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HERBERT J. KELLAWAY
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Puate I. FRONTISPIECE.
A small quiet nook of a place nestled among trees,
and carpeted with green around. And there a brook
should murmur with a voice of outdoor happiness. —
And, then, health in balm should come about my path
and my mind be as a part of every fragrant thing that
shone and grew around me. —DoueGias JERROLD.
HOW FO. LAY OUT
SUBURBAN HOME
GROUNDS
BY
HERBERT J. KELLAWAY
LanpscaPE ArcHiITEcT; F,A.S.L. A.
SECOND EDITION. ENLA R GED"
FIRST THOUSAND
SEIS
NEW YORK
JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc.
Lonpon: CHAPMAN & HALL, LimitEp
1915
:
Re,
a 1 4
Wai
COPYRIGHT, 1907, IQI5,
BY
HERBERT J. KELLAWAY ”
MAY 27 1915 :
©oad01141 VY
Lo 2
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
LanpscaPE Architecture is to-day recognized as one of the
fine arts. The application of this new art is becoming more
universal as the days and years go by, not only in the large
public and private undertakings, but even about the modern
moderate home for which this work was especially written
as an inspiration. That it has accomplished much in making
the home surroundings beautiful is the best reason for the
hope that this edition will be helpful
ig lied load oe
Boston, Mass., February, 1915.
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.
Ourpoor art is to-day recognized as necessary to the com-
pletion of a home. What are the best methods to pursue in
designing small suburban grounds? As an assistance to those
with moderate incomes wishing to secure beautiful surround-
ings, the following thoughts are written. They are not intended
to deal with the treatment of large estates or explain the many
principles of landscape architecture, but only as an incentive
to good taste.
The need for planning and “counting the cost” before begin-
ning the construction of the house is apparent. ‘The problem
should be treated as a whole, rather than to consider the
grounds as an afterthought.
It is not my intention that the plans and sketches shown
shall be designs to be carried out, but only as an example of
what can be done. [Every site presents conditions and oppor-
tunities which should be taken advantage of in the develop-
ment. As every locality has plants that are indigenous to
the region, it seems useless to merely give an extended list of
trees and shrubs, but to direct the reader to a means of securing
the knowledge in one’s own community.
In the hope that many may be inspired to seek better things
about the home this small work is sent forth.
HERBERT J. KELLAWAY.
Boston, Mass., June, 1907.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHARTER el
How To Brecin a SUBURBAN Homer -— PLANNING BEFORE BEGINNING . 3:
CHINE EESae UL
CHOOSING THE HomEsITE — THE TREATMENT OF DIFFICULT SITUATIONS 8
CHAPTER III
Pricimcan, Urinitiks AND) ARr COMBINED... =. :.-. «5 « ss «6s «6 16
CHARTER lv:
OwnersHiIp — THE Survey — THE PRELIMINARY PLAN AND THE
(Cimaromacrer IRDA 3 5 6 do : Ee ett bi Orn ea ee eae oF Ec 23
CHAPTER V
A Goop Drsign NEEDS Goop CONSTRUCTION .....:« « «© « ay ail
CHARI SV
ARCHITECTURAL ADORNMENTS ON THE GROUNDS ......e.e.. OO
CHAPTER VII
ELOWAeTORNAKaCAU IAW ANGEat wen ttc Ae ere ielinc a mee. athe Fr eet)
CHAPTER VIII
WHat To PLANT AND How To Maker THE PLANTING PLAN ..... 64
CHAPTER IX
How CAND AWHEN | TOUETANT “2 4.005 4 « 6s Seder Ghaeriel coon cope el wee
CHAPTER X
TREES—DEsIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN—A Frw DestRABLE Kinps . . 95
Vill Contents.
CHAPTER XI
PAGE
SuruBs—DeEcipuous AND EverRGREEN—A Frw Harpy Kinps—
A hravao} Kunio (Coolio cong Adisnojan, JBi0@ONe 95.5 ao 6 oo go Ge ou o » Oe
CHAPTER XII
Harpy Hersaceous PERENNIALS—A Frw DESIRABLE VARIETIES—
‘Maven Auspoy (Gonooi @ip Iisapinn, Wise 5 6 6 6 6 co oo 6 0 OZ
CHARTER, xc
VINES AND ANNUALS—A Frew DestraBLE VARIETIES, How To Start
THE SEEDS BO lee No eel aa BSc ety mest mee cane oe aera Ly
CHAPTER XIV
How to Know THE PLANTS TO USE—THE SPHERE OF THE LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECT—THE VALUE OF Goop DESIGN nN eh becom te ented re
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Prare I, SUL cere eee Ts ae UE oh ene aap SU ne ae we .. . Frontisprece
Pirate II. House Designed in Harmony with Natural Conditions . . . 5
PiateE III, A Well Developed Suburban Community ........ 5
Prate 1V,: An Example of Good Development... .... ... 9... 9
Pin Ve a VWianterSCenes au.nicn es vee ey chillers) ST Sua vag eos AP gs: 9
Prate VI. A “Back yard ” made with a Simple Lawn andGarden. . 17
Puare VII. The Rear of the House Made into a Terrace Garden with
Sundial : at Mg Bs Secure ies 17
Puate VIII. Walled Sle: Ganon, Street ; Side Oh gies Weal sca he Becgeseaee von ch emo
PuatE IX. Walled Flower Garden, Inside View 21
Pirate X. Drive Located on Simple Curves ..... ee ee TOO
Pace Xa) Steps and Walk Made to: Fit’Slope .©, 8. «4.00... . dk
READ eis “surubbery-atsbaserot Houses. 3. 0a 6% asst 6 = « ee a
Puare XIII. Stepping Stones to Overcome a Grade ........ «45
PNATH OCLs Ay Well’ Built; Walls... “sys. bs 8. seus) ie Beast, S a Be eS)
Piare XV. Kitchen Entrance Screened in Conjunction with eee
AGerh go ls eee rane mtabe Sa eae Mea nn
PuatrE XVI. One Type at faeces Yard Pence 5 ales 47
Puate XVII. Wall Built of Boulders and Ledge Stones, cov ee with
AINE Saige Ae a aires te cao rote heist OY ty Katee ee WenewscL pnt Atel dtne: Me OS
Prare, XVII. Service Entrance toMstate- 2... ss = Ses os) 88
Prarie, Adlerrace.Mlawer Garden, ‘i x.) i. sc eat ea ee Oe
IPAs NOX. AN longer Circle, Bop Biomclael 5 2 4 4 a 5 6 6 a 6 © 57
Prats XXI. Brick Walk in a Terrace Flower Garden ....... £59
Pirate XXII. A Flower Bordered Walk. SL dR Sa ae Mt crceene Me ded to
PEATE SOX It; Wiall and Gate-at: Kitchen Entrance .. =. ...:... «4 @
PiAGE Ce KU eA Brick-ipoundanyay Wally & ints me feleels) Tei ee as ant ty) 0
Puare XXV. A Tree and Shrub Embordered Lawn ........ «78
Prar—E XXVI. An Open Lawn Between House and Street. ..... 73
PisrieOovul, NaturalyStvle okilreatment® |. As kc 6.6) a.ei ous ee
Prats XXVIII. Natural Style cf Development .......... @
(d:¢
x Illustrations.
PuaTe XXIX. Appearance of House Before Planting................
Pirate XXX. Appearance of House After Planting .
Ptare XXXI. Appearance of House and Grounds Before Peathont
PLiare XXXII. Appearance of House and Grounds After Study and
Development . care
Pirate XXXIII, Aas of ice ea Greens After Grading A
Before Planting
PLATE XXXIV. ee ae of Foe an meas After Study ae
Planting . a Sa hears
PuaTe XXXYV. Ter srrace Cttee Hore aceous ak re peat ;
Puats XXXVI. Herbaceous Flower Garden :
Puaté XXXVII. Bird Bath Walk from Flower Gee ;
Puate XXXVIII. Flower Garden on Grounds of 13 acres in extent.
Puate XXXIX. Terrace Garden, Herbaceous Perennials and Vines.
Brick Walk one Stearn. 3
Prats XL. Simple Treatment of Gudee House 3
Prats XLI. Simple Entrance to Kitchen Porch and Yard
PLANS AND MAPS.
Pian I. Preliminary Plan for Treatment of Level Open Lot . .
Puan IL. Topographical Map Estate “A” .
Puan Ill. Preliminary Plan for Estate “A”. .....45.-
Puan IV. Grading Plan for Estate “A” . . 2... +e >
Puan V. Simple Treatment of Nearly Level Lot . ......
RisaneVile gelatine Plam state 9A2 to lee so Ae aie uel vey eae
Pian VII. Tape Measured Survey of Estate “f B”
Puan VIII. Preliminary Plan for Estate ‘ B” .
