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HOW TO MANAGE

Agricultural Fairs, Industrial Insti-
tutes, and Similar Exhibitions.

A COMPLETE GUIDE
——FOR
DIRECTORS, SECRETARIES, AND OFFICERS,

——CONTAINING——

Directions for their organization, applicable to every
kind of society and joint stock association ; rules for
the selection and laying out of orounds, build-
ing tracks, the ornamentation of build-
ings, halls, etc., and choice
plans of administration.

SELECTED FROM A STUDY

——OFr—

OVER 200 SOCIETIES,

-LOC

- DIFFERENT STATES.

Be vcs thea |

Pee 7 . . Ve % c i ,} a a oi
Experentia Docuit. No. $ f/0.9. 7)

NEW LONDON, O-
THE FAIR PRINTING COMPANY.
1881.

$

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1881, by

J. F. LANING,

in office of Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.

PREFACE.

It is needless to say that the author in examining the
workings of different societies has found a great amount
of crudeness among them. How to manage a Fair suc-
cessfully is a desirable attainment. Their management
may be said to be the measure of their success and will
account for the fact that some are live, attractive, and
prosperous, and others feeble, uninviting, and inactive.

The fact is often overlooked that a Fair is a business
institution requiring capacity to manage it, as do other
institutions, and thatit is one of magnitude, dealing in
different relations with many people, where experi-
ence, skill, attention, and regularly defined methods are
highly essential to harmony and success.

There has been too little progression in our Fairs. The
idea that most anyone could manage a Fair has put them
in the hands of incompetent men, who have neither abili-
ty or energy enough to originate or adopt new ideas, and
hence many of our societies present a picture of sameness
at their Fairs every year instead of giving them a bright,
fresh, and attractive look that will make them inviting.

The key that will unlock the mystery of the decay of
some Fairs will be found in the fact that they have been
run too much for the present and too little for the future.
The American people leve recreation, and our Fairs are
popular with them, but they are both sensative and
sensible, and to hold their patronage anywhere they
must be well treated.

The author of this work has been for years connected
with one of the most successful Fairs in Ohio. To gain
the knowledge for this work he has visited and had cor-
respondence with several hundred societies, and in
drawing conclusions from their workings has made a
number of important discoveries, and has been able to
make many suggestions of a practical nature.

The work is intended to supply all, and especially the
inexperienced, with a correct knowledge and a clear un-

derstanding of the rules by which the business of agri-
cultural societies and other similar associations should
be administered. It treats of the subject from every
point of view, and enters largely into details. It will aid
officers, managers, superintendents, and committees In
discharging their duties, and it is hoped will build up 2
uniformly high standard of integrity and success among
these institutions.

But few societies exist whose management is not sus-
ceptible of improvement in some particular. The work
is therefore commended to all, feeling that to each it
will be important, and to many valuable, both in learn-
ing what others are doing and promoting their own
welfare.

CHAPTER I.

CREATION AND ORGANIZATION OF CORPORATIONS, JOINT
STOCK ASSOCIATIONS, SOCIETIES, ETC.

SECTION 1. Statutory Regulations.—In most States
statutes exist regulating the creation of Corporations,
Associations, and Societies, such as of which we treat, and
detining tne powers, privileges and immunities conferred
upon them. These are easily accessible to all inter.
ested parties, and are beyond the scope of our work,
which is intended to deal with methods of conducting
them, rather than their legal fights and obligations.
These statutes are, however, the constitutional law by
which authority is conferred upon them, and to secure the
rights and immunities they grant, as to the prescribed
methods of organization, should be complied with, lest
they otherwise be lost.

Sec. 2. Organization and Constitution.—When an
organizatioa is determined upen, it is usual to have, and
the laws of some States require, a meeting at some previ-
ously appointed time and place, to adopt plans and define
the limits within which the business is to be conducted.
This, when made out and reduced to writing, is called the
Constitution of the society, as we shall use the word to
designate all bodies of this character, and subject to
statutory limitations with which it must not conflict, it

6 CREATION AND ORGANIZATION.

becomes its fundamental law. It is usually divided into
sections, and, unless given by statute, provides or defines
the following things: A name‘for the society; the object
for which 1f 1s organized; the place where it will transact
business; the amouné of its capital stock, if it have one,
and how divided; the quatitigations of its members; its
management; how its amendment or alteration may be
made, and such other matters as the objects of the society
require. These we shall notice in turn,

SEc. 3. Name of Society.—Names are various, de-
pending upon the business transacted and the tastes of
the members, ‘They gzenerally refer to the location of the
society and define its character. That elass more par.
ticularly treated herein are known as Agricultural, Horti-
cultural, Industrial, &c., societies; or Fair, Union Fair, or
Independent Fair Associations, Expositions, &¢,.

Sec. 4. Objects.—Of course the statement of objects
depend upon what they are. In this class of societies
thev. are eenerally to encourage or promote agriculture,
mechanieal arts and Kindred subjects and the mutual gain
of the members. Sometimes the statutes define the ob”
jects, in which case they should be substantially followed.

Sec. 5. Location.—This should be defined so as to
avoid any uncertainty.

Sec. 6. Capital Stock.—When a company hasa eapt-
til stock, the amount should be stated, and the number
and size of the shares given.

Smc. 7. Membership.—This wili depend upon the plan
upon which an organization is to be effected. Shoutd it be
a joint-stock company each stockholder will be a member,
and it will be unecessary to provide for the issue of cer-
tificates and their transfer trom one person to another,
hey are usually required to be signed by some of the
officers, as the President and Secretary, and tueir transfer
required to be in writing, upon the back thereof, and not
to be valid until entered upon the books of the company.

CREATION AND ORGANIZATION, a

Sbould the society have no capital stock, the membership
is defined to consist of those who pay a certain sum into
its treasury, sometimes the party becoming a life members
and scmetimes only one for a certain period, as one year,
their continttance as members being dependent upon an
annual contribution; and it is often that both classes of
members are found in the same society, the amount of the
fee being differcnt. In some instances the society is a
county or district one, so that the electors contiibuting in
a certain region are members.

Sec. 8. Mnnagement.—<As a society is usually com-
posed of many persons, a meeting of all of them tor the
purpuse of expressing its will, in the management of its
business affairs, would be inconvenient and impracticable.
Hence itis vested ina select few of its members. called a
Board of Managers, Directors, or Trustees. ‘To guard
against Incompetency or abuse of power, they are se-
lected, wholly *or partially, each year, and it is usul to
provide that they shall serve for a certain period, and
until their successors are elected and qualified. Care
should be taken not to make this body too large, as its
action will often be retarded and a quorum often found
Wanting when business is to be* transacted. When the
affairs of a society are peculiar to a certain district or
territory, often arepresentation is provided for different
parts of it, as each township in a county. When the man-
agers are not located so as to render it impossible, it 1s
found convenient to have their number some multiple of
their term of office, So that an equal number ot them shall
retire each year. In general it may be said that, unless
restricted. this Board will possess all the powers which
the society weuld have if they had no managers, and such
powers as are necessary for an economical and successful
prosecution of the purposes of the society. It is the agent
of the members, and its ucts, within the scope of the ob-
jects of the society, will be binding. Itis usual, however,
,o define the number of the managers that shall constitute
a quorum (usually a majority), and provide that it shal]
have power to appoint such agents and comnnittees as

8 CREATION AND ORGANIZATION.

are deemed proper to carry on the business of the society,
and to pass the by-laws necessary to carry out in detail
the powers conferred upon it.

Srxc. 9. Management, continued — Officers. — The
usual officers are a President, Vice President, Secretary,
and Treasurer, and their term of office one year and until
their successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 10. Election of Directors and Officers.—A time
is nsually set upon which annually a meeting of the mem-
bers of the society shall be held at its place of business,
for the election of managers and the transaetion of such
other business as may come betore it, at which, if it is
a joint-stock association, each member may cast as many
votes as he may have shares of stock in person or by
proxy; if otherwise, each member may cast one vote, and
a majority of the votes cast shall be necessary to elect.
Vacancies in the Board of Managers arising from any
cause, are usually left to the remaining members to fill
until the next annual election, though sometimes they are
required to be filled by a called meeting of the stock-
holders. When competition occurs elections are by bal.
iot. The selection of officers is sometimes made by the
stockholders, and are outside of the board; but it is usual
to require the board to meet within a short period after
the annual meeting, and elect from their number a Presi-
dent and Vice President, and a Secretary and Treasurer,
from any persons having the requisite qualifications.

Sec. 11. Duties of Officers.—The executive office of
the society is the Presidency. ‘Che President is required to
preside at the meetings of the board; has general super-
vision and custody of the affairs of the society, and sees
that its laws are enforced; is required to sign all money
orders on the treasury, and call meetings of the stock-
holders, when business arises which is necessary to be
submitted to them.

The Vice President acts in the absence of the President,
and assists him in the prosecution of his duties.

CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. 9

The Secretary is the clerical officer of the society, con-
ducting its correspondence: keeping a record of the pro-
ceedings of the society and Board of Managers; drawing
orders on the Treasurer for money; making annual re-
ports of the society’s condition and doings, and generally
performing the work of the society of a clerical nature,
He is sometimes required to receive all money of the so-
ciety, and pay the same over to the Treasurer, keeping an
account of the sources from which received, instead of
having it paid directly to the Treasurer. Fora discussion
of this matter see Chapter ix., on accounts,

The Treasurer receives the money of the society and
pays it out on the proper order, and reports annually the
amount received and disbursed by him. ‘The amount of
officiai bonds is sometimes prescribed, though more often
left to the Board. The Secretary and Treasurer are usu-
ally given a salary for tbeir labors, to be provided in the
by-laws.

Sec, 12. Amendments and Alterations.—The amend-
ment or alteration of the Constitution is usually limited to
the annual meetings, though it is often provided for being
done at called meetings. Notice of the proposed change,
by publication or otherwise, is required, however, in order
that each member may have time to consider it, and be
prepared to aet intelligently. Two-thirds or three-fourths
of the votes cast are often made necessary forthe purpose.

Sec. 13. Enactment of Constitution.—In the enact-
ment of a constitution at the first meeting of the associa-
tion, it 1s usual to appoint a committee to prepare a draft
and report ata future meeting, a few days later; where.
upon the meeting adjourns until the day named. Some-
times, however, a drait is prepared beforehand, ready to
present at the first meeting for adoption. Whenever it
is presented, it should be read from beginning to end,
to enable everyone to become familiar with it, and see
the bearing and connection o1 the different parts and their

10 CREATION AND ORGANIZATION.

relation to the whole. Having been thus read, it is
taken up and adopted section by section and article by
article.

SEc. 14. Model for a Constitulion.—-The fellowing,

e :

though not complete, wil serve asa guide for parties
drafting a Constitution:

ARTICLE 1. This society shall be known as

ART. 2. Its objects shall be ——

Akt. 3. The business of the society shall be carried on
at —-———_-.

Art. 4. Its capital stock shall be $———, divided into
shares of $-- each.

Art. 5. The members of the society shall be sueh as
are the owners of one or more cf the shares of its capital
stock; or any person may become a member of the society
tor the period of one year by paying the sum of $--- into
its treasury.

ART. 6. The control and management of the society
shall be vested in a Board of —— Directors, whose teim of
ottice shall be —— years each and until their successors
are chosen and quélitied. They shall have power to ap-
point such agents and committees and pass such by-laws
as May become necessary to carry on the business of the
society. (Add other desired powers and restrictions. )

ART. 7. ‘The officers of the society shall consist of Presi-
dent, Vice President, Seeretary, and Treasurer, whose
term of office shall be one vear and until their successors
are chosen and qualified.

Art. 8. The Directors now elected shall serve until the
— day ot ——— next, at which time, and annually there-
after, the Directors shall be elected to serve for one year;
or there shall be —— Directors elected to serve fer one
year, for two years. &e., and annually thereafter ——
Directors shall be chosen for (the term of their office.)
The election shall be conducted by ballot, and a majority
of all the votes cast shall be necessery to elect. On or be-
fore the --——-——-- thereafter the Board shall convene
and choose trom their number the President and Vice
President, and select a suitable person for Seeretary and
Treasurer.

Arr. 9. The President shall preside af all meetings of
the Board, &c.

ART. 10. The Vice President shall perform the duties
of the President during his absence, &c.

CREATION AND ORGANIZATION. It

ART. 11. The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the
soeiety and Board of Directors, keep an accurate minute
of their proceedings, and record them in a book provided
for the purpose; ccnduct the correspondence ot the so-
ciety, &c., and receive such compensation as the board
shall provide.

