U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY HYDROGRAPHIC MANUAL. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO, 143 Revised (1942) Edition. = a Saee y 1 | MBL/WHOI OIL 0 0301 OOF? 4 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Data Library _ Reference Collection. - U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE JESSE H. JONES, Secretary COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY LEO OTIS COLBERT, Director Special Publication No. 143 Revised (1942) Edition HYDROGRAPHIC MANUAL by COMMANDER K. T. Adams U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey “Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING omata Library WASHINGTON Reference Collection’ For .ale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S Gove Woods Hole, Oceanographic Institution. — Price $2.7 ATLAS - GAZETTEER COLLECTION ‘@Ip Ut poqiiosop Aporiq st sasojdry out, “digs stq} 414 worounfuoo uy oyesodo ATyensn sfossea ArerIXne 0M} Jo aug “yuoudmbe Avams usopout ysout oy} YIM poddinba st oyg ‘s}eoq JoTTeUIS [eIOAOS PUR ‘syeOgaTVYM 400J-FZ INOoJ ‘SOYOUNL] 100J-0E IMOJ SvY OYS WOU gg PUG SOD JO gz ST JUOUa[CuL0d [BULIOU Jo} “4JBAP 400} GT PUR ‘MARA Joo] BE ‘BUO] Joo] L°RG6T SI Las0)dry oy, “uasojdxz drys AoAang oyapoay pure ysvoo—T aunorg $ ; Cee 2 A = art, » <2 PREFACE ANN gt The Hydrographic Manual has been prepared and is issued to provide a textbook in which modern methods of hydrographic surveying and equipment are described. In it are stated the general requirements of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for the execution of hydrographic surveys. It is one of a series of manuals covering the various survey operations of the Bureau. This Manual describes in detail for the first time instruments and methods used in echo sounding and Radio Acoustic Ranging. Many of the methods and details con- tained herein are based on the reports of officers and employees of the Bureau, too numerous for individual mention, who by their zeal and ingenuity in devising or develop- ing new methods and equipment have contributed largely to the progress of hydro- eraphic surveying during recent years. This is particularly true of the Radio Acoustic Ranging method of locating the positions of soundings, which has been brought to its present state of efficiency by this Bureau through the untiring efforts of personnel interested in attaming greater accuracy and reliability. The subject matter in this Manual has been identified by a decimal numbering system and all referencing is by these numbers. The reader should understand the significance of these numbers. There are nine chapters, each of which is divided into not more than nine sections. Each section is subdivided into not more than nine subjects and each subject into not more than nine numbered headings. The first digit of a number identifies the chapter, the second digit the section, the third digit the subject, and the fourth the heading. For example 7326, Verification of the Projection, is the sixth heading under the second subject in the third section of chapter 7, entitled “The Smooth Sheet.”’ This edition of the Hydrographic Manual has been prepared under the direction of Captain Gilbert T. Rude, Chief of the Division of Coastal Surveys. Much valuable assistance and advice have been received from officers and personnel both in the field and Office. Several officers contributed to the actual compilation of the text, but special credit is due to Commander Henry B. Campbell who wrote section 91, Coast Pilot, and to Lieutenant Commander John C. Mathisson and Mr. Thomas J. Hickley, associate electrical engineer, who wrote most of chapter 5, Echo Sounding, and chapter 6, Radio Acoustic Ranging, and to Mr. Aaron L. Shalowitz, principal cartographic engineer, Division of Charts, for his collaboration in writing chapter 7, The Smooth Sheet, and for his assistance in reviewing and editing the entire manuscript. PAGE III eit eae A aR Qa caer na i iret vt, Tet j nti aay} + ay) aie. ah " qi i Aik +, ye, vay’ oy in “vis a Ve 7 een i, here iaki | Men ae a ke j Vin ero i 7 ” we Fes mot L aL c saat alt sors aA r hs ; ‘ lard: Ne H - ah Aa! ice ee cri nee bi » Ours Se ee oe 5 i ayia ol Sar . ar eat hve pit T)feks AER Ate al ‘ ; Ty Cash ty gfiate it mr Sethe Sh mts. AGS) ‘yan ot (eis , way ie ira bee Sade roe a ‘a! ‘ Paani Hal 4) =. har f cit ar ea Raa Bi if eM A BHU i me duit nh ae a 2 a hy Me hoihePi ; rainy é ; ~*< ee. re peek . 7 aves ft 4 Ac tis ama) ; . tty ta Cd bys Nan} Nahi pnt i Lik fincitgpn & gud Lpbiohaeim ects tthee D a i parties Va is Oe A a ia ary wie 7 bay out ‘ Pee bial 1 e is a p Pe i, 4 iit ae a bbe oh pavtrat. 