UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
MEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY
SAN FRANCISCO
Ex Libris
C. K. OGDEN 1
*;••
••'
fj If
HYMENOMYCETES BRITANNICI
" Pleniorem dabit lucem futura aetas."
Britannia
BRITISH FUNGI
(HYMENOM YCE TES )
BY
REV. JOHN\ STEVENSON
SQAl*
v. I
AUTHOR OF MYCOLOGIA SCOTICA
HON. SEC. CRYPTOGAMIC SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. I. AGARICUS— BOLBITIUS
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS
EDINBURGH AND LONDON
MDCCCLXXXVI
All Rights reserved
PREFACE.
THERE is no royal road to the knowledge of Fungi ; and it is
impossible, with any regard to scientific accuracy, to avoid the
use of language which at first sight may be repellent. It need
not, however, be so in reality. The careful mastery of a few
scientific terms by the aid of the Glossary (end of vol. ii.) will
enable those who have not hitherto studied the subject to use
the descriptions, not only with ease, but with much greater
satisfaction in the identification of species. This is particularly
the case in regard to Edible and Poisonous species. Any
description of general appearance, which omitted scientific
details, might be most misleading. The species must be care-
fully identified by means of the descriptions.1 Comparatively
few of the Agarics are used as food. Probably a much larger
number are either edible or harmless.
It has been usual in the descriptive literature of Mycology
to give a diagnosis, followed by a description of each species.
This may be a convenient method in letterpress to illustra-
tions ; but in a work designed for practical use, it involves
extensive repetition. I am aware that the departure from this
method will touch existing prejudice ; but it seems desirable
1 Those who desire to become fungus-eaters are recommended to obtain
Mr Worthington G. Smith's ' Mushrooms and Toadstools, ' published by
Hardwicke £ Bogue at is. Its use along with scientific descriptions should
avert the possibility of danger.
VI PREFACE.
to avoid repetition to the extent of one-third or one-half in the
account of each species, and thereby to secure space for fuller
description. Moreover, the diagnosis is not lost. From the
arrangement which is adopted in printing, the student, if he
is a student at all, can at a glance pick it out for himself.
The volumes are founded chiefly on Fries's ' Hymenomy-
cetes Europsei ' and ' Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae/
The former contains the latest arrangement of genera and
species ; the latter the more detailed descriptions. ' Mono-
graphia ' is now exceedingly rare, only a hundred copies having
been originally printed ; and I have carefully embodied from
it all that it is of importance for the student to possess.
In some minute details reference has been made to the
older works of Fries ; and in such cases the critical student
must compare these, in order to judge of the interpretation
which has been given. The works which contain the views
of Berkeley are ' English Flora,' vol. 5 ; ' Outlines of British
Fungology ; ' and the long series of " Notices of British Fungi,"
published by Berkeley and Broome in the ' Annals and Maga-
zine of Natural History.'
In giving references it has not been found possible to go
beyond more recent works and illustrations. Any exhaustive
treatment of synonyms, &c., would make the present volumes
undesirably large for practical use. Other references will be
found in * Hymenomycetes Europsei/ a work which is certain
to be in the hands of any one who will enter minutely into this
part of the subject.
I have included only species which are undoubtedly British.
Several have been omitted as apparently of exotic origin ; some
have been excluded as determined upon insufficient grounds ;
a few cannot be accepted without verification. The tendency
in recent years has been to multiply species unnecessarily, and
ultimately many so-called species must disappear. The prun-
ing-knife must be unsparingly used ; but this must be the
work of a Congress of Cryptogamic Botanists, not of individual
authors.
PREFACE. Vll
As far as space would admit, comparisons between different
species, in appearance, affinity, &c., have been noted. These
will often be found to be of great value in the identification of
species. Observations (under the line which records habitats,
&c.) other than my own bear the initials of their authors. The
claims of space have necessarily made these very brief. The
spore-measurements are those of Berkeley (M.J.B.), Berkeley
and Broome (B. & Br.), Britzelmayer (B.), Karsten (K.),
Phillips (W.P.), Plowright (C.B.P.), and Worthington Smith
(W.G.S.)
Of the illustrations, it is sufficient to say that they are the
work of Mr Worthington Smith. All the original coloured
drawings, life - size, as well as actual examples, are in the
British Museum, Natural History Department, South Ken-
sington, where they may be seen by any one who desires to
examine them ; and I desire to express our special obligation
to Dr Carruthers for the trouble and care he has taken in
arranging them for future reference.
It is impossible to acknowledge in detail, as I could have
wished, the assistance I have received in the preparation of the
work ; but it is with unfeigned pleasure that I desire to record
my special obligation to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, Rev. Canon
Du Port, Rev. Dr Keith, Rev. David Paul, W. Phillips, C. B.
Plowright, and Worthington G. Smith. We have had many
discussions. Sometimes we have differed in opinion. More
frequently we have agreed. The results are in the hands of
critics.
In interpreting the mind of Fries, serious differences will be
found between the descriptions contained in the present work
and many which have been published in * Grevillea.' I can
only request that, before deciding between them, scholars will
examine and compare the descriptions of Fries in the original
language.
J. s.
GLAMIS, 1886.
HYMENOMYCETES.
THE HYMENOMYCETES (so called from the hymenium or fruit-bear-
ing surface) include most of the larger Fungi. The common
Mushroom may be taken as the type, as all the members of the
Family bear more or less resemblance to it in organisation and
reproduction. The plant consists of the mycelium, the recep-
tacle, and the reproductive organs.
The Mycelium, or body resulting from germination of spores
(popularly known as " spawn ") gives rise to a Receptacle upon
which the Spores, or reproductive bodies, are produced. In the
case of the mushroom — e.g., what is popularly known as the fungus,
consisting of a stem, pileus, and gills, is only the receptacle. The
reproductive bodies are situated on the hymenium, which, in the
case of the mushroom, is spread over the gills or plates on the
lower surface of the pileus. On the hymenium are produced
sporophores (basidia) which bear at the apex, usually in groups of
four, either slightly stalked or sessile spores. On germinating the
spores give rise to a new mycelium, which in its turn develops the
spore-producing part of the plant. The Hymenomycetes vary in
their substance, being fleshy, or woody, or gelatinous. They are
divided into the following six orders : —
A. HYMENIUM FIGURATE.
I. Spread over the surface of lamellae or gills = Agaricini.
II. Lining the interior of tubes or pores = Polyporei.
III. Clothing the surface of spines or protuberances of various
forms = Hydnei.
B. HYMENIUM EVEN.
IV. Horizontal and mostly on the under surface = Thelephorei.
V. Vertical and produced all over the surface = Clavariei.
VI. Superior; gelatinous fungi = Tremellini.
A
AGARICUS.
ORDER I.— AGARICINI.
In the Agaricini the hymenium is spread over lamellae or gills,
which radiate from a centre or stem. The gills are composed of
a double membrane, and are simple or branched. No type in the
vegetable world has shown greater diversity of form.
GENUS L— Agaricus L.
(The name is said to be derived from Agaria, a region of Sar-
matia.) — The following are the distinguishing features of this
large genus : Gills membranaceous, scissile, acute at the edge,
persistent, concrete by the somewhat floccose trama with the
inferior hymenophore. Veil various, but never in the form of a
spider-web when universal. Spores separating from the sporo-
phores, and falling off, hence the gills are not cinnamon-pulver-
ulent as in the Cortinarii. Fleshy or membranaceous, putrescent
and not reviving when once dried up. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 17.
The genus Agaricus is divided into five series, which are de-
termined by the colour of the spores. These are white, pink,
brown, purple, and black. The white-spored species are the high-
est in type, being firmer and more persistent than those which
have coloured spores. In these last there is a greater tendency to
deliquesce, especially in the case of the black-spored Agarics.
SERIES I. LEUCOSPOKI (Xeuicos, white, #«/. /. 157. Smaller,
without warts ; Schceff. t. 28. 5. fir3 Z?r. n. 1500*. A. puella Gonn. &" Rab.
t. 7.f. 2.
5. A. pantherinus D.C. — Pileus commonly olivaceous-umber
when young, fleshy, convex then flattened or somewhat depressed,
with a viscous pellicle, which is at first thick and olivaceous-
fuscous, then thinned out, almost disappearing and livid, the
disc only becoming fuscous ; margin evidently striatej the frag-
ments of the volva divided into small, equal, white, regularly
arranged, moderately persistent warts ; flesh wholly white, never
yellow beneath the pellicle. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 12
mm. (% in.) thick, at first stuffed then hollow with spider-web
fibrils within, equal or attenuated upwards, slightly firm and
sometimes squamulose downwards, greaved at the base by the
separable volva which has an entire and obtuse margin. Ring
more or less distant, adhering obliquely, white, rarely superior.
Gills free, reaching the stem, broader in front, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.)
broad, shining white.
Flesh of the pileus thinner than in neighbouring species. So like var. um-
brina of A. muscarius that Persoon, Secretan, and other colourists have con-
founded them, but very different from it (in the order of nature intermediate
as it were between A. strangulatus and A. aridus, and truly abnormal in this
group) ; for the base of the circularly ruptured volva indeed forms a sheath
adnate to the stem, but is separable from it, and marked by a proper obtuse
continuous margin, and not furnished with the concentric scales of the rest.
It is readily distinguished from A. muscarius var. umbrina by the white flesh
never becoming yellow beneath the pellicle. Variable in size and colour, which,
however, is never red or yellow, and in the position of the ring.
In woods and pastures. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Solitary. Pileus 10 cent. (4 in.) broad ; when dry soft to the touch like kid-
leather. M.J.B. Poisonous. Spores 7-8x4-5 mk. K. ; 6-10 mk. B. ;
8x4 mk. W. G.S. Name — pantherinus, spotted like a panther. Dec. — Fr.
Monogr. \. p. 9. Hym. Eur. p. 21. Berk. Out. p. 90. C. Hbk. n. 9. Illust.
PL 2. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 5. Fl. Dan. t. ign.f. 2 young. Vittad. Fung,
mang. t. 39. Krombh. t. 29 ,f. 10-13. Paul. Champ, t. n6o,f. 2. Viv. t. 26.
Schceff. t. 90.
6. A. excelsus Fr.— Pileus 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad, fus-
cous-grey, darker in the centre, fleshy, soft, globose then plane,
pellicle thin, but viscous and in reality separable in wet weather,
then the surface is often wrinkled-papillose, or in a peculiar man-
ner hollowed and pitted, sprinkled with angular, unequal, whitish-
LEUCOSPORI. 7
grey, easily separating warts, the remains of the friable volva ; Amanita.
margin at first even, but when properly developed manifestly
striate, even sulcate ; flesh soft, white throughout, unchangeable.
Stem 10-15 cent. (4-6 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, at first
stuffed, almost solid, but at length hollow, globoso-depressed at
the base, attenuated upwards from the bulb, covered, sometimes
as far as the ring, sometimes only on the lower part, with dense,
squarrose, concentric scales (from the epidermis of the stem being
torn), striate at the apex. Ring superior, large, separating-free or
at length torn. Gills quite free, rounded (not decurrent on the
stem in the form of lines), very ventricose, 12 mm. (^ in.) and
more broad, shining white.
The bulb -when young is somewhat marginate, but by no means separable,
the margin proper like that of A. muscarius is marked with scales, buried in
the soil, somewhat rooting, beneath the margin marked here and there with
a concentric furrow. The shorter gills intermixed are more numerous than
is usual among Amanitce. There is a smaller variety, with the margin more
frequently striate, and the stem stuffed then hollow. Paul. t. 159. f. i, 2.
Krombh. t. 29. f. 14.
In woods, chiefly under beech. Frequent. July-Oct.
Solitary. Taste not unpleasant, but poisonous. Spores 6x 9 mk. W.G.S.
Name — excelsus, tall. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 8. Hym. Eur. p. 21. Berk. Out.
p. 91. /. 3./. 3. C. Hbk. n. 8. Illust. PL 7. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 6. Krombh.
t. 29. /. 14-17. Letell. Suppl. t. 40. Am. pantherina Gonn. & Rab. t. i. and
A. excelsa /. 8.y. i. without warts. Paul. t. 159. (Bolt. t. 47 very bad.)
7. A. strobiliformis Vitt.— Pileus white, becoming cinereous,
convex then expanded, pelliculose, the margin, which extends be-
yond the gills, even, warts hard, angular, and closely adnate ; flesh
compact and white. Stem solid, floccoso-scaly, thickening down-
wards into an underground bulb, which is acutely marginate with
(i, 2) concentric furrows. Ring torn. Gills rounded-free.
Grassy borders of woods. Rare. July-Sept.
Pileus when young subglobose, bulb of the stem conical below, rooting, its
border sometimes incised all round, sometimes even, floccose above to the
edge of the pileus ; scales of pileus large, wart-like, with a brown disc and
white floccose border, at length falling off. Pileus when expanded 8 or 9 inches
across, at length quite smooth ; margin extending beyond the gills. Stem 6-
7 inches high, \ % inch thick, firm, solid ; bulb not properly scaly ; veil large ;
gills rounded behind, the shorter ones denticulate at the base. Smell and taste
at first slight, at length disagreeable. Too much stress must not be laid upon
the incision of the bulb, or its scales, for neither character is constant. B. &
Br. Spores 8 x 14 mk. W. G. S. According to Worthington Smith its
esculent qualities are of a high order, but its rarity makes it of little value.
Name— strobilus, a pine-cone. From the supposed similarity of the warts to
the scales of a pine-cone. Vittad. Fung, matig. t. 9. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 21.
B. 6* Br. n. 662. Berk. Out. p. 90. t. $.f. 2, very young. C. Hbk. n. 10.
Illust. PI. 8. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 7. Ventur. t. 4. A. solitarius Bull. t.
593. Paul. Champ, t. 162. Soc. Mcd. t. i6./. 2.
8 AGARICUS.
Amanita. *** Whole volva friable, &C.
8. A. rubescens Pers.— Pileus about 10 cent. (4 in.) broad,
dingy reddish, becoming pale flesh-colour, tan, scarcely pure,
fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, moist but not viscous in rainy
weather and opaque when dry, covered with unequal, soft, mealy,
whitish, easily separating warts, which are smaller, harder, and
more closely adherent in dry weather ; margin even, and when old
slightly striate only in wet weather ; flesh commonly soft, white
when fresh, reddening when broken. Stem 10-12.5 (4-5 in.) long,
as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, stuffed, somewhat solid, though
soft within, conico-attenuated from the thickened base, reddish-
squamulose, becoming red-white, and without a trace of a distinct
volva at the base. Ring superior, large, membranaceous, soft,
striate and white within. Gills reaching the stem in an attenu-
ated manner, forming decurrent lines upon it, thin, crowded, soft,
as much as 12 mm. (yz in.) broad, shining white.
Very changeable, but readily distinguished from all others of the same group
by the flesh being reddish when broken; the stem and pileus are commonly
spotted-red when wounded. In dry weather it is firmer, flesh reddening more
slowly, warts minute : A. verrucosus Bull. t. 316. Odour scarcely any.
There is a remarkable variety circinata, pileus becoming plane, umber-rufous,
warts adnate, crowded, roundish. A. circinatus Schum. Fl. Dan. t. 2140.
In woods. Common. June-Nov.
Spores sphseroid-ellipsoid, 7-8x6 mk. K. ; 8x6 mk. W.G.S. ; 7-9x6-8
mk. B. Edible. It is delicious and perfectly wholesome ; although it has
frequently been reckoned (Clus. Pern. g. vii. 3) among doubtful species. Val-
uable as an esculent species on account of its abundance. Name — rubesco,
to become red. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 10. Hym. Eur. p. 23. Berk. Out. p. go.
C. Hbk. n. n. Illust. PI. 9. S. My col. Scot. n. 8. Krombh. t. 10. Vittad.
Fung. mang. t. 41. Fr. dtl. Sv. t. 74. Viv. It. t. 22, 27. Hussey t. 23.
Badh. i. t. 12. /. i, ii. t. ii./. 3-5. Gonn. & Rab. t. 5. Letell. t. 667. A.
rubens Scop.-Schceff. t. 91, 261. Le Rougeatre Paul Champ, t. 161. Soc. Med.
1776 /. 13.
9. A. spissus Fr.— Pileus umber, fuliginous or grey, fleshy,
somewhat compact, convexo- plane, obtuse, smooth, even, but
marked with small, cinereous, angttlar, adnate warts ; margin even,
but often torn into fibres ; flesh firm, white, quite unchangeable.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick,
solid, turnip-shaped at the base, somewhat rooting with a globoso-
depressed not marginate bulb, curt, firm, shining white, at length
squamulose with concentric cracks. Ring superior, large. Gills
reaching the stem, slightly striato- decurrent, broad, crowded,
shining white.
In mixed woods. Uncommon. July-Sept.
Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad. Stem 6-7.5 cent- (2K~3 in.) long.
LEUCOSPORI. 9
Spores 14 mk. W.G.S. ; subglobose, 8-10 mk. C.B.P. ; 6 mk. W.P. Name Amanita.
— spissus, compact. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 12. Hym. Eur, p. 23. C. Hbk. n.
12. Illust. PI. 39. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 9. Am. cinerea Krombh. t. 29. f. i-
5. A. strobiliformis Gonn. & Rab. t. j.f. 3.
10. A. nitidus Fr.— Pileus when flattened 10 cent. (4 in.) broad,
whitish, fleshy, somewhat compact, at first hemispherical, wrapped
up, the thick volva forming a floccose crust, then broken up into
thick, remarkably angular, adhering warts, which become fuscous,
dry, shining", without a viscous pellicle, margin always even ; flesh
white, qiiite unchangeable. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 2.5 cent,
(i in.) thick, solid, firm, conico-attenuated, with a bulb-shaped baset
squamulose, white. Ring superior, thin, torn, slightly striate, white,
villous beneath, at length disappearing. Gills free, crowded, very
broad, as much as 12 mm. (^ in.), ventricose, shining white.
The pileus very rarely inclines to become yellow or green. Easily distin-
guished by its warts.
On the ground in woods. Mattishall.
Several specimens approach so near to A. mappa that it is difficult to distin-
guish them. B. &> Br. Name — niteo, to shine. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 12. Hym.
Eur. p. 24. Icon. t. 12. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1833. C. Illust. PL 70. Bul-
beux a facette de diamant Paul. Champ, t. 162. Soc. Med. par. t. 16. f. i.
Battar. t. 6. f. B.
11. A. asper. Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad, oliva-
ceous-fuliginous, fleshy, lens- shaped -convex, then plane, thin
and even at the margin, roitghened with minute, regular, angular,
very crowded, closely adnate warts; flesh compact, white, becom-
ing fuscous under the cuticle. Stem stuffed then hollow, at first
curt, ovate, then elongated, 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, attenuated
from the somewhat wrinkled bulb, squamulose, externally and in-
ternally white. Ring superior, entire. Gills rounded-free, not
striato-decurrent, ventricose, white.
In beech and fir woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Nov.
Spores 8x6-7 mk* W.G.S. Name — asper, rough. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 12.
Hym. Eur. p. 24. Berk. Out. p. 91. C. Hbk. n. 13. Illust. PL 34. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 10. Vittad. Fung, inang. t. 43.
**** Volva quite rudimentary, flocculose, &*c.
12. A. magnificus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, whitish,
livid, pallid reddish-tan, &c., fleshy, thin, plane when full grown,
scarcely umbonate, commonly naked, but often sprinkled with
irregularly placed floccose spots, not forming warts ; the margin
evidently striate when full grown ; flesh thin, white, but change-
able when broken, turning tawny rather than reddening. Stem
elongated, slender, 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.)
10 AGARICUS.
Amanita. thick, stuffed with a somewhat distinct pith, at length hollow,
equal, or slightly attenuated upwards, and without any traces of a
bulb or veil at the base, becoming red-whitish, squamulose below,
concentrically cracked upwards when dry. Ring superior, sep-
arating. Gills adnate, but ventricose, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad
with a decurrent tooth.
Much allied to A. rubescens in habit but differing in the definitely hollow
somewhat equal stem, in the rigid cuticle, in the pileus being thinner and
manifestly striate at the margin, in the flesh turning tawny, in the adnate
gills, and in the universal veil being thin and fugacious.
In Scotch fir wood. Rare. Glamis, 1876. July-Sept.
My specimens had a bulbous base, and agreed exactly with Fl. Dan. t.
2148. /. i, which is referred by Fries to this species. The cuticle is much
paler than in A. rubescens, and tinged over with tawny-red. Name — magnifi-
cus, splendid. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 13. Hym. Eur. p. 25. B. &" Br. n.
1631. S. My col. Scot. n. n. Fl. Dan. t. 2146. b. Ag. adnatus Schum.
FL Dan. t. 2148. / i.
13. A. megalodactylus Berk. & Br. — Pileus 9 cent. (3% in.)
broad, reddish-grey, convex, soft, smooth ; cuticle entire, margin
even. Stem 12.5 cent. (5 in.) long, solid, somewhat bulbous,
fibrillose. Ring very large, placed near the top of the stem.
Gills free, moderately broad, pallid, at length tinged with red.
Strong-scented. Allied to A. lenticularis, but the solid stem is not squam-
ulose, and the gills do not assume an olive tint.
In woods. Wothorpe, Stamford.
Name — f«yas, great, Sd/ervAos, a finger. Tall-stemmed. Berk. Out. p. 91.
C. Hbk. n. 14. Illust. PL n. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 25.
14. A. lenticularis Lasch. — Pileus 7.5-10 (3-4 in.) broad,
flesh tan colour, fleshy, globose when young, then carnpanulato-
convex, even, smooth, moist ; flesh soft, spongy, white, with a
mouldy odour. Stem elongated, 10-15 cent. (4-6 in.) long,
slightly bulbous at the base or wholly equal, solid, but very
spongy-soft, more or less sqiiamulose, sometimes almost smooth.
Ring superior, but distant from the pileus, even, large. Gills
wholly free, approximate, ventricose, broader in front, very crowrd-
ed, whitish, sometimes inclining to olivaceous.
The pileus varies, yellowish and becoming pale, In very -wet weather there
are dark-green watery drops on and above the ring, which when dried com-
monly leave dingy spots.
In mixed plantations. Coed Coch. Oct.
Remarkable for the great development of the ring, and the smooth pinkish-
tan pileus. B. fir" Br. Name — lenticula, a lentil. Lasch. Linn. iii. n. 18.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 15. Hym. Eur. p. 26. Icon. t. 13. B. & Br. n. 1104.
C. Hbk. n. 15. Pricef. 88. A. (Lep.) lenticularis C. Illust. PL 17.
LEUCOSPORI.
II
B. RING OBLITERATED OR WANTING. Amanita.
15. A. vaginatus Bull.— Pileus 5-12.5 cent. (2-5 in.) broad,
livid, &c., slightly fleshy, at first campanulate then flattened ob-
tuse and even, smooth, naked and
rarely covered with fragments of the
volva, moist in rainy weather, some-
what shining when dry, at the mar-
gin wholly membranaceous, elegantly
sulcate like the teeth of a comb; flesh
whitish. Volva wholly free, sheath-
ing, lax, fragile. Stem hollow, with
spider-web fibrils within, attenuated
equally from the base, commonly slen-
der, but when larger as much as 2.5
(i in.) thick, very soft however and
fragile, externally torn into squamules.
Ring obsolete. Gills free, ventricose,
not much Crowded, Shining White Or H.Agaricus(_Amanita)vaginatus.
-. One-quarter natural size.
becoming pale.
The ring though obsolete is present, more or less conspicuous at the base
of the stem, disclosed in the volva. The stem is somewhat stuffed when very
robust. Two forms may be noted as varieties : (a.)fulva, pileus and volva
tawny : A. fulvus Schceff. t. 95. Fl. Dan. t. 2142. A. trilobus Bolt. t. 38. /. i.
(b) alba, wholly white : A. fungites Batschf. 79. A. nivalis Grev. t. 18. The
tawny and brightly coloured forms appear in summer ; the livid and fuscous
forms, which are the larger, in autumn.
In woods, &c. Common. June-Nov.
Stem as much as 15 cent. (6 in.) long. Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid
10-15 mk. K. ; nearly spherical, 10-14 mk. Z?. / 9 x 8 mk. IV.G.S. Edible,
and of excellent flavour, though reckoned among dangerous species by older
authors. The chief objection to its use as food is the thinness of the flesh,
Name — vagina, a sheath. Bull t. 98, 512. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 2. Hym.
Eur. p. 27. Berk. Out. p. 91. t. 3. / 4. C. Hbk. n. i. Illust. PL 12. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 12. Fl. Dan. t. 1014. Krombh. t. i. f. 5, t. lo.f. 6-9.
Vittad. t. 16. Hussey ii. /. 34. Bar la t. 5. Ventur. t. 5. Gotin. & Rab.
t. j.f. i. &c. Badh. p. 142. A. plumbeus, hyalinus, badius Schceff. t. 85,
86, 244, 245. A. pulvinatus Bolt. t. 49.
16. A. strangulatus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) and
more broad, date-brown-livid, becoming pale, fleshy, campanu-
late then flattened, obtuse, smooth, viscid, commonly variegated
and occasionally fully covered over with broad, crowded, plane
scales ; margin striate, then deeply sulcate, almost like the teeth
of a comb. Stem wholly stuffed when young, somewhat hollow
only when old, closely sheathed at the base by the circularly split
volva. Ring inferior, about 2.5 cent, (i in.) distant from the base,
rarely medial. Gills free, crowded, ventricose, shining white.
12
AGARICUS.
Amanita. The spurious ring forms a kind of zone on the stem ; it is not enclosed in the
volva like that of A. vaginatus. Intermediate between A. vaginatus and
A. pantherinus, but larger and more robust than either.
In woods. Uncommon. July-Sept.
A. Cecilice B. & Br. Mouse-grey. Distinguished by its less perfect volva
and stuffed stem, which does not simply contain a few cottony fibres, as that
of A. vaginatus, M.J.B. Spores 16 x 8 mk. W.G.S. Name — strangulatus,
choked. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 3. Hym. Eur. p. 27. Icon. t. n. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 13. Saund. &> Sm. t. 40. C. Illust. PI. 13. A. Cecilias B. & Br.
n. 663, ring awanting. Berk. Out. p. 92. t. 3. /. 5. C. Hbk. n. 2. Price
f, 112.
17. A. adnatus Smith.— Pileus 6-7.5 cent- (2/^~3 in-) broad,
pale buff-yellow, fleshy, very firm, not brittle, smooth, somewhat
moist, convex then expanded, buff beneath the cuticle, margin
extending beyond the gills. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) high,
stuffed, at length hollow, pale buff, fibrillose. Ring none. Volva
lax, adnate, or almost obsolete, white, pubescent, remaining in
woolly patches on the pileus ; flesh white, firm, almost rigid.
Gills truly adnate, crowded, white.
Flesh almost rigid as in some Russules.
In woody places among oak and holly. Uncommon.
Spores 8 x 10 mk. W.G.S. From the figure of Saunders and Smith the
volva appears to be connate with the stem, and the free border is irregularly
torn. Name — adnatus, adnate, of the gills. Saund. &" Sm. t. 20. C. Hbk.
n. 3. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 28. C. Illust. PL 35.
Lepiota. Submenus II. LEPIOTA (fowls, a scale) Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 19.
Hymenophore distinct from the stem,
universal veil concrete with the epi-
dermis of the pileus. Gills free, often
remote, not sinuate or decurrent.
With one exception, growing on the
ground; several occur in hothouses
imder forms departing from the type.
Fr. Hym. Eiir. p. 29.
An easily defined subgenus from
the concrete veil and free gills. The
stem is often inserted in a cup or
socket. The larger species are edible.
A. EPIDERMIS DRY.
III. Agaricus (Lepiota) procerus.
One-fifth natural size.
* Proceri (from the typical species of the
group, A. procerus). Ring proper, movable,
distinct from the volva. The whole fungus when young enclosed in an entire
LEUCOSPORI. 13
volva which is at length ruptured all round, and the lower part disappears Lepiota.
in the bulb of the stem, while the calyptra, which is connate with the pileus,
breaks up into scales. Stem not sheathed with the volva, as in the following
group, encircled at the apex with a (broad, depressed, Epicr.) cartilaginous
collar ; hence the gills are free and remote. Edible.
** Clypeolarii (A. clypeolarius). Ring proper, fixed, homogeneous with the
universal veil which clothes the stem. The extended stem and pileus are from
the first distinct ; hence the former is clothed below the ring by the universal
veil, and the latter has the cuticle torn into scales or flocci. There is a non-
cartilaginous prominent collar encircling the top of the stem ; hence the gills
are commonly less remote than in the preceding group. Flesh soft. Odour
and taste unpleasant, like those of radishes.
*** Annulosi. King superior, fixed, somewhat persistent, universal veil
adnate to the pileus. Stem from the first extended. Collar wanting or similar
in texture to the flesh of the pileus.
**** Granulosi (A. granulosus}. Universal veil sheathing the stem and at
first extending continuously from the stem to the pileus, but rupt^lred at length
and forming an inferior ring. Pileus granulose or warty. Hymenophore less
distinct from the stem than in the rest of the Lepiotae.
***** Mesomorphi (A. mesomorphus). Smaller, slender, stem fistulose,
pileus dry, cuticle entire, neither granulose nor torn as in Clypeolarii.
B. CUTICLE viscous, CONTINUOUS.
A. EPIDERMIS DRY.
* Proceri. Ring proper, movable, 6^.
18. A. procerus Scop. Pileus 10-20 cent. (4-8 in.) and more
broad, fleshy, at first ovato-acorn-shaped, then campanulate and
flattening, with a broad, obtuse, prominent umbo, the continuous
cuticle fuscous ; otherwise the cuticle is broken up into broad,
thick, becoming plane, at length separating scales, whence the whit-
ish surface is variegated-fuscous ; flesh very soft-cottony, tough,
white, unchangeable. Stem a span long, 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick,
perfectly cylindrical with exception of the bulboso-inflated base,
firm, somewhat cartilaginous, variegated with adpressed fuscous
scales, deeply sunk at the apex in the cup of the pileus ; with a
definite internal tube, which is at first stuffed with lax spider-web
fibrils. Ring quite distinct from the stem, continuous with the
cuticle of the pileus when young (and adnexed at the apex of the
stem, but there very thin), free when the pileus is expanded, with
a tough cartilaginous swollen base, hence movable and persist-
ent. Gills not only absolutely free, but far remote from the stem
with a broad, piano-depressed, cartilaginous collar, crowded, ventri-
cose, broader in front, soft, whitish, sometimes becoming fuscous
at the edge.
The gills vary, whitish, light-yellowish, flesh-coloured, black-margined.
Odour pleasant.
14 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. In woods, chiefly fir, and pastures. Common. July-Oct.
Epidermis of pileus resembling brown shaggy leather. M.J.B. Spores
sphaeroid-ellipsoid or subellipsoid, 14-22x10-12 mk. K, 16-18x10-12 mk.
B. 3Xi6mk. W.G.S. Edible (Clus. Esc. gen. 18 c.) ; one of the most deli-
cate species, although the flesh is slightly tough. It makes exceedingly good
ketchup. Celebrated in Italy and France as an edible species, but reckoned
by some to be inferior to the common mushroom (A. campestris). Name —
procerus, tall. Known as the " parasol mushroom," from its shape and prob-
ably from the ring being movable like that of an umbrella-stick. Scop. Cam.
p. 418. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 19. Hym. Eur. p. 29. Sverig. alt. Sv. t. 3.
Berk. Out. p. 92. C. Hbk. n. 16. Ilhist. PL 21. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 14.
Schceff. t. 22, 23. Fl. Dan. t. 772. Curt. Lond. t. 169. Sow. t. 190. Badh.
t. 2. Hussey \. t. 88. Bull. t. 78, 583. Krombh. t. 24. /. 1-12. Hartz. t.
46. Vivian t. 8. Vittad. t. 24.
19. A. rachodes Vitt. — Pileus very fleshy, but very soft when
full grown, globose then flattened or depressed, at first incrusted
with a thick, rigid, even, very smooth, bay-brown, wholly continu-
ous cuticle, which remains entire at the disc but otherwise soon
becomes elegantly reticulated with cracks ; these very readily
separate into persistent, polygonal, concentric scales, which are
revolute at the margin and attached to the surface with beautifully
radiating fibres, the surface remaining coarsely fibrilloso-tomen-
tose; flesh white, immediately becoming sajfr on-red when broken,
easily separating from the apex of the distinct stem, which is
encircled with a prominent collar. Stem stout, at the first
marginato-bulbous ; conical when young, then elongated, attenu-
ated upwards, as much as a span long, very robust, 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick, and more at the base, always even, and without a trace of
scales or even of fibrils although the appearance is obsoletely
silky, wholly whitish, hollow within, stuffed with spider-web
threads, the walls remarkably and coarsely fibrous. Ring mov-
able, adhering longer to the margin of the pileus than to the apex
of the stem, hence rayed with fibres at the circumference, clothed
beneath with one or two zones of scales. Gills very remote,
lanceolate or ventricose at the middle, crowded, whitish, some-
times reddening.
The pileus is tomentose and whitish under the cuticle. The margin of the
bulb quickly vanishes. The ring, like that of A. (Psalliota) arvensis, is as it
were duplicate. Gregarious, 2-3 individuals often connate at the base. A
variety occurs in hothouses.
In woods, chiefly fir, old thatch, &c. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
Easily distinguished from A. procerus by its more globose pileus, by the
deeper and softer covering, and by the flesh becoming saffron-red. Reckoned
edible. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 10-12 x 6-7 mk. K.; 6x8 mk. W.G.S.
Name — pcueo?, a ragged, tattered garment. From the ragged covering of the
pileus. Vittad. Fung. mang. p. 158. t. 20. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 20. Hym.
Eur. p. 29. Berk. Out. p. 92. /. 3. f. 6. C. Hbk. n. 17. Illust. PL 22. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 15. Hussey ii. t. 38. Price f. 104.
LEUCOSPORI. 15
* A. rachodes puellaris Fr. — A pretty form, wholly constant, Lepiota.
departing- from the typical form in being half the size, shining
white, with the pileus floccoso-squamose.
In woods, &c., not uncommon. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 285. Hym. Eur. p. 29.
B. & Br. n. 1632.
20. A. excoriatus Schaeff. — Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, some-
times of one colour whitish, sometimes brown at the disc, fleshy,
soft, globose then expanded, at length becoming plane, gibbous
rather than umbonate at the middle, cuticle very thin, sometimes
even, persistent, and slightly silky, sometimes broken up into min-
ute squamules, more or less peeled towards the margin ; flesh soft,
white, unchangeable. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 8-10 mm.
(4-5 lin.) thick, hollow, with spider-web threads within, wholly
equal or only obsoletely bulbous (the bulb, when present, buried
in the soil), even, rather smooth, quite unspotted, white. Ring
movable. Gills free, but not very remote from the stem, soft,
white.
Constantly smaller than A. procerus and A. rachodes, lower in stature, with
the thin cuticle not so much torn. The stem is less cartilaginous than that of
A. procerus, but remarkably distinct from the pileus. The ring is smaller,
tougher, less movable, and here and there vanishing.
In woods, &c. Uncommon. May-Oct.
Edible ; said to be better than its allies. According to Berkeley the taste is
like that of Marasmius oreades. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 14-16x9-11 mk.
K.; 14x9 mk. IV. G.S. Name — ex, and corium, skin. From the pileus
being peeled towards the margin. Schccff. t. 18, 19. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 21. Hym.
Eur. p. 30. Sverig. dtl. Sv. t. 18. Berk. Out. p. 92. C. Hbk. n. 18. Illust.
PI. 23. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 16. Vivian t. 49. Vittad. Fung. mang. t. 35.
Ventur. t. 7. Letell. t. 610. Krombh. t. 24. /. 24-30.
