Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. — Diam. £ in. ; flowers yellow, with orange spots ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves spreading, 1 in., linear -lanceolate ; mountain rills; 5-7 in. (L.) 479 Large. Pinkish WMte- Small Bindweed. — Diam. 1J in. (See Rosy Pink, Large.) Small. Dwarf Elder or Danewort. — Diam. J in. ; clusters 3 in., with 3 branches ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, joined ; stamens 5 ; leaves pinnate, leaflets 4 in. ; stem stout, ribbed ; copses ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 564 Lesser Water-plantain. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; leaves all radical, narrow, erect, blade JUNE FLOWERS. 93 24 in. ; flowers in whorled umbels ; ditches ; 6-18 in. (c.) 1193 Thick-leaved Stonecrop. — Diam. J in. or more ; plant glaucous and pinkish, much branched ; leaves fleshy, globular, J in. ; flower stalks sticky ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, blunt ; stamens 10 ; walls ; 2-3 in. (L.) 464 Pink Variety of Crimson Clover. — Flowers diam. J in., length J in. ; oval-oblong heads, diam. } in., length 1 in. or more, stalked, solitary, terminal ; calyx with 5 hairy teeth, spreading in fruit ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, broadly ovate, 1 in. long ; fields, etc. ; 3-6 in. (L.) 316 Hairy Stonecrop. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, spreading ; stamens 10 ; stem erect ; leaves cylindrical, linear, alternate ; plant hairy ; bogs ; 3-4 in. (L.) 463 Very Small. English Catchfly. — Diam. •£$ in. ; calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed, 10-nerved ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; flowers in 1 -sided spikes ; plant hairy and sticky ; lower leaves spathulate ; sandy fields ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 172 Red Whortleberry or Cowberry. — Diam. T3¥ in. ; length T5g- in. ; stem procumbent, woody ; leaves f in., evergreen, shiny above, stiff, obovate ; flowers crowded, drooping, bell-shaped ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-toothed ; stamens 8 ; heaths ; 6-18 in. (c.) 770 Alpine Bistort. — Diam. flowers T3F in. ; flowers few, in a slender spike 2 in. ; stem simple, erect ; leaves linear- lanceolate, 2 in. ; sepals 5, coloured ; petals 0 ; stamens 5 ; pastures ; 4-8 in. (L.) 1021 Great Wild Valerian. — Diam. flowers T\ in. ; length f in. ; flowers in loose clusters 3-6 in. ; leaves all pinnate ; stem leaves 2-5 in.^ sessile, leaflets 1 in., lanceolate ; petals 5 ; stamens 3 ; moist places ; 2-5 ft. (v.c.) 594 Heart-leaved Valerian. — Diam. flowers Ts? in. ; length | in. ; flowers in dense clusters 2-3 in. ; leaves large, 6-12 in., heart-shaped, upper with lanceolate leaflets ; a large, coarse herb ; petals 5 ; stamens 3 ; plantations ; 2-4 ft. (R.A.) 595 94 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Snakeweed or Common Bistort. — Diam. flowers J in. or over ; length J in. or over ; flowers in a dense spike, diam. nearly \ in., length If in. ; sepals 5, flesh-coloured ; petals 0 ; stamens 5; leaves oblong-ovate, 2-3 in. ; meadows ; 12-18 in. (o.) 1020 Minute. Coriander. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels \ in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stem slender, hollow ; leaves bipinnate, upper with thread- like segments ; fruit ball-shaped with broad ribs ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 558 Mudwort or Bastard Plantain. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 4 ; leaves narrow, 1 \ in.j spathulate, stalk long ; flowers shortly stalked ; wet places ; 1-4 in. (L.) 866 Cornish Moneywort. — Diam. TV in. or more ; stems slender ; leaves round, downy, \ in.,- with 7-9 lobes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 4 ; banks ; 6-12 in. (L.) 867 Chaffweed or Bastard Pimpernel. — Diam. ^~ in. ; leaves minute, J in., smooth, ovate ; flowers axillary, numerous ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, usually ; stamens 4 ; heaths ; 1-3 in; (c.) 979 Hairy-headed Corn-salad. — Diam. nearly ^ in. ; flowers in dense cymes ; leaves linear-oblong, entire mostly, sessile ; petals 5 ; stamens 3 ; calyx large, bell-shaped ; fields; 6-12 in. (L.) 600 Smooth Corn-salad. — Diam. nearly TV in. ; flowers in rather loose cymes ; leaves linear-oblong, entire mostly, sessile ; petals 5 ; stamens 3 ; calyx small ; cornfields ; 6-12 in. (c.) 599 Large. Lilac or Pink. Field Scabious. — Diam. heads If in. ; outer flowers larger, radiating ; each flower with bristly calyx ; corolla 4-lobed, bluish-lilac, hairy ; stamens 4 ; leaves hairy ; root leaves 3-10 in., oblong-lanceolate ; stem leaves pinna - tifid, lobed or cut ; stem stout, very hairy, with long spreading branches above ; fields ; 2-5 ft. (v.o.) 606 JUNE FLOWERS. Seaside Bindweed. — Diam. If in. ; flowers wide, bell- shaped ; leaves kidney-shaped, fleshy ; bracts 2, large, enclosing the 5 sepals ; corolla 5-angled ; stamens 5 ; shores ; 6-12 in. (L.) 800 Fuller's Teasel. — Diam. heads 1J in. ; length 1J in. or more ; corolla-lobes 4, short, unequal ; stamens 4 ; stem leaves 6-12 in., sessile, undivided, with 2 basal leaflets ; heads very prickly, with hooked scales ; bracts 1-3 in. long, deflexed ; plant stout, prickly ; fields ; 1 J-3 ft. (L.) 603 Medium. Northern Mallow. — Diam. nearly f in. ; sepals 3 outer, 5 inner ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous central ; petak much longer than sepals ; stem decumbent ; flowers pale purplish ; waste ground ; 8-16 in. (R.A.) 232 Dwarf Mallow. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 3 outer, 5 inner ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous central ; stem prostrate ; leaves cordate, lobes crenate ; waste places ; 6-12 in. (c.) 230 Spotted Orchis. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. or more ; flowers in a close, oblong spike ; leaves smooth, oblong, lanceolate, parallel-veined, spotted brownish ; sepals 3, spreading ; petals 3, lip deeply 3-lobed, flat, spotted purple ; heaths ; 6-24 in. (v.c.) 1121 Purple Sea-rocket. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4^ purplish lilac ; stamens 6 ; flowers in long racemes ; leaves fleshy, oblong, deeply lobed ; stem succulent ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 60 Small. Hemlock Stork 's-bill. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 5, distinct ; petals 5, separate ; stamens 10 ; fruit long, beaked ; plant hairy ; stalks many-flowered ; leaves pinnate and pinnatifid ; waste places ; 6-15 in. (L.) 272 Bird's-eye Primrose. — Diam. f in., length f in. ; flower stalk leafless, whitish, many-flowered ; leaves mealy be- neath, elliptical, all radical ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; mountain pastures ; 2-8 in. (L.) 966 96 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Chive Garlic. — Diam. f in. ; length | in. ; leaves hollow, slender, pointed ; spathes 2, brownish ; flowers many, in a dense globose umbel ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1163 Field Sandwort Spurrey. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves linear, flat, f in. ; sepals 5, separate ; petals 5, separate, entire ; stamens 5 or 10 ; styles 3 ; dry places ; prostrate, 4-12 in. (o.) 197 Seaside Sandwort Spurrey. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves linear, fleshy ; sepals 5, separate ; petals 5, separate, entire ; stamens 5 or 10 ; styles 3 ; flowers pale ; shores ; creeping, 4-12 in. (L.) 196 Rough-podded Purple Vetch. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length J in. or more ; flowers generally solitary ; leaves 1 J in., with few leaflets and a tendril ; calyx hairy, with 5 slender teeth ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; pod hairy, 1J in. by J in. ; bushy places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 345 Pale Butterwort. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length J in. ; flowers lipped, throat yellow ; sepals 5 ; stamens 2 ; flower spur short, stout, conical, incurved ; leaves f in:, oblong, sticky ; bogs ; 2-4 in. (R.) 959 Very Large. /?os^ Pink. Sabine's Rose. — Diam. 2 in. or over ; sepals 5, pinnate ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; shoots hairy and bristly ; prickles | in., nearly straight ; leaflets 5-7, doubly serrate ; fruit hairy, round ; copses ; 1-5 ft. (L.) 398 Dog Rose. — Diam. 2 in. ; very variable, with about 29 varieties ; sepals 5, pinnate ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; shoots not bristly ; prickles equal, hooked ; leaflets 5-7 ; leaves without glands ; styles many, distinct ; ripe fruit red, without sepals ; hedges ; 3-8 ft. (v.c.) 402 Large. Downy-leaved Rose. — Diam. If in. ; sepals 5, slightly pinnate ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; shoots not bristly ; prickles uniform, nearly straight ; leaflets 5-7, covered beneath with glandular hairs ; ripe fruit scarlet, with sepals ; hedges ; 3-6 ft. (L.) 399 FIELD SCABIOUS. (Scabiosa, or Knautia, aruensla.) SEE PAGE 94. JUNE FLOWERS. 97 True Sweetbriar. — Diain. If in. ; sepals 5, pinnate ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaflets doubly serrate, with sweet-smelling glandular hairs beneath ; heaths ; 3-6 ft. (L.) 401 Small-flowered Sweetbriar. — Diam. 1J in. ; sepals 5, long, simply pinnate ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; shoots not bristly ; leaflets twice serrate, hairy, with glands beneath, prickles equal hooked ; ripe fruit ovate, without sepals ; heaths ; 3-6 ft. (L.) 400 Small Bindweed. — Diam. 1J in. ; bracts small linear ; sepals 5 ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-angled ; stamens 5 ; stem weak, twining ; leaves arrow -shaped, lobes pointed ; flowers sometimes white ; banks ; 6-24 in. (c.) 798 Flowering Rush. — Diarn. 1 in. ; flowers many in an umbel with scaly bracts ; leaves radical, linear, 3-sided, long ; perianth 6 ; stamens 9 ; ditches ; 3-4 ft. (c.) 1197 Cheddar Pink. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers mostly solitary ; scales below calyx 4 ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, jagged ; styles 2 ; stamens 10 ; leaves linear, glaucous, rough-edged ; rocky 4-12 in. (L.) 165 Medium. Red German Catchfly. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, slightly notched ; stamens 10 ; styles 5 ; stem clammy ; root leaves 4 in., very narrow -lanceolate ; flowers almost sessile ; rocks ; 6-10 in. (K.) 182 Bee Orchis. — Diam. } in. ; flowers mostly pink, with velvety brown lip ; sepals 3, pink ; petals 2 linear, green- ish-yellow, and 1 large, lipped ; stem erect, 3-6-flowered, smooth ; leaves short, oblong, parallel -veined ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (L.) 1132 Late Spider Orchis. — Diam. f in. or more ; flowers with dark purple lip, swollen, marked green ; sepals 3 large, pinkish -purple ; petals 2 small, ovate, and 1 lipped, large ; stem erect, 3-6-flowered, smooth ; leaves short, oblong, parallel- veined ; downs ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1133 Spiny Rest-harrow. — Diam. f in. ; stem erect, spiny, with 2 rows of hairs ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, striped, H 98 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem shrubby, tough, hairy ; leaflets of lower leaves 3, oblong, sticky ; heaths ; 6-12 in. (c.) 292 Maiden Pink. — Diam. J in. or more ; flowers solitary ; calyx scales 2 ; calyx 5-lobed, glabrous, strongly ribbed ; petals 5, notched, spotted with white ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; stem and leaves roughish ; leaves narrow ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (L.) 166 Common Rest-harrow. — Diam. nearly f in. ; stem shrubby, procumbent, hairy, without spines ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, striped, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, oblong, sticky ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 291 Ringed Catchfly. — Diam. J in. ; calyx inflated, 5- toothed ; petals 5, cloven to middle, crested ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, upper linear ; stem erect ; flax fields ; 6-12 in. (R.A.) 179 Pale Rosy Garlic. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6, very short } flowers about 12, stalked, in a cluster or umbel ; head without bulbils ; flowers pale rosy purple ; leaves radical, flat, 6-10 in. ; waste ground ; flower stalk 1ft. (R.A.) ' 1167 Small. Red Alpine Catchfly. — Diam. nearly \ in. ; calyx 5- cleft ; petals 5, cleft ; stamens 10 ; styles 5 ; flowers in a corymbose head, 1 in. ; leaves sessile, lanceolate ; moun- tains ; 5-6 in. (R.) 181 Long-stalked Cranesbill. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; stigmas 5 ; leaves 5-7, partite, lobes distant, cut, narrow ; sepals long-awned ; flower stalks long, 2-flowered ; dry places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 266 Saintfoin. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length nearly \ in. ; flowers many, in a close, ovoid, pointed, spike-like raceme ; clusters long-stalked ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, with darker veins ; stamens 10 ; leaves pinnate, with about 15 oblong leaflets ; pastures ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 340 Moss Campion. — Diam. f in. ; stems tufted, short ; flowers solitary ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, crowned and notched ; styles 3 ; leaves narrow, fringed ; mountain rocks ; 2-3 in. (R.) 176 JUNE FLOWERS. 99 Round-leaved Cranesbill. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 5, dis- tinct ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; stigmas 5 ; petals entire, obovate ; leaves roundish, lobed and cut ; plant downy, with soft hair ; fruit long-beaked ; waste places ; 6-12 in. (L.) 262 Broad Smooth-leaved Willow Herb.— Diam. f in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stem slender ; leaves ovate, toothed, opposite, smooth ; stigmas 4 ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 422 Common Centaury. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length nearly | in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; calyx shorter than tube of corolla ; leaves oval-oblong ; flowers bright pink ; stem erect ; pastures ; 5-18 in. (c.) 790 Tufted Centaury. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length nearly | in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; calyx as long as tube of corolla ; leaves linear-oblong, lower spathulate ; flowers bright pink ; stem erect, simple ; shores ; 2-6 in. (L.) 792 Broad-leaved Centaury. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length | in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; calyx as long as tube of corolla ; leaves broadly oval ; flowers in dense, forked tufts, bright pink ; stem branched ; shores ; 2-6 in. (L.) 793 Small, Spreading Rest-harrow. — Diam. J in. or over ; sepals 5, as long as corolla ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem not woody, spreading, hairy and sticky ; leaflets 3 in all the leaves ; flowers solitary ; fruits reflexed ; sea- cliffs ; annual ; 2-3 in. (L.) 293 Small-flowered Cranesbill. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, spreading, distinct, acute, as long as the 5 notched petals ; stamens 5 perfect and 5 imperfect ; leaves roundish, lobed and cut ; plant downy, with soft hair ; waste places ; flowers 2 together ; 6-18 in. (c.) 263 'Two-flowered Linnaea. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; stem trailing ; leaves in pairs, roundish, crenate, J in. ; flower stalks erect, 2-flowered ; flowers pale pink, hanging, bell-shaped ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 4, 2 longer ; sweet-scented ; woods ; 3-8 in. (R.) 570 100 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Small Sea Milkwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; calyx 5-partite, flesh-pink, dotted with crimson ; petals 0 ; stamens 5 ; stem procumbent ; leaves fleshy, ovate, glabrous, opposite ; muddy shores ; 3-6 in. (L.) 981 Bog Milkwort. — Diam. TV in. ; length nearly f in. ; flowers rosy ; plant rather fleshy ; sepals 5, 3 greenish and 2 petaloid ; petals 3 ; stamens 8 ; leaves spathulate in a radical rosette ; upper leaves narrow ; marshy ground ; 2-4 in. (R.) 156 Hyssop-leaved Purple Loosestrife. — Diam. T3T in. ; calyx with 8-12 teeth ; petals 4-6, oblong ; stamens about 6 ; leaves linear-lanceolate, f in., sessile ; flowers lilac pink, solitary; moist places; 6-12 in. (R.) 442 Entire Habenaria. — Diam. y\ in. ; flowers purplish - pink ; sepals 3, darker ; petals 3, pointed, 1 lipped and 3-lobed ; spur nearly round ; leaves oblong, smooth, parallel-veined ; pastures ; stem erect, 4-10 in. (R.) 1130 Squinancy-wort. — Diam. T8y in. ; flowers clustered, flesh, purplish-pink outside ; leaves linear, 4 in a whorl ; stem 4-angled, slender ; downs ; 6-10 in. (L.) 589 Minute. Black Hellebore. — Diam. flowers \ in. ; umbels 2 or 3 in. diam. ; flowers many, dull pinkish ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bracts below flowers greenish -pink, f in., ovate-lanceolate, white beneath ; leaves palmately 3-7-lobed, serrate ; root leaves 3-4 in. diam., teeth bristle-pointed ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (R.A.) 496 Teasel-headed Trefoil. — Diam. flowers J in., length J in. ; flowers in oval heads, diam. i in., length f in. ; calyx teeth 5, broad, pointed, stiff, enlarging and spread- ing ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, obovate- oblong, J in. ; salt-marshes ; stem rigid, 6-18 in. (L.)* 320 Soft-knotted Trefoil. — Diam. flowers nearly J in., length 1 in. ; flower heads diam. J in., length f in. ; plant with soft hairs, tufted, spreading ; leaflets 3, obovate ; flower heads rosy, chiefly terminal, sessile ; sepals 5, erect ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; pastures ; 4-12 in. (c.) 321 JUNE FLOWERS. 101 Upright Round-headed Trefoil. — Diam. flowers -^ in., length J in. ; flower heads J in. or over ; flower stalks f in. ; leaflets 3, toothed, £ in. ; plant smooth, not hairy ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaflets linear-lanceo- late ; flowers rosy purple ; banks ; 2-6 in. (R.) 308 SmaXL Pink and Purple Cow-wheat. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla gaping, 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; flowers in spikes, rose-purple, mouth yellow ; bracts f in., rose-purple ; leaves 1J in., lanceolate ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 845 Very Large. Scarlet. Scarlet-horned Poppy. — Diam. 2 in. ; sepals 2, soon falling ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; stem leaves deeply pinnatifid, cut ; stem hairy ; pod very long, hairy ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 52 Large. Crimson. Blood-red Cranesbill. — Diam. nearly 1J in. ; sepals 5^ distinct ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; leaves roundish, lobed ; fruit long-beaked ; rocky places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 257 Gladiolus or Corn-flag. — Diam. 1J in. ; flowers 4-8 in a spike 2-3 ft., arranged all on one side ; perianth 6 -parted ; stamens 3 ; leaves sword-shaped, 8 in. long and | in. broad ; flowers rather bell-shaped, crimson-purple ; copses ; 2-3 ft, (R.) 1143 Medium. Round-seeded Lathyrus. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; flower stalk 1 -flowered, with a long point ; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate ; waste places ; 2 ft. (R.) 363 Small Pheasant's Eye. — Diam. nearly £ in. ; leaves much divided, feathery ; sepals 5 ; petals 5-16 ; flowers cup- 102 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWEKS. shaped, crimson-scarlet ; stamens many ; cornfields ; 6-10 in. (R.) 9 Earth-nut Pea. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; leaflets obovate, 1 pair, with a tendril ; flower stalks longer than leaves, 2-5-flowered ; stem angled ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; cornfields ; 2-4 ft. (R.) 358 Cranberry. — Diam. f in. or over ; length nearly f in. ; stem very slender, long, creeping ; leaves evergreen, ovate- oblong ; petals 4, narrow, spreading, reflexed ; stamens 8, prominent, yellow ; peat bogs ; 6 in. high, (c.) 771 Crimson Clover. — Diam. flowers J in., length J in. ; heads oval-oblong, diam. f in., length 1 in. or more, stalked, solitary, terminal ; calyx with 5 hairy teeth, spreading in fruit ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, broadly ovate, 1 in. long ; fields ; 6-18 in. (L.) 315 Very Small. Ciliated Heath. — Diam. \ in. or more ; length nearly f in. ; leaves 4 in a whorl, egg-shaped, J in., downy above, fringed with hair ; flowers in 1 -sided racemes, bell- shaped ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 8 ; heaths ; 6-18 in. (R.) 756 Crimson and Pale Bluish. Rough-podded Vetch. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers 2 together generally ; standard-petal crimson ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 1 pair with tendril ; stem winged ; fields ; 2-4 ft. (R.) 355 Large. ffed Purple. Nodding or Musk Thistle. — Diam. heads 1J in. ; heads solitary, drooping, with a powerful odour ; leaves with prickly teeth, deeply lobed ; bracts purplish, stiff-pointed, lower bent back ; stem winged, nearly bare at the top ; florets all tubular, disc ; downs; 1J-2J ft. (c.) 653 Common Mallow. — Diam. 1J in. ; calyx, outer 3-leaved, inner 5-cleft ; petals 5, indented at the outer end, twisted in bud ; stamens central column, many ; stems many JUNE FLOWERS. 103 ascending, leaves 3-7-lobed, 2-3 in. ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 229 Vervain Mallow. — Diam. 1J in. ; flowers pale rosy purple ; sepals 5, with 3 bracts ; petals 5 ; stamens many, forming a tube ; lower leaves roundish, angular, upper 5 -parted and cut ; stems and sepals velvety ; waste places ; 3 ft. (R.A.) 233 Meadow Thistle. — Diam. heads 1J in. ; heads mostly solitary ; stem cottony, not winged ; leaves few, soft, wavy, lanceolate, toothed ; bracts cottony, close-pressed ; plant with only 1 or 2 heads ; florets all disc tubular ; wet pastures; 12-18 in. (L.) 661 Black Knapweed. — Diam. heads 1J in. ; length 1 in. ; heads Thistle-like, but plant entirely without prickles ; florets all tubular ; bracts close -pressed, broad, dark, with fringes ; leaves entire, upper lanceolate, roughish, 1-3 in. ; stem tough ; waysides ; 9-30 in. (v.c.) 667 Wood Lavatera. — Diam. 1 in. ; sepals 5$ with 3 bracts ; petals 5, glossy ; stamens many, forming a long column ; flowers pale rose-purple ; petals twice as long as sepals, narrow, notched ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (R.A.) 238 Purple Helleborine. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers in a loose, slender, narrow spike ; leaves lanceolate, parallel- veined ; sepals 3 ; petals 2, all rosy-purple ; third petal lipped, white; woods; 6-18 in. (R.) 1109 Wild Pink. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers fragrant, fringed ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; leaves narrow, acute, 1-nerved ; old walls ; 1 ft. (R.) 163 Medium. Foxglove. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length 1J in. ; flowers drooping, bell-shaped, in a long terminal raceme ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla slightly 5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; leaves mostly lanceolate, large ; hedges ; 2-4 ft. (v.c.) 854 Larger Marsh Orchis. — Diam. f in. or over ; leaves lanceolate, acute, unspotted, parallel-veined ; bracts longer than dull-purple flowers ; sepals 3 ; petals 2, coloured, third petal lipped, dotted and streaked ; stem 104 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. erect, rather slender, hollow ; moist meadows ; 1-3 ft; (c.) 1120 Great Sea-stock. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, broad, pale dull purple ; stamens 6 ; flowers in racemes 1-3 in. ; plant woolly or downy ; leaves linear-oblong ; fruits rough ; shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 120 Welted Thistle or Field Thistle. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length | in. ; heads small, clustered ; stem with continu- ous leaf wings, prickly ; leaves lanceolate and spiny ; bracts very slender, erect mostly ; florets all tubular ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (o.) 654 Upright Purple Loosestrife. — Diam. f in. or more ; flowers whorled in a tall, showy spike ; calyx 12-ribbed ; petals 6 narrow ; stamens 6 long and 6 short ; leaves opposite, lanceolate ; watery places ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 441 Hispid Marsh Mallow. — Diam. f in. ; flowers soli- tary ; sepals 5 ; outer calyx 6-9-cleft ; petals 5, twisted in bud ; stamens many in a central column ; leaves kidney-shaped, acutely 5-lobed ; plant bristly ; fields ; 6-18 in. (R.) 236 Three-lobed Geranium. — Diam. £ in. ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; stigmas 5 ; flowers purple, streaked with red, in pairs on long red stalks ; stem red and shining ; leaves opposite, shortly-stalked, with 3 pointed lobes, 1J in. ; waste places ; 1J ft. (R.A.) 269 Whorled Mallow. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, with 3 linear bracts ; petals 5 ; stamens many, forming a tube ; leaves roundish-cordate, bluntly angular ; flowers axillary, clus- tered, sessile ; calyx rough, somewhat inflated ; stem erect ; cornfields ; 2 ft. (R.A.) 231 Mountain Cranesbill. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, pointed, distinct ; petals 5, distinct, deeply cut ; stamens 10 ; stigmas 5 ; leaves roundish, deeply 5-7-lobed ; flowers many ; pastures ; 1J-2J ft. (L.) 261 Small Musky Storksbill. — Diam. J in. ; flowers rose -purple ; sepals 5, distinct ; petals 5, distinct ; stamens 5 perfect and 5 imperfect ; stigmas 5 ; stem prostrate, hairy ; leaves JUNE FLOWERS. 105 pinnate ; plant clammy and smelling of musk when bruised ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 273 Hairy Mountain Oxytropis. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers in heads, 6-10, pale purple tipped dark purple ; plant silky ; leaflets many, J in. ; flower stalks longer than leaves ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; moun- tains ; 4-6 in. (R.) 335 Slender-flowered Thistle. — Diam. f in. ; length nearly J in. ; flower heads small, oblong, sessile, numerous, pale purple-pink ; bracts narrow, with spines curved back ; stem prickly ; leaves cut, prickly ; florets all tubular ; sandy places ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 655 Fragrant Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; length J in., with long spur ; flowers very sweet-scented, in a spike about 2 in. ; sepals 3, coloured ; petals 2 and a broad lip-petal 3-lobed ; stem slender, erect ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; heaths ; 8-18 in. (c.) 1124 Proliferous Pink. — Diam. nearly f in. ; calyx very narrow, 5-toothed ; flowers clustered, one open at a time ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; stem smooth ; leaves short, narrow, edge roughish ; gravelly places ; 6-12 in. (R.) 161 Plantain-leaved Thrift or Sea-pink. — Diam. flowers nearly f in. ; flowers in a dense hemispheric head 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 5 ; leaves all radical, narrow -lanceolate ; banks, Jersey ; 6-18 in. (R.) 983 Hedge Woundwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length nearly | in. ; flowers whorled in a spike 4-8 in. long ; flowers dull red-purple, with white markings ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; stem solid, 4-sided ; leaves ovate- cordate ; plant bad-smelling ; waysides ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 920 Black Bitter-vetch. — Diam. ^ in. ; length J in. ; stem angled ; leaflets 3-6 pairs, without tendrils, 1 in. ; flowers livid purple, fading to blue ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; Scotch rocks ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 362 Black Horehound. — Diam. -^ in. ; length -| in. or more ; flowers pale red-purple, whorled, crowded, sessile ; leaves 1 J in., roundish-cordate, stalked ; plant hoary or 106 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWEKS. woolly, bad-smelling ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-sided, 2-3 ft. (c.) 906 Common Hound 's Tongue. — Diam. T5^ in. or over ; flowers lurid purple ; leaves large, dull, downy, oblong- lanceolate ; plant smelling disagreeably as of mice ; sepals 5, oblong ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 4 ; fruit prickly ; waste places ; 8-24 in. (c.) 949 Small-flowered Mallow. — Diam. i in. or over ; flowers sessile, clustered, axillary ; sepals 5, with 3 small bracts petals 5, just longer than sepals ; stamens many ; stem spreading; leaves roundish, bluntly angular, crenate, smoothish ; waste ground ; 1 ft. (R.A.) 234 Green-leaved Hound's Tongue. — Diam. J in. or over ; flowers reddish-purple, turning to blue ; leaves lanceolate, bright, sessile, roughish, upper ones clasping ; sepals 5, linear ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 4 ; fruit prickly ; shady places; 8-24 in. (L.) 950 Very Small. Wild Thyme. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers whorled, scented, lipped, lower 3-lobed ; sepals 5, purplish ; stamens 4 ; leaves T37 in., oblong or ovate ; stem trailing or pros- trate, 4-angled ; heaths ; 2-8 in. (v.c.) 890 Small Round-headed Garlic. — Diam. \ in. ; length J in. or over ; heads of flowers globose, dense-flowered ; bracts or spathes 2 ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves hollow, 8-20 in., narrow, all radical ; pastures ; 1 J-2 ft. (R.) 1162 Minute. Least-flowered Fumitory. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length nearly J in. ; flowers in short racemes, first pale purple, then purple-red ; leaves much divided, segments narrow ; sepals 2, ovate, one-eighth as long and one-half as broad as the corolla-tube ; petals 4, in 2 pairs ; stamens 6 ; fruit round ; cornfields ; 3-8 in. (L.) 56 Medium. Greenish Purple. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers 3-10 in a loose raceme about 5 in. long ; sepals 5 ; JUNE FLOWERS. 107 petals 5, unequal, standard rosy ; stamens 10 ; stem winged ; leaflets 1 pair, 4 in., and a tendril ; thickets ; climbing 3-6 ft. (c.) 357 Small. Yellowish or Purplish. Rose-root Stonecrop. — Diam. J in. ; leaves thick and fleshy, flat, oblong, sessile, closely set ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, linear ; stamens 8 ; root rose-scented ; rocks ; 6-12 in. (L.) 461 Large. Yellowish with Purple. Carline Thistle. — Diam. heads 1J in. ; heads only open in dry weather ; florets all tubular, purplish ; bracts many, shiny straw-yellow ; stem stout, purplish ; leaves lanceo- late, spiny, deeply toothed, cottony beneath ; downs ; 3-18 in. (c.) 666 Medium. Deep Brownish Purple. Purple Marsh Cinquefoil. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; stem bent down, purple ; leaves pinnate, with 5-7 leaflets, each 1 J in., pale beneath ; flowers few ; calyx 10-cleft ; petals 5, small ; stamens many ; marshes ; 6-18 in. (c.) 388 Very Small. Great Burnet. — Diam. flowers J in. ; heads diam. £ in., length f in. ; each flower calyx 4-lobed ; petals 0 ; stamens 4, not long ; leaves pinnate, of 3-5 pairs leaflets ; stem slender, branched, spreading ; heads long - stalked ; meadows ; 1J-2J ft. (v.c.) 405 Small DM Red. Red Broom-rape. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; plant all reddish, without green leaves ; flowers lipped, in a loose spike ; sepals 2, 1 -nerved, longer than corolla- tube ; stamens 4 ; grows on Wild Thyme ; 4-8 in. (R.) 873 Very Small. Reddish Green. Curled Dock. — Diam. J in. or more ; sepals 6, in 2 rows, the inner 3 larger ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; fruit triangular ; leaves 6-10 in., oblong-lanceolate, 108 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. pointed, much waved or curled along the edge ; flowers with both stamens and pistils ; waste places ; 1J-3 ft. (v.c.) 1039 Sharp Dock. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 6, in 2 rows, the inner 3 larger ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; fruit tri- angular ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; inner sepals linear- oblong, with tubercles ; flowers with both stamens and pistils ; wet places ; 1-3 ft. (o.) 1041 Fiddle-dock. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 6, in 2 rows, the inner 3 larger ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; fruit tri- angular ; lower leaves fiddle-shaped, upper lanceolate, pointed ; inner sepals oblong, deeply toothed ; waysides ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1036 Meadow-dock. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 6, in 2 rows, the inner 3 larger ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; fruit tri- angular ; root leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, waved ; inner sepals unequal, cordate or triangular, toothed near the apex ; marshes ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 1035 Small. Brownish. Bird's-nest. — Diam. nearly J in., with lip; plant pale reddish-brown, without green leaves, but with numerous sheathing brown scales ; flowers in a rather dense spike ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, 1 being lipped with 2 spreading lobes ; root-fibres many, fleshy, short ; shady woods ; 4-10 in. (L.) 1101 Red-brown Broad-leaved Helleborine. — Diam. nearly | in. ; flowers drooping in racemes ; sepals 3, broadly ovate ; petals 2, ovate-lanceolate, and the third with a hollow or concave shiny lip ; lower leaves close, roundish ovate, strongly parallel- ribbed, 1| in. by 1 in. ; cliffs, etc.; 6-15 in. (R.) 1105 Very Small. Sweet-gale or Bog-myrtle. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 0 ; flowers in axillary catkins 1J in. ; stamen flowers with 4-8 stamens ; pistillate flowers with a sessile 1 -celled ovary and 2 styles ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, 2-3 in. ; a fragrant, twiggy shrub; moors and bogs; 2-3 ft. (L.) 1093 JUNE FLOWERS. 109 Small Violet-Purple and Yellow. Woody Nightshade or Bitter-sweet. — Diam. f in. or over ; length nearly £ in. ; stem shrubby, climbing ; leaves cordate, upper ones eared at the base ; flowers many, drooping, with prominent yellow centre ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens 5 ; copses ; 3-6 ft. (v.c.) 808 Scottish Primrose. — Diam. J in. or over ; flowers about 10, clustered in umbels ; calyx 5-lobed, without ridges ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves very mealy beneath, but not wrinkled, about 1 in. ; northern pastures ; 2-4 in. (R.) 967 Bluish Purple. Very Large. Gladden or Stinking Iris. — Diam. 2J in. ; stem 1-2 ft., leafy ; leaves 1-3 ft., stiff, erect, f in. broad ; plant smell- ing badly ; perianth 6, 3 outer larger, 3 inner erect ; stigmas 3, petal-like ; stamens 3 ; copses ; 1-2J ft. (L.) 1139 Large. Wood Cranesbill. — Diam. 1 in. ; leaves long-stalked, roundish, 3 or 4 in., deeply 7-lobed, cut and serrate ; sepals 5, awned ; petals 5, slightly notched ; stamens 10, fringed half-way up ; fruit stalks erect ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (o.) 259 Medium. Deadly Nightshade or Dwale. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers shortly stalked, solitary, axillary, bell-shaped ; sepals 5 ; corolla with 5 broad lobes, greenish -purple out- side ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate, pointed ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 809 Purple Broom-rape. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; plant bluish-purple, leafless ; bracts 3 ; calyx-lobes 4, narrow, acute ; corolla 2-lipped, with purple veins ; stamens 4, not hairy ; stem simple, slender, tough ; grows on Yarrow roots ; 6-12 in. (R.) 874 Sand Broom-rape. — Diam. J in. ; length } in. ; plant bluish -purple, leafless ; bracts 3 ; calyx-lobes 4, narrow, obtuse ; corolla 2-lipped, with purple veins ; 110 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. stamens 4, hairy ; stem simple, slender, tough ; grows on Yarrow roots ; 6-12 in. (R.) 875 Blue Marsh Vetchling. — Diam. \ in. ; length f in. ; leaves pinnate, 2-3 pairs ; tendril short, branched ; stalks 2-6-flowered, about 2 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, pale bluish -purple ; stamens 10 ; boggy places ; stem winged, 2-4 ft. (R.) 359 Small. Early Small -flowered Gentian. — Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4-5 ; stem erect, square, dull purplish ; leaves entire, sessile, oppo- site, ovate-lanceolate, about 1 in. ; flowers only open in sunshine ; corolla-throat fringed with pale hairs ; dry heaths ; 2-10 in. (L.) 786 Purple Mountain Milk-vetch. — Diam. flowers J in. or more ; length £ in. ; flower heads or clusters large in pro- portion to the plant ; spikes ovoid, 1 in., stalk stout ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves of many narrow leaflets J in. ; chalky soil ; stem rather slender, 2-6 in. (L.) 333 Small Purple Toadflax. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flowers in short, few-flowered racemes ; plant erect, glabrous ; leaves linear, lower f in., in whorls of 3, upper scattered ; sepals 5 ; corolla lipped and closed, spurred ; stamens 4 ; Jersey ; 6-10 in. (R.) 864 Alpine Bartsia. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flowers in short, few-flowered spikes, with purplish bracts ; plant hairy, glandular ; leaves sessile, ovate, \ in., roughish ; sepals 4 ; corolla 2-lipped, dull blue-purple ; stamens 4 ; mountain pastures ; 4-8 in. (L.) 838 Lucerne or Purple Medick. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; flowers in short, dense racemes ; leaflets 3, obovate- oblong, toothed ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; fruit with 2-3 coils, downy ; fields and coast ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 295 Very Small. Smooth Round-headed Trefoil. — Flowers diam. $ in. ; length T\ in. ; heads J in. or more ; flowers in round JUNE FLOWERS. Ill prickly heads ; calyx teeth 5, sharp-pointed, spread- ing in fruit ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; leaflets 3, each J in.F with strong teeth ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (L.) 307 Scottish Menziesia. — Diam. J in. at mouth ; length f in. ; flowers in terminal tufts, pale purplish -blue ; sepals 5 ; corolla inflated, bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; stamens 10 ; leaves many, linear, J in., stifi and glossy ; Perth moors ; 5-10 in. (R.) 761 Slender Tare. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; flower stalks 1 in. and 1-2-flowered ; leaflets 3-6 pairs, narrow, \ in., with tendril ; flowers pale purple-blue ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; waste places ; stem slender, 1-2 ft. (o.) 352 German Madwort. — Diam. J in. ; flowers bluish -purple, solitary, in axils of upper leaves ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed, throat closed by scales ; stamens 5 ; stem prostrate, angular, thickly set with rigid, curved bristles ; leaves linear • oblong, roughish, 3 in. ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 948 Minute. Sharp-fruited Corn-salad. — Diam. flowers nearly -fa in. ; flowers in loose clusters ; corolla with 5 obtuse lobes, funnel-shaped ; stamens 3 ; plant slender, smooth, fleshy, brittle ; leaves nearly oblong, upper clasping ; fruit nearly round, crowned with 1 erect tooth ; cornfields ; 6-12 in. (L.) 598 Medium. Violet Blue- Meadow Sage or Clary. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers in whorls of 4, on long spikes ; calyx tubular, 5- toothed ; corolla 2-lipped, upper long, arched, lower broad ; stamens 2, anthers long ; leaves oblong or ovate-cordate ; stem 4-angled ; dry fields ; 1-4 ft. (R.) 880 Common Butterwort. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; leaves all radical, oblong, sticky or slimy, fleshy, in a rosette ; flower stalks 1 -flowered ; sepals 5, unequal ; 112 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. corolla 2-lipped, spurred ; stamens 2 ; bogs ; 2-8 in. (o.) 957 Small Purple-flowered Viper's Bugloss. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers in cymes 4-6 in. ; stem branched, with hairs from minute raised dots ; leaves oblong, heart-shaped, sessile ; sepals 5 ; corolla unequally 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; sandy fields ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 954 Common Alkanet. — Diam. nearly \ in. ; flowers funnel- shaped in 1 -sided spikes ; sepals 5, longer than corolla ; corolla 5-lobed, throat closed by scales ; stamens 5 ; leaves narrow -lanceolate, upper half -clasping ; plant covered with soft bristles ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 946 Large. Bluish. Blue Meadow Cranesbill. — Diam. nearly 1J in. ; leaves roundish, 3-6 in., long-stalked, 7-9-lobed, each lobe much cut ; plant erect, softly hairy ; sepals 5, with long points or awns ; petals 5, veined ; stamens 10 ; fruit stalked, bent down ; moist meadows, etc. ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 260 Medium. Field Larkspur. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; length nearly 1 in. ; flowers in long racemes ; leaves cut into many narrow, linear lobes, upper sessile ; sepals 5, petal-like, with spur J in. ; petals 2 ; stamens many ; stem slender, slightly branched ; fruit of 1-5 separate carpels ; corn- fields ; 10-18 in. (L.) 33 Branched Field Larkspur. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; length nearly 1 in. ; flowers in long racemes ; leaves cut into many narrow, linear lobes, upper sessile ; sepals 5, petal- like ; petals 2 or 4 ; stamens many ; stem stouter, branched ; fruit of 1-5 separate carpels ; fields ; 1-2J ft. (R.A.) 34 Jacob's Ladder. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves alter- nate, pinnate, 6-12 pairs ; leaflets | in., each oblong- ovate ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; flowers many, drooping somewhat, on an erect stem ; rocky slopes; 8-24 in. (L.) 797 JUNE FLOWERS. 113 Small Creeping Speedwell. — Diam. f in. or over ; flowers lilac- blue ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-partite, lobes unequal ; stamens 2 ; resembles Thyme-leaved Speedwell, but corolla much larger ; cultivated ground ; 2-8 in. (R.A.) 836 Corn Bell-flower. — Diam. -^ in. ; length f in. ; flowers sessile^ axillary ; calyx lobes 5, linear, longer than lobes of corolla ; corolla 5-cleft, blue inside, lilac outside ; stamens 5 ; stem erect ; stem leaves oblong or ovate, serrate ; fruit 1 in. long ; fields ; 6-10 in. (L.) 749 Tufted Vetch. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly \ in. ; plant climbing, with branched tendrils ; leaves with many pairs of leaflets ; leaflets J in., linear-oblong ; flower stalks long ; flowers 10-30 in dense racemes, curved or drooping ; stem angled, 2-6 ft. ; hedges, (v.c.) 344 Very Small. Kent Milkwort. — Diam. T3-g in. ; length -^ in. ; leaves spathulate in a rosette ; sepals 5, the 2 inner petaloid ; petals 3 ; stamens 8 ; inner sepals narrower than fruit ; fruit roundish, notched ; downs ; 2-4 in. (L.) 157 Hairy Tare. — Diam. J in. ; length -^ in. ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, with a tendril ; flower stalks long, 1-6-flowered ; flowers rather pale ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; fruit hairy ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 351 Large. Blue. Corn Bluebottle or Cornflower. — Diam. heads 1$ in. ; florets all tubular, outer larger, spreading, 5-lobed, without stamens and pistils, bright blue ; inner smaller, purplish ; bracts deeply-toothed, forming an ovoid involucre ; leaves sessile, narrow, 2-3 in. ; plant rather cottony ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 668 Medium. Borage. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; plant stout, rough, bristly, leafy, branched, juice smelling strongly of Cucumber ; flowers in terminal drooping clusters ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, 114 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. pointed ; stamens 5, forming a black cone ; leaves ovate, sessile, waved ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 944 Perennial Flax. — Diam. about 1 in. ; flowers sky-blue ; sepals 5, obovate, obscurely 5-ribbed ; stamens 5 ; leaves sessile, very narrow, tapering f in. ; stem slender, wiry ; chalky hills ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 224 Annual Sheep 's-bit. — Diam. heads f in. ; length f in. or over ; florets (flowers) long, 5-cleft to the base ; calyx 5-lobed ; stamens 5, united ; stigma 2-cleft ; flowers in hemispheric heads ; bracts ovate, acute, green ; leaves obovate-oblong, roughish hairy ; plant when bruised smell- ing disagreeably ; heaths ; 4-10 in. (c.) 752 Small. Common Viper's Bugloss. — Diam. J in. ; flower buds pinkish, flowers brilliant blue ; plant rough, with prickly bristles ; leaves narrow, tapering ; flowers in short lateral spikes ; sepals 5 ; corolla rather bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, longer than corolla ; chalky fields ; 1J-3 ft. (c.) 953 Purple-blue Gromwell. — Diam. £ in. ; flower stems erect, non-flowering, creeping ; sepals 5 ; corolla with 5 spreading lobes ; stamens 5 ; leaves 2 in., nearly sessile, narrow- lanceolate ; sepals slender, much shorter than the corolla ; thickets ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 940 Narrow-leaved Flax. — Diam. f in. ; flowers light blue ; sepals 5, elliptical, sharp-pointed, 3-ribbed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves very narrow, tapering to a point, alter- nate ; stem slender, not much branched ; chalky hills ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 225 Water Forget-me-not or Scorpion-grass. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers bright pale blue in leafless 1 -sided clusters, eye yellow, rays white ; calyx 5-lobed, with close-pressed hairs ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stem with spreading hairs ; leaves mostly sessile, bright green, roughish ; wet places ; 9-18 in. (v.c.) 930 Rock Scorpion-grass. — Diam. f in. ; flowers bright pale blue in leafless 1 -sided clusters ; calyx deeply 5-cleft, with spreading hairs ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly sessile ; TUFTED VETCH. (Viola Cracca.) SEE PAGE 113. JUNE FLOWERS. 115 corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; hairs of stem spreading ; mountains ; 5-10 in. (R.) 933 Creeping Water Scorpion-grass. — Diam. nearly f in. ; stem very slender, with creeping runners rooting at the tip ; flowers sky-blue with yellow disc ; sepals 5, narrow^ pointed, long, with close-pressed hairs ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; hairs of stem spreading ; wet places ; 4-15 in. (c.) 931 Very Small. Small Bugloss. — Diam. J in. ; flowers brilliant blue, funnel-shaped, bent, throat closed by 5 blunt white scales ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5, included ; plant branched, prickly ; leaves oblong, wavy, sessile ; waste ground ; 6-18 in. (c.) 945 Field Scorpion-grass. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers pale blue in leafless 1 -sided clusters ; calyx 5-cleft, with spreading hooked hairs ; corolla 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stem with spreading hairs ; leaves sessile, linear-oblong ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 935 JULY FLOWERS. Large. White. Thorn-apple. — Diam. If in. or more ; length 3 in. ; flowers trumpet-shaped, erect ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 5- lobed, angular, plaited ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate, un- equally serrate ; rubbish heaps ; 1-2 ft. (R.A.) 810 Water-soldier. — Diam. 1 J in. ; plant floating only while in flower ; leaves stiff, brittle, 6-18 in., tapering, spiny- serrate ; stamens and pistils on different plants ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; stamens about 12 ; stigmas 6 ; ponds ; 4-6 in. (R.) 1191 Blackberry or Bramble. — Diam. 1J in. or more ; a very variable species, with about 20 sub-species ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; stem angular, with prickles only on the angles ; leaves ternate or pinnate, with white down beneath ; flowers clustered ; hedges ; 2-10 ft. (v.c.) 394 Common Hazel-leaved Bramble. — Diam. 1J in. ; stem round, prostrate, without hairs, but covered with glau- cous bloom ; prickles slender, nearly equal ; leaflets 5, hazel-like, pale and soft beneath ; sepals 5, ovate, reflexed in fruit ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; hedges ; 3-8 ft. (o.) 395 Medium. Dewberry. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; a Bramble with whitish (glaucous) stems and fruit ; stem prostrate ; leaflets usually 3, end one ovate or 3-lobed ; prickles very un- equal ; sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; thickets ; 1-4 ft. (c.) 396 Common Chamomile. — Diam. heads nearly 1 in. ; plant bitter, with a smell of Apples ; ray florets white, pistillate ; disc yellow ; leaves with hair-like segments ; stem pros- trate ; flower heads solitary, drooping in bud ; bracts obtuse ; downs ; 6-12 in. (L.) 730 116 JULY FLOWERS. 117 Frog-bit. — Diam. J in. ; plant floating ; sepals 3, green ; petals 3 ; stamens 9-12 ; flowers 2-3 from a 2-leaved sheath ; stamens and pistils on different plants ; stems creeping ; leaves 1 in., round-cordate ; pools; 3-6 in. (L.) 1189 Italian Catchfly. — Diam. nearly f in. ; calyx tubular, 5-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; stem erect, downy, rather clammy ; root leaves long-stalked, tapering at the base ; stem leaves sessile, long and narrow ; cliffs ; 9-18 in. (R.A.) 177 Floating Water Plantain. — Diam. £ in. ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; leaves floating, f in., with long stalks ; flower stalks 2-3 in. and 1 -flowered ; flowers yellow -spotted in centre ; lakes ; stems thread-like, 3-10 ft. (R.) 1194 Common Feverfew or Featherfew. — Diam. heads f in. ; ray florets white, short ; disc florets yellow ; leaves flat, twice pinnate, segments ovate and cut ; disc nearly flat ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 727 Large-flowered Moneses or Winter-green. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; leaves smooth, nearly round, f in. ; flowers solitary, drooping ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, spreading ; stamens 10 ; flowers fragrant ; fir woods ; 2-5 in. (R.) 776 Round-leaved Winter-green. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly f in. ; flowers in a raceme, drooping, globose ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, roundish ; stamens 10 ; leaves round- ish-ovate, chiefly radical, evergreen ; moist woods ; 8-12 in. (L.) 772 Small. Alpine Clustered Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; leaves all radical, obovate, undivided, sharply crenate ; flowers in a crowded head ; sepals 5, spreading ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; rocks ; 3-6 in. (L.) 477 Alpine Brook Saxifrage. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves 3-5-lobed, palmate, smooth ; stem slender ; flowers few ; sepals 5, spreading ; petals 5 ; stamens 2 ; styles 2 ; rocks ; 1-4 in. (R.) 483 Water Stitchwort or Mouse-ear Chickweed. — Diam. nearly f in. ; stem slender, brittle ; upper leaves sessile, 118 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. ovate-cordate ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, narrow, deeply cleft ; stamens 10 ; styles 5 usually ; wet places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 214 Alpine Stitchwort Chickweed. — Diam. nearly f in. ; stem bending, with an alternate hairy line ; leaves oblong, tapering at the base ; flowers 2 or 3 together ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, bifid, much longer than sepals ; stamens 10 ; styles 5 ; mountains ; 4-6 in. (L.) 213 White Stonecrop. — Diam. J in. or over ; stem prostrate below ; flower stalk erect ; leaves nearly cylindrical, succu- lent, oblong, obtuse ; sepals 5, green ; petals 5, spreading ; stamens 10 ; rocks ; 3-5 in. (L.) 466 Great English Sundew. — Diam. J in. or over ; leaves radical, narrow, reddish, with sticky, shining, glandular hairs, oblong, long-stalked ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bogs ; 4-8 in. (R.) 153 Intermediate Winter-green. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; leaves roundish oval ; flowers in spike-like racemes, drooping, roundish ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, distinct ; stamens 10 ; style protruding ; woods ; 8-12 in. (L.) 773 Drooping Bulbous Saxifrage. — Diam. J in. ; rarely flowers in Britain ; stem erect, simple, 1-3-flowered ; leaves kidney -shaped, palmately-lobed ; stem leaves with scarlet buds in the axils ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; rocks ; 2-6 in. (R.) 482 Knotted Pearlwort. — Diam. J in. ; stems numerous, nearly erect ; flowers few, 1-2 ; leaves awl-shaped^ J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, twice as long as the sepals ; stamens 10 ; styles 5 ; damp places ; 3-4 in. (o.) 193 Bitter Candytuft. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, the 2 outer much longer ; stamens 6 ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, 1 in. ; stem ribbed ; fruit broad, flat ; fields ; 6-9 in. (L.) 72 Very Small. Sweet Alyssum or Seaside Koniga. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers scepted ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem ascending, leafy ; leaves linear, 1 in. ; coasts ; 4-8 in. (L.) 89 Hemlock Water Dropwort. — Diam. each flower -^ in. ; JULY FLOWERS. 119 small umbels 1 in. ; compound umbels 3 in. ; leaves tri- pinnate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, cut, glossy ; juice ex- posed turns yellow ; stem stout ; roots very thick, £ in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; marshes ; 2-5 ft. (c.) 527 Long-leaved Sundew. — Diam. -^ in. ; leaves all radical, obovate, broad at the extremity ; reddish, with sticky ^ shining, glandular hairs ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bogs ; 2-4 in. (L.) 152 Round-leaved Sundew. — Diam. ^- in. ; leaves all radical, stalked, roundish, reddish, with sticky, shining, glandular hairs ; leaf stalk hairy ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bogs ; 3-6 in. (c.) 151 Fringed Rock -cress. — Diam. -^ in. ; plant leafy, nearly smooth ; stem leaves sessile, 1J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stems many, slender ; sea-rocks ; 4-6 in. (R.) 98 Great Hedge-bedstraw. — Diam. nearly ^ in. ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, with bristles on margins ; stem 4-angled, not smooth ; flowers many, clustered ; fruit minute, black ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; hedges ; 1-4 ft. (o.) 579 Rough Water-bedstraw. — Diam. J in. ; stem slender, 4- angled, with reflexed bristles ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear- lanceolate, stiff ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; flowers few in a cyme ; fruit rough ; marshy places ; 2-5 ft. (c.) 576 White Water-bedstraw. — Diam. J in. ; stems prickly, loose, spreading ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, oblong-lanceolate, reflexed bristles on margins ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; fruit smooth ; marshy places ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 575 Minute. Upright Hedge-parsley. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; bracts 4-6 ; leaves ferny, much cut ; leaflets broad ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit prickly ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (v.c.) 549 Marsh Hog's-fennel or Milk Parsley. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; stem with milky juice ; leaves f in., tripinnate ; leaflets cut into narrow segments ; bracts many ; stem grooved, 120 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. smooth, hollow ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; bogs ; 4-5 ft. (R.) 541 Fine-leaved Water-dropwort. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; lower leaves finely-cut into narrow segments ; stem very stout, erect ; umbels lateral ; upper leaves tripinnate, with broader segments ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; ditches ; 1-4 ft. (o.) 528 Parsley Water-dropwort. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; leaflets of upper leaves few, linear ; stem nearly solid ; root fibres fleshy ; leaves bipinnate ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; salt marshes ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 525 Cornish Bladder-seed. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2 J in. ; leaves 2-3-ternate, segments wedge-shaped, J in. ; leaves, leaflets, and umbels long-stalked ; stem erect, striped ; petals 5, with a long point ; stamens 5 ; fields ; l|-2 ft. (L.) 500 Whorled Water-milfoil. — Diam. J in. ; leaves about 5 in a whorl, 1J in., close-set, cut into many hair-like seg- ments ; stamen flowers : sepals 4, petals 2 or 4, stamens 8 ; pistil flowers : sepals 4, petals 4, minute, styles 4 ; bracts longer than flowers ; ponds ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 435 Alpine Sandwort. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, acute, 3- nerved ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens 10 ; styles 4 ; flower stalks 1 -flowered ; stems densely tufted ; leaves awl- shaped, J in. ; mountains ; 1-2 in. (R.) 203 Rock Whitlow-grass. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves soft, fringed, oblong-lanceolate, hairy, J in. ; rocks ; 1-2 in. (R.) 84 Mountain Meadow Saxifrage. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels nearly J in. ; compound umbels If in. ; umbels hemispherical ; leaves sessile, twice pin- nate, leaflets cut ; bracts many ; stem stout, furrowed, solid ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit hairy ; pastures ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 532 River Water-dropwort. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; leaves twice pinnate ; submerge^ leaves with wfdge-shaped parts ; JULY FLOWERS. 121 stem very stout, not erect ; umbels lateral ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; streams ; 1-4 ft. (L.) 529 Broad-leaved Water - parsnip. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels 1 in. ; compound umbels 3 in. ; leaves pinnate, large ; leaflets 4-6, about 3 in., toothed 4 stem stout, hollow, grooved ; bracts leafy, large ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; wet places ; 3-4 ft. (c.) 517 Larger Burnet Saxifrage. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; leaves all pinnate, leaflets ovate, li in.; serrate ; stem angular ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit ovate ; bushy places ; 1J-4 ft. (L.) 516 Sand Strapwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves very narrow, glaucous, strap-shaped, f in. ; stems slender, spreading, prostrate ; flowers clustered ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stigmas 3, sessile ; sandy places ; 4-8 in. (R.) 451 Water Awlwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves radical, awl-shaped, 2 in. ; stem slender ; sepals 4, spread- ing ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; margins of lakes ; 3-4 in. (L.) 82 Broad-leaved Pepperwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves egg-shaped, pointed, smooth ; plant dull glaucous ; flowers in leafy clusters ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; salt marshes ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 73 Mountain Bedstraw.— Diam. ^ in. or over ; leaves 6-8 in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, awned at the tip ; stem straggling, smooth, 4-angled ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; fruit roughish ; hills ; 3-6 in. (L.) 580 Fool 's-parsley. — Diam. flowers -fa in. or over ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels If :n. ; leaves fern-like, bipinnate, segments cut ; bracts J in. long, pointing down- wards ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stem smooth, hollow ; plant rather shiny ; waste places ; 1-1J ft. (v.c.) 530 Common Cow-bane. — Diam. flowers ^ in. or over ; small umbels £ in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; stem very stout, hollow ; lower leaves pinnate and long-stalked, upper twice ternate ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaflets 2J in. ; bracte short, slender ; ditches ; 3-4 ft. (L.) 502 122 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Procumbent Marshwort. — Diam. flowers ^ in. or over ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; stem hollow, prostrate or creeping ; leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate ; leaflets J in., egg-shaped, serrate ; umbels very short- stalked, opposite the leaves ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; brooks, etc., often with Water-cress ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 507 Common Burnet Saxifrage. — Diam. flowers y^- in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels If in. ; root leaves pinnate ; leaflets 4-8 pairs, serrate ; stem leaves bipinnate, with narrow segments ; stem round, smooth ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; pastures ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 515 Narrow-leaved Water-parsnip. — Diam. flowers -^ in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; leaves pinnate, 4-8 in. ; leaflets 5-10 in lower leaves, each sessile^ oval ; stem leaves less ; umbels leaf -opposed ; bracts many ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; ditches ; stem leafy, 1-3 ft. (o.) 518 Thyme-leaved Flax-seed. — Diam. ^ in. or less ; sepals 4, toothed ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; styles 4 ; stem much forked ; leaves sessile, ovate, f in. ; damp places ; 1-4 in. (o.) 227 Whorled Knot-grass. — Diam. about ^ in. ; stems slender, tangled, reddish ; leaves sessile, glaucous, oval, J in. ; sepals 5, coloured ; petals 0 or 5 ; stamens 5 ; bogs ; 4-8 in. (R.) 450 Medium. Creamy White. Traveller's Joy. — Diam. f in. or over ; stem woody, climbing ; leaves with 3-5 leaflets, each 2 in., ovate- cordate ; sepals 4, hairy ; petals 0 ; stamens many ; hedges ; 3-10 ft. (L.) 1 Small. White Mullein. — Diam. f in. or more ; flowers in a narrow panicle ; leaves glabrous and green above, white beneath ; lower 5 in., oblong, crenate ; upper sessile, ovate ; sepals 5, very woolly ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, hairy ; banks ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 813 JULY FLOWERS. 123 Very Small. White Melilot. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. or more ; flowers in 1 -sided racemes ; plant fragrant ; leaflets 3, obovate, toothed ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem slender ; waste places ; 9-24 in. (c.) 303 Small Creamy White with Purplish. Common Hemp-nettle. — Diam. J in. or over ; length J in. or more ; flowers tubular and 2-lipped, in whorls of many flowers ; stem square, nodes swollen ; plant branch- ing widely, with prickly hairs ; leaves nearly ovate, 2 in. ; calyx-teeth 5, prickly ; stamens 4 ; cornfields, etc. ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 916 Very Small Alpine Meadow-rue. — Diam. -£% in. ; length J in. ; sepals 4, whitish purple ; petals 0 ; stamens 8-20, hang- ing ; flowers 6-10 in a terminal spike-raceme, tip droop- ing ; leaves twice ternate, leaflets J in. ; Alpine bogs, etc. ; 4-10 in. (L.) 2 Medium. Greenish White. Great Butterfly Orchis. — Diam. f in. ; length with spur 1J in. ; spur long, pointing downwards, expanded at the tip ; stem erect, rather stout ; leaves usually 2, elliptical ; sepals 3, whitish ; petals 3, 1 lipped, linear-oblong ; fragrant at night ; meadows ; 8-18 in. (o.) 1126 Small. Sneezewort. — Diam. heads nearly J in. ; leaves sessile, narrow, 2 in., with stiff teeth ; heads in corymbs ; bracts hairy, stifi ; ray florets 8-12, white ; disc florets creamy, tubular, 5-toothed ; cornfields, etc. ; erect, 1-2 ft. (c.) 731 Serrate Winter-green. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length Jin. ; flowers drooping in a 1-sided raceme ; leaves 1 in., egg- shaped nearly, serrated ; stem leafy, straggling and branched ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; stigma broad, 5-lobed ; woods ; 2-5 in. (L.) 775 124 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Wild Leek or Great Round-headed Garlic. — Diam. J in. ; leaves 1-2 ft., folded, 1 in. broad ; flower stalk very stout ; flowers in heads 3 in., many-flowered ; sepals with petals 6 ; stamens 6 ; rocky places ; 2-4 ft. (R.) 1158 Very Small Plantain Shore-weed. — Diam. stamen flowers nearly J in., length f in. ; pistillate flowers f in. long ; stamen flowers on stalks 4 in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 4, very long and erect ; pistil flowers sessile ; leaves radical, linear, fleshy ; lake shores ; 2-6 in. (L.) 993 Summer Lady's Tresses. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers sessile, on a twisted, narrow spike ; leaves 2-6 in., radical, oblong- lanceolate, upper linear ; sepals 3, whitish ; petals 3, 1 lip-shaped ; flowers fragrant ; bogs ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1099 Black Bindweed or Climbing Bistort. — Diam. -^ in. ; stem climbing ; leaves cordate, arrow -shaped ; flowers in slender racemes, about 4 each ; sepals 5, coloured ; petals 0 ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; fields ; 1-3 ft. (v.o.) 1030 Garden Angelica. — Diam. flowers ^ in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; leaflets oval, sessile, end one 3-cleft ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit smooth, much flattened ; leaves bright glossy green ; stem aromatic, very smooth ; watery places ; 3-4 ft. (L.) 539 Common Water-dropwort. — Diam. flowers -^ in. ; small, umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; umbels with very few rays ; stem and upper leaves a series of tubes, thin- walled ; leaflets of upper leaves few, linear ; lower leaves with flatter leaflets ; ditches ; 1J-3 ft. (o.) 523 Large-leaved Milk Parsley. — Diam. flowers J in. ; umbels \ in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; umbels flat- topped ; rays about 14 ; bracts 0 or few, awl-shaped ; sepals 0 ; petals 5, each 2-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves 6-12 in. ; leaflets ovate, \ in. ; stem ridged, almost winged ; moist copses ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 559 Minute. Lesser Wart-cress. — Diam. nearly \ in. ; sepals 4, short, spreading ; petals 4 ; leaves once or twice pin- JULY FLOWERS. 125 natifid ; lobes small, obovate, spreading ; stem slender ; plant with strong smell and disagreeable taste ; waste places ; creeping, 2-6 in. (L.) 62 Very Small. Greenish. Frosted Sea Orache. — Diam. ^ in. ; plant silvery white ; stem buff, angled ; leaves mealy, triangular, 1 in., coarsely toothed ; flowers clustered in spikes ; bracts sessile ; stamen flowers with 3-5 sepals and 3-5 stamens ; pistil flowers with 2 sepals and 2 styles ; shores ; 4-10 in. (L.) 1009 Prickly Saltwort. — Diam. J in. or over ; leaves succu- lent, awl -shaped, prickle-pointed ; flowers solitary, with 3 bracts ; sepals with petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stigmas 2 ; shores ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1015 Great Water Dock. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in almost leafless whorls ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; leaves narrow, elliptical, 1-2 ft. ; river sides ; 3-6 ft. (L.) 1042 Spreading Fruited Orache. — Diam. J in. ; stem green, with reddish stripes, procumbent ; leaves pale green, mealy, oval-triangular ; flower spikes loose, leafy ; flowers clustered ; stamen flowers with 3-5 sepals and 3-5 stamens ; pistil flowers with 2 sepals and 2 styles ; shores ; 6-30 in. (L.) 1010 Mountain Scottish Asphodel. — Diam. J in. ; leaves tufted, narrow, sword-shaped, 2-3 in. ; flowers in egg- shaped spikes ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; style 3-cleft ; mountain bogs ; 4-8 in. (R.) 1188 Hairy Amaranth. — Flowers diam. J in. in erect, clustered racemes ; pistils and stamens in separate flowers on same plant ; perianth 3-5 ; stamens 3-5 ; styles 3 ; bract scaly, with a point, longer than fruit ; leaves ovate, wavy ; branches downy ; waste places ; 2 ft. (R.A.) 995 Perennial Knawel. — Diam. J in. ; stems prostrate, branched, pale green ; leaves awl-shaped, opposite, sessile ; sepals 5 or 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens 5 or 1, 2, 10 ; styles 2, thread-like ; sepals with a broad white edge ; fields ; 2-8 in. (R.) 455 126 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Minute. White Goosefoot. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves rather fleshy, and covered with whitish, mealy powder ; leaves egg-shaped, base triangular, bluntly toothed ; upper narrow ; flowers in dense spikes ; perianth 5 ; stamens 5 ; stigmas 2 ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 1001 Mountain Sorrel. — Diam. ^ in; or over ; leaves all radical, fleshy, kidney-shaped ; flowers in clustered spikes ; plant acid ; perianth 2 small and 2 large ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; rocks ; 6-10 in. (L.) 1047 Rupture-wort. — Diam. -jV in. ; leaves often hairy, oblong, ^g- in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens 5 ; stig- mas 2; stem prostrate, slender; sandy places; 4-6 in. (E.) 452 Wild Amaranth. — Diam. -^ in. ; leaves all radical, 2 in. ; long-stalked, obovate, narrowed at base ; perianth 3 ; stamens 3 ; flowers in small axillary clusters ; stem angled, furrowed, stout ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 994 Grass-leaved Sea Orache. — Diam. -^ in. ; leaves lanceo- late, entire or toothed ; stem erect ; flowers in narrow spikes ; stamen flowers with 3-5 sepals and 3-5 stamens ; pistil flowers with 2 sepals and 2 styles ; salt marshes ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1013 Annual Sea-blite. — Diam. -^ in. ; perianth 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; flowers with 2 bracts at the base ; leaves fleshy, half-cylindrical, pointed, about J in. ; flowers 3-5 together ; branches straggling, slender ; salt marshes ; 3-18 in. (L.) 1016 Shrubby Sea-blite. — Diam. ^ in. ; perianth 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; styles 3 ; flowers with 2 bracts ; leaves fleshy, J in., half-cylindrical, blunt ; stem erect, shrubby ; branches straight, leafy ; shores ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 1017 Small. Pinkish White. Common Balm. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flowers in axillary one-sided whorls, few-flowered ; calyx 5-toothed, with 13 ribs ; corolla lipped, upper lip notched ; stamens 4 ; leaves ovate, 1} in., crenate- toothed ; stem square ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 897 JULY FLOWERS. 127 Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. — Diam. J in. ; leaves ovate, deeply- toothed, glossy ; sepals 2 ; petals 2 ; stamens 2 ; fruit bristly ; flowers in racemes ; stem smooth ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 433 Cat-Mint. — Diam. J in. or over ; length nearly f in. ; flowers dotted crimson, numerous, in whorls, forming dense spikes; leaves 2 in., cordate-ovate, serrate; sepals 5 ; corolla lipped ; stamens 4 ; waste places ; 1 J-3 ft. (L.) 925 Very Small. ' Robert's Knot-grass. — Diam. -£$ in. ; length nearly J in. ; flowers nearly sessile, 1-3 in the axils of leaves ; sepals 5, coloured ; petals 0 ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; leaves distant, elliptical-lanceolate, flat, 1 in. ; stem prostrate ; fruit longer than calyx ; shores ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1032 Wild Angelica, — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels about 3 in. ; plant tall, stout ; stem hollow, furrowed, whitish-purple, slightly downy, more so in the upper part ; leaves twice pinnate, leaflets ovate-serrate, 1 J in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; moist woods ; 2-6 ft. (v.c.) 538 Minute. Scottish Lovage. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 2| in. ; plant dark green, shining ; stem erect, grooved* hollow ; leaflets roundish- cordate, 1 J in. ; petals 5, with a long point ; stamens 5 ; sea-rocks; 1-3 ft. (L.) 533 Boccone's Trefoil. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; length •^e in. ; flowers in heads J in., roundish ; leaflets 3 obovate- lanceolate, J in. by J in. ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; calyx teeth 5, rather spiny ; dry places ; 2-4 in. (R.) 314 Whorled Caraway. — Diam. flowers -^ in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1J in. ; leaves whorled, but really pinnate ; leaflets sessile, cut into hair-like, short segments ; petals 5, deeply notched ; stamens 5 ; bracts many, slender, short ; pastures ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 512 128 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Large. White with Purplish. White Opium Poppy. — Diam. 2J in. or more ; sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens many ; plant generally glaucous ; leaves clasping the stem, waved or toothed ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 47 Medium. Arrow-head. — Diam. nearly f in. ; leaves in water, arrow-shaped, 3-6 in. ; flowers in 3-5 distant whorls, each with 3-5 flowers ; perianth 6 ; stamens many ; carpels many ; pools ; 6-18 in. (o.) 1196 Very Small. Alpine Milk- vetch. — Diam. ^ in. ; length f in. ; flowers drooping in spikes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; fruit clothed with black hairs ; leaves 2-4 in., with many narrow leaflets, i in. ; stem trailing, hairy ; moun- tains ; 2-4 in. (L.) 334 Gipsy-wort. — Diam. J in. ; flowers sessile, in dense whorls ; leaves ovate-oblong, deeply cut or serrate ; stem 4-angled ; sepals 5 ; corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 2 ; ditches ; stem erect, 1-3 ft. (c.) 881 Large. Green and White with Purplish. Lizard Orchis. — Diam. 1 J in. ; flowers with a long, lipped petal, 1 in., white and green, purple-spotted ; 2 other petals and 3 sepals, forming a green hood ; spike of flowers long ; leaves chiefly radical, oblong ; chalk hills ; 1-2 ft. (E.) 1123 Medium. Marsh Helleborine. — Diam. nearly f in. ; flowers few in a spike, greenish with a lip petal white, marked red and purple ; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; stem slender, wiry, hairy above ; 6-18 in. (c.) 1106 Very Small. Reddish Green. Grainless Water-dock. — Diam. } in. or over ; flowers in whorls ; sepals 6, the 3 inner larger ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; JULY FLOWERS. 129 styles 3 ; leaves long, 3 in. across, lanceolate-oval, wavy ; inner sepal entire, cordate, not tubercled ; marshes ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1043 Pale-flowered Polygonum. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in cylindrical spikes ; sepals 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 5-6 ; styles 2 ; leaves oblong-ovate, 5 in. ; stem much branched ; nodes stout and swollen ; waste places ; 1-4 ft. (c.) 1023 Spotted Persicaria. — Diam. |- in. ; flowers in cylindrical close spikes ; sepals 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 5-8 ; leaves lanceolate, 2 in., almost sessile, usually with a dark spot ; waste places; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 1024 Broad-leaved Dock. — Diam. J in. ; leaves 8 in., oblong- ovate, cordate, not pointed ; sepals 6 ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; inner sepals triangular, strongly toothed ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (v.c.) 1034 Alpine Dock or Monk's Rhubarb. — Diam. J in. ; leaves 10-20 in., broadly ovate-cordate, not pointed ; stem stout ; leaf stalks long, stout ; sepals 6 ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; roadsides ; 2 ft* (L.) 1044 Minute. Blood-veined Dock. — Diam. nearly J in. ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, 7-8 in., base cordate, veins crimson ; sepals 6 ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; stem slender ; hedges ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 1040 Spreading Halberd-leaved Orache. — Diam. -^ in. ; plant deep green, sparingly mealy ; stem green, with reddish stripes ; lower leaves opposite, rhombic, with 2 upward- pointing lobes ; base wedge-shaped ; upper leaves nar- rower, entire ; flowers in simple, interrupted spikes ; stamen flowers : sepals 3-5, stamens 3-5 ; pistil flowers : sepals 2, stamens 0, styles 2 ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 1012 Halberd-leaved Orache. — Diam. ^ in. ; plant dark green, mealy ; stem green, with reddish stripes ; lower leaves opposite, rhombic, with 2 horizontal-spreading pointed lobes ; upper lanceolate ; flowers densely panicled, in simple spikes ; stamen flowers : sepals 3-5, stamens 3-5 ; pistil flowers : sepals 2, stamens 0, styles 2 ; waste places ; 6-30 in. (c.) 1011 130 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS Small Purplish Green. Broad-leaved Helleborine. — Diam. \ in. ; flowers droop- ing in long racemes ; sepals 3, broadly ovate ; petals 2 ovate-lanceolate, and the third with a hollow or concave shiny lip ; lower leaves close, roundish ovate, strongly parallel-ribbed, 3 in. by 2 in. ; woods ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 1104 Very Small. Balm-leaved Figwort. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; length f in. ; leaves triangular, wrinkled, heart-shaped at the base, crenate, downy on both sides ; stem downy, some- what 4-angled ; flowers few, in loose cymes ; bracts linear, blunt ; sepals 5 ; corolla globose, short-lipped ; stamens 4 ; moist places ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 852 Canadian Water-weed or Water-thyme. — Diam. pistil flowers J in. ; stamen flowers rarely found ; pistil flowers lengthening to rest on water surface, 4-8 in. long, with 3 useless stamens and 3 stigmas ; leaves f in., sessile oblong, generally in whorls of 3 ; streams, etc. ; 1-4 ft. (c.) 1190 Conical-fruited Burnet. — Diam. flowers £ in. ; heads J in. ; flowers in dense, roundish heads on long, bending stalks ; upper flowers with crimson pistils, lower with long drooping stamens ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens many ; stem long, slender, wavy ; flower heads few and distant ; leaves prettily pinnate, leaflets toothed f in. ; fruiting calyx winged, pitted, and reticulated ; heaths ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 407 Water-purslane. — Diam. -^ in. ; stem creeping, root- ing in mud ; leaves obovate, f in. ; flowers solitary ; calyx 12-toothed ; petals 6 or 0 ; stamens 6 ; wet places ; 3-8 in. (o.) 443 Very Small Pale Vellowish Pink. Flax Dodder. — Diam. flowers J in. or more ; heads J in. or over ; stems thread-like, much tangled, reddish, bear- ing no leaves but globular clusters or sessile heads of flowers ; calyx 4-cleft ; corolla 4-5-cleft ; stamens 4-5 ; styles 2 ; sepals fleshy, triangular-ovate ; stamens in- cluded ; grows on stems of flax ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 802 JULY FLOWERS. 131 Great Dodder. — Diam. flowers J in. or more ; heads J in. or over ; stems thread-like, much tangled, thick, yellowish-red, bearing no leaves but globular clusters or sessile heads of flowers ; sepals obtuse ; stamens included ; grows on nettles, vetches, etc. ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 801 Lesser Dodder. — Diam. flowers J in. ; heads J in. or over ; flowers flesh-coloured ; calyx reddish, short ; stamens exserted ; grows on furze, thyme, and ling ; heaths ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 803 Lucerne Dodder. — Diam. flowers J in. ; heads J in. or over ; flowers stalked, scented like heliotrope ; a casual on lucerne ; Essex ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 805 Small Yellowish Green. Small-leaved Lime (tree). — Diam. f in. ; leaves pointed, heart-shaped, but oblique, about If in. broad ; flowers springing only from a leaf-like bract 2 in. by f in. ; flowers in clusters of about 8 ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; woods ; 20-40 ft. (L.) 239 Two-leaved Liparis. — Diam. f in. ; flowers about 5, pale, in a loose spike ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, one forming a broad, flat lip turning backwards ; leaves 2, broadly lanceolate, parallel- veined, 2 in. long ; stem 3-sided ; sandy bogs ; 4-8 in. (R.) 1137 Spurless Coral-root. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers about 6j in a short, loose spike ; sepals 3, keeled and spreading ; petals 3, one being whitish with small purple spots ; leaves none ; root pale brown, coral-like ; boggy woods ; 6-10 in. (R.) 1111 Lesser Meadow-rue. — Diam. J in. ; leaves resemble maiden-hair fern, but very stiff, tripinnate, leaflets f in. or more, toothed ; stem rigid, often zigzag ; flowers droop- ing ; sepals 4 ; petals 0 ; stamens many ; pastures ; J-4 ft. (L.) 3 Common Hop. — Diam. stamen flowers | in., in racemes 3 or 4 in. long ; pistil flowers in heads or catkins J in. broad, f in. long ; upper leaves opposite, ovate ; lower 3-5-lobedj lobes ovate ; stem very rough, almost prickly, 132 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. very tough, climbing ; stamen flowers, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens ; copses ; 10-20 ft. (L.) 1077 Marsh Scheuchzeria. — Diam. J in. ; flowers few, in a loose raceme ; stem stout, curved, unbranched ; leaves 8 in.j narrow, half -cylindrical, slender ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; marshes ; 6-8 in. (R.) 1200 Very Small. Petty Spurge. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers clustered and of peculiar structure ; ovary 3-lobed ; leaves alternate, entire, obovate, J in. ; bracts ovate, small ; rays 3, re- peatedly forked ; plant with milky juice ; waste places ; 3-9 in. (c.) 1068 Bog Orchis. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers in a many-flowered narrow raceme ; sepals 3, ovate, small ; petals 2, linear-oblong, third petal or lip concave ; leaves few, obovate, fringed ; stem swollen below, angled above ; bogs ; 1-4 in. (R.) 1136 Purple Spurge. — Diam. J in. or over ; flowers of un- usual structure, solitary, axillary ; stem prostrate, forked, glaucous, purplish ; leaves J in., opposite, leathery, with stipules^ oblong-cordate ; sandy shores ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1056 Dwarf Spurge. — Diam. J in. or over ; flowers of un- usual structure ; stems with about 4 rays, then forked above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, f in., often pointed ; bracts cordate at the base ; plant much branched from the base ; fruit rough ; cornfields ; 3-12 in. (c.) 1067 Broad-leaved Warted Spurge. — Diam. J in. ; flowers clustered and of peculiar structure ; ovary 3-lobed ; plant with milky juice ; leaves alternate, f in., sessile, oblong ; umbel usually 5-rayed ; bracts cordate ; fruit warted ; stem erect, stout, 6-30 in. ; cornfields. (L.) 1058 Minute. Small Nettle. — Diam. nearly J in. ; stamen flowers in loose panicles, pistil flowers in dense clusters ; flower spikes shorter than leaf stalks ; leaves 1-2 in., elliptical, serrate ; sepals 3-5 ; stamens 4-5 ; plant with stinging hairs ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 1073 JULY FLOWERS. 133 Floating Bur-weed. — Diam. nearly J in. ; globose heads of flowers, f in. ; .stamen flowers with 3 scales and 3 stamens ; pistil flowers with a tongue-shaped stigma ; leaves linear, rigid, flat, floating, long, transparent, J in: broad ; flower stalk unbranched ; lakes ; floating, 1-3 ft. (L.) 1205 Unbranched Bur-weed. — Diam. nearly J in. ; globose heads of flowers f in. ; stamen flowers with 3 sepals and 3 stamens ; pistil flowers with linear stigma ; leaves tri- angular at the base, erect, keeled, with flat sides, narrow and long ; flower stalk unbranched ; ditches ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 1206 Narrow-leaved Hare's-ear. — Diam. flowers -^ in. ; small umbels -^ in. ; compound umbels f in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves linear -lanceolate, f in., pointed ; bracts large, narrow, pointed ; rocky places ; 2-8 in. (R.) 520 Very Large. Pa/e Yellow. Evening Primrose. — Diam. 2J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 in., alternate ; flowers open at 7 p.m. ; scented ; shores, etc. 2-3 ft. (L.) 420 Lwge. Willow-leaved Inula. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; ray florets slender, yellow ; disc florets yellow ; corolla 5-toothed ; leaves rigid, upper slender-oblong, eared and stalkless ; lower lanceolate, toothed and fringed ; bracts slender ; lake-shores ; 12-18 in. (R.) 720 Yellow Balsam. — Diam. 1 in. or over ; length with spur, 1J in. ; flowers hollow, drooping, dotted with red ; sepals 3-5 ; petals 3, appearing as 2 ; stamens 5 ; leaves egg-shaped, serrated, and stalked ; stem joints swollen ; flowers about 3 together ; moist woods ; stem succulent, 1-2 ft. (L.) 275 Large-flowered Primrose-leaved Mullein. — Diam. 1 in. or more ; root leaves 5 or 6 in., downy, oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; upper small, sessile, decurrent ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 6t with purple hairs ; flowerg in rather dense 134 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. racemes ; flower stalks 2-5-flowered ; waste places ; 1-4 ft. (R.) 817 Marsh Sow-thistle. — Heads diam. 1 in. ; florets all rayed and strap-shaped ; stem 5-7 ft., stout, hollow, angled, leafy ; lower leaves very large and long ; upper entire, clasping, arrow-shaped ; flower stalks stout, very rough ; bracts with sticky hairs ; marshy land ; 5-7 ft. (R.) 622 Medium. Dotted Westphalian Loosestrife. — Diam. f in. ; flowers solitary ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla 5-lobed, fringed with glandular hairs ; stamens 5 ; leaves opposite, oval-lanceo- late ; waste places ; 1 ft. (R.A.) 976 Large-flowered Bee Hemp-nettle. — Diam. } in. or more ; length 1 in. or over ; flowers whorled, with upper and lower lip, lower with a broad purple spot ; plant coarse and bristly ; stem 4-angled ; leaves ovate, pointed, serrate ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; cornfields ; 1-2J ft. (c.) 917 Common Meadow-rue. — Diam, J in. ; flowers erect, stamens many, long, spreading ; sepals 4-5 ; petals 0 ; stem stout, furrowed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 1 in. and 3-lobed ; river banks ; 2-4 ft. (L.) 4 Marsh St. John's-wort. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 15 in 3 bundles ; sepals with reddish glands ; leaves roundish, half-clasping, f in. ; plant covered with down ; bogs ; 3-12 in. (c.) 25.2 Small. Downy Hemp-nettle. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length | in. ; flowers with upper and lower lip ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; plant softly hairy ; stem square, not swollen at joints ; flowers in dense whorls, almost silky ; leaves ovate, opposite, serrate ; sandy fields ; 10-12 in. (R.) 915 Yellow Mountain Oxytropis.— Diam. f in. ; length f in. ; flowers in close heads or racemes, tinged purple ; leaves pinnate, leaflets f in., many ; plant stemless, with silky YELLOW TOAD-FLAX. (Linaria uulgaris.) 3EE PAGE 138. JULY FLOWERS. 135 haim ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; moun- tains ; 4-8 in. (L.) 336 Wood Sage or Wood Germander. — Diam. ^ in. ; length Dearly J in. ; flowers two-lipped, gaping, dull yellowish, in one-sided racemes ; upper lip very small ; stamens 4 ; leaves wrinkled, ovate-cordate, 1 in., in distant pairs ; stem 4- sided ; banks ; 8-24 in. (v.c.) 899 Intermediate Bladderwort. — Diam. -^ in. ; length f in. or over ; calyx of 2 equal sepals ; corolla hollow, 2- lipped, with a conical spur ; stamens 2 ; upper lip of corolla longer than lower ; leaves cut into fine segments with bladders, each -^ in. ; pools ; 5-8 in. (R.) 961 Streaked Field Garlic. — Diam. J in. or more ; flowers in loose umbels, dingy yellowish -white or brownish -green, each with a stalk 1J in. ; buds or bulbils many, reddish- purple ; bracts 2, brownish, 2 in. ; leaves and stem very slender ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; waysides ; 10-18 in. (c.) 1160 Hungarian Hedge-mustard. — Diam. -^ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4, narrow ; stamens 6 ; pods spreading, narrow- linear ; lower leaves runcinate, rough, with toothed lobes ; upper pinnated, smooth, with linear, entire lobes ; waste places ; 2 ft. (R.A.) 114 Minute. Jersey Cudweed. — Heads diam. J in. ; length -^ in. ; florets all tubular, no ray ; plant woolly, leaves rather clasping, waved, linear-oblong, 1J in. ; corolla 5-cleft ; heads very glistening, tinged reddish ; sandy fields ; 6-12 in. (R.) 688 Medium. Yellowish. Nodding Bur - marigold. — Heads diam. nearly f in. ; bracts about 8, long, leafy ; florets all disc, corolla 5-cleft ; leaves 2J in., in united pairs, lanceolate ; heads drooping ; wet places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 676 Trifid Bur -marigold. — Heads diam. J in., and 1 J in. including the leafy bracts, about 8 in number ; bracts narrow ; florets all disc, corolla 5-cleft ; leaves 2J in., 136 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. 3-cleft usually, serrate, opposite ; heads nearly erect ; wet places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 677 Small. Stinking Groundsel. — Heads diam. f in. ; length f in. ; ray florets about 12, rolled back ; disc florets each 5-cleft ; leaves lobed and cut, clammy or sticky and hairy ; bracts hairy, loose ; plant smelling offensively : waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 707 Yellow Toadflax. — Diam. f in. or more ; length J in: with spur ; flowers in a dense raceme ; sepals 5 ; corolla closed, spurred, pale and deep yellow ; stamens 4 ; plant whitish or glaucous ; leaves narrow, 2 in. ; hedges, etc. ; 1-4 ft. (v.c.) 861 Ploughman's Spikenard. — Heads diam. f in: ; length \ in. ; ray none, disc florets each 5-cleft ; bracts brownish, unequal ; plant hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3J in., alternate ; pastures and copses ; 2-5 ft. (c.) 719 Very Small. Trailing Toadflax. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; flowers closed and spurred, throat and spur marked with slender purple lines ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; stem branched at base ; leaves linear, blunt, whorled mostly ; waste places ; 3-12 in. (L.) 862 Sharp-leaved Fluellen. — Diam. J in. ; length | in. ; flowers closed and spurred, upper lip lined purple ; spur as long as the corolla ; branches slender, prostrate ; sepals 5 ; stamens 4 ; lower leaves ovate ; upper f in., 2-pointed at base ; cornfields ; 6-18 in. (c.) 859 Golden Dock. — Diam. J in. ; flowers in dense, short, spreading, branched panicles ; sepals 6 ; petals 0 ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; sepals in fruit, orange yellow ; inner sepals with 2-4 long bristly teeth and a swollen oblong tubercle ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 in. ; marshes ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1037 Yellow Marsh Dock. — Diam. J in. ; as above, but whorls distant, with fewer flowers, inner sepals oblong-triangular, teeth shorter and fewer ; fruit larger ; leaves linear- lanceolate ; marshy soil ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1038 JULY FLOWERS. 137 Very Large. Yellow. Rose of Sharon or Large-flowered St. John s-wort. — Diam. 3 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 5 bundles ; leaves sessile, oblong, 3 in. ; thickets ; 9-15 in. (L.) 243 Scented Evening Primrose. — Diam. 2J in. ; calyx 4- lobed ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; leaves linear-lanceolate, waved, 4 in. ; stem erect, with hairs ; flowers fragrant, open in evening ; coasts, etc. ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 430 Elecampane. — Heads diam. 2J in. or over ; ray florets strap-shaped ; disc florets each 5-cleft ; bracts large, vel- vety ; root leaves 1 ft., oblong-lanceolate, velvety be- neath ; stem very stout ; meadows ; 2-5 ft. (R.) 718 Large. Least Water-lily. — Diam. 1J in. ; sepals 5-6 ; petals many, small, round ; stamens many ; leaves oblong, with 2 spreading base-lobes ; stigma rays 8-10 ; leaf stalk 2- edged ; lakes ; floating. (R.) 42 Alpine Hawkweed. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; florets all rayed, strap-shaped ; flowers 1 or 2, terminal, drooping before expanding ; stem hairy ; leaves hairy, lanceolate, or spoon-shaped ; mountains ; 4-12 in. (L.) 633 Moneywort Hawkweed. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; florets all rayed, strap-shaped ; heads 1-5, bright-coloured ; root leaves in a rosette, ovate-lanceolate, stalks shaggy, stem leaves broad, sessile, clasping ; flower-stalks hairy and rather bristly ; mountains ;' 1-3 ft. (L.) 635 Yellow Chamomile. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; ray florets yellow, broad, about 18 ; disc florets 5-cleft ; leaves twice pinnatifid, rough or hairy above, white beneath ; stem branched, cottony ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 733 Tall St. John's-wort. — Diam. 1 in. or over ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 5 bundles ; flowers in terminal few-flowered cymes ; plant shrubby ; leaves sessile, broadly lanceolate, nearly cordate, acute ; thickets ; 4-5 ft. (R.) 254 Nymph aea- like Villarsia. — Diam. 1 in. or over ; calyx 5-cleft ; corolla 5-8-lobed ; lobes fringed at the base ; 138 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. stamens 5-8 ; leaves roundish, wavy, floating ; flowers opening one at a time ; stem long, round, thickish ; ponds ; floating. (R.) 795 Hawkweed Picris. — Heads diam. 1 in. or over ; florets all rayed, strap-shaped ; stem rough, with hooked bristles ; leaves narrow, rough and toothed, sessile, 4-9 in. ; heads numerous ; flower stalks scaly ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 610 Spotted Cat's-ear. — Heads diam. 1 in. or over ; florets all rayed, strap-shaped ; flower heads 1 or few, deep yellow ; bracts many, slender, forming a bell-shaped involucre ; leaves radical, obovate, wavy, toothed, rough, spreading, often spotted ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (R.) 615 Wood Hawkweed. — Heads diam. 1 in. or over ; florets all rayed, strap-shaped ; root leaves not in a crowded rosette, clearly alternate, lanceolate, sharply toothed ; stem with about 5-6 leaves ; woods ; 1J-2J ft. (c.) 638 Yellow Monkey-musk or Mimulus. — Diam. 1 in. ; length 1| in. ; corolla nearly bell-shaped, 2-lipped ; calyx 5-toothed ; stamens 4 ; leaves ovate-oblong, 1-2 in., coarsely toothed ; stem stout, hollow, brittle ; river banks ; 6-24 in. (c.) 868 Marsh Ragwort. — Heads diam. 1 in. ; ray florets yellow ; disc florets 5-cleft ; heads many, in a very loose corymb ; lower leaves ovate or oblong, toothed ; upper leaves cut ; wet places ; erect, 1-4 ft. (c.) 711 Golden Samphire. — Heads diam. 1 in. ; heads with rays and disc ; disc florets 5-cleft ; leaves very narrow, 1-2 in.; sessile ; bracts close-pressed, narrow ; sea -shores ; 6-18 in. (L.) 721 Medium. Yellow Flea-bane. — Heads diam. nearly 1 in. ; heads few, terminal, with ray and disc ; disc florets 5-cleft ; plant woolly, very leafy ; leaves oblong, clasping, If in. ; moist places ; 6-15 in. (c.) 722 Imperforate St. John's-wort. — Diam. | in.; sepals 5; petals 5, broad ; stamens many, in 3 bundles ; sepals spreading, recurved ; stem with 4 elevated lines ; leaves • HOARY RAGWORT (Seneclo eruccefolius. ) SEE PAQE 140. JULY FLOWERS. 139 broad, ovate, with clear veins ; moist places ; 1-2 ftj (c.) 246 Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard. — Heads diam. J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; root leaves spathulate, nearly smooth, 2J in. ; stem leaves linear-oblong, nearly clasping ; stem tall, slender, branched ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (K.) 629 Marsh Hawk's-beard. — Heads diam. f in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; root leaves obovate-lanceolate, 3J in. ; stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, eared, contracted in the lower portion ; stem slender, furrowed ; moist meadows ; 1-3 ft. (o.) 630 Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. — Heads diam. J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; leaves many, narrow, oblong- linear, toothed usually, nearly smooth, sessile ; bracts many, tips recurved ; root leaves none ; flower stalks stifi, slender ; dry places ; 1-4 ft. (c.) 640 Saffron-Yellow Hawkweed. — Heads diam. J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; stem branched, leafy, nearly smooth ; leaves narrow, sessile, scarcely clasping, but rounded at the base ; bracts usually smooth ; root leaves none ; mountains ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 641 Rough-bordered Hawkweed. — Heads diam. nearly f in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; leaves all clasping, linear- oblong ; upper cordate and eared ; flower stalks short, woolly ; root leaves none ; stem rigid, leafy ; river banks ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 639 Great Mullein. — Diam. nearly | in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, woolly outside ; stamens 5, with white hairs ; root leaves 6-15 in., woolly, oval ; upper leaves prolonged down the stem ; flowers in a thick, dense, woolly spike ; chalky banks ; 2-5 ft. (c.) 812 Mountain or Bearded St. John's-wort. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 5, with glandular teeth ; petals 5 ; stamens many? in 3 bundles ; leaves opposite, distant, ovate, sessile, 1 J in., margin with black glands ; thickets ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 251 Hairy Hawkbit or Thrincia. — Heads diam. { in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 in.j long-stalked, toothed, rough with forked hairs ; scape single-flowered; bracts smooth ; moors; 4-8 in. (c.) 611 140 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Common St. John's-wort. — Diam. } in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many in 3 bundles ; stem erect, with 2 ridges ; leaves oblong, obtuse, J in., with transparent dots ; thickets ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 244 Hairy St. John's-wort. — Diam. } in, ; sepals 5, with glandular teeth on margins ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 3 bundles ; stem erect, hairy ; leaves oval-oblong, 1J in., smooth above ; thickets ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 250 Hoary Ragwort. — Heads diam. f in. ; heads with ray and disc, large, in a dense corymb ; disc florets 5-cleft ; leaves simply pinnatifid, 2-3 in.^ downy beneath ; stem cottony, stout ; waysides ; 1-4 ft. (c.) 709 Yellow Hairy Mullein. — Diam. nearly f in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, with white hairs ; leaves broadly ovate, sessile, matted with woolly hairs ; chalky banks ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 814 Great Yellow Loosestrife. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; leaves opposite and whorled, ovate-lanceolate, 2J in., sessile, with black glands ; flowers many, in cymes ; river banks ; 2-3 ft. (o.) 971 Fringed Loosestrife. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5-cleft ; stamens 5 fertile and 5 sterile ; flowers nodding, stalked, in whorls or axillary racemes ; leaves cordate-ovate, opposite ; river banks, etc. ; erect ; 2-3 ft. (R.A.) 975 Linear-leaved St. John's-wort. — Diam. \ in. or over; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens few, in 3 bundles ; leaves linear, not pointed, f in. ; sepals with glands on margins ; stems ascending, nearly round ; rocky banks ; 6-12 in. (R.) 248 Medium-Small. Yellow Star-thistle. — Heads diam. J in. ; length f in. ; heads globose, florets all tubular, with 5 slender lobes ; bracts J in. long, spiny ; stem stifi, winged ; lower leaves lyrate, upper linear, decurrent ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 672 Small-flowered Balsam. — Diam. \ in. ; length J in. ; flower stalks erect, 3-10-flowered ; flowers hollow, with a JULY FLOWERS. 141 short, straight spur ; sepals 3, back one spurred ; petals 3 ; stamens 5 ; leaves oval, pointed, serrate ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 276 Autumnal Gorse. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; sepals 2, yellow, hairy, toothed, with 2 minute bracts at base ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem nearly erect ; primary spines strong, 1 in. ; plant very spiny ; heaths ; 1J-3 ft. (L.) 287 Dwarf Autumnal Gorse. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. ; sepals 2, yellow, hairy, toothed, with 2 minute bracts at base ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; stem procumbent ; spines weaker, f in., deflexed ; branches drooping ; plant spiny ; heaths ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 286 Smooth Hawk's-beard. — Heads diam. J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; heads many, campanulate ; inner bracts linear, outer awl-shaped ; stem leaves linear, arrow- shaped, lower lyrate, toothed ; plant nearly smooth ; stem furrowed, much branched ; waste places ; 1-2J ft. (v.c.) 627 Crooked Yellow Stonecrop. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; leaves fleshy, spreading, lower ones bent back, roundish, crowded ; flowers bright or pale vellow ; sepals and petals sometimes 6 ; walls, etc. ; 6-9 in. (L.) 469 Norwegian Cinquefoil. — Diam. Jin. ; sepals 10 ; petals 5, obovate} stouter than the calyx ; stamens many ; plant hairy^ leaves palmately 3-lobed, leaflets 1J in., oblanceolatcj coarsely toothed ; stem stout, erect ; fields ; 6-10 in. (B.A.) 386 Hoary Mustard. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; fruit-pods erect, pressed to the stem ; J in. ; upper leaves linear, entire, rough ; stem branched ; sandy fields ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 130 Square-stalked St. John's-wort. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, glandular ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 3 bundles ; stem erect, with 4 ridges ; leaves ovate-oblong, with transparent dote ; moist places ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 245 Bog Asphodel. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly f in. ; peri- anth 6, spreading ; stamens 6, red ; flowers in a spike- 142 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. like, erect raceme, 2-4 in. ; fruit triangular, red ; leaves linear, 6-12 in., stiff, pointed ; flowers green at the back ; 5-10 in. (L.) 1211 Small. Golden-rod. — Heads diam. nearly j in. ; length f in. ; heads with ray florets 10-12 ; disc florets about 15, each 5- cleft ; heads in erect, crowded, spike-like racemes ; leaves narrow, about 2 in. ; thickets ; 6-24 in. (c.) 704 Nipplewort. — Heads diam. f in. ; length nearly J in. ; florets about 12, all ray, strap-shaped ; bracts about 9, linear, stiff, in 1 row ; lower leaves nearly lyrate, upper ovate, dentate ; plant somewhat hairy below, milky ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 648 Narrow-leaved Bird's-foot Trefoil. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. or over ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; calyx- teeth spreading in bud ; flowers 5-12 in umbels on long stalks ; leaves with 4-5 leaflets, each f in., obovate ; meadows ; plant slender, 6-24 in. (c.) 330 Trailing St. John's-wort. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens many, in 3 bundles ; stem weak, prostrate, leafy ; leaves oblong, J in. ; branches compressed ; com- mons ; 4-10 in. (c.) 247 Dwarf Nipplewort. — Heads diam. nearly f in. ; florets all ray ; flower stalk very thick and hollow above ; leaves oblong-obovate^ 2J in. ; heads campanulate ; stems many, slender, stiff ; plant milky ; cornfields ; 4-12 in. (L.) 647 Tasteless Mountain Stonecrop. — Diam. ^ in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, spreading ; stamens 10 ; flowers in crowded cymes 1J in. across, nearly sessile ; leaves J in., fleshy, cylindric, with a point at the base ; old walls ; 3-6 in. (L.) 468 Least Lettuce. — Heads diam. -^ in. ; length J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped, heads in alternate tufts, form- ing long clusters, like spikes ; lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper, narrow, pointed, 2J in., arrow-shaped at base, clasp- ing; sea marshes ; 12-18 in. (R.) 619 Tufted Loosestrife. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5- cleft ; stamens 5 ; flowers in dense, axillary racemes ; stem JULY FLOWERS. 143 erect ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, opposite, upper ones 2J in., covered with black dots ; marshes ; 1-3 it. (c.) 972 Leafy-branched Spurge. — Diam. J in. ; flowers of un- usual structure ; juice milky ; leaves alternate, sessile, thin, narrow, 1J in. ; stem slender, naked below ; branches or rays about 15, long, slender ; bracts J in. oliam., kidney- shaped ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1063 Twiggy-leaved Mustard. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4, erect ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; pod narrow, compressed laterally ; blade of petal obovate, cuneate ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat toothed, rough with trifid hairs ; waste places ; 1J ft. (R.A.) 117 Very Small. Round-leaved Fluellen. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length •^ in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla closed, tubular, spurred ; stamens 4 ; flowers axillary, solitary ; throat purplish above ; plant rather hairy ; leaves roundish-ovate, f in. ; corn- fields ; 4-15 in. (L.) 858 Dyer's Woad. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; flowers in crowded corymbs ; plant nearly smooth, glaucous ; root leaves lanceolate ; stem leaves sagittate, 3J in., sessile ; fruits hanging ; cliffs ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 64 Prickly Lettuce. — Heads diam. nearly J in. ; length i in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; flowers in leafy panicles ; leaves upright, arrow -shaped at the base, clasp- ing, deeply cut ; plant milky, prickly below ; waste places ; 3-5 ft. (B.) 618 Many-podded Hedge-mustard. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; leaves with a large tri- angular terminal lobe, coarsely toothed ; stem very leafy, glabrous ; fruit pods J in., on short thick stalks ; paths ; 1-2 ft. (a.) 113 Least Gentianella. — Diam. -^ in. ; length J in. ; calyx 4-lobed ; corolla 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; leaves f in., slender, lanceolate, sessile ; stem angled, forked ; flower stalks long ; flowers open only in sunshine ; sandy bays ; 4-8 in, (R.) 788 144 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Ground Sibbaldia. — Diam. ^ in. ; calyx 10-cleft in 2 rows ; petals 5, narrow ; stamens 5, usually ; leaves of 3 leaflets, each wedge-shaped, 3-toothed, and J in. ; flowers in clusters ; mountains ; 3-5 in. (L.) 376 Wood Cow- wheat. — Diam. J in. or over ; length -fa in. : calyx 4-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; corolla tubular, nearly closed, scarcely longer than calyx ; flowers in axillary pairs ; leaves lanceolate, 1 in., nearly sessile ; calyx teeth spreading ; woods ; 6-24 in. (L.) 847 Sea Hog's Fennel or Sulphur-wort. — Diam. flowers J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 3J in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stem solid, round ; leaves 5 times 3-parted, leaflets linear, very long ; lower bracts 3 ; upper bracts short, narrow ; salt marshes ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 540 Mountain Groundsel. — Heads diam. J in. ; length J in. or more ; flower heads with short rays rolled back ; disc florets 5-cleft ; inner bracts long, linear, outer very short ; leaves rather deeply cut and toothed, 1J in. ; pastures ; 6-30 in. (c.) 706 Minute. Fennel. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels f in. ; compound umbels 3 in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves much divided, segments very many, linear ; stem erect, polished, nearly solid ; umbels with about 17 principal rays ; waste places ; 3-5 ft. (L.) 531 Wild Parsnip. — Diam. flowers nearly J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 2J in. ; petals 5, with a point turned in ; stamens 5 ; leaves pinnate, downy be- neath, leaflets ovate, If in., about 3 pairs ; terminal leaflet 3-lobed ; waste places ; 1J-3 ft. (c.) 543 Narrow-leaved Filago. — Heads diam. nearly J in. or over ; ray florets none ; heads about 4, woolly, in axillary clusters ; bracts cottony, concave ; leaves slender, half- clasping, \ in. ; plant cottony ; sandy fields ; 3-6 in. (L.) 692 Small-flowered Galinsoga. — Heads diam. J in. ; ray florets about 5, each very broad and 3-toothed ; leaves opposite, ovate, 1J in.j obtusely serrate ; fields ; stem slender, 1-2 ft. (L.) 73U JULY FLOWEKS. 145 Small. Brownish. Heath Rush. — Diam. J in. or over ; perianth chaffy, segments 6 ; stamens 6 ; stems stiff, densely tufted ; leaves all radical, rigid, 4-6 in., triangular ; plant grass- like ; heaths ; 4-12 in. (c.) 1213 Dwarf Cudweed. — Heads, diam. J in. ; length -^ in. ; heads about 2, sessile ; bracts scaly, woolly ; leaves f in., linear-lanceolate ; florets all disc ; corolla 5-cleft ; moun- tain rocks ; tufts cottony or woolly, 2-5 in. (L.) 690 Very Small. Lesser Sea Rush. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers in lateral clusters, very pale brown ; stamens 6 ; perianth segments 6, lanceolate, pointed ; stem stout, smooth, wiry, pungent ; leaves sheath-like, solid, linear ; salt marshes ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1214 Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush. — Diam. f\ in. ; flowers in a terminal panicle ; stamens 6 ; perianth segments 6, narrow, pointed ; stem leafy, slender, hollow, with inter- nal joints ; leaves linear, slightly compressed ; flowers dark chestnut ; bogs ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 1215 Marsh Cudweed. — Heads diam. nearly y\ in. ; length J in. or over ; heads in crowded terminal tufts ; florets all disc, 5-cleft ; leaves linear-lanceolate, downy, f in. ; bracts pale brown ; plant cottony above ; wet places ; 2-6 in. (c.) 691 Mugwort. — Heads diam. J in. ; length -^ in. ; ray florets none ; disc florets 5-cleft ; heads many, in a long, panicled, woolly spike, reddish-brown and yellowish ; leaves 2J by 1J in., green above, white below, pinnatind ; waste places ; 3-4 ft. (c.) 685 Highland Cudweed. — Heads diam. £ in. ; length J in. ; ray florets none ; disc florets 5-cleft ; stem unbranched, forming a narrow, leafy spike of sessile heads ; leaves 1 J in., narrow ; plant cottony ; heads yellowish and dark brown- ish ; copses ; 2-12 in. (c.) 689 Common Rush. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 3 ; flowers in a branched or round cluster about half-way up K 146 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWE&8. the stem ; stem soft, with continuous pith ; leaves none ; wet places ; 1-3 ft. (v.c.) 1212 Hard Rush. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; leaves none ; flowers in a loose, lateral, much-branched panicle ; stem rigid, with interrupted pith ; wet places ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 1213 Shining-fruited Jointed Rush. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; stem leafy, compressed ; panicle terminal, repeatedly forked ; outer perianth segments pointed, inner not pointed ; bogs ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 1216 Spiked Mountain Woodrush. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 6,j chaffy ; stamens 6 ; leaves with long white hairs, slender, 3-4 in. ; flowers in dense, drooping cymes, spike-like ; perianth segments with awns ; mountains ; 6-12 in. (L.) 1223 Minute. Toad Rush. — Diam. nearly J in. ; perianth 6, very unequal, long-pointed ; stamens 3 or 6 ; flowers often solitary, or in clusters of 2-4 ; leaves few, needle-like, pale green ; stems in dense tufts often ; wet places ; 2-8 in. (v.c.) 1217 Common Filago. — Heads diam. nearly J in. ; heads in terminal roundish clusters of about 20 ; plant cottony ; stems very leafy ; leaves narrow, f in. ; branches spreading above ; ray none ; sandy places ; 6-18 in. (c.) 694 Great Bulrush or Cat's-tail. — Flowers diam. -^ in. ; spike of pistillate flowers about 7 in. long, dark brown, cylindrical, bearing a spike of staminate flowers above it ; leaves 3-6 ft., and f in. broad ; ponds ; 3-7 ft. (c.) 1208 Lesser Bulrush or Cat's-tail. — Flowers diam. -^ in. ; as above, but smaller ; leaves narrower, about J in. broad ; pistillate spike about f in. below the staminate one ; ponds ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1209 Small. Pink and Tansy-leaved Milfoil or Yarrow. — Heads diam. f in. ; ray florets 5-8 ; disc florets 5-cleft ; leaves bipinnatifid, with a lanceolate outline ; segments lanceolate serrated ; JULY FLOWERS. 147 flowers in a spreading compound corymb ; waste places ; 1 ft. (R.A.) J 738 Large. Pa/e Pinkish. Musk Mallow. — Diam. If in. ; sepals 5, with 3 small bracts ; petals 5, each somewhat 2-pointed ; stamens many ; leaves 1J in., 5-7-lobed, lobes cut ; banks ; 1 J-3 ft. (c.) 228 Medium. Night-flowering Catchfly. — Diam. nearly } in. ; calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved ; petals 5, each 2-cleft ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, 3 in. long, f in. broad ; stem hairy and sticky ; flowers in evening ; sandy field* ; 8-24 in. (L.) 174 Small. Great Water Plantain. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ; leaves erect, ovate-lanceolate or cordate, radical, 6-8 in. ; flowers numerous, in spreading panicles ; ditches ; 1-4 ft. (c.) 1192 Spear-leaved Willow Herb. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stigma 4-cleft, lobes short, spreading ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed, 1J in. ; stony places ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 424 Common Calamint. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla tube 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; stem 4- angled ; leaves opposite, ovate, crenate, 1J in. ; flowers in loose one-sided cymes ; calyx teeth triangular, spread- ing ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 895 Lesser Calamint. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. or over ; sepals 5, upper triangular, recurved, lower awl-shaped ; corolla tube 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; stem 4-angled ; leaves opposite, ovate, f in. ; cymes about 10-flowered ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 894 Very Small. Motherwort. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. ; calyx with 5 prickly teeth ; corolla tube 2-lipped, upper very hairy ; gtamens 4 ; flowers in whorls, dense-flowered ; 148 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. plant hairy, very leafy ; leaves deeply cut into 5 or 3 narrow, pointed segments, 2J in. ; waste places, 2-3 ft. (L.) 907 English Tamarisk (small tree). — Diam. J in. ; flowers in clusters or 1-in. spikes ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10 ; stigmas feathery, 3 ; branches long, flexible, switch-like ; leaves J in. or less, awl-shaped ; sea-shores ; 5-10 ft. (L.) 444 Minute. Hare's-foot Trefoil. — Flowers diam. -^ in.; length ^ in.; flower heads diam. f in. ; length J in. ; very hairy and soft ; leaflets 3, linear-obovate, J in. ; flowers very closely packed and hidden ; calyx teeth 5, long and hairy ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; roadsides ; 6-12 in. (c.) 313 Large. %ose or Pink. Clove Pink or Carnation. — Diam. 1J in. ; calyx 5- toothed, with 4 shorter bracts ; petals 5, much notched ; stamens 10 ; leaves slender, glaucous, opposite, 4J in. ; flowers fragrant ; solitary ; old walls ; 1-1| ft. (L.) 164 Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea. — Diam. 1 in. ; length 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, unequal, upper one roundish ; stamens 10 ; several flowers on a stalk ; leaves of 2 oval, pointed leaflets, each 2-3 in., with a tendril ; stem winged ; woods ; 3-5 ft. (L.) 364 Great Hairy Willow Herb. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; length | in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stigma 4-cleft ; leaves opposite, hairy, lanceolate, clasping, 3J in. ; river- sides and other wet places ; 4-6 ft. (c.) 420 Medium. Great Snapdragon. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length 1J in. ; flowers pink, crimson, yellow, or white ; sepals 5 ; corolla tube lipped and closed, not spurred ; stamens 4 ; flowers in dense racemes ; leaves lanceolate, 1J in. ; old walls ; 9-24 in. (L.) 855 Sow-bread. — Diam. f in. at back. (See Small.) Deptford Pink. — Diam. J in. ; length f in. ; calyx GREAT HAIRY WILLOW HERB. (Epilobium hirsutum.) SEE PAGE 148. JULY FLOWERS. 149 5-toothed ; bracts long, narrow ; petals 5, narrow, with dark dots, toothed ; stamens 10 ; flowers clustered ; leaves linear, 1J in. ; dry banks ; 1-1J ft. (L.) 162 Small. Pyramidal Orchis. — Diam. -^ in. ; sepals 3, rose ; petals 3, rose, lower one lipped, 3-lobed, and with a long spur ; leaves lanceolate, parallel-veined, about 3 in. ; flowers in a close, pointed spike ; pastures ; stem slender, 6-18 in. (c.) 1122 Cow Herb. — Diam. f in. or over ; calyx 5-toothed, smooth, with 5 sharp ridges ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; leaves glaucous, sessile, ovate, 1J-2J in., oppo- site ; waste places ; J-2 ft. (R.A.) 168 Square-stalked Willow Herb. — Diam. f in. or over ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stigma undivided ; stem square ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1J in. ; flowers rose- lilac ; boggy places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 426 Sweet William Catchfly. — Diam. f in. or over ; length \ in. ; calyx smooth, 5-toothed ; petals 5, notched, crowned with narrow scales ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; leaves ovate- lanceolate, 1 in. ; flowers in level-topped panicles ; fields ; 9-18 in. (L.) 170 Bog Pimpernel. — Diam. f in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5- cleft ; stamens 5 ; leaves shortly stalked, ovate, \ in. ; bogs ; stems 3-4 in., slender, 4-angled. (L.) 978 Chickweed-leaved Willow Herb. — Diam. nearly f in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stigma undivided ; stem with 2-4 obscure, hairy lines ; leaves usually opposite, ovate -lanceolate, If in. ; flowers bright rose-purple ; rills ; 4-12 in. (L.) 428 Marsh Speedwell. — Diam. nearly f in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 2 ; flowers in alternate axillary racemes ; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 1J in., half-clasping ; ditches; 6-12 in. (c.) 822 Pale Smooth-leaved Willow Herb. — Diam. -^ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stigma undivided ; stem with 2 or 4 raised lines ; leaves stalked, mostly alternate, ovate- oblong, If in. ; flowers many ; copses ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 423 150 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Narrow-leaved Willow Herb. — Diam. ^ in. ; sepals 4 ; petals 4 ; stamens 8 ; stigma undivided ; stem round, with- out raised lines ; leaves spreading, opposite mostly, If in. ; flowers horizontal, rosy-lilac ; bogs ; 6-18 in. (v.c.) 425 Sow-bread. — Diam. J in. at mouth ; sepals 5 ; corolla tube short, with 5 large 1-in. lobes turned backwards J stamens 5 ; leaves ovate-cordate, 1J in. ; root tuber- ous, turnip-shaped ; flower stalks long ; woods ; 4-8 in. (B.) 968 Very Small. Great Bur-parsley. — Flowers diam. \ in. ; small umbels \ in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; petals 5, unequal ; leaves pinnate, decurrent ; leaflets serrated ; bracts membran- ous ; fruit very rough, with prickles ; fields ; stem very rough, 6-18 in. (R.) 548 Willow-leaved Spiraea. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens long, numerous ; flowers in dense, terminal, narrow racemes ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, 2J in. ; carpels 5 ; plant shrubby ; plantations ; 3-5 ft. (R.) 371 Dwarf Centaury. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length nearly f in. ; sepals 5 joined (rarely 4) ; petals 5 joined (or 4) : stamens 5 (or 4), on the corolla tube ; calyx about half as long as corolla tube ; stem much branched ; leaves ovate- oblong, f in. ; sandy shores ; 1-4 in. (L.) 791 Amphibious Persicaria. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers in a dense spike, 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; stem erect on land (or floating in water), nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate, rough on land, smooth in water, 3-5 in. ; stipules large ; waste or wet places ; 1J-3 ft. (c.) 1022 Buck-wheat or Brank. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; flowers in loose sjpike or raceme, 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 0 ; stamens 8 ; leaves cordate, arrow-shaped, 1 J in. ; waste places. (L.) 1033 Cross-leaved Heath. — Diam. \ in. at mouth ; length J in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla ovate, bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 8 ; flowers pink, drooping, about 8, in a 1 -sided head or raceme ; leaves 4 in a whorl, greenish ; leaves 10-20 in., very narrow, grooved ; waste places ; 1J-2 ft. (c.) 1161 Fine-leaved Heath. — Diam. J in. ; length J in. er over ; 156 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. sepals 4 ; corolla egg-shaped, mouth small, crimson- purple ; stamens 8 ; flowers in 1 -sided racemes ; leaves usually 3 in a whorl, J in., close set, linear ; heaths ; 6-12 in. (o.) 757 Minute. Hemp Agrimony. — Flowers diam. nearly J in. ; heads small, with 5-6 florets, -^ in., forming dense terminal clusters ; corolla 5-lobed ; bracts about 10, short ; leaves opposite, downy, with 3-5 lanceolate, serrate leaflets, each 3 in. ; wet places ; 2-5 ft. (o.) 678 Strawberry Trefoil. — Flowers diam. ^ in. ; length -^ in. ; flower heads or clusters J in. at first, later 1 in. ; calyx 5-toothed, much swollen in fruit ; petals 5, unequal ; stamens 10 ; flower heads on long stalks ; leaflets 3, obovate or obcordate, J in. ; fields ; 6-12 in. (o.) 312 Large. Lilac Blue. Small Scabious. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; florets or flowers 5-lobed ; stamens 4, long ; calyx of 4-5 bristles ; heads flat-topped ; root leaves pinnate and cut ; stem leaves cut ; all segments narrow ; heaths ; 1-1 j ft. (c.) 605 Small Blue Flea-bane. — Heads diam. -^ in. ; length f in. ; florets of ray dull bluish lilac ; disc florets yellowish, 5- cleft ; stameng 5 ; plant very rough to the touch ; root leaves obovate-lanceolate, 2J in. ; upper narrow, half- clasping ; dry banks ; 1-1 J ft. (c.) 700 Very Small. Water Speedwell. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 2 ; flowers in opposite, axillary racemes ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, 3 in. ; marshes ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 823 Pale Blue Toadflax. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. or over ; sepals 5 ; corolla tube 2-lipped, closed, spurred, pale lilac-blue with violet veins and yellow palate ; stems many, slender, leafy ; leaves whorled or scattered, linear, | in. ; banks ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 860 GIANT BELL FLOWER. (Campanula, latifolia.) JULY FLOWERS. 157 Common Sea-lavender. — Diam. T\ in. ; length J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 5 ; flowers in a loose 1 -sided panicle ; leaves all radical, elliptic-oblong, 3 in. ; spikes dense ; scape branched from above the middle ; muddy shores ; 4-12 in. (L.) 984 Remote-flowered Sea-lavender. — Diam. nearly -^ in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 5 ; leaves oblong- lanceolate, 3 in. ; flowers in a loose 1 -sided panicle ; spikes long, loose ; scape branched from near the base ; muddy shores ; 4-12 in. (L.) 985 Vervain. — Diam. J in. or over ; sepals 5 ; corolla slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; stamens 4 ; stems rigid, 4- sided, spreading ; leaves opposite, oblong, cut or 3-lobed ; flower spikes narrow, long when in fruit ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 878 Marsh-whorled Mint. — Diam. J in. or over ; sepals 5 ; corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ; flowers in short, dense, distant whorls ; stem 4-angled ; leaves opposite, stalked, ovate- lanceolate, sharply serrate, 1 in. ; wet places ; 1 j-4 ft. (c.) 887 Pennyroyal. — Diam. J in. or over ; calyx 2-lipped, 5- toothed ; corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ; flowers in axillary, distant whorls, none terminal ; leaves ovate-oblong, f in. ; damp heaths ; 2-10 in. (c.) 889 Upright-stalked Sea-lavender. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; styles 5 ; leaves spathulate, shortly stalked, 3-nerved at the base, If in. ; spikelets 1-sided ; scape branched from near the middle ; rocky shores ; 4-10 in. (L.) 986 Minute. Matted Sea-lavender. — Diam. nearly J in. ; as preceding, but leaves 1 in., few, 1 -ribbed, scape much branched from near the base, branches wavy, mostly flowerless ; flowers smaller, crowded on upper branches ; salt marshes ; 4-8 in. (R.) 987 Large. Purplish Blue. Giant Bell-flower. — Diam. 1J in. ; length If in. • sepals 5 ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stem 158 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. furrowed, leafy ; leaves ovate, 3-6 in., upper sessile ; raceme very leafy ; copses and woods ; 2|— 5 ft. (L.) 743 Spreading Bell-flower. — Diam. 1 in. or more ; length I in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed to the middle ; stamens 5 ; stem slender, angled ; stem leaves narrow ; root leaves oblong ; copses ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 741 Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. — Diam. 1 in. ; length 1J in. ; sepals 5, rough, hairy ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; leaves stalked, ovate, base broad, coarsely serrate ; stern erect, hairy ; woods ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 745 Creeping Bell-flower. — Diam. 1 in. ; length 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla bell-shaped, with 5 recurved lobes ; stamens 5 ; stem leaves ovate ; root leaves cordate ; racemes long, flowers drooping ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 744 Medium. Monkshood. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; sepals 5, bluish, irregular, upper one hooded, containing 2 spurred petals ; leaves alternate, palmately cut in to 5-7 toothed lobes; raceme long, simple, close-flowered ; stream banks ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 35 Peach-leaved Bell-flower. — Diam. } in. ; length 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla hemispheric, with 5 short lobes ; stamens 5 ; stem smooth ; leaves roughish, lower sessile, spathulate- lanceolate, If in., upper linear-oblong, finely serrate ; woods ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 747 Alpine Blue Sow-thistle. — Heads diam. f in. or more ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; stamens 5 ; leaves 4-8 in., lobed, broad, narrow below, half-clasping ; stem stout, succulent, grooved ; juice milky ; mountains ; 2J-4 ft. (R.) 626 Hare-bell or Hair-bell. — Diam. f in. ; length nearly 1 in. ; sepals 5 long and narrow ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; stamens 5; leaves about 2 in., linear mostly, first and lowest ovate-cordate ; stem slender ; flowers drooping, racemed ; heaths ; 6-24 in. (v.o.) 740 Sea Starwort. — Heads diam. £ in. ; ray florets pale purplish blue ; disc florets yellowish, 5 -cleft ; stamens 5 ; leaves lanceolate, fleshy, 3£ in. ; stem stout ; salt marshes ; 1J-3 ft. ' (L.) JULY FLOWERS. 159 Devil 's-bit Scabious. — Heads diam. | in. ; florets or flowers 4-cleft ; calyx of 4-5 bristles ; stamens 4, long ; flower heads round-topped ; root leaves ovate ; stem leaves oblong ; flowers dull purplish blue ; pastures ; 1-2 ft. (v.c.) 604 Alpine Flea-bane. — Heads diam. f in. or over ; heads 1-3 ; flower stalks stout ; ray florets very many, purple, slender ; disc florets yellowish, 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; plant rough, hairy ; root leaves spreading, oblong-lanceolate ; rnounta Us ; 3-8 in. (R.) 699 Slender Blue-eyed Grass. — Diam. f in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3 ; leaves linear, 4 in., and J in. broad ; flowers blue inside only ; bogs ; 6-12 in. (R.) 1144 Rampion Bell-flower. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length nearly f in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed almost to the middle ; lobes recurved ; stamens 5 ; stem leaves narrow, 1J in., sessile; root leaves broadly ovate, long-stalked ; banks ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 742 Great Purple Toadflax. — Diam. J in. ; length 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla tube 2-lipped, closed, with a long spur ; flowers in racemes ; leaves linear-lanceolate, scattered ; old walls ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 863 Small Field Gentian. — Diam. nearly j in. ; length nearly f in. ; sepals 4, 2 outer larger ; corolla 4-cleft, fringed in throat with bluish hairs ; root leaves obovate ; stem leaves ovate-oblong, pointed ; moist pastures ; 3-10 in. (c.) 787 Acrid Lobelia. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped, very irregular, 3 lower lobes hanging ; stamens 5 ; leaves obovate, 2J in. ; stem slender, angular, leafy ; heaths ; 12-18 in. (R.) 753 Ivy-leaved Bell-flower. — Diam. nearly f in. ; length f in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; stamens 5 ; stem thread-like, creeping ; leaves alternate, cordate, 5- angled, f in. ; flowers pale ; woods and bogs ; 6-12 in. (L.) 748 160 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Very Small. Sea-holly. — Flowers diam. -^ in., sessile, in dense heads or umbels ; heads about 3 together, each f in., ovoid in fruit ; bracts 3, leafy, large ; bracteoles 5-7, all spiny and stiff ; root leaves 3-lobed, large ; stem leaves clasping, palmate ; plant stout, prickly ; sandy shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 497 Field Sea-holly. — Flowers diam. J in., sessile, in dense heads or umbels | in. ; stem leaves clasping, twice pinna ti- fid, spiny ; bracts leafy, narrow, long, spiny ; more slender, branched, bushy, and tall than preceding ; sea -shores, etc. ; l-2Jft. (L.) 498 Medium. D*r* Purplish. Dwarf Cornel. — Flowers diam. nearly J in. ; umbel of flowers J in., or f in. including the 4 ovate, yellowish-purple bracts ; petals 4 ; stamens 4 ; stem erect, forked, 4- angled ; leaves oblong, sessile, f in., in few pairs ; moors ; 6-8 in. (L.) 493 Small. VMet. Common Skull-cap. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly f in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla much longer than calyx, 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; flowers axillary, in pairs ; stem 4-angled ; leaves oppo- site, 1-2 in., narrow, base cordate ; damp places ; 6-12 in. (c.) 928 Self-heal. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly \ in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; flowers dull violet, about 6 in each whorl ; whorls crowded in a dense, terminal, short spike ; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 1J in. ; stem 4- angled ; roadsides ; 4-10 in. (v.c.) 927 Common Basil or Basil-thyme. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. ; calyx 5-toothed, 2-lipped, curved, swollen below ; corolla 2-lipped, marked with white ; stamens 4 ; flowers in whorls of 5 or 6 ; stem 4-angled ; leaves ovate, fin.; banks; 4-8 in. (c.) 892 Large. Blue. Chicory or Succory. — Heads diam. 1J in., pale blue ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; bracts 88 with 5 outer smaller JULY FLOWERS. 161 ones ; lower leaves 6-8 in., as in Dandelion, upper oblong, clasping ; stem angled, grooved, strong ; waysides ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 649 Medium. Common Flax. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; sepals ovate, acuminate ; leaves linear- lanceolate, 1-2 in., alternate ; cymes broad, many- flowered ; cornfields ; 9-18 in. (L.) 223 Water Lobelia. — Diam. J in. ; length nearly } in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 2-lipped, very irregular, 3 lower lobes long, hanging ; stamens 5 ; leaves all radical, under water, linear, 2J in. ; lakes ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 754 Small. Blue Rock Speedwell. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4-lobed, bright blue ; stamens 2 ; stem woody ; leaves j in.j obovate-oblong, opposite ; flowers in terminal racemes ; mountains ; 2-4 in. (R.) 821 Round-headed Rampion. — Diam. flowers f in. ; length J in., in a dense head or spike 1 in. ; sepals 5 ; corolla 5- cleft, segments long, narrow ; stamens 5 ; stigmas usually 3 ; root leaves oblong-ovate, \\ in. ; downs ; 6-18 in. (R.) 750 Spiked Speedwell. — Diam. nearly f in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla-tube 4-lobed ; flowers in a terminal spike 2 in. ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 1J in. ; stamens 2, very long ; pastures ; 6-12 in. (R.) 818 Alpine Speedwell. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla 4- lobed, dark blue ; stamens 2 ; flowers in a dense, terminal raceme ; leaves j in.j sessile, ovate ; mountain rills ; 3-10 in. (E.) 820 AUGUST FLOWERS. Very Small White. White Horehound. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length f in. ; flowers in dense whorls ; calyx with 10 hooked teeth ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; plant stout, leafy, branched, almost woolly ; leaves ovate, f in. ; waste places ; 12-18 in. (c.) 926 Autumnal Ladies' Tresses. — Diam. T8T in. ; flower spike slender, twisted, with 1 row ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, all white and similar ; flowers fragrant ; leaves parallel-veined, ovate, 1 in., appearing after the flowers ; pastures ; 4-8 in. (L.) 1098 Minute. Corn Parsley. — Diam. flowers ^ in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels J in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stem slender, wiry ; leaves small, pinnate ; leaflets J in., cut ; umbel-rays few, very unequal ; flowers few ; banks ; 1-1 J ft. (L.) 505 Medium. Whitish. Small Teasel. — Heads diam. f in. ; length J in. ; flower heads hairy and bristly ; corolla 4-Iobed ; stamens 4 ; bracts many, short, linear ; leaves stalked, upper 8 in.y oblong ; stem slender ; leaves with a pair of base leaflets ; moist hedges ; 1J-4 ft. (L.) 602 Grass of Parnassus. — Diam. nearly J in. ; flowers solitary ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, thickish, veined ; stamens 5, and* 5 large fringed, glandular scales ; stem angular, with only 1 cordate, sessile leaf, about the middle ; wet moors ; 3-10 in. (L.) 489 Sallow-leaved Starwort. — Heads diam. J in. ; florets of ray white ; disc yellowish ; corolla 5-cleft ; bracts loose ; 162 AUGUST FLOWERS. 163 flowers in a loose panicle ; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (R.A.) 703 Small. Jointed Pipewort. — Heads diam. f in. ; flowers minute* of 2 kinds, staminate in middle, stamens 4-6 ; pistillate outside, perianth 4, stigmas 2-3 ; leaves awl-shaped, 3 in. ; lakes; 6-12 in. (L.) 1210 Creeping Goodyera. — Diam. J in. ; flowers creamy white, in a narrow spiral spike ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, one forming a lip ; stem slender, spike glandular-hairy ; leaves ovate, acute, f in. ; fir-woods ; 4-8 in. (L.) 1097 Striated Cranesbill. — Diam. J in. ; flowers white, with purple veins ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, distinct ; stamens 10 ; styles 5, united ; stem hairy ; near shrubberies ; 1 ft. (L.) 270 Canadian Flea-bane. — Heads diam. J in. ; length J in. ; ray florets very short, whitish, tinged red ; disc pale yellow- ish, 5-lobed ; flower heads very many ; leaves all narrow, 1 in. ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 701 Very Small. Drooping Ladies' Tresses. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers fragrant, in a twisted spike 2J in. ; spike stout, glandular- hairy ; sepals 3 ; petals 3, one forming a tongue-shaped lip ; lower leaves narrow-obovate, 4 in. ; meadows ; 2-10 in. (R.) 1100 Minute. Bastard Stone-parsley. — Flowers diam. nearly J in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 1 in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves pinnate, 8 in. ; leaflets oblong, pinnati- fid, 1| in. ; stem slender, leafy, solid ; waysides ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 509 Very Small. Yellowish Green. Sea Spurge. — Diam. -^ in. ; flowers of unusual struc- ture ; plant stout, shrubby, with milky juice ; leaves crowded, covering stem, very thick, sessile, oval, f in. ; branches 5-8, short4 stout ; sandy shores ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 1065 164 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Stalked Sea-purslane. — Diam. -fa in ; plant mealy, slender ; leaves narrow, obovate- oblong, £ in. ; flowers in terminal spikes, staminate with 3-5 stamens and 3-5 sepals ; pistillate stalked, with 2 sepals and 2 styles ; muddy shores ; 3-8 in. (R.) 1008 Shrubby Sea-purslane. — Diam. nearly $ in. ; as pre- ceding, but pistillate flowers sessile ; leaves 2 in. ; muddy shores ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1007 Minute. Falcate-leaved Hare 's-ear.— Flowers diam. ^ in. ; small umbels J in. ; compound umbels 2 in. ; petals 5 ; stamens 5 ; upper leaves very narrow ; lower oblong, 1| in. ; stem slender ; hedges and fields ; 2-4 ft. (R.) 521 Slender Hare 's-ear. — Flowers diam. -^ in., in axillary umbels J in. ; leaves linear, very sharply pointed, £ in. ; stem solid, wiry ; salt marshes ; 6-18 in. (R.) 519 Small. Greenish. Broad-leaved Bur-reed. — Staminate heads diam. J in.$ roundish, containing many smaller heads ; pistillate heads diam. J in. ; length J in.-, ovate, with a prickly involucre, 2-beaked and 2-flowered ; both kinds on same plant ; lower leaves heart-shaped ; waste ground ; 1-2 ft. (L.) 674 Spiny Bur-reed. — As preceding, but more spiny ; leaves with 3-pointed spines at the base ; fruit with a single straight beak ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 675 Very Small. Copse Buckwheat or Bistort. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; flowers in racemes or clusters ; sepals 5 ; stamens 8 ; styles 3, united ; leaves cordate, arrow-shaped, 2 in. ; 3 outer sepals with broad wings ; thickets ; 1-4 ft. (R.) 1031 Sea Wormwood. — Heads diam. J in. ; length -^ in. ; no ray ; all florets tubular, 5-cleft ; leaves 1J in., twice pinnatifid, downy on both sides ; heads crowded in oblong racemes ; sea-shores ; 10-18 in. (L.) 683 Annual Mercury. — Diam. J in. ; flowers of 2 kinds on HARE-BELL. (Campanula rotundifolia.) SEE PAGE 193. AUGUST FLOWERS. 165 separate plants ; staminate flowers, perianth 3-cleft, stamens 9 or more ; pistillate flowers with 2 styles ; stem branched ; leaves sessile, shining, oval^ 2 in. ; waste places; 6-18 in. (L.) 1072 Minute. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.— Diana, nearly J in. ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves 4 in., long-pointed, with about 3 broad lobes on each side, almost shining ; clusters of flowers rather large ; waste places ; stem stout, 1-3 ft. (L.) 1000 Upright Goosefoot. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves 1 J in., triangular, acute, deeply toothed ; flower spike dense, erect, leafless ; waste places ; stem stout, 6-30 in. (L.) 998 Stinking Goosefoot. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves triangular-ovate, | in., greasy to the touch ; smell offensive ; flower spikes small, f in., dense ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (L.) 996 Many-seeded Goosefoot. — Diam. ^ in. or over ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves ovate, J in. ; clusters axillary and terminal, £ in. ; branches many, spreading, leafy ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (o.) 997 Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; leaves larger, bright green, triangular- ovate, pointed, with sharp teeth ; flower spikes f in. ; waste places ; 6-18 in. (L.) 999 Fig-leaved Goosefoot. — Diam. ^ in. ; sepals 5 ; stamens 5 ; stem mealy ; leaves oblong-hastate, wavy-toothed, with spreading base-lobes ; flower spike almost leafless ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (L.) 1002 Red Goosefoot. — Diam. ^ in. ; end flowers in each cluster with 5 sepals and 5 stamens ; side flowers with about 3 sepals and 3 stamens ; plant smooth, shining ; leaves triangular-ovate, very variable ; flower spikes leafy, very short ; waste places ; 1-3 ft. (o.) 1003 Fleshy-leaved Red Goosefoot. — Diam; -fa in. ; as pre- ceding, but leaves nearly entire, fleshy, more triangular ; flower spike dense, leafless above ; stem prostrate ; sandy ihorea ; 4-5 in; (E.) 1004 166 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. — Diam. ^ in. ; flowers as pre- ceding, but leaves f in., ovate-oblong, mealy beneath ; flower spikes short, dense, leafless, J in. ; stem shining ; waste places; 6-18 in. (L.) 1005 Jointed Glasswort. — Diam. nearly ^ in. ; leaves none, stem fleshy, branched, jointed, each joint fitted into the one below ; flowers 3 together on each side of a node ; perianth 3-4-lobed ; stamens 2 ; styles 2 ; salt marshes ; 6-18 in. (L.) 1018 Creeping or Rooting Glasswort. — Diam. nearly ^ in. ; as preceding, but stem procumbent, woody, perennial ; joints scarcely thickened ; salt marshes ; 6-18 in. (R.) 1019 Very SmaU. Pink *nd Green. Seaside Knotweed. — Diam. J in. or over ; sepals 5 ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; flowers axillary, 1-3 together, crowded with the leaves ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, alter- nate, f in. ; stem prostrate, rather rigid and woody below ; sea-shores ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 1029 Small Brownish White. Branched Broom-rape. — Diam. J in. or over ; length J in. ; sepals 4 ; corolla gaping, upper lip 2-lobed ; stamens 4 ; bracts 3 under each flower ; leaves 0 ; stem stout, erect, usually branched ; on hemp roots ; 4-8 in. (L.) 876 Medium. Yellowish. Shrubby Broad-leaved Hawkweed. — Heads diam. f in. or more ; florets all ray, strap-shaped, dull pale yellow ; bracts glabrous, blackish green ; heads in a clustered corymb ; flower stalks scaly and cottony ; leaves ovate, broad at the base, If in., with teeth pointing forwards ; stem leafy all its length ; banks ; 1J-3 ft. (o.) 642 Gmelin 's Coral-root. — Diam. f in. or over ; flowers pale yellow, 2-6 in a raceme ; sepals 3 ; petals 3 ; lip 3- lobed, with a short, stout spur behind, the centre whitish with red glands ; leaves 0 ; stem pale yellow-brown ; woods ; 4-8 in. (R.) 1110 AUGUST FLOWERS. 167 Small Pearly Everlasting. — Heads diam. ^ in. ; length -^ in. stamens and pistils on different plants ; florets all tubular stamens 5 ; heads many, in corymbs, densely cottony leaves narrow-lanceolate, 4 in., sessile, half-clasping ; bracts brown below, white above ; meadows ; 2-3 ft. (L.) 687 Yellowish Annual Woundwort. — Diam. -^ in. ; length f in. or more ; sepals 5 ; corolla-tube long, 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; flowers in whorls of about 5, forming a spike ; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 3-nerved, 1J in. ; calyx hairy ; fields ; 6-18 in. (R.A.) 923 Buff-yellow Milfoil or Yarrow. — Heads diam. J in. ; ray florets 5 or 6 ; disc florets 5-cleft ; leaves thick, downy, very narrow -lanceolate, deeply cut or serrate ; stem erect, leafy, downy ; fields ; 1-2 ft. (R.A.) 737 Large. Yellow. Corn Sow-thistle. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; heads in corymbs, nearly umbellate, often smooth, but sometimes covered thickly with sticky, glandular hairs ; leaves sharply toothed, wavy, almost prickly ; upper oblong-lanceolate, half-clasping ; corn- fields ; 2-4 ft. (c.) 623 Stinking St. John's-wort. — Diam. 1J in. ; sepals 5 ; petals 5, longer than sepals ; stamens many, in 3 bundles, very long ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute ; plantations ; 2-3 ft. (R.A.) 253 Black-headed Hawkweed. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; styles brown ; stem few-headed and few-leaved ; bracts with black glandular hairs ; leaves with large, irregular teeth ; mountains ; 6-15 in. (R.) 634 Autumnal Hawkbit. — Heads diam. 1 in. or over ; florets all ray, strap-shaped ; leaves all radical, lanceolate, cut, nearly smooth, 5 or 6 in. ; flower stem branched, stalks swollen below the bracts ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (v.o.) 613 Medium. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. — Diam. 1 in. ; flowers solitary or nearly so ; sepals 5 ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; stem leafy ; 168 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. root leaves in a rosette, lanceolate, f in. ; petals dotted red at the base ; wet moors ; 4-8 in. (R.) 478 Small Flax-leaved Goldilocks. — Heads diam. £ in.; clustered ; 'florets diam. J in., length J in., 5-cleft ; bracts shorter, narrow, gummy ; leaves 2J in., smooth, linear, entire, rather thick ; stem ribbed, wiry ; lime rocks, 6-18 in. (L.) 679 Small Flea-bane. — Heads diam. nearly J in. ; flower heads with ray and disc ; disc florets 5-cleft ; stem hairy, leafy ; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 1J in. ; flower heads nearly solitary, terminal ; moist places ; 6-12 in: (L.) 723 Bristly Barkhausia. — Heads diam. \ in., bell-shaped ; flower stalks rigid, and deeply grooved ; bracts very stiff, slender, prickly ; plant rough, leafy ; lower leaves lobed, upper clasping ; Clover fields ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 645 Sand Rocket. — Diam. nearly \ in. ; sepals 4, spreading ; petals 4 ; stamens 6 ; stem rough ; leaves long-stalked, lobed ; petals 2 or 3 times as long as sepals, obovate ; waste places ; 6-9 in. (c.) 132 Tansy. — Heads diam. f in. ; florets all disc, tubular, 5-cleft ; heads level-topped, button-like, numerous, in a flat- topped corymb ; leaves 3J in.,- feathery, much cut, segments narrow ; stem leafy, angled ; bracts short ; waste places ; 2-3 ft. (c.) 681 Sea-side Cotton-weed. — Heads diam. f in. ; florets all disc, tubular, 5-cleft ; heads in small, dense corymbs ; plant densely woolly ; leaves alternate, oblong, \ in., sessile ; stems very many, stout ; sandy shores ; 6-12 in. (L.) 680 Woolly Yellow Milfoil or Yarrow. — Heads diam. -^ in. ; flower heads with ray and disc, both golden yellow ; clusters of heads much branched ; leaves woolly, with many narrow, crowded lobes, each lobe 2-cleft or 3-cleft ; bracts woolly ; hilly pastures ; 6-8 in. (L.) 736 AUGUST FLOWERS. 169 Very Small. Crested Cow-wheat.— Diam. ^ in. ; length f in. ; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; bracts rose- purple at the base, showy, heart-shaped, toothed, long, tapering ; spike of flowers If in., crowded ; leaves narrow, 2£ in. ; copses ; stem 4-angled, 6-24 in. (R.) 844 Common Wormwood. — Heads diam. -^ in. ; length -5^- in. ; no ray ; all florets tubular, 5-cleft ; leaves 1 J in.,- twice or thrice cut, segments many, spreading, silky on both sides ; flower heads silky ; plant scented ; waste places ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 684 Minute. Field Wormwood. — Diam. nearly J in. ; length J in. or over ; no ray ; all florets tubular, 5-cleft ; leaves nearly smooth, pinnatifid and cut, segments few, slender, f in. ; heads in long, slender racemes ; bracts purplish brown ; sandy heaths ; l|-2i ft. (R.) 682 Large. Rose or Pink. Marsh Mallow. — Diam. nearly 1J in. ; sepals 5, with 6-9 bracts beneath ; petals 5 ; stamens many ; leaves 2J in. broad, thickish, ovate-cordate or roundish, toothed ; flowers in axillary cymes, shorter than the leaves ; sea- marshes ; 1J-3 ft. (L.) 235 Medium. Soapwort. — Diam. 1 in. ; length | in. ; flowers pale pink ; calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; root-stock white, fleshy ; plant smooth, glaucous ; leaves 3 in., oblong - lanceolate, 3-ribbed ; roadsides; 1-1 J ft. [L.) 167 Small. Cut-leaved Annual Germander. — Diam. -^ in. ; length J in. or over ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla tube 2-lipped, upper with 2 very small lobes, lower spotted white and red ; stamens 4 ; flowers in whorls of about 4 ; leaves pin- natifid, f in., segments 4 pairs, linear ; bracts leaf -like ; fields ; 4-8 in. (R.) 901 170 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. Mountain Garlic. — Diam. J in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; flowers crowded in a head with bulbils, and 2 spathes below ; leaves radical, flat near the tip ; stamens twice as long as the perianth ; fields ; 10-18 in. (L.) 1166 Very Small. Smooth Sea-heath. — Diam. nearly J in. ; sepals 4-6 ; petals 4-6 ; stamens 4 or more ; stem shortly hairy, branches wiry ; leaves with margins rolled back, -^ in., bunched or whorled, oblong-linear ; salt marshes ; 6-15 in. (R.) 158 Water-pepper or Biting Persicaria. — Diam. J in. ; sepals 5, green and rose ; stamens 6 usually ; styles 2-3, free ; flowers in very slender racemes 3-8 in. ; stem creeping and rooting ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, 3 in. ; wet places ; 1-3 ft. (c.) 1026 Lax-flowered Persicaria. — Diam. J in. ; as preceding, but stamens 5-6 ; styles 2-3, united half-way ; racemes shorter, J-3 in. ; sepals white and pink ; wet places ; 1-2 ft. (L.) ' 1025 Minute. Creeping Persicaria. — Diam. nearly J in. ; as above, but stamens 4-8 ; styles 2-3, united half-way ; leaves 1 J in., narrow-lanceolate ; sepals smaller ; racemes 1J in. : marshy places ; 6-18 in. (c.) 1027 Very Large. Red Purple. Saffron Crocus. — Diam. 2 in. or more ; length 3 in. or more ; perianth 6 ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3-cleft, orange, hanging outside ; leaves linear, very narrow, 3-6 in., appearing after the flowers ; meadows; 3-6 in, (R.) 1148 Meadow Saffron. — Diam. 2 in. ; length 3 in. or more ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; style thread-like, deeply 3-cleft ; leaves flat, erect, broadly lanceolate, 5-10 m.j appearing after the flowers ; meadows ; 3-10 in. (R.) 1187 Large. Brown-rayed Knapweed. — Heads diam. 1J in. ; length | in. ; florets all tubular, 5-cleft, the outer much longer, AUGUST FLOWERS. 171 forming a sort of ray ; stamens 5 ; bracts pale brown, jagged-toothed ; leaves ovate below, upper ones lanceo- late, 2-4 in. ; waste places ; 1J ft. (R.) 673 Purple Martagon Lily. — Diam. nearly 1J in. ; flowers pale purple, with darker spots ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; flowers drooping, odorous at night ; leaves in whorls of 6-8, oval, 4 or 5 in. ; copses ; 2-3 ft. (R.) 1155 Small. Autumnal Squill. — Diam. -fa in. ; perianth 6 ; stamens 6 ; stigma minute ; leaves radical, 4 in., narrow ; flowers racemed, few, pale ; dry pastures ; 4-6 in. (R.) 1173 Wood Calamint. — Diam. f in. ; length J in. ; calyx 5- toothed and 13-nerved ; corolla tube 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; flower-whorls many, compound, loose ; leaves ovate, deeply serrate, 1J in. ; 2 lower sepals twice the upper in length ; chalk banks ; 1-2 ft. (R.) 896 Alpine Saussurea. — Heads diam. f in. or more ; length | in. or more ; no ray ; florets all tubular, rather large, 5-cleft ; stem stout, erect, leafy, cottony ; lower leaves 5 in., oblong-lanceolate, cottony beneath ; heads in dense corymbs ; bracts woolly ; mountains ; 8-12 in. (L.) 651 Saw-wort. — Heads diam. nearly f in. ; length nearly f in. ; no ray ; florets all tubular, with 5 narrow lobes ; stem slender, erect, grooved ; lower leaves 6 in., lyrate- pinnatifid ; upper sessile, strongly serrate ; bracts rigid ; thickets; 1J-3 ft. (c.) 652 Downy Woundwort. — Diam. -fa in. ; length f in. ; sepals 5, hairy-woolly ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4 ; whorls very dense-flowered ; plant white-woolly ; leaves ovate, 2-5 in. ; spike stout ; chalky fields ; 1-3 ft. (R.) 921 Very Large. Ulac Purple. Wild Teasel.— Heads diam. 2 in. ; length 2J in. or more ; heads oval-oblong, prickly, with many long, up- curved, rigid, linear bracts, longer than the head, around it ; florets of flowers with 4-lobed corolla ; stamens 4 ; 172 IDENTIFYING WILD FLOWERS. leaves opposite, narrow, united at base, forming a cup round the stem, each 6 in. ; waste places ; 2-5 ft. (c.) 601 Small. Small-flowered Gentian. — Diam. f in. or over ; length £ in. ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla 4-5-lobed, pale purple ; stamens 4-5 ; stem square, very erect ; plant tinged dull purple ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong, about 1 in. ; heaths ; 3-12 in. (c.) 785 Very Small. Pepper-mint. — Diam. J in. ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla short, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, equal, distant ; flowers in whorls on terminal spikes ; leaves stalked, opposite, about 2 in., oval, serrate ; branches 4-angled ; damp places ; 6-18 in. (L.) 885 Corn Mint. — Diam. J in. ; calyx short, 5-toothed ; corolla hairy, short, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, equal, distant ; flowers in axillary clusters shorter than the leaves ; leaves stalked, ovate or oblong-lanceolate ; branches 4-angled ; cornfields ; 1-2 ft. (c.) 888 Water Mint. — Diam. | in. ; calyx with 5 slender teeth ; corolla short, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, equal, distant ; flowers in whorls on terminal spikes, stout, f in. broad ; leaves stalked, ovate-oblong or cordate, 1J in., usually hairy ; marshes; 1-3 ft. (v.o.) 886 Minute. Round-leaved Mint. — Diam. nearly J in. ; calyx with 5 hairy teeth ; corolla short, 4-lobed, hairy outside ; stamens 4, equal, distant ; flowers in whorls on terminal, interrupted spikes ; leaves mostly sessile, ovate, not pointed, shaggy below ; wet places ; 1-2J ft. (L.) 882 Horse Mint. — Diam. -^ in. or over ; calyx 5-toothed ; corolla short, 4-lobed, hairy outside ; stamens 4, equal, distant ; flowers in whorls on dense, terminal, continuous spikes ; leaves mostly sessile, 2 in. by 1£ in., oblong- ovate ; wet places ; 1-2J ft. (L.) 883 Spear Mint. — Diam. -& in. or over ; calyx 5-toothed ; CHICORY OR SUCCORY (Cichorium Intybus.) SEE PAGE 180. AUGUST FLOWERS. 173 corolla short, 4-lobed, without hairs ; stamens 4, equal, distant ; flowers in whorls on slender spikes ; leaves oblong- lanceolate ; smell of plant more pungent than other Mints ; marshes ; 1-2J ft. (L.) 884 Medium. Bluish Purple. Clustered Bell-flower. — Diam. f in. ; length nearly 1 in. sepals 5, shorter than petals ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft stamens 5 ; stem slender, hairy ; leaves ovate, serrate stem leaves sessile, f in.$ half -clasping ; pastures ; 6-18 in. (R.) 746 Medium. Bluc- Marsh Gentian. — Diam. nearly 1 in. ; length 1 in. or over ; calyx 5-lobed, with 2 long bracts ; corolla 5-lobed, narrow, bell-shaped ; stamens 5 ; leaves opposite, 1J in.