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SEVENTH MEMOIK.

HUMAN BONES OF THE HEMEXtVAY COLLECTION IN THE TNI
STATES AMY MEDICAL MUSE1TM.

Add'l

GIFT

THE HUMAN BONES OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION IN THE UNITED
STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON,

BY

DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS,

SUKGEON, TJ. S. ARMY;

WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE HYOID BONES OF THIS COLLECTION

BY

DR. J. L. WORTMAN.

REPORTS PRESENTED TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES', WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE
SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY,

DR. JOHN S. BILLINGS,

STTKGEON, TJ. S. ARMY.

Iii 1887 an expedition was fitted out under the direction of Mr. Frank Gushing, with funds
supplied by the liberality of Mrs. Mary Heinenway, of Boston, for exploring certain ruins in the
valley of the Gila Kiver, in the Territory of Arizona.

The work of exploration was commenced with a mound of large size, apparently little more
than a rude pile of earth, in the valley of the Salado, or Salt River, a tributary of the Gila. This
proved to be the ruins of a large earthen house, apparently analogous in structure to the still
standing Casa Grande, which lies about 35 miles to the southeast, and these ruins were found to
be a part of a congregation of houses or a city, extending about 6 miles in length, and from half a
mile to a mile in width, along the valley. A large number of human bones were found under the
floors of the houses, so large a number, in fact, that Mr. Gushing gave the place the name of Los
Muertos, or the town of the dead.

When the work T'.'as fairly under way Mr. Gushing was taken sick, and application was made
by the Hemenway Exploring Expedition to the Surgeon-General to allow Dr. Washington
•Matthews, of the Army, to go out and take Mr. Cushing's place during his illness, to supervise the
explorations. Dr. Matthews went to Los Muertos in the month of August, 1887. He found that no
attention had been paid to the collection or .preservation of human bones, which were extremely
fragile, crumbling to dust upon a touch, and which had been thrown about and trampled under
foot by curious visitors, so that but little remained of value from the work which had been
previously done. Eecognizing the importance and interest of these remains, he set to work to
preserve the bones excavated after his arrival as far as possible, and reported the facts to me,
suggesting that, if possible, the anatomist of the Army Medical Museum, Dr. J. L. Wortman,
should be sent out furnished with means for preserving these bones as fast as they were excavated,
and carefully collecting and forwarding them to the Army Medical Museum for study.

In accordance with these suggestions Dr. Wortman went out in November, 1887, taking with
him a supply of silicate of soda, glue, paraffin, and other materials for saturating and preserving
the bones which should bo discovered, and remained with the expedition, visiting several other
localities, until June, 1888, when he returned to Washington.

141

637

142 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The specimens of human bones thus obtained wore carefully packed and forwarded to the
Army Medical Museum, and after having been repaired and put in the best possible form, were
examined and measured by Dr. Matthews, and his report of the results is herewith presented by
authority of the Surgeon-General.

JOHN S. BILLINGS,
Surgeon, U. 8. Army, Curator Army Medical Museum.

INTRODUCTION.

When we began the study of the bones described in this work we had reason to hope that a
full general account of the expedition on which they were discovered, with its archaeological labors
and achievements, would be published simultaneously with, or in advance of, this report; in which
case we should have embodied in this essay the results of our anthropometric studies only. But
the continued illness of the director of the expedition, Mr. Frank Hamilton Gushing, has caused
the indefinite postponement of the preparation of a general report, and we consequently have.
considered it advisable to present here a short introduction, setting forth the inception, objects,
and results of that scholarly enterprise, short-lived, but fruitful in its results, which was known as
the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition.

Along the great cordillera of the American Continent on both sides of the equator, through
75° of latitude, from Wyoming to Chile, extends a land abounding in ancient ruins.

A large part of this land of ruins lies within the boundaries of the United States. It contains
the Territory of Arizona, most of Utah, more than half of New Mexico, extensive parts of the
States of Colorado and Nevada, with small portions of Texas, and, perhaps, of California. Its
precise boundaries arc not known, for on its outskirts there is much wild and imperfectly explored
country where the existence of ruins can neither be affirmed nor denied. Its approximate
boundaries are: On the east, longitude 28° west (from Washington) ; on the west, longitude 38°
west; on the north, latitude 41° north, and on the south the northern boundary of the republic of
Mexico, 31.200 to 32° N. L. It covers about 400,000 square miles.

The great rivers which drain it into the ocean are the Colorado on the west and the Rio
Grande on the east; the former flowing toward the Pacific, the latter toward the Atlantic. But
much of the rain which falls on its surface does not reach the ocean; some is received in salty
lakes which have no outlets; some goes to form streams which reach the great rivers only in
seasons of abundant rain, but which at other times after a brief course are absorbed by desert
sands. It is an arid region, but not an absolute desert such as Gobi and Sahara. There is no
part of it where rain does not fall some time during every year; but it is on the high mountains
only that it descends abundantly; on the lower levels the precipitation of moisture is scanty, the
dry seasons are long, and irrigation is essential to success in agriculture.

It has long been known that there were ruins in this arid region of the southwest. The
earliest travelers, beginning with the Spanish conquerors of A. D. 1540, make mention of them,
and their existence is noted in the reports of various military expeditions and public surveys
which have entered this region since it was acquired by the United States from Mexico in 1848.
The ruins have been known to the world for three centuries and a half; they have, been in Hie,
possession of the United States for over forty years, yet it is only within the past four years (since
April, 1887) that any attempt at systematic excavation has been made among them. In many of
the better preserved ruins those portions which remained above the ground had been sketched,
lithographed, photographed, engraved, surveyed, measured, modeled, and described, but the
surface of the groin d around and within them had not been broken. This method of examining
them remained for the Hemenway Expedition to initiate.

The reasons for this tardiness on the part of our archaeologists are numerous. This land of
ruins was until recently wilfl, barren, and difficult of access; it was held largely by tribes of
hostile, Indians who to this day are not perfectly subdued. It is only within the, last decade that

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143

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MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

it has been crossed by railroads. Explorations within its borders were attended with many
physical difficulties. The parties of topographical surveyors who entered the country had very
short seasons in which to work, and they had neither the time nor means, had they had the
inclination, to make the needed excavations. But besides physical hindrances there were others
equally potent. The importance of excavation to the proper understanding of the archaeology of
this region was not appreciated ; surface finds were numerous and interesting, and it was thought
that excavation could yield nothing further. The majority of antiquarians in America were more
deeply interested, as they still are, in the exploration of the old world than in that of the new.
Money which was readily forthcoming for the one was withheld from the other by patrons of
science in America.

The few explorers who were interested in work within our own borders found sufficient field
for their labors and speculations in the mounds and kitchen-middens of the Eastern States. It
was at length, through the unsatisfied curiosity of the ethnographer, not through the zeal of the
arclueologist, that the systematic exploration of the Western ruins was begun.

The region in question abounds in finely stratified sandstone, which with little labor may be
prepared for building, and most of the ruins so far discovered are the remains of houses built of
such stones. These may be found in all stages of decay — in some cases the walls are still stand-
ing many stories high, as in the valley of the Chaco; in other cases the sites are marked only by
low heaps of lichen-covered stones, indistinguishable, save to the trained scientific eye, from
natural accumulations of rocky debris with which the country abounds. Some of these ruins were

FIG. 2. The Casa Grande of the Gila.

inhabited by Indians within the brief historic period of New Mexico and Arizona, which extends
over less than four centuries, but the vast majority are prehistoric. A number of the ruins are
those of houses whose walls were of clay (adobe and a variety of pine). Some of these in the valley
of the Rio Grande were built since the Spanish occupation of the country and many have been
erected under civilized guidance, but others, particularly those in the valley of the Colorado, are
undoubtedly of prehistoric and aboriginal origin. As might be expected the earthen walls are in
many cases reduced to the common level of the ground and are to be traced only, as in the ruined
cities of the Salado, by digging beneath the surface of the earth; yet one of the best preservi-d
and most imposing of the prehistoric ruins within our borders, the Casa Grande of the Gila
(Fig. 2), is built of clay. This ruin was long supposed to be the remains of a structure without
counterpart within the boundaries of the United States; but, as will hereafter be shown, it is now
known to be but one of many such buildings which once towered over the wide flood-plains of the
Gila and its tributaries.

In studying the folklore and religious practices of the people of Zufii during his residence of
about five years in their pueblo, Mr. Gushing found himself confronted by many perplexing ques-
tions for which no satisfactory explanation could then be found; but he was led to believe from

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145

the traditions of this people that some key to the problems might be discovered by exploring ruins
far to the southwest of the Zuui villages, where the people of Zuiii averred their ancestors once
dwelled. We can not enter into a detailed account of these perplexing questions, nor can we relate
how or why the explorer considers that he has solved them. It must be left for him to explain
these matters fully at some future time.

EXPLORATIONS IN THE SALADO VALLEY.

It was not until the year 188G that he found the pecuniary means to conduct the desired
explorations, these being amply supplied by Mrs. Mary Homenway, of Boston. Mr. Gushing set
out with a party of assistants, to which others were afterwards added, and, in February, 1887,
arrived in the neighborhood of tlie town of Tempe, in the valley of the Salado or Salt River, a
tributary of the Grila, in the Territory of Arizona. Here he began by excavating some stone ruins
on the rocky uplands, without any extraordinary results, While thus engaged his attention was
attracted to certain earthen mounds situated on the level flood-plain of the Salado, and in particular
to one of large size about 8 or 9 miles by road from Tempe. Ho proceeded to examine this mound
and its vicinity.

SALT 1SIVER VALLEY,
ARIZONA

3. —Map showing a part of the Salt Kiver Valley, Mariuopu County, Arizona, with modern towns, canals, and locations of aucient cities.

This mound seemed at first to be little more than a rude pile of earth. It had an irregular
rectangular form, and had some appearance of being terraced. The surrounding level plain, cov-
ered with an abundant growth of that leguminous shrub or small tree, the mesquite (Prosopis
juliflora D. C.), which is so common in the arid lands along our southwestern borders, presented
to the untrained eye no remains of human habitation ; but from fragments of pottery and other
objects strewn over the ground, the explorer was led to believe that something of importance was
hidden under the surface. He caused a trench to be dug and soon brought to light the founda-
tions of earthen walls. Without delay he established his camp at this place and pursued his
excavations with energy. The result was the discovery of an extensive collection of habitations — a
city it might be called — some 6 miles in length and from half a mile to a mile in width. The uiound
proved to be the debris of a great earthen house of many stories and many chambers and analo-
gous in structure to the still standing Casa Grande before referred to, which is distant from the
mound to the southeast less than 35 miles in a direct line. In the course of excavation at this
place so many skeletons wore found under the floors of the houses that Mr. Gushing devised for it
the Spanish name of Pueblo de los Muertos, or, briefly, Los Muertos, the town of the dead; and
this name was retained for it, although he subsequently found other ruined cities in the vicinity
where skeletons were as common as here.
S. Mis. 1(59 10

146 MEMOIRS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Work was continued in the valley of the Salado or Salt River until June 1888, a period of
about sixteen mouths. During this time, besides isolated rums and small groups of ruins, the
party discovered the remains of six other large cities within a distance of about 10 miles from that
first discovered. Of these, three were named: First, Las Acequias from the number, size, and
distinct appearance in its vicinity of the old acequias or irrigating ditches through which the
departed inhabitants conducted water to their fields; second, Los Hornos or The Ovens, from the
number of earthen ovens found there, and third, Los Guanacos, because in it were found small
terra-cotta images of animals thought to resemble the guanaco of South America. In these ruined
cities the remains of other buildings like the Casa Grande were found.

HOUSES.

Tlje houses in these cities were of four kinds, designated by Mr. Gushing as follows: 1, priest
temples; (2) sun temples; (3) communal dwellings and (4) ultra-mural houses.

The priest temples. — These were the most conspicuous buildings in the ancient cities. As a
nil e there was only one to each city, and this was centrally located ; but in one of the cities
observed there were seven such buildings, the largest of which was centrally located. The reasons
for this peculiar distribution, Mr. Gushing believes, are explained by Zufii folklore and modern
Zufii customs. The ruins gave evidence that the buildings, when standing, were many stories
high — from four to seven stories it is estimated The Casa Grande ou the Gila is said to show
traces of five floors in that portion of its walls which still remain, and it is probable that one or two
stories have fallen. Each building was surrounded by a high rectangular wall from 5 to 10 feet
thick. A portion of this wall remains, and, being filled with the debris of the fallen building
within, lends to the mound-like ruin that terraced appearance before alluded to. The lower story
in each building was divided into six apartments, four great and two lesser. These apartments,
the explorer believes, were used as store rooms for the priestly tithes in maize, etc. The other stories
are supposed to have been used for priestly residences and for sacerdotal purposes. The entire
building is thought to have served, not only as a storehouse and temple, but as a fortress in times
of danger. Besides these in Arizona, there are great houses of similar construction in Souora and
Chihuahua, in northern Mexico.

The manner in which these buildings were constructed is perhaps peculiar. They might be
regarded as great mud-covered baskets. For the thicker walls two rows of posts were erected
and secured, one post to another, in different directions, by means of smaller sticks firmly lashed
to them. The framework thus constructed was wattled with reeds, so as to form two upright
hurdles braced together. The space between these was filled with well-packed mud, and the hur-
dles were thickly plastered within and without with the same substance. The thickness of the
wall depended on the distance between the hurdles. For the thinnest walls, the internal parti-
tions, but one hurdle was erected, and this was plastered on both sides. These structures of wood
and reed no longer remained when the excavations were made, but the cavities found in the walls
gave evidence of their former existence.

.s'«« ti-iiii>li:x. — The buildings which Mr. Cushiug designates by this name, though not as lofty as
the priest temples, covered a greater superficial area. The smallest measured was 50 feet in width
by nearly 100 feet in length. One was discovered whose dimensions were about 150 feet in width
by over 200 feet in length. Like the priest-temples they were built of earth on a great basket
form or frame of hurdles; but the basket form instead of being rectangular was elliptical in shape.
There is evidence that this frame of hurdles gradually tapered toward the top, and that the
structure was roofed in with a dome made of a spirally contracting coil of reeds, resembling the
coil baskets now so commonly made by the various tribes of the southwest. This spiral coil, as
well as the rest of the frame, was heavily covered outside with mud, so that the structure when
finished must have appeared, as Mr. dishing expresses it, like an unburned, inverted and elon-
gated terra-cotta bowl. The floor was elevated at its edges so as to form a sort of amphitheater
and in the center was a hearth. It is thought that in these buildings the public riles of esoteric
societies were performed as well as the sun drama and other ceremonies. The sun temples were
usually in close proximity to the priest temples, and their ruins presented the appearance of low
oval mounds depressed in the center.

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147

Communal houses. — The great structures thus designated were the principal dwelling places.
They were built of mud without the central frame of hurdles on which the walls of the temples
were raised. They contained many rooms on the ground floor, and, as there is evidence that they
were sometimes more than one story high, it is not improbable that they resembled much the
modern terraced pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona. They were too large for the dwellings of
single families, and for this and other reasons they are thought to have been each the home of a
separate gens, clan, or some other large snbtribal division. Each was surrounded by a separate
high earthen wall and generally by a separate canal or acequia, although, in a few instances, two
or more communal dwellings were included in the same encircling canal. Each had its single
appropriate water reservoir with a branch canal leading into it, its one separate pyral mound or
place of cremation, and its one great underground oven for the preparation of food. In Los
Muertos at least fifty of these great buildings were wholly or partially unearthed, and it is likely
that many more remained unrevealed beneath the surface of the ground.

Ultra-mural houses. — These were small, low huts, not rectangular in form, made of sticks,
reeds, and similar perishable material, lightly coated with mud, and they probably resembled
much the modern jakal or hut of the lower classes in many parts of Mexico, or the houses of the
present Pinia Indians of the Gila Valley. Mr. Gushing calls them ultra-mural or ultra-urban
because they were situated outside the limits of the towns of earthen houses and not mingled
with them; they formed separate groups. He conjectures that they may have been residences of
an outcast population such as exists at Zuiii to-day. As each' contained a central fireplace it is
evident that they were occupied in winter as well as in summer, and were, therefore, not like
certain houses scattered through the fields of the modern Zunis, used only as temporary shelter
for laborers while the crops are growing. These ultra-mural dwellings were very numerous ; in
one place constituting, of themselves, a town of considerable size, which contained a sun temple
but no priest temple. In estimating the age and character of some, at least, of these houses, it
must not be forgotten that as late as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we have records
of the existence of Piina villages in the lower part of the Salt Kiver Valley. I make this state-
ment on the authority of Mr. Bandolier.

AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY.

When these ruins were inhabited cities, the land in which they lie was, as it now is, an arid
region, where agriculture could not be conducted without irrigation. The works constructed by
the ancient inhabitants to establish irrigation are as noteworthy monuments to their industry and
intelligence as are their stupendous buildings. The explorers have traced in this particular realm
in the Salado Valley, they estimate, over 150 miles of the larger canals — the mother acequias or
inninias madres, as the Spanish- Americans call them. Their remains have been found at distances
of 12 and 15 miles from the present bed of the river, and there is no evidence that the river has
materially changed its course since the days of the ancient inhabitants. The miles of smaller
acequias could not be estimated.

The larger canals varied in width from 10 to 30 feet and in depth from 3 to 12 feet. Their
banks were terraced in such form as to secure always a uniform central current in the canal when
the rains ceased in the mountains and the waters diminished. It is thought that this device was
to facilitate navigation, and that the canals were used not only for irrigation, but for the trans-
portation of the produce of the fields and of the great timbers from the mountains which the people
must have needed in the construction of their tall temples and other houses.

In various parts of our arid region the old Indian canals may be still easily traced where they are
cut through hard soil or where they are so exposed and situated, with regard to the prevailing
winds, that the sand is blown out of them rather than drifted into them. There are places in
Arizona where the American settlers utilize old canal beds for wagon roads. But in most cases
the canals have been filled with sand and clay to the level of the surrounding soil and, to the
ordinary observer, no vestige of them remains. Yet Mr. Gushing, guided by his knowledge of a
custom which exists among the Zuni Indians, was able to trace the course of these obliterated
channels. These Indians, he relates, have observed that wherever there is running water there
are rounded pebbles and boulders ; reasoning, as man is so apt to do, inversely to the natural order

148 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of causation, they suppose not that the waters shape and deposit the pebbles, but that the pebbles
control and direct the flow of the waters. For this reason they plaee such stones on the margins
of their artificial water corirses to hasten and direct the current. The presence of these pebbles
disposed in lines, at the surface of the ground, caused the explorer to surmise that they marked
the sites of irrigating ditches, and excavation proved the surmise to be correct. Pebbles which
had once been used as implements and become worn out or broken in service were those most
usually employed for this purpose.

Within the past twenty years, since the wild Indians of western Arizona have been subdued
and order has been established within that region, tlie locality in which Los Muertos and its
neighboring cities lay has been again restored to cultivation — tliis time by the white race, who
utilize, through new channels, the waters of the same Salt River that fed the fields of the departed
races. The canals of the moderns follow straight lines; those of the ancients were tortuous; but
the ancient people used the water to greater advantage than their successors and covered with
their system a wider territory. In the old canals the fall was about 1 foot to the mile, in the new
it is 2 feet to the mile. The ancients constructed great reservoirs to store the excess of water
when the river was high; the present occupants have no such works. Since this region has
been reclaimed it has proved one of the most fruitful within the boundaries of the United States
and is adapted to a wide range of vegetation, temperate and tropical.

In one place, near the present Mormon settlement of Mesa City, about 10 miles from the
ruins of Los Muertos, the canal was dug through a hard, rocky layer. The Mormon community
made use of the prehistoric cut when constructing their own irrigating ditch. I have heard on
good authority that the Mormons estimate the labor thus saved to them at $20,000. Who will
calculate the equivalent of this in human hands and days of work during the age of stone and
when man was his own beast of burthen?

In addition to the river irrigation the ancient Saladoans had a system of rain-water irrigation.
In the woodless mountains immediately surrounding their homes, the Superstition Mountains, the
Estrellas Mountains, etc., brief but heavy rains sometimes fall, which flow at once into the plain,
causing heavy floods and doing more damage than benefit to the crops. In these mountains there
are neither springs nor constant water courses and only a desert flora. The heights which give
birth to the Salado and the Gila are farther away and of much greater altitude. To conserve the
waters of these sudden rains in the neighboring hills the people built dams in the ravines and
large reservoirs in suitable places in and near the neighboring foothills. From these reservoirs
the waters were, when needed, allowed to flow gradually over the fields. This may be regarded as
evidence that the waters of the rivers, abundant though they were, were not sufficient for the needs
of the population.

BURIALS.

The bodies of the .dead were buried both with and without previous cremation. Those buried
without cremation were always buried in the houses, either under the ground floors or in the
walls. The cremated remains were interred outside of the houses.

The wall or mural burials were found mostly in the priest temples, in what remained of the
first and second stories; a few were discovered in the communal dwellings. The body in such a
burial was inclosed in an adobe case, and a niche was cut in the wall for its reception, which was
afterwards filled and plastered over with mud, so as to leave no external evidence of the burial.

The burials under the floors were confined to the communal dwellings. The graves were
constructed with different degrees of care; the more perfect being rectangular holes carefully
plastered on the sides with mud and sealed over with the same material. The dead were usually
placed with their heads to the east and slightly raised or pillowed so that the faces were turned
toward the west. The hands were laid at the sides or over the breast. The lower extremities were
placed as we place those of our dead except in one instance, that of an adolescent female who was
supposed to have been sacrificed to the gods to avert earthquake. She was buried with the limbs
abducted.

In a few instances in the communal dwellings the body was buried partly under the floor and
j>artly in the wall. This was supposed to be for the purpose of economizing space. The trunk,

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149

iii ;i supine position was buried close to the wall; the lower limbs, elevated at right angles to the
trunk, were placed in a niche in the wall which, was then filled up with mud.

Among those buried under the floors, many were children, and these were found always buried
near the kitchen hearths. This is a custom which is found to have prevailed in other parts of the
world and is variously accounted Cor. Mr. Cushing's explanation derived from Zuui folklore and
belief is this: "The matriarchal grandmother or matron of the household deities is the fire. It is
considered the guardian as it is also, being used for cooking, the principal 'source of life' of the
family. The little children, being considered unable to care for themselves, were placed, literally,
under the protection of the family fire that their soul-life might be nourished, sustained, and
increased."

Via. 4.— Pyral cemetery, unearthed.

Within both the underground and wall sepulchers were found deposited various household
utensils, articles of personal adornment and others of a sacerdotal character. In the mural burials
of the temples the articles of sacerdotal use were particularly numerous and elaborate. This is
one of the many reasons Mr. Cushing has for believing that those buried without cremation were
of a sacerdotal and higher class of the community, while those who were cremated were of a lower
class, and laymen. The pottery buried with the adults in the graves, was left whole and not
broken or " killed" in the manner to be described when speaking of burials after cremation; that
buried in graves with children was, however usually "killed" or broken. The sacred parapher-
nalia referred to were so similar to those used in Zuui to-day that Mr. Cushing " was often able,
through the knowledge of the Zuiii priesthoods to identify the medicine or priestly rank of the
silent occupant of a sepulcher."

The great majority of the dead were cremated. Each communal dwelling had in close prox-
imity to it, its own pyral mound and, situated at the base of the latter, a collection of earthen
vessels containing the remains of the dead— a pyral cemetery (Fig. 4). The mounds consisted of
ashes, cinders, and fragments of charred and broken mortuary sacrifices; they were from GO to
LOO feet in diameter, from 3 to 9 feet high and showed evidence of having had from 2 to G locations
for pyres in each. That each pyral mound was appropriate to its neighboring communal house

150

MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

was inferred from the correspondence of certain special marks and designs on the pottery in the
pyral cemetery with designs found on pottery in the graves of the contiguous dwellings.

The burnt bones and charred remains of some of the more valued articles of personal property
were placed in pots of suitable size, which were covered by inverted bowls or broken pieces of
pottery and surrounded by other articles of pottery buried as presents to the dead. These mortu-
ary gifts were broken or drilled before burial, probably in order that the souls they were thought
to possess might escape and accompany the dead to the spirit land. The custom of breaking the
pottery sacrificed with the dead is called by the people of modern Zufii " killing " the vessels, and
is still practiced among them.

It is believed that those of the priestly race were not cremated because they had the power to
release their own souls from their bodies while the laity, having no such power, had to have their
bodies burned to effect the desired release. Whatever may have been the creed that thus pre-
served some bodies for simple interment, anthropology owes it gratitude, for without it the
unique skeletons of this archaic race would not have been preserved for modern study and com-
parison. It is thought, too, that the pots buried with the uucremated adults were not broken or
"killed " because the priests knew how to release the souls of the pots and take them with them
to the undiscovered country, while to the laity such knowledge was denied.

FlQ. 5.— Double burial.

Double burials were found both with the cremated and the uncremated remains ; but werernuch
more common with the latter than with the former. When two skeletons were discovered in one
grave or incinerary vessel they were invariably adult, and, whenever the sex coiild be deter-
mined, one was always found to be a male and the other a female — presumably man and wife. This
might be thought to indicate that the wife had been sacrificed at the death of the husband; but
in the house-graves there was often evidence that the interments were not simultaneous, the
upper grave not being dug exactly over the lower and the bodies having been apparently wrapped
in different cerements. It was a rare thing to find three buried in one grave. Fig. 5 shows a
double burial, male and female, in which the interments, and probably the deaths, were simul-
taneous.

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ARTS.

151

Nearly all the implements and tools discovered were of stone, but of beautiful finish and great
variety of form. No metal tools, whatever, were found. The only articles of metal were little ru< It-
copper bells.

FIG. 6. -Small water-jar, found in hearth sepulcher, buried with child, in Loa Muertos.

A copper bell consisted of a plate of the metal wrought into leaflets. These leaflets were
brought together at the apices so as to form a hollow ball with meridional openings. In this ball
a pebble was imprisoned for a clapper. The handle, or stem, was soldered on in a manner which

Fio. 7. —Small water-jar, found buried with child in house sepulcher, southern portion of Halonawan, anoient Cibola.

indicated a knowledge of a soldering material and the use of the blowpipe; and indications are
not wanting that the bells were not introduced from a distance by trade, but were manufactured
where found.

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Pottery was found in great abundance in the house graves, in the pyral cemeteries, and on
the floors of the houses, where it seemed to have been abandoned, as if the dwellings were sud-
denly deserted. It consisted of food vessels and water vessels in a great variety of shapes and
sizes, and of well-executed images of animals of the chase which once inhabited the surrounding

FIG. 8. — Ancient Cibola eating buwl, showing "exit trail of life."

country. The vessels were decorated in a manner closely resembling those of the modern Pueblos
of New Mexico and Arizona, especially those of the Zufii and Moqui (see Figs, <>, 7, 8, 9, and 10).
The more commonly employed symbolic decorations were alike in all.

Fir;. 9.— Modem Zuui food bowl, showing
"exit trail of lift."

i;. In. — Modern Xinii v.;(t:T vessel,
"exit tniilnf lite."

One of these, worthy of especial note, is what the Zuiiis call the exit trail of life. It is found
inside of food vessels and outside of water vessels ; it consists of an opening or hiatus in the single
or double encircling paint bands near the margin of the vessel, as shown at a in Figs. 8, 9, 10. It
is a symbol based on the idea before alluded to of vessels having souls.*

"See Fourth Annual Report of tlte littivuu of Ethnology, p. 510.

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153

Another decoration, shown in Figs. 11, 12, 13, may here be mentioned. It is undoubtedly an
animal figure which in textiles and basketry has beeii necessarily conventionalized into a figure

FIG. 11. — Oruamcutal zone oil water jar from Los Muertos.

bounded by straight lines, and from the woven forms transferred, more or less modified, in paint
to the pottery. It is common on both the ancient and modern pottery of our southwestern laud
of ruins, and is frequently seen in the cloths of ancient Peru. (See Fig. 14.)

Fio. 12. — Symbolic decoration in white-bordered black, adapted from ornamental zone on water
jar of red slip ware from Los Muertoa.

The articles of personal adornment which remain are principally of shell and consist of rings,
bracelets, pendants, etc. Some of these were ornamented with geometrical designs and inlaid

FIG. 13 — Medium sized eating bowl of red slip ware, with white-bordered black paint decoration, From
Halonawaii, one of the ancient seven cities of Cibola.

with turquois and other precious or semiprecious stones. Sea shells carved in the form of a frog
were common and one or two of these frog images were beautifully inlaid with turquois and other

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stones of brilliant color. The inlaying was accomplished by coating the shell with some black
vegetable gum (supposed to be that of greasewood) which hardened on drying; the gems were
stuck into this coating and, when the latter became hard, the whole was rubbed down to a smooth
surface. An accurate chromo-lithographic illustration of one of these artistic objects has appeared
in Gems and Precious Stones of North America, by George Frederick Kunz, New York, 1890.

Everything susceptible of decay in these ruins had disappeared; hence, with two or three
trifling exceptions of charred and defaced articles, nothing was left of their woven stuff's, their
basketry, their woodwork, or the featherwork. But that they wove cloth, wrought baskets and
made useful and ornamental objects in various perishable materials, we have abundance of col-
lateral evidence.

During the first fifteen months of the work of the expedition from 17,000 to 20,000 specimens
of various kinds were collected, and many fragments rejected. But the collection would have been
far richer were it not for the wanton destruction of much material by visitors. Sometimes when

Fig. 14 — Mummy from cemetery at Ancon, Peru.

a pyral cemetery or the floor of a large dwelling had been unearthed, and all the articles discovered
laid in their original positions to be photographed, a party of sightseers would appear and, either
in the absence of the workmen or in spite of their remonstrances when present, trample the objects
under foot or deliberately kick the pottery to pieces to " see what was inside." In the earlier
days of the work many fine skeletons were lost in this way. Some persons even appropriated
handsome objects and carried them away, maintaining that, as these thiugs were found on public
land, all had an equal right to them.

POPULATION.

What was the population which in ancient days subsisted on the crops watered by the Salado
or Salt Kiver and the stored rains of the neighboring mountains? What was the population of
the old Salado settlement? Opinion is divided on this subject, and will probably long continue to
be divided. Some who have had the best opportunities of observing the ancient works and
studying the problem estimate the population at from 80,000 to KM), 000 souls. Los Muertos, it is
calculated, covered an area of over 2 square miles and contained about 13,000 inhabitants. There
were six other groups of buildings in the region as large or larger than this, and there arc indica-
tions that they were simultaneously occupied. If it could be shown that they were not occupied
at the same time, a much lower estimate of the population would have to be made. As the laud is

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

155

now becoming rapidly filled with white settlers, and the ancient town sites are being covered with
farms and crossed with irrigating ditches, all antiquarian problems become more difficult of solu-
tion every day.

ANTIQUITY.

In 1539, when Friar Marcos made his journey to Zuni, and when, a year later, Coronado
marched with an army to the same point, they passed within about 100 miles of these towns. Hud
they been inhabited in those days, the travelers would doubtless have heard of them, for the fame
of the less significant Seven Cities of Cibola reached them in the heart of Mexico and induced
them to travel 200 miles further northeast than the mouth of the Salado. They were ruins, no
doubt, three hundred and fifty years ago, or at the beginning of the historic period of Arizona.
No vestige of anything belonging to the iron age or of -European origin was brought to light in
the excavation. The writer knows of other ruins in New Mexico and Arizona which, from recorded

?:

>^!^fefa"":-' ^ •••••- -"' f& ~~**:-' •-i's?

{ :': •••:v'" ' r • : %i& ^ -^ ^feiJ^ -.-. « :' ' • ---- /r;

•^•'••: '-:^-:-' - : •' ; • ;/ : ,-r.:;,:,:^.-;;.-. '*"': ^^^ ' y ^^^^^^f^^j^^^y

-::;>-':-/:\;:v ;:-..• .'; ,'^:^,:^.";-, ••'.'••••,'-"'v; ::'^: :'v- 'r--:';^:"" .->:'•-> ':•'••."..-. v'^'^^i^t^P^

";";: •':/'.. :;^::j.-.v^^:.-''-".;^ .;';•'.'

FIG. 15. — Skeleton of man supposed to have been killed by earthquake.

evidence, are known to have fallen to decay and been abandoned long before the historic period;
yet in these textile fabrics and other perishable articles are still found fairly preserved, and par-
ticularly the hair- of the dead has survived the process of decay. In Los Muertos were found no
hair, no cerements, nothing that might have escaped destruction in a thousand years. It is
thought by Mr. Gushing that from one thousand to two thousand years may easily have elapsed since
the priests of Los Muertos worshiped in its standing tern pies. The Casa Grande of the (Jila was a
ruin standing in the sixteenth century probably much as it stands totlay; three and a half centuries
have wrought little change in it; but the similar priest-temples of the neighboring Salt River are
mere mounds of earth. The writer has seen two photographs of the Casa Grande of the Gila taken
from the same point of view, one twenty years after the other; yet in the pictures no difference
ran be discerned in the most minute points and prominences of the ruin, which were subject only
to the modifying influences of rain and wind, though the parts within the easy reach of human
hands have suffered notably.

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MEMOIRS OF THE KATIOXAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

It must be remembered that earthquake may have hastened the fall of the Salado temples.
The explorers have found many indications that these cities were abandoned on account of earth-
quake, and Znfii myth and tradition point to former migrations of the people induced by seismic
disturbances. One skeleton in Los Mnertos was found lying on its face, evidently of a person
never formally buried, and apparently crushed by falling walls.* (See Fig. 15.)

FlQ. 10.— Outline ilraw-ing, fall size, of terra cutlu ima^c CII'MIJIIK::. .lull to the rifiiiia.

It has been indicated in the previous pages that an intimate relationship in arts, civilization,
religion, etc., has been found to exist between the ancient Saladoans and the ancient sedentary
people of Arizona and New Mexico in general, as well as tin- still extant sedentary tribes of this
region. A relationship, less intimate perhaps, may be shown to exist between them and the

~Fin. 17.— Rock inscription thought, to rejuviwiit vicm'ia-liku :mi mala anil man throwing botas.

ancient house-building tribes of old Mexico and Central America. There are many facts, too,
which point to a close connection between the Saladoans and the ancient Peruvians — aconncc-
t ion more close perhaps than that between the former and many races who lived nearer to them,
geographically, than the Peruvians. Environment may have had its influence on this alliniry, for

" Since the above was written it has become apparent that we may attribute the. sudden destruction of tin-sis
earthen luiildiiifv* to Hoods ;is reasonably as to earthquakes. In tlir, spring of'1891 tliis region was visited by a groat
Hood, which covered much of the Salt River flood-plain and ruined many of the adoho houses of the white settlers.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

157

the conditions surrounding human life in Peru are more like those of Arizona than those of trop-
ical Mexico and Central America. The following are some of the indications of a special relation-
ship between the ancient Peruvians and the ancient Arizoiiiaus:

1. In the ruins of some of the ultra-mural houses there were unearthed terra-cotta images of
a quadruped which can not be identified as resembling' any animal of the present North American
Sauna, while all other effigies found are easily identified. Unfortunately I am able to present only
an outline drawing of one of these (Fig. 16.) Zoologists who have seen the original terra-cottas
are of the opinion that it represents a creature allied to the South American camellidw (llama
vicuna, guanaco, etc.). In various parts of the Southwest there are petrographs which are thought
to represent the same animal. Some of these petrographs are located at considerable distances
from Los Muertos, as, for instance, those in the Puerco Valley, some 250 miles away.

FIG. 18. — Rock inacription representing, it is supposed, vicuna-like animals ami bula-thrower. besides door and other animals.

It has been surmised that such animals continued to be domesticated by the sedentary Indians
of Arizona and New Mexico down to historic days and became extinct only when the more service-
able European sheep was introduced by the Spaniards. This surmise is based on certain state-
ments found in the works of early writers and explorers who speak of the Pueblo Indians having
a coarse cloth, something like woolen cloth, and having small wool-bearing animals domesticated
in their houses. But Prof. Bandolier, who has studied the early documentary evidence relating
to the Southwest more thoroughly, no doubt, than any other living student, discredits the modern
existence of these animals. In a letter to the writer he shows that we have only hearsay testimony
as to their existence and concludes with these words : " If there has ever been a llama, guauaco, or
vicuna, known to the Southwestern Indians, it became extinct long previous to the sixteenth cen-
tury." Fossil bones of an animal of this family have been found in the Southwest; but its bones
were not identified in the Salado ruins.

2. In several places among the ruins, on the floors of the houses, near the walls (as if they
had fallen from the latter), were seen peculiar groups of stones, consisting of three globoid and one
ovoid pebble. These are thought to have been the stones of bolas such as are now used in South
America to catch wild or half domesticated animals. The buckskin cases and thongs which con
nected the stones are supposed to have decayed, like all similar material in the ruins. The presence
of these stones would, in itself, be insufficient evidence of the use ofbolns among this people, but

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MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

it is thought that the petrographs afford additional testimony. Where these vicuiia-like animals
are delineated on the ancient rock-carvings, they are often associated with the figure of a man
holdingin his hand a peculiar four-branched instrument; one of the brandies is held by its extremity
in the hand, the others are in the air (Figs. 17, 18, and 19). This is thought to depict a herdsman
'or hunter in the act of casting the bolas. The bolas have, as far as can be ascertained, not been
in use in North America south of the Artie circle since the Columbian discovery, although an
implement, analogous in use but dillereut in form, is employed by the Eskimo.

Fio. 19.— Bock inscription of supposed bola-throwor, dancing men, and other objects.

Fig. 20 is a copy of a rock inscription showing a number of these animals associated with a
hunter bearing a bow. Fig. 21, also from a rock carving, represents a supposed bola-thrower in
connection with a flock of turkeys. The turkey is found wild iu Arizona and was probably domes-
ticated by the ancient inhabitants of the country.

Flo. 20.— Rock inscription of vicuna-like animals and hunter.

3. In sacrificial caves in mountains surrounding the Salado cities, knotted cords have been
found which are much like the quipus used by the ancient Peruvians. Similar knotted cords are
still in use by the people of Zuui and are by them called kispuwe, a name very similar in sound to
the Peruvian.

4. In addition to these indications we must consider the great and closely corresponding
prevalence of the OH Incie in the skulls of these two widely separated peoples. This is a subject
discussed more fully in the>lsomatological part of this work.

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159

EXPLORATIONS NEAR

The expedition left the Salt River Valley in June, 1888, and arrived at Zufii in the following
month. The work was continued in the vicinity of this place under the direction of Mr. Gushing
until October 20, 1888, when he left for the East. His physical condition was such that he was
not able to return ; but the work of excavation was continued in his absence until July, 1889, at
which time the expedition was disbanded.

The location of the Seven Cities of Cibola, visited by Coronado in 1541, was long a ques-
tion for scientific discussion, and many arguments were advanced in favor of different places;
but the ethnologic researches of Mr. Cushing and the historical investigations of Prof. Ad. F.
Bandelier have settled the question beyond a reasonable doubt. The Seven Cities were situated
in the valley of the Zufii River in the neighborhood of the present pueblo of Znfii, in Valencia
County, N. Mex. The accompanying map (Fig. 22) shows very approximately the location of each.
It was prepared with the assistance of Mr. F. Webb Hodge, of Washington, formerly secretary of
the expedition.

Via. 21.— Rock inscription, turkeys, supposed bola-thrower, etc.

We give below a list of the names of the cities in the modern Zufii language, as noted by Mr.
Cushing, and in the old Zufii or Cibola language, as noted by Coronado and other Spanish travel-
ers and writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. If we make due allowance for the
difference between a carefully devised modern orthography and a haphazard spelling of three
hundred years ago we need not suppose that the language of Cibola has changed materially during
the intervening time.

NAMES OF TIIK SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA.

Modern. Sixteenth and icrenlcciilli centuries.

1. Hawiku Aha<;iis, Avion, Aquico, Jahuicu, Havico.

2. Kyanawe, Hampasawan ^Canabe.

3. Kfetchupawe, Kwakina

4. Apina, Pinawan Aquinsn.

5. Il;il(ina, Halonawan Alona.

6. Matsaki Mu/!ii|iii, Mav!i<|ii<', M:ir;u|tii:i.

7. Kyakiina Caqniiia, Kyakima.

It was the original intention to explore all the ruins of the Seven Cities; but the illness of the
director and the consequent recall of the expedition prevented the fulfillment of this plan. Only
one of the ruins of the seven cities was explored to any extent, namely, the ruin of Halona. This
town occupied in part at least the site of the present pueblo of Zufii. The excavations were made

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MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

upon the opposite bank, from Zuiii, of that meager and inconstant desert streamlet known as the
Zufii River and in the neighborhood of houses occupied by the present ultra-urban population of
the Zuiii tribe.

Explorations were conducted iu other ruins in the neighborhood. Some slight digging was
done in those 011 the top of Inscription Rock; but the most work was accomplished at Ileshota-
uthla, a ruin on the road to Wingate, some 12 miles in a northwesterly direction from Zufii.
Heshota-iithla was in its day a compactly built, many-storied stronghold of stone containing a

109'

^T"/LSrq

PART OF NEW MEXICO,

showing location of modern

RUINS OF THE SEVEN" CITIES or CIBOLA

g OTHER RUINS

Flo. 22. —Zuiii towns, ruins of C'ibola uuu other ruins.

population of probably more than a thousand people. It was not one of the Seven Cities; but,
according to the traditions (corroborated by archaeological investigation) of the Zufii Indians, it
was occupied by their people in a remote antiquity. From this ruin was derived the greater part
of the "Cibola" skeletons described in the second part of the following report.

In preparing this introduction, the writer has had access to some of Mr. Cushing's notes,
especially to the original manuscript of a paper contributed to the Berlin meeting of the Congress
of Americanists in October, 1888, and he has consulted a pamphlet entitled " The old New World,"
an account of the explorations of the Heinenway Southwestern Arclwological Expedition in

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 161

18S7-'88, by Sylvester Baxter (Salem, 1SHS). In addition to all this he has had the advantage of
a personal knowledge of the southwestern country, its antiquities and its people, extending over
a period of ten years. He has had an equally long intimate personal acquaintance with the
director of the Hemenway Expedition. In the autumn of 1887 he had the rare good fortune to
spend about a month with Mr. Cushiug at Camp Hemenway, in the Salado Valley, while the exca-
vations at Los Muertos were being carried on.

He might, therefore, had he so desired, have made of this introduction a more extensive and
pretentious essay. This is intended, however, not as a contribution to American archaeology, but
merely for the convenience of the anthropologist who may desire to know something of the people
to the description of whose osseous remains this work is chiefly devoted. The author has intro-
duced only some of the more easily explained discoveries of the expedition, and he has made many
statements without setting forth all the facts and arguments on which they are based. The reader
must take some things for granted until Mr. Cushing's final report appears. In referring to the
early Spanish writers and travelers the writer has been obliged to omit the proper bibliographical
notes, for the reason that he had not access to their books at the time of writing.

In studying the crania and other bones described in the following pages, and in preparing this
report, I must acknowledge my great indebtedness to the following gentlemen of the staff of the
Army Medical Museum: To Dr. Jacob L. Wortman (who spent many months in the field collecting
and preserving the bones), for assistance in preparing the sections on the teeth and hyoid bone;
to Dr. D. S. Lamb, for assistance in preparing the section on the olecrauon perforation; to Mr.
Porter Tracy, for his labor in taking measurements and his help in many other ways, and to Dr. J.
C. McConnell, for preparing the illustrations.

WASHINGTON MATTHEWS,

FORT WINGATE, NEW MEXICO, Surgeon, U. 8. Army.

September 1, 1800.
S. Mis. 109 11

HUMAN BONES

THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION.

I.

THE SERIES OF SALADO.

163

HUMAN BONES OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION.

PART I.-THE SERIES OF SALADO.

$ 1. CONDITION AND REPAIR OF BONES.

As we have stated in the introduction, the bones when found were in an advanced state of
decay and exceedingly fragile; particularly was this the case at Los Muertos. The organic
remains at Los Hornos, Los Guauacos, and Las Acequias were usually in better condition than at
the first-named ruins, owing, probably, to the greater dryness or other more advantageous quality
in the soil. At Las Acequias they were in the best condition of all. When carefully unearthed
the bones, in situ, in the graves might seem in sound condition, but the slightest manipulation —
a touch of the finger even — would cause them to crumble into dust. The bones of the upper face,
the pelvis, aud the epiphyses of the long bones were the most friable. Parts successfully unearthed,
but not immediately conserved, if they escaped the despoiling foot of the mischievous visitor,
would often disintegrate in a day or two from the effects of exposure to sun and wind. After a
period of annoying experiences it became the custom to apply paraffin, shellac, or other preserving
substance to the bones before their removal from the graves, or immediately after.

The skulls were nearly all obtained in a fragmentary condition ; the fragments, carefully packed,
were forwarded to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, and here a number were, with much
labor, put together in such a manner that they might be measured and studied as entire skulls.
The remaining fragments often gave us valuable points for anatomical study. In the work of
restoration we had in many cases to use plaster of Paris to fill gaps or strengthen weak parts.
Where the plaster was used superficially to replace thin scales from the outer table, measurements
were, after due deliberation, sometimes taken from points on the plastered surface; but where the
plaster had been thickly applied, had been used in restoring salient points, or had been employed
to till a gap in both tables of the bone, its presence was considered to preclude measurement. In
a small number of skulls where we had, after restoration, reason to suspect the existence of post-
mortem distortion, measurements were not made — not, at least, in the regions affected by the dis-
tortion. A great but unavoidable disadvantage in the use of the plaster was that it encroached
on the cranial cavity and thus usually rendered the cubature of the latter impossible.

$ 2. THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKULLS.

In preparing this report we have kept two objects in view : First, that we might obtain material
for our own study and comparison of this collection; and, second, that we might furnish to other
investigators material for comparative study. In providing for the latter we have taken some
measurements which we have not used as data for subsequent investigations, and we have not
confined ourselves to the methods of any particular school or system.

For purposes of our own research we have employed chiefly the measurements of the French
and English schools of anthropology as formulated in Dr. Paul Topinard's recent work,* because
the literature of anthropology is richest in studies based on these measurements (Appendix A),
and the opportunities for comparison with them is consequently most extensive.

JBecognizing the fact that a great number of anthropologists throughout the world have
signified their intention of employing the measurements proposed by certain German anthropolo-
gists, formulated in what is known as the Frankfort agreement (Appendix B), and hence,

•TOPINARD; filaments d'Anthropologie G^n^rale; Paris, 1885; chap, xxvil.

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166 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

anticipating an extended use of this system in the future, we have taken many measurements
according to this Agreement.

Our decisions as to what to adopt and what to discard in different systems may appear
occasionally somewhat arbitrary; but they have usually been made in accordance with certain
rules which we have been constrained to adopt. We have not undertaken to sit in judgment on
the general relative merits of any system. All the systems extant are the results of more thought
and study than we have been able to devote to the subject of craniometry. We have accepted
that which seemed best suited to the scope of our work and to the character and extent of the
series to be studied. We have also had to take into consideration the limited time at our
disposal.

Any measurement which we believed to be identical or practically the same in different sys-
tems we have taken but once and, in taking it, we have followed whichever rule seemed the most
explicit or laid down the most definite landmarks. Thus, in taking such a short dimension as the
interorbital width, where a small error may count for much, we have chosen for our landmark
the definite dacryon as directed by Broca, instead of the less certain ''inner border of the orbit,"
which the Frankfort agreement prescribes for us.

On some occasions we have discarded a dimension which had been made, or might be made,
the basis of extensive and valuable study, for the simple reason that we did not regard the given
directions as sufficiently explicit. While they might be clear to the scientist who wrote them, or
to the student who saw him apply them, they were not clear to the reader who had nothing but
the text to guide him. Thus we have taken no vertical measurements from the ophryou, because
no one tells us in what plane the connecting line between the frontal ridges should lie. Two or
more equally short lines between these ridges might, in some skulls, be described at some distance
from one another on the median line. In other words, we might have two ophryons so far apart
as to give materially different facial heights. We thought it better to be silent than to fill our
pages with material which might prove worthless. Had we had unlimited space, time, and assist-
ance we might have included such measurements, though not without comment.

Some measurements were forbidden by the character of the skulls. The bistephanic diameter
was put aside because the temporal ridges in this series are indistinct, the indistinctness being
due, possibly, to the general use of boiled vegetable food among the Saladoans and the consequent
limited exercise of the temporal muscles. Moreover, the stephanion lies in a region especially
liable to be broken, and frequently was broken in the series. We have substituted for this dimen-
sion the maximum frontal diameter of Emil Schmidt.* The upper incisors were so often missing
that we neglected dimensions into which they entered. On the other hand, we took measurements
from the rnetopion, which is a very uncertain guiding point on these skulls in consequence of the
subdued character of the frontal bosses.

We felt a great temptation to present to the reader such opinions concerning all the meas-
urements as we formed in the progress of our work, and to give our reasons in each case for
adopting this or abandoning that method; but on mature reflection we felt that this would lend
us beyond the proper scope of our work. In the more important cases, comments on the methods
are given in connection with the discussions of particular dimensions or indices. In some instances
we advanced far in the work of securing a dimension before we found practical reasons for aban-
doning it. In other cases we have taken a measurement on all the skulls of the series and com-
piled our tables and indices before we concluded to suppress our results. This we did, for instance,
in the case of the horizontal and vertical measurements of the orbit.

We have, with some inconsistency, perhaps, adopted dimensions and followed rules of whose
exactness we felt no less uncertain than we felt of some which we discarded. Such instances are.
perhaps, to be classed among our arbitrary decisions. But we can partly atone for our errors, if
such exist, by telling exactly what our own methods were. For instance, we have recorded meas-
urements which have the superior border of the meatus auditorius for a guiding point, and we
must confess that we know not where to locate this point with accuracy. The rule for our own

*EMII. SCHMIDT: Catalog <ler iin anatomischen Institut der Univereitat Leipzig aufgestelltou cramologiscken
Sammlung ; Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Braunschweig, 1887-'88, p. v.

MEMOIRS OF T11E NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 167

guidance has been the contour of the processus auditorius or tympanic bone. Where this was
complete in its upper portion, as it rarely is in man even in the lower races, we had no trouble in
establishing our point. Where a good vestige of the upper part remained, not too far out of
place, we were contented to take such vestige for our guide ; but where a large segment of the
bone was completely missing we joined the upper horns of the remaining portion by means of a
pencil mark described as directly as possible from one horn to the other on the roof of the meatus
and took the highest point of this arched line for our landmark. In leveling the skull for the
German horizontal plane and in taking the auricular heights we felt less hesitancy in depending
on this guiding point than in taking vertical arcs. Here it was most doubtful.

Table i is intended not only to answer the purposes of the present investigation, but possibly to
serve as a model for future catalogues which may be issued by the Surgeon-General's Office. It has
been designed with a view of economizing space and making reference easy. The peculiarities of
its plan require little explanation. On the first page of the table and on its duplicate fly-leaf we
have given a condensed description or indication of each measurement, index, or other item suffi-
cient, we believe, for ready reference. In order to get each description within the space of one line
we have rarely used the exact words of the original authors. For the measurement of the German
anthropologists we have been especially compelled to reject the circumlocutions of the Frankfort
agreement in describing guiding marks and have adopted instead the specific terminology of
crauiometric science. "Frankfort," in the table, denotes that the preceding rule is to be found,
in substance, in the Frankfort agreement.* "Topinard" denotes that it is to be found in the
work of this author already referred to. The number or letter which follows either of these names
corresponds with that given to the item by the quoted authority; thus "Frankfort 1" refers to
the first measurement of the Frankfort agreement. Feeling that our brief references to rules
might often be insufficient for those who had not at hand copies of the oft-quoted Frankfort agree-
ment and of the rules of Topinard, we have supplied these in Appendices A and B of this work.