101 oe i . ar GAT ayy sk 1 Cale Ap ii zc dp Sh a Tt a ele so ethene te ah OMlagistiie st EN Lr aD x mer ‘ > wit ; 7 a Sisk ~ Te) 3 at > Ls Bias) ya wre Pi ae be bs ; ¥ . Pah : is ay i re 1 lahat Vries sy) % ih i yes bib ied Tt) i wea! @)) te N aryl pr 7 7 a ( ¢ ALS ‘ : iF Te) vl any Te ehh f ? } : ; ) 4- UB ep AL PY panes Py me PNR ah on we J 7 ae, Nd LP ea Sea a ae ee Jal iy ean | mash: Hard E> ieerad Sooke ite! (Tee Ma Prin aes Fl - a7 i t i smahony 7 : i . f 7 , ’ y ay 4 os 4 f ariel ae ; i é Ute atl} encoun 5 2 4 i “ ea ry a! : ‘ i ’ 4 ne te any ee Ties Ae) Toe bree Oe da = tA ‘ - y ae a a _ Mi é ae’ ‘i na ¢ ee P yim wig ih , ro. ty aioe ; We r eo yy oy i a ale ‘I Ty) i ; ‘ , wie AN + hg ae ie ene . ae ast eae ¥.) . i a bei f ay e) tc a ; ( - An Ld a Me 4 ? ‘ q i q : an 4 ' ne) ae hike 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. Nr (s 21. 22. 23. 24. © ON TENTS CHAPTER 1.—PRELIMINARY General statement_____ Se ee ce pe lat Sa, aN Re REDE Are a AE aS nS 111. Introduction. 112. The nautical chart. 1138. The hydrographic survey. 114. The Hydrographic Manual. ESO] CC eee See ie ehh en cae re re pee ee eee oe NOS. 8 NW Yo ie hl Pe, eS 121. Project instructions. 122. Offshore limits. 123. Survey scales. 124. Units of measurement. 125. Confidential surveys. Pron eer jolleimionayer. | | ays engi a, eg es RS, Ae Perl Se Le 5 gO eyes Oe Mea ee 131. Data from prior surveys. 1382. Nautical charts. 133. Project study. 134. Operational plan. 135. Division of operations. 186. Project layout. 137. Sup- piies and equipment. OrvantizationoMopersttionss 22 a= ee oa ae yee es | lees Mn Ps ee ee ee 141. General reconnaissance. 142. Personnel of survey units. 143. Tide stations. 144. Compass deviations. 145. Weather. MiscellancoussprojectOPenations= 26a 592 a see ee Soe meee oe Sees a eee eel ee 151. Standard time. 152. Tide predictions. 153. Magnetic observations at sea. 154. Survey numbers. 155. Landmarks for charts. 156. Statistical and cost data. 157. Current surveys. 158. Navigation and seamanship. 159. Coast pilot reports. GEQeTADMICEMAIN CS eee er fe Rit mack eRe PR pret ae les a Ree Ot earns ee ec ere Neer yi po 161. Geographic names on the Ihydrographic survey. 162. Investigation of geographic names. 163. Special report on geographic names. 164. Assignment of new names. 165. List of geographic names in Descriptive Report. 166. Examples of geographic name information. 167. United States Board on Geographical Names. 168. Ter- minology for submarine relief. Operations beyond project limits 94-20 5-2 2 2 ee ee sible Pe yee 171. Sounding en route. 172. Reported shoals. 173. Erroneous soundings on the chart. 174. Aids to navigation. 175. Coast pilot data. 176. Field examinations. CuHapTer 2.—CONTROL AND SIGNAL BUILDING COMP RON Sy ee eS Se OE LO caeaenn eM He gh 2 bel A eaahetee sais Ulloa they 0 ok MCE gs A eae gna liad Ab ee a aa 211. Definitions of control terms. 212. Frequency and spacing of control. 213. Ac- curacy of control. 214. Recoverable stations. 215. Control station names. 216. Control stations of other organizations. 217. Datums. ADTs GTN OUI Gh Gel Oey kak reels RR een oe ar ee ets Pen Oe eee a Ee GAY Sem eee 221. General statement. 222. Reconnaissance. 223. Requirements. 224. Connec- tion with triangulation of other organizations. 225. Recovery of stations. 226. Sta- tion marks. 227. Description of stations. 228. Pseudo-triangulation methods. AN@Y SOE ROU aE yeh ESS Ng A see 1 IRE ES a Le yl I is Bad Oe A Se meee Seater ae 231. General statement. 232. Accuracy of topography. 233. Aluminum-mounted topographic sheets. 234. Hydrographic signals. 235. Recoverable topographic stations. 236. Connection with control of other agencies. 237. Graphic control surveys. 2388. Special topographic methods. 239. Air photographic surveys. SHOES My GOST Ap hI CIS bl OM sms meena pees = pee mee tle eit case) eee RPE ae ey een 241. General statement. 242. Frequency of stations. 243. Methods of location. 244. Accuracy of location. 245. Station marks and descriptions. 246. Hydro- graphic stations in inaccessible places. 247. Natural objects located from the vessel. 248. Records. PAGE V ‘ Page 1 15 27 36 46 56 59 69 88 103 PAGE VI CONTENTS 25. 26. 27. 28. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 41. Controlibugys®= 2.64.22 22.2 2S ee eee se ee ok eee See eee 251. Sextant location of asingle buoy. 252. Directions and sun azimuths in locating a single buoy. 253. Other methods of locating a single buoy. 254. Planning buoy control. 255. Buoy-control schemes for location by sextant. 256. Buoy-control schemes for location by taut-wire traverse. 257. Buoy-control schemes for location by other methods. 258. Statistics of buoy-controlled surveys. RAR: stations. 2-352" See 8 saw ou ee oe eee ne eee ee 261. R.A.R. shore stations. 262. Ship stations. Sien'al buildings Use De Na eer. 2 See es oe eee 271. General statement. 272. Tall signals. 273. Steel towers. 274. Water signals. 275. Signal cloth. 276. Whitewash. Survey buoys 522 5220s oe see es se a be alee Sake eee ee 281. Buoys in general. 282. Buoy construction. 283. Anchoring gear. 284. Sono- radio buoy. 285. Handling buoys from the ship. 286. Record of buoy positions. CHAPTER 3.