Puan IX. Preliminary Plan for Estate “‘C” .
Pian X. Topographical Map of Estate “C” .......-.
PUAN ee Clan Crossisectionkon Estate) Cas meee titel (el cll ten vol t=
Pran XII. Topographical Map of Estate “ D”’.
PLAN XIII. Preliminary Plan of Estate “D” .
Puan XIV. Topographical Map of Estate ‘‘ E ”
Pian XV. Preliminary Plan for Estate “ E”’.
HOW FO LAY OUT SUBURBAN
HOME GROUNDS.
Vee T artist so noble as he who, with far reaching conception of beauty
and designing power, sketches the outlines, arranges the colors, and
directs the shadows of a picture upon which nature shall be employed for
generations before the work he has prepared for her hand shall realize his
intentions. —FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED.
CHAPTER I.
And a Man shall ever see, that when Ages grow
to Civility and Elegance, Men come to build
stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if
Gardening were the Greater Perfection. —
Francis Bacon,
JHE first man, Adam, began life in Paradise, the
garden of Eden. Is it too much to say that the
home spirit is inborn; the love of home a force and
the desire to own a home the crown of a man’s am-
bition? The mystical ideal is ever present not in mere wood,
stone, and land, but is clothed about with life. The memories
of childhood days are of the living things, the home folk, the
animals, the trees, the flowers. There is no deep attachment
to inanimate objects unless embodied with the mystery of home
life and spirit. Man wants a home. The delights of ownership
and the responsibilities are subject to the same laws, whether
it is the rich man in his palace or the poor man in his meagre
cottage. The ability to realize and attain the ideal is limited
by circumstances. Often the supposed excessive expense is
in the imagination.
If the ideal were made tangible in the form of a well out-
lined plan of action and development the desired result would
be secured. Without such plan not infrequently funds are spent
in securing poor or second-class treatment of the home grounds,
Can the ideal be attained? Yes; perhaps not all at once,
but little by little as funds permit. The scheme must be out-
lined and a determined and settled purpose will accomplish |
what was seemingly the unattainable. The house is usually
the first thought. Instead the beginning should be on the
ground, the location, quality, surroundings, and possibilities
z
4 How to Lay Out
for development. The adaptability of the site to secure the
ideals of the home builder should be considered, whether it is
a shrub embordered lawn, a flower garden, or natural or wild
grounds. It is possible to create effects on almost any site,
but every natural feature should be utilized. A home well
begun is half done. Consideration should be given, besides
the cost, to the “upkeep” or maintenance. The cheapest
method of development and least cost for care is to have mostly
lawn and shrubbery. The more details planned, such as arbors,
terraces, and gardens, the greater will be the expense for keep-
ing them in order. See Plates II, VIII, IX, and XX.
Moderate places can be kept in order as a morning and even-
ing exercise to the busy city worker. If larger grounds are
attempted it may be necessary to hire a man by the day occa-
sionally or secure his services permanently. This expense can
be found by inquiry as to prevailing rates. Another item
of expense that should be thought of, is the purchase of fer-
tilizers and materials for repairs.
It is a good idea not to attempt too much or plan beyond
one’s means or possible future income.
Often one sees a house occupying the larger portion of the
grounds, built out of proportion to the size of the lot available.
Such large houses give the idea of a one-sided life. It is an
inside life, not broad and cheering as the home plot well devel-
oped can give.
The house is usually the first thought and where shall it
be placed, it being a universal feeling that anyone can locate
a house. The inexperienced usually determines the location
of the grounds without serious consideration as to the loca-
tion of the walks, drives, lawns, clothes drying yard, coal hole,
or sufficient thought as to sunlight. A fine view is often the
determining point. This, at first, may be inspiring to the
owner and to the occasional visitor, but the effect of the views
gradually wears away. Consideration of comfort, sunlight,
and air are more lasting and need serious thought.
Puiate. II. House designed to harmonize with red cedars existing on the
ground, showing good taste.
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Suburban Home Grounds. 29
tion of walks, drives, gardens, lawns, and tennis courts in their
relation to the house and to each other. See Plans III, IX,
and XV.
The height of the first floor above the street should be deter-
mined, allowing for the height of the under pinning of the house
and the necessary slopes to the street. At this point if there
is much difference in elevation a cross section should be made
to assist in determining the height. See Plan XI.
Before going too far, examine the practical points such as
the coal delivery, the delivery of supplies to the house, the
relation of the living room windows to the sun and to the lawn
or garden. There may also appear difficulties in grade for
the walks or drives which will need adjustment. See Plate XX.
That which is usually carried in the mind’s eye on the ground
will appear out of place and awkward when drawn on paper
and studied. Drives that would seem easy enough in grade, and
graceful in alignment, will be found to be excessively steep
and crooked when drawn and figured. The supposed position
for a lawn or flower garden will be found to be impossible. The
bulkhead or coalhole may need to be moved or a flight of steps
or a door introduced into the design of the house in order that
access to the lawn or garden may be made direct. After-
thoughts in building are always expensive, and there are many
examples of what “not to do” in the houses and grounds that
have been carelessly constructed. See Plans VII and VIII.
The outlines of the beds of shrubs and position of the trees
are then added to the preliminary sketch, but not until all the
practical points have been determined. There must be a use
for every portion of the grounds the same as there is for the
house, whether for service, pleasure, or adornment. If the
problem is too difficult an experienced landscape architect
will be of assistance in sifting the chaff from the wheat in
the ideas and give unity and originality to the scheme.
Having determined the preliminary sketch the next step is
to enter more into detail of both house and grounds.
30 How to Lay Out
At this point, if the home builder has not sufficient confi-
dence or knowledge (and most men are wise enough to know
their deficiencies) to carry out in detail the plans for the house
an architect should be consulted. When the architect’s plans
are completed and the specifications are drawn, the wise man
plans his grounds in detail, or calls in a landscape architect to
make a plan that will use all the materials excavated econom-
ically. The plan is called a grading or working plan. It will
show the excavation and fills to be made to get the desired
shape, the location of the walks, drives, ete., with their proper
grades and indicate the depth of topsoil to be used for a lawn,
garden, or for planting beds. See Plan IV.
A specification accompanying the plan should state the
character of work and kind of materials required.
It is not necessary to complete all the work planned at one
time; a portion can be carried out with the excavated materials
from the cellar. The remainder of the work can be completed
from time to time as funds become available.
By thus working to a definite end, the completed whole will
eventually be secured. The work should be thoroughly done
for good results.
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PLATE X.
ubbery
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echt halfwa
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kitchen door and laundry yard.
border screens drive from house lawn.
Suburban Home Grounds. 25
CHAPTER V.
What is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
GOOD design needs good construction. The execu-
tion is often beset by many difficulties largely caused
by lack of knowledge or the failure to appreciate the
value of good work. Man can judge of, and will pay
for, a good piece of wood or stone work, but in the grounds there
is often an effort to save expense at the loss of good results.
By all means the use of poor soil or rubbish should be avoided
in the filling, as it will show later when an attempt is made
to grow grass or shrubs. The disposition of the subsoil and
the topsoil must be carefully watched. Not every man who
can handle a shovel well can grade well; the workmanship of
the skilled artisan is displayed even in this menial type of
work. A man with good judgment will save extra expense
by scheming the work to avoid much double handling of soil.
A good way is to clear the topsoil from a small area in both
the portions to be excavated or filled, and pile the soil in some
convenient yet out of the way place. Then make the exca-
vation or the fills, and when more area is needed to work on,
clear away some more topsoil and place it over the filled subsoil
in its permanent position.
In grading or shaping the ground every effort should be
made to have the slopes graceful and smooth. There is a line
of beauty known as the ogee curve, which can be used in
grading with as good results as by artists in their work. See
Plan XI.
In making the side slopes to a drive or walk, care should be
taken to grade them to graceful lines and make them soften
into the adjoining grounds, avoiding any sharp or abrupt
angles. If anyone observes the natural slopes which occur in
36 How to Lay Out
fields they will see that there are no harsh lines, and wherever
man has made excavations, nature is trying to soften the sharp
edges and remove the ugly defects.
The location of a drive is important to its success. It should
conform to the topography and shape of the land. It should
be planned to save any valuable existing features or a fine
boulder, a good tree, a ledge or a group of desirable shrubs.
Drives are means of ingress and egress, and should serve these
purposes quickly. The direction should be made very simple;
unnecessary crooks and turns are only awkward, not beauti-
ful. After once entering the property and having seen the
house, it is a poor plan to make the drive meander about. It
should be made as direct as possible. To the moderate home,
there should be some reason for building the drive other than
for the delivery of coal. The added expense of basketing
the coal at 25 cents per ton is more than offset by the cost of
the maintenance of the drive. See Plates X and XVIII.