$ 3. THE PICTURES OF THE SKULLS.

The outline tracings of the skulls shown in plates 1 to 54, inclusive, are reductions to half
size, made by means of a pantograph from orthogonal or geometric drawings.

It seems proper that we should here describe the apparatus and the method in use for the
past five years in the Army Medical Museum,* by which these orthogonal tracings were made,
since both seem to differ in many respects from those in use elsewhere, as far as we may judge
from published descriptions.

Fig. 23 represents the complete apparatus in use. It consists of a frame (a, a, a), inside of
which is an open box (b) nearly filled with dry sharp sand (so arranged that it may be raised and
lowered by means of a lever (c), a movable and adjustable mounted pin (d), an ordinary car-
penter's or draughtsman's square, and a tracer of peculiar construction, which has been named the
periglyph (e). The frame is surmounted by a movable plate of glass, thinly varnished on both
sides to receive the tracing.

The periglyph is shown reduced in Fig. 24. It consists of a standard (a), a base (b) (both
made preferably of vulcanite or hard wood), supported by two padded points (c), and by the sharp
steel style (d), which makes the tracing; vertically above the extreme point of the style is a pin
hole on an adjustable arm (e).

In other laboratories they use diopters, somewhat similar to this instrument in appearance,
with which the outline is drawn by means of a pen or pencil held in hand. It needs but a single
trial to convince one that our instrument, with its fixed steel tracer, is vastly more reliable and
convenient. Of course the steel point would not trace on plain glass as the pen does; the thin
coat of varnish renders the use of the style practicable.

* Verstiindigung iiber ein gemeinsames crauioinetrisches Verfahren ; Archiv fur Authropologie, Bd. xv, Braun-
schweig, 1884, pp. 1-8. (S<;c Appendix B.)

t \V. MATTHEWS: Apparatus for tracing orthogonal projections of the skull, in the United States Army Medical
Museum. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. XXI, London, lSSli-'S7. pp.42-ir>.

168

MEMOlltS OF THE XATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

To ascertain if the pin hole is truly vertical to the apex of the style, we take sight through
the former over the latter on some point of the object to be depicted under the glass, and wheel
the instrument around — the point acting- as the center — 180 degrees. If the pin hole is vertical,
the apex of the style will still cover the point on the object; if it is not vertical, we loosen the
binding screw (/, Fig. 24) and adjust the arm (e).

The frame of our apparatus is 35CI" long, 28om broad, and 43cm high; but some approximate
size will do as well. The cross pieces which secure the upright supports are not placed at the
top of the frame, but some 12C1" from it. There are two reasons for this: first, that no shadow
may fall on the skull to obscure the vision of the operator, and second, that a horizontal surface
may be afforded to support the mounted needle. The plane of the cross pieces must be perfectly
parallel with that of the plate of glass.

"\

Fia. 23.— Apparatus for orthogonal tracings.

The mounted needle (Fig. 23, d) alone is used when the datum plane lies horizontally, as in
outlining the vertex, side, and base of the skull; but when the plane stands vertically, as in tracing
the anterior and posterior views, the square is also employed to secure the desired adjustment.

For facilitating the adjustment of the skull accurately and readily in any position, and for
maintaining it in position, we have found nothing to excel the sand box. The most elaborate
mechanical contrivance could not, we imagine, answer the purpose better.

In this series, furthermore, the skulls were so fragile that they did not admit of the applica-
tion of any craniphore that would produce the least pressure.

The following is the method of operation : Place the skull on the bed of sand, pressing it down
until it stands firmly. By means of the lever raise the sand box until the skull is nearly or quite
on a level with the slots in which the glass is to fit. Orient the skull in the sand with the aid of
the mounted needle, or the square, as the case may require; put the varnished glass in place; by
means of the periglyph make the desired tracing; take off the glass. If a positive picture is
desired, trace over the scratched drawing on the reversed side of the glass with ink. When the
ink is dry, proceed to make the imprint. Lay unglazed paper on the inked figure and press it
firmly down with one hand to prevent slipping; raise a small portion of the paper with the other
hand; breathe in one spot upon the ink sufficiently to moisten it; replace the paper and rub it

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES/ 169

briskly over the moistened surface with the thumb nail. Treat the entire figure in this way. If
a reverse picture is wanted, which is usually the case when a finished drawing is to be prepared
for engraving, ink the scratched line and take the imprint therefrom.

If it is desired to prove the correctness of a positive picture, wash away the ink from which
the imprint has been made, ink the scratched drawing and place it right side up over the positive
on the paper. The two should correspond. In no instance where we have made this test have we
found the slightest error.

We have used an ordinary black ink, and have been able to take three good impressions from
one drawing. If it were desirable to take a large number of copies, other inks could be found to
accomplish the purpose.

Dr. Paul Topinard tell us* that with Broca's stereograph the five views of the skull may be
made in an hour. It takes nearly twice that time to do the same with our contrivance, operating
with proper care; but as a partial compensation for this we have a drawing which furnishes many
duplicates.

No special skill or lightness of hand is required with our apparatus; any person possessed of
ordinary intelligence and eyesight can use it successfully at the first trial. It is not complicated ;
it requires no highly skilled workman to construct it; it may be made by any carpenter and its
cost is insignificant.

Even the periglyph may be made by any handy individual with an ordinary pocket knife.
We have two periglyphs, one manufactured of metal by a practical model-maker, the other rudely
whittled out of wood by a medical gentleman connected with the Museum; both are perfectly
accurate, but the latter is the more easily handled and the favorite instrument.

Several outlines may, without confusion, be drawn on the same varnished surface. The
varnish should be of such a character that when dry it becomes crisp and brittle, breaking up in
the course of the stylus — not dragging after the instrument and clogging it. Of many mixtures
tried that known in the trade as Berry Brothers' (Detroit) hard-oil finish, diluted with one-third
turpentine, gave the best results.

I n making all but six of these tracings we adjusted the skulls on the German horizontal plane,
or plane of the Frankfort agreement, partly for the reason that with the sand box we could find
this plane more readily than we could find the alveolo-coudylean plane. But for purposes of com-
parison we sketched the norma verticnlis parallel with the alveolo-coudylean plane in six speci-
mens, the type skull and five which approximated the type. The reduced tracings are shown in
plate 51.

The five views of the type skullt (Pis. 55-59, incl.) were made on the basis of elaborate
orthogonal tracings, the shading being added by the artist from nature. They are natural size.
It is greatly to be regretted that the nasal bones in the type skull were broken, and that we were
obliged to make a plaster restoration. The shape of the nasal aperture is only approximate.

There were but few skulls in this series in which all the points of the German horizontal plane
or any other horizontal plane could be found to coincide with a true horizon, while the sagittal
plane was perfectly vertical to such horizon. The variance was most marked at the upper borders
of the auditory meatuses. In order to approximate uniformity we always aligned our facial
guiding marks, not with the upper margin of the right meatns, but with that of the left, the side
on which the norma later alls was taken.

The views of the lower jaws in plates 52^ 53, and 54 were taken with the same apparatus
and by the same method as were those of the skulls, and similarly reduced by the pantograph.
Whe.n each was drawn the plate of glass on which the tracing was made was parallel to the plane
on which the lower margin of the jaw rested at equilibrium.

Areas in the drawings marked with parallel straight lines show where there are holes in the
skulls, neither bone nor plaster being present. Dotted areas indicate plaster restorations — all
such repairs, whether deep or superficial, being thus shown.

"Op. tit., p. 863. t For description see $ 14.

170 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

H- SEX.

In twenty-one cases the skulls are accompanied by enough of the remaining bones to let the
sex be stated with considerable confidence. These twenty-one skulls are the following:

Males: Nos. H. 6, H. 7, H. 14, H. 18, H. 19, H. 24, H. 25, H. 26, H. 32, H. 34, H. 41— total, 11.

Females: H. 1, H. 5, H. 8, H. 10, H. 15, H. 21, H. 36, H. 39, H. 45, II. 57— total, 10.

These groups appear to be so scattered through the various ordinations that it cannot with
safety be said that the sexes are distinguished from each other by any metrical characteristics.

Although it is universally attempted to distinguish the sex of, say, four skulls in five, we do
not consider it possible, in the present case at least, to do so; for, firstly, the number of known
sex is so small that it is not possible to say that there is a constant sexual difference in any par-
ticular dimensional relation ; secondly, there is apparently no constant difference of anatomical
detail, such as prominent processes, " strong marking," or the like. The sex of H. 40, the type
skull, can not be certainly stated, but, very reservedly, of course, we may suggest the probability
of its being female. In this connectioii it is interesting to note that II. 7 and II. 25, males, also
closely represent the type and closely resemble one another.

$ 5. PATHOLOGY.

Of the Salado collection about 69 sets of bones, representing each a complete individual
skeleton, or the majority of bones of one individual, have come to us; but, as these sets are some-
times mixed with bones which do not belong to them, and as there are many miscellaneous bones
in the collection, percentages of pathological formations must in some cases be only approximate.
The collection shows some interesting anomalies, diseases, and injuries.

Foramen (kale

Ihlato

.

•Spheno-Pferifyoid'

/branien_ ___

-Ihymentof Palatine Bone .

Flo. 25. — Fragment of skull, .sliu\vin<* Hpheno-ptrrygoicl foramen.

Anomalies. — The more important anomalies, those supposed to be of anthropological signifi-
cance, are discussed more fully elsewhere, under separate headings. Some of those of minor
importance will be considered here. In one case (fragment) the occipital bone showed two small,
smooth, rounded condyloid prominences close to each other at the anterior part of the foramen
magnum. The condyles proper were somewhat broken, but appeared to be smaller than usual,
though normally located.

In one case (H. 21, PL 21) the foramen magnum was of unusual size. At least the portion of
its border, the posterior half, which remained, indicated that the foramen was very large. The
basilar portion of the occipital bone was missing.

The spheno-pterygoid foramen, complete or incomplete, was not found in any of the restored
skulls; but in one small fragment a complete foramen was found, where the two processes which
formed its boundaries touched but were not coossified (Fig. 25).

In H. 33 the occipital bone showed behind the right condyle, from which it was separated by
a narrow groove, a small, smooth surface which articulated with a corresponding small, smooth
surface on the atlas, behind the usual kidney-shaped articular surface. In Hie ease of the atlas
also there was an absence of the spiuous process and of a small part of the posterior arch on each
side, leaving a gap in the bone. There was no sign of inflammatory action.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 171

In several instances the groove on the atlas for the suboccipital artery and nerve was con-
verted into a foramen more or less complete, sometimes on both sides in the same subject. In H.
25 there are very complete foramina on both sides. In a number of cases the vertebral foramen
was subdivided into two openings, and sometimes it was much smaller on one side than on the
other.

Among the vertebra? there were five instances of what might have been congenital union; in
two the occipital bone was united with the atlas; in two others the axis was united with the third
cervical vertebra, and in one, two adjoining dorsal vertebra} were soldered together. The lines of
union in these cases were even and smooth and there were no exostotic growths adjacent to sug-
gest the existence of inflammation. In one other case of union of the axis and third cervical ver-
tebra, more doubtfully of congenital origin, there was partial destruction of the posterior arch of
the axis, apparently due to suppuration.

There were four cases of union of the first and second pieces of the sternum, showing the usual
incompleteness by the small cavity in the articulation. There were also some cases of fissure of
the lower part of the sternum, and the shape of the ossified portion of the ensiform appendix varied
as usual.

One rib was bifurcated anteriorly.

The tibia? and fibulae on both sides in H. 90 exhibited a marked uniform symmetrical anterior
curvature. The index of the right tibia, as shown in Table LXXIV, was 53.03, a very low index,
yet exceeded in this respect by several of the series. The index of the left tibia was not com-
puted, as the bone was so split that it was feared the normal dimensions could not be obtained.
These were the only leg bones that showed this curvature to any noteworthy degree. They were
better entitled to the name of saber bones than any in the series. There was no certain sign of
inflammation or degeneration in these bones. The skeleton unfortunately was quite incomplete,
but what remained showed the following lesions: A healed fracture of the outer third of the right
clavicle; small exostoses on the articular surfaces of the coudyles of the lower jaw; bony growths
on the sites of many tendinous insertions; a few of the vertebral bodies were very friable and a
large Osteophyte bound them together anteriorly. This is the only case which suggested the pos-
sibility of rickets, but the symmetry of the curvature disposes one to doubt that this disease
existed.

Still it is possible that the case comes under the class described by Agnew* as " mild form of
rickets."

Injuries. — There were some specimens showing the healing of fractures, three of the clavicle
and one of the tibia; the latter had healed with marked deformity. Recent fractures could not of
course be recognized because of the general fragmentary character of the bones.

In one case, where unfortunately most of the vertebra? were absent, one of the dorsal vertebrae,
apparently the eleventh, showed the condition somewhat like that seen in cheesy degeneration and
cariesof the vertebral bodies. The body of the bone was shaped like a truncated wedge (ride infra}.
In the same case three ribs, apparently the sixth, seventh, and eighth, right side, showed poste-
riorly from the head to the angle a rough surface with exostotic growths, as if the ribs had formed
the wall of an abscess. There was also an impacted fracture of the neck of the right femur, and
the right ulna and both fibula? showed an uneven surface that might possibly have resulted from
a contusion with consequent inflammation. Altogether I regard the condition as one general injury,
probably from a fall on the right side.

There was one case of fracture of rib with good union and no deformity except a slight over-
lapping.

There was one case of anchylosis of astragalus and os calcis, and another of the second
metatarsal and middle cuneiform bones, both probably traumatic.

Disease.— In about one-third of the cases periosteal fringes of new bone were found along the
edges of the bodies, and sometimes of the lamina? of the vertebne. In view of the incompleteness
of the individual sets, it is impossible to state with any accuracy the relative frequency with which
the disease occurred in the different regions. Apparently it affected most frequently the lumbar
region, next the dorsal, then the cervical, and least of .all the sacral. In two cases only there

: Principles aud Practi<-c of Surgery, Philadelphia, 1878; Vol. l, p.

172 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were actual bridges of bone, and these connected adjoining lumbar vertebrae. These exostotic
growths resembled those seen in the bones of individuals who have worked hard and been exposed
to cold and wet, those often found in the bones of the dissecting-room subjects. The condition
may be termed " rheumatoid." It is worthy of observation that the vertebra- were much more
frequently affected than the other bones of the skeleton.

The frequency of this rheumatoid condition in the people represented by these bones may
seem rather surprising in view of the mild character of the climate at the present day, which is
probably similar to what it was in their time; but, granting the existence of this condition, it is
easy to understand its predominance along the spine. The Saladoans were a hard-working
people, whose labor was of such a character as to cause much bending of the back, to make them
perspire freely, and to subject them to sudden changes of temperature while perspiration was
active. In short, they lived in many respects under conditions similar to those of our own labor-
ing classes, and we need not wonder that they suffered from similar maladies of the vertebral
column.

There was one case of antero-posterior curvature of the spine in an adult which merits special
description. In the dorsal region a number of adjoining vertebra' had their bodies symmetrically
and bilaterally diminished from behind forwards; they had the shape of a truncated wedge with
its base posterior. No distinct evidence of caries could be discovered, as in Potts disease, but the
friable and injured condition of the bones did not permit us to announce a positive opinion on this
point. The change in shape seemed more probably due to an interstitial absorbtion than to caries.
We should hesitate to say that it was a case of tubercular degeneration ; there was no satisfactory
evidence of the existence of such a condition in any bone in the collection. There were many fringes
of new bone along the bodies of the diseased vertebrae, and there was firm coossification of adjoin-
ing bones at the left sacro-iliac synchondrosis. There may be other skeletons in this series which
had similar lesions, but the loss or destruction of some of the vertebra} forbid us to speak with
certainty. We have in the general collection of the Museum a skeleton from Alaska showing a
condition similar to that described, and we will anticipate Part II of this work by saying that we
have another such skeleton in the series of Cibola.

A disease exists in Zufli which Mr. Gushing, freely translating the Zufii name, calls the
" warps." It consists of a gradually increasing, symmetrical, antero-posterior curvature of the
spine, which, when it reaches completion, after years of progress, brings the knees in close proximi t y
to the chest and renders walking impossible. The patient is obliged to go around on short crutches
and is reduced to a helpless condition, his only useful occupation being the knitting of stockings.
The disease is not accompanied by abscesses or sinuses, and the general health of the afflicted
person is not seriously impaired. It is said that on the first appearance of the malady, if the
patient will permit himself to be tied night and day to a straight board, he may avoid the worst
consequences; but either this is not an infallible remedy or there are some who have not the forti-
tude to submit to it, for the writer has seen at least half a dozen sufferers in the pueblo of Zufii,
all adults and mostly males. The connection, if any exists, between this disease and the spinal
curvature of the Saladoans and Cibolans, referred to above, is worthy of investigation.

In several cases the conditions suggested the possibility, but by no means demonstrated Un-
certainty, of syphilitic disease. Thus in one there was irregular nodular hypertrophy of the shall s
of both tibiaj, more especially the right, of the lower part of the right fibula, and of the shafts of
both ulna?, while the sternal ends of the first ribs showed exostotic growths. In some cases there
was hypertrophy of the tibial shafts without any other evidence of disease.

The fragmentary and worn conditions of the skulls interfere with the recognition of disease and
injury. There were, however, abundant evidences of alveolar abscess, more especially in the lower
jaw ; and in a few cases the alveolar wall was perforated. In one case the left lower incisor and
part of the alveolus were absent, probably from abscess or injury, but in this situation giving a
very peculiar appearance to the jaw.

In 2 or 3 cases the emiuentia articularis was eroded on one side, and the corresponding condyle
was also largely destroyed. It seemed to be rather the result of atrophy than inflammation.

The lesions of the jaws and teeth are father considered in the section on teeth.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 173

$ 6. THE CEPHALIC INDEX.

The most notable feature of this collection of skulls — the feature which at once attracts the
attention of the observer — is the antero-posterior shortening. Excluding those which bear un
doubted evidence of post-mortem distortion, the longest skull (H. 23, Table n) in 48, whose indices
are obtainable has a cephalic index, computed from the measurements prescribed by Broca, of
only 78.40, which is within the limits of mesaticephaly. There are but 4 skulls which are longer
than sub-brachycephalic, and but 7 which are not truly brachycephalic. The shortest skull has an
index of 97.97. The mean of all the 48 indices is 88.47, which is an extreme grade of brachyce-
phaly — the brachystocephaly of Huxley.

$ 7. OCCIPITAL FLATTENING.

Associated with this shortening of the skull we find more or less depression or absolute flat-
tening of the occiput. In the most marked cases we can not doubt that this flattening is artifi-
cially, although not necessarily intentionally, produced. Between the very flat occiputs and those
which, though not prominent, are quite rounded there are many degrees of variation and the areas
of the flattening are of various sizes from those that comprise the entire occipital region, and show
definite boundaries to those which might easily escape the attention of the student, or might, dis-
associated from the rest of the group, be regarded as normal peculiarities.

The occipital flattening here referred to, must be carefully distinguished from that produced
intentionally by the ancient Peruvians, by the Flatheads of our Northwest coast, and by other
races. In the latter there is an anterior counter-flattening produced by the pressure applied to the
forehead ; in the former there is no frontal flattening.

The cause of this flattening of the occiput, whatever it may be, would seem to be the cause,
under modifying circumstances, of the brachycephaly in general, whether absolute flattening
exists or not. Such flattening has been observed among various American races, both extinct and
extant, and is by some attributed to the use of a hard board for the back of the basket, case, or
cradle in which the baby is carried.* There is no doubt in our mind that this is the prime cause
of the flattening and the brachycephaly in the skulls of this series. The variations may depend
on the diifereut degrees of hardness of the skulls or on the character and size of the pad or pillow
used, or on both.

In 40 cases where the occipital depression notably affects the sagittal circumference we have
it variously distributed. This distribution may be broadly divided into three groups. These
are illustrated in Figs. 26, 27, and 28, which consist of superimposed outlines adjusted on the
bregma, the superior margin of the meatus anditorius, and German horizontal plane.

In the first group (A) the depression, whether there is actual flattening or not, is pretty
evenly distributed over the entire posterior portion of the sagittal curve from the opisthion to the
obelion. This may be called total posterior depression. (See Fig. 26.)

In the second group (B) the depression is mostly from the inion to the obelion; that portion
of the median line below the inion seeming to be little affected, this we may designate as depres-
sion above the inion. (See Fig. 27.)

In the third group (C) the flattening or depression is mostly above the lambda, the median
line below that point being nearly or quite normal. (See Fig. 28.)

As the outlines of all the skulls which satisfactorily illustrate the sagittal depression have
been used in composing Figs. 26, 27, and 28, it will be seen that the first group is much the most
numerous, there being 14 skulls of this group to 6 of the second and 4 of the third.

* CARR, LUCIEN : Observations on the Crania from the stone graves in Tennessee. Eleventh Annual Report of
the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology. Cambridge, Mass., 1878, pp. 361-384. SIIUFKLDT: A Navajo
Skull. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. xx, London, 1885-'86, pp. 426-429. SIIUKKLDT : A Skull of a Navajo
Child. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. XXI, London, 1886, pp. 66 et seq. SHUFELIVT: Contributions to
the Comparative Crauiolofjy iii' I be N'ortli American Indians. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. xxi, Lon-
don, 1887, pp. 525 ct seq. MASON, <). T. : Indian Cradles and Head Flattening. Science, Vol. ix, No. 229, New
York, Juno 24, 1897, pp. 617 ct seq.

174

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS.

These groups are believed to be uot devoid of significance, and will be made the basis of future
comparative study of American races. It has been already found, for instance, that in skulls dug
from American mounds, where occipital flattening is often encountered, that total posterior flatten-
ing (Group A) rs much the rarest form. In 68 mound skulls, with sagittal depression, the groups
are distributed as follows: Group A, 7; Group B, 51; Group 0, 10. It maybe, too. that our future
studies will compel us to establish another class, in which the depression is below the lambda.

Fin. •».— Occipital depression. Group A.

Besides these sagittal variation* in depression, we have different forms and degrees of lateral
depression, /. e., the depression, instead of having its center on the median line, lias it more or less
to one side. This character naturally divides itself into two groups— right and left. In forming
these groups we have depended upon a mere inspection of the skull and not upon measurements,
only a skull which had an obvious lateral deformity being included in either group.

MKMOlliS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

175

These lateral deformities are not to be profitably considered under the head of plagiocephaly
as defined by Broca. According to this author a certain depression of the frontal bone ou one side
accompanies a depression of the parietal on the opposite side in the condition to which he applies
this name. While in this collection there are some true plagiocephalic skulls, the majority hav-
ing the posterior lateral flattening have not the accompanying frontal flattening. Hence they
have been all first studied together with regard to the posterior flattening only. Of a skull thus

Jfo. 4. 10. 73.27. 29.30.

Flo. 27. — Occipital depression. Group K.

flattened on the left side we say it has left posterior flattening, although it may have right plag-
iocephaly, and of a skull thus flattened on the right side we say it has right posterior flattening,
although it may have left plagiocephaly. In short we study this deformity first without regard to
plagiocephaly.

176

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Out of 28 skulls showing the lateral posterior depression, 19 are flattened on the left side and
9 on the right. These deformities are illustrated in Figs. 1*0 and ;>(), which represent superimposed
outlines adjusted on the median line and the maximum occipital point.

Thus we see that the skulls flattened on the left side are twice as many as those flattened on
the right. Eight-handed women carry the child usually on the left arm, and therefore suckle it
mostly at the left breast,* and right-handed people predominate greatly over the left-handed in all

Jfo. J9.41.WS2.

Flo. 28.— Occipital depression. Group C.

races. When lying on the hard cradle-board, then, the heads of the great majority of infants should
more frequently incline to the right than to the left, and should therefore, we would suppose, be
more likely to become flattened on the right side. In our mound skulls the, flattening is much
more frequent on the right side than on the left, in the proportion of 62 right to 39 left in 101
skulls in which lateral posterior flattening is found.

' A. WYETII. "Anatomical Reasons for Dextral Preference in Man."
Society, Brooklyn, N. Y., Vol. II, 1880, p. 129.

Annals of Anatomical and Surgical

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

177

One peculiar effect of the occipital flattening is observed in the horizontal circumference. In
certain of these skulls (H. 4, H. 10, and H. 47) a curious difficulty has been encountered concerning
the horizontal circumference. It is prescribed that this circumference, which is supposd to be the
maximum, be taken on a line passing above the supraciliary ridges and through the maximum
occipital point ; thus the posterior segment of the circumference encircles, so to speak, the posterior
end of the maximum length. But in these skulls the line indicating the greatest circumference
passes high up toward the obelion, and is drawn through so high a plane of the skull that the
greater breadth of the skull at points below that plane more than compensates for its slightly less
length ; therefore the maximum circumference does not lie in the same plane as the maximum
length.

Fio. 29.— Occipital depression, right lateral.

Again; suppose that we take a skull of any ordinary shape and paint a line around it in the
horizontal plane of its greatest length. If we then look downward upon the vertex of the skull
we shall hardly see the line at all, because it corresponds so nearly to the outline of the skull in
normai verticals; but if we take one of the deformed skulls in question and paint a line correspond-
ingly related to the maximum length and then look down upon the skull, we shall see painted
upon it an ovoid figure which coincides with the outline of the skull only at its posterior extremity.
This is owing to the fact that the most protuberant regions of the cranial parietes are situated
much below the horizontal plane of the greatest length.

In these cases both the maximum circumference and the circumference around the maximum
occipital point have been recorded, although it has been a matter of great difficulty to determine
exactly the maximum circumference, and a series of measurements of the same made at long inter-
vals of time would probably show considerable variation.
S. Mis. 109 12

178

MEMOIRS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

8. APPARENTLY NORMAL SKULl.s.

There are 16 skulls which, if never seen in connection with the rest of the collection, might
readily be regarded as normal skulls. Taken by themselves, the fact that they are deformed is
not obvious; studied along with the rest of the group, where there is every gradation from the
most unquestionably flattened to the apparently normal, the observer has no doubt that the causes
which operated in distorting the former class have had their effect too in shaping the latter, and
he feels uncertain where, in any shortened skulls, he is to draw the dividing line between the
normal and the abnormal. To what extent do the pillow and cradle of civilization affect the
skull! In our great collection of Indian crania, those which are the longest, without obvious
artificial deformity, and those which have the best developed occipital shells belong to tribes which

'37

3.5,7, J1.JG.17JS, 19. SO, ?72S.3?.37/tC. 't'/.475Z. 52. 56,

FIG. 30 Occipital depression, left lateral.

use no cradle-boards or baby baskets; but carry their children in soft bundles, on the back, in
blankets or in frames which present a flexible surface of stretched cloth or buckskin to the occiput
of the infant.

It is evident (see Tables iv and v) that these apparently normal skulls partake fully of the
brachycephaly of the whole group. They represent neither the longest nor the shortest of the
cntiic scries; their extremes bring 7M.40 and 94.(i(i, and their average cranial index (Sli.'.M) is but
little, lower than the average of all (88.47).

.Many craniometricians advise that the deformed skulls like most in this collection should not
have their cranial measurements taken or placed on recoid for comparison. Such advice has not
been followed here. All that do not .show decided post -mortem distortion have been measured. Tin's
has been done because of the uncertainty referred to abo\e in distinguishing between the normal

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 179

and the abnormal, because the occipital distortion is found in the skulls of so many of our Ameri-
can races, and because it is felt that its careful study by measurement may eventually prove of
great value in comparing the races. In some cases, however, separate tables have been arranged
for the apparently normal skulls, -which are designated as follows: Numbers H. 7, H. 12, H. 15,
H. 18, H. 19, H. 21, H. 23, H. 25, H. 26, H. 34, H. 30, H. 39, H. 40, H. 44, H. 54, H. 57. (See Tables
iv and v).

$ 9. POSITION OF MAXIMUM OCCIPITAL POINT.

A feature, probably the effect of occipital distortion, which is usual in these skulls is the ele-
vated position of the maximum occipital point. In 50 specimens in which the position of the
lambda may be determined, we find that the maximum occipital point lies above it in 10, and at it
or less than 5""" below it in 10 more. In other words, the maximum occipital point lies without
the occipital bone in 20 per cent of the specimens and is barely included in the latter in another
20 per cent. In 3 of the former 10 skulls the point is seen in the region of the obelion. In the
remaining 30 skulls, while it is found on the occipital bone, it is visually found high on it. In only
5 cases (10 per cent of all) does the point appear in the region of that usually ill-defined locality,
in these skulls, the inion.

$ 10. THE LENGTH-BREADTH INDEX.

The equality in this collection of the cephalic index of Broca to the length-breadth index of
the Frankfort agreement is remarkable and is due no doubt to the occipital flattening. The
maximum occipital point being unusually elevated by reason of the flattening (§ 9), it often coin-
cides, or nearly coincides, with the posterior extremity of the German horizontal length, thus ap-
proximating the only factors of these two indices that differ. In 13* out of 47 cases these two
indices are exactly equal to one another; in one-half t of the 34 remaining cases the indices differ
less than one unit. According to this index the longest skull is again H. 23, and it is one of those
skulls in which both indices are alike. H. 46 is again the shortest skull, but its horizontal length
being shorter than its greatest length, we have the higher length-breadth index of 99.31. Accord-
ing to the "agreement " concerning this index, 3 skulls only are mesocephalic, 8 are brachycephalic,
and 36 are hyperbrachycephalic. The average, closely approximating that of the analogous ver-
tico-trausverse index, is 88.75, an extreme grade of brachycephaly.

In 10 instances^ we have the confusing record of a vertico-transverse index higher than a
length-breadth index. This involves the paradox of a length greater than the maximum length.
A reference to measurements 6 and 7, in Table i, will show, furthermore, that such is our actual
entry in the cases where footnotes are referred to. This apparent inconsistency arises from the
following conditions: First, the occiputs of these skulls are so distorted that one side of them pro-
jects posteriorly beyond not only the other side but beyond any point in the posterior part of the
sagittal plane, so that the profile of the skull does not correspond in outline to a section in the
sagittal plane. Hence, second, the longest dimension parallel to the horizontal plane is not in the
sagittal plane. We do not, however, measure directly from the glabella to the most prominent
side of the occiput, which would give us an oblique measurement, but by means of the vertical
plates of Spengel's crauiometer we measure that which is a line parallel to the sagittal plane but
lying to one side of it. Imagining this line to be projected upon the sagittal plane, we reckon our
indices according to the accepted formula. We might have so modified the results or the modes
of measurement as to remove this discrepancy from the record, but we considered it more candid
as well as more scientific to give the results as originally determined.

$ 11. THE VERTICAL INDICES.

The occipital depression referred to not only directly shortens the antero-posterior diameter,
but increases the height and width of the skulls actually as well as comparatively. As a conse-
quence, no! only is the cephalic index very large throughout the group, but the vertical indices
are correspondingly exaggerated.

* Nos. H. 3, H. 5, H. 6, H. 7, H. 11, H. 12, H. 14, H. 18, H. 23, H. 32, H. 44, H. 52, H. 55.

t Nos. H. 0, II. KJ, H. 15, H. 16, H. 21, H. 25, H. 26, H. 27, H 34, 1 f. 35, H. 36, H. 37, H. 41, H. 42, H. 50, H. 53, H. 56.

t Nos. H. 9, H. 19, H. 21, H. 25, H. 28, H. 40, H. 42, H. 53, H. 56, H. 57. i

180 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The vertico-longitudinal index was obtained in 40 skulls (Table Tin). Its extremes in adult
skulls are 78.79 and 97.29. We have a child's skull, however, which has an index of but 77.70,
and it i.s well to observe that the maximum index (skull II. 32) is far removed from the rest of the
group, the next greatest being 92.56. The average of 39 adult skulls is 83.24.

Our lowest index is within the limit of high skulls as given by any known authority. Sir
William Turner applies the term acrocephalic to all crania with an index of 77 or above.*

In the list of the vertico-trausverse index (which may be computed in 39 skulls) the lowest is
84.82, the highest is 105.88. This belongs to the same skull, which has the highest length-height
index, namely, H. 32. In respect to the index now under consideration, II. 32 is not so far
removed from the rest of the group as it is in the length-height index, as will be seen in Table
XIV, where the highest five indices are: 105.88, 104.47, 103.62, 102.27, and 101.39.

In 36 skulls both the vertico-longitudiual and the vertico-trans verse indices were ascertained,
and from those we were able to determine the mixed index of height of Topinard.t Of these 36
skulls the average vertico-longitudinal index is 85.40, the average vertico-trausverse index 96.49,
and the mixed index 90.94. (See Table xvn.)

A casual glance at the above figures might lead to the conclusion that the pressure on the occip-
ital tended more to increase the width than the height of the skull, but such is probably not the
case. The transverse measurement is taken wherever the maximum width falls; the height meas-
urement is taken from basion to bregma, and the latter is in no case the highest point on the sagittal
suture in this group — it rarely approximates the highest point. If a series of vertical measure-
ments were taken from either the German horizontal plane or the alveolo-condyleau plane extended,
the most distant point of the sagittal suture would usually be found posterior both to the bregma
and the vertex of Broca, and often nearer to the obelion than to either. Thus it probably is that
the vertico-transverse index is the greater of the vertical indices.

$ 12. THE PLANE OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM OR OPISTHIO-BASILAR PLANE.

In 29 skulls, where the landmarks were intact, we have determined the degree of inclination
of this plane according to the three methods usually employed, i. e., we have taken the angle of
Daubenton, the occipital angle of Broca, and the basilar angle of Broca. Tables xvm-xxm give
the results of our measurements, recording in no case less than half a degree.

We are toldf of the angle of Daubeuton that its lowest recorded expression is — 16 in an
Auvergneau, and its highest + 19 in a Hottentot. In the Hemenway collection we have no minus
quantities for this angle; our lowest is + 4° 30', while our highest far exceeds this exemplary
Hottentot, being + 23°. The highest average we have seen mentioned is + 9.34 in Nubians, but
the average of the Saladoans is 13.30.

The occipital and basilar angles of Broca are, of course, correspondingly exaggerated in our
series, the mean and extreme of the former being respectively 24° 15' and 35°, and of the latter
32° 15' and 46° 30' (Tables xx and xxn). The mean of the Nubian basilar angle is 26° 32'.

The opisthio-basilar line is very approximately a continuation of the alveolo-basilar line in
skulls H. 10 and H. 23, whose angle is, of Daubeutou, 18° 30'. A straightedge applied to the
median line at the base may be made to almost touch at the same time the alveolar point, the
basion, and the opisthion. We may say, then, that the plane of the foramen magnum in these
two cases looks directly downward. In skulls H. 18, II. 24, and H. 25, whose angles exceed 18° 30'
the plane looks downward and backward. In the rest of the series it looks downward and more or
less forward.

If the inclination of the plane of the foramen magnum were accepted as a measure of evolution,
the Saladoans would stand at the bottom of the human scale. We are inclined either to regard
their peculiarity in this respec I as additional evidence in support of Topinard's opinion that the

"TuuNKK: The zoology of the voyage of II. M. S. Challenger, Part xxix, Report on the llunum Skeletons — The
<,'rania. London, 1884, p. 5.
i <>IL cit., p. 683.
JBROCA: Sur 1'augle orbito-occipital, Revue, <l'Aiit.hr<ipoloj{ic', t- l>, Paris, 1877, j>. 394.

MEMO1HS OF T1IE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 181

character which the angle of Daubenton expresses is not of "a serial anthropological character,"*
or to think that the pressure on the occiput, before referred to (§ 7), has influenced the position of
the foramen magnum. It is not, however, in the most flattened skulls that we find the highest

angles.

$ 13. CAPACITY OF CRANIAL CAVITY.

We have already stated that it was found necessary to repair the greater part of the skulls of
this series with plaster of Paris. This often so encroached on the cranial cavity as to make it
impossible to determine the cubic capacity of the latter. In 8 skulls only were we able to find
the cubic contents of the brain case, and these were so friable that neither water nor shot
could be used in them. The measurements were made by means of mustard seed; not according
to any method previously laid down for the use of this seed, but by a system of our own, approxi-
mating closely to Broca's method for the use of shot.

The plan is as follows : Use the funnels, rammer, and tin vessels as for shot cubature. Use
the 2,000-centimeter graduated glass with its leveling rammer. First, lay the skull on its vertex.
Pour in rapidly a liter of seed through the wide-necked funnel. Pour in, in same way, so much
more seed that when the skull is set upon its face and frontal bone the seed will form nearly a
level across the skull from foramen to near middle of sagittal suture. Second, insert large end of
rammer into foramen, gently press seed toward frontal region, with side of rammer in such a way
as to level the surface of whatever quantity of seed is in the skull. Third, fill small-necked fun-
nel with seed; hold it in left hand with finger over its mouth. The skull, as has been said, is
standing on its frontal region. Grasp occiput with right hand and slowly incline the skull into
the vertex-downward position as before, while running in seed through small funnel. During this
operation the seed will overflow the foramen three or four times; when it does so, thrust seed into
skull with forefinger of right hand ; but as soon as pressure is felt, stop pressing. When the finger
can no longer be introduced into the foramen without feeling decided resistance, and the skull has
been completely lowered into vertex-down position, let the seed form a heap over foramen, press
this heap vigorously into foramen with right thumb, and add seed to level foramen. Fourth,
cover foramen with cotton wad and shake stray seeds from surface of skull. Fifth, empty con-
tents of skull into double liter tin. Pour all the seed as rapidly as may be from double liter into
2,000 c. c. eprouvette, using no funnel. Bring leveling rammer of eprouvette down firmly, but not
violently, on seed to level it. Sixth, read the eprouvette.

That the above method gives good results which fairly admit of comparison with results
obtained by shot, there is little doubt, for the following reasons: We made according to this plan
five measurements on one of Professor Ranke's bronze skulls, which was presented by the inventor
to our Museum. The capacity of this bronze cast, as ascertained by ourselves, with water, atmos-
phere, and all accessories at a temperature of 60° F., was 1,240 c. c. (The bronze is marked 1,250
c. c., butthis seems to be an error.) Our measurements of the capacity of this object with mustard
seed ranged from 1,230 -f to 1,250—, with an average of 1,242. We made measurements on this
plan of some natural skulls in our collection which had been repeatedly measured with water and
with shot according to Broca's system, and, applying three or more measurements to each skull,
we arrived at results more uniform than those obtained with the artificial skull of Eanke. The
mustard seed gave as a rule higher figures than those obtained by shot or water, but the average
excess was less than 1 per cent.

Of the eight skulls measured four were male, two female, and two of doubtful sex. With
such a small series we have not considered it proper to study the capacity of the sexes separately.
The highest capacity belongs to a female skull, the lowest capacity to a skull of unknown sex.
All the specimens pertain to subjects of mature age, and none are senile.

The highest two capacities are, in cubic centimeters, 1,530 and 1,510, which according to
Broca's nomenclature t belong to skulls of the medium or ordinary class. Four capacities, viz,
1,390, 1,330, 1,310 and 1,170, belong to his class of small (petite) skulls. The remaining two
capacities, 1,150 and 1,120, belong to the niicrocephali or lowest class. The average capacity is
only 1,313. It might be urged that since our series of capacities represent such a small proportion

' Op. tit., p. 814. tTopiNARD, op. cit., p. 610.

182 MEMOlliS OF TIIE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the whole series, this average may be far from the true average capacity of all ; but we have
the following reason for thinking otherwise : That capacity (1,330) which comes nearest to the above
average, belongs to skull H. 7, and this it is, that next after the " type " (H. 40) is the most typical
skull of the whole series as shown by its various indices.

The table of Broca, with which we have to compare this average, gives separate figures for the
males and the females of each race. We have calculated the combined averages and made our
comparisons with these. Broca gives 29 series including the most diverse races, but no American
Indians. We find but three of his series having a lower cranial capacity than the Saladoans;
these arethe "Hottentots and Bushmen," the " Australians," and " Farias of Allipoor (Calcutta).''
Such inferior races as the Negroes of Africa, the Papuans, the New Caledonians, and the Tasnia-
nians seem to rank in this character above the Saladoans.

Our Table xxiv presents some small series of average cranial capacities of (lower) races
represented in the Army Medical Museum. They are taken from the series of 101 (see Table
LXXXI) — 2 Navajos and 10 Peruvians being added. All the races, not American Indians, men-
tioned in this table, vi/, Sandwich Islanders, Mongolians, New Zealanders, American Negroes,
and Eskimos, it will be seen, have larger brain cases than our Saladoans. The position of the. lattur
with regard to other autochthones of both North and South America is shown in the following
extract from the table :

(1) Siouau tribes 1463

(2) Pah Utes 1307

(3) Apaches : 1331

(4) Ancient Californiaus 1323

(5) Navajos 1315

(6) Saladoans 1313

(7) Peruvians 1295

It is not in accordance with current theories that a people as advanced in arts and social organ-
ization as that of the Salado Valley evidently was should have a cranial capacity superior only
to such low races as the Hottentots and Australians. It must be borne in mind, too, that the un-
cremated remains of the Saladoans probably represent a superior class of this community. Still,
small as is their cranial capacity, it is greater than that of the Peruvians, who were a race more
advanced than the Saladoans. We have little to suggest in explanation of these facts. Perhaps
the subject of cranial capacity in relation to culture may have to be reconsidered. The Saladoans
were a people of low stature and rather slight physique, and the relation which the skull bears to
the rest of the skeleton may be a factor in the problem. We have as yet no evidence to show
that distortion reduces the capacity of the cranium.

§ 14. THE TYPE SKULL

The following method is the one we have adopted for selecting a type skull from the series:
First. Let all the sets of indices be arranged in ordination. Second. Subtract the lowest index
in one ordination from the highest. Third. Divide the difference by 2, and add the quotient
thus obtained to the lowest index. This gives the theoretical mean of variation. Example:
Suppose we have a series of skulls with cephalic indices ranging from 80.00 to 90.00. The first
step, subtraction, gives us 10.00; the second step, division, gives us 5.00, and the third step,
addition, gives us 85.00, which is the theoretical mean of variation. The skull, if any, having this
index is the type of the series as far as concerns the cephalic index. In practice, however, where
we calculate indices to the second deciiual place, it is not usual to find any skull with the
index exactly expressing the theoretical mean. The skull most nearly expressing it is taken as
the type.

It follows that if we take many different series of indices upon the same skulls we have to
determine what skull stands in the plurality of instances nearest the theoretical mean. Suppose
we calculate ten different series of indices upon !) skulls (an odd number is easier for the
purpose of explanation). If 1 particular skull expresses the theoretical mean of variation in

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 183

each and every series, it is, of course, the type skull of the lot in every respect, so far as the
investigation has gone.

I!nt if, as must always be the case, no skull expresses the theoretical mean of every series of
indices, then we take the skull which averages nearest the theoretical mean. Therefore, of our^
supposed lot of 9 skulls we select, let us say, from the first series of indices, 3 — the skull
having an index most nearly expressing the mean of variation, the skull having an index next
greater than this, and the skull having an index next smaller. Now, supposing that we have ten
series of indices, let us say that the skull which expresses the theoretical mean of the first series
comes nowhere near it in any other series, while the skull next below the theoretical mean in the
series of indices under consideration is the theoretical mean of two other series of indices, and
stands either just above or just below the mean in every series. The latter, then, is very likely
the type sought.

To state it more methodically: We have measured a lot of skulls, have reckoned their indices,
and have arranged the several different kinds of indices in as many different ordinations. In each
ordination we select the index most nearly expressing the mean of variation and call it No. 1; the
index next above and index next below this we call No. 2. The index next above the greater No.
2, and the index next below the lesser No. 2 we call No. 3, and so on. Now let us add together,
for each skull separately, the Nos. 1, 2, 3, etc., expressing the position of the several indices with
regard to the theoretical mean of radiation of each series of indices. Divide the sum thus obtained
by the number of series of indices. The skull whose indices thus treated give the lowest quotient
is the type.

In the. present case, however, it must be remembered that theSalado skulls are much broken,
so that only a few can yield a complete series of measurements. The type skull, therefore, in part
owes its selection to its good preservation, it being represented in every series of indices. It can
not be said to be the type of 57 skulls, perhaps, but in a general way, all things considered,
it is the best representative of the characteristic dimensional relations of crania of the people
in question. Its most aberrant feature consists in the uuusal height of the orbits, shown by the
orbital index 9C.05, while the theoretical mean of the orbital indices is 90.90.

The type skull thus selected is II. 40; its five views are shown in plates 55 to 59, inclusive.
Of skulls in good condition H. 7 and H. 15 approach nearest to the type.

$ 15. PROCESSES AT BASE OF SKULL.

There is evidence, in the arclueologic find of Los Muertos and Las Acequias in the shapes of
the pottery, etc., that this people, like the modern Pueblos, were accustomed to carry heavy
burdens on the head. Such being the case, we might reasonably expect to find the various proc-
esses for muscular and ligamentary attachments at the base of the skull strong and prominent;
but, on the contrary, we find them unusually subdued and weak. It may be that our expecta-
tions are unfounded; that the load on the head, once well balanced, required little muscular exer-
tion to sustain it.

The Inion. — In 4f> adult skulls, with this process well preserved, compared with the five
forms of Broca,* we find that 27 agree with his zero or lowest form, that 19 resemble his No. 1,
and that none are to be considered of a higher grade than this. It has been conjectured that the
general pressure which has flattened the occiput in these skulls may have hindered the full
development of the iniou; but the fact that all the processes of the base are weak, and that the
inion is ill-developed in skulls where the pressure did not fall upon it, seems to indicate that pres
sure can at most account for only a part of the subdued features of the iniou in this series.

$ 16. THE PTERION.

Of the pteria 32 are sufficiently preserved to be studied with profit. They occur in 24 skulls,
13 on the right side, 19 on the left. Four exhibit the character plainly, but can not be measured.
The remaining 28 (see Table xxv) are easily measured. Only 8 skulls have the pteria intact on
both sides.

*BROCA: Instructions cruuiologiques ut crauiometriques. PI. vi.

184 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

All are of that form called by Broca pterion in H. Wormian bones complicate their char-
acters.

Of the 11 measurable right pteria the longest is 20mm (the maximum of the group) and the
shortest is 5"im. Of the 17 measurable left pteria the longest is 18mm and the shortest 3""" (the
minimum of the group). The average length of the right pteria is 12.90mm; the average of the
left pteria is 11.35; the average of all, 11.96.

There are but two pteria of less than 8mm in length, a percentage of G.5, which is smaller than
any on Anoutchine's* table except that of the Peruvians, which is 3.4. There is but one pterion
which does not exceed 3mm, but with our small total of 28 this gives us a percentage of 3.5.

On the whole the character of the pterion is of a very high type.

$ 17. UNIQUE SAGITTAL SYNOSTOSIS.

The presence among the Saladoans of 4 skulls showing unique sagittal synostosis, one of
them adolescent, has naturally led us to inquire if an early sagittal synostosis can be a physio-
logical characteristic of this people, or if, at whatever age synostosis begins, it affects first the
sagittal suture. With this point in mind we have investigated several other series of American
skulls with the following results (the description applies solely to the outer table except in cases
where the inner is expressly mentioned) :

Saladoans. — The Saladoans present four cases of unique sagittal synostosis as follows :

No. H. 15, a fairly well-preserved skull, female; basilar suture closed; third molars cut except
left lower (?); right lower second preinolar and first molar shed and alveoli absorbed: right upper
third molar decayed away; the two third molars still visible; lower right and upper left one only
slightly worn, especially the latter; premolars and first molars worn just into the enamel. Sagit-
tal suture completely obliterated; no other synostosis. A line of porosity across the pre-occipital
may possibly indicate previous existence of an os epactale.

No. H. 17, a well-preserved skull of a youth ; basilar suture open ; all milk teeth shed ; no third
molars cut; no permanent teeth lost ante-mortem; enamel of first molars a little worn; entire
obliteration of sagittal suture; no other synostosis of brain capsule.

No. H. 45, a fairly well-preserved female skull; basilar suture closed; full set of permanent
teeth cut and none of them lost ante-mortem; wear of enamel very slight; complete sagittal oblit-
eration; no other synostosis.

No. H. 49, a much warped and laterally flattened skull ; post-mortem distortion ; basi-occipital
broken away; full set of teeth, except lower third molars, cut and none shed ante-mortem; lower
third molars point forward and are impacted against second molars, probably never would have
been erupted through gum; first molars worn, but not into dentine; obliteration of sagittal suture;
probably no other synostosis; sutures of cranial vault all very simple.

Peruvians. — Among the Peruvians the following cases are to be noted in connection with sag-
ittal synostosis:

No. 2315, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; permanent teeth all
erupted and none lost ante-mortem; all teeth lost post-mortem except left upper first preinolar and
molar; these teeth worn into the dentine; posterior two-thirds of sagittal suture obliterated;
anterior third ossified in spots; no other synostosis; there is a slight ridge about the anterior part
of the sagittal suture; the left temporal sends a process to join the frontal bone.

No. 2506, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; teeth all cut, but
third molars lost ante-mortem ; all teeth which are present are worn down to the dentine ; complete
sagittal obliteration; a very little commencing synostosis of the lambdoid and left occipito -mastoid
sutures; no other synostosis; sagittal ridge; a process joins right temporal and frontal.

No. 2945, a well preserved skull with mandible ; basilar suture closed; all permanent teeth
cut; both upper third molars and left lower third molar shed ante mortem; teeth worn down to
the dentine; complete obliteration of sagittal and complete obliteration of right squamous suture;
no other synostosis ; sagittal ridge.

*ANOUTCHINE: Sur quelques anomalies clu critne hnmain et <le leur frequence dans los races. Review by (,'. ilr
M6rejkowsky iu Itevue d'Anthropologie, 2d series, vol. 5 (1882), j». 359, et. aeg.

MEMOIKS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 185

It is seen from these notes that the Peruvians offer no case of sagittal synostosis comparable
to that of the Saladoans. This is the conclusion arrived at by considering that all three of the
above skulls are at least mature and show a sagittal ridge.

Yticatecs. — The Yucatecs otter the following specimens of unique sagittal synostosis :

No. 026, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; all permanent teeth
cut; second upper right premolar shed ante-mortem; teeth not worn; sagittal suture obliterated;
no other synostosis.

No. 628, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; all permanent teeth
cut; left upper third molar lost, probably ante-mortem; enamel of teeth not worn; sagittal suture
obliterated; a little commencing synostosis just above the lambda; no other synostosis.

Californium. — No. 1415, small, rather heavy and well-preserved; basilar suture closed; third
upper molars cut (lower jaw not found); right upper third molar lost; the teeth show wear suffi-
cient to slightly expose the dentine except in the case of the left upper third molar, of which the
enamel alone is worn; the sagittal is cob'ssifled throughout its entire length on the inner table,
and all but its anterior fifth on the outer table; no other synostosis.

No. 1430, medium size; facial bones separated from cranium and only right side of mandible
preserved; third molars cut; but all but right lower have been lost; basilar suture closed ; the
enamel only of the teeth is worn; sagittal entirely obliterated; no other synostosis.

No. 1507, small skull; right temporal and cerebellar regions broken away; mandible broken
across the symjiliysis; basilar suture closed; all third molars cut, but right upper one has been
lost; the second and third molars have their enamel only worn; some other teeth have their
dentine slightly worn. The sagittal is cob'ssifled entirely on the inner table and all but its most
anterior portion on the outer table; no other synostosis; lambdoid quite complicated.

No. 1748, consists of the cranial vault, only, from a good-sized, rather scaphoid specimen;
sagittal completely obliterated on each table; coronal and lambdoid fully open; no way of judging
age.

