HOW TO MAKIE

AND USE
LHOG CHOLERA
no) etl IVE

134
2 A evn ds OT PS
WASON &: FPESERS

Pragident of
ional Antiog ¢
senuen Company

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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.

HOW TO MAKE
AND USE
ANTI-HOG CHOLERA
SERUM

By
MASON S. PETERS
|

President of
The National Anti-Hog Cholera Serum
Company

Copyrighted 1911
by

Mason 8. Peters

_ Kellogg-Baxter Ptz. Co., 111 W. 8th St.

Kansas City, Mo

St ae
~ ©oazoasqar

HIS book is dedicated to the American hog raiser
and is written for the express ‘purpose of enabling
him to make his own serum and vaccinate his own hogs
therewith, all previous information written on this sub-
ject having been too technical and complex to achieve

such result.
THE AUTHOR.

(Used in the Government Test, 1908)

The Poison Squad.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION,

The prevention and cure of disease by inoculation is a
subject which in recent years has engaged the attention
of leading scientific men of the world. Anti-toxic serums
are being used with varying success in the treatment of
diphtheria, typhoid fever, etc., and are growing in favor
in the profession. Much has been accomplished. and
much is hoped for in controlling and eventually eradi-
cating many diseases which have been the scourge of
humanity.

Anti-toxiec serums are being successfully used also
in the prevention and cure of diseases among the
lower animals. By far the most important discovery
along this line is that of anti-hog cholera serum.

Hog cholera made its first appearance as an epi-
demic in the United States in 1833 in the state of Ohio.
Since that time it has existed continuously in some
part of the United States, claiming for its victims
thousands of animals and exacting from twenty-five to
forty million dollars from the people every year. It
is a greater factor in the finances of this country than
any other known pestilence of man or beast. Pork
is high because the hog is scarce and the hog is scarce
because the hog raiser refuses to cope with an unseen
enemy that lays waste his labors and wreaks ruin
without warning. Not infrequently has the satisfied
farmer looked with pride on his herd at night to find
the animals dead and dying at their troughs in the
morning. C. E. Sutton, president of the Kansas State

4

Board of Agriculture, said in an interview in the Kan-
sas City Star: “In the year 1908 I lost 133 hogs from
my herd while over the state the loss must have been
two millions of dollars. I have seen hogs walk over
to troughs, eat and fall over dead. One neighbor was
looking at his herd just before he went to bed and —
remarked what a fine healthy lot of hogs he had. When
he came out to feed them he found fifteen dead.’—
(Kansas City Star, Nov. 26, 1909.)

The result is that the bankrupt hog raiser changes
his business. According to the Agricultural Depart-
ment, in the year 1909, 54,147,000 hogs were raised in
the United States, and in the year 1910, only 47,782,000
were raised.

The scientific world is wholly in the dark as to
what hog cholera really is. The germ—if it is a germ—
has never been filtered by the finest filters yet invented
and has never been seen under the strongest microscope
known to man.

The disease is found all over the world wherever
swine are known to exist, and strange to say, it is
found in no other animal than the hog, nor is it com-
municable to other animals. It has been wrongly
named hog cholera as it bears no resemblance to cholera
in man and has no characteristics of the disease of the
Orient. It is a disease which attacks the lungs and
intestines and its most marked characteristic is the
internal hemorrhage or blood spots.

How Transmitted.

The extremely contagious nature of the disease
makes it a fearful enemy and the farmer who walks
across his neighbor’s feed lot where there is the least
trace of the germ may carry upon his feet enough con-
tagion to lay low his own herd. The dog which comes
upon a friendly visit carries about him an infection

5

harmless to himself, but which means death to the
swine about the place and to every hog which may be
‘brought to feed in the germ-infested place thereafter.
How rapidly the germ must multiply is incalculable.
Almost every railroad shipping pen passed in what is
known as the “Great Corn Belt,” is alive with the death
dealing enemy. Every stock yards is a hot-bed of con-
‘tagion to such an extent that states have passed laws
prohibiting hogs being taken from the stock yards to
be fattened and resold, as are cattle and sheep. Hence
the “closed market for stock hogs,’’ condemning. each
hog that enters its gates to die by the packer’s knife be-
fore the disease claims it for a victim.* :
However, the disease has not wrought its havoc in
the United States, at least, without earnest endeavor and
constant diligence on the part of the Government offi-
cials to eradicate it. Though fighting an unseen enemy
science through practical experiments has found the
means of preventing the dread disease, though it is yet
to be learned how to cope with the malady once it has
attacked its victim. In 1876 the scientist Pasteur at-
tempted to make a vaccine to lessen the virulence of
the germ as in the treatment of anthrax in cattle, but
was unsuccessful. In 1878 the United States Congress
appropriated $10,000 and a Dr. Salmon, then Chief of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, and a Dr. Law, devoted
their energies in attempting to lessen the virulence of
the germ by transmitting it to horses and to other
animals. Numerous other appropriations were made
and much experimenting carried on all over the country,
but no satisfactory results were accomplished until Dr.
Marion Dorset, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, per-

*Since the discovery of anti-hog cholera serum the
state of Kansas permits hogs to be taken from the stock
yards to quarantined yards (yards where they can be fed
for a time and then returned to the stock yards).