21. A. gracilentus Krombh. — Pileus slightly fleshy, at the first
ovate, then campanulate, and at length flattened, slightly umbo-
nate or rather gibbous, with a thin, closely adnate, fuscous cuticle,
which breaks up into broad, adpressed, persistent scales, so that
the whitish pileus &p\>ta.rs fuscous-spotted; flesh white, unchange-
able. Stem 12.5-15 (5-6 in.) long, 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.) thick, hol-
low, fibrillose with spider-web threads within, slightly bulbous,
otherwise equal, obsoletely scaly, whitish. Ring very laxly woven,
floccose, not only easily free, but also separating and vanishing,
Gills remote, very broad, very crowded, whitish, often dingy at
the edge, sometimes greenish.
Stature about that of A. procerus, but the stem is more slender, and the
pileus smaller and thinner. The chief difference lies in the thin fugacious ring.
In pastures. Rare.
1 6 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. ^ot poisonous, but rejected as food. Spores 11x8 mk. W.G.S. Name —
gracilis, slender. Krombh.t. 24. f. 13, 14. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 21. Hym. Eur.
p. 30. Berk. Out. p. 93. C. Hbk. n. 19. Illust. PI. 28.
22. A. mastoideus Fr.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
slightly fleshy, ovate then flattened, remarkably breast- shaped with
an acute umbo, at the first continuous and becoming fuscous ;
the cuticle, however, is soon torn into minute, thin or nipple-shaped,
persistent scales, making the pileus then whitish and variegated
fuscous; flesh thin, soft, whitish. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 6-8
mm. (3-4 lin.) thick at the base, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick at the apex,
almost equally attenuated from the base to the apex, cartilaginous,
tough and flexible, whitish, obsoletely squamulose but not spotted
below the entire (not torn), movable ring, even above it. Gills
very remote, lanceolate, very crowded, soft, pure white.
The ring is formed after the same type as that of preceding species. The
gills are of the same type as those of A. procerus, with a cartilaginous collar
in which the stem is sunk.
In woods. King's Cliffe, &c. Oct.
Edible, but so thin in flesh as to be worthless. Name— ^ao-Tos, breast,
elSos, shape. Breast-shaped. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 22. Hym. Eur. p. 30. Berk.
Out. p. 93. Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. t. 2./. i. C. Hbk. n. 50. Illust. PL 24.
Fl. Dan. t. 2144. Letell. t. 610; F.D.E.
** Clypeolarii. Ring proper, fixed, &*c.
23. A. Friesii Lasch. — Pileus ferruginous - fuscous, fleshy,
soft, torn into adpressed, tomentose scales. Stem hollow, with a
pith of a spider-web nature, somewhat bulbous, scaly; the supe-
rior ring pendulous, equal. Gills somewhat remote, linear, very
crowded, branched.
Almost the stature of A. procerus, handsome, with a heavy odour.
On sawdust. King's Lynn.
Name— after Elias Fries. Lasch, Linn. iii. n. 9. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 31.
Monogr. ii. p. 344.
* A. acutesquamosus Weinm. — Pileus as much as 10-12.5
cent. (4-5 in.) broad, pale ferruginous, fleshy, hemispherical then
expanded, convex, very obtuse, the cuticle adpressedly tomentose
and sprinkled 'with minute, sharp-pointed, fuscous, easily separat-
ing warts, which leave areolas on the surface ; then the surface
itself splits open showing the white pileus, variegated with adnate
warty patches, which are acute and squarrose at the disc, floccose,
adpressed and paler towards the margin ; flesh moderately thick,
very white. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, as much as 2.5 cent.
LEUCOSPORI. 17
(i in.) thick, stout, the somewhat bulbous base solid, otherwise Lepiota.
hollow, stuffed with a lax spider-web pith, elastic, attenuated up-
wards, adpressedly fibrilloso-silky and white, but becoming fer-
ruginous below with the fibrils, adorned with areolated scales
arranged spirally from the remains of the universal veil. Ring
large, white, at length becoming yellow, at first silky, continuous
with the margin of the pileus, externally sprinkled, chiefly towards
the margin, with vernicose patches of the exterior veil ; then pen-
dulous from the apex of the stem, membranaceous but very soft
and very large, even, remaining adfixed, adhering by the silky
down of the stem. Gills quite free from the stem, united by a
collar encircling the stem, but very approximate, lanceolate, as
much as 8 mm. (4 lin.) broad when full grown, very crowded,
shining white.
The margin of the pileus when young is fimbriate, and occasionally appen-
diculate with the torn ring. The stem is thicker in proportion as it is shorter.
The flesh is firmer than that of its allies. A most distinguished species ; soli-
tary or 2-3 individuals connate at the base. The open patches, left on the
floccose ground of the pileus are almost after the type of Lycoperdon gemma-
turn. Somewhat inodorous. The pileus varies furfuraceous (Krombh. t. 29.
/. 18-21.)
On soil in gardens and hotbeds. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
Spores 8-10x2-3 mk. B.; 3x6 mk. W. G.S. Name — asutus, sharp,
squama, a scale. Weinm. Syll. i. p. 70. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 22. Hym. Eur. p.
31. Berk. Out. p. 93. C. Hbk. n. 21. Illust. PL 14. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 17.
Hussey ii. /. 5. A. Mariae Klotsch Linn. vii. t. 8. Berk. Eng. Fl. \. p. 4.
24. A. Badhami B. & Br.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, at
first campanulate, obtuse, at length expanded, often depressed and
umbonate, hispid, with minute, velvety, fuliginous scales, but
sometimes entirely fuliginous without any distinct scales. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) high, 6-12 mm. (%-% in.) inch or more thick,
attenuated above, bulbous below, white, silky or floccoso-scaly,
stuffed with cottony threads. Ring firm, erect and deflexed, more
or less movable beneath, frequently clothed with dingy granules.
Gills truly remote, ventricose, rather broad.
The whole plant when wounded becomes saffron-blood-red. Flesh tolerably
compact. Resembling some forms of A. clypeolarius, but more robust. In
some specimens the surface is decidedly scaly, in others simply velvety. The
margin often projects beyond the gills, and is delicately silky and fimbriated.
The stem, though bulbous, is by no means marginate. Smell rather disagreeable.
Under yew-trees. Apethorpe, &c. Sept.
Spores elliptic, 8 mk. B. & Br.; 6 x 3 mk. W.G.S. Name — after C. D.
Badham, M.D. B. 6s Br. n. 664. Berk. Out. p. 93. C. Hbk. n. 23.
Illust. PL 25. Saund. & Sm. t. 35.7. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 31.
B
1 8 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. 25. A. meleagris Sow.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
fawn-coloured, fleshy, thin, at first ovate or hemispherical, very
obtuse, minutely tomentose and warty, then expanded, somewhat
campanulate, dotted with minute brown scales ; flesh turning red.
Stem stuffed with cottony threads, fusiform then nearly equal, of
the same colour, here and there tinged with yellow, most minutely
squamulose. Ring soon ruptured, very fugacious. Gills remote,
distant, rounded behind, sometimes connected, white.
The whole plant changes in drying, or when cut, to a beautiful red. Closely
allied to A, clypeolarius. Two forms occur which run into each other, the less
typical of which has a campanulate obtuse pileus, and is of a darker tint when
dry. In the variety the gills are sometimes lemon-coloured.
In hothouses on spent tan. Rare. May-Oct.
Spores 5x8 mk. W.P. Name — meleagris, a guinea-fowl. From the
spotting. Sow. t. 171. B. &• Br. n. 986*. C. Hbk. n. 24. Illust. PL
26. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 18. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 31. Tricholoma Berk. Out.
p. 101.
26. A. biornatus B. & Br. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad-,
fleshy, convex, broadly campanulate, white, silky, sprinkled with
minute dark-red punctiform scales (without striae); flesh white,
or slightly tinged with yellow. Stem 10 cent. (4 in.) high, 8 mm.
(^ in.) thick, stuffed then hollow, oblique, attenuated at the base,
rooting, spotted with red, reddish within. Ring descending,
spotted at the edge like the pileus. Gills approximate, ventricose,
4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, white.
The whole plant becomes dark in drying.
In melon-frame. Arthingworth, 1876. July.
Spores 10 x 8 mk. B. & Br. Name— bis, twice, orno, to adorn. From the
twofold colouring. B. & Br. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 502. Ann. Nat.
Hist. n. 1633. C. Illust. PL 37.
27. A. hispidus Lasch. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
umber-fuscous, fleshy, soft, hemispherical then expanded, umbo-
nate, at the very first tomentose from the universal veil, the down
separating into papillae or scales ; flesh thin, white, unchangeable.
Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) thick, tubular,
but stuffed with fibrils internally, attenuated upwards, densely
woolly-scaly from the universal veil clothing the stem as far as the
superior, membranaceous, reflexed ring, fuscous. Gills free,
approximate, with a prominent collar encircling the stem, crowded,
ventricose, simple, white.
The pileus is not at first evened and continuous as in A. clypeolarius, &c.
The down separates into scales almost like those of A. acutesquamosris. Not
becoming red when broken like A. meleagris, &c. Odour somewhat of radish.
LEUCOSPORI. 19
In woods, chiefly among pine-leaves. Rare. Aug.-Oct. Lepiota.
Smell like that of Lactarius theiogalus, approaching that of A. cristatus.
B. &* Br. Name — hispidus, rough. Lasch. n. 407. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 24.
Hym. Eur. p. 32. Icon. t. 14. /. i. B. & Br. n. 901. C. Hbk. n. 22.
lilust. PL 27. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 19.
28. A. clypeolarius Bull.— Typical form. Pileus 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) broad, beautiful tan-colour, slightly fleshy, at first acorn-
shaped, even, becoming tawny at the apex, wholly continuous,
though silky-soft, slightly crusted, with thick marginal down,
which then separates into a superior ring adhering to the stem ;
then campanulate and flattened, with a tawny umbo, otherwise
wholly broken up into floccose scales, very soft; flesh floccoso-
soft, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, white, watery when moist. Stem about
7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed with a dis-
tinct floccose-spider-web pith, soon hollow, equal or slightly
thickened at the base, soft, fragile ; at first continuously scaly-
squarrose from the yellowish veil being broken up into patches ; the
floccose scales easily separate, so that the stem is somewhat naked,
fibrillose, pallid, striate at the apex above the fugacious ring.
Gills free, approximate, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, soft, crowded, shin-
ing white or becoming yellow.
Odour weak, often scarcely any. It is so very changeable, that it is scarcely
possible to include all its forms under a common description. The scales on
the pileus vary yellow, rufescent, ferruginous, and the gills white, yellowish.
In shady pine-woods a form occurs with white-floccose-woolly stem, pileus
wholly woolly with exception of the continuous disc, sometimes yellowish,
sometimes becoming pale. In marshy thickets there is a form with the squa-
mulose pileus rose-coloured. In very shady beech-wood, on rotten wet leaves,
a more slender form occurs, with a floccoso-squamulose stem, and white pileus
elegantly variegated with concentric fuscous scales. Var. pratensis Bull, is
floccose only below the fibrillose ring. There are many forms in hothouses
departing from the type, as Fl. Dan. t. 1732.
In woods, shaded borders, and hothouses. Uncommon. Oct.-
Nov.
Spores oblong, uniguttate, 16-20 x 5-6 mk. K.; 18-20x4-5 mk. B. Name
— clypeus, a shield. Bull. t. 405, 506. f. 2. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 24. Hym. Eur.
p. 32. Icon. t. 14. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 94. C. Hbk. n. 25. Illust. PL 38.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 20. Tratt. Austr. t. 26.
29. A. metulsesporus B. & Br.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
white, rather fleshy, campanulate, obtuse, sulcate, with small
pallid scales, margin appendiculate. Stem 5-12.5 cent. (2-5 in.)
long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, stuffed, somewhat equal or slightly
clavate, pallid, lemon-coloured within. Gills approximate, ven-
tricose, nearly 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, white.
In external characters it approaches A. clypeolarius, but it is at once dis-
tinguished by the length of its spores. Mycelium thread-like.
20 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. Among- moss in fir wood. Rare. Oct.
Spores nine-pin-shaped when seen from the back, obliquely clavate from the
side. 15 mk. B. 6* Br. ; 15-20x4-6, W.P. Name — metula, an obelisk.
From the shape of the spores. B. 6* Br. Ceylon Fungi, Linn. Journ. xi. /.
512. Ann. Nat. Hist. n. 1182. t. iS.f. 5 spores. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 32.
30. A. cristatus A. & S.— Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-i}4 in.) some-
times 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, whitish, slightly fleshy, campanulate,
then expanded and umbonate, dry, smooth, but the cuticle separat-
ing into darker granulose squamules on the whitish ground ; flesh
thin, white. Stem 4 cent. (\y2 in.) long, 3 mm. (i>£ lin.) rarely
more thick, fistulose, equal, fragile, silky-fibrillose, not scaly,
silvery-white or rufescent. Ring continuous with the universal
scanty veil, hence it appears inferior, at first erect-spreading, then
torn. Gills free, remote, very crowded, at length plane, shining
white.
It does not vary much except in the colour of the squamules on the pileus.
Smaller and firmer than A. clypeolarius, with a strong odour of radish.
In fields, lawns, gardens, &c. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Disc often fuscous-reddish. Spores ellipsoid, 7-8 x 4-5 mk. K. ; 6-8 x 2-3
B. Name — crista, a tuft, crest. Alb. &" Schw. p. 145. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 25.
Hym. Eur. p. 32. Berk. Out. p. 94. /. 3. /. 7. C. Hbk. n. 26. Illust. PI.
29. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 21. Grev. t. 176. Hussey i. t. 48. Price f. 105.
Krombh. t. 25. /. 26-30. A. subantiquatus Batsch f. 205.
31. A. ermineus Fr. — Pileus 5-6 cent. (2-2 X in.) broad, white,
slightly fleshy, campanulate then soon flattened, only a little gib-
bous at the prominent, even, deeper-coloured disc, dry, smooth
and becoming even, then silky-fibrillose towards the margin; flesh
soft, white. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick,
fistulose, equal, very fragile, dry, somewhat fibrillose, the mem-
branaceous ring at length torn and fugacious. Gills free, but
reaching the stem, by no means remote, very obtuse at both
ends, somewhat crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, shining white.
Somewhat gregarious, very fragile, inodorous, with the taste of radish.
In grassy places in woods, &c. Coed Coch, &c. Nov.
Spores pruniform, guttate, granular, 11-12 mk. Q. Name — ermine, from
its soft white appearance. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 26. Hym. Eur. p. 33. Sv.
Bot. t. 596. / i. B. & Br. n. 1184. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. vi.
p. 213. C. Illust. PL 40.
*** Annulosi. Ring superior, fixed, &*<:.
32. A. Vittadinii Fr.— Pileus whitish, fleshy, convexo-plane,
obtuse, covered over with warty, dense, pointed scales. Stem
LEUCOSPORI. 21
solid, stout, cylindrical, with many concentric scaly-squarrose Lepiota.
zones. Ring superior, large. Gills free, ventricose, thick, be-
coming green.
Very handsome, large, robust. Intermediate between Amanita and Lepiota.
In groves. Rare.
Poisonous. Name — after Vittadini. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 33. Berk. Out.
p. 94. C. Hbk. n. 27. Illust. PI. 36. Hussey i. t. 85. Amanita Vittadini
Morett. Bot. Ital. t. i. Vittad. Aman. t. i. Krombh. t. 27.
33. A. holosericeus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more broad,
whitish or clay-white, fleshy, soft, convex then expanded, rather
plane, obtuse, floccoso-silky, somewhat fibrillose, becoming even,
fragile, disc by no means gibbous, and wholly of the same colour ;
margin involute when young ; flesh soft, white. Stem 6-10 cent.
(2%- 4 in.) long, 12 mm. (# in.) and more thick, solid, bulbous
and not rooted at the base, soft, fragile, silky-fibrillose, whitish.
Ring superior, membranaceous, large, soft, pendulous, the mar-
gin again ascending. Gills wholly free, broad, ventricose, crowd-
ed, becoming pale-white.
A species well marked from all others. Inodorous.
On soil in flower-beds. Staplehurst, Kent.
Spores 6x9 mk. VV. G.S. Name — oAos, entire, oTjpucos, silken. Wholly-
silky. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 26. Hym. Eur. p. 34. C. Hbk. n. 28. Illust. PL
41. Saund. & Sm. t. 23. f. I.
34. A. naucinus Fr.— Pileus 2. 5-4 cent. (i-i>£ in.) broad, white,
the disc of the same colour, fleshy, soft, gibbous or obtusely um-
bonate when flattened, even, the thin cuticle splitting up into gran-
ules. Stem 4-7. 5 cent (1^-3 in.) long, stuffed, at length somewhat
hollow, but without a definite tube, attenuated upwards from the
thickened base, fibrillose, unspotted, white. Ring superior,
tender, but persistent, adhering to the stem, at length reflexed.
Gills free, approximate, crowded, ventricose, soft, white.
There is a prominent collar, as in the Clypeolarii, embracing the stem. Stat-
ure and appearance of A. excoriatus, but commonly smaller, the superior ring
adfixed, &c. A. leucothites Vittad. Fung. mang. t. 40 with reddening gills
seems a variety of this.
In fields. Rare.
Sometimes delicate tan, the gills assuming a dirty-pink hue. The large
white spores are very characteristic. It may be confounded very easily with
A. cretaceus, M.J.B. Edible; taste mild, pleasant. Name—naucum (or
nucinus, nux), a nut-shell. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 27. Hym. Eur. p. 34. Berk.
Out. p. 94. C. Hbk. n. 29. Illust. PL 15. Vent. t. 48. /. 6. A. sphaero-
sporus Krombh. t. 24. f. 20-23.
22 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. 35. A. cepaestipes Sow. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, when
campanulate often higher, white or yellow, rarely becoming fus-
cous, somewhat membranaceous, slightly fleshy only at the disc,
at the first obtusely conical then hood-shaped, soon campanulate,
umbonate, clothed with delicate, plumose, separating flocci. Stem
at first short, then elongated, 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long, about
6 mm. (3 lin.) thick at the base, scarcely exceeding 2 mm. (i lin.)
at the apex, fistulose, at the first stuffed with spider-web threads,
attenuated from the bulbous base, clothed ivithflocci which may be
rubbed off. Ring separating-free, fugacious. Gills free, attenuated
at both ends, at length remote (but distinct without a cartilagin-
ous collar), very crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, white.
Commonly in a dense band. The flocci on the pileus are the remains of the
universal floccose veil. Substance very soft and delicate. From the entire
nature and covering of the pileus, it is like a Coprinus drying up. According
to Sowerby bright sulphur-yellow.
On tan and leaves in hothouses. Uncommon. Aug.-Sept.
Fine specimens of the white form, exactly according with Bulliard's A. creta-
ceus have been gathered, B. <5r> Br. Spores 8x4 mk. W. G. S. ; var. cretaceus,
5x7 mk. IV. P. Name — cepa, onion, stipes, stem. Sow. t. 2. Fr. Mono-
gr. i. p. 27. Hym. Eur. p. 35. Berk. Out. p. 95. B. 6* Br. n. 1500*.
C. Hbk. n. 30. Illust. PL 5. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 22. Var. A. A. creta-
ceus Bull. t. 374. Grev. t. 333. FL Dan. t. 1798 (diminutive). Var. B. A.
luteus (Bolt. t. 50?) Wither, iv. p. 233. A. rlos sulphuris Schnitz. ap. Sturm
31. /. i.
36. A. licmophorus B. & Br.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
lemon-yellow, membranaceous, plane, depressed, deeply sulcate
up to the central disc, margin crenate. Stem 9 cent. ($% in.)
long, fistulose, slender, attenuated upwards, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick
in the centre, lemon-yellow, tomentose at the base ; ring about
half-way up. Gills remote, slightly arched, distant, interstices
veined, shining white.
Occasionally in our hothouses, never in the open air.
On the ground. Sept.
Spores 12 mk. long, B. 6* Br. Name — AIK/OW, a winnowing fan, <£e'pc.
37. A. carcharias Pers.— Pileus flesh-coloured, fleshy, convex
then plane, umbonate, granulose. Stem stuffed then hollow,
somewhat bulbous, squamulose, of the same colour as the pileus.
Gills adnexed, shining white.
LEUCOSPORI. 23
In grassy pine wood. Frequent. Sept. Lepiota.
Taste bitter according to Persoon, nauseous according to Fries. Spores
sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, 3-4 or 4x3 mk. K. ; 2-4x2-3 mk. B. Name
s, dog-fish or shark, sharp-toothed. Probably from the skin. Pers.
Syn. p. 263. Ic. pict. t. 5. /. 1-3. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 36. 5. My col. Scot.
n. 23. C. lllust. PI. 42. Brign. Neap. t. 27. /. 4. A. ramentaceus Krombh.
t. 25. f. 21-25. Var- alba. A. cristatus Hartz. t. 44. /. 2.
38. A. cinnabarinus A. & S.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
persistently cinnabar-colour, fleshy, soon flattened, obtuse, granu-
loso-furfuraceous, fimbriate at the margin ; flesh pallid. Stem
stuffed, somewhat bulbous, red-scaly below the inferior ring.
Gills free, lanceolate, white.
Taste mild.
In fir wood. Rare. New Pitsligo, 1873. Sept.
Easily identified by its beautiful shape and splendid colour. Name — cin-
nabaris, dragon's blood. From the colour. A. granulosus var. cinnabarinus
Alb. 6= Schw. p. 147. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 36. Monogr. i. p. 29. B. fir3 Br. n.
1402. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 24.
*A. Terreii B. & Br.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-) broad, bright
tawny, somewhat hemispherical, pulverulent, roughened with
minute warts. Stem somewhat equal, often cylindrical, adorned
below the ring with furfuraceous scales of the same colour as the
pileus. Ring at length torn into fragments. Gills remote, nar-
row, white, not branched.
It approaches A. granulosus on one side and A. acutesquamosus on the
other, but is nearer to the latter than the former. The spores of A. granulosus
are slightly larger, those of A. acutesquamosus are rather longer, and at the
same time narrower.
On sandy ground. Forres.
Gills separating from the stem. Taste insipid. Spores 5x4 mk. B. fir1 Br. \
2x3 mk. W.G.S. Name— after Michael Terry. B. & Br. n. 1183. Saund.
& Sm. t. 35. /. 1-5. S. Mycol. Scot, under n. 24.
39. A. granulosus Batsch. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, ferrugi-
nous or brown-rufous becoming pale-hoary when dry, fleshy, con-
vex then flattened, obtusely umbonate, furfuraceo-granular, here
and there rugoso-plicate ; flesh reddish white. Stem 5 cent. (2
in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed-hollow, somewhat equal,
minutely squamulose. Gills slightly adnexed, white.
Singular among Lepiotce. The covering, which is scaly on the stem as far as
the ring, but granulose on the pileus, represents a universal veil, at the first
wholly continuous. The colour of the stem is more rarely violaceous.
In woods and open grassy places. Very common. July-Nov.
24 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. The stem is of the same colour as the pileus as far as the ring. The wrinkles
on the pileus often radiate beautifully from the centre about half-way across.
Spores 5-6x3 mk. B. ; 3x4 mk. W.G.S. Na.me—granosus, full of grains.
Covered with small grains. Batsch t. 6.f. 24. Fr. Hym. Eur.p. 36. Monogr.
i. p. 28. Berk. Out. p. 95. C. Hbk. n. 31. Illust. PL 18. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 25. Hartz. t. 44. /. i.
Var. rufescens, a curious form, quite pure white at first, then partially turn-
ing red, and in drying acquiring everywhere a rufous tint. Bristol. B. &> Br.
n. 1834.
40. A. amianthinus Scop. — Pileus ochraceous, somewhat fleshy,
convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, furfuraceo-granulose ;
flesh yellow. Stem equal, slender, squamulose. Ring fugacious.
Gills adnate, crowded, white then light-yellowish.
Smaller and thinner than A. gramtlosus, &c.( from which it is distinguished
by the adnate gills and yellow flesh especially of the stem.
In woods. Uncommon. Aug.
Name — a/uu'ai/ro?, undefiled. Unspotted. Scop. Cam. ii. p. 434. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 37. Monogr. i. p. 29. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 26. C. Illust. PL
213. A. flavofloccosus Batsch f. 97. A. croceus Bolt. t. 51. /. 2. Sow. t. 19.
A. ochraceus Bull. t. 362, 530. A. muricatus Fl. Dan. t. 1015. A. granulo-
sus var. Alb. &> Schw. Grev. t. 104. Hussey i. t. 45. Hartz. t. 4. f. 2.
Krombh. t. i./. 12. Hoffm. t. 13. /. i.
Var. Broadwoodise B. & Br.— Pileus yellow, hemispherical,
delicately tomentose, margin inflexed. Stem equal and as well
as the ring furfuraceous with squamules. Gills adnate, now and
then decurrent, shining white.
A very distinct variety, if not species. B. & Br. Lyne, Sussex. Name —
after Miss S. Broadwood. B. 6s Br. n. 1730*.
41. A. polystictus Berk.— Pileus 4 cent. (i*4 in.) broad, ex-
panded, not at all campanulate, broadly and obtusely umbonate ;
flesh thick in the centre, firm and tough, the epidermis broken
into minute flat scales of a rich red-brown. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.)
long, 9 mm. (ft in.) thick in the middle, hollow, stuffed with
cottony threads, attenuated at the base. Gills quite free, unequal,
rounded before and behind, broad, ventricose, crowded, white
with a slight yellowish tinge.
Ring fugacious, attached in minute portions to the edge of the pileus. The
stem is divided into two distinct portions ; the upper one silky of a pinkish hue,
the lower scaly like the pileus, but the scales browner ; furnished with many
branched fibrous roots. Inodorous and insipid.
In grassy places. Uncommon. Autumn.
Spores 3x4 mk. W.G.S.; 3X5mk. W.P. Name — iroAvs, many, OTIKTO?,
spotted. Berk. Eng. FL v. p. 9. Out. p. 95. C. Hbk. n. 32. Illust. PL
30. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 27. Saund. fr Sm. t. 23. /. 2. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
37-
LEUCOSPORI. 25
***** Mesomorphi. Smaller, slender, &C. Lepiota.
42. A. sistratus Fr. — Pileus 2.5-4 cent, (i-i^ m-) broad when
flattened, whitish, often darker at the disc, turning light-yellowish
or flesh-colour, slightly fleshy, campanulate, then expanded and
obsoletely umbonate, pruinate with shining atoms; flesh thin,
soft, fragile, whitish. Stem 5-7. 5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2-4 mm.
(1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, scarcely stuffed within with lax spider-
web fibrils, equal, silky fibrillosc and pruinate, white. Ring fib-
rillose, torn, appendiculate round the margin ofthepileiis, very fuga-
cious. Gills free, but reaching the stem, crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.)
broad, white.
Thin, delicate, fragile. Nearest to A. mesomorphus Bull, in natural affinity.
On sandy ground. Forres.
Remarkable for the filamentous ring. B. &> Br. Name — sistrum, a rattle
used in the rites of Isis. From some fancied resemblance in form. Fr. Monogr.
i. p. 30. Hym. Eur. p. 37. Icon. t. 15. /. 3. B. & Br. n. 1185. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 28. C. Illust. PL 85.
43. A. seminudus Lasch. —Pileus whitish or flesh -colour,
slightly fleshy, campanulato-expanded, umbonate, floccoso-mealy,
at length naked, appendiculate at the margin with the torn veil.
Stem fistulose, thin, mealy. Gills reaching the stem, thin, white.
Very thin, delicate.
In woods. King's Lynn, &c.
Spores 4x2 mk. B. & Br. Name — semi, half, nudus, naked. From the
stem remaining mealy while the pileus becomes naked. Lasch. Linn. n. 17.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 38. B. & Br. n. 1634, 1836. C. Illust. PL 19. a.
44. A. Bucknalli B. & Br.— Pileus nearly 2.5 (i in.) broad,
white, sprinkled with lilac dust, campanulate then convex. Stem
7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, dilated at the base, sprinkled downwards
with lilac dust. Gills scarcely reaching the margin, white.
Smell strong of gas-tar.
On the ground. Bristol.
Spores 8x3 mk. B. 6s Br. Name — after Cedric Bucknall. B. & Br.
n. 1836. C. Illust. PL 19. b.
45. A. mesomorphus Bull.— Pileus reaching 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, generally less, becoming yellow or whitish, slightly fleshy,
very thin, campanulate then expanded, naked, dry, even, smooth.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose,
slightly attenuated upwards, even, smooth, of the same colour as
26 AGARICUS.
Lepiota. the pileus. Ring continuous with the cuticle of the pileus and
stem, at first entire, spreading. Gills free, crowded, ventricose,
white.
On the ground in woods. Hereford, &c. Autumn.
The English plant agrees in everything with that of Bulliard, except in the
less persistent ring, which, however, is sometimes attached to the stem, some-
times to the edge of the pileus. B. & Br. Name — /ueo-os, middle, nop^r), form.
Intermediate in form. Bull. t. 506. f. i. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 30. Hym. Eur.
p. 38. B. & Br. n. 1731. C. Illust. PL 85. B.
B. CUTICLE OF PILEUS VISCOUS, CONTINUOUS.
46. A. medullatus Fr.— Pileus 4-6 cent. (1^-2% in.) broad,
white, varying with the disc grey, slightly fleshy, convexo-plane,
umbonate, even, smooth, viscous, soft ; flesh soft, watery. Stem
about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, hollow, the thick
exterior coat easily separable from the interior, distinct, firm, at
length fistulose tube, equal, fragile, dry, silky and squamulose
below the veil, striate at the apex. Ring incomplete, becoming
torn, commonly appendiculate at the margin of the pileus which
hence appears as if toothtd-Jim&riate, scarcely prominent on the
stem. Gills quite free, broader in front, ventricose, crowded, plane,
shining white.
Odour of radish. Flesh almost that of A. clypeolarius.
In fir wood. Rare. Glamis, 1874. Oct.
Easily distinguished by the internal separable tube of the stem. Name —
medulla, pith. From the pith-like centre of the stem. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 32.
Hym. Eur. p. 38. Icon. t. i6./. 2. B. dr" Br. n. 1732. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 29.
C. Illust. 44.
47. A. gloiodermus Fr.— Pileus 4 cent. (\y2 in.) broad, or
little more, brownish-red, slightly fleshy, campanulate then con-
vex, obtuse or broadly gibbous, even, smooth, smeared -with thin
gluten; flesh soft, white. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 4-6
mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed with spider-web threads^ equal, dry,
soft, whitish, externally Jloccoso- scaly as far as the incomplete
torn ring, naked, however, above it, whitish or rufescent. Gills
free, approximate, ventricose, broad, crowded, shining white, not
spotted.
Like A. delicatus it holds a middle place between mesomorphi and the typical
species of this division (B), for the pileus is viscous, but the stem dry and
clothed with flocci. It resembles A. clypeolarius, but the pileus is always con-
tinuous, smooth, viscous.
LEUCOSPORI. 27
In thickets. Uncommon. July-Sept. Lepiota.
Name — yAotos, clammy, Sep^a, skin. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 31. Hym. Eur. p.
39. Icon. t. 15. / i. Berk. Out. p. 95. B. & Br. n. 785. C. Hbk. n. 33.
Illust. PL 118. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 30.
48. A. delicatus Fr. — Pileus i cent. (X in.) broad, rufescent
or becoming yellow, slightly fleshy, convexo-plane, somewhat
umbonate, even, smooth, viscous, in nowise granulose. Stem 2.5
cent, (i in.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick not taking into
account the &z.r\se\y floccoso-scaly and tomentose covering, fistulose,
equal, dry, whitish. Ring entire, membranaceous, dry, densely
floccoso-scaly. Gills free, crowded, thin, ventricose, shining
white.
Very thin and delicate ; stature that of A. mesomorphus, but very sufficiently
distinct from it in the pileus being viscous and the stem clothed with flocci. A.
pallidus, pileus becoming light-yellow or pale rose-colour. B. vaporariorum,
pileus rufescent, ring more floccose and here and there incomplete. Var. B.
approaches A. gloiodermus.
About old stumps. Powerscourt, Wicklow, 1867. Sept.
A stout form. Pileus hemispherical, obtuse, rivulose, viscid, smooth, pallid,
2.5 cent, (i in.) across ; stem 12 mm. (% in.) high, 6 mm. (J^ in.) thick, trans-
versely punctate, squamulose, stuffed with flocci, white above ; veil floccose,
slightly appendiculate ; gills free, rounded behind, approximate, pallid. The
veil is really double, floccose, covered with scaly particles. Taste like that of
Polyporus squamosus. B. &* Br. Name — delicatus, tender, delicate. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 31. Hym. Eur. p. 39. Icon. t. 15. f. 2. B. & Br. n. 1186.
C. Illust. PL 1 1 8.
49. A. illinitus Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 in-) broad, white,
the umbo often becoming fuscous, slightly fleshy, smooth, viscous,
soft, at length fragile, slightly striate at the margin. Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed when young,
soon hollow, equal, cylindrical, fragile, by no means floccose or
scaly, but besmeared with gluten, slippery. Gills free, at length
remote, crowded, soft, somewhat connected by veins, shining
white.
The gluten of the stem is a species of veil, at the first continuous with the
gluten of the pileus, but ruptured when the pileus is expanded, leaving upon
the stem an obsolete not prominent ring, above which the stem is dry. Distin-
guished from all others by the glutinous stem. There is a clay-coloured or
ochraceous variety with the pileus even, and the margin fimbriated.
In woods, &c. Penzance.
Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, 4-6 mk. K. Name — illino, to smear over ;
illitus and illinitus, smeared with gluten. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 32. Hym. Eur.
p. 39. Icon. t. i6.f. i. B. & Br. n. 1990. Hoffm. Ic. anal. t. 13.
28
AGARICUS.
Lepiota. 50. Georginse Smith. — Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (X-1 in-) broad, white,
slightly fleshy, fragile, at first campanulate then expanded, covered
with a minute, dense, viscid pruinosity, which, as well as the
white flesh, instantly changes to crimson when touched ; margin
at length striate. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, slightly attenu-
ated upwards, also covered externally with minute, viscid pruin-
osity, changing to crimson when touched. Ring evanescent.
Gills free, very thin, moderately distant, somewhat ventricose,
white, the edge becoming crimson when touched.
On mosses in a cool fernery. Chelsea.
Spores 7x5 mk. W.G.S. Name — after Miss Georgina E. Johnstone.
Smith Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. (1871), p. i. t. 112. Grevillea, i. p. 55. C. Illust.
PL 132.
Armiiiaria. Subgenus III. ARMILLABIA (armilla, a ring). Fr. Syst.
Myc. i. p. 26. Hymenophore continuous with the stem ; universal
v«gr^sB*-. ve^ wanting, partial one annular,
^^^Stc^m sometimes only indicated by the
^Ijljjjjlg H^^B^ scales which clothe the stem ter-
minating in the form of a ring. //
brings together species which are
separated from all the following
Leucospori on account of the veil.
On account of the disappearance of
the universal veil the species of the
fourth group of the Amanitcs are apt
to be looked for here. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 40.
There are three types ; the first
agreeing in every respect except the
ringed stem with the Tricholomata,
the second with the Clitocybae and
the third with the Collybise. Most of the species grow on the
ground and are rare. Their qualities are doubtful.
* Tricholomata subannulata. Gills sinuato-adnexed, stem fleshy, similar in
substance to the pileus.
** Clitocybae annulatae. Gills attenuated behind, more or less decurrent
"without a sinus, stem solid.
*** Collybiae annulatae. Gills equal behind, stem externally somewhat car-
tilaginous.
* Tricholomata subannulata. Gills sinuato-adnexed, &*c.
51. A. bulbiger A. & S.— Pileus 7-5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
IV. Agaricus (A rmillaria) mcllei
One-third natural size.