It is a poor plan to make the house appear like an oasis in
the desert by the encircling of the drive. The drive surface is
not very handsome in itself and should not be made wider or
more extensive than is necessary. Lawns, shrubberies, and
trees are more to be desired than barren drives. Many a beau-
tiful lawn has been separated from the house and spoiled for
enjoyment by a poorly located or unnecessary drive. If there
are no existing features to be saved or as a guidance or excuse
for a curve it may be necessary to plant trees and shrubbery
to give reason for the direction planned. Never use a flower
bed or small architectural object or an urn; they are too trivial.
The width of the drive is determined by the frequency of
use. If the distance is short and there is but little driving
a width of 9 or 10 feet is ample. If the distance is longer or
where there is need for carriages passing each other, the drive
should be made 14 or 16 feet in width. On no account should
a drive be made 12 feet in width, as it is too wide for a single
drive and not wide enough for two vehicles to pass without
Suburban Home Grounds. 37
damaging the turf edge. It is a very deceptive width to per-
sons driving and meeting another carriage as it looks wider
than it really is. A muddy drive is a poor introduction to the
home grounds. The surface drainage from the land adjoin-
ing the drive and the drainage of the drive itself may need
to be taken care of by means of subsoil drains.
If the subsoil is clay or very wet, underdrains should be
used on the sides or in the middle of the drive. This is done
by digging a narrow trench 3 feet or 4 feet below the proposed
finished surface and laying 2 inch or 3 inch agricultural tile at
the bottom of the trench in such a slope that the water will run
through them. The joints of the tile should be covered with bur-
lap or tile collars used in addition to prevent the Joints becom-
ing clogged. The water passes largely from the land into the
tile through the joint. In filling in the trench, first throw
some hay, stone, or inverted sod over the tile, then spread a
layer about 6 inches in depth of small field stone, broken stone,
or coarse gravel as an additional means of drainage. After
this is done the soil may be refilled and tamped with a rammer.
The surface water can be taken care of by forming a groove
or turf gutter at the side of the drive or by building a narrow
gutter of stone or brick.
If there is a large quantity of water flowing from the adjoin-
ing surface it may be necessary to use a catch basin. A very
economical way to build one is to use three lengths of vitrified
sewer pipe, 20 inches in diameter, set on end. On top, an iron
grating is set to fit into the bell of the pipe. The middle length
of the pipe should have a “T”’ outlet usually about 6 inches
in diameter.
From this the drains can be connected and laid to the desired
point of discharge. Smaller sized catch basins can be built
to take care of a smaller flow of surface water.
The joints of the pipe should be all sealed with cement mor-
tar, and it is a good plan to set the bottom upright pipe in
cement. This then forms a catch basin that will hold the debris
38 How to Lay Out
running into the basin. This basin will need to be cleaned
out occasionally. This is done by removing the grating and
using a long handled shovel. The drain pipes should be laid
on an inclination sufficient to get good flow.
In excavating for the drive all the topsoil and poor subsoil
should be removed to a depth of 2 feet if necessary, and a foun-
dation replaced of good clean material, gravel or refuse stone.
The bottom should then be brought to a rounding surface,
allowing for the depth of the finishing material, gravel, ma-
cadam, or Telford.
If there is but little travel, a gravel drive will be satisfactory.
It can be built by using two layers of gravel 4 inches in thick-
ness. The bottom layer should contain the larger stones or
coarser part of the gravel and rolled toa fine surface. On this
layer the finishing 4 inch layer can be placed. This should
be good binding gravel with the larger stones raked out. Then
the surface should be rolled smooth and to a rounding shape
or crown of 4 inch to the foot at the sides and round in the
middle. It seldom happens that gravel can be obtained of the
required quality in the pit. If the gravel is too coarse it should
be screened through a 24 inch mesh screen. A two and one
half ton horse ring roller is the best to use for rolling the drive
on small grounds.
If there is more driving, or there is not a good quality or
quantity of gravel in the neighborhood, a macadam drive
should be made. This can be built by using 4 inches of crushed
stone of the 14 inch size, laid and shaped in the same manner
as for the gravel drive and rolled to a firm surface. On this
rolled surface is next placed a 1 inch layer of smaller crushed
stone and sereenings mixed. This should be watered and
rolled until a smooth hard surface is obtained. The same
crown should be made in finishing as described for the gravel
drive.
If there is a great amount of use, or if there is a large quan-
tity of stone on the grounds, a Telford drive can be built on a
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puv esnoy jo asvq ye poyurid Ateqqnayg ‘“JTxX alvig sisdojodury ‘adojs yy 03 y[VM pue sdajqg “TX aLVIg
Suburban Home Grounds. 43
foundation shaped 1 foot below the proposed finished surface.
The bottom layer of stone is composed of pieces of broken
stone averaging 8 inches in size, set upon end. The spaces
between the larger stones are filled and wedged with smaller
pinning stones. On this bottom foundation layer a 3 inch
layer of the medium size 14 inch or 2% inch crushed stone
should be placed and thoroughly rolled until smooth. After
this has been done a finishing layer 1 inch in thickness
of small crushed stones and screenings mixed should be placed,
rolled, and watered until a smooth hard surface is obtained.
If necessary a little clay or binding gravel may be used for a
binder in the finishing courses.
The grades of the drive should be as easy as possible; an
approach or main entrance drive should not have over 5
feet rise in the 100 feet, a service drive not over 7 feet.
In extreme cases it may be necessary to increase these figures
to 10 feet in the 100.
Walks or paths are designed and built on the same deter-
mining principles. There should be some reason for their
being: as, to go to an arbor, a tennis court, the doors of the
house, or other buildings. Mere meandering walks without
any occasion for their use are not objects of beauty. They
may be constructed either of gravel or macadam, and the widths
vary from 2 to § feet according to the purpose to be served.
The grade of the walk should be as easy as possible, never over
12 feet in 100. A crown of + inch to the foot on the sides and
rounding in the middle is ample for a walk. See Plates XXTI
and XXII.
In steeper slopes where it is desirable to carry a walk, steps
should be used to overcome the steep grade. These can be
built to fit the ground or may be short flights with a short
run of walk between each flight. The steps may be built of
wood, stone, or brick. See Plate XT.
When there is but little use, yet a means or communication
is desired, stepping stones should be substituted for the walk.
44 How to Lay Out
This will remove the effect of the walk dividing the lawn and
reduce the maintenance to a minimum. Stepping stones are
made by using slabs of stone or flat boulders set into the lawn
flush with the surrounding surface. A good distance apart
for the stones for convenient walking is 22 inches on centres.
If settlements should take place on the lawn about each stone,
it is a@ very easy matter to raise or lower them to conform to
the surface. If they are kept at the proper elevation a lawn
mower will pass over and cut the grass without the need of
using shears along the edges as is often used in other kinds of
walks. See Plates III and XIII.
A clean yet more expensive method is to build the walk of
brick. A good foundation should be made to avoid settle-
ments. If the work is properly done there will be no repairs.
The bricks can be laid herringbone fashion, lengthwise, cross-
wise of the walk, or in various patterns. A little curb edge
may be formed along the side of the walk by elevating a brick
on its side about an inch above the general surface and the
earth filled flush with the top. The color of the brick should
harmonize with the building and its surroundings. Yellow
brick should be avoided, red is the most pleasing color to use.
See Plate XIX.
The use of artificial stone, often called granolithic, makes a
good but more expensive walk. The foundation for this kind
of walk must be thoroughly made and good under drainage
provided to avoid disturbance by the action of frost. It may
be necessary to remove poor or clayey soil to a depth of 3 feet
and the space filled with dry gravel, broken stone, or boiler
cinders; the depth will vary to suit the locality. See Plate XV.
The walk is then divided into sections varying from 3 to 6
feet square by the use of strips of wood nailed to stakes driven
into the ground. If settlement takes place, each block will sepa-
rate as a single stone without cracking. The stones can be laid
alternately or continuously by sanding the joint, or with a strip
of paper placed between before laying the next block adjoin-
~ ill i ui
aee 4
III YIIY
fais
SELES Aaa
Puate XIII. Stepping stones to overcome grade to street end of terrace
garden.
Puare XIV. Well built wall, note raked out joints and slight batter.
Turnstile instead of gate.
Bit
Puate XV. Kitchen entrance screened in combination with laundry yard.
Celastrus scandens (bitter sweet) on archway.
Puate XVI. A laundry yard fence designed in harmony with the house.