A skull which is less satisfactory to discuss, as all its teeth have dropped out post-mor-
tem, is. No. 802, a_ well-preserved recent skull; basilar suture closed; third molars cut; all
teeth dropped, but there is no alveolar absorption. There has been a large os epactale; it is now
firmly cob'ssifled to the parietals, and they in turn to each other, the sutures being thoroughly
obliterated; other sutures, including that between the epactal and occipital, open. Rather a
scaphoid skull.

In many of the Californian skulls there is a prominence, sometimes prolonged into a ridge, just
behind the bregma; none of the above synostotic skulls show this peculiarity except No. 802,
which has a slight ridge. In some skulls, however, where synostosis is more general and probably
a purely senile change, it is evident enough.

Mound builders. — No. 556, a mutilated skull of a Floridian without mandible; state of basilar
suture indeterminable; upper set of permanent teeth all cut; right upper third molar shed aute-
mortem, teeth all deeply worn; complete sagittal obliteration; no other synostosis.

No. 1110, a mutilated skull of a Floridiau without mandible; basilar suture closed; teeth
mostly shed ante-mortem and rear alveoli much absorbed; sagittal obliterated except at its
anterior half centimeter; very slight commencing synostosis of lambdoid; no other synostosis of
brain capsule. This is probably the skull of quite an old person.

No. 730, a fairly well-preserved skull from Kentucky with mandible; basilar suture open;
all permanent teeth cut except third molars; no teeth shed ante-mortem; all teeth lost post-
mortem except right upper first molar and both lower first molars; these teeth are not worn ;
sagittal suture open anteriorly for its first 18 millimeters; behind this it is obliterated to within
10 millimeters of the lambda, and the space of these last 16 millimeters is partially co ossified; no
other synostosis. As far as age and a globose appearance are concerned, this skull is essentially
similar to the Saladoan, H. 17.

No. 1012, a large, well preserved skull, with mandible, from Illinois; basilar suture closed; all
permanent teeth rat; right upper molars, left upper first and third molars, and both lower first
molars shed ante-mortem and alveoli absorbed; teeth somewhat worn; complete sagittal oblitera-

186 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

turn; synostosis of coronal right and left between stephanion and pterion ; fron to-sphenoid sutures
coossitied right and left; very slight commencing lambdoid coossification. This skull is interest-
ing, not because the sagittal synostosis is unique, but because it is so complete and apparently so
much in advance of the other synostoses, while it retains a globose shape, being notably rounded
in its outline.

No. 1062, a well-preserved skull, with mandible, from Dakota ; basilar suture closed ; perma-
nent teeth all cut and none of them shed ante-mortem ; teeth show some wear; sagittal suture
obliterated except its anterior two centimeters; no other synostosis.

Alaskans. — Sagittal synostosis unaccompanied by other synostoses is not conspicuous. Only
the following two, the first of which is very remarkable, are worthy of note :

No. 2454, perfectly preserved, from a child between 7 and 10 years old; basilar suture open;
sutures between basi-occipital and exoccipitals partly open ; preinaxillary suture visible on pala-
tine vault; first permanent molars cut and second appearing; upper median, lower median, and
lateral incisors cut but lost; no permanent canines or premolars; posterior two thirds of sagittal
suture entirely closed on outer and inner tables; for one-half of the remaining third there is
partial synostosis on both tables, while the anterior sixth is open; no other synostosis.

No. 2486, a perfectly preserved skull of an adult; basilar suture not quite closed; lower third
molars not cut; posterior two-thirds of sagittal firmly coossified; half the remainder partially so;
anterior extremity open ; coossification also, but less complete, of right coronal between sagittal
and temporal line, right lambdoid and left parieto-mastoid.

Eskimos. — Among the Greenland Eskimos there is no case of sagittal synostosis, alone, com-
parable with that of the Ari/oniaus. There is found, however, the following extraordinary
specimen :

No. 1226, a skull without mandible, of light weight and well preserved; basilar suture open;
teeth lost post mortem, except the right upper molars, three in number, and left upper first molar;
both third molars cut. The one remaining in the skull is not worn, nor is the second molar much
worn ; dentine of first molar worn a little; complete sagittal obliteration; also complete lambdoid
obliteration except about &"""• of the left lateral end; no other synostosis. Thus the whole pos-
terior end of the skull from the coronal suture above to the basilar suture below is a single bone.

We conclude then: First, that unique sagittal synostosis may take place at a very early age;
second, that it does not necessarily produce a scaphoid skull; third, that it may or may not be
accompanied by a sagittal ridge ; fourth, that at present it can not be said to be peculiarly charac-
teristic of any American race.

Percentages representing the number of cases of unique sagittal synostosis in relation to the
total number of skulls in each given series might be reckoned; but they would probably not
accurately represent the tendency to unique sagittal synostosis for the following reasons:

First. It is most likely true that under a certain age no skull is liable to sagittal synostosis
except for pathological reasons. Diseased skulls should of course be excluded from consideration
and not be allowed to affect the percentage. But, inasmuch as we have learned that sagittal syuos-
tosis may take place before the skull is matured in any other respect, we must confess ourselves
at a loss to determine exactly what that age is. So then we must either draw an arbitrary line
between two supposed classes of skulls, the one of which is liable and the other not liable to
sagittal synostosis, or we must consider every skull as liable to it. In neither case can our per
centage exactly represent the facts.

Second. Cases of sagittal obliteration may occur which are striking in their completeness, but
which are accompanied by very slight disseminated synostosis of other sutures. In determining
whether such cases are to be allowed to affect the percentage or not, personal judgment — always a
little arbitrary — must be used.

Third. Cases may occur where the sagittal is coossified but not entirely obliterated, while all
other sutures are completely open. This occurrence in a young skull merits mention; but here
again fallible judgment is called into play to pass upon the age of the skull and the minimum
amount of synostosis entitled to mention.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 187

In au article entitled " Nachtrag zur Anatomie der Schadelnahte," by Dr. E. Zuckerkandl,*
in a series of 134 skulls, mostly Negroes, Negritos, and Malays, we find the following notable cases:

No. 98: Indian (American?), sagittal suture obliterated in places. No synostosis of coronal,
lambdoid, or mastoid sutures.

No. 104: Peruvian, sagittal totally obliterated; otlier sutures open.

No. 124: Alfuru, sagittal obliterated in places; other sutures open.

No. 128: Javanese woman, sagittal totally synostosed; otlier sutures open.

In none of these cases does the author note a senile appearance of a skull, as seems to have
been done when required throughout the article.

Unfortunately we do not possess a copy of Dr. Davis's workt on synostosis of cranial sutures
where this subject is discussed. He refers to it, however, in his " Thesaurus Crauiorum," which
we quote :

I have «•«»»» pointed out that scapkocephaUva ix fur from hcinr/ tlir iixiiul rrxttlt of the early ossification
of the sagittal suture. This position is maintained by an analysis of the twenty-seven skulls in this collection which
present no appearance of sagittal suture, but only four of which are true .sr«yi/i»rcp/i«(i.{

Continuing, he refers particularly to four of these cases of synostosis, which we quote accord-
ingly, omitting the measurements.

No. 100: African negro, male, a-t. c. 30; presents a complete obliteration of the sagittal suture but no acapho
cephalimi or other deformity. The alisphenoids and parietals only just touch.

No. 378. Pokomame; imperfect calv. * * * an instance of premature ossification of the sagittal suture
which is totally obliterated. The other sutures are all open. * * In the, synostosis of the parietals in the case

of a calvarium artificially deformed in so extreme a degree and in a direction running parallel to the sagittal suture;
it is, I believe, unique. There is not the slightest approach to scaphocephalism.

No. 915: Australian, female, set. c. 17. This small cranium is synostotic from premature obliteration of the
sagittal suture, which has not materially changed its form. It can not he denominated scaphocephalic at all. It
exhibits marks of old injuries on the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, and has no spheuo-parietal sutures.

No. 789: Fatnhivan, male, :et. e. 17. This calvarium of a young subject is very large, thin, and in appearance
swollen out as if it hart been hydrocephalic. It is also synostotic, the sagittal suture being totally obliterated; yet
the calvarium is not scaphocephalic, nor indeed deformed in any

$ 18. THE INC A BONE AND ALLIED FORMATIONS.il

Perhaps the most interesting feature discovered in this series is the great prevalence of the
Inca bone and its kindred anomalies. This was first observed by Dr. Wortman while he was
engaged in collecting and preserving the bones as they were exhumed at Camp Hemenway in the
Salado Valley in 1887. He had, however, no opportunity in the field for making a careful study
and determining the comparative frequency of the anomalies; besides, the bones when unearthed
were in such a friable condition that they could not properly be examined until they were
strengthened and repaired. Since they have been repaired at the Army Medical Museum we have
found, among complete skulls and fragments, a series of 88 occipital bones in a sufficient state of
preservation to be examined for these formations.

We need not enter into an elaborate description of these anomalies, nor discuss at length their
morphological characters. Such elaboration is not within the general plan of our work. The
accompanying illustrations will, we hope, serve to make clear to the reader, when the text may
be too concise, the full meaning of the terms we employ. Those who desire to consult the original
authors whom we have followed are referred to the works of Virchow,fl Anoutchine,** and
Topinard.tt

" Zuckerkandl, E. in Mittheilungen der Authropologishcn Gesellschaft, in Wien, Band iv, 1874, p. 144 et seq.

+ DAVIS: On synostotic, crania, among Aboriginal Races of Man. Haarlem, 1865.

t DAVIS: Thesaurus Cranioium, London, 18fi7, p. 57.

§Davis, op. cit., pp. 195, 235, 261, and 321.

|| Much of the material in this section has appeared previously in an article, by the author, entitled " The Inca bone
and kindred formations among the ancient Arizonians." American Anthropologist, Washington, D. C., Vol. n, p. 337
(October, 1889).

IfViROHOW: Ueber einigo Morkiualo niederer Menschenrassen am Schiidel. Berlin, 1875. Zeitsehrift fiir Eth-
nologic, v. 20, 1888, p. 470.

** Revue d'anthropologie, 1883, p. 140 (Review).

tt Pp. cit., p. 769, p. 791, foot note.

188

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

In the first place we will consider the true epactal bone, or os Incfr. It exists in all races; it
becomes a characteristic of the Peruvian or Inca race only by reason of its great frequency among
them. How often it is found in them more than among other peoples hitherto studied will be seen
in the accompanying table (Table A).

Flo. 31 — Inca bono (No. H. 13).

FIG. 32— Inca bone (No. H. 29).

Figs. 31 and 32 represent typical forms of this bone in two varieties described by Virchow.*
In one the persistent transverse occipital suture runs directly from one asterion to the other, and
seems but a continuation of the parieto-mastoid suture. In the other the ends of the transverse

FIQ. 33— Incomplete Inca bone (No. H. 14). Flo. 34.— Quadrate hono (No. H. 48).

suture join the lambdoidal on each side, a short distance above the asterion. The epactal bone
shown in Fig. 31 was complicated with a multitude of Wonnian bones, many of which, very
minute, pertained to the outer table only, and, falling out, left the broad, indefinite border shown

t Zeitechrift fur Ethnologie, 1888, p. 470.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

189

iii the figure. In our series of 88 we have 5 ossa Incce as true and typical as these — a percentage
of 5.68.

Fig. 33 represents the only specimen in the Salado series of what Anoutchine calls the
incomplete on Inccc. In this the left third of the transverse suture is persistent and, connecting
with the lambdoidal suture above by an almost vertical suture, separates from the rest of the
occipital a triangular bone which probably represents one original point of ossification. This
added to the complete ossa Incce gives us 6 specimens or a percentage of 6.81 of both these forms
combined.

As an anomaly which is sometimes confounded with the epactal bone, though having a very
different embryologic origin, the quadrate bone, or os quadratum, is to be considered. Fig. 34 illus-
trates the only specimen in the collection which can with any propriety be classed under this
head, and it is neither a large nor a typical specimen. Some might be inclined to regard it as a
triquetral bone. One instance of this form in 88 occiputs gives us a percentage of 1.13.

Immediately above the apex of the quadrate bone in Fig. 34 is seen an open space, which
was evidently once filled by a small os sagittate.

FIG. 35.— Apical bone associated with Wormian bones (No. H. 51).

Flo. 36. — Possible vestige of transverse suture (No. H. 15).

Every separate ossicle or collection of ossicles observed at the apex of the occipital, except a
quadrate or an epactal bone, is placed in Virchow's class of ossa triquetra sew apicis (apical bones,
we shall call them), even when it lies entirely on one side of the median line or is one of the numer-
ous series of Wormian bones like that shown in Fig. 35. It has been found difficult or impossible
to draw a definite line of distinction between such and the most typical os apicis.

In including all these forms in this class we may have exceeded the limits set for themselves
by other observers, and this may account for the large number (10) and the comparatively high
percentage (18.1) of ossa apicis which this collection furnishes. But if none but the most certain
examples were tabulated we would still, probably, have a higher percentage than is to be found
in any other race.

There is one anomaly which we have not tabulated, namely, the vestige of the tranverse suture
which is sometimes seen in the neighborhood of the asterion on one or both sides and which often
extends but a few millimeters in the direction of the median line. This is omitted because of the
uncertainty attending the examination of minute examples arising from abrasions to the-outer
table, post-mortem marginal fissures, and other injuries common in these old and friable bones.

In this connection I introduce Fig. 36. Here we see a peculiar punctured or honeycombed
appearance of the outer table in the line of the transverse suture. It seems to be a vestige of that
suture of unusual character confined to the outer table. It is the only specimen of its kind in the
Hemenway collection, but there are some similar formations in the general collection of our
museum.

190

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The following table is made up of four of Anoutchine's tables, consolidated, with the following
modifications: (1) All the races are placed in one order and are called by one mime. (2) A title in
his table of "Americans in general" is omitted; it would serve in connection with this paper to
confuse rather than to enlighten the reader ; its figures are obtained merely by adding those of the
"Peruvians" to those of "Americans not Peruvians." (3) The Saladoans have been added and
placed at the head of the list. Anoutchine's percentages are based on a liberal number of
specimens, ranging from 157 in Australians and Tasnianians to 6,871 in Caucasians, in general.
The Peruvian specimens are 064, and the Americans (not Peruvians) are 390 in number.

TABLE A. — Showing 1 he percentage of the Inca bone and allied formations as found in various races.

Races.

Complete
on Jncce.

Complete
and
inroniplt-to

OS IltCII'.

O» quad-

ratum .

Oi trii/ue-

rr'iii/
trt/ tipicis.

Saladoans .

5 68

6 81

1 13

IX 1

Peruvians

5 46

6 08

1 05

10 5

Americans, not Peruvians

1 30

:; s'i

(i "(i

;, i;:>

i 53

•' 115

2 11

1 l'»

Malavs and Polynesians

1 09

i r>

0 76

(i 13

Mongolians

0.56

2. 26

0.57

:i. 02

0 57

0.46

1.19

0.18?

1.59

0.51

1.70

0. 11

2.36

Europeans

0.45

1.09

0.13?

1.42

1.65

0.62

2.87

Australians and Tasmaii ia us

0.0?

0.64?

o.iil

0.64f

The above table speaks for itself and but little comment is necessary. It shows a most
remarkable correspondence in the frequency of these anomalies between the Saladoan and Peruvian
races. It shows also that, while in respect to three of the anomalies the Peruvians are widely
separated from the rest of the human race, as heretofore studied, the Saladoans are still farther
removed. In short, they out-Inca the Incas.

It has been maintained* that the artificial pressure to which Peruvian skulls were subjected
produced the anomaly of the epactal bone. We consider that the arguments in favor of this theory
are already successfully refuted, but will nevertheless add to the refutation such testimony as the
Hemeuway collection offers. The Saladoan skulls bear not the slightest evidence of intentional,
depression or distortion of any kind, especially of that sort produced by the application to the
forehead of the head board, such as the Peruvians once used and some Indians of the northwest
coast still use. A certain amount of accidental or unintentional occipital depression is to be found
in the majority of the skulls, due apparently to the use of a wooden-backed baby basket with an
insufficient pillow; but it is a depression of no greater degree or frequency than is found in many
American races among which the epactal bone is comparatively rare. Furthermore, it is not in
the most depressed occiputs of the Saladoan skulls that the epactal bone is most common, but in
those that are fairly rounded and prominent.

$ 19. FACIAL INDICES. *

Being somewhat uncertain as to the true position of the ophryon in these skulls, we took
neither the ophryo-uiental nor the ophryo- alveolar measurements of Broca, and hence we were
unable to compute the facial indices of that author. We have contented ourselves with securing
the facial heights of the Frankfurt agreement, which have the definite point of the nasion for their
upper landmark, and from these we have computed four indices prescribed by the agreement,
namely: The total facial index of Virchow, the total facial index of Kollmann, the upper facia!
index of Virchow, and the upper facial index of Kollmann. (Tables xxvi to xxxin, inclusive.)

As much as we have gained in precision by this selection we have lost in another way, since

* Dissertation sur les races qui composaiont 1'ancienue population du Pdrou. Par M. L.-A. Gosse, Docteur en
Hcdecine. M<5moires do la Soci6t6 d'anthropologie, vol. I.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

191

the data for comparison of the French measurements are rich, while those for the measurements
of the German school are meager. Scattered through the pages of the Zeitsclirift fur EUinoloyie
and the accompanying Yerhandhtny tier Berliner Gesellsckaft fur Anthropologie, Ethnologie und
Urgesohichte there arc many separate papers by Prof. Virchow (see Table LXXIX). From these
we have prepared, with the expenditure of considerable time and care, Table No. LXXX, and from
this we quote a few items for comparison in the facial indices.

We ha ve compiled the following eight tables of comparison, which appear in this section, largely
from our own very insufficient special series of 101 before referred to (Table LXXXI). Tables B,
D, F, II , show the relations of this Saladoau collection to various races of the world, and Tables
C, E, G, I, show its relations to other Indian tribes. Where anything is added from Table No.
LXXX the source is indicated in a footnote.

The facial index of Virchow, which is the product of the naso-mental height multiplied by
100 and divided by the facial width of Virchow — a line uniting the inferior extremities of the
malo-maxillary sutures — has been computed in 19 skulls. These indices are shown in Tables xxvi,
xxvn, where it appears that they vary from 102.85 to 131.25, and that their average is 117.64. For
this index, according to the "agreement," the dividing point between the two classes of broad
faces and narrow faces is an index of 90, all above this being narrow and all below, broad. These
skulls are therefore decidedly narrow faced, but so it would appear are all races as represented in
our series of 101, as shown in the following tables:

TABLE B. — Facial index of Virchow among various races.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

Average
index.

Europeans ...

5

131 77

Negroes . .

3

I'l X3

Chinese

2

118 78

Fiji Islanders

2

118 61

Eskimos

t;

118 3>

Salacloans

19

117 64

Australians

2

117 02

Japanese

2

116 <64

Sandwich Islanders

2

115 71

North American, Indians excluding Saladoans
Malays ( Virchow)

30
3

114.83
"111 50

•From Table LXXX.

TABLE C. — Facial index of Virchow among American tribes.

Races.

Number

of skulls.

Average
index.

Pawnees

1

193 15

Pah Utcs

5

117 72

Saladoans

19

117 64

Sioux

4

116 01

Californiaus

g

115 91

Apaches

4

114 72

Chippewas

2

113 63

Navajos

3

110 29

Poncas

•3

108 31

We have been able to compute the upper facial index of Virehow in .34 skulls. This index is
the product of the naso-alveolar height multiplied by 100 and divided by the facial width of
Virchow. In the tables of this measurement (Tables xxvm, xxix) we liiid that the minimum is
62.22, the maximum 79.59, and the average 69.82. For this index 50 constitutes the point of
division between broad and narrow upper faces. The skulls in this group, then, are all distinctly
of the latter class. In the tables below it will be seen that there are no averages below 50. In
other words, there are no broad upper faces in our special series of 101.

192

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE D. — Upper facial index of Virchow amony

Races.

Numbt-r Avi/r;tt;o
'of skulls. index.

Europeans

Negroes

Chuckchees

Eskimos

Fiji Islanders

Chinese

Australians

North American Indians, excepting Saladoans

Botocudos

(xiladoans

Japanese

Sandwich Islanders

Various Malaysians

New Zealanders

Motilo

Yucatecs

14
6

2

11

2

2

3

44

11

34

2

6
•21
4
1
1

75. *2
74.35
73.48
72. 90
72.48
72.02
71.4!)
70.70

*70. 00
69/82
68.94
68.19

•67.90
66.86

*<>(>. 00
'(!.->. 70

* See Table LXXX.

TABLE E. — Upper facial index of Vircko/c amony Aini:r!c«n tribes.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

Aver

index.

81.17

2

79. 31)

Pah Utes . . .

7

72. 4!)

Sioux

4

71.99

10

70.96

2

70.66

34

69. 82

6

69.01

4

68.51

4

66.88

.)

65.94

Chevenne . .

1

65. 13

In 17 skulls we have beeu able to ascertain the total facial iudex of Kollmann, which is found
by multiplying the naso-meutal height by 100 and dividing the product by the bi-jugal width.
The tables of this index (xxx, XXXI,) present a minimum of 81.53, a maximum of 97.<>5, and an
average of 88.01. The classes of this index, like that of the facial iudex of Virchow, have their
dividing point at 90; all skulls with an index below that being chamaeprosopic or low-faced, and
all above that being leptoprosopic or high-faced, the equivalent of Virchow's narrow-faced skulls.
Our Saladoau skulls, therefore, which, according to the classification of the Virchow index, are
all narrow, are, according to the classification of the Kollmann index, mostly broad (low) and have
a slightly broad average.

In the following table (F) of ten different races, in which only two races — Europeans and
Negroes — have high faces, the'Saladoaus appear in a median position and nearer the true Mon-
golians than to other Indian tribes :

TABLE F. — Facial index of Kollmann among various races.

Rac.«.

Negroes of Africa

Kuropeang

Negroes of America

Fij i Islauder

Botocudos of Brazil

Japanese

Chinese

Saladoans

Esk imos

Sandwich Islanders

Australians

Various Malaysians

North American Indians (excluding Saladoans).
Goaziros of Venezuela

No. of
skulls.

6
5
3
1
3

a

2
17
6
2
2
8
29
8

A \ i>
index.

"96.40

112. M>

91. 95

89. 58

*89. 10

8S. !!.>

88.63
88.01
87.71
84.86
84.59

'84.30
83.74

*83.30

•See Table i.xxx.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

193

Iu the following table (G) of nine North American tribes it would appear that the Saladoaus
have higher faces than any other tribe:

TABLE G-. — Upper facial index of Kollmann among various tribes.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

Average
index.

17

88 01

The K'ock Kluir' skull

1

"86 50

Cftliforaiaiis

g

85 66

Apaches

4

84 87

Pawnees

1

84 78

Pah Utes

5

83 48

Navajoes

3

83 22

Sioux

4

82 39

Poukas

3

80 74

Chippexvas

1

80 00

The Calaverus skull

I

*76 30

•From Table Lxxx.

Iii '27 skulls the upper facial index of Kollraaim has been computed (Tables xxxn, xxxm) its
minimum is -17.05, its maximum 00.93, and its average 52.-18. In this index, as in the analogous
index of Virchow, the highest figure for low or broad upper faces is 50. Of the Saladoaus 6 out of
"21 belong to this class; the rest have high upper faces, and the average is leptoprosopic. As
shown in Table i, the Saladoaus for this index have higher upper faces than other Americans in
general; but three American tribes exceed them in this particular.

TABLE H. — Upper facial index of Kollmann among various races.

Number , Average
of skulls. index.

Chnckehees

Eskimos

Veddahs

Chinese

Negroes

Europeans

Fiji Islanders

Botocudos

.Japanese

Saladoaus

North American Indians, excluding .Saladoans

Sandwich Islanders

Australians

Various Malaysians

New Zealanders. ..

2
10

6

14

1

2

27

42

H

3

55.17
54. 09

"53. 80
53. 74
53. 22
53. 06
52.77

*52. 60
52. 58
52.48
51.69
50. 35
50. 23
48.60
48.54

•From Table LXXX.

TABLE I. — Upper facial index of Kollmann among American tribes.

Kaces. /

Number
of skulls.

A ve-rage
index.

Scininole

1

58 33

Minnetarees

2

58 ()">

Californiaus

10

52 62

Saladoaus

97

52 48

Pah Utes

52 03

Pa wiiees

2

51 29

Sioux

4

51 18

Navajoes ...

4

50 90

Ponkas

4

50 61

Apaches

6

49 55

1

47 65

Chippewas

1

47 40

The K'ock iihilV skull .

1

*47 00

The Calaveras skull

1

*42 60

'From Table LXXX.

The upper facial index of Virchow is sonu'tiunAS called " Oberkiefcrindex," an excellent name,
for it is indeed an index of height and Width of the superior maxillary bone. Now if this shows
S. Mis. 10!) 13

194

MEMOLKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

narrow indices, and Kollmann's method shows broad indices, it is evident that the cause is consid-
erable lateral development of the malar bones.

$ 20. GERMAN PROFILE ANGLE.

In 44 skulls we have determined the German profile angle or Profil trinkel of the Frankfurt
agreement. We place these angles on record (tables xxxrv, xxxv) more for the advantage <>t'
future students than for any benefit they may be to us in the comparative study of this collect ion,
since among the cranionietrical literature to which we have access we find few data on this point.
The following table wehave compiled from works of Wieger* and Tarenetzky,t including in its proper
order the average of the Salado series :

TABLE J. — German profile angle in various races.

Race.

Number
of skulls.

Average
index.

Russians (Tarenetzky) .

184

87 70

Americans (Wieger)

15

85 21

Peruvians (included in Americans)

3

84 33

Europeans (Wieger)

15

84.13

44

83 25

Egyptians (Wieger)

19

82.31

Negroes (Wieger)

16

80.52

These figures are somewhat contradictory to those of the gnathic index of Flower, which is
designed to express the same character, still the relation of the Saladoaus to the Europeans is much
the same according to both systems of measurement.

The following is a table of profile angles taken from skulls of various races and tribes in the
Army Medical Museum and arranged in order from the highest to the lowest.

TABLE K. — German profile angle among various races, Army Medical Museum.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

Average
index.

Europeans ... ~. , . ....

12

86 25

Mongolians

6

84 75

Sandwich Islanders

G

83 66

North American Indians (exclusive of S.'il.'idonns)..
Saladoans

43

44

83.61

83 25

Eskimos

10

82 60

Fiji Islanders . ... ....

2

82 00

New Zealanders . ...

3

81 50

Negroes .... ....

5

80 10

Australians

2

78.75

The "North American Indians" grouped under one head in the above table are divided into
their separate tribes in the following table, the Saladoans being included in their proper order.

TABLE L. — German profile angle among American tribes.

Tribes.

Number

uf skulls.

Average

index.

Minnetarcc.s . . .

2

86.00

Ponkas . „

4

86.00

2

85 75

2

85.50

Cheyeunes

1

85.50

Nava joes

4

85.25

Sioux -.

4

85.25

2

81 ''5

Apaches

6

83.58

I'uli Utes

6

K\ •'.->

Saladoa ns

44

83.25

(Jalifornians

10

79.55

* Die anthropologische Samuilung des auatomischen Instituts der Universitat Breslan, bearbeitet von Dr. G.
WlEGKlt, in Archiv fiir Authropologie, Vol. xv, Siipplrinrnt, 1885.

t Review of article by A. TARENTT/KY, in Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Vol. XVI, 1886.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 195

NOTE ON THE MANNER OP TAKING THE GERMAN PROFILE ANGLE.

This measurement is taken by Spengel's craniometer, an instrument of great accuracy but of rather limited
usefulness. A close description of its mechanism is too long to be given here ; for sudi \ve refer to Uarless's Lehrbuch
tier rittsliscken Anatomic, zweito Auflago, Stuttgart, 1876, pp. 506 et seq.

It is sufficient for our purpose to say that, as regards the facial angle, the craniometer consists of a strong
metal table whereon the skull is placed vertex downwards with its right side facing toward the operator and adjusted
in the plane of the Frankfurt agreement; and of a goniometer in a plane vertical to that of the table.

It is not often that the skull is sufficiently symmetrical to allow the four points, two supra-auricular and two
suborbital, of the required plane to be placed in the same level. It is practically impossible in cases where this
may be done to then find the points dc refers of the sagittal plane vertically one above another. As the goniometer
is vertical to the table which serves as a fixed point from which to determine the desired plane, it is evident that
in order to use it, the points in the sagittal plane must he vertically disposed. Therefore we place the skull so that
the alveolar point is exactly above the nasion while both are on the midline of the machine and face the goniometer.
Care is taken to see that some points in the posterior part of the sagittal plane are also in the midline. The skull
is then so adjusted that the supra-auricular and suborbital points of the right side, which, as stated, faces the operator,
are in the same horizontal plane. The goniometer is put in position and the angle is read.

To sum up : The angle given in this report is, except in cases of skulls with the right side broken away, taken
with the skull in such a position that the sagittal plane is vertical and the right side of the Frankfurt piano is
horizontal.

4 21. GNATHIC INDEX.

Iii 39 cases we have been able to calculate the gnathic index of Busk and Flower, which is
found by multiplying the length of the basilo-alveolar radius by 100 and dividing the product by
the length of the basilo -nasal radius. The results are shown in Tables xxxvi, xxxvu, and xxxvm,
in which we find (according to Flower's classification) but two skulls that are prognathous (above
103). There are 10 mesognathous ^98 to 103) and the remaining 27 are orthognathous (98 and
below). The minimum of the series is 88.78 and the maximum 110.11. The average, 95.92, is
orthoguathous to a high degree and allows us, in respect to the character expressed by the gnathic
index, to class this people along with the highest European races.*

Gosse states that one of the effects of the occipital deformation, such as these skulls exhibit
(tete deprlmce par derriHre), is to diminish the projection of the lower part of the face.t Possibly
we may thus explain the marked orthognathis-m of the Saladoaus. Nevertheless we fail to dis-
cover any direct relation between the facial angle and the occipital contour in this group. Exceed-
ingly flattened occiputs may be found as often among skulls having high as among those having
low indices, and the average index of the apparently normal skulls (94.10) is less than that of the
obviously flattened, when, as an inference from Gosse's proposition, we might expect it to be
higher.

§ 22. ALVEOLO-SUBNASAL PROGNATHISM.

The important character of alveolo-subnasal prognathisni we have examined in 27 skulls,
according to the rules established by Topinard,J and we have tabulated the angle and the index
of this prognathisni with the vertical and horizontal measurements which constitute the factors of
the latter. (Tables XXXIX-XLII.)

Skull II. 43 has the lowest index, 14.28, and the greatest angle, 82°. Skull H. 57 (Plate L)
has the highest index, 61.53, and the smallest angle, 59£°.

The average index of the series is 37.27° and the average angle 70.03°. In the tables given
by Topinard§ Americans are not included. His average index of the Malays, 37.42, is nearest to
that of the Saladoans, and the factors of the index are much the same, the horizontal being 0.5 in
both races. The Malay angle, G9.7°, though not the nearest to that of our collection, is but little
removed from it. The angle of the Polynesians. 70.8°, and the angle of the Indo-Chinese, 70.1°,
arc nearest to that of our collection. Angles of other Mongoloid races, 72.6 to 71.0, are slightly
higher, and consequently may be supposed to indicate some evolutionary advancement. His
highest average Caucasian angle of 81.8 is not as high as the highest Saladoan, and his lowest
average Namaquois of 58.2 is lower than the Saladoan lowest.

"ToriNARD; up. tit., p. 94.

t Essai sur les (Informations artificielles du crane, Paris, 1855, p. 68.

t " Du prognathism alvcolo-sous-nasal." Revue d'unthropologie. Paris, Vol. I, 1872, p. 642 et scq.

§ Op. cit., p. 668, and Eldinents d'authropologie, p. 888.

UHj MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

§ 23. THE ORBITAL APERTURE.

Orbital apertures to the number of 38 have, been measured according to Broea's instructions,
aud the indices computed. (See Tables XLIII, XLIV.) Of this number but 2 come within the limit
of Broca's class of microseine, or orbit with a low index (below S3.0). These are in skull H. 1
with an index of 82.92, and in skull II. 22 with an index of 81.81. There are 11 in the class of
mesoseme, or orbits with medium indices (88.9 to 83.0) ranging from 86.61 in skull 11. 0 to ss.75,
in skull H. 13. The remaining 25 are megaseme, having high indices (89.0 and above). One orbit
skull II. 36, is as high as it is broad, having an index of 100, which is the maximum of this group.

In his monograph on the orbital index Broca gives average indices for (><> tribes and divisions
of the human family.* Twenty-six of these are megaseme, and To this class all the American races
which he mentions, 15 in number, belong. Here, too, belongs our group with its average
index of 91.10.

The people having an average index nearest to that of our group are the Indians of our
Northwest coast (91.12), while the tiatheaded Peruvians (91.50), ancient Yucatecs (91.41), modern
Mexicans (90.82), Patagoiiians (90.81), and North American Indians in general (90.75) are not far
removed.

There are some items in the table of Broca which seem to show that antero-posterior
deformation of the skulls tends to decrease the orbital index. Thus in nondeformed Peruvian
skulls the index is 92.20, while in the deformed it is 91.50, and in ancient Mexican skulls the non-
deformed have an index of 93.12, the deformed an index of 90.02. These are instances of
deformity from intentional frontal pressure (deformation relevee). From the testimony of our
collection it does not appear that the accidental occipital pressure lias any effect. Of the 38 skulls
whose orbital measurements are recorded in the tables (XLIII, XLIV) 11 belong to the apparently
normal group. The average index of the latter is 91.06, which agrees closely with that of the
rest of the group.

, $ 24. NASAL CHARACTERS.

Nasal index. — Forty-four skulls were in a sufficient state of preservation to allow the meas-
urements of the nasal orifice to be taken. As will be seen by the accompanying tables (xi.v,
XL vi) the average is 51.66, winch would place them in the mesorrhinian division of Broca, ?'. e.,
where representatives of the Mongoloid races usually stand. The variation in this index is wide,
however, extending from leptorrhinian to extreme platyrrhiuian.

Inferior border of nasal aperture. — The inferior border of the nasal aperture, h-hancr ><>•<• , is of
a pretty high type, to judge from the meager statistics of other races to which we have access.
Topinard in his Elements (F anthropologist, gives six standards of comparison or classes for this
feature as follows: A, the sharp border; A', the slightly rounded border; B, the thick rounded
border; C, the border divided into two lips or sometimes three or level (plate forme-}; 1), the de-
pressed border, first stage of the simian groove; E, the simian groove. These six variants are
named in the order of their supposed morphological advancement. A being the highest and K the
lowest. Elsewhere | in a monograph older than his last text-book he recognizes but five types, -as
he had not then apparently made a distinction between A and A'. Hence, in the comparisons
which follow these forms are given both separately and combined. In our collection we find so
many grades of difference between these standards that it is often difficult to assign a specimen
to one or the other; our decisions are often arbitrary, still we do not, think we could improve the
classification if we would and in all doubtful cases we have decided with special care.

In the Salado series among 48 nares in which the inferior borders can be studied \ve find them
divided as follows: Class A, 15; Class A', 13; Class B, 8; ClassC, 6; Class D, 5; Class]-;, 1. The
statistics given by Topinard are. in numbers only. "We have computed them in percentages (as
we have also computed those of the Salado series), in order that we might more easily make com-

* Recherche sur 1'indice orbitairc, Revue d'anthropologie, Vol. iv, 187r>, pp. 616, 617.
t P. 800 ct seg.

! /In iiroiitialhixinf alt^olo-totts-nasal, in Revue <l':inthr.. 1S7L', ]>p. (>:>M>:>!). Ihi Ixird'nift'-i-'u-iir tint iiuri>irx xiir IK • •;•„'»,
et den caracterev de superiority et tTinJ'crivritc yu'il fournit, in Bull. 8o«. uiitlir., 1881, pp. 1M-1'J2.

MEMOIUS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

197

piu-isoiis, notwithstandingthat Topinard's series are very small, he reports on only twelve Mongolian
skulls and Ins highest scries, Ne\v Caledonians, numbers only 74.

The following table (M) is based on one in Topinard's Elements (Tanthropoloyie generate, p.
802.

TABLE M. — Inferior border of nitsal aperture in three races.

Class.

Auvcrmiians.

Saladoana.

New Calfdo-
iiians.

A

52.05

31. 25

A1

20. 54

27. US

2.70

A-! V

72. 59

r>x. :s;:

2.70

B

9.58

16.67

2.70

c

13.69

12.50

40. 54

I)

4 10

10 42

33.78

E

0.00

2.08

20.27

The following (Table N) are percentages placed in the order of numerical importance of classes
A+ A' as they occur in various races. They are computed from figures given by Topinard*, Sala-
doans added.

TABLK N. — Inferior border of nasal aperture, Classes A 4- A'.

Race.

PercBiiin.ui'.

Kai-i'.

Percentage.

Lower Bretona . . . . . .

83.87

Malaya ..

11.90

T> 5!l

4 55

58 33

0.00

33.33

From the foregoing it would appear that the Saladoans come next to the Europeans, in the
prevalence of a high form of the feature under discussion, and that they are farther above the
Mongolians than they are below the Auvergnians.

Position of septum. — In 28 skulls in which the septum narium is preserved we find that it is
straight in 4,t deflected to the left in ll,t and deflected to the right in 13.§

Anterior ntis/il spine. — We iiiid cause for dissatisfaction in applying Broca's instructionsll to
the description of this feature in the present series. We often encounter a long, sharp ridge
extending from the extremity of the spine downwards to the alveolar point; this ridge renders
spines which are very prominent when viewed from above or below quite subdued when viewed
laterally, according .to Broca's instructions. Thus, if it were not for the existence of such a ridge,
the spine of skull II. 8 would belong to class 5 of Broca, whereas with this ridge it must be placed
in class 1 (see Plate 8) ; but, as we have no other system of description than that of Broca, we have
employed it here.

Of 43 well-preserved anterior nasal spines we have 9 of class No. 1 or the least salient, 20 of
class No. 2, 12 of class No. 3, 1 of class No. 4, and but 1 of class No. 5 or the most salient. See
Table XLVII.

Nasal synostosis. — In seventeen of these skulls out of forty-two examined there is synostosis of
at least the upper part of the internasal suture. The percentage then of nasal synostosis in some
degree is 40.5. We refer to the upper end of the suture more particularly, because the lower parts
of the bones are often broken away. A partial synostosis of the suture at its lower end should^
not be reckoned in with the others, as it may be the result of some traumatism. Skull H. 3d is
probably a ease of this kind, as its nasal index is very low and its nasal bones deflected. It is
not counted in reckoning the percentage.

" Op. cit. pp. 801, 802.

tNos. II. 1, H. 4, H. 22, and H. 29.

tNos. H. 7, H. 18, II 19, H. 21, H. 25, H. 27, H. 30, H. 32, H. 34, H. 41, and H. 45.

$ Nos. H. 3, H. 6, H, 8, H. 10, H. 11, H. 16, H. 17, H. 20, H. 35, H. 40, H. 43, H. 44, and H. 56.

II BROCA : Instructions craniologiques et craniom^triqnes; Paris, 1875; Planche vi.

198

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

As it is not reasonable in the present state of our knowledge to regard nasal synostosis as
possible in children, we disregard four of their skulls, not letting them affect the figures either
way.

It is to be noted that there is a partial synostosis in H. 17, a young skull with the basilar
suture open and third molars uncut. This is the skull which is so very notable for showing utter
disappearance of the sagittal suture.

$ 25.— THE PALATE.

While we have taken four measurements of the palate and one palato alveolar measurement
we have computed only one index, that of Virchow, which depends on the palatal length, from
the inner alveolar border between the incisors to the point of the posterior nasal spine, and on
the palatal width, taken at the level of the second molars. This we find to be essentially a
maximum width, and we prefer in this case the directions of the Frankfurt agreement to those of
Topinard as being the more exact. The index is computed by multiplying the width by 100 and
dividing the product by the length.

In 32 skulls whose palatine indices we have been able to compute (Tables XLVIII, xux) the
minimum index is 62.74 — which indicates a very long palate — the maximum 84.61, and the average
72.94. Only 3 indices exceed 80, and, therefore, 29 out of 32 are leptostaphyliu or long-palate.
As none reach the figure 85 the remaining 3 are mesostaphylin or median-palate, while none are
brachystaphyliu or short-palate.

This series may be said to throw no light on the question of the relationship between the
palatine and cephalic indices. It has been shown that in some races a long palate goes with a
long skull. In the Saladoans we have a long palate associated with a short skull; but if we
admit that the skulls are shortened by artificial means applied to the brain-case, only, we must
consider even this negative evidence worthless.

With regard to a correspondence between the face and the palate our series offers better
testimony. All the faces, as expressed by their indices, are long; so also are all the palates.

Not only is there this general agreement, but there is to a certain extent an individual agree-
ment in this respect. In order to elucidate this point we have prepared a table (O) given below,
in which we have selected for comparison with the palatine index the upper facial index of Virchow
for the reason that its table gives a larger number of examples than that of any other facial index.

In columns 1 and 4 of Table O, the number of the skulls are arranged according to the
ordination of the facial index but inversely, i. e., the skull having the longest face comes first, and
that having the shortest comes last. In columns 3 and 0 we give the order in which each skull
would come if arranged according to the length of the palate, for instance: Skull H. 27 has the
second longest face and the longest palate, while skull H. 19 has the seventh longest face and tke
shortest palate.

TABLE O. — Relation of palatine index to upper facial index of Virchow.

I'll,,',-

(inverted) in
facial index
scries.

No. of
skull.

I'lacB in
palutim- index
series.

Flare
(inverted) in
facial index
serii s.

No. of

skull.

Place in
palatine index
series.

1

H. 14

9

12

H.2

10

2

H.L'7

1

13

H.28

18

3

H.43

7

14 H. 4

20

4

H.20

2

15

H. 5

4

5

H. 10

5

16

H. 17

12

6

H.8

13

17

11.7

11

7

II. Ill

21'

18

H.33

14

8

H.I

3

lit

H. 16

L'l

9

H. 11

6

20

11. 11

1!)

10 i 11. •)()

15

21

H.50

1C

11 ll.4r,

8

22

H.29

17

In a glance at the above table it will be seen that the longer palates, whose relative position
is expi-f-ssed by one figure, belong mostly to the first half of the series of 22, while those having
the shorter palates belong to the second half of the series. The sums of columns 3 and (i show

MEMOIES OF TIIE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 199

this in another way. The sum of the numbers of ordination of the higher- faced half of the series
is little more than half the sum of the analogous numbers of the lower-faced half, the proportion
being 56.17 : 100. The most aberrant palate in the first half is that of skull H. 10 ; the most aber-
rant in the second half is that of skull H. 5.

A list of palatine depths is given in Table L.

$ 26. THE TEETH.

Dr. G. V. Black in the introduction to his article on "Dental Caries"* observes that "caries
of the teeth has been known in all historic ages of the world, and wherever prehistoric human
remains have been discovered traces of this disease have been found. 'It seems to be and to have
been universal in the sense of affecting all nations and tribes of the human race. * * * It has
been thought that the savage races were not so much afflicted as the civilized, but my own study
of the remains of ancient peoples will not bear out this opinion. This research has, however, been
limited within comparatively narrow bounds — too narrow, perhaps, to serve as the basis of con-
clusions. Unfortunately the literature of the subject furnishes no data that are of much value in
this direction, but what there are strongly support the statements made above. * * * The
studies I have been able to make in this direction indicate that the races of men that have eaten
largely of acid fruits have had less decay of the teeth than those who have been debarred by
their position or climate from the use of such articles of food. Generally those tribes that have
subsisted largely upon flesh and grain have suffered more from caries than those that have had a
more exclusively vegetable or fruit diet. Our knowledge upon this point is, however, too meager
to warrant any lengthy discussion of it."

In the following study of the teeth of the ancient inhabitants of the Salado Valley we have
taken occasion to make accurate notes 7iot only of caries but also of all deformities of the dental
arch, as well as the tuberculation of the superior molars. The materials afforded are fairly abun-
dant and quite sufficient to institute an extended comparison in these respects with other races,
with whose remains the Army Medical Museum is so well provided. Unfortunately the materials
illustrative of those races whose diet consists exclusively of vegetables and fruits are not abundant
in our collections, and it has been deemed best to limit the comparisons to peoples subsisting
almost wholly upon flesh or upon a more mixed class of food. The series selected for this purpose
are as follows: A series of the Alaskan Indians, whose dietetic habits are well known and who
aiford an excellent example of an almost exclusively carnivorous race; an unusually large series
of ancient dwellers of the Pacific coast region in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, whose food was,
in all probability, of a somewhat mixed character; a good scries of skulls of Sioux, who furnish
a typical example of the carnivorous tribes of the plains; a scries of the so-called mound-builders
of the Mississippi valley; and a series of the ancient Peruvians, who lived largely on vegetable
food.

It is proper to state in this connection that only individuals at or below middle life have been
selected, since in those races where the wear is rapid, owing, perhaps, to grit contained in the
food, the pulp cavity is soon exposed, or the nutrition of the tooth is affected and disease is setup
which can not be attributed, properly speaking, to premature decay or caries. We have taken as
a mark of middle life the bony union or synostosis of the cranial sutures, either the sagittal or
coronal, and there can be little doubt that it is usually expressive of an age of forty or fifty years
Accurate comparisons beyond this limit are difficult, if not impossible, and are therefore not
attempted.

The Saladoans, so far as we are able to judge, were a sedentary people, who dwelt in cities
and subsisted almost wholly upon the products of the soil, which they extensively cultivated.
Indian corn, squash, and other Vegetable products must have formed the chief article of their diet,
although the presence of charred animal remains in the ruins of their cities indicate that flesh was
occasionally consumed. That their remains are pre-Columbian, and that their occupancy of the
Salado Valley extended over many generations appear to be well-established facts. As explained
in our introduction, it Iris been pretty clearly shown that some of the modern Pueblos are very

* American system of Dentistry, Philadelphia, 1886, vol. 1, p. 730.

200 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

closely allied to them in both tlieir habits and customs. Unfortunately paucity of material for the
latter precludes comparison of their dental organs, which there can be little doubt would furnisih
additional evidence of value.

Caries. — The subject of dental caries among the ancient inhabitants oi'the Salado Valley forms
an interesting study, inasmuch as it furnishes us with an excellent example of the effect of a given
kind of food operating for a long period in the production of tooth decay. It should not be for-
gotten, however, that other influences may have been in a measure responsible for much of this
disease. Their skeletons generally show a remarkable prevalence of osseous disease, and if \ve
are to judge of them by tlieir nearest living allies the lowered vitality of the whole race had at this
early date already begun to manifest itself.

Out of some 80 or more skulls we have been able to select 35 in which the sutures indicate
them to have been at or under the middle period of life. Of this number IS, or about 51 per cent,
exhibit caries, which in some instances has resulted in almost complete destruction of the teeth.
Among this number there are also 7, or 16 per cent, in which there has been loss of teeth and
absorption of the alveoli without any evidence of caries being present. Seeing the remarkable
prevalence of this disease it is but fair to presume that the loss of teeth in these 7 cases is also
due to decay which would bring the total up to something like 70 per cent. Out of the remaining
10, which show no evidence of caries, 2 were of very young persons, between 9 and 12 years, in
whom we could not reasonably expect to find the disease developed. If therefore these should be
excluded the percentage would still be further increased. Among those skulls beyond the middle
period of life, fully 90 per cent show caries and loss of teeth; but of these we have not attempted
accurate comparisons.

Of the ancient Peruvians we have been able to examine a much larger series — C6 in all —
wherein there was no bony union of either coronal, sagittal, or lambdoid sutures. In many of
them, as in all the other series, teeth had been lost after death so that doubtless in some instances —
where the skull has been considered in the category of "no caries" — if all the teeth were present,
caries would sometimes be found and the percentage would be thus affected. These cases, how-
ever, would probably be few and little change would be necessary.

In this series there are some 8 or 10 examples in which teeth have been lost without any
evidence of caries existing. It is fair to presume that some of these at least if not all are the
results of dental decay. Out of the 66 there are 29, or about 44 per cent , which show caries, and if
8, in which there is loss, be added, we have the percentage brought to 56. It is proper to men-
tion here that in this series at least half of the skulls examined were not accompanied by the lower
jaw, which if present would doubtless show caries frequently, where it does not occur, in the upper
jaw, and raise the average of dental caries in these people to at least 50 per cent, if not higher.
Respecting the food of these people the early chroniclers are very explicit and we can not do better
than quote Garcilasso de la Vega, who has described it at considerable length. He says: "The
maize was the principal food of the Indians." They also ate vegetables of various species which
he enumerates and describes. Of their meat diet he says (Bk. vi) :

•The common people were in general poor in flocks (except in the Collao -where they had plenty), and hence they
only ate meat when they received it as a gift from the Caracas, or when, on Rome great occasion, they killed oue of
the guinea pigs they bred in their houses, called Ccoz. In order to alleviate this general want the Ynca ordered these
hunts to take place, and that the tlesh should be distributed among all the, people. They made dried meat of it,
called "charqni," which kept good until the next hunt; for the Indians were very abstemious and \ er\ careful in lire-
serving their dried meat. It would naturally be supposed that as there is so much water there would be
plenty of fish; but in reality there is very little. In the great lake of Titicaca, however, there are many
fish. * * There are several kinds of wild bees, but the Indians did not raise them in hives. The bees in tem-
perate and hot climates, enjoying good herbage, make excellent honey, white, clean, and sweet. The
Indians value it much not only for eating, but also for several medicinal purposes.

F. de Xeres * tells us :
The coast people eat flesh and fish all raw, and maize boiled and toasted.*

* Quoted Irom the. Spanish historians in HKKBEKT SPENCER'S Descriptive Sociology, Division n, Part 1 B —
New York (l«74f).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

201

We have selected a series of 42 skulls of the so-called Mound-Builders of the Mississippi Ya I Icy.
These have been collected for the most part in Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.
Whether or not they represent a homogenous race has not been accurately determined; but it
appears to be pretty well established that they lived largely upon the products of the soil of which
inaixe formed 1 he chief staple. It is also probable that they subsisted to a certain extent upon fish
ami game, but it is believed that they were tillers of the soil rather than hunters. An examina-
tion of this series reveals 16, or about .'58 per cent, in which caries is present. Of the remaining 2(J,
in 4 cases there was aute-mortein loss with obliteration of the alveoli which, if due to decay, would
increase the percentage to about 47.

Passing now to the California Coast Indians we find a people whose diet probably consisted
largely of fish, although it is well known that berries, grass seeds, acorns, and various vegetable
substances formed a part of their food. In this series of 38 skulls 5, or over 13 per cent, exhibit
dental caries.

Of the dwellers of the open plains we include, 34 skulls of the Sioux. As is well known these
people have lived for many generations upon an almost purely animal diet. The Buffalo, until re-
cently furnished their chief staple of food, very little vegetable substance being consumed. Among
this number but 3, nearly 9 per cent, out of 34, show any caries. These skulls were gathered over
twenty years ago while game was still abundant in the Sioux country. Those with carious teeth
are all from eastern bands who had, even then, begun to use the food of white people to some
extent.

Lastly we come to the Alaskan Indians, who were probably the most exclusively carnivorous
people in existence except the Eskimo. Out of 42 skulls examined we have failed to find a
single case of caries, although abscess and premature loss of teeth are present in 8 cases.
We are inclined to believe that abscess and premature loss of teeth is more due to accident
and violence than decay. It has often been noted of these people that the teeth are extensively
used as a sort of vise for many operations, and it would not be at all surprising if they sustained
occasional injuries leading to the formation of abscess and not infrequent loss.