LEUCOSPORI. 29
pale-yellowish-brick colour, paler at the margin, fleshy, not com- Armiiiaria.
pact, convexo-flattened, obtuse, moist, smooth in itself, but here
and there, and chiefly round the margin, squamuloso-fibrillose
from the fragments of the veil, then naked ; flesh whitish, soft,
thin at the margin, wherefore the pileus is not broken into squam-
ules. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, almost 12 mm. (yz in.)
thick, stuffed, rarely hollow, cylindrical, but terminated at the base
by a globose marginate bulb; the external cuticle pale, separable,
at length marked longitudinally with blackish fibrils ; texture
longitudinally fibrous, but stuffed in the centre with a softer pith ;
externally and internally becoming pale white ; the veil forms a
cortina ending in a ring on the stem, adhering loosely, oblique,
fugacious, white. Gills broadly emarginate somewhat crowded,
at length distant, broad, becoming pale white, at length almost
of the same colour as the pileus.
A very singular fungus, of a peculiar type, resembling in stature the turbin-
ate or marginato- bulbous Cortinarii, but by no means allied to these. The
form of the bulb is singular and constant, somewhat globose, depresso-con-
cave above, with an annular margin. Odour and taste none.
In pine woods, &c. Hereford, 1875, &c. Oct.
Spores ovoid-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 7-10x4-5 mk. K. ; 5x7 mk. W.P.
Name — bulbus, a bulb, gero, to carry. Alb. dr1 Schw. Consp. p. 150. Fr.
Monogr. \. p. 35. Hym. Eur. p. 40. Icon. t. 26. f. 2. B. & Br. n. 1501.
C. I II us t. PI. 20. 5. My col. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1855, P- 2O- Klotsch. FL
Bor. t. 373.
52. A. focalis Fr.— Pileus 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad, fleshy,
moderately compact at the disc, convex then flattened, obtuse,
dry, slightly shining ; cuticle brick-tawny, become even, but silky-
fibrillose; flesh soft, 12 mm. (}4 in.) thick at the disc, slightly
tawny-pallid. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, almost 2.5 cent.
(i in.) thick, fleshy-solid, wholly fibrous within, elastic, equal, by
no means bulbous, externally torn into fibrils, the medial ring
oblique. Gills emarginato-free, crowded, narrow compared with
the pileus, white, at length becoming pale.
On account of the flesh being soft like that of A. bulbiger the pileus is not
broken into squamules. Variable.
On bare ground under old laurel-trees. Coed Coch.
a neckcloth. From the neckcloth-like ring. Fr. Monogr.
i. p. 36. Hym. Eur. p. 40. B. &> Br. n. 1837. C. Illust. PL 245.
Var. Goliath Fr.— Pileus 20 cent. (8 in.) broad, peculiarly
fleshy, very much thinned out towards the margin, convexo-
flattened, at length gibbous, revolute at the margin, moist, not
30 AGARICUS.
Armiilaria. viscous, even and bay-brown-rufescent at the disc, towards the
margin torn into fibres, paler, and, when the cuticle is torn, be-
coming white ; flesh spongy-soft, elastic, white. Stem 20 cent.
(8 in.) and more long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, fibrous-solid, com-
monly decumbent on account of the weight of the pileus, equal
or attenuato-rooted at the base, externally and internally white,
but becoming tawny and with tawny fibrils downwards. Ring
medial, fugacious, often completely obliterated. Gills rounded-
free, very broad, 12 mm. (% in.) and more, very ventricose, rather
thick, crowded, white.
The cuticle of the pileus and of the stem torn into fibrils, separable. In
woods. Fr. Monogr. p. 37. C. Illust. PL 31.
53. A. robustus A. & S.— Pileus bay-brown-rufescent, very
fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse, dry, typically smooth, but
scaly-fibrillose towards the margin ; flesh hard, 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick. Stem 2. 5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) rarely more long, 2.5 cent, (i in.)
and more thick, solid, compact, attenuated at the base, fibrillose
below the inferior, large, floccose, somewhat persistent ring, white-
rufescent, white, however, and flocculose at the apex. Gills broad-
ly emarginate, almost free, 12 mm. (^ in.) broad, crowded,
whitish.
The stem is clothed up to the ring with the remains of a true though not a
very conspicuous veil. The flesh of the stem is diffused into the pileus, as is
usual when the pileus is continuous with the stem. Various in size and stat-
ure. It can be distinguished at first sight from A. focalis, &c. , by the substance
of the entire plant being co?npact and hard, and by the stem being obese, ven-
tricose, and attenuated downwards. The genuine form major has a large ring,
with the pileus often broken up into scales, and very broad gills. The form
minor has an even pileus, with both ring and gills very narrow. Krombh. t.
25. / 15-20.
In woods. Rare. Autumn.
Taste and smell exactly that of Polyporus squamosus. B. fir" Br. Spores
ovoid-sphaerical, 7 mk. Q. Name — robustus, stout, sturdy. Alb. 6* Schw.
Consp. p. 147. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 37. Hym. Eiir. p. 41. B. drr1 Br. n. 1502.
C. Illust. PI. 33 (A. aurantius in error), 86, var. minor.
54. A. ramentaceus Bull.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
pallid, whitish, becoming yellow or rufescent, the scales and
punctate disc darker, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse or gib-
bous, at length depressed and revolute, dry, the cuticle torn into
adpressed fioccose scales; flesh somewhat compact, 12 mm. (*4 in.)
thick, white. Stem 2.5-5 (1-2 in.) long, rarely more, about 12
mm. (% in.) thick, solid, firm, unequal, often thickened at the base,
white, but variegated with adpressed fuscous squamules below the
LEUCOSPORI. 31
ring. Gills emarginato-adnexed, separating-free, 6-8 mm. (3-4 Armillaria.
lin.) broad, thin, at first crowded, at length somewhat distant,
whitish, changing colour, commonly becoming yellow.
The veil, clothing the stem above the middle, terminates in a narrow, floc-
coso- woven, at length oblique and separating ring, above which the stem is
pruinose. Besides the ring, scaly stem, paler pileus, &c., it is easily distin-
guished from A. terreus by the colour passing into light yellow. Odour un-
pleasant.
On the ground. Uncommon.
Na.me—ramenfa, shavings, scales. Bull. t. 595. f. 3. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 40.
Hym. Eur. p. 42. Berk. Out. p. 96. C. Hbk. n. 35. Illust. PL 71.
55. A. haematites B. & Br.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, liver-colour, hemispherical, dry, slightly hispid. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) long, of the same colour as the pileus, solid, thick-
ened downwards, 6 mm. (% in.) thick at the base. Ring spongy,
scaly beneath. Gills shortly decurrent.
Like A. subcavus it is analogous to Lepiotce.
Among fir-leaves. Glamis, 1876. Nov.
Pileus red-liver colour, at first hemispherical then somewhat flattened. Gills
rather broad, scarcely crowded. A very striking and beautiful species. Name
— ai/ixaTiYjj?, blood-like. Haematite, blood-stone, a kind of red-iron-ore. B.
6 Br. n. 1635. S. Afycol. Scot. n. 35. C. Illust. PL 45.
56. A. constrictus Fr.— White. Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
fleshy, flesh not thick but compact, convex then plane, obtuse,
dry, smooth in itself, but when young covered over with a thin,
silky, separating veil, but never torn into scales j margin involute
and villous when young. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) or less long, about 8
mm. (4 lin.) thick, solid, fleshy-fibrous, equal or thickened at the
base,y^rz'//0,y or squamulose. Ring, which is near the apex of
the stem, narrow, at length falling off, or adhering obliquely.
Gills emarginate or rounded, sometimes adnexed, sometimes
wholly free, very crowded and narrow, unequal.
Pileus becoming pale or fuscous with age. Firm, with odour of new meal.
Not allied to any neighbouring species.
In pastures bleached by dung, &c. Rare. Sept.-Oct.
Assuming a very pale -yellow tint when bruised. M.J.B. Name — con-
strictus, compact. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 39. Hym. Eur. p. 42. Icon. t. i8./. i.
Berk. Out. p. 96. C. Hbk. n. 34. Illust. PL 46. Batt. t. 7.7. B.
** Clitocybas annulatas. Gills attenuated behind, &C.
57. A. melleus Fl. Dan.— Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad,
often fuliginous when young, wrapped round with olivaceous
32 AGARICUS.
Armillaria. down, soon becoming pale, striate at the margin, everywhere beset
with fuscous-blackish, sometimes paler hairy squamules, fleshy at
the disc, continuous with the stem, otherwise thin, convex then
flattened, and at length depressed in the centre. Stem stuffed
then hollow, elastic, externally rigid and sulcate, internally spongy ;
floccose or rather naked below the ring, often light-yellow villous
at the base. Ring nearly apical, silky, swollen at the circumfer-
ence, sometimes however more scanty, in the form of a cortina,
disappearing. Gills at first adnate, then decurrent with a tooth,
somewhat distant, pallid, commonly whitish flesh-colour, at length
rufescent, and white-mealy with the abundant spores.
Clay-colour in rainy weather ; in dry weather pale but opaquely ochraceous
or honey-colour. Stem becoming pale, when old often passing into fuligi-
nous or olivaceous. Very variable in its dimensions. The more remarkable
varieties are : (a) stem stout, very bulbous Kalchbr ; (b) Gills sulphur-coloured
Weinm ; (c) Colour tawny Gonn. & Rab. iv. t . 3 ; (d) Colour becoming fuscous.
On and near stumps. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Solitary, gregarious or densely csespitose. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 9x6
mk. K.; lox 8 mk. B.; 9 x 5-6 mk. IV. G.S. Edible but very tough. Frequently
eaten in Europe. Persoon condemns it, and Greville quotes an instance in
which Paulet tried its effect upon a dog, with a fatal result after twelve hours.
Name — mel, honey. Honey-coloured. Fl. Dan. 1. 1013. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
44. Hym. Eur. p. 44. Berk. Out. p. 96. t. \.f.\. C. Hbk. n. 36. Illust.
PL 32. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 33. Grev. t. 332. Price t. 16, 32. Badh. i. t.
i6.f. 3. ii. t. 9. f. 3. Krombh. t. 43. f. 2-6. Viltad. Fung. mang. t. 3. Vivian
t. 51. Fr.dtl. Sv. t. 36. Hoffm. Ic. t. 21. f. i. A. obscurus Schceff. t. 74.
A. annularius Bull. t. 377, 540. /. 3. A. stipitis Sow. t. 101. A. mutabilis Fl.
Bat. t. 824. A. laricinus Bolt. t. 19. ? A. millus Sow. t. 184. ?
58. A. subcavus Schum.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, white,
umbo umber, somewhat membranaceous, convexo-plane, viscous,
striate to the middle, the slightly fleshy disc umbonate. Stem 9
cent. (sYz in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, fistulose upwards, equal,
slightly dotted, even above the inferior and torn ring, white. Gills
plane, decurrent, white.
Slejider. More allied to the glutinous Lepiotce than to neighbouring species,
but the gills are figured as decurrent.
On the ground. Cirencester, 1873. Nov-
Name — sub, and cavus, hollow. From the partially hollow stem. Schum.
Fl. Dan. t. 1843. Fr- Hym. Eur. p. 46. Monogr. i. p. 45. B. &•= Br. n.
1403, entirely white.
*** Collybiae annulatae. Gills equal behind, &C.
59. A. mucidus Schrad. — Pileus commonly shining white,
thin, almost diaphanous, hemispherical then expanded, obtuse,
LEUCOSPORI.
33
more or less radiato-wrinkled, smeared over with a thick tenacious Armiilaria.
gluten; margin striate when thinner. Stem 4-7.5 cent- OX-3 in-)
long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick at the apex, thickened at the base, 8
mm. (4 lin.), stuffed, thin, rigid, curved-ascending, smooth, white,
but fuliginous-scaly at the base when most perfectly developed.
Ring inserted at the apex of the stem, bent downwards and ghied
close to the stem, silicate; the white border again erect, with a
swollen and entire margin which sometimes becomes fuscous.
Gills rounded behind, obtuse, adhering to the stem and striato-
decurrent, distant, broad, lax, mucid, always shining white.
Very variable in stature, from 2.5 cent, (i in.) (when of this size the stem is
almost equal) to as much as 15 cent. (6 in. ) broad. The colour of the pileus
varies grey, fuliginous, olivaceous. The gills sometimes become yellow, but
only from disease. Sometimes solitary, sometimes a few are joined in a caes-
pitose manner at the base.
On beech. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
Very beautiful, of an exquisite pellucid white. Tough and very sticky.
Spores 14x17 mk. W.G.S. Name — mucus, slime. Schrad. Spic. p. 116.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 46. Hym. Eur. p. 46. Berk. Out. p. 96. C. Hbk. n. 37.
Ilhist. PL 1 6. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 34. Saund. &> Sm. t. 5. Quel. t. 2./. i.
Price t. 14 /. 91. Paul t. 139, bis. A. nitidus Fl. Dan. t. 773. Tratt.
Austr. t. 27. A. splendens Fl. Dan. t. 1130. Hartz. t. 35. Var. with oliva-
ceous fuscous pileus = A. olivaceo-fuscus Fl. Dan. t. 1372.
Submenus IV. TRICHOLOMA (0plf, a hair, Ao^a, a fringe). Tricholoma.
Fr. Syst. Myc. i. p. 36. Veil obsolete or only consisting of flocci
or fibrils which adhere to the margin
of the pileus. Stem fleshy, not fur-
nished with a bark. Hymenophore
continuous with the stem, gills sin-
uate behind. All growing on the
ground, fleshy, never obconic or truly
umbilicate. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 47.
The sinuate gills distinguish this
from all the other white-spored sub-
genera. None are known to be truly
poisonous. A few, such as A. sapo-
naceus, are suspicious.
Series A. — Pileus viscous, fibrillose, scaly
or pubescent, and not watery-moist or be-
coding even. F!esh no, absorbing raois,ure
nor hygrophanous. Stem fibrillose, as is also
the universal veil, which is adnate (and scarcely distinctly conspicuous).
C
34 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. I. Limacina (Umax, a snail, slimy). Pellicle of the pileus viscous when
damp, innately fibrillose or sguamulose, but not becoming torn. Pileus truly
and firmly fleshy, not hygrophanous, somewhat naked at the margin.
* Gills not changing colour, nor at length rufescent.
** Gills changing colour, commonly -with reddish spots.
II. Genuina. Pellicle of the pileus never (with one exception) viscous (not
even moist by reason of the down upon it which absorbs the damp), but torn
into somewhat scaly fiocci or fibrils. Pileus with soft flesh, not hygrophanous,
the margin involute and somewhat tomentose at first. Species which have the
pileus fibrillose only from the veil must not be confounded with this section.
Odour not unpleasant or none.
* Gills not changing colour, nor marked with rufous or black spots.
'* Gills rufescent or becoming cinereous, the edge common 7y at length marked
with rufous or black spots.
III. Rigida (rigeo, to be stiff). Pellicle of the pileus rigid, punctato-granu-
late, or broken up when dry into smooth squamules, not viscous, floccoso-scaly
or torn into fibrils. Pileus rigid, in stout species hard, somewhat cartilaginous,
in the thinner ones very fragile, the margin (except that of A. macrorhizus
Lasch.) naked. Young specimens occur which are fibrillose, but from the veil,
and not from the laceration of the cuticle, as also other young and small ones
which are not broken up. Odour in the majority of species unpleasant.
* Gills white or becoming pale, not rufescent, or becoming cinereous, nor
spotted.
'* Gills changing colour, rufescent or becoming cinereous or spotted.
IV. Sericella (sericeus, silky). Pileus (without a distinct pellicle) at the first
slightly silky, soon becoming smooth, very dry, neither moist, nor viscid, nor
hygrophanous, nor distinctly scaly. Pileus somewhat thin, opaque, absorbing
moisture, but the flesh of the same colour as the gills and not hygrophanous ;
stem in all the species fleshy-fibrous whereby the smaller ones are distinguished
from CollybifB which they resemble in appearance. A remarkable group,
whereof the species must not be confounded with others (as they are liable to
be) on account of the pileus having often become even, as if smooth.
* Gills broad, rather thick, somewhat distant. Strong-scented.
** Gills thin, crowded, narrow. Small and inodorous.
Series B. Pileus even, smooth, neither villous nor scaly, nor viscous, but
moist in rainy weather, in the earliest stage (but rarely conspicuously) pru-
inose from the universal veil. Flesh soft, spongy, or very thin, watery and
hygrophanous.
V. Guttata (gutta, a drop) or Prunuloidea (diminutive of prunum, a plum).
Pileus fieshy, soft, fragile, spotted as if by drops or rivulose, stem solid. Vernal,
occasionally but rarely met with a second time in autumn. Growing in troops
or csespitose (often forming rings). Fragrant especially when dried, anciently
reckoned among the most savoury.
* Gills whitish.
** Gills changing colour, rufescent or fuliginous.
VI. Spongiosa (spongia, a sponge). Pileus compact then spongy, obtuse, even,
smooth, moist and not hygrophanous. Firm, appearing late in the year, grow-
ing in troops. Stem stout, commonly thickened at the base, fibroso-spongy.
Pileus absorbing damp, fleshy quite to the margin. Gills at length spuriously
(but sinuately) decurrent, so that old specimens may be easily mistaken for
Clitocybce.
* Gills not changing colour.
** Gills changing colour.
LEUCOSPORI. 35
VII. Hygrophana (uypos, wet, >atVa>, to appear). P ileus thin, somewhat Tricholoma.
utnbonate, moist, and, as well as thejlesh which is at length soft, hygrophanous.
Stem rootless, containing a pith, the whole fissile into fibres. Pileus unequally
fleshy, hence more or less umbonate, very thin towards the margin. The
colour of the pileus as of itself it becomes pale, as well as from its being
hygrophanous, is very changeable in each individual species. Flesh moist,
watery, at first compact, then soft, not exceeding in depth the width of the
thin gills. The pileus is occasionally pulverulent, which is an abnormal varia-
tion arising from the persistence of the veil in dry weather.
* Qills whitish without spots.
** Gills violaceous, grey, fuliginous.
SERIES A.
I. — LlMACINA.
* Gills not changing colour, &>c.
60. A. equestris Linn.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
pale yellowish, or brick-rufescent, disc and squamules darker
becoming fuscous, compactly fleshy, unequal, convex then plane,
very obtuse, flexuoso-repand ; squamules innate, but the pileus of
itself entire (not torn), smooth, viscous, the margin, which is bent
inwards when young, naked ; flesh thick, whitish. Stem 2.5
cent, (i in.) long and thick, here and there elongated, remarkably
fleshy, solid, hard, squamulose, sulphur-yellow, internally white.
Gills emarginate or rounded, scarcely adnexed, broad, somewhat
ventricose, crowded, sulphur-yellow.
Stature commonly obese, robust. The colour of the pileus becomes green in
later autumn. Odour none, taste pleasant. There are many sufficiently well-
marked varieties: Var. pinastreti Alb. & Schw. differs in its stem being 7. 5
cent. (3 in.) long, 8 mm. (4 lin.) thick, fibrillose, sulphur-yellow or whitish, in
its thin pileus being even, more regular, tan-colour, becoming fuscous-squamu-
lose, with watery flesh, and in its gills being narrower.
In fir woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.
Spores ellipsoid or subellipsoid, 6-8 x 4 mk. ^.,-5x4 mk. W. G.S. Name—
eques, a knight. From its handsome appearance compared with others in the
same group. "A knight among the common people." Linn. Suec. n. 1219.
Fr. Monogr. \. p. 50. Hym. Eur. p. 48. Berk. Out. p. 97. t. 4. /. 2 (a smaller
darker form). C. Hbk. n. 38. Illust. PL 72. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 36.
Gonn. 6* Rab. t. 13. /. i. Brig. Neap. t. 6. A. aureus Schaff. t. 41. A.
flavovirens Pers. — Krombh. 68. /. 18-21. Hartz. t. 22.
61. A. sejunctus Sow.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
fine light yellow, streaked-fuscous with innate fibrils, fleshy, con-
vex then expanded, gibbous, the umbo at length vanishing, viscid
in wet weather; flesh thin, fragile, shining white. Stem solid^
stout, ventricose, then elongated, as much as 12.5 cent. (5 in.)
long, and as thick as the finger, even, smooth, shining white,
36 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. delicately squamulose at the apex. Gills emarginate, broad, some-
what distant, shining' white.
Odour almost that of new meal ; taste bitterish. Differing widely from A.
equestris, &c., in the flesh being fragile. With this there is commonly con-
founded a fungus almost of the same colour, but mild, with longer striate stem,
and with tan-coloured, black-streaked pileus, 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) broad,
which is perhaps a form of A. portentosus disguised by difference of colour.
In woods, chiefly pine. Uncommon. Autumn.
Pileus dirty yellow or nearly white ; gills whitish and thickest near the stem,
somewhat flattened as it were by separating from it in a peculiar manner, and
partly adhering to each other. Sow. Spores 6 mk. W.G.S. Name —
sejunctus, separated. From the peculiar manner in which the gills separate
from the stem. Sow. t. 126. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 52. Hym. Eur. p. 48. Icon,
t. 23. Berk. Out. p. 97. C. Hbk. n. 39. Illust. PI. 53. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 37.
62. A. portentosus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
fuliginous, livid, sometimes violaceous, fleshy, but thin in com-
parison with the stoutness of the stem, convexo-plane, somewhat
umbonate, unequal and repand, viscid, streaked with black lines
(innate fibrils), but otherwise even and smooth, the very thin
margin naked ; flesh not compact, white, fragile. Stem com-
monly 7.5 cent. (3 in.), often 10-15 cent. (4-6 in.) long, 2.5 cent.
(i in.) thick, stout, solid, the whole remarkably fibrous-fleshy,
somewhat equal, naked, but fibrilloso-striate, white ; the base,
which is occasionally attenuato-rooted, villous. Gills rounded,
almost free, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) to as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, distant, white, but varying, becoming pale-grey or yellow.
Solitary or gregarious, even csespitose ; inodorous, taste mild. Sometimes
on naked sandy ground a smaller form occurs with a somewhat bulbous stem.
A beautiful variety with sulphur-yellow pileus and fuliginous disc : Saund.
& Sm. t. 32.
In fir woods, and among dead leaves. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
Spores ellipsoid - sphaeroid, 4-5x3-4 mk. K. ; 5x4 mk. W. G.S.
Name— portentosus, strange, monstrous. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 52. Hym. Eur.
p. 48. Icon. t. 24. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 97. C. Hbk. n. 40. Illust. PI. 54.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 38. A. fumosus Harz. t. 73.
63. A. fucatus Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, rarely
more 10, 12.5 cent. (4, 5 in.), becoming lurid-yellow, or cinereous-
light-yellow, variegated with tiger-spots, the disc darker, fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse, often irregular, viscid, but readily dry and
opaque, even, smooth and not streaked with innate fibrils ; margin
thin, naked, scarcely inflexed ; flesh thin, pallid, at length fragile.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 8-12 mm. (4-6 lin.) thick, stuffed,
soft, ascending or straight, somewhat equal, externally at first
LEUCOSPORI. 37
minutely and densely squamulose, then remarkably fibrillose, Tricholoma.
variegated with fibrils 'which are at length blackish, white and
delicately white pruinose at the apex, otherwise becoming pale-
white and at length fragile. Gills deeply emarginate, 6-10 mm.
(3-5 lin.) broad, ventricose, somewhat crowded, fragile, whitish.
Trama hyaline, almost of the same colour as the flesh of the pileus. A most
distinguished species, not rightly allied to any ; polymorphous, and hence it
has been confounded alike with A. portentosus, from which it is most dis-
tinct, and with A. quinquepartitus.
In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Oct.-Nov.
Spores ovoid, punctate, 5 mk. Q. Name— -fuco, to dye, stained. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 54. Hym. Eur, p, 49. Icon. t. 24. f. 2. Berk. Out. p. 97.
C. Hbk. n. 41. lllust. PL 73. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 39.
64. A. quinquepartitus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more
broad, pallid light-yellow, fleshy, thin at the circumference, con-
vex then flattened, repand, even, smooth, by no means streaked,
viscid, fragile ; flesh, with exception of the disc, thin, fragile,
white and somewhat hygrophanous. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.)
long, commonly attenuated from the base to the apex, 12 mm.
(Yz in.) and more thick, solid, fleshy, striate, smooth, white. Gills
emarginate, not crowded, 12 mm. (}4 in.) broad, white.
Odour none, taste mild. Repand forms of A. portentosus and A. fucatus
have been confounded with this ; it is readily distinguished from the former
by the pileus being by no means streaked, and from the latter by the smooth
striate stem.
Among pine-leaves. Very rare.
Name — quinquepartitus, with five-fold division. The name has no sig-
nification in regard to the plant. It was given by Linnaeus to a species which
cannot now be identified, and was adopted by Fries for this one, because it
was found near the residence of Linnaeus. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 54. Hym.
Eur. p. 49. Icon. t. 25. C. lllust. PI. 74.
65. A. resplendens Fr. Wholly shining white. — Pileus 5-10
cent. (2-4 in.) broad, wholly and equally fleshy, but not compact,
at first convex, at length flattened, obtuse, when fresh quite even,
smooth, viscous ; when dry beautifully silvery -shining, often with
hyaline spots ; the disc becoming yellow, and the surface appear-
ing adpressedly silky, although it is smooth ; margin straight.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, .12 mm. (y2 in.) and more thick,
solid, wholly fleshy and stout, sometimes equal, ^sometimes bul-
bous, even, smooth or slightly flocculose only at the apex, dry,
occasionally curved. Gills almost free when young, then remark-
ably emarginate, somewhat crowded, rather thick, but thin at the
edge, quite entire, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, equally attenuated in
front.
38 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Gregarious ; odour pleasant ; taste mild. Habit in a measure that of Hy-
grophorus eburneiis. Doubtless edible.
In woods, beech, &c. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Name — resplendens, shining brightly. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 55. Hym. Eur.
p. 49. Icon. t. 29. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1337. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 40. C.
Illust. PL 55.
66. A. spermaticus Fr. White. — Pileus somewhat fleshy,
convex then flattened, obtuse, repand, smooth, viscous (shining
when dry), margin at first bent inwards, naked. Stem stuffed
then hollow, elongated, twisted, even. Gills emarginate, some-
what distant, eroded.
Like A. Columbetta, but of a stinking odour, always unspotted.
In woods. Coed Coch. Oct.
Pileus several inches across. M.J.B. Poisonous. Name— tnrepju.a, semen.
Of the odour. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 49. Berk. Out. p. 98. C. Hbk. n. 42.
Illust. PL 87. Paul. t. 45.
** Gills changing coloitr, &^c.
67. A. colossus Fr. — Pileus brick-colour, date-brown at the
sides, when young in the form of a tuber, the margin very closely
bent inwards-involute, embracing the constricted part of the stem ;
then hemispherical, the still closely inflexed margin whitish, even
and smooth — at length unfolded, plano-convex and depressed,
always very obtuse, repand, 20 cent. (8 in.) and more, broken up
into scales, slightly viscid round the margin in wet weather;
flesh dry, very hard, remarkably fibrous, 5 cent. (2 in.) thick,
everywhere turning to a flesh-brick-red colour when broken. Stem
solid, flesh the same throughout and very compact, 7.5-10 cent.
(3-4 in.} long and the ovato-bulbous base equally thick, but very
much constricted at the apex, where it is only 5 cent. (2 in.) thick,
definitely two-coloured 'j the bulbous part smooth in itself but
torn into fibres, brick-tawny; the constricted part, which is at
the first enclosed by the closely involute pileus, floccose and
shining white. Gills rounded-free, at first narrow and crowded,
white, then broader, more distant, entire, at length 12 mm. (% in.)
broad, fragile, torn, pallid brick-red.
When young the tuber-like pileus rests upon a bulb like Cortinarii of sec-
tion Scauri, and emerges from the ground covered over with soil and pine-
leaves. At first the stem appears as a deformed tuber, 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.)
broad, depressed, bearing the pileus obliquely. On account of the stem being
oblique, the gills are emarginate-decurrent on its outer side. Odour none.
The largest and hardest of all Agarics hitherto found.
LEUCOSPORI. 39
Under Scotch firs and elm. Near Taunton. Oct. Tricholoma.
Var. Pileus about 10 cent. (4 in.) across, irregularly lobed and undulated,
minutely scaly, grey: stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) high, thicker upward, buff,
yellow at the base ; gills rather wide, pallid. Smell strong, like that of cheese.
B. &> Br. Spores 6x4 mk. W.G.S. Name — KoAo Rab. t. 14. /. 2.
72. A. pessundatus Fr.— Pileus bay -brown or rufescent, paler
even whitish at the circumference, compactly fleshy, convex then
expanded, very obtuse, flexuous, smooth, in no wise streaked, but
granulate or guttato-spotted, viscid ; the bent-in margin naked.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick,
solid, hard, at first in the form of a bulb, everywhere villous with
whitish squamules, then somewhat equal, rather smooth, white.
Gills deeply emarginate, somewhat free, crowded, at first very
narrow, shining white, then 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, rufescent.
Odour of new meal, strong ; taste mild.
In fir woods. Rare. Sept.-Oct.
Reckoned edible, but too rare to merit attention. Spores very minute, glo-
bose, 2-3 mk. C.B.P. Name — pessum dare, bent downwards. Fr. Monogr.
p. 58. Hym. Eur. p. 52. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 44. Sterb. t. 8 A.
73. A. stans Fr. — Pileus rufescent, compact, convex then flat-
tened, viscid, even (neither granulated nor spotted); flesh red-
dish under the cuticle. Stem solid, somewhat equal, squamulose.
Gills rounded, crowded, white, spotted-red.
There are two forms : a) campestris, stem short, obese, reddish-squamulose
but not villous, the broader pileus becoming more plane, brown-rufous, obso-
letely squamuloso-virgate? ; in deciduous groves, &c. : b) montana, stem elon-
gated, 7.5 cent. (3 in.), wholly equal, white, white-squamulose only at the apex,
pileus smaller, more convex and wholly even ; in mountainous pine woods.
In woods. Coed Coch, &c. Oct.
Spores subsphaeroid, 5-6 x 4 mk. K. Name — stare, to stand. Standing
upright. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 52. Icon. t. 28. C. Illust. PI. 198.
74. A. frumentaceus Bull. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
whitish or clay-colour and variegated rufous, truly fleshy, convex
then plane, obtuse, viscous, dry in fine weather, even, smooth :
flesh white. Stem 7.5 (3 in.) long, 12 mm. (# in.) thick, solid,
42 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. equal, fibrillose when dry, whitish. Gills rounded, somewhat
crowded, rather broad, white, at length spotted-rufous.
Wholly becoming •pale-white, but the stem and the pileus are alike marked-
rufous, and the gills are at length rufescent, wherefore, as well ras for the
strong smell of new meal, it is undoubtedly nearest to A. pessundatus. The
pileus is less compact than in that species. There can scarcely be a doubt
that this is the same species as was referred by Berkeley (Out. p. 144) to the
pink-spored species. When full grown it has all the appearance of Entoloma.
On the ground. Forres. Glamis. Oct.
Spores 6 mk. W.G.S. Name—frumentum, corn. From the mealy odour.
Bull. t. 571. f. i. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 59. Hym. Eur. p. 52. S. Mycol. Scot.
Supp. Scot. Nat. 1881, p. 34. Entoloma Berk. Out. p. 144. C. Hbk. n. 254.
Illust. PL 470.
II. — GENUINA.
* Gills not changing colour, &>c.
75. A. rutilans Schaeff.— Pileus truly fleshy, semi-ovate and
obtuse when young) the thin margin incurved, wholly covered over
with dense contimwus down, which becomes dark-purple or reddish-
brown ; when fuller grown campanulate, often umbonate, of one
colour, purple ; when fully iinfolded convexo-flattened, often
umbonate, light-yellow variegated with purple from the cuticle
being broken up into innate floccose scales, always dry; flesh
when quite young light-yellow, golden when broken, soft. Stem
fleshy, somewhat hollow, large but soft, bulbous when shorter,
ventricose when longer, light-yellow, beautifully variegated chiefly
upwards with squamulose flocci, which become purple. Gills at
the very first yellow and then almost adnate, crowded, the edge
thickened obtuse and floccose, often flexuous ; when full grown
thinner, broader, less crowded, golden, pallid at the sides.
The continuous down is in a measure a universal veil. Very variable in its
dimensions. Splendid, very elegant, inodorous.
In pine woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad. Stem 6-9 cent. (2^-3% in.) long, 1-2.5
cent. (Yz-i in.) thick, sometimes much larger. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid,
5-8 x 6-7 mk. K.; 6-8 x 6 mk. B.; 6x9 mk. W.G.S. Name — rutilo, to
be reddish. Schceff. t. 219. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 59. Hym. Eur. p. 53. Berk.
Out. p. 99. C. Hbk. n. 49. Illust. PI. 89. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 45. Fl.
Dan. t. 1610. Krombh. t. 63. /. 10-12. Gonn. & Rab. t. 14. f. i. A. serra-
tus Bolt. t. 14. A. xerampelinus Sow. t. 31.
76. A. variegatus Scop.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad,
fleshy, when full grown flattened, very obtuse or obsoletely um-
bonate, fragile, sometimes wholly covered over, sometimes, but
more rarely, sprinkled above the pallid (becoming light-yellow)
LEUCOSPORI. 43
base with purple-reddish flocci, naked at the margin ; flesh almost Tricholoma.
'whitish, then pallid light-yellow. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
12 mm. (X in-) thick, stuffed, somewhat equal, curved, occasion-
ally bulbous, sometimes variegated with thin reddish villous down,
sometimes almost naked, yellowish-white, scarcely whitish-pruin-
ose at the apex. Gills rounded, crowded, thin, light-yellow-
whitish, the edge always quite entire, acute, and of the same
colour.
Allied to A. rutilans ; in general smaller, leaner, and less handsome. The
stem is harder and tougher. It varies with the stem hollow, the gills pallid,
and the pileus granulate.
On rotten wood. Epping.
Name — variegatzis, variegated. Scop. Cam. p. 434. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
60. Hym. Eur. p. 53. Fl. Dan. t. 1910. f. 2. A. granulatus Schceff. t. 21.
Grevillea, -vol. xiii. p. 57.
77. A. luridus Schasff. — Pileus lurid, becoming yellow-cinere-
ous, sometimes light-yellow, never rufescent, fleshy, convex then
plane, obtuse, somewhat repand, irregularly shaped, absolutely
dry, the cuticle easily separating into fibrils, and the pileus itself
often rimosely incised. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 1-2.5
cent. (X"1 m<) thick, solid or stuffed, unequal, smooth, white.
Gills emarginate, broad, very crowded, watery whitish.
It differs from A. saponaceus (which is somewhat like it), A. sejunctus, and
others which have been interchanged with it, in its mild taste, in its odour of
new meal, in the flesh alike of the pileus and stem being soft, absorbing mois-
ture, never rufescent, in the cuticle of the pileus not separating into scales, and
in the thin crowded gills.
In woods. Common. Sept.-Oct.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 5 x 3-4 mk. K. ; 5-6 x 3-4 mk. B. Name —
luridus, lurid. Schceff. t. 69. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 62. Hym. Eur. p. 54.
Berk. Out. p. 99. C. Hbk. n. 51. Illust. PI. 214. Brigant. Neap. t. 7
(cuticle of pileus entire).
78. A. guttatus Schasff.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
cinnamon or somewhat pale yellowish, fleshy, convex then
flattened, dry, broken up into somewhat granular or floccose
squamules, margin remotely sulcate, at first involute, white-
floccose ; flesh thick, white. Stem solid, mealy, white. Gills
emarginate, decurrent in the form of lines, very crowded, snow-
white.
Somewhat casspitose. Odour and taste bitter, somewhat acrid. From the
specimens of Lasch the pileus is rather floccose than granulose.
In woods. Downton. 1878.
44 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Name — gutta, a drop. Spotted. Schceff. t. 240. Fr. Hym. E^^r. p. 54.