Suburban Home Grounds. Ke)
ing. The bottom layer of the walk is usually laid 3 inches in
thickness, composed of one part best American Portland
cement, two parts clean, sharp sand, and four or five parts
broken stone. After the bottom layer is thoroughly rammed,
a finishing layer one inch in thickness is laid, composed of one
part cement and one and one half parts clean, sharp sand or
one part cement and two parts stone dust.
The surface is then finished smooth with proper tools and
protected from the weather by coverings until the surface is
firm and hard.
The rate of grade in a granolithic walk should not be over
5 feet in 100 feet, never over 7; a safe rule is to use it only
on walks that bluestone flag stones would be used. The
surface is so smooth that it is dangerously slippery when too
steep. The color of the walk can be varied to red or slate by
the use of coloring pigment. Slate blue color may be obtained
by the use of lamp black; slate color is obtained by the use of
one pound of lamp black to a barrel of cement. Red color is
obtained either by the use of red sand or ground red sandstone
or venetian red or both mixed. Reds are liable to fade. The
limit of color is five pounds to the barrel of cement.
Another method for walks and drives is the penetration
method. The foundation layers are laid in the same manner
as outlined for Telford and Macadam work. The lower layers
are filled with screenings, sand, or gravel and the upper layers
are rolled and bound with bituminous materials, either a
mixture of pitch and tar or asphalt. There are several brands
known to the trade with varying merits according to the uses
of the drive or walk. The finish of these surfaces are made
with pea stone rolled into the first coat and on the second
coat of the preparation screenings are spread and rolled in to
get the macadam appearance.
50 How to Lay Out
CHAPTER VI.
And some praise must be allowed by the most
scrupulous observer to him who does_ best
what multitudes are contending to do well. —
S. JoHNSON.
wera) ANCY free the dreamer thinks of arbors, seats, and
cool retreats, yet to build and make real in lines of
beauty is no dream. An arbor in the grounds may
form a vista point in the landscape, be the excuse
for ending a wa'k or the means of commanding a fine view that
otherwise would not be seen from the house. If near the house,
it should be designed to be in keeping with the architecture of
the building. If at some distance away from the house spruce
poles, cedar slabs, or roots make good work. It is usually
better to have a floor raised at least one step from the ground.
It is a good plan before building to observe structures that
have been built by others and note if they are inharmonious
with the house and grounds. Then avoid these in building on
the home grounds. The more dignified name for an arbor is a
pergola (the name is wrongly used), useful to inclose a lawn,
a flower garden, or help hide some objectionable feature in
the neighborhood. It should look when built as if it belonged
to the place and not appear as if dropped by a passing wind
without relation to the house or lawn. See Plans V, and VIII
and Plate XIX.
Grape or flowering vines can be grown over it making on hot
summer days a pleasant retreat from the heat of the house.
See Plates VIII, IX and XXI.
A seat to end a walk or command a view is better built on
plain and unobtrusive lines. If buit more on the style of an
old fash oned bench or form, it wil be less conspicuous than
the many commercial designs offered for sale.
Suburban Home Grounds. 51
The arbor or pergola may be planned so as to form one side
of the laundry or clothes drying yard, helping to make a very
desirable feature. See Plates XV and XVI.
If a laundry yard fence is to be built it should be about
7 feet high, and designed architecturally correct. The posts
of such a fence may be either of red cedar, white cedar, chest-
nut, or locust, so that the chance of decay will be largely over-
come. Make the mesh of the lattice close enough to hide the
clothes from general view, and yet open enough to allow a
circulation of air to dry the clothes. The use of a laundry
yard should be encouraged as it is a great aid in keeping the
grounds neat and helps to form an artistic setting when vines
and shrubbery are well placed. A very practical advantage
from the housekeeper’s standpoint is, that the clothes are
shielded from the gaze of outsiders, and the despoiling by dogs
or other animals. The clothes may also be laid on the grass
to bleach in perfect safety. Spruce poles set closely together
with the bark left on make a good fence. This kind of fence
will last for years and will avoid the necessity of painting.
Fences may be needed along the street front for the pro-
tection of the grounds. 4
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Puan VII. Tape measured survey of Estate ‘‘ B,’’ showing the usual scattered
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Suburban Home Grounds. 95
CHAPTER X.
Trees are God’s Architecture —ANONYMOUS.
VHAT kind of a tree shall I plant is often the first
question asked by the improver of his home grounds.
If trees native to the locality are suggested, immedi-
ately the objection is raised that they are so com-
monplace. Some tree or plant that is a native of another
land and clime is demanded, with the usual result of a partial
or complete failure. Every section of the country has its
trees and shrubbery that are indigenous to the soil, as well
as many that have been naturalized by careful growing by
skilled nurserymen or owners of large estates who are lovers
of trees. For the ordinary man to experiment with untried
trees means, often failure or disappointment, as well as un-
necessary expense. Hmphasis can again be placed upon the
design rather than upon the individua plants that go to make
the landscape picture. It needs only the trained eye to ree-
ognize effects and to appreciate the landscape value in the
native kinds of trees in making the picture. Nearly all regions
have trees in form that are round headed, spiry shaped, and
columnar, drooping and weeping, as well as other general forms
and shapes, that can be used to secure similar landscape effeets —
such as the yew in England and the cedar in America.
For permanent screens, wind breaks, and charming winter
effects, the evergreen trees should be used. If summer shade
is desired, with an opening to the sun, and an airy effect in
winter, the deciduous or leaf shedding trees should be chosen.
The varying colors of the foliage as the season advances should
also be borne in mind. Specimen trees must be planted free
from encroaching trees and shrubbery to secure the full value
96 How to Lay Out
of their nature and habit. They should be placed near a mass
of foliage and not in the center of a lawn. This method of
treatment is possible in large estates: smaller suburban grounds
‘an grow but few trees as individuals.
In choosing trees for the home grounds they must be selected
with care as to the exposure, ultimate size, rapidity of growth,
length of life, adaptability to the soil, as well as to the general
landscape effect. As a pattern for a mixed plantation of
trees the native woods should be studied, with their compo-
sition of various kinds of trees that have been planted by
nature’s method of the winds, the birds and the animals carry-
ing seeds and nuts, storing them for future use. We have but
to open our eyes and look at the landscape as the seasons
advance, and, as the sunlight and shadow pass across the woods,
we may see many pictures, that if painted by an artist in oil
on canvas, we should be ready to criticise and discredit.
Some of the reasons why trees die after transplanting are:—
Because they have lost too many of their roots;
Because after they were dug from the ground or unwrapped
from the nursery package they were toc much exposed to the
sun and dry air;
Because the soil was not packed tightly around the roots
when they were planted, they rock back and forth;
Because the soil was too wet where they were planted, no
drainage in the tree hole. Sometimes the soil is made very
wet and is of such a kind that when it dries it bakes and keeps
out the air;
Because the soil in which the tree was planted dried out
too quickly.
Trees have been described as of rapid and slow growth.
The following list will give the average size that a three-inch
sapling will develop in twenty years under favorable con-
ditions. The height to which each kind of tree attains in the
same period will be in the usual proportion to the diameter.
The height to which the trees attain when fully grown, with
Suburban Home Grounds. 97
all the conditions of soil, climate, and exposure favorable,
is shown in the last column.
|
Common Nome: DO Vern wie RenGe ee
| Diameter, In. Feet.
Wihiterorcilverimaple..% 25 cates) dattn Hoe nike 21 100 to 120
AMETIG AME liner fet. Nee yen coe ee tote ee 19 100 to 120
Sycamore (buttonwood or plane tree).......... 18 80 to 100
MRO RGn ees sine euiA cin ct Serr alt oak tee ee wate | 18 80 to 150
lnindenvorbasswood'..4.5 45 Uelsoc cielo eee 17 60 to 80
iRlsindiyn Catalan, iat 4h iG aking hhc eure Sata ae ent: 16 80 to 100
ediiiiaplen tact. er pa teens SL ey NA 16 100 to 120
Ailanthus or tree of Heaven.................. 16 50 to 60
Magnolia or cucumber tree: < 2. J. 0012.5... 15 80 to 90
(GIINESUSDU UR Waa edie Soe hod Oe ae Vik Eke Tarn Vee 14 80 to 100
Sura rock orhandmaplericn o saiy sc kla sles ces 13 100 to 120
FIGESEYCHES LMU ows aise weenie Jou hi oe 13 60 to 80
EN GnieyeIG CUS tye mre atic ces arin ae ee oes 13 70 to 140
RGU Oe eters Se Ost ae erat oe are NY) UA re 13 80 to 150
EVD GF kes. ease ANA ENS ey 4) Mente Oa Sanaa ae 13 80 to 120
Wearletpon eda iaete ire cee ee, AN ee Ie Le 13 70 to 80
NINATSENG OR Rea e Sh eS eran aa nC Mie nine 12, 60 to 80
WATE COR Kore ITE: PVR GEE ety foie a OTE Nae 11 80 to 100
EVERGREEN TREES.