With this evidence before us it can not said that a meat diet is injurious to the teeth or a
vegetable diet especially -beneficial.

TABLE P. — Dental caries among different American peoptes.

Peoples.

Salndoans

IVruviinis

Mound Jinildoi's .

Californiaiis'

Sioux

Alaskans

Tcil.il ^[iinlicr Xuinlii-r XumliiT •p,.-,..,,.*,,™ !

,f ehowlng nhowing show-in;; ^'.V, " Penoentage
iknllsex- caries absence of loss witfi- with loss.

:niiini:il. jiri-s. . outcaries.

35 is 10 7 51.1 j 71.1

85
66

U
38
84

IL>

L8
29
16

5
3

10
29
22
33
31
42

51.1
43. SI

:w. o
13.1
8.8

71.1
50. 0
47.6

.Deformity. — The malposition of the teeth or deformity of the dental arch is of very frequent
occurrence in the skulls of the Salado Yalley people. Out of 30 skulls it is found to a greater or
less extent ill 10, making over 53 per cent. If we divide them up into incisor, cuspid, bicuspid,
and molar deformities we find that there are nine cases of malposition of the incisors, six in
which the cuspids are affected, five of the bicuspids, and three of the molars. There is cue
interesting case in which the canine of the left side had been displaced outward by the persist-
ence of a milk tooth occupying a position between the lateral incisor and the first bicuspid.

There are many of these cases of deformity associated with caries of the teeth, more especially
in those situations favorable to the lodgment of particles of food. Deformity appears to have
licen a fruitful cause of decay.

Among the Peruvians, out of 05 skulls we are able to find only 7, or nearly 11 per cent, in
which there was any deformity of the dental arch. In these skulls the arch is well rounded and
the teeth are very regular, resembling in this respect the form of arch displayed by the Alaskans.

20^

MEMOIKS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Among the Mound Builders, iu a series of 41 skulls there are 6, or over 144 per cent, of which
nearly all referred to the incisors.

The series ot'Californiaiis, 36 in all, exhibit but 4 deformities, or a trifle over 11 per cent.

Among the Sioux there were found 4 deformities of the dental arch in 34 skulls, or over 11£
per cent.

The Alaskan Indians on the other hand display a much higher percentage of deformity; for
out of 41 skulls 8 deformities were found, making nearly 20 per cent.

TABLE Q. — Dental deformity among different American people*.

Peoples.

Tutitl nnin-
IK-I- of .skulls
exainiiu-d.

Xllllllirr <>t'

skulls show-
ing tlt'Mt.ll

deformity.

1'i-m-iiliiu'i'
of
del'orniity.

Saladoans

30

16

53 3

V l;lsk;l ns

41

8

19 5

Mound Builders

41

6

14 6

Sioux

34

4

11 7

Calit'oniians

36

1

11 1

Peruvians

65

7

10 9

Tuberculation. — Prof. Cope* has recently called attention to the absence or slight develop-
ment of the postero internal tubercle of the second upper molar in certain races. According to
his researches the Eskimos generally have but three tubercles upon the grinding surface of the
last two superior molars, representing the tritubercnlar condition, while the Negroes and Malays
display four tubercles upon these teeth, which are, therefore, quadritubercular. These differences
are marked and very constant in these races and serve to distinguish two extremes of tubercula
tion. Among the various tribes of American Indians, however, certain intermediate steps are
met with, which in the groups considered we have endeavored to represent by percentages.

Upon the first molar there are always four principal tubercles (two external and two internal)
and the grinding face of the crown is always square, 'in the Negro and .Malay the second, and
not infrequently the third, molars are similarly constituted; but in the Eskimos the second and
third molars bear only three principal tubercles, of which two are external and one internal. The
internal cusp is large and crescentic in outline and covers the entire internal aspect of the grinding
surface; but it sometimes happens that a faint trace of the fourth cusp is present in the form of
a slight ledge or cingulum at the postero-internal angle of the crown. Those skulls in which the
second molar has its full complement of tubercles we have marked 4; those in which the tootli
displays a trace of the fourth cusp we have marked 3i, while those in which there are only three
tubercles we have marked 3.

Taking the Alaskans as the extreme of the tri-tubercular type we have in 43 examined skulls
29, or over 67 per cent, iu which the second molar bears 3 tubercles; 8 of the 43, or over 18i per
cent, display traces of the fourth cusp, and 6 of the series, or nearly 14 per cent, have the fourth
cusp fairly well developed.

Out of a series of 71 skulls of the ancient Californians 44, or nearly 62 per cent, are tritu-
bereular; 15, or about 21 per cent, have traces of the fourth cusp, and 12, or nearly 17 per cent,
have all the tubercles developed.

The series showing the next highest percentage of the tri-tubereular type is that of the Mound-
Builders, in which out of 37 skulls 1."), or 40.J per cent, are tri- tubercular; 4, or nearly 1 1 per cent,
have the tubercles 3J, and 18, or over 48.J per cent, have all the tubercles present.

The condition of the second molar in the Saladoan skulls gives the following results: Out of
23 examples 9, or about 39 per cent, are tritubercular, and the remaining 14, or nearly 61 per
cent, are more or less quadritubercular.

Next come the Peruvians, in whom 19 out of 53 skulls, or about 36 per cent, are tri-tubercular,
14 or nearly 26.1 percent have the 3£ tubercle, and l!l) or over 37.1 per cent are quadri tubercular.

Lastly we come to the Sioux, of whose skulls 37 are represented in this series. In these 6 or

* Journal of Morphology, Boston, 1888, 1889, Vol. 11, pp. 7, etc.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

203

over 16 per ceut are tri tubercular, 18 or over 48i per cent have tubercles 3£, and the remaining
or slightly over 35 per cent have four tubercles well developed.

From a careful consideration of the facts here set forth it would seem that the nearest allies
of the ancient inhabitants of the Salado Valley, if we judge from the prevalence of dental decay,
are the Peruvians upon the one hand, in whom caries was almost as frequent, and the Mound
Builders of the Mississippi Valley ou the other, who also suffered to a considerable extent from
tooth-decay. Whether we are to accept the dental condition described as indicating aflinity or
whether they are to be regarded as the effects of climate, food, and general habits of life we
are not prepared to say; but it is more than probable that they have a certain value as express-
ing race affinity.

The facts relating to the structure of the teeth themselves are important, and we are disposed
to attach more weight to them, so far at least as evidence of affinity is concerned, than to the
other two classes combined. The high percentage of the tritubercular second molar in the
Alaskan Indians, 67 per cent, is significant and betokens either in neb. commingling or a very near
relationship with Eskimos. In a like manner the percentage of 62 among the Californians is sug-
gestive of near affinity with the inhabitants of Alaska. The Mound Builders, Salado Valley
people, and Peruvians on the other hand are very closely related in this respect, as is indicated by
the percentages 40, 39, and 30, while the Sionx stand considerably apart from the rest with a per-
centage of only 16.

TABLE B. — Tuberculation among different American peoples.

Peoples.

Total
number
of skulls
exam-
ined.

Number
showing
3 tuber-
cles.

Numbei
showing
3J tuber-

rlrs.

Number
allowing
4 tuber
cleB.

IVrreiitage
of 3
tubercles.

Percentage
of 3J
tubercles.

Percentage
of 4
tubercles.

43

29

g

6

67.4

18.6

13.9

71

44

15

11'

61.9

21.1

16.9

Mound litiiklers

37

15

4

18

40.5

10.8

48.6

Snladoans .

23

9

14

39. 1

60.8

53

19

14

20

35.8

26.4

37.7

Sioux

37

6

18

13

16.2

48.6

35.1

$ 27. THE HYOID BONE.
[By JACOB L. WORTMAX, M. I)., Anatomist of the Army Medical Museum.}

The following study of the human hyoid arch has been undertaken with a view to the deter-
mination of the more exact value of this series of bones in matters of anthropological research. The
subject has received so little attention at the hands of anatomists, especially from this particular
standpoint, that there is little or no literature upon it, and we are as yet in comparative igno-
rance regarding the conditions and characteristics of this chain of bones, even in the best anatom-
ically known races of mankind.

The history of this undertaking dates from the author's connection with the Hemenway South-
western Archaeological Expedition to the valley of the Salado, Arizona, in 1887, whither he was
sent by the United States Army Medical Museum to obtain a full series of skeletons of the ancient
dwellers of this region. While engaged in the collection of this material it was noticed that the
body or middle piece of the hyoid bone was almost always free, and that the separate pieces, of
which the hyoid arch is made up, seldom united into a single bone, even in the most aged indi-
viduals. The hyoid, as the writer had been accustomed to see it in skeletons of whites and
negroes, consisted usually of a single TJ-shaped bone, especially if the individual had passed the
middle point of life ; and upon consulting a few standard text-books on human anatomy which had
been taken into the field for ready reference it was found that this was regarded as the usual or
normal condition.

(j The attention of Dr. Herman ten Kate, the anthropologist of the expedition, was called to
the subject, and together we took accurate note of the probable ages, conditions of bone disease,
ete., of all the individuals whose hyoids were secured. In all there were obtained some 97 speci-

204 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mens of various ages, which are now preserved in the collection of the i Tnited States Army Medical
Museum at Washington.

Upon our return to Washington we searched the literature carefully for any statement tliat
would throw light upon the subject, but were unable to find that anything had been said or written
upon the subject other than the general statements contained in works upon human anatomy.
\Ve accordingly prepared a paper setting forth the principal facts, which was presented to and
read before the Congress of Americanists held in Berlin.

One of the chief difficulties with which we had to contend in discussing the general bearing
and importance of our discoveries was the hick of materials for comparison. Since then the writer
has been actively engaged in collecting materials illustrative of the characteristics of the hyoids
in the negroes and whites, and he is now in a position to discuss the subject upon a more accurate
basis. The sources of materials have been as follows : From Prof. ThomasDwight, of the Harvard
medical school, the Museum has received a record of 3.'3 cases, of which 4 were black, 28 white,
and 1 of mixed Mexican and Indian parentage. These specimens were from individuals ranging
from 17 to 82 years of age, and include both sexes. From Prof. Towles, of the University of Vir-
ginia, the Museum has received 12 specimens of hyoid bones, all from negroes, with the ages
attached. From Prof. Matas, of the Tulane University, New Orleans, there are 17 specimen.!, of
which 12 are from negroes, 4 from whites, and 1 from a Chinese. From a personal collection there
are 23 specimens, of which 21 are of colored people and 2 are of whites.

What may be considered as a typical hyoid arch of the higher mammalia is to be found in the
dog, Fig. ,37, whicli is taken from Prof. Flower's " Osteology of the Mammalia." We prefer to follow
this author in the nomenclature of the several elements composing it, which
is essentially that proposed by Prof. Owen many years ago. In this \vc
observe first a central unpaired piece" or body, which is denominated the
"basihyal ;v from the outer extremities of this central piece two long slen-
der rods of bone project backwards over the upper edge of the thyroid car-
tilage and are called the " thyrohyals" or greater cornua. Near the junction
of the thyrohyals with the basihyal are attached the distal pieces of two
chains of bones which connect the basihyal piece or body with the temporal
bones of the skull. The first piece of this series, counting from the basihyal,
is the lesser coruu or "ceratohyal"; the second is the "epihyal," the third
is the "stylohyal," and the last piece, which finally joins the skull, is that
called by Prof. Flower the "tympanohyal."

While tbis might be called tuo tyi)k'il1 arrangement of the mammalian
dog, front view; th, styiobyai ; hyoid apparatus, it so happens that in many forms, including monkeys and
eh, epihyal; ch, c.-ratoiiyai mau tue complete bony connection between the basihyal and the base of

(these three constitute the

"anterior cornn"); bh, basi- ' the skull does not exist, owing either to the absence in this chain of bones
, or "body" of hyoid; th, of certain elements or their rudimentary condition. In this case a ligament
' "iay take the place of one or more of these elements, which in human anatomy

is known as the stylohyoid ligament.
Prof. Flower, in speaking of the human hyoid apparatus, says :*

The stylohyal, at first a long styliform piece of cartilage continuous with the tympanohyal, commences to
ossify by a separate center before birth, and at a very variable period afterwards is often (but by no means constantly)
anchylosed with the tympanohyal and surrounding cranial bones, constituting the so-called "styloid process." This
is a condition not met with in any other mammal. Below the stylohyal the greater part of the anterior hyoid arch
is represented by a slender ligament (the "styloid" ligament), there being 110 ossification corresponding to thedog's
epihyal.

This view has been generally accepted and it is now commonly taught that the epihyal element
of the dog is missing in the human hyoid arch.

A different conclusion upon this important point has been reached by Thomas (de Tours), t
who, in speaking of the human hyoid arch, says:

The body is Hie strongest piece of the entire apparatus. This is an osseous lamina curved in the form of an arc,.
IN aiitcriiir I. icr. very irregular, is convex from side to side and from above downwards, and is composed of two ob-

* Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 159. t Elements d'osteologie, Paris, 1865, p. 219, PI. x.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 205

lique planes, the one anterior and inferior, and the other superior. The angle at which these unite forms a prominent
ridge directed transversely in the sense of the greatest dimension of the bone; the posterior face is profoundly exca-
vated. At each extremity it is articulated with the thyroid coriiua. These are two straight liony pieces cl.
from before backwards and latterly flattened ; their posterior extremities give attachment to the tliyrohyoid ligament.
These picres unite, forming an arc, to the circumference of which the larynx is suspended, followed by the trachea
and lungs.

Kach hyoid chain is composed of three pieces, as in the preceding animals (dog and sheep) ; the first or superior
piece has the form of a very elongated cone with its base above and its summit below, its greatest dimension being
three centimeters. Its base articulated with the hyoid prolongation gives it a varying length. Its uniou with this
prolongation takes place at different periods, sometimes at thirty years, sometimes at sixty years. This union is to
berlways recognized by its nodular appearance, more or less distinct.

The second or intermediate piece has nearly the same form as the first, except that it is much more slender; its
length is about two centimeters; its base articulating with the summit of the first piece at the middle of the- liga-
ment gives it a very variable length. From its summit proceeds the stylohyoid ligament, which terminates in the
third piece or small coruu of the hyoid and forms a very acute angle with the greater or thyroid coriiu.

This third piece, has very often the form and size of a grain of barley, but sometimes it is elongated and stylif'orm,
like the intermediate piece. It joins tlio extremity of the body of the hyoid in such a manner as to form an articula-
tion common to it and the greater eornu. The stylohyoid ligament is composed of whitish glistening fibers possess-
ing great elasticity. It is very slender, tapering in its superior and swelling out in its inferior part, which is attached
to the small hyoid coruu.

In the normal condition in man the superior piece of the hyoid chain is united by one extremity to the hyoid
prolongation and by the other to the intermediate piece. One then finds the styloid process of authors. This osseous
stem. ! or 5 centimeters long, knotted and sometimes curved and twisted, ends in a point, and in certain subjects
descends to the angle of the jaw.

It is this disposition, the union of the two superior pieces between themselves and with the hyoid prolongation
to form the styloid process, and the other part, the great distance between the preceding piece, and the third part,
a distance traversed by the stylohyoid ligament, which has caused the error of anthropotomists and has led'them to
divide the hyoidean chain into two parts— the one which has been described with the hyoid, viz, the small cornu
or third piece, and the other which lias been attributed to the temporal, viz, the styloid process. They might have
easily avoided this error by studying comparatively the hyoid apparatus of man and animals. They might have
recognized that the styloid process of mini represents the stem formed in the ruminant and in the carnivore by the
first two pieces of the chain, and that in man the articulation at a long distance of the summit of the styloid process
with the lesser coruu corresponds to the disposition of the third much more movable piece, which descends from the
rigid rod to suspend the hyoid in animals.

Several authors iu works on human anatomy mention the condition described by Thomas:
Meckel, in speaking of the temporal bone, says*

The muscular eminences and depressions are, first, the styloid process (proeesnus styloideus), at the posterior
extremity of the under edge of the pyramid; this varies much in length and sometimes exceeds two. This process
is sometimes entirely free and is often composed of several pieces — a curious analogy with animals.

In Gray'.s Anatomy it is stated :t

The styloid process varies in size and shape and sometimes consists of several pieces united by cartilage.

The writer's experience upon this subject is confined principally to observations upon the
adult skull. He has, however, examined a number of foetuses, in which lie has always found the
styloid process to consist of but a single slender piece of curtilage reaching from the temporal'
towards the basihyal. It is highly probable that the failure to lind the several elements described
was due to the age of the specimens examined, all of which were at or before full term.

The most favorable age to select is somewhere between the time when ossification begins and
twenty-five or thirty years. Unfortunately, in the average museum specimen of this age the
styloid process has not been preserved, and all that one. can discover is a short peg of bone wedged
in between the two lamina' of the vaginal process. In skulls of more advanced age, wherein the
several pieces have not only united with the skull but have been joined to each other, it is not an
easy matter always to determine the point of union.

In a large series of skulls in the collection" of the Army Medical Museum the following is the
most common condition: A short distance below or quite at the edge of the vaginal process there
is a considerable swelling or nodosity, and if the subject be not too old the remains of a suture are
discoverable at this point. Sometimes this nodosity is placed as much as a half an inch below the

" J. F. MECKKI,, Manna! of I)e.-,criptive Anatomy (Kuglisb Translation), London, 1S3K, Vol. I, p. 57.
t Gray's Anatomy, 1S87, p. 14-1.

20(5

MK.MOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

edge of .the vaginal process and sometimes quite within its folds. Below this nodosity there can
sometimes be seen a second swelling with the same evidences of a suture. Then, again, there are
many skulls hi which the first nodosity is present, and the process is terminated by a truncated

extremity, as if a piece had been attached to it, but had been
lost in preparation; and, finally, in some few eases the styloid
composed of three distinct pieces was observed, as described by
Thomas.

There can be little doubt that the part spoken of by Thomas
as the " hyoid prolongation " is the tympanohynl element of
Flower, which, there is good reason to believe, is variable in
length. There is also little doubt that not uncommonly there
is a distinct ossification intervening between the lower end of
the true stylohyal element and the ceratohyal piece, or small
cornu of the hyoid, which can not be accounted for upon any
hypothesis other than that it is the strict homologue of the
missing epihyal so constant in the lower forms. It would be a
matter of no little interest to determine the frequency of its
occurrence in the various races of mankind. (See Figs. 38
and 39.)

Passing now to the hyoid bone proper, we have to consider
the several elements of which it is composed. As is well known,
it is generally described in works on human anatomy as con-
sisting of a single u -shaped bone, formed by the union of five
These are known as the body and the greater and lesser cornua. Although there does

th.

th.

Fio. 38.— Hyoidean apparatus of man. [After
Thomas.]

pieces.

not appear to be absolute unanimity of opinion among anatomical writers regarding the particular

time of life when these elements coossify, we can not do better than to

quote here the statements made by the leading anatomical authorities

upon this point.

Among the German anatomists Meckel, in his Manual of Anatomy,
says:

" The hyoid hones, or the hyoid bone, forms an arch which is convex forwards.
It is situated behind and below he maxillary, beneath the root of the tongue and
the upper part of the neck. It is generally considered a single bone, and is divided
into a central portion, or body and four horns, two upon each side; but as these
parts remain distinct throughout life it is better to admit five distinct bones, a
middle and four lateral. The inferior hyoid bones, or the greater coruua of I lie
hyoid, often vary considerably in form and size upon the different sides in the same
subject. They articulate with the central piece by a iibro-cartilaginous mass and
sometimes unite in the latter periods of life in one bone."

Henle, in his Human Anatomy, says:

"The great horns of the hyoid bone can also be connected with the body by joint. Many hold this to be the rule."

Hyrtle, in his Lehrbuch der Anatomic des Memchen, says, quoting from Meckel :

"The os hyoid is divided into central or body andtwo lateral cornua, which parts, an they are united by movable
articulation or by synchondrosis, and often in old age not coossified, can be considered as so many different or sepa-
rate hyoids."

Gegenbaur, in his Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, says :

"The great cornua often coossify with the body."

Hartmann, in his Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, says :

" The five parts of the hyoid bone articulate by movable joint at the small horns and with synchomlrosis at the
large horns. In old age these parts are ofttimes anchylosed."

Krause, in his Menschliche Anatomie , says:

" The great horns are united with the body by rapsular ligament, and the joint is an amphiarthrosis. Very often
it is only a synchondrosis."

Fio. 39 Styloid process of man.

[After Thomas.]

MEMOIKS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 207

Walter, Human Osteology, Berlin, 1798, says:

'• It is rare that the entire boue is ossified. It occurs only in very advanced age."

The conclusion which one draws from these statements is that the great cornna of the hyoid
bone remain free even 111 old age in the majority of examples upon which these observations have
been made, and all these authorities seem to agree that it is only at a very advanced period of life
that any of the hyoidean elements coossify. Taking for granted that the observations of German
anatomists have been made upon German materials for the most part, one can safely say, if these
statements be correct, that this is the normal condition of the German hyoid.

French anatomists make a different statement. Sappey, in his Traite d' 'anatomic descriptive,
1867-'7U, says:

"At 40 or 50 years, ofttimes before that period, the great cornua are joined to the body. The little horns are
also sometimes joined to the body, but oulyin old age."

Boyer, Traite d'anatomie, 1803-'9, says :
"With ago the great cornua are joined to the body. The small cornua also unite, but this happens much later."

Cruveilhier, Anatomie descriptive, 1844, says :

" All the pieces are at first separated by considerable portions of cartilage, afterwards by a very thin layer, which
sometimes remains during life."

Portal, Coiirs d'anatomie medicale, 1803, says:

'• The borders of the body and the middle of the greater horns ossify first, but they remain epiphyses for a long
time, or separated from the body of the bone by a portion iiot ossified, and which hardens with age. The small
cornua remain still longer without ossifying; but in old age not only are all the pieces of the hyoid united, but the
stylohyoid ligament is ossified."

Beauuis and Bouchard, Nouveaux iSl&menta d'anatomie descriptive, 1873, say :

"The great cornua are sometimes united to the body by a true movable articulation. The small cornua are habitu-
ally movable upon the rest of the bone."

One would be led to infer from these statements that the normal condition of the French hyoid,
allowing that the observations of the French anatomists have been made upon French subjects, is
the complete consolidation of all the five elements and, if Sappey's statement can be trusted, at a
comparatively early period of life, so far at least as the great cornua are concerned.

It is a difficult matter to reconcile these statements of the French and German anatomists
otherwise than upon the ground of difference in the structure of the hyoid itself in these two peo-
ples. It would be interesting to determine the truth or falsity of this supposition.

English anatomists agree more nearly with the French in their statements of the hyoidean
pieces. Flower, in his Osteology of the Mammalia, 1870, says of the human hyoid:

"The thyrohyals or great coruua of the hyoid bone are elongated, nearly straight, and somewhat compressed.
They usually become anehylosed before middle life with the outer extremity of the basihyal."

Holdeu, Hitman Osteology, 1885, says:

" Until the middle period of life the great cornua are united to the body by cartilage, but this ossifies in the prog-
ress of age."

H. Hyde Salter, in Todffs Cyclopcedia of Anatomy and Physiology, article, "Tongues," says:
" Ossification begins in the greater cornua ; it then takes place in the body, where it begins soon after birth, and
finally in the lesser cornua, where it does not commence until some time after. It proceeds but slowly, and goner-
ally loaves a thin lamina of cartilage unossified, so that complete anchylosis into one bone is comparatively rare."

Erasmus Wilson, Human Anatomy, 1859, says:

"In early age and in the adult the cornua are connected with the body by cartilaginous surfaces and ligameutous
fibres, but in old age they become united by bone."
In Gray's Anatomy it is stated :

"In youth the cornua are connected to the body by cartilaginous surfaces and held together by ligaments; in
middle life tho body and greater cornua usually become joined, and in old age all the segments are united together,
fin-mini; a single bone."

Morton, Human Anatomy, 1849, says :

" Tin! coruua are connected to the body by a distinct movable articulation, which generally, however, becomes
auchylosed later in life."

208 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Just how far the statement of any of the preceding authorities is the result of individual
knowledge aud experience, or to what extent the information \v;is drawn from previous authors,
or the number of cases upon which the observations were made, does not appear, and for this
reason the exact anthropological value of the statements is difficult, to estimate. In order to
reach the question in a more definite manner we give the results of an examination of 32 specimens
of hyoids from whites whose ayes are known. For this series the lowest limit in age taken is 35
years, which, although somewhat below the middle point of life, will yet be more nearly comparable
to the series of the Saladoans and the negroes which will be referred to later.

The sexes from which the specimens were taken are about equally represented; but the
nationality is not given further than that they were white. Of these 21 show bony union of the
greater coruua with the body, and in 11 the coruua are free, giving a percentage of G5 and a fraction
for those that are joined. For 24 of the specimens the age given is -45 years and upward, and of
these 18 are joined and six are free, inakiug a percentage of 7,"). A more detailed analysis of the
union and non-union is as follows: United upon both sides, 17; united upon the left side, 3; united
upon the right side, 1; both cornua free, 11. It may be remarked that in the remaining five
specimens tinder 35 years of age there is one (age 31) which shows union of one of the greater
cornua, namely, upon the left side. If this was added to the list the percentage would be increased
to o'G and over. However, the percentage of 05 may be regarded as a fair expression of the
condition of the hyoid of the white so far as the bony union of the greater cornua is concerned.
In those of 45 years and upwards 75 per cent is probably a fair estimate of this condition.

Turning now to the negro, we have altogether a series of 35 hyoids which pertain to persons
of 35 years and upward. Of these 27 show bony uuion of the greater cornaa with the body and
8 are free, giving a percentage of 77 and over; 21 are joined upon both sides; 3 are joined upon
the left side; 3 are joined upon the right side, and 8 are entirely free. We have previously reported
upon a series of 25 negro hyoids,* in which the percentage of bony uuion of the greater cornua
was found to be CO. If now we include these 35, we have a series of 60 specimens in which the
mean percentage is 70. Of the 35 there are 12 of 45 years and upward, of which 10 are joined
and 2 are free, giving 83$ per cent. This examination does not take into consideration those cases
of mixed blood, since some of the specimens are known to be from mulattocs. Just how this has
influenced the percentage is not easy to determine, but it is no more than reasonable to suppose
that it has had some eifect, and may account in a measure for the close correspondence between
the white and the negro in the 'matter of union of the greater cornua.

In the light of these facts we coine lastly to consider the hyoids of the ancient Saladoans, of
which there are 97 in all, many of them being complete. Some of this number arc not accompanied
by the skeletons to which they belong, owing to the advanced stage of decay in which they were
found rendering their preservation impossible. In all cases where the skull could not be preserved
a careful examination was made with a view to the determination of the age from the condition of
the teeth, the syuostosis of the sutures of the skull, and the angle of the jaw.

We have adopted the system of labeling them Young, Adult, Old, and Very Old. In the
category of "Young" we have placed all those specimens under the age of 21 years, or those in
which the last molar had not been erupted, the teeth themselves little worn, and the evidence of
epiphyses had not yet been obliterated. In the class "Adult" we have placed all examples in
which the teeth were fully erupted and all evidence of epiphyses obliterated, but which do not
show any bony union of the cranial sutures. In the class "Old" we have placed all those in which
the teeth are very considerably worn and the sagittal or coroual suture shows bony union. The
class marked "Very Old" we have made to include all those specimens in which the sagittal,
coronal, and lambdoidal sutures were synostosed, in which the teeth were entirely gone — their
alveoli being absorbed — or were reduced to inconsiderable stubs, and the angle at which the
horizontal ramus of the lower jaw joins the perpendicular portion was very open or obtuse. In
most of the examples of this class all the sutures of the skull had disappeared, indicating great age.

That part of our material in which the greatest amount of interest centers is, of course, in the
classes marked "Old" and "Very Old," and it is more than possible that a certain number of

* American Anthropologist.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 209

anomalies in the premature union of the cranial sutures, as well as the loss of the teeth and the
absorption of the alveoli, exist; but we are persuaded to believe that the series is a fairly typical
one and exhibits the normal condition of this race in these particulars.

It may be urged that the determination of age upon the basis which we have adopted is not
sufficiently accurate for purposes of this kind; but there are few anatomists who would hesitate
to pronounce judgment upon the age of a skull from the evidences which we have cited. At all
events, we feel that we are entirely within the bounds of reasonable judgment when we say that
the classes " Old " and " Very Old " pertain to individuals not under 35 years of age.

Of the class " Very Old" there are 13examples of the hyoid, in which union of the great cornua
with the body is found in 3. In these 3 cases the union is partial, for it is only upon the left
side that it exists. It should be stated that in 1 other of these 13 cases the hyoid is represented
by one of the great cornua only, so that it is impossible to say whether partial union existed or
not upon the opposite side in the case.

Of the class "Old" we have 44 specimens in which bony union of the great cornua with the
body of the hyoid exists on both sides in 2, on the left side in 1, and on the right side in 1, making
•i in all. Of these examples 9 are represented by one of the great cornua only, so that it is impos-
sible to say whether partial bony union existed upon the opposite side or not. In all the 4 cases
in which partial or complete bony union is found we have discovered skeletal disturbances in the
way of exostoses, unusual anchylosis, etc., which would naturally lead to the belief that the union
of the hyoid elements was an abnormal condition as well. Be this as it may, however, it will be
seen that the percentage of union is very small. Taking both classes in which there are 7 coossi-
ficatious in 57 specimens, we have a percentage of only over 12 as against 65 and 77 of the white
and negro, respectively.

This difference is marked, and in our judgment can not be accounted for upon any other
hypothesis than that of a natural anatomical distinction which these people possess. In the
paper which Dr. ten Kate and the writer prepared upon this material we stated at that time —

That owing to the lack of materials for proper comparison -we are unable to make any satisfactory deduction
respecting the hyoid at this particular time, and what we here note must be regarded as merely a statement of fact
to be correlated in its proper place. * * If, on the other hand, we are to accept the statements of many of
the anatomists we have already quoted, then we can say that the very high percentage of free hyoidean elements
which we have found in these ancient people distinguishes them markedly from some other races. If, again, it is
found that this condition of the hyoid is general in North American Indians, as well perhaps as some other races, it
would be interesting to know in what way, if any, it is associated with their language.

These surmises were probably correct, and there appear to be marked distinctions between
the hyoideau apparatus of these ancient Saladoaus on the one hand and the whites and negroes
on the other, a distinction which is indicated by the percentages already set forth.

In a series of 17 specimens recently received from the ancient cemeteries in the vicinity of
Zufii, New Mexico, there are 4 showing bony union of the great cornua and 13 are free. A careful
inspection of the skeletons to which they belong gives an indication of age from at least 35 years
and upwards. The percentage in this case is 23 and a little over.

From a few specimens (9 in all) of hyoids of the so-called Mound Builders there are 4 coo'ssi-
flcations, giving a percentage of 44 and a fraction; but this series is too small to be of much value
to us.

Itegarding the lesser coriiua we have not devoted that attention to them that we have given
to the greater cornua and body of the hyoid: but if we are to judge from what Prof. Thomas
Dwight, of the Harvard Medical School, says, it would seem that they may be entirely absent. In
a letter transmitting the record of observations given above, he writes:

The result of the examination of the lesser horns is rather surprising, as it shows that they are very rarely united
to the body of tho bone, that the mode of connection with the body varies, and that one or both may be entirely
wanting. In only one of tho 33 hyoids were both lesser horns classified, and in only 4 others was a single horn thus
united. It is generally taught that the joint between the body and lesser horn is synovial. This is certainly true
in many cases but not iu all. Sometimes the lesser horn is attached by ligament, and at least in one ease I have found
,t held by muscular fibers. In other cases, owing chiefly to the parts having become dry, it was impossible to decide
whether this was a true synovial joint or not. In several cases one or both the lesser horns were not found, and it
was not always possible to determine whether the absent piece hud been lost or had never existed. It was, however,
S. Mis. 169 14

210 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

shown beyond question that one or both of these horns may be wanting. One was wanting in a girl of 17 and both
in a man of 55. In a woman, said to be 80, one was wanting and the other probably wanting. lu ;i man of 37 and
another of 39 one was probably wanting. In a womau 50 and a man 55 both were probably wauring. When a joint
was found upon the body it was clear that the lesser horns had been lost, which occurred two or three times ; but
the absence of a joint does not show beyond question that the horn was wanting as it may have been held by ligament.
It is thought most probable that where the entry has been made "lost or wanting," the bone was originally wanting.

We come now to consider the body of the hyoid boue, and we regret to say that the soft parts*
particularly the larynx, could not be included iu this study since our material refers almost exclu-
sively to the dry boue itself. The body of the hyoid in monkeys has a distinctive and characteristic
form, which according to Flower* has a greater vertical than transverse diameter (see figs. 40 and
41). This form of the hyoid body is associated in many of the lower types of monkeys with a
membranous sack which occupies the concavity of the bone and protrudes between the lower edge
of the body and the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage. It was called the hyotliyroidean sac by
Cuvier, and the succus membranaceus by Wolf. It has an opening at the base of the epiglottis
and is said to sometimes communicate with the laryngeal sac which lies just above the vocal chords.
According to Eckhard,t this hyothyroidean sac is absent in the anthropoid apes, with the possible
exception of the gibbon. We are not sufficiently familiar with the anatomy of the larynx of the
anthropoids to state whether any rudiment of this condition is to be found in them ; but it would
not be at all surprising if this eventually turns out to be the case. We are led to infer that the
true significance of the great depth of the body of the hyoid in the monkey is to be explained
primarily upon the basis of this sac, whatever its function may be, and that the depth of the body
in proportion to its width furnishes an index of this distinctively simian feature, which we propose
to call the basihyal index.

Flo. 40.— Hyoid of baboon; bh, busibyal; th, thy- Flo. 41.— Hyoid of an American monkey; th, tuyrohyalj

rohyal. [After Flower.] cA, ceratohyal; th, epibyal. [After Flower.]

It is therefore with no small amount of interest that we come to examine this question in the
light of our present material. We have been necessarily compelled to limit our researches to the
Negro and Saladoan, for the reason that our materials have proven insufficient as regards other
races, which are therefore not included. Some difficulty has been experienced in determining just
where the measurements should be taken in case the greater cornua are coo'ssified with the body,
which is, as we have seen, the usual condition of the adult Negro hyoid. After careful attention
to this point we have determined upon the folio wing measurements: The vertical depth is obtained
by placing the bone flatwise upon its posterior surface and measuring with n pair of calipers or
other suitable instrument its greatest diameter in this direction. The transverse diameter is taken
by placing one arm of the dividers upon the pointof union of the anterior ridge with the lingual
or superior border and measuring to the corresponding point upon the opposite side. In some
instances the anterior transverse ridge is not well defined and the point where it terminates is not
easily made out. In such cases, if there- remain any traces of the suture joining the great cornua
with the body we measure from this suture where it crosses the superior border to the same point
upon the opposite side.

Among the Saladoans the bodies are mostly free and we have had little difficulty in determin-
ing the proportion of the depth to the width. In one instance we measured the greatest diameters
and found that the proportion of the depth to the width is 52 per cent and a fraction in 45 speci-
mens. In the same series measured between the points indicated above for the transverse diameter
the proportion is 54 per cent.

•FLOWER: Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 140.

t MClXKB : Archiv fur Anatoinie and Physiologic, 1847, p. 44.

MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

211

In a series of 36 negroes the proportion of the depth to the width is 65 per cent and a fraction,
or between 11 and 12 per cent more simian. In one case (Fig. 42) the proportion goes as high as
90 per cent, while 75 per cent is not at all unusual in the series.

In the few specimens of the white hyoids which we have the proportion seems to be about 50
per cent, although we have not been able to determine this with any degree of exactness. (See
Fig. 43.)

Flo. 42 — Anterior and Posterior views of negro hyoid.

In conclusion we will say that in the present state of our knowledge it is well-nigh impossible
to give any intelligent explanation of the facts which have been set forth above, with the possible
exception that the greater basihyal index of the Negro is to be accounted for on the basis of his
nearer relationship to the monkey. Eegarding the coossification of the greater cornua with the
body little can be said, but it might be suggested that, since the chief function of the hyoideau appa-

Fio. 43.— Anterior and Posterior views of European hyoid.

ratus is the support of the muscles of the tongue, one would be led to infer that it has something to
do with language. It is supposable that in those races where rapid talking and much talking was
the rule the hyoidean elements would coossify early, while among those people who speak slowly,
deliberately, and comparatively little, the hyoidean elements would unite late in life, if at all. The
complexity and modification of sounds depending largely upon the use of the tongue would also
furnish sufficient reasons for early or late coossification.

$ 28. INDICES OF THE LONG BONES.

The indices of the long bones (Table LI) which have been taken are the antibrachial and the
tibio-femoral. The measurements from which these were computed have been taken by means of
the planche osteometrique in use in France and according to the directions given by Topinard.*
These directions require that all the bones except the tibia shall be so measured as to obtain their
maximum length. The tibia is measured from the superior articular surface to the internal mal-
leolus; thus the length of the intercondylar spine for the insertion of the cruciform ligaments is
subtracted. The measurements have been taken with great care and are correct to a millimeter.

The indices are reckoned by means of the following formula? : For the antibrachial index the
length of the radius is multiplied by 100 and the product divided by the length of the humerus ;
for the tibio-femoral the length of the tibia is multiplied by 100 and the product is divided by the
length of the femur.

Very few of the skeletons have complete sets of long bones. In many cases only one remains
w hole. Therefore, in order to obtain the greatest possible results, we have adopted the following
plan:

M ethod I. "We compute the indices from bones belonging to the same limb of the same skeleton.

• TOPINARD, op. tit., p. 1033.

212 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Method II. Not having in a given case the material to do this, owing to the absence of one of
the necessary bones, we use the calculated average length of the missing bone in place of the factor
which the peculiar length of it would constitute if it were present. For instance, suppose we
desire to calculate the autibrachial index for a limb of which the radius is missing, we multiply the
average length of all the radii by 100 and divide the product by the length of the humerus; and if
the humerus, instead of the radius, is missing, we multiply the length of the radius by 100 and
divide the product by the average length of the humeri. Relatively corresponding formula are
used for the posterior limb.

Thus we obtain two sets of figures, one which definitely states the relations of the bones in
a given individual to whose skeleton both bones belonged, and one which states that a bone of a
certain individual bears such and such a relation to the general average of certain related bones,
whatever they may be, of his race.

In the synopsis (Table LII) giving the average osteometric indices the results obtained from
the complete limbs by method I are given first, then those obtained by method n, namely, by the
lengths of the bones compared to the averages. These two groups of figures, which sum up with
very little difference, are then combined to give a general average for the race. In each of these
groups of indices there are three subdivisions, one for the right side, one for the left, and one for
the total of both sides. The figures found at the bottoms of the columns of individual indices are
the totals obtained from both methods. They reappear in the synopsis.

The extremes of the indices obtained by method n are preposterous and should be allowed
no weight in discussing the variations in relative length of the segments of the limbs. The cause
of the great variation in question is almost self evident. They are from those cases where the
individual was much above or much below the normal stature of the race. The cases where the
index upon one side of a skeleton is calculated from two of its own proper bones, while upon
the other side it is calculated from the relation of a bone's length to the average, often gives a
startling difference between the right index and the left index, for which the above explanation
accounts; but when we come to the average indices all these difficulties disappear and the figures
obtained by method n come close to those obtained by method I. This we regard as sufficient
justification for the adoption of method n as a means of increasing the number of individuals
with whom our figures deal.

The reader is liable to think that he finds some obscurity with regard to the number of indi-
viduals concerned in the combined right and left or total index obtained by method II, and the
same index obtained by methods I and n combined. Taking the antibrachial index as an instance)
however (see Synopsis of Indices, Table LII), the cross line beginning with the words "computed
by method n" and giving the number of total indices as 15 must not be read as if it ought to
mean that there are 15 indices of each side combined to form a total of 15 indices of both sides
but that the index derived from combining the aggregate of each side represents the average of
a sum which consists of 30 factors.

A reference to the tables of antibrachial and tibio-femoral indices in Topinard's Anthropology*
will show that the variation per cent of these indices is small. His minimum and maximum of the
antibrachial index are 69.8 in a male Eskimo and 81.7 in a female Andamanese, respectively; hence
only 11.9 per cent — this, be it noted, between individuals, not between racial averages. The tibio-
femoral index varies from 78.6 in 9 male Esthonians to 89.0 in 1 female Negrito, or 10.4 per cent.

The maximum and minimum of series which contain five or more (individuals or limbs !)t are
as follows: For the antibrachial index the maximum is 79.0 in 32 male African Negroes, the mini-
mum is 72.4 in 26 female Europeans. For the tibio-femoral index the maximum is 84.4 in 10 African
Negresses, the minimum is 80.2 in 5 male Chinese.

Continuing our study of Dr. Topinard's tables, we find that the sexual differences with regard
to these indices are not great. As to the antibrachial index, the sexual diflereuce ranges from
0.1 in Europeans to 3.0 in South Americans, the males having the higher index in each case. As
to the tibio-femoral index, the sexual difference ranges from 0.3 in Europeans to 1.5 in negroes, the

"TOPINARD, op. tit., pp. 1013-1045.

t Probably individuals. (See TOPINARD, op. tit., pp. 1043-1045.)

MKM01KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 213

males having the higher index in the first case and the females in the second. We believe, there-
fore, that the sexual difference is not sufficient to impair the value of the averages derived while
combining the sexes from a relatively large series. Hence we do not state the sexes upon our
tables. Indeed it is less our policy to investigate the sexual and other intraracial characteristics
of this people than to accumulate facts and distinctions dealing with their place in the human
series.

The relation between the antibrachial index and the tibio-femoral' index, as shown by Dr.
Topinard's tables, may be, if we are permitted to borrow a term from craniology, harmonic or
(I inharmonic. Thus both indices may be large or small; in that case the relation is harmonic, or
one may be large and the other .small; in this case the relation is disharmonic. Harmonic indices
are the rule. Topinard calls attention to disharmonic indices in saying:

The Chinese, who have an elevated antibrachial index, have a low tibio-femoral index. The Bushmen, who
have a low antiliradiial index, have a relatively elevated tibio-femoral index.

We give (Table LIII) those of Dr. Topinard's figures, which deal with 5 or more cases, for
comparative data. His own comment upon them that they " rest upon too few cases " should,
however, be borne in mind.

It is considered by comparative anatomists that increasing length of the second segment of a
limb as compared with the first segment is, when found in man, a low character. This opinion is
grounded upon the knowledge of the relatively great length which the radii and tibiae of anthro-
poid apes bear, respectively, to the humeri and femora. The criterion thus established places the
Saladoans well toward the foot of the human scale. With regard to the antibrachial index they
stand next to the bottom of 'the scale, between the Chinese, Annamites and Javanese above and
the African negroes below, and removed three places, or 2.72 per cent, from the South Americans.
With regard to the tibio-femoral index they stand at the bottom of the scale, next below the
South Americans. These latter, therefore, we note in passing, seem to have quite disharmonic
indices of the long bones, which the Saladoans certainly have not.

As will be seen from a glance at Table LIII, where we give extracts from Topinard's figures
and insert our own data for the Saladoans in their proper places, the characters derived from the
study of the long bones must be called discordant or "out of the series" by those anthropologists
who insist that all data of a true scientific value shall group themselves in a scale having a Euro-
pean at the top, a Chinaman in the middle, and a Negrito at the bottom.

5» 29. THE SCAPULAR INDEX.

Owing to the greatly damaged condition of the skeletons, only fifteen adult scapulae were in a
sufficiently good state of preservation to be submitted to the measurements of length and width
required for computing the scapular index. Of these, nine are right scapulae and six are left scap-
ulas. The maximum index is 81.66; the minimum, 65.21, both found on the right side. The aver-
age for the right scapulae is 71.42, and for the left 70.61. The general average is, then, 71.09 for
the whole series.

Here again we find the Saladoans occupying a low position in the human series.

The following extract from Flower and Garson's* figures on the subject exhibit the position of
the Saladoans, whose index we insert with reference to certain other peoples.

Races. Indices.

6 Tasmania!! scapulai 60. 3

200 European scapula1 65. 2

6 Bushmen scapula1 66.7

12 Australian scapulai 68. 9

21 Andaman scapulas 69. 8

15 Saladoan scapulae 71.0

6 Negro scapulas 71. 7

But it is probable that the distinctive numerical grades of value of the scapular index differ
from one another by so small degrees that large series must be measured in order to obtain figures

* FLOWER and GARSON : On the scapular index as a race character in man. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,
London, 1879.

214

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sufficiently valuable to justify a conclusion. Indeed, if we rightly interpret the spirit of previous
writers upon the subject, we should be inclined to believe that the series of Europeans given
above is the only series large enough to be of undoubted value.
Broca* says:

* * * There is but a very slight difference between the human average and the averages of the great anthro-
poids, a difference so feeble that it disappears often when one considers, instead of the averages, the individual
cases. •

$ 30. TORSION OF THE HUMERUS.

Notwithstanding the opinion of Topinard, that the angle of torsion of the humerus gives '• a
good zob'logic character and a bad anthropologic character," t we have determined it in all the
humeri of this collection (41 in number), in which the necessary guiding marks as laid down by
BrocaJ were found intact. Of this number 21 were from the right side and 20 from the left; but

there were only 15 complete pairs. Of the lat-
ter G pertained to female skeletons, 5 to male
skeletons, and 4 to skeletons of undetermined
sex. Of C right unpaired humeri 2 were male
and 4 of undetermined .sex. Of 5 left unpaired
humeri 1 was male and 4 of undetermined sex.
The degree of torsion was ascertained by
a graphic system analogous to that employed
by Lucae and Welcker,§ but by means of an
apparatus different to theirs, which was devised
by Dr. J. C. McConnell, of the Army Medical
Museum, and is shown in Fig. 44.

It is a modification of the apparatus men-
tioned in § 3 and illustrated in Fig. 23. The
periglyph (Fig. 24) is employed and the tracings
are taken on varnished glass, inked and trans-
ferred to paper in the manner described in § 3.
The frame (a, a, a) is much the same in both
apparatus ; but in the one now under consider-
ation we have in the center of the frame a
revolving stage with a clamp for holding the
humerus.

Four long distinct parallel lines are drawn
on the stage at right angles with its axis — one
on each side of the clamp — on both the upper

FIG. 44.— Apparatus for determining torsion of the humerus. and lower Surfaces, tllOS6 On One Surface being

exactly vertical to those on the other.

The angle of torsion is obtained in the following manner: Indicate on the humerus the axial
lines of its two extremities. Secure the bone in a vertical position at the middle of the shaft by
means of the clamp, let us say with the head of the humerus upwards at first ; make a tracing of
the head by means of the periglyph (c) on the varnished glass (d), being careful to include a
tracing of the axial line and the parallel lines drawn on the stage. Invert the stage by turning
it on its axle, inverting at the same time the bone and bringing the lower surface close to the
varnished glass, where the outline with the axial and parallel lines maybe sketched with the
periglyph as before ; ink the tracings and transfer to the paper in the manner described in § 3.

•

* P. BROCA : Indices de Largeur de 1'omoplate. liulletins do la Soci6te" d'Anthropologie, Paris, 1878, p. 77.
t Op. cit., p. 1048.

t La torsion de I'humerus. Revue d'Authropologie, Paris, 1881. T. 2 serie, pp. 389 et seq.

$ LUCAE : Die Stellung des Humeruskopfes zum Ellenbogeugelenk beim Europiier and Neger, in Archiv fiir
Anthropologie, 1866, I, p. 237 et seq.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

215

In making the transfers to paper superimpose one sketch ou the other in such a way that the
axial lines shall cross or touch, and the parallel lines shall exactly coincide. Apply the protractor
and read off the angle of torsion.*

In every case where we have applied this method we have, as a matter of record and identi-
fication, drawn the outlines of the extremities, an easy task; but it would have been sufficient to
draw only the axial and parallel Hues.

Figure 45 shows the character of the tracing. The outline of the head is broadened in order
to distinguish it more plainly from that of the opposite extremity.

The general results of our measurements are shown in Tables LV to LVIII, inclusive, and in
diagram shown below. Tables Lix and LX give the angles of other humeri in our Museum. A
number of tables prepared by Broca and Manouvrier have been
consulted which, though the measurements were taken by a dif-
ferent process, will, we believe, admit of comparison with our
results. From all these sources the following facts are collated:

A statemeutof Broca's,! based upon abundant data, is that the
average torsion is greater in females than in males, and his Table
D shows that not only in the general average, but that in the
average for each side the female exceeds the male, there being
but one insignificant exception in the series of Californians. In
this respect the Saladoans seem to be at variance with the rest
of the human race. In Table LVIII it will be observed that hu-
meral torsion in the males is greater on both sides, and therefore
greater in the total average, than it is in the females.

Another conclusion of Broca's| is that in nearly all the series
(studied by him) the left humerus is, on an average, more twisted
than the right; such, too, is the evidence of our general collection
(Table LX) even with regard to American races. In the Salado
skeletons, on the contrary, the average is almost the same on both
sides, that of the right being slightly in excess of that of the
left. Among the humeri in pairs, also, there is a slight excess on
the right side. The variation, too, is greater on the right than
on the left side in this series, the former showing both higher and
lower angles than the latter.

In 75.8 per cent of Broca's series the maximum of torsion is
on the left side.§ Here again the Salado series ranges itself
with the small minority. Not only the maximum but the highest
three angles are found on the right side. It belongs to the majority, however, with regard to the
minimum, which is on the right side as in 72.4 per cent of Broca's series.

In comparing the humeri of this series (Table LV) with those of our general series (Table LIX)
we discover that three angles of the former (177°, 174°, 174°, all dexter) are higher than the maxi-
mum of any other race except the French, and that they are higher than several of the French
angles. If we study this series in connection with Broca's Table C, || in which is given a list of 29
series, comprising the most varied races in the world, the maximum angle of the Saladoans would
still seem to have the same relative importance — standing next to the French.

The average torsion of the left humerus (159° 30'), the average of the right humerus (159° 45'),
and the average of all the humeri (159° 30'+) are higher than the corresponding averages in any
series (representing more than one individual) of our collection except the French and Lapps.

* Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. xxr, p. 536.

t La torsion de Phumerus. Revue d'Antkropologie, 2e Se'rie, T. 10, Paris, 1881 ; pp. 577 et seq.

{ioc. cil., p. 383.

§ Loi: fii., p. 584.

|| Loc. eil., ]>. 583.

FTG. 45. — Tracing showing torsion of hu-
merus.

216 MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Diagram showing the difference between angles of torsion of right and left humeri.

178

177

•

176

/

175

i

174

fi

—r
i

173

/

172

9

171

»

r

170

/

/

169

7

"T

/
/ •

^.

168

r

//

167

I

7

166

1

•

/

—p»

165

!

/

i

164

ft

*

163

/

/

162

r

'/

i
/

161

•-

&

^»-

4

I6O

u

A"

159

n

]/

158

P~

•*1

v/

157

/

•=

4

7

156

r
/ ,9

/•

155

tit

•

*

154

''/

•

/

153

I

•

**

^•w

I5£

/

/

151

/

ISO

1

149

/

148

9>

-•

1

147

7

k

146

»'

145

RIGHT

1

2

3

4r

5

6

7

8

9

I0

i

12

I3

14-

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

LEFT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

I0

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

AVER A
OfPAIRi.

3E

1

2

3

4-

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

Dotted line = right; single line = left ; double line = both.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

217

They are also higher than any of the averages in Broca's Table B,* except the modern Europeans
and some of the ancient Parisians. They are higher than those of the French of the Polished
Stone period. This Table B of Broca's shows 29 series, representing the most diverse races of the
world, and is therefore an excellent basis for comparison.