* linear-oblong ; stem slender ; moist heaths ; 6-20 in. (L.) 783 Small Small Alpine Gentian. — Diam. ^ in. ; length J in. ; calyx 5-lobed, with 2 small bracts ; corolla with 5 ovate lobes ; stamens 5 ; root leaves obovate-oblong, few, J in. ; stem slender ; mountains ; 2-8 in: (R.) 784 SEPTEMBER FLOWERS. Large. Purple. Naked-flowered Crocus. — Diam. 1J in. or more ; length 2 in. or more ; perianth segments 6, each 2 in. long ; stamens 3 ; anthers pale orange yellow ; leaves radical, appearing after the flowers, narrow-linear ; meadows ; 2-6 in. (R.) 1147 Very Smatt. Cream. Austere Strawberry-tree. — Diam: -^ in. ; length J in. or over ; sepals 5 ; corolla with 5 reflexed lobes ; stamens 10 ; leaves obovate, doubly serrate, 2J in. ; flowers many, in drooping panicles ; woods, Ireland ; 8-10 ft. (L.) 765 OCTOBER FLOWERS. Small. Yellowish Green. Ivy. — Extreme diam. f in. ; sepals 5, small ; petals 5, pointed ; stamens 5 ; flowers in panicled unibels ; leaves variable, about 2 in. broad, lower with 5 lobes^ upper ovate; walls, etc. 6-40 ft. (v.c.) 491 174 part IX ARRANGEMENT : NATURAL ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. CLASS.— DICOTYLEDONS. Plants with net veined leaves usually, and petals 2, 4, 5, or 10 generally, but not 3 or 6. SUB-CLASS A. Plants with both calyx and corolla. DIVISION I. — POLYPETAL^E. Plants with corolla composed of entirely separate petals. SUB-DIVISION (a). Plants with stamens fixed on the receptacle or flower- stalk (hypogynous), but not on sepals or petals. Order i. — Ranunculaceae. — Stamens 12 or more ; petals 0 or 5 or more ; sepals mostly 5, distinct ; fruit of many distinct carpels, or one-seeded achenes ; herbs mostly with alternate leaves and regular flowers. 1. Clematis vitalba, 49 ; F. W. F.* vi. 29 ; July 24 ; Stafford and Denbigh southwards. p. 122 2. Thalictrum alpinum, 28 ; July 14 ; Shetland to York and Carnarvon, rare in Ireland. p. 123 3. Thalictrum minus, 65 ; July 15 ; from Orkney southwards, Ireland. p. 131 * Abbreviations used in Part II. i F. "W. F. = " Familiar Wild Flowers/' see p. 4 E. = East ; N. = North ; S, = South ; W. = West, 175 176 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 4. Thalictrum fiavum, 69 ; July 2 ; Fife and Argyll southwards, Ireland. p. 134 5. Anemone pulsatilla, 18 ; F. W. F. vi. 81 ; April 21 ; York to Norfolk, Essex, and Gloucester. p. 33 6. Anemone nemorosa, 114 ; F. W. F. n. 61 ; March 24 ; Sutherland southwards ; Ireland. pi 18 7. Anemone apennina^ — ; April 25 ; Surrey, Beds.j Herts., Banff. p. 34 8. Anemone ranunculoides, 2 ; June 10 ; Kentj Herts. p. 84 9. Adonis autumnalis, 6 ; June 16 ; southern counties chiefly, especially Suffolk. p. 102 10. Myosurus minimus, 44 ; F. W. F. vi. 149 ; April 15 ; Northumberland to Kent and Devon, and Channel Is- lands: p: 28 11. Ranunculus aquatilis, 77 ; F. W. F. I. 65 ; May 14 ; Orkney southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 45 12. Ranunculus Lenormandi, 54 ; May 21 ; Clyde southwards, S. Ireland. p. 39 13. Ranunculus hederaceus, 105 ; May 23 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 39 14. Ranunculus ficaria, 116 ; F. W. F. I. 73 ; March 10 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 20 15. Ranunculus flammula, 118 ; F. W. F. vi. 105 ; June 5 ; England, Scotland, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 87 16. Ranunculus lingua, 81 ; F. W. F. vn. 5 ; June 20 ; Aberdeen southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 84 17. Ranunculus ophioglossifolius, 1 ; June 15 ; South Hants ; Jersey. p. 90 18. Ranunculus auricomus, 89 ; F. W. F. i. 65 ; April 25 ; Aberdeen southwards, Ireland, Jersey. p. 27 19. Ranunculus acris, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 37 ; May 4 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands: p. 48 20. Ranunculus repens, 118 ; May 20 ; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 48 21. Ranunculus bulbosus, 102 ; F. W. F. I. 49 ; May 8 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 48 22. Ranunculus sceleratus, 116 ; F. W. F. vm. 153 ; May 26 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 47 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 177 23. Ranunculus hirsutus, 75 ; June 24 ; Argyll and Forfar southwards, Channel Islands. p. 85 24. Ranunculus parviflorus, 58 ; May 12 ; Durham southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 50 25. Ranunculus arvensis, 68 ; F. W. F. iv. 155 ; May 14 ; Perth southwards, and near Dublin. p.- 47 26. Ranunculus cheer ophyllus, 1 ; May 10 ; Jersey, p. 48 27. Caltha palustris, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 13 ; March 18 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland. p. 20 28. Trollius Europceus, 63 ; F. W. F. vn. 53 ; May 24 ; W. and N. England, Wales, Scotland. p. 48 29. Eranthis hyemalis, — ; Feb. 17 ; naturalised in some plantations. p. 17 30. Helleborus viridis, 28 ; F. W. F. in. 61 ; March 2 ; S. and E. England. p. 21 31. Helleborus foetidus, 16 ; March 2 ; S. and E. England. p. 21 32. Aquilegia vulgaris, 60 ; F. W. F. vi. 41 ; May 28 ; England and Ireland. p. 61 33. Delphinium ajacis, — ; June 23 ; naturalised in Cambridgeshire. p. 112 34. Delphinium consolida, — ; June 12 ; Channel Islands. p. 112 35. Aconitum napellus, 7 ; July 6 ; Wales, Hereford, Somerset, Dorset, Denbigh. p. 158 36. Actcea spicata, 5 ; May 16 ; Yorkshire and West- morland, p. 39 37. PcBonia corallinal 1 ; May 23 ; Steep Holmes, Severn; p. 56 Order 2. — Berberidaceae. — Stamens 4 or 6 ; petals and sepals 4 or 6 ; fruit a berry ; shrub with 3-partite spines, alternate leaves, and pendulous flowers. 38. Berberis vulgaris, 82 ; May 17 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland. p. 47 39. Epimedium alpinum, — ; May 20 ; Bingley (York- shire), Glasgow^ Edinburgh, Cumberland. p. 59 178 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. Order 3. — Nymphseaceae. — Stamens many, gradually pass- ing into petals, and these into sepals ; sepals 3-6 ; petals 3-5 or more ; ovary many-celled, many- seeded ; aquatic plants with floating leaves and solitary flowers. 40. Nymphcea alba, 88 ; F. W. F. vi. 1 ; June 14 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland. p. 65 41. Nuphar luteum, 91 ; F. W. F. iv. 29 ; June 23 ; Hebrides and Aberdeen southwards, Ireland. p. 83 42. Nuphar pumilum, 13 ; July 5 ; Argyll to Elgin, Shropshire. p. 137 Order 4. — Papaveraceae. — Stamens very many ; petals 4 ; sepals 2, deciduous ; ovary 1 -celled, with membran- ous divisions ; herbs with milky juice, alternate, ex- stipulate leaves and regular flowers, usually nodding in bud. 43. Papaver hybridum, 40 ; May 24 ; Durham and Carnarvon southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands, p. 56 44. Papaver argemone, 87 ; F. W. F. v. 85 ; May 26 ; Ross southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 56 45. Papaver dubium, 110 ; May 25 ; Shetland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 56 46. Papaver Rhceas, 110 ; F. W. F. i. 25 ; May 28 ; South of the Tay, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 56 47. Papaver somniferum, — ; July 28 ; established in Kent. p. 128 48. Meconopsis cambrica, 14 ; F. W. F. in. 149 ; June 20 ; Cornwall to Somerset, Yorkshire, Westmorland, Wales, Ireland, naturalised in Scotland. p. 83 49. CMidonium majus, 96 ; F. W. F. v. 77 ; May 18 ; Inverness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 49 50. Glaucium luteum, 52 ; F. W. F. n. 49 ; June 28 ; Shetland ; Forth and Clyde southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 83 51. Glaucium violaceum, 2 ; May 22 ; Cambridge and Norfolk. p. 60 52. Glaucium ph&nicium, 2 ; June 19 ; Norfolk and Portland; p. 101 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 179 Order 5. — Fumariaceae. — Stamens 6, in 2 bundles ; petals 4, irregular ; sepals 0 or 2, soon falling ; ovary 1 -celled ; herbs with usually much-divided, exstipu- late leaves, and racemed irregular (usually purplish) flowers. 53. Fumaria capreolata, 50 ; May 15 ; Orkney south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 60 54. Fumaria officinal™, 112 ; F. W. F. iv. 101 ; April 29 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 33 55. Fumaria micrantha, 43 ; May 23 ; Elgin south- wards, p. 60 56. Fumaria tenuiseda^ 21 ; June 10 ; middle of Scotland southwards. p. 106 57. Corydalis daviculata, 87 ; June 20 ; Koss south- wards, N. E. Ireland. p. 81 58. Corydalis lutea, — ; May 16 ; an escape from gardens. p. 50 59. Corydalis solida^^ — ; April 29 ; naturalised in England. ' p. 32 Order 6. — Cruciferse. — Stamens usually 6^ 4 long and 2 short ; petals 4, crosswise ; sepals 4 ; ovary 1-2- celled ; fruit a pouch or pod ; herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and racemed, regular flowers, usually yellow or white. 60. Cakile maritima, 64 ; F. W. F. vi. 13 ; June 16 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 95 61. Crambe maritima, 32 ; June 20 ; Fife and Isla southwards, N. and W. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 67 62. Senebiera didyma, 45 ; July 8 ; Fife southwards ; S. and W. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 124 63. Senebiera Coronopus, 81 ; June 20 ; Caithness' southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 69 64. Isatis tinctoria, — ; July 7 ; Tewkesbury, Guild- ford, etc. p. 143 65. TUaspi arvense, 84; F. W. F. vm. 29; May 20 ; England, Scotland rarer, E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 42 180 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 66. Thlaspi perfoliatum, 4 ; April 19 ; Oxford, E.- Gloucester, p. 26 67. Thlaspi alpestre, 14; May 25; England, Wales, Scotland. p. 41 68. Capsella bursa-pastoris, 118 ; F. W. F. vi. 129 ; March 20 ; common throughout the Islands. p. 16 69. Hutchinsia petrcea, 12 ; March 24 ; west side from Dumfries and Yorkshire to Somerset. p. 19 70. Hutchinsia alpina, 1 ; April 22; Ingleboro5. p. 26 71. Teesdalia nudicaulis, 72 ; April 29 ; England and W. Scotland local, Channel Islands. p. 26 72. Iberis amara, 14 ; July 20 ; Central and E. England, Scotland rare. p. 118 73. Lepidium latifolium, 12 ; July 16 ; N. E. England, and coast from Wales to Norfolk, Fife, Berwick, S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 121 74. Lepidium Draba, — ; May 18 ; Mid. and S. England, Channel Islands. p. 41 75. Lepidium Smithii, 88 ; April 22 ; Lanark and Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 26 76. Lepidium campestre, 86 ; May 26 ; Lanark and Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 42 77. Lepidium ruderale, 38 ; May 23 ; England, Scot- land rare, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 78. Lepidium sativum, — ; June 15 ; an escape ; not uncommon. p. 69 79. Cochlearia officinalis, 82 ; April 12 ; Shetland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 25 80. Cochlearia anglica, 46 ; May 4 ; England, W.- Scotland, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 39 81. Cochlearia armoracia, — ; May 28 ; an alien or denizen. p. 40 82. Subularia aquatica, 26 ; July 6 ; N. Wales and Cumberland to Sutherland. p. 121 83. Draba aizoides, 1 ; March 16 ; Swansea. p. 20 84. Draba rupestris, 5 ; July 26 ; Scotch mountains, Benbulben in Ireland. p. 120 85. Draba incana, 28 ; June 20 ; N. England, Wales, Scotland, W. Ireland. p. 68 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 181 86. Draba muralis, 10 ; April 19 ; W. England from Yorkshire to Somerset, Scotland, and N. W. Ireland, p. 26 87. Draba verna, 104 ; March 5 ; Orkney southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 18 88. Camelina sativa, — ; June 16 ; occasional near Flax fields. p. 91 89. Koniga maritima, — ; July 13 ; England, Channel Islands. p. 118 90. Alyssum calycinum, — ; June 18 ; occasion*! in England, Scotland, and Ireland. p. 90 91. Dentaria bulbifera, 10 ; April 12 ; Stafford to Kent and Sussex, Scotland. p. 33 92. Cardamine amara, 92 ; April 23 ; Aberdeen south- wards, N. E. Ireland. p. 27 93. Cardamine pratensis, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 41 ; April 22 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 34 94. Cardamine hirsuta, 116 ; March 20 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 19 95. Cardamine impatiens, 27 ; May 19 ; Westmorland and Yorkshire southwards, Ireland casually. p. 42 96. Arabis petrcea, 19 ; June 16 ; Welsh and Scotch Alps, Lei trim (Ireland). p. 71 97. Arabis stricta, 2 ; March 15 ; N. Somerset and W.- Gloucester, p. 18 98. Arabis ciliata, 1 ; July 10 ; S. Wales, W. Ireland on rocky shores. p. 119 99. Arabis hirsuta, 96 ; May 20 ; Great Britain, Ireland local, Channel Islands. p. 41 100. Arabis perfoliata, 38 ; May 23 ; Perth south- wards, Antrim (Ireland). p. 43 101. Arabis turrita, — ; May 28 ; Kinross, Cambridge, Oxford. p. 47 102. Barbarea vulgaris, 97 ; F. W. F. in. 9 ; May 15 ; Clyde and Aberdeen southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 50 103. Barbarea pracox, — ; May 5 ; a garden escape ; alien. p. 51 104. Nasturtium officinale, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 129 ; May 29 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 39 182 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 105. Nasturtium palustre, 84 ; June 5 ; Clyde south- wards, Ireland. p. 91 106. Nasturtium sylvestre, 63 ; F. W. F. vii. 41 ; June 8; Tay southwards, S. Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 89 107. Nasturtium amphibium, 46 ; June 15 ; York to Somerset and Kent, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 89 108. Sisymbrium officinale, 116 ; F. W. F. iv. 73 ; June 1 ; Orkney southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 91 109. Sisymbrium Irio, 1 ; June 24 ; Berwick, Dublin, Channel Islands. p. 89 110. Sisymbrium Sophia, 64 ; June 19 ; Caithness southwards ; Ireland rare. p. 79 111. Sisymbrium (Arabis) thalianum, 99 ; May 18 ; Orkney southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 41 112. Sisymbrium attiaria, 99 ; F. W. F. n. 69 ; April 18 ; Ross southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 25 113. Sisymbrium polyceratium, 1 ; July 12 ; Bury St. Edmunds, Fife. p. 143 114. Sisymbrium pannonicum, 1 ; July 16 ; Crosby, Lincolnshire, escape. p. 135 115. Erysimum cheiranthoides, 38 ; June 24 ; Central England southwards, Ireland rare. p. 83 116. Erysimum orientate, — ; May 20 ; coast of Essex, Suffolk, Sussex ; Ireland. p. 44 117. Erysimum virgatum, — ; July 16 ; a garden escape, casual. p. 143 118. Cheiranthus cheiri, — ; F. W. F. n. 45 ; April 10 ; coast S. of England, etc. p. 27 119. Matthiola incana, 3 ; May 13 ; Hastings to Isle of Wight. p. 61 120. Matthiola sinuata, 7 ; June 12 ; shores of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 104 121. Hesperis matronalis, — ; May 20 ; naturalised but rarely. p. 62 122. Brassica oleracea, 11 ; May 25 ; S. W. of England and Wales, Channel Islands. p. 47 123. Brassica campettr\9i — ; June 1 ; cultivated ground — a colonist; p. 88 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 183 124. Brassica napusl — ; May 26 ; cultivated ground — a colonist. p. 49 125. Brassica rapa, — ; May 14 ; cultivated ground — a colonist. p. 49 126. Brassica monensis, 16 ; May 25 ; west coast from Skye to S. Wales, Channel Islands. p. 47 127. Sinapis arvensis, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 125 ; May 16 ; Shetland southwards, Channel Islands. p. 49 128. Sinapis alba, 82 ; June 21 ; Ross southwards, Central Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 89 129. Sinapis nigra, 63 ; June 19 ; Northumberland southwards, S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 88 130. Sinapis incana, 1 ; July 7 ; Jersey and Alderney, Ireland casual. p. 141 131. Diplotaxis tenuifolia, 41 ; June 14 ; England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 86 132. Diplotaxis muralis, 53 ; F. W. F. vi. 25 ; Aug. 18 ; Roxburgh southwards, E. Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 168 133. Raphanus raphanistrum, 116 ; May 24 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 45 134. Raphanus maritimus, 26 ; June 26 ; Clyde south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 87 135. Malcolmia maritima, 1 ; June 12 ; shores of Kent. p. 67 136. Erucastrum PollieJiii, 1 ; June 16 ; naturalised in Essex. p. 89 Order 7. — Resedaceae. — Stamens 12-24 ; petals 3-6, ir- regular, divided ; sepals 4-6, persistent ; ovary 3- lobed, 1-celled ; herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves and spiked, irregular, greenish flowers. 137. Reseda luteola, 95 ; June 28 ; Ross southwards, Ireland common, Channel Islands. p. 78 138. Reseda lutea, 53 ; June 19 ; England rare, Scot- land and Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 77 139. Reseda suffruticidosa (alba), — ; June 26 ; sea- shores, an outcast. p. 68 184 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. Order 8. — Cistaceae. — Stamens many ; petals 5, twisted in bud ; sepals 3-5, 2 outer smaller ; ovary 3-partite, 1 -celled ; herbs or low shrubs with entire, opposite leaves and mostly racemed, yellow, regular flowers. 140. Hdianthemum vulgare, 92 ; F. W. F. iv. 17 ; June 27 ; Ross southwards. p. 85 141. Hdianthemum polifolium, 2 ; June 6 ; Somerset, Torquay. p. 66 142. Hdianthemum canum, 9 ; May 12 ; West of England, Westmorland to Glamorgan, Teesdale. p. 50 143. Hdianthemum guttatum, — ; June 19 ; Anglesea, S. and W. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 87 Order 9. — Violaceae. — Stamens 5 ; petals 5, unequal, lower spurred ; sepals 5, persistent ; ovary 3-partite, 1- celled ; small herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves and axillary, irregular flowers. 144. Viola palustris, 112 ; April 26 ; Shetland south- wards, rare in S. England, Ireland. p. 34 145. Viola odorata, 80; F. W. F. i. 33; March 5; Forfar southwards naturalised ; wild in S. and E. England, Channel Islands. p. 22 146. Viola hirta, 72; April 28; Forfar southwards* Ireland. p. 35 147. Viola canina, 118 ; F. W. F. vi. 77 ; March 25 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 22 148. Viola tricolor, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 61 ; May 24 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 62 149. Viola Curtisiii 23 ; May 17 ; shores Clyde to Cornwall, Ireland. p. 62 150. Viola lutea, 64 ; May 8 ; Ross southwards to Central England and Wales. p. 47 Order 10. — Droseraceae. — Stamens 4-8 ; petals 4-8 ; sepals 4-8, imbricate ; ovary 1 -celled ; low marsh herbs generally with radical, glandular leaves and cymosejj regular,- whitish flowers. 151. Drosera rotundifolia^ 115 ; F. W. F. vm. 21 ; July 20 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 119 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 185 152. Drosera intermedia, 53 ; July 16 ; Caithness to Sussex and Cornwall, Ireland. p. 119 153. Drosera anglica, 55 ; July 18 ; Orkney south- wards, rare in S. England, Ireland. p. 118 Order n. — Polygalaceae. — Stamens 8, in 2 bundles ; petals 3-5, unequal ; sepals 5, 2 inner larger, petaloid ; capsule 2-celled ; herbs with alternate, exstipulate, simple leaves and racemose, irregular flowers. 154. Polygala vulgaris, 79 ; F. W. F. vi. 73 ; May 26 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 155. Polygala calcarea, 18 ; May 28 ; S. and S. E. of England ; Channel Islands. p. 40 156. Polygala amara, 1 ; June 15 ; Teesdale. p. 100 157. Polygala amara, variety austriaca, 1 ; June 15 ; Wye Down (Kent). p. 113 Order 12. — Frankeniaceae. — Stamens 4-6 ; petals 4-6, clawed ; sepals 4-6, combined into a tube at the base ; ovary 1 -celled, 2-4-valved ; a low branched herb with opposite, exstipulate leaves and small, axillary, red flowers. 158. FranJcenia Icevis, 12 ; Aug. 9 ; England S. E. coast Yarmouth to Kent, Channel Islands. p. 170 Order 13. — Elatinaceae. — Stamens 2-5 or twice as many ; petals 2-4 ; sepals 2-4 ; capsule 3-5-valved ; small aquatic herbs with spathulate, stipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers. 159. Elatine hexandra, 21 ; July 24 ; mostly west side, Perth to Surrey and Cornwall, N. and W. Ireland, p. 151 160. Elatine Hydropiper, 3 ; July 26 ; Surrey, Wor- cester, Anglesea ; Lough Neagh, Newry and Lagan Canal, Ireland. p. 151 Order 14. — Caryophyllacese. — Stamens 8-10 ; petals 4-5 ; sepals 4-5 ; capsule 1 -celled, opening at top with teeth ; herbs mostly with jointed stems, opposite leaves, and regular (white or red) flowers. 186 OEDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 161. Dianihus prolifer, 8 ; June 20 ; Perth southwards, Channel Islands. p. 105 162. Dianihus Armeria, 48 ; July 14 ; Forfar south- wards, p. 148 163. Dianthus plumarius, — ; June 13 ; England and Wales naturalised. p. 103 164. Dianthus caryophyllus, — ; July 18 ; Deal, Nor- wich, Rochester, etc., castles. p. 148 165. Dianthus ccesius, 1 ; June 27 ; Cheddar. p. 97 166. Dianthus deltoides, 55 ; June 10 ; Inverness south- wards, p. 98 167. Saponaria officinalis, — ; Aug. 4 ; naturalised near dwellings ; a denizen. p. 169 168. Saponaria Vaccaria, — ; July 14 ; Flax fields and ballast heaps. p. 149 169. Silene inflata, 110 ; F. W. F. iv. 121 ; June 4 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland. p. 66 170. Silene maritima, 78 ; F. W. F. in. 53 ; June 5 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 66 171. Silene otites, 3 ; June 22 ; Eastern Counties local. p. 77 172. Silene Anglica (gattica), 57 ; June 12 ; Moray southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 93 173. Silene nutans, 16 ; June 10 ; Forfar southwards local, Channel Islands. p. 66 174. Silene noctiflora, 44 ; July 22 ; Forfar to Cornwall,, especially on the E. ; Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 147 175. Silene cornea, 11 ; May 16 ; Kent, Norfolk, Suf- folk, Haddington, and Forfar, Channel Islands. p. 58 176. Silene acaulis, 21 ; June 27 ; Cumberland* Snowdon range, Scottish mountains, Donegal (Ire- land), p. 98 177. Silene italica, — ; July 14 ; Darenth and Dart- ford (Kent). p. 117 178. Silene Armeria, — ; July 18 ; Yalding (Kent), banks of Dee. p. 149 179. Silene annulata, — ; June 16 ; Flax fields, p. 98 180. Cucubalus bacciferus, — ; May 20 ; Isle of Dogs, introduced. p. 43 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 187 181. Lychnis alpina, 3; June 24; Cumberland, Lan- cashire, and Clova mountains. p. 98 182. Lychnis viscaria, 10 ; June 18 ; N. Wales, Central and S. Scotland. p. 97 183. Lychnis flos-cuculi, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 65 ; May 26 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 184. Lychnis diurna, 117 ; F. W. F. in. 89 ; April 27 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 31 185. Lychnis vespertina, 108 ; F. W. F. n. 25 ; May 27 ; Orkneys southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands: p. 37 186. Lychnis Githago, 106 ; F. W. F. v. 57 ; July 5 ; Orkneys southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 152 187. Mcenchia erecta, 51 ; May 17 ; Cheviots south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 188. Sagina apetala, 70 ; May 28 ; Perth south wards , Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 41 189. Sagina ctiiata, 66 ; May 16 ; Aberdeen south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 41 190. Sagina maritima, 65 ; May 8 ; Shetland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 60 191. Sagina procumbens, 118 ; May 6 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 44 192. Sagina subidata, 62 ; June 20 ; Great Britain, N. and W. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 69 193. Sagina nodosa, 98 ; July 27 ; Great Britain, Ire- land, Channel Islands. p. 118 194. Spergula arvensis, 118 ; June 22 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 67 195. Honckenya peploides, 72 ; May 24 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 196. Spergtdaria marina, 45 ; F. W. F. vn. 73 ; June 10 ; Orkney southwards. p. 96 197. Spergularia rubra, 97 ; June 20 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 96 198. Arenaria cUiata, 3 ; May 29 ; Ireland, Sligo mountains. p. 39 199. Arenaria Norvegica, 2 ; June 15 ; Orkney and Shetland Islands. p. 67 188 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 200. Arenaria serpyllifolia, 116 ; May 23 ; Orkneys southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 201. Arenaria tenuifolia, 34 ; May 13 ; Yorkshire south- wards, especially Eastern Counties, Channel Islands, p. 41 202. Arenaria verna, 28 ; May 4 ; Great Britain local, Ireland. p. 39 203. Arenaria rubella, 4 ; July 10 ; Breadalbane mountains and Ben Hope. p. 120 204. Arenaria uliginosa, 1 ; June 16 ; Teesdale. p. 68 205. Arenaria trinerva, 100 ; May 3 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 206. Holosteum umbellatum, 3 ; April 14 ; Norwich, Eye, Bury. p. 25 207. Stellaria nemorum, 47 ; May 15 ; Moray to S. Wales and Hereford. p. 38 208. Stellaria media, 118 ; F. W. F. vii. 65 ; March 3 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 16 209. Stellaria holostea, 115 ; F. W. F. in. 25 ; April 14 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 24 210. Stellaria glauca, 54 ; May 15 ; Clyde to Surrey and Dorset, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 38 211. Stettaria graminea, 115 ; May 27 ; Great Britain* Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 38 212. Stellaria uliginosa, 116 ; May 18 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 41 213. Stellaria cerastoides (Cerastium trigynum), 6 ; July 16 ; Central Scotland and Ireland. p. 118 214. Cerastium aquaticum, 57 ; July 13 ; York south- wards, p. 118 215. Cerastium glomeratum, 118 ; April 3 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 26 216. Cerastium triviale, 118 ; April 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 25 217. Cerastium semidecandrum, 87 ; March 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 18 218. Cerastium tetrandrum, 75 ; May 5 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 219. Cerastium arvense, 69 ; April 25 ; Inverness southwards^ Ireland local. p. 25 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 189 220. Cerastium alpinum, 17 ; June 24 ; Westmorland, Wales, Scotland. p. 66 221. Cerastium latifolium, 9 ; May 28 ; Westmorland, Wales, Scotland. p. 38 222. Cherleria sedioidest 9 ; June 19 ; Scotch moun- tains, p. 77 Order 15.— Linaceae.— Stamens 4-5 ; petals 4-5, twisted in bud, clawed, fugacious ; sepals 4-5, persistent ; capsule 3-5-celled ; herbs with entire, exstipulate leaves and mostly cymose, regular, blue or white flowers. 223. Linum usitatissimum, — ; July 6; near Flax fields? p. 161 224. Linum perenne, 15 ; June 14 ; Durham to Essex, very rare. p. 114 225. Linum angustifolium, 36 ; June 4 ; Lancashire southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 114 226. Linum catharlicum, 118 ; June 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 68 227. Eadiola millegrana, 84 ; July 14 ; Orkneys to Cornwall, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 122 Order 16. — Malvaceae. — Stamens many, united into a tube ; petals 5, twisted in bud ; sepals 5 ; ovary many-celled ; herbs with alternate, stipuled leaves and axillary ; reddish flowers. 228. Malva moschata, 88 ; F. W. F. iv. 141 ; July 2 ; Clyde southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 147 229. Malva sylvestris, 96 ; F. W. F. v. 5 ; June 4 ; Eoss southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 103 230. Malva rotundifolia, 83 ; F. W. F. vi. 109 ; June 8 ; Aberdeen southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands, p. 95 231. Malva verticillata, — ; June 15 ; cornfields in Wales, Llanelly. p. 104 232. Malva borealist — ; June 15 ; waste places casu- ally, Kent. p. 95 233. Malva Alceat — ; July 16 ; casually. p. 103 190 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 234. Malva parviflora, — ; June 12; introduced with ballast. p. 106 235. Althcea officinalis, 29 ; F. W. F. vi. 5 ; Aug. 7 ; Clyde southwards local, Ireland. p. 169 236. Althcea Ursula, 2 ; June 26 ; N. Somerset, Herts.* W. Kent. p. 104 237. Lavatera arborea, 15 ; July 14 ; Cornwall, Devon, Isle of Wight, Steep Holmes (Severn), Anglesea, Scotch and Irish shores. p. 152 238. Lavatera sylvestris, — ; June 18 ; Devon, Corn- wall, Scilly Isles. p. 103 Order 17. — Tiliaceae. — Stamens many ; petals 5 ; sepals 5 ; ovary 5-celled ; trees with alternate, stipuled leaves and cymose, greenish or yellowish, regular flowers. 239. Tilia parvifolia, — ; July 15 ; Cumberland southwards. p. 131 240. Tilia intermedia (vulgaris), — ; June 27 ; in plantations. p. 77 241. Tilia grandifolia (platyphyllos), 3 ; June 16 ; Hereford, Radnor, W. Yorkshire. p. 77 Order 18. — Hypericacese. — Stamens many, united in 3 or 5 bundles ; petals 5, twisted in bud ; sepals 5, often with glandular dots or teeth ; capsule 3-5-celled ; herbs (or sometimes shrubs) with opposite, exstipulate, often glandular, dotted leaves and mostly cymose, regular, yellow flowers. 242. Hypericum Andros&mum, 80 ; F. W. F. i. 121 ; June 28 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 85 243. Hypericum calycinum, — ; July 5 ; naturalised in various places. p. 137 244. Hypericum perforatum, 107 ; July 4 ; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 140 245. Hypericum quadrangulum, 108 ; July 3 ; Perth southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 141 246. Hypericum dubium, 76 ; July 26 ; Perth south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 138 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 191 247. Hypericum humifusum, 98 ; July 8 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 142 248. Hypericum linarii folium, 4 ; July 4 ; Cornwall, Devon, Channel Islands. p. 140 249. Hypericum pulchrum, 117 ; June 18 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 87 250. Hypericum hirsutum, 89 ; July 3 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland very rare. p. 140 251. Hypericum montanum, 45 ; July 19 ; England,- Ayrshire, N. E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 139 252. Hypericum elodes, 61 ; July 16 ; S. England, W. Scotland, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 134 253. Hypericum hircinum, — ; Aug. 10 ; plantations occasionally. p. 167 254. Hypericum datum, — ; July 12 ; S. W. England, W. Scotland. p. 137 Order 19. — Aceraceae. — Stamens 8, inserted on the flower disc ; petals usually 5, or 0, imbricate in bud ; sepals usually 5 ; fruit a samara ; trees with opposite leaves and small, green, regular flowers. 255. Acer campestre, 62 ; May 20 ; Durham south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 52 256. Acer pseudo-platanus, — ; May 4 ; planta- tions, p. 53 Order 20. — Geraniaceae. — Stamens 5-10 ; petals 5, clawed ; sepals 5, persistent ; carpels 5, surrounding a long beak ; herbs with stipuled, lobed leaves and hand- some, regular, mostly red or purple flowers. 257. Geranium sanguineum, 63 ; F. W; F. vui. 69 ; June 16 ; Ross southwards, Ireland local. p. 101 258. Geranium phceum, — ; May 25 ; woods near gardens, naturalised. p. 61 259. Geranium sylvaticum, 56 ; June 5 ; Caithness to Stafford and Carnarvon, Ireland very rare. p. 109 260. Geranium pratense, 90 ; F. W. F. I. 9 ; June 18 ; Aberdeen southwards, N. E. Ireland very rare. p. 112 192 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 261. Geranium pyrenaicum, 58 ; June 4 ; Perth south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 104 262. Geranium rotundifolium, 21 ; June 12 ; S. Wales to Norfolk southwards, Ireland local, Channel Is- lands, p. 99 263. Geranium pusillum, 79 ; June 2 ; Aberdeen south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 99 264. Geranium molle, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 93 ; April 28 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 32 265. Geranium dissectum, 116 ; May 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 266. Geranium columbinum, 76 ; June 11 ; Forfar to Ayr southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 98 267. Geranium Robertianum, 117; F. W. F. v. 49 ; April 21 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 31 268. Geranium lucidum, 93 ; F. W. F. v. 65 ; April 23 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 32 269. Geranium nodosum, — ; June 15 ; shrubberies near gardens, occasionally. p. 104 270. Geranium striatum, — ; Aug. 5 ; shrubberies near gardens, occasionally. p. 163 271. Er odium maritimum, 33 ; May 22 ; Wigton southwards ; Irish coasts, Channel Islands. p. 58 272. Er odium cicutarium, 110 ; F. W. F. i. 85 ; June 5 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 95 273. Erodium moschatum, 11 ; June 8 ; Worcester and Pembroke to Cornwall and Dorset, Ireland local, Channel Islands. p. 104 Order 21. — Balsaminacese. — Stamens 5 ; petals 3, appear- ing as 5, irregular, united in pairs ; sepals 3, rarely 5, petal-like ; capsule bursting with elastic valves ; succulent herbs with simple, alternate leaves and axillary, irregular, yellow flowers. 274. Impatiens fulva, — ; F. W. F. vm. 13 ; June 9 ; Thames at Hampton Court, Wey near Guildford, Grand Junction Canal, R. Clyde, etc. p. 92 275. Impatiens noli-me-tangere, 24 ; F. W. F. I. 141 ; July 10 ; N. Wales, Westmorland, etc. ; Ireland, p. 133 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 193 276. Impatiens parviflora, — ; July 12 ; garden escape naturalised in many places. p. 140 Order 22. — Oxalidaceae. — Stamens 10 ; petals 5, cohering at the base ; sepals 5 ; carpel 5-celled, many-seeded ; low herbs with radical, generally trifoliate leaves and axillary, regular flowers. 277. Oxalis acetosella, 115 ; F. W. F. i. 153 ; April 5 : Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 24 278. Oxalis cornicidata, — ; June 14 ; England, especi- ally S. W. ; Ireland. p. 90 279. Oxalis strictat — ; June 12 ; Cheshire southwards, Ireland casually. p. 90 SUB-DIVISION (6). Plants with stamens inserted on the calyx or disc (peri- gynous or epigynous). Order 23. — Celastraceae. — Stamens 4-5, alternating with 4-5 petals ; sepals 4-5 ; capsule fleshy ; trees or shrubs with simple, opposite leaves and small, regular flowers in axillary cymes. 280. Euonymus Europaus, 74 ; F. W. F. in. 97 ; May 29 ; Roxburgh southwards, Ireland local. p. 52 281. Staphylea pinnata, — ; June 8 ; shrubberies in Yorkshire, and Ashford (Kent). p. 81 Order 24. — Rhamnaceae. — Stamens 4-5, very short, oppo- site the 4-5 petals ; petals sometimes absent ; sepals 4-5 ; ovary superior, 3-celled ; shrubs with simple leaves and small, greenish, regular flowers. 282. Rhamnus catharticus, 57 ; May 28 ; Westmorland southwards, Ireland rare. p. 53 283. Rhamnus Frangula, 63 ; May 26 ; England com- mon, Ayr and Moray, Ireland very rare. p. 53 Order 25. — Leguminosae. — Stamens 10, united generally ; petals 5, irregular, papilionaceous ; sepals 5, often N 194 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. combined in 2 lips ; fruit a pod ; ovary superior ; herbs or shrubs with alternate, stipuled leaves, mostly ternate or pinnate, sometimes with tendrils^ and irregular flowers. 284. Sarothamnus scoparius, 115 ; F. W. F. iv. 41 ; May 20 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 48 285. Ulex Europceus, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 45 ; Feb. 20 ; Great Britain, Channel Islands. p. 17 286. Ulex Nanus, 27 ; F. W. F. vn. 93 ; July 5 ; S. England, Channel Islands. p. 141 287. Ulex Galii, 55 ; July 12 ; Great Britain on the west, Ireland. p. 141 288. Genista tinctoria, 76 ; F. W. F. vn. 21 ; June 23 ; Wigton and Berwick southwards, Ireland. p. 86 289. Genista pilosa, 6 ; May 10 ; S. Wales and Suffolk to Cornwall and Kent. p. 49 290. Genista anglica, 86 ; F. W. F. vm. 77 ; May 20 ; Ross southwards. p. 49 291. Ononis arvensis, 108 ; F. W. F. iv. 125 ; June 5 ; Forfar southwards. p. 98 292. Ononis spinosa, 71 ; June 15 ; Forfar south- wards, p. 98 293. Ononis reclinata, 2 ; June 3 ; Devon, Wigton5 Alderney. p. 99 294. Anthyllis vulneraria, 111 ; F. W. F. iv. 5 ; June 2 ; Great Britain rather local, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 89 295. Medicago sativa, — ; F. W. F. vm. 149 ; June 5 ; escape from fields ; sandy places, etc. p. 110 296. Medicago falcata, 5 ; June 10 ; Eastern Coun- ties, p. 90 297. Medicago lupulina, 111 ; F. W. F. vii. 141 ; May 19 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 51 298. Medicago maculata, 45 ; May 25 ; Northumber- land southwards, S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 51 299. Medicago denticulata, 20 ; April 26 ; England Eastern and Southern Counties. p. 28 300. Medicago minima, 10 ; May 12 ; Norfolk to Kent, Channel Islands. p. 51 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 195 301. Melilotus officinalis (altissima), 72 ; F. W. F. vi. 69 ; June 19 ; Perth southwards, Ireland very rare. p. 90 302. Melilotus arvensis, — ; June 27 ; Eastern Counties chiefly, Ireland. p. 92 303. Melilotus alba, 40 ; F. W. F. vn. 97 ; July 7 ; Elgin southwards, Ireland. p. 123 304. Melilotus parviflora, — ; June 14 ; a casual on ballast heaps, etc. p. 83 305. Trigonella ornithopodioides, 29 ; June 15 ; Fife southwards, E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 72 306. Trifolium subterraneum, 39 ; May 16 ; Chester southwards, Wicklow, Channel Islands. p. 44 307. Trifolium glomeratum, 19 ; June 12 ; Norfolk and Kent to Cornwall, Wicklow, Channel Islands. p. 110 308. Trifolium strictum, 2 ; June 10 ; Lizard (Cornwall), Jersey. p. 101 309. Trifolium suffocatum, 14 ; June 13 ; rare, Angle- sea and Norfolk to Cornwall and Kent, Channel Is- lands, p. 74 310. Trifolium repens, 118 ; F. W. F. vn. 153 ; May 25 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 46 311. Trifolium hybridum, — ; May 25 ; casually in Clover fields. p. 46 312. Trifolium fragiferum, 72 ; F. W. F. vm. 101 ; July 17 ; Fife southwards, Ireland local, Channel Islands, p. 156 313. Trifolium arvense, 94 ; F. W. F. vn. 9 ; July 5 ; Ross southwards, Ireland local, Channel Islands. p. 148 314. Trifolium Bocconi, 1 ; July 7 ; W. Cornwall, very rare. p. 127 315. Trifolium incarnatum, — ; June 16 ; England escape from cultivation, Channel Islands. p. 102 316. Trifolium incarnatum, variety Molineriit 1 ; June 14 ; Lizard Point and Kynance Cove. p. 93 317. Trifolium ochroleucum, 11 ; June 26 ; Norfolk and Bedford to Essex, Channel Islands. p. 82 318. Trifolium pratcnse, 118 ; F. W. F. 11. 