Arborvitse—in various forms and varieties.
Fir—Balsam, Silver, Nordman’s, ete.
Hemlock—Tsuga canadensis.
Juniper—Red Cedar and other varieties.
Pine—Austrian, Scotch, White, ete.
Retinospora—Thread-branched, plume-like, ete.
Spruce—Colorado, Norway, White, ete.
Many other varieties of evergreen trees can be found in the
various parts of the great country of the United States, with
its varying climate. To obtain such lists a visit to a leading
nursery, an arboretum, or the services of a Landscape Archi-
tect will be found helpful to the seeker after beautiful results
in the Home Grounds.
98 How to Lay Out
CHAPTER XI.
It is in Society as in nature—not the useful but
the ornamental that strikes the imagination.—
Str Humpwrey Davy.
SHAUTIFUL grounds are admired by everyone. One
} such in a neighborhood is distinctive and acts as
an incentive and pattern for the adjoining prop-
erties. The artistic finish is often secured by planting
flowering shrubs, especially when they are used to hide dis-
agreeable objects, define the boundaries of property, and to
furnish an abundance of flowers throughout the summer.
As the seasons advance the shrubs will present a varied effect,
especially if well chosen and arranged according to height,
color of flowers and foliage, and time of flowering. Even in
winter, bright, showy berries and highly colored stems add a
brightness that can be secured in no other way. The usual
method recommended for planting shrubs is in groups. and
masses, with a few individuals on the margins. To plant
single shrubs all over a lawn spoils the open effect and reduces
the apparent extent of the grounds. There are shrubs native
to the localities that are well worth cultivating. Other va-
rieties have been cultivated by skilful gardeners and importers:
to be equally hardy. A frequent visit should be made to an
arboretum or a reliable nursery as the season advances to watch
the character of the plants as they grow. A quicker way
would be to secure the services of a competent adviser to tell
the best kinds of trees, shrubs, and flowers to use in the im-
provement. Avoid the too-free use of striking or startling
plants if harmony is desired, such hydrangea paniculata, the
variegated Jeaved shrubs, and weird grafted horticultural
Suburban Home Grounds. 99
variety of large shrubs and small trees. There are several
kinds of shrubs that can be used to secure similar effects as
to form and mass effect so that, if one variety is not available,
another can be substituted. The true way to secure a beautiful
garden and grounds is to plant what soil, situation and climate
allow, and by that method each garden will present its own
distinctive individual charm. There are shrubs that flower
one after the other from April to September, which, if arranged
properly, will give flowers all summer. The following is a
list of a few shrubs that are commonly found in nurseries.
Many more varieties will be found in the nurseries and arbor-
etums, hardy and desirable in the locality in which the improve-
ments are to be made, whether in the Northern States, the
Southern States, the Middle States, or in California. The
botanical name, the common name, the color of flower and,
the letters D (dwarf), S (small), (medium), LZ (large), are
given as a guide to the size of the shrubs.
March.
Magnolia stellata............. Hall’s magnolia........ White L
Daphne mezereum........... Common mezereum.... Red D
April.
(Commas IMIS, - ete gow Soe ben oF Cornelian cherry....... Yellow L
Forsythia Fortunell.. ........ Golden.jbell., 4.3: Yellow L
Spirea Thunbergii.... ........ Thunberg’s spirea...... White S
May.
Berberis Thunbergii. ......... Japanese barberry..... Yellow S
Cydonia Japonican ss... Japanese quince....... Scarlet M
Deutzia gracillis..........:.5. Slender deutzia........ White 8
Exochorda grandiflora......... rearlibushis seco s 2 fs White L
Forsythia viridissima......... Golden bell........... Yellow M
Kermia Japonica! .22..;...2-..' Globe flower: ........: Yellow M
Ribes auUreumis o. och ss dee «cals Missouri currant....... Yellow M
SVG gia) VULCAN 2... noc as Common lilac......... Purple L
Viburnum plicatum........... Snowball. cAviss, astern an White L
100 How to Lay Out
June.
Berberis Vulearisie:.. as. ocuhs ses Common barberry..... Yellow s
Chionanthus virginica......... Wintevfirmge. 25... .-93 White L
Deutziaerenatas 22 -.,o1080 =e: Deutwiae. 25.0 seereee. binkish L
Deutzia Lemoinei.. .......... Lemoine deutzia....... White s
ligustrum: medium... ....-.-.. IPriVvetic Acalemis eek eet White M
onicerawbatanicaeeenreeeneer Bush honeysuckle...... Pink L
Philadelphus coronarius....... Mock orange.......... White L
Rosesunavanlechyceeer eee eaoree ROSES petit teense All colors
Spirea Van Houtell........... Van Houtte’s spirea.... White M
July.
Cornus paniculata, ..2..60.- Gray dogwood......... White L
Dyrervallarcandidaven. eae ae _White wigelea......... White M
Diervilla Eva Rathke......... Eva Rathke wigelia.... Crimson M
Elzagnus longipes............ Japan oleaster......... Yellow L
ag strume loa ska ole ee Japanvprivetaanecceean: White L
Lonicera Morroweli........... Bush honeysuckle... ... Yellow M
Stephanandra flexuosa........ Stephanandra......... White S
Symphoricarpos racemosus.... Snowberry............ Pink S
August.
Hibiscus in variety........... Rose of Sharon........ All colors M
Hypericum aureum........... St. John’s wort........ Yellow D
Spirea var. Anthony Waterer.. Anthony Waterer spirea Pink D
September.
Caryopteris Mastacanthus.... Blue spirea............ Lavender D
Baccharis halmifolia.......... Groundsel tree........ White L
Desmodium penduliflorum..... Sweet pea shrub....... Violet D
Hamamelis Virginiana......... Watchthazelys. eee Yellow 1b;
Hibiscusim variety. -..--....- Rose of Sharonsee cae Alleolors L
Hydrangea paniculata var.
STANGUOP As. © 16 2 ae) cree =: Py drangean. 22 ac... Pinkish L
Winter Berried Shrubs.
Berberisiuhun bergiligecre ey sie tec sae uel ara evs ot eves ayotae Japan barberry
Berberisayill earises- see. isis meets ioe er. ate cements Common barberry
Waban @ pulls isis ee cece tayo siete sherstoschenetet ey meer vere High bush cranberry
(Posarma|tulOracres. s.tortacicercteie erature = sto mee econ aie Many flowered rose
VOSAUTUS OBA epee nie efelciick eaten eer iene React eee ole Japanese rose
Suburban Home Grounds. IOI
A Few Desirable Evergreen Shrubs.
Andromeda florbundaes\..so) hese een see ek ae Lily of the valley bush
HAY SCRE AT OCIA eR Oey Mey eed Yael hae a oe Azalea
Berbers aquitolumine ha eae kes 6 he. okies ah Ash berry
AS UERUIS TAAL IC Ly eta oes les ys, ores ahaa ie os IR a Box—various kinds
Callunariaevarietyas cc aerr teste cee ne Heather
Daplmexcneoumient ers onset s-e o eo Daphne
FMOnY MUS PAGICANS IM VAT. 6 08s... <0. sake ce Evergreen creeper
MRSA CL Vey macy TP ag tee ea a gy Ak Om Holly
alnmiae abit oliara wee hte ea eco ak cea oe see Mountain laurel
Rhododendrons im variety.<5 «422.2. . shoe ae Rhododendrons
102 How to Lay Out
CHAPTER XII.
And from my heart poured out the feeling of
love; it poured forth a wild longing into the
broad night. The flowers in the garden beneath
my window breathed a strong perfume.—HENRI
HEINE.
HIE desire to have an abundance of flowers is strong
in the home lover’s heart. The annual outlay for
greenhouse bedding plants deters the average man
from much display. There is a better way coming
into vogue now by the revival of the old-fashioned flowers
of the ‘‘ Grandmother’s Garden.”’ These are called perennials,
or hardy herbaceous perennials, because their tops die to the
eround, but their roots live. These hardy plants begin to
bloom from earliest spring; and continue until November.
They are of all colors and varieties. The best time to plant
is in early fall or very early spring.
The soil should be two feet in depth and of good vegetable
garden quality, with enough retentive compost so that the
plants will not dry out in hot weather. After planting, the
beds must be dressed with manure each year to have good
plants and flowers. Starvation of soil means dearth of bloom.