6

fected the serum as now used along entirely different
lines from the treatment formerly attempted. He

does not attempt to lessen the power of the germ, but
strengthens the resisting power of the hog. Into the

blood of the hog serum is injected. This serum is made
up of the blood of a hog which is: not only immune to
cholera but into which new cholera germs have been
injected so that the corpuscles are in fighting array.
These fighting corpuscles are injected into the hog and
at the same time cholera germs are put in the hog either
by injecting cholera blood, and thus giving the animal
a light form of the disease, or by exposing him to chol-
era. The fighting corpuscles in the serum act as
policemen, as it were, and help the white corpuscles
naturally in the hog’s blood to drive out the poisonous
germs. The corpuscles in the serum have been well
called “veterans” in the fight with cholera germs. In
short, the hog is given or contracts a light form of the
disease and the resisting power in the serum over-
comes the disease and the hog is then immune to chol-
era. Simple enough, but who but a genius could have
evolved the theory and proved its worth? When the
hog has taken cholera before the serum is injected it is
too late. The cholera germs are too numerous, they
win the battle and the hog dies. The serum is not an
infallible cure, but numerous tests have proved beyond
a doubt that as a preventive it is entirely reliable when
properly administered, and the value of Dr. Dorset’s dis-
covery cannot be overestimated.

Introduction of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum
To the Public.

During the epidemic of hog cholera in the latter part
of the seventies the states of Kansas and Missouri each
appropriated thousands of dollars for the purpose of
trying to eradicate the disease. Experts were sent to

7

the live stock centers, all to no purpose. During this
time the writer was engaged in the breeding of fancy
hogs and experimented extensively in attempts to find
a cholera preventive or cure, employing an eminent spe-
cialist to make post-mortem examinations, but all with-
out any good results. He has been engaged in the hog
business ever since and has followed with keen interest
the efforts which have been made along this line and
witnessed the failures resulting. To his personal
knowledge no definite results had been secured towards
checking the disease prior to Dr. Dorset’s discovery.
During all these years hog breeders and shippers had
vainly endeavored to find some means which would
make it possible to take hogs from the stock yards to
the country to be fattened and resold.

After the discovery of anti-hog cholera serum, a
number of men began buying hogs in the Kansas City
Stock Yards, vaccinating them and taking them to
quarantine yards in Kansas with but little or no loss,
except when hogs had been exposed several days previ-
ous to vaccination. I saw the matter tested frequently
and became convinced that if hogs could be made im-
mune in the Kansas City Stock Yards, a hot-bed of
contagion, they could be made immune anywhere, and
conceived the idea of making a public demonstration
in order to convince the people at large of the prac-
ticability of using the serum. I took the matter up
with Secretary James Wilson at Washington. and Hon.
Charles F. Scott, then Chairman of the Committee on
Agriculture. The following letter is one of many com-
munications received relative to the matter:

Six ry Finsy COoHGRese.

ARLES P.SCOTT, RAMS CHAIRMAN.

LLIAM W,COCKS.N.Y, JOHN LAMB,VA, ; ‘ P;
KALPH O.core.oni0. ASBURY F LEV@RS.C. V
DILOART W.MAUSEH.IOWA = JACK BEALL,TER, Comm ttee On ,
PAMES C.MCLAUGMLIN, MICH WILLIAM W.RUORER. MO.
Wituia C. Haw yORete, AUGUSTUS 0. BTANLEY, KY,
OSRPH HOwaLL.uTAR, SOROON LFE GA ee r
saseany T.CHAPMAN.ILL, JAMES T. MCOEZQMOTY, ILL. House of Reprode rtetives YS,
CHARLES C.PRaTt.PA, WILLIAM H AP OMBWS.N. MEX, g

JDRHAW RAW DAK,
eLuMity.vt

GEORGE W. AGICMARO,CLERK. Washingtor ; qj). ©,

Dear Mr. Peters:

Yours of June 7th is just received and I have read
it with great interest. I believe you are right in your
opinion that a demonstration at Kansas City would
attact attention all over the country and be of ines-
timable value. It would certainly be a ten-strike if, as
a result of it, Kansas City could be made an open mar-
ket for stock hogs as it is for stock cattle I shall
carry your letter over to the Department and discuss
it with the Secretary the very first hour I can get
away, and let you know the result.

: Sincerely yours,

The interest thus created among the department
officials resulted in what proved to be one of the most
remarkable and convincing demonstrations ever made.
This demonstration was made by Dr. W. B. Niles, head
of the Government Experimental Station at Ames, Iowa.

At the time of the test the Kansas City Star printed
a detailed account which was copied by thousands of
other papers in the United States and Europe. A
portion of the article follows:

“Of a poison squad of thirty-five hogs, thirteen of
which were not immunized at the beginning of the
test, died, and the twenty-two which were so treated
were perfectly healthy. The twenty-two hogs were. sub-

9

jected to every conceivable form of exposure to cholera
and the thirteen which succumbed to the disease died
in the pens with the twenty-two at various times dur-
ing the process of the tests. The carcasses of the dead
hogs were permitted to remain in the pens with the
immunized animals, sometimes two or three days.
Every opportunity was given the twenty-two to succumb
to the disease. Under normal conditions every hog
would be dead. The fact that twenty-two did not die
is absolute proof, those who conducted the test de-
clare, that the serum is an unfailing preventive of
hog cholera.”

The Drovers Telegram had the following to Say:

“The discovery of this immunizing agent is perhaps
the most useful service that veterinary science has
rendered live stock and the world. * * * Further.
more and most significant will be the convenience of
inoculating feeding hogs,. which eventually will be al-
lowed to go to any part of the country as healthy feed-
ing cattle go now. That will be the best triumph
of the serum after all.”