B. & Br. n. 1839. C. Illust. PL 59.
79. A. columbetta Fr. Wholly shining white.— Pileus 5-10
cent. (2-4 in.) broad, fleshy, firm but not thick, convex then
flattened, obtuse, flexuous, dry, at first smooth, then silky -fibrillose
and becoming even or squamulose, the margin, which is inflexed
when young, tomentose. Stem sometimes short, sometimes 7.5-10
cent. (3-4 in.) long, almost 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, wholly fleshy
and compact (not elastic), commonly unequal. Gills somewhat
emarginate, almost free, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, linear, per-
sistently shining white.
Solitary, inodorous. The pileus does not become yellow as A. impolitus
does, but is occasionally spotted-red. As the pileus changes with the condition
of the atmosphere (moist when fresh and damp, but never watery) and with
age, so the gills are narrow when young, then very broad. Widely removed
from the rest of the white Tricholomata. There are certain well-marked
forms: A) Stem obese, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, unequal, swollen,
pileus always almost repand, even-lobed, at first smooth, even, at length
rimosely scaly, the margin, which is inflexed when young, tomentose. Often
spotted-reddish. In heathy birch woods, among mosses. B) Stem longer,
equal, somewhat attenuated at the base ; pileus somewhat flexuous, silky-
fibrillose, at length squamulose, sometimes becoming fuscous-spotted ; margin
scarcely villous. In mixed damp thickets. A. sericeus Krombh. t. 25. /. 6, 7.
C) Stem equal, cylindrical, as much as 10 cent. (4 in. ) long, fibrilloso-striate ;
pileus regular, flattened, 10 cent. (4 in.) broad, evidently fibrillose, margin
naked ; flesh thin, scissile, occasionally spotted azure-blue. In shady beech
woods.
In woods and pastures. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
The centre of the pileus, as noted by Withering, is often dilute mouse-
colour lightly shaded off. Edible ; taste mild but not mealy. Spores 6-8 x
3-4 mk. B. 5x4 mk. W. G.S. Name — columba, a pigeon. Dove-
~r. Monogr. i. p. 63. Hym. Eur. p. 55. Icon. t. 29. f. 2. Berk.
Out. p. 99. C. Hbk. n. 52. Illust. PL 48. S. My col. Scot. n. 46. Letell. t.
coloured. Fr.
Out. p. 99. C.
625. Quel. t. 2./ 2. Gonn. & Rab. t. 15.7. i. Paul. t. 58.
80. A. scalpturatus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
fleshy, at the first conical, covered with down, soon convexo-
flattened, obtuse, variegated-fuscous above the white ground from
the cuticle being broken up into adpressed, scattered, fioccose, umber
or rufescent scales, which become more rare and minute towards
the margin ; flesh not thick but slightly firm, whitish. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick, solid, sometimes
attenuated, sometimes thickened at the base, firm, white, not
scaly, adpressedly fibrillose. Gills emarginate, somewhat crowded,
ventricose, quite entire, white, becoming yellow when old and
dried, but never becoming cinereous.
It differs from A. terreus, to which it is certainly allied, in its firmer stature,
in the gills being white then becoming yellow, and in the obtuse whitish pileus
being as it were scratched on account of the minute rarer adpressed scales.
LEUCOSPORI. 45
In fir woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov. Tricholoma.
Name— scalpto, to scratch. From its scratched appearance. Fr. Monogr.
i. p. 61. Hym. Eur. p. 55. Berk. Out. p. TOI. C. Hbk. n. 50. Illust.
PL 215. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 47. Batt. t. 15 F. A. argyraceus, Berk. Eng.
Fl. v. p. 18, partly. Var. virescens Wharton, turning yellowish-green. C.
Illust. descr.
** Gills rufescent or becoming cinereous, &c.
81. A. imbricatus Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more broad,
rufous-umber or umber, very opaque, fleshy, compact, broadly
convex then flattened, obtuse, very dry, continuous at the disc,
otherwise torn into squamules, and fibrillose towards the circum-
ference ; margin thin, at first when inflexed slightly pubescent,
then quite naked; flesh firm, moderately thick, white. Stem
solid, stout, sometimes short, conico-bulbous, 4-5 cent. (iX~2 in-)
long, as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, sometimes extended, 7.5
cent. (3 in.) long and almost equal, adpressedly fibrillose, white
at the apex, white-pulverulent with squamules. Gills slightly
emarginate, almost adnate, somewhat crowded, about 6 mm. (3
lin.) broad, wholly white when young, at length rufous.
Scattered or growing in troops. Stem sometimes pierced by larvae.
In pine woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
The stem is very often variously bent and attenuated at the base. The
names of this and of A. vaccinus have been transposed. A. vaccinus is much
more scaly than A. imbricatus. Edible according to old authors. Spores
6 x 4-5 mk. K. ; 6-7 x 4 mk. B. ; 4 x 5 mk. W. G.S. ; 5 mk. W.P. Name—
imbrex, a tile ; imbricated. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 64. Hym. Eur. p. 56. Icon,
t. 30. Berk. Out. p. 99. t. 4. /. 3. C. Hbk. n. 53. Illust. PL 199, not PL
60. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 48. Gonn. & Rab. t. i8./. i.
82. A. vaccinus Pers.— Pileus when young 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-)
broad, when full grown and largest 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.), rufous,
fleshy, campanulate then expanded, umbonate, wholly torn up into
floccose squarrose, or, when smaller, adpressed scales, dry, mar-
gin at first involute, tomentose ; flesh, alike of the pileus and of
the fibrous stem, white, then reddish. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
long, 8-16 mm. (4-8 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, round, remarkably
fibrillose, more or less manifestly furnished with a cortina, naked
(not white - pulverulent) at the apex, whitish-rufescent. Gills
slightly sinuate, almost adnate, somewhat distant, 6-12 mm. (3-6
lin.) broad, at first whitish, then spotted-rufous and at length ru-
fescent.
The flesh of the stem is less diffused into that of the pileus than usual.
Growing in troops. Earlier than A. imbricatus, the flesh of the pileus is very
much thinner than that of A. imbricatus. The at first involute tomentose
margin serves instead of a veil.
46 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. In fir woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Taste disagreeable. M.J.B. Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 6 mk. K. Name —
•vacca, a cow. From the reddish-brown colour. Pers. Syn. p. 293 (exclud-
ing synonym Schceff.} Fr. Monogr. i. p. 65. Hym. Eur. p. 56. Berk. Out. p.
100. C. Hbk. n. 54. Illust. PL 60. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 49. Batsch f. 116.
A. rufus. Pers. Ic. and descript. t. 2. f. 1-4.
83. A. immundus Berk. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) or more broad,
dirty white stained with bistre, fleshy, at first convex, minutely
silky ; margin inflexed, silky or minutely scabrous and squam-
ulose. Stem fibrillose, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills
emarginate, marked with transverse lines, somewhat .cinereous
with a pinkish tinge.
Caespitose. Every part blackish when bruised. Border deflexed.
Among short grass on sheep's dung. Rare. Oct.
Name — immundus, dirty, discoloured. Berk. Out. p. 103. C. Hbk. n.
72. Illust. PL 61. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1882, p. 213. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 56.
84. A. gausapatus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
grey-cinereous, fleshy, somewhat thin, bullate or obtusely cam-
panulate, the flexuous bent-in margin tomentose-woolly, then ex-
panded, repand, tomentose -with dense, superficial, separating, silky-
adpressed fibrils, somewhat woolly. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 12
mm. (% in.) and more thick, solid, stout, equal, blunt, \axk]-fibril-
lose, shining white, manifestly furnished with a cortina. Gills
emarginate, free, crowded, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, grey.
Allied to A. terreus, but larger, mild, inodorous, the form of the pileus re-
markable.
In grassy woods. Epping Forest.
Spores 4x6 mk. W.P. Name — gausapa (•yavo-aTnjs), a shaggy woollen cloth.
From the covering of the pileus. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 67. Hym. Eur. p. 57.
85. A. terreus Schasff.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 m-) broad,
fuscous, mouse colour, grey, becoming azure-blue, &c., slightly
fleshy, soft-fragile, campanulate then expanded, umbonate, vil-
lous, for the most part fioccoso-scaly, sometimes broken up into
dark (not white) innate adpressed fibrils, repand when larger;
margin at first inflexed, naked ; flesh scissile, white. Stem about
5 cent. (2 in.) long, 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.) thick, solid, more rarely
at length hollow, equal, becoming even with longitudinally ad-
pressed fibrils, white and delicately white pruinose at the apex.
Gills remarkably emarginate, somewhat distant, 6 mm. (3 lin.)
broad, unequal at the edge, white then becoming cinereous.
LEUCOSPORI. 47
Inodorous, gregarious, varying solitary and caespitose. Cortina none. Tricholoma.
Sometimes larger with the pileus repand, scaly, and fibrillose ; sometimes
smaller, regular, with the pileus papillate, dotted with squamules, and with
the margin at first inflexed. The margin of the pileus is not bearded with
white down like that of A. gausapatus.
In woods, chiefly under beech. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Spores ellipsoid - sphaeroid, 6-7 x 4 mk. K. ; 5-6 x 3-4 mk. B. ; 6 mk.
W.G.S. Name — terra, the earth. Earth-coloured. Schceff. t. 64 (not
typical, connato-casspitose). Fr. Monogr. i. /. 67. Hym. Eur. p. 57. Berk.
Out. p. 100. C. Hbk. n. 57. Illust. PL 50. S. MycoL Scot. n. 50. Sow.
t. 76. Ventur. t. 45. /. 4, 5. Saund. 6° Sm. t. 44. /. 2. Gonn. 6* Rab. t.
17. f. 2. A. argyraceus Bull. t. 513. /. 2. A. myomyces Alb. & Schw.
Letell. t. 663. / 6.
* A. argyraceus Bull. — Gills and commonly pileus shining
white.
Name — apyvpos, silver. From its shining appearance. Bull. t. 423. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 58. Kalchbr. Hung. t. 4.7. i. C. Illust. PL 165.
* A. atrosquamosus Chev.— Gregarious. Pileus about 5 cent.
(2 in.) broad, pallid cinereous, convex then flattened, umbonate,
squamulose ; margin rather woolly, squamules of the pileus small,
black. Stem 6-7.5 cent (2%~3 in.) long, 12 mm. (}4 in.) thick,
stuffed, fibrillose, white, with a few black squamulose points
about the apex, base slightly thickened. Gills ventricose, emar-
ginate, rather thick, scarcely crowded.
Name — ater, black, squamosus, scaly. In grassy places. Nov. Chev.
Fung. 6° Byss. Illus. Grevillea, "vol. ix. /. 93.
* A. orirubens Qu el.— Pileus fleshy, convex, fragile, smooth,
grey, brownish in the centre, clad with blackish fibrils. Stem
solid, fibrous, white, streaked with rose at the base; flesh white,
odour mealy. Gills emarginate, undulated, white with the edge
rose. Spores oval, white.
On the ground. Oct. Name — os, mouth ; rubeo, to be red. From the
red-edged gills. Quelet Jur. p. 327. Grevillea, vol. x. p. 41. C. Illust.
PL 90.
III.— RlGIDA.
* Gills white or becoming pale, &>c.
86. A. macrorhizus Lasch. — Pileus 20 cent. (8 in.) broad,
ochraceous, compact, convex then plane, even, smooth, then
broken up in a tesselated manner. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) thick,
solid, stout, whitish then ochraceous, very delicately granulated,
with a thick, fleshy t blunt root. Gills emarginate, pallid.
A magnificent fungus with a root which has no equal in size. Odour heavy,
corpse-like.
48 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. On the ground. King's Lynn.
Name — /ua/cpos, long, pifa, a root. Lasch n. 240. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 58.
C. Illust. PI. 278. A. macrocephalus Schulz. in Kalchbr. Fling. Hung. p. n.
t. 3./. i.
87. A. saponaceus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad,
normally fuscous-livid, fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse,
wholly smooth, moist in rainy weather, but never viscous, even,
then when dry more or less rimoso-rivulose, dotted or broken up
into scales ; margin thin, at first inflexed, very smooth ; flesh
whitish, often becoming red. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
12 mm. (y^ in.) and more thick, solid, often unequal, as curved,
rooted at the attenuated base, pallid. Gills uncinato-emargin-
ate, distant, thin, quite entire, in groups of 2-4, becoming pale-
white.
Pileus varying in colour, whitish, cinereous, green, becoming black. Stem
sometimes smooth, sometimes squamulose when early in deciduous woods,
sometimes elegantly reticulated with black fibrils in later autumn in moun-
tainous pine woods, Fr. Icon. t. 32, lower fig. It varies with the gills becom-
ing yellow, such as A. napipes Krombh. t. 28. f. 23, 24. Scarcely any species
has been more confounded with others. It may always be safely distinguished
by its odour, which is wholly peculiar, rather soapy than nitrous (quite different
from that of A. alkalinus, Hygrophorus murinaceus, &c. ), also by the compact
not fragile substance, by the distant gills, by the smooth cuticle of the pileus
at length cracking into scales, and likewise by spots, which are often reddish,
both on the flesh and stem when wounded.
In deciduous and pine woods. Common. Aug.-Nov.
I have found an exceedingly handsome form in which the stem (figured in
Cooke's Illust. PI. 216) is beautifully marked with regular zones of small black
scales. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid or subsphaeroid, 5x4 mk. K.; 4-5 x 2-3
mk. B.; 6x4 mk. VV.G.S. Name — sapo, soap. From the odour. Fr.
Monogr. \. p. 69. Hym. Eur. p. 59. Icon. t. 32, upper fig. Berk. Out. p.
101. C. Hbk. n. 58. Illust. PL 91, 216. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 51. A.
argyraceus Berk. Eng. Fl. v. /. 18 partly. A. madreporeus Batsch t. 36. /.
203. A. argyrospermus Bull. t. 602. A. fusiformis Schum. Fl. Dan. t. 1729.
A. murinaceus Krombh. t. 72. /. 6-18.
88. A. cartilaginous Bull— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and
more broad, fleshy, not compact, rigid, somewhat fragile, convex
then expanded, gibbous, undulated, smooth, delicately and densely
black-dotted from the cuticle being broken in minute cracks ; flesh
white. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 m-) an<^ more long* almost 2.5 cent,
(i in.) thick, hollow, curt and firm, but fragile, shining white, the
surf ace polished, even, smooth. Gills emarginato-sinuate, crowded,
moderately thin, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, white, then becoming pale-
grey but pure.
When young convex, obtuse, with the involute margin pubescent, then ex-
panded, undulato-repand (rimosely incised when dry), very obtuse, with the
LEUCOSPORI. 49
margin remaining deflexed and incurved ; always very dry, at the very first Tricholoma.
minutely and very densely granulated, but the granules are wholly innate,
having originated from the cuticle being broken up ; granules at the first so
continuous that the pileus is black ; when full grown, however, the granules are
so distinct, on account of the small cracks, that the white ground shines through
between myriads of them, wherefore the pileus appears as very densely
black-dotted. No distinct odour. Formerly confounded with a form of A.
saponaceus.
In grassy places in woods, pastures. Uncommon. Aug.-Nov.
Spores sphserical, 8 mk. Q. Name—cartitago, cartilage. From its texture.
Bull. t. 589. /. 2. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 70. Hym. Eur. p. 60. Icon. t. 33. Berk.
Out. p. 101. C. Hbk. n. 59. Illust. PL 166. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 52.
Smith in Seem. Journ. Bot. iii. p. 101.
89. A. loricatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 in-) broad, some-
times umber, sometimes livid-fuscous, paler round the margin,
slightly fleshy, lax, campanulate then convex, most frequently
undulated, even sinuato-lobed, moist (slightly viscid), smooth,
punctato-rngulose under a lens, clothed as in a cuirass with a thick
horny separate cuticle; flesh peculiar, scissile. Stem 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) long, about 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, fleshy-fibrous, but very
tough, somewhat hollow, twisted, irregular, equal or attenuated
downwards, rooted, brick-fuscous, fibrilloso-striate under a lens.
Gills quite free and separable from the hymenophore, very
crowded, ventricose, quite entire, whitish-straw colour.
The upper cuticle is 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, somewhat horny, fuscous, wholly
different from the pith of the stem, which (pith) enters at the centre between
the cuticle and the hymenophore which is continuous with the stem. Odour
strong, not pleasant, but not soapy.
In mixed woods. Glamis, 1875. Sept.
The flesh of the pileus is simply a prolongation and expansion of the pith of
the stem between the horny cuticle and the hymenophore. Name — lorica, a
leather cuirass. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 71. Hym. Eur. p. 60. Icon. t. 35. f. 2.
B. & Br. n. 1503. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 53.
90. A. atrocinereus Pers.— Pileus 4 cent. (i>£ in.) broad,
cinereous, the prominent disc darker, fleshy, convexo-plane,
smooth, dry, opaque, at first even and entire, at length rimosely
incised and revolute at the margin, but not broken up into scales.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 8 mm. (4 lin.) thick, stuffed, in-
ternally soft and when moist hyaline, equal, cylindrical, slightly
striate with longitudinally adpressed fibrils, and naked at the apex,
but smooth and whitish. Gills sometimes free, sometimes de-
current with a tooth or arcuato-adnexed, more or less ventricose,
thin, crowded, hyaline-white.
D
50 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Fragile. Odour of new meal. Flesh of the pileus when the plant is moist
obscurely hyaline, hygrophanous. Allied to A. cimeifolius in its very fragile
nature and odour, but larger and distinguished by many marks.
On grassy ground. Hothorpe Norths, &c.
Name — ater, black, cinereus, ash-coloured. Pers. Syn. p. 348. Fr.
i. p. 72. Hym. Eur. p. 60. Icon. t. 31. / 2. C. Illust. PL 52. a.
91. A. cuneifolius Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent, (^-i in.) broad,
fuscous or livid, slightly fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, at
length depressed, even, smooth, then cracked, often concentrically,
into broad scales. Stem 2.5-4 cent. (\-\% in.) long, 2-4 mm.
(1-2 lin.) thick, rarely more, holloiv, attenuated downwards, rarely
equal, somewhat fibrillose becoming smooth, white-pruinose at the
apex, pallid. Gills ob ovate-wedge- shaped, very much attenuated
behind, slightly adnexed but somewhat decurrent, in front how-
ever dilated and obliquely truncate, crowded, connected by veins,
fragile, white.
The smallest of this group, very fragile ; odour of new meal. It is most
distinct from the form of the gills and odour.
In pastures, &c. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Surface of the pileus rufous where not broken up. M.J.B. Spores ellipsoid,
4-6X2~3mk. K.; 5 mk. W.G.S.; ovoid-pruniform, finely punctate, 5-6 mk.
Q. Name — cuneus, a wedge, folium, a leaf. From the shape of the gills.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 72. Hym. Eur. p. 61. Berk. Out. p. 102. C. Hbk. n.
60. Illust. PI. 52. b. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 54. A. cinereo-rimosus Batschf. 206.
C. Illust. PI. 261. A. ovinus var. Bull. t. 580. a, b.
** Gills changing colour, &C.
92. A. crassifolius Berk. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad,
ochraceous, disc umber, fleshy, rather wavy, umbonate, at length
often depressed, minutely adpresso-squamulose ; flesh very firm.
Stem 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.) long, 9 mm. (^ in.) thick, solid, nearly
equal, pruinose, much paler than the pileus. Gills slightly
adnexed or nearly free, acute behind, moderately distant, thick, at
length yellowish, stained with brown.
Gregarious, subceespitose. Smell rather strong. Sometimes in large old
specimens the epidermis cracks in broad scales, but then these are clothed with
the smaller ones. The gills have somewhat the appearance of those of
Dcedalia betulina. It does not appear to be viscid in any state.
In fir woods. Uncommon. Oct.
Name — crassus, thick, folium, a leaf. From the thick gills. Berk. Out.
100. C. Hbk. n. 55. Illust ~
phyllus Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 16.
/. ico. C. Hbk. n. 55. Illust. PI. 92. Fr. Hym. Eztr. p. 61. A. pachy
" " ~ " ~ Fl. v. p. '
LEUCOSPORI. 51
93. A. tumidus Pers. — Pileus 7.5 cent (3 in.) broad, cinereous- Trichoioma.
livid, variegated with tiger-spots, fleshy, irregularly shaped, bul-
late, then undulated when expanded, and at length rimosely in-
cised, moist in rainy weather, somewhat shining when dry ; margin
thin, at first bent inwards, somewhat lobed ; flesh white. Stem
7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 18 mm. (tf in.) thick, solid, fleshy-fibrous,
stout, sometimes swollen, smooth, striate, shining white, often at-
tenuated into a root at the base. Gills emarginate, 12 mm. (}4
in.) broad, thicker at the base, somewhat distant, shining white, at
length cinereous-rufescent.
Somewhat cartilaginous, at length rigid- fragile. Odour and taste weak, not
unpleasant. Its dimensions vary very much ; sometimes among the taller
mosses the stem is elongated, slender, and the pileus much smaller. Allied to
Clitocybcs difformes.
In moist pine woods. Coed Coch, &c. Oct.
Spores 4x6 mk. W.P. Name — tumidus, swollen. Pers. Syn. p. 350.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 74. Hym. Eur. p. 62. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. vi.
p. 213. Krombh. t. 72. / 1-5. C. Illust. PI. 93.
Var. Keithii Phill. & Plow. — This differs from the type in its
cinereo-rufescent pileus, less turgid, dirty-white stem, which has
brownish innate fibres, and in being tinged with red, especially
near the base.
In some of its characters it agrees with A. sudus Fr., from which it differs
in its undulating pileus, distant gills and often rooting stem. The whole plant
is fragile, the gills have a cinereous tinge, usually at length becoming rufescent.
It frequently has a powerful odour of new meal, and is intermediate between
A. sudus and A. tumidus, but is nearer the latter. Grevillea, -vol. x. p. 65.
94. A. murinaceus Bull. — Wholly becoming cinereous. Pileus
fleshy, thin, campanulate then expanded, silky, rimosely scaly and
streaked. Stem stuffed, stout, variegated with minute squamules.
Gills broad, distant, undulated, cinereous.
Strong- smelling, large, robust, but fragile. Formerly referred to Hygrophorus
nitrosus, from which it is very different, although both species agree in the
alkaline odour.
In open woods and pastures. Rare. Aug.-Sept.
Pileus ii cent. (4^ in.) across, at first campanulate, slightly umbonate,
then expanded, thin, firm, but very brittle, mouse-coloured, cracked and vir-
gate, silky, not the least viscid ; flesh white. Stem;7.5 cent, (sin.) high, 2.5
cent, (i in.) thick at the top, cracked and streaked, silky, with minute black
scales, solid but fibrous, not the least stuffed or hollow. Gills very broad, un-
dulate, distant, having a tendency to become forked and anastomosing, brittle,
often marked with raised lines, cinereous, powdery, interstices slightly veined,
edge at length black. Taste bitter, unpleasant ; odour not nitrous. M.J.B.
The plant which I have gathered during several seasons corresponds exactly
52 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. with the figure of Bulliard and with Berkeley's description. The stem is fre-
quently twisted, slightly flattened, with deep longitudinal channels. The
figure in Cooke's ' Illustrations ' does not represent Bulliard's plant. Spores
5X4mk. W.G.S. Name — mus, a mouse. Mouse - coloured. Bull. A 520.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 62. B. & Br. n. 261. Berk. Out. p. 100. C. Hbk. n. 56.
Illust. PL 49. ? S. Mycol. Scot. n. 55. Sow. t. 106.
95. A. virgatus Fr.— Pileus grey-cinereous, the umbo often
darker, fleshy, but not thick, rigid, convex then flattened, some-
what umbonate, very dry even in rainy weather, smooth, becoming
even, but elegantly streaked with fine black lines (innate fibrils) ;
broken up into squamules when old ; margin straight and at the
first naked ; flesh thin, cinereous-whitish. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
and more long, 12 mm. (%. in.) and more thick, solid, firm, equal
or tuberous at the very base, striate, commonly smooth, sometimes
squamulose, whitish, white within. Gills broadly emarginate, 6-
10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad, crowded, becoming hoary.
Most distinct. Inodorous • taste bitter like gall when young, but flavourless
when old. Var. major (in beech woods) pileus black-squamulose, the scales
separating.
In mixed wood. Forres, &c. Aug.-Oct.
Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, 6-8x5-6 mk. K.; 5-7x4-5 mk. W.P. ;
ellipsoid-sphaeroid, punctate, 8-10 mk. C.B.P. ; ovoid, dotted, 6-7 mk. Q.
Name — virga, a twig or stripe. Streaked. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 75. Hym. Eur.
p. 62. Icon. t. 34. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1504. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 56. C.
Illust. PL 167.
IV. — SERICELLA.
* Gills broad, rather thick, somewhat distant.
96. A. sulphureus Bull. — Pileus i-io cent. (}4-4 in.) broad,
dingy or rufescent sulphur-yellow, fleshy, at the first somewhat
globose, soon convexo-plane, somewhat umbonate, at length de-
pressed, unequal, at the first slightly silky, soon becoming smooth
and even. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) and
more thick, stuffed, somewhat equal but often curved, rather
smooth, striate, sulphur-yellow, of the same colour and fibrous
within. Gills adfixed, narrowed behind, arcuato-emarginate, rather
thick, distant, distinct, brighter sulphttr -yellow than the pileus.
Gregarious ; very variable in dimensions ; odour strong, stinking.
In mixed woods. Common. Sept.-Nov.
Odour like that of gas-tar or Hemerocallis flava. M.J.B. Probably a dan-
gerous species. Spores 4-5 x 2-3 mk. B. Name — sulphur, brimstone. Sul-
phur-coloured. Bull. t. 168. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 76. Hym. Eur. p. 63. Berk.
Out. p. 102. t. 4. /. 4. C. Hbk. n. 62. Illust. PL 62. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
57. Sow. t. 44. FL Dan. t. 1910. /. i. Gonn. &• Rab. t. 13.7. 2. Paul. t.
85- /• 3, 4-
LEUCOSPORI. 53
97. A. bufonius Pers. — Pileus umber, fuscous-tan, &c., fleshy, Tricholoma.
convexo-plane, somewhat umbonate, at first slightly silky, soon
becoming smooth, doited-wrinkled, opaque. Stem stuffed, equal,
flocculose. Gills arcuato-subdecurrent, somewhat distant, yellow-
tan arid pallid.
Its odour (milder) and stature are the same as those of A. sulphureus, but it
is more regular in form. Otherwise it does not seem to differ unless in the
darker wrinked -dotted pileus, the flocculose stem, and the more crowded, paler
(sulphur-tan) gills. Pileus becoming black-umber. Bull. t. 545. /. 2. O.
In fir and mixed woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.
B.
Kalcfibr. t. 39. /. i. Compare Bull. t. 545. /. 2.
98. A. lascivus Fr. — Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, pallid-
tan, fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse, at length somewhat de-
pressed, delicately silky then becoming smooth, even, dry, margin at
first involute ; flesh white. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and more long,
solid, rigid, wholly fibrous, equal, fibrillose, whitish, rooted and
tomentose at the base, white-pruinate at the apex. Gills arcuato-
adnexed, at length arcuato-decurrent (otherwise horizontal), thin,
crowded, white.
Intermediate between A. sulphureus and A. inamcenus. Odour the same,
but clearly different from both in its crowded gills. The gills are conspicu-
ously thinner and more crowded than those of A. sulphureus.
In mixed woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Name — lascivus, disgusting. From the smell. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 77. Hym.
Eur. p. 64. Icon. t. 38.7. i. Berk. Out. p. 102. C. Hbk. n. 64. Illust.
PI. 94. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 59. Var. robustus C. Illust. PI. 217.
99. A. inamcenus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (r-2 in-) broad, be-
coming pale, dingy-white, fleshy, moderately thin (but flesh com-
pact, shining white), convex then flattened, somewhat umbonate,
very dry, slightly silky then becoming smooth, even. Stem 7.5 cent.
(3 in.) and more long, 6-12 mm. (3-6 lin.) thick, solid, firm, equal,
rather smooth, white. Gills variously adfixed, normally emargin-
ate with a decurrent tooth, but sometimes truly adnato-decurrent,
plane, rather thick, very broad, very distant, distinct, shining
white.
Among mosses the stem is enlarged at the rooted villous base. Odour that
of A. sulphureus, but stronger, very foetid. It is distinguished from all neigh-
bouring species by the very distant, shining white gills.
In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
54 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Spores sphaeroid or ovoid-ellipsoid, 9-11 x 5-7 rnk. K. Name — inamasnus,
unpleasant. From the odour. Fr. Monogr. p. 78. Hym. Eur. p. 64. Icon,
t. 38. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 102. B. & Br. n. 1733*. C. Hbk. n. 65. Illust.
PI. 77. S. hlycol. Scot. n. 60. Sow. t. 121, otherwise very distinct, exactly
represents its habit.
** Gills thin, crowded, narrow.
100. A. cerinus Pers. — Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (i-iX inO broad,
dingy wax-colour, or becoming fuscous, fleshy, convex then flat-
tened, obtuse and at length depressed, very opaque, very dry, even
and becoming smooth ; flesh thin, but firm, white. Stem 2.5 cent,
(i in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed, equal, fibrilloso-
striate, yellow, base smooth (often fuscous). Gills sinuato-ad-
nexed, separating, horizontal, plane, very thin and crowded, 2 mm.
(i lin.) broad, dark-yellow or wax colour, but the spores wholly
white.
Diminutive, approaching Clitocyb£ lin.) broad, very
shining white.
In habit, and in the nature of the stem, it rather approaches Collybice, but
its affinity with other species in this group is manifest.
In fields and by waysides in woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Pileus of a rufous-pink, minutely squamulose, often splitting. M.J.B.
In ' Hymenomycetes Europaei.' Fries gives A. carneus Bull. = A. pceonius
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 81, and A. carneolus Fr. =A. carneus Bull., Monogr. i. p.
81. On the authority of Berkeley, whose opinion I can fully confirm, the
change in ' Hym. Eur.' must be regarded as an error. The plant described
in ' Monographia ' as A. carneus is the true plant of Bulliard. Spores 3x2
mk. W.G.S. Name— caro, flesh. Flesh-coloured. Bull. t. 533.7. i. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 81. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 30*. Out. p. 103. C. Hbk. n. 68.
Illust. PI. 96. a. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 62. A. carneolus Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
65. Icon. t. 40.7 3-
103. A. cselatus Fr. — Pileus not exceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.)
in breadth, fuscous, pale-grey when dry but not hygrophanous,
slightly fleshy, convex, umbilicate, without striae, when fresh
smooth, but in becoming dried flocculose, rimosely scarred. Stem
2.5 cent, (i in.) or less in length, 2-3 mm. (1-1% lin.) thick, tough,
elastic, but not cartilaginous, when smaller stuffed, when larger
hollow, the internal walls villous, equal or slightly thickened at
the apex, fuscous, obsoletely pruinate at the apex. Gills sinuato-
adnate with a small decurrent tooth, crowded, slightly arcuate,
dingy-whitish or grey.
Inodorous. The spores are dingy-white. A very peculiar species, remark-
able in its whole habit, and not to be compared with any other species of
Tricholoma. At first sight one might regard it as a species of Omphalia on ac-
count of the pileus being constantly umbilicate ; but the stem is by no means
56 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. cartilaginous, and the gills are manifestly sinuate behind. Species truly allied
occur only among Clitocybce, for example A. hirneolus and A. parilis, with
which it agrees in stature, colour, and dingy white spores, but these have
decurrent gills.
In woods. Charmy Down, 1867, &c. April-July.
Spores subglobose, 8x4 mk. B. &>. Br. Name — cczlum, a sculptor's
chisel. From the chiselled markings on the pileus. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 82.
Hym. Eur. p. 66. Icon. t. 37. /. 2. B. & Br. n. 1192. S. My col. Scot,
n. 63. C. 111-ust. PI. 96 B.
SERIES B.
V. — GUTTATA.
* Gills whitish.
104. A. gambosus Fr.— Pileus 7-5~io cent. (3-4 in.) and more
broad, becoming' pale-tan, fleshy, hemispherico-convex, then flattened,
obtuse, undulated and repand, even, smooth, but spotted as with
drops, at length widely cracked (not, however, torn into squamules),
the margin at the first involute and tomentose; flesh thick, soft,
fragile, white. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and more long, 1-2.5 cent.
(Yz-\ in.) thick, solid, fleshy-firm, almost equal, often curved-
ascending at the base, white, villous at the apex. Gills rounded-
or emarginato-adnexed, with a somewhat decurrent tooth and
when old sinuato-decurrent, crowded, ventricose, 4-6 mm. (2-3
lin.) broad, whitish.
Odour pleasant, of new meal. Often forming large rings or clusters. A
whitish form must not be confounded with A. albellus.
In meadows, &c. Frequent. April-July.
Spores 13x11 mk. W.G.S. Smell strong like that of Polyporus squam-
osus. M.J.B. Edible; considered by some delicious, by others less delicate
in flavour. It should be gathered in dry weather. Known as St George's
mushroom. Worthington Smith says it is fit for any saint in the calendar.
Much esteemed in France and Italy. Its early appearance makes it more val-
uable, but it is unfortunately not so common as could be wished. It is less
frequent in Scotland than in England. Badham describes it under the name
of A. prunulus. He remarks that when the ring begins to break up into
irregular lines, it is a sign of its disappearance from the place, just as the
presence of an unbroken ring is conclusive of a plentiful harvest the next spring.
Name — gamba, a hoof. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 82. Hym. Eur. p. 66. Sverig.
at I. Sv. t. 9. Berk. Out. p. 104. t. 4. /. 5. C. Hbk. n. 69. Illust. PI. 63.
Husseyi. t. 83. Krombh. t. 63. /. 18, 22 ochraceous. Ventur. t. 4. Gonn.
6» Rab. t. 18. /. 3. A. prunulus Badh. i. t. i. ii. t. if. i. A. graveolens
Sow. t. 281. A. pomonae Lenz. f. 13.
105. A. albellus Fr. — Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, be-
coming pale-white, passing into grey when dry, fleshy, thick at
LEUCOSPORI. 57
the disc, thinner at the sides, conical then convex, gibbous when Tricholoma.
expanded, when in vigour moist on the surface, spotted as with
scales, the thin margin naked ; flesh soft, floccose, white, un-
changeable. Stem curt, 4-5 cent. (1^5-2 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick at the base, reaching 12 mm. ()4 in.) towards the apex,
solid, fleshy-compact, ovato-bulbotis, (conical to the middle, cylin-
drical above the Tm&d\e),fibrilloso-striate, white. Gills very much
attenuated behind, not emarginate, becoming broad in front, very
crowded, quite entire, white.
Pileus not becoming yellow. Odour weak when fresh, taste pleasant, al-
most that of cooked flesh. There are two forms : one larger, solitary, another
smaller, connato-coespitose, quite as in A. albellus Sow. t. 122. It is often
confounded with smaller forms of A. gambosus.
In woods. Rare. April-May.
Spores very small, ovoid, 3 mk. W.G.S. Name — diminutive, albus, white.
Whitish. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 83. Hym. Eur. p. 67. Berk. Out. p. 104. C.
Hbk. n. 70. Illust. PL 229. Smith in Seem. Journ. Bot. t. 46. /. 45.
Gonn. & Rab. t. 15. /. 3. A. pallidus Scheeff. t. 50. ? Tratt. Austr. t. 20.
** Gills changing colour, &>c.
106. A. amethystinus Scop.— Pileus fleshy, convexo-plane,
obtuse, repand, smooth, even, moist, spotted azure-blue, margin
wrinkled, paler. Stem solid, curt, attenuated at the base. Gills
somewhat adnate, crowded, white then rufescent.
Not well defined or sufficiently known.
In pine wood. Glamis, 1875. Sept.
Pale, with here and there a tinge of mouse-colour. Spots bluish-violet,
mostly confined to the disc. Of a somewhat faded appearance even when fresh.
Name — amethystus, the amethyst. From the spots on the pileus. Scop.
Cam. ii. p. 437. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 68. B. & Br. n. 1733. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 66. C. Illust. PI. 262.