Many kinds of herbaceous plants should be lifted every three
or four years and divided, because the crown on which the
flowers grow has become run out. Many of the plants grow
from the center outward and the bloom will soon become
scattered, spindling and unattractive. Another reason for
dividing is that the number of plants will be increased, giving
an opportunity for exchange with neighbors, or to plant in
other parts of the grounds. There are varieties of plants
Suburban Home Grounds. 103
that are indigenous to the soil, called native, that may be
dug up and replanted in the garden. Oftentimes it requires
skill and patience to make them grow, for they pine away
and die out of their native habitat. Climatic and soil influences
curtail the list of plants that might be applicable to a whole
country. For safety, only plants that are known to be hardy
should be selected. In the following list are a few names of
desirable kinds that may be found in nurseries: the botanical
name, the common name, the color and the months of bloom
are given:
Achillea variety, the pearl........ Warrowee ase eer Jy tos White
Aconitum napelus. -.4.05.......: Monkshood.... Jy toS Blue
J NIUE VeSTy Bea as Aol Re Ae a a Hollyhock..... JutoS All colors
Alyssum saxatile compactum...... Golddust...... Ap to Ju Yellow
Anemone in variety *............ Wind flower.... Ap toS Various
Aquelegia in variety............. Columbine..... Ap &S All colors
JT) OF GNC ONG ED healt gree’ Pat RIPE Re oe Rock cress... .. Ap & My White
ASter an VATICUY sues oom tno oo wees Hardy asters... My toS All colors
Campanula in variety............ Bluebells...... JutoS All colors
Chrysanthemums in variety and
|i] O18 0 ie ee eee repent ths ee ie nye er «omens Wea Lior) All colors
Coreopsis grandiflora............. Tickseed....... JutoS Yellow
Delphinium in variety and hybrids. Larkspur....... JutosS All colors
Dianthusim yanietyenas. sesso. Pinkeye hy oe JutosS All colors
DicentrayspectalllS=i- mes eee eee Bleeding heart.. Ap to Ju Crimson
Digitalis mevanietys 2:2)... 2... Hoxaeloviess 4.44 JUtOldiy. All colors
Funkia subcordata.......:...... Plantain lily... Jy toS White
Hemerocallis in variety........... Way alilyaaee nie Juto Au Yellow
lbenis'sempenvinenssee arin. d. Candy tuft...... My to Ju White
Tris Germanica in variety. . . German iris.... Ju All colors
Iris Kaempferi in variety......... Japanese iris... Ju All colors
Islam variety sc: sac. he ye coe 1D icy Re sae Ju to Oct All colors
Mobeliacardimallishc. 21.0.2... Cardinal flower Au toS Scarlet
Tupinus polyphyllus.52 0225... 00.. Ihupmewe nee Ju & Jy Blue
Monandardiciyimacaenie eee eee Bee balm...... Ju tos Red
Myosotis palistris:-: 2. 1... 00. ee Torget-me-not.. My & Ju Blue
PrROneS IM VaAmtet yan. ake hee Seen. Peony......... My & Ju _ All colors
Papaver nudicaule.. 2.054. 85.25; Iceland poppies
My to Oct Yellow
* In variety means that there are several kinds of the same plant that have a different
color of flower, cr some change in foliage that makes it desirable under certain conditions
to use.
104 How to Lay Out
Phioxgsubulatapeereernme eer Moss pink..... Ap to My Pink
Phioxitall*erowing. eco: e aoces 2 i co ean eae ee A. Ju toS All colors
Pyrethrum: variety. cn.s5 4. . = Feverfew...... JutoS Various
colors
Rudbeckia Inematas 2. os cntae.. - Golden glow... Au&S Yellow
Trolls | Huropaeuss eee cesee see Globe flower... My to Au Yellow
Veronicaimayanietyae neceicereeeer Speedwell...... Ju & Jy White &
blue
Violauin warteliye,- tae scien eee Violets. <2)... Ap & My White &
blue
A suggestive list of a few bulbs and perennials that bloom
in the different months:
March.
Snowaropss.x sc caeete sacteion eels onan noehoeeer White
TOCUSUBS sete tte ore sh sere louse ei Wiehe er eee Various
Scllasha eerie oe eee ae tian et Were r Various
April
ROU OSG ee Recta o cha Dac iota c cia. caaiaac otcoicioecl cs Various
Jonquilstates.£. 3. Meetasehts t cioe soeeeees Yellow
LEE MSHAHOW ia orn'g.6 Sou oe Cae be co maedos Various
May.
Moss Spinks atten tee cna aten se eet eee White, pink
Bleeding heart) evrepiyae ate enue cite or eiceree Pink
Clovespinks? 2-20 bits Sacer ates eas White, pink
June.
The Month of Flowers.
HoTrgzeteMiesnO tse tia. Ge Meets as ser een ae Blue
TLATES PUI sralkedentictage & neh oyeacaadenepa ecsesee Ce aceaksc neve Blue, white, etc.
Germanirise cg s..374. bene bw cee oon Cee ee Various
July.
Hollyhocks: en eiGarscsee cee eens Various
Erb cpr atte ta. Gant e Bena inese OR eRe O OO UENO Various
Bhloxdhandyeenaasios ace eh eer meee ere Various
August.
Mallow: vac sde.848 dovhe cation tame pete White, pink
Goldentglowes ac ccc « Sine Aone oer eer Yellow
Speedwell. zcutcdn in. lace Aes beens see me Blue
PLaTeE XXXYV. Terrace garden, herbaceous perennials, brick walk.
Prats XXXVI, Herbaceous flower garden. Note the general mass effect.
p. 93
Suburban Home Grounds. 107
September.
PARC ysASE CG HaNis ec si Be TNs Aa once osu: Various
AMEMONEH|APOMLCA aes. tne Getiete sone Bess oe eciee White, pink
Rarkspun latewbloomings.)..106 set side ceteris Various
October.
GCOSMIGSeeeen rs Senin aceite en nee tee re tiete Red, white, pink
Chrysanthemum er eset see eee Various
Note. Other lists can be made according to the tastes and desires of the lover of
flowers. The same principle holds good in whatever country the improvements are
made.
The names of a few shrubs and small trees that bloom in
different months:
Common Name. Color. Size.
March
A Strat OM Ola ay. 5 in neuetae ond tere oe Uae White L
April
Goldenvbelle eae frase eestetartomienitaosciesot ae Yellow 1G;
DBLUM Ere S SWIC). citys cscs thatyis ores ahs eters White s
May
Japanese bar Werlys...o isis ststiws © eres os atone Yellow S
Wommsomlilaces 2.) seeseen warn te seas are Purple L
Snowe lies acca: venwiseae crass atte on save White L
June
Bushvhoneysuckle. 274. 45s. c.os ae hee ce Pink L
ROSES SE ST t ane rapa cet: Ber Sus tata or tank rata cus All colors
July
DWV IT es Leh ey nhs cons auc sic yet yd Monier apoin wines 25. 5 Various M
WapeMMiVetis -oimct ad cro cswicreke sara tein ee es White L
UB hy NOME Y SUCKLE! Reve te create eutas. eoesca's Acct veto es Yellow M
108 How to Lay Out
August.
Common Name. Color
Nosevori Shanon. es epee eae eee All
Anthony, Waterer spires... 5... ses ose in. Pink
StaJohniseWortraec ce tes eee eee Yellow
September.
iy drangeals sma. seas orton a tee ist tee Pinkish
Sweet pearshrubs.: ss8 oc.ctace.. oie ee Violet
Watchthazelices ete oe ei ne Yellow
Note. L=large; M=medium; S=small; D =dwarf.
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Pirate XXXVII. Bird bath walk from flower garden. Taken in June after
spring planting.
Suburban Home Grounds. 115
CHAPTER XIII.
You have heard it said (and I believe there is
more than fancy in that saying, but let it pass
for a fanciful one) that flowers only flourish in
the garden of some one who loves them.—
—Joun RUSKIN.
LOWERS—a bountiful bloom—is the desire of many
lovers of the beautiful, and not the fruit which is
the product that comes after the flowers. Nature
, has many ways of perpetuating its kind and the flower
of the plant is one method with the rich color, the delicate
fragrance, and the sweet nectar as its attraction. Birds, bees,
animals, as well as man are attracted, and assist in the fer-
tilization and distribution of the seeds and plants. There
is a reason for all these things that can be found out by study;
the main one is fruit, seed and the continuing life. Man, on
account of his love for the beautiful, has emphasized the
flower part of the plant to such an extent that the fruit is
is overlooked except where there is a commercial value. Nature
acts otherwise and knows no law of dollars and cents, only
that the next generation of plants may be given life after
the death of itself.