—HYDROGRAPHY Generalstatement {5 sees ee Se eo eso bee ee 311. Depth measurements. 312. Project limits. 313. Project and survey junctions. 314. Systems of sounding lines. 315. Spacing sounding lines. The boatisheete i222. =e ie = eae eres See ee 321. Definition and purpose. 322. Construction of boat sheet. 323. Preparation of boat sheet. 324. Use of boat sheet during survey. 325. Details on completed boat sheet. 326. Shipment of boat sheet. Mlonizontalxcomtrolrots tay cr.© cay en lnsypeeeee ee ee ee 331. Positions. 332. Methods of control. 333. Sextant three-point fixes. 334. Large-scale surveys. 335. Positions by estimation. 336. Bearings and distances. 337. Dead reckoning. 338. Astronomic sights. Hydrographic Operations: 222 = 242 60. pena jase ee eee ene = S552 5 ee 341. Personnel and their duties. 342. The operation of sounding. 3438. Frequency of soundings (sounding interval). 344. The operation of position fixing. 345. Mis- cellaneous operations. 346. Handling the survey vessel while sounding. Adequacy, ofshydrocraphicisunveye.4-—2— =.= 22-8 = sae ee ee ee 351. A basie survey. 352. Previously known dangers and shoal soundings. 353. Depth curves. 354. Adequacy of the general system of lines. 355. Development. 356. Ranges, bearings, and sailing lines. 357. Crosslines. Dangers and shoals___-_- Oe ae ee ee Oe Ney ene SEN NE ME VRE OR EE ee 361. Danger of surveying shoals. 362. Sources of evidence. 363. Bare rocks and rocks awash. 364. Sunken rocks and breakers. 365. Wrecks and obstructions. 366. Examination of shoals. 367. Development of large shoal areas. 368. Develop- ment of an offshore shoal. Iuarge-scale-offshorejsurveys.=2_ 22 = 292062 epee oc sie gin Soe Bee ee eee eee 371. Derivation of formulas. 372. Preparing circle sheets. 373. Preliminary layout. 374. General case. 375. Modifications of the general case. 376. Various methods of use. Contemporary Operationst. |= 5S-42 20 5ee! oo. ee eee ee ee 381. Shoreline by hydrographer. 382. Form lines from the ship. 3838. Aids to navi- gation. 384. Character of the bottom. 385. Descriptive report and coast pilot notes. Spectal. ty pes*of surveyssiss: 2222 25 we bec ee Me oe eee eee 391. Wire-drag surveys. 392.. Survey in advance of control. 393. Isolated harbor survey. 394. Reconnaissance survey. Cuaprer 4.—EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS Survey ishipstandauxilianyivesselsss ==) —.. = ee ee ee 411. General description of a survey ship. 412. Ship Explorer. 413. Motor vessel EH. Lester Jones. 147 151 162 OL 203 211 250 267 286 296 307 311 42. 43. 44. 45, 46. 47. 48. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 61. CONTENTS PAGE VII NULVevalaume DeSuanGesnT all DO Rts =n 22 ye See eee 8 eee ee 421. General description of survey launches. 422. Launch eauipment. 423. Leased launches. 424. Small boats. Ded MIeMGr tn Gols LEUUMC MLSs. aera ie ee ee ee en See ete ee eet 431. Care of equipment and instruments. 4382. Instrument requisitions. 4383. Ac- countability for instruments. 434. Shipments of instruments. Navigation and position-loeationjequipment.2-1 =52-.- sha2 2b ses eee tee = 441. Magnetic compass. 442. Gyrocompass. 443. Compass _ auxiliaries. 444, Radio direction finder. 445. Ship logs. 446. Taut-wire apparatus. Navigation and, position-location instruments 24-2 4.25 s245. 24528 tt $e ees = 451. Sextant. 452. Sextant angles. 453. Protractors. 454. Timepieces. 455. Rangefinder. DepiMindincAequUlp Ment andsiMst rum Cmts epee aera a epee eee ee 461. Sounding pole. 462. Leadline. 463. Sounding machines. 464. Registering sheaves. 465. Sounding wire. 466. Sounding leads and weights. 467. Tide gages. Oceanosraphichinstrumentsaie. . . ater e ee: Soe jee eae oe eee ea eee eee 471. Deep-sea thermometers. 472. Reversing thermometer frames. 473. Bathy- thermograph. 474. Water specimen cups. 475. Hydrometer sets. 476. Bottom sample devices. 477. Roberts radio current meter. 478. Other oceanographic instruments. DrahgivomiMs (Rum eM bs ae see ak oe ee RE eee Ls ok hr es See ee ee 481. Dividers. 482. Seales. 483. Miscellaneous drafting instruments. 484. Pens. 485. Other drafting instruments. 486. Requisitions for drafting materials. CHAPTER 5.—ECHO SOUNDING VC CneTAISLALCMeNL Ses Sie ee eRe a Ses SRR Ae ee rhe Se Hone eM Ee Re Soe se eee eee 511. Principles of echo sounding. 512. History of echo sounding. 513. History of echo sounding in the Coast and Geodetic Survey. 514. General limitations of echo sounding. 515. General classification of echo-sounding instruments. 516. Descrip- tion and function of parts. Echo-sounding instruments used by the Coast and Geodetic Survey__________________- 521. 312 Fathometer. 522. Simplex-Bludworth. 523. 808 Fathometer. 524. Dorsey Fathometer No. 1. 525. Dorsey Fathometer No. 2. 526. Dorsey Fathometer No. 3. 527. Veslekari. 528. Hughes MS 12 D. 529. Bludworth depthometer. HoTelenEecho-soOunGingainstrUmMenise eee a ee cen ee ee ee ee ee ae eee 531. French instruments. 532. English instruments. 