107. A. tigrinus Schaeff.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, pallid
brown, variegated with crowded and darker (fuscous) spots, com-
pactly fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse, repand ; flesh thick,
firm, white, unchangeable, but thin at the involute margin.
Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long and thick, very compact, solid, pruin-
ate, white. Gills rounded behind, at length decurrent with a
tooth, crowded, narrow, white, at length darker.
Solitary or caespitose. Very distinguished, obese, and without any marked
smell of new meal.
In fir woods and open grassy ground. Rare. June-July.
58 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Allied to A. gambosus. B. & Br. Fries remarks that the plant of Schaeffer
differs in the longer stem, in the pileus being conical then expanded, becoming
hoary-white, and in the gills being at length distant, but that there can be no
doubt they are the same. My specimens agreed exactly with the description
of Fries. Forming a large ring on a grassy place on the shore of an estuary.
Name — tigris, a tiger. Spotted like a tiger. Schceff. t. 89. Fr. Icon. t. 41.
lower fig. Hym. Eur. p. 68. B. &* Br. n. 1636. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 67.
C. Hbk. n. 73. Illust. PL 64. Conn. & Rab. t. 13. /. 2.
VI.— SPONGIOSA.
* Gills not changing colour.
108. A. Schumacher! Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, of one
colour, cinereous-livid, fleshy, compact, convex then flattened,
obtuse, regular, well formed, even, smooth, moist (not hygroph-
anous) in rainy weather, the slight margin, which exceeds the
gills, inflexed ; flesh spongy, white. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.)
long, as much as 12 mm. (% in.) thick, solid, stout, equal, villous
and sometimes ventricoso-bulbous at the base, otherwise naked,
slightly striate, white, externally fibrous. Gills emarginate, very
crowded, plane, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, white.
Its entire nature and structure are those of A. personatus, and it can only be
compared with A. nebularis on account of the colours (the pileus being cinere-
ous, naked however). The stem being wholly fleshy and the gills being at the
first emarginate, evidently determine it a Tricholoma.
In a hothouse. Apethorpe, Norths., &c.
Agreeing very closely with the figure in ' Fl. Dan.' especially as regards the
gills. B. 6*. Br. Name — after Schumacher. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 85. Hym.
Eur. p. 69. B. & Br. n. 1927. Fl. Dan. t. 22.67. /. i. C. Illust. PL 168.
109. A. patulus Fr. — Pileus 6-10 cent. (2^-4 in.) broad, pallid-
cinereous, fleshy, firm, convexo-plane, obtuse, often repand, even,
smooth, in no wise tiger-spotted ; flesh moderately thin, not com-
pact, white. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in-)
thick, fleshy-fibrous, solid, firm, equal, somewhat elastic, smooth,
shining white. Gills constantly and equally emarginate, almost
free, crowded, comparatively narrow, 4 mm. (2 lin.), plane, somewhat
veined at the sides, whitish.
Inodorous. Solitary or growing in troops, or somewhat caespitose. The
colour of the pileus passes into very pale yellowish. It cannot be com-
pared with any of the neighbouring Tricholomata, but rather with the
irregularly shaped Clitocybce, especially when casspitose. It must not be
confounded with A. decastcs. Dependent on the weather ; very luxuriant in
some rainy seasons, absent in very dry ones.
On the ground in woods. Reigate, Surrey, 1870. Oct.
Name — patulus, spread out, wide. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 87. Hym. Eur. p.
69. Icon. t. 37. /. i. Saund. & Sm. t. 48.7. i. C. Illust. PL 279.
LEUCOSPORI. 59
110. A. arcuatus Bull. — Pileus rufous-fuscous, becoming pale, Tricholom;
disc blackish, flattened, somewhat gibbous, soft, even, smooth,
moist, discoid; margin thin, at the first inflexed; the flesh coloured.
Stem solid, firm, fibrilloso-squamulose, blackish downwards,
bulbous. Gills arcuato-adnate (decurrent with a tooth) and
arcuate, somewhat undulated, fragile, crowded, white.
Gregarious. Pileus " almost viscid." Stem sometimes remarkably margin-
ato-bulbous. Sterb. t. 7. C.
On grassy ground. St Andrews, 1877, &c. Oct.-Nov.
Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad. Stem about 4 cent. (t% in.) long, 12
mm. (Yz in.) thick. Name — arcus, a bow. From the bow-shaped gills.
Bull. t. 443 figures with scaly stem. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 70. Monogr. i. /.
86, partly. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 68. C. Illust. PI. 218.
111. A. oreinus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, fttscous-
livid, fleshy, compact, convex, obtuse, even, smooth, the thin
margin not exceeding the gills ; flesh white. Stem scarcely 2.5
cent, (i in.) long, 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) thick, solid, equal, but
thickened at the base as with a small bulb and at length ochra-
ceous, white-squamulose at the apex, internally fibrillose. Gills
rounded then free, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, crowded, plane,
white.
Solitary. Inodorous. It differs from A. humilis in not being hygrophan-
ous, and in the gills running out of equal breadth as far as the margin. The
uppermost and lowest in stature of the figures of Bull. t. 443 shows the form
sufficiently well.
On heath and open ground. King's Cliffe.
Name — 6peu>os, hilly. From its being found on mountainous heaths. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 70. Monogr. i. p. 86. C. Illust. PI. 218. A. testudineus Pers.
Myc. Eur. p. 218. /. 23. /. i, 2.
112. A. albus Schseff.— Wholly white. Pileus 7.5-10 cent.
(3-4 in.) broad, truly fleshy, not compact, tough, convex then
flattened, becoming plane, obtuse, very dry, even, smooth, marginal
the first involute at length repand. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
12 mm. ()4 in.) and more thick, solid, attenuated upwards, some-
what bulbous, wholly fibrous, tougher externally, elastic, naked,
slightly mealy at the apex only under a lens. Gills emarginate,
somewhat crowded, distinct, when full grown 8 mm. (4 lin.) broad,
unchangeable.
Stature very variable, sometimes very robust, sometimes moderately slender.
Odour weak or none, with an unpleasant acrid taste. Not hygrophanous ;
the pileus when dried becoming yellow often throughout or only at the disc.
All its forms (possibly including distinct species) are distinguished by their
60 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. habit which is that of Clitocybe, by their elastic stem, and by the pileus not
being moist even in rainy -weather, a feature which constitutes a departure
from the spongy Tricholomata, as well as by their -white colour.
In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Care should be taken not to confound it with various edible species of the
same colour. From its acrid taste, which easily distinguishes it, it is perhaps
poisonous. Spores 3x6 mk. W.G.S. ; 5-6x2-3 mk. B. Name — albus,
white. Schce/. t. 256 (a thin form). Fr. Monogr. i. p. 91. Hym. Eur. p. 70.
Icon. t. 43. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 105. t. 4. /. 6. C. Hbk. n. 74. Illust. PI.
65. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 69. A. leucocephalus Bull. t. 536. Battar. t. 20. /. i.
113. A. leucocephalus Fr. — Wholly white without any yellow-
ish tinge. Pileus 4 cent. (\y2 in.) broad, fleshy, thin, tough, con-
vexo-plane, obtuse, even, moist, smooth in itself, but when young
covered with shining whitish, adpressed, silky, at length separating
"uillous down; margin acute, spreading, smooth ; flesh compact,
watery in wet weather. Stem scarcely 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 6 mm.
(3 lin.) thick, hollow, fleshy fibrous, but polished externally, some-
what cartilaginous, rooting at the attenuated solid base, twisted,
even, smooth. Gills rounded-free, crowded, thin, quite entire,
shining white.
Strong odour of new meal. Plainly different from A. albus, allied to A.
(Armill.) constrictus, but from its somewhat cartilaginous stem inclining to
Colly bi Br. n. 1506. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 71. C. Illust. PL 169.
116. A. civilis Fr.— Pileus 7.5 cent (3 in.) broad, becoming
pale yellowish, not changing colour, disc darker, never streaked,
truly fleshy, very soft and fragile, convexo-plane, obtuse, even,
very smooth, moist, almost viscid, with a separable pellicle; flesh
spongy, whitish. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and more long, solid, in-
ternally soft, fragile, attenuated upwards from the thickened base,
fibrillose or squamulose, whitish. Gills deeply emarginate, almost
free, crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, very soft, white then becoming
yellow, or rather becoming pale, unspotted.
Inodorous. Among the Tricholomata there is no species to which it is
rightly allied. The structure is wholly that of A. (Am.} lenticularis, so that at
first sight it might seem to be a ringless form of that species.
On the ground. Epping. Oct.
Fries notes that the gills are only accidentally spotted, i.e., when injured by
insects or otherwise. Name— ci-vis, a citizen. Contrasted with A. militaris.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 71. Icon. t. 42. f. i. A. militaris Monogr. i. p, 90. B.
6s Br. n. 1507.
117. A. personatus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad,
livid-flesh-colour, &c., very fleshy and thick, hemispherical then
convex and flattened, very obtuse, regular, at length also repand,
even, smooth, moist in rainy weather, opaque when dry, the mar-
gin, which exceeds the gills, at first involute and villoso-pruinose ;
flesh at first compact, then spongy-soft, whitish. Stem in the
typical form 5 cent. (2 in.) long, about 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid,
firm, spongy within, almost of the same colour, more or less bul-
bous, becoming violet, wholly pulverulent with white villous down
when young then squamulose; often very short, and not bulbous.
Gills rounded then free, crowded, broad, violaceous then flesh-
coloured or whitish, or fuscous when old.
62 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Solitary or gregarious, scarcely csespitose. Stature always robust, obese, but
colour very changeable and variable. A. pileus cinereus, Sow. B. pileus
lilac Fr, C. pileus and gills white, stem violaceous Berk. In a very obese
form it has been found becoming wholly cinereous-livid. In late autumn taller,
becoming wholly fuscous, with a sulcate, fibrillose stem as much as 10 cent. (4
in.) long, and very broad gills.
In woods and pastures. Common. Oct.-Nov.
Sometimes confounded carelessly with Cortinarius violaceus. It is some-
times difficult to distinguish brightly coloured specimens from A. nudus.
M.J.B. Edible. Known in England by the name of " Blewitts," which Bad-
ham conjectures means " Blue-hats." It is excellent when gathered in dry
weather. When wet it absorbs too much moisture. Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid,
11x6 mk. K.; 8x4mk. ^.,-5x4 IV. G.S.; 7x5 mk. W.P. Name — persona,
a mask. From the margin of the pileus and stem as compared with A. nudus.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 88. Hym. Eur. p. 72. Sverig. dtl. Sv. t. 57. Berk. Out.
p. 105. t. 5. f. i (var. anserina). S. Mycol. Scot. n. 72. Conn. & Rab. t.
16. Hussey\\. t. 40. Badh. i. t. 8./. i. ii. t. i./. 2. C. Illust. PI. 66. Le-
pista personata C. Hbk. n. 546. A. violaceus Sow. t. 209. Fl. Dan. t. 1133.
Bolt. t. 147. A. hepaticus Weinm. Paul. t. 91. f. 1-4. Buxb. C. 4. /. n.
118. A. nudus Bull.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, be-
coming purple-violaceous then changing colour, rufescent, fleshy,
comparatively thin, convexo-plane then depressed, obtuse, even,
smooth, with a pellicle which is moist and manifest in rainy
weather; margin inflexed, thin, naked ; flesh thin, pliant, coloured.
Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm. ()4 in.) thick, stuffed,
elastic, equal, almost naked, mealy at the apex, violaceous then be-
coming pale. Gills rounded then decurrent (on account of the
depressed pileus), crowded, narrow, of the same colour as the
pileus or deeper violaceous, but soon changing colour, at length
rufescent without the least tinge of violet.
Always thinner than A. personatus, with a pleasant acid odour. Often
confounded with A. sordidus.
In woods, chiefly among pine. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Brighter coloured than A. personatus M.J.B. Not recommended as edible.
Spores 6-8x4 mk- B.; 6x3 mk. W.G.S. Name — nudus, naked. Con-
trasted with A. personatus. Bull. t. 439. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 89. Hym. Eur.
p. 72. Berk. Out. p. 105. t. 4. f. 7. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 73. Krombh. t. ji.
f. 27-29. Price t. 5. /. 35. Hoffm. Analyt. t. n. /. i. C. Illust. PL 67.
Var. major, PI. 133. Lepista personata C. Hbk. n. 544.
119. A. cinerascens Bull. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more
broad, white then becoming cinereous or hoary, fleshy, convex then
flattened, obtuse or when young gibbous, orbicular, regular, even,
dry ; flesh white, compact at the Wise, thin at the circumference.
Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 4 cent. (i}4 in.) and more thick, solid,
internally spongy, the external wall fibrous and tough, hence
elastic, equal or slightly thickened at the base, smooth, naked,
LEUCOSPORI. 63
whitish ; flesh becoming fuscous. Gills easily separating from the Tricholoma.
hymenophore, rounded-free, crowded, broad, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.),
fragile, white then becoming cinereous, darker than the pileus.
Very various in stature. Gregarious. The stem is sheathed at the base in a
peculiar manner with the floccose, compact, white mycelium. It might perhaps
be regarded as a species of JPaxillus, on account of the gills easily separating
from the hymenophore.
In woods. Frequent. Aug.
Smell rather disagreeable, pungent ; the stem, however, when broken smells
like new meal. B. & Br. Spores 5 mk. W.P. Name — cinis, ashes. Be-
coming ash-colour. Bull. t. 428. /. 2. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 287. Hym. Eur. p.
73. Berk. Out. p. 106. B. & Br. n. 787. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 74. Vivian
t. 20. C. Illust. PL 170. Lepista C. Hbk. n. 545.
120. A. panseolus Fr.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
cinereous-fuliginous, variegated with grey -pruinose spots and often
guttate, fleshy, not thick, but firm, convex then becoming plane or
here and there depressed, obtuse, here and there repand and ex-
centric, even ; flesh alike of the pileus and stem spongy, absorb-
ing moisture, white when dry, but the pileus by no means hygro-
phanous. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or little more long, 12 mm.
(}4 in.) thick, solid, tough, elastic, externally fibrous, internally
spongy, smooth, naked, unpolished, whitish-grey. Gills emargi-
nate or rounded, at length somewhat decurrent when the pileus
is depressed, very crowded, quite entire, plane, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad,
white then grey or dingy rufescent.
Odour none. The spotting on the pileus gives it a marbled appearance.
In grassy places. Street, Somerset, &c. Autumn.
Spores 3x5 mk. W.P. Name — Trai/aioAos, variegated. Fr. Monogr. \.p. 87.
Hym. Eur. p. 73. Icon. t. 36. /. 2. C. Illust. PL 97.
121. A. duracinus Cke.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) diameter, cin-
ereous, fleshy, compact, firm, convex, broadly umbonate, dry,
smooth, shining, margin involute. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
attenuated upwards, 3 cent. (\% in.) thick at the base, nearly 2.5
cent, (i in.) at the apex, solid, striate below, reticulate squamose
above, rather paler than the pileus ; flesh nearly white. Gills
narrow, little more than 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, crowded, emargi-
nate, arcuate, cinereous.
Fleshy disc nearly an inch thick. Whole fungus cinereous and firm. Allied
to A. tigrinus Fr.
On the ground under cedar. Kew, 1883. Oct.
Name — diirus, hard, acinus, berry. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 41.
64 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. VII. — HYGROPHANA.
* Gills whitish unspotted.
122. A. grammopodius Bull. — Pileus 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) broad,
pallid-livid or fuscous-rufous when moist, whitish when dry,
fleshy, very thin towards the margin, campamilate then convex, and
at length flattened, obtusely umbonate, even, smooth, pellicle
moist in rainy weather, not viscous, separating; flesh-coloured
when moist, white when dry, soft, fragile. Stem tall, about
7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 12 mm. (}4 in.) and more thick, solid,
elastic, equal with exception of the thickened base, cylindrical,
firm, smooth, evidently\longitndinally sulcate, whitish. Gills ar-
cuato-adnate, or broadly horizontally emarginate, acute at both
ends, very crowded, quite entire, very many shorter, somewhat
branched behind, white.
Odour mouldy. Striking in appearance ; the chief of this group. There is
a variety wholly white.
In pastures and grassy woods. Frequent. June-Oct.
Stem streaked with same colour as the pileus, and white-villous at the base.
Name — ypa^^, a line, TTOUS, a foot. From the stem being marked with lines.
Bull. t. 548, 585. / i. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 92. Hym. Eur. p. 74. Berk. Out.
p. 106. C. Hbk. n. 76. Illust. PL 98. S. My col. Scot. n. 75. Hussey ii. /.
41.
123. A. melaleucus Pers. — Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (1^-3 in.) broad,
commonly becoming black-fuliginous when moist, then fuscous-
livid, becoming pale when dry, fleshy, soft, convex then flattened,
obsoletely umbonate, even, smooth ; flesh soft, white, not hygroph-
anous. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-6 mm (2-3 lin.) thick,
stuffed then hollow, rigid-fragile, elastic when young, somewhat
thickened at the base, naked (not pulverulent), but fibrilloso-
striate, whitish, with darker striae. Gills emarginato-adnexed,
crowded, horizontal, straight, broad, more or less ventricose, quite
entire, white.
Very protean and changeable in colour. The gills are not arcuato-scythe-
shaped as in A. arcuatus, and the flesh does not become yellow as in that
species. It varies with the gills becoming yellow. It must be carefully dis-
tinguished chiefly from A. oreinus.
On grassy ground. Uncommon. Sept.
Spores ellipsoid-sphseroid, 6-8x4-5 mk. K. Name — /aeAas, black, XCVKOS,
white. Pers. Syn. p. 355. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 93. Hym. Eur. p. 74. Icon. t.
44. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 106. C. Hbk. n. 77. Illust. PL 119. A. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 76. Buxb. C. iv. t. 12. /. 2.
* A. porphyroleucus Bull. Firmer ; pileus fleshy, fuliginous
LEUCOSPORI. 65
or fuscous then rufescent, with a darker and vanishing umbo ; Tricholoma.
stem solid, somewhat fibrillose, sometimes elongated, sometimes
curt ; gills white.
Coed Coch, 1881. Bull. t. 443, the rufescent figures with smooth stem.
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 75. B. & Br. n. 1928, the long-stemmed form. C. Illust.
PL 119. B.
124. A. brevipes Bull. — Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
umber then becoming pale, fleshy, soft, convex then becoming plane,
even, smooth, moist (opaque when dry) ; flesh of the pileus be-
coming fuscous when moist, becoming white when dry. Stem
solid, very rigid, at length fibrous, pruinate at the apex, externally
and internally fuscous; otherwise very variable, sometimes very
short, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) only long and thick, attenuated down-
wards; commonly 2.5 cent, (i in.), sometimes bulbous, sometimes
equal, more slender. Gills emarginato-free, crowded, ventricose,
disappearing short of the margin, quite entire, becoming fuscous
then whitish.
Solitary. Inodorous. The pileus is often stained with soil. Nearer to
A. arcuatus than to A. humilis. The affinity between A. arcuatus, A. pancs-
olus, A. grammopodius, A. melaleucus, and A. humilis, is greater than be-
tween other species of Tricholomata,
In open woods, fields, &c. Uncommon. June-Oct.
Spores 6x8 mk. W.G.S. ,-8x5 mk. W.P. ; 8-10 x 5-6 mk. B. Name—
brevis, short, pes, a foot. Short-stemmed. Bull. t. 521. /. 2 (young). Fr.
Monogr. \.p. 94. Hym. Eur. p. 75. B. & Br. n. 1195. C. Hbk. n. 78.
Illust. PL 68. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 77. Paul. Ch. t. 44.7. i, 2. Fl. Bat. t.
1095. Klotsch. FL Bor. t. 374. Buxb. C. iv. /. 31.7. i.
125. A. humilis Fr. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, fuscous-
cinereous, &c., fleshy, convex then soon flattened, somewhat re-
pand, sometimes umbonate, even, smooth, sometimes depressed,
the thin margin exceeding the gills ; flesh soft, becoming cinere-
ous when moist, whitish. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, about
12 mm. (l/z in.) thick, stuffed, at length also hollow, soft, fragile,
somewhat equal, wholly pulverulento-villous, becoming cinereous-
whitish. Gills rounded-adnexed, decurrent with a tooth, and
occasionally arcuato-decurrent, crowded, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad,
whitish.
The pileus changes colour with the moisture of the atmosphere and with
age, blackish, fuscous, livid, pallid. In dry weather it is sometimes sprinkled
with thin white dust (the remains of the veil). Allied to A. brevipes, but the
stem is thinner, longer, and softer. Protean, gregarious, often caespitose
(A. brevipes always solitary). A very fragile variety occurs with the pileus
paler, the stem longer hollow and fibrillose, and the gills narrower.
In open woods, &c. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.
E
66 AGARICUS.
Tricholoma. Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 7-8 x 5-6 mk. K. Name — humilis, low.
Dwarf in -stature. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 95. Hym. Eur. p. 75. Berk. Out. p.
106. C. Hbk. n. 79. Illust. PL 99, 263 A. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 78. Buxb.
Cent. iv. t. 32. A. blandus Berk. Eng. FL p. 20. Var. blandus C. Illust.
PL 263. B.
126. A. exscissus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, mouse-
colour or fuscous-cinereous, not changing colour when dry, but
shining, slightly fleshy, campanulate when young, soon plane, with
a prominent umbo, even, smooth ; flesh thin, white. Stem 2.5-5
cent. (1-2 in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, solid, thin, wholly
equal, polished, very smooth, slightly shining, shining white.
Gills emarginate, crowded, linear, not beyond 2 mm. (i lin.)
broad, shining white.
Very regular, in dry weather sprinkled with the pulverulent veil, but never
silky. Very closely allied to A. humilis, &c. , although by habit and thinness
it appears at first sight to be widely removed from them.
In pastures, &c. Cromer, 1882. May.
Name — excindo, to tear out. Perhaps in the same sense as excisus. Of
the gills. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 95. Hym. Eur. p. 75. Icon. t. 44. /. 2. C. Illust.
PL 171.
127. A. subpulverulentus Pers.— Pileus about 4 cent. (i% in.)
broad, becoming livid when fresh, fleshy, convex then plane or
depressed, even, with innate pruinose dew, becoming hoary white,
the slight margin, which exceeds the gills, inflexed. Stem 5 cent.
(2 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, solid, equal, smooth, somewhat
striate, here and there ascending, under a lens obsoletely pruinate
at the apex. Gills rounded (without a tooth), crowded, narrow,
white.
Firm ; flesh hygrophanous. The pileus is not occasionally pulverulent as in
previous species, though it becomes hoary with innate pruina.
In pastures and woods. Frequent. Aug.-Oct.
Spores 3X4mk. W.G.S.; pruniform, granular, 8x9 mk. Q. Name — sub,
and pulvis, dust. Somewhat powdered. Pers. Myc. Eur. 3. p. 221. Hym.
Eur. p. 76. Berk. Out. p. 107. C. Hbk. n. 80. Illust. PL 219. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 79. Hussey ii. t. 39.
** Gills becoming 'violet, grey, fuliginous.
128. A. sordidus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad, livid-
lilac becoming violet- fuscous or violet-flesh-colour when young,
changing colour when old, somewhat fleshy, campanulato-convex
then plane or depressed, somewhat umbonate, smooth ; margin
when full grown slightly striate. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long,
6 mm. (3 lin.) and more thick, stuffed, pliant, commonly thickened
LEUCOSPORI. 67
at the base, somewhat incurved, fibrilloso-striate, of the same Tricholoma.
colour as the pileus. Gills at first rounded, then sinuato-decur-
rent, somewhat crowded, at length distant, violaceous then becom-
ing pale or fuliginous.
Gregarious, somewhat caespitose, tough. Inodorous. Pileus when old
undulated, often excentric. When old the whole plant is dirty, becoming
fuscous, and pale when dry. For a long time overlooked for a form of A.
nudus, but very different, much smaller, thinner, &c.
On dung, £c. Great Elm, Somerset, 1866, &c. July-Sept.
Spores ellipsoid, 7-9 x 4 mk. K.; pale ferruginous, 8 mk. B. & Br. Name —
sordidus, dirty. Squalid in appearance. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 96. Hym. Eur.
p. 77. Icon. t. 45. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1196. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 80. Fl.
Dan. t. 1843. /. 2. C. Illust. PL 100. Bnxb. C. iv. /. 12. /. i.
129. A. psedidus Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (j4 in.) broad, mouse-
fuliginous opaque, scarcely becoming pale, somewhat fleshy,
flaccid, campanulate then convex and flattened, umbonate, at
length depressed round the conico-prominent umbo, moist, streaked
with innate fibrils radiating from the centre, becoming even how-
ever, margin naked ; flesh very thin, very tough, becoming white.
Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed, externally
somewhat cartilaginous, internally fibrous, slightly bulbous at the
base, tough, somewhat striate, naked, dingy-grey. Gills somewhat
sinuate, with a small decurrent tooth, crowded, narrow, whitish
then grey.
Inodorous. Allied to A. sordidus in its small stature, tough substance, and
dingy colours, which, however, never incline to violaceous.
In grassy places in woods. Abergavenny, &c. Aug.
Name — pczdidus, nasty. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 96. Hym. Eur. p. 77. Icon,
t. 46. /. i. B. &> Br. n. 1405. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 81. C. Illust. PL 120
upper fig.
130. A. lixivius Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, cinere-
ous-fuscous when moist, umber, slightly fleshy, convex then plane,
umbonate (umbo vanishing), never depressed, even, smooth, with
a flattened, membranaceous, at length slightly striate margin;
sometimes sinuous. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.)
thick, and in becoming compressed so much broader, stuffed then
hollow, often flexuous, fragile, cinereous, at first white-floccoso-
pruinose. Gills rounded-adnexed, at first sight free, distant, soft,
6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, sometimes crisped, attenuated from the stem
towards the margin, grey.
Gills truncato-free. The habit is that of A. orbiformis, but the pileus is
darker, umber, not streaked. Stem wholly fibrous, very soft.
68
AGARICUS.
Trichoioma. in pine woods. Ascot, 1865. Nov.
Name — lix, ashes ; lixivium, lye, a. mixture of ashes and water. Of the
colour of lye. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 97. Hym. Eur. p. 77. Icon. t. 45. /. 2.
B. & Br. n. 1197, 1840*. C. Illust. PL 120. Sow. t. 66?
131. A. putidus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) or less broad, some-
what olivaceous-grey, hoary when dry, hygrophanous, slightly
Jleshy, hemispherical, umbonate, soft, even, at the straight margin
as well, but occasionally sprinkled with white silkiness. Stem
4 cent. (\y2 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, somewhat
compressed, soft, somewhat fragile, somewhat striate, grey, covered
with a very thin white pruina, which can be rubbed off. Gills
apparently free, but slightly adnexed in the top of the cone,
crowded, ventricose, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, distinct, cinereous.
A remarkable species. Odour strong, rancid, of new meal. Allied to the
rancid Collybice in habit and odour, but the stem is soft, wholly fibrous, by no
means cartilaginous.
In fir woods. Jedburgh, &c. Oct. -Nov.
Name — putidus, stinking, disgusting. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 98. Hym. Eur.
p. 78. Icon. t. 46. /. 2. B. 6s Br. n. 1198. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 82. C.
Illust. PI. 172.
Clitocybe. Subgenus V. CLITOCYBE (K\ITOS, a steep or declivity, «v£r?,
head). Fr. Syst. Myc. i. 78 (Sub-tribe I). Universal veil, when pres-
ent, conspicuous on the pileus like
frost or silky dew, but commonly obso-
lete. Stem with a spongy stuffing, apt
to become hollow, somewhat elastic,
externally more compact and fibrous.
Margin of the pileus involute. Hy-
menophore quite continuous, owing
to the apex of the stem being dilated ;
gills attenuated behind, acute, adnate
or decurrent, never sinuate. Growing
on the ground, Jleshy but comparative-
ly tough, for the most part piano-de-
pressed or infundibuliform. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 78.
The thinner and hygrophanous
species are late, and stand low tem-
perature. Many are remarkable for their fragrance. Very few
are edible.
VI. Agaricns (Clitocybe) nebularis.
One-fifth natural size.
LEUCOSPORI. 69
Series A. Pileus fleshy, not changing colour, or (only) turning pale, but Clitocybe.
not hygrophanous. Flesh firm, not watery, and not scissile into plates. Those
-which turn pale in dying differ from Series B. by their silky lustre.
I. Disciformes (disc-shaped). Pileus more or less equally fleshy, convex
then plane or depressed, regular, obtuse ; gills at the first adnate or regularly
adnato-decurrent. Normally solitary.
Pileus cinereous or fuscous.
* Pileus -violaceous, rufescent.
** Pileus becoming yellow.
* Pileus green, becoming pale.
** Colour white, shining whitish. Cautiously distinguish whitened
hygrophanous species and white Paxilli.
II. Difformes (irregularly shaped). Pileus with fleshy disc and thin margin,
at the first zunbonate, then expanded and depressed, irregular. Gills unequally
decurrent, running down in one place for a short and in another for a longer
distance, sometimes even rounded on one side of the stem or only reaching it,
as in the Tricholomata. Stem externally somewhat cartilaginous but fibrous.
Ccespitose, often connate and very various in form, but sometimes solitary.
III. Infundibuliformes (funnel-shaped). Pikus attenuated from the fieshy
disc towards the margin, at length wholly funnel-shaped or deeply umbilicato-
depressed in the centre. Stem spongy with a fibrous outer coat. Gills descend-
ing, at the first deeply and equally decurrent. Pileus often losing colour or
becoming pale, but not hygrophanous.
* Pileus coloured or becoming pale, the surface (at least under a lens) innato-
fiocculose or silky, bibulous, not moist.
** Pileus coloured or pallid, smooth, moist (in rainy weather). Variable
in colour and stature (the pileus being undulato - lobed is a point of no
consequence).
*** Pileus shining whitish, sprinkled over with small superficial fiocci or
becoming smooth.
Series B. Pileus fleshy-membranaceous, truly hygrophanous. Flesh thin,
soft, watery, hygrophanous. ( White species, which only become more shining
white when dry, have been inserted among the foregoing.}
IV. Cyathiformes (cup-shaped). Pileus fieshy -membranaceous (composed of
two membranaceous plates), without a compact disc, hygrophanous as well as the
fiesh, depressed then cup-shaped; gills at first adnate, then decurrent, descend-
ing, straight. Colour dingy when moist. Compare Omphalia, Hydrogrammi.
V. Orbiformes (round-shaped). Pikus somewhat fieshy, moist within and
without, hygrophanous, convex then becoming plane or depressed, polished, not
squamulose or mealy ; gills plane, horizontal, thin, crowded, adnate or only
decurrent with a small tooth. Colour dingy or becoming watery-pale. Most of
the species are of a low rank, and are recognisable with difficulty and only in
rainy weather, on account of the changeableness of their colour, and the indis-
tinctness of their characteristic marks.
* Gills becoming cinereous. Pileus at the first dark.
** Gills whitish. Pileus becoming pale.
VI. Versiformes (variable in shape). Pileus thin, convex then irregularly
shaped, tough, more or less squamulose or furfuraceous ; gills adnate (not
decurrent or only with a small tooth), broad, rather thick, for the most part
distant and powdered with white meal. Colour hygrophanous. Stem tough,
sometimes with a veil. The species are all very distinguished, as they differ
exceedingly in stature and form and colour.
* Pileus dirty-coloured or made dusky with darker squamules.
** Pileus bright, of one colour.
70 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. SERIES A.
I. — DlSCIFORMES.
* Pileus cinereous or fuscous.
132. A. nebularis Batsch.— Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) broad,
fuliginous or fuscous, at length grey, fleshy, somewhat compact,
convex then becoming plane, very obtuse, at length depressed at
the disc, dry ; at the first (in dry weather) covered over with a
grey, pruinose cloudiness, but when full grown and in wet weather
quite naked, smooth (more rarely innately streaked or shining
when scorched by the sun) ; flesh compact, white. Stem 7.5 cent.
(3 in.) long, about 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, stout, remarkablyy?^)',
at first solid, but soft within and at length occasionally hollow,
spongy-elastic, attenuated upwards (obclavate), fibrillose-striate,
white. Gills shortly and equally decurrent, arcuate, very crowded,
thin, pallid white, sometimes becoming yellow.
Robust, laxly gregarious, slightly odorous. The pileus may be even white
like the flesh. The stem varies, curt, equal, also villous and squamulose. It
may be easily interchanged with a form of A. humilis with spuriously de-
current gills which is thinner and more fragile.
In woods, &c. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Spores 3x4 mk. W.G.S. ; 3-5x3 mk. B. Margin of pileus at first invol-
ute, sometimes quite regular, sometimes waved. It smells of curd cheese.
Edible ; very good ; with a somewhat pungent taste. Name — nebula, a
cloud. From the clouded pileus. Batsch f. 193 (var. minor). Fr. Monogr. i. p.
too. Hym. Eur. p. 79. Sverig. dtl. Sv. t. 45. Berk. Out. p. 107. C. Hbk. n.
81. Illust. PL 79. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 83. Fl. Dan. t. 1734. Hussey ii. t.
9. Badh. i. t. 9; ii. t. 4.7. 2. A. pileolaris Bull. t. 400. {Paul. Ch. t. 79.
/. 1-5. A. murinaceus Gonn. & Rab. t. io./. 2? not Bull, or Fr.] B. gills
yellow. A. turgidus Grev. t. 9. A. canaliculatus Schum. — Fl. Dan. t. 1844.
f. 2, a monstrous form.
133. A. clavipes Pers.— Pileus 4-5 cent. (i%-2. in.) and more
broad, sometimes of one colour, fuscous, fuliginous, cinereous-
livid, sometimes whitish round the margin, very rarely wholly
white, fleshy, slightly convex, soon plane, at length almost obconi-
cal, very obtuse, even, smooth, dry ; flesh lax, white, thin towards
the margin. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, conical, 12 mm. (% in.)
and more thick at the base, solid, internally spongy, somewhat
fibrillose, fuliginous-livid. Gills deeply decurrent, descettding in a
straight line, somewhat distant, flaccid, quite entire, broad, wholly
and persistently white, but varying yellow.
Of the same colour as A. nebularis, but most distinct in its nature.
Odour mild, pleasant. Substance wholly soft, elastic.
LEUCOSPORI. 7 1
In woods, chiefly spruce fir. Common. Aug.-Nov. Clitocybe.
Spores subellipsoid, uniguttate, 5-7x3-4 mk. K. ; 6x8 mk. W.G.S.
Name — clava, a club ; pes, a foot. Stem club-shaped. Pers. Syn. p. 353.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 100. Hym. Eur. p. 79. Icon. t. ^J.f~ I. «S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 84. C. Illust. PI. 80. Saund. &> Sm. t. 31. A. mollis Bolt. t. 40
(badly coloured). B. with yellow gills.
134. A. gangraenosus Fr. — Pileus whitish, occasionally green,
becoming livid, &c., fleshy, convexo-plane, obtuse, at the first white-
pulverulent, then naked, variegated or streaked. Stem solid,
spongy, somewhat bulbous, soft, striate, curved, sometimes ex-
centric. Gills somewhat decurrent, arcuate, crowded, dingy-
white.
Large ; stinking ; flesh becoming black or variegated with black.
In woods. Rare.
Name— -gangr&na, ulcer, gangrene. From its appearance. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 80. Smith. Jour. Bot. (1873), 355- Batt. t. 20. /. M.
135. A. inornatus Sow.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, some-
what livid, fleshy, plane or depressed, obtuse, even, smooth, with
a separable pellicle. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 12 mm. (}4 in.)
and more thick, solid, somewhat equal, smooth, firm, grey. Gills
adnate, plane, at length decurrent, crowded, grey.
Flesh grey or variegated grey. Odour almost that of A. campestris.
Among grass in woods. Rare.