Thus we have a wide range of flowers from which to choose
that have been gathered from all quarters of the globe. Navi-
gators, botanists, travellers, and scientists have been attracted
by the flowers and have gathered the best to send back to
their home land. These gleanings have been carefully propagated
and acclimatized by skilful and patient gardeners with the
result that to-day many flowers that are common to us are
Lie) How to Lay Out
really natives of a far-distant land. If one had time to study
the life history of each flower it could be traced to some field
where it grew wild without the protecting care of man,
We naturally divide the flowers into divisions according
to their nature of growth such as hardy and_half-hardy,
annuals, and so forth. Annuals are plants that grow from
seed, flower, produce the seed and die the same year, thus
fulfilling the law of nature for reproduction. Plants with this
habit produce quick results in any garden and are depended
upon in special difficult situations, in the flower garden, in
the perennial garden, along shrubbery beds and many other
delightful uses. There are a great variety of annuals in almost
all colors, of many sizes and height: some are used for edging
of paths, others for making flower beds, while others are useful
to form screens to hide some disagreeable object. Some annuals
are climbers and are used to cover arbors and serve as a screen.
To raise annuals successfully it may be necessary to start
some kinds of seeds in boxes, pots or other receptacles to
enable the plants to reach their full maturity in one season,
this of course varies according to the part of the country in
which the home beautifier lives. To start plants indoors take
some boxes or flats, as they are called, and fill with a mixture of
equal parts of light soil, leaf mould, and sand. To secure
good drainage the bottom of the box should have holes bored
through and be covered with broken flower-pot pieces, stones,
or other coarse material. After filling with the soil, water the
flats for a day or two, so that the earth is firmly set. Then
lightly stir the soil and scatter the seed evenly over the sur-
face but not too thickly, then cover the seeds varying in depth
according to the kind of seeds. The depth to plant the seed
is usually marked upon the packages by the seedsmen as the
plants vary in their treatment. When the seed is sown keep
the flat in a sunny window near the glass in a temperature
varying from 60 to 70 degrees. Water should be given the
planting carefully when required, so as not to wash out the
“m100Tq xorqd
oy} JO ott} oY} Ul Moye], “4U9}xo UT Sov FT JO SpUNOIS UO UApIeS IAMOTA| “TTTAKXKX TLV Tg
—&
Suburban Home Grounds. 119
seeds. Some cover the planted seeds with a piece of news-
paper until after the seeds have started and then it is removed.
Do not smother the small seedlings. After the seedlings have
become strong enough to transplant, prick them off and place
in another flat or in pots as the case may be, to be grown until
they are strong enough and the weather right to set them
out in the permanent place that has already been prepared.
For good results with annuals usually a sunny spot must be
selected, have good deep soil and fertilize with good well-
rotted barnyard manure or cow manure. The best seed should
be secured that the seedsmen offer to obtain good results.
With this preparation and the same spirit that is displayed
in the quotation at the head of this chapter the plant lover
may look for good results. The following is a list of a few
of the desirable kinds:
Asters, Ageratums, Sweet alyssum, Antirrhinum (snapdragon),
Balsam, Calendula (pot marigold), Candytuft, Campanula
(bluebells), Celosia, (cockscomb), Centaurea (Bachelor’s button),
Chrysanthemum, Coreopsis (Calliopsis), Cosmos, Convolvulus
(Morning glory), Cobea scandens, Delphinium (Larkspur),
Datura, (Trumpet flower), Dianthus (Annual pinks), Digitalis
(Foxglove), Eschscholtzia (California poppy), Gourds, Gyp-
sophylla (Baby’s breath), Hibiscus (Mallow), Hollyhock,
Humulus (Hopvine), Marigold, Mignonette, Myosotis (Forget-
me-not), Nasturtium, Pansy, Petunia, Phlox (Drummondi),
Poppy, Portulacca, Salpiglossis, Salvia, Scabiosa (Morning
bride), Stocks (Gilliflower), Sun flowers, Sweet pea, Verbena,
Zinnia.
Another kind of plants that are much sought after by indi-
viduals that desire to take up a hobby are the bulbs. These
have flowers of remarkable beauty in an endless variety of
habit, size and color that have been gathered from all over
the world. They are used in borders, hardy gardens, along
shrubbery beds, naturalized in grass, planted on the margins of
120 How to Lay Out
ponds and are especially useful for house culture. Fall is
the best time for planting. A few of the best kinds for early
spring flowers are:—Scilla, Chinadoxa, Crocus, Hyacinths,
Narcissus, Tulips, Lilies in various varieties and Gladioli.
Nature has been very kind in providing so many kinds of
plants for almost any situation; even the vines have their
place in the beautifying of the home grounds. It is strange
how much desire there is to have the kinds that will not grow
in the climate that is the environment of the home lover.
The same holds true in vines as in other plants, that there
are kinds that will grow well in the various parts of the country
that will not thrive in another section. Take, for instance,
the English Ivy so much envied in the extreme northern parts
and grown so well in the middle section, also the climbing
Hydrangea, a beautiful plant.
The same treatment is given the vines that is described for
shrubs. When planting near the house care should be taken
not to place the plants so near the walls that the rain will not
reach the roots on account of the extreme overhang of the eaves
of the house. The following are a few of the ordinary kinds:—
Actinidia arguta, Akebia, Celastrus Scandens (Bitter sweet),
Clematis, Dutchman’s pipe, Honeysuckle, Clmbing roses,
Ivy various kinds, Wistaria, Woodbine, and Euonymus radicans
(Evergreen creeper).
The foregoing indicates in a general way the large field
in which the suburban home lover may look for the material
to make his picture; for such it is when the decoration of
the grounds is attempted. Emphasis must still be laid upon
the artistic arrangement of the plants and flowers to get a
perfect result.
PuaTteE XXXIX. Terrace garden, herbaceous perennials and vines, brick-
walk. The same view as Plate XX XV after three years of growth.
Suburban Home Grounds. 123
CHAPTER XIV
The circumstances of gardeners, generally
mean, and always moderate, may satisfy us that
their great ingenuity is not commonly over
recompensed. Their delightful art is practised
by so many rich people for amusement, that
little advantage is to be made by those who
practise it for profit; because the persons who
should naturally be their best customers supply
themselves with all their most precious pro-
ductions. — ADAM SMITH.
geese iI) busy man often finds that he has not time to
2 fl devote to the study necessary to develop the plans
for the home grounds, and decides it is better to
secure the services of one who knows how, or at least
secure the verbal advice before beginning or spending any
money doing work that will later need to be undone.
Before doing so, if the home builder is entirely ignorant of
the principles that govern the art of landscape architecture,
it is a good idea to secure and read some of the standard
authors. As the reader goes farther into the subject he will
have a growing respect for a profession that he assumed was
superficial and perhaps not needed in developing his home
grounds. He will find that the range of knowledge required
of the landscape architect is greater than of any other pro-
fession. Besides reading the standard authors it is a good
idea for the home builder to peruse regularly a good reliable
home gardening publication of which there are many pub-
lished. These give suggestions as to the treatment of various
difficulties that arise in caring for the grounds.
Then after getting an idea or getting into the atmosphere
of the landscape art the reader is in a position to appreciate
what a professional landscape architect will advise.
124 How to Lay Out
The province of the landscape architect or designer is to
advise as to the arrangement of the grounds and prepare plans
for their execution. He will mould into shape the ideas of
the home builder or suggest entirely new ones. He is to pro-
tect the owner from unscrupulous contractors or nurserymen
so as to secure the best results at the least expense. Choose,
then, a reliable, well trained man in whom can be placed
explicit confidence. As his remuneration for services ren-
dered is in the form of professional fees there should be no
inducement for him to order an excessive amount of work or a
larger number of plants than is needed to accomplish the
effect. He should have nothing to sell —either materials or
plants. His knowledge, training, experience, and above all his
artistic taste, are his stock in trade. The best landscape archi-
tects very rarely advertise commercially and are known by
their experience, training, and work. Avoid the free plan idea,
for it is a well known fact that something for nothing is rarely
given. There must be pay somewhere.
The card of the landscape architect is usually on this order
and shows the scope of his work:
The undersigned offers his services to those who contemplate
the subdivision or improvement of land for sale, the develop-
ment or revision of large and small estates, parks, public
squares, playgrounds, the surroundings of factories, hospitals,
and other public institutions. He will consult with owners,
architects, engineers, and others concerning the placing of
buildings, laying out of drives and walks, grading of surfaces,
and the treatment of old and new plantations. In general,
his services are offered where the appearance of the result is
worth consideration, whether in the arrangement of the land
or of the objects upon it.
A preliminary visit and consultation on the ground is essential
in most cases to acquaint him with the client’s wishes, and with
the physical and financial conditions of the case, to the end
that he may suggest the most suitable method of procedure.
Prats XL. Simple treatment of porch of ordinary house, softening the
severe architectural lines. (Lot fifty feet front.)
on
Puate XLI. Simple entrance to kitchen porch and yard.
Suburban Home Grounds. 127
Tf a sketch or plan drawn to scale is desired a survey or topo-
graphical map is ordinarily required.