ARrR?. 12. The Treasurer shall keep an accurate account
of the money of the society received and paid out by him;
he shall give bond. with good and sufficient security, in
such a sum as may be required by the Board of Directors,
&c.

ART. 12. No alteration, by amendment or otherwise,
shall be made-to this Constitution except at an annual’
meeting ot the society, or a called meeting for the pur-
pose, at least -——- weeks’ notice thereof having been
previously given by publication in — . or by filing a
resolution tor the proposed change with the Secretary,
and a- vote shall be required for its adoption, &c.

CHAPTER II.

BOARD MEETINGS, BY-LAWS, ETC.

SEc. 15. Official! Action.--Through the Board of Di-
rectors the Society acts, and the only right which is
usually enjoyed by the members at large is to annually
express their willas to who shall represent them, and as
to the policy of the society in electing such as will exe-
cute their will.

Sec. 16. By-Laws.-—Incident to the rights of this body.
though usually found in its organic Jaw, is its right of
making by-laws for its own government, and providing
the details as to tne execution of the powers conferred
upon it. Sometimes these will be limited to some extent
by the constitution, but they are usually left to the dis-
cretion of the Board under a natural and implied restric-
tion that they must not be repugnant to the objects of the
society, the laws of the land, nor in excess of its powers.
The subjects they usually embrace are as follows: 1,
Board meetings; 2, order of business; 3, voting; 4, ap.
pointments; 5, official bonds; 6, amendments; 7, records
and accounts, &c. These we will consider briefly.

Src. 17. Board Meetings.—The meetings of the Board,
where business requires it, are set for regularly recurring
dates. Unless so set, they occur on days to which they

13 BOARD MEETINGS.

have been formerly adjourned, or upon which they have
been called. Special meetings are usually upon the call
of the President or two members of the Board; and some-
times when regular meetings are had, for special meetings
a notice in writing to each member, stating the object of
the meeting, is required, and the provision made that no
other business shall be transacted at the meeting, unless
all the members are present.

Src. 18. Order of Business.-—The rules for conduct-
ing the proceedings of the Board usually provide for an
order of business as follows, yiz:

1, Calling the roll of members.

2. Reading the minutes of the previous meeting.

3. Presentation of bills and reference to committees.

4, Reports ot officers and committees.

5. General business.

With this it is usual to provide that the deliberations of
the Board shall be conducted according to the ordinary
rules of parliamentary law.

Src. 19. Voting.—in the election of officers and in se-
lecting members of committees, &c., the By-Laws usually
require that when more than one candidate appears the
vote shali be taken by ballot, and in other cases viva voce.
In cases of strong competition an informal ballot is often
taken to reveal the strengtn of the several candidates.
Sometimes provision is made for a yea and nay vote, by
having the roll called, to which every member responds
and his vote is recorded.

Src, 20. Appointment of Committees, &c.—-When
the work will admit of sub-divisions, and often when spe-
cial matters occur, it will be found convenient to commit
them to one or more persons to take charge of or investi-
gate. Care should be exercised to avoid making commit-
tees so large as to be unwieldy, and the fitness of the
members for the purposes sought should also be regarded
in selecting them. Committees are of two kinds, standing
and special. When not otherwise provided for, the power

14 BOARD MEETINGS.

to appoint them is given to the President, and unless
some reason exists against it, the mover for a committee
is made its chairman. The matters that may he eommit-
ted are various. The principal committees and their
duties are usually designated in the By-Laws. Intorma-
tion in rezard to them may be obtained in the next chap-
ter, devoted to committees.

;

Sec. 21. Official Bonds.—When the Constitution
leaves the amount°of these to be regulated by the Board,
they should fix it with regard to the funds that will come
into the officers’ bands.

Sec. 22. Records and Accounts.—Sometimes a by-
law is made designating what books and accounts shall be
kept and reports required, and by what officers; such as, a
revister of stockholders or members; a record of the min-
utes of the Board; a record of entries reecived and awards
mide, a report of which is often required to be published;
wu veneral account of the receipts and expenditures ot the
Society, classified in tunds, according to the nature of
each, &e.

Sec. 23. Salaries.—When the Constitution does. not
provide otherwise, the salary of officials should be fixed in
the By-Laws.

Sec. 24. Amendments.—Provisions similar to those in
Sec. 12 are usually inserted in the By-Laws.

Sec. 25. Model for By-Laws.—Tihe following, though
not complete, will serve for a guide for parties drafting
By-Laws:

ART. 1. The regular meetings of the Board of Directors
shall occur on the - of each ——, at — o’clock — M,
Special meetings may be called at any time.

Arr. 2. The deliberations of the Board shall be con-
ducted according to the ordinary rules of parliamentary
law. The following order of proceeding shall be observed,
ViZ:

1. Calling the roll of members.

2. Reading the minutes, &c.

BOARD MEETINGS. 15

ArT. 3. When the name ot more than one person is
presented for any appointment or Office, the vote shall be
taken by ballot; all other votes shall be taken viva voee,
&e.

ArT. 4. Unless otherwise provided all committees shall
be appointed by the President, and shall consist of ——
members each,

Poe. The following standing committees, Viz., Ex-
ecutive Committee, Auditing Committee, &e., shall be
appointed annually at the first meeting of the Board after
its organization.

Art. 6. The duty of —~ Committee Shall be—( deserib-
ing it and that of each ot the remaining committees in
turn). See next chapter.

ART. 7, The following special committees, viz., (nam-
ing them) shall be appointed whenever their creation is
advisable.

ART. 8. The duty ot the Committee on shall be,
&c., describing it ‘and the cthers as above. (See next
chapter. )

ART. 9. The bonds of the Treasurer shall be $—.

ART. 10. The Secreta ry shall keep an accurate account,
showing all the money, &c. He shall have charge of mak-
ing the entries at the annual exhibition of the Society, and
shall cause to be published a report of the awards made
thereat in the , Within three weeks thereafter.

The Treasurer shall keep, &e.

ART. 11. The official salaries of the officers of the So.
ciety shall be as follows, viz.

ArT. 12. These By-Laws may be altered by a majority
vote, &¢. is

CHAPTER IIL

COMMITTEES.

SEc. 26. Necessity of Committecs.—When the num-
ber of persons to whom the execution of any matter is en-
trusted is large, the tendency is for each to rely upon its
being attended to by others, and hence it becomes neg
lected. One or asmall number of persons will, as a rule,
investigate a matter mure closely or attena to it more
surely than a large number. Hence, it is usual to entrust
those matters that will admit of it to a select few (thiee is
the usual uumber), with authority to investigate or act in
the matter, either controlling it fully or reporting their
conclusions to the Board, who ratify or reject them.
These are termed committees, and they are standing or
special according to the permanent or transient character
of the matter to be entrusted to them. The person first
named on a committee acts as its chairman, and calls the
cominittee together and presides at its meetings. The
Secretary, upon whom the Board thrust many duties to
escape themselves, will fully appreciate the value of com-
mittees. It is often that a few willing ones are obliged to
do all the work in such an enterprise, but it should not be
allowed, as otherwise, although the success may not be
more decisive, yet it may be more harmonious.

COMMITTEES. 17

Sic. 27. Standing Commuttees.—The experience of
different societies has shown the necegsity of having cer-
tain permanent or standing committees, to which matters
that are constantly arising ean be readily referrec. Two
of these are the Executive and the Auditing Committee.

THE EXECUTIVE CoMMITTEE is entrusted with arrang-
ing the details and carrying out the measures adopted by
the Board. tt usually consists of the officers of the So-
ciety and one or more directors. Sometimes it is given
power to act in the absence of the Board, or when imprae-
ticable to convene it, upon all matters which arise de
manding immediate attention and their action is made
binding upon the Society.

To THE AUDITING COMMITTEE is referred all bills and
claims against the Society and the reports of its officers,
and they are required to examine them and report as to
their correctness as soon as practicable.

The wants of different societies will suggest other stand-
ing committees.

SEC. 28. Special Committees.—When any enterprise
is to be undertaken, several committees whicn the nature
of the business wil! prompt will be found convenient. For
a Fair each of the following topics may be profitably con..
fided to separate committees, viz., Rules and Regulations,
Premiums, Printing and Advertising, Invitation and Re-
ception, Supplies, Police, Awards, and Rental Privileges.

In constituting these committees it is usually provided
that certain officers of the Society shall be members of
certain committees, as the President a member of the
Committee on Invitation and Reception, the Secretary a
member of the Committee on Rules, &c. They should be
required to perform their duties and have their reports
ready, so as not to cause any delay.

Src. 29. Duties of Committees.—The duties of these
committees will be as follows:

18 COMMITTEES.

The Committee on Rules and Regulations is perhaps the
most Important one to be selected. ‘To it will be en-
trusted the preparation of plans and drafting of rules and
regulations, defining the mode of conducting the exhibi-
bition. Its members should be men of good perception,
wide awake, and capable of detecting any errors that may
exist in the established methods of the Society, and im-
proving them as experience and good judgment justifies.
A Society to succeed well must be progressive. Care,
however, should ve taken to obtain practical rather than
theoretical men. The duties of this committee are some-
times put in charge of a Committee cn Ways and Means.

The Committee on Premiums Is also an important one,
To them the items upon whieh premiums are to be offered,
and the amount to be paid upon them, are entrustea. In
many departments changes are constantly going on, and,
to be progressive, additions to the list will be required
each year. To be attractive an exhibition must be up
with the times. A few prominent features often are the
means of producing an interest that is highly valuable to
the Society. Therefore, the committee should be com.
posed of men who are able to designate a list of articles
and contests that will be attractive enough to draw a
profitable number of spectators to the Fair, and who will
have judgment sufficient to keep the amount or money to
be paid as premiums where it will not be ruinous to the
Society, from being either too high or too low.

To the Committee on Printing and Advertising is given
the matter of securing the printing of such matters of the
Society as are for print, and of advertising its exhibitions.
They usually obtain a list of what is wanted from the
proper sources, and contract with some person, in behalf
of the Society, for furnishing it. They often have charge
of originating the matter and modes of advertising, though
the former is usually left to the Secretary or some person
employed for the purpose.

To the Committee on Invitation and Reception is en-

2

COMMITTEES. 19

trusted the seleetion, reception and care ofinvited guests.
Its members should be selected with regard to their na-
tural courtesy, politeness, and ability to entertain.

The Committee on Supplies has in charge the matter of
providing such articles as are usually needed to supply
the wants of parties attending the exhibition, such as food
for stock, straw for bedding, &e.

The Committee on Police employs and has charge of the
police foree.

The Committee on Awards has the selection of the vari-
ous awarding committees. Sometimes they are required
also to select the Superintendents of Departments. They
should sit during the Fair, so as to fill any vacancy that
may arise in committees.

The Committee on Rental Privileges has charge of the
letting and selling of the respective stands, booths and
privileges which are usual upon the grounds,

Other committees, such as Transportation, Music, &c..
are sometimes provided for.

CHAPTER IV.

GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS.

Src. 30. Grounds.—It is presumed that most Societies
have grounds; but, if one have not, when an exhibition is
determined upon, it will become important to provide a
suitable place for holding it. It is not expected that any
ean be found which will have all the good qualities that
ean be enumerated, but care should be taken to combine
as many of them as possible. The selection should be
made with a view to natural convenience and attractive-
ness. It Should be high enough to be dry; rolling enough
to avoid standing water after a shower; with plenty of
shade and where an abundance of water can be obtained.
Tne value of shade and water cannot be over-estimated, as
nothing detracts more from the success of a trip to a Fair
(usually planned for a day of recreation and pleasure)
than to be compelled to stand in the unobstructed rays ot
the hot sun all day, with no water to quench the thirst
which the heat engenders. People so treated once never
attend the second time.

The site for the grounds, unless special facilities exist
for reaching it, should be near enough to'the village where
located to be easily accessible.

2

GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 23

The size ot the grounds will depend upon the extent of
the exhibition. It should, however, be commodious, and
enclosed by a tence sufticient to keep out intruders who
seek to enter it clandestinely. This is usually from six to
seven feet high, sometimes built tight; but the best me-
thod, except when a tight fence may be required, is found
to be the use of pickets about four inches wide, leaving a
space of thesame width between each. Such a fence will
stand storms of wind better and be more durable than a
tight tence.