$ 31. THE OLECRANON PERFORATION.

Iii the prevalence of the olecranou perforation the ancient inhabitants of the Salt River Valley
stand, so far as we can learn, at the head of the human race. The following table shows the per-
centage of this anomaly in -!4 series, of more than 15 humeri each, representing many different
races and periods of time and arranged in order from the highest to the lowest percentage. It
will be seen that the ancient Saladoaus stand easily at the head of the list. We might have
enlarged this table from our researches into the literature of the subject and by including smaller
series, and yet have given no race precedence over the Saladoans.

TABLE S. — Showing percentages of olecranon perforation in different peoples.

ber
of

hume
ri.

89
150

30

32

80

20

62

122

97
61

30
66

388
288

27

16
200

96

150

218
52
30

ber

of
fora-

48

6!)

17

•22
2
1

Per
cent.

53. 9
46

36.2
34.3

31.2
30

27.4
25.6

21.8

21.7
19.6
14.1

12.1

10.6

10.6

7.9
7.4

6.2
5.5

5.2
4.6

4.1

3.9

Authority <>r collection.

U. S. Army Medical Museum

bulletins <h- la Socirtc d'Anthropologie. Paris,

1878, Vol. I, p. 433.
Topinartl, filaments d'Anthropologie Ge"n<5rale,

p. 1016.

...do...

.do.

Private collection of Dr. D. S. Lamb

U. S. Army Medical Museum

Topinard, Elements d'Anthropologie Ge"n<>rale,

p. 1016.

...do...

.do.

U. S. Army Medical Museum

Topinard, Elements d'Authropologie Geudrale,
p. 1016.
do.

.do.

Race or source.

.do.

U. 8. Army Medical Museum .

Bulletins de la Societc' d'Anthropologie. Paris,

Vol. V, ]>. till).

U. S. Army Medical Museum

Topinard, Elements d'Anthropologie Ge'ndrale,

p. 1016.

U. S. Army Medical Museum

Topinard, Eldments d'Anthropologie Gc'ne'rale,

p. 1016.

...do...

Revue d'Aiithropologie. Vol. ix, p. 147

Topiuard, filaments d'Anthropologie Gc'ne'rale,
p. 1016.

AIM lent Saladoans (Hemenway collection).
Guanclies, Canary Islands (Verneau).

Yellow and American races.

Polynesians.

From Indian mounds in the United States (Wy-

man).
Dissecting-room specimens, mostly negro and

mulatto.

From Indian mounds in the United States.
Guanches of Canary Islands.

Dolmens and grottoes around Paris (Polished

Stone period).
African negroes.

Ancient Cibolans (Hemenway collection).
Melanesiaus.

Dolmens of Imberou.

C'averne de 1'Homme-mort, Lozfere (Polished
Stone period).

Dolmens of La Lozere (Polished Stone period).

Pathological specimens, mostly from white sol-
diers.

From Chainont (Stone age).

American negroes and mulattoes.
Parisians from fourth to twelfth centuries.

Modern American Indians.

Parisians, Cemetery of the Innocents (Hamyaud
Sauvage).

Parisians of the Middle Ages (Broca and Batail-
lard).

Europeans of America (Wymau, Peabody Mu-
seum reports).

Long barrows of England (Bronze age).

Perhaps some of the perforations were not counted. The bones of the Salado series, as before
remarked, were very fragile, and the thin partition between the fossae of the humerus was some-
times broken by accident. Pains were taken to distinguish between the natural and the accidental

"fjp. c»(.,p. 582.

218

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

perforations. There was usually uo great difficulty in doing this, as the margins of the former
were smooth and bounded a fenestration, regular or subregular in shape — often oval, while the

irregular and fractured character of the margins of the latter
was readily discernible. But it is probable that bones once
perforated naturally were afterwards perforated post-mortem
by fractures which included the natural fenestrations, or that
the smooth edges of natural openings may have been abraded
so as to give them the appearance of accidental openings;
such cases would be excluded from the list.

Not only is the perforation more common in this than in
any other race, but, as far as our observations among the va-
rious series iii the Army Medical Museum teach us, the num-
ber of large perforations is proportionally greater. Such, at
least, was the impression gained (luring the examination ; but
we did not determine this by actual measurement. Fig. 46
represents, natural size, the lower extremity of a left humerus
of an ancient Saladoaii in the I lememvay collection. It exhib-
its an olecranon perforation 11 milimeters in length by 7 in
width.

The following table of five series in the Army Medical
Museum shows that the perforation is more commonly found
on the left side than on the right; yet even in this particular
the Saladoans differ much from the rest of the races. While
with them, as with others, the perforation is more commonly
found on the right side, the difference between the two sides
is not so great. This is shown in the last column of the table.

The subject of the olecranon perforation has been so ex-
tensively discussed* that we deem it well to do little more
than give the results of our studies of the Hemenway series
and other series in the Army Medical Museum, and indicate how our discoveries bear on the whole
subject.

TABLE T. — Showing percentages of olecranon perforation, on the right and on the left stidt, in differ-
ent peoples.

FIG. 46 — Lower end of hnmerus showing large)
olecranon perforation.

Right.

Left.

Propor-

Race or collection.

Number
of
humeri.

Number
of

foramina.

Per cent.

Number
of
humeri.

Number
of

foramina.

Per cent.

rij'lit to

li'u ic-n.
Approx-
imate.

Ancient Saladoans Hemenway collection

43

19

44.1

46

29

.;:;

70

Indian mounds, United States ....

35

7

20

27

10

37

54

Ancient Cibolans, Hemenway collection .

30

2

6.7

31

10

32.2

20

Dr. Lamb's collection, mostly negro7 and mulatto
Pathological collection, mostly white soldiers .

11
160

2
6

18.1
3.7

9
138

4
16

44.4
11.5

40
32

Total

279

36

12.9

242

69

24.3

53

We will attempt neither to cite the various theories which have been proposed to explain the
nature and origin of the perforation, nor to quote the many arguments advanced to sustain these.
theories. We will merely announce that we are among those who believe that the perforation is
not congenital but acquired; and that it has no connection with the rank a people may hold in the
scale of races, but is the result of some mechanical cause connected with their occupations. We
believe, furthermore, that it results from repeated and forcible extension of the forearm, in which
the summit of the olecranon process of the ulna impinges against that thin bony partition which

' For a synopsis of the discussion and a bibliography of 49 titles, see "The Olecranon Perforation," by Dr. D. S.
Lamb, in The American Anthropologist for April, 1890.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

219

Flo. 47.— Lower ends of hnmeri showing olecranon perforations.

ordinarily separates the coronoid from the olecranon fossa of the humerus. The absorption of
this partition and the consequent formation of a perforation connecting the two fossae naturally
follows.

Fig. 47 represents the anterior aspects of the distal extremities of both hurneri from the skele-
ton of a young subject in the Salado series. The right humerus has a single large olecrauon
opening. In the left humerus the partition be-
tween the two fossae is of a translucent thinness
and is perforated by a number of small orifices
which outline a space larger than the perforation
in the right humerus. This left humerus is be-
lieved to present an olecranon perforation in the
first stages of its formation. No other specimen
of this character has beeu seen by us.

Our whole museum collection shows the per-
foration in two adolescents but in no infants. As
far as we can learn the same fact has been ob-
served with regard to children in other collec-
tions, and this is one of the facts on which rests
the theory that the perforation is acquired and
not inherited.

If it be granted that the perforation arises
from mechanical causes and is the result of labor
which requires repeated and forcible extension of
the forearm, we need not search long to discover
the existence of such labor among the aborigines of the southwest, both ancient and modern. The
females of the modern pueblos are engaged during the greater part of their time in grinding corn,
and they begin to perform this labor while they are yet very young. The grinding is done on a
nictate or large flat stone, by means of a smaller stone which is held in the hands of the operator
and moved back and forth. The chief extension is made in moving the stone forward, and this
requires the most forcible extension of the forearm. The motion is made chiefly by the muscles
of the back. The discovery of numerous metates and upper grinding stones in the ruins of the
Salado cities shows that the people practiced a method of grinding similar to that of the modern
sedentary Indians of the same region. There were, no doubt, other labors which required great
extension of the forearm, but this we believe was the most important.

Modern agricultural tribes of the North and East ground their corn in wooden mortars with
wooden pestles; and in so doing made motions very different to those employed in operating with
the metate.

Pruuer Bey expresses the opinion that this peculiarity is, in the human race, to be found only
in females, because all the humeri in which he noted the perforation were small. We can not say,
for certain, that it is found only in female humeri, in the Salado series, because we can so rarely
determine the sex of these skeletons ; but it is not improbable that the perforation may be shown
to occur more frequently among the females than among the males. Although the men did much
hard labor of various kinds the work of grinding the corn was, in all probability, with the ancient
Saladoans, as with the modern pueblo Indians, performed exclusively by the women.

That the perforation is not a peculiarity of females in all races is evidenced by the patholog-
ical series of the Army Medical Museum. In this series is a percentage of 7.9 perforations in 288
humeri, and these bones are, with few exceptions, derived from American soldiers of the Caucasian
race. It is easy to conceive that many of our modern mechanical employments, such as that of the
carpenter propelling the plane, in which the arm is forcibly extended, might cause the perforation
we speak of. We have in our anatomical series the skeleton of a Frenchman showing the perfo-
ration on one side.

On the supposition that the perforation is produced by mechanical causes, we can account
for its preponderance on the left side only by supposing that the left arm, in many occupations, is

220 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

more frequently and forcibly extended than the right. For the majority of human manual tasks
we are not prepared to demonstrate this, although we might do so in some instances. In the work
of grinding on the inetate, however, it appears that the left hand is used the more. When the
grist is lifted from the trough and placed on the metate — and this is very frequently done — the
right hand is employed while the left hand is not released from the grinding- stone.

$ 32. THE PELVIS.

Pelvic measurements have been practiced upon 19 articulated pelves besides one pair of
innominate bones, 2 innominate bones of separate individuals with their corresponding sacra, 1
without sacrum, and 8 separate sacra (Tables LXI to LXVIII, inclusive).

The measurements are as accurate as could be hoped for in pelvimetry where landmarks are
relatively quite indistinct.

No measurement has been permitted to originate with us. The series of 19 measurements
are compiled from Garson* and Verneau.t Fritsch,f Davis,§ and Bacarisse,|| have also been con-
sulted and the choice of each measurement determined by its frequency in use and its clear defini-
tion fully as much as by its apparent morphological utility. It was our orgiual intention to ex-
tend the number of measurements to 21 by including a measurement of the height of the entire
articulated pelvis and the subpubic angle; but although both these measurements have often
been taken, by investigators, we could not find sufficiently exact definitions to warrant our adoption
of them.

The indices which have been calculated by different authors are very varied. In view of this
fact, and also because all published series of measurements which we have examined deal with
series which compared to craniological series are absurdly small, we have limited our indices to the
two which Topinard especially recommends,^} and a few others which appear most useful in the
discrimination of sex.

Verneau, however, seems to base his discussion of sex on anatomical differences and absolute
measurements, while J. G. Garson and most other writers have given us practically no informa-
tion concerning the male pelvis. Hence as we are dealing with an unknown people, indeed almost
all American tribes are unknown to pelvimetricians, and a people of probably conspicuously small
stature, we might very readily go astray in applying to any great extent the canons or results of
European anthropometry.

With these considerations in view we have decided upon the following indices:

First. — The breadth-height index or relation of the maximum external width of the pelvis at
the iliac crest to its maximum height, or, which is the same tiling, the maximum length of the in-
nominate bone.

Formula: ^^^JOO
Pelvic height.

Second. — Index of the superior strait.

Formula • Antero-posterior diameter of brim x 100
Transverse diameter of brim.

Third. — Index of the pubo-ischiatic depth.

TJ. Pubo-ischiatic depth x 100

roriuuici. ,— — . . — - — — -

Maximum width of superior strait.

Fourth. — Index of sacral length.

Formula: , Sacral length x 100

Maximum width of superior strait.

* GARSON: Pelvunetry ; Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, London, 1881-'82; pp. 106 et seq.
t VERNEAU : Le Bassin ; Paris, 1875.

t FRITSCH : Die Eingeboreneu Sud-Afrika's, Breslau, 1872, Tabelle u.
§ DAVIS: Thesaurus Crauioruin, London, 1867, Appendix B.
|| BACARISSE : Du Sacrum, Paris, 1873 ; These pour le doctorat.
fl TOPINARD : Clements d' Anthropologie Gendrale, Paris, 1885, p. 1049.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 221

Upon inspecting the pelves we find them forming two groups. In the one group are Nos.
II. 6, H. 7, H. 14, H. 18, H. 19, H. 25, H. 41, and H. 72. These present all the ordinary character-
istics of the male pelvis. In the other group we find Nos. H. 1, H. 5, H. 8, H. 10, H. 15, H. 30, H.
39, H. 45, H. 57, and H. 59. These represent females.

No. H. 90 is the pelvis of a very young person. The ilia, iscliia, and pubes are not coossin'ed.
Hence, we do not attempt to determine its sex, and omit it from our calculations.

The data furnished by the breadth-height index and the index of the superior strait accord to
the Saladoans a high place in the human series. With regard to the breadth-height index, both
the males and the females stand at the top of the scale. With regard to the index of the superior
strait, the females stand at the highest (arithmetically the lowest) end of the scale above the
Europeans. The males occupy a medium position.

The other indices are of use in comparing the sexes, but we have never seen any comparative
data concerning them in print.

We have prepared four ordinations, one for each index. These, especially the indices of
pubo-ischiatic depth and that of sacral length, show very prettily the natural grouping of the sexes.
(See Tables LXII to LXV, inclusive.)

X( >TE. — Iii the table of measurements tof the pelvis the abbreviation " 5 v" is occasionally found
after figures concerning the sacrum. This is used in cases where the sacrum consists of six verte-
bra^ to indicate that only five of them are measured.

LIST OF MEASUREMENTS.

1. Conjugata externa. — Antero-posterior maximum diameter of the pelvis: From the antero-
superior part of the symphysis pubis to the summit of the spinous process of the first sacral
vertebra.

2. Crest ividth.— Width between the crests of the ilia : Indicated by the greatest width between
the external surfaces of the crests.

3. Antero-mperior spinal ividth. — Width between the anterior-superior spines of the ilia: From
the center of the most prominent part of one spine to the corresponding point on the other..

-1. Postero-mperior spinal width. — Width between the posterior- superior spines of the ilia:
Measuring from the center of the most prominent part of one posterior- superior spine to a similar
point on the other.

5. Antero-posterior diameter of the brim. — From the anterior-superior margin of the promontory
of the sacrum to the most adjacent point of the symphysis pubis.

6. Transverse diameter of the brim. — Maximum width measured at right angles to the antero-
posterior diameter.

7. Antero-posterior diameter of outlet. — Width between the center of the anterior-inferior
margin of the body of the fifth sacral vertebra and the most adjacent point of the symphysis pnbis.

8. Transverse diameter of outlet. — The maximum width of the pelvic outlet measured at right
angles to the antero-posterior diameters of the outlet, between the most widely separated points,
on lines passing parallel to the brim line from the spines of the ischia to the lower ends of the
obturator foramina.

9. Sciatic width. — Minimum distance between the sciatic spines.

10. Pelvic height. — Maximum length of the innominate bone or pelvic height.

11. Iliac breadth. — Maximum breadth of the ilium.

12. Heir/Jit of iliac fossa. — Height of the internal iliac fossa from the superior strait to the most
elevated point of the iliac crest. (Upon the superior strait Verneau's point de repere is situated at
the middle of the distance which separates the sacro-iliac articulation from the point which cor-
responds to the maximum transverse diameter of the strait.)

13. Cord of the brim. — From the sacro-iliac articulation to the symphysis pubis (at the level
of the superior strait).

14. Pubo-ischiatic depth. — The distance between the upper surface of the pubis and the lower
surface of the ischium, from the smooth level surface on the pubic side of the ilio pectineal suture
above to the lowest part of the tuber ischii.

222 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

15. Acetabulo-symphysial width. — Width between the posterior margin of the acetabulum and
the symphysis pubis.

16. Sacral length. — Vertical length of the 5 sacral vertebrae.

17. Sacral breadth. — Maximum breadth of first sacral vertebra.

18. Width of sacrum at brim. — Width of the superior strait at the reunion of the anterior lace
and the base.

19. Inferior width of sacrum. — Width of the sacrum below (at the interior part of the auricular
surface).

4 33. THE COLUMNAR OR PILASTER FEMUR, F&MUR A COLONNE.

We have studied this peculiar form of the femur, not by classifying the bones according to 6
different degrees as first recommended by Broca, but by finding an index as he later advises. (See
Tables LXIX to LXXIII.) In order to obtain this index we took two transverse measurements of
the diaphysis at its center — one antero-posterior, the other lateral; we multiplied the former by
100 and divided the product by the latter as directed by Topinard.* Our results, therefore, may
be compared with a table given by Topinard. Our maximum index is 147.61. Our average
indices are for 66 right femurs, 114.74, for 65 left femurs, 116.94, and for 131 femurs of both sides,
115.83 (Table LXXII). In 15 series which Topinard gives us, representing ancient and modern
Europeans, Negroes, New Caledonians, and anthropoids, but three are higher than the Sahuloan.
These are: 1 nameless femur, 158; 1 femur from Cro-Magnon, 128, and 5 femurs from the Grand
Canaries, 117.5. These series are all so small that they can not be compared with ours to good
advantage. Indeed, Topinard has no series approaching ours numerically; his highest is 20
African negroes. We are not, then, able to judge with any degree of exactness where the Sala-
doans stand among the various human races and the lower orders of animals in respect to lateral
compression of the shaft of the femur, and prominence of the linea aspera; but we may safely say
that few, if any, races of men possess these peculiarities to a more exaggerated degree, and that
few if any are further removed in these particulars from the anthropoids. Whatever, then, are the
causes which produce the pilaster femur, they may be sought among the Saladoans.

It has been often observed among other races that the pilaster femur and the flattened tibia
are associated features, and the Saladoans offer no exception to tliis rule. The flattening of the
tibia is perhaps more remarkable among them than the lateral compression of the femur. We
have some evidence, too, that, in this series at least, these features are associated in a direct
though not symmetrical or constant ratio. This is shown in Table LXXIII, in preparing which we
have selected 5 skeletons whose tibiae showed the lowest indices, i. e., the greatest lateral com-
pression, and 5 other adult skeletons whose (normal) tibiae exhibited the highest indices and the
least lateral compression. For these 10 skeletons we have presented- side by side the tibial and
femoral indices, and computed averages for the two groups separately. It will be seen by con-
sulting the table that the low tibial indices are accompanied by high femoral indices, and vice
versa; in other words, the lateral compression of the femur is in a general way proportionate to
the lateral compression of the corresponding tibia. Since the lateral diameter is employed as the
dividend in computing the index of the tibia, and the antero-posterior diameter is so employed in
the index of the femur, the indices of these bones bear an inverse relation to one another, i. e., the
narrower laterally the tibia, the lower the index; the narrower the femur, the higher the index.
These observations lead us to the conclusion that whatever causes operate to produce the platyc-
nemic tibia operate as well to produce the pilaster femur. Under the next section (§ 34) we con-
sider these causes with regard to the tibia, because in that connection we fancy we can discover
their operation more plainly.

$ 34. PLATYCNEMIA, OR FLATTENED TIBIA.

There is probably no single series of bones in any collection which offers better advantages
for the study of platycnemia than the bones of the Salado. They belong to a race apparently
very homogeneous, whose general habits of life are well understood, and they present this peculiar

* Op. tit., p. 1019.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 223

formation more constantly and in a higher degree than those of any other collection of which we
have seen a record. Furthermore, the series is extensive.

In obtaining the index of the tibia for this study we have adopted the method of Broca; that
is, we have measured the bone, at the level of the nutrient foramen, have multiplied the transverse
dimension by 100 and divided tin- product by the antero-posterior dimension. We have found in
the Salado collection 116 tibia- sufficiently preserved to admit of these measurements. Ninety of
these, which were collected along with the skulls or other bones of the same skeletons, and which
were conserved immediately on being disinterred, are given in Table LXXIV. Twenty-six of the
tibia' form a miscellaneous group; they were gathered singly and belong mostly to skeletons which in
the earlier days of the work of excavation were allowed to disintegrate from exposure to the weather
or were crushed under the feet of thoughtless visitors. Since many of this miscellaneous set art-
cracked and warped, we repose less .confidence in their dimensions than we do in the dimensions
of the series of 00; hence we devote to them a separate table (LXXV).

It is a recognized fact that the flattened tibia does n<Jt occur in childhood, but that the pecul-
iarity is acquired as years advance. To include immature tibia? in the general average may there-
fore be. thought to improperly diminish the average of platycnemia and increase the average index.
We have two skeletons in which there is an exostotic crest, apparently the result of unusual mus-
cular traction, posteriorly near the junction of the perpendicular with the oblique line. This
formation, on the other hand, by falsely increasing the antero posterior diameter, may be
thought to improperly increase the average of platycnemia and decrease the average index. In
Table LXXIV we have noted under the head of "Kemarks" all instances of these disturbing factors,
and we have calculated averages both inclusive and exclusive of such instances.

If we take an index of 75 as representing a normal tibia (and this may be regarded as a low
standard) we find but four adult tibaj in 116 which may be regarded as normal. The lowest Ameri-
can index we have seen recorded is one of 48 in a tibia from a mound in Michigan. This instance
is mentioned by Jeffries Wyman,* who expresses the index by saying that the transverse diameter
is 0.48 of the antero-posterior diameter. In this connection he never uses more than two decimal
figures; consequently the index, if expressed in the manner adopted by us, might have been a
fraction higher. We may safely say then that two tibia) of the Salado series (those of H. 19) are
as low as the lowest American known. Absolutely the lowest for all races we have seen recorded
are 3 mentioned by Kuhff, one from Cnre.rne dc VHommc Mort, having index 47, and two from
the Grand Canaries, having indices 42 and 36.

The most extensive table of averages we have observed is one of 30 series given by Dr.
Kuhff.t In this the lowest averages are in series having but 1 or 2 specimens in each, and they
therefore do not admit of comparison with ours. The lowest average he gives in any series com-
prising more than 2 specimens is that of certain prehistoric bones ("Lehm de Kollwiller")
from Alsace, of which there are 11 specimens. The average index is stated at 63; but Dr. Kuhff
gives no decimals in his table. The average of all our 116 tibia- is 63.54 (Table LXXV) ; the average
of 00 of the more perfect part of the collection, as shown in Table LXXIV, is 62.71; while the
average of 78 adults free from complicating exostoses is only 61.88. We may safely say that no
series of equal size in any collection will be found to show a higher average grade of flattening of
the tibia than our Salado series.

The most satisfactory explanation which we have noted of the origin of platycnemia is that
of Manouvrier.f We regret that we have never seen his, original paper on this subject; we
derive a knowledge of his work entirely from a review.§ He has concluded from a careful study
of the tibia in its anatomical relations that the flattening is entirely due to " lengthening and
straightening of the postero external surface of this bone; that is to say, of the surface of insertion
of the posterior tibial muscle," and this lengthening and flattening, Mr. Mauouvrier wisely main-

* Fourth aiinual report of the trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Boston,
1871, pp. 21, L'L>.

tDe la platyenemie. dans les races huinaines. Revue d'anthropologio, second spries, vol. IV, p. 255.

} Platyenemiii in men and anthropoids. Memoirs oflhe Anthropological Society of Paris, 2d series, Vol. III.

$ Eevue d'anthropologie, third series, vol. iv, 1889, pp. 207-210.

224 MEMOIRS OF T HE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tains, is due, not to the direct but to the inverse action of the muscle, produced under the influ-
ence of repeated, almost constant work. He shows that the flattening is not similar to that
observed hi the anthropoids; that it results from the action of a different set of muscles; that it is
not one of the "simian characteristics" which we are so prone to find in races whom we consider
inferior to ourselves; that it is an evidence not of inferiority, but of superiority, since it is pro-
duced under the influence of a cause essentially human.

This inverse action of the tibialis posticus is exerted when the foot is fixed and the tibia raised,
as in the act of rising from a kneeling position. " This traction," says the reviewer, probably fol-
lowing Manouvrier, "is produced in the upright position; more still in walking, above all up
inclined planes, both in mounting and descending them, and infinitely more in running and jump-
ing. It is, therefore, very probable that platycnemia should be found in great walkers, amongst
the peoples of a varied country, living a savage life, hunting, etc. Children not presenting it
shows it to be an acquire'd characteristic which is developed only at a certain age, under the
influence of special conditions. We can explain thus why it is less marked in the women, and why
it presents in a given race very different individual degrees."

All the above suggestions as to causal activity are pertinent; but it seems to us that one of
great importance remains to be made. When the tibialis posticus assumes the inverse action, the
tibia becomes a lever 'of the second class, with the fulcrum at the ankle joint, the power at the
insertion of the muscle, and the weight (which in ordinary cases is but the weight of the body and
the clothing) at the knee-joint. There are three ways (besides frequency of impulse) in which the
muscle that supplies the power may be called into increased action: First, by increasing the dis-
tance through which the lever moves, as in climbing hills; second, by diminishing the time in which
it moves, as in running and jumping; third, by increasing the weight, as in lifting and carrying
heavy loads. Largely to the third way we are inclined to attribute the prevalence of platycnemia
among various American races, including the Saladoans. The latter lived in a wide plain some
distance (10 miles at Los Muertos) from the nearest mountains, which are neither remarkably
high nor steep, and it is probable that, except for religious pilgrimages, they resorted rarely to
these barren summits — as unproductive, no doubt, in ancient days as they are now. The Sala-
doans were, then, not mountain-climbers. As they did not subsist to any great extent 011 game,
their exercise in running was probably mostly confined to their sports. But they had no large
domestic animals and were obliged to be their own burden-bearers. The burdens, too, were not
dragged after them in vehicles, but were carried on the head or the back. Thus was the harvest
brought home; thus were the materials collected and elevated to construct their tall houses, and
the earth that was taken from their vast canals and reservoirs was carried out in baskets on the
backs of men and women. The work done in this way by the Saladoaus must have been enormous.

We have now in mind many facts connected with the customs of other peoples which tend to
strengthen this theory, but we will not take the present occasion to mention them. To those
who are considering the problem of platycnemia in Europe we would suggest that they inquire
what effect the introduction of large beasts of burden may have had on the form of the human
tibia, and what effect such occupations as those of the porter and the hod-carrier may have in
preserving the flattened form to a limited extent to the present generation.

We have not seen elsewhere noted a feature that is apparent on a slight inspection of the
bones of this series, namely, that there is a flattening of the fibula which corresponds with that of
the tibia. This correspondence is general but not uniform, i. e., while no constant ratio can be
shown to exist between the indices of associated leg bones, a very flat tibia is generally accom-
panied by a very flat fibula, an average tibia by an average fibula, and a normal tibia by a normal
fibula. The index of the fibula is usually less than that of its companion tibia. To elucidate these
points we give a short table, in preparing which we have selected for illustration, from the Salado
series, two very flat, two average, and two normal tibim. We have added one European tibia.
All are from the right side.

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

225

TABLE U. — Flattening of tibia and corresponding fibula.

Designation of
skeleton.

Antero-poa-
terior di-
mension of
fibula.

Transverse
dimension
of tibula.

Index
of abula.

Index of
associated
tibia.

H 19 .. .".

19i

94

40.87

48.75

H. 6

16*

504

63.63

49.29

H 15

13

7

53.84

62.26

H 14

17

10

58.82

62.50

H 36

14

9

64.28

75.43

H 74

15

101

70.00

79.03

Caucasian

15

104

70.00

75.75

The measurements of the fibula were taken at the point where the maximum antero-posterioi
diameter was found. It is possible that, had some other point been selected for measurement, a
ratio more nearly constant between the indices of the two bones might have been discovered.

The flattening of the fibula is accompanied by the following changes in the form of the bone:
The entire shaft is twisted outward on its axis ; the anterior portion of the internal surface is
brought more to the front, almost forming a true anterior surface to the bone; the interosseous
ridge, becoming more permanent and advancing to the front, divides the internal surface more
sharply into two surfaces ; the internal border becomes less distinct and allows the posterior sur-
face, which largely loses its identity, to become merged with the posterior part of the internal
surface. The bone is thus apparently compressed between the insertion of the tibial is posticus on
the inside and the insertions of theperoneus longus and peroneus brevis on the outside. The two
latter muscles are in their action adjuncts of the first. The "channeling" of the fibula noted by
other observers is also found associated with these changes.

The columnar femur and platycnemia in various races. — Measurements have been taken to
determine the relation of the various races as far as they are represented in our collections at the
Army Medical Museum. This investigation has been fairly exhaustive and has embraced the
large majority of all our accessible skeletons in good condition. In all 62 skeletons have been
measured.

But even with all this number of individuals we find but two, or at most three, series which are
sufficiently large to serve as the foundations of generalized assertions. These series are:

Pirst, twenty-four Sioux Indians: second, twenty three other Indians; third, six Negroes.
(See Table LXXVIII.)

The reason why the Sioux are separated from the other Indians is simply because they form
a sufficiently large series and not on account of any presupposed differences as to platycnemia
and the pilaster femur. It might be as well in the present state of our knowledge to reckon all
the Indians together and hence we have said above that the number of our comparative series of
indices may be considered as either two or three.

The facts to be noted are that the Saladoans stand between our negroes and Indians with
regard to the pilaster femur, while they possess tibia? of a higher degree of platycnemia than
any of the other races.

From the lists of the individual measurements and indices some curious data may be culled.
We note the following as regards the columnar femur. (See Table LXXVI.)

Both the maximum and the minimum of the series are represented by bones of hunchbacks.
The minimum index, that of the eft femur of a white male, No. 5433, amounts to only 92.15. The
maximum, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest index of the kind on record, is that
of the right femur of the female negro, No. 5432, and amounts to 159.18. This surpasses by 1.18
per cent the femur of unknown origin which Topinard mentions as having the highest index of
which he has ever been made aware.* There is nothing about this remarkable bone to suggest
the action of disease. It is true that most of the arching forward, which we observe in all femora,
is localized in this bone at about the junction of the upper and middle thirds. But this is a com-

S. Mis. 169 15

* TOPINARD, op. cit., 1019.

226 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mon form. Indeed, judging from a plaster cast in the Army Medical Museum, we believe it to be
the form of the celebrated femur of Cro-Magnon, whereof the index is 128. There is no suggestion
of disease about the coxae nor about the leg bones of this negress's skeleton, nor is there any pecu-
liarity of the skeleton as a whole which in any conceivable mechanical means could have brought
about such a result.

Two other hunchbacks, the one mentioned as having the minimum index of the section of
the femur, and also No. 938, an Alaskan, show no such peculiarity.

In connection with platycnemia let us mention the Bannock male, No. 2133 (Table LXXVII).
The indices of his tibiae are 85.07 for the right and 93.75 for the left. These figures, while not the
highest on record, are nevertheless very high, and show an entire lack of platycnemia- if we may
so express it. This is not what we should expect to find in an Indian skeletou, according to the
facts learned in pursuing our investigation.

It happened thrice in our series of tibiae that the nutrient foramen of a certain tibia was so
very far out of normal place that it would falsify any measurement. Upon finding such a bone
we would compare it to its fellow of the opposite leg of flic same individual and measure it at a
position corresponding to the level of the foramen in the latter. This is indicated on the margin
of our tables.

HUMAN BONES

THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION.

THE SERIES OF CIBOLA.

227

PART II.— THE SERIES OF OIBOLA.
•

§ 35. THE SERIES OF CIBOLA.— ORIGIN, CONDITION, ETC.

The skeletons disinterred iu the neighborhood of Zuiii are said to number about 200. Thirty-
five of these, complete and incomplete, have been received at the Army Medical Museum. The
others are stored in a house at Zufii. These 3> were not selected for any scientific reason, but
were packed and shipped because nearest at hand when the expedition was about to break up at
Zuui. They are mostly hard and iu good condition, and present a striking contrast in this respect
to the bones from the Salado Valley. They came mostly from the ruins of Heshota-uthla, which
is about 13 miles in an easterly direction from Zuni and further up the valley of the Zufii liiver.

Heshota-uthla was not one of the seven cities of Cibola. There is no doubt among those who
have thoroughly investigated the matter that it was a shapeless ruin in 1540, when Coronado's
army passed near its site. According to Zufii tradition it was occupied in a remote antiquity by a
people of their own race. Of this there is no evidence save tradition; yet for the present we place
the remains of Heshota uthla along with the other remains from the same neighborhood in the
series of Cibola. Archaeological investigation shows that the people of Heshota-uthla had the
same customs, arts, and general civilization as those of Cibola.

The ruin of Heshota-uthla, which was when inhabited a large, compact, many-storied pueblo,
capable of sheltering a thousand or more people, lies close to the main wagon road from Zufii to
Wingate. Before excavations were begun it seemed to the untrained eye a natural heap of talus;
the careful investigation of the scientific observer only revealed the fact that it was the ruin of a
great edifice reared by human hands. Between the years 1880 and 1884 the writer frequently
inspected this ruin alone and in company with Mr. Gushing and others, and it was then the general
opinion that the heap of stones iu sight represented the entire walls of the building from top to
base. The recent excavations have shown that the loose stones were the debris of the upper
stories only, the third and fourth perhaps, and that the first and second stories were buried from
sight. The floors of the buildings were found at depths of 10 and 12 feet under the general surface
of the ground — to such a depth had the surrounding soil accumulated by the washing of earth
down from the neighboring hills and other natural causes since this pueblo was inhabited.

The skeletons in Heshota-uthla and in Hawicu, as in the ruins of the Salado Valley, were
found buried under the floors of the houses, but not with such care as in the latter place; no mud-
walled graves were found, only ordinary holes in the earth, and the bodies were laid in all direc-
tions with relation to the points of the compass.

We have not given the same attention to the Gibolan collection as we have to the Saladoan.
We have had less time to devote to it, and besides we have not thought it proper to give the
Cibolan remains the fullest consideration until we should come into possession of the whole
collection, which we hope to do at no distant day. We have taken some of the more important
measurements and made sufficient study to enable us to draw a comparison between the skeletons
of the Salado and those of the Zufii Valley.

Some of the 35 skeletons come from Hawicu, the Abacus of Coronado. This was about on the
site of the present inhabited pueblo of Zuiii. The bones were exhumed near the main pueblo on
the opposite bank of that narrow and inconstant streamlet known as the Zufii River, and in the
immediate vicinity of houses now occupied by certain extramural or outcast Zuiiians.

$ 36. CEPHALIC INDEX. CIBOLA.

The antero-posterior shortening, which is such a marked feature of the Saladoan skulls (§ 6),
is no less a marked feature of the skulls of Cibola. The tables (LXXXIII, LXXXIV) indicate even
a greater shortening in the latter series. The shortest skull is broader than it is long, having
an indexof 100.69, a greater exaggeration of this shortening than is found among the Saladoaus,

229

230 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

whose highest index is 97.97. We have seen record of but few indices higher than the above of
100.69. The average cephalic iudex of this group (88.80) is higher than that of the Saladoans by
a small fraction, notwithstanding that there are 5 Cibolan skulls longer than the longest Saladoau.

The minimum index, 74. 54, which is dolichocephalic according to some authorities, belongs to
a skull apparently normal and possibly of an alien race.

The supposed reasons for this shortening have already been declared.

$ 37. OCCIPITAL FLATTENING. CIBOLA.

This deformation, whatever be its significance, is the rule in the collection under consideration.
Only 4 skulls, indeed, Nos. H. 201, H. 204, H. 221, and H. 229, can be called normal in outline.

Of the deformity of the remaining skulls it may be said that it can be most impressively
explained by imagining it to have been made by a flat rigid surface moving in a plane vertical or
tilted a little forWard with reference to the autero-postero-horizontal plane of the skull, coining in
contact with the occiput. Hence we find the flattening iu the less notable cases involving only
the most prominent part of the occiput, that is, from inioii to lambda. Then we find a number
flattened from inion to obelion, and lastly a few in which the whole occiput is affected. But this
plane, while always approximately vertical to the aforesaid horizontal plane, may be either parallel
to or at any angle with the transverso- vertical plane of the skull.

Hence the flattening may be strictly unilateral; or the flattening may affect both sides, but
preponderate upon one; or the flattening may be bilaterally symmetrical. There are 10 skulls
in which the flattening is nearly or quite bilaterally symmetrical. Eight skulls are flattened on
the left side of the occiput, and twelve skulls are flattened on the right side of the occiput.

There is no skull exemplifying that occipital flattening wherein the occiput seems to have been
in contact with a force pressing upward and forward. The resultant form is one in which the
obelion is, or tends to be, the most posterior part of the skull, while the surface from the lambda
to the inferior curved line, or even to the opisthion, forms a nearly continuous plane.

$ 38. VERTIGO-LONGITUDINAL INDEX. CIBOLA.

The general remarks under the title "Vertical indices" (§11) made on the Saladoan skulls
apply as well to the Cibolan, although we have placed on record for the latter only one vertical
index, the vertico-longitudinal, whose factors are the greatest length and the basi-breginatic
height. (See Tables LXXXIII, LXXXIV.)

We found it possible to compute this index in 31 skulls only. The extremely short skull, H.
216, which gave such a high cephalic index, gave the still higher vertico-longitudiual index of
101.39, which was the maximum of the series; but it was not the normal skull with the lowest
cephalic index (H. 209) that had the minimum vertico-lougitudinal of 74.05. The variation of
this index in the series of 31 is greater than in the Saladoan series of 39, and the average of the
one series exceeds that of the other by 5 units.

The cephalic index and the vertico-longitudinal index of the Cibolan group are exactly the
same in two cases* and they are within a unit of one another in 5 cases niore.t The close corre-
spondence of the maxima, the minima, and the averages in both indices may be seen by consulting
Table LXXXIII.

$ 39. PLANE OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM. CIBOLA.

In 27 skulls of this series we have been able to estimate the angle of Daubenton and the
analogous basilar and occipital angles of Broca. (See Tables LXXXII, LXXXV.)

We found in the skulls of the Salado the highest expressions of these angles— higher than
any previously on record, and we had thought that this might be a concomitant of the occipital
distortion and due to pressure on the occiput in infancy, which caused the plane of the foramen
magnum to incline more posteriorly. In the skulls of Cibola there is, to judge from the cephalic,
indices, as much of this flattening as among those of the Salado, yet the angles which indicate
the inclination of the plane of the foramen magnum are not nearly so great in the former as in the

• Nos. H. 215 and H. 228. t NOB. H. 202, H. 213, H. 216, H. 217, H. 226.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 231

latter. They are the same among the Cibolans as they are in races with long heads who have no
practices that result in flattening. For instance, according to Topinard,* the average angle of
Daubenton is among Esquimaux, Hottentots, and Australians 6°, and among Javanese, Polyne-
sians, and New Caledonians 7°, while among the Cibolaus it is intermediate between these two,
or G£°. But it must be stated that Topinard omits fractions.

} 40. PROCESSES AT BASE OF SKULL. THE INION. CIBOLA.

In general, the processes at the base of the skull are somewhat more prominent in the Cibolan
than in the Saladoan skulls. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the inion, or, more
properly speaking, the superior curved line in the region of the iuion.

We have estimated the degree of projection of the inion indirectly from orthogonal drawings
of the occiput. These drawings represent the most prominent points, whether they be in the
sagittal plane or not. Hence if any part of the superior curved line of the occiput be more promi-
nent than the inion proper, it is that which is represented upon the drawing and compared with
the standard. This greater prominence of the superior curved line at one side of the insertion of
the ligamentum nuchcTj is met with several times (wejl marked in 8 cases; see Table LXXXVI) in
the skulls under discussion. lu general, the inion does not project much downward as a free proc-
ess from the occiput, but is part of a large elevated bone area, quite distinct, and corresponding
to the median part of the superior curved line. In short, it is the insertion of the trapezius muscle
rather than the insertion of the ligameutum nuchaj which is exaggerated.

This greater prominence of the inial region of the Cibolan over the Saladoan skulls may be
due to the fact that the pressure which flattened the skulls seems to have been exerted in the
former entirely on a surface above the inion, while in the latter it was usually on a surface which
included the inion. This remark must be taken in connection with what we have said in § 9.

In the Saladoan skulls none of the inia are more prominent than Broca's No. 1. In the Cibolan
skulls (see Tables LXXXVI and LXXXVII) 12 out of 32, or three-eighths of all, correspond with higher
numbers of Broca's scale. There is one which we consider as equaling his No. 4.

*

§ 41. THE PTERION. CIBOLA.

We have found in this series 40 pteria which admitted of measurement. TBey are equally
distributed between the right and left sides. Eighteen skulls have both pteria intact. They are
all of the form '' pteriou in H," but two are complicated with epipteric bones. (See Table
LXXXVIII.)

The longest right pterion is 18mm ; the longest left pterion, 24mm. There are two pteria of the
right side measuring 9mm, but none measuring less. There are two of the left side measuring
7mm, and this is the minimum of the whole group. The average length of the right is 14.60"™, of
the left 13.55 mm, of all 14.07""" . These averages are higher than those of Salado.

In the Cibola, as in the Salado group, there are but two pteria less than 8mm in length, but, as
the Cibolan series is greater, it shows a smaller percentage, which is only 5.

Placing the above figure along with Anoutchine's tables, previously quoted, we find that the
Peruvians have of all races the smallest percentage (3.4) of pteria — less than 8"im in length;
that the Cibolans come next, with 5 per cent; the Saladoans third, with 6.5 per cent; the " People
of the Caucasus, Turkestan, and Turko-Finnish " fourth, with 6.9 per cent, and that all other races
have higher percentages, the highest being the Australians and Tasmanians, 24.6 per cent.

Like the Saladoans, the Cibolans show no frontal apophyses at the pterion, and they show
but two epipteric bones (5 per cent), less even than the Peruvians, whose per cent (6) is the lowest
on Anoutchine's table of 10 series.

In making this comparison it should be remembered that both of the series described in this
report are much smaller than any of Anoutchine's, his lowest Australians and Tasmanians being
102.

•TOPINARD: Op. tit., p. 814.

232

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Anoutchiue gives in another table a list of 12 series of diverse races, in which there are pteria
less than 3mm in percentages, ranging from 0.5 to 8.2 (Chinese). Since the Peruvians do not appear
on this table, we presume their percentage is zero. Such is the case with the Cibolans, but, as
before stated, we found one of these small pteria in a Saladoan skull.

$ 42. INCA BONE AND KINDRED FORMATIONS. CIBOLA.

As we have not secured illustrations to show for this series the anomalies involving the
superior angles of the vertical portions of the occipital bone, we have prepared a li.st of these
anomalies, 12 in all, with a detailed description of each case.

List. — H. 203: In the left limb of the lambdoid suture there are Wormian bones, one of which
sends a process across the apex.

H. 206 : A typical os apicis 32mm high by 51mm broad. It has Wormian bones at its lower
angles.

H. 207 : A very curious multiple apicial bone reaching to within 3mm of the obelion. It consists
of nine principal and many smaller portions. The whole group is 43""" high and 51mm wide, and
might by some be considered an os Tncce. The bone forming the apex is 21""" by 17"'m.

H. 210 : Fine tortuous Wormian bones' in both limbs of the lambdoid suture. There is one
of this set at the apex, a small irregular ossicle, which might be regarded as an os sagittate.

H. 212: A large compound bone at the apex, mostly to the right of the median line. The
lower part of it, about 40nim by 32U1D1, is partly coossified to the rest of the occipital. Tin- upper
part, about 22mm by 9mm, forms a small apicial bone. A few Wormian bones of small size
complicate the lambdoid.

H. 213: A row of medium-sized Wormian bones in each Iknb of the lambdoid suture; one of
these bones is on each side of the apex; 12nim above tlie apex is an os sagittali' IS""11 by 911"".

H. 218: An apical bone in two parts slightly coossified. The total size is 25""" high and

47mm wide.

H. 223 : A row of medium-sized Wormian bones, all of remarkably simple outline, in each
limb of the lambdoid suture. One of these bones situated at the apex measures 14nim by 10nim.

H. 227 : A large typical Inca bone 46mm high and 73""11 wide. Above it is a small bone 7mm
by 10™™, which may be regarded as an os sagittate.

H. 231: A triangular os apicis, 27mm by 53mm.

H. 232 : A row of long, very irregular Wormian bones occupies the lambdoid suture throughout
from the left asterion almost to the right; one of these bones, situated in the median line, is about
gmin by i4mm^ an(j may be considered an apicial bone.

H. 233 : A row of Wormian bones occupies the upper half of the right limb of the lambdoid
suture; one of these, 13mm by 14""", touches the median line at the apex.

From the above list we learn that there are in this series the following anomalies : 1 typical
Inca bone, H. 227; 5 typical apicial bones, Nos. H. 206, H. 207, H. 212, H. 218, H. 231; 6 doubtful
apicial bones, Nos. H. 203, H. 210, H. 213, H. 223, H. 232, H. 233, or 11 apicial bones of both
classes — 12 anomalies in all. The above numbers give us, in a series of 35, the following percent-
ages: Inca bone, 2.85 per cent; true apicial bones, 14.28 per cent; doubtful apicial bones, 17.14
per cent; both classes of apicial bones, 31.42 per cent; total of all anomalies 34.28 per cent. From
these percentages, from those given in paragraph 18, and from percentages obtained from our
own collection we have prepared the following table:

% TABLE W. — Frequency of Inca bone in various peoples.

Races.

Conjplete
oftaa Inca;.

True
apicial

liimc.s.

Doubtful
npirial
bonea.

Apicial

limit's <>r
both

class* s.

All
nnorna-

liCH.

Saladoans

5 68

18.1

26.04

Peruvians . .

5.46

10. 5 f

10. 5 f

17.63

Cibolans . ..

2.85

14.28

17. 14"

31.42

34.28

Americans not Peruvians ...... . .

1.30

5.63?

5.63?

9.75

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 233

While this series is too small to enable us to institute a perfectly satisfactory comparison
between it and others, we have nevertheless obtained data sufficient to allow us to conclude that,
with regard to this class of anomalies, the Cibolans are in close relation to the Saladoans and the
Peruvians, and widely separated from other American races and from the rest of the world.

$ 43. NASAL CHARACTERS. NASAL INDEX. CIBOLA.

The average nasal index is nearly the same in both the Saladoan and the Cibolan series; that
of the former being 51.6H, and that of the latter 51.88 (Table LXXXIV). The remarks, therefore,
which apply to the one apply as well to the other. In respect to the maximum and minimum of
this index, also, the two series correspond closely. The maxima are: For the Saladoan 61.11;
for the Cibolan 00.46. The minima are: For the former 44.23; for the latter 45.09.

The character of the lower border of the nasal aperture or echancrure of the Cibolans seems
from such evidence as we possess to be inferior only to that of the Europeans and Saladoans. For
the two highest classes A+ A' (see Table LXXXIX) their percentage is 38.23. The lowest class, E,
simian gutter, has no representative. Over one-third of the series belong to class B. The relation
with regard to this cliaiasteristic, which the Cibolaus sustain to other races, will be seen by com-
paring Table LXXXIX with the tables in § 24.

j 44. TORSION OF THE HUMERUS. CIBOLA.

The average angle of torsion (154.27°) of all the humeri, 48 in number, of this series is higher
than that of any race recorded by Broca except the Mexicans (155°) and the Europeans. As his
Mexican series numbers only 2 it is scarcely worthy of being cited in comparison. Excluding the
Mexicans, the Cibolans follow in respect to this feature next after the Saladoans and Europeans in
the category of the human race, as far as we have seen the record. They are widely separated
from other American races. (See Tables xo and XCI.)

Like the majority of mankind, and unlike the Saladoans, the Cibolans have the maximum
angle of torsion on the left side. Not 1 but 5 angles on the left are higher than the highest angle
on the right. The minimum is on the right side and there are 3 angles of the right lower than the
lowest of the left.

The maximum angle of torsion of the Cibolans (178°) is higher than the maximum angle of
Saladoans and, as far as Broca's tables inform us higher than the maximum of any people except
the French. But the average of the highest 3 angles (173°) is not so great as the average of the
highest 3 Saladoan angles (175°).

The average of all the left humeri, 23 in number, is 159.20°, while that of all the right humeri,
25 in number, is but 149.40°, a difference in favor of the left of nearly 10°. This is a higher differ-
ence than exists in any one of Broca's series, which represents more than two bones, except the
Arabians and Kabyles + El Goleali, in which the difference is 10.27°.

The variation is greater on the left than on the right; on the one side it has a range of 35°,
on the other a range of 20°.

$ 45. THE OLECRANON PERFORATION. CIBOLA.

The Cibolans present this anomaly in a much less degree than the ancient people of the Salt
Eiver Valley, the so-called Mound-Builders, the Guauches, and other peoples. The perforations
appear in only 19.6 per cent of the humeri of the Cibolans, while the humeri of the Saladoans show
53.9 per cent.

The ancient people of the Zufii Valley, no doubt, ground their corn in the same manner as did
the ancient inhabitants of the Salt Eiver Valley, and it may very pertinently be asked why the
humeri of the former are not so often perforated as those of the latter. Betaiuing the hypothesis
before mentioned that the method of grinding corn was an important factor in producing the
olecranon perforation, we account for this difference by supposing'that the Cibolaus subsisted less
on corn, and hence had less occasion to grind it than their more Western congeners. The land
around Zufii is not nearly so prolific as that of the Salt Eiver Valley, the climate is colder, and
agriculture is far less remunerative. The mountains adjacent to Zufii, heavily timbersd, abound
in game, and it is probable that the ancient Cibolans lived more by the chase and less by agricul-
ture than the ancient Saladoans.

234

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I. — General Measurements.* — Salado.

1. Special number.

2. Museum number.

3. Age, in the 6 periods of Broca : 1st, 0 to 6 yrs ; 2nd, 6 to 14 yrs ; 3rd, 14 to 25 yrs ; 4th, 25 to 40 yrs ; 5th, 40 to 60 yrs ; 6th, 60 yrs up.

4. Sex: M for male; F for female ; ? for doubtful.

5. Capacity in cubic centimetres.

6. Horizontal length: from glabella parallel with horizontal plane to a perpendicular tangent to maxim 11111 occipital point. Frankfurt 1.

7. Greatest length : from the glabella to the maximum occipital point. Frankfurt '2. Topinard 1. p. 354.

8. Metopic length : from the metopiou to the maximum occipital point. Frankfurt 3. Topinard A.

9. Greatest width : perpendicular to sagittal plane (not over mastoid process or at posterior temporal ridge). Frankfurt 4 ; Topinard 2.

10. Biasteric or maximum occipital width. Topinard B.

11. Bijugular or inferior occipital width. Topinard C.

12. Biniastoid width or width of the cranial bases: distance between the ends of the niastoid processes. Frankfurt 13 a.

13. Inferior subtoiupural width: from one subtemporal point to the other. Topiuanl K.

14. Two frontal widths : 1st, smallest frontal, Frankfurt 5, Topiuard 4 ; 2nd, maximum frontal or greatcnt of frontal Imnc ; Kmil Schmidt.!

15. Two auricular heights : 1st auricular height, Frankfurt 8. 2nd auxiliary auricular height, Frankfurt 9.

16. Horizontal circumference: above the superciliary ridge and over the most prominent part of the occiput. Frankfurt 14; Topinard 5.

17. Two Divisions of the horizontal circumference: 1st, anterior; 2nd, posterior. Separated by supra-auricular curve. Topinard (I.

18. Sagittal circumference: from nasion to opisthion. Frankfurt 15.

19. Three divisions of the sagittal circumference : 1st, frontal; 2nd, parietal; 3d, occipital. Topinard E.

'JO. Two vertical circumferences : 1st, vertical circumference perpendicular to horizontal plane. Frankfurt Hi. 2nd, supru-aiirirulur curve.