Preliminary sketches are then presented, with explanations,
for discussion, and when these are approved a finished general
plan follows.
The general plan can be staked out by a surveyor and car-
ried forward by day work under a qualified superintendent,
but the best results are rarely obtained without the occasional
advice on the ground and more or less assistance from the
designer.
If the work is to be executed under a qualified superinten-
dent, few plans are required; but if by contract, working
drawings and written specifications are necessary and such
supervision as may be required.
Planting plans for both large and small areas, and in any
degree of detail, are prepared when occasion requires. Order
lists for plants are made from reliable nursery catalogues and
the lowest prices obtained for the client’s benefit.
Professional charges can be had upon application by stating
the nature of the work undertaken and the advice required.
If desired, a preliminary visit will be made for a fee agreed
upon in advance.
Having secured the services of the landscape architect and
having adopted and carried out his plans, due respect should
be accorded to the designer and not endeavor to improve on
the design by planting trees or shrubs on a lawn in an inar-
tistic setting. Many a good design has been ruined by the
so-called practical ideas of the owner, even in the process of the
work, thereby ruining the conception and the unity and beauty
of the place. It is only after such mistakes have been made
that the owner realizes that it is more of an art to design the
grounds than it is to paint a picture, for one has under his
control the pigments and can idealize or omit any inharmo-
nious objects in the scene, the other must make a real picture
using materials that are not always under his control.
128 How to Lay Out Suburban Grounds.
The landscape architect in his position has more problems
of revision than of original conception. Often the skilled man
will take the existing shrubs and objects upon the ground and
by rearranging them secure with but little expense a pleasing
and artistic treatment. A beautiful parlor may be spoiled by
the poor arrangement of the furniture or by using inharmonious
objects; so it is with the small suburban grounds. One advan-
tage in getting a professional man to look over one’s grounds
is that he will see things that are inharmonious which by
constant daily observation has been blunted or removed from
the perceptions.
In developing there should be a liberal amount of patience
used, for grass, trees, and shrubs are not subjects of man’s will,
they must have time to grow.
It is often a puzzle how to get or buy the plants. If a pro-
fessional adviser is not employed the best way is to make out.
a list of the shrubs and trees desired and secure estimates from
reliable nurseries. Many nurseries issue illustrated catalogues
telling of the various plants, sometimes in glowing colors.
However, it is a good plan to secure some of these and peruse
them as a guide, but they are not to be followed blindly. They
often tell of the ultimate size of the plant, the soil, and cultural
requirements, the color and time of flowering, the summer and
fall effect of both foliage and fruit, besides telling the varieties
of plants that can be grown in the locality other than the
indigenous kinds.
Thus is the beautiful in the home grounds obtained, the
ideal reached by prevision, determination, good work, and
patience. Never must the design, the arrangement, the desired
mass effect or the general conception be lost to mind, and
the use of materials be only for the development of the idea.
He that would attain unto any height must strive. There is
no royal road to beautiful grounds.
SCALE OF FEET. STREET
o 10 20 50 40 50
Puan XIV. Topographical map of Estate ‘‘E.’’ Note the exceedingly dif-
ficult topography of rocks, ledges, etc. Area of estate one acre. See
Plan XV opposite for development.
= fog “
URNSTILE
SCALE OF FeeT. ‘
0 10 2 30 4 50 STREET SS
|
Puan XV. Preliminary plan for Estate ‘‘E.’’ Note in this plan the cellar
excavation will nearly build the terrace walls. Material for levelling
the lawns to be brought in.
INDEX.
Agricultural tile, 37.
Annuals, 119.
Arbor, 4, 438, 50, 51.
Architectural style, 8.
Architect, 12, 19, 30.
Artificial stone, 44.
Border plantation, 70.
Boulder bank, 52.
Brick walk, 43, 44.
Brook, 52.
Bulbs, 88, 104, 120.
Catch basin, 14, 20, 37, 38.
City regulations, 8.
Clothes drying yard, 4, 51.
Contrast, 70.
Convenience in arrangement, 16.
Cosa 7S) Wiel lis). 29, 30), 39,
76, 84, 88, 124.
Crown, drive, walk, 38, 43.
Cross section, 29.
Crushed stone, 38, 43.
Design of grounds, 7, 35, 52, 70, 75,
88, 90, 124, 127, 128.
Drainage, 11, 19, 20, 35, 37, es
Drains, 19, 20, 37, 38.
Drives, 4, 29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43, 49,
124.
Evergreens, 76, 84, 97, 101.
Excavation, 30, 35, 38;
Exposure to sun, 12.
Fall effects, 76.
Fall planting, 83.
Fall seeding, 62.
Fences, 51, 62, 84.
Fertilizer, 55, 61.
Flower garden, 4, 7, 11, 12,16, 20, Dos
30, 87, 88.
Flowers, 102, 115.
Fountain, 52.
Gardens, 4, 29.
Garden walk, 44.
Grades, 29, 43, 49.
Grading, 7, 16, 19, 35, 56, 64, 124.
Grading plan, 30, 35.
Granolithic walk, 44.
Grass seed, 61.
Gravel drive, 38.
Group planting, 69, 70.
Gutter, 37.
Hedge, 84.
Herbaceous perennials, 75, 76, 87, 88.
House, 4, 12, 19, 20, 24, 29, 43,
70, 127.
House lot, 16, 19, 20.
Hybrid roses, 75, 87.
on
S
Improvements, 11.
Joints, in wall, 52.
Kitchen, 12, 16.
Landscape architect, 11, 16, 29, 30,
64, 123, 124, 127, 128.
Lattice fence, 51
Laundry yard, 16, 51.
Lawn, 4, 7, 11, 16, 29; 30,135, 26) 50,
51, 55, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 76, 84,
88, 97.
Tot, 1, U5; 16; 19,20.
Macadam drive, 38.
Maintenance, 4, 36, 38, 55, 75, 76, 79,
87, 88.
133
134
Manure, 55, 61, 80, 88.
Mass effect, 69, 128.
Mulching, 80, 84.
Natural treatment, 4, 8, 20, 35, 88.
Neighborhood, 11.
North Point, 24.
Nuisances, 11, 12, 16, 69, 76.
Nursery grown plants, 79, 128.
Ogee curve, 35.
Old fashioned plants, 87.
Open lot, 16, 19.
Owner’s mistakes, 127.
Paths, 35, 43, 44.
Perennials, 76, 87, 88, 103.
Pergola, 50, 51.
Planning, 4,7,29, 35,36, 70,90, 124, 127,
Plantation bay, 76.
Planting bed, 29, 30, 80.
Planting design, 7, 26, 64, 69, 70, 75,
76) 12H.
Plants and Planting, 7, 12, 20, 64, 69,
70, 76, 79, 80, 83,87, 88, 124,127, 128.
Planting plan, 64, 69.
Planting trees, 96.
Pools, stagnant, 11.
Preliminary plan, 24, 127.
Pruning, 80, 83, 84, 87.
Reseeding, 61.
Restrictions, 11, 12.
Rockery, 52.
Rose garden, 75, 84.
Rustic work, 50.
Screening plantation, 26, 76.
Seat, 50.
Seed and seeding, 61:
Sewers, 11.
Shrubs, 7, 12, 16, 19, 23, 29, 35, 36,
69, 75, 76, 83, 84, 88, 98, 99, 107,
128.
Index.
Site, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, 23, 24.
Sod, 62.
Soil, 11, 35, 37, 55, 75, 80, 87, 88.
Specifications, 30, 127.
Spring planting, 83.
Spring seeding, 61.
Spruce pole fence, 51.
Stagnant pools, 11.
Steps, 43.
Stepping stones, 43, 44.
Stone, artificial, 44.
Street, 8, 11, 51.
Summer house, 50.
Surface water, 19, 20, 37.
Survey, 23, 24, 127.
Tennis court, 7, 29, 43, 62.
Terrace, 4, 20, 51.
Topographical map, 23, 64, 127.
Telford drive, 38.
Topsoil, 30, 50, 80.
Transplanting, 79.
Transportation facilities, 8.
Trees. (oll 2 1G, 192s 24
69, 70, 75, 80, 83, 88, 95, 9
Turf gutter, 37.
Utilities, 7, 8, 16, 29, 36, 51.
Vegetable garden, 11, 20.
Views, 4, 12, 50, 64.
Vines, 50, 87, 120.
Vista, 50.
Walks, 4, 35, 42, 45, 49, 124.
Walls, 19, 20, 29, 30, 43, 51.
Water basin, 52.
Water supply, 11.
Weeds, 56, 61, 88.
Wind, 12.
Winter effects, 76.
Working plan, 30, 127.
Woven wire fence, 51, 63.
, 29,
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