The results of this public test more than justified .
the hopes of those who inaugurated it. The farmers
and hog raisers eagerly welcomed a means so thor-
oughly, convincingly, and scientifically demonstrated,
and bearing the stamp of Government. approval.

Similar tests made at other stock centers were
equally successful. Innumerable tests have been made.
by the agricultural colleges of the various states and
with one accord it is agreed that if the farmers and
hog raisers were to have their herds, including every
unweaned pig born upon their farms, vaccinated, the
terrible scourge would be wiped off the face of the
earth.

The demand for the serum far exceeds the possible
production. In addition to the limited supply whieh

10

can be produced at the agricultural colleges several
private companies have been formed for the manufac-
ture and sale of serum.

The Hog Raiser Must Protect Himself.

It is as necessary that the hog raiser fortify him-
self against loss by the disease as it is that the business
man insure his property against loss by fire. But
however desirous he may be to protect himself he stands
a poor chance to do so when the total amount of serum
supplied by the agricultural colleges and private firms
would not supply serum for the hogs in twelve counties
in Kansas. The supply made by the state agricultural
colleges must necessarily be limited because of the
enormous cost of serum production away from packing
centers. The useless sacrifice of hogs makes the cost
of manufacture at the colleges so great as to preclude
the possibility of a general distribution. The alterna-
tive is, the farmer or hog raiser must have the serum
himself.

The practical farmer is entirely capable of making
his own serum and vaccinating his own hogs. This
is being demonstrated every day by hog men in many
parts of the country who do so successfully. Hog feed-
ers near Kansas City are making their own serum
and vaccinating their own hogs. One man is feeding
more than four thousand immunized hogs wkich he
bred, raised and immunized with serum of his own
manufacture. A great many of his hogs were shipped
to the stock yards, purchased by other persons, and
actually fattened from Corn left in the infected pens
without a hog showing any symptoms whatever of chol-
_era. Hogs not immunized, shipped in from the coun-
try and subjected to like treatment would all die with
cholera within a-few weeks. One of the largest manu-
facturers of serum at the Kansas City Stock Yards

11

employs a yard hand to make the serum, vaccinate
hogs and to perform many of the other duties incidental
to the business. He has acquired his knowledge merely
_from watching others do the work. Neither of these
men possesseS any greater medical or _ scientific
knowledge than the average farmer and if they can
make serum and successfully vaccinate hogs, other hog
raisers can do the same.

When Vaccination With Anti-Hog Cholera Serum Fails.

Failure may result when hogs are vaccinated after
they have already been exposed to cholera, even though
they are apparently well. Many times after vaccination
the hogs sicken and die and the vaccination is blamed,
when in reality the herd has previously been exposed
to the disease, perhaps before purchased, in the loading
or unloading pens or in transit. Usually men wait un-
til some of their hogs are sick before vaccinating and
on a farm many animals may be saved if treated, even
after a few die, because they are running at large and
all are not inoculated with the disease at the same time,
so that the vaccination takes place with some before
Many germs are in. the system and thus the serum
can overcome them, but the proper time to vaccinate
is before the disease appears at all.

In some instances the serum is spoiled before it
is used. It cannot be exposed to heat and air. If a part
of a bottle of serum is used the rest of the serum is use-
less and must not be used later. Sometimes the cholera
blood is injected after it is more than twenty-four hours
old. Sometimes a wrong diagnosis is made in obtaining
cholera blood and the blood of animals suffering from
some disease other than cholera is used. Then, too,
sanitation is not always properly observed. The

12

strictest observance of sterilization and the free use of
antiseptics are most imperative.

The act of vaccination is simple and can be learned
by a ten-year-old boy;—nothing complicated about it,
and if the instructions in this book are carefully fol-.
lowed your hogs will be saved, which is the object
desired. |

12

CHAPTER II.

MAKING OF ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM.

In the beginning let it be thoroughly understood
that anti-hog cholera serum is a preventive and not
a cure. The hog is vaccinated against cholera as man
is vaccinated against smallpox. Anti-hog cholera se-
rum will keep indefinitely when it is sealed properly
and kept in a cool place, and it should be kept at hand
in small quantities for use when necessary. Every
unweaned pig should be made permanently immune.
The vaccination of four weeks old pigs should be as
much a part of the farmer’s routine as any other
necessary care of his stock. The serum can be ob-
tained from any reliable company and kept for use,
but the expense is as needless to the hog raiser as
the purchase of feed is to the farmer. After the hog
raiser has once made his serum he will consider it as
much a part of his business to keep a supply of “home
made serum” on hand for use, as the farmer considers
it his business to grow sufficient corn for his milk
COWS.

Anti-hog cholera serum is made from the blood of
a hyper-immune hog. That is the blood of an immune
hog into which cholera blood has been injected. The
hog must be absolutely immune to cholera, that is he
must have had cholera and recovered, or have been
made immune by vaccination. Into this immune hog
is injected a quantity of cholera blood and about ten
days later he is hyper-immune and his: blood may be
drawn for serum. The fact that a hog can thus be

14

made artificially immune proves beyond question that
the serum prevents cholera, otherwise a hog after be-
ing injected with cholera blood would inevitably suc-
cumb to the disease. If a hog which has had cholera
and recovered is not available it will be necessary to
make an immune by vaccination.