57 ; May 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 60 319. Trifolium medium, 112 ; F. W. F. vm. 9 ; May 24 ; Ross southwards, Ireland; p. 60 196 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 320. Trijolium marilimum, — ; June 16 ; Gloucester and Lincoln to Somerset, Ireland. p. 100 321. Trifolium striatum, 74 ; June 17 ; Forfar south- wards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 100 322. Trifolium scabrum, 74 ; May 26 ; England, E. Scotland from Forfar southwards, E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 44 323. Trifolium stellatum, — ; June 16 ; Shoreham (Sussex). p. 80 324. Trifolium procumbens, 111 ; F. W. F. i. 149 ; May 28 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 51 325. Trifolium minus, 115 ; June 3 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 91 326. Trifolium filiforme, 64 ; June 13 ; rare, Roxburgh southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 92 327. Trifolium resupinatum, — ; July 17 ; a casual ; Bristol, Poole, Liverpool, New Brighton, Dorset, p. 151 328. Trifolium agrarium, — ; June 12 ; a doubtful native ; Perth, Aberdeen, etc. p. 91 329. Lotus corniculatus, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 21 ; June 3 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 87 330. Lotus major, 106 ; July 4 ; Banff southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 142 331. Lotus angustissimus, 6 ; June 27 ; S. coast England very rare, Channel Islands. p. 90 332. Astragalus glycyphyllos, 64 ; June 24 ; Ross south- wards, p. 82 333. Astragalus hypoglottis, 41 ; June 20 ; Sutherland to Essex and Wilts., Isle of Aran (Ireland). p. 110 334. Astragalus alpinus, 3 ; July 14 ; Aberdeen and Forfar, very rare. p. 128 335. Oxytropis Dralensis, 9 ; June 17 ; Caithness to Fife and Wigton. p. 105 336. Oxytropis campestris, 2 ; July 5 ; Clova moun- tains, p. 134 337. Ornithopus perpusillus, 83 ; May 26 ; Moray southwards, E. Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 46 338. Arthrolobium ebracteatum, 1 ; June 15 ; Scilly Isles, Channel Islands. p. 81 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 197 339. Hippocrepis comosa, 45 ; May 28 ; England, Ayr, Kincardine. p. 50 340. Onobrychis sativa, 30 ; F. W. F. iv. 9 ; June 2 ; a relic of cultivation, but possibly indigenous in Central and S. E; England. p. 98 341. Coronitta varia, — ; July 8 ; Berry Head (Devon); p. 153 342. Vicia orobus, 34 ; May 27 ; Skye and Forfar to Hants and Cornwall, Ireland very rare. p. 46 343. Vicia sylvatica, 78 ; F. W. F. v. 37 ; June 28 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland. p. 67 344. Vicia Cracca, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 37 ; June 26 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 113 345. Vicia bithynica, 18 ; June 16 ; Flint and York to Kent and Devon. p. 96 346. Vicia lathyroides, 54 ; April 25 ; Ross southwards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 34 347. Vicia sativa, — ; F. W; F. in. 49 ; May 5 ; a casual in Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Is- lands: p. 59 348. Vicia sativa, variety angustifolia, — ; May 28 ; sandy places Aberdeen southwards, especially S. England, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 349. Vicia luteal 18 ; June 4 ; Forfar southwards, Channel Islands. p. 82 350. Vicia sepium, 116 ; F. W. F. i. 83 ; May 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p; 61 351. Vicia hirsuta, 115 ; June 4 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 113 352. Vicia tetrasperma, 74 ; June 5 ; Forfar south- wards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. Ill 353. Lathyrus Aphaca, 27 ; June 29 ; Warwick and Norfolk to Devon and Kent. p. 90 354. Lathyrus Nissolia, 40 ; May 24 ; Cheshire south- wards, rarely north of it. p. 57 355. Lathyrus hirsutus, 2 ; June 23 ; Yorkj Kent, Surrey ; Essex very rare. p. 102 356. Lathyrus pratensis, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 73 ; June 26 ; Great Britai^ Ireland; Channel Islands; p. 87 198 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 357. Laihyrus sylvestris, 62 ; F. W. F. in. 21 ; June 18 ; Forfar southwards. p. 106 358. Laihyrus tuberosus, 1 ; June 20 ; Essex in corn- fields, p. 102 359. Lathy rus palustris, 20 ; June 14 ; York and Car- narvon to Suffolk and Somerset, but local ; Ireland very rare. p. 110 360. Laihyrus maritimus, 9 ; July 4 ; E. coast, Shetland to Kent and Dorset, Kerry (Ireland). p. 153 361. Laihyrus macrorrhizus, 107 ; F. W. F. v. 133 ; May 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 57 362. Laihyrus niger, 4 ; June 10 ; Scotland, Den of Airly, Killiecrankie, Moy House. p. 105 363. Laihyrus sphcericus, — ; June 13 ; Hertfordshire* an escape. p. 101 364: Laihyrus latifolius, — ; July 9 ; Cambridge, Cum- berland, Worcester, etc. p. 148 Order 26. — Rosaceae. — Stamens many, fixed on the disc, rarely 1 or few ; petals 5, equal, rarely 0 ; sepals 5 ; ovary superior generally, consisting of 1 or more free or connate carpels, each with 1 or more ovules ; shrubs or herbs with stipuled, alternate leaves and showy ^ usually red or yellow flowers. 365. Prunus communis (including spinosa and institia), 114 ; F. W. F. n. 81 ; March 28; Great Britain^ Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 18 366. Prunus Padus, 68 ; F. W. F. vm. 137 ; May 14 ; Caithness to S. Wales and Leicester, Ireland. p. 38 367. Prunus cerasus, 33 ; F. W. F. n. 133 ; May 2 ; York southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 37 368; Prunus avium, 97 ; April 25 ; Caithness south- wards, wild in the south, Ireland. p. 24 369. Spircea Ulmaria, 118 ; F. W. F. vi. 133 ; June 27 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 80 370. Spircea flipendula, 63 ; June 14 ; Caithness south- wards, W. Ireland. p. 80 371. Spir&a salicifolia, — ; July 18 ; occasionally in plantations. p. 150 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 199 372. Geum urbanum, 113; F. W. F. v. 9 ; June 6; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 87 373. Geum rivale, 93 ; F. W. F. n. 157 ; April 27 ; Orkney to Devon and Sussex, Ireland. p. 31 374. Geum intermedium, — ; May 15 ; Scotland, England and Wales, Ireland. p. 49 375. Dry as octopetala, 17 ; June 16 ; Orkney to Car- narvon and Stafford, Ireland. p. 65 376. Sibbaldia procumbens, 19 ; July 3 ; Scotch moun- tains from Shetland to Peebles. p. 144 377. PotentUla fruticosa, 4 ; June 26 ; York, Durham, Cumberland, Westmorland, N. Clare and Galway (Ire- land), p. 85 378. PotentUla rupestris, 2 ; May 17 ; Craig Breidden (Montgomery). p. 37 379. PotentUla anserina, 118 ; F. W. F. I. 13 ; June 3 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 84 380. PotentUla argentea, 57 ; June 20 ; Elgin south- wards local, Channel Islands. p. 89 381. PotentUla verna, 22 ; April 28 ; Forfar to Cam- bridge and Somerset. p. 28 382. PotentUla alpestris, 14 ; June 21 ; Aberdeen to York and Wales. p. 92 383. PotentUla reptans, 95 ; F. W. F. n. 37 ; June 14 ; Banff southwards^ Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 86 384. PotentUla tormentUla, 118 ; F. W. F. i. 117 ; May 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 50 385. PotentUla fragrariastrum, 112 ; Feb. 23 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 16 386. PotentUla norvegica^ — ; July 14 ; Middlesex, Hertford, York, Cambridge, naturalised and spread- ing, p. 141 387: PotentUla hirta, — ; May 21 ; a casual alien in fields. p. 47 388. Comarum palustre, 99 ; F. W. F. vm. 57 ; June 26 ; Scotland, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 107 389. Fragaria vesca, 117 ; F. W. F. in. 41 ; May 10 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 38 200 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 390. Fragaria datior^ — - ; May 20 ; S. England in copses and hedges. p. 37 391. Rubus chamcBmoruSj 36 ; June 20 ; Shetland southwards to Derby and Wales, N. Ireland very rare. p. 71 392. Rubus saxatttis, 67 ; June 5 ; Sutherland to S. Wales, Gloucester, Devon and Cornwall, Ireland. p: 73 393. Rubus idaus, 116 ; F. W. F. vi. 85 ; June 4 ; Orkneys southwards. p. 73 394. Rubus fruticosus, 80 ; F. W. F. I. 89 ; July 6 ; Scotland, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 116 395. Rubus corylifolius, 74 ; July 4 ; Great Britain and Ireland. p. 116 396. Rubus ccesius, 62 ; F. W. F. in. 5 ; July 6 ; Perth southwards, Ireland. p. 116 397. Rosa spinosissima, 94 ; F. W. F. vm. 25 ; May 21 ; sandy places Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 45 398. Rosa Sdbini, 57 ; June 13 ; Orkney southwards, Ireland. p. 96 399. Rosa villosa, 71 ; June 28 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland. p. 96 400. Rosa micrantha, 58 ; June 20 ; Roxburgh south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 97 401. Rosa rubiginosa, 62 ; F. W. F. v. 105 ; June 26 ; S. England chalk hills, Scotland, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 97 402. Rosa canina, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 93 ; June 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 96 403. Rosa arvensis, 69 ; F. W. F. I. 5 ; June 13 ; England and Ireland. p. 80 404. Agrimonia Eupatoria, 105 ; F. W. F. n. 17 ; June 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 88 405. Sanguisorba officinalis, 64 ; June 20 ; Ayr south- wards, N. and W. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 107 406. Poterium sanguisorba, 74 ; F. W. F. n. 137 ; June 1 ; England, E. Scotland from Perth to Berwick local, Ireland rare^ Channel Islands; p. 79 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 201 407. Poterium muricatum, — ; July 10 ; Central and S. England. p. 130 408. Akhemitta vulgaris, 113 ; F. W. F. n. 101 ; May 2 ; Shetland southwards, but not in Kent, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 53 409: AlchemiUa alpina, 28 ; June 8 ; Shetland south- wards to York, Ireland. p. 78 410. AlchemiUa arvensis, 117 ; May 8 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 53 411. Mespilus Germanica, — ; May 20 ; Central and S. England, Channel Islands. p. 37 412. Cratcegus oxyacantha, 117 ; F. W. F. I. 133 ; May 25 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 38 413. Cotoneaster vulgaris, — ; May 13 ; Great Orme's Head (North Wales). ' p. 58 414. Pyrus communis, 49 ; F. W. F. vm. 41 ; April 29 ; Yorkshire southwards. p. 24 415. Pyrus mains, 88 ; F. W. F. I. 17 ; May 3 ; Perth southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 44 416. Pyrus torminalis, 50 ; April 26 ; Lancashire southwards. p. 25 417. Pyrus Aria, 50 ; May 26 ; Sutherland to Kent and Devon local. p. 38 418. Pyrus aucuparia, 114 ; F. W. F. vm. 1 ; May 23 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 43 Order 27. — Onagraceae. — Stamens 2-8 ; petals 2-4, twisted in bud ; sepals 2-4 ; ovary inferior, 1-4-celled, many- seeded ; herbs with mostly entire leaves and regular, showy, generally reddish flowers. 419. Epilobium angustifolium, 96 ; F. W. F. vi. 45 ; July 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 152 420. Epilobium hirsutum, 96 ; F. W. F. I. 129 ; July 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 148 421. Epilobium parviflorum, 109 ; July 4 ; Ross and Hebrides southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 154 422. Epilobium montanum, 118; F. W. F. iv. 105; June 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 99 202 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 423. Epilobium roseum, 46 ; July 14 ; Edinburgh to Kent and Cornwall local, Ireland. p. 149 424. Epilobium lanceolatum, 12 ; July 17 ; Monmouth,- Gloucester, and Surrey to Cornwall, Channel Islands, p. 147 425. Epilobium palustre, 116 ; July 11 ; Great Britain,- Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 150 426. Epilobium tetragonum, 97 ; July 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 149 427. Epilobium alpinum, 24 ; July 15 ; Sutherland to Cumberland. p. 154 428. Epilobium alsinefolium, 23 ; July 17 ; Shetland to Durham, Wales. p. 149 429. (Enothera biennis, — ; F. W. F. vn. 1 ; July 5 ; a garden escape in places. p. 123 430. (Enoihera odorata, — ; July 8 ; Somerset, Corn- wall, Channel Islands. p. 137 431. Ludwigia (Isnardia) palustris, 2 ; June 14 ; Sussex, Surrey, Hants. p. 75 432. Circcea lutetiana, 109 ; F. W. F. vi. 137 ; June 26 ; Aberdeen southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 71 433. Circcea alpina, 31 ; July 3 ; Sutherland to N; Wales, Gloucester, and Stafford, Ireland; p. 127 Order 28. — Haloragaceae. — Stamens 1, 2, 4, or 8 ; petals generally 0 or 2-4 ; sepals 2-4 or 0 ; ovary inferior, 1-4-celled ; aquatic herbs with whorled leaves and minute, greenish flowers. 434. Hippuris vulgaris, 90 ; June 3 ; Great Britain, p. 75 435. Myriophyllum verticillatum, 49 ; July 17 ; Cum- berland to Kent and Somerset, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 120 436. Myriophyllum spicatum, 78 ; June 24 ; Great Britain except Cornwall, Ireland. p. 76 437. Myriophyllum alternifolium, 80 ; May 25 ; Shetland to Cornwall and Sussex, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 54 438. Callitriche verna, 93; May 24; Great Britain,- Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 53 439. Callitriche autumnalis, 27 ; June 20 ; Orkneys to Devon, Ireland; p. 74 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 203 Order 29. — Ceratophylleae. — Flowers solitary, axillary^ minute, pistillate and staminate separate, but on the same plant ; petals 0 ; sepals 0 ; involucre 8-12- partite ; staminate flowers with many crowded, sessile anthers ; pistillate flowers with an oblong, 1 -celled ovary ; leaves whorled, sessile, exstipulate, cut into linear-toothed lobes ; a submerged branched, slender, fragile herb, densely leafy, with tiny, greenish flowers. 440. Cercdophyllum demersum, — ; June 21 ; England and Wales, E. Scotland, Ireland rare, Channel Is- lands, p. 76 Order 30. — Lythraceae. — Stamens as many or twice as many as petals ; petals 3-6, rarely 0, crumpled in bud ; sepals 3-6 ; ovary superior ; herbs with opposite or whorled, entire leaves and showy, regular flowers. 441. Lythrum salicaria, 92 ; P. W. F. iv. 157 ; July 4 ; Perth southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 104 442. Lythrum hyssopifolia, 6 ; June 26 ; very local, Northampton, Cambridge, Norfolk, Herts., Cornwall ; Channel Islands: p. 100 443. Peplis portula, 98 ; July 6 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland^ Channel Islands. p. 130 Order 31. — Tamariscaceee. — Stamens 4-10 ; petals 5, rarely 4 ; sepals 5, rarely 4 ; a shrub with minute, scale-like leaves and small, regular flowers in lateral spikes. 444. Tamarix anglica (gallica), — ; July 15 ; S. and E. coasts of England, Channel Islands. p. 148 Order 32. — Cucurbitaceae. — Stamens 3 ; petals 5 ; calyx 5-cleft ; ovary inferior ; fruit fleshy ; a climbing herb with tendrilled leaves, and flowers in axillary racemes. 445. Bryonia dioica, 59 ; F. W. F. n. 149 ; May 16 ; England mostly south. Channel Islands. p. 43 204 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. Order 33. — Portulacese. — Stamens 3-5 ; petals 5 ; sepals 2 ; ovary superior, 1 -celled ; a low succulent herb with opposite leaves and small flowers. 446. Montia fontana, 114 ; May 7 ; Great Britain* Ire- land, Channel Islands. p. 42 447. Claytonia perfoliata^ — ; May 18 ; naturalised in many places. p. 41 448. Claytonia alsinoides, — ; May 26 ; Glasgow^ Lancashire, naturalised in many places. p. 55 449. Portulaca oleraceat — ; June 17 ; Richmond (Surrey), etc. p. 90 Order 34. — Illecebraceae. — Stamens 1-5 ; petals 4-5 (or 0 in Illecebrum) ; sepals 4-5 ; ovary superior ; small branching herbs with entire, sessile leaves and small flowers. 450. Illecebrum verticillatumj 4 ; July 15 ; Devon* Cornwall, Channel Islands. p. 122 451. Corrigiola littoralis, 2 ; July 22 ; Cornwall, Devon. p. 121 452. Herniaria gldbra, 4 ; July 12 ; Lincoln, Norfolk^ Suffolk, Cambridge, Channel Islands. p. 126 453. Polycarpon tetraphyllum, 4 ; June 4 ; Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Channel Islands. p. 74 Order 35. — Scleranthacese. — Stamens 1-10 ; petals 0 ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; ovary superior ; small, low, tufted herbs with opposite, connate leaves and small, green, axillary flowers. 454. Scleranthus annuus> 106 ; June 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands: p. 76 455. Scleranthus perennis, 4 ; July 10 ; Radnor, Warwick, and Norfolk to Cornwall and Dorset. p. 125 Order 36. — Grossulariaceae. — Stamens 4-5^ alternate with petals ; sepals 4-5 ; ovary inferior ; fruit a pulpy berry ; shrubs with lobed leaves and small, greenish flowers. ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 205 456. Ribes nigrum, — ; April 26 ; Central Scotland southwards, wild in Lake District and Yorkshire. p. 29 457. Ribes rubrum, — ; April 28 ; Scotland, N. Eng- land, p. 29 458. Ribes alpinum, 35 ; April 17 ; Scotland, N. England. p. 29 459. Ribes grossularia, — ; April 2 ; many counties, especially N. England. p. 30 Order 37. — Crassulaceae. — Stamens 3-20, inserted on the base of the sepals ; petals and sepals 4-12 ; ovaries superior, as many as petals ; mostly low, succulent herbs with small, starry, regular flowers. 460. Tittcea muscosa, 8 ; May 23 ; Norfolk to Hants and Devon, Channel Islands. p. 44 461. Sedum Rhodiola, 42 ; June 4 ; Shetland to S. Wales and York, Ireland. p. 107 462. Sedum Telephium, 75 ; F. W. F. v. 101 ; July 27 ; Perth southwards, Derry in Ireland. p. 154 463. Sedum villosum, 30 ; June 18 ; Elgin to West- morland and Yorks. p. 93 464. Sedum dasyphyllum, — ; June 6 ; naturalised on old walls. p. 93 465. Sedum anglicum, 60 ; June 16 ; Shetland south- wards, Ireland. p. 67 466. Sedum album, — ; July 13 ; Forfar southwards, an escape, wild on Malvern Hills and in Somerset, p. 118 467. Sedum acre, 113 ; F. W. F. in. 141 ; June 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 88 468. Sedum sexangulare, — ; July 9 ; E. England, p. 142 469. Sedum reflexum, — ; July 19 ; England, Wales, Ireland. p. 141 470. Sedum rupestre, 12 ; June 24 ; Wales and S. W.- England rare, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 87 471. Sedum Forsterianum, 11 ; June 22 ; Somerset, Gloucester, Shropshire, Wales. p. 88 472. Sempervivum tectorum, — ; F. W. F. vii. 77 ; July 3 ; widely spread, tops of walls, etc. p. 152 473. Cotyledon umbilicus, 54 ; F. W. F. in. 157 ; June 206 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 16 ; on the west, mostly from Argyll southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 75 Order 38. — Saxifragaceae. — Stamens usually 5-10 ; petals 5, rarely 4 or 0 ; sepals 4-5 ; ovary superior ; herbs (mostly mountainous) with various leaves and regular flowers. 474. Saxifraga Geum, 1 ; June 18 ; mountains of Cork and Kerry. p. 68 475. Saxifraga umbrosa, I ; June 8 ; W. and S. W. Ireland wild, and naturalised in other places. p. 71 476. Saxifraga stellaris, 42 ; June 22 ; Caithness to N. Wales and York, Ireland. p. 67 477. Saxifraga nivalis, 17 ; July 23 ; Snowdon, Lake District, the Highlands, Sligo (Ireland). p. 117 478. Saxifraga Hirculus, 8 ; Aug. 13 ; Chester, Perth to Yorkshire, Ireland. p. 167 479. Saxifraga aizoides, 33 ; June 15 ; Orkney to York, Ireland. p. 92 480. Saxifraga oppositifolia, 30 ; April 21 ; Shetland to N. Wales and Yorkshire, N. W. and N. Ireland. p. 33 481. Saxifraga granulata, 78 ; F. W. F. iv. 33 ; May 1 ; Elgin to Somerset and Kent, Ireland rare. p. 37 482. Saxifraga cernua, 1 ; July 26 ; Ben Lawers, Scot- land, p. 118 483. Saxifraga rivularis, 5 ; July 23 ; Ben Lawers, Braemar, Ben Nevis. p. 117 484. Saxifraga tridactylites, 81 ; April 12 ; E. Scotland, England, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 26 485. Saxifraga hypnoides, — ; April 29 ; Caithness to Glamorgan and N. Somerset, Ireland. p. 25 486. Saxifraga ccespitosa, 4 ; May 16 ; high mountains in Wales, Scotland and Ireland. p. 38 487. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, 107 ; March 28 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 20 488. Chrysosplenium alternifolium, 70 ; March 18 ; Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 21 489. Parnassia palustris, 82 ; F. W. F. vn. 117 ; Aug. 4 ; Shetland to Dorset and Surrey, Ireland. p. 162 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 207 Order 39. — Araliaceae. — Stamens 5 ; petals 5 ; calyx 3-5- cleft ; ovary inferior ; fruit a berry ; including a low herb and a climbing shrub, with green flowers. 490. Adoxa Moschatellina, 91 ; F. W. F. in. 29 ; March 12 ; Ross southwards, Ireland. p. 21 491. Hedera helix, 118 ; F. W. F. vn. 25 ; Oct. 5 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 174 Order 40. — Cornaceae. — Stamens 4-5 ; petals 4-5 ; calyx 0 or 5-cleft ; ovary inferior ; herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves and small flowers. 492. Cornus sanguinea, 67 ; F. W. F. vi. 93 ; June 9 ; Westmorland southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Is- lands, p. 66 493. Cornus suecica, 15 ; F. W. F. vn. 81 ; July 14 ; Sutherland to Yorkshire. p. 160 Order 41. — Umbelliferae. — Stamens 5 ; petals 5 ; sepals 5 or 0 ; ovary inferior ; fruit of 2 adhering carpels ; herbs with mostly compound leaves and small, white, umbelled flowers. 494. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 116 ; F. W. F. vn. 61 ; May 30 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 56 495. Sanicula Europcea, 115 ; F. W. F. vn. 113 ; May 15 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland. p. 44 496. Astrantia major, — ; June 18 ; naturalised at Ludlow and Malvern. p. 100 497. Eryngium maritimum, 54 ; F. W. F. vui. 53 ; July 16 ; shores from Aberdeen and Argyll southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 160 498. Eryngium campestre, 7 ; July 22 ; Kent, Suffolk, Plymouth, Weston-super-Mare, Tyne, Waterford, etc., Channel Islands. p. 160 499. Conium maculatum, 110 ; F. W. F. vm. 113 ; June 28 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 70 500. Physospermum cornubiense, 3 ; July 15 ; Corn- wall, S. Devonj p. 120 208 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 501. Smyrnum olusatrum, 63 ; April 21 ; Aberdeen southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 29 502. Cicuta virosa, 37 ; July 6 ; Forfar to Suffolk and Somerset, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 121 503. Apium graveolens, 58 ; June 16 ; Perth and Argyll southwards, Ireland, and Channel Islands. p. 74 504. Petrosdinum sativum, — ; June 25 ; a garden escape ; waste places. p. 78 505. Petrosdinum segetum, 45 ; Aug. 7 ; York south- wards, p. 162 506. Trinia vulgaris, 3 ; May 17 ; S. Devon, N. Somer- set, rare. p. 42 507. Hdosciadium nodiflorum, 82 ; July 10 ; Mid- Scotland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 122 508. Hdosciadium inundatum, 96 ; June 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 70 509. Sison amomum, 54 ; Aug. 18 ; York and Chester southwards, especially in south, Channel Islands, p. 163 510. Mgopodium podagraria, 106 ; June 7 ; Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 73 511. Carum Carui, — ; June 12 ; naturalised in some waste places. p. 70 512. Carum verticillatum, 20 ; July 13 ; on the west from Argyll to Cornwall local, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 127 513. Carum Bulbocastanum, 4 ; June 16 ; Herts., Bucks., Bedford, Cambridge, rare. p. 70 514. Bunium ftexuosum, 114 ; May 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 42 515. Pimpinella Saxifraga, 108 ; July 5 ; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 122 516. Pimpindla magna, 51 ; July 9 ; England, E. Scot- land, Ireland rare. p. 121 517. Sium latifolium, 42 ; July 10 ; Stirling southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 121 518. Sium angustifolium, 81 ; July 12 ; Elgin south- wards in E. Scotland, Wigton, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 122 519. Bupleurum tenuissimumt 23 ; Aug. 11 ; Durham southwards, local, p. 164 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 209 520. Bupleurum aristatum, 2 ; July 22 ; Devon very rare, E. Sussex, Channel Islands. p. 133 521. Bupleurum fakatum, 2 ; Aug. 4 ; Surrey and Essex. p. 164 522. Bupleurum rotundifolium, 39 ; June 27 ; E. and S. England, York to Kent and Somerset. p. 83 523. (Enanthe fistulosa, 68 ; July 25 ; Ayr south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 124 524. (Enanthe pimpinelloides, 16 ; June 17 ; Worcester and Sussex to Essex and Cornwall. p. 70 525. (Enanthe Lachenalii, 72 ; July 3 ; Argyll and Haddington southwards, Ireland. p. 120 526. (Enanthe salaifolia, 22 ; June 15 ; Worcester, Notts., and Norfolk to Dorset and Kent. p. 70 527. (Enanthe crocata, 92 ; F. W. F. vn. 37 ; July 21 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 118 528. (Enanthe Phellandrium, 56 ; July 16 ; Haddington (Scotland), southwards rare, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 120 529. (Enanthe fluviatilis, 27 ; July 14 ; southern half of England, Kildare Canal (Ireland). p. 120 530. Mthusa Cynapium, 96 ; F. W. F. iv. 69 ; July 1 ; Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 121 531. Fceniculum vulgare, 32 ; F. W. F. vn. 121 ; July 10 ; near the sea, N. Wales and Norfolk to Kent and Cornwall. p. 144 532. Seseli Libanotis, 3 ; July 14 ; Sussex, Herts., and Cambridge. p. 120 533. Ligusticum scoticum, 25 ; July 8 ; Scotland, Northumberland, N. Ireland, sea-coast local. p. 127 534. Silaus pratensis, 68 ; June 29 ; E. Scot- land, Fife southwards, England and Wales, Ireland rare. p: 83 535. Meum athamanticum, 29 ; June 16 ; Aberdeen and Argyll to Wales and York. p. 78 536. Crithmum maritimum, 26 ; F. W. F. vi. 47 ; May 25 ; Ayr southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 44 537. Echinophora spinosa, — ; June 13 : shores of Kent, Lancashire, Dorset. p. 69 o 210 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 538. Angelica sylvestris, 117 ; July 14 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 127 539. Angelica archangelica, — ; July 19 ; watery places, a garden escape. p. 124 540. Peucedanum officinale, 2 ; July 13 ; Kent, Essex, Channel Islands very rare. p. 144 541. Peucedanum palustre, 13 ; July 20 ; York, Lincoln, Eastern Counties, Somerset. p. 119 542. Peucedanum Ostruthium, — ; June 28 ; N. England, Scotland. p. 69 543. Pastinaca saliva, 57 ; F. W. F. vi. 57 ; July 24 ; Durham and Lancaster southwards, Scotland local, Ire- land, Channel Islands. p. 144 544: Heracleum Sphondylium, 118 ; F. W. F. vn. 13 ; June 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 67 545. Tordylium maximum, 4 ; June 16 ; Essex, Middle- sex, Oxford, and Bucks. p. 72 546. Daucus carota, 115 ; F. W. F. n. 89 ; June 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 72 547. Caucalis daucoides, 28 ; June 26 ; E. and S. coast of England, Durham to Kent and Somerset, Channel Islands. p. 72 548. Caucalis latifolia^ 7 ; July 4 ; Cambridge to Gloucester, Herts., S. Wales, Somerset, very rare. p. 150 549. Torilis (Caucalis) anthriscus, 107 ; July 11 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 119 550. Torilis infesta, 57 ; June 22 ; York and N. Wales southwards. p. 70 551. Torilis nodosa, 73 ; May 19 ; Banff southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 56 552.Scandix Pecten-Veneris, 93; F. W. F. n. 53; June 4 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands: p. 70 553. Anthriscus vulgaris, 79 ; May 8 ; Great Britain, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 41 554: Anthriscus sylvestris, 113 ; April 23; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 26 555. Anthriscus cerefolium, — ; May 15 ; escape from gardens, rare. p. 42 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 211 556. Chcerophyllum temulum, 99 ; June 1 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 69 557. Myrrhis odorata, 65 ; May 4 ; Caithness to S. Wales and Lincoln. p. 41 558. Coriandrum sativum, — ; June 18 ; escape from gardens, S. and E. of England. p. 94 559. Sdinum carvifolium, — ; July 20 ; N. Lincoln- shire and Cambridge, very rare. p. 124 560. Siler trilobum, - - ; May 21 ; Cherry Hinton (Cambridge) naturalised. p. 42 561. Ammi majus, — ; June 17 ; sandy places near the Severn, an alien weed. p. 73 Order 42. — Loranthacese. — Stamens 4 ; petals 4 ; sepals 0 ; ovary inferior ; fruit a pulpy berry ; a semi- parasitic shrub with entire leaves and incon- spicuous flowers. 562. Viscum album, 40 ; March 15 ; York and Denbigh to Kent and Devon. p. 21 DIVISION II. — MONOPETALJB. Plants with corolla 2- or more-lobed, composed of petals more or less connate. SUB-DIVISION (a). Ovary inferior. SECTION 1; Stamens on the corolla; Order 43. — Caprifoliaceae. — Stamens 4-10 on corolla ; corolla lobes 5, sometimes forming 2 lips ; calyx 3-5- cleft ; fruit a berry ; mostly shrubs with opposite leaves and showy, sometimes irregular flowers. 563. Sambucus nigra, 115 ; F. W. F. vn. 49 ; June 10 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 73 564. Sambucus Ebulus, 77 ; F. W. F. vin. 157 ; June 28 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 92 212 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 565. Viburnum Opulus, 107 ; F. W. F. vn. 69 ; June 7 ; England, Scotland rare, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 66 566. Viburnum Lantana, 45 ; May 18 ; York south- wards, occasionally elsewhere, Channel Islands. p. 43 567. Lonicera Periclymenum, 112 ; F. W. F. i. 89 ; June 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 80 568. Lonicera caprifolium, — ; May 13 ; Cambridge, Oxford, naturalised. p. 45 569. Lonicera Xylosteum, — ; May 28 ; Sussex, Here- fordshire, Dorset, etc., naturalised. p. 43 570. Linncea borealis, 16 ; June 25 ; Ross southwards to York, chiefly in Central and E. Scotland. p. 99 571. Symphoricarpus racemosus, — ; July 1; hedges, etc., escape from gardens. p. 151 Order 44. — Rubiaceae. — Stamens 3-5, alternate with 3-5 lobes of corolla ; calyx usually 4-6-cleft ; carpels 2- celled ; herbs with whorled (sometimes prickly) leaves, 4-angled stems, and small, regular flowers. 572. Rubia peregrina, 23 ; June 14 ; Wales, Hereford, and Cornwall to Kent, E. and S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 77 573. Galium verum, 117 ; F. W. F. vn. 129 ; June 9 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 91 574. Galium Cruciata, 97 ; F. W. F. iv. 93 ; April 20 ; Elgin southwards, Ireland very rare. p. 28 575. Galium palustre, 118 ; July 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 119 576. Galium uliginosum, 93 ; July 2 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 119 577. Galium saxatile, 117 ; June 18 ; Sutherland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 68 578. Galium erectum, 29 ; June 21 ; York to Kent and Dorset, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 68 579. Galium Mollugo, 77 ; July 16 ; Perth and Lanark southwards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 119 580. Galium sylvestre, 28 ; July 14 ; Great Britain except W. Scotland, Wales and E. England, Ireland, p. 121 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 213 581. Galium boreale, 43 ; June 18 ; Shetland to York and Brecon, Ireland. p. 68 582. Galium Aparine, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 13 ; June 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 69 583. Galium Aparine, variety Vaillantii, 1 ; June 1 ; Saffron Walden. p. 76 584. Galium tricorne, 43 ; June 7 ; Cumberland south- wards, chalky soil. p. 69 585. Galium anglicum, 10 ; June 15 ; S. E. England from Norfolk to Kent and Cambridge to Sussex. p. 74 586. Galium spurium, — ; June 13 ; casually, For- far, Cambridge, Saffron Walden, and Chesterford (Essex). p. 75 587. Sherardia arvensis, 115 ; F. W. F. vi. 117 ; April 29 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 34 588. Asperula odorata, 112 ; F. W. F. iv. 97 ; May 14 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 40 589. Asperula cynanchica, 40 ; June 17 ; York and Westmorland southwards, S. and W. Ireland. p. 100 590. Asperula taurina, — ; April 21 ; shrubberies, Cadeby (Leicestershire), Casterton Woods (Westmor- land), p. 26 591. Asperula arvensis^ — ; May 27 ; casually in corn- fields, Devonport. p. 64 Order 45. — Valerianaceae. — Stamens 1 or 3 ; corolla 5- cleft ; calyx toothed ; ovary 1 -celled ; herbs with opposite leaves and small, sometimes irregular flowers. 592. Centranthus ruler, — ; F. W. F. iv. 109 ; May 6 ; S. England, Ireland. p. 58 593. Valeriana dioica, 73 ; May 8 ; Fife south- wards, p. 58 594. Valeriana officinalis, 117 ; F. W. F. I. 97 ; June 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 93 595. Valeriana pyrenaica, — ; June 15 ; naturalised in some plantations. p. 93 596. Valerianetta olitoria, 99 ; April 27 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 34 214 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 597. Valerianella carinata, 15 ; April 28 ; Yorkshire southwards, Ireland (Co. Down), Channel Islands. p. 34 598. Valerianella auricula, 37 ; June 12 ; Fife south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. Ill 599. Valerianella dentata, 82 ; June 6 ; Moray south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 94 600. Valerianella eriocarpa, — ; June 8 ; Worcester, Dorset, Cornwall: p; 94 Order 46. — Dipsaceae. — Stamens 4 ; corolla 4-5-lobed ; calyx enclosed in a dry, scaly involucel ; anthers free ; seeds pendulous ; herbs with small flowers closely packed in heads with an involucre at the base. 601. Dipsacus sylveslris, 74 ; F. W. F. n. 145 ; Aug. 3 ; Perth southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands, p. 171 602. Dipsacus pilosus, 52 ; Aug. 1 ; York to Kent and Devon. p. 162 603. Dipsacus fullonum, — ; June 28 ; an escape W. of England. p. 95 604. ScaUosa succisa, 118 ; F. W. F. iv. 85 ; July 22 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 159 605. Scabiosa columbaria, 72 ; July 2 ; E. Scotland from Perth southwards, England, Channel Islands. p. 156 606. Scabiosa (Knautia) arvensis, 98 ; F. W. F. iv. 25 ; June 27 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 94 Order 47. — Compositae. — Stamens 4-5 ; corolla tubular or ligulate ; calyx 0 ; anthers mostly connate ; seeds erect ; herbs with various leaves, and flowers mostly white or yellow, collected into compound heads. 607. Tragopogon pratensis, 84 ; F. W. F. vi. 97 ; June 2 ; Scotland rare from Caithness southwards, Ireland rare, England and Wales, Channel Islands. p. 84 608. Tragopogon porrifolius, — ; May 14 ; rare and local, not truly wild. p. 59 609. Helminthia echioides, 65 ; F. W. F. vi. 21 ; June 16 ; Haddington to Berwick in Scotland, Durham south- wards, E. Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 85 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 215 610. Picris hieracioides, 60 ; F. W. F. vm. 45 ; July 5 ; Roxburgh southwards, Channel Islands. p. 138 611. Leontodon hirtus, 71 ; July 11 ; Edinburgh to Roxburgh in Scotland, Durham southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 139 612. Leontodon hispidus, 92 ; June 3 ; Forfar south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 84 613. Leontodon autumnalis, 116 ; F. W. F. v. 1 ; Aug. 7 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 167 614. Hypochceris glabra, 43 ; June 12 ; Scotland rare, Elgin southwards, England except Cornwall, Channel Islands. p. 87 615. Hypochceris maculata, 7 ; July 8 ; Westmorland, N. Vales, Cornwall, Cambridge, Suffolk, Essex, rare, Channel Islands. p. 138 616 Hypochceris radicata, 117 ; F. W. F. vm. 33 ; June 7 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 84 617. Lactuca virosa, 51 ; June 14 ; Scotland rare, Perth southwards, England and Wales, Channel Is- lands, p. 89 618. Lac\uca scariola, 6 ; July 12 ; rares Worcester, Norfolk^ Cambridge, Essex, Kent, Surrey. p. 143 619. Lactuca saligna, 9 ; July 15 ; rare, near the sea, Suffolk and Hunts, to Sussex and Kent. p. 142 620. Lactuca muralis, 69 ; June 24 ; Scotland (Perth and Stirling), England rare, Ireland (Wicklow and Louth). p. 88 621. Prenanthes purpurea, — ; July 16 ; Edinburgh, Isle of Skye. p. 153 622. Sonchus patustris, 8 ; July 28 ; very rare Nor- folk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunts., Kent, Essex. p. 134 623. Sonchus arvensis, 117 ; F. W. F. i. 125 ; Aug. 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland Channel Islands. p. 167 624. Sonchus asper, 104 ; June 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 86 625. Sonchus oleraceus, 117 ; F. W. F. v. 41 ; June 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 86 626. Mulgedium alpinum, 2 ; July 26 ; Forfar, Aber- deen, p. 158 216 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 627. Crepis virens, 116 ; July 1 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 141 628. Crepis biennis, 27 ; June 16 ; Aberdeen, England E. and Mid-counties, from York to Kent and Sussex? Dublin, Channel Islands. p. 86 629. Crepis succisoefolia, 17 ; July 14 ; Banff south- wards to York. p. 139 630. Crepis paludosa, 62 ; July 2 ; Caithness to S. Wales and Shropshire, N. Ireland. p. 139 631. Hieracium Pilosella, 116 ; May 20 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 46 632. Hieracium aurantiacum, — ; June 23 ; naturalised Scotland, N. England. p. 92 633. Hieracium alpinum, 4 ; July 19 ; mountains Sutherland to Westmorland, N. Wales. p. 137 634. Hieracium nigrescens, 3 ; Aug. 3 ; Sutherland to Yorkshire. p. 167 635. Hieracium iricum (anglicum), 16 ; July 16 ; Orkney to York, Ireland. p. 137 636. Hieracium pallidum, — ; June 27 ; England, Scotland, Ireland. p. 84 637. Hieracium murorum, 68 ; June J ; Shetland southwards, Ireland. p. 85 638. Hieracium vulgatum (sylvaticum), #0 ; July 28 ; Ross southwards, Ireland rare. p. 138 639. Hieracium prenanthoides, 18 ; July 23 ; Orkney to York, Ireland (Wicklow). p. 139 640. Hieracium umbellatum, 88 ; Jul/ 25 ; S. Scotland, England and Wales, Ireland local, Chaniel Islands, p. 139 641. Hieracium crocatum, 17 ; Jdy 20 ; Orkney to Wales and York, Ireland rare. p. 139 642. Hieracium boreale, 96 ; Au£. 12 ; Isle of Skye, Banff southwards rare, England and Wales, Ireland, p. 166 643. BaMausia (Crepis) fcetida. 