SEc. 31. Lhe Ring.—Without here discussing the ques-
tion of racing and its morat bearings, we say that it is
usual to lay out a ring of some character, to exercise and
speed horses upon. Its size depends upon the ground
that can be devoted to it, though it is seldom less than
one-third of a mile in circumference; as when smaller,
horses cannot accomplish the short turns it must possess,
at any high rate of speed. Usually it is either a mile ora
one-half mile track, It is generally composed of two par-
allel straight sides, called stretches, having their ends
joined by perfect semi-circles, called the turns. The home
stretch is the one where the finish is made. Upon it, lo-
cated on the inside, 60 yards vefore entering the turn, is
placed the Judges’ stand, and below it are placed, at re-
quired points, posts called distance posts, for determining
When horses are distanced. The turns should be graded
like the track ot a railroad or circus, the outer portion
the highest, so that a horse can extend himself at fal)
speed as well around the turns as upon the straight sides,
The width of tracks vary from 25 fect upwards, and usu-

-ally the first turn is much the widest. The line of mea-
surement for a track is three feet from the inside or pole.
A practical engineer with a transit can locate perfectly a
track of any required dimensions over any ground, and
establish good grades for it; but for those who cannot well
obtain an engineer, we give some rules for laying out
some of the simpler tracks,

Sec. 32. Laying Out a Track.—First ascertain how
long the grounds to be used will admit the sides of the

22 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS.

track being made. Ifa mile track 1s to be constructed,
subtract the sum of the lengths of the sides in feet from
5.280. Ifa half mile, from 2.640; divide the remainder by
3.1416; subtract 6 from the quotient, and the remainder
will be the width in feet which the sides may be placed
apart. Place a stake midway between the ends of the
sides; take a wire with aloop at the end loose enough to
turn the stake, and measure upon it one-half of the dist-
ance between the ends, and with it describe a semi-circle,
beginning at the end of one of the sides. putting down a
stake to mark the course every ten or fifteen feet. This
line will be the inside of the track, and where the tence
should be placed.

The following ave some of the dimensions required for
eertain tracks:

A mile track, with the sides 1320 feet long, will require
them to be S41 feet apart, and contaiu 46 aces.

A half-mile track with the parallel sides each 600 feet
long will have its sides 452 feet 43g inches apart, and re-
quire about 12 acres of ground.

Halt mile tracks may also be constructed of the follow-
ing dimensions:

1. Take a piece of ground 2410 yards square; measure
off a square of 698 feet; cut off the four corners with a one.
fourth cirele of 99 teet radius. ‘The stretches will be 500
teet each. 'wo of the sides may be lengthened without
regard to the turns, and the other two diminished accord.
ingly.

2. Take a piece of ground 400 yards long and 125 yards
wide; measure off two straight sides, 800 feet long, and
make the ends with a radius of 16214 teet. This will make
a track 25 teet wide.

3. Upon the same ground as the last, a wedge-shaped
track may be laid out, by making the cirele at the large

GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 23

end with a radius of 225 feet and at the smaller end with
one of 100 feet, joining these with straight sides 800 feet
long.

Besides this,a small ring is sometimes thrown up for
the punpuse of exhibiting stock upon, and is found very
uselul.

SEC. 33. Buildings..—We cannot here give details and
plans for erecting buildings, and shall only attempt to give
the different classes that are used and a few general re-
marks concerning them, leaving the details and specifica-
tions to be taken care ot by the architects employed in
their construction. Beretofore, societies have generally
© rected independent buildings or halls tor each of the de-
partments represented at their Fair; as a Mechanies Hall,
for manufactures and small machinery; a Floral Hall, for
textile tabries, flowers, plants and fine arts, though each
ot these i3 sometimes separated; an Agricultural ana
Horticultural Hall; and sometimes a Merchants’ Hall, a
Music Hall. &c. Of late, however, there is a tendency to
confine these departments. except for mechanical inven-
tions requiring power to move them, to one building, as-
Signing a portion of its space to each and it 1s tound to
heighten the appearance of the exhibition and give better
satisfaction to exhibitors in the display of their goods.

Above all things, whetever buildings are built, let them
be commodious, with good height between the floor and
roof, and with geod openings, so that visitors can readily
pass in and out, and plenty of air and light can be ob-
tainea. They should also be tastily erected, so to orna-
ment the grounds if possible. The boards for siding
should be planed and painted, as without it when they
become old they have a dismal appearance. Some 80-
cieties attempt whitwashing old buildings; but it rubs off
easily, becomes colored and looks so cheap that it is
doubted whether anything is gained by it. Good build-
ings will readily pay for themselves from the increased
attendance they attract to the Fair.

24 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS.

For live stock accommodations are also provided. They
eonsist of stalls, pens and sheds, covered so as to protect
their occupants from sun and storms. They are built
from rough boards, and whitewash here adds to their
neatness and sweetness. For the more yaluable classes
of stock, where they are liable to become damaged trom
rain, the roof should be shingled, as a common board one
ran seldom be made tight eneugh to shed water for any

length of time.

A hay and grain barn, sometimes but a building con-
taining a covering and sides extending high enough to
keep people trom climbing into it, and open at the top, is
useful, and will pay for itselfin a few years trom the say-
ing 1t makes.

Ampitheatres upon exhibition grounds and racing
tracks afford fine views of the sports, and are profitable in
the way of admission fees charged to enter them, and
give the Society room beneath for vanous purposes.

Besides buildings for these purposes, Dining Halls,
Booths and Stands are sometimes built by the Society, but
more often by parties renting sueh privileges, Band
Stands and Judges’ Stands are also common,

Ticket offices should be erected near the entrance to the
grounds.

Sec. 34. Decoration of Halls and Buildings.—lIt is
usual for the Society to adorn their balls and buildings, so
that they may be attractive to visitors. It isa matter in
which good taste is @emanded. Too profuse ornamenta-
tion is regarded as an error. Among the things used
for this purpose may be mentioned fountarns, festoons and
wreaths of evergreens, flowers, plants, &c.

Fountains are splendid ornaments, and can be readily
supplied where there are no water-works by elevating a
barrel on the roof of the building, with asma!l gas pipe
leading from it to the tountain. A cheap fountain can be

GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. 25

made by putting a small nozzle on a gas pipe, and having
an ordinary wooden bowl painted fora basin, through the
bottom of whieh the pipe passes.

Cut papers answer well for decorations. A fine ar-
rangement for flowers and plants is to have them located
between aisles, set in clusters or built 1m pyramids, with
mosses and sods of earth between them. They may also
be set to one side upon stair-like shelves to advantage.
Care should be takep to have them sufficiently proteeted
from vandals, whose fingers will ruinously pick and slip
them, if they have an opportunity. White wall paper may
be used for coverings of posts and wood work that it is
not desired to have exposed, and some patterns make de-
cidedly beautiful backgrounds, &c.

CHAPTER Y.

PRINTING AND ADVERTISING.

Src. 30. The Premium List.—In order that it may be
known in What manner the exhibition is to be conductete
and what competition and exhibits are desired, it is usual
for the Secretary or some other person having the same in
charge to make a catalogue of the rules and regulations
pertaining to the exhibition, the officers of the Suciety,
superintendents of Departments, and sometimes the
Awarding Committees, and such other information relative
to the exhibition as may be deemed important, and have it
printed in pamphlet form for distribution. Sometimes it
contains the Constitution of the Society and a list of its
members. When cheapness is aimed at, the list is often
printed in newspaper form, saving covers and binding.

Sxc. 36. How to Cheapen Advertising.—To cheapen
the expense of getting out this catalogue it is usual te ob.
tain advertising to be inserted in it, it being an attractive
medium for business men, stock breeders, &¢., to notice
their goods, and the profit on the amount that can be ob-
tained 1s often sufficient to pay the whole cost.

It is usual to have either a page of premiums and a page
of advertising opposite it, or have the pages divided into
two columns, one for advertising and one for premiums:
A more handsome and preferable way 1s thought by some
to print the advertisements upon colored paper separate
trom the premium pages, and insert tour or eigbt pages of
them between each fold of the book.

PRINTING AND ADVERTISING. 27

From these and other advertisements that can be ob-
tained, with the program of the Exhibition and other mat-
ters of interest to exhibitors and visitors, a small paper or
bulletin is often vrinted and distributed gratuitously
among those in attendance at the Fair. Whenit can be

done, it is a good plan to have this issued daily, and by
adding to it alist of the awards and doings of the previous
dey, it can be sold for se or two cents and made remun”
erative.

SEC. 37. Posters, Circulars, Etc.—To advertise the
Exhibition large posters, calling attention to the date and
announcing the most attractive features, are generally put
up in conspicuous places. Smaller ones are used as cir-
culars, and to take the place of the large ones in stores
and business places not naving sufficient room for their
display. Small dodgers, making a special annauncement,
are sometimes passed about, and.are often used to ad-
vantage among a crowd that has assembled upon some
occasion. A strip from four to six inches wide, announe,
ing the date of the Exhibition, as “Jones County Fair,
June 17-20,” 1s often put up upon fences and buildings at
the roadside to attract the eve of travelers. In all our-
door advertising it is needless to say that paste should be
used to put up the bills, as otherwise they will go down in
the first wind or shower.

SEC. 53. Cheap Advertising.—Getting too cheap ad. .
veitising is like “saving at the spigot when there 1s a leak
atthe bung.” Itis said that ‘‘the apparel oft proclaims
the man,” and this way of judging is often applied in other
respects. A bedaubed and half-printed job, on poor paper,
is often taken as the indication of a worthless, half-way
society, and is passed without regard. While one made in
good style, clean and neat, will be attractive and draw
mans times more to the society than enough to pay the
difterence in cost. To let people know what is going to be
done, it is necessary to advertise, and to draw them to the
Fair it must be well and judiciously done. sy ee care
should be taken in this regard.

CHAPTER Vii.

YNSTRUCTIONS IN PREPARING PREMIUM LIST.

Src. 39. General Remarks.—It has already been said
that the list of premiums 1s one of the most important
things connected with the Fair, and for that reason its
repetition may be excused. It must be properly gotten
up, and from year to year must be so changed as to be
Kept in harmony with the reyuirements of the times.

Src. 40. Classificatiton.—The items upon which prem-
iums are offered are usually classified into Departments,
which are sub-divided into such Classes as they will ad-
mit. The items of a kind are thus all brought together.
At the head of the Department the special rules appli-
cable to it are placed, and so at the head of each Class.
This 1s much preferable to placing them in the general
rules, as thus they are readily found in connection with
the subject to which they apply. The time of the examina,
tion in each Class is also placed at its head. though some-~
times they are all published on one sheet as a program.

The Departments are numbered consecutively, first,
second, third. &v., as may be desired; theugh sometimes
the Departments are not numbered, the classes being
lettcred or numbered consecutively throughout, or num-
bered with reference to the books into which the items are
to be entered.

PREMIUM LIST. 99

Sec. 41. Numbering Premiums.—In order to facili-
tate making entries ‘see Sec. 60) a number should be given
to each item of the premium list. These are called prem-
ium numbers, and may run consecutively throughout each
Class or each Department. The following will illustrate:

Prem. Nos.
i. Stallion, 4 years old and over.
2. Stallion, 3 years old.
3. Stallion, 2 years old, etc.

_ The method of numbering by classes is preferable, as by
1t the needless practice ot repeating the items of a class to
form another, when both are the same, can be avoided:
In such eases all that 1s necessary is to make the state-
ment that its classification and premiums are the same as
Class —, referring to the former one.

Sec. 42. Premium Offerings.—It is usual to offer
money as prizes, though diplomas and medals in some
classes are quite common. Some Societies have tound it
profitable to offer certain articles of silverware, &c., agri-
cultural journals and like things upon certain classes.

Upon most items two or more premiums are offered,
denominated first, second, &c. To specify these it is cus-
tomary to needlessly take a line tor each, they being set
down, best so and so, second best, ditto, and soon. It can
all be expressed, and space and printing saved, and a
neater looking page made, as follows:

Ist. 5 i
i staltion, 4: years old and overt s: es. 8 $10 00 $5 00

Sxc. 43. Sweepstakes Purses.—tin Live Stock Depart.
ments, in addition to the general classes, classes denom-
inated Sweepstakes are made in which animals of differ-
ent breeds, or of different ages of the same breed, are
allowed to compete against each other for the purpose of
ascertaining their comparative merits.

30 PREMIUM LIST.

Sec. 44. Departmenis.—The subjects embraced in a
Fair may be classified under the general divisions, Do-
mestic Animals, Industrial Arts, Fisae Arts, and Agricul-
tnral and Horticultural products. These are general ang
are usually divided into several more specific divisions,
called Departments, though these general divisions may
be called Departments and the others Classes.