As has been stated there are two cases to be con-
sidered in the making of anti-hog cholera serum. The
first, where a naturally immune hog is available, that
is, a hog which has had cholera and recovered; and the
second, where it is necessary to make an immune. The
second process, that of making the immune, is more
complicated. Therefore, it is more practical to secure
a natuarally immune hog if possible*

In selecting the immune hog or the one to be made
immune it is best to choose one weighing about one
hundred and fifty pounds. As the hog is bled from the
tail, and about half an inch cut off at each bleeding,
choose one with a long tail, so that three or four bleed-
ings can be made.

The person who cannot procure an immune hog
can obtain the serum and cholera blood for making one
from a reliable serum company. The process of making
this immune is described beginning on Page 34, under
“Simultaneous Injection.”

TO MAKE ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM AFTER AN
IMMUNE HOG IS PROCURED.

After the immune hog is procured the only thing
necessary for making serum is a quart of cholera blood
and the necessary instruments and antiseptics.

*Tt is seldom difficult to secure an immune hog as
many farmers have. one or more hogs which have re-
covered from choiera.

Obtaining Cholera Blood For Hyper-Immunizing.

The word hyper-immunize sounds rather technical
but it merely means the injection of cholera blood into
an immune hog, after which process the hog is hyper-
immune and serum can only be made from the blood of
a hyper-immune hog.

After the hog which is known to be absolutely im-
mune is selected, the next step is to secure a quart
of cholera blood. The importance of care in obtain-
ing cholera blood cannot be too strongly emphasized.
It may be bought from a reliable serum company and
shipped, but since no preservative for it has been
found and it will not keep more than thirty-six
hours, it is very much safer to secure the blood locally
and cholera being as prevalent as it is, this can usually
be done. It is absolutely necessary that the cholera
blood be secured from a hog with acute cholera so that
the germ may be of the highest virulence, and under no
circumstances can the blood be used after it is thirty-
six hours old. It must be kept cold, preferably upon ice;
it must not be contaminated with outside germs through
uncleanliness or carelessness; it must be absolutely: un-
spoiled (which means it must never be allowed to get
too warm), and positively it must be cholera blood.

In obtaining the cholera hog, therefore, to be bled
to death for the quart of blood, an absolute recognition
of the disease is necessary. It can readily be seen how
useless and perhaps fatal an injection of blood from a
hog suffering with any other malady, such as pneu-
monia, tuberculosis, etc., would be.

Complications with other diseases and the varying
symptoms of hog cholera might result in a wrong
diagnosis, but its highly contagious characteristic is an
unfailing symptom of hog cholera. Usually one or two
sick hogs appear in a herd and in a Short time many
of the hogs are attacked.

16

There are two types of the disease, chronic and
acute, the difference being in the degree of virulence
of the germ and in the power of resistance of the ani-
mals. The blood from a hog with chronic cholera is
not of sufficient strength for immunization. In the
acute form the animals die suddenly after a short ill-
ness. The fever runs high from 106 to 107 degrees.
The normal temperature of a hog is 103 degrees. It is
necessary that the animal be killed when the fever is
high. The short duration of the disease necessitates
quick action in order to secure blood in proper con-
dition. In some cases the hogs die within a few hours
with no characteristic symptoms other than would re-
sult from a malignant disease of any kind. In other
cases there is diarrhoea, sluggishness, sometimes vom-
iting and occasionally nosebleed, loss of appetite, a
gumming of the eyes, sometimes the eyes becoming en-
tirely closed, and dark red or purplish blotches may be
seen on the skin of the belly and inside of the legs.

In the chronic form the characteristics are much
the same excepting that the animal lives several weeks,
becoming very emaciated and weak and finally staggers
as he walks, the hind quarters wabbling from side to
side. Sometimes the chronic cases develope a cough
and breathing is labored. These cases must be studi-
ously avoided in selecting the cholera specimen as no
mild or chronic case will answer the purpose.

The diseases most easily confounded with acute
cholera are pneumonia and occasionally anthrox. A
close discrimination, however, will disclose that pneu-
monia does not spread from one hog to another as in
cholera. Several hogs or the whole herd may have con-
tracted the disease at the same time from the same
cause, such as sudden changes of the weather or ex-
posure in shipment. But the disease does not spread
from one animal to another as in a contagion.

Anthroax occurs very rarely in hogs, the characteristic

17

which distinguishes it from acute hog cholera being
a swelling of the throat and tongue and sometimes a
bloody froth at the mouth.

Symptoms are, however, so varied and so often
characteristic of other diseases it can readily be seen
how important a post-mortem examination is after ex-
tracting the blood.

Method of Extracting Cholera Blood.

For this operation a liberal supply of antiseptic
solution, sterilized gauze, a glass or granite vessel, two
knives and a tablespoon, all thoroughly sterilized, and
a short piece of rope, are the only necessary imple-
ments. The antiseptic may be a solution of bichloride
of mercury and water, (the bichloride of mercury com-
ing in tablet form, with directions on the bottle, a 25
cent bottle being sufficient), or a 5 per cent solution
of carbolic acid, which must be mixed by the druggist.*

As both are highly poisonous, care must be taken in
their use. These and the antiseptic gauze, for straining
the blood, may be procured at any drug store. The glass
or granite vessel for catching the blood must be thor-
oughly sterilized. Submerge the vessel, together with
the knives and spoons, in water in which has been put a
few spoonfuls of the antiseptic, and bring to a boil and
boil them for thirty minutes. Let the vessel cool in the
water to avoid breaking. The knives, which must be
sharp, should have blades at least three inches long,
the ordinary butcher knife will answer the purpose. Too
much emphasis cannot be laid upon the importance of
sterilization as the blood must be in no way contam-

*Buy one gallon of 5 per cent carbolic acid solution,
if no bichloride of mercury is used, using about one
quart at this operation, but if bichloride is used, buy one
quart of 5 per cent carbolic acid solution to use later.