21. Two dimensions of the foramen magnum : 1st, length in sagittal plane ; 2nd, width perpendicular to sagittal plam>.

22. Zygomatic width : greatest distance between the zygomatic arches. Frankfurt 18; Topinard 8.

23. Bimalar width: from external extremity of small fronto-malar suture to same point opposite. Topimird 9.

24. Facial width: from inferior extremity of niaxillo-matar suture to corresponding opposite point. Frankfurt 17; Topinard 11.

25. Inter-orbital width: Distance from one dacryon to the other ; Topinard H.

26. Two facial heights: 1st, total, nasion to lower border of inferior maxilla; 2nd, upper, nasion to alveolar point. Frankfurt 1!>. 20.

27. Two nasal dimensions: 1st, length, nasion to upper border of nasal spine; 2nd, maximum width. Frankfurt 21, 22; Topln*rd 17,18.

28. Two orbital dimensions: 1st, dacryon to opposite margin in grand axis; 2nd, greatest height perpendicular to preceding. Topinard 19,20.

29. Two palatal dimensions: 1st, length of bony palate; 2nd, median width of palate. Frankfurt 27, 28; Topinard O, I. (less exact ).

30. Two pala'ine widths: 1st, posterior. Frankfurt 29 ; Topinard M; 2nd, anterior, between canine and second incisor; Topinard K.

31. Depth of palatine arch: maximum, from alveolar edge, avoiding posterior palatine foramina. Topinard.

32. Two alveolar widths : 1st, external maximum, taken at level of malar region; 2nd, external posterior. Topinard.

33. Superior facial projection, or projection of the ophryon with regard to the alveolo-condylcan plane. Topinard f.

34. Two widths of the lower jaw: 1st, external bicondy.ar; 2nd, external bigonial. Topinard 12.

35. Two dimensions of the ramus : 1st, height from angle to upper edge of coudyle ; 2nd, width, perpendicular to height. Topinard Q.

36. Basilo-mental radius : basion to mental point. Topinard S.

37. Superior alveolar radius: basion to alveolar point. Kollmann's "length of profile of face." FrankfurtSO; Topiuard.

38. Nasal radius : basion to nasion. Topinard V, 7. "Length of crauial basis." Frankfurt 10.

39. Intersuperciliary radius: basion to glabella. Topinard W.

40. Metopic radius : basiou to metopion. Topinard X.

41. Two vertical radii : 1st, " basilo-bregmatic diameter," Topinard 3 j "auxiliaryheight,"Frankfurt 7; 2nd, "Entire height" after Virchow.

42. Obclic radius : basiou to obelion. Topinard Y.

43. Inial radius: basiou to Inion. Topinard Z.

44. Occipito-alvoolar length : from maximum occipital point to alveolar point. Topinard 22.

45. Occipito-spinal length : from maximum occipital point to inferior bonier of nasal aperture. Topinard 23.

48. Two cranial projections: 1st, anterior or prebasilar; 2nd, posterior or post-banilar; both alveolo-condylean plane. Topinarrt d, e.

47. Profile angle (German) : angle of naso-alveolar line on audito-orbital plane. Frankfurt.

48. Angle of Daubenton: sub-orbito opisthiac line with plane of foramen magnum.

49. Two other angles of plane of foramen magnum : 1st, occipital angle with naso-opisthiac line ; 2nd, hasilar angle with naso-hasilar line.

50. Cephalic index: No. 9X100-^No. 7.

51. Vertico-longitudiual index: No. 41, 1st, X100-f No. 7.

52. Index of the foramen magnum: No. 21,2nd, X 100^-21, 1st.
MI. racial index of Virchow: No. 26, 1st, X 100 -f- No. 24.

54. Upper facial index of Virchow: No. 26, 2nd, X 100-5- No. 24.

55. Facial index of Kollmann: No. 2«, 1st, X 100 -i- No. 22.

56. Upper facial index of Kollmann : No. 26, 2nd, X 100 -.- No. 22.

57. Nasal index: No. 27, 2nd, X 100 H- No. 27, 1st.

58. Orbital index : No. 28, 2nd, X 100 •*• No. 28, 1st.

59. Palatine index : No. 29, 2nd, X 100 -f- No. 29, 1st.

60. Gnathic index : No. 37 X 100 -i- No. 38.

' All measurements in this table, not otherwise specified, are given in millimeters, t For further particulars as to measurement see § 2.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

235

1

H,l.

H,2.

H,3.

H,4

H,5.

H,6.

H,7.

0

3
4

5

4th
F.

4th

?

6th

?

3d

?

4th
F.

5th
M.

4th
M.
1330oo

6

7
8

154
154
150

157
160

157
157
152

147
150
139

i<38
168
160

159
159
158

162
162
152

q

144

151

145

147

149

139

10

106

98

103

100

11
T>

77
100

86
103

85
110

81
109

.87c

86c
110

72
100

13

83

86

88

85

14
15

Hi

84
115; 115

86; 119
125; 125
483

97
116; 116
491

82; 108
114; 114
459*

100; 123c
120; 120
504

84; 119
120; 120
486

93; 121
117; 117
480

17

208- ''75

205- 254

230- 274

246- 240

217- 263

18
19

330

349
118; 126; 105

339

329
119; II9; 98

354
r'5- 113; 116

342c

332
120- 111- 101

•>o

345; 319

322

325; 295

340; 3-'0

348

334- 311

?1

:!•'• —

— ; 29

36; :!.".<•

35; 30

W

126

139

131

23
24

?5

97
93

106
95
25

105
97
28J

95
98

18i

110
113

99
98

20

106
100
22

26

27
W

109; 68
47|; 23
41; 34

— ; 65

47; 24

• 71
> li

51; 27
39; 34

110; 66
46; 25
37; 36

114c; 68
50; 26
41 ' 35

— ; li*
50; 23
39; 33

; 66
50; 24
40; 35^

W

56; 37

50; 36

50; —

49; 40

57 ; 38

52; 38

30

37; 25

37 .

— ; 24

40; 26

39; 24

41;

SI

13

13

14

18

13

39

62: 49

62; 50

— ; 52

67; 51

65; 49

63- 51

33

34

24
114; 97

23

12

— ; 97

28
— ; 89

19c
122 ; 95

15
; 101

19

116; 99

35
36

56; 35
110

63; 32

55; 30

57; 29
111

60; 32

108

64; 32

56; 29

37
38

100
99

99
97

92
101

98

99

105

97

39
40
41
42

107
113
133; 134

105
121

144; 148
141

109
121
— ; 138

102
109
128; 133
122

112
119
140c; 141c
135

118
127
— ; 142

111

119
135; 136
123

43
44
45
46
47
48

54
186
174
105; 78
lty°

76
199

187
102; 88
78°

65

180
168
94; 81

86*°
ir>

57
201
184
100; 86

77°

68
203
189
101; 91
87°
11°

65
176
170
106; 72
86°
10°

64
193
183
99; 87

84°
16°

49

•M ; 31i°

20° ; 26°

19° • 24°

27^o- 36|°

50

90

96 17

96 00

87 50

93 71

85 80

51

86.36

90

88.59

85.33

83.33

83 33

<W

97 22

85 71

53

111.65

112.24

110 67

54
55

72.72
86.50

68.42

73.71

67.34

66.01

69.32

66.00

56

53. 96

51.43

50 38

57

58

48.42
82.92

51.06

52. W

87. 17

54.34
97.29

52.00
85 36

46.00
84 61

48.00
88 75

59

65.48

73. 00

81.63

66.66

73 07

60

101. 01

102.06

92. 07

110. 11

96. 11

95.45

97.00

* This is at the maximum occipital point; the cllaamfernuw at lamlxl:i is 402.

236

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

1

H,8.

H,9.

H,10.

H,ll.

H, 12.

H,13.

H, 14.

2

3
4
5

5th
F.

5th
?

4th
F.

1310cc

4th

f

5th
1

Ith
?
1170ec

4th
M.

6
7
8
9
10
11

161
163
157
144c
104
76

152
151
143
132
105
85

156

158
146
143
103
87

157
157
145
138
111
83c

176
17(>
168
139
109c
85c

162
168

142
134
lOOc

166
166

162
147
99
82

1?

109

112

115

108

107

110

13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

80
91; —
119; 119
487
213; 274
350
120; 128; 102
334
32; 30

85
89; 108o
120; 120
451
204; 247
319
116; — ; —
301; 283
34i; 33

82
88; 121
123; 123
472"
204; 272
342
110; 133; 99
336; 314
35; 31

83
86; 111
114; 114
463
231; 230
326c
112; 108; 105
328; 294

86
94;-
116; 116
494
229; 265
370c
132; — ; -
332; 313

84
84; 111
115; 115
455
207; 248
335
111; 112; 112
316; 292
• 29

86
83; 118
122; 122
488
229; 2511
353
128; 123; 102
350; 319
364- 30

2!S

131

126

126

129

127

128

23

24
•>5

105
90
25

103
101

104
93
22

101
lOOc
21

109
101
26

101
100

•)•)

101
98
Ifti

26

97

— ; 66
47; 24

— ; 69

49; 22$

— ; 7i

49; 23$

118; 71
49; 24

; 60c

— ; L'."U

— ; U7

125; 78
53. 24

?8

38i; 34i

42; 37

39- 37

40- 38

39J- 35i

37 • 36}

W

51; 38

51; —

51; 36

51; 36

52;

57- 41

30

38;

36; 23

38; 22

39; 25

40 • ''r>

31

12

18

14

18

32

m

52; 45

— ; 49
22

62; 49
18

60; 52
27

— ; 46

12

— ; si

17c

62; 47
25

34

115; 91

114; 95

116- 94

35
36

59; 33

56; 31

r.9; 27

61; 30£
100"

63; 31

51; 30

63; 29
105

37

94

96

96

98

91

99

38

98

100

101

39

106

109

110

109

109

114

40

113

116

117

115

llti

121

41

; 140

135; 136

145; 147

133; 136

140; M::

138; 1-12

4?

132

185

134

-IS

66

71

69

64

75

71

44
4*1

193

185

184
168c

203
186

199
185

1H7
193

191

195
184

•til

95- 90

97; 82

96; 92

100; 91

99 ; 70

100 ; 98

47

844°

78°

80°

80°

81°

86°

48

1(4°

18$°

15-t1'

49

2H°: 28i°

30°; 38°

25°; 33i°

50
51

88.07

87.41
89.40

90.50
91.77

87.89
84.71

78.97

'87. 58
91.50

88. 55"
83.13

V>

93 75

95.65

88.57

•

82.19

5S

118. 00

127. 55

54

55

72.92

68.31

76.34

71.00
91.47

59. 54c

67.00

79. 59
97.65

56

50 38

54. 76

56.34

55.03

52. 75

60.93

57

51.06

45.91

47.95

48.97

45.28

5«

89.61

88.09

94.87

95.00

89.87

08.64

59

74.50

70.58

70.58

71. 92

60

95.91

91.83

96.00

100. 00

94.00

98.01

•The maximum circumference is 476.

MEMOlliS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

237

1

H, 15.

H, 16.

H, 17.

H, 18.

H, 19.

H, 20.

H, 21.

9

3

4
5

4th
F.
1150cc

4th
!

3d
!

5th?
M.
139ucc

5th
M.
1530cc

4th

?

5th
F.

6
7
8
9

158
159
151
134

158
159
151
134

160
164
159
145

109
169
160
145

175*
171
167
148

180 »
179
177

160
159
147
147

10
11

97
73

100
76

98
74

100
74

108
86

101

112

12
13

98
85

101
81

94
87

110
87

115

94

115c
85c

117

14
15

86; 113?
110; 110

78; 109

98; 124
117; 117

92; 112
120; 120

100; 125
126; 126

92; —
127; 127

95; —
114- 114

16
17
18
19

20
91

467
222; 245
338
120; 107; 111
315; 290
32; 261

472
208; 264
354
115; 136; 103
; 306e
31 ; 291

489
228; 261
341
121; 113; 107
343; 320
32; 28

496
221; 275
353
130; 119; 104
335; 316
34; 29

504
238; 266
354
128; 121; 105
340; 320
36; 341

504
244; 263
376
— ; — ; 111
333; 312

476
226; 250
323
113; 109; 101
315; 300

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

126
100
91
221c
118; 68
51; 23|
37; 36
52; 33
34; 24

121

96
93
201
99c ; 61
451; 25
37; 34
49; 40
39; 24

127
.102
100
25
109; 66
49; 26
38; 341
. 54; 40
40; 24

137
104
98
25
118c; 69
50; 27

37; 33

50 .

— ; 25

146
117

99
24
120; 72
52; 28
42; 36
52; 44
44; 27

139
106
96c
25
126; 74
45; 27
381; 361
55; 36
36;

139
109
102
281
— ; 68
53; 251
39 ; 33i
54; —

31

15

14

18

19

17

32
8S

— ; 471

24o

62; 471
13

63; 48
13

— ; si

13

70; 54
13

66;
18

-; 47

3-1

115; 91

113 ; 82

117; 96

131; 106

121; 103

35
36

60; 31J
102

61; 28
lOlc

57; 30
99

66; 31
104c

68; 33
110

65; 36

65; 311?

37

88

88

89

95

98

3H

91

94

98

107

109

39

101

104

107

120

121

40

110

112c

113

130

128

'11

127; 129

136- 137

146; 145

146; 147

4'}

122

130

129

43

68

68

63

72

68

44
45
4fi

186
174
91; 93

192
183
89; 89

193
185
89- 93

193

182
98; 87

194
185
102; 91

193
183

184
177

47
48

84"

41°

84°
71°

881°
17°

88°
20°

89°
14°

821°
121°

85°

49

131°; 18°

19°; 25U

29° ; 381°

301° ; 40°

25i° ; 321°

23° ; 301°

50

51

84.27
79.87

84.27

88.41"
82.92

85.79
86 39

" 86.54
85. 38

76.53

92.45

59

82.81

95. 16

87.50

85. 29

95.83

53

129. 67

106. 45

109.00

120.40

121.21

131.25

54

55

74.72
93. 65

65. 59
81.81

66.00
85.86

70.40
86.13

72.72
82.19

77.08
90.64

66.66

56
57
58
59

53. 96
46.07
97.29
73 07

50.41
54.94
91.89
81.63

51.96
53.06
90.78
74.07

50.36
54.00
89.18

49.31
53.84
85.71
84.61

53.23
60.00
94.80
64.86

48.92
48.11
85.89

fiO

96.70

93.61

90.81

88.78

89.90

* Not in sagittal plane at occiput.

238

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

1

H.22.

H,23.

H,24.

H,25.

H,26.

H,27.

H, 28.

9

3
4
g

4th!
!

4th

f

4th
M

5th
M

5th
M

5th

1st

6
7
8

160
161
155

176
176
165

154
158
150

166*
165c

155
156
150

163
164
153

*160

157
158*

q

138

144

147

140c

136

132"

10

lOOf

104

104

<J9

11

87

TO

sic

72

72

113

103

112c

110

95

95

13

81

89c

86

76

11

89-

86; 120

93c;

85; 112

89; lllc

86- 107

15

115, 115

122; 122

112; 112

111; 111

110- 110

16

480c

498

484

467

is;;

460

17

254; 244

224; 260

210; 257

233; 250

20.3- ''57

18

350

345

:)27c

350

328

1°5- 131-

139; 107; 104

124; 121; 100

. . no

108; 110; 109e

111; 117; 100

"0

320; 307

345; 319

3"(>: -MM;

318; 300

318; 287

39; 31

33*. ; 304

37 J; 33

— ; 28

31 ; 2S

36i ; 30

99

129

141c

125

23
94

106
104

104c
105

101
95

108c

101

105
95

89
79

21*

23

23

23

18

96

; 68

108; 66

122 ; 72

125 ; 76

— ; 75

92 ; 54

27

46; 26

38*,; 31J

51; —

50; 25

t38 ; 35*

55; 27
41; 37

48; 25*c
38*,c ; 33

53c; 24
40; 38

40; 22^
35; 31

29
30

55; —

— ; 38
38; 23

49; 35
38; 23

57; 36
37; 23

— ; 38
39; —

54; 34
34 ; 25

38, 30
32; 23

31

17

13

14

9

63; 49

59; 52

63; 49

61; 44

— : 37

33

13

15

31

5c

31

122c; 100

114; 105

116; 99

94*; 77

35

68; 37

59; 29

66; 33

— ; 31

42* ; 23

36

113

109

113

86

37

99

89

99

97*

80

38

105

95

105

98c

97

85

39

120

108

105c

108

96

10

125

117

113c

114

106

139; 139

143; 146

129; 131c

134; 135

122; 121

1°

132

140

134

12lr

117

13

75

72?

72

78

11

197

201

201

198

306

172

45
16

184

193
106; 93

190<:

90; 97

188
101; 93

172c
94o; 83c

193c
103 ; 95

168

82 ; *:•

17

76°

st

83°

84°

80°

88°

1H

18*.°

23°

8°

19

28*.° • 38°

34° ; 45°

35°; 464°

20° ; 26°

18*,°; 26*°

78.40

91.13

89.09

89.74

82.92

84.07

51

78 97

90.50

82. 09

81. 7(1

77. 70

5°

79 48

91 04

88.00

90. 32

82.19

53

102 85

128. 42

116. 45

51

65 38

62.85

75.78

78.94

68. 35

94.57

88.65

56

55.81

53. 19

60.00

57

56.52

50.00

49.09

53.12

45. 28

58

81 81

93.42

!IO. 24

85.71

95.00

88.57

50

71.42

63.15

62.96

78.94

60

94.28

93.68

94.28

100.51

94.11

•Not strictly in sagittal plane.

t Not parallel to either border

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

239

1

H,29.

H,32.*

H,33.

H,34.

H,35.

H,36.

H,37.

?

3
4
5

2iid

?

4th?
M.

4th
?

6th-
M.

5th

?

6th
F.

4th
1

6

7
8
9
10

149
151

145
141

95

1148
148
139
136o

164
166c
153?
145
111

169
171
164
143

t!57
157
144
135

H60
159
157
135
100

165
166
162
143

11

75

81?

84

74

12
IS

97

78

iio
80?

106
83?

105
85

102

104

114
92c

11

90- 113

85- 112

92f •

92- 118

90;

96c; 120?

15
16
17

112; 112
463
"08- °55

121; 121
448
215- ?33

113; 113
495
•>30- '^95

119; 119
499
232c- 269c

112; 112
461

207; 254

117; 117
472

124; 124
492
241; 251

18
19

323

114- 92- 117

338
120; 124; 94

361
133; 117- 111

361
127c;113; 121

333
123; 115; 95

343c

366c
135; 116; 115c

20
'1

333; 300
354; 30

334; 311

327; 311
31; {32

337; 313
34; 30i

319; 296

322;
34; 28

350; 326
; 35

"t

114

122

133

°S

93

99

106c

107c

lOlc

'1

90

92

99

98

95

21

24 c

30c

24

Ofi

98; 56

•• •; 64

— : 65c

116; 71

lllc; 66

°7

42 • 22i

47- 24

45 • 25*

55 : 24i

48 ; 25

47i ; 26

*>S

35- 32

38c • 36

36^c ; 36 J

38; 36

oq

43; 33

48;

53; 40

50; —

53; 37

55; 37

SO

38; 24

38; 23

— ; 25

SI

11

21

16

32
SI

61; 41

— ; 44
6

64; 47

21o

— ; 49
lOc

— ; 47
23

— ; 5i

61; -
25c

S<1

103- 70

110; 95

119; 92

113; 97

35
S6

46; 30
86

58; 27

65; 32

63; 32

66; 30
lOdc

57; 30

61; 35

S7

80

92

96c

$93

97?

102?

38
39
40
41
42
1S

85
95
102
125; 131
132
60

lOlc
113c
119c
144c; 148c
130c
64c

95c
108c
119?
137; 137
136

102
114
119
43; 143
138
72

98
109
117
136; 138
128

95c
106
111
— ; 136
124
66

95
106
115
144; 143
135c
69

II

182c

188

202c

202c

202?

45
46

47

175
81; 85

181
93; 61

85°

193
97; 101
79°

194
95; 84

184
99; 89

77i°

182
94; 81

190?
— ; 95c
80°

IX

11°

11|°

13°

12°

•19

20° ; 28°

234° ; 30°

23f- ; 31°

21i°; 28°

50
51

93.37

82.78

91.89
97.29

87.34
82 53

83.62
83.62

85.92
86.62

84.90

86.14
86.74

5°

84.50

103 22

89.70

82.35

5S

108.88

54

62.22

69.56

65. 65

55

85.96

56

49.12

52.45

48.87

57

58

53.17
91.42

51.06
94.73

56.66

44.54

• 52.08

59.34
100.00

54.73
94.73

59

77.90

75 47

' 69 81

67.67

60

94.11

91.08

101. 05

91.17

98.36

107. 36

*The conditions of Nos. 30 and 31 admitted of so few measurements that these are not tabulated.

f Not in sagittal jilaiu- nt occiput.

t Taken at lirst permanent molars, the only molars erupted.

^General absorption of the alveoli. This is practically a basilo-tmbnaaal line.

240

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

1

BE. SB.

H.39.

H.40.

11. 41.

H.42.

H.43.

H. 44.

2

3
4

5

4th
f

4th
F.

4th

f

4th
M.

5th
1

llh
t
A

4th

f

6

'158

161

•176

168

7

150

156

162

175

168

g

148

149

167

167

168

138

142

135

149

144

143

10

106

106

103

93

111

11

82

78

84c

80

12

111

104c

105

114

107

108

13

88

81

81?

86

11

86;

91; IHic

92;

82; 113

-IK

123- 123

— • 117

113- 113

!•'()• T'O

116; 116

120; 120

16

465

492

509

493

17

211; 254

231; 261

241; 2i is

240; LT>;i

18

329

329c

349c

361c

348c

in

118; 118; 93

114c;116c; 99;

116; 127; 106c

125; 132; 104c

127; 117; loir

°0

330-

331- 305

312- ''90

340- 311c

3''6; 311

333; 308

°1

34; 31

35* ; 30

— ; 27

36 ; 29

<>9

123

136

133

**?

101

104

105

100

21

93

98

92

°5

19

'J6

114; 65

115 ; 64

123 ; 75

117; 71

; 69c

07

45c ; 23

48c ; 25i

52; 27

52; 23

51 c; 29

•>S

38 ; 36J

37 J-; 35£

36; 33

<>q

50; 38

50; 40

57 ; 40

50;

SO

40; 19

40 ; 25

— ; 27

38; 22

40;

S1

16

17

19

S°

60; 45

64; 48

62; 46

— ; 52

T?

12

11

ie"

I5i

13

31

108 ; 93

122 ; 98

115; 90

; 116

35

36

69; 34

61; 29

53; 29
99

67; 35
115'

71; 33
108c

64; :;:;
106

62 ; 32

37

91

94

102

91

93

SS

96c

97

109

93

lOOc

39

110

110 '

119

106

116

!()

118

118

127

116

122

11

143c- 144

132c; 134

137; 139

140; 112

143; 143

1<>

132

127

116

X133

13

73

69

70

67

80

11

183

172

199

177

15

164c

188

170

16

• 92

93; 83

99; XO

108c; 90

93;

!)4 ; 86

17

83°

84C

84°

87°

86J°

|S

14°

14i°

in

22i° : 30°

26C ; 344°

1,0

94.66

86.53

91.97

82.28

85.11

=1

84.61

84.56

80.00

go

• 91 17

84 50

80. 55

53

122 58

117 34

V>1. 17

51

69.89

65.30

77.17

55

92 68

84 55

87.97

56

52.84

47.05

63. :ss

57

• 51. 11

53 12

51.92

44.23

56. K6

58

96 05

94 66

91. 66

59

76 00

80 00

71.05

60

94.79

96.90

93. 57

98.91

93.00

11 Not in sagittal plane at occiput.

MEMOIRS O F THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE I — Continued.

241

1

H. 45.

H. 46.

11. 47.

H. 49.

H. 50.

H. 51.

H. 52.

a

3

4

5

1th
F.

3d
?

Itli
?

4th

!

2d

?

2d

?

4th

?

6

161

146

*153

150

145

*160

7

163

148c

159

150

148

160

8

154

139

114

145

141

161

9

148

145

147

136

139

137

10

98

92

105

103

11

81

88

79

1?

104

109

108

102

96

111

IS

88

79

77

11

94; -

95; 114c

93;

88; 108c

87; 114

91- 119

15

116; 116

113; 113

125; 125

111; 111

112; 112

118- 118

16

497

468

t483c

451

456

478

17

221; 276

209; 259

220c; 263

203; '-"48

194- 262

239- ''39

18

335

344

324

3SOc

349

19

•>o

120; 107<-; 108c
339; 310

— ; 100; 108
322?; 300

123: 124; 97
350; 324

129; 120;

119; 107; 98
307- 290

115; 110; 105
318- 300

120; 114; 108
322- 302

?1

32c; 33o

32; 31

384 ! 284

• 30

?•?

129

?3

104

104

93

91

100

?4

96

91

98c

92

85

V>

27 A

20

9fi

109 ; 66

— ; 71

; 60

• 57

• 71

?I7

47; 244

48; 281?

45; 24

421 ; 20

53- 24

98

38 ; 334

36; 34

33; 30

'9

53; 38

49; 38

50; 38

42 ; 32{

45;

— ; 36

30

42; 25

41;

; 27

36-

31

14

16

11

i

31?

65; 54

65; —

59

57; 42

62:

33

17

20

10

10

S4

122 ; 99

1 14 • 97

35

60; 34

54; 30

64; 32

60; 38

36

110

37

99

95

82

81

38

101

102

89

87

39

108

lOOc

111

101-

98

40

119

108

120

111

106

41

135; 136

123; 126

144; 144

131; 132

131; 132

<T>

136

123

125

-IS

59

60?

68c

59c

44

199

188

176

182

173

45

190

178

168

175

164

46

100; 90

94; 81

91; 81

83; 81

82; 77

97?; 78?

47

82°

82J°

83°

85°

86°

85°

18

144°

144°

13°

49

28° ; 341°

244° ; 35°

24° ; 30°

50

90. 79

97.97

92. 45

90.66

93.91

85 62

51

52

82.82

83.10
103. 12

90. 56
96.87

87.33
74.02

88.51

86.25

53

113. 54

54

<!8. 75

65.21

67.05

55

84.49

56

51. 16

57

52.13

59.37

53.33

47 05

45 28

58

88. 15

94.44

90.90

59

71. 69

77.55

76.00

76. 19

60

98.01

92.13

93.10

* Not in sagittal plane at occiput.

t This in the true maximum circumference; the circumference at the maximum occipital point (which coincides with theobelion) is 471.

* Taken at the lirst permanent molar, the second not being erupted.

Ko. 48 is not included in this table, because its condition did not admit of many measurements.
S. Mis, 169 16

242

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Concluded.

1

H. 53.

H.54.

H.55.

H.56.

H.57.

2

3
4

5th?
!

1 120cc

4th
?

5th
f

5th

?

4th
F.

6
7
8
9
10

*149
148
145
136
100

145
148
146
134

lOlc

188
188
186
148

107

*159
158
152
143

"152
150
146c
112

77

74

85c

12
13

98
76?

97

104

USe

101

14
15
16
17

Itt

83; 115
113; 113
450
201; 249
340

89; —
113; 113
450
206; 244
330

100;
127; 127
530o

275; 255

92; —
113; 113

ITU
229; 247

91
121; 121
Ilil
219; 245

:>•'">

111

192- 115- 103

117; 113; 100

I'^O- 113-

120- 111- 'M

20
21

' 330; 303
314; 284

320; 301

352; 337

323; 302

322; 302
384;

2°

130

23
°1

96

101

113

102

102

015

24

26

111; 67

106; 64

104 ; (>•'

07

48;

46 ; 244

45 ; 274

°8

34i; 32

:!*; 35

37 ; 324

''9

. gg

52; 38

52; 40

30

; 24

38;

40; 27

31

15

32

— ; 48

63; 46

'13

25

15

20c

31

108; 96

I "Or; XT

35

61; 26

r,li; 32

53; 30

36

103

37

90

3S

92

89

30

105

98

1C

118

L09

II

137; 137

132c; -

128; 12!)

42

123

123

43

61?

63

II

182

L86

183

45

167e

170

178

172

46

• 76

91; 90

91; 85

•17

84°

84°

82°

19

94°

114°

10

20° • 264°

22° : 304°

50

51

91.89
92 56

90.54
87.16

7S. 72

90.50
83.54

94.66
85.33

^2

90 47

53

54

56

81.53

56

49.23

57

53.26

61.11

5S

92 75

92.10

87. Ki

59

73. 07

76. 92

60

101.12

* Not in sagittal plane at occiput.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

243

TABLE II. — Ordination of 48 cephalic indices. — Salado.

No.
of skull.

Index.

No.
of skull.

Index.

No.
of skull.

Index.

1

H.23

78.40

17

H.40

86. 53

33

H.50

90.56

2

H.55

78.72

18

II. lit

86.54

34

H.45

90.79

3

H. 12

78.97

19

H.33

87.34

35

11.24

91.13

4

H.42

82.28

20

H. 9

87.41

36

H.32

91.89

5

H. 27

82.92

21

H. 5

87. 50

37

H.53

91.89

6

H.34

83.62

22

H. 13

87.58

38

H.41

91.97

7

H. 28

84. 07

23

H. 11

87.89

39

H.21

92. 45

8

H. 15

84. 27

24

H. 8

88.07

40

H.47

92. 45

n

H. 16

84.27

25

H. 17

88.41

41

H.29

93.37

ID

H.36

84.90

26

H. 14

88.55

42

H. 6

93.71

11

H.44

85. 11

27

H.25

89.09

43

H.51

93.91

12

H.52

85. 62

28

H.26

89.74

44

H.39

94.66

13

H. 18

85.79

29

H. 2

90.00

45

H.57

94.66

11

H. 7

85.80

30

H. 10

90.50

46

H. 4

96.00

1.-,

H.35

85. 92

31

H.56

90.50

47

H. 3

96.17

16

H.37

86.14

32

H.54

90.54

48

H.46

97.97

Variation, 19 57. Theoretical mean of variation, 88.19. Skull nearest to mean, H. 8. Aver-
age, 88.47.

TABLE III. — Seriation of 48 cephalic indices. — Salado.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

1

77 to 78

1

12

88

3

2

78

2

13

89

• 2

3

79

0

14

90

6

4

80

0

15

91

4

5

81

0

16

92

2

6

82

2

17

93

3

7

83

1

18

94

2

8

84

4

19

95

0

9

85

5

20

96

2

10

86

3

21

97 to 98

1

11

87

5

Maximum of frequency, 90.

TABLE IV. — Ordination of 16 cephalic indices of apparently normal skulls. — Salado.

No.

Index.

No.

Index.

I

H.23

78.40

9

H.40

86.53

2

H. 12

78.97

10

H. 19

86.54

3

H.34

83. 62

11

H.25

89.09

4

H. 15

84.27

12

H.26

89.74

5

H.36

84.90

13

H.54

90.54

6

H.44

85. 11

14

H.21

92. 45

7

H. 18

85.79

15

H.39

94.66

8

H. 7

85.80

16

H.57

94.66

Variation, 16.20. Theoretical mean of variation, 86.53. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 7 and H.
40. Average, 86.94.

No. H. 55, an apparently normal skull, of which the vault only is preserved, has a normal
index of 78.72, but it is aberrant as regards the rest of the group by reason of its much greater
size and different configuration.

No. H. 23, having lowest cephalic index, has next to lowest vertico-transverse index. The
lowest vertico- transverse index is in the skull of a child.

244

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE V. — Serial ion of 16 cephalic indices of apparently normal skulls. —

Index.

Number of
skulls.

Index.

1

NumiMT oi
Skulls.

1

78 to 79

2

10 87

0

2

79

0

11 88

0

3

80

0

12 89 2

4

81

0

13 90

1

5

82

0

II 91

0

6

83

i

I.", !I2

1

7

84

a

16 93

0

8

85 to 86

3

17 94 to 95

2

9

86

2

Maximum of frequency, 85 to 86.

TABLE VI. — Of the cephalic indices of all the ttkullx. — fialado.

Number of indices

48

Per rent.

Number below 80.00

3

6 '-"5

Number from 80.00 to 89.99

2:")

5'' 09

Number from 90.00 uji

2(1

41 66

48

100. 00

Minimum index, 77.65. Maximum index, 97.97.

TABLE VII. — Ordination of 47 length-breadth indices (German). — Salado.

Number
of skull.

Index.

Number
of skull.

Index.

Number
of skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

78.40

17

H. 35

85. 98

33

H.21

91.87

2

H. 55

78.72

18

H. 37

86.66

34

H.32

91.89

3

H. 12

78.97

-19

H. 9

86.84

35

H.45

91.92

4

H. 42

81.81

20

H. 5

87.50

36

H. 10

!I2. L'.1

5

H. 28

82.50

21

H. 11

87.89

37

11. 51

92.43

6

H. 27

83.43

22

II . 13

88. 15

38

H. 41

92.54

7

H. 36

84.37

23

H. 33

88.41

39

H.57

93.42

8

H. 19

84.57

24

H. 14

SS. ;V.

40

11.21

93. 50

9

H. 34

84.61

25

II. 1'5

88. r,r,

41

H. 6

93.71

10

H. 15

84.81

26

H. 8

89. 4 i

42

H.29

94.68

11

H. 16

XI SI

27

H. 56

89. 93

43

II.. -.1

95. 86

12

H. 44

85. 11

28

H. 26

90.32

44

H. 47

96.07

13

H. 40

85.44

29

H. 17

90.62

45

H. 3

96.17

14

H.52

85.62

30

H. 50

90.66

46

H. 4

98. 68

15

H.18

85.79

31

H. 53

91.27

47

H.46

99.31

16

H. 7

85.80

32

H. 2

91.72

Variation, 20.91. Theoretical mean of variation, 88.86. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 14 and
H. 25. Average, 88.75.

TABLE VIII. — Ordination of 38 vertico-lonf/itudinal indices. — Salado.

Number
of skull.

Index.

1

Number
of skull.

Index.

Number

of skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

78.79

14

H. 56

83.54

27 II. 37

sii. 71

2

H. 15

79.87

15 H. 34

83.62

28 H. 54

87. 16

3

H. 42

80.00

16 II. 41

84.56

2!) 11.50

87. 33

4

H. 27

81.70

17 H. 40

84.61

30 H. 51 SS.5I

5

H. 33

82. 53

18

H. 11

84.71

31 H. 3 8S. :,!>

6

H. 26

82. (lit

19

H. 44

85. 11

.'12 II. 9 S9.40

7

11. 2!»

82.78

20

H. 4

85.33

33 H. 2 i 90.00

8

H. 45

82.82

21

H. 57

85.33

34 ; H. 24

90. 50

9

H. 17

82.92

22

H. 19

S5. :!8

35 H. 47

90. 56

10

H. 46

83.10

23

H.52

86. 25

36 H. 13

91.50

11

H. 14

83.13

24

H. 1

86.36

37 H. 10

91.77

12

H. 5

83.33

25

II. is

86.39

38 H. 53

92.56

13

H. 7

83. 33

20

II. :::.

86.62

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

245

Variation, 13.59. Theoretical mean of variation, 85.76. Skull nearest to mean, 11.19. Average,
83.87.

H. 28, a child's skull, with index of 77.70, and H. 32, aberrant in size ami form (see § 11), with
index of 97.2!), are excluded from the above ordination.

TABLE IX. — Seriation of 39 vertico-longitudinal indices. — Salado.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

78 to 79

1

88

2

79

1

89

1

80

1

90

3

81

1

91

2

82

5

92

1

83

6

93

0

84

3

94

0

85

4

95

0

86

5

96

0

87

2

97 to 98

1

lUaxirnura of frequency, 83; 97 to 98, one skull, not included in the ordination.
TABLE X. — Ordination of 11 vertico-longitud^nal indices of apparently normal skulls. — Salado.

Number
of skull.

Index.

Number
of skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

78.97

7

H. 44

85.11

2

11. ir.

79. 87

8

H. 57

85.33

3

H. 26

82. 69

9

H. 19

85.38

4

H. 7

83. 33

10

H. 18

86.36

5

H. 34 83. 62

11

H. 54

87.16

6

H. 40 84. 61

TABLE XI. — Venation of 11 vertico-longitudinal indices of apparently normal skulls. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index^

Number
of skulls.

78 to 79

1

83

2

79

1

84

1

80

0

85

3

81

0

86

1

82

1

87 to 88

1

TABLE XII. — Ordination of all the skulls in which the vertico-longitudinal index exceeds the cephalic,
showing excess in per cent of greatest length. — Salado.

No.

Excess.

No.

Excess.

1

H. 18

0.50

6

H.35

0.70

2

H. 23

0.57

7

H. 10

1.20

3

H.37

0.60

8

H. 9

1.99

4

H. 52

0.63

9

H. 13

3.92

5

H.53

0.67

10

H.32

5.40

Variation, 4.90. Theoretical mean of variation, 2.95. Skulls nearest to mean, II. 9, and H. 13.
Skulls H. 18 and H. 23 are from the apparently normal group.

TABLE XIII. — Seriation of all the skulls in which the vertico-longitudinal index exceeds the cephalic,
showing excess in per cent of greatest length. — Salado.

Excess.

Number
of skulls.

Excess.

Number
of skulls.

1

Otol

6

4

3

1

2

1

2

5

4

0

3

2

0

6

5 to 6

1

246

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

TABLE XIV. — Ordination of vertico-transverse indices. — Halado.

No.

of 8kuU.

Width.

Height.

Index.

No.

of skull.

Width.

Ilrifjlt.

Index.

1

H.46

14.5

12.3

84.82

21

H.40

13.5

13.2

97.77

2

H. 4

14.5

12.8

88.27

22

H.47

14.7

11. 1

97. 95

3

H.29

14.1

12.5

88.65

23

H.27

13.6

13.4

!W. 52

4

H.57

14.2

12.8

90.14

24

H. 19

14.8

14.6

98. 64

5

H.45

14.8

13.5

91.21

25

H.24

14.4

14.8

99. 30

6

H.41

14.9

13.7

91.94

26

H. 2

14.1

14.4

100. 00

7

H.26

14.0

12.9

92.14

27

H.34

14.3

14.3

100.00

8

H.56

14.3

13.2

92.30

28

H.44

14.3

14.3

100. 00

9

H.28

13.2

12. 2

92.42

29

H.18

14. 5

11.6

100.68

10

H.17

14.5

13.6

93.79

30

H.37

14.3

11. 1

100.69

11

H. 14

14.7

13.8

93.87

31

H.23

13.8

13. 9

100. 72

12

H. 51

13.9

13.1

94.24

32

H.52

13.7

13.8

100. 72

13

H.33

14.5

13.7

94.48

33

H.53

13.6

13.7

loo. ?:;

14

H.15

13.4

12.7

94.77

34

H. 35

13.5

13.6

im>. 74

15

H. 5

14.7

U.O

95.23

35

H.10

14.3

14.5

101.39

16

H.54

13.4

12. 9

96.26

36

H. 9

13.2

13.5

102. 27

17

H.50

13.6

13.1

96.32

37

H.38

13.8

14.3

103. 62

18

H.ll

13.8

13.3

96.37

38

H. 13

13.4

14.0

104. 47

19

H. 7

13. 9

13.5

97.12

39

H.32

13.6

14.4

105.88

20

H.42

14.4

14.0

97.22

TABLE XV. — Of the vertico-transverse indices of all the skulls. — Sal ado.

Per cent.

Number of indices

40

Number below 80.00

3

7.5

NumbcT from 80.00 to 89 99

SO

75.0

Number from 90.00 up

7

17.5

40

100.0

Minimum index, 77.70; maximum index, 97.29. Neither of these two indices come in the
normal series, as the minimum is that of a child, the maximum aberrant. They therefore do iiot
appear in the ordination.

TABLE XVI. — Ordination of the apparently normal skulls, id tit reference to the differences bctircen
their respective cephalic and vertico-transverse indices, expressed in per cent of the greatest
leng th. — Salado.

[The sign + indicates that the cephalic index is greater than the vertico-transvorse. The sign — indicates that the vertico-transverae index

is greater than the cephalic.]

No.

Difference.

No.

Difference.

1

H.23

—.57

7

H. 7

+2. 47

2

H.18

—.50

8

H.54

+3. 38

3

H.34

.00

9

H.15

+4.40

4

H.44

.00

10

H.26

+7.05

5

H. 19

+1.16

11

H.57

+9.33

6

H.40

+1.92

Variation, 9.90. Theoretical mean of variation, 4.38. Skull nearest to mean, H. 15. This
skull then shows what may be arithmetically regarded as a typical relation of vertico-transvcisc
and cephalic indices.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE XVII. — Ordination of mixed indices. — Salado.

247

No. of skull.

Vertico-

transverse

Vertico-
ongitndinal

Mixed

iudex.

index.

1

H.46

84.82

83.10

83.96

2

H.29

88.65

82.78

85.71

3

.H. 4

88.27

85. 33

86.80

4

H.45

91.21

82.82

87.01

5

H.26

92.14

82. 69 •

87.41

6

H. U>

94. 97

79.87

87.42

7

H. 57

90.14

85. 33

87.73

8

H.56

92.30

83. W

87.92

9

H. 41

91. 94

84.56

88.25

10

H. 17

93.79

82. 92

88.35

11

H.33

94.48

82.53

88.50

12

H. 14

93.87

83.13

88.50

13

H.42

97. 22

80. 00

88.61

14

H. 5

95. 23

83. 33

89.28

15

H. 23

100.72

78.79

89.75

16

H.27

98.52

81.70

90.11

17

H. 7 ! 97.12

83.33

90.22

18

H. 11 96. 37

- 84.71 90.54

19

H.40

97.77

84.61 91.19

20

11.51

94.24

88.51

91.37

21

ELM

96.26

87.16

91.71

22

H.34

100.00

83.62

91.81

23

H.50

96.32

87.33

91.82

24

H. 19

98.64

S5. 3X

92.01

25

H.44

100. 00

85. 11

92.55

26

H.52

100. 72

86.25

93.48

27

H. 18

100.68

86.39

93.53

28

H.35

100.74

86.62

93.68

29

H.37

100.69

86.74

93.71

30

H.47

97. 95

90.56

94.25

31

ILL'!

99. 30

90. 50

94. 90

32

H. 2

100.00

90.00

95. 00

33

H. 9

102. 27

89. 40

95.83

34

H.10

101. 39 91. 77

96. 58

35

H.53

100.73

92.56

96.64

36

H.13

104. 47

91.50

97.98

Average..

96.46

85.40

90.94

TABLE XVIII.— Ordination of 29 angles of Daubenton. — Salado.

Number
of
skull.

Angle.

Number
of

skull.

Angle.

o •'

0 '

1

H. 15

4 30

16

H. 19

14 00

2

H. 16

7 30

17

H.40

14 00

3

H.27

8 00

18

H.43

14 30

4

H. 28

9 30

19

H.46

14 30

5

H.56

9 30

20

H.50

14 30

6

II. (i

10 00

21

H. 3

15 00

7

H. 8

10 30

22

H. 14

15 30

8

H. 5

11 00

23

H. 7

16 00

9

H.29 ! 11 00

24

H. 17

17 00

10

H. 33

11 30

25

H. 10

18 30

11

H. 57

11 30

26 j 11.23

18 30

12

H. 36

12 00

27

H. 18

20 00

13

H. 20

12 30

28

H.24

21 30

14

H.34

13 00

29

H.25

23 00

15

H.52

13 00

Variation, 18° 30'.
Average, 13° 30'

Theoretical meaii, 13° 45'. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 19 and H. 40.

248

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLI, XIX. — Seriation of 29 anylex of J)auli<'nt<in. — Salado.

Angle.

Number
of
skulls.

Angle.

Xumlx'r
of
skulls.

I

4° to 5°

1

11

14°

5

•2

5

0

12

15

2

5

6

0

13

16

1

4

7

1

14

17

1

5

8

1

15

18

2

6

9

2

16

19

0

7

10

2

17

20

1

8

11

4

18

21

1

9

12

2

19

22

0

10

13

2

20

23 to 24

1

Maximum of frequency, 14°.

TABLE XX. — Ordination of 29 occipital angles.- Salado.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

O '

o '

1

H. 15

13 30

16

H. 3

L'4 00

2

H.28

18 30

17

H.52

24 00

3

H. 6

19 00

18

H.50

24 30

4

H. 16

19 00

19

H. 14

25 00

5

H. 5

20 00

20

H. 1!)

25 30

6

H.27

20 00

21

H. 43

26 00

7

H.29

20 00

- 22

H. 7

27 30

8

H.53

20 00

23

H. 4(i

28 00

9

H. 8

21 30

24

H.23

2s :-!(»

10

H.36

21 30

25

H. 17

29 00

11

H.57

22 00

26

H. 10

SO 00

12

H.40

±.' no

27

H. IN

30 30

13

H.20

23 00

28

H. 24

::i on

14

H.33

23 30

29

H.25

35 00

15

H.34

23 30

•

Variation, 21° 30'. Theoretical mean, 24° 15'. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 3, H. 52, H. 50
Average, 24° 6'.

TABLE XXI. — Seriation of 29 occipital angles. — Kalado.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

1

13° to 14°

1

13

25°

2

2

14

0

14

26

1

3

15

0

15

27

1

4

16

0

16

28

2

5

17

0

17

29

1

6

18

1

18

30

2

7

19

•1

19

31

0

8

20

4

20

32

0

9

21

2

21

33

0

10

33

2

22

34

1

11

83

8

23

35 to 36

1

12

24

3

Maximum of frequency, 20°

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

249

TABLE XXII. — Ordination of 29 basilar angles. — tialado.

If o. of

skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

A niilf.

0 '

0 '

1

H.15

18 00

16

H.34

31 00

2

H. 6

24 00

17

H. 3

31 30

3

H. 16

25 00

18

H.19

32 30

1

H. 5

26 00 | 19

II. 11

33 30

5

11.27

26 00

20

H.43

:!•! 30

6

H.28

26 30

21

H.46

34 30

7

H.53

26 30

22

H.50

35 00

8

H.29

28 00

23

H. 7

36 30

9

H.36

28 00

24

. H. 10

38 00

10

H. X

28 30

35

H.23

38 00

11

H.33

30 00

26

H.17

38 30

12

H.40

30 00

27

H.18

40 00

13

B.52

30 00

28

JI.24

45 00

II

H.20

30 30

29

H.25

46 30

15

H.57

30 30

Variation, 28° 30'. Theoretical mean, 32° 15'. Skull nearest to mean, H. 19. Average, 31° 48'.
TABLE XXIII. — Heriation of 29 lasilar angle*. — Salado.

Angle.

Xmiibfr
of skulls.

Angle.

NiunU-r
if skulls.

1

18°tol!l

1

16

33°

1

2

19

0

17

34

2

3

20

0

18

35

1

•1

21

0

19

36

1

5

22

0

20

91

0

6

28

0

21

38

3

7

24

1

22

39

0

X

25

1

23

40

1

9

26

4

24

41

0

10

27

0

25

42

0

11

28

3

26

43

0

12

29

0

27

44

0

13

30

5

28

45

1-

14

31

2

29

461.> IT

1

15

32

1

Maximum of frequency, 30°.

TABLE XXIV. — Average cranial capacity of 12 small series of skulls in the general collection of the

Army Medical Museum.

kari-H or tribes.

Total

IllllllllC'V

if skulls.

ATOMC

<-uiiacity.

6

1491

4

1465

10

1463

4

1453

6

1383

North American Indian** (11 tribes, exclusive of Saladnans)..
Pah-lTt*-ti

47

7

1374
1367

10

1357

6

1331

10

1323

6

1315

Peruvians (4 artificially elongated.:! with antero-poaterior

10

1295

250

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XXV.— Length in millimetres of 28 pter.ia. — Salado.

No. of

skull.

Right
aide.

Left
side.

No. of

skull.

Right
side.

Left
side.

H 7

11

H 19

10

|Q

H. 10

10

9

H. 22

9

H.ll

9

H 'M

8

11. 12

16

1 1 ''S

is"

1*

II. i::

5

H 29

13

16

11. i I

12

H. 38

10

H. ir,

3

11 In

6

11. Ki

11

12

11. 42

19

U. 17

20

18

H. 50

11

H. 18

15

10

H. 51

16

16

TABLE XXVI. — Ordination of 19 facial indices according to Yirchoir. — Rahulo.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of

skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

102.85

11

H. 11

118.00

2

H. 16

106.45

12

H. 18

120. 40

3

H.29

108. 88

13

H. 19

121. 21

4

H. 17

109.00

14

11.41)

122. 58

5

H. 5

110. 67

15

H. 43

127. 17

6

H. 1

111.65

16

H. 14

127.55

7

H. 4

112. 24

17

H. 24

128. 42

8

H. 45

113. 54

18

H. 15

129.67

9

H. 28

116. 45

19

H.20

131. 25

10

H. 41

117.34

Variation, 28.40. Theoretical mean of variation, 117.05. Skull nearest t,o mean and median
of ordination, H. 41. Average, 117.G4.

TABLE XXVII. — Seriation of 19 facial indices according to Virchow. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

XumlK'r
of skulls.

102 to 103

1

112

1

122

1

103

0

113

1

123

0

104

0

114

0

124

0

105

0

115

0

125

0

106

1

116

1

126

0

107

0

117

1

127

2

108

1

118

1

128

1

109

1

119

0

129

1

110

1

120

1

130

0

111

1

121

1

131 to 132

1

i

Maximum of frequency, 127. The seriation is so incoherent that the discussion of variation
as dependent on it has little significance.

TABLE XXVIII. — Ordination of 34 upper facial indices according to Virchow. — Salado.

Variation, 17.37.
Average, 69.82.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

Nc.. of

skull.

Index.

1

H.29

62.22

13

H.51

liT. 05

25

H. 19

72.72

2

H. 23

62.85

14

H. 4

67.34

26

11. S

72. 92

3

H.50

65.21

15

H. 9

(is. :;t

27

H. ;j

73. 71

4

H. 41

65.30

16

H.28

68.88

28

H. I',

74. 72

5

H. 22

65.38

17

H. 2

liS. 12

29

H.24

75. 78

(i

H. 16

65.59

18

H.45

68.75

30

H. 10

7ti. :u

7

H. 33

65.65

19

H. 6

89.32

31

II. I'd

77. OH

8

H. 7

66.00

20

H.82

69.56

32

H.43

77.17

9

H. 17

66.00

21

H. 40

69.89

33

H. 27

78.94

10

H. 5

66.01

22

H. IK

70. 10

34

H. 14

79.59

11

11.21

66.66

23

H.ll

71. (X)

12

H. 13

67.00

24

H. 1

72.72

*

Theoretical mean of variation, 70.90. Skull nearest to mean, H. 11.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

251

TABLE XXIX. — Seriation of 34 upper facial indices according to Virchow. — Salado.

I udex .

No. of
skulls.

Index.

No. of
skulls.

62 to 63

2

71

1

63

0

72

3

64

0

73

1

65

5

74

1

66

4

75

1

67

3

76

1

68

4

77

2

69

3

78

1

70

1

79 to 80

1

Maximum of frequency, 65.

TABLE XXX. — Ordination of 17 facial indices according to Kollmann. — Salado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

NIL of
skull.

Index.