Sec. 45. Domestic Animals.—The departments of this
Givision are, Horse, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Poultry and
Pet Stock. Each will be described m turn,

Sec. 46. Horses.—This Department is variously classi-
fied, the only classes found common being Draft Horses,
Roadsters, and Horses tor General Use, or as they are
often called, General Purpose Horses. To these are added
Thoroughbreds, Light Harness Animals, Carriage and
Coach Horses, Speed Horses, and such other classes as
may be produced in the country where the Fair is located.
Jacks and Mules are usually put into this Department.

in the general classes a premium is usually offered upon
mares, geldings and stallions of each age to four years,
and for those of four years and older. Also, upon brood
mares and colts, and spans of mares and geldings, three
yours old and four years old, though often these show
withont regard toages. Sometimes in Draft Horses, mares
and geldings are made to compete with each other. Car-
riage Horses are restricted to single animals and teams,
without regard te age, and Coach Horses to stallions and
teams.

in sweepstakes stallions are required tc show a certain
number of their colts of a given age, to test their breeding
qualities. Premiums are also offered for displays of
horses and geldings, mares and matched teams of any
age or class.

Sec. 47. Cattle.—This department usually contains a
class for Durbam Herefords, Jerseys or Alderneys,

PREMIUM LIST. ol

Hoalstens, Grades or Crosses, Fat Cattle, Muiilch Cows,
Oxen, Sweepstakes, and such other breeds as are raised
where the Fair is to be held. The usual divisions ot these
classes is for bulls, three years old and over, two years
old, yearlings and calves; females, tke same, except that
four year olds is added, and they are designated as heifers
until three years old. In grades it is common to offer no
premium on bulls, the idea being not to encourage breed-
ing anything but pure bloods. Fat cattle is divided for
steers or oxen and for cows or heifers: and fer exen
premiums are offered upon each age to four years old in-
clusive, and eften for those that are nearest matched or
hest broke.

In Sweepstakes, bulls are required to show a certait
number of their get of any or specified ages; and cows, a
certain number of their calves of required ages, and prem-
iums are offered upon Exhibitors’ herds, consisting of bull
and four cows or heifers owned by exhibitor; Breeders
herds, consisting of bull and four cows or heifers bred and
owned by exhibitors; displays of cattle and often pairs
of calves, bull calves and heifer calves, and single bulls
and cows of any age.

Src. 48. Sheen.—Here two general classes are eom-
mon, viz., Coarse or Long Wools and Fine Wools, the latter
comprehending Merinos and the former the different
Wolds and Downs. Tothese are added Grades, Fat Sheep
and Sweepstakes. <A better classification will be—Fine
Wools or Merinos, Middle Wools, to include Downs, and
Coarse Wools, to include Lincolns, Leicesters and Cots-
wolds. Some prefer Merinos, Leicesters, Long Wools not
Leicesters and and Downs. Where Grade Classes are
made, it is usual to have at least two classes, Fine Wools
and Coarse Wools.

Each class usually contains premiums for bucks and
pens of three ewes, two years ola and over, one year old,
and lambs. in Grades, bucks are omitted. Fat sheep

32 PREMIUM LIST.

premiums are upon three fat sheep and three fat lambs,
and Sweepstakes upon pens of ewes, and bucks to show
lambs in each class, coarse, fine, or middle wool. Some-
times purses are added for lambs.

Src. 49. Swine.—The usual classification is: Small
Breeds—Berkshires, Yorkshires, Leicesters, suffolk, Essex
and Short-Faced Laneashire; Large Breeds—Chester-
White, Poland-China, MaGee, Nomander, Byfield and
Jersey Reds, and Sweepstakes. Other common ways are:
Large Breeds, Berkshires and Small Breeds; Large Dark
Breeds, Large White Breeds, Berkshires and Small Breeds
not Berkshires; or, nstead of the last two, Small Dark
Breeds and Small White Breeds. .

The usual premiums are upon boars and sows, one year
old and over, six months old and under six months old;
brood sows with five or more pigs under six months old,
and litter of pigs (five or more) under six months old.
Sweepstakes include for each class a herd consisting of
a boar and four sows over six months old, owned by ex-
hibitor, boars and sows any age, and often pigs under six
months.

Src. 50. Poultry and Pet Stock.—This department in-
cludes chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys and othe fowls;
ferretts, rabbits, squirrels, birds, pigeons, fish, cte.

Sec. 51. Industrial Arts.—A difficulty arises in mak-
ing a proper classification of this division, and it has been
usual either not to name the departments at all or call
them Mechanies’ and Manufacturer’s Products, and Tex-
tile Fabrics and. Domestic Manufactures, The difficulty
with this classification arises in the use. of the word
Manufactures, aterm which may be used in place of In-
dustrial Arts, as it covers everything made by art, hand
or machinery, with other words which it includes, to ex-
press but a part of itself, and then making other depart-
ments that come within its meaning as well, as does Me-
chinics’ Productions, Textile Fabries, &c. A strict classi-

PREMIUM LIST. oo

fication, however, is not usually regarded as essential, ail
that 1s sought being to so arrange and express such prem-
iums that are offered that exhibitors may readily find
them.

The difficulty is greatly avoided by classifving with re-
ference to the place or manner they are made, rather than
their character when made, as Factory and Shop Produc-
tions and Household Productions.

Sec. 52. Factory and shop Productions.— These
may be divided into classes for Machinery and Imple-
ments: Household. Furniture, Implements and Utensils;
Vehicles, Cabinet Wares, Cooperage and Carpentry,
Leather Work, lron Work, Glass and Earthen Ware,
Worked Metals, Brass Work, Musical Instruments,
Merchants’ Goods, Manutactured Preparations, Books
and Paper, Mullers’ Productions, and many others. In-
stead of Machinery and Implements, or as their sub-
divisions, classes may be had for Machinery Moved by
Steam power, Macaines and Implements Moved by Horses,
and Machines and Lmplements Moved by Hands; or En-
gines, Shop Machinery, Agricultural Machines and imple-
ments, and Household Implements and Utensils. A very
good classification for ordinary societies 1s: Agricultural
Machinery and Implements, Household Implements and
Utensils, and Machinery and Implements for general use,
the latter comprehending vehicles, harness, boots and
shoes, and similar articles, whose use is not confined to
either farm or kousehold. The different classes of these
may be set off by sub-heads.

Sec. 53. Househoid Productions.—These are divided
somewhat with reference to their nature, as into classes
for Plain Needle Work, and Weaving; Ornamental Needle
and Fancy Work; Fancy Domestic Ornaments, and Culin-
ary Products. The first contains bed spreads, comforters,
quilts, mats and rugs, knitting, weaving, etc.; the second;
applique work, bead work, canyas work, crocheting,
braiding, embroidering, tatting, tucking, puffing, patch
work, etc.; the third, wax work, feather work, rustic

34 PREMIUM LIST.

work, hair work, and other articles of this class; the
fourth, canned truits, preserves, pickles, jellies, Jams,
catsup, bread, cake, ete. It is better to set out each of
these in their proper class, having those of a kind grouped
together and pointed out by a small sub-head, set in full-
tace type, as they can thus be more readily distinguished
and a repetition wili often be avoided; thus:

Applique Work:

1. Bracket Lambrequins.
2. Sofa Pillow, ete.

Bead Work:

3. Bead Basket.
4. ‘loilet Cushion, ete.

Embroidery:

5. Chair Cushions.
6. Foot Rest, ete.

Src. 54. Fine Arts. —It is not always easy to draw the
line as to what should come in this department. Fine
Arts usually represent ideas and Mechanical Arts pur-
poses. The rule that such things as gratify the estheti-
eal sense are Fine Arts, and such as have a practical use
are Mechanical Arts, is a little more moderate, but still
difficulé to apply. Paintings. engraving, senlpture and
architecture are acknowledged Fine Arts, but there can
be no objection to classing with them many other works
that are closely allied to them, such as decorated wares,
ete.

Sec. 55. Agricultural and Horticultural Products.—
These are divided into classes tor Grain, Grasses, Vege-
tables, Fruits and Flowers and Plants, the latter being
often divided for professionals and amateurs.

Field Crops also come under this head.

Src. 56. Discretionary Department.—A department
is often added for articles which are not enumerated in
the list, called Discretionary, asthe payment of premiums

PREMIUM LIST. 39

upon such of these articles as are recommended as being
worthy by the Awarding Committees is usually at the
option of the Society and the amount fixed by the Board,
with regard to the financial success of the Fair. Sucha
department is often a souree of great perplexity to a So-
ciety, as often persons will take advantage of it by chang-
ing the name of some article they may have, and thus get
it entered in the department where they will be sure of a
premium, in order to avoid competition in the class where
it properly belongs. When sucha department 1s provided
committees should be thoroughly instructed to watch and,
if possible, detect such frauds.

CHAPTER VII.
ATTRACTIONS.

Src. 57. Success of Fairs.—-To make a Fair a suceess
two things are necessary—an exhibition and an attend-
ance. The two, however, are closely allied, so that when
the former is secured the latter is almost certainly as-
sured. <A Fair for but one day cannot be made profitable,
and as people can ordinarily attend and go through the
exhibits ina day or less, and not care to return to see
them again the next, 1t is necessary to devise something
to increase the attractions and excite such an interest
that people will want to attend every day while it lasts——
as it is usually expressed, ‘“‘something that will draw.’’
Various measures have been tried for the purpose. Plaees
for resting comfortably, with musie from a good band te
enliven tne occasion, add to its pleasure, and the latter is
especially inviting to some people. A list of attractions
will be found in the tollowing: ;

Sec. 58. Trials of Speed.-—One of the most extensive -
as wellas most profitable inventions to attract visitors to
a Fair is contests, exhibiting the speed of horses, both
running, tretting and pacing. Two or three races in
whieh the horses are classed according to certain rates ot
speed are given each day. Often, to court breeders.
races between certain stallions in which farmers and

4

a)

ATTRACTIONS, 34

fanciers are interested, and colt races of certain get, are
made up. Sometimes races between horses of loca

eelebrity stir up considerable enthusiasm. Double team
“aces are also interesting.

‘SEc. 59. Gther Equestrian Contests.—Many doubt
the propriety as well as the morality of speed contests at
Fairs, and in many instances attempts have been made
to avoid giving speed the preference over other desirable
traits in w horse, and to lead to greater care and effort to
improve some of the other qualities of this noble animal.
To take the place of racing they have invented contests
between Draft Horses. Fast Walking Horses, Well
Broken Horses, Graceful and Easy Riding Horses, ete.
Besides these there may be mentioned what is known as
a Gentieman’s Hoad-horse Race and Mule Races, both of
which are usually interesting and exciting, The former
is a race between horses which have never been driven in
arace and which are untrained, driven by their owners
three miles, the first being walked, the second under the
saddle and the third trotted toa road wagon or buggy,
the ewners being required to change harness without
assistance, except to hold the horse,

Two kinds of Mule Races, slow and fast, have been
adopted. In the former the riders are changed, so that no
person rides his Gwn animal, and the purse is given to the
lust onein. The exploits of riders to overcome the well-
known aversion a mule has to being ridden fast, often
make these races a very comical spectacle.

Horseback Riding, bv Gents and Ladies, and Lady Driv-
ing are amusements that are attractive and pleasing to
an audience.

Riding contests between girls under 16 and boys of like
ages are also attractive. In these contests the premium
should he awarded to the best and most graceful rider.

Sec. 60. Agricultural Coentests.—There is a class of
eontests tending to stimulate honest rivalry among farm
laborers that should be encouraged, and premiums for

34 ATTRACTIONS.

these come within the legitimate purposes of Fairs. How
to excel in grooming a horse, harnessing a team;
in plowing and mowing; in cradling, binding, shocking
and stacking grain; in chopping, sawing and splitting
wood; in husking corn, building fenee, laying tile, ete..
are surely important accomplishments to this elass of peo-
ple, and the well known conceit that many of them have
ought to make such contests well patronized. Plowing
Matches, Husking and Wheat Binding contests have
been tried by many Societies with good suecess.

SEC. 61. Athletic Centests and Sports.—Occasions
are often given for veung men to display their strength,
activity and skill in athletic sports and contests. Prizes
are often given for walking, running, jumping, wresting,
tossing the caber, sledge throwing, putting the shot, tug
of war, etc. Contests between Hook and Ladder Com-
panies, Fire Companies, Hose Companies, ete., often
draw large crowds. The rules governing these may be
found in any work devoted to such sports.