18

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19

inated and all danger of blood poisoning rigorously
avoided.
Have all implements in readiness before the hog is
selected, having two or three receptacles of antiseptic at
hand. The hands must be dipped frequently in the

antiseptic during the operation and care must be taken
that there are no abrasions on the skin of the hands.

The animal may be suffering from some disease com-
municable to man through a cut or scratch.

Let it be understood that the hog is alive. Tie the
ends of a short rope to the hind legs and hang the ani-
mal at a convenient height for operating, raising by
means of a block and tackle, if possible. Tie the front
legs securely back of the head. This is most readily
done by making a slip knot in the end of a rope and
tying one front leg. The rope, which should be about
two feet long after the leg is tied, is passed over the
hog’s head back of the ears and securely fastened to
the other leg. Tighten by twisting the rope with a
stick in the middle. (See Illustration No. 1.) This
method of tying the hog is very important, as it pre-
vents the hog’s kicking and spilling the blood as it is
caught. Wash with soap and water the under side of
the animal to prevent dust particles from falling into
the blood. With one knife shave the throat as clean
as possible. Wash the shaven portion with the anti-
septic solution. Then with the other knife stick the hog
in the throat about an inch from the breast bone thrust-
ing the knife in and then up. Thus the jugular
vein is pierced, and the hog gradually bleeds to
death. Take great care not to_ pierce’ the
wind pipe. If this mistake is made a _ large
portion of the blood gushes from the animal’s nose
and mouth and being thus contaminated is useless.
Catch the blood in the granite or glass vessel, whipping
vigorously with the spoon as the blood comes from the
animal. Continue whipping after the blood is caught

20

until it has thoroughly cooled and _ coagulation
ceased. The blood should be covered until after the
post-mortem examination when it should be strained
through the sterilized gauze into a sterilized receptacle.
It is best that the hands do not come in contact with
the blood, but if from improper whipping the liquid por-
tion of the blood has not separated from the fiber it
may be necessary to squeeze with the hands the elot
which has formed, being careful to have dipped the
hands in an antiseptic just previously. Keep the blood
covered in a cool place free from dust.

Post Mortem Examination.

A post-mortem examination is absolutely necessary
in order to determine definitely whether or not the blood
just drawn is that of an acute cholera hog and so fit for
use. The examination must be made as soon after
death as possible before any changes of decomposition
begin. This necessitates the examination being made
before the blood is strained. The hog is taken down
and laid on his back. Examine the skin and belly for
dark red or purple blotches, which if present, are indica-
tive of cholera. Make a very shallow cut in the skin and
underlying fat the entire length of the body from the
point of the chin through the chest and belly to the .
tail, being careful not to cut any of the internal or-
gans. Peel the skin and fat back and examine the —
lymph glands about the angle of the lower jaw. In
the normal hog these are of a grayish color. Take out
these glands and cut them crosswise, and generally in
the acute cholera hog they are dark red or black. Ob-
serve in the same manner the glands of the flank. How-
ever, the hog may be suffering with cholera and the
glands still be normal. Cholera. is not always indi-
cated in these glands .

Pull back the skin on the chest and expose the ribs.

21

(No. II)

Location of Organs Which may be Affected by Hog Cholera

22

Cut out the breast bone, cutting 'towards the head, cut
the skin crosswise to each leg and press open the car-
cass, great care being taken not. to injure the internal
organs. (See Illustration No. 2.)

The normal lungs are pink and soft and collapse
when the chest cavity is opened. Generally in acute
cholera they are dark and the surface is covered with
numerous small red spots which cannot be washed off.
Frequently a straw-colored, cheesy, coagulated foul-
smelling pus covers one or both lungs.

Examine for spots of hemorrhage the kidney and
spleen (melt) where they are before removing. Take out
the spleen and éxamine more closely. The
healthy spleen is light, almost pink in color. In the
majority of cases of cholera the spleen is larger and
darker than the normal. Raised red spots may be
found on the surface, especially underneath and the
organ is soft when squeezed with thumb and fingers.

Remove the kidneys and carefully pull away the
fiberous sack in which they are enclosed. Normally
they are a light brown color. Occasionally ‘there is a
cholera hog with no indication on the kidneys, but this
is most infrequent. Usually the kidney is darker and
has blood spots scattered over the surface, the specks |
varying from one or two to a countless number. When
pressed with the thumb and fingers the blood does not
‘disappear temporarily as the fingers are lifted, and re-
‘turn again. The cholera “blood spot” remains the same
and the blood can not be squeézed away temporarily.
Cut the kidney open lengthwise and examine for blood
clots. If the post-mortem is not made immediately after
death and the kidney allowed to remain several hours
in the animal before examination, clotted blood will
greatly resemble cholera blood spots.

If one or more of these organs; lungs, kidneys, or
spleen are as described the blood is that of an acute
cholera hog and so fit for use for vaccinations... Let it

23

be remembered that the blood points of hemorrhage
which can not be squeezed or washed away are charac-
teristic of cholera and are seldom if ever found in other
hog diseases.

Hyper-immunizing.