5383. German instruments. Heho=csoundinoans trum enitanns tela OTe eee = eee ee ee eee 541. Dorsey No. 1 installation. 542. Dorsey Nos. 2 and 3 _ installation. 543. Veslekari installation. 544. Semiportable installation. 545. The advantages of two echo-sounding instruments. Adjustment and verification of echo-sounding instruments________________---__------- 551. Draft. 552. Instrumental error. 553. Settlement and squat. 554. Adjust- ment of index. 555, Motor speed. 556. Separation effect. 557. Bar check. (Cornectionsstorechorsoumaimngs= tes =a eon ee one A ES ee ees eee ee 561. Velocity corrections. 562. Mechanical corrections to fathogram soundings. 563. Errors caused by bottom slope. DENG SOWING IIE TAS ATTN, ONG MOM ee se ee ee ee 571. Fathogram interpretation. 572. Instrument tests and maintenance. Bieho-soundingyexpedicntses ese ssl eee ee Ie eee eee Ne ee 581. Deep-water sounding with the 312 Fathometer. 582. Sounding with bombs. CHAPTER 6.—RADIO ACOUSTIC RANGING CEnETAlS hat CUuIeH (es ee eee ein Ae re ee ey ne ee er pt ena hayes nee 611. History of development. 612. Theory of R.A.R. 613. Practical use of R.A.R. Page 322 361 383 400 418 437 PAGE VIII CONTENTS 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. cle 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. ide Physics: 0feound. =, 33 ee Se oe ee ee 621. Physical laws of sound. 622. Propagation in an ideal water medium. 623. Propagation in a heterogeneous water medium. Velocity of-sounds\ 20+ 34522 Sea eee as ee ee 631. Practical use of velocity of sound. 632. Temperature of sea water. 633. Salinity of sea water. 634. Records and computations. 635. Determina- tion of velocity. 636. Methods of applying velocity data. RAR Mstations. oe ee a 9 ee 2 oe eh Lo ee ee 641. Shore R.A.R. stations. 642. Ship R.A.R. stations. 643. Sono-radio buoy sta- tions. 644. Radio frequencies and power. Sono-radio buoysse2 23222 8S eee A A ee ea 651. Vincent sono-radio buoy. 652. East Coast sono-radio buoy. 653. Com- parison of East Coast and Vincent sono-radio buoys. 654. Adjustment of a sono-radio buoy. 655. Operating difficulties. 656. Hydrophones. R.AvR. bombs and explosives ..32/522)2 20L 01) VS _ 2 Sue ea) Se eee eee 661. Types of bombs. 662. Bomb containers. 663. Construction of bombs. 664. Deep-sea bomb. 665. Storage of bombs. 666. Trinitrotoluene(TNT). 667. Detonators. 668. Fuse. 669. Precautions in handling explosives. Ship. personnel andiequipment =! Se «2s. _ 21 Uv) ec ae es eee 671. Personnel organization. 672. Ship equipment for Radio Acoustic Ranging. 673. The chronograph. 674. Communication system. RAK. operations: 3-24 26.2. no Se ee 681. R.A.R. positions. 682. Plotting R.A.R. positions. 683. R.A.R. sounding lines. 684. Bombing operations. 685. Chronograph tapes. CuHaPTeR 7.—THE SMOOTH SHEET ihe Sheet sa - ere eee eae ee ea cra 2 he Ee 711. Smooth-sheet paper. 712. Smooth-sheet size. 713. Auxiliary plotting sheets. 714. Tracing mediums. Drafitinevandlettennge sae eee ben eee ee 2 Esa ee eke el ae Sie 721. Character of the drafting. 722. Orientation of smooth sheet. 723. Lettering. 724. Selection of pencils. 725. Selection of pen points. 726. Inks. 727. Erasing and cleaning. Preparation of the«smooth: sheets2 2° . +. = 2-0 2 ee ee ee eee 731. Protection of smooth sheet. 732. The projection. 733. Hydrographic sheets from air photographie surveys. 734. Projections for R.A.R. sheets. 735. Plotting large-scale offshore surveys. 736. Changing datum of survey sheet. 737. Projec- tion constructed after survey. Plotting the’control 22-52 ee ns ee ee a ee eee 741. Plotting the shore control. 742. Plotting the floating control. 743. Station symbols. 744. Station names. ‘745. Verification of the control. 746. Projection and control data. Transfer*of the ‘topopraphy- 2-2 28 fo: se a Se ee eee ee 751. Omission of topography. 752. The shoreline. 7538. Revisions by hydrographic party. 754. The low-water line. 755. Offshore detail. 756. Methods of transfer. 757. Verification of transfer. Plotting the: positionss 322 se25—8 ese 2s ee ee ee ee eee ee ee 761. Smooth-sheet covers. 762. Protracting three-point fix positions. 763. Plotting R.A.R. positions. 764. Plotting astronomic positions. 765. Plotting the dead reckoning. 766. Detached positions. 767. Use of boat sheet in smooth plotting. 768. Identification of positions. 769. Plotting supplemental data. Soundings‘and depth ‘curves aah ye ae a nea 771. Depth units. 772. Plotting the soundings. 773. Penciling the soundings. 774. Errors in soundings and positions. 775. Congested areas. 776. Depth curves. 777. Inspection of plotting. 595 601 618 626 636 657 663 666 683 691 697 714 78. 0: 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. On. 92. 93. 94. 95. CONTENTS PaGE Ix ANaditionaledetallsronismoothysheeta nw. ia wae eee eae ee Ee ee ee 781. ‘Explanatory notes. 782. Rocks, reefs, ledges, and rocky areas. 783. Bottom characteristics. 784. Aids to navigation. 