SEC. 62. Miscellaneous Attractions.—At some Fairs
a premium is offered for young ladies who can get up the
best meal of victuals in the shortest time. We suggest
that a cook who ean get up a wholesome breakfast,
promptly, on time every morning, deserves the most hand.
some of medals, and that the art ought to be encouraged.
Butter making and other similar contests might also be
Suggested. Band contests have proven attractive and
profitable, as they save the employment of music on the
day on which they take place.

Baby shows, with premiums for the most handsome,
most intelligent, the leanest and tattest baby, and prem-
iums for the oldest percons in attendance are often given,

Sometimes a Pioneer Department, where premiums are
offered for ancient, curious and treasured alticles of skill
and handicraft, ancient household furniture, kitchen
utensils, implements of husbandry or warfare, foreign
and domestic curtosities, ete., and an Educational De-
partment where premiums are offered for the most ap-

a

?

ATYTRBCTIONS. a5

proved courses of study, plans of instruetion, examina-
tion papers of prpils, essays on é@ifferent topies, drawing,
penmanship, and work in other branehes; school furni-
ture aad apparatus, books, maps, globes, charts, ete., are
considered attractions and are added.

Special premiums are sometimes offered tor essays
upon practical subjects connected with farming, as man-
aging farms, planting certain crops, road making, ete.

Where rats and other pests are numerous, to encourage
their extermination, a premium is often given to the dis-
trict that sball kill the greatest number within a certain
time; the tails of the rats or some similar part ot other
animals being required to be put up in bun@les for ex-
hibition and tor evidence for making tne award. The
officers of a Soeiety will often be able to add other attrac-
tions which the time and circumstances of their Fair will
suggest.

CHAPTER IX.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

SEC. 63. Adopthon of Plans.—Upon the management
ofa Fair its success more or less depends. ‘To secure
proiapt and harmonious action. it is essential that some
time previous to 1ts commencement those having its man-
agement should lay out plans for conducting it, and as it
approaches take measures to have them earried out, by
selecting the necessary officers and agents, and mstruct-
ing them as to how they should act. So far as these plans
afiect exhibitors, they should be printed as rules and
regulations in the premium hst for their enlightenment.
In this chapter we shall discuss such plans as pertain to
the private affairs of the Society, leaving those of a gen-
eral or public nature for the next chapter, though some of
the latter are treated incidentally herein.

#

o~.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. oT

Src. 64. Officers and Committees.—Some Societies
have a General Superintendent, to whom is assigned the
management of the Fair, but more often the President,
assisted by the Vice President, has its supervision in-
trusted to him. To avoid confusion and secure general
harmony and good order, each employe should be in-
structed precisely as to what labor he is to perform.
Each officer should be supplied with a badge, so that he
may be readily identified.

In erder to secure proper management, each department
is put 1n charge of one or more persons ¢called Superin-
tendents or Managers. Sometimes these positions are
parcelled out among the members of the Board of Direec-
tors, who are designated as Attending Members. They
should be men of good judgment and who will treat ex-
hibitors honestly, impartially and courteously, as the best
interests of the Society always require. To decide upon
the relative meriis of the different exhibits is usually lett
to a committee of three persons, called the Awarding
Committee.

SEC. 6. Selection of Superintendents and Come
mittees.—In well regulated Societies, in order to secure
competent, impartial and disinterested persons, the selec-
tion of Awarding Committees and Superintendents is left
to the Committee on Awards (Sec. 29), which makes
arrangements to have the members on hand when they
are to be needed. The Superintendents are sometimes
called upon to suggest names of persons for the com-
mittees in their departments. and often have the choosing:
ofthem. Sume Societies wait and select them during the
Fair from those in attendance; but this is an inferior
method, as it is sometimes impossible at such times to
Obtain satisfactory committees. Care should be exer-
cised to obtain persons having qualifications which fit
them to act in the class where they are assigned. Filling
of vacancies in committees is usually left to the Superin-
tendent or Committee on Awards, which is in session
upon the grounds during the Fair for the purpese. Com-

38 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

mittees often receive pay tor their time, and generally are
supplied with their dinner by the Society, as a comph-
ment for their labor.

Src. 66. Admission of the Public.—One of the first
things to be developed wiil be the method of admitting
the public to the Exhibjtion. It is usually done with
tickets, each party entering being required to provide
himself with one before so doing. They are generally of

two kinds, one fora single admission, which 1s taken up.

as the party enters, and the other a season ticket, which
cannot be taken up, as the holder is allowed to pass out
and in upon it.

The Secretary usually sells the exhibitor’s and season
tickets, though often itis done by the Treasurer. Parties
are employed for the purpose of selling tickets at tne
gates, grand stand and other places requiring it. Knough
tickets should be provided betore the Fair to last through
it, and be put up In packages of one hundred each. Some
person should be appointed to deliver tickets to the sellers
each day and required to keep an account of them. Tick-
ets numbered consecutively, like railroad tickets, are be-
coming very common, as they are very valuable in ascer-
taining at any time just bow many have been sold. Each
ticket agent should act independently of the others and be
required to account in the return of tiexets and money for
all the tickets that have been delivered to him. ‘The
membership and coupon tickets may be numbered and de-
livered likewise. At the vates parties are employed to
take tickets and provided with large tin boxeS in whieh to
deposit them. They should be locked securely, having
daly an Opening to put the tickets into them, so that they
may not be opened until the close of the Fair, when the
tickets should be counted, with a view of comparing their
number with the number reported as being sold. Some-
times turnstiles are used, provided with registering ma-
chines, s0 that no mistake ean be made or fraud perpe-
trated on the Society. Each mght, when the gates close,
the gay’s receipts shonld be turned over to the proper

, Sa

rw Ape.
GENERAL MANAGEMENT. Bo

officer and an account made of the same. When the So-
eiety does not provide a place for depositing ticket boxes,
ete., (and it may be weil in any case) it is usual to leave
them in the custody of the parties having them until the
close of the Fair.

The gates should be opened as early in the morning as
parties will want to begin to pass out and in. The first
thing usually necessary to be done is to have the police
traverse the grounds and ascertain who among those
present are entitled to remain. Those not having tickets
should be seut to the office to procure them, and tick-
ets where found should be taken up and returned to the
proper officers. Police sbould not be allowed to take
money from parties.

Sec. 67. Ticket Fiauds.—How to construct and
manipulate tickets so to avoid being defrauded by having
them used by different persons, or too often by the same
person, has been a matter of considerable study to
the managers of different Societies. With single tickets
that are taken up at the gate no such trouble exists; but
when a party is allowed to retain his ticket itis readily
accomplished, by passing the ticket through the fence, or
sending it out by a messenger to some friend, who takes
it and enters upon it, the gate-keeper in a rush not always
being able to observe the deception. To avoid this, some
Societies require the gate-keeper to punch such tickets
whenever they are used, it being an object of suspicion if
the holes in one become numerous. Some limit fhe number
of admissions to two each day, issuing a ticket with cou-
pons, cone of which is torn off upon each admission; or
what is known as avommutation ticket, having a number
to be punched out upon each admission. A plan regarded
better than either is to issue a ticket having a coupon
for each day to be torn off when a person first enters;
when he passes out let him show his ticket and get a
eheck; then when he returns require him to show the
ticket again and take up the check, As the party who
passes his ticket out secretly gets no check, no other per-

40 GENERAL MANAGEMENT,

son Gan enter in uponit. Whena ticket admits man and
wife, either may pass out with the ticket, or both together
when two checks are issued, the parties being required to
return together—the checks never being taken without the
tickets. The coupons torn off will serve for cheeks, and
to be distinguished readily may be of a different color for
each day.

When day admission tickets are used the same plan as
to passes will work admirably. The tickets for each day
should be of a different color, and likewise wherever
passes are used they should be of a different color for each
day, or possess such marks as will readily distinguish
them. For ordinary admissions a ticket is issued and
taken up at the gate and put into a box provided tor the
purpose by the gate-keeper. No tickets except these are
usually transferable. These instructions will apply to
gvand stands and other places where tickets are sold.

Sec. 68. Admission of flelpers.—How to regulate
the admission of helpers and grooms of live stock has
been rather a vexatious question, aud a souree of much
trouble, as they are usually alot of miscreants ready to
take advantage of every opportunitv that is presented to
beat the Society, and sometimes the number that an ex-
hibitor may want (often to get his friends admitted in that
way) is out of proportion to what he really may need.
Some Societies charge for them ata full or limited price
and others admit them free. Sometimes the number is
controlled by the stock an exhibitor has, being one fora
certain number of head. To avoid the difficulty arising
trom persons who get on the grounds and remain over
night, claiming to be helpers for certain parties, some So-
cieties take tue names of all assistants, and require the
exhibitor to call at a certain hour eaeh day and obtain
tickets allowing them to remain upon the grounds the
next day, which unless they have in the morning when the
authorities clear the grounds they are put off or required
to pay. A more simple manner of arriving at the object is
had in the use of a ticket having a coupon for each day,

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 45

waich is torn off at the gate or by parties clearing the
grounds. As these are usually sold at a reduced price,
they do not allow the holder to pass the gate.

Sec. 69. Entries.—The work of making entries is usu-
ally under the charge of the Secretary, who either attends
to it himself or assigns it to certain of his assistants.
Making an entry consists in recording the name of the
exhibitor, a description of his exhibit and the class where
it is to compete, and issuing a tag to be attached to it,
showing where it has been entered. The record 1s re-
quired to show who are entitled to compete, and the tags
to assist the Examining Committee in finding the articles
they desire. For making these entries the Secretary must
provide plans and books properly ruled to carry them out.
For tags aeommon shipping tag is used. No part ot the
labor connected witha Fair is more important than this,
and perhaps none of it has been conducted more unsatis-.
factorily. When the number of entries is large, to take
them rapidly, as is often necessary, and have them accu-
rate is no easy task, as exhibitors do not fancy being re-
quired to wait to make their entries, aud ina hurry and
contusion innumerable mistakes, leading to irritation and
disappointment, one of which may possibly mar the suc-
cess of the Fair, are liable to creep in and are often dis-
covered co late as to be irreparable. Whatever plan that
may be adopted should be so brief as to take the least
possible time in making an entry, and so simple that in
its use scarcely a possibility of making a mistake will
exist.

SEc. 70. Plans of Making Entries.—Of these there
are several in use. Often an ordinary blank book is used,
in which the name of each exhibitor and a list of his ex-
hibits are set down in regular order one after the other as
parties appear, the items being numbered consecutively
from the first, each entry being designated on the entry
tag and in the committee book by the number it bears, tne
latter being made by going through the list and collecting
the items entered in each class and placing them in a book

46 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

by themselves. The diffleulty with this plan, besides
being laborious and slow, is that the promiscuous arrange-
ment of the entries renders it exceeding!y. difficult to find
any that may be desired, and errors are likely to oceur in
transferring and checking off. It is improved by adopting
a separate book for each class or department, owing to
their size, the entries being numbered consecutively in
each, The entries of a class are thus brought together;
but unless divisions are made by. setting a certain page or
number of lines for each premium, according to the an-
ticipated number of entries for 1t, so that those for each
premium may be put together, the classification will be
incomplete. if this is done, however, the increased labor
of rewriting the exhibitor’s name in each class, the difli-
eulty of turning the leaves to find what is wanted, the
hindrance that will arise in finding the proper book,
especially if it become misplaced, and the delay often
caused by some other persons having a book in use when
wanted are quite serious. Then unless it is thought de-
sirable to give these books, containing the names of ex-
hibitors, to committees, the labor of copying them, gener-
ally the last duty of the Secretary, to be performed at
night reaching late after a hard day’s work,is also de-
cidedly distasteful, to say the least.

Suc. 71. New Method of Making Entries.—The
author of this work has a plan of making entries that has
been used and examined by many competent judges, and
pronounced unequalled, in its simplicity, systematic ar-
rangement, and the rapidity and ease with which entries
may be taken by it. The basis of the system is to avoid
repetition, so that when an exhibitor’s name has been
once recorded, instead of rewriting it for every differ-
ent entry or class of entries he may make, the one
will suffice for all,and when the description of anything
has been written in entering it once, it need not again be
written for all the entries that may be made of the same
thing, whether by the same person or different persons,
And even more, the method being such that the printed
matter in the premium list may be used and the books

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 4;

prepared at leisure of the Secretary before the Fair, so
that the names of the articles need not de written at all,
the arrangement being so simple and systematic that the
whole can be put into a book containing but few leaves,
and any desired part or premium turned to at a glance.
As the usual ratio of the number of entries made to the
number of exhibitors is about ten to one—that is, on the
average each makes ten entries, and if upon the whole
there should be five entries foreach premium offered it
will be seen readily that such a method will save nine-
tenths of the labor otherwise required in writing names
and four-fifths of that required in writing the description
of the entries. Descriptive circulars will be sent upon ap-
lication. See advertisement on last page of cover.