As has already been stated, hyper-immunizing
means injecting cholera blood into an immune hog. As
the cholera blood has been strained and the immune
hog selected the next operation is to inject the cholera
blood into the immune hog. One thousand cubic
centimeters or one quart of cholera blood should
be used for hyper-immunizing a hog weighing from 100
to 150 pounds. There are three different methods that
may be employed in hyper-immunizing. One in which
the blood is injected by means of an especially con-
structed instrument into the vein of the hog’s ear; an-
other in which the blood is injected into the abdominal
cavity; and another in which the blood is injected
through the skin by means of a hypodermic syringe. As
it has been found by experience that the last method,
that of injecting the cholera blood under the skin, is
the most practical, this method alone will be treated
in this text.

There are two methods of injecting the cholera
blood through the skin, one in which there are three
- injections, a week apart, which is tedious and involves
the unnecessary difficulty of procuring cholera blood
three times, and one in which one injection is used
which method alone is here considered, it being simpler
and more practical.*

The instrument to be used in hyper-immunizing is

*Some authorities disagree, but it has been proved
that this method is more practical and quite as suc
cessful.

24

(No. HI)

Method of Tying for Hyper-immunizing

25

a hypodermic syringe, holding 25 cubic’ cen-
timeters. It is graduated in cubic centimeters marked
on the piston of the syringe. On the piston there is a
set-screw which secures an adjustment of the instru-
ment so as to inject a desired quantity of liquid. The
cylinder is of glass. The hypodermic needles, which
are provided with the syringe, must slip into place on
the instrument instead of screwing on as is the case
with some hypodermic syringes. Each instrument must
be thoroughly cleansed before using by being dipped into
the antiseptic solution and filled and emptied several
times with the solution. Sterilize another glass or gran-
ite vessel to be used for holding the cholera blood as
needed during the operation. The same kind of antisep-

tic which was used in the operation of bleeding for chol-
era blood must be used freely in the process of vac-

cination.

As the hog must be held as still as possible during
the operation it is very necessary that it be tied prop-
erly. Tie a slip knot in each end of an inch rope 2%
feet in length. Throw the hog on his side with his back
to a wall or fence or any solid structure. Slip the slip-
knot in one end of the rope over the front leg which is
not on the ground, and the other over the hind leg which
is not on the ground. Put this rope over the hook of a
block and tackle and raise the animal until his body
barely rests on the ground, thus preventing his lower
feet from thus getting a foothold. (See Illustration
No. 3.)

If a block and tackle cannot be obtained for this
operation tie the rope to the upper front leg, pass the
rope over a post, then tie the upper hind leg with the
other end of the rope having the rope just long enough
so that the animal’s body barely rests on the ground.
Now tie a rope around through the mouth and over
the upper jaw and nose, and then tie the other end
of the rope to some nearby object, so as to raise the

26

head slightly from the ground, If the animal is tied in
this manner it will be found that little inconvenience
will result from his struggling.

Pour a small quantity of cholera blood into the ster-
ilized glass or granite vessel and in another vessel of
the same kind have at hand a liberal supply of antisep-
tic. Fill and unload the syringe with the antiseptic
before using. ;

With clean water and soap wash thoroughly the
inner sides of all four legs and the under part of the
neck of the hog. With the antiseptic solution wash this
same surface. Fill the syringe with cholera blood be-
fore the needle is attached, taking care to allow no air
to enter.

To hyper-immunize it is necessary to use for a hog
125 to 150 pounds in weight, 1,000 cubic centimeters or
one quart of cholera blood; that means forty syringes
full of blood if the syringe is of 25 cubic centimeter
capacity. To avoid making so many insertions of
needles, two syringes full may be injected into the
same place without removing the needle. These should
be scattered over the surface of the hog as follows:
About ten injections into the inside of each ham, eight
under each shoulder and four in the neck, two on each
side between shoulder and jaw about six inches back
from center of neck. .

Insert the needle: first, then fix the syringe
on the needle and inject the blood. Without movy-
ing the needle inject another syringe full in
the same way. Remove the needle and squeeze the
aperture made by the needle several times to prevent
the blood from running out. Proceed in the same man-
ner refilling the syringe until twenty insertions of the
needle have been made and forty syringes full of blood
have been injected. The insertions of the needle should
be at least 11% inches apart. While great care should

a7

be exercised that the needle does not strike a bone,
it must be deep enough to penetrate the skin and should
a lump form as the blood is injected, the needle is not
deep enough and should be pushed a little deeper and
the lump squeezed out with the fingers. After every few
injections the syringe and needle should be washed out
with antiseptic by loading and unloading with anti-
septic. After all forty injections have been made, wash
the surface again thoroughly with antiseptic solution.
Place the hog in a clean, dry, disinfected pen where he
will have access to plenty of water. The only after ef-
fects of hyper-immunizing will probably be a slight ris-
ing of temperature and possible loss of appetite for a
day.

Sometimes even if all sanitary precautions are taken
lumps will form on the inside of the animal’s hams and
under the shoulders. These should be opened and the
matter squeezed out. The incision should be made tri-
angular so the pus will run out before the wound is
healed. In opening the abscesses, especially under the
shoulders, do not cut crosswise of ligaments or cords.

Bleeding the Hyper-immuned Hog for Serum.

A week or ten days after hyper-immunizing the hog,
if he appears well and hearty he must be bled for serum.
He may be bled three times from the tail and then
killed and the blood caught, or he may be bled from the
tail four times and re-hyper-immunized.

However, the best plan is to bleed him three times —
from the tail, .at° intervals of a week apart,
then kill, catching the blood and making a
post mortem of the carcass. By this method an ex-
amination of the internal organs determines whether
the hog is suffering from any disease and thus a further
safeguard is placed upon the serum. If no disease is
indicated the serum is ready for use and the butchered
animal is suitable for pork.