785. Symbols for smooth sheet. 786. Miscellaneous data. 787. Geographicnames. 788. Limits of adjoining surveys. SHeICOI PLEtCOLSImOOLMUSNCE base reeds oe Se. Seek 2, ee ae Se ed A 791. Completion of the smooth sheet. 792. Schedule of penciled and inked details. 793. Registry numbers and titles. 794. Final inspection. 795. Principal deficiencies of smooth sheets. 796. Shipment to Washington Office. CHAPTER 8.—RECORDS AND REPORTS SSCUM ENE ETWMECE CONC etn See oe nmr Sen eet ref er he eed Bee te et ee 811. Recorder’s duties. 812. Pageheadings. 813. Information at beginning of day’s work. 814. Column entries. 815. Remarks and miscellaneous entries. 816. Infor- mation at end of day’s work. 817. Other Sounding Records. 818. Supervision and inspection. 819. Completion of Sounding Records. IRECUCHONROf SOUTICIN Segoe eee eee Se pie es ye See atin ony set 821. Correction units. 822. Corrections to recorded depths. 823. Units of final reduced soundings. 824. Verification of reduced soundings. 825. Errors detected during plotting. INSP AMeOUMBTE CONG Seelam Ne ea ene A aE gee ee eee SEN Al Sc ER 831. Position records. 832. Control records. 8383. Velocity of sound records. 834. Survey data of other organizations. 835. Completion of records and reports. 836. Shipment of records. WEstripbiveRrCCMONl sana ae ee a Rae a ee ree oe en ee oe ne eee 841. Sequence of contents. 842. Descriptive Report text. 843. Separates following text. 844. Additions at Washington Office. 845. Deficiencies in former Descriptive Reports. MMTscellam GOus ere OTS ee eee ese ee cee am i cas re ete yas eS ee 851. Progress sketches and reports. 852. Navigational information. 853. Aids to navigation. 854. Descriptions of stations. 855. Coast pilot report. 856. Geo- graphic name report. 857. Ranges for compass deviations. 858. Special reports. 859. Reports required from hydrographic parties. CuHaPpTER 9.—MISCELLANEOUS OAR gl bee es ee ee a ke ee Se ee Me el a eS a 911. Sources of coast pilot information. 912. Coast pilot reports from field parties, 913. Preparation of a new edition of a Coast Pilot. 914. Intracoastal Waterway Pilots. 915. Supplements. 916. Coast pilot glossary. 917. Nomenclature and terminology. IBROCESSIiN Zam O) fT CCS hiss aia coupe ae eet et yt) cen ee baa eo es at Tell eI oe Bro ee 921. Personnel at Processing Offices. 922. Transfer of records. 923. Preliminary office work by field parties. 924. Completion work by Processing Offices. 925. In- spection of office work by chief of field party. 926. Accounts, reports, and corre- spondence. Hydrographic surveys at the Washington: Office: -.. \.-.. 2c. 5. beet eee ee es SS 931. Receipt and registry. 9382. Miscellaneous operations. 933. Verification of hydrographic surveys. 934. Review of hydrographic surveys. 935. Approval by administrative officers. ComputatviongofabuoyaA positions meee sansa meter See ee ee ee 941. Reduction of sun-azimuth observations to true horizon. 942. Back azimuth correction. 943. Scope of buoy anchor cable. 944. Buoy traverse. Hormstan dap ulblica tions mpemmaes eee ret ee YN ten Ue a ee 951. List of forms. 952. Publications of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. 953. Ref- erence books. 954. Rubber stamps for hydrographic surveys. 465382-—44——_2 Page 733 747 753 770 774 786 793 847 860 866 PAGE x CONTENTS OG! Tables ssa. 5 2A ee ees <2 Sew ee a SE ee Re ee 2 ee eee 961. Velocity of sound. 962. Standard widths of line. 9638. Miscellaneous conver- sion tables. 964. Trigonometric functions for circle-sheet construction. 965. Three- letter station names. 7 Symbolsrandvalb brevilatiomseror meu Celle c lets ise ee ye eee ee [LLEUSTRALT TONS Figure 1. Coast-and ‘Geodetic! Survey Ship Hzplorers2— 2 => see be Frontispiece 2, Myponcanl lEyOuwils Gi Incheon gurney Sess. — 22-2 5 ee 3. Organization chart of a survey ship.—--=_ == 25-5 4) 2 ee ee 4 Construchionrotsprecdicted= tid ey curve me ee 5. Additional lines observed with repeating theodolite___________________________- 6. Record of horizontal angles (direction theodolite) 7. Record of horizontal angles (repeating theodolite) Ss Wocationybyarange andsoneyoloserved alm ge eae sem eee eae ee 9. Establishing shore control by the ship-intersection method 10. Establishing shore control by the buoy-intersection method___________________-_ 11. Where offset traverse can be used advantageously along the shore 12. The offset traverse method lS: CSextometernod™ 72522320 ee SA oe el [45 Displacements rons ainsphotorraphediue ston re lie fess oe ee eee one 15. Radial displacement of elevated objects on air photograph 16. Method of adjusted distances 17 Paper-stripymethods 24. 2445. en ek ele eS Re ee 18. Sextant location of stations along a precipitous shore___________________.______ 19. Buoy location from ship stations in range with shore stations AY, IBUKOy/ koe lony CulUS were Shoujo) SwAHMOMIS. — = ee ee 21. Buoy location by one angle at buoy and one cut from a ship station.