Src. 72. Non-enumerated Articles.—A department
is usually made for such articles (see Sec. 56), and it is
ustial to enter them all togetherin ‘one book. The diffi-
culty in this lies in their examination, as special commit-
tees for the purpose must be chosen and the members
changed often ou account of the difterent classes ot art-
icles to be judged, often causing considerable trouble and
expense. By our plan we avoid this by leaving lines after
each elass for writing the names of such articles as are
entered of the same cbarecter, so that they will all appear
together and be acted upon by the regular committee.

Src. 73. Entry Tags.—f r each entry a tag is issued
and upon it usually there is written a description of the
thing to which it is to be attached, the number of the entry
corresponding to the number in the entry book, and the
department and class in which 1t is entered. Another
quite simple plan is only to place upon the eard the de-
partment and class where it belongs, leaving the exhibitor
to attach it properly. It has the ebjections, however. (ex-
cept in live stock and other, departments where tho ait-
icles of a kind can all be grouped together so as to be
readily discerned) that it willoften be difficult to find
what is wanted when the awards are to be made, and also
that the names of exhibitors will be required by the com-

48 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

mittee. A better planis to place upon the entry tag the
entry number, the department, class and the premium
number as found 1n the list (see Sec. 41°, using it for a de-
scription often containing several words. Indeed, all that
is necessary to use is the entry number, the committee
judging from the looks of the thing whether 1t is being ex-
amined under the proper class, as in the second method
above, and in such departments as the exhibiter is re-
quired to be by to show his things one tag will do for all.
It is usually better, however, to add the department and
class.

To avoid getting property mixed a method of having an
entry tag divided into parts, perforated between them so
that the lower part may be torn off, making a detachable
eheck, and requiring 1t to be presented (it being a duph-
eate of the other part) to the Superintendent of the De-
partment at the close of the Fair in order to obtain pro-
perty, is in use at some of the largest Fairs. Two tags are
sometimes used tor the purpose, one to be attached to the
exhibit and the other retained to identify the property.

Sgc. 74. Making Entries.—In this a division of labor
will be found very protitable. Let a definite portion ot the
work be assigned to each employe, one to keep the entry
books, one to make the tags, and so on. Have the party
who keeps the books and the one who makes the tags sit
close enough together to communicate readily, and as the
exhibitor announces his entry, the one record it and an-
nounce its number and the other place them on the tag.
Where the entries are made upon blanks, thev should be
first passed to the bookkeeper and the number of each
noted and then passed to the tag-maker. The work is
thus systematized. Each person soon becomes familiar
with his work, and mistakes are less liable to occur than
otherwise.

Sxc. 74. Committee Books.—In order to place before
the committees the information as to what entries have
been made, and for them to report the results of their ac-

GENERAL MANAGEMENT, 49

tion, it is usual to prepare for them a small book, contain-
ing a list of entries, with proper space for their report.
Several methods are in use, dcpending upon the method
of recording the entries. The author has visited one or
two Societies where the Secretary gave the committees
the book in blank, expecting them to grope about and find
what bas been entered, examine them and report, but it is
not thought that that practice is very extensive. It is
2sual to give With each entry its number. so that the com-
mittees may know what numbers tv look for upon the
tags, and when all the entries have been found. To collect
these when the entries have been made and set down in
order as parties have come in, requires considerable
labor, but the convenience arising to the committee in
having them all togetiier, and the liability to omit entries
that is thus avoided will outweigh it. Sometimes the
name of the exhibitor is given also: but it is not necessary
and it is generally thought to be wrong, as committees
will act more impartially without them. When separate
entry books are used, and the entries classified when
made, as described in Sec. —, the entry books are often
given to the committees to save copying. To avoid giving
the names of exhibitors to cammiuttees a plan is mn use, in
whieh the leaves of the book are cut apart between the
names and items, and the part containing the names
sewed up so that they cannot be seen.

By the author’s plan a separate book, similar to the
entry book, except smaller, with space for remarks, is
provided for each class and prepared similar to the entry
book at the leisure of the Secretary before the Fair. Then
after the entries close a few minutes’ work will transfer
tne numbers appearing in the entry column of the
entry book into the respective committee books, where
they will appear in compact furm In their appropriate
places ready for use. Tnis. will be found a decided im-
provement over the old and usual method, which requires
the Secretary to labor until midnight and after, in prepar-
ing his committee books, after a hard day’s work in mak-
ing entries. The committee first ascertain the where-

50 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

abouts of the exhibits, bearing on the tags the numbers
found in the entry columns, and when they make the
the award, place the entry number receiving the first
premium in the column for awards headed first; that re-
celving second in the column so headed, and so on, so that
a mistake can hardly occur. |

Sc. 76. Rental Priyileges.—The matter of letting out
the rights of selling articles upon the grounds is one ofa
considerable income to Societies, and tne practice is
varied as much as any braneh ot the business, Some sell
the whole business to one party, leaving him to sublet it
as he chooses. Others sell exclusive privileges on certain
things, and otbers make no distinction, selling anything
that a person may want, without regard to what bas al-
ready been sold. The particular course to be adopted
must be lett to each Society to determine for itself, as it
must greatly depend upon the extent and character of
their exhibition. In ordinary Societies, a dining hall,a
vold luneh stang and confectionery, peanut, pop-corn,
lemonade, ice cream, soda water, hot candy, and beer
stands often are let. The letting Is done privately, by
sealed bids, or at auction some time previous to the Fair.

The dimng hall occupant has the sole privilege of selling
warm meals; the cold luneh stand is confined to cold eat.
ables; the other stands seH what their names indicate,
oiten exclusive, and often have in addition lemonade,
eakes, gingerbread, iruits, sandwiches, cigars and to-
baeco, pretzels, bologna, dried beef and bread, or some of
them.

At the Farr it is usual to have applications from medi-
cine men, fakers, hawkers and peddlers without limit.

The character of the stand usually regulates its price,
though in some places it depends largely upon the prom-
inenee of its location and extent of the ground oecupied,
as so much per toot front on a eertain thoroughfare.
Payment is sometimes required in advance, aad some-

GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 51

times part in advance and a certain portion of the balance
each day. The former way is preferable, as it does away
with the labor of going around to collect during the Fair.

The letting of stands is often given to a committee on
that subject, which determines what stands shall be let
and upon the conditions, puts their disposal into the
hands of some competent person. Blank contracts, con-
taining terms of letting, time of payment, etc., should be
prepared, so that the questions that arise with a class
of stand men usually known as “kickers” may be avoided.

It is usual where the ground is not let by the foot to pro-
vide that parties shail be confined to such location as may
be given them, and that no person will be allowed more
thaa one place of selling. Peanut and pop-corn yendors
often have privilege of peddling. Grand stand privileges
are reserved to parties purchasing them.

Sometimes it is provided that no wheels of fortune, prize
packages, gambling devices. etc., vr intoxicating liquors
will Se allowed upon the grounds, and that parties wha
violate their contracts will forfeit their privileges and the
sums paid upon them. So also that no allowances or de-
duction will be made on account of bad weatker, poor
attendance, or other cause.

Src. 77. Rental Privileges, Continued—Admis«
sions.—The question of admitting persons securing privi-
leges and their assistants is sometimes a serious one, on
account of their well known disposition to impose upon
the Society when an occasion arises. Some Societies give
a season ticket with each privilege, and such a number of
additional tickets as their judgment dictates as being pro-
per. Others make the amount paid the price of the privi-
lege alone, and charge extra for admissions the same as to
ordinary visitors. Others issue a certain per cent. of the
price ofthe privilege in tickets at a certain price, as ten
per cent. of the cost at 25 cents each, leaving the party to
dispose of what he may not need and to purchase more

6

B2 GENERAL MANAGEMENT.
should he not have enough. Sometimes wagons furnish-
jing supplies for stands are allowed to go in tree of charge,
and often they are required to lay them in before a cer-
tain hour in the morning, after which they are charged as
other persons.

Sec. 78. Police.—To preserve order and protect the
property of exbibitors (although it is usual to provide that
the Society will nut be responsible for any loss that may
eceur), it is usual to employ an ample poliee force, and
have them stationed about the grounds where they may
be needed. A Chief of Police is appointed, to whom in.
structions as to what is needed are given, and he may be
held responsible for their being carried out. Two sets of
men should be employed, one for day and one for night.

suc, 79. Marshals.—In erder to give notices, make
calls and announcements, and assist in conducting the
ceremonies and carrying out the official program, an
officer designated a Marshal is appointed, who usually bas
one or more assistants to aid him. In order that they
may go about readily they are usually on horse back. In
some Societies the office is elective. The Marshal often
wears a red scarf as an insigna ot his office, and his as-
sistants often wear blue ones.

SEC. 80. Supplying Forage.—As it is usual for Soci-
eties to turnish hay for feeding and straw for bedding
animals upon exhibition, it will be necessary to adopt
some method of supplying them. Too often itis hauled
and stacked upon the grounds, where parties without
distinction are allowed to go to it and take what is
wanted, <A little system here will prove a saving to the
Society. When no buildings fave been provided to put it
in, it should be stacked outside the grounds. Hach night.
a wagon should be sent to the place where it is kept and
loaded, and enough left at each stall for use during the
following day. This will save its being picked over and
tramped upon and wasted at the stack. Some Societies
limit the quantity ot hay allowed to each person, as fol-
jows: To each head of cattle, 20 ibs.; te each horse, 15 lbs.;
to each sheep, 3lbs. The stalls may be filled with straw
profitably from the loads when they are first hauled.

CHAPTER :X,.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

Src. 81. Divisions.—The rules and regulations relat-
ing to the conduct of a Fair are divided into two classes,
eeneral and special. The general rules are usually put to-
rether near the front of the catalog: while the special
rules. though sometimes mixed with the general rules,
are better placed at the head ef the class or department to
which they relate.

1. GENERAL RULES.

Skc. 82. Competition.—Some Societies limit competi-
tion to certain territory; some make special classes for a
limited territory, and some all but certain special classes.
It 1s usual. however, to open competition to all, as it
brings out a larger exhibition and increases the attract-
iveness of the Fair. Often the live stock classes, or a por-
tion ot them, are confined to parties who have bred the
stock, in order to encourage breeding and avoid show
stock; and articles are required to be entered by or for the
manufacturer or contriver, or by some member of his

54 RULES AND REGULATIONS.

family, Often the eligibility of an animal, especially a
horse, 1s limited to one class. Some allow one to be en-
tered in as many Classes as the owner desires, but shown
once. Some have no restrictions, while some allow one to
be shown in as many classes as the owner desires, but
eharge an extra fee tor each re-entry. The latter is con_-
sidered a very good way, as it does away with the repre-
hensible practice parties have of entering an animal in
several classes, and aiter examining to see what competi-
tion there will be im each, showing him only where it is
the weakest. When this method is adopted, a certificate
should be prepared and issued showing ithe payment of
the extra entry fee, and the same required to be shown to
the Superintendent or committee before the examination
is made, in order that they may know that the animal is
ehgible in the particular class. Otherwise the Society
may be defrauded by a person entering the same animal
twice, under a pretence that he hastwo. The certificate
Inay be on the entry tag.

It is usual to provide that no Superintendent or Director
will be allowed to compete for a premium in a department
over which he has charge.

Sec. 8. Emtry Fees.—Ordinariiy before 2a person Is
allowed to exhibit he is required to become a member of
the Society (See. 7} or to pay an entry fee. When the
membership is obtzined or the tee ence paid the person ts
alowed to make as many entrics as he may choose, ex-
cept for special premiums, withont exira charge, though
it is usual to limit him to such things as belong to himself
or some immediate member of bis family. Members and
persons paying the required fee are usually admitted to
{ne exhidition, Quring the Fair, without further charge.
and often their help are included. The best method is to
contine the admission to a single persom and use the
ticket described in Sec. 66. For belperssee Sec. 6. Some
Societies give exhibitors the privilege of taking in their
wives without extra charge. Some include their children
under a certaam age, and cthers admit s whole family
Withoun regard to the pumber or age of its members. Such

RULES AND REGULATIONS. 5d

a wholesale admittance is not only a decided abuse, but is
dangerous to a Society and usually the means of extensive
frauds being practiced upon it. Lt may swell an attend_
ance, but it will deplete the treasury. Families are un-
usually large at such times, and itis a known fact that
men otherwise regarded as honest will often in such cases
mingle the members of other families with their own, or if
their wife happens to be away,or has already been ad-
mitted, so that the opportunity oceurs, they will take
their neichbor’s wife and palm her off as theirown. Itis
like riding on the railway train—vo one hesitates to beat
the conductor.