28

(*o. IV)

Holes in Ends of Table Through Which Ropes are
Passed in Tying Hog on Table for Bleeding from Tail.

29

There are two ways of securely fastening the hyper-
immuned hog for bleeding. The method commonly in
use is to tie the animal on a table. This table which is
-about five feet long, three feet wide and three feet high
has holes bored in the end braces between the legs. (See
Illustration No. 4). When the hog has been lifted on
the table, ropes are tied to each of the animal’s legs,
passed through the holes of the table and securely fas-
tened, holding the animal, his legs rigid, on his belly.

The other method is to fasten the animal in a crate
and this is more practical and more humane, especially
with a heavy hog. The crate should be just large enough
to hold the hog and should be made of strong material
with a slide at the end, which shuts down to within six
inches of the floor of the crate. The crate is elevated
about two feet. An incline for running the hog into
the crate is built in such a way that it may be removed
when the animal is enclosed. When the hog has been
driven into the crate and the slide fastened, pass two
strong boards through the openings, put them on the
hog’s back and using them as levers pry down upon
the hog’s back. In.a few’moments he will lie down.
Fasten him in this position by passing boards through
the openings in the sides of the crate. This has been
found much the easier and more practical way of secur-
ing the hyper-immuune hog for bleeding. (See Illustra-
tion No. 5).

Extreme sanitary precautions are necessary during
the operations of bleeding for serum; all vessels and
instruments must be thoroughly sterilized—a glass or
porcelain vessel, a large spoon or fork, antiseptic gauze,
and knife or chisel. A liberal supply of antiseptic must
be at hand. The crate should be covered with a clean
cloth, a hole having been cut, through which the tail is
slipped. The tail should now be washed with soap and
water and then shaved with a sharp knife. After the tail
is shaved it should be washed with antiseptic. The hands

30

(No. V)

Hog in Crate, Ready for Bleeding from the Tail.

of the person extracting the blood must be washed with
the antiseptic. The tail should be cut about a quarter of
an inch from the end unless the end is hard, if so it
should be cut above the hard place. The flow of blood
is more profuse when a thin long beveled chisel is
used for severing the tail, though a thin knife may an-
swer the purpose. Place the tail on a block which has
been washed with antiseptic, place the blade across the
tail and strike with a clean hammer, being sure to cut
the tail square across in order that a good flow of blood
may be obtained.

Have a piece of sterilized gauze tied over the top
of the vessel for catching the blood—a fruit jar or milk
bottle will answer the purpose. A hole should have
been cut to allow the admission of the tail and another
for the fork or spoon. As the blood is drawn it should
be whipped constantly with the fork or spoon. The
stirring prevents clotting and causes the fiber to gather
together. This will save much trouble when the blood
is strained. The amount of blood to be taken depends
upon the weight of the animal. About a pint and a half
may be drawn from a hog weighing 100 pounds, about
a quart from a 150 pound hog, etc. However, much de-
pends upon the condition of the animal; a thin hog will
probably stand less bleeding than a fat one. When the
proper amount of blood has been drawn the tail should
be tied with a cord. Cut the string close to knot and
wash in antiseptic. Care should be taken to tie the
tail securely as there is danger of the animal bleeding
to death, especially if the hog is small and the flow of
blood profuse. The hog should be noticed for a few
days to see whether the tail bleeds, if so he must be
caught and the tail retied.

In this manner the hog is bled three times at in-
tervals of a week apart in the same manner, each time
cutting about one-half inch from the tail, getting the
same quantity of blood. After each bleeding the blood

32

is strained through a sterilized cloth and in order to
preserve the serum, mix with it a certain quantity of —
the 5 per cent carbolic acid solution. It is mixed in the
proportion of 7 to 93; for instance, to a quart of the
serum, or 1,000 cubic centimeters, there must be added
75 cubic centimeters or three syringes full of carbolic
acid solution and great care must be exercised in using
the proper quantity. Pour the solution gradually into
the serum, stirring thoroughly as you pour. Put into
sterilized bottles and cork and seal.

One week after the third drawing of serum the
animal may be killed and his blood caught for serum
or he may be re-hyper-immunized. However, it is rec-
ommended that he be bled to death that a post mortem
may be made to further determine the purity of all the
serum caught.

Final Catching of Blood.

The blood is caught just as it is from a cholera
hog as previously described. (See Page 18.) After the
hog is bled the last time a post mortem examination
should be made also as previously described. The serum
is now ready for use. It must be air tight and must
be kept in a cool place to prevent spoiling.*

*After having made the serum some persons might
desire to test its efficiency before using it on a herd. To
do so vaccinate one or more pigs with the serum and
turn them into a lot where there is cholera.

CHAPTER III.

VACCINATION FOR CHOLERA PREVENTION.

There are two methods of vaccination known as the
Simultaneous Injection Method and the Simple Injec-
~ tion Method.

The first method, that of simultaneous injection, or
injection of serum and cholera blood at the same time,
is attended with some danger, and should be used only
by the hog raiser and not. by the feeder.

Unweaned pigs should however be vaccinated by
the simultaneous method and remember that unless the
sow is immune she must be vaccinated at the same time
but very preferably by the. simple method, which will
pe described later.

Simultaneous Injection.