15 ; June 12 ; rare ; Cambridge and Norfolk to Sussex and Kent. p. 86 644. Barkhausia (Crepis) tarax^cifolia, 31 ; June 19 ; Yorkshire southwards, Carnarvon, p. 84 645. Barkhausia (Crepis) seto/a^ — ; Aug. 8 ; casually in Clover fields j p. 168 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 217 646. Taraxacum officinale, 118 ; March 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 19 647. Arnoseris (Lapsana) pusilla, 23 ; July 3 ; E. Great Britain local, Elgin to Kent and Dorset. p. 142 648. Lapsana communis, 118 ; F. W. F. iv. 13 ; July 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 142 649. Cichorium Intybus, 65 ; July 20 ; Scotland and Ireland rare, England and Wales, Channel Islands, p. 160 650. Arctium Lappa, 106 ; F. W. F. in. 69 ; July 21 ; York and Lancaster southwards, Channel Islands, p. 152 651. Saussurea alpina, 24 ; Aug. 10 ; N. Scotland, Dumfries, N. Wales, Lake District. p. 171 652. Serratula tinctoria, 64 ; F. W. F. in. 17 ; Aug. 7 ; Dumfries, England and Wales, Channel Islands. p. 171 653. Carduus nutans, 75 ; F. W. F. iv. 145 ; June 20 ; Skye and Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 102 654. Carduus crispus, 87 ; F. W. F. v. 129 ; June 16 ; Ross southwards, S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 104 655. Carduus tenuiflorus, 70 ; June 23 ; Forfar south- wards, W. Scotland rare, Ireland common, Channel Islands. p. 105 656. Carduus Marianus, — ; F. W. F. v. 141 ; July 26 ; not indigenous ; near gardens. p. 152 657. Carduus lanceolatus, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 9 ; July 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 152 658. Carduus eriophorus, 48 ; F. W. F. vin. 133 ; July 15 ; local Durham to Somerset and Kent. p. 151 659. Carduus palustris, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 141 ; July 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 153 660. Carduus arvensis, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 25 ; July 3 Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 153 661. Carduus pratensis, 49 ; June 22 ; rare, York and N. Wales southwards, Ireland. p. 103 662. Carduus tuberosus, 2 ; July 5 ; Boy ton (Wilts.) and near Swindon. p. 152 663. Carduus acaulis, 44 ; F. W. F. n. 113 ; July 22 ; York to Devon and Kent, Channel Islands. p. 152 664. Carduus heterophyllus, 58 ; F. W. F. iv. 49 ; July 16 ; Caithness to S. Wales, Stafford and Derby. p. 152 218 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 665. Onopordum acanthium, 60 ; July 19 ; Fife south- wards, Channel Islands. p. 152 666. Carlina vulgaris, 83 ; F. W. F. vm. 121 ; June 27 ; Elgin and Arran southwards, Ireland local, Channel Islands. p. 107 667. Centaurea nigra, 117 ; F. W. F. i. 101 ; June 26 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 103 668. Centaurea Cyanus, 95 ; F. W. F. v. 145 ; June 26 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland^ Channel Islands, p. 113 669. Centaurea scabiosa, 82 ; F. W. F. v. 109 ; July 2 ; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands: p. 151 670. Centaurea aspera, — ; July 10 ; very rare, Guernsey. p. 153 671. Centaurea Calcitrapa, 17 ; F. W. F. vm. 97 ; July 18 ; Norfolk and S. Wales to Cornwall and Kent, Channel Islands. p. 155 672. Centaurea solstitialis, — ; July 13 ; rare, intro- duced, E. and S. England. p. 140 673. Centaurea Jacea^ — ; Aug. 5 ; very rare, Lanark- shire, Sussex. p. 170 674. Xanthium stumarium, — ; Aug. 15 ; casually S. England, Kerry (Ireland). p. 164 675. Xanthium spinosumj — ; Aug. 19 ; a casual weed. p. 164 676. Bidens cernua, 82 ; F. W. F. vm. 109 ; July 19 ; Elgin and Dumbarton southwards, Ireland. p. 135 677. Bidens tripartita, 84 ; F. W. F. vn. 101 ; July 18 ; Isla and Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- ands: p. 135 678. Eupatorium cannabinum^ 98 ; F. W. F. vm. 145 ; July 8 ; Scotland uncommon, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 156 679. Chrysocoma (Aster) Linosyris, 4 ; Aug. 17 ; N. Somerset, S. Devon, Carnarvon. p. 168 680. Diotis maritima, 9 ; Aug. 22 ; E. Suffolk, Essex, Kent to Cornwall, Anglesea, Kerry, Wexford, Waterfordj Channel Islands. p. 168 681; Tanacetum vulgar ei 111 ; F. W. F. v. 33 ; Aug. 8 ; Shetland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands; p. 168 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 219 682. Artemisia campestris, 4 ; Aug. 13 ; Norfolk and Suffolk. p. 169 683. Artemisia maritima, 49 ; Aug. 4 ; Scotland (Aber- deen southwards) rare, England and Wales, N. E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 164 684. Artemisia Absinthium, 72 ; Aug. 6 ; Scotland mostly S. and E., England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 169 685. Artemisia vulgaris, 116 ; July 26 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 145 686. Antennaria dioica, 86 ; June 26 ; Shetland south- wards to Suffolk and Cornwall, Ireland. p. 71 687. Antennaria margaritacea, — ; Aug. 4 ; S. Wales, Scotland, Channel Islands. p. 167 688. Gnaphalium luteo-album, — ; July 12 ; Norfolk, Suffolk, Sussex, Channel Islands. p. 135 689. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, 108 ; July 19 ; Shetland southwards. p. 145 690. Gnaphalium supinum, 16 ; July 13 ; Orkney to Argyll and Stirling. p. 145 691. Gnaphalium uliginosum, 117 ; F. W. F. vu. 149 ; July 24 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 145 692. FUago gattica, — ; July 15 ; local Essex, Herts., Bucks., Channel Islands. p. 144 693. FUago minima, 91 ; June 23 ; local Ross south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 91 694. Filago Germanica, 96 ; July 9 ; S. Scotland rare, Ireland common, Channel Islands. p. 146 695. Petasites vulgaris, 111 ; F. W. F. vn. 5 ; April 9 ; Great Britain local, Ireland. p. 34 696. Petasites fragrans, — ; Feb. 15 ; naturalised in shrubberies, etc., especially near the sea. p. 16 697. Petasites albus, — ; March 2 ; naturalised in shrubberies, etc., mostly in Scotland. p. 19 698. Tussilago Farfara, 118 ; F. W. F. m. 137 ; March 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 20 699. Erigeron alpinwn, 3 ; July 16 ; Br^adalbane and Clova mountains. p. 159 220 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 700. Erigeron acre, 65 ; F. W. F. vi. 149 ; July 3 ; England, Forfar, E. and S. Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 156 701. Erigeron canadense, — ; Aug. 4 ; England, es- pecially near London. p. 163 702. Aster Tripolium, 68 ; July 29 ; Sutherland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 157 703. Aster salignus, — ; Aug. 16 ; Wicken Fen (Cambridgeshire), an escape. p. 162 704. Solidago virgaurea, 115 ; F. W. F. vi. 9 ; July 16 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p.- 142 705. Senecio vulgaris, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 105 ; March 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 17 706. Senecio sylvaticus, 113 ; July 13 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 144 707. Senecio viscosus, 33 ; July 15 ; local Banff and Dumbarton to Kent and Sussex, Wales, Ireland,- very rare. p. 136 708. Senecio squalidus, — ; June 19 ; Oxford, Bide- ford, Warwick, Cork. p. 88 709. Senecio eruccefolius, 67 ; July 4 ; Lanark south- wards, E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 140 710. Senecio Jaeobwa, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 125 ; June 22 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 85 711. Senecio aquaticus, 117 ; F. W. F. v. 29 ; July 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 138 712. Senecio paludosus, 3 ; June 20 ; Fens of Lincoln, Norfolk. Suffolk, Cambridge, Channel Islands. p. 84 713. Senecio saracenicus, — ; June 22 ; Aberdeen southwards, Ireland. p. 86 714. Cineraria (Senecio) palustris, 8 ; June 19 ; Fens E. England, very rare. p. 86 715. Cineraria (Senecio) campesiris, 22 ; May 26 ; York, Lincoln, Cambridge to Gloucester, Sussex to Dorset. p. 49 716. Doronicum PardaliancheSf — ; May 10 ; natural- ised in some plantations. p. 48 717. Doronicum plantagineum, — ; May 28 ; naturalised in some plantations. p. 48 718. Inula Helenium^ — ; July 16 ; Ross southwards local and naturalised mostly^ Channel Islands. pj 137 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 221 719. Inula Conyza, 58; F. W. F. vii. 105; July 19 ; York and Westmorland southwards, Channel Is- lands, p. 136 720. Inula salicina, 1 ; July 10 ; Lough Dearg (Galway, Ireland). p. 133 721. Inula crithmoides, 19 ; July 16 ; Essex, Gloucester, and Wales, to Kent and Cornwall, S. W. Scotland, S. and E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 138 722. Inula (Pulicaria) dysenterica, 79 ; F. W. F. i. 137 ; July 29 ; S. Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 138 723. Inula Pulicaria (Pulicaria vulgaris), 25 ; Aug. 5 ; rare Montgomery and Norfolk southwards, Channel Is- lands, p. 168 724. Eellis perennis, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 13 ; March 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 18 725. Chrysanthemum segetum, 116 ; F. W. F. iv. 1 ; June 19 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 84 726. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 73 ; June 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 65 727. Matricaria Parthenium, — ; F. W. F. in. 145 ; July 13 ; Great Britain, Channel Islands. p. 117 728. Matricaria inodora, 117 ; F. W. F. v. 17 ; June 28 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 65 729. Matricaria Chamomilla, 64 ; June 11 ; Scotland rare, Ireland rare, Cumberland southwards, Channel Islands. p. 66 730. Anthemis nobilis, 49 ; F. W. F. vi. 145 ; July 1 ; Scotland (not indigenous), England, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 116 731. Anthemis arvensis, 73 ; June 5 ; Caithness south- wards, S. E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 65 732. Anthemis Cotula, 74 ; June 26 ; Scotland rare, Dumbarton and Fife southwards, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 65 733: Anthemis tinctoria, — ; July 15 ; ballast heaps, banks of Tees, Durham, etc. p. 137 734. Achillea Ptarmica, 116; F. W. F. vi. 33; July 6 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 123 222 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES 735. Achillea Millefolium, 118; F. W. F. m. 121; June 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 67 736. Achillea tomentosa, — ; Aug. 14 ; Scotland, in many places, an escape ; England rarer. p. 168 737. Achillea decolorans, — ; Aug. 16 ; an escape, Matlock (Derbyshire), etc. p. 167 738. Achillea tanacetifolia, — ; July 12 ; an escape, Oomford (Derbyshire), Ringinglow (Sheffield); p. 146 739. Galinsoga parviflora, — ; July 22 ; naturalised in a few places, London, Middlesex, Surrey, etc. p. 144 SECTION 2. Stamens on the ovary. Order 48. — Campanulacese. — Stamens 5 ; corolla and calyx mostly 5-lobed ; ovary 2-8-celled ; herbs with milky juice, alternate, entire leaves, and showy (mostly blue), regular flowers. 740. Campanula rotundifolia, 117; F. W. F. I. 77; July 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 158 741. Campanula patula, 29 ; July 16 ; W. and S. of England and Wales mostly. p. 158 742. Campanula rapunculus, 31 ; July 13 ; rare, Fife southwards. p. 159 743. Campanula laiifolia, 61 ; July 8 ; Banff south- wards to N. Wales, Gloucester, and Surrey. p. 157 744. Campanula rapunculoides, 24 ; F. W. F. iv. 45 ; July 24 ; rare and local Aberdeen southwards to Dorset and Hants., Ireland rare. p. 158 745. Campanula Trachelium, 59; F. W. F. iv. 117; July 27 ; Lanark and Fife to Cornwall and Kent, Kilkenny (Ireland). p. 158 746. Campanula glomerata, 51 ; F. W. F. in. 117 ; Aug. 1 ; Forfar southwards to Somerset and Kent, mostly on the E. side, Ireland rare. p. 173 747. Campanula persicifolia, — ; July 16 ; woods Cullen, Banff (Scotland), and Yorkshire. p. 158 748. Campanula (Wahlenbergia) hederacea, 46 ; F. W. F. ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 223 vi. 141 ; July 15 ; Argyll to Ayr in Scotland, England W. and S. from York to Kent and Cornwall, S. and E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 159 749. Campanula hybrida, 47 ; June 21 ; Scotland in- troduced, England chiefly in the E. from Durham to Kent and Cornwall. p. 113 750. Phyteuma orbiculare, 9 ; July 16 ; rare, on chalk, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Wilts. p. 161 751. Phyteuma spicatum, 1; June 7; East Sussex, p. 83 752. Jasione montana, 80 ; F. W. F. vi. 125 ; June 26 ; Kincardine southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 114 753. Lobelia urens, 2 ; July 10 ; rare, Dorsetshire and Cornwall. p. 159 754. Lobelia Dortmanna, 38 ; July 19 ; Shetland south- wards to Westmorland, Wales, Shropshire, Ireland; p. 161 [Four species of Vaccinium, Nos. 768, 769, 770, 771* really belong to this section.] SUB-DIVISION (b). Ovary superior. SECTION 1* Stamens free from the corolla; Order 49. — Ericaceae (except Vaccinium). — Stamens 5, 8, 10 ; corolla and calyx 4-5-cleft ; fruit 3-5-celled ; shrubs with opposite or whorled, evergreen leaves and small, often showy, regular flowers. 755. Erica Tetralix, 116; F. W. F. n. 73; July 6; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 151 756. Erica ciliaris, 3 ; June 3 ; Cornwall, Dorset, p. 102 757. Erica cinerea, 114 ; F. W. F. v. 89 ; July 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 155 758. Erica hybernica, 1 ; April 27 ; Mayo and Galway (Ireland). p. 32 759. Erica vagans. 1 : July 19 ; West Cornwall; p. 155 224 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 760. Calluna vulgaris, 117 ; F. W. F. in. 65 ; July 20 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 155 761. Menziesia cosrulea, 1 ; June 19 ; Sow of Atholl (Perthshire), extremely rare. p. Ill 762. Menziesia polifolia, 1 ; July 23 ; Connemara and Mayo (Ireland). p. 155 763. Azalea (Loiseleuria) procumbens, 17 ; May 21 ; Shetland to Ben Lomond. p. 58 764. Andromeda polifolia, 29 ; May 24 ; Perth south- wards to Hunts, and Shropshire, Wales, N. Somerset, and W. Norfolk. p. 58 765. Arbutus Unedo, 1 ; Sept. 7 ; Killarney, Muckross^ Bantry (Ireland). p. 174 766. Arctostaphylos alpina, 10 ; May 14 ; Shetland to Forfar, Perth and Inverness. p. 46 767. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, 34; May 16; Shetland to York and Derby, N. W. Ireland. p. 58 [Genus Vaccinium. — Stamens 8-10, on the ovary ; corolla and calyx 4-5-lobed ; ovary inferior ; fruit a fleshy berry, 4-5-celled ; low shrubs, mostly mountainous, with alternate leaves and solitary, regular (mostly white or red) flowers.] 768. Vaccinium Myrtillus, 107 ; F. W. F. vi. 65 ; April 24 ; Shetland southwards (except Suffolk and Cambridge), Ireland. p. 31 769. Vaccinium uliginosum, 19 ; May 12 ; Shetland southwards to Westmorland and Durham. p. 56 770. Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, 67 ; F. W. F. vm. 81 ; June 9 ; Shetland to Devon, S. Wales and Notts.,- Ireland. p. 93 771. Vaccinium Oxycoccos, 68 ; F. W. F. vm. 17 ; June 17 ; local, Shetland to Somerset and Sussex, Ireland. p. 102 772. Pyrola rotundifolia, 29 ; July 13 ; rare, Aberdeen and Inverness to Norfolk and Salop, E. Kent, Westmeath (Ireland), Channel Islands. p. 117 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 225 773. Pyrola media, 42 ; July 3 ; Shetland to Warwick and Worcester, N. and W. Ireland. p. 118 774. Pyrola minor, 68 ; June 14 ; Sutherland to Kent and Devon, Ireland rare. p. 71 775. Pyrola secunda, 20 ; July 16 ; rare Ross to York, Monmouth, N. E. Ireland. p. 123 776. Pyrola uniflora, 9 ; July 7 ; Sutherland to Perth and Aberdeen* p. 117 SECTION 2: Stamens on the corolla. Order 50. — Aquifoliacese. — Stamens 4-5y alternate with lobes of the corolla ; calyx 4-5-cleft ; fruit a berry ; a shrub with coriaceous leaves and small, regular flowers. 777. Ilex Aquifolium, 111 ; F. W. F. in. 105 ; May 19 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 39 Order 51. — Oleaceae. — Stamens 2 ; corolla and calyx 4- cleft, or sometimes 0 ; fruit a berry or samara ; trees or shrubs with opposite leaves and small, regular flowers. 778. Ligustrum vulgare, 83 ; F. W. F. in. 101 ; June 18 ; Forfar and Lanark southwards, S. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 67 779. Fraxinus excelsior, 115 ; April 24 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 31 Order 52. — Apocynaceae. — Stamens 5 ; corolla and calyx 4-5-cleft ; fruit of 2 follicles ; shrubs with opposite, entire leaves and showy, regular, purplish-blue flowers. 780. Vinca minor, 73 ; F. W. F. vi. 113 ; March 18 ; Mull and Elgin southwards^ Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 22 781. Vinca major, --; F. W. F. i. 69; April 28; naturalised in some copses, etc. p. 34 p 226 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. Order 53. — Gentianacese. — Stamens 4-10, alternate witli lobes of corolla ; calyx 4-10-lobed ; ovary 1-2-celled ; ovules many ; fruit a capsule 1- or incompletely 2- celled ; seeds minute ; herbs with opposite, entire leaves and solitary, regular, mostly showy flowers. 782. Gentiana verna, 4 ; April 29 ; Westmorland, York, Durham, Teesdale, Ireland (Mayo, Galway, Clare). p. 35 783. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, 30 ; Aug. 13 ; Cumber- land to Dorset, and from York and Norfolk to Surrey and Anglesea. p. 173 784. Gentiana nivalis, 2 ; Aug. 2 ; Breadalbane and Clova mountains, very rare. p. 173 785. Gentiana Amarella, 81 ; Aug. 4 ; Shetland south- wards, Ireland. p. 172 786. Gentiana Amarella, variety prcecox, — ; June 5 ; dry heaths S. England. p. 110 787. Gentiana campestris, 85 ; July 22 ; Shetland southwards, commonest in the North, Ireland. p. 159 788. Cicendia filiformis, 9 ; July 16 ; rare, Pembroke and Cornwall to Sussex, Ireland (Killarney and Cork). p. 143 789. Cicendia pusilla, — ; July 19 ; Channel Is- lands, p. 151 790. Erythrcea Centaurium, 108 ; June 28 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 99 791. Erythrcea pulchella, 43 ; July 3 ; Dumfries and Haddington southwards. p. 150 792. Erythrcea littoralis, 41 ; June 24 ; Great Britain, sandy shores. p. 99 793. Erythrcea latifolia, 1 ; June 23 ; shores near Liverpool. p. 99 794. Chlora perfoliata, 60 ; F. W. F. vm. 89 ; June 30 ; Westmorland and Durham southwards, Ireland. p; 86 795. Villarsia nymphceoides (Limnanthemum peltatum)^ 10 ; July 15 ; rare, chiefly from Norfolk and Oxford to Sussex, very local in Scotland and Ireland. p. 137 796. Menyanthes trifoliata, 116 ; F. W. F. vn. 145 ; May 25 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 45 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 227 Order 54. — Polemoniacese. — Stamens 5 ; corolla and calyx 5-lobed ; fruit a capsule ; ovary 3-celled ; herbs with pinnate leaves and showy, regular flowers; 797. — Polemonium cceruleum, 5 ; June 15 ; Cheviots to Stafford and Derby, casually in Scotland and Ireland, p. 112 Order 55. — Convolvulacese. — Stamens 4-5 ; corolla 4-5- lobed ; calyx of 5 sepals ; fruit a capsule ; ovary 2-4-celled ; herbs, generally climbing, with alternate leaves (or 0 in Cuscuta) and mostly showy, regular flowers. 798. Convolvulus arvensis, 96 ; F. W. F. 1. 1 ; June 18 ; Scotland local, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 97 799. Convolvulus sepium, 94 ; F. W. F. i. 145 ; June 30 ; Clyde southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 65 800. Convolvulus Soldanella, 46 ; June 26 ; Isla and Forfar southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 95 801. Cuscuta Europcea, 31 ; July 11 ; rare, York to Sussex and Devon. p. 131 802. Cuscuta Epilinum, — ; July 24 ; casually England, Scotland, Ireland. p. 130 803. Cuscuta Epithymum, 46 ; July 27 ; Ayr south- wards, Channel Islands. p. 131 804. Cuscuta Trifolii, — ; June 24 ; Isle of Wight, etc. p. 72 805. Cuscuta hassiaca, — ; July 19 ; casually, in Essex. p. 131 Order 56. — Solanaceae. — Stamens 4-5 ; corolla and calyx 5-cleft ; fruit a berry ; ovary 2-celled ; herbs with alternate leaves and axillary cymes of regular flowers. 806. Hyoscyamus niger, 79 ; F. W. F. vi. 157 ; June 24 ; S. Scotland not native, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 81 807. Solanum nigrum, 64 ; F. W. F. vi. 37 ; June 26 ; Wigton and Northumberland southwards, casual in Scot- land and Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 66 228 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 808. Solanum Dulcamara, 97 ; F. W. F. v. 53 ; June 25 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 109 809. Atropa Belladonna, 54 ; F. W. F. iv. 129 ; June 22 ; Westmorland southwards, Scotland near houses, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 109 810. Datura Stramonium, — ; F. W. F. vi. 121 ; July 22 ; casually on rubbish heaps. p. 116 811. Lycium barbarum, — ; May 29 ; naturalised in S. England, escape from gardens elsewhere. p. 61 Order 57. — Scrophulariaceae. — Stamens 4, 2 longer than the others ; corolla 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; fruit a capsule ; ovary 2-celled ; herbs with various leaves and irregular, generally showy flowers. 812. Verbascum Thapsus, 91 ; F. W. F. in. 77 ; July I ; Argyll and Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 139 813. Verbascum Lychnitis, 12 ; July 16 ; Denbigh < Herts, and Stafford to Worcester, Kent to Somerset, p. 122 814. Verbascum pulverulentum, 4 ; July 14 ; Norfolk and Suffolk. p. 140 815. Verbascum nigrum, 43 ; June 22 ; Notts., Derby j and Carnarvon southwards. p. 88 816. Verbascum Blattaria, — ; June 27 ; rare, Nor- folk and Stafford southwards, S. and W. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 85 817. Verbascum virgatum, — ; July 6 ; rare, Norfolk and Stafford southwards. p. 133 818. Veronica spicata, 3 ; July 20 ; on chalk, Cam- bridge, Suffolk, Norfolk; on lime, W. England and Wales. p. 161 819. Veronica serpyllifolia, 118 ; May 18 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 63 820. Veronica alpina, 10 ; July 7 ; rare, Scotch moun- tain*, p. 161 821. Veronica saxatUisl 9 ; July 6 ; rare, Scotch moun- tains, p. 161 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 229 822. Veronica scutdlata, 113 ; July 1 ; Greafc Britain not very common, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 149 823. Veronica Anagallis, 106 ; July 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 156 824. Veronica Beccdbunga, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 33 ; May 14 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 63 825. Veronica officinalis, 117 ; May 7 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 63 826. Veronica montana, 89 ; May 16 ; Skye and Banff southwards, Ireland. p. 63 827. Veronica Chamcedrys, 117 ; F. W. F. n. 65 ; May 8 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 62 828. Veronica arvensis, 117 ; April 24 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 35 829. Veronica verna, 4; April 26; Norfolk and Suffolk. p. 36 830. Veronica triphyllos, 6 ; April 22 ; Norfolk, Suffolk, York. p. 35 831. Veronica hederifolia, 106 ; March 28 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 832. Veronica agrestis, 116 ; March 16 ; Great Britain* Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 833. Veronica polita, 89 ; April 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 35 834. Veronica Buxbaumii, 90 ; F. W. F. in. 81 ; April 28 ; Caithness and Clyde southwards, Ireland. p. 35 835. Veronica peregrina, — ; March 16 ; an alien weed in many places. p. 19 836. Veronica repens, — ; June 13 ; casually near Manchester and York. p. 113 837. Erinus alpinus, — ; May 23 ; Tanfield (York- shire), Cheshire, etc. p. 59 838. Bartsia alpina, 8 ; June 17 ; mountains of Perth, Inverness and Ross, York, Durham and Westmorland, p. 110 839. Bartsia viscosa, 19 ; June 19 ; S. England, Sussex to Cornwall, Wales, Argyll to Chester, W. Ireland, Channel Islands.- p. 89 840. Bartsia Odontites, 117 ; F. W. F. v. 137 ; July 6 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands: p. 155 230 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 841. Euphrasia officinalis, 118 ; F. W. F. vm. 73 ; May 26 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 45 842. Rhinanthus Crista-Galli, 118 ; F. W. F. i. 157 ; May 19 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 50 843. Rhinanthus major, 22 ; May 21 ; casually Great Britain. p. 50 844. Melampyrum cristatum, 10 ; Aug. 5 ; East counties rare, Hants to Norfolk, and Suffolk to Bedford, p. 169 845. Melampyrum arvense, 8 ; June 25 ; very local, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Herts., Isle of Wight. p. 101 846. Melampyrum pratense, 113 ; F. W. F. iv. 53 ; May 30 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 50 847. Melampyrum sylvaticum, 21 ; July 10 ; rare Caithness to York, N. E. Ireland. p. 144 848. Pedicularis palustris, 116 ; May 20 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 849. Pedicularis sylvatica, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 113 ; May 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 850. Scrophularia nodosa, 115 ; June 23 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 79 851. Scrophularia aquatica, 72 ; F. W. F. v. 157 ; June 14 ; Berwick southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 79 852. Scrophularia Scorodonia, 4 ; July 16 ; Cornwall, S. Devon, Kerry (Ireland), Channel Islands. p. 130 853. Scrophularia vernalis, — ; April 29 ; a denizen, very local, in waste places. p. 28 854. Digitalis purpurea, 113 ; F. W. F. iv. 137 ; June 8 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 103 855. Antirrhinum majus} — ; F. W. F. vm. 117 ; July 15 ; an alien, old walls chiefly in the S. p. 148 856. Antirrhinum Orontium, 47 ; July 2 ; Cumber- land southwards, Ireland very rare, Channel Is- lands, p. 154 857. Linaria Cymbalaria, — ; F. W. F. n. 5 ; May 2 ; old walls, chiefly in the South. p. 62 858. Linaria spuria, 43 ; F. W. F. vm. 49 ; July 16 ; Norfolk, Lincoln, and S. Wales southwards, Channel Islands, p. 143 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 231 859. Linaria Elatine, 55 ; July 18 ; N. Wales and York southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 136 860. Linaria repens, 21 ; July 1 ; rare, Westmorland and Mid- Wales southwards mostly, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 156 861. Linaria vulgaris, 99 ; F. W. F. i. 109 ; July 12 ; Scotland rare, Elgin and Clyde southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 136 862. Linaria supina, — ; July 20 ; Poole (Dorset) ; Plymouth, Cornwall, a casual alien. p. 136 863. Linaria purpurea, — ; July 19 ; an escape near some gardens. p. 159 864. Linaria Pelisseriana, — ; June 7; Jersey, p. 110 865. Linaria minor, 62 ; May 30 ; Lanark and Ber- wick southwards local, Ireland very rare, Channel Is- lands, p. 62 866. Limosella aquatica, 43 ; June 27 ; Forfar and Ayr to Somerset and Sussex. p. 94 867. Sibthorpia Europcea, 8 ; June 24 ; rare, S. Wales, Sussex to Cornwall, Kerry (Ireland), Channel and Scilly Isles. p. 94 868. Mimulus luteus, — ; July 1 ; Skye south- wards, Ireland. p. 138 Order 58. — Orobanchaceae. — Stamens 4, 2 longer than the others ; corolla 4-5-cleft, gaping ; calyx 4-5- cleft ; ovary 1 -celled ; leafless, scaly herbs with mostly brownish flowers. 869. Orobanche Rapum (major), 61 ; F. W. F. iv. 153 ; May 28 ; Dumfries southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 55 870. Orobanche caryophyllacea, 2 ; May 27 ; Kent. p. 55 871. Orobanche elatior, 28; June 18; rare, chiefly E. counties, York and Durham to Sussex and Somer- set, p. 80 872. Orobanche minor, 32 ; June 13 ; Border south- wards, Ireland. p. 82 873. Orobanche rubra, 14 ; June 25 ; west side Ross to Cornwall, Ireland; p. 107 232 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 874. Orobanche ccerulea, 8 ; June 19 ; Herts. •, Norfolk} Hants to Cornwall local, Channel Isles. p. 109 875. Orobanche arenaria, — ; June 10 ; Alderney and Jersey. p. 109 876. Orobanche ramosa, — ; Aug. 15 ; casual on Hemp; Norfolk, Suffolk, etc: p. 166 877. Lathrcea squamariay 62 ; April 18 ; Perth and Inverness southwards, Ireland. p. 27 Order 59. — Verbenaceae. — Stamens 4, 2 longer than the others ; corolla tubular, very slightly 2-lipped ; calyx tubular ; fruit a capsule of 4 nutlets ; ovary 4-celled ; a herb with opposite leaves and small, irregular flowers; 878. Verbena officinalis, 67 ; July 9 ; local Northumber- land southwards, Ireland local, Channel Islands. p. 157 Order 60. — Labiatse. — Stamens mostly 4 (rarely 2)^ 2 longer than the others ; corolla mostly 2-lipped ; calyx 2-lipped or 5-cleft ; fruit of 4 nutlets ; ovary 4-celled ; herbs mostly with square stems and opposite leaves, and irregular (generally smallish) flowers, in whorls or cymes. 879. Salvia Verbenaca, 64 ; May 23 ; E. Scotland, Ross southwards, England, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 61 880. Salvia pratensis, 3 ; June 21 ; very rare, Corn- wall, Kent, Oxford. p. Ill 881. Lycopus Europceus, 95 ; F. W. F. vi. 145 ; July 4 ; Ross southwards, rarer in Scotland, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 128 882. Mentha rotundifolia, 52 ; Aug. 17 ; Forfar south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 172 883. Mentha sylvestris, 59 ; Aug. 20 ; rare, Forfar southwards, Ireland. p. 173 884. Mentha viridis, — ; Aug. 16 ; rare, Scotland j England. p. 172 885. Mentha piperita, 68 ; Aug. 10 ; Forfar to Sussex and Cornwall, Ireland. p. 172 886. Mentha aquatica, 117 ; Aug. 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 172 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 233 887. Mentha sativa, 82 ; July 26 ; Argyll and Elgin southwardSj Ireland. p. 157 888. Mentha arvensis, 111 ; F. W. F. n. 93 ; Aug. 3 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 172 889. Mentha Pulegium, 52 ; July 22 ; Ayr southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 157 890. Thymus serpyttum, 118 ; F. W. F. vi. 17 ; June 6 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 106 891. Origanum vulgare, 90 ; F. W. F. vi. 129 ; July 11 ; Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland local. Channel Islands. p. 155 892. Calamintha Acinost 74 ; July 23 ; Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands, p. 160 893. Calamintha Clinopodium, 89 ; F. W. F. v. 121 ; July 21 ; Scotland rare^ England and Wales, Ireland rare. p. 154 894. Calamintha Nepeta, 9 ; July 16 ; Yorkshire to Kent. p. 147 895. Calamintha officinalis, 62 ; July 14 ; Westmor- land southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 147 896. Calamintha sylvatica, 3 ; Aug. 3 ; rare, Isle of Wight, Hants, Devon. p. 171 897. Melissa officinalis, — ; July 19 ; S. of England, naturalised. p. 126 898. Melittis melissophyttum, 9 ; May 24 ;] Worcester, Wales, Cornwall to Sussex. p. 45 899. Teucrium Scorodonia, 116 ; F. W. F. v. 21 ; July 23 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 135 900. Teucrium Scordium, 11 ; July 16 ; very rare, York, Lincoln to Suffolk, Berks., Northampton, Cambridge^ Devon, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 154 901; Teucrium Botrys, 2 ; Aug. 12 ; very rare, Surrey. p. 169 902. Teucrium Chamcedrys, — ; July 15 ; England^ Scotland, Ireland rare. p. 153 903. Ajuga reptans, 115 ; F. W. F. n. 1 ; May 6 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 62 904. Ajuga pyramidalis, 10 ; May 16 ; very rare, N. Scotland, Westmorland, W. Ireland. p. 63 234 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 905. Ajuga Chamcepitys, 8 ; May 17 ; local, Bedford, Herts., Cambridge, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hants, p. 51 906. Ballota nigra, 77 ; F. W. F. vn. 29 ; June 23 ; S. Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 105 907. Leonurus cardiaca, — ; July 24 ; rare, England, Scotland, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 147 908. Lamium Galeoldolon, 66 ; F. W. F. in. 25 ; April 27 ; Cumberland southwards local, E. Ireland local. p. 27 909. Lamium album, 107 ; F. W. F. I. 61 ; April 8 ; Great Britain, rare in Scotland and Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 25 910. Lamium maculatum, — ; April 23 ; England, Scotland, not indigenous. p. 32 911. Lamium amplexicaule, 96 ; F. W. F. n. 109 ; May 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 59 912. Lamium purpureum, 118 ; F. W. F. I. 61 ; March 5 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 22 913. Lamium incisum, 76 ; March 24 ; England and Scotland. p. 22 914. Galeopsis Ladanum, — ; July 26 ; Scotland rare, England and Wales, E. Ireland local. p. 154 915. Galeopsis ochroleuca, 8 ; July 15 ; rare, Yorks., Durham, Lincoln, Notts., Essex, Carnarvon. p. 134 916. Galeopsis Tetrahit, 118; F. W. F. n. 125; July 2; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 123 917. Galeopsis versicolor, 80; July 16; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 134 918. Stachys Betonica, 82 ; F. W. F. iv. 57 ; July 4 ; Scotland rare, Perth southwards, England and Wales, Ire- land rare, Channel Islands. p. 154 919. Stachys palustris, 117 ; F. W. F. vm. 17 ; July 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 154 920. Stachys sylvatica, 118 ; F. W. F. v. 145 ; June 14 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 105 921. Stachys germanica, 3 ; Aug. 5 ; very rare, Hants, Oxford, Kent, Channel Islands. p. 171 922. Stachys arvensis, 99 ; May 16 ; Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 60 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 235 923. Stachys annua, — ; Aug. 11 ; an alien, very rare, Gadshill and Rochester, etc. p. 167 924. Nepeta Glechoma, 109 ; F. W. F. v. 81 ; April 6 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 33 925. Nepcta Cataria, 5& ', July 16 ; Scotland introduced, Northumberland southwards rare, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 127 926. Marrubium vulgare, 66 ; Aug. 6 ; E. Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland rare, Channel Is- lands, p: 162 927. Prunella vulgaris, 118; F. W. F. iv. 133; July 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 160 928. Scutdlaria galericulata, 109 ; F. W. F. vm. 37 ; July 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland rare, Channel Is- lands, p. 160 929. Scutdlaria minor, 72 ; July 12 ; Inverness and W. Scotland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 155 Order 61. — Boraginaceae. — Stamens 5 ; corolla and calyx 5-lobed ; fruit of 4 nutlets ; ovary 4-celled ; herbs with alternate (usually rough) leaves and spikes of showy, regular flowers. 930. Myosotis palustris, 110 ; F. W. F. in. 129 ; June 5 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 114 931. Myosotis repens, 92 ; June 12 ; Great Britain, especially in the N., Channel Islands. p. 115 932. Myosotis ccsspitosa, 113 ; May 25 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 63 933. Myosotis alpestris, 3 ; June 5 ; Scotland (Ben Lawers), Teesdale, Westmorland. p. 114 934. Myosotis sylvatica, 45 ; May 10 ; Forfar to Kent, Hants, and Wales, Channel Islands. p. 63 935. Myosotis arvensis, 118 ; F. W. F. n. 97 ; June 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 115 936. Myosotis cottina, 92 ; April 23 ; Great Britain, E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 36 937. Myosotis versicolor, 114 ; April 23 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 28 236 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 938. Lithospermum officinale, 77 ; June 15 ; Ross southwards, especially England, Ireland. p. 82 939. Lithospermum arvcnse, 86 ; May 24 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 44 940. Lithospermum purpureo-c&ruleum, 8 ; June 19 ; very rare, Wales, Devon to Kent, on lime. p. 114 941. Mertensia maritima, 32 ; May 22 ; Welsh coast, N. and W. Scotland, Ireland. p. 61 942. Symphytum officinde^ 86 ; F. W. F. iv. 61 ; May 30 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 43 943. Symphytum tuberosum, 30 ; June 4 ; Elgin south- wards to N. Wales, Stafford and Bedford. p. 80 944. Borago offieinalis, — ; F. W. F. I. 21 ; June 16 ; an alien or escape^ England, Channel Islands. p. 113 945. Lycopsis (Anehusa) arvensis, 111 ; F. W. F. vui. 141 ; June 17 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 115 946. Anehusa officinalis^ — ; June 14 ; rare, Northum- berland, Glasgow. p. 112 947. Anehusa sempervirens; — ; F. W. F. vi. 101 ; May 4 ; Caithness southwards rare, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 63 948. Asperugo procumbens, — ; June 3 ; rare and casual, Sutherland to Kent. p. Ill 949. Cynoglossum officinale, 76 ; F. W. F. n. 85 ; June 27 ; not common, E. Scotland, Forfar to Kent and Corn- wall, S. E. Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 106 950. Cynoglossum montanum, 17 ; June 18 ; Shrop- shire and Norfolk to Kent and Surrey, Dublin. p. 106 951. Pulmonaria angustifolia, 4 ; April 8 ; very rare, Hants, Dorset. p. 33 952. Pulmonaria officinalis, 1 ; April 15 ; rare S. Scotland, England. p. 33 953. Echium vulgare, 92 ; F. W. F. vi. 153 ; June 27 ; Sutherland southwards, S. E. Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 114 954. Echium plantagimum, 1 ; June 24 ; Cornwall, Jersey.1 p. 112 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 237 955. Echinospermum Lappula, — ; May 13; ballast heaps or waste land. p. 64 Order 62. — Lentibulariaceae. — Stamens 2 ; corolla 2-lipped ; calyx 5-partite or 2-lipped ; fruit a many-seeded capsule ; ovary 1-2-celled ; marsh herbs with radical, entire leaves, or multipartite, floating leaves with bladders, and irregular, rather showy flowers. 956. Pinguicula grandiflora, 1 ; May 28 ; Ireland (Cork and Kerry), rare. p. 61 957. Pinguicula vulgaris, 93 ; F. W. F. vn. 45 ; June 5 ; Shetland southwards to Hants and Devon, mostly in N., Ireland, Channel Islands. p. Ill 958. Pinguicula alpina> 3 ; June 7 ; Isle of Skye, Ross. p. 82 959. Pinguicula lusitanica, 29 ; June 17 ; W. Scotland* Hants to Cornwall local, Ireland. p. 96 960. Utricularia vulgaris, 86 ; June 22 ; Great Britain not common, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 88 961. Utricularia intermedia, 27 ; July 7 ; rare, Suther- land to Westmorland, Dorset, Hants, Norfolk, Ire- land, p. 135 962. Utricularia minor, 72 ; June 16 ; Orkney south- wards, Ireland. p. 82 Order 63. — Primulaceae. — Stamens 4-7, generally opposite the segments of the corolla ; corolla and calyx 4-7- cleft ; fruit a many -seeded capsule ; ovary 1 -celled ; herbs with various (mostly radical) leaves, and gener- ally showy, regular flowers. 963. Primula vulgaris, 117, F. W. F. i. 37 ; April 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 27 964. Primula elatior, 6 ; April 18 ; Bedford, Suffolk^ Cambridge, Essex, etc. p. 28 965. Primula veris, 89 ; F. W. F. I. 105 ; April 20 ; Scotland rare^ England common, Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 28 238 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 966. Primula farinosa, 11 ; F. W. F. vn. 17 ; June 5 ; Cheviots southwards to York and Lancashire, Peebles. p. 95 967. Primula scotica, 4 ; June 16 ; Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland. p. 109 968. Cyclamen hedercefolium (europceum) — ; July 23 ; Kent, Sussex. p. 150 969. Trientalis Europcea, 38 ; F. W. F. vn. 125 ; June 14 ; Shetland to York, local. p. 66 970. Hottonia palustris, 48 ; F. W. F. vm. 85 ; May 1 5 ; Durham and Westmorland to Somerset and Kent, Ireland (Co. Down). p. 55 971. Lysimachia vulgaris, 78 ; F. W. F. in. 133 ; July 15 ; Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland local. p. 140 972. Lysimachia thyrsiflora, 14 ; July 5 ; local, Forfar southwards to York, Lancaster and Notts. p. 142 973. Lysimachia nummularia, 70 ; F. W: F. iv. 21 ; June 22 ; York and Durham to Devon and Kent, Ireland rare. p. 85 974. Lysimachia nemorum, 115 ; F. W. F. n. 153 ; May 16 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 49 975. Lysimachia ciliata, — ; July 13 ; Cumberland, etc. p. 140 976. Lysimachia punctata, — ; July 18 ; Newcastle, etc. p. 134 977. Anagallis arvensis, 99 ; F. W. F. in. 153 ; May 27 ; E. Scotland from Elgin southwards, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 978. Anagallis tenella, 97 ; F. W. F. vi. 25 ; July 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p, 149 979. Centunculus minimus, 64 ; June 15 ; local, Inver- ness southwards, Ireland rare. p. 94 980. Samolus Valerandi, 82 ; June 18 ; Skye and Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 68 981. Glaux maritima, 71 ; June 4 ; Great Britain, including salt districts of Worcester and Stafford, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 100 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 239 Order 64. — Plumbaginaceae. — Stamens 5, opposite petals,- hypogynous ; corolla of 5 petals united at the base ; calyx tubular, dry, scaly ; ovary 1 -celled, 1 -seeded ; herbs mostly maritime, with radical or alternate leaves, and mostly blue, regular flowers. 