1

H.56

81.53

10

H.43

87.97

2

H. 16

81.81

11

H.25

88.65

3

H. 19

82.19

12

11.20

90.64

4

H. ir>

84.49

13

H. 11

91.47

5

H.41

84.55

14

H. 40

92. 68

6

H. 17

85. 86

15

H. 15

93.65

7

H.29

85.96

16

H.24

94.57

8

H. 18

86.13

17

H.14

97.65

9

H. 1

86.50

Variation, 16.12. Theoretical mean of variation, 89.59. Skull nearest to mean, H. 25. Aver-
age, 88.01.

TABLE XXXI. — Seriation of 17 facial indices according to Kollmann. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

of skulls.

1

81 to 82

2

10

90

1

2

82

1

11

91

1

3

83

0

12

92

1

4

84

2

13

93

1

5

85

2

14

94

1

6

86

2

15

95

0

7

87

1

16

96

0.

O

88

1

17

97 to 98

1

9

89

0

Maximum of frequency, 84, 85, and 86.

TABLE XXXII. — Ordination of 27 upper facial indices according to Kollmann. — Salado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of

skull.

Index.

1

H.41

47.05

15

H. 13

52.75

2

ii. :;:;

48.87

16

H. 40

52.84

:;

H. 21

48.92

17

H. 25

53.19

4

H. 211

49.12

18

H. 20

;,:;. L'li

5

H.56

•I'J. 2o

19

H. 43

r>:i. ss

6

H. 19

49. 31

20

11. 1

:,:!. IN;

7

II. IS

50. 36

21

H. 15

r>:;. in;

8

H. 7

50.38

22

11. !l

54.76

9

H. 8

50.38

23

H. 11

55.03

10

H. 16

50.41

24

H. 24

55.81

11

H. 45

51. 15

25

H. 10

56. 34

12

II. :;

51. 43

26

H. 27

60.00

13

H. 17

51.96

27

H. 14

60.93

14

H. 32

52. 45

252

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Variation, 13.88. Theoretical mean of variation, 53.99. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 1 and.H.
15. Average, 52.48.

Excluding H. 27 and H. 14 the variation is 9.27, the mean 51.69, the skull nearest the mean
H. 3, and the average 51.85.

TABLE XXXIII. — Seriation of 27 upper facial indices according to Kollmtmn.—Nalado.

Index .

Number

of skulls.

Indei.

Number
of skulls.

1

47 to 48

1

8

54

1

2

48

2

9

55

•2

3

49

3

10

56

1

4

50

4

11

57

0

5

51

3

12

58

0

6

52

3

13

59

0

7

53

5

14

60 to 61

2

Maximum of frequency, 53. f

TABLE XXXIV. — Ordination of 44 German profile angles. — Xalado.

No. of

.skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Au^lc.

O '

o /

o /

1

H. 22

76 00

16

H. 46

82 30

31

H. 32

85 00

2

H. 4

77 00

17

H. 24

83 00

32

H. 50

85 00

3

H. 35

77 30

18

H. 40

83 00

33

H. 52

85 00

4

H. 2

78 00

19

H. 49

83 00

34

H. 6

86 00

5

H. 9

78 00

20

H. 7

84 00

35

H. 14

86 00

6

H.33

,79 00

21

H. 15

84 00

36

H. 51

86 00

7

H. 1

79 30

22

H. 16

84 00

37

H. 3

86 30

8

H. 10

80 00

23

H. 23

84 00

38

II. 11

xi; :;o

9 H. 11

80 00

24

H. 25

84 00

39

H. 5

87 00

10 H. 27

80 00

25

H. 41

84 00

40

H. 43

87 00

11 H. 37

80 00

26

H. 42

84 00

41

H. 18

88 00

12 H. 13

81 00

27

H. 54

84 00

42

H. 28

88 00

13

H. 45

82 00

28

H. 56

84 00

43

H. 17

88 80

14

H. 57

82 00 29

H. 8

84 30

44

H. 19

89 00

15

H. 20

82 30 30

H. 21

85 00

Variation, 13°. Theoretical mean, 82° 30'. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 20 and II . 46.
age, 83° 25'. Skulls nearest to average, H. 24, H. 40, H. 49.

TABLE XXXV. — Seriation of 44 German profile angles. — tialado.

Aver-

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

Angle.

"Number
of skulls.

1

76° to 77°

1

8

83°

'3

2

77

2

9

84

10

•3

78

2

10

85

4

4

79

2

11

86

5

5

80

4

12

87

2

6

81

1

13

88

3

7

82

4

14

89 to 90

1

Maximum of frequency, 84°.

MEMOIK8 OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

253

TABLE XXX VI. — Ordination of 39 gnathic indices. — Salado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

1

H. 18

88.78

14

H.24

93.68

27

H. 7

97.00

2

H. 19

89.90

15

H. 13

94.00

28

H.45

98.01

3

H.30

90.00

16

H.28

94.11

29

H. 14

98.01

4

H. 17

90.81

17

H.29

94.11

30

H. 35

98.36

5

H.32

91.08

18

H.23

94.28

31

H.43

98.91

6

H.34

91.17

19

H. 25

94.28

32

H. 11

100.00

m

H. 9

91.83

20

H.40

94.79

33

H.27

100.51

0

H. 3

92.07

21

H. 6

95.45

34

H. 1

101. 01

9

H.50

92.13

22

H. 8 95.91

35

H.33

101. 05

10

H.44

93.00

23

H. 10

96.00

36

H.57

101. 12

11

H.51

93.10

24

H. 5

96.11

37

H. 2

102. 06

12

H. 42

93.57

25

H. 15

96.70

38

H.37

107. 36

13

H. 16

93.61

26

H.41

96.90

39

H. 4

110. 11

Variation, 21.33. Theoretical mean, 99.44. Skull nearest mean, H. 11. Average, 95.92.
Skulls H. 7, H. 15, H. 18, H. 19, H. 23, H. 25, H. 34, H. 40, H. 44, and H. 57 (10 in all) are
apparently normal. Their average index is 94.10.

TABLE XXXVII. — Seriation of 39 gnathic indices. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

88 to 89

1

100

2

89

1

101

3

90

2

102

1

91

3

103

0

92

2

104

0

93

5

105

0

94

6

106

0

95

2

107

1

96.

4

108

0

97

1

109

0

98

4

110 to 111

1

99

0

Maximum of frequency, 94.

TABLE XXXVI11. — tieriation of 37 gnathic indices (aberrant figures excluded). — tialado.

Index.

\tniilx-i-
of skulls.

Index.

Number
ol skulls.

88 to 89

1

96

4

89

1

97

1

90

2

98

4

ni

3

99

0

92

2

100

2

93

5

101

3

94

6

102

1

95

2

Variation, 13.28. Theoretical mean, 95.42. Skull nearest mean, H. 6. Average, 95.20.

254

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XXXIX. — Lint of indices and angles of alveolo-subnasalprognatliism. —

No. of
skull.

Vertical
measure-
ment.

Horizontal
measure-
ment.

Index.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Vertical

mrusuiv-
ment.

Iliiri/untul
in1 a*ure-

1IM III.

Index.

Angle.

mm.

imii.

o

mm.

mm.

o

H. 2

15

7.5

50.00

63i

H.23

15

E

33.33

71'

H. 3

19

4

21.05

78

H.24

16

5

31.25

73

H. 4

15

8

53.33

62

H. 25

22

6

27. 27

7">

H. 5

21

9

42.85

67

H.33

21

6

28. r,7

71.'.

H. 7

14

6.5

46.42

66

H.35

20

9

45.00

66

H. 10

20

6.5

32.50

72

H.37

16

9

5ii. 25

62

H. 11

19

7.5

39.47

68

H.42

22

7

31.81

71",

H. 14

18

8

44.44

66

H.43

21

3

14. 28

X2

H. 15

17

to

58.82

60

H.45

16

5

31.25

73

H. 16

16

5

31.25

73

H.46

15

7

46. 66

66

H. 17

17

3

17.64

79i

H.ru

17

7

41.17

68

H.18

20

6

30.00

73

H. 5li

16

5

31.25

73

H. 19

17

4

23.52

76

H.57

13

8

61.53

59i

H.20

24

8.5

.35.41

70i

TABLE XL. — Ordination of 27 indices of alveolo-subnasal prognathism. —

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of

skull.

Index.

No. of

skull.

Index.

1

H.43

14.28

10

H.45

31.25

19

H. 14

14.44

2

H. 17

17.64

11

H. 56

31.25

20

H.35

45. 00

3

H. 3

21.05

12

H. 42

31.81

21

H. 7

46. 12

4

H. 19

23.52

13

H. 10

32. 50

22

H. 40

16.66

5

H. 25

27.27

14

H. 23

33. 33

23

II. 2

50. 00

6

H. 33

28.57

15

.H.20

:::,. 1 1

24

H. 4

53. ::::

7

H. 18

30.00

16

H. 11

39. 47

25

H.37

56. 25

8

H. 16

31.25

17

H. 54

41.17

26

11. IT,

58. X2

9

H.24

31.25

18

H. 5

42.85

27

H.57

61.53

Variation, 47.25. Theoretical mean of variation, 37.90. Skull nearest to mean, H. 11. Aver-
age, 37.27.

TABLE XLI. — Ordination of 27 angles of alveolo-siibnasal prognathism. — H<tl<i<lo.

No. of

skull.

Angle.

NO. ,,r
skull.

Anule.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

o

c

1

H.57

5JH

10

H. 5

67

19

11.2.1

73

2

H. 15

60

11

H. 11

68

20

11. 45

78

3

H. 4

62

12

H.M

68

21

H. 56

73

4

H. 37

62

13

H.20

70|

22

H.33

711

5

II. 2

63i

14

H.10

72

23

1 1 . 25

7.-.

6

II. 7

66

15

H.23

72

24

H. 19

7(i

7

H. 14

66

16

H. 42

72i

25

H. 3

78

8

H.35

66

17

H. 16

73

26

H.17

79j

9

H.46

66

18

H. 18

73

27

H.43

82

Variation, 22J°. Theoretical mean of variation, 70f°.
mean and average, H. 20

Average, 70+°. Skull nearest to

MEMO1KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

255

TABLE XLII. — Seriation of 27 angles of alveolo-subnaaal prognathism. — Salado.

Maximum of seriation, 73.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

1

59 to 60

1

13

71

0

2

60

1

14

72

3

3

61

0

15

73

5

4

62

2

16

74

1

5

63

1

17

75

1

6

64

0

18

76

1

7

65

0

19

77

0

8

66

4

20

78

1

9

67

1

21

79

1

10

68

2

22

80

0

11

69

0

23

81

0

12

70

1

24

82

1

TABLE XLIII. — Ordination of 38 orbital indices. — Salado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of

skull.

Index.

1

H.22

81.81

14

H. 18

89.18

27

H.41

94.66

2

H. 1

82.92

15

H. 8

89.61

28

H.32

94.73

3

H. 6

84.61

16

H. 13

89.87

29

H.37

94.73

4

H. 5

85.36

17

H.25

90.24

30

H. 20

94.80

5

H. 19

85.71

18

H. 17

90.78

31

H. 11

94.87

6

H.26

85.71

19

II. 51

90. 90 !! 32

H.12

95. 00

7

H.21

85.89

20

H.29

91.42

33

H.27

95.00

8

H. 3

87.17

21

H.43

91.66

34

H.40

96. 05

9

H.57

87.83

22

H. 16

91.89

35

H. 4

97.29

10

H.10

88.09

23

H.56

92. 10

36

H. 15

97.29

11

H.45

88.15

24 H. r>3

92.75

37

H. 14

98.64

12

H.28

88.57

25

H.24

93.42 I 38

. H.36

100.00

13

H. 7

88.75

26

H.49

94.44

Variation, 18.19. Theoretical mean of variation, 90.90. Skull nearest to mean, H. 51. Aver-
age, 91.10.

Among the above skulls, H. 19, H. 26, H. 21, H. 57, H. 7, H. 18, H. 25, H. 12, H. 40, H. 15,
and H. 36, eleven in all, belong to apparently normal skulls; their average index is 91.06.

TABLE XLIV. — Seriation of 38 orbital indices. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

81 to 82

1

91

3

82

1

92

2

83

0

93

1

84

1

94

6

85

4

95

2

86

0

96

1

87

2

97

2

88

4

98

1

89

3

99

0

90

3

100 to 101

^

Maximum of frequency, 94.

256

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XLV. — Ordination of 44 nasal indices. — Salado.

Number.

Index.

Number.

Index.

Number.

Index.

1

H.43

44.23

16

H.24

50.00

31

H.29

53.57

2

H.34

44.54

17

H. 2

51.06

32

H. 19

53.84

3

H. 14

If,. L'S

18

H. 8

51.06

33

H.18

54.00

4

H.27

45.28

19

H.32

51.06

34

H. 4

54.34

5

H.5Z

45.28

20

H.40

51.11

35

H. 37

54.73

6

H. 9

45.91

21

H.42

51. 92

36

H. 16

64.94

7

H. 6

46.00

22

H. 5

52.00

37

H. 28

.->.-,. .-,:,

8

H. 15

46.07

23

H.35

52. 08

38

H.22

r><;. 5-

9

H.51

47.05

24

H.45

52.13

39

H.33

56.66

10

H. 10

47.95

25

H. 3

52.94

40

H.44

5li. 8I>

11

H. 7

48.00

26

H.17

53.06

41

B.36

59.34

12

H.01

48.42

27

H.26

53.12

42

II. Ill

.-,<!. :;7

13

H.21

48. 92

28

H.41

5:i. 12

48

H.20

60.00

14

H. 11

48. 97

29

H.56

53.26

44

H.57

61. 11

15

H.25

49.09

30

H.50

53. 33

Variation, 16.88. Theoretical mean of variation, 52.67. Skull nearest to mean, H. 3. Aver-
age, 51.66.

TABLE XLVI. — Seriation of 44 nasal indices. — tialado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

1

2
3

4
5

44 to 45

45
46
47
48

2
4
2.
2
4

10
11
12
13
14

53
54
55
56

57

7
4
1
3

6

49

1

15

58

7
8
9

50
51
52

1

5
4

16
17
18

59
00
61 to 62

2
1
1

Maximum of frequency, 53.

Skull, H. 30, with nose deflected to one side, as by a blow, lias an index of 42.34.

TABLE XLVI1. — Anterior nasal spine. — Salado.

\0. of

skull.

Descrip-
tive No.

Ho. of

skull.

l)i-scri|i-
li\<- Ni>.

[To. of

skull.

Descrip-
tive No.

H. 1

2

H.19

2

H.36

1

H. 2

2

H.20

2

H.37

2

H. 3

3

H.21

3

H.42

1

H. 4

3

H.22

2

H.43

5

H. 5

2

H. 28

2

H.44

4

H. 6

1

H.24

1

II. 15

2

H. 7

3

H. 25

3

II. II)

3

H. 8

1

H.26

1

H.48

2

H. 10

3

H.28

2

H.49

2

H.ll

1

H.29

2

H.50

2

H. 12

2

H.30

3

H.54

1

H. 14

3

H.32

3

H.56

3

H. 16

2

H.33

3

H.57

2

II. 17

2

H.34

2

H.18

1

H.35

2

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

257

TABLE XLV1II. — Ordination of 32 palatine indices.— tialado.

No. of
skull.

lii dex.

No. of
skull.

Index.

I

H.30

62.74

17

H.15

73.07

2

H.27

62.96

18

H.56

73.07

3

H.1'5

<;:;. ir,

19

H.17

74.07

4

II. 20

64.86

20

H. 8

74.50

5

H. 1

65. 48

21

H.33

75.47

6

H. 5

66. 66

22

H.49

76.00

7

H.H7

67. 67

23

H.40

76.00

8

H. :-!.->

69.81

24

H.50

76.19

9

H. 10

70.58

25

H.57

76.92

10

H.ll

70.58

26

H.46

77. 55

11

H.43

71.05

27

H.29

77.90

12

H.24

71.42

28

H.28

78.94

13

H.45

71.69

29

H.41

80.00

14

H. 14

71.92

30

H. 4

81.63

15

H. 2

73.00

31

H.16

81.63

16

H. 7

73.07

32

H.19

84.61

Variation, 21.87. Theoretical mean of variation, 73.67. Skull nearest to mean, H. 17. Aver-
age, 72.94.

If the aberrant skull H. 19 were excluded the variation would be 18.89; the mean, 72.18; the
skull nearest to meau, H. 14, and the average, 72.57. '

TABLE XLIX. — Seriation of 32 palatine indices. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

1

62 to 63

2

13

74

2

2

63

1

14

75

1

3

64

1

15

76

4

4

65

1

16

77

2

5

66

1

17

78

1

6

67

1

18

79

0

7

68

0

19

80

1

8

69

1

20

81

2

9

10

70
71

2
4

21

22

1

0
0

11

72

0

23

84 to 85

1

12

73

4

Maximum of frequency, 71, 73, and 76.

TABLE L. — Ordination of palatine deptli. — Salado.

No. of skull.

Palatine
depth.

No. of skull.

Palatine
depth.

1

H.33

21

17

H.57

15

2

H. 30

20

18

H. 4

14

3

H. 19

19

19

H. 11

14

4

H. 43

19

20

H. 16

14

5

H. 5

18

21

H. 27

14

6

H. 10

18

22

H. 45

14

7

H. 14

18

23

H. 1

13

8

H. 17 (immature)

18

24

H. 2

13

9

H. 20

17

25

H. 7

13

10

H. 24

• 17

26

H. 26

13

11

II. 41

17

27

H. 8

12

12

H. 31

16

28

H. 29 (child)

11

13

H. 37

16

29

H. 50 (child)

11

14

H. 40

16

30

H. 28 (child)

9

15

H. 49

16

31

H. 51 (child)

8

16

H. 15

15

S. Mis. 169 17

258 MEMOIltS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LI. — Osteometrical measurements and indices of the lony hours. — »s,

Designation
of skeleton.

Humerus.

Radius.

Ulna.

Antibrachial
index of
right side.

Aiitilirar.hial
index of
left side'.

Femur.

Fibul.i.

| «— = 5'5

111 1=1
r- '—

M

i

I

I

4

5

\

3
y

K

a

£

5

4
*,

I

J

II.
II.
II.
11.
II.
II.
11.
31.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
11.
II.
II.
11.
JI.
JI
II.
JI
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
II.
11.
II
II.
II

1

282
302
307
312
290

278
300
304
311
279

216
2.i9
244
248

22«
239

273

237
245

2)7
226
2;7
267
218

288

237

76.59
79.13
79. 47
78.84
77.93
"79. 10
*84. 09
-ii. .13
78.02
79.56
•85. 39
82 96

77.33
79.00
80 59
79.45
81.00
•79.64
•89. 72
78.6*
•76. 15
79,00
•71.61
80 30

330
354

0.321
347
337
356
326

•78. 70

K2. i::

SI. 18

80.01

' Sli. ^2

426

c. 424
434
399

431

421
437
403

336
800
824

•83. 16
84.06

8.1. 00
85.02

g

263
264
249
256
2112
c.240
259
271
271
281

263
c.265

24.1
2.14
288
235

359
369
335

7

10

14

327
273
314
323

397
816
352
364

16

277
308
320
328
330
317

381

42S
332

390

329

303

327
B.8M

*92. 98
84.81

•82. 00

84.36
•86.57

•82. 72
7(i. 711

18

24.1
2.17
258
269

363

253

423
C.456

21

25

327
318
275

265

39

-74.28
81.45

<ii9. 5(1
77.06
"79. 27
76 05

•73. 99
•73. 93

875

33

224
210
205

220

883

388
B7t

410

"HI 14

85 :,n
84.08

36

224
218

388
372

331
303
866

331

2112
841

39

266
298
309

264
294
307

202

76.51

•79. 78
*76. 40

21(2 M.MI
:: 5 Sil. .is

41

45

235

48

403

821

MIT 114

57

270
280
298

235
243

-86. 87
80.35
76.51

374
400
410

:i70

401
415

823
843
850

816

828

318

880

8.1. 82
•88.57
85.36

85.90

60

284

22.1
228

•83. 17
•76.45

60

231

860

61

260

217
268

88

332
310

71. 1.1

64 . --

307

*76. 40

67

230

227
212

3117
<•. 300
818

68

278
280

271

278

c.207
214

203
214

74.46
76.42

74.90

711. '.17

70

384

389

323

326

81.11

S3. 80

71

3.15
391

72

328

2B3

202

278

*«7. 05

79.87

403

464

4(12

3S7 *7(i. .11
*H9 <U

86. S3

77

C.386
3G8

79

2.11

•84.34

430

433

c-. 364
c 339

80.55

84." 08

•80. 84

11.
11
II
11
U
II
11
II

i

i

I

247

85

423
449

353

- -x:i 7.1

86

333
322

2St

•70. 93
•73 36

451
435

3!I4

395

87. 7.1

87. .IK
•80.44

87

88

272

91

479

480

400

•73.96

*72. 911

92

864

298

•70 9?

Set I

C.424

430
0.891

•83. 55

•89! 49

Set II

Set III

240

Humerus .
HnmrruB .

277
316

*85 28

•74 75

249
211

•82. 41
•66 52

Radius - .

212

"81 32

880

344. 8.1

Average.

1

341.78

302.12

297. 57

231). 23 234.57 261.06

248. 41

78.18

78.86

415. 28

419. 30

354. 28 349. 92

85.28

83.54

NOTE.— All the indices thus ( •) marked were obtained by using in the calculation the average length of the respective series in place
of the length of the missing bone.

TABLE LII. — Synopnis of average indices of the long bones. — Salado.

Antibrachial.

Tibio-femoral.

Of right arm.

Of left arm.

Of total or both
arms.

Of right leg.

ofli-ftlen.

III lotal of both
legs.

Number of
individual

indin -.

Average.

Number of
individual
indices.

Average.

Number of
indiviiliial
indices.

Average.

Number of
individual
indices.

Average.

Number of
individual
iuclirc's.

\

•5

Number of

individual
indii'CS.

Average.

14
18

7«. 06

77. xl

14

r>

78.60
79.17

14
15

78.63
78. 35

12
11

84.73

X.-.. XT

10
13

84.90
82.45

11

13

84.83

Sl.lf

Total

82

78.18

26

78. 86 29

78.49

23

85. 28 23

I

83.54

23 84. 41

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEXCES.
TABLE LIU. — Antibrachial and tibio-femoral indices in various races.

259

Antibra-
elrial
index.

Tibio-
femoral
index.

111 Europeans

72.47
73.10
74. tiO
74.70
74.85
75.40
75.77
75.94
76.25
77.97
78.49
78.83

e Sala-

iduals,

9 Esthonians

78.60
79. 60
81.02
81.03
82.20
82.61
83. 2(5
83.48
83.55
84.41

le Sala-
iduals,

9 Esthonians

6 Tartars

6 Egyptians

(i Tartars

7 Arabs anil Berbers

5 Koorgaus in Kussia

7 Arabs and Berbers

11 South Americans

42 African Negroes

11 New Caledonians

7 Hindoos

7 Chinese, Annamites, and Javanese.
29 Salad oans

23 Saladoans

NOTE.— The number 23, referring to tl
doans, moans 23 indices of various indh
not the indices of 23 individuals.

42 African Negroes

NOTE. — The nnmbcr 20, referring to tl
dnaiis, means 2!) indices of various indh
not the indices of 29 individuals.

All the figures in the above table, except those concerning Saladoans, are from Topiuard.*
\V<> have not copied all his figures, however, but only those which deal with five or more indi-
viduals. To make his data more comparable with ours we have combined the indices of the two
sexes which lie gives separately.

TABLE LIV. — Dimensions and indices of 11. Scapula;. — Salado

Designa-
tion Clf
skeletons.

Length.

Width.

Indices.

Right
scapulae

Left
scapula;.

Right
scapiilse.

Left
scapuhe.

Bight

scapuhr.

Left
scapula).

H. 1
H. 6
H. 8
H.21
H. 25
H.33
H. 30
H.45
H.68
H.70
H.72

Avei

135ca
112
136

93
99
97

68. 8<

147
137
152
160

101
101
102
110

89.71

71.32

68. 70

73. 72
67.10

<;*. :r,

161
130

120

105
94

98

(i.-,. 21
72.30

103ca
92

81.66

"74.753"

70.76

138
130

132
123

1112

age hide

90
97
108

68. IS
78 86

66. 66

X -

71.42

70.61

General average index, 71.01).
TABLE LV.— Angle of torsion of burner m.— Ordination according to right humerus.—Nalado

No.

Sex.

Right.

Left.

No.

Sex.

Right.

Left.

1

o /
146 00

O 1

148 30

12

o /
160 00

0 1

2

148 00

155 00

13

H 15

j.1

-1CA OA

3

H.26

M.

148 30

14

M.

161 00

4

5

H. 5

F.

151 30

153 ::o

151 00
166 00

15
16

H.41(?)
H 8

M.

P

161 30
ifii mi

153 00

6

F

155 00

157 30

Hoc

H.33

155 00

18

H 6

M

170 00

ifis ^n

8

H.39

F.

157 00

Hi!) 00

19

H!33

174 00

9

H. 19

M.

158 30

150 00

20

H. 45

174 00

169 00

10

H. 1

F.

158 30

152 00

21

177 oo

11

H.32

M.

158 30

161 30

Average of 21 right hunieri — 159° to'.
Average of 41 humeri, both sides = 150° 30'+.

"TOPINAKD: Op. cit., pp. 1043, 1045.

260 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LVI. — Angle of torsion ofJntmerus. — Ordination according 1<> left humerux.

NullitMT.

Sex.

Left.

Right.

Number.

Sex.

Left.

Bight.

1

o /
148 30

o '
146 00

11

H. 32

M.

O '

161 30

0 /

158 30

2

H 19

M

150 00

158 30

12

161 30

3
4

H. 5
H 1

F.
F

151 00
152 00

151 30
158 30

13
14

H. 8

F.

162 30
164 00

161 30

5

H 7

M

152 30

15

166 00

153 30

6

H. 41(?)

153 00

161 30

16

H. 25

M.

166 00

166 00

7
8

H. 15

F.

154 00
155 00

100 30
148 00

17
18

H. 6

H. 3!>

M.

F.

168 30
169 00

170 00
157 00

9

H 57

157 00

lit

H. 45

169 00

174 00

10

F.

157 30

155 00

20

172 00

Average of 20 left burner i= 159° 30'.

TABLE LVIL— Mean angles of torsion of pairs of humeri.— Salado.

Designa-
tion.

Sex.

Mean angle
of pair.

Variiitiiui
bi't\\ ri-ii
ri^lit and

' left

huinerus.

1

0 '

147 15

c /
2 30

2
3

H. 5

F.

151 15
151 30

30

7 00

4

5
6

H. 19
H. 1

M.
F.
F.

154 15
155 15
156 15

8 30
6 30
1 31

7

H 41(?)

157 15

8 30

8
9

H. 15

F.

157 15
159 45

6 30

12 30

10
11
12
13

H. 32
H. 8
H. 39
II ''5

M.
F.
F.
M

160 00
162 00
163 00
166 00

3 00
1 00
12 00

14
15

H. 6
H. 45

M.

169 15
171 30

1 30
5 00

Average mean angle of 15 pairs=158° 47'.

Average variation between right and left huinerus, 5° 0'.

TABLE LVIII. — Torsion of the humerus with regard to sex, — tialado.

Male.

Female.

Designation
of skeleton.

Right
humeri.

Left
humeri.

Designation
of skeleton.

Right
humeri.

Left
humeri.

H. 19

H 32

0 '

158 30
158 30

o '
150 00
161 30

H. 5

o '
151 30

155 00

o '
151 00
157 30

H.25
H. 6

166 00
170 00

166 00
168 30

H.39
H. 1
II. 15
H. 8

157 00
158 30
160 30
161 30

n;:i oo

152 00

154 IK)
11)2 30

Average.. .

163 15

161 30

Aervage.. .

157 20

157 30

Total average of males, 162° 22'.
Total average of females, 157° 30'.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

261

TABLE LiX. — Torsion of the Jnimcrus in specimens in the general collection of the Army Medical

Museum.

Museum
No.

Race or nation.

Sex.

Left.

Eight.

1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

165
2021
1530
1790
1791
1792
1852
1896
1897
1898
1901
2062
2068
1*5:1

1854
2046
2071
2072
2036
2066
6499
1595
1
121
157*
1584
15*5
1620
2185
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
956
1835
2040
552
1021
2037
2011
2103

M.

o
150. 00
148.00
154.25
158. 50
162. 75
156. 75
144.00
156.00
155.00
160. 25
150. 50
15 1 . 75
151.00
142. 25
150. 50
156. 50
157.00
157.00
153. 25
154. 50
168.25
161. 75
174.00
169. 75
170.00
178. 50
175. 50
176. 00
170. 25
161. 75
173. 75
167. 00
165. 50
165. 75
15X. 50

o
152. 50
152.00
135. 50
154. 25
155.25
154.25
141. 00
148. 75
156. 75
154.00
136. 75
154. 50
152. 75
151.50
144.00
156. 75
157. 50
158. 50
1P9.25
142. 75
162. 75
162.00
179.00
166. 75
159. 50
175. 25
172.50
176. 25
160. 00
160. 25
164. 25
161. 50
161. 75
166. 50
153. 00
156.00
151.00
165.00
140. 50
153.00
158. 50
161. 25
15d. 50

do

M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.

f;

F.
F.
F.
.M.
F.
.M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
F.
F.

Sioux Sisseton

do .

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Sioux

do

do

'do

do

do

do

do

do .

do

1 ,;i li]>

do

do

do

do

M.

M.
F.
F.
F.
F.
M.
M.

159. 50
157.00
161.00
157.00
150. 25
160.00
169. 75
148. 50

Mulatto

do

Ne^ro .

do

do

do

do

Average aujjle of American Indians.

154. 67
165.20
159. 81

151.96
161. 86
156. 63

TABLE LX. — Torsion of the hiimerus in specimens in the general collection of the Army Medical
Museum (series less than five excluded). — Average for male and female and for right and left.

Race or nation.

Number of
individuals.

Female.

Male.

Undetermined sex.

Kinllt

total.

Left
total.

Total
of all.

Right.

I.H'I.

Total.

Eight.

Left.

Total.

Eight

Left.

Total.

3 fern ales. -
4 males.
1 female. - -

4 M n it i-tcr-
in in oil.
7 it-niidfs. .
H males.

;"• mules.

1 undeter-
mined.
:i females . .
2 males.

166.41

160.25

153. 50

171. 83
101. 75

152. 96

169. 12
161. 00

153. 25

172. 50

150.25

150. 55
155. 87

174. 63

155. 25

156. 05
159. 12

173. 56

152. 75

153. 30
157. 50

169. 89
162.85

151. 76

150.79
152.75

173. 42
160. 75

154.18

154. 70
157. 10

171. 66
16-1. 80

152. 97

15i. 75
154.92

163. 50

168.00

165. 75

152. 00

148.00

150.00

Other North Ann-rictus

150.66

155.75

153. 20

2Q2

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXI. — Indices of 19 pelves — Salado.

Designation
of
skeleton.

Breadth-
height
index.

Superior
strait
index.

Pubo-isch-
iatic depth
index

Sacral
length
index.

H. 1

77 95

65 35

72 44

H. 5
H. 6
H. 7
H. 8
H. 10
H. 14
H. 15
H. 18

135.32
136. 36
145. 83
142. 32
148. 92
131. 77
152.09

84.72
91.45
74.04
85.82
80.41
103. 44
74.61
86 03

66.66
76.06
71.75
66.14
66.43
77.58
59.23
68 99

77.08
94.87
67.93
80.31
65.03
83.62
73.84

H. 19

89.65

81.89

95 68

H. 25

140.60

82.81

81.25

H. 36
H. 39

149. 42
152.38

76.92
69.04

70.76
66.66

76.92

H. 41

H. 45

131. 18

. 78. 63
82 26

80.34

63 r>

86.32
73 75

H. 57
H. 59
H. 72
H. 96

152.66
137. 07
146. 96
130. 17

82.53
69.06
80.14
78.21

64.28
62.58
69.85
75.24

76.98
66.18
82.35
89.10

TABLE LXII. — Ordination of breadth-height indices of 11 pelves — Salado.

Designation
of skeleton.

Index.

Sex.

Designatiiin
if sU-lfton.

Index.

Sex.

I

H. 41

131. 18

Male.

8

H. 7

145. 83

Male.

2

H. 14

131. 77

Male.

9

H. 72

146. 96

Hale.

3

H. 5

135. 32

Female.

10

H. 10

1 18. 92

Female-

4

H. 6

136. 36

Male.

11

H. 36

149.43

Female.

5

H. 59

137.07

Female.

12

H. 15

152. 09

Female.

6

11. 25

140.60

Male.

13

H.39

152. 38

Female.

7

H. 8

142. 32

Female.

14

H. 57

152. 66

Female.

TABLE LXIII. — Ordination of superior strait indices of 18 pelves. — Sal<i<l<>

Designa-
tion of skel-
eton.

Index.

Sex.

Designa-
tion of skel-
eton.

Imh-x.

Sex.

1

H.39

69.04

Female.

10

H. I.-,

82.26

Female.

2

H.59

69.06

Female.

11

H.67

82.53

Female.

3

H.7

74.04

Male.

12

H.25

82.81

Male.

4

H.15

74.61

Female.

13

11.5

84.72

Female.

5

H.36

76.92

Female.

14

H.8

85.82

Female.

6

H.I

77.95

Female.

15

H. 18

86. 03

Male.

7

H.41

78.63

Male.

16

H. 19

89.65

.Male-.

8

H.72

80.14

Male.

17

H.6

91. 45

Male.

9

H. 10

80.41

Female.

18

H. 14

103. 44

Male.

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

263

TABLE LXIV. — Ordination of 18 pubo-ischiatic indices. — Salado.

Designa-
tion of skel-
eton.

Index.

Sex.

Designa-
tion of skel-
eton.

Index.

Sex.

1

H.15

59.23

Female.

10

H.18

68.99

Male.

2

H.59

62. 58

Female.

11

H.72

69.85

Male.

3

H. 45

63.12

Female.

12

H.36

70.76

Female.

4

H.57

64.28

Female.

13

H.7

71. 75

Male.

5

H.I

65.35

Female.

14

H.6

76.06

Male.

6

II. 8

66. 14

Female.

15

H. 14

77.58

Male.

7

H. 10

66.43

Female.

16

H.41

80.34

Male.

8

H.5

66.66

Female.

17

H.25

81. 25

Male.

9

H.39

66.66

Female.

18

H. 19

81.89

Male.

TABLE LXV. — Ordination of 15 sacral length indices. — Salado.

Designa-

Design a-

tion ot skel-

Index.

Sex.

tiou of skel

Index.

Sex.

eton.

eton.

1

H. 10

65. 03

Female.

9

H.r,

77.08

Female.

2

11. PI)

66.18

Female.

10

H.8

80.31

Female.

3

H.7

67.93

Male.

11

H.72

82.35

Male.

4

H.I

72.44

Feinalr.

12

H. 14

83. 62

Male.

5

H.45

73.75

Female.

13

H.41

86.32

Male.

6

H.15

73.84

Female.

14

H.(i

94.87

Male.

7

H.36

76.92

Female.

15

H.19

95.68

Male.

8

H.57

76.98

Female.

TABLE LXVI. — Breadth-height indices (general index of the pelvis) in various races.

Males.

6 Saladoans 138. 78

46 Europeans 126. 60

17 African negroes 121. 30

11 Oceanian negroes .. . 122.70

Females.

X Saladoans 146.27

24 Europeans 136. 90

10 African negroes 134. 20

10 Oceanian negroes 129. 00

NOTE.— With the exception of the Saladoan these data are from TOITNARU'S jGi(5meutn d'anthropologie, p. 1049.

TABLE LXVII. — Indices of flic superior strait in various races.

Males.

63 Europeans 80.00

2 Lapps 83. 00

8 Saladoans 85. 77

I Tasmanian 88. 00

17 African negroes 89.00

12 New Caledonians 91. 00

1 Australian .. .98.00

Females.

10 Saladoans 78.33

I!) Europeans 79.00

(> African negresses 81. 00

3 Peruvians 83. 00

7 Australians 88. 00

3 New Caledonians 89. 00

1 Javanese 90. 00

13 Andarnanese ... . 99. 00

NOTE. — With the exception of the figures on the Saladoans, these data are from TOPINARD'S Elements d'anthro-
pologie, p. 1050.

264

MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXVIII. — 19 different measurements of 30 pelves. — Salado.

Designation of
skeletons.

Conjngata

CXtlTIIU.

Crest
width.

Antero-
superior
spinal
width.

Posterior-
superior
spinal
width.

Antero-
posterior
diameter
of brim.

Transverse
diameter
of brim.

Antero-
posterior
diameter
of outlet.

L'ransvrrsr
diameter
of outlet.

Sriatie
width.

Pelvic height.

Eight.

Left.

H. 1..

161
188
163
155
161
187 ca.
174 ca.
154
165 ca.

99
122
107
97 ca.
109
115
120
97
lllca.
104

127
144 ca.
117
131
127
143
116
130
129
116

124
118
101 ca.
118
113
150
108
119

100
120

87
93
110
112
92
123
100 ca.
77

91 ca.
114
78
86
99
102
82 ca.

170
201

187
192
189
186
192
167
192

H 5

272
255
280
269
277
253
245

233
220
249
234
244
205
211
224

103
72

202
190
193
181
188
188
168

H 6

H. 7

H. 8

77
!)2ca.

H. 10

H. 14

H. 15

77

H. 18

87 ca.

H. 19

88

202
206
197

H. 21

209

H.25

158 ca.

277

241 ca.

106

128

H. 27

H. 33

176

H. 35

H. 36

158

260
256
244 ca.

229
245

88

100
87
92
116
104
96

130
126
117
141
126
139

108 ca.

107
103
90
125
106
109

171
168
1S6

173

H. 39

H. 41

149
165
159
169

86
92

'"&'"'

117
114
119

186
195
169
179

H.45

114

101
108

H.57

258
244

234
227

H. 59

85

178

H. 61

H.63

H. 72

154 ca.

291

263

109

136

105

107

99 ca.

198

H.79

H.84

H. 87

187
169

H. 96 (child,
epiphyges
absent)
B

130

220

201

72 c.

79

101

94

69

169

C

Designation
of skeletons.

Iliac breadth.

Height of iliac
fossa.

Cord of
the brim.

I'ubo-iscliiutii-
depth.

ArHaliu]*
s\ niiihv-

si'al widtl

' Sacral
length.

Sacral
breadth.

Width of
sacrum at
brim.

Infv-rior
width of
sacrum.

Eight.

Left.

Eight.

Left.

Ill-lit.

Left.

H. 1..

106
131
107 ca.
106
108
127
118
105
112
108
115
112 ca.

83 ca.
96
91
95 -
84
95
90
76

113
128
110
118
114
131
119
112
129
115
122
129

92
111
111
89
102
93 (5 v )
97
96

101
126
116
117
122
126
120
103
110
122

92
107
100
110
105
109
98
101
106
99

83
101
83
91
81
96

H 5

152

89
89
89
83
88
92
85
82

96
89
!U
84
95
90
77 ca.
89

H 6

149
153
141
154

90
89
83
90
87
80

H 7

H. 8

144

H. 10

H. 14

H. 15

139

140
121 ca.

83
87
90

H. 18

H. 19

95
100
104

111

H. 21..

98 ca.

96 ca,
96

98

H. 25

160 ca.

104
100
99
109
105
101
99
109
104
104

H. 27..

1

112

99(5v)
103
100 (5 v)

118
111
113
117
106
108
122
113
111

92

86
90
86

H. 33

82

113

88

108

H. 35

H. 36

133
133
132
152 ca.

131 ca.

82
82 ca.
88

79

114

105
100
106
105
121

92
84
94

90
84
89 ca
89
82
87

120
112
105
119
112
114

H. 39.

H. 41.

89 ca.
95
83
83

101
104
97
92
105
102 (5 v)
112
108 ca.
96
105
90

97
92

74
95
82
91
93
92 ca.
96
80 ca.
90
88
70

89
90

H. 45..

149

H. 57

85
81

81

87

H. 59

134

136

H. 61

H. 63

117ca.
129
106
121
117oa.
92

121
111

110
115
94
115
98
88

99
104

H. 72

163

99

111

95

120

H.79

H. 84

H. 87.

144

115

87
72

H. 96 (child,
epiphyses
absent)
B

116

74

91

76

76

99 ca.

C.

MEM01KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

265

TABLE LXIX. — Pilaster femur — Indices of transverse section of shaft of femur from 54 skeletons,

more or less complete. — Salado.

Desigua-

tidll of

sk«-li:t<m.

Right, 49.

Left, 47.

Remarks.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

231
30
30i
30
32
27*
24
274
24
30
32
32
17
29
28

Lateral

dimen-
sion.

Index.

Antero-
posterkff

dimen-
sion.

Lateral

diim-u- Index,
sion.

H. 1
H. 2
H. 5
II. (i
II. 7
H. 8
H. 9
H. 10
H. 15
H.19
H. L'l
H.25
H.29
H.30
H.32
H.33
H.34
H.36
H.39
H.41
H.42
H.45
H.57
II. r,«
H.59
H.60
H.62
H.63
H.64
H.66
H.66
H.67
H.69
H.70
H.71
H.72
H.73
11.71
H. 75
H. 76
H.77
H.78
H.79
H.81
H.82
H.85
H.86
H.87
H.88
H.90
H.91
H.92
H.93
H.96

Averag

23
23

2::

214

21
23

2-U
264

214
241
274
23
13
26
24

102. 17
130. 43
132. 60
139. 53
133. 33
119. 56
97.95
103. 77
111. 62
122. 44
116. 36
139. 13
130. 76
116. 00
116. 66

234

234

100.00

Both diameters a little oblique.

Slight exostosis in left.

Young child.
Femora bowed forward.

Exostotic fringes on liuea aspera.

Slight exostosis on right.
Child. •

Youth.

30
31
30
29
234
28
23i
31
33
3U
164
31
274
24
30
264
23
254
32
264
25
29
24
25

24
21
234
24
24
254
214
25
27
24
13
23
23
21
25
23
21
24
25
224'
22
25i
204
21

125.00
147. 61
127.65
120. 83
97. 91
109. 80
109. 30
124.00
122. 22
131. 25
126. 92
134. 78
119. 56
114. 28
120.00
115. 21
109.52
106. 25
128.00
117. 77
113.63
113. 72
117. 07
119. 04

30
27
23
254
33
36
25

234
23
22

224
244
224
22

\

127. 65
117. 39
1 04.54
113.33
134. 69
115. 55
113. 63

24
25
30
31

27
29
244
25
164
244

214
22
27
25
29
25
234
25
14
23

111. 62
113. 63
111.11
124. 00

93. 10
116.00
104 25

31

244

126. 53

100 00
117.85
106.52

16

254
27
30
29

244
26
24

26 i

14
234
21
21
234
244
25
22
23

114. 28
108. 51
128. 57
125.00
123. 40
100.00
104.00
109. 09
115. 21

304
304
24
26
24
254
27
284

234
24
24*
24
22
23
244
264

1211. 7X
127. 08
!)7. !>5
108. 33
10!). 09
110.86
110. 20
107. 54

29

L'5!
25
264
304
30
294
30
29
27
254
23

254
24
224
26
264
23
23
23i
27"
244
23
184

113. 72
106. 25
111.11
106.00
115. 09
130. 43
128. 26
127. 65
107. 40
110. 20
110. 86
124. 32

24
264

33
304

±!
234
24*

•j:',

104. 34
108. 51
134. (i!)
L82.60

28
29
28
26
19

e index

25
27
23

224
194

112.00
107. 10
121.73
115. 55
«7. 43

115. 76

117.38

Average iudex of total, 110.45.

266

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXX. — Pilaxti-r fc.inur — Indices of transverse section of shaft of femur, miscellaneous. —

Salado.

Designa-
tion of
skeleton.

Eight, 17.

Left, 18.

Remarks.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

S I
S II
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
0
P

§
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y

Avei

27
25|
29i
25
27
17}

24
254
204
22*
27
18}

112.50
100.00
143.90
111.11
100.00
106.06

28
25
28
24
27
184
28
254
26

23
244
21
23
26
16
22
23
224

121. 73
102.04
133. 33
104.34
103. 84
115. 62
127. 27
110.86
115. 55

Child.

Both diameters a little oblique.
Child.

26
25
26
31

26

23
23

23
27

244

113.04
108. 69
113. 04
114. 81
106.12

31

284

108. 77

33

254

129. 41

254
27

22
25

115 90

108.00

29|
27
25

254
24
20

115. 68
112. 50
120.00

264

234

112. 76

25
254
24

23

224
20

108. 69
111.11
120.00

32

25

254
24

125. 45
104.16

21

17

123. 52

20*
•age iude

194

105. 12

111.80

115. 79

Average index of total, 113.85.
TABLE LXXI. — Indices of section of the femur in 16 Peruvian skeletons in Army Medical Museum.

Number of
specimen.

Sight.

Left.

Kcmarks.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

15.95

23

224

102. 22

234

24

97.91

Female.

2555

30

274

110 90

3131

22

20

110.00

224

22

102. 27

Adolescent.

3132

27

294

91.52

254

294

86.44

u

'446

24

224

106. 66

244

23

106. 52

I

447

314

244

128. 57

32

25

128.00

i

448

254

26

98.07

29

27

107. 40

449

27

244

110. 20

264

234

112. 76

T •

450

30

29

103.44

32

27

118. 51

£3

451

274

25

110.00

274

25

110.00

CX

452

274

284

96.49

28

284

98.24

°a

453

24

22

109.09

234

234

100.00

S"-3

454

25

254

98.03

254

254

100.00

455

31

26

119. 23

304

26

117. 30

<s>

456

314

29

108. 62

|

^467

33

30

110.00

Average ind

106.74

106.93

Average index of total, 10(5.84.

MEMOIKS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

267

TABLE LXXII. — Of indices of transverse section of shaft of femur — entire collection o

Average of 66 femora of right side 114. 74

Average of 65 femora of left side 116. 94

Average of 131 femora of both sides 115. 83

Maximum (H. 6, left) 147.61

Minimum (H. 64, right) 93. 10

TABLE LXXIII. — Relations existing between pilaster femur and platycnemic tibia. — Salado.

4

[The first 5 skeletons have the lowest average tibial index and the highest average femoral index. In the last 5 the conditions are reversed.]

Deaig

Tibiae.

Femora.

skeleton.

Right.

Left.

Both.

Eight.

Left.

Both.

V
Lowest

H. 6

51.42

49.29

50.35

139. 53

147. 61

143. 57

H. 19
H.21
H.30
H.87

48.75
59. 15
54.54
52.11

48.75
50.60
51.47
50.00

48.75
54.87
53.00
51.05

122. 44
116. 36
116. 00
132.60

124.00
122. 22
134. 78
130.43

123. 22
119. 29
125. 39
131. 51

Total average .

53.19

50. 02

51.60

125.38

131. 80

128. 59

Highest

H.5

73 33

70.49

71 91

132 60

125. 00

128. 80

H.36
H.63
11.70
H.74

76.28
62.16
69.49
74.19

75.43

68.57
68.75
79.03

75. 85
65.36
69.12
76.61

117.39
124.00
106. 52
97.95

115. 21
126. 53
108. 51
100.00

116. 30
125. 26
107. 51
98.97

Tot ill average

71.09

72.45

71.77

115. 69

115. 05

115. 37

TABLE LXXIV. — I'latycncmia. — Indices of transverse section of shaft in 90 tibiae from 52 skeletons

more or less complete. — Salado.

Right Bid

e.

Left side

Desig-
nation of
skeleton.

Anteru-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
iHiiirn
sion.

Index.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

K' niiirks.

H.I
H.2

26*

16

60.37

27
33

17
21

62.96
63 63

H.5
It. 6
H.7
H.9
H. 10
H.H
H. 15
H. 19
H.21
H.26
H.29
H.30
H. 32

30
35
36
29
34
30
27
40
35*
25
20
33

22
18
19
18*
20
20
17
19*
21"
19
13*
18

73.33
51.42
. 52. 77
63.79
58.82
66.66
62.96
48.75
59. 15
76.00
67. r,()
54.54

30*
35*
35
30*
34
32
26+
40"

41*

28
18*
34
31

21*
17*
20
20*
22
20
16*
19*
21
20
14
17*
2M

70.49
49.29
57.14
67.21
64.70
62.50
62.26
48. 75
50.1 iO
71. -12
75.67
51. 47
69. 35

Muscular exostosis.
Youth.
Child.

H.33

27

17

62.96

H.34
H.36
H.39
H.41
H.42
H.45
H. 48

35*
28
27
32*
37
31*
36

23
21*
15
21

22*
19*
21*

64.78
76.28
55.55
64.61
60.81
61.80
59.72

34*
28*
26*
32
35*
31

23
21*
15
20
22
21

66.66
75.43
66.60

62.50
61.97
67.74

11.57
H.58
H. 59

27
32*

17"
23

62.96
70.76

29
33*
26+

18
24*
18

62.06
73.13
67 92

H. 60

31

191

62 <K)

H. 61

38

22

57.89

H. 62

36*

21

57. 53

H.63
H. 64
H.86

H. 67

37
3fi*
37

23
19*
21*

62.16
53.42
58.10

35
37
36
29

24

20i
20*
19

68.57
55.40
56. 94
65 51

268

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXIV— Continued.

Desig.
nation of
skeleton.

Bight Bide.

Left side.

Bern arks.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Liii.-ni!
iliim-n-

S.i.ill.

Index.

Attero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

H.68
H.69
H.70
H.71
H.72
H. 73
H.74
H. 77
H.78
H. TJ
H.81
H.82
H.84
H.85
H.86
H.87
H.SX
H.89
H.90

27}
19
32

19

144
22

69.09
7(i. SI
68.75

Child.

4
Slight exostosis.

Deformed.
Child.

21

29}
30}

15

,20}
20}

71.42
69.49
67.21

35}
36
31

22

20
24}

61.97
55.55
79.03

38}
31
29
31
34
31}
25}
32}

21
23
20
20
20
17
17
21

54.54
74.19
68.96
64.51
58.82
53.96
66.66
64.61

33

32}
32
25
31
29
37}
36
39

19
21
17
18}
19
20
19}
18
22

57.57
64.61
53.12
74.00
61.29
68.96
52.00
50.00
56.41

38}
35}

20
18}

51.94
52.11

29
33
34}

16}
17}

24

56.89
53.03
69.56

37
15}

25}
12

68.91

77. -1 1

Ai

61.78

63.60

Average of all tibiae, 62.71. Average of 78 normal adult tibiae, 61.8*.
TABLE LXXV. — Platycnemia. — Indices of transverse section of shaft in 26 miscellaneous tibice.-

Designation
of skeleton.

Right side.

Left side.

Remarks.

AnU'ro-
poaterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N andO
P
Q and R
8 and T
U
V aud W
X
Y
Z and A2

Avera

39
27}
34
32
28}

26
19
19
22

19}

66.66
89.09

55.88
68.75
68.42

Pair.

Child.
Child.
Very young child.
Probably a pair.

Probably a pair.

29
37}
35
38

17}
21
22
21

60.34
56.00
62.85
55.26

29}
30}.

21
17

71.18
:,.-- ?:i

36}
40

22}
23

61.64
57.50

39

27
22
21

24}
19
15
17

60.28
70.37
68.18
80. 95

22}
21
14
29

15
17
12}
19

66.66
80.95
89.28
65.51'

29
30

19

19}

i;r,.r,i
65.00

28
28}

M

20}

71.42
71.92

29

20

68.96

66.61

66.78

Average of total, 66.70. Average of 116 tibiae of both series (regular and miscellaneous), 63.54.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

269

TABLE LXXV1. — Indices of transverse section of shaft of femur in 62 skeletons of various rui-rx

the Army Medical Museum.