To secure uniformity, some Societies issue a ticket to
the exhibitor and in addition give him a certain number of
{generally four) admission tickets. But the object is illy
secured by this method, as the number is often in excess
of what are wanted, and they are sold, so that individuals
derive the benefit instead of the Society.

Some Societies as an inducement charge exhibitors no
entry fee, but require of those desiring to see the exhibition
the same admission as other visitors at the gates. The
matter of furnishing them tickets, spoken of m the next
section, by the methods now in use, is so much involyed
that this practice is becoming quite customary, and it
works well, though perhaps it may be improved by re-
quiring exhibitors of live stock and such others as remain
upon the grounds at night to purchase season tickets.

Some Societies charge for admissions and require an
entry fee of a certain sum ora certain per cent. of the
purse or first premium of the purse to be paid. An entry
fee of ten per cent. of the purse is common in Speed
Classes. In Sweepstakes it is usual to charge an extra
fee, and often to avoid heing obliged tu give the premium
to some formidable animal without competition and ata
small expense to this owner, 1fis required that in such
classes there shall be a certain number of entries in each
purse,

5b RULES AND REGULATIONS.

Sec. St. Admazssion Fees.—The practices in regard
{o admissions are as various as there are different So-
cieties. Ordinary visitors are usually charged by the day
orsingle udmission. Sometimes season tickets are sold to
parties desiring them. Sometimes parties are allowed to
drive upon the grounds frees of charge, and often admis-
sion fects are charged for vehicles—so much fora sincle
animal and so much for a double team, the latter generally
being about Gouble the former. Seats In the grand stand
are usually extia,.

A license fee 1s often charged to hackmen tor earrying
passengers, especially when they are allowed to drive
upon the grounds, and the matter made quite a souree of
protit.

When the first dav 1s devoted to arranging exhibits, no
admission fee is charged for that day.

SEC. 8. Making Entries.—Some Societies require en-
tries to be made in writing and furnish blanks for the pur-
pose, with appropriate spaces for giving a deseription of
the entry, the department and class, where it is to be en-
tered, and the name and address of the exhibitor. This
methed will be found valuable in searching out the re-
sponsibility for mistakes that oecur in entries. such as
making them mn the wrong class aud the like. It is usual
10 Set some time upon which the entries open and elose,
and it will be found a great favor to have the time tor
closing fixed as early as possible, so as to give the Secre-
tary ample opportunity to prepare the committee books
before the examinations are to begin.

In Great Britzin and some places in New York a plan
has been adopted of having the entries closed, ip some in-
stances as early as thirty days before the opening of the
Fair, and publishing a catalog of the same, witn the post-
office address of the exhibitor. When the exhibition
opens these catalogs are placed on sale, and their cost
often more than paid by the receipts. Visitors with cata-
log in hand, where the exhibits are yarious, can thus

RULES AND REGULATIONS. dT

make a more intelizent and satistactory examination ot
them. It is usual to devote the first day to making en-
tries and arranging exhibits. Some Societies extend the
time until noon the seeond day, but this is a mistake. as it
will be found miueh mure satisfactory to close them on the
eve of the first day, and begin the examination promptty
on the second day.

Sree. &. Entry Tags.---lt is usnal to provide that the
entry tags must be securely attached to the exhibit or
kept so that they may be shown to the committee upcn
the examination.

Src. S7. Changing Entries.—in order to do away
the contemptible practice some exhibitors have of making
their entries, and after thev find what opposition they will
have to encounter, seeking, upon some pretext, to get
them changed into a class where it will be less formid-
able; no change of entry should be allowed after it
has been once made, unless to correct errors, and
then not unless the error is decidedly apparent.
Some Societies meet the difficulty by churging a fee
for changing entries. In order to serutinize the ob-
ject one may have in wishing to ehange an entry, and that
it may not be overlooked after the change is made, it Js
citen provided that no change of entry shall be made with-
out the consent of the superintendents, both in charge of
the department where the entry has been made and where
it isto be changed to. Whenan error is discovered, if the
committee books have been made up, the change should be
earried into the proper one at once,so that it will not be
yissed upon examination,

Sxzc. 88. Secrecy of Entries. It is usual to provide
that In no case will the owner’s name be given or any per-
son be allowed to see the entries until after the awards
have been made. The reason for this is obvious.

Suc. 89. Exhibits. Proper space and accommodations
are provided by the Societies for exhibitors. Sometimes
dissatisfaction grows out of locations, especially of stalls,

5g RULES AND REGULATIONS.

but this is difficult to avoid. Some charge for space and
fix the price according to location. Others make no as-
signment until after the entries are opened, and then hav-
ing the stalls numbered, assign them consecutively in the
order in which they are received. This often secures
promptness in maxing entries, and the assignment can be
then made intelligently. Besides it has the advantages of
depriving parties of choosing more stalls than they need,
it turning out, when the exhibition opens, that the Society
has space to spare, for the supposed want of which other
parties have been turned away. It is always provided
that exhibits shall be upon the grounds by a certain time
(usually before the Fair opens for visitors), and shall not
be removed before its close without the consent of the Su-
perintendent of the department where it belongs, or some
other specified officer. This, like cther similar rules, is
difficult to enforce; all that can usually be doae being toat-
tach asa penalty the forfeiture of any premiums that have
been awarded to the exhibitor. The enforcement of the
rule, however, is highly important, as otherwise the at-
tractiveness of the Fair might be greatly lessened near its
close, Itis usualto provide that no obnoxious or repul-
sive articles will be received upon the grounds, and if en-
tered without being known will be removed at once.

Sec. 89. Stablingand Forage. Itis usual to furnish
exhibitors of live stock with stabling and hay and straw,
during their stay upon the grounds, free of charge, and
provide grain upon the grounds to be sold at cost. Some-
times a chaage is made for stalls and pens, and quite often
for box-stalls. Exhibitors are required to attend to the
eare and keeping of. their property. To protect them-
selves from imposition by those who enter animals for the
sake of getting them fed during the Fair, the Society gen-
erallv proyides that for all animals entered for competitioa
and not exhibited, a charge (generally so much per day),
will be made for stalls and keeping.

Src. 90. Superimmtendents. Notice is generally given
that Superintendents of departments will be in attend-

RULES AND REGULATIONS. AD

ance at a certain time (one or more days before the Fair),
to receive property to be placed upon exhibition. It is
made their duty toreceive all property entered tor exhi-
bition; see thai it is placed and arranged in a suitable and
attractive manner, and that the tags are properly and se-
curely attached. They are given the entire charge of the
property upen exhibition in their respective departments,
and required to see that the same is properly protected
and cared tor, They are vsually required to be present
and take charge of the exrminations, direct the commit-
tees, and assist them in their labors. They should be fa-
miliar with the Society rules so as to dispose of promptly
aby questions that may arise.

sec. 91. Awarding Committees. These committees
are usually defined and the manner of their selection giv-
en, so that exnibitors may feel that they will be fairly and
impartially dealt with. The members are urged to at-
tend promptly at the time they are wanted, and it is often
provided that if they do not appear their places will be
tilled. Their names are sometimes printed in the list, but
for apparent reasons are more often kept secret from exhi-
bitors. It is usual to provide that no Superintendent or
percon related to anv competitor will be allowed to act as
R ane of an Awarding Committee.

Sec. 92. Examination and Awards. [ft ts ustal to
fix some time when the examination im each class will be-
gin. This is announced by a program of tbe exercises
printed in some part of the catalog or at the head of the
elass. With the examination of live stock it is quite im-
possible to be just on time, and hence the Marshal is sent
around Where the animals wanted are stationed, to an-
nounce the elasses publicly as each is ready, so that those
interested may bear and attend. Some Soeieties give no-
tice by displaying flags from the Judge’s stand; different
eolors being had for different classes. Parties are thus
given @ certain number of minutes to appear. The exam-
inations should begin as early as possible se as to avoid
interference by the crowd of spectators. im New York it

‘ -
6

6) RULES AND REGULATIONS.

is customary to award prizes on the first day, and in Great
Britam before the pubiie is admitted tothe grounds. The
visitors thus have the benefits of the judgment of the com-
mittee in making their comparisons.

When the time arrives the committee books should be
delivered to the Superintendent or Gne of the members,
who should be thoroughly instructed how to Keep it, and

report the awards, so that no mistakes may be made,

This makes somebody responsible for the report, and 1s
preferable to letting it be kept by the different members
as it happens.

When the examination begins, for each article, the party
having the book should eall over the entries that are
shown to have been made, exainine tie tags, see if their
numbers correspond with those inthe books, and if all are
present. Too much care cannot be exercised in making
these examinations, and any carelessness or neglect that
may take place, although the Society may not be to blame
therefor, is apt to be charged upon them. A very good
method otf making awards is as follows: Cast the first
vote by ballot without previous consultation. If a ma-
jority cf the votes do not agree, compare views as to the
relative merits of the exhibits without expressing imdi-
vidual preferences, and bailot again. If an agreement is
not then reached, apply to the Superintendent and have
another person added to the committee. Then confine the
award toone of the exhibits receiving ballots from the
original committee and ballot again. It is Important to
avoid restraint, that the committee be by themselves as
much as possible during their deliberations, and heneée 16
is customary to provide that no person will be allowed in
the arena where live stock is being exhibited while awards
are being made. When an agreement ic reached, in order
to record it, the Superintendent or other party having
the book in charge should be notified. This he may do by
placing 1 or 2 or other figure to denote which of the premi-
ums have been given opposite the articles to which they
are awarded. In some Societies committees are required
to give reasons for their awards.

——_ sa

RULES AND* REGULATIONS. 61

in the committee books used ia the auther’s plan of
making entries, a column is provided to mark each premi-
um in, anditis designated by placing ia the proper eol-
umn the number of the exhibitor obtaining the premium
as found upon the entry tag. These books serve for any
pian of making entries, and are provided with ample space
for any remarks which the committee may desire to make.
When any question arises it should be referred to the Su-
perinfendent, who, if he cannot explaia it, should obtain
the desired intormation and iustract tie committee hefore
they are allowed to proceed. Should any error be found
it should also be reported, so that it can be correeted in
time to avoid trouble if possible. If any entry is not
found it should also be noted.

Itis usual to provide that no award will be made to any
animal or article whichis not decidedly meritorious, and
when only one entry has been made for a premium it will
be awarded first or second, as it may deserve; also that in
displays the quality of the exhibit will take precedence
over quantity.

When discretionery premiums are given the committee
should be instructed te recommend only such as are
worthy ofa premium. Committees are also instructed to-
require proot upon any disputed point arising before
them, suck as ownership, age of animals, and the like.

When tke awards are finished the committee should
sign their namcs to the list, so that they may be Kept for
information that may be desired relative to any award.

SEC. 93. False Entries, Interference with Commit«
tees, Etc. For self-protection and that the committee
may be unmolested, itis usual te provide that if any false
entry is made, or any disrespect is shown to any award
or the Awarding Committee by any exhibitor or his agent,
fie shall forfeit all the awards made to him, and the Super-
intendent shall give notice of the same in his report. Also.
that no person will be allowed to intertere With the com-
mittee during their adjudications, and any persen whe in

.
62 RULES AND REGULATIONS.

any wise attempts to influence a committee wrongfully will
be excluded from competition at all exhibitions of the So-
elety, and the payment of all premiums due such person
will be withheld.

Src. 94. Protests, 4ppeals, Etc. A method must be
provided for determining questions of eligibility and the
like that occur. It is oiten provided that questions of
breeding, pedigree, age, and the like shal! be raised before
the awards are made, and the Awarding Committee is ein-
powered to settle them. This is the best time for the pur-
pose, but often questions will arise after they are made
not known before. To settle these it is provided that any
person feeling aggrieved by any of the proceedings of the
Society during the Fair should submit the matter to the
Board of Directors at their next meeting after 3ts close.
Some Societies erect a Board of Appeals which is in session
during the Fair to settle questions that arise.