982. Armeria maritima, 75 ; F. W. F. iv. 37 ; May 20 ; shores and mountains, Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 57 983. Armeria plantaginea, — ; June 11 ; Jersey, p. 105 984. Statice Limonium, 35 ; F. W. F. v. 117 ; July 16 ; Fife to Kent and Devon, Channel Islands. p. 157 985. Statice bahusiensis (rariflora), 22 ; July 5 ; S. Scotland, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 157 986. Statice binervosa (auriculcefolia), 23 ; July 18 ; Wigton to Cornwall, and Lincoln to Kent, S. England, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 157 987. Statice caspia (bellidi folia), 6 ; July 15 ; Norfolk^ Suffolk, Cambridge. p. 157 Order 65. — Plantaginacese. — Stamens 4 (hypogynous in Littorella) ; corolla 4-lobed, dry and scaly ; calyx 4-cleft ; ovary 2-4-celled (1-celled in Littorella), many-seeded ; herbs with generally radical, entire leaves, and spikes of small brownish or greenish flowers. 988. Plantago major, 118 ; F. W. F. in. 57 ; May 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 54 989. Plantago media, 81 ; June 1 ; Aberdeen and Ayr southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 74 990. Plantago lanceolata, 118; F. W. F. in. 33; May 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 54 991. Plantago maritima, 78 ; June 18 ; Great Britain, also inland York and Perth. p. 75 992. Plantago Coronopus, 96 ; June 17 ; Great Britain^ Ireland, Channel Islands, generally near the sea. p. 76 993. Littorella lacustris, 94 ; July 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 124 240 ORDERS GENERA, AND SPECIES ^SUB-CLASS B: Plants with either corolla, calyx, or bothj absenti DIVISION I. Flowers with the corolla absent, mostly with stamens and pistils in the same flowerj SUB-DIVISION (a); Ovary superior: Order 66. — Amaranthaceae. — Flowers 1 -sexual ; stamens 3-5, opposite the sepals ; fruit indehiscent ; herbs with exstipulate leaves and inconspicuous, greenish flowers. 994. Amaranthus Blitum, — ; July 16 ; London, Cambridge, Huntingdon, etc. p. 126 995. Amaranthus retroflexus, — ; July 20 ; a casual weed on wool-shoddy heaps, etc. p. 125 Order 67. — Chenopodiaceae. — Flowers 1- or 2-sexual ; stamens mostly 5 (1 or 2 in Salsola), opposite sepals ; fruit indehiscent ; herbs with exstipulate leaves, or sometimes with leafless, jointed stems, and small flowers. 996. Chenopodium olidum, 37 ; Aug. 17 ; Edinburgh, Northumberland southwards, S. and E. Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 165 997. Chenopodium polyspermum, 49 ; Aug. 12 ; Ber- wick southwards, Channel Islands. p. 165 998. Chenopodium urbicum, 39 ; Aug. 24 ; York south- wards, Ireland, occasionally elsewhere. p. 165 999. Chenopodium murale, 42 ; Aug. 16 ; Northumber- land southwards rare, Ireland very rare, Channel Is- lands, p. 165 1000. Chenopodium hybridum, 25 ; Aug. 11 ; local, Lancashire and Norfolk to Somerset and Kent. p. 165 1001. Chenopodium album, 117 ; F. W. F. vn. 137 ; July 17 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 120 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 241 1002. Chenopodium ficifolium, 18 ; Aug. 12 ; E. and S. England, York to Kent and Sussex, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 165 1003. Chenopodium rubrum, 64 ; Aug. 16 ; salt marshes, etc., Aberdeen southwards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 165 1004. Chenopodium botryodes, 6 ; Aug. 10 ; Scotland, England. p. 165 1005. Chenopodium glaucum, 13 ; Aug. 17 ; Fife south- wards to Hants, very rare except in S. England, p. 166 1006. Chenopodium Bonus- Henricus, 106 ; June 8 ; generally near houses, Caithness southwards, Ireland common, Channel Islands. p. 78 1007. Obione (Atriplex) portulacoides, 35 ; F. W. F. vii; 133 ; Aug. 13 ; Ayr southwards, Ireland very rare, Channel Islands. p. 164 1008. Obione (Atriplex) pedunculata, 7 ; Aug. 15 ; rare, Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent. p. 164 1009. Atriplex arenaria (laciniata), 43 ; July 10 ; Suther- land southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 125 1010. Atriplex Babingtonii (rosed), 70 ; July 6 ; abun- dant, Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 125 1011. Atriplex hastata, 95; July 7; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 129 1012. Atriplex patula, 92 ; July 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 129 1013. Atriplex littoralis, 42 ; July 9 ; E. Scotland from Perth southwards to Dorset and Kent, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 126 1014. Beta maritima, 57 ; June 27 ; Fife and Argyll southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 75 1015. Salsola Kali, 64 ; July 26 ; Caithness south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 125 1016. Suceda maritima, 70 ; July 13 ; Shetland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 126 1017. Suceda fruticosa, 1 ; July 17 ; rare and local, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Dorset. p. 126 1018. Salicornia herbacea, 70 ; Aug. 16 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 166 Q 242 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES 1019. Salicornia radicans, 12 ; Aug. 26 ; York south- wards to Devon. p. 166 Order 68. — Polygonaceae. — Flowers mostly 2-sexual ; sta- mens 5-8 ; sepals 3-6 ; fruit indehiscent, usually enclosed in the sepals ; herbs with sheathing stipules, alternate leaves, and small flowers. 1020. Polygonum Bistorta, 74 ; F. W. F. vii. 85 ; June 6 ; Renfrew and Edinburgh southwards, introduced elsewhere, Ireland rare. p. 94 1021. Polygonum viviparum, 30 ; June 16 ; Shetland to Carnarvon and York, W. Ireland. p. 93 1022. Polygonum amphttium, 114 ; F. W. F. vin. 93 ; July 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands, p. 150 1023. Polygonum lapathifolium, 109 ; July 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 129 1024. Polygonum Persicaria, 118; F. W. F. i. 113; July 15 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 129 1025. Polygonum mite, 20 ; Aug. 6 ; local, York southwards. p. 170 1026. Polygonum Hydropiper, 111 ; F. W. F. vm. 129 ; Aug. 14 ; Skye southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 170 1027. Polygonum minus, 52 ; Aug. 10 ; local, Perth and Renfrew southwards, Ireland rare. p. 170 1028. Polygonum aviculare, 117 ; F. W. F. iv. 89 ; June 30 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 72 1029. Polygonum maritimum, 4 ; Aug. 23 ; Hants,- Devon, Cornwall, Channel Islands. p. 166 1030. Polygonum Convolvulus, 117 ; July 24 ; Caith- ness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 124 1031. Polygonum dumetorum, 14 ; Aug. 5 ; rare, Mon- mouth and Essex to Kent and Devon. p. 164 1032. Polygonum Roberti, 39 ; July 16 ; West coasts of Britain, Dublin. p. 127 1033. Polygonum Fagopyrum, — ; July 16 ; a natural- ised escape, S. England mostly. p. 150 1034. Rumex obtusifolius, 115 ; July 14 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 129 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 243 1035. Rumex pratensis, 6 ; June 24 ; Orkney south- wards, p. 108 1036. Rumex pulcher, 42 ; June 4 ; N. Wales and Notts, southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 108 1037. Rumex maritimus, 39 ; July 15 ; rare, Northum- berland to Kent and Somerset, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 136 1038. Rumex palustris, 26 ; July 15 ; rare, England, Ireland, inland marshes. p. 136 1039. Rumex crispus, 117 ; June 16 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 107 1040. Rumex sanguineus, 90 ; July 15 ; Elgin south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 129 1041. Rumex conglomerates, 96 ; June 23 ; Skye and Aberdeen southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 108 1042. Rumex Hydrolapathum, 71 ; July 2 ; Perth southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 125 1043. Rumex aquations, 45 ; July 13 ; Shetland south- wards to York. p. 128 1044. Rumex alpinus, — ; July 18 ; rare, naturalised Scotland and N. England. p. 129 1045. Rumex Acetosa, 118 ; May 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 58 1046. Rumex Acetosella, 118 ; April 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 31 1047. Oxyria reniformis, 31 ; July 7 ; Orkney to N. Wales and Westmorland, S. W. Ireland. p. 126 Order 69. — Elaeagnaceae. — Flowers 1 -sexual (male flowers in catkins) ; stamens 4-8 ; sepals of male flowers 3-4 ; fruit indehiscent ; a shrub with silvery scales, alter- nate, entire, exstipulate leaves and small flowers. 1048. HippophcB rhamnoides, 7 ; May 16 ; Scotland and Ireland naturalised, York to Kent and Sussex not common. p. 53 Order 70.— Thymelaeaceae.— Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 8 ; calyx 4-lobed ; fruit fleshy, indehiscent ; shrubs with 244 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. entire, exstipulate leaves and conspicuous, sweet- scented flowers. 1049. Daphne Mezereum, 9 ; March 1 ; an alien or denizen, chiefly in the South. p. 22 1050. Daphne laureola, 51 ; March 1 ; Durham to Devon and Kent, Channel Islands. p. 17 SUB-DIVISION (6). Ovary inferior; Order 71. — Santalaceae. — Stamens 3-5, opposite the seg- ments of the calyx ; ovary 1 -celled ; parasitic herbs with entire, alternate leaves and inconspicuous flowers. 1051. Thesium humifusum (linophyllum), 22 ; June 14 ; Norfolk and Gloucester to Cornwall and Sussex, Channel Islands. p. 73 1052. Thesium humtte, — ; June 16 ; Devon. p. 74 Order 72. — Aristolochiaceae. — Stamens 6-12, epigynous ; calyx 3-lobed or lipped ; ovary 4-6 -celled ; herbs^ sometimes climbing, with alternate leaves. 1053. Asarum Europceum, 6 ; May 15 ; Wilts., Here- ford, Bucks, York, Denbigh, Lancaster. p. 54 1054. Aristolochia Clematitis, — ; June 6 ; York south- wards, rare. p. 82 DIVISION II. Flowers with corolla and calyx absent, and with stamens and pistils in separate flowers (except Buxus and Mercurialist in which a calyx is preseut SUB-DIVISION (a). Flowers not in catkins. Order 73. — Empetraceae. — Dioecious ; stamens 3 ; perianth of scales^ but apparently of 3 petals and 3 sepals ; ORDEKS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 245 ovary 3-9-celled ; small shrubs with evergreen, alter- nate leaves and inconspicuous flowers. 1055. Empetrum nigrum, 72 ; F. W. F. VIH. 105 ; April 25 ; Shetland southwards to Devon and Somerset (not Sussex), Ireland. p. 31 Order 74. — Euphorbiaceae. — Dioecious ; stamens 1 or many ; perianth 3-4-partite or 0 ; fruit separating into carpels elastically ; herbs with entire leaves, often milky juice, and small flowers sometimes enclosed in a calyx-like involucre. 1056. Euphorbia Peplis, 9 ; July 11 ; S. Wales and Cornwall to Hants, very rare, Ireland (Waterford), Channel Islands. p. 132 1057. Euphorbia Hdioscopia, 118 ; June 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 77 1058. Euphorbia platyphyllos, 28 ; July 4 ; rare, York and Gloucester southwards. p. 132 1059. Euphorbia hiberna, 1 ; May 18 ; N. Devon, S. and W. Ireland rare. p. 51 1060. Euphorbia pilosa, 2 ; May 19 ; near Bath, an alien. p. 52 1061. Euphorbia coralloides, — ; May 12 ; introduced, Slinfold (Sussex). p. 52 1062. Euphorbia amygdaloides, 51 ; F. W. F . vi. 89 ; March 28 ; local Northumberland southwards, Bandon and Donegal (Ireland), Channel Islands. p. 20 1063. Euphorbia Esula, — ; July 16 ; naturalised in Forfar, Edinburgh, and Alnwick ; native in Jersey. p. 143 1064. Euphorbia Cyparissias, — ; June 16 ; Cumber- land southwards. p. 91 1065. Euphorbia Paralias, 30 ; Aug. 5 ; Cumberland and Suffolk southwards, Ireland local, Channel Is- lands, p. 163 1066. Euphorbia portlandica, 19 ; May 17 ; W. coast from Wigton southwards to Hants rare, Ireland , Channel Islands; i 51 246 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1067. Euphorbia exigua, 83 ; July 14 ; rare in Scotland, Banff and Clyde southwards, Ireland local, Channel Islands. p. 132 1068. Euphorbia Peplus, 111 ; July 1 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 132 1069. Euphorbia Lathyris, — ; June 12 ; chiefly Somerset and Sussex, Channel Islands. p. 74 1070. Buxus sempervirens, — ; April 27 ; wild in Kent, Surrey, Bucks., Gloucester, occasionally else- where, p. 29 1071. Mercurialis perennis, 113 ; March 2 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 21 1072. Mercurialis annua, 42 ; Aug. 10 ; casual in Scotland, near gardens in England, Ireland rare. p. 164 Order 75. — Urticaceae. — Flowers 1 -sexual ; stamens 4-5, opposite sepals ; fruit indehiscent ; ovary 1 -celled ; herbs often with stinging hairs, and clustered, small, greenish flowers. 1073. Urtica urens, 114 ; July 3 ; Great Britain, Ire- land, Channel Islands. p. 132 1074. Urtica dioica, 118 ; F. W. F. vn. 157 ; June 2 ; Great Britain. p. 78 1075. Urtica pilulifera, — ; June 17 ; E. England near the sea. p. 77 1076. Parietaria offtcinalis, 94 ; June 13 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 80 1077. Humulus Lupulus, 86 ; F. W. F. vin. 65 ; July 21 ; Renfrew and Elgin southwards, especially England, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 131 Order 76. — Ulmaceae. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 4-8 ; perianth 4-8-partite ; fruit a samara ; ovary 2- celled ; trees with alternate, distichous leaves. 1078. Ulmus montana, 98 ; March 17 ; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 1079. Ulmus campestris, 60 ; March 23 ; Scotland rare, England and Wales, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 247 SUB-DIVISION (6). Flowers in catkins: Order 77. — Cupuliferae. — Stamens 5-20 ; perianth 5-6- lobed ; fruit indehiscent, 1 -seeded, enclosed in a tough involucre or cup ; trees with alternate, stipulate leaves and small, green flowers. 1080. Quercus Robur, 111 ; April 25 ; Sutherland south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 30 1081. Fagus sylvatica, 67 ; April 24 ; on chalk and lime chiefly, England ; Scotland and Ireland planted. p. 29 1082. Carpinus Betulus, 37 ; May 22 ; N. Wales, Staf- ford and Norfolk to Devon and Kent, Scotland and Ireland planted, Channel Islands. p. 52 1083. Castanea vulgaris, — ; May 29 ; S. and S. W. England mostly. p. 52 1084. Corylus avdlana, 117 ; March 4 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 17 Order 78. — Betulaceae. — Stamens 1 or more, opposite each sepal ; fruit small, indehiscent, 2-seeded, not enclosed in a cup ; trees or shrubs with alternate leaves and small flowers. 1085. Alnus glutinosa, 116 ; March 26 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 1086. Betula alba, 115 ; April 16 ; Great Britain, Ire- land, Channel Islands. p. 29 1087. Betula nana, 16 ; May 17 ; local, Sutherland to Perth, Peebles, Northumberland: p. 53 Order 79. — Salicaceae. — Stamens 1 or more to each scale ; perianth 0 ; fruit many-seeded, not in a cup ; trees with alternate, simple leaves, and flowers which mostly precede the leaves. 1088. Populus alba, 60 ; April 7 ; Elgin southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 30 1089. Populus canescenst 48 ; April 9 ; S. E. England? especially Norfolk. p. 30 248 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1090. Populus tremula, 111 ; March 20 ; Great Britain Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 1091. Populus nigra, — ; April 12 ; S. E. England mostly. p. 30 1092. Salix Caprea, 112 ; F. W. F. in. 113 ; April 1 ; Argyll and Inverness southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands, p. 27 [There are at least 19 species of Salix or Willow ^ of which Salix caprea is the earliest to flower and is often called Palm. The distinction of the different species and varieties is too difficult for the beginner.] Order 80. — Myricaceae. — Stamens 4-8 ; fruit a drupe ; a small, aromatic shrub with alternate leaves and in- conspicuous flowers. 1093. Myrica Gale, 85 ; June 16 ; Caithness to Corn- wall and Sussex, Ireland; p. 108 Order 81. — Coniferse (Gymnospermce). — Male flowers in deciduous catkins ; female flowers in cones ; shrubs or trees with rigid, evergreen, linear leaves and resin- ous juices. 1094. Pinus sylvestris, 17 ; May 7 ; Sutherland to Yorkshire in few places, Ireland. p; 52 1095. Juniperus communis, 77 ; May 19 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 54 1096. Taxus baccata, 52 ; March 12 ; Perth and Argyll to Somerset and Kent, Ireland: p. 21 CLASS.— MONOCOTYLEDONS (Petaloideae only). Plants with leaves usually parallel-veined ; parts of the flower generally 3 or 6 ; perianth petaloid (sometimes absent) coloured, not glumaceous. ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 249 DIVISION I; Ovary inferior. SECTION (a). Leaves with parallel veins. Order 82. — Orchidaceae. — Flowers 2-sexual> irregular ; sta- mens united to the pistil, appearing as 2, but in reality 1 (except Cypripedium) ; ovary 1 -celled ; fruit capsular ; herbs mostly with tuberous roots and hand- some flowers in spikes or racemes ; seeds minute. 1097. Goodyera repens, 18 ; Aug. 7 ; rare, Ross to Ayr, Cumberland and Berwick. p. 163 1098. Spiranthes autumnalis, 59 ; Aug. 22 ; Westmor- land and York southwards, S. and Central Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 162 1099. Spiranthes cestivalis, 2 ; July 20 ; Wyre Forest (Worcester), New Forest (Hants), Channel Islands, p. 124 1100. Spiranthes Gemmipara (cernua), 1 ; Aug. 14 ; Bantry Bay, Co. Cork. p. 163 1101. Neottia Nidus-avis, 86 ; June 13 ; Banff and Argyll southwards, Ireland. p. 108 1102. Listera cordata, 58 ; June 24 ; Shetland to Hants and Devon. p. 79 1103. Listera ovata, 111 ; F. W. F. vi. 137 ; May 29 ; Sutherland southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 52 1104. Epipactis latifolia, 86 ; July 15 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland. p. 130 1105. Epipactis latifolia, — ; June 18; limestone cliffs. Orme's Head; Yorkshire, Sutherland, etc. p; 108 1106. Epipactis palustris, 64 ; July 19 ; local, Perth southwards, Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 128 1107. Cephalanthera grandiflora, 30 ; May 18 ; chiefly on chalk, rare, Cumberland to Somerset and Kent. p. 42 1108. Cephalanthera ensifolia, 34 ; May 18 ; Perth southwards to Dorset and Sussex, Ireland rare. p. 37 1109. Cephalanthera rubra, 4 ; June 20 ; on lime, very rare, Gloucester and Somerset. p. 103 1110. Epipogium Gmelini^ 2 ; Aug: 12 ; very rare, Herefordshire. p; 166 250 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1111. Corallorhiza innata^ 15 ; July 17 ; E. Scotland (Ross to Berwick) very rare. p. 131 1112. Orchis Morio, 63 ; May 16 ; Northumberland southwards, Ireland. p. 59 1113. Orchis mascula, 112 ; April 28; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 32 1114. Orchis ustulata, 43 ; May 17 ; local Northumber- land to Devon and Kent. p. 46 1115. Orchis fusca (purpurea), 4 ; May 15 ; on chalk, Kent and Sussex. p. 54 1116. Orchis militaris, 5 ; May 19 ; Oxford, Berks., Herts., Bucks., Kent. p. 59 1117. Orchis Simia, 4 ; May 13 ; on chalk, Oxford,: Berks, Kent. p. 59 1118. Orchis laxiflora, 1 ; May 20 ; ballast heaps Hartlepool, Channel Islands. p. 59 1119. Orchis latifolia, 111; May 26; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 59 1120. Orchis incarnata, 67 ; June 7 ; Wilts, Hants, Cornwall, Cork. p. 103 1121. Orchis maculata, 114 ; F. W. F. in. 101 ; June 3 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 95 1122. Orchis pyramidalis, 63 ; July 2 ; Wigton and Berwick southwards, Central Ireland. p. 149 1123. Orchis hircina, 4 ; July 21 ; very rare, E. Suffolk and Kent. p. 128 1124. Gymnadenia conopsea, 98 ; F. W. F. vn. 57 ; June 24 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 105 1125. Habenaria bifolia, 89 ; F. W. F. m. 1 ; June 21 ; Boss southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 72 1126. Habenaria chlorantha, 87 ; July 4 ; Ross south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 123 1127. Habenaria viridis, 97 ; June 16 ; Shetland to Devon and Kent, Ireland. p. 79 1128. Habenaria albida, 48 ; June 22 ; Shetland to York and Lancaster, Sussex, Wales, W. and N. Ire- land, p. 81 1129. Aceras anthropophora, 17 ; June 19 ; on chalk, scarce, E. England from York to Kent and Sussex, p. 76 ORDERS, GENERA, AND STfiQlgS. 251 1130. Neotinea (Habenaria) intacta, 1 ; June 14 ; on lime, Mayo and Galway. p. 100 1131. Herminium monorchis, 23 ; June 20 ; Norfolk, Cambridge, and Gloucester to Somerset and Kent. p. 75 1132. Ophrys apifera, 59 ; F. W. F. n. 121 ; June 27 ; on chalk or lime, Durham and Lancaster southwards, S. and Mid Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 97 1133. Ophrys arachnites, 3 ; June 10 ; Kent, Surrey, p. 97 1134. Ophrys aranifera, 12 ; April 25 ; on chalk and lime, rare, Northampton and Suffolk to Dorset and Kent. p. 30 1135. Ophrys muscifera, 43 ; F. W. F. vm. 61 ; May 29 ; on chalk and lime, Durham and Westmorland to Kent and Somerset, Central Ireland very rare. p. 55 1136. Malaxis paludosa, 45 ; July 20 ; rare, Suther- land to Devon and Kent, Ireland local. p. 132 1137. Liparis Loeselii, 5 ; July 16 ; Norfolk, Suffolk, Hunts., Cambridge. p. 131 1138. Cypripedium Calceolus, 4 ; May 23 ; very rare, Durham and York. p. 55 Order 83. — Iridacese. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 3 ; perianth 6-partite ; fruit capsular, 3-valved ; ovary 3-celled ; herbs with narrow leaves and handsome flowers ; roots bulbous or rhizomatous. 1139. Iris fcetidissima, 49 ; F. W. F. vn. 23 ; June 1 ; Scotland and Ireland naturalised, wild from Durham southwards, Channel Islands. p. 109 1140. Iris foetidissimaj variety citrina, 2 ; June 13 ; Dorset, Isle of Wight. p. 81 1141. Iris Pseudacorus, 118 ; F. W. F. i. 57 ; May 29 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 48 1142. Iris tuberosa, — ; March 29 ; Penzance and Cork. p. 22 1143. Gladiolus communis, 1 ; June 19 ; rare. New Forest, Isle of Wight. p. 101 1144. Sityrinchium anceps, 1 ; July 15 ; Galway and Kerry (Ireland), p. 159 252 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1145. Trichonema (Romulea) ColumncBl 2 ; March 28 ; Dawlish (Devon), Channel Islands. p. 19 1146. Crocus vernus, — ; March 2 ; Notts., Suffolk, Middlesex. p. 22 1147. Crocus nudiflorus, 8 ; Sept. 28 ; local Midland Counties. p. 174 1148. Crocus sativus, — ; Sept. 17 ; Saffron Walden, Essex. p. 170 Order 84. — Amaryllidaceae. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 6 ; perianth 6-partite ; fruit capsular, 3-valved ; ovary 3-celled ; herbs with bulbous roots, narrow leaves, and handsome flowers. 1149. Narcissus biflorus, — ; April 28 ; naturalised S. England and Dublin. p. 27 1150. Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 76 ; March 19 ; England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland. p. 20 1151. Narcissus poeticus, — ; April 30 ; escape near gardens, rare. p. 24 1152. Galanthusnivalis, — ; Feb. 12 ; Scotland, Ireland* and England, especially Hereford and Denbigh; p. 16 1153. Leucojum vernum, 2 ; March 23 ; Dorset, p. 18. 1154. Leucojum astivum, 7 ; May 19 ; S. E. England, Suffolk to Oxford, and Kent to Dorset. p. 45 (For No. 1155, etc., see p. 253.) Order 85. — Hydrocharidaceae. — Flowers 1 -sexual ; stamens 3 or 6 ; fruit a berry ; ovary 1- or 3-6-celled ; aquatic herbs with floating or submerged leaves and con- spicuous flowers. 1189. Hydrocharis Morsus-rana, 47 ; July 16 ; Durham to Kent and Devon, Ireland local. p. 117 1190. Elodea canadensis, — ; July 10; Aberdeen to Cornwall and Kent, Ireland. p. 130 1191. Stratiotes aloides, 15 ; July 12 ; E. England, Northumberland to Suffolk and Northampton, Lancashire and Cheshire, E. Scotland, Ireland. p. 116 (For No. 1192, etc.s see p. 255.) ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 253 SECTION (6); Leaves with netted veins: Order 86. — Dioscoreaceae. — Flowers 1 -sexual ; stamens 6 ; perianth 6-partite ; fruit a berry ; ovary 3-celled ; a climbing herb, with broad leaves and small flowers. 1186. Tamus communis, 69 ; May 30 ; Cumberland southwards, Channel Islands. p. 53 (For No. 1187, 1188, see p. 255.) DIVISION II: Ovary superior; Order 87. — Liliacese. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 6 ; perianth 6-partite ; fruit a berry or capsule, mostly 3-celled ; ovary 3-celled ; herbs with mostly narrow leaves and showy flowers. 1155. LUium Martagon, — ; Aug. 6; Mickleham (Surrey), naturalised. p. 171 1156. Tulipa sylvestris, 4 ; April 24 ; on chalk, S.W. York, Norfolk, Suffolk, Somerset, rarely elsewhere. p. 27 1157. Fritillaria mdeagris, 20 ; F. W. F. v. 153 ; April 26 ; rare, Norfolk and Stafford to Somerset and Hants . p. 32 1158. Allium Ampdoprasum, — ; July 16 ; Dorset and Cornwall, Steep Holme (Severn), Guernsey, Round- stone, and Aran Isles (Ireland). p. 124 1159. Allium Scorodoprasum, 17 ; May 13 ; rare, Perth southwards to York and Lancaster, Ireland. p. 60 1160. Attium oleraceum, 51 ; July 7 ; rare, E. Scotland (Forfar to Berwick), southwards to Devon and Kent. p. 135 1161. Attium vineale, 79 ; July 5 ; Aberdeen south- wards, S. and E. Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 155 1162. Attium sphcerocephalum, 1 ; June 19 ; Bristol, Channel Islands. p. 106 1163; Allium Schcenoprasum, 1 ; June 24 ; very rare, Northumberland, Lancashire, Brecon^ Cornwall. p. 96 1164. Attium ursinum, 114 ; F. W. F. I. 53 ; April 12 ; Skye and Ross southwards, Ireland. p. 24 254 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1165. Alhum triquetrum, 2 ; April 19 ; Cornwall, Guernsey. p. 25 1166. Allium carinatum, — ; Aug. 6 ; Notts, Newark, Lincoln, Edinburgh, Perth. p. 170 1167. Allium roseum, — ; June 16; Rochester, Suffolk, an escape. p. 98 1168. Gagea lutea, 42 ; March 18 ; East side Moray to Gloucester, Sussex and Somerset, rare. p. 20 1169. Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, 9 ; June 16 ; Somer- set, Wilts., Beds., Berks., Sussex. p. 73 1170. Ornithogalum nutans, — ; April 26 ; E. and Central England, Yorks., and Durham to Hereford, p. 24 1171. Ornithogalum umbellatum, — ; May 23 ; gener- ally near houses, rare. p. 37 1172. Scillaverna, 27; April 24; Scotland, W. England, and Wales, Flint to Devon, E. and N. E. Ireland very rare. p. 35 1173. Scilla autumnalis, 9 ; Aug. 6 ; Gloucester and Middlesex to Kent and Cornwall, Channel Islands, p. 171 1174. Hyacinthus nonscriptus (Scilla nutans), 118 ; F. W. F. i. 41 ; April 22 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 35 1175. Muscari racemosum, 3 ; May 1 ; Norfolk, Suf- folk, Cambridge. p. 64 1176. Lloydia serotina, 1 ; June 19 ; very rare, Snowdon range. p. 71 1177. Simethis bicolor, 1 ; June 15 ; Dorset (?) Derrynane (Ireland). p. 71 1178. Asparagus officinalis, 5 ; June 28 ; Wales, Corn- wall, Dorset rare, Tramore (Ireland), Channel Is- lands, p. 81 1179. Ruscus aculeatus, 29 ; F. W. F. vm. 125 ; March 1 ; Scotland and Ireland naturalised, Norfolk, Leicester and S. Wales southwards rare, Channel Islands. p. 19 1180. Maianthemum bifolium (Convallaria), 1 ; May 20 ; Yorkshire, Lancashire, Bedford, very rare. p. 39 1181. Convallaria majalis, 58 ; F. W. F. iv. 77 ; May 15 ; Caithness to Kent and Devon^ Scotland and Ireland rarelyj p. 39 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 255 1182. Polygonatum verticillatum, 4 ; June 13 ; very rare, Perth, Forfar, Northumberland. p. 73 1183. Polygonatum multiflorum, 32 ; May 23 ; rare, Northumberland to Kent and Devon (not Wales), Scotland and Ireland rarely. p. 43 1184. Polygonatum officinak, 14 ; May 22 ; rare, Cheviots to Somerset and Dorset. p. 43 Order 88. — Trilliaceae. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 6-10 ; petals 3-5, filiform ; sepals 3-5 ; fruit a berry ; a herb with ovate, netted-veined leaves, generally 4 in a whorl. 1185. Paris quadrifolia, 73 ; F. W. F. vm. 105 ; May 3 ; Caithness to Kent and Somerset. p. 52 (For No. 1186, see p. 253.) Order 89. — Melanthaceae. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 6 ; perianth petaloid, 6-partite ; fruit capsular, 3-valved ; herbs with narrow leaves. 1187. Cokhicum autumnale, 40 ; F. W. F. v. 13 ; Aug. 24 ; Scotland rare, Westmorland and Durham to Sussex and Somerset, Ireland. p. 170 1188. Tofieldia palustris, 17 ; July 26 ; Sutherland to Argyll and Perth, York, Durham. p. 125 (For No. 1189, etc., see p. 252.) Order 90. — Alismaceae. — Flowers 2-sexual ; stamens 6 ; perianth 6-partite ; fruit of many carpels ; aquatic plants with radical, netted-veined leaves, and mostly showy, whitish flowers. 1192. Alisma plantago, 106 ; F. W. F. vn. 109 ; July 6 ; Ross southwards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 147 1193. Alisma ranunculoides, 87 ; June 23 ; Ross south - wards; Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 92 1194. Alisma natans, 14 ; July 19 ; very rare, Ayr and Wigton, W. England (Cumberland to Hereford and Wales)j W. Ireland rare. p. 117 1195. Actinocarpus Damasonium, 13 ; May 16 ; Shrop- shire and Suffolk to Kent and Hants. p. 46 256 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1196. Sagittaria sagittifolia, 58 ; F. W. F. vi. 61 ; July 20 ; Scotland naturalised, Cumberland to Kent and Devon, Ireland local. p. 128 1197. Butomus umbdlatus, 60 ; F. W. F. in. 85 ; June 18 ; Scotland naturalised, York and Durham southwards, Ireland rare. p. 97 Order 91. — Naiadaceae. — Flowers 1-2-sexual ; perianth of scale-like sepals or 0 ; stamens as many as sepals ; fruit of 1-4 carpels ; aquatic herbs with various floating or submerged leaves and inconspicuous flowers. 1198. Triglochin maritimum, 79 ; May 16 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 53 1199. Triglochin palustre, 116; June 23; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 76 1200. Scheuchzeria palustris, 6 ; July 16 ; rare, Salop, Notts., Chester, York, Perth. p. 132 1201. Potamogeton natans, 106 ; June 27 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 79 [There are at least 21 species of Potamogeton found in water in our Islands, besides many sub-species and varieties, and their identification is too difficult a matter for the beginner to attempt.] Order 92. — Araceae. — Stamens indefinite ; perianth 0 ; fruit a berry ; herbs with netted-veined leaves, and flowers on a spadix enclosed in a leafy sheath. 1202. Arum maculatum, 84; F. W. F. I. 29; April 24 ; Caithness southwards, Ireland, Channel Is- lands. P. 29 1203. Arum italicum, 6 ; June 26 ; very local, Corn- wall to Sussex, Channel Islands. p. 76 1204. Acorus calamus, 31 ; June 19 ; Scotland and Ireland naturalised, York and Lancaster to Somerset and Sussex^ rare. P- 78 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 257 Order 93. — Typhaceae. — Stamens many ; perianth 0 ; fruit drupaceous ; marsh plants with ensiform leaves, and small flowers in dense, conspicuous heads. 1205. Sparganium natans, 54 ; July 24 ; England^ Scotland* Ireland, not common. p. 133 1206. Sparganium simplex, 99 ; July 8 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 133 1207. Sparganium ramosum, 114 ; June 26 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 78 1208. Typha latifolia, 81 ; July 26 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 146 1209. Typha angustifclia, 58 ; July 24 ; Fife south- wards, E. Ireland rare, Channel Islands. p. 146 Order 94. — Restiaceae. — Stamens 2-3 ; perianth 2-6-partite, colourless ; fruit capsular ; an aquatic plant with very narrow leaves, and flowers in an involucrate head. 1210. Eriocaulon septangular et 2 ; Aug. 26 ; Skye and W. Ireland. p. 163 Order 95. — Juncaceae. — Stamens usually 6 ; perianth 6-partite, each part dry and scaly ; fruit capsular, 3-valved ; herbs (rushes) with narrow leaves and small brownish flowers. 1211. Narthecium ossifragum, 95 ; F. W. F. iv. 113 ; July 12 ; Great Britain, Ireland. p. 141 1212. Juncus communis, 118 ; July 16 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 145 1213. Juncus glaucus, 90 ; July 13 ; Aberdeen south- wards, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 146 1214. Juncus maritimus, 54 ; July 22 ; Scotland rare, England, Ireland common. p. 145 1215. Juncus acutiflorus) 117 ; July 19 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 145 1216. Juncus lamprocarpu*, 116 ; July 10 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 146 258 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1217. Juncus bufonius, 118 ; July 4 ; Great Britainj Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 146 1218. Juncus Squarrosus, 113 ; July 6 ; Great Britain, Ireland. 145 1219. Luzula sylvatica, 114 ; May 9 ; Great Britain,- Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 55 1220. Luzula pilosa, 114 ; April 20 ; Great Britain,- Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 30 1221. Luzula Forsteri, 29 ; April 20 ; on chalk, S.- Wales, Oxford and Essex to Cornwall and Kent, Channel Islands. p. 30 1222. Luzula campestris, 113 ; March 27 ; Great Britain, Ireland, Channel Islands. p. 23 1223. Luzula spicata, 21 ; July 15 ; Shetland to Stir- ling N. Wales, Westmorland. p. 146 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. l|gr The figures in this Index give the number of page. N.B. — Common Names not in this Index will be found in Index II A CONITE, WJNTBR, 17 ** Agrimony, 88 Bitter-vetch, tuberous, 57 Bitter-retch, wood, 46 pABBAGE, 47 ^ Calamint, 147 Alder, 23 Bittersweet, 109 Campion, bladder, 66 Alexanders, 29 Blackthorn, 18 Campion, evening, 37 Alkauet, 112 Allseed, 74 Bladder-nut, 81 Bladder-seed, Cornish, 120 Campion, moss, 98 Campion, red, 31 Amaranth, 125 Bladderwort, 82 Campion, sea, 66 Archangel, 27 Bluebell, 35 Candytuft, 118 Arrow-grass, 58 Blue-bottle, Corn, 113 Caraway, 70 Arrow-head, 128 Blue-eyed grass, 159 Carline, thistle, 107 Asarabacca, 54 Bog-myrtle, 108 Carnation, wild, 148 Ash, 31 Bog-orchis, 132 Carrot, wild, 72 Ash, mountain, 43 Borage, 118 Catchfly, corn, 59 Asparagus, 81 Box, 29 Catchfly, Lychnis, 66 Aspen, 28 Bramble, 116 Catchfly, Silene. 77 Asphodel, bog, 141 Asphodel, Scott, 125 Brooklime, 63 Brookweed, 68 Cat's-ear, 84 Cat's-foot, 71 Avens, 81 Broom, 48 Cat-mint, 127 Awl-wort, 121 Broom-rape, 55 Celandine, greater, 49 Bryony, black, 53 Bryony, white, 43 Celandine, lesser, 20 Celery, wild, 74 -DALM, 1M -0 Balsam, 138 Buck-bean, 45 Buckthorn, 53 Centaury, 99 Chaffweed, 94 Baneberry, 39 Buckthorn, sea, 53 Chamomile, 65 Barberry, 47 Buckwheat, 150 Chamomile, wild, 66 Barrenwort, 59 Buckwheat, copse, 164 Charlock, 49 Basil, wild, 154 Bastard-balm, 45 Bugle, 62 Bugle, yellow, 51 Cherry, 24 Chickweed, 16 Bastard-plantain, 94 Beaked-parsley, wUd 26 Bugloss, small, 115 Bulrush, 146 Chickweed, mouse-ear, 66 Chickweed, umbelliferous Bear-berry, 46 Burnet, conical-fruited, 130 jagged, 25 Bedstraw, 28 Burnet, great, 107 Chervil, 42 Beech, 29 Burnet, salad, 79 Chestnut, Spanish, 52 Bee-orchis, 97 Burnet-saxifrage, 122 Chicory, 160 Beet, 75 Bur-dock, 152 Chives, 96 Bell-flower, 118 Bur-marigold, 135 Cinquefoil, 28 Bilberry, 81 Bnr-medick, 51 Cinquefoil, Marsh, 107 Bilberry, great, 56 Bur-medick, little, 51 Cleavers, 69 Bindwead, 6S Bur-parsley, 72 Clematis, 122 Bindweed, black, 124 Bur-reed, 164 Cloudberry, 71 Birch, 29 Bur- weed, 78 Clover, crimson, 102 Bird-cherry, 88 Butcher's-broom, 19 Clover, pinkish, 46 Bird's-foot, 46 Butter-bur, white, 19 Clover, purple, 60 Bird's-foot trefoil, 87 Butter-bur, 84 Clover, white, Dutch, 46 Bird's-nest, 108 Buttercup, chervil-leaved, Columbine, 61 Birthwort, 82 48 Colt's-foot, 20 Bistort, Alpine, 98 Buttercup, upright, 48 Comfrey, 48 Bittcr-cresb, 19 Butterwort, 111 Coral-root, bulbiferous, 83 269 200 INDEX. Coral-root, Gm elm's, 166 Elecampane, 137 HARDHEAD, IdS Coral-root, spurlew, 181 Elm, 23 Harebell, 1§8 Coriander, 94 Enchanter's Nightshade, 71 Hare's ear, 88 Corn-cockle, 162 ( Evening-primrose, 133 Hartwort, 72 Cornel, 66 Everlasting, 71 Hawk-bit, 84 Corn-flag, 101 Eyebright, 46 Hawk's Beard, 141 Coruflower, 113 Hawkweed, 46 Corn Gromwell, 44 Corn-parsley, 162 T7EATHER-FOIL, 55 Fennel 144 Hawthorn, 38 Hazel, 17 Corn-salad, 34 Corn-spurrey, 67 Cornish bladder-seed, 120 Corydal, solid-rooted, 32 Cotton-thistle, 151 Fenugreek, 72 Feverfew, 117 Figwort, 28 Fir, Scotch, 52 Flag 48 Heath, or heather, 82 Hedge-mustard, 91 Hedge -mustard, many- podded, 148 Hedge-parsley, 56 Cotton- weed, 168 Flax 68 Heliotrope, winter, 16 Cow-bane, 121 Flax-seed 122 Hellebore, black, 100 Cow-berry, 93 Cow-herb, 149 Flea-bane', 156 Fl6&-t)siic sm&ll 168 Hellebore, green, 21 Hellebore, stinking, 21 Cow-parsnip, 67 Cowslip, 28 Flea-bane,' yellow, 138 Flcawort 49 Helleborine, 130 Helleborine, large white, 42 Cow-wheat, 50 Flix-weed, 79 Helleborine,narrow-leaved , Crab-apple, 44 Crake-berry, 81 Cran-berry, 102 Crane's-bill, 82 Cress, 69 Cress, water, 89 Cress, yellow, 89 Crocus, naked-flowered, 174 Flowering-rush, 97 Fluellen, 136 Fly-orchis, 55 Fool's- parsley, 121 Forget-me-not, 114 Fox-glove, 103 Fritillary, 32 Wrrirr Vti-f 1 1 *7 3T Helleborine, purple, 103 Hemlock, 70 Hemp-agrimony, 166 Hemp-nettle, 183 Henbane, 81 Herb-bennet, 87 Herb-Paris, 52 Crosswort, Bedstraw, 28 Crowberry, black, 31 Crowfoot, bulbous, 48 rrog-Diu, 117 Fumitory, 33 Furze or Gorse, 17 Herb-Robert, 31 Hog's-fennel, 69 Hog's Fennel, sea, 144 Crowfoot, celery-leaved, 47 Hog weed, 67 Crowfoot, corn, 47 Crowfoot, creeping, 48 Crowfoot, ivy-leaved, 89 /^.ARLIC.broad-leaved, 24 *-" Garlic, mustard, 26 Gentian, 35 Holly, 39 Hone wort, 42 Honeysuckle, 43 Crowfoot, mud, 89 Germander, 153 Hop, 131 Cr«wfoot, pale hairy, 85 Gipsv-wort, 128 Hop-trefoil, 61 Crowfoot, small-flowered,50 Gladdon, 109 Horehound, black, 105 Cuckoo-flower, 84 Gladiolus, 101 Horehound, white, 162 Cuckoo-pint, 29 Glasswort, 166 Hornbeam, 52 Cudweed, 146 Globe-flower, 48 Hornwort, 42 Currant, black, 29 Goats'-beard, purple, 58 Horse-radish, 40 Currant, mountain, 29 Goats'-beard, yellow, 84 Horse-shoe vetch, 60 Currant, red, 29 Gold of pleasure, 91 Hound's tongue, 106 Golden-rod, 142 Golden-saxifrage, 20 House-leek, 162 Hyacinth, 35 I \ A-i; r CUJlij, ZU Goldilocks, 27 Dame s Violet, 62 Dandelion, 19 Danewort, 92 Dead-nettle, red, 22 Dead-nettle, white, 26 Goldilocks, flax-leaved, 168 Good King Henry, 78 Gooseberry, 30 Goosefoot, 126 Goosegrass, 69 Gorse or whin, 17 JVY, 174 TACOB'S-LADDER, 112 " Joint-vetch, 81 Juniper, 54 Dewberry, 116 G«ut-weed, 73 KIDNEY- VETCH, 89 Dock, 107 Dodder, 72 Grape Hyacinth, 64 Grass of Parnassus, 162 Knapweed, 103 Knawel, 76 Dogwood, 66 Dropwort, 80 Dyer's weed, 78 Grass-vetch, 57 Green weed, 49 Green weed, Dyer's 86 Knot-grass, 72 Knot-grass, Robert's, 127 Knot-grass, whorl ed, 122 Groin well, 44 Knot-weed, seaside, 166 T7