___________ 22. Buoy location by an angle at buoy and a direction from a shore station 31. Line of buoys located by simultaneous sextant angles 32. Buoys located by sextant triangulation (single triangles) _______________________- 33. Buoys located by sextant triangulation (quadrilaterals) oa. Hiner buoys parallel: to tNercOaSts= | sa os See 5 eee ee ee, re SHO). JBWUKONY, (COMUTAO)| TOTP ARS OVOM IOS ee ee 36. Buoys located by traverse with additional shore connections___________________- 37. Taut-wire sun-azimuth traverse to extend geodetic datum Ste, IRWIN, Comiprol om Ain TeOlAieCl iiss Slaopil 2-3-2 ee ee 39. R.A.R. stations located by three-point fixes and acoustic distances 40. Sono-radio buoys located by traverse and acoustic distances__________________ 41. Sono-radio buoys located “by acoustic: distances#= ==) 2 ae a ee 42. R.A.R. shore station (general arrangement) 43. Tripod signals Page 872 888 CONTENTS PAGE XI Page Figure 48. Arrangement for a detachable buoy anchor cable_-_--___-_____-_--------------- 176 419). ROOWS! GiaClvorael Go) BIS 1Ho) IRACINGS SOOQOe sao ee aa eb ee 177 RO), Ash COMES SoMOARACI® lomOyy, SueUCUIRE - ee ee 180 Kil, Wines Soracseyclioy loony Sienna. ee ee 180 RO. Starspranlliaecl lomeny Or WIS tn SROs OUIEReMNSs eS Be 182 Se SUeeral hookstor Usesin WelghineWUOyS= 25-2 sels ==) ee eee Ee eae ae 188 Aa V SlCMISFOl SOU Cim/ Comin es ase te eee teal eet ATR ee soe ee kee 196 5S. Mieetiimpren, SOumnGhiaeliaS somone. ato 85 ee eee ee ee 201 56. Corrections to inclined sextant angles when one object is elevated appreciably above Seas evict oe amen = ae es ain ee Ro etn «bei LP CREE a ee eee cee 222 Hime Discancerbyadepressionsangle) below hOnZone= sa) sana eee 229 58a erovable position of ship irom: stellar observations= 226 == 222.2255. ssn as aes 246 bo. seosition from) star sights, using-a, known fieure of error. 2). Joe) Pe 0* ee Reet 246 GOsshandlead:soundimgetroniel atm ches == a ee eee ae ee 255 Ge aking, sextant angles: from “any elevated station! *l2 72. BRU S ee Oee eS 279 G2, IPainvonole oi jolloninbares eyavalless ymliloouns 2) MOMEKCKORS 287 63) Layout sheet) for graduated perpendicular method: + 2-2 UL _=_ 0-2 2e2 22 ice ee 289 64. Construction of the arcs from rectangular coordinates___~_______=__---—+2-__== 291 GH, ID Uaer Hoey EHAGS Salon Wake, WEES: OH 2) OOM OWO a ee 292 GG, ILAV OUI SINE oe QubAhiyAy Sinenved mebtove wae WNC 5 292 G7, IBaineiols OF Aurcllicnay Seren almove iaedovoyel. 2 ee ee 293 GSeaGenerale plan ofa suLVvey.Ship==2255 5 Mes te See es a ee ee eee 314 COME Oth oOuUsSerOkaTsUnV.eyashipe - ates =) Sawa Ets ES Ly pas ie eee 315 OMA OmoOomlOmoarisUrve yack aie oe al wees ees SUM ee Ae ee eee 316 (em Dranvingimoom of a survey) Ship oss 4222. el Bal. eee ee ee ee 318 ie IO FORBVeESSe lu EaeWestern Oeste se Ses oe ee ak AS Le a ee BA (om GenehalaplancolearsuUnveyea anche | ters hy Ve ee ee ee eee 324 (oaetandlcadusounding from: a catamaran 929s). eC ee ee ee ee 329 (een warce taut-wite apparatiseea 2... = ee Se eee ee eee ease 353 fom Opviculeprinemplestof aisextants.2 2. Ud 18) ONE Sen oh RA ee 362 (Mametin ClpalepacistOlasSexvaltems=—.se 228 6 oe Bele | on 5 Se RE ee ee oe 363 78. Metal three-arm protractor with attachments, and celluloid protractor_____-__- 373 (Oe Soundineschainextendedyiromrtoprol deckhouse ss == = eee 387 S0ueDecp-seasclect rie sounding machines! up ey eee eee eee ae 389 Sila~ TBlewarelesvoybiavs bayesian eye) ovvayewe ee a eae SON ee ae ee 390 CY, JIMS MOM GE Slovyo) GronaGhwars TaN ClWNe — == es ee a ee ee ea 391 SMI e PISLETIN O1Sh CAN Cy =m bah 5 Sater ets Se OE Ne EU 2 a eee 392 Sie Deep-scaurevicrsingebhenmometerns===— "= ae es = ee oe eee eee eee . 401 Som example of thermometer correction Taphy 9.45 = 22522 2S ee ee 402 S65, Oceanooraphic instruments, ins position to ;sound= === s= ===" == = ===. a sees 404 Si. came. oceanographic, instruments after sounding = 945) SY Bei) Piel e 405 A... Bowuckousy tyes. Loren NeraTovoye ol Se ee ee 407 SO mei GrOmeverise laser mame mea «ee sale eRe we HET 2 0 SU eee ee 411 OOM adioncurrent ameter me = ee eee or ye oe eee ae PRE EOE). en ee ae 416 Oe Drafting incsbrUmMe#nts Seis ete le ean ty UBL d tee 2e Oe 2 eee ae 419 OP MENIG TTICESCH Oem te = mer ame ewe pee Eben pe ene eee Caelad Sbagehety PES EN Lied Bate ee eae 423 O3muGraphicsspeedscalestormtield useless k= seer tle OE) Pies A) A oe 427 U45 Graphic speedsseale for omcenise: 2 ose te (en CO FINT eS AO Pe eae 427 Sommlfae factor scales same. se eter ied sth Neen UTS SUE ee oe eee ee 428 S62 Triangulation station symbol fordueroy template. -_.==22-2-==25 2.8). ee _. = - 431 Sa Wicthod of sharpening a ruling pen 2 CUO UUL Ns Uo tes le See ee oe 433 Usmsbiezoclecirie cupersomie AcOUStIC UNIt owls 22-25 222. 2-2 =P Ee Ee 8 450 99) Hlectromacgnetic oscillator type o24s 6 = en 2 ee OL! BRE Ae oe 456 1002 Launch hydrography using the 808 Pathometer!=-_ oo 4! 