The separable cuticle indicates A. grammopodius , but the gills are not in
the least arcuato-adnate. M.J.B. Spores pruniform 10 mk. Q. Name
— inortiatus, unadorned. Sow. t. 342. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 80. Illust. PI.
246. a. Berk. Out. p. 108. C. Hbk. n. 82. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 85.
136. A. hirneolus Fr.— Pileus scarcely 12 mm. (% in.) broad,
hoary, slightly fleshy, plano-convex, at length depressed in the
centre and umbilicate, very even, slightly shining, when fresh as
if slightly viscid, the cuticle as if with a glued silkiness, the invol-
ute margin very thin ; flesh white. Stem as much as 5 cent.
(2 in.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, slender, not cartilaginous
however, but elastic, internally flocculose-stuffed, equal, flexuous,
grey, smooth, white-pruinose at the apex. Gills somewhat decur-
rent, crowded, thin, rather broad, whitish-grey.
Gregarious, arid, tough, forming with A. (Trick.) calatus and A. (Clit.)
parilis a peculiar group, distinct in having the spores cinereous-whitish. Over-
looked or referred to Omphalia on account of its minuteness.
72 AGARICUS.
ciuocybe. Among moss. Coed Coch, 1877. Oct.
Spores 5x3 mk. W.P. Name — diminutive, hirnea, a jug. Shaped like a
small jug. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 103. Hym. Eur. p. 82. Icon. t. 48.7. 3. B. &=
Br. n. 1841. C. Illust. PL 246. Quel. Jur. t. 3. /. 2.
** Pileus violaceous, rufescent.
137. A. cyanophaeus Fr.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad,
becoming azure-blue-fuscous, compact, convex then plane, ob-
tuse, smooth. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick
at the base, attenuated upwards, robust, solid, smooth, becoming
azure-blue when young, abruptly white at the apex. Gills deeply
decurrent, crowded, violaceous, then becoming pale.
An elegant species, clearly distinct from A. nudus.
Var. Pengellei, minor, B. & Er. The abrupt white apex of the stem is very
remarkable. Cornwall. Name— after T. W. Pengelly. B. & Br.
Name — KVCWOS, blue ; <£aios, dusky. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 82. Var. Pengellei
B. 6* Br. n. 1993. C. Illust. PL 264. A. nudus Harz. t. 30. Gonn. dr3
Rab. t. ly./. i.
138. A. amarus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, rufes-
cent or becoming fuscous, then becoming pale, whitish, fleshy,
pliant, convex then flattened, obtuse, dry, at first fibrilloso-silky, then
becoming smooth, rivulose, margin at first involute, thin ; flesh
compact but not thick, white, Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 12
mm. (yz in.) thick, stuffed, tough, firm, equal, fibrillose when young,
becoming smooth when more full-grown, but more or less white-
tomentose at the base, white. Gills adnato-decurrent, crowded,
thin, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, quite entire, becoming pale white.
Odour peculiar, taste very bitter. A well-defined species, but deceitful on
account of the changeable colour of the pileus. It has been noticed rufous-
fuscous and whitish-fuscous, paler round the margin. The pileus is often
unequal and repand, unpolished under a lens.
In woody places. Holm Lacy, 1878, &c.
Spores 4 mk. W.P. Name — amarus, bitter. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 107. Hym.
Eur. p. 83. B. & Br. n. 1842. C. Illust. PL 134.
139. A. socialis Fr. — Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, pale-
yellowish with a reddish tinge, fleshy, convex then expanded,
acutely umbonate especially when young, even, smooth, dry ; flesh
moderately thin, white. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.)
or a little more thick, solid, fibrous, commonly ascending, smooth,
reddish, the rooting base hairy. Gills plano-decurrent, scarcely
crowded, becoming yellow.
LEUCOSPORI. 73
A very pretty species, densely gregarious, inodorous. The stem is sheathed- Clitocybe.
hairy at the base like Marasmius peronatus. Its greatest affinity is with A.
vernicosus, of which it is perhaps a variety.
Among fir-leaves. Downton, Hereford, 1876. Oct.
Name — socius, a companion. From its gregarious habit. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 83. Icon. t. 49.7. 2, descr. B. & Br. n. 1637. C. Illust. PI. 134. B.
*** Pileus becoming yellow.
140. A. amarella Pers. — Pileus pale-yellowish or pallid
fawn-colour, fleshy, plane, firm, somewhat umbonate, smooth.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, solid, compact,
tough, equal, white-villous at the base. Gills somewhat decur-
rent, crowded, pallid, somewhat shining, here and there dichoto-
mous.
Odour strong; taste very bitter. The gills are paler than the pileus, some-
what grey.
In woods. Coed Coch, 1876. Oct.
Smell that of prussic acid. B. & Br. Name— diminutive, amarus, bitter.
Bitterish. Pers. Myc. Eur. p. 99. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 84. B. 6* Br. n.
1683.
141. A. vernicosus Fr. — Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad,
shining pale-yellowish, fleshy, convex then flattened or piano-
depressed, obtuse, even, smooth, involute at the margin ; flesh
firm, whitish. Stem 2.5-4 cent. (i-i^ in.) long, about 6 mm. (3
lin.) thick, stuffed, firm, tough, equal, even, smooth, yellow. Gills
adnato-decurrent, equally attenuated behind, somewhat distant,
light yellow.
Odour none. It can only be compared with A. (Trich.} cerinus, but it is
very easily distinguished by its shining pileus, smooth stem, and especially
gills, which are truly decurrent (not sinuate), and not crowded. B. pileus
somewhat infundibuliform, and hence the gills deeply decurrent. A. flavidus
Sow. t. 366.
In fir wood. Rare.
Name — vernis, varnish. From its shining appearance. Fr. Monogr. i.
p. 105. Hym. Eur. p. 84. Icon. t. 50. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 108. C. Hbk.
n. 83. Illust. PL 765 after Sow.
142. A. venustissimus Fr.~ Pileus 2.5-5 cent- O-2 in-) broad,
splendid orange-reddish, but becoming pale, slightly fleshy, convex
then expanded, obtuse or somewhat umbilicate, becoming slightly
silky-even, sometimes even at the margin, sometimes (always when
larger) striate and remarkably crenate or toothed in a crisped
manner; flesh of the same colour. Stem 4 cent. (i% in.) long,
74 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed then hollow, equal, smooth, red-
dish, commonly white-villous at the base. Gills truly decurrent,
slightly distant, 3 mm. (i}4 lin.) broad, somewhat arcuate, glitter-
ing orange and reddish.
Odour none. The colours of the plant in its full vigour are so splendid and
intense, glittering between red and orange, that the art of painting cannot
produce a proper combination of colours to represent it. They become pale
when the plant is old and dry, and pass into light yellowish.
Among larch-leaves. Penicuik.
Name — venustus, beautiful. Most beautiful. Fr, Monogr. ii. /. 289. Hym.
Eur.p.%^. Icon. t. 50. f. 2. C. Illust. PL 265.
143. A. subalutaceus Batsch. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent- O-2 in-)
broad, becoming pale-tan, at length becoming pale, whitish, fleshy,
soft, tough, convex then flattened, obsoletely umbonate or de-
pressed, smooth. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (1-2 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3
lin.) thick, stuffed, internally spongy, elastic, equal or slightly
thickened and here and there curved-ascending at the base, naked,
becoming pale straw-colour. Gills adnate, then somewhat decur-
rent, distant, broad, simple, pallid.
Odour, like that of A. odorus, of anise, but weaker, sometimes obsolete. Its
stature is that of A. venustissimus, but firmer and with a longer stem.
Under holly. Oxton Exeter, 1875. Nov.
Smell like that of A . putidus and A. rancidus, peculiar. B. £r Br. Name
— sub, and aluta, soft leather dressed with alum. Somewhat of the colour of
tanned leather. Batsch f. 194. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 107. Hym. Eur. p. 85. B.
6s Br. n. 1509.
**** pneus green, becoming pale.
144. A. odorus Bull.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, greenish,
fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse or obsoletely umbonate, regu-
lar or repand, even, smooth, moist in rainy weather, the margin,
which is at first inflexed, pubescent ; flesh not thick, dingy white.
Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) and more long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick,
stuffed, rarely equal, sometimes shorter, firmer, and somewhat bul-
bous, sometimes longer and more slender (not thickened at the
base), flexuous, at first flocculoso-fibrillose, soon naked, commonly
white villous at the base. Gills adnato-decurrent, slightly distant,
broad (broader than the flesh of the pileus), quite entire, commonly
paler than the pileus.
Tough ; changeable in stature, varying in colour between pallid green and
•verdigris-grey, commonly of one colour, sometimes, however, the gills are white ;
otherwise very easily distinguished by its pleasant odour of anise, chiefly when
dried ; sometimes somewhat caespitose.
LEUCOSPORI. 75
In woods. Common. Aug.-Nov. Clitocybe.
Edible. Spores ellipsoid - sphaeroid, 6x5 mk. K.; 8x4 mk. B.; 6 mk.
W.G.S. Name — odorus, fragrant. Bull. t. 556. f. 3. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 106.
Hym. Eur. p. 85. Sverig. dtl. Sv. t. 85. Berk. Out. p. 108. C. Hbk. n.
84. Illust. PL 101. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 86. Sow. t. 42. Grev. t. 28. PL
Dan. t. 1611. Krombh. t. 67. /. 20-22.
145. A. Trogii Fr. — Pileus becoming cinereous white, fleshy,
compact, convex then expanded, obtuse, smooth, opaque. Stem
solid, firm, curt, thickened and villous at the base, white. Gills
somewhat decurrent, crowded, white.
Very fragrant. Certainly distinct from A. odor-its in its compact flesh and
robust stature.
In woods. Coed Coch, £c. Sept.
About the same size as A. odorus. Name — after Trog. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
85. TrogHelv.p. 14. B. & Br. n. 1846. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat.
1883, p. 29. C. Illust. PL 102.
146. A. rivulosus Pers.— Pileus at first inclining to flesh-colour,
becoming white when dry and older, sometimes becoming fuscous,
fleshy, somewhat thin, convexo-plane then depressed, never umbo-
nate ; when young moderately regular, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad,
at length 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) broad, repand, undulato-lobed,
sprinkled with very delicate and closely adpressed and evened,
at length truly rimoso-rivulose, whitish villous down; margin at
first involute, villous ; flesh compact, white. Stem 2.5-5 cent.
(1-2 in.) long, about 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, stuffed 'with a spongy
pith, at length also hollow, tough, elastic, equal, somewhat
fibrillose, becoming white. Gills obliquely acute behind, not
equally attenuated, adnate then somewhat decurrent, broad, some-
what crowded, flesh-colour then becoming white.
Odour pleasant, taste mild. Sometimes solitary, sometimes caespitose.
Changeable in colour and size. It can be properly recognised only in rainy
weather. When casspitose it is larger, with undulato-lobed pileus, &c., so
that it might be easily mistaken for var. difformis of A. cerussatus.
On lawn, among moss, &c. Coed Coch, &c. Oct.
Var. neptuneus Batsch, on dry mountain-pastures near the sea. Llandulas.
B. & Br. Name — rivus, a stream. From the rivulet-like streaks on the
pileus. Pers. Syn. p. 369. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 108. Hym. Eur. p. 86.
B. & Br. n. 1734. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 87. C. Illust. PL 200, upper fig.
Var. neptuneus (Batsch F. 118), B. 6° Br. n. 1994. C. Illust. PL 200,
lower fig.
***** Colour white, shining whitish.
147. A. cerussatus Fr. Wholly white.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) broad, fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse or gibbous,
76 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. even, smooth, but at the first floccoso-fibrillose, the involute margin
villous; flesh soft, white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, solid,
fleshy-fibrous, elastic, thickened and more or less white-tomentose
at the base, naked upwards, even. Gills adnate, then slightly
decurrent, very crowded, thin, quite entire, narrow, never becom-
ing yellow.
Inodorous, taste mild. Often growing in troops. It differs from A. (Trick.}
albus in the gills never becoming yellow. Compare Bull. t. 118, different
from Hygrophorus eburneus in the crowded, very thin gills, and smooth stem.
In mixed or fir woods. Frequent. April-Oct.
Not umbonate as -4. o^zraj. M.J.B. Spores 3 mk. W.G.S. Probably
edible. Name — cerussa, white-lead. Fr. Monogr. -\. p. 108. Hym. Eur. p.
86. Berk. Out. p. 108. B. & Br. n. 670. C. Hbk. n. 85. Illust. PL 121.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 88. Fl. Dan. t. 1796.
* A. difformis Schum. Casspitose, often gigantic ; pileus
undulato-lobed ; stem curt, sulcate or longitudinally wrinkled ;
gills at length pallid.
It varies with the pileus at first sprinkled with flocci, 5-17.5 cent. (2-7 in.)
broad in the same cluster, the stem of the larger specimens 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick and long. On rich ground. Spores 4x3 mk. B. Schum. p. 335. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 86. Monogr. i. p. 109. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1885,
p. 21. Sterb. t. 16.
148. A. phyllophilus Fr.— Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad,
tan then becoming pale white (of the same colour when moist and
dry), fleshy, convex then piano-depressed, obtuse, but never truly
infundibuliform, often excentric and repand, without striae,
sprinkled with very thin silky superficial villous down, and silky
towards the margin. Stem about 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
elastic, externally fibrous, internally stuffed with a spongy pith
and hollow when this disappears, always tough, incurved (but not
bulbous) and villous at the base, white. Gills adnate, slightly
decurrent, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, scarcely crowded, at first
white, then becoming pale, almost tan-white.
Tough, by no means hygrophanous, odour scarcely remarkable. The stature
like that of A. pithyophilus, &c., varies exceedingly, sometimes small and
solitary, sometimes large and caespitose. Stem sometimes straight, sometimes
decumbent, sometimes smooth upwards.
In woods among leaves, chiefly beech. Common. Sept.-Oct.
Distinguished from A. cerussatus by its umbilicate pileus, and the gills
changing at length to yellow. M.J.B. Spores 6x3 mk. W. G.S. ; 4-8 x 3-5.
mk. B. Name — ^vAAov, a leaf ; >t'Ao5, loving. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 109. Hym.
Eur. p. 87. Berk. Out. p. 109. C. Hbk. n. 86. Illust. PI. 81. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 89. Fl. Dan. t. 1847.
LEUCOSPORI. 77
149. A. pithyophilus Seer.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, ciitocybe.
dead-white when moist, shining whitish when dry, fleshy but
thin, rather plane, umbilicate, at length irregularly shaped, repand
and undulato-lobed, even, smooth, flaccid, the margin slightly
striate when old. Stem somewhat hollow, rounded then com-
pressed, equal, even, smooth, obsoletely or scarcely pruinose at
the apex, white tomentose at the (not bulbous) base. Gills adnate,
somewhat decurrent, very crowded, plane, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
broad, distinct, quite entire, white.
Odour not remarkable, but pleasant. Gregarious, somewhat casspitose ;
•white indeed, but when moist watery and somewhat hygrophanous, in which it
evidently differs from A. phyllophilus. A. tuba, which appears in the same
places, is very like it.
In fir woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Spores 6~7X4mk. B, Name — TTITU?, pine; >i'Aos, loving. Seer. n. ion.
Fr. Monogr. \. p. no. Hym. Eur. p. 87. B. & Br. n. 1107. C. Hbk. n. 87.
Illust. PI. 103. a. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 90.
150. A. tornatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (*-2 in-) broad, wholly
white, fleshy at the disc, otherwise thin, convex then becoming plane
at length depressed round the gibbous disc, absolutely dry, properly
smooth, but somewhat silky with a glued film, and at length
delicately rimoso-rivulose ; flesh white. Stem 4 .cent, (i^ in.)
long, 3-4 mm. (i^-2 lin-) thick, stuffed,, tough and fibrous, equal
or attenuated downwards, round, smooth but unpolished, white,
the base pubescent. Gills horizontal, wholly adnate with only a
small decurrent tooth, plane, very crowded, 2 mm. (i lin.) a little
more broad.
Inodorous. It can be easily recognised among neighbouring species by its
small stature, and by its being remarkably regular with a. circinate pileus. The
pileus is here and there darker on the disc. The glued film on the pileus is
like that of A. rivulosus, to which it is allied, but from which it differs in its
thinness, its regular form, its pure white unchangeable colour, and its more
crowded gills. B. smaller, pileus smooth, gills somewhat crowded.
Among grass beside decayed elm-stumps. North Kilworth,
1870, £c. Oct.
Name — torno, to turn in a lathe. Regular as if turned. Fr. Monogr. i.
/.no. Hym. Eur. p. 87. Icon. t. 41. /. i. B. & Br. n. 1200. C. Illust.
PL 103.
151. A. candicans Pers. Wholly white.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, dead white when moist, shining whitish when dry, slightly
fleshy, convex then plane and depressed, umbilicate, sometimes
regular, sometimes a little excentric, even, shining with a super-
ficial-adpressed silky film. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 2-4
mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, cartilaginous-waxy, polished, somewhat
7 8 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. flstulose, equal, even, smooth, shining, incurved rooting and villous
at the base. Gills at first adnate, then decurrent, crowded, very
thin, narrow, straight, almost linear.
The silky film on the pileus is like that of neighbouring species. Slightly
tough, approaching Omphalice in the nature of the stem. In fir woods there
is a remarkable form: pileus plane, not umbilicate, naked (without silky
villous down) ; stem thinner, flexuous, smooth at the base ; gills scarcely
decurrent.
In woods among leaves. Common. July-Nov.
Spores 4-6x4 mk. B. Name — candico, to be shining white. Pers. Syn.
p. 456. Fr. Monogr. i. p. in. Hym. Eur. p. 88. Icon. t. 51. /. 3. Berk.
Out. p. 109. C. Hbk. n. 88. Illust. PI. 82. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 91.
Saund. 6s Sm. t. 39.7. i. Bull. t. 575.7. E.
152. A. dealbatus Sow. — Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) or a
little more broad, white, slightly fleshy, tough, convex then plane
and at length revolute and undulated, always dry (not watery in
rainy weather), even, smooth, somewhat shining, but as if innately-
pruinose under a lens; flesh thin, arid, white. Stein 2.5 cent,
(i in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, stuffed, wholly fibrous, at length
also fistulose, equal, but often ascending, whitish, mealy at the
apex. Gills adnate, scarcely decurrent, thin, crowded, white.
Pileus sometimes orbicular, sometimes very repand. Odour weak, pleasant,
but not very remarkable. Most distinct from A. candicans in the nature of
the stem.
In woods and pastures. Common. July-Oct.
Edible. Its top is exceedingly like ivory. Its charming flavour is exceed-
ed by very few other fungi. Spores 4x2 mk. W.G.S. Name — dealbo, to
whitewash. Sow. t. 123. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 112. Hym. Eur. p. 88. Berk.
Out. p. 109. C. Hbk. n. 89. Illust. PL 104. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 92. Hogg
& Johnst. t. 10. Var. minor, C. Illust. PL 173.
153. A. gallinaceus Scop. Dingy white. — Pileus 1-2.5 cent.
0£-i in.) broad, slightly fleshy, convex then plane, not depressed,
obtuse, unequal, dry, opaque, sprinkled with pruinaj flesh white,
compact, though thin. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, solid, by
no means cartilaginous, equal, ascending or flexuous, excentric,
at the first flocculose-pruinose, always opaque and white. Gills
adnato-decurrent, thin, crowded, plane.
Growing in troops. Its stature is almost that of A. dealbatus, but smaller,
opaque, dingy white with a somewhat acrid taste. The pileus is not revolute,
rather plane and always very obtuse.
In woods and pastures. Common. Autumn.
Distinguished from A. dealbatus by its opaque pileus and strong fungoid
smell. M.J.B. Name — gallina, a hen. Meaning not apparent. Scop.
Cam. p. 433. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 112. Hym. Eur. p. 88. Berk. Out. p. 109.
C. Hbk. n. 90. Illust. PL 174. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 93. Hussey i. /. 39.
LEUCOSPORI. 79
II.— DlFFORMES. Clitocybe.
154. A. decastes Fr. — Pileus of one colour, mouse or livid
when moist, almost, tan when dry, fleshy at the disc, otherwise
very thin, fragile, when flattened as broad as the palm of the
hand, gibbous or obtuse, even, smooth (not streaked); margin
wholly membranaceous, at the first shortly incurved, then ex-
panded, very much undulated and lobed ; flesh composed of two
easily scissile membranes, fragile, white. Stems solid, but soft,
externally and internally wholly fibrous, splitting up (not some-
what cartilaginous), united at the base, commonly attenuated or
curved-ascending, often compressed, smooth, commonly naked,
more rarely pruinose at the apex, each 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long,
2.5-4 cent. (1-1% in.) thick, wholly white. Gills adnato-decur-
rent, or rounded, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.), broad, attenuated towards the
margin, sometimes somewhat crowded, sometimes slightly distant,
often undulated, and as if crenulated at the edge.
The disc is more compact only from the apex of the stem. Spores plentiful,
white, making the clusters mealy as in A. melleus. Odour not remarkable.
Very variable in size, very much infested by larvae, hence it becomes fragile.
The gills are rounded on one side as in the Tricholomata, not arcuate. In
oak and beech woods forming smaller clusters, about 10 stems joined together;
on naked soil however, in gardens and walks through plantations, forming
huge clusters a foot in diameter.
On sawdust. Coed Coch.
Agreeing closely with the figure of Fries in the ' Icones ' ; but we are doubt-
ful whether what we find is not an advanced stage of A. cryptarum. B. & Br.
Name— Se»eas, a decade, company of ten. From the stems being united in
bundles of about ten. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 116. Hym. Eur. p. 90. Icon. t. 52.
B. &> Br. n. 1845.
155. A. aggregatus Schseff.— Pileus 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.)
broad, grey-livid then rufescent, fleshy, convex then expanded, at
the first umbonate, then depressed, often excentric, somewhat silky-
streaked. Stem commonly 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, stuffed, fibrous-
fleshy, thickened upwards, white rufescent, curved, compressed.
Gills unequally decurrent, crowded, thin, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad,
flesh colour then becoming light yellow.
Very irregular. Stem very variable, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter ;
many united at the base, forming often very large and lax clusters. Spores
dingy white, sprinkled upon pilei which are near to each other, as in A. decas-
tes. Strong smelling. According to Secretan the pileus is marked with darker
spots. Easily distinguished from A. decastes, &c. by the flaccid, often excentric
pileus, by the somewhat fibrillose stem, and by the gills being flesh colour to
light yellow. If it did not always grow on the ground, it might be easily referred
to Pleuroti ; its habit is almost that of A. ostreatus. It occurs smaller with
dingy gills.
So AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. On sawdust. Coed Coch, 1878. July-Oct.
Name — ad, and grego, to gather into a flock. Clustered. Schceff. t. 305,
306. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 117. Hym. Eur. p. 90. B. & Br. n. 1735. C. lllust.
PI. 182.
156. A. elixus Sow. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, fulig-
inous when moist, then becoming pale with a somewhat silky
habit, fleshy at the disc, otherwise thin, convex then flattened or de-
• pressed, umbonate, undulato-repand, becoming even but delicately
streaked; flesh dingy white. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, about 12
mm. (}4 in.) thick, solid, firm, somewhat equal, even, fuliginous-
whitish, velvety at the apex. Gills everywhere truly but unequally
decurrent, distant, connected by veins, 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, quater-
nate, pure white.
Gills almost obconical-decurrent. The only one of this group which is not
casspitose. The habit is that of Hygrophorus caprinus, but it is certainly dis-
tinct in the gills being thin, and in no wise at length waxy-soft.
In woods. Frequent. Oct.
Very bibulous, flesh soft. M.J.B. Name — elixus, soaked. From its
sodden appearance. Sow. t. 172. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 114. Hym. Eur. p. 91.
Berk. Out. p. 109. C. Hbk. n. 91. lllust. PI. 280. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 94.
157. A. fumosus, Pers.— Pileus 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad,
becoming fuliginous-fuscous, soon livid, or grey when dry, truly
fleshy at the disc, thin towards the margin, convex then plane,
obtuse, or gibbous only when young, sometimes circinate and
regular, sometimes flexuous-undulated, even, smooth, somewhat
hygrophanous ; flesh hyaline when moist, whitish when dry.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-12 mm. (2-6 lin.) thick, solid or
stuffed, fibrous-fleshy, somewhat equal, but often twisted or
curved, smooth, dingy white, more or less white-mealy at the apex.
Gills in regular specimens adnate, in irregular ones in one place
decurrent and in another rounded, crowded, distinct, at the very
first grey -white.
Odour none. Gregarious, somewhat caespitose, tough, somewhat cartila-
ginous. The colour of the pileus varies more or less dark ; pellicle adnate.
Easily distinguished from A. elixus, &c., by its obtuse pileus, which is often
regular, but never streaked.
In woods. Uncommon. Oct.
Spores 6 mk. W.G.S. The densely caespitose form was formerly regarded
as a variety, polius ; it is figured by Saunders & Smith t. 13. Fries has
separated A. polius as a distinct species ; it is figured in Icones t. 48. /. i.
Berkeley now regards what was formerly called var. polius as merely a csespi-
tose state of A. fumosus. A. polius Fr. Icon. t. 48. f. T. is an entirely different
plant. Name — fumus, smoke. From its smoky colour. Pers. Syn. 348.
LEUCOSPORI. 8 1
Fr. Monogr. \. p. 115 (named A. nebularis by mistake). Hym. Eur. p. 91. Clitocyhe.
Icon. t. 54. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 107. C. Hbk. n. 92. Illust. PL 175. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 95.
158. A. tumulosus Kalchbr. — Pileus umber, becoming pale,
fleshy, conical then expanded, umbonate, even, smooth. Stem
solid, floccoso-pruinose, pallid. Gills slightly emarginate and
decurrent, crowded, white then becoming cinereous.
Caespitose. The type of the Difformes.
In woods. Hereford, 1871. Sept.
Spores 6-7x4 mk. B. Name — tumulus, a mound. From the heaps
formed by its mode of growth. Kalchbr. Fung. Hung. p. 13. t. 5. Fr. Hym.
Eur. p. 91. C. Illust. PL 105.
159. A. cryptarum Letell.— Pilei brown, spotted, somewhat
conical, depresso-flocculent. Stems narrowly fistulose, more or
less compressed, attenuated upwards, streaked, somewhat striate,
white. Gills somewhat decurrent, arcuate, narrow, white.
Densely caespitose.
On sawdust. Coed Coch. Oct.
Habit that of A. tumulosus. Pilei varying much in size, according to the
denseness of the clusters. Inodorous, insipid ; stem mottled within. B. & Br.
Name — crypta, a vault, cellar. Probably first found in a cellar. Letell. —
B. & Br. n. 1844.
160. A. opacus With. White.— Pileus fleshy, convex, expanded,
umbonate, repand, even, covered over with jloccose lustre. Stem
stuffed, somewhat fibrillose, unequal, flexuous. Gills adnato-
decurrent, very crowded, white.
Sometimes connato-casspitose, sometimes single. Very much allied to A.
cerussatus.
In woods. Autumn.
Remarkable for the silvery glair with which it is clothed, which sometimes
admits of being rubbed off. M.J.B. Name — opacus, opaque. With. —
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 93. Berk. Out. p. no. C. Hbk. n. 93. Illust. PI. 176.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 96. Sow. t. 142.
III. INFUNDIBULIFORMES.
* Pileus coloured or becoming pale, &c.
161. A. maximus Fl. Wett.— Pileus as much as 30 cent, (i ft.)
broad, becoming pale-tan or whitish,_/&^_y, compact at the disc,
otherwise thin, somewhat flaccid (not fissile), broadly infundibuli-
form, gibbous with a central umbo, always very dry, the surface
82 AGARICUS.
ciitocybe becoming silky-even or squamulose ; margin involute, pubescent,
always even; flesh white, at length soft. Stem as much as 10 cent.
(4 in.) long, 2.5 cent, (i in.) thick, solid, compact, but internally
spongy, elastic, attenuated upwards, fibrilloso-striate, whitish. Gills
deeply decurrent, pointed at both ends, somewhat crowded, soft,
simple, whitish, not changeable.
The pileus is always very dry because the surface absorbs moisture. Odour
weak, pleasant, almost that of A, infundibuliformis. On account of its gigan-
tic stature and colour, it has often been interchanged with A. giganteus Sow. ;
it is in no wise, however, allied to that species, but is so closely allied to A.
infundibuliformis that it might be taken for a very luxuriant form of it.
In grassy places, banks of hedges, &c. Frequent. July-Oct.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 4-6x3-41^. K.; 5x3 mk. W.G.S.; 8x4 ink.
B. Name — magnus, large. The largest of the section. Fl. Wett. p. 329.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 119. Hym. Eur. p. 93. B. & Br. n, 1337. S. My col. Scot,
n. 97. C. Illust. PI. 135. Buxb. Cent. 4. t. i. A. giganteus Leys. & Auct.
A. giganteus Sow. is a true Paxillus.
162. A. infundibuliformis Schasff.— Pileus about 7.5 cent. (3
in.) broad, flesh-colour then becoming pale tan, fleshy at the disc,
otherwise thin, when young moderately firm, convexo-depressed,
gibbous with an umbo, involute at the margin ; when fuller grown
softer, flaccid, wholly infundibuliform, on closer inspection silky
on the surface, hence bibulous, never moist ; flesh soft, white.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) thick, spongy-
stuffed, externally firm, elastic, conico-attenuated, more rarely equal,
pallid, white-tomentose at the base. Gills very decurrent, some-
what crowded, very much pointed at each end, soft, shining white.
Stem often eroded by larvae and hollow. Odour, especially when damp,
weak but pleasant. The pileus varies in colour, passing from rufescent into
tan and white, but not white at the first.
In woods and grassy places. Common. July-Nov.
Spores 5-6x3-4 mk. B. Namz—infundibulum, a funnel ; forma, form.
Funnel-shaped. Schceff. t. 212. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 119. Hym. Eur. p. 93.
Berk. Out. p. no. t. 5-/. 2. C. Hbk. n. 96. Illust. PI. 107. S. My col. Scot.
n. 98.
* A. membranaceus Fr. differs in all its parts being thinner, in its equal
stem, in the pikus being -without an umbo, and in its brighter colour. Earlier
than the typical A. infundibuliformis.
In fir woods and grassy places. Rare. Spores 7 mk. W.G.S. Name —
membrana, a thin skin. From its structure. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 120. Hym. Eur.
p. 94. C. Hbk. n. 96. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 98. Fl. Dan. t. 1012. Saund. 6*
Sm. t. 39. /. 3, 4. Paul. t. 66. f. i.
163. A. trullseformis Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, fuscous-
cinereous, unchangeable, fleshy, infundibuliform, the margin flat-
tened, always sfo^s^flocculoso-villous and hence always dry ; flesh
LEUCOSPORI. 83
equal, snow-white. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, spongy-stuffed, Clitocybe.
firm, elastic, attenuated upwards, fibrilloso-striate, cinereous, vil-
lous downwards. Gills truly decurrent, distant, connected by
veins, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, shining white.
Odour not remarkable. Approaching A. cyathiformis in the colour of the
pileus and stem, but very different in the snow-white flesh and in the colour
being by no means hygrophanous. The figure of Kalchbrenner (t. 6. /. i)
differs in its smaller stature, in the fistulose stem and plane pileus being much
thinner, and in the adnate gills.
On the border of fir wood. Coed Coch. Oct.
Spores ovoid-pruniform, finally punctate 6 mk. Q. Name — trulla a ladle,
basin ; forma, form. Basin-shaped. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 121. Hym. Eur. p.
94. B. & Br. n. 1108. C. Hbk. n. 97.
164. A. incilis Fr. — Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad,
ruddy -brick-red, fleshy, plano-umbilicate, then infundibuliform,
even, silky-flocculose, but when young appearing smooth, obtuse,
the inflexed margin crenate. Stem curt, 12 mm. (^ in.) rarely
more long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, or broader when compressed,
hollow, fibrous, tough, unequal, commonly attenuated down-
wards, brick colour, at first covered over with a very delicate_/?^-
culose pruina which is easily rubbed off. Gills more or less decur-
rent, arcuate, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, distant, reticulated with
veins or distinct, white, then becoming pale, but not yellow.
A changeable species. Odour sometimes mealy, sometimes obsolete. Not
moist and not at all hygrophanous. Abnormal in this series. There is a
smaller variety with the stem somewhat stuffed, becoming pallid fuscous-brick
colour, and the pileus irregular, eccentric, somewhat silky, becoming fuscous-
tan, becoming pale, the spreading margin undulato-crisped.
In woods. King's Lynn.
Name — incilis, cut in, incised. From the crenate pileus. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
121. Hym. Eur. p. 94. B. dr1 Br. n. 1929. C. Illust. PL 281. a.
165. A. parilis Fr.— Pileus 18 mm. (% in.) broad, fuscous then
grey-whitish, but not hygrophanous, slightly fleshy, plane, de-
pressed at the disc, atomate or flocculose at the disc, without
striae; margin deflexed, involute. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 2
mm. (i lin.) thick, stuffed, tough, equal, even, smooth, naked, be-
coming ftiscous- grey. Gills deeply decurrent, very crowded, nar-
row, whitish-grey.
Abnormal in this series. Allied to A. (Trick. ) ccelatus and A. (Clit.) hirneo-
lus. Its habit is that of Omphalice, but the stem is by no means cartilaginous.
By the sides of plantations. Coed Coch.
Spores ovoid, spotted, 7 mk. Q. Name—farilis, equal, perhaps symmetri-
cal. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 122. Hym. Eur. p. 95. Icon. t. 48. /. 6. B. & Br. n.
1202.
84 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. ** Pileus coloured or pallid, &c.
166. A. gilvus Pers. — Pileus 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) broad, pale-
yellowish, fleshy, compact, convex then depressed, very obtuse, even,
smooth, dampish when fresh, polished and shining when dry,
here and there spotted as with drops, the margin remaining long
involute ; flesh compact, not laxly floccose, but at length fragile,
somewhat of the same colour as the pileus. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (I-2
in.) and more long, 12 mm. (% in.) and more thick, solid, fleshy,
stout, not elastic, somewhat equal, smooth, paler than the pileus,
villous at the base. Gills decurrent, thin, very much crowded,
often branched, arcuate, narrow, pallid then ochraceous.
Odour not remarkable. The stem has been noticed at length also hollow,
perhaps eroded by larvae. It corresponds with the Paxilli. The primary
form, which is very different from all the rest, is curt, obese, robust, scarcely
ever infundibuliform. B. protracta (lengthened out), externally and internally
pallid-ochraceous, pileus somewhat thin, very broad (10-20 cent., 4-8 in.) and
infundibuliform, the somewhat thin stem elongated, 10 cent. (4 in. )
In woods. West Farleigh, Kent. 1874.
Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, 4-5x5 mk. K, Name— gilvus, pale yellow
with a slight tinge of brown. Pers. Syn. p. 448, partly. Fr. Monogr. p. 122.
Hym. Eur.p. 95. B. & Br. n. 1508. FL Dan. t. ion. C. Illust. PL 136.
167. A. subinvolutus Batsch.— Pileus brick-colour, convex,
depressed, smooth, margin closely involute ; flesh pallid. Stem
paler, stout, straight, somewhat equal, veined on the lower part
with oblique coalescing slightly elevated wrinkles, tomentose and
inclining to flesh-colour above towards the gills, base obtuse.
Gills decurrent, rather broad, of the same colour as the pileus.
The stem is rough on the surface and destitute of lustre. It resembles A.
involutus (Paxillus involutus) in size and habit, in the crenate and involute
margin of the pileus, and in the stem being obsoletely veined at the base and
tomentose towards the gills.
Under Scotch fir. Laxton Park, Norths. Oct.
Name. From its likeness to A. involutus, with which Batsch compares it.
Batsch t. 204. B. &> Br. n. 1508*. C. Illust. PL 108.