Src. 95. Premium Cards. Cards are usually issued to
be attached to such things as receive premiums. The fol-
lowing colors are usually chosen to designate the ditkerent

premiums: First premium, red; second premium, blue; .

third premium, various colors. Ribbons of like colors are
often used forlive stock. A card entitled, “commended,” is
also prepared to be attached to such non-enumerated aril-
cles as are recommended by the committees. To guard
against mistakes, premium cards are often prepared, so
that the Superintendent or other person in charge can en°
ter upon them the department, class, and entry to which
the award is made and sign the same. Parties are then
required to present the card to obtain their premium mon-
ey. When the card is presented, if it agrees with the com-
mittee’s report no mistake exists; otherwise the cards go
only te point out where awards have been made, and are
of no value after the Fair except as keepsakes. In such
cases the commiuttee’s report is relied upon to determine
to whom the premium should be paid.

Sec. 96. Paying Premiums. In order to allow the
Secretary to make out a list of thc awards and enable the

RULES AND REGULATIONS. 65

Hoard to meet and dispose of any questions that may arise
relative to them, itis usual to provide that the premiums
will not be paid until some time after the Fair. Lt is quite
usual, however, to pay speed premiums as soon as they
are won, and some Societies begin paying the awaids as
soon as they are made. in order that the business of the
Society may be closed up in @ proper fime, it is usual to
prescribe some date when the payment of awards will
cease, and that all premiums not drawn by that time shall
be forfeited and revert to the Society.

It is customary to provide that the premiums awarded
will be paid in fullexcept iu. cases of bad weather (poor
attendance sometimes added>, the receipts should be in-
adeqnate, when they will be paid pro rata. Sometimes it
is added that the amount paid will-in no case be less than
a certain per cent. of the amount offered. It is a good
plan to have the time when pretmiums will be paid printed
upon the cards, and that the cards must be presented be-
fore the money can be drawn if such be the case.

Societies for their own protection generally reserve the
right of withdrawing any premium or withholding its pay-
mentin case the award has been obtained by fraud or
other improper means, and for such causes as they may
may deem just. :

20) SLECIAL RULES.

The special rules pertaining to a Fair, although they
may be with the others are, as has already been mentioned,
more properly givea in connection with the particular
class to which they beleng. The most general of them will
be found in the following:

Sne.97. Domestic Animais. Under this head rules
covering the following should be placed. No award will
be made to any breeding animal that may be barren, or
having any unsoundness, except that such unsoundness in
breedmg animals will only be regulated as is considered
transmissible. Some require all breeding animals to have

been bred within two years, and all unsound animals are
often excluded.

6&4 RULES AND REGULATIONS.

In blooded classes, purity of blood, symmetry, size, early
maturity, and general characteristics of the several breeds
of animais will be eonsidered and a proper allowance made
for age, coadition, and other circumstanees. Committees
are especially required not to encourage overfed animals.

In all classes for thoroughbreds, exhibitors must provide
themselves with authentie pedigrees to settle any ques-
tion of breeding that may arise. Some Societies require
exhibitors to deliver a pedigsee to the Seeretary when the
entries are inade, and some require duplicates, so as te
have one for filing and the other for the committee.

No premium will be awarded when the animal has heen
fatted for the butcher, the objects being to compare merits
for breeding purposes.

Sec. 98. Horses. In connection with these topics we
have the following: A horse’s age wil} be reckoned from
the ist day of January of the year in which he was foaled.
Horses entered single must be shown single and in har-
ness, except stallions and animals three years old and
younger.

Both animals in a team must be owned by the exhibitor;
identity of color not required; when animals or teams of
different ages show together for the same premium, it is
usual to provide that their relative age will be considered.

The rules by which horses are restricted from showing
in more than one class or otherwise should be givenin this
connection. Under the classesnamed the following rules
should be placed.

ROADSTERS—Should have a size, fine form, extra style,
and action and marks of endurance.

GENERAL PURPOSE Horses—Should have goud aetion,
walk, size and style, and be useful tor heavy draft pur-
poses.

RULES ANd REGULATIONS. 65

Drarr Horses—Should have extra muscular develop-
ment, good size and style, a good walk, and be useful for
heavy draft purposes.

CARRIAGE HORSEs—Should be good size and in teams,
be well matehed in size, color, style, temper and action.
Sometimes the animals comprising a team are allowed to
be of a different sex.

CoacH HorsEs—Should be tall, rangey, and well
formed, and posseges good style and action.

IN SPEED CLASSES-—The amount of the entry. fee, the
number of entries and starters required, the hour at which
the horses will be called, the manner the racing will be
econdneted, as aecording tothe rules and regulations of the
National Trotting Association, and other essentials should
be given, i

SEC. 99. Cattle. Here the following rules may be
giyen:

For GRADES

No thoroughbreds can compete as grades.

Far CATTLE—Are variously judged, and no general rule
ean be given. Some adopt as a standard that all other
things being equal those cattle are best which have the
greatest weight in the smallest supertfices. Animals are
o{ten required to be weighed upon the grounds, and exhi-
bitors required to furnish a statement or the eost and
manner of their feeding.

For MILcuH Cows--Statements are required containing
the age and breed of the cow, the time of her ealving, and
the quantity of milk in weight and pounds of butter made
during ten days between ceftain dates previous to the
Fair attested by affidavit. This statement is required to
be returned with the report of the committee, and no pre-
mium awarded without it. sometimes it is only required
that the cow be milked in the presence of the committee.

For OxEN—They are required to be shown in the yoke
and well broken and handy,

66 RULES AND REGULATIONS.

FoR SWEEPSTAKES—Sometimes it is provided that ant-
mals exhibited in either the exbhibitor’s or breeder’s herd
cannot be shown in the other. .

Sec.100. Sheep. Alisheep ot sufficient age, shorn the

past season, must have been ciosely clipped, not earlier
than April. Exhibitors ave required to turnish the com-
mittee a certificate of the time and manner of shearing,
and also a certificate showing the age of Jambs. Some-
times rains two vears old and overare judged by their get.
of which atleast two ofeach sex are required on exhibi-
tion, Sometimes a rule is adopted requiring quality and
quantity of wool, and perfection of form aud size to be es-
pecially considered,

Sec. 101. KYoultry. Wien premiums are offered upon
-Fow!s and Chicks,” the terms are usually defined “Fow!],”
being a bird hatched prior to the year of the exhibition,
and “Chick,” one during the same year. Often suchia
nicety is not desirable, but when exactness is required the
judges are to be governed bv the American Standard of Ex-
cellence, a first premium bird being required to scorea
certain number of points, eighty-five or ninely,a second a
certain number, and so on, Entries are usually required
in pairs.

Sic, 102. Industrial Arts. Except in displays and
merchants’ goods articles competing for premiums must
be entered for or by the maker, improver, or contriver.
Sometimes the rule is made to apply to all articles the
product of art or industry, though usually paintings are ex
empted. Under Machinery, models cannot compete with
full size machines.

IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTIONS—NOoO article purchased in
a store, made ina factory, or out of the family of the exhi-.
bitor, is allowed to compete, and sometimes they are
limited to those manufactured within the year of the Fair.

IN CULINARY PRopDuUcTS—Prepared fruits are required
to haye been put up by the exhibitor for actual use during
the season ofthe Fair.

——— a

RULES AND REGULATIONS. 67

Src. 195. Agriculture and Horticulture. All exhibits
in this department are usually required to have been pro-
duced by the exhibitors within the year of the Fair or the
one previous,

For Fre_p Crops—Many thinys are often required. As
the object usually is to promote profitable cultivation of
the soil, ctatements as to the measurement of the land by
some disinterested person, the soil, subsoil and lay of the
land, and its surroundings, what the previous crop were,
the kind, amount and condition of the manure applied in
raising the crop, the depth and time and manner of plow-
ing, time and manner of sowing seed, its weight. quality,
variety, and quantity to the acre, the quantity of grain or
straw raised (the entire amount to be weighed or meas-
ured, and not a small pieee, and the batance guessed at),
and the whole cost in money, labor and materials in pro-
ducing the crop, are to be furnished attested by affidavit.

Yor BUTTER—Statements are required giving the num-
ber and breed of cows from which the milk was taken, the
number of miikings, whether any food besides grass was
used, the treatment of the milk, the metbod of churning
and freezing the butter from the milk, its treatment after-
ward, the quantity and kind of salt used, and whether
saltpetre, sugar, or other substances have been employed
in making or coloring.

FoR CHEESE—In addition to the above, whether cream
has been used and how extensively, the methed of presei v-
ing and preparing the rennet and such other matters as
information may be desired upon.

Fruirs—Are required to be acertain number of each va-
riety, upon plates furnished by the exhibitor, and each va-
riety distinctly labelled.

Src. 104. Fine Arts. Sometimes exhibits in this de-
partment are required to be entered by the maker, though
Societies in order to obtain a good aisplay of paintings and
pictures, confine the rule to others than display, or do not
apply it all.

68 RULES AND REGULATIONS.

Sec. 105. Floral. Flowers and Plants are usually re-
quired to be exhibited in the pots where grown.

Sec. 106. Discretionary Department. For thisa rule
like the following will often bea saving to the Seciety. ‘it
is intended to enumerate in the premium list afl articles
that are thought desirable for exhibition. However such
non-enumerated articles as parties have, may be entered
in this department, and if decidedly meritorious the com-
mittee will recommend them fora premium.” Sometimes
it is left for the committee to determine the amount to be
paid upon these articles, but it is thought advisable to add
a stipulation like the following: “In determiving the
amount to be paid upon commended articles, the Board
will take into consideration the amount offered upon like
articles, their similarity to articles mentioned in the list,
and the financial suecess of the Fair.”

CHAPTER X11.

ACCOUNTS, REPORTS, ETC.

Sec. 107. Lust of Awards. For the purpose of de-
termining who are entitled to the respective premiums
and ascertaining the amount required to pay them, it is
usual te prepare a list of the successful exhibitors ang
their awards. This listis madeup from the committee re.
ports either with respect to the classification of the pre-
miums or the names of exhibitors under their initial let-
ters. A system combining both is preferable, as by the
former to Whom az#y particular award was made and the
latter tae awards received by any person, can be found,
both of which is often necessary. The books of the auth-
or’s plan are thus provided and so arranged that the list
is made up in the first instance, saving the labor of mak-
ing this list. The system of numbering premiums has an
advatage here also, as in making up the list by classes the
premium numbers can be used for the premiums they de-
signate, and much writing saved.

Sxc. 108. Keeping Accounts. The matter of keep-
ing accounts will come more properly in a treatise on
book-keeping, and we skall not enter into it greatly.
There are two plans of conducting the financial depart-
ments of a Fair, yiz: to make it the duty of the Secretary
to receive all monevs of the Society, keeping a proper ac-
count thereof, and pay the same over to the Treasurer,
and to have the money paid directly to the Treasurer, he
keeping the required accounts. We can see no especial
Objections to either of the plans, theugh the former is re-
regarded with preference, as the Secretary then has a ree-

70 RULES AND REGULATIONS.

ord of the reeeipts he otherwise would not. In order to be
raeeurate a eash book should be kept, and all moneys en-
tered into itjust as reeeived. To make the reports they |
may be entered in funds aeeording to the souree from
which they were received, aS admission fees, exhibitors’
tickets, stands and privileges, sweepstakes entries, ete.,
or the souree simply designated, and the account after-
ward journalized.

A stock book will be necessary im Societies having a
eapital sioek, to record the payments of stockholders,
their dividends, ete. All payments of money should be
upon orders drawn by the Secretary (cffen required to be
signed by the President), and showing tor what they are
drawn, in order to enable the Treasurer to enter them in
his aecounts properly. The orders should be provided
with stubs, showing what they are issued for and with re-
ceipts to be signed by the parties who receive them.
Sometimes, for the payment of premiums, alist is made
out upon a blank similar to an ordinary pay roll, having
spaces tor the name of the exhibitor, the award, its
amount, and for the signitnre of the party receiving the
pay. This is grven to the Treasurer, who pays accord-
ingly. ‘The Secretary should also keep an account of the
orders given, according to the tunds upon which they are
drawn, 2s Police, Miscellaneous, Employes, Printing and
Advertising, Preparing Grounds, Premiums, Supplies, &c.
so that he can make an intelligent report therefrom.

Sec. 109. Annual Reports. When the doings of the
Society elose annually, it 1s usual to prepare a report
viving the financial doings during the fiscal year then ex-
piring, to be read at the stockholders’ meeting and often
printed. In this report the receipts and expenditures
should be classified according to their nature, as is sug-
gested in keeping the accounts, as it will be interesting to
know in detail what has been done. Ifthe Secretary first
receives the Society’s money, he should make the report,
and the Treasurer only required to report to tne Board,
so that his account may be compared with the Secretary’s.
Otherwise the Treasurer will make the report.

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