4 oe eae eee 462 101. Fish of 808 Fathometer mounted on hydrographic launch._-_---_----~-------- 463 102 == See ee 475 106. Sounding with the Dorsey Fathometer No..3--—2--= 43-2225) eee 479 107..'Cireuit,diagram of Dorsey Fathometer No: 32-2552 =—---2-—4 == 22 ee 480 108. Powersupply rack of Dorsey. Fathometer No: 32222) 222452 ee eee 482 109: Magnetostrictive acoustic Umiti222 22252 =- a ee a ee ee 497 110. Intercircuit connections between 312 Fathometer and Dorsey Fathometer No. 3__-_ 506 111. Location of the index adjustments, Dorsey Fathometer No. 3 _-_--_-_--__-__--------- 515 112. Circuit for verification of tuning-fork frequency by chronometer_____________-___- 52 113: Separate-acousticnmmits <2 2-222~ == 2 22022. oe ee 525 114. Curve of velocity corrections to echo soundings. 22. == ~=)2225_2 23. 2a. eee 534 115, Velocity. correction graph: . 22). 9522222 42222 2 hae 2 oS eee 536 116, Hacsimileofstamp) usedionsiathogramss so) 5] === = ee 544 117. Types of bottom relief shown vividly in fathograms of the 808 Fathometer __ + _-___- 545 118.. Various interesting fathograms of the 808 Fathometer_---_-____--_-_----------- 547 119; ‘Imteresting fathograms of the S08, Fathometer=. 5. "24. 22-2255 eee Seas 120. Illustration of a fathogram on which notations have been properly made_ -_--__-___-- 550 121. Sinusordalisoundiiwave_s. 208 see ee eee eee ee eee oe ee 559 | 1229) Soundiretlec beds trond a pri eel curries 561 123. (Multiple reflections in a bounded) medium: + 22-.=3022 225-55. <= 25s ee 562 1042" Totalireiractionvor a sOUNnG: WaVersae- == 2 ee eee 564 125) ‘Transmissionvof soundiover great distamcess= =. — 22 a =e ee 569 126. Path of sound through water of nonuniform velocity_-—-._-.--.-.+.-=--=-=2-=-=2 570 127. Path of sound through a layer with uniform velocity decrease from v; to v2_____---- 571 128. Path of sound caused by a velocity increasing uniformly with depth sufficient to refract the sound wave back toward the surface.----.----._-_--------------- 572 129. Annual cycle of temperature distribution in sea water near the surface___-__--_-_--- 577 130. Range of temperature curves in offshore ocean waters - -____--------------------- 578 131. Graph to convert apparent specific gravity to salinity _-____------------------- 22 (585 132. Velocity of sound determined from time intervals simultaneously measured to_ threesknowmnstaviOnss. esos s= 062-5255 5o ee eee ee 591 133. ‘Circuit diagramvof Vincent sono-radio buoy = —. -e-- == - = ee 602 134, Cireuit-diagram of Mast Coast) sono-radio buoy: .2--— === 222222222. 2 ee 605 135. Circuit for measuring and adjusting sono-radio buoy sensitivity —_----.----------- 609 136. Sono-radio buoy dummy tuning antenna__----- Le ae ee eee chal Ce ye ae 612 137. Dorsey shy arophone 42. 22. 622 52. 62 fo 2a ee eee ae ee 614 138) Vancentssono-ra dio) buoys biyGTOpIOM Cee re ee 617 139. Bomb: for deep detonation s—— —- = 42-522. .3_ oe ae ee eee 621 140. Circuit diagram of R.A.R. equipment forsurvey. vessel... -._.----------=.--2 22 629 141. Elapsed times obtained from a chronograph tape__..-_.-.-.----------=--=+=--=2 651 142. Hacsimilevof stamp) used on) chronographitaypese =a tee ee 655 143), Temporary dog-ear for smooth sheet__ =. = =. 223-6 Se ee ee ee 660 144, Polyconic.projection of North America. ~ 2) 2292-2 ee eee ee 668 145. Referencing projection limes\- > — 285-3). 2 ee ee eee 669 146: ‘Construction of aipolyconic) projection’ == -= = —- 92 32 2-2 ee eee 670 147. Sheet limits for ruling-machine projections]. ----2. 2522222) 225_-- = eee 672 148. Change of datum of survey sheet—by numerical method_-___- ao daae ee ee 679 149. Change of datum of survey sheet—by graphic method_____.__------------------- 680 150. Construction of a polyconic projection on a completed survey sheet—for small- sCale Surveys. =) 4.02. 2 es esd ee eee 681 151. Construction of a polyconic projection on a completed survey sheet—for large- scale surveys. = 2.0: 35-2222 sen es. oko ee ee es ee 682 152. Control stations plotted by dms. and dps. on a distorted sheet - - ---__------------- 685 153. Templates for triangulation station and buoy symbols_-____---------------------- 689 154. Projection.and controlidata for smooth sheet..--2— 42 32 == et Oe eee 691 155. Shoreline shown on smooth sheet without obscuring positions of control stations____ 692 156. Reduction of topography by method of squares-—_-== 5-222 2--2-5-25" == 4--== 696 CONTENTS PaGE XIII : Page Fig. 157. Reduction of topography by radial-line method _-_-__--------------- ee ae ts EAE ETAL 696 158. Protracting three-point fixes with three-arm protractor__-_____-_-_-__---__-_--- 698 159. Sextant fix plotted by intersection of loci. No common center object_._-___ -____ 702 160) Plotting kh. Ak. positions with Odessey, protractor: —_ = =) oe Se eee Se ee 703 Giles Dead reckoning ag uste ditorascnOMO mG Sioa Sess eee eel 708 162. Reduced sounding equivalents for smooth sheet and chart ___________-___----_--- H¢ 163. Sizes and placement of sounding numerals and other data on smooth sheet____-____ 723 164. Right-hand page of Sounding Record with corrections properly made___________-_- 726 liGheoubplanvol smallicove on smooth sheets 2-2-2555 8~ eee ee ee ee oe eae (20 l6Gasubplansof pier with soundings alongside! 