Races.

No. of

sptM-inn-n.

Sex.

Eight femur.

Left femur.

Ki'inarks.

\ntero-
poste-
riur
dimen-
sion.

..ateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

Antero-
poste-
rior
dimen-
sion.

jatf-ral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

White

5433
6414
552
2037
20 41
2103
3301
5432
1835
2040
1834
756
239

. 814
938
1473
1530
6499
2133
2036
2066
6966
1257
622
623
1000
946
6287

165
1121
400
644
788
778
963
964
13
2046
2071
2072
1X52
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
2061
2062
2063
2068
1851
1853
1854
1856
1790
1791
1792
926

956
957

M.
F.
F.
F.
M.
M.
P.
F.
M.
M.
M.

24
27*
23
31
294
284
25
384
324
27
25

254
24

19*
25*
28
27
22
244
274
234
214

94.11
114. 58
117. 94
121. 56
105. 35
105. 55
113. 63
159. 18
118. 18
114. 89
116. 27

234
274
24
31
29*
29
26
37
33
27
244
25
25

304
31

224
304
29*
314
304
31*.
314
294
284
29

254
244
204
254
28
27
22
254
284
234
22
26
224

26

264
23
27
244
254
274
274
264
264
244
24 •

92.15
112. 24
117. 07
121. 56
105. 35
107.40
118. 18
145.09
115. 78
114. 89
111.36
96.15
111. 11

117. 30
116. 98
!>7. 82
112.96
120. 40
123. 52
110. 90
114. 54
118. 86
111.32
116. 32
120. 83

Hunehliack.

\:> yi-nrs of ;i},re.
70 years of ajru.

Barely an adult.
Hunchback.

Youth.
Tumor on right femur.

Hunchback.

Adolescent.
Exostosis of left femur.

•

30 years of age.
Adolescent.
Adolescent.
About 15 yearn of ago.

About 16 years of age.

Do

Nr<>TO

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

F.

M:
£

M.
M.
.M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
F.
F.
M.
M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
P.1
F.
F.
M.
F.
F.
M.
M.

M.
P.

26

314
31
224
29
29
314
30
324
30
284
29
204
24
32*
294

32
324
30
29
26*
27
304
24
31
264
33
32
29
31
344
32
32
36*

33
31
344

284
23
30*
27
214
27
314
32
344

294
24

234

254
274
22*
254
274
26*
27
27*
264
26
21
234
23
284
26

29
27
32
23
23
23*
24*
234
28*
27
26*
264
264
25*
284
26
28*
28
24
30J
29
27*
22
271
21
2(1*
27
21
27*
274
304
28

314
214

110. 63

123. 52
112. 72
100. 00
113. 72
105. 45
118. 86
111.11
118. 18
113. 20
109. 61
120. 83
112. 76
104.34
114. 03
113. 46

110. 34
120. 37
93.75
126. 08
115.21
114. 89
124. 48
102. 12
108. 78
98.14
124. 52
120. 75
109.43
121. 56
121.05
123. 07
112. 28
130. 35
106. 25
108. 19
106. 89
125. 15
111.36
103. 63
109.52
115. 09
100.00
102. 38
98.18
114.54
104.91
123. 21

93.65
111.62

North Amrrii-Hii Indians.
Alaskan

Do

Do

Arapaho

Do

Do

Choctaw

Do

Dakota . ....

33

29

294

29*
254

284

111.86
113. 72

103. 50

Modoc

Mound-builders :

Do

From Mississippi
Do..

284
28*
26
28
304
23
32
274
324
334
284
314
35
32
32
36
254
33
30
334
244
28*
23
31
274
21
26
31
88
344

30
24

33

24
244
254
25
24
26
284
26
29
254
26*
304
28
29
304
254
29
284
29
23
27
224
28
294
204
26
26
31
29

30
23

86. 36
118.75
106. 12
109. 80
122.00
95.83
123. 07
96.49
125.00
115. 51
111. 76
118.26
114. 75
114. 30
110. 34
118.03
100.00
113. 79
105. 26
115.51
106.52
LOB. 65
102, 22
110. 71
93. 22
102. 43
100.00
119. 23
106. 45
118. 96

100.00
104.34

Navajo

Pawnee .

Pah Utes

Do

Sioux

Do

Do

Do

Brule Sioux

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do .

Do

Do

Do

Ogalallu Sioux

Do . .. .

Do

Do

Sisseton Sioux

Do

Do

Yankton Sioux

Asiatic*.

Chinese

Do

270

MKMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXXVII. — Plati/cnemia. — Indices <>f tntnsrm-c section of shaft of tibia in

rui-rs in tin- Army Medical Museum.

skeletons of

Races.

No. of
specimen.

White

Do

Negro

Do

Do

Do..'.

Do

Do

Mulatto

Do

Mexican

Mahlemut Eskimo.

_Yor/ft American Indians.

Alaskan

Do
Apacjie

Do

Arapaho
Bannock
Cheyenne

Do

Do

Chippewa
Choctaw

Do

Comanche
Dakota
Modoc

Mound-builders:
From I )akota

From Mississippi ____

Do .............

Navajo ................

Pawnee

Pah Ute....

Do....
Sioux

Do....

Do....

Do....
Brule Sioux

Do...:....

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Ogalalla Sioux .
Do...

Do

Do

Sisseton Sioux .

Do

Do

"i anUton Sioux .

5433

6414

662

2037
2041
2103
3301
5432
1835
2040
1834
756

814

938

1473

1530

lilil'l

2133

2036

2066

6966

1257

622

623

1000

945

6287

165
1121

400
644

788

778

963

964

13

2046
2071
2072
1852

1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
2061
2062
2063
2068
1851
1853

1854
1856

Sex.

IJijjlit. tibia.

rior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral

dillM-ll-

sion.

M.

304

27

301

34

35

30

354

35

31

26

30

38*

34

27

34

37

334

324

41

344

33

324

314

38

404

35

384

42

424

33

•33

32

35

30

364

31

34

324

34

48
80

414
28

36

27

F. 31

1790 F.

1791 I.

1 7!H' M.

iii'i; M.

324

264

30

40

38

23

23

19

224

264

274

22

27

25

23

21

20

23

184

24

23

284

23

25

244

I'l'

20

21

19

274

234

244

244

30

24

214

234

21

17

2*4

24

234

24

25

344 24

364 27

35 ! 27
41

28

23

214
384 : 21.1
35i 244
264
I'll
244
21
204

214
194
22
23

284
25

Index.

80.70
75.40
70. 37
73. 77
77.IU
78.57
73.33
76.05
71.42
74.19
80/76
66.66

53.24
67.64
68.51
70.58
62.16
85.07
70.76
60.97
71.01
66.66
61.53
66.66
67.85
67.90
67.14

63.63

58. 33
70. 58
72.72
65.15

73.43
60.00
56.66
67.12
77.41
69.11
73.84
73.52

69.56
73.97
77.14
68.29
53.48
71.66
63.63
69.01
63. 85
76.78
68.05
77.77
66.12

66.15
73.58
73. 33

57. 50
75.00

Left tibia.

Antero
poste-
rior
dimen-
sion.

29

28

38

33

35

354

31

354

344

32

26

29

3-14

294

33

384

32

334

42

35

34

314

304

28

404

35

384
394
394
344
34

314

35

284

36

31

35

334

344

36

37

36

41

424

30

38

35

384

29J

33

27

32

27

30.}

384
36

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

23
23

194

224

27

274

22

2(5}

24

234

214

204

Index.

Kemarks.

224

20
234

244

30

23

23

25

234

214

21
19

27
22

25

244
274
25
224

214

22

17

25

24

234

234

23

23

29

254

27

234

21

24

234

274

22

244

204

204

214

20

22

24

29

35

79.31
82.14
69.64
68.18
77.14
77. 4ti
70.96
74.64
69.56
73.43
82.69
70.68

65.21
67.79
71.21
63.63
93.75
68.65
54.76
71.42
69.11
68.25
68.65
67.85
66. 66
62.85

64.93
62.02
69.62

72. Hi
66.17

68. 25
62.85
59.64
69.44
77.41
67.14
70.14
66.66

63.88
78.37
70. 83
65.85
55.29
70.00
63.15
67. 14
71.42
74.57
74.24
75. 1)2
111. (Ml

65.15
74.0
72.13
62.33
75. 32
69. 44

Hunchback.

15 years of age.
70 years of age.

Barely mi adult.
Hunchback.

Youth.

Hunchback.

Adolescent.

IJight foramen abnormal ;
measurement taken on a
level to correspond with
foramen of opposite side.

Left foramen abnormal:
measurement taken on a
level to correspond with
foramen of opposite side.

30 years of age.

Adolescent.

Adolescent.

About 15 years of age.

Left foramen abnormal;
measurement taken on a
level to correspond with
foramen on opposite side.

About 16 years of age.

MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXVII — Continued.

271

Races.

No. of
specimen.

Sex.

Right tibia.

Left tibia.

Remarks.

Antero-
poete-
rior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral

llillHMl-

sion.

Index.

Antero
poste-
rior
dimen-
sion.

Lateral
dimen-
sion.

Index.

Kontk American fndiiiiis.

239
1595

956

F.

F.

M.

30

284
37

17

18*

29

56. 66
64.91

78.37

31

28

36

17
19

27

54.83
67.85

75.00

•

Peruvian

.1 italics.
( 'hinese

TAIU.K LXXVIII. — Synopsis of average indices of section of the femur and of section of the tibia
in certain numbers of skeletons in the Army Medical Museum.

Races.

Sioux Indians

Other North Ameri-
can Indians

Negroes

Average indices of section of femur.

Average indices of section of tibia.

No. of
femora.

Right side.

No. of
femora.

Left side.

No. of
tibiae.

Right side.

Xo. of
tibiffi.

Left side.

24

112.48

24

110. 33

24

69.54

24

69.33

23
6

113.00
120. 53

21
6

111. 89
119. 10

23
6

66.44
75.00

22
6

67. 54
73.00

The following formulae are found used in the various articles on craniology in the Zeitschrift
fiir Ethnologic, from 1879 to 1889, inclusive, to reckon various facial indices. A few articles con-
cerning very small numbers of skulls are omitted. The page given is that on which the article
begins. The articles sometimes are made up by two or three men, but Virchow generally writes
the craniometrical part.

In these articles (rejecting two articles where, if the formulae indicated are correct, gross
arithmetical errors have been made; also two where the formula} have been reversed — a clerical
error perhaps — and the translation of the article in Italian by Eaf. Zampa, where the terminology
is a little suspicious) we have the various formulae occurring as follows :

TABLE LXXIX.

Tear. Page.

Title.

Author.

Formula.

f Gesichtshohe X 100.

1879 118

Livlaudische Schitdol .

Virchow

Gesichtsbreite (b) Bizygom

I Obergesichtshiihe x 100.

I Gesichtsbreite (b) Bizygom.
r Gesichtshohe X 100.

1879 136

Ueber Schadel von Ophrvnium

Virchow

Uesichtsbteite, Sut. zyg. max

Obergesichtshohe x 100.

1 Crsirhtsbreite, Sut. zyg. max
1 Mittelgesichtshohe X 100.

1879 422

Vier Schiidel von Cagrarav (Phillipinc!! '

Gesichtsbreite, Malar

Mitteljji-slrlitsluiho X 100.

1880 52

Hohleiischiidel iinsdcm oberen VVrichsoljtebit't ...

Virchow ..

Gesic-litsbrcite, jugal.

t Gesichtshohe (b Alveoliar-
1 rand) x 100.

1880 121

Srh;i(U;l von Tebu und Westalrikjiiu-rn

1 Malarbrcite (Bizygom).
) Breite des Gesichts x 100.

( Hohe des Gesichts.

272

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TAKLK LXXIX— Continued.

Tear.

Page.

Title.

Author. Formula.

1881
1881

1882

1882
1883

1883
1883
1884

I

1884
1884

1884
1884
1884
1884

1885
1885

226
357

*

76

298
306

331
390

181

47
113

168
308
335
390

45

248

Schadel von Madisonville, Ohio, mid von Casa-
bamba, Siid-Colombien.

Das Graberfeld von Slaboszewo bei Mogilno

Vir<'hi>\v ..
Virchow ..

Virchow . .

Virchow . .
Virchow . .

Virchow . .
Virchow ..

Kollmann .

Virchow ..
Virchow ..

Virchow . .
Virchow ..
Virchow . .
Virchow ..

Sell a den-
berg.

Virchow ..

* GcMrhtshohe (a) X 100.

< .lochbreite.

IGesichtslu'ihf A x 100.
Gesichtsbrrite A (jugal)
and
(icsichtshohe H X 100.

Alfuren-Schiidel von Ceram und andercu Moluckcn
Die Weddas auf Ceylon

(lesiclitsbreiti; A (jugal).

ICcsichtshohe (A)xlOO
Jagalbreite
.-aid
Mill I'lgfsichtshiihe ( B) X 100

Jugalbieite.

( Mitti-lfi-rsirlitshoheXlOO

Die Kassr von La Tt'ne

>. Ju^allircilc.
\ Gfsiohtshi'ihc Ax 100

Eine Fibula aus dor Tscketscnna und zwei
Schadel von Koban.

•

Schadel der Igorroten

< Gesicktsbreite A.

iGesichtshiihe Bx 100
Gesiclilsbrcilc 1>. malar.
(N. B.— But both indices
are wrong if this is tin- cor-
rect formula.)

IGesickt.shohc Ax 100

Gesichtsbrcitc a, .jngal,
and
GesichishJihr BxIOO

Hohes Alter der Menschenrassen

Gesichtsbrcite b, malar.
{GeaichtshohexlOO

Jochbreite

and
Obergesicht shiilie x 100

Burgwall bei Ketzin

Jochlircitc.

<, Cicsichtshiiho Ax 100
^ (Ji-wichtsbreitt1 A.

{a, Gesichtshohe Ax 100

Das neolithische Graberfeld von Tangermiinde

Gesichtsbreite, a, jugal
and
b, doubtful.

( Gi-si.-litshohe AxlOO

( Gesichtsbrcite a, jugal.
( Gcsichlshohe AxlOO

Graberfelder uud Urneufuntle bei Tangermiinde..

\ (icHii-litsbrriti' A.

( Crsii-htshr.hcXlOO
1 Gesichtslireitu a, jugaL

) (iosichtHhohe BxlOO

Die Bewohner von Siid-Mindanao und dor Insrl
Samal.

Schadel und Skelette von Botocuden am Kio 1 lore.

1 (iesii'litshreite B, malar.
f Ccsi<-liiKh<"ihexlOO

Gcsichtsbreitc(Sut.zyg.niax.
and
ObergesichtshohexlOp

( Jesichtsbreiti'f Silt. zyg. max.
and
(H •stchtshiihi'XlOO

Jochbreite
anil
Obergi'sit-htshohexlOO

Jochbreite.
J (icsichtHhiibe AxlOO

' i.rsiditsbreite a, jugal.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXIX— Continued.

273

Year.

Page.

Title.

Author.

Formula.

1885

283

Pfahlbauschiidel tics Museums ill Bern .

Virchow

<f Gesichtshohe BxlOO

( Gesichtsbreite b, malar.
( Gesichtsbreito B malar x 100

1885

314

Reise M ar 1 1 Augra Peijuena und Daiiiaralaiul

Virchow ..

1885

497

( (N. B. — Formula reversed.)
) Gesichtshohe BxlOO

1886

201

( Gesichtsbreite b, malar.

Gesichtslange x 100
Gesichtsbreite
and
Ganze Gesichtsliingc x 100

1886

129

von Apulien.
Ausgrabtingen an der Innel iiii See YOU Jankuwo

Virchow

Breite der Wangenpuukte.
(N. B. — Gesichtsliiu^e ap-
parently means both upper
.and entire facial height.

} GesichtshoheXlOO

1886

692

Virchow

( Gesichtsbreite (jugal).
) Geaichtshoho AxlOO

( Gesichtsbreite A.
{Gesichtshohe AxlOO

1886

752

Virchow

Gesichtsbreite A

Gesichtshohe B X 100

•

Gesichtsbreite B.
f Obere GesichtshoheXlOO

1887

49

Ueber die Botocudos . . .

Ehrenreicli

Jochbreite

Obere GesichtshoheXlOO

I Gesichtsbreite.
r Gesichtshohe AxlOO

1887

296

Motilonen Schjidel aiiH Venezuela. . ...

Ernst

Gesichtsbreite a, jugal
and

1887

321

Gesichtsbreite b, malar.
(N. B. — Indices wrongly
.figured.)

J Gesichtshohe AxlOO

•

< Gesichtsbreite A.
{Gesichtshohe AxlOO

1887

354

Graberfund von Kaweuczyiij Posen

Virchow ..

Gesichtsbreite A

Gesichtshohe BxlOO

1887

451

Virchow ..

Gesichtsbreite b.
5 Gesichtshohe BxlOO

1887
1888

624
578

Anthropologio der Vdlker voiu mittleren Congo . .
Siamenen-Schiidel .: . .

Mouse
Virchow ..

< Gesichtsbreite b (malar).

(Gesichtsliohr aXlOO
Gesichtsbreite a
and
Gesichtshohe bxlOO
Gesichtsbreite b.

( Gesichtshohe AxlOO

< Gesichtsbreite a.
{ Gesichtshohe AxlOO

1889

170

Sehiidel von Toniinher und Letti (Timor), Suiula-
Iiiseln.

Virchow ..

Gesichtsbreite a
and
Gesichtshohe BxlOO

Gesichtsbreite a.

8. Mis. 169 18

274 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXXIXa. — Summary show ing frequency of use of the various German iiulicesin table

Kanio of index from " Vcrstiindigung."

Formula'.

No. of'arti-
cles.

Meuto nasal height X 100

22

UI>IMT facial index of Kolliuaiin..

Bizygomatir width
Alveolo-nasa] height x 100
Bizygomatio width
Mi'iito-nasal height X 100

8

Ilimaxillary width
Alvcc.lo-nasal height X KM)

Bimaxillary width

TABLE LXXIXb. — Facial indices of Virchow from Europeans.

Facial 119. 1

Average of 11.0

Upper facial 73.1

Average of 27. 0

TAULK LXXX. — Oraniometrieal data according to Frankfurt agreement, commuted from data

.in Table Z/XZIX.

Races.

Length-
breadth in-
dex.

Length-
height ill-
dex.

Facial index
of Kollmaim.

T"p]u-r facial
index of
Kolluiann.

Facial index
of Virchow.

I'ppcr facial
index of
Virchow.

Nanal index.

Palatine in-
dex.

Facial angle.

Aver-
age.

•3J8
&

Aver-
age.

"oS

&S

A a

Aver-
age.

*S«

a

&i >

-Aver-
age.

"3=3

jj3

^ CO

Aver-
age.

*a

6 a
"A%

Aver-
age.

~~i

|2

f^ no

Aver-
age.

•s»
°3

fc-3

Aver-
age.

«M J.

0,3

6 3

y,-,.

Aver-
age.

<— •
0.2

o 2
Izs-S

Malays

77.2
76.8
75.9
74.5
81.2
79.0
90.2

74.0
72.2

28
5
21

17
8

77.0
78.2
78.1
76.2
73.8
75.6
75.7

25
5
12
17

8

84.3

8

48.6
53.8

16
3

111.5

3

67.9

24

53.2

28

72.1

22

Veddahs

......

Negroes. ...

95.4
89.1
83.3
80.0

6
3

8

67.8
70.0

15
11

64.9
47.3

47.2

48.8
!!).()

19

18
8

69.2
71.3
72. 5
78.0
80.8

ll

7

69°12'
80°30'

10
10

Hotocudos
Goajiros skulls
Motilo skull ..
Yucatan skull.
Gala vcras skull
Book Bluff
skull
Lagoa Santa
skulls

52.6

11

....

66.0
65.7

....

....

5

71.5
80.2

5

76.3
86.5
84.2

4

42.6
47.0
47.0

4

...

...

....

"58.6
50.9
50.2

5

100.0
84.8
98.3

....

....

TABLE LXXXI. — Special series oj 101 skulls in the general collection of tin; Army Medical Museum.

NOTE. — Frequent reference is made in this work to our series of 101. This is a collection
of 101 adult skulls, representing 27 different tribes and races, which we measured exactly on the
same system that the Hemenway collection was measured, just previous to commencing the study
of the latter. Although it is a small series, we have found it useful for making comparisons in
preparing this essay.

The composition of the series of 101 is as follows :

Race or tribe.

Skulls
of fe-
males.

Skull*
of
maleo.

Skulls
of un-
known
sex.

Total.

' I
10
2
2
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
6
1

Race or tribe.

Skulls
of fe-
males.

Skulls
of

males.

2
1

1
1
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
3

SKullH
of tin-
known

Sl'\.

Total.

Pah Utes

3
3

5
1

1
1
2

1

3

5

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
1

Chuckcheea

2
2
2
3
2
6
4
2

6
6
2
6

1
1
1
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
3

Ancient Californians ,.

Chinese

Australians . .

1

Fiji Islanders

Sandwich Islander*

Pawnees

Chatham Islanders
American Negroes
American Whites

2
1
2
1
1
3

Bavarians ..

Austriaus

Kskhnos, Alaskan
Kskimos, Greenlandic .

Total

46

54

1

101

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXXII. — General measurements. — Cibola.

275

Number
of skull.

Greatest
length.

Greatest
width.

l*f

jg

"? (! 2

3 "3 5

I!asi-nasal
radius.

Memo-nasal
heislit.

Inter max-
i llary
width.

°° if

=i

Orbital
width.

01 *»

~ —
.~ be
.a '3

O

Profile
angle.

1

fa
gl

o

Basilar
angle.

H. 201

174

132

133

92

97

44

25

38

31

o

89

O

o

0

11. 202
H. 208
H. 204

as

IM

185

152
155
140

151
146
138

95
102

102
101
103

121
123

108
107

49
51

24

26

43
41
40

34
34
33

884
85

44
9
9

14

204
17

17
26
22

H. 205
H. 206
H. 207

145
146
163

140
M4
131

133
138

92
93

92
94

109
114
98

103
96
95

49
50
43

25
25
26

38
39
39

34
36
35

84
85
81

6
5

184
15

24
20

H. 208

169

130

109

88

51

23

37

35

87

H. 209
H. 210
H. 211

165
146
167

123
142
145

133
133
147

96
90
108

97
90
105

106
107
124

93
91
113

47
44
52

25
23
28

37
36
41

34
34
35

82
864
85

64
4

18
16

24
214

H. 212

155

146

136

95

95

98

47

26

38

34

80

2

13

18

H. 213
H. 214

170
163

112
145

141

93

101

118
109

106
101

48
49

27
26

39
38

36
33

88

884

104

224

30

H. 215

157

135

135

98

99

112

101

51

25

41

35

87

H. 216

143

144

145

91

95

95

48

24

38

32

88

6

17

23

H. 217

152

146

147

99

100

45

27

40

35

84

184

25

H. 218

171

151

147

97

103

107

54

28

40

35

7

184

244

If. 219

163

141

111

97

101

88

46

23

36

33

86

H. 220
H. 221
H. 222
H. 223
H. 224
H. 225

151
183

151
1(56
148
152

112
133
134
145
141
139

138
131
138
138
145
137

99
98
89
97

100

96
96
97

98
100

118
112
106
109
119
112

95
99
99
94
101
91

49
50
47

48
50

47

23

25
26
25
26
24

38
36
39
37
40
40

35
34
36
33
35
34

85
83
89
86
81
83

81

11

14
13

104

204
104
22
11
244

274
14
30
15
32
29

H. 226
H. 227
H. 228
H. 229
H. 230
H. 231

167
147
157
166
157
162

144

139
146
129
144
139

145
136
146
132
134

96
88
95
90
97

102
95
97
96

98

120
102
119
118
114
101

101
100
106
95
104
92

51
48
50

5r

51
42

24
24
28
23
26
23

36
37
40
38
38
37

33
34
36
35
34
34

91

89
84
914
85
81

10

4

24
2

204
144
13
134
204

264
194
17
18
27

H. 232
H. 233
H. 234
H. 235

159
163
159
147

140
150
152
140

137
144
146
138

96

99
95

89

97
100
95
96

118
122
111
106

103
101
97
94

50
54
48
46

28
25
25
24

39
38
35
39

33
30
32
34

84

884
88
86

11

54
7
10

214
16
17
23

29
22
22
31

276

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXXXIII. — Indices of 35 skulls. — Cibola.

No. of
skull.

Cephalic.

Vertico-
longitudi-
iial.

Gnathie.

Facial of
Virchow.

Nasal.

Orbital.

H. 201

75.86

76.43

94.84

56.81

81. 57

H.202
H. L'03
H.204

92.12
94.51
75.67

91.51
89.02
74.05

93.13
100.99

112.03
114. 95

48.16

50.98

79.06

82. 92
82.50

H.205
H.206
H 207

96.56

98.63
80.36

91.72
94.92

100.00
98.93

105. 82
118. 75
103 15

51.02
50.00
60 46

89.47

92. 30

89 74

H 208

76.92

l'>3 86

45 09

94 59

H.209
H. 210
H.211
H.212

74.54
97.26
86.82
94. 19

80.60
91.09
88.02
87.74

98. 96
100.00
102.85
100.00

113.97
117.58
109. 73

52.19
52.27
53.84
55.31

91.89
94.44
85.36
89.47

H.213
H 214

83.52
88 95

82.94

92.07

iii.32

107 92

511. IT,
53 06

92.30

86 84

H. 215
H.216

85.98
1(K). 69

85.98
101. 39

98. 98

95.78

110.89

40. 01

50.00

85. :i(i
84.21

H. 217

96.05

96.71

60.00

87.50

H.218

86.78

84.48

1)1. 17

61.86

87.50

H. 219

86.50

88.34

96.03

50.00

91.66

H.220
H.221
H.222
H.223
H.224
H 225

94.03
81.59
88. 7-1
87.34
95. 27
91 44

91. 39
80.36
91. 39
83.13
97.97
90. 13

103. 12
102.08
91.75
98.97
100.00

124. 21
113. 13
107. 07
115.95
117. 82
123 07

16.93

50.00
55.31
52. 08
52.00
51.06

92.10

ill. II
92.30
89. 18
87.50
85 00

11. 226
H.227
H.228
H. 229
H. 230
H. 231

86.22
94.55
92. 99
77.71
91.71
85 80

86.82
92.51
92.99
79.51
85.35

94.11
92. 63
97.93
93.75
98.97

118. 81
102. 00"
112.26
124.31
109,61
109. 78

47. 05
50. 00
56. 00
45.09
50.98
54 76

91.66
91. 89
90.00
92. 10
89.47
91 89

H. 232
H.233
II. 234
H.235

881 05
92. 02
95.59
95.23

86.16
.88.34
91.82
93.88

97.93
99.00
100.00
92. 70

114.56
120. 79
114. 43
112. 76

56.00
16.29

52.08
52.17

84.61

78. 94
ill. 42
87.17

TABLE LXXXIV. — Summary of indices of skulls. — Cibola.

Indices.

Number
of

skulls.

Maximum.

Minimum.

Average.

35

100.69

74.54

88. 86

Vertico-loiigitiulinJil

31

101. 39

74.05

8S. 28

28

103. 12

91.75

97. IX

28

124. 21

102. 00

113.94

Nasal . . .

34

60.46

45.09

51.88

Orbital

35

94.59

78.94

88.52

H. 220 and H. 229 both show maximum /aciaZ indices.
H. 208 and II. 229 both show minimum nasal indices.

TABLE LXXXV. — Summary of angles of skulls. — Cibolu.

Augles.

Number
of
skulls.

Maximum.

Minimum.

Average.

32

o
9U

o
80

o
85|+

27

13

1

61+

27

244

10A

174+

27

32

14

234

MK.MOmS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

277

TABLE LXXXVI. — Classification of the inion.— Cibola.

Serial
uum-
ber.

No. of

-Lull.

Class.

SiTial
uum-

b»-T.

No. of
skull.

ClaHH.

Seiial
num-
ber.

No. of

skull.

1

H. 201

1

12

H. 213

1

23

II. 225

1

2

H. 202

3

13

H. 215

2

24

II. 226

3

3

H. 203

1

14

H 21G

1

25

H. 227

0-1

4

H. 204

2

15

H. 217

1

26

H. 22S

1

5

H. 205

0-1

16

II. 218

4(?)

27

H. 229

1-2

6

H. 206

0

17

H. 219

2-3

28

II . 230

1

7

H. 208

0

18

H. 220

0-1

29

1 1 . 232

1

8

11. 209

0

19

H. 221

2-3

30

1 1 . 233

1-2

9

II. 210

0

20

H. 222

2

31

II . 234

0

10

H. 211

3-1

21

H. 223

3

32

H. 235

0-1

11

H. 212

1

22

H. 221

1

Iii Nos. H. 205, H. 208, H. 209, H. 212, H. 215, H. 220, H.225, and H. 226 the inion is less
prominent than adjoining points on the superior curved line.

TABLE LXXXVII. — Seriation of tlie inion in 32 skulls.— Cibola.

0

5

3

. 3

0 1

4

3-4

1

1

1 1

4

1

1 2

2

0

2

3

2 3

n

Total

32

TABLF, LXXXVIII.— Ptcria of sJeutts.—Oibola.

No. of
skull.

I.i'iigth of
ritrlit pter-

Hlll.

Length of
left pterion.

No. of
skull.

Length (if
rijrlit pler-

lOD.

Li-njrth of
li-ftjitiTion.

H ''0''

14

12

H 216

7

H. 203

1 1 ''0"i

19

15

24
17

H. 221
H 2''1'

15

12

19

H. 206
H. 207

10
18

7

H. 223
H. 226

15
10

11
9

H. 208
H. 20!)
H 210

15
15
17

9
13

II. 227
H. 22X
II. 229

13
17

17

14
17
16

H. 211
H. 212
H. 213

17
12

17

19
11
16

H. 230
H. 231
H. 234

9
9

18

13
11
14

Average of right pterion=14.60ai1" ; average of left pterion=13.55'"m. Mean average=14.07ni"
H. 203 has epipteric bone on right side. H. 230 has epipteric bones right and left.

TABLE LXXXIX. — Showing the character of the Echancrure, or lower nasal border, in 34 slculls.-

Cibola.

Class
(Broca).

;NO. of

skulls.

Percent-
age.

Designation of the skulls.

A

4

11.76

H. 201, H. 218, H. 220, H. 229.

A1

9

26.47

H. 202, H. 206, H. 209, H. 212, H. 214, H. 215, H. 222, H. 231,

H. 234.

A + A1

13

38.23

B

12

35.27

H. 205, H. 207, H. 208, H. 211, H. 213, H. 216, H. 221, H.

225, H. 226, H. 227, H. 230, H. 235.

C

6

17.64

II. 203, H. 210, H. 217, H. 223, H. 224, II. 228.

D

3

8.82

H. 219, H. 232, H. 233.

E

0

0.00

"

278

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XC. — Ordination of the angles of torsion of the humeri arranged according to the left

humeri. — Cibola.

Designa-
tion.

Left humeri.

Right
huineri.

Designa-
tion.

Left hiuueri.

Eight
humeri.

1

2
3

H. 233
H. 209
H. 214

O '

143 00
149 00
150 30

o /
145 00
144 00

13
14
15

H. 221
H. 224
H 216

o '
160 00
160 00
161 00

c /
148 00
149 00
158 30

4
5
6

H. 207
H. 213
H.217

151 00
152 30
153 00

136 30
137 00

16
17
18

H. 227
H. 226
H 212

161 00
163 00
165 00

157 00
146 30
162 30

7
8
9

H.215
H. 206
H. 234

154 00
154 30
155 00

137 00
150 00
152 00

19
20
21

H. 211
H. 218
H. 228

170 00
170 00
170 30

151 00
148 30

10
11
12

H.220
H. 204
H. 205

157 00
157 30
158 30

146 00
153 00
151 00

22
23

H. 229
H. 222

171 00
178 00

154 00
165 00

Average angle of left hun)erus=159° 20'.

TABLE XCI. — Ordination of the angles of torsion of the humeri arranged according to the right

humeri. — Cibola.

Designa-
tion.

Right
humeruB.

Left
humerns.

Designa-
tion.

Right
humerus.

Left
huuierus.

1

2

3

4

H.207
H. 213
H.215
H. 203

o '
136 30
137 00
137 00
143 00

o /
151 00
152 30
154 00

14
15
16

17

H.206
H. 205
H. 211
H. 234

o '
150 00
151 00
151 00
152 00

0 /

154 30
158 30
170 00
155 00

5
6

H.209
H. 233

144 00
145 00

149 00
143 00

18
19

H. 204

H. 202

153 00
154 00

157 30

7

H. 223

145 30

20

H. 229

154 00

171 00

8

H. 232

145 30

21

H.227

157 00

161 00

9
10

H.220
H. 226

146 00
146 30

157 00
163 00

22
•23

H. 216
H. 208

158 30
102 30

161 00

11
12
13

H. 221
H. 218
H. 224

148 00
148 30
149 00

160 00
170 00
160 00

24
25

H. 212

H. 222

162 30
165 00

165 00
178 00

Average angle of right Immeru8=149° 40'.

APPENDIX A.

CRANIOMETRICAL DIRECTIONS OF TOPINARD.*
Those which we use, only, are here given.

Essential measurements.

1. Greatest antero-posterior length: From the glabella to the maximum occipital point.

2. Greatest transverse width : Upon the parietal or squamous portion of temporal, no matter

where the maximum may fall.

3. Basilo-bregmatic diameter : From the basion to bregma.

4. Smallest frontal width: Shortest distance between the temporal ridges of the frontal bone.

5. Horizontal circumference: Horizontal circumference of the cranium directly above the super-

ciliary ridge and across the most prominent point of the orHpiit.

7. Naso-basilar line: Nasion to basion.

8. Maximum bizygomatic width: Greatest distance between the.zygomatic arches.

9. Biorbital width : Maximum external biorbital or bimalar width from external extremity of

small frouto-malar suture to same point opposite.

11. Maximum bimaxillary width: Maximum distance between the inferior extremity of the

inaxillo-malar suture to the corresponding opposite point.

12. Bigouial width: Froin the external portion of one angle of the jaw to another.

17. Nasal height or naso-spinal height: From the nasion to the middle of the upper border of the

lower nasal spine or lower border of nasal aperture.

18. Maximum width of nasal aperture.

19. Width of orbit: From the dacryon to the opposite external margin following the direction

of the grand axis.

20. Height of orbit : Perpendicular to the preceding, beginning at middle of inferior border.

22. Occipito-alveolar length: From the maximum occipital point to the alveolar point.

23. Occipito-spinal length : From the maximum occipital point to the inferior border of the nasal

aperture.

24. Capacity of the cranium : Broca's method.

Complimentary measurements.

A. Antero-posterior metopic length: From the uietopion to the maximum point of the occiput.

B. Biasteric or maximum occipital width.

C. Bijugular or inferior occipital width.

E. Bitemporal width : From one subtemporal point to another.

F. Vertical circumference or supra-auricular curve: Between the two supra-auricular points,

passing upon the bregma.

G. Anterior and posterior parts of horizontal circumference separated by the supra-auricular

curve.

H. Interorbital width : Distance from one dacryon to the other.
I. Alveolar external maximum width : Taken at the level of the molar region.

* TOPINARD : filaments d'Anthropologie G<Sn6rale, Paris, 1885, pp. 979, vt seq.

279

280 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

J. Alveolar external posterior width: Taken at the junction of the exterior arch and the pan
coupe which is behind the wisdoin tooth beneath the articulation of the pterygoid apophysis.

K. Anterior palatine width: Taken between canine and second incisor.

M. Posterior palatine width.

P. Palatine depth.

Q. Height and width of the posterior branch of mandible: Height from angle to upper edge of
condyle; width at right angle with the above.

E. External bicondylar width: Taken between the outer edges of the condyles of mandible.

S. Basilo-mental radius.

U. Superior alveolar radius.

V. Nasal radius.
W. Intersuperciliary radius.

X. Metopic radius.

Y. Obelic radius.

Z. Inial radius.

d. Anterior projection of the cranium or pre-basilar projection.

e. Posterior projection of the cranium or post basilar projection.
/. Superior facial projection or projection of the ophryon.

The above three (d, e, and/) should be taken with regard to alveolo-condyleau plane.

\

APPENDIX B.

CRANIOMETRICAL DIRECTIONS OF THE FRANKFURT AGREEMENT,* AUGUST, 1882.

Those which we nse are here given in full, with the numbers, reference letters, etc., which

they bear in the original work.

Horizontal plane of cranium indicated by two lines connecting the lowest points of the borders

of the orbits with the upper margins of the meati amlitorii at points perpendicularly above their

centers.

1. Horizontal length from the central point between the superciliary ridges to the most prominent
part of the occiput on a level with the horizontal plane measured with calipers. The
horizontal length (L, Figs. 1 and 2) is measured parallel to the horizontal plane, and the
taking of this mVasurement shall be by means of the sliding calipers or Spengel's craniometer.
Why this is necessary is significantly shown in Fig. 2. If one takes this measurement with
the ordinary calipers, especially on a very long skull with strongly projecting occiput, the
result is too small if the measurement is not continued to the tangent, which, rising vertically
from the horizontal plane, touches the farthest point of the occiput. This can be done only

FIG. 1.

FIG. 2.

with one of the above-mentioned instruments. Indeed, even in their use experience is
necessary, and repeated control-experiments. In skulls with full round occiputs the taking
•of this measurement has no difficulties. As Fig. 1 shows, the most projecting point lies in
the same height as the anterior end of L. Respecting this latter point on the glabella
(marked S in Fig. 2) a mistake is impossible. Always put the measuring instrument in the
median line, therefore, between the superciliary ridges whenever they are separated. As
to the greatest length (gr. L, Fig. 2), it is apparent, upon a comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, that
a difference between this and the horizontal length can only occur in skulls with very
prominent occiputs. In the full, rounded occiput of Fig. 1 both lengths are identical. The
sliding calipers and ordinary calipers, accurately applied, give then the same result. In the
extreme case taken in Fig. 2 the difference, with a length of 206mm for the brain capsule,
amounts to 5""". Also, the skull length measured from the line of the frontal protuberance,
the intertuberal length, coincides in its results very nearly with the greatest length and
horizontal length, especially in brachicephalic skulls with well-rounded foreheads.

' Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Bil. xv, 1884, pp. 1-8.

281

282

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

2. Greatest length (longitudinal diameter) from the center point between tlie superciliary ridges

to the most prominent part of the occiput (without regard to horizontal plane) ; calipers.

3. Intertubal length from the central point between the frontal eminences and the most prominent

part of the occiput (without regard to the horizontal plane); measured with calipers.

4. Greatest width, B. B., Fig. 3, perpendicular to sagittal pi ane, measured with calipers (not over

the mastoid processes or at the posterior temporal ridge) ; the points measured must be on
the same horizontal plane.

5. Smallest frontal breadth, S. S., Fig. 4; shortest distance between the temporal ridges of the

frontal bone.

6. Height, called entire height after Virchow, H, Fig. 1 : From the center of the anterior border

of the foramen magnum to the parietal curve, perpendicular to horizontal plane. The differ-
ence between the height of the posterior border of the foramen magnum and the anterior
should be indicated from which the height according to Baer-Ecker is ascertained. (Meas
ured with calipers.)

7. Auxiliary height: As in crania, in which the bones of the face are missing, the horizontal plane

can not be accurately indicated, the following shall be measured as the auxiliary height :
From the center of the anterior border of the foramen magnum to junction of coronal and
sagittal sutures; this always nearly corresponds with the height as in G.

FIG. 3.

Kid. 4.

8. Auricular height: From the upper margin of the meatus auditorius to a point of the vertex per-

pendicularly above the meatus, perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

9. Auxiliary auricular height: From the same starting point to the highest point of the parie al

curve, about 2 or 3 centimeters behind the coronal suture.

10. Length of cranial basis: From the center of the anterior border of the foramen magnum to the

middle of the naso-frontal suture. (Measured with calipers.)
12 and 13. Greatest length and breadth of foramen magnum to be measured in the sagittal plane

and perpendicular thereto.
13«. Breadth of cranial basis : Distance between the ends of the mastoid processes.

14. Horizontal circumference of cranium: Directly above the superciliary ridge and over the most

prominent part of the occiput. Steel-tape.

15. Sagittal circumference of cranium : From the naso-frontal suture to the posterior margin of

the foramen magnum along the sagittal suture. Steel-tape.

16. Vertical circumference from one upper margin of the meatus auditorius to the other, perpen

dicular to horizontal plane (about 2 or 3 centimeters behind coronal suture). Steel tape.

LINEAL MEASURES OF FACE.

17. Facial width after Virchow : Distance between the maxillo-malar sutures; should be meas-

ured from the lower anterior corner of one malar bone to the other.

18. Zygomatic width: Greatest distance between the zygomatic arches.

18o. Interorbital width : Shortest distance between the inner borders of the orbits.

MEMOIHS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 283

19. Facial height from the center of the fronto-nasal suture to the center of the lower border of

the inferior maxilla. (G. II.— W, Fig. 2.)

20. Tipper (or middle) facial height : From the middle of the naso-frontal suture to the middle of the

alveolar edge of the superior maxilla, between the middle incisors. (O. K. — W, Fig. 2.)

21. Nasal height (W.— N. H., Fig. 2): From the middle of the naso-frontal suture to the middle of

the upper border of the lower nasal spine.

22. Greatest breadth of nasal cavity (wherever it is found, see Fig. 4) to be measured horizontally.

23. Greatest breadth of orbit (a Fig. 4) : From middle of median border to lateral border of orbit.
25. Greatest height of orbit (Fig. 4, b): Perpendicular to greatest breadth.

27. Length of palate bone: From the extreme point of the posterior nasal spine to the inner lamella

of the alveolar border between the middle incisors.

28. Median width of palate: Between the inner alveolar walls of the second molars.

29. Width of posterior end of palate: On both posterior ends of palate, between the inner alveolar

walls.

30. Length of profile of face) Kollmann's (G. L., Fig. 2) : From the most prominent part of the

middle of the external alveolar border of the upper maxilla to the anterior margin of the
foramen magnum (in the median plane).

31. Profile angle (P<, Fig. 1) is the angle formed by profile line Pf with the horizontal.

MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITY OF . CRANIUM.

32. The capacity of the cranium is measured with shot (in fragile crania with millet). The manner

of measuring to be agreed upon hereafter.

CRANIAL INDICES.

100 width
I. Length-width index

length.

Dolichocephalic to 75.0

Mesocephalic 75.1—79.9

Brachycephalic 80.0—85.0

Hyperbrachy cephalic ' . . - . from 85.1 and over.

II. Length-height index 1('° hdf ht

length.

• Chamsecephalic (flat crania) to 70.0

Orthocephalic 70.1—75.0

Hypsicephalic (high crania) 75.1 and over.

III. Profile angle.

The inclination of the profile line to the horizontal is divided in the following three grades:

1. Prognathic to 82.0

2. Mesognathic or orthognathie 83.0 — 90.0

3. Hyperorthognathic 91.0 and above.

IV. Facial index (after Virchow) IP? Jg°'ial , hei1ghtcalculated from the linear distance of the

facial width,

facial breadth (No. 17) and the facial height (No. 19) (like the facial index of von Holder).

Broad-face crania to 90.0

Small-face crania 90.1 and over.

V. Upper facial index (after Virchow) 10°."PPgr facial height calculate(1 from the linear

facial width.

distance of the facial width (No. 17) and the upper facial height (No. 20).

Broad upper face crania, index to 50. 0

Narrow upper face crania, index 50. 1 and over.

284 .MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VI. Zygomatic face index (after Kollmann). 1°_° focifl1 height. calculated from the

' Zygomatic breadth.

distance between the zygomatic arches (No. 18) and facial height (No. 19), gives two grades:
Low, chamseprosopic, face crania . . . .............................. to 90. 0

High, leptoprosopic, face crania ................................. 90. 1 and above.

VII. Zygomatic upper face-height index (after Kollmann). 1(^ TII)I — i.1;u;e llf'1"ht-

Zygomatir breadth.

Chama3prosopic upper face with index . . .. ......................... to 50. 0

Leptoprosopic upper face with index .............................. 50. 1 and above.

VIII. Orbital index. lOOo^ height.

Orbital width.

Chamsekonchic .......................................... • ....... . to 80. 0

Mesokonchic .................................................... 80. 1 — 85

Hypaikouchic ....................................... ..... ....... 85. 1 and over.

IX. Nasal index. M^dthofnas^ivlty.

Nasal height.

Leptorrhinic ___ . ................................................ to 47. 0

Mesorrhinic ..................................................... 47. 1 — 51. 0

Platyrrhinic ..................................... 51. 1—58. 0

Hyperplatyrrhinic .......................................... 58.1 and over.

, „, T7-. , 100 palate breadth.

X. Palate index (after Virchow).

Palate length.

Leptostaphylin .................................................. to 80. 0

Mesostaphylin .............. 80. 1—85. 0

Brachystaphylin ................................................ 85. 1 and over.

APPENDIX 0.

DETERMINATION OF THE AGE OF SKULLS.

[ Abridged from Broca'a Instructions*.]

There are to be distinguished the following periods: First period of childhood, second period
of childhood, adult age, ripe age, senility. These indications are enough and are worth more
than those of years of age because the anatomical and physiological phenomena which they dem-
onstrate are more or less precocious according to individuals or according to race. In our race
these periods correspond nearly to the following ages:

First period of childhood, from birth to the end of the sixth year:

Second period of childhood 7 to 14 years.

Youth 14 to 25 years.

Adult age 25 to 40 years.

Ripe age .•> 40 to 60 years.

Senility beyond 60 years.

We give these figures as a concession to custom and to make the succession of the periods

more easily appreciated. But let us hasten to add that they are for the most part very uncertain.

* * *

First period of childhood. — From birth to the eruption of the first great molars, called sixth
year's teeth. * * *

Second period of childhood. — It commences at about the age of six years with the eruption of
the first permanent molar, which marks the beginning of the second dentition; it ends about the
age of thirteen or fourteen years, when the eruption of the four second permanent molars is com-
pletely achieved. * * *

Youth. — It commences when the eruption of the four second permanent molars is completely
achieved — that is to say, when the crowns of these teeth are altogether on a level with those of the
first molars; it is finished when on the one hand the wisdom teeth are come out, and when on the
other hand the basilar suture is completely closed.

Adult age, ripe age, and senility. — Onward from the end of the third period the distinction of
ages is much more doubtful. It is based upon the observation of two phenomena which are
gradual and very irregular in their chronology. * * *

Physiologically one is generally contented to divide all the time, which passes from the end of
youth to death into two periods: The period of gradual change, called indifferently virility, adult
age, or ripe age, and the period of decadence, called senility. In craniology the first of these
periods should be divided in two ages: Adult age, comprised between the cud of youth and the
beginning of the ossification of the sutures, and the period of gradual change from then on to
senility. The craniological distinction between adult age and ripe age is generally easy since it
rests upon the anatomical observation of the study of the sutures. * * *
Senility of the skull is recognized by the following characters:

First. The sutures are mostly in an advanced or complete state of ossification; some of them
at least are entirely effaced and may have left not even a vestige. The others, with the exception
of the squamous suture, which sometimes remains open until a very advanced age, are more or
less ossified. * * *

.'Instructions craniologiques et craniometritiues par P. Broca, Paris, 1875, pp. 128 et seq.

285

286 MEMO1HS OP TlIE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Second. The wearing away of the teeth which are yet in place is very pronounced. * * *
The alveolar point mounts almost up to the level of the nasal spine; the mandible reduces itself
to its banter portion; the height of the sympliysis of the chin is found reduced more than one-
lialf, and finally the angle of the jaw becomes very obtuse. * * *

Third. The bones of the cranial vault of old persons sometimes arc subject to an interstitial
resorption of the spongy tissue; the two compact tables of the bone become fused in one compact
and semitransparent plate, and from this result the undulating depressions characteristic of
senile atrophy, which are the certain signs of au advanced old age. The most ordinary seat of
these senile atrophies is the zone of the parietal comprised between the sagittal sature and the
superior temporal line of that bone.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE I.

H.I.

Mi-nii.irs Nali.mal Acmlciny of SH.'nr,-!;, Mil.

PLATE

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. 1891

PLATE

H 3.

Memoirs National Academy of Meiices, 1891

PLATE IV.

G

Memoirs Niitioiial Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE V.

H.5

Memoirs National Academy of Sri.-.h'r*. l8!)l.

PLATE VI.

X

-w^sr

H.6.

Memoirs National Aradi-my of Srimi'i's. l«n.

PLATE VII.

Memoirs National Academy nf Sciences, 1831.

PLATE VIII

H. a

Memoirs National Aondfiny nf Srii-nrtw. 1KSI1.

PLATE IX.

Memoirs National Aruilrmy of SCH-IK-CS. IS'tl.

PLATE X.

H.1Q

Meiiiuir-i National Ac.-a.lcmv nf Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XI.

H.ll

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1SH1.

PLATE XII.

H.12

Memoirs National Academy of Scicm *-s, ]S<)1.

PLATE XII'.

H.13.

PLATE XIV.

National Academy <»f Srifiin-s, iv.il

H.14.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, is<n.

PLATE XV.

.Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XVI.

H.16

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1S:H.

PLATE XVII.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences,

PLATE XVIII.

Memoirs National Acuilrmy <>f rtcU'iift-s, IS'.O.

PLATE XIX.

H.19.

Mo:in»irs National Academy of Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XX.

H.2Q

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXI.

H.2I.

PLATE XXII.

H.22

Memoirs ^ationr..l Ar.-<> : y of Sciences, 1: '.H.

PLATE XXIII.

H.23

Memoirs National Academy <>f Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXIV.

H.24.

MtMiio'rs National Academy of Science's. 1S01.

PLATE XXV.

H.26

Memoirs Xatioiial Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXVI.

H.27

Memoirs National AcjuK-rny of Sci.-ni-r-, ls«u

PLATE XXVII.

H.28.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXVIII.

H.29.

Mi'inuirs National Arndi'iny nl Sciences, I -ill.

PLATE XXIX.

H.3Q

Mniiuiirs National Academy of Scieiic-i's. 1S!M.

PLATE XXX

H.32.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1S!)1.

PLATE XXXI.

Memoirs National Academy of

PLATE XXXII.

H.34

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXXIII.

H.35.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXXIV.

H.36.

Memoirs National Academy of Science-. ISl'i.

PLATE XXXV.

H.3Z

Memoirs National Academy of Scicm-t's, ]K1)1.

PLATE XXXVI.

H.4Q

Memoirs National Acuilcmy of Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XXXVII.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891 .

PLATE XXXVIII.

KA2,

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. 1801.

PLATE XXXIX.

H.44.

Memoirs Natioual Academy of Sciences. 18'Jl.

PLATE XL.

H.45.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XLl.

H.46

.Memoirs Nati nial Academy of Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XLII.

H.47

Memoirs National Ac.ulemy of Sciences, 1801.

PLATE XLIII.

H.5Q

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1801.

PLATE XLIV.

H,a

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XLV.

H.52

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XLVl.

Memoirs National Arailrniy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XLVII.

H.54,

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1WI1.

PLATE XLVIII.

H.55.

Natiiinal Aca<k-niv of Srirnrrs. IWU.

PLATE XLIX.

H.56

PLATE L.

H.5Z

Memoirs National Academy of Scii-nces. 1H!H.

PLATE LI.

H.23

H.15

40

o

z

X

Memoirs National Academy "f Sciences, 1891.

PLATE LVII.

H. No. 40.

Memoirs .National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE LVIII.

H. No. 40.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1H91.

PLATE LIX.

H. No. 40.

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