The instruments to be used are two hypodermic
syringes, one holding from 20 to 30 cubic centimeters
and the other 10 cubic centimeters, furnished with slip
needles. The instruments are sterilized as has been de-
scribed and plenty of antiseptic must be at hand. (As
described on Page 18.)

The services of two persons are necessary for the
operation, one to hold the animal and the other to use
the syringes. . .

Syringes must be frequently loaded and unloaded
with antiseptic. The vessels for holding serum must
have been previously sterilized. (Do not use tin). Into
one pour a small quantity of serum and into the other
a small quantity of cholera blood. Keep all vessels

34

(Vol. VI)

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covered when not actually in use. Load larger instru-
ment with serum and smaller with cholera blood, with
needles unattached. If air enters syringes, unload and
refill. If air is injected into the animal lumps or ab-
seesses will form.

Hogs are vaccinated according to weight, 30 cubic
centimeters of serum to the 100 pounds. For instance,
for an animal weighing 150 pounds about 45 cubic cen-
timeters of serum, for one weighing 200 pounds, 60 cubic
centimeters. Only 2 cubic centimeters of cholera blood
are injected for hogs weighing 100 to 150 pounds.*

Unweaned pigs should be vaccinated when about a
month old, injecting 15 cubic centimeters of serum
and one-half cubic centimeter of cholera blood.

There are two ways generally used for holding the
animals for vaccination. Pigs and shoats are caught by
the hind legs and raised so the belly faces the operator,
the front legs resting on the ground to lessen the weight.
The assistant holds the hog’s back against him and
stands astride its head and front part of the body, hold-
ing them firmly between his legs. (See Illustration
No. 6.) .

Heavier hogs which cannot be held in this way are
thrown down. The assistant, facing the direction in
which the animal’s legs protrude, places his knee on the
hog’s neck, holding the hind leg and the front leg which
are not on the ground. The hind leg is held back-
ward, keeping the hind legs well apart. (See Illustra-
tion No. 7). With a sponge or clean cloth wash with
antiseptic the fleshy part of the inner side of both
thighs. Stick the needle belonging to the serum syringe
into the place just washed, taking care not to strike the

*The man who must make his immune hog previous
to making serum and selecting a hog weighing 150
pounds would therefore need to buy 45 cubic centimeters
of serum and 2 cubic centimeters of cholera blood.

+36

(No. VIT)

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Method of Holding Heavy Hogs for Vaccination

37

bone, but being sure to penetrate the muscle. Put the
syringe on the needle and slowly inject. If a lump be-
gins to form the needle is not deep enough. Push
farther into the flesh and squeeze the lump; in this
way the serum is forced from the lump into the leg.
When the proper amount of serum has been injected re-
move the needle and pinch the wound several times to
prevent the escaping of the serum. If the hog weighs
over 100 pounds -inject one-half of the serum into one
leg and the other half into the other.

Then adjust the set-screw carefully on the syringe
containing the cholera blood so that the proper propor-
tion may be used. For unweaned pigs adjust the screw
to enable the injection of one-half cubic centermeter of
blood for each pig. For hogs weighing 100 pounds ad-
just screw for injection of one cubic centimeter; for hogs
weighing 150 pounds adjust for injection of two cubic
centimeters.

Be sure to use set screw. If too much cholera
blood is injected in proportion to serum the hogs will
die of cholera. Thrust the needle of the syringe contain-
ing the cholera blood into the opposite leg from that
into which the serum was injected, or if the serum
injection was made in each leg, at least 2 inches away
from the point of serum injection. In the same man-
ner that the serum was injected inject the cholera
blood. Remove the needle and squeeze the wound made
by the needle to prevent the cholera blood from escap-
ing. If by any mistake too much cholera blood should
be injected, more serum in the proper proportion at a
new point should be injected. Wash thoroughly with
antiseptic solution all the wounds made by needles. The
vaccination will produce some soreness but will inter-
fere very little with the appetite.

38

SIMPLE INJECTION METHOD.

The second method, that of simple injection (in-
jection of serum alone) is attended with little or no
danger. It is the method commonly in use. The state
and veterinary colleges with scarcely an exception, use
this method entirely. |

It is the united action of serum and the cholera
germ which makes permanent immunity, but when the
cholera germ may be contracted and not injected and
the serum alone used, there is little danger attached to
vaccination and the immunity is usually permanent.
Should the serum be injected alone and the hogs be ab-
solutely free from cholera germs thereafter, only a tem-
porary immunity of a few weeks is obtained, but the
feeder buying his hogs about the country is almost sure
to have some exposure to the germs in loading pens, in
transit or in the unloading pens and those in the herd
that have not been exposed over four days can be saved
and thus made permanently immune, or if well hogs
are vaccinated with serum alone and turned into cholera
infected feed lots they are protected from the disease.
Many persons have their hogs vaccinated after cholera
attacks the herd. In these cases the vaccination must
take place as soon as possible. Those in the herd that
have not been exposed to the germ over four days can
be saved by the serum alone treatment. In this method
the process is identical with simultaneous injection ex-
cepting that cholera blood is not used. The serum is
used in the same manner and proportions as described
in the first method. Pregnant sows should be vaccin-
ated by this method.

Remember that the injection of serum alone (simple
method) produces temporary immunity, unless the hog

39

is exposed to cholera germs. Remember that the injec-
tion of serum and cholera blood at the same time
(simultaneous method) produces life time immunity.

NOTE—When pregnant sows are to be inoculated
they should not be thrown down, but confined in some
way to avoid rough handling and are inoculated in the
vertical furrow between the head and shoulder just back
of the ears.

40

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