168. A. spinulosus Stev. & Sm.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 in-)
broad, creamy flesh-colour, fleshy, convex then plane or depressed,
gibbous or umbonate, leathery, smooth, edge even and incurved ;
flesh white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, solid or stuffed,
attenuated from the thickened base, fibrillose, whitish, zoned with
crowded spots of the same colour as the pileus. Gills deeply
decurrent, single, rather crowded, white then light-yellow.
Odour sweet and pleasant. Growing in large patches, singly or two or
three together.
LEUCOSPORI. 85
Among grass by wayside. Greenings, 1868. Nov. ciitocybe.
The spinulose spores mark this as a distinct species. It differs in habit
from A. geotropus, which has even spores. Saunders and Smith figured the
plant as A. subinvolutus Batsch, which Fries at first regarded as a variety of
A. geotropus. In ' Hym. Eur.' Fries records it as a distinct species, and refers
to the figure of Batsch as doubtful. Berkeley having found the true plant of
Batsch, it becomes necessary to change the name of Smith's plant. Spores
spinulose, 9 mk. W.G.S. Name — from the spinulose spores. Stev. — Saund.
&> Sm. t. 36. A. subinvolutus Saund. & Sm., Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 96. A.
geotropus var. subinvolutus, C. Illust. PL 177.
169. A. geotropus Bull.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 in.) broad,
tan-flesh-colour, truly fleshy, convex then piano-depressed, com-
monly gibbous, even, very smooth, moist in rainy weather, when
young spotted as with drops, the spots commonly vanishing with
age; margin thin, pubescent, inflexed ; flesh white. Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, solid, fleshy, not elastic, slightly attenuated
upwards, somewhat flbrillose, white, becoming yellow. Gills
deeply decurrent, simple, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, somewhat
crowded, white, but becoming pale.
Corresponding with A. maximus, but firmer, smooth, and more changeable
in colour. The pileus is thinner and the gills are less crowded than in A.
gilvus, &c. It varies with the stem curt.
In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Spores 5-7 mk. W.G.S. Name— y^, the earth ; rpe™, to turn. From the
turned-down margin. Bull. t. 573. /. 2. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 123. Hym. Eur.
p. 96. Berk. Out. p. no. C. Hbk. n. 98. Illust. PL 83. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 99. Hussey i. t. 66. Harz. t. 75. Letell. t. 670. Paul. t. 112.
A. pileolarius Sow. t. 61. Grev. t. 41.
170. A. splendens Pers.— Pileus 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad, pale-
yellowish becoming yellow, somewhat fleshy, thin especially round
the shortly reflexed margin, piano- depressed, at length infun-
dibuliform, even, smooth, shining. Stem 4-5 cent. (iX~2 in-)
long, 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.) thick, solid, sometimes equal and
straight, sometimes attenuated from the base, ascending, even,
smooth, of the same colour as the pileus. Gills deeply decurrent,
thin, crowded, simple, white but becoming light-yellow when old.
It varies with the pileus excentric, and in larger specimens with the margin
repand. Pileus not flaccid, much thinner than that of A. gilvus. Gills less
crowded. Flesh white. Intermediate between A. gilvus and A. flaccidus.
Commonly single, not caespitose like A . inversus and A . flaccidus.
In woods among dead leaves. Reading, 1874, £c. Sept.
Name — splendens, shining. Pers. Syn. p. 452. Hym. Eur. p. 96. Icon. t.
55./. i. B. dr3 Br. n. 1510. C. Illust. PL 109.
171. A. inversus Scop.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
86 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. brick colour or liver-rufescent,^?^/^, somewhat fragile, in no wise
flaccid, convexo-plane, obtuse, then infundibuliform and undulated,
even, very smooth, moist when fresh, but never guttate, sloping
towards the margin, varying excentric ; flesh not thick but com-
pact, somewhat of the same colour as the pileus. Stem sometimes
stuffed, commonly hollow, hence compressed, externally with a
slightly rigid outer coat, not elastic, without a bulb, smooth,
whitish, somewhat rooted and- white-villous at the base. Gills
truly decurrent, scarcely 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad, crowded, simple,
whitish, but then of the same colour as the pileus at the edge.
Odour peculiar, slightly acid. It corresponds with A. infundibuliformis
Schaeff., and like it presents two forms — one, which is at the first gibbous, being
the rarer ; the other, which is destitute of an umbo, being the more frequent
and nearest to A. splendens. It differs from A. gilvus in its entire nature.
The primary form is regular, solitary, with the stem attenuated upwards, and
of the same colour as the pileus. More frequently it is somewhat ctespitose,
with the stems curved and compressed, and the pileus very obtuse, unequal,
and somewhat repand. A. lobatus Sow. is a luxuriant condition of this ; stem
thickened upwards, pileus somewhat date-brown and undulato-lobed.
In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
When dry the pileus has a very smooth oiled appearance. Spores 3 mk.
W.G.S. Na.me—tnverto. Inverted. Scop. Cam. p. 445. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
124. Hym. Eur. p. 97. Berk. Out. p. in. C. Hbk. n. 99. Illust. PL 84.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 100. Schceff. t. 65. A. infundibuliformis Bull. t. 553. A.
lobatus Sow. t. 186.
172. A. flaccidus Sow.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
tawny-ferruginous, shining, not becoming pale, slightly fleshy,
tough, orbicular, flaccid (especially when dry), at the first umbili-
cate, always without an umbo, then infundibuliform, the spreading
border slightly convex, smooth, even, rarely rimuloso-squamulose ;
flesh thin, pallid, somewhat fragile when fresh, flaccid however
when dry. Stem curt, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, thin, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick, somewhat hollow, elastic, tough, somewhat equal,
polished, naked, rubiginous-ferruginous, thickened and villous at
the base. Gills deeply, almost obconico-decurrent, remarkably
arcuate, very crowded, narrow, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) broad,
simple, whitish then becoming yellow.
Gregarious, forming rings, the stems often growing together under the soil,
but also solitary, regular. The gills become yellow sometimes wholly, some-
times only at the edge. Allied to A. inversus.
In woods. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Spores 4 mk. W.G.S.; 4-5x3-4 mk. B. Name—facczdus, flaccid, limp.
Sow. t. 185. Monogr. \. p. 124. Hym. Eur. p. 97. Berk. Out. p. in. C.
Hbk. n. 100. Illust. PL 123. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 101. FL Batav. t. 1044.
Van lobatus Sow. C. Illust. PL 137.
LEUCOSPORI. 87
173. A. vennicularis Fr.— Pileus beautiful flesh-colour then ciitocybe.
tan-flesh-colour, fleshy, thin, umbilicato-convex then reflexed, in-
fundibuliform, undulato-lobed, even, smooth. Stem 5 cent. (2
in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, at length (soon) com-
pressed, smooth, shining, white, not elastic, fragile rather. Gills
shortly decurrent, very crowded, thin, white.
Gregarious, inodorous, somewhat fragile, moist in rainy weather, slightly
' inous.
In fir wood. Forres, 1883. Sept.
Name -^vermis, a worm. From the peculiar fleshy colour. Fr. Monogr. \.
p. 125. Hym. Eur. p. 98. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1885, p. 21.
174. A. senilis Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad,
dingy-tan, fleshy-membranaceous, flaccid, the disc depressed when
young, soon infundibuliform, smooth, concentrically full of scars,
margin spreading (not reflexed). Stem 4-5 cent. (i>£-2 in.) long,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, solid, equal, often ascending, smooth,
whitish, naked at the base. Gills deeply decurrent in a straight
line, linear, narrow, very crowded, at first whitish, then of the
same colour as the pileus.
The colour is not easily described, of a dingy fuscous tan. Gregarious,
inodorous. It approaches A. flaccidus, though not in colour.
On lawn. Coed Coch, 1880. Autumn.
Spores 7x3 mk. W.P. Name — senilis, pertaining to age. From the scars
on the pileus. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 98. Icon. t. $6.f. i. B. & Br. n. 1847.
C. Illust. PL no.
*** Pileus shining whitish, &c.
175. A. catinus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, at first white,
in no wise hygrophanous, then passing into pale flesh-colour during
rain, and into tan-colour in dry weather, fleshy, moderately thin,
plane then infundibuliform, always obtuse, even, smooth; flesh
i\\\n, flaccid, white. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 12 mm. ()4 in.)
thick, stuffed, internally spongy, elastic, tough, thickened and
tomentose at the base. Gills decurrent, straight, descending not
horizontal, broad, not much crowded, persistently white.
The gills are broader than those of neighbouring species. The stem has
occurred equal. Allied to A. flaccidus, and very much allied to A. infundi-
buliformis ; it is strongly scented with the pleasant odour of the latter, but is
singular in the colour being primarily wholly white, then flesh-colour during
rain, not becoming pale. For this reason it is analogous with A.phyllophilus,
which, however, is easily distinguished by its pileus never being infundibuliform,
by its thin stem, by its adnate gills, and by being inodorous.
88 AGARICUS.
ciitocybe. Among dead leaves. Ludlow, 1881. Autumn.
Name — catinus, a bowl. From its shape. Fr. Monogr, i. p. 126. Hym-
Eur. p. 99. Icon. t. 51. / 4. C. Illust, PL in. Compare Bull. t. 286.
176. A. tuba Fr. Wholly white.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
broad, fleshy, thin, convexo-plane, umbilicate, even, always with-
out striae at the margin, dead white when moist, shining whitish
when dry (somewhat hygrophanous), properly smooth, but at the
first sprinkled with a very thin, slightly silky, easily separating
film. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, stuffed
then hollow, at length compressed, very tough, equal, naked up-
wards, not pruinate. Gills deeply and truly decurrent, horizontal,
very crowded, 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, white becoming pale.
Gregarious, inodorous. Allied to Cyathiformes from the somewhat hygro-
phanous pileus. Nearest to A. pithyophilus, but easily distinguished by the
form of the pileus (umbilicate) and by the gills being deeply and attenuato-
decurrent.
On dead leaves, &c. Coed Coch, 1878, &c. Autumn.
Name — tuba, a trumpet. From its shape. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 127. Hym.
Eur. p. 99. Icon. t. 51. / 2. B. & Br. n. 1736. C. Illust. PI. 112. Paul.
t. 65. f. 2-5 (base naked, but also and commonly villous).
177. A. ericetorum Bull. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (I~2 m>) broad,
white, fleshy, globose then plane or concave, somewhat turbinate,
obtuse, often excentric and when irregular somewhat repand,
smooth, shining. Stem scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 4-6 mm.
(2-3 lin.) thick, solid, but floccoso-soft internally, evidently atten-
uated downwards, sometimes compressed, tough, naked, smooth,
white. Gills rather shortly decurrent, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad,
somewhat distant, connected by veins at the base, persistently
white.
So like Hygrophorus niveus that it is difficult to distinguish between the figures
of the two species, but the structure is very different ; for A. ericetorum is arid,
soft, elastic, with a pleasant odour — in short nearest to A. infundibuliformis.
Among short grass. Coed Coch, 1872, &c. Sept.-Nov.
Nzme—ericetum, a heath. Bull. t. 551. / i. D—F. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 127.
Hym. Eur. p. 99. B. fr3 Br. n. 1338. C. Illust. PL 138.
SERIES B.
IV.— CYATHIFORMES.
178. A. cyathifonnis Fr.— Pileus 4-7.5 cent. (iX~3 in-) broad,
black-umber, &c., slightly fleshy, piano-depressed when young,
LEUCOSPORI. 89
then infundibuliform, even, smooth, hygrophanous, somewhat ciltocybe.
shining when moist, becoming pale and opaque when dry, undu-
lated when luxuriant ; flesh scissile, watery, somewhat of the same
colour as the pileus ; the margin remaining long involute. Stem
5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, spongy-stuffed,
elastic, at length also hollow, attenuated upwards, fuscous^rz'/-
lose, somewhat reticulated, of the same colour as the pileus or a
little paler, naked (not pruinose) at the apex, villous at the base.
Gills adnate, decurrent on account of the changed form of the
pileus, joined behind, distant, cinereous -fuscous, occasionally
branched.
Very changeable. Commonly becoming black-umber, but varying paler fus-
cous-cinereous ; also flesh-colour then tan, pale cinnamon, becoming fuscous
then clay or tan (Bull. t. 575. /. F — //".), the gills whitish, becoming fuscous,
rufous (Bolt. t. 59. ) When old the margin is expanded, nay slightly striate. In
sterile ground, the stem is more slender, only 2 mm. (i lin.) thick upwards,
fibrilloso-striate ; the pileus somewhat membranaceous, at the first deeply um-
bilicate, the margin naked ; the gills grey. It occurs also on rotten wood.
In woods, &c. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Spores 8x5 mk. W.G.S.; 10-12x5-6 mk. B. Name—cyathus, a cup;
forma, form. Cup-shaped. Monogr. \. p. 128. Hym. Eur. p. 100. Berk.
Out. p. in. C. Hbk. n. 101. Illust. PI. 113. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 102.
Hussey ii. t. i. Gonn. & Rab. t. 9. /. i (/. 2 monstrous). Hoffm. Anal. t. 3.
/. i. Bull. t. 575. / M. &c. Vaill. t. 14.7. 1-3.— Bolt. t. 145. Holmsk. Ot.
ii. t. 41. Sow. t. 363 (various forms, no good figure).
179. A. expallens Pers.— Pileus when young somewhat fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse, 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, even, cinereous-
fuscous, at first sprinkled with white silky dew, then plano-infundi-
buliform, livid, the disc slightly fleshy, the soon expanded margin
membranaceous and striate. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, about 4
mm. (2 lin.) thick, rarely more, flocculose internally, soon hollow,
tough, equal, smooth, white-silky at the apex. Gills decurrent,
acute at both ends, thin, slightly distant, soft, white-cinereous.
Wholly watery, very hygrophanous ; pileus when dry hoary-whitish or tan
colour. It is smaller, earlier, and paler than A. cyathiformis, and can with
difficulty be distinguished from thinner forms of that species. The gills are
more crowded.
In mixed wood. Glamis, 1874. Aug.
Name — ex, and palleo, to be pale. In ' Icones ' Fries gives the form origin-
ally described as A. expallens by Persoon, and represented in Bull. t. 575. /.
i. G., and the form described under the same name by himself, and repre-
sented in Icon. t. 56. /. 2, as specifically distinct, and regards A. expallens
Pers. (Fr. Icon. t. 56. f. 3.) as a form of A. cyathiformis. In ' Hym. Eur.,'
however, he includes the two forms under one name. Pers. Syn. p. 461. Fr.
Monogr. \.p. 128. Hym, Eur. p. 100. Icon. t. 56. f. 2. B. trivialis, becom-
ing fuscous, stem longer. Bull. t. 575. /. i. G. A. expallens Fr. Icon. t. 56.
90 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. /• 3- B. & Br. n. 1511. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 103. A. cyathiformis var. ex-
pallens C. Ittust. PL 220.
180. A. obbatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, fuscous-
blackish, becoming very pale when dry, cinereous, somewhat
membranaceous, scissile only at the disc, convexo-plane with a
broadly umbilicate disc, smooth, striate to the middle. Stem 5
cent. (2 in.) and more long, equal, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, but in
becoming compressed 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, hollow, often
ascending or flexuous, smooth, naked, slightly striate (strias inter-
rupted white), fuscous-cinereous. Gills slightly decurrent, distant,
broad, dark cinereous, white-pruinose.
B. Pileus infundibuliform ; stem spongy-soft, internally fistulose with floe-
cose vanishing villous down, wholly smooth, even and naked; gills almost
bluish-grey-cinereous. The whole very watery, tough, flexible, inodorous.
Easily distinguished by its slender stature, its striate pileus, and distant gills,
which are at length white pulverulent, as in A. melleus or laccatus.
In fir woods. Ely, 1870, &c. Nov.
Name — obba, a kind of cup. From its shape. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 129. Hym.
Eur. p. 101. Icon. t. 57. f. i. B. fir1 Br. n. 1200*. Buxb. iv. /. 3. f. i.
Bull. t. 248 /. C. represents its habit excellently, but the stem is coloured
white. C. Must. PL 230.
181. A. pruinosus Lasch. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad,
brown, becoming cinereous when dried, hygrophanous, fleshy-
membranaceous, when young umbilicate and pruinose, when full
grown broadly infundibuliform and smooth, sometimes squamu-
lose; flesh thin, becoming cinereous. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.)
long, 2-3 mm. (i-i^ lin.) thick, stuffed or obsoletely fistulose,
equal, often ascending or curved, Jibrillose when young, of the
same colour as the pileus, but often paler. Gills decurrent,
crowded, narrow, slightly arcuate when young, scythe-shaped when
full grown, white then dingy.
Thin, slightly rigid, inodorous. The pruina on the pileus is lead-colour.
The stem is more solid, thickened, and flocculose at the base. Easily distin-
guished from neighbouring species by its habit and colours. Like A. cyathi-
formis, but perhaps nearer to Hydrogrammi.
On rotten wood and on the ground. Kew, 1882. Nov.-Dec.
Name— pruina, hoar-frost. From the pruina on the pileus. Lasch. — Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 101. Icon. t. 57. / 3. C. Illust. PL 231.
182. A. concavus Scop.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad,
hygrophanous, fuliginous when moist, cinereous or clay-hoary
when dry, slightly fleshy, very thin, flaccid, at first plano-convex,
widely and deeply umbilicate, then wholly concave (not infundi-
buliform), smooth, the convexo-plane border undulated, margin
LEUCOSPORI. QI
even; flesh tough, pallid. Stem 2.5 cent (i in.) or a little more Clitocybe.
broad, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, stuffed, tough, but wholly fibrous-
soft, commonly curt, equal, naked, smooth, cinereous. Gills
decurrent, arcuate, very crowded, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad, dark
fuliginous.
Often gregarious; almost inodorous. At first sight like a species of
Omphalia.
In woods. Rare.
Spores ovoid, comma-shaped, slightly punctate, greenish, 10 mk. Q. Name
— concavus, concave. Scop. Cam. p. 449. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 130. Hym.
Eur. p. 102. Icon. t. S7-/- 2- &• & Br. n. 1512.
183. A. brumalis Fr.— Pileus livid when moist, whitish and at
length becoming yellow when dry, commonly darker at the disc,
fleshy-membranaceous, at first convex, umbilicate, reflexed at the
circumference, 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, then infundibuliform, often
irregular and undulated, as much as 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, smooth,
even. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick,
slightly firm, hollow, equal or slightly thickened at the apex, at
length compressed, somewhat incurved, smooth, naked, becoming
livid, white when dry, white-villous at the base. Gills decurrent,
at first arcuate, then descending, 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, crowded,
distinct, livid, then becoming yellow-white.
Odour weak, not unpleasant. B. Wholly watery whitish. Pileus infundi-
buliform, margin deflexed, milk-white when dry; stem fistulose, somewhat
striate, smooth at the base; gills less crowded, but rather broad, whitish.
Bull. t. 278. A—B.
In woods. Common. Oct.-Jan.
Spores 3 mk. W.G.S. Name — bruma, winter. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 131.
Hym. Eur. p. 103. Berk. Out. p. 112. C. Hbk. n. 102. Illust. PL 114. S.
My col. Scot. n. 104.
V.— ORBIFORMES.
* Gills becoming cinereous.
184. A. metachrous Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (l~2 in-) broad,
fuscous-cinereous when young, then livid, whitish when dry,
slightly fleshy, at first convex, soon rather plane or depressed,
margin even, slightly striate only when old. Stem about 4 cent
(\Yz in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, but broader when com-
presssed, stuffed when young, round, soon hollow and hence
becoming easily compressed, equal, tough, externally fibrous,
grey, ivhite-pruinose at the apex. Gills adnate, scarcely decurrent,
crowded, linear, plane, thin, whitish-cinereous.
92 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. Protean, but the essential marks by which it can always be easily distin-
guished are these : odour none, stem pruinose at the apex, pileus convex (and
somewhat umbonate) then plane and depressed, gills cinereous-whitish. One
variety has the darker disc fuscous, another is flesh-coloured, another dingy-
rufescent (Batschf. 102).
In grassy woods, among leaves, &c. Common. Aug.-Nov.
Spores 6x3 mk. W.P. Name — /aera, of change of condition; xpws,
colour. Changing colour. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 133. Hym. Eur. p. 103. Berk.
Out. p. 112. C. Hbk. n. 103. Illust. PI. 115. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 105.
185. A. pausiacus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, ciner-
eous, becoming somewhat olive, fleshy, thin, at first convex
(sometimes umbonate), then plane and depressed, even, smooth
(when young covered over with hoary silky dew). Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, 3 mm. (ij£ lin.) thick, tough, somewhat hol-
low, equal, striate and often undulated on the surface, smooth,
but white pruinose at the apex, cinereous. Gills very broad be-
hind and obtusely adnate, very crowded, semicircular, manifestly
inclining to olivaceous at every stage of growth.
Odour weak, but frumentaceous. Allied to A. metachrous, but easily dis-
tinguished by its very broad and olivaceous gills. Intermediate between A.
metachrous and A. ditopus.
On the ground. Coed Coch, 1878. Oct.
Nsane—pausia, an olive. From the colour of the gills. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
133. Hym. Eur. p. 104. Icon. t. 58. f. 2. B. & Br. n. 1737.
186. A. ditopus Fr.— Pileus 5 cent. (2 in.) and more broad,
cinereous, somewhat fleshy, tough, at first convexo-plane and ob-
tuse, at length inverted, infundibuliform and often undulato-
lobed. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) and more thick,
hollow then compressed, equal, naked, pale cinereous, pubescent at
the base. Gills adnate, crowded, thin, at length turned upwards
and divergent in the lobes, dark cinereous.
Its stature is that of A. metachrous, but it has a very strong odour of new
meal. Remarkable as compared with the rest for its toughness and irregular-
ity of form, and for being found only in a rotten condition in later autumn
when the rest are in fullest vigour.
Among dead leaves. Moccas Park, 1881.
Name— &TTOS, twofold ; TTOV?, a foot. Probably from stems growing two
together. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 133. Hym. Eur. p. 104. C. Illust. PI. 116.
** Gills whitish.
187. A. diatretus Fr.— Pileus slightly fleshy, tough, when
young convex, regular, obtuse, 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, the involute
margin pubescent, when full grown piano-depressed, 2.5-5 cent-
LEUCOSPORI. 93
(1-2 in.) broad, often flexuous, even, smooth, hygrophanous,yfcy/z- ciitocybe.
colour when moist, at length tan colour and flaccid, the spread-
ing margin naked, whitish when dry. Stem 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.)
long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, spongy-stuffed then hollow, elastic,
flexile, equal, round, even, smooth, pallid, naked at the apex,
pubescent at the base. Gills adnate, but sharp-pointed behind
and decurrent with a tooth, crowded, 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, at first
white-flesh-colour then becoming pale-white.
Almost inodorous. Easily distinguished by its unusual colour. Pileus
slightly rigid when young. The stem is not cartilaginous.
In pine wood. Coed Coch. Autumn.
In ' Hym. Eur.' Fries describes the stem as tense and straight. Name
— StaTprjTos, perforate. Meaning not apparent. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 135. Hym.
Eur. p. 104. B. 6* Br. n. 1406. C. Illust. PL 232.
188. A. fragrans Sow. — Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 in-) broad, of
one colour not darker at the disc, watery pallid when moist, whit-
ish when dry, slightly fleshy, rather plane, at first convex then
somewhat depressed, smooth, even or when moist slightly striate
at the margin. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
thick, stuffed then hollow, elastic, equal, smooth, even, most
frequently, however, villous at the base, and here and there ob-
soletely pruinose at the apex. Gills adnate, sharp-pointed be-
hind, somewhat decurrent, rather crowded, broader than the
watery flesh of the pileus, whitish.
Habit not distinguished, but very remarkable for its strong fragrant odour
of anise.
In mossy places in woods and pastures. Common. July-Jan.
Spores 6x 4 mk. W.G.S. Very remarkable for its power of standing cold.
On the 30th December 1882 I gathered it, after very severe frost (Ther.— o
for three nights in succession) and a week of complete thaw, in a perfectly
fresh condition, and with the smell unchanged. Name— -fragrans, sweet-
scented. Sow. t. 10. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 135. Hym. Eur. p. 105. Berk.
Out. p. 112. C. Hbk. n. 104. Illust. PL 124. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 106. Pers.
Myc. Eur. 3. t. 27. /. 5. Krombh. t. i./. 34-38. Letell. t. 658. Brig. t. 19.
Hoffm. Anal. t. $.f. 2.
189. A. angustissimus Lasch.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.)
broad, watery white, shining whitish when dry, fleshy, thin, piano-
depressed, not umbilicate, even, smooth ; margin spreading,
slightly striate when old ; flesh, though very thin, moderately
firm. Stem stuffed, internally fibrous, 2-3 mm. (i-iK lm-) thick,
often curved and flexuous, 5 cent. (2 in.) long, smooth or pubes-
cent at the base, naked at the apex. Gills somewhat decurrent,
very crowded, thin, narrow, white.
94 AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. Very like A.fragrans, but inodorous; colour purer white and stem thinner.
Less watery than others of this group.
Among leaves. Ascot, 1873, &c. Oct.
Name — angustus, narrow. From the very narrow gills. Lasck. n. 523.
Fr. Monogr. \. p. 136. Hym. Eur. p. 105. Icon. t. 59. /. 2. C. Illust. PL
125. B. 6s Br. n. 1407.
190. A. obsoletus Batsch.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) or a little
more broad, at first grey but soon turning whitish, clay-white when
dry, sometimes inclining to flesh -colour, somewhat fleshy, soft,
convex or gibbous then plane and depressed, even, smooth. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, stuffed then soon hol-
low, elastic, tough, at first round, then often compressed, but never
flexuous, even, smooth, very obsoletely pruinate at the apex, whit-
ish. Gills obtusely adnate, almost rounded behind, then adnato-
decurrent, broad, crowded, grey-whitish.
Gregarious, obsoletely fragrant. Intermediate between A. metachrous and
A. fragrans.
Among grass and leaves. Coed Coch, &c. Oct.-Nov.
Odour varying from that of bitter almonds to that of aniseed. B. & Br.
Name — obsoletus, obsolete, faint. The term obsoletus used by Batsch does not
refer to an odour less than that of A. fragrans, but to the pallid tint as com-
pared with his A. obsolescens. B. & Br. Batsch f. 103. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 136.
Hym. Eur. p. 105. B. & Br. n. 1738, 1929. C. Illust. PL 233. Fr. Dan.
t. 2021.
VI. — VERSIFORMES.
* Pileus dirty-coloured, &c.
191. A. ectypus Fr.— Pileus about 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
dingy or light-yellow-honey colour, then rufescent and when rot-
ting almost brown, fleshy, somewhat thin, convex then rather
plane or depressed, streaked at the disc with innate fibrils radiat-
ing from the centre, as if sprinkled with soot or squamulose ; mar-
gin very thin, striate. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, 6-10 mm.
(3-5 lin.) thick, hollow, elastic, somewhat bulbous or equal, fibril-
lose, becoming dingy light yellow, soon olivaceous, becoming black
at the base. Gills adnate, also decurrent with a rather delicate
tooth, distant, connected by veins, white, soon becoming pale, then
spotted-rufous, somewhat mealy with the plentiful spores.
The colour is both variable and changeable with age. Gregarious ; some-
times many are joined in a caespitose manner at the base. Odour at first
pleasant, of anise, at length foetid. Of the nature of A. melleus which it
approaches in the gills being somewhat mealy with the spores as well as in
colour, but without the trace of a veil.
LEUCOSPORI. 95
In meadows, damp places. Mossb urn ford, Jedburgh, &c. Dec. ciitocybe.
Spores ovoid-pruniform, 9 mk. Q. Name — e/cTuiros, worked in relief. Prob-
ably from the appearance of the markings. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 140. Hym.
Eur, p. 107. Icon. t. 59. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 112. C. Hbk. n. 106. Illust.
PI. 126. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 107.
192. A. bellus Pers.— Pileus about 5 cent. (2 in.) broad, dark
yellow, sometimes rufescent, sprinkled with darker squamules, at
length becoming pale, somewhat fleshy, pliant, convex then ex-
panded, depressed in the centre, at length undulato-repand at
the margin. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
thick, stuffed tit length hollow, equal, tough, but fibrous, and exter-
nally rivulose with the fibrils, becoming yellow. Gills adnate, at
length decurrent with a tooth, very broad, distant, connected
by veins, sometimes branched, paler than the pileus, becoming
yellow, at length rufescent.
Somewhat caespitose. Almost intermediate between A. ectypus and A.
laccatus ; odour when old almost that of the former, but otherwise nearer to
the latter, and almost equally various in stature.
In fir plantations. Uncommon. Sept.
Gills incarnato-ferruginous, so far differing from Fries. It is at once distin-
guished from A. laccatus by its foetid smell. M.J.B. Name — bellus, of beauty.
Pretty. Pers. Syn. p. 452. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 140. Hym. Eur. p. 107. Berk.
Out. p. 113, not Gonn. & Rab. C. Hbk. n. 107. Illust. PL 183. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 108.
** Pileus bright, &>c.
193. A. laccatus1 Scop.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
thin, almost membranaceous, convex, at length rather plane, more
or less umbilicato-depressed, dry, but remarkably hygrophanous,
becoming pale in drying, and the cuticle separating into mealy
squamules or somewhat silky, sometimes undulato- crisped and
variously irregularly shaped. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 4
mm. (2 lin.) and more thick, tough, wholly fibrous, stuffed, equal,
often flexuous, or twisted, fibrillose, of the same colour as the
pileus, white villous at the base. Gills adnate with a decurrent
tooth, commonly distinct, very broad, distant, plane, flesh-colour
or violaceous, at length white-mealy.
There are two primary types of colour : one rufous-flesh when moist, pileus
ochraceous when dry ; the other dark violaceous, pileus becoming hoary when
dry. Besides that the colours are both variable and changeable, its stature is
1 The Rev. M. J. Berkeley proposes a new genus, Laccaria, of which this
species is the type. As there are other subgenera, e.g. , Jnocybe, which may
ultimately rank as genera, it is better perhaps in the meantime to retain A.
laccatus and its allies under Ciitocybe.
96
AGARICUS.
Clitocybe. so various that it is possible to gather individual specimens 10-12.5 cent. (4-5
in.) or (in sandy paths) 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin. ) high ; these are at the same time
very irregularly formed, excentric, &c. The following varieties in colour are
more constant : a) rufous-flesh, pileus when dry somewhat ochraceous. A.
farinaceus Huds. Bolt. t. 64. Sow. t. 208. Fl. Dan. t. 1249. A. rosellus
Batsch f. 99; b) yellow, gills flesh-colour. Buxb. C. iv. t. 30, /. i; c) pileus
yellow-violaceous, ochraceous when dry, gills violaceous. A. impolitus Schum.;
d) dark violaceous, pileus becoming hoary when dry. A. amethystinus Bott.
t. 63. Sow. t. 187.
In woods, &c. Extremely common. June-Dec.
Spores globose, M.J.B. ; echinulate, p-io mk. K. ; rough, 8-10 mk. B. ; 9
mk. W. G.S. A most provoking Agaric. Name — lac, a resinous substance,
produced on trees in the East by the lac insect, used in dyeing. From the
peculiar red of the pileus resembling that of gum-lac. Scop. p. 444. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 141. Hym. Eur. p. 108. Berk. Out. p. 113. t. 5. /. 3. C.
Hbk. n. 108. Illust. PL 139. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 109. Grev. t. 249. Hussey
\. t. 47. Schceff. t. 13. Bull. t. 570.7. i. Krombh. t. 43. / 17-20. Batt. t.
18. G — /. A. tortilis Bolt, t. 41.7 A is perhaps only a very irregular form.
194. A.Sadleri B. & Br.— Pileus 5-6 cent. (2-2^ in.) broad, light
yellow, centre tawny, piano - depressed or umbilicate, at first
slightly silky, at length becoming smooth towards the centre.
Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) high, about >£ in. thick except at the
base where it is thickened, yellow, with tawny fibrils, becoming
smooth. Gills decurrent, thin, very crowded, lemon-yellow, quite
entire at the margin.
Csespitose ; strong-smelling. The taste is intensely acrid, like that of A.
fascicularis. Probably of exotic origin.
On an oak tub in Conservatory. Edinburgh, 1877. Jan.-Oct.
Name— after John Sadler. B. & Br. n. 1734 bis. Trans. Dot. Soc. Ed.
xiii. /. 216. S. Mycol. Scot. n. no. C. Illust. PL 127.
Coiiybia. Subgenus VI. COLLYBIA (/c Br. n. 263, 323. C. Hbk. n. 139. Illust. PI. 128. S. Mycol. Scot.
Supp. Scot. Nat. vol. vi. /. 214. Paul. t. 97. f. i, 2. ? Buxb. C. iv. t. 18.
A. grammocephalus Bull t. 594. — Clusii Pern. gen. viii. Sterb. t. 16. H.
* A. repens Fr. — Pileus more fleshy, depressed ; stem hollow,
compressed, pruinate at the apex, with a creeping string-like my-
celium.
It is most distinguished by its white, villous, anastomosing, very much
branched mycelium which creeps a long distance in a rooting string-like man-
ner. The so-called roots are quite heterogeneous from the stem, not a pro-
LEUCOSPORI. 99
longation of the stem itself. Rhizomorpha xylostroma Ach. in Vet. Ac. Collybia.
Handl. 1814, /. g.f. 7 represents the very singular mycelium. Name— repens,
creeping. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 148. Hym. Eur. p. no. Icon. t. 61. Berk.
Out. p. 114.
198. A. semitalis Fr.— Pileus 2.5-10 cent. (1-4 in.) broad,
when fresh moist, pitch-black, fuliginous or smoky-livid, hygro-
phanous, when dry sometimes becoming pallid cinereous-yellow
or isabelline, sometimes grey, fleshy-cartilaginous, thin, convex
then plane, obtuse, even, smooth; the margin at first inflexed
and smooth, then spreading and slightly pellucid-striate ; flesh
thin, scissile, moist when in vigour, white when dry. Stem 5-10
cent. (2-4 in.) long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick, at first stuffed, then
somewhat hollow, tough, elastic, attenuated from the somewhat
bulbous and often bluntly-rooting base, fibrilloso-striate, slightly
fuscous- or cinereous-white, naked at the apex. Gills obtuse
(attenuated or rounded) behind, adfixed in the form of a ring with
a small tooth which is decurrent on the stem, somewhat distant,
broad, distinct, white then becoming cinereous, spotted black when
touched, and at length becoming black, but the spores white.
Sometimes caespitose. Its true affinity and place are very doubtful ; from
its habit it belongs to this group, but it grows on the ground, and the cuticle
of the stem, which is fibrous internally, is membranaceous. It is wholly some-
what cartilaginous, however, somewhat tough, most variable in its dimensions.
B. Stem sometimes curt, 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 4mm. (2 lin.) thick, equal,
but curved-ascending, wholly solid ; pileus piano-depressed, irregular, less
hygrophanous. C. Stem solid, bulbous (the bulb as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.)
thick), &c. The gills, however, always present marks by which it may be safely
distinguished from all others.
By waysides after much rain. Coed Coch. Oct.-Nov.
Name — semitalis, pertaining to footpaths or byways. Fr. Monogr. \.p. 146.
Hym. Eur. p. no. Icon. t. 62. B. & Br. n. 1739. C. Illust. PL 292.
Buxb. C. iv. t. 14.
199. A. fusipes Bull.— Pileus 4 cent. (i% in.) broad, rufescent-
r eddish-brown, becoming pale and also dingy tan, fleshy, convex
then flattened, umbonate (the umbo at length vanishing), even,
smooth, dry, here and there broken up in cracks when dry. Stem
7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more long, commonly 12 mm. ()4 in.) but
here and there as much as 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, fibrous-stuffed
then hollow, remarkably cartilaginous externally, swollen, ventri-
cose in the middle, attenuated at both ends, often twisted, longitudi-
nally striato-sulcate, rufous or rufous-brown, rooted in a fusiform
manner at the base. Gills annulato-adnexed, soon separating, free,
broad, distant, firm, connected by veins, crisped, white then be-
coming somewhat of the same colour as the pileus, often spotted.