22s Sus S526 [eee A) se eee ae 728 Nove Depthicunves In Vvicinity Of shoalsss as eee Ub ae we ee De Ue ae Se ee 731 16Ssehelationship of irocks! to tidal datum) planesii85_ 25122 22 es eee 735 169. Special symbols for use on hydrographic sheets_~ __-._..2-_-----=----=.- facing 743 17, Onmieinicgyavorn Ot ingwonvess Orn GWiAKE7? Slee WSs Be ee eee eee 746 iden Section ofcompletedssmooth sheet eiue os eek is be br) Pee es _following 748 172. Record of handlead and wire soundings—sextant fixes___.___-_---__------_-___- 754 7B, Leconte! Gi Geno srouvavchvayers—sesiewmy Jibs ee 755 174k, leeworel @? Gola Gowanchinys IR AIR, COMO poe oe eee See ee se se eee 756 7s UNAM Ore 1eeresoruve!! Snide eee ee So ee See pee ere 759 IAG, Whose, Ore Sroroanebyayes /Noyorraynwls) Huan) ee 760 Mic sta Ep Sa STUNT US fi SAND SAIN Oat i cap a ak ER A ah a ge 760 178. Facsimile of stamp for comparison of sounding apparatus_____---_____---_------ 761 179. Facsimile of stamp for log and revolution-counter readings____-_--___--________- 765 120; IDevosiinanies oni iiney 1 Byerainavsyfsyeenany Oys 2 ooo eee ee 766 181. Facsimile of stamp for verification of sextants and clock______________--__-__--- 767 1B. Snails OF SOW RMCS Sinn ea = bee oe ee ee ee © Be ee oe oe ooo See eeue 768 TSS ee Aesinml crotelLTOCessim Cust anno mets = pee ees ree ee 2 ey ee 774 Isat, IReeorel OF IReichi@ ACOMIsnKe IRAs CERNE = oe eae See Ss ss cee os SooeeSeee 776 SOME OVO O1SELOLNP LOS LESSuS Ket Cl Cs ae ret een ep pe a 794 ISOeeolocatealarcelclosune error ama) luo yAb le vie Ts Cs ee 866 187. Nomograph for derivation of velocity of sound in sea water (0° to 15°C)__-_. __- 877 188. Nomograph for derivation of velocity of sound in sea water (15° to 30°C) -__-___- 878 [sor Svmbpolsandabbreviations tor nautical charts-= 3-252 2-2 22 2 2 aes following 888 ICO; Seeunona GH tire nee raRwtNCEyl Cth = = Se ee a following 888 {hop 1st Elda) ables. scale equivalents for laying out:sheets:=-2.-.2-.+-2--.2--2-2-5= De Aa ee ed a 25. DeERersonme lol sUlnvey alls s< 9 see ee oe ee ee ie eae es a eee 28 3. Requirements for triangulation and traverse_______....------------------------ 75. AL. (CORO DOIN) 10) SED CHOUVEINE CIC ENNCE No os ee eee eee 98. 5. Statistics of typical hydrographic survey projects using buoy control__-_---_-_---- 147 OM Spacingsoisounding NneSs ce wk ae Oe ee Oe See oe eS oe cia eos eee 201 (egsedimentsre assifled iy iSIZOs ere ae re eee en eee ee ee ay I ee 304 8. Survey ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1942_________--- ae 9. Auxiliary vessels of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1942 ________ 313: Oe Proballexerroryo tena ge finacl ery Chis tein Ce sen pee es a 382; 11. Map measure conversion table (measurements in centimeters to statute or nautical TAP LSFSD) inserts cpl Syed WD RN a ER aL Pe EM AG eee ay RP ee eget ares pence SN eee 431 P22 ACOUSEIC transmiLgingandsrecelving Units 22202 2 222. eae ee ee 452 aeRachometermeedavaliesttore OSmi aM Olle teres et anne eye ee ee ee 469 IAS Parisrancdacircultstore orseye havhometernyNon d= ss eee ee = eee ee 488 ioe Depth rangesiomMorsey, Havmometer INO. 322062524625. 02 2.5.0.2 2. pee ee eee 490 16: HMunetional operation of Dorsey Fathometer No: 3. 2-20222 22222-22222 2- 222-552 490 IZ. Faultysoperation’ or failure of Dorsey Fathometer No. 3_ 22222 25-22. 22------ === 49] im. Circhit voltages of Dorey Pathometer INond2-- 855.2. 2 2 ees ea de ee ee 492 PAGE XIV CONTENTS Table 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Index adjustments of Dorsey Fathometer No. 3 Echo-sounding instrument operation Ship’s run corrections Paper distortion Projection line intervals for various scales Distance circle intervals for various scales Conversion of reduced sounding values to smooth-sheet values Depth curves Schedule of penciled and inked details Units for recorded soundings and corrections Rubber stamps for survey records Velocity of sound in sea water Salinity corrections (to be applied to table 32) Pressure corrections (to be applied to table 32) Velocity correction factors Linear distance conversion—feet, yards, fathoms, meters Temperature conversion Hxam plerofavelocihyacorrectlonec om Ubat lO Sas ee eee Adjustment of buoy traverse computed by geographic positions-____________ 5 Wellochiny soluncuion ieKcionE tore Intel See ee ee ee ee . Linear distance conversion—statute miles, nautical miles, kilometers________ yoMaprscalestandsequivalente esa ee 2. ee eee ee ee eee ae Natunalelrali-cosecantsnamcdshalf=coteamnc emit seams se onan een ene ee ~ shree-letterstationmamess -—2 2-2 2ao2 22-2 Blk 2 le Se a ee a =H Tae tise, engi} ae Hah ants