100 AGARICUS.
Collybia. On account of the rigid cuticle the stem is often split into cracks forming
revolute flaps. Commonly densely caespitose, very various in stature and size,
but always firm, tough.
On old stumps, &c. Common. July-Nov.
Spores 6x3 mk. W.G.S. ; 4-5x2-4 mk. B. The taste is pleasant, soil
may perhaps be edible. Name— -fusus, a spindle ; pes, a foot. Spindle-
stemmed. Bull. t. 106, 516. f. 2. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 149. Hym. Eur. p. in.
Berk. Out. p. 115. t. 5.7. 5. C. Hbk. n. 140. Illust. PL 141. 5. Mycol. Scot,
n. 112. Sow. t. 129. Price f. 85. Hussey ii. t. 48. Krombh. t. 42. f. 9-11.
Fl. Dan. t. 1607. Hoffm. Ic. anal. t. 4. A. crassipes Schceff. t. 87, 88.
* A. cedematopus Schaeff. — Pileus rufous-date-brown, con-
ical then becoming plane, pulverulent; stem stout ventricose,
fibrillose, pulverulent; gills pallid.
Somewhat caespitose. On trunks. Glamis, 1883. Name — oZSij/uta, a swel-
ling ; TTOW'S, a foot. With swollen stem. Schceff. t. 259. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
112. B. & Br. n. 1995. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot. Nat. 1885, p. 21. A.
fusiformis Bull. t. 76. A. bulbosus Pall. Ross i. t. g.f. 2.
** Gills crowded, narrow.
200. A. maculatus A. & S. — Pileus 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.)
broad, whitish, here and there guttate with paler spots and com-
monly spotted-rufescent, fleshy, commonly very compact, convexo-
plane, in no wise lax, obtuse, repand, even, smooth ; margin thin,
at first involute, somewhat naked. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.)
long, 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 inO thick, hard, commonly stuffed, some-
times however hollow, externally cartilaginous, somewhat ventri-
cose (flexuous when more slender), striate, white, here and there
spotted-rufous, base attenuated rooted and blunt. Gills emargin-
ato-free, very crowded, linear, scarcely ever 4 mm. (2 lin.) broad,
becoming pale-white.
The colour of the pileus is at first white, then spotted rubiginous, and at
length occasionally wholly rufescent. Slightly acid.
In woods, chiefly pine and beech. Common. July-Nov.
Spores 6 mk. W.G.S. ; 6x5 mk. W.P. ; 4-6 mk. B. Name— macula, a
spot. Spotted. Alb. & Schw. p. 186. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 150. Hym. Eur. p.
112. Berk. Out. p. 115. C. Hbk. n. 141. Illust. PL 142. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 113. Hussey ii. t. 60. A. carnosus Sow. t. 246. Var. immaculatus C.
Illust. PL 221 ?
201. A. distortus Fr. — Pileus almost 7.5 cent. (3 in.) broad,
bay-brown, becoming pale but not hygrophanous, fleshy, thin,
convex then expanded, umbonate, very lax:, even, smooth. Stem
7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, scarcely 12 mm. (%, in.) thick, and wholly
attenuated upwards from the tomentose base, fragile, externally
cartilaginous, internally spongy, soon hollow, contorted, sulcate,
LEUCOSPORI. 10 1
pallid. Gills slightly adnexed, crowded^ somewhat linear, scarcely Collybi
serrulated, at length spotted-rubiginous.
Gregarious. Intermediate between A. fusipes and A. butyraceiis. It is
nearest to the former, but most like the latter. Very distinct in the broad,
lax pileus, in the thinner, twisted, pallid stem, and in the spotted gills.
On roots of trees. Bowood, 1869, &c. Oct.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 8-10x4-5 mk. K. Name — distorqueo, to twist.
From the twisted stem. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 150. Hym. Eur. p. 113. Icon. t.
63. /. i. B. dr1 Br. n. 1205. C. Illust. PL 282.
202. A. butyraceus Bull. — Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad,
normally rufous-brown, but becoming pale, fleshy, convex then
expanded, more or less umbonate, dry, even, smooth ; flesh buttery-
soft, somewhat hygrophanous, flesh-colour then white. Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, conico-attenuated from the thickened white-
tomentose base, hence much thinner at the apex, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
only, but at the base 1-2.5 cent. (>£-i in.) thick, externally covered
over with a rigid cartilaginous cuticle, internally stuffed with soft
spongy pith, or hollow only when old, striate, rufous, commonly
smooth, but varying with white deciduous squamules, and occa-
sionally wholly pulverulento-villous. Gills slightly adnexed,
somewhat free, thin, crowded^ crenulate, white, never spotted-
rufous.
The colour of the pileus is both changeable and variable ; also fuscous-livid,
becoming pale - ochraceous, or becoming wholly pale-white. Solitary or
growing in troops.
In woods, chiefly fir. Common. Jan.-Dec.
When quite young livid-brown, the margin subrufescent, but a portion below
the umbo soon grows pale, so that the pileus appears of four colours. Easily
distinguished by its greasy-looking pileus and cartilaginous stem. M.J.B.
Umbo persistently dark. On making a section, a coloured line will be observed
extending from the base of the stem (cuticle rufous) to the margin of the pileus.
Spores 6-10x3-5 mk. B. Name — btityrum, butter. Buttery to the touch.
Bull. t. 572. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 151. Hym. Eur. p. 113. Berk. Eng. Fl. v.
/. 46. Out. p. 115. C. Hbk. n. 142. Illust. PL 143. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 114.
Buxb. C. iv. t. 5./. i. Batt. t. 16. c. — A. leiopus Pers. Ic. pict. 2. f. 1-3.
203. A. xylophilus Weinm. — Pileus as much as 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
broad, (10 cent, 4 in., when flattened), whitish or becoming fus-
cous-tan at the middle, slightly fleshy, wide, spreading, campanu-
late, lax, commonly obtuse, sometimes furnished with a minute
umbo ; at length rimosely split towards the margin and more ex-
panded, broadly gibbous, smooth, moist; flesh everywhere very
thin, fragile, becoming watery-fuscous. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, 6 mm. (3 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, but often flexuous, fibril-
loso-striate, whitish, quite destitute of a veil, internally becoming
102 AGARICUS.
Collybia fuscous. Gills adnate, often decurrent with a small tooth, very
narrow (only 2 mm. (i lin.) broad), very crowded, entire.
Caespitose. As regards the gills, it is allied to A. confluens.
About old stumps. Black Park, Langley, 1882. Sept.
Name — |v'A.oi/, timber; <£tAos, loving. Weinm. in Linn. x. p. 54. Fr.
Monogr. ii. /. 289. Hym. Eur. p. 114. Icon. t. 63. /. 2. C. Illust. PL 202.
II. — VESTIPEDES.
* Gills broad, somewhat distant.
204. A. velutipes Curt.— Pileus 2.5-10 cent. (1-4 in.) broad in
the same cluster, tawny, sometimes paler at the margin, moder-
ately fleshy at the disc, but thin at the circumference, convex then
soon becoming plane, often excentric, irregular and repand, smooth,
viscous / margin spreading, and at length slightly striate ; flesh
watery, soft, slightly tawny-hyaline. Stem 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.)
long, 2-8 mm. (1-4 lin.) thick, tough, externally cartilaginous,
umber then becoming black^ densely velvety-viHous, commonly
ascending or twisted, commonly equal, even, internally fibrous-
stuffed and hollow. Gills broader and rounded behind, slightly
adnexed, so as at first sight to appear free, somewhat distant, very
unequal, becoming pallid yellow or tawny.
Commonly csespitose, varying much in stature, widely removed from all the
rest.
On trunks, stumps, ulex, &c. Common. Sept.-April.
Stem often slightly flattened, and frequently a little broader at the apex.
Spores ellipsoid, 8-10x4-5 mk. K. ; 7 mk.W.G.S./ 6x4 mk. B. Name —
vellus, fleece ; pes, afoot (Low Lat. -velluetum). Velvety-stemmed. Curt. Land.
4. t. 70. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 154. Hym. Eur. p. 115. Berk. Out. p. 116. C.
Hbk. n. 143. Illust. PL 184 A. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 115. Bolt. t. 135. Sow.
t. 384. /. 3. Hussey i. /. 56. Krombh. t. 44. /. 6-9. A. austriacus Tratt.
Austr. t. 7. Batschf. 112 (var.) Batt. t. 22. C.
205. A. laxipes Fr.— Pileus small, milk-white, slightly fleshy,
convexo-plane, obtuse, smooth, moist. Stem stuffed^ rufous-
velvety, lax, very long, stiff. Gills separating-free, distant, broad,
ventricose, milk-white.
A very remarkable species.
On wood.
Name — laxus, lax; pes, a foot. Lax-stemmed. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 115.
Qua. Jur. ii./. 330. /. z.f. 2. Batt. t. g.f. 5. C. Illust. PL 184. B.
LEUCOSPORI. 103
206. A. mimicus Smith.— Pileus smooth, with a thin separable Coiiybia.
cuticle. Stem fibrillose at the base, fibrilloso-striate in the
middle, naked or slightly pruinose at the apex. Gills -very broad,
somewhat distant, thin, white.
Odour and taste strong like fish. Agreeing in some points with A. cucumis,
but differing very materially in others.
Among shavings.
Pileus pale brownish-yellow. Spores elliptical. Name — mimicus, mimic.
From its resemblance to A. cucumis. Worth. Smith in litt. C. Illust.
PI. 129.
207. A. vertirugis Cke. — Pileus not exceeding 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, dull brown or cinereous, campanulate, at length convexo-
plane, radiato-wrinkled, tough, somewhat membranaceous, mi-
nutely pulverulent. Stem 5-6 cent. (2-2Xin.) long* l~2 mm. (X~
i lin.) thick, fistulose, sometimes compressed, rufous, minutely
velvety, strigose at the base. Gills truly adnate, ascending or
horizonal, moderately distant, connected by veins, white, with a
yellowish tinge.
On dead fern-roots, stumps, £c. Uncommon. Oct.
Name — vertex, top ; ruga, a wrinkle. Berk. (A. undatus) Eng. Fl. v. p. 51.
Out. p. 117. C. Hbk. n. 147. Illust. PL 149. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 116.
208. A. stipitarius Fr. — Pileus slightly fleshy, convexo-plane,
umbilicate, velvety-squamulose, or fuscous-fibrillose. Stem stuffed
then fistulose, tough, date-brown, shaggy-fibrillose. Gills separat-
ing-free, ventricose, somewhat distant, white.
On grass, thatch, twigs, &c. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Pileus 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.) broad. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, not 2
mm. (i lin.) thick. Its habit is that of Marasmius perforans. Name — stipes >
a stem. Growing on stems. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 116. Berk. Out. p. 116. t.
5.7. 6. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 116. Hussey'\. t. 68. C. Illust. PI. 149. b. A.
scabellus Alb. & Schw. t. 9. f. 6, not S. M. A. caulicinalis Bull. t. 522. /. 2
(a remarkable variety, not With., Sow., Sw., &c.) Fr. Monogr. i. p. 158. C.
Hbk. n. 144.
** Gills very narrow, very crowded.
209. A. hariolorum D.C.— Pileus as much as 5 cent. (2 in.)
broad, whitish, somewhat membranaceous, pliant, campanulato-
convex then flattened, obtuse, rather depressed, even, smooth,
somewhat striate at the margin. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 4-6
mm. (2-3 lin.) thick, cartilaginous, fistulose, somewhat equal,
somewhat compressed, for the most part covered over with whitish
somewhat woolly villous down, naked and pallid only at the very
apex, otherwise fuscous-rufescent, internally villous at the sides.
104 AGARICUS.
Coiiybia. Gills at first slightly adnexed, soon free, somewhat crowded, linear,
whitish.
Gregarious, somewhat caespitose, strong-smelling. Like Marasmius ery-
thropus, but a true Agaric, nearest to A. confluens.
In woods. Coed Coch.
Spores 6-7 x 3-3 % mk. B. Name — hariolus, a soothsayer. Another name
of the species is A. sagarum, from saga, a witch. The names seem to indi-
cate some superstitious idea attached in France to the Agaric, or some super-
stitious use made of it. Dec. Fl.fr. \\. p. 182. Bull. t. 585. f. 2. Fr. Mon-
ogr. i. p. 155. Hym. Eur. p. 117. B. & Br. n. 1740. C. Illust. PL 150.
A. sagarum Seer. n. 735.
210. A. confluens Pers. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more
broad, hygrophanous, rufescent when moist, wholly white when
dry, slightly fleshy, but tough, flaccid, convex then flattened, at
first obtuse, at length however (contrary to rule) broadly and
obtusely umbonate, slightly striate at the margin when moist, even
when dry. Stem 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) and
more thick, but widened in lying flat against others and occa-
sionally truly united in a bundle, and dilated chiefly at the apex,
fistulose, remarkably cartilaginous, rufous, everywhere pulverulent
with dense white villous down. Gills free^ at length remote from
the stem, very crowded, very narrow, linear, flesh-colour then
whitish.
Growing in troops, many individual specimens becoming confluent in rows
by the expanded floccose mycelium, but easily separating each from the
other, not truly caespitose. In external appearance various Marasmii are
very like it. A. hariolorum, A. ingratus, and?L4. acervatus are allied to it.
In woods. Frequent. June-Oct.
Name — confluo, to flow together. From the cohering stems. Pers. Syn.p.
368. Ic. pict. t. 5. f. i. Fr. Monogr. p. 156. Hym. Eur. p. 117. Berk.
Out. p. 116. C. Hbk. n. 145. Illust. PL 150. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 117. Saund.
& Sm. t. 30. Fl. Bat. t. 1083. Buxb. C. iv. t. zo.—Batschf. 104 var.
211. A. ingratus Schum. — Pileus 4 cent. (i% in.) broad, dingy
fuscous-tan, slightly fleshy, pliant, globoso-campanulate then ex-
panded, umbonate, even, smooth. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) thick or in becoming compressed still broader,
cartilaginous, flstulose, flexuous, twined, becoming fuscous, not
rooted at the base, at length umber, white-mealy above, internally
villous at the sides. Gills free, very crowded and narrow, but
slightly ventricose, quite entire, pallid.
Caespitose, tough, with a mouldy odour. A smaller form occurs : Pileus
2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, convex then plane. Stem 4 cent. (ij£ in.) long, only
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, pulverulent, attenuated and smooth downwards, exter-
nally and internally of the same colour as the pileus, not rufescent.
LEUCOSPORI. 105
In woods. Uncommon. Aug. Collybia.
Differs principally from A. conflucns in the gills not leaving a free space
round the top of the stem. M.J.B. Name — ingratus, unpleasant. From
the odour. Schum. p. 304. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 156. Hym. Eur. p. 118. Icon,
f. 64. f. i. Berk. Out. p. 116. var. pileus convex, obtuse ; stem villoso-pulver-
ulent. C. Hbk. n. 146. Illust. PL 283. S. My col. Scot. n. 118.
212. A. conigenus Pers.— Pileus about 1-2.5 cent. (%-i in.)
broad, brick-livid or pale yellowish -livid then becoming pale,
slightly fleshy, slightly firm, convex then rather plane, some-
what umbonate, unequal, often angular, also depressed, smooth,
slightly striate at the margin when moist. Stem sometimes 2.5
cent, (i in.) long, sometimes elongated to 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.), deli-
cately fistulose, cartilaginous, tough, wholly filiform, of the same
colour as the pileus, at the first white-pulverulent throughout, when
larger at length somewhat naked, rooted at the strigose tail-shaped
base. Gills at first slightly adnexed, soon separating, /ra?, very
crowded, plane, linear, quaternate, white, becoming pale.
For the most part gregarious. Variable in stature and form. There is a
variety at the first pale nay white, smaller. Alb. & Schw. Var. porcina be-
coming dingy yellow, pileus slightly striate, stem elongated, filiform.
On fir-cones. Common. Sept.-Dec.
Spores sphseroid-ellipsoid or subellipsoid, 3~4X2mk. K. ; 3X4mk. W.G.S.;
4-6 x 2-3 mk. B. Name — comis, a cone ; gigno, to bear. Growing on cones.
Pers. Syn. p. 388. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 158. Hym. Eur. p. 118. Icon. t. 67. /.
3. Berk. Out. p. 117. C. Hbk. n. 148. Illust. PI. 130. S. My col. Scot. n.
119. Buxb. C. i. /. 57. / 2.
213. A. eirrhatus Schum. — Pileus from the size of a pin's head
to 10-12 mm. (5-6 lin.) broad, white, opaque, slightly fleshy,
conico-convex then plane, then at the middle umbilicato-depressed
and rufescent often with a small central protuberance, slightly
silky, at length very delicately and often concentrically rivulose.
Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, delicately fistulose, filiform, flex-
uous, pallid, white-pulverulent) rooted with nfibrillose twisted tail.
Gills adnate, at length however occasionally separating, crowded^
linear, very narrow, very unequal, white.
It is often difficult to detect the interior tube of the stem. Very variable in
size and stature, but always very small, tough. It never has a radical tuber.
Growing in troops. Intimately related to A. conigenus and A. tuberosus, but
widely distant from A. ocellatus, which is like it.
Among leaves, &c., and on blackened fungi. Common. Aug.-
Nov.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid or ellipsoid, 4-2x3 mk. K.; 3-6x2-3 mk. B.
Name — cirrus, a curl. From the root. Schum. n. 1773. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
106 AGARICUS.
Collybia. 159. Hym. Eur. p. 119. Icon. t. 68. /. i. Berk. Out. p. 117. C. Hbk. n.
149. Illust. PL 144. B. S. My col. Scot. n. 120.
214. A. tuberosus Bull. — Pileus4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) broad, white,
slightly fleshy, convex then plane, umbonate but not umbilicato-de-
pressed, slightly silky then becoming smooth, even, opaque. Stem
12 mm. (yz in.) or more long, i m. ()4 lin.) thick, somewhat fis-
tulose, commonly ascending, equal, obsoletely pulverulent, white,
rarely rufescent, the base wholly smooth, attached to a tuber.
Gills adnate, crowded, thin, unequal, slightly ventricose, white.
Very small, but tough, slightly firm, gregarious. Always growing on a
tuber, which is solid, smooth, sclerotioid, becoming yellow. The stem is often
elongated, sometimes proliferous. It is often difficult to detect the internal
tube of the stem from its thinness.
On dead Agarics, and Polyporus squamosus. Common. Aug.-
Nov.
The summer form has no tuberous root ; later in the year the tuber is
formed, which produces its pileus the following season. B. & Br. Spores
3x2 mk. W. G.S. Name — tuber, a tuber. Tuberous-rooted. Bull. t. 256.
Fr. Monogr. p. 160. Hym. Eur. p. 119. Berk. Out. p. 117. B. &> Br. n.
1205*. C. Hbk. n. 150. Illust. PI. 144. a. «S. Mycol. Scot. n. 121. Grev.
t. 23. FL Dan. t. 1613. Quel. t. 3. / 5. Batschf. 93.
215. A. racemosus Pers.— Pileus somewhat membranaceous,
convex, papillate, somewhat tomentose-grey. Stem somewhat
stuffed, racemose with .57V/2^/£(unbranched) small-headed hairs, the
sclerotioid base black. Gills adnate, crowded, white.
Of the same stature as A. tuberosus from which it differs in the sclerotioid
tuber being larger, irregularly shaped, and black, in the stem being somewhat
stuffed, in a wholly peculiar manner racemose with simple, equally long, small-
headed hairs, 2.5 cent, (i in.), and not pruinose, and in the pileus being
thinner, papillato-convex, slightly grey-villous and of a grey colour in all its
parts except the gills which are white. The small heads on the stem resemble
Stilbum.
On the ground, and rotten fungi. Very rare. King's ClifFe.
It turns black in drying. M.J.B. Name — racemus, a cluster. Pers. Disp.
t. 3-f. 8. (Nees. f. 190). Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 119. Monogr. i. p. 160. Berk.
Ozit. p. 118. C. Hbk. n. 151. Sow. t. 287. A. globulifer Brand. Cr. Ag. t.
6./. 6, 7.
III. — L^VIPEDES.
* Gills broad, lax, commonly more or less distant.
216. A. collhms Scop.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- O"2 in-) broad, be-
coming pale-fuscous or pale-tan, fleshy-membranaceous, campan-
ulate then expanded and when flattened umbonate, smooth, some-
what viscous and slightly striate when moist, when dry even, shin-
LEUCOSPORI. 107
ing; flesh thin white. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, 4-6 mm. Collybia.
(2-3 lin.) thick, fistulose, somewhat fragile, somewhat equal, or
slightly attenuated upwards, even, smooth, pallid-whitish, pubes-
cent at the base. Gills adnexed when young, then/ra?, somewhat
distant, broad, lax, quaternate, becoming pale-white.
Commonly gregarious. Habit that of Mycena, but the margin is at first
incurved.
On grassy slopes, beech-stumps. Uncommon. Oct.
Name — collis, a hill. From its habitat. Scop. Cam. p. 132. Fr. Monogr.
\. p. 161. Hym. Eur. p. 119. B. & Br. n. 1206. Seem. Journ. Bot. iv. p.
347. C. Hbk. n. 153. Illust. PI. 205. Schceff. t. 220. Fl. Dan. t. 1609.
A. arundinaceus Bull. t. 403. /. i.
217. A. ventricosus Bull.— Pileus tan or isabelline, slightly
fleshy, campanulato-convex, umbonate, smooth. Stem fistulose,
even, naked, rufescent, ventricose at the base, rooted. Gills arcuato-
adfixed, ventricose, lax, somewhat crowded, undulated, rufescent.
Allied to A. dryophilus, but broader and moire lax. — Var. albus Bull. t. 411.
/. B.
In woods. Bathford, 1874, &c. Oct.
Name — venter, the belly. From the ventricose base. Bull. t. 41 1./. i, not
Schum. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 120. B. &> Br. n. 1514, 1741. C. Illust. PL 145.
A.
218. A. Stevensoni B. & Br.— Pileus 12 mm. (^ in.) broad and
high, pallid yellow, semiovate, obtuse, viscid, here and there spotted
by the viscous matter. Stem 4 cent. (\l/2 in.) long, thin, scarcely
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fibrillose, pulverulent upwards, composed of
fibres, internally and externally slightly rufous, rooting. Gills
adnate with a decurrent tooth, broad, distant, white.
Allied to A. ventricosus, but differing in its slender almost solid stem, viscid
semiovate pileus, and very broad, adnate, somewhat ventricose, plane gills.
In old pasture. Glamis, 1874. Aug.
The root is remarkable, somewhat long and thread-like, going deep into the
soil. Name — after Rev. John Stevenson. B. 6* Br. n. 1497. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 122. C. Illust. PL 145. B.
219. A. psathyroides Cke. Ivory-white. — Pileus 18 mm. (%
in.) broad, nearly 2.5 cent, (i in.) high, campanulate, obtuse, rather
viscid, margin regular, even. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long,
hollow, erect, slender, equal, rather tough. Gills adnate, with a
decurrent tooth, very broad, triangular, rather distant, persistently
white.
Spores elliptic, colourless, "015 x '007 mm. Allied to A. Stevensoni. Re-
108 AGARICUS.
Collybia. sembling in habit some Psathyra or Panceolus, but the spores are absolutely
colourless when fully mature.
On the ground. Epping Forest, 1880. Oct.
Name — Psathyra-like. Cooke Grevillea, vol. xi. p. 155. Illust. PL 266.
220. A. xanthopus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (I-2 in-) broad, tan
then becoming pale, slightly fleshy, campanulato- convex then
expanded, lax, umbonate, smooth, dry, margin at length spread-
ing, slightly striate. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) and more long, 4 mm.
(2 lin.) and more thick, tough, fistulose, equal, even, smooth,
yellow-tawny, strigosely rooted at the base. Gills truncate behind,
at first adnexed, soon free, crowded, very broad, lax, whitish.
Allied to A. dryophilus, from the common form of which it may be safely
distinguished by its umbo, by its broad lax gills, and by the base of the stem.
On stumps and among leaves. Uncommon. July.
Name — £avQ6s, yellow ; irous, a foot. Yellow-stemmed. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
161. Hym. Eur. p. 120. Berk. Out. p. 118. C. Hbk. n. 154. Illust. PI.
203. S. My col. Scot. n. 123. Batschf. 209 (var. stem tawny).
221. A. nitellinus Fr. — Pileus 2.5-4 cent. (1-1% in.) broad,
when moist tawny or brick-tawny, when dry somewhat tan, some-
what membranaceous, convexo-plane, obtuse, smooth, polished,
but when more accurately examined somewhat rugulose, pellucido-
striate when moist; flesh of the same colour. Stem 7.5 cent. (3
in.) long, 3 mm. (i>£ lin.) thick, appearing cartilaginous from its
rigidity and polished surface, but at length soft, and readily
splitting into fibrils, stuffed then fistulose, equal, flexuous, some-
what rooted, smooth, slightly striate, ferruginous-tawny, yellow
when dry, often white villous at the base, more rarely obsoletely
pruinose at the apex. Gills adnate, very obtuse behind and equally
attenuated in front, somewhat crowded, narrow, whitish.
There is a smaller variety with the pileus 12 mm. (% in.) broad, umbonate,
and the stem scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long. Solitary or gregarious, inodorous.
From its having the habit of A. laccatus, and the stem internally fibrous, it
approaches Clitocybtz, to which it was formerly referred, but from its polished
shining stem it is better referred to Collybia.
By roads in wood. Shrewsbury.
Name — nitella, a squirrel. From its colour. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 142. Hym.
Eur. p. 120. Icon. t. 65. f. i, 2. B. & Br. n. 1742. C. Illust. PL 146.
Var. with crowded gills.
222. A. succineus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, rufous or
brown-fuscous becoming pale, fleshy, thin, convex then flattened,
obtuse, at length depressed and unequal, rimosely split when dry,
LEUCOSPORI. 109
even, smooth. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.)
thick, fistulose, tough, equal but attenuated at the base and not
rooted, even, everywhere smooth, polished, pallid-rufescent. Gills
adnate, obtuse behind, not much crowded, very broad, rather thick,
becoming pale white, edge serrulated.
Solitary, inodorous. The pileus is easily split at the margin. It may be
safely distinguished from A. dryophilus by its broad, thicker, and less crowded
gills. The only allied species is A. nitellinus.
In mixed wood. Coed Coch, &c. Aug.
The plant is much darker in colour than the name would imply. Name —
succinum, amber. Amber-coloured. Fr. Monogr, i. p. 162. Hym. Eur. p.
120. Icon. t. 65. /. 3. B. & Br. n. 1339. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 124. Schceff. t.
45. C. Illust. PI. 151.
223. A. nummularius Fr.— Pileus 4 cent. (\y, in.) and more
broad, pallid, variegated here and there with yellow and reddish,
slightly fleshy, rather plane, depressed round the obsolete umbo,
even. Stem 4 cent. (\yz in.) long, stuffed then hollow, smooth,
pallid, thickened at the apex. Gills free, somewhat distant,
white.
Beautiful, arid.
In mixed wood. Glamis, 1874. July-Oct.
Name — n-ummulus, a small coin. From some fancied resemblance to a coin
in shape. The name of the subgenus indicates the same. Fr. Hym. Eur. p.
120. B. &= Br. n. 1743. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 125. C. Illust. PI. 151. Am.
nummularia Lamark. Bull. t. 56. Batt. t. 22. A.
224. A. esculentus Wulf.— Pileus 12 mm. (# in.) and more
broad, ochraceous-clay, often becoming fuscous, slightly fleshy,
convex then plane, orbicular, obtuse, smooth, even, or when old
slightly striate; flesh tough, white, savoury. Stem 2.5 cent, (i
in.) and more long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, or filiform and
wholly equal, obsoletely fistulose, tough, tense and straight, even,
smooth, slightly shining, clay-yellow, with a long, perpendicular,
commonly smooth, tail-like root. Gills adnexed, even decurrent
with a very thin small tooth, then separating, very broad, almost
obovate, lax, somewhat distant, whitish, sometimes clay-colour.
Gregarious but never caespitose. The tube of the stem is very narrow.
The gills are not so pure white as in A. tenacellus. Although it seems to
be well distinguished from A. tenacellus in its life-history as well as in its
colour, individual specimens occur which can often be determined only with
difficulty, and many, which appear at first sight to admit of no doubt, have
been ascertained, on digging up the root, to belong to A. tenacellus var.
stolonifer.
In pastures and grassy places near plantations. Common.
April-May.
110 AGARICUS.
Collybia. Edible, but rather bitter in flavour. In Austria, where it seems to be plenti-
ful, it is sold under the name of Nagelschwamme, nail-mushroom. Name —
esculentus, esculent. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. t. 14. /. 4. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
166. Hym. Eur. p. 121. Berk. Out. p. 118. C. Hbk. n. 158. Illust. PL
152. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 126. Tratt. Essb. Schw. t. F. Lenz. f. 18. A. per-
pendicularis Bull. t. 422. /. 2. A. clavus Brig. Neap. t. 5. f. 4. Vaill. t. n.
/. 16-18.
225. A. tenacellus Pers. — Pileus about 12 mm. (% in.) broad,
fuscous then becoming pale, livid, very rarely white, slightly fleshy,
convex then flattened, orbicular, somewhat umbonate, even, smooth ;
flesh white, not hygrophanous. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long,
but here and there lengthened to 10-12.5 cent- (4~5 in-)» scarcely
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, obsoletely fistulose (tube very narrow), wholly
equal, tense and straight, but pliable, even, smooth, becoming
tawny, naked and white at the apex, with a fibrillose tail-like root
at the base. Gills emarginato-adnexed, broad, ventricose, hence
they appear lax, somewhat distant, distinct, quaternate, snow-
white.
Odour none ; taste not unpleasant. Solitary though sometimes in troops ;
very tough.
In pine woods, among leaves or cones. Common. Autumn-
Spring.
Easily distinguished by the broad, emarginato-a.dnex.ed gills. Spores 3x6
mk. W. G.S.; 6-8x4 mk. B. Name — diminutive, tenax, tough. Toughish.
Pers. Syn. p. 387. Ic. pict. t. i./. 3, 4. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 165. Hym. Eur.
p. 121. Berk. Out. p. 118. C. Hbk. n. 157. Illust. PI. 152. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 127. A. griseus Schceff. t. 236 (small.)
* A. stolonifer Jungh. — Pileus fuscous becoming pale, slightly
fleshy, rather plane, obtuse (somewhat depressed), smooth, margin
slightly striate. Stem fistulose, equal, smooth, becoming fuscous,
with a creeping, somewhat stoloniferous (sparingly fibrillose) root.
Gills rounded-adnexed, ventricose, somewhat distant, whitish.
Very singular in the creeping root (a prolongation of the stem continuous
with it, not mycelium), which in neighbouring species is perpendicular ; other-
wise so near to A. tenacellus and A. esculentus that it seems to unite these.
In pine woods, among leaves. Frequent. Autumn-Spring.
Spores ellipsoid, 6-8 x 3-4 mk. K. Name — stole, a sucker ; fero, to bear.
Stolon-bearing. From the root. Jung Linn. 1830, p. 396. Fr. Hym. Eur.
p. 121. Monogr. i. /. 165. B. & Br. n. 1744. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot.
Nat. vol. vi. p. 214. C. Illust. PL 152. B. A. tenacellus var. Fr. in Fl. Dan.
t. 2O2I./. 2.
** Gills narrow, crowded.
226. A. acervatus Fr.— Pileus 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) broad, flesh-
LEUCOSPORI. 1 1 1
colour when moist, whitish when dry, slightly fleshy, convex then Coiiybia.
flattened, obtuse or at length gibbous ; margin at first involute, at
length flattened and slightly striate. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.)
long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, remarkably fi stulose, rigid-fragile,
slightly attenuated upwards, rarely compressed, very smooth with
exception of the base, even, riifous, sometimes brown ; tube of the
stem internally smooth. Gills at first adnexed, soon free, very
crowded, linear, narrow, plane, flesh-colour then whitish.
Ccespitoso-fascicTilate ; stems crowded, very numerous, united and white-
tomentose at the base. Nearest to A. confluens in affinity, but a wholly dis-
tinguished species. At first sight like Marasmius erythrQpus, but the stem is
wholly smooth.
In woods, among fir. Frequent. Autumn.
Resembling A. dryophilus. In the British plant the inner walls of the fistu-
lose stem are strigose. M.J.B. Spores ellipsoid, 6x3 mk. K. ; 4-6 x 2-4 mk.
B. Name — acervus, a heap. From the habit of growth. Fr. Monogr. i. /.
160. Hym. Eur. p. 122. Icon. t. 64. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 119. C. Hbk. n.
152. Illust. PL 267. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 128.
227. A. dryophilus Bull. — Pileus bay-brown-rufous, &c., be-
coming pale, but not hygrophanous, slightly fleshy, tough, convexo-
plane, obtuse, commonly depressed in the centre, even, smooth ;
margin at first inflexed then flattened ; flesh thin, white. Stem
cartilaginous, remarkably fistulose, thin, even, smooth, somewhat
rooting, commonly becoming yellow or rufescent. Gills somewhat
free, with a small decurrent tooth, but appearing adnexed when
the pileus is depressed, crowded, narrow, distinct, plane, white or
becoming pale.
The above description contains the points in which very different forms
agree. Pileus bay-rufous, becoming yellow, clay-colour ; in drier pine woods
in the beginning of summer there is a common form with the pileus and gills
white and stem yellow. The gills vary sulphur-yellow, sometimes (in a diseased
state) tan-cinnamon. Solitary or laxly gregarious, inodorous. There are
numerous monstrous forms which are very deceiving (compare Fl. Dan. t.
2019. / i, 2). A. stem elongated, flexuous, decumbent, inflated at the base;
pileus broader, lobed ; gills white. B. funicularis, larger, csespitose, the lax
and decumbent stem equal and villous at the base, gills sulphur-yellow. These
forms, analogous with A. repens Bull., occur on heaps of leaves. C. countless
specimens growing together in a large cluster; stems thick, inflated, irregularly
shaped, sulcate, brown, the mycelium collecting the soil in the form of a ball ;
pilei very irregularly shaped, full of angles, undulated, blackish then bay-
brown. In gardens.
In woods, among leaves, &c. Common. Spring-Autumn.
Pileus commonly 2.5-7.5 cent. (1-3 in.) broad. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, 6 mm. (% in.) thick. Badham refers to a case in which illness was
caused by eating it. Spores 6 mk. W.G.S. Name — SpS?, oak ; ^)iAos, loving.
Bull. t. 434. Fr. Monogr. p. 162. Hym. Eur. p. 122. Berk. Out. p. 119.
C. Hbk. n. 155. Illust. PI. 204. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 129. Sow. t. 127.
Hussey i. t. 39. Badh. i. /. 8./. 2, ii. /. 7.7. $.—Sch(zff. t. 45.
112 AGARICUS.
Coiiybia. 228. A. aquosus Bull. — Pileus watery, ochraceous or brick-
colour then whitish, slightly fleshy, rather plane, obtuse, smooth,
hygrophanous, margin striate. Stem fistulose naked, rufous-tawny,
fibrillose at the base. Gills rounded-free, crowded, narrow, tense
and straight, white or pallid.
Among moss. Coed Coch, £c. Autumn.
In ' Monographia ' the plant is described as A. aquosus Fr. and the plant of
Bulliard is referred to as a trivial form, holding a doubtful place between it
and A. dryophilus. This view is followed in ' Icones,' but has not been con-
firmed in ' Hym Eur.' The difference is scarcely appreciable, the stem being
described as stuffed, while in Bulliard's plant it is fistulose. Spores 5-6 x 3-4
mk. B. Name — aqua, water. From its watery nature. Bull. t. 12. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 122. Monogr. i. p. 163. Icon. t. 66. f. 2. B. <£r° Br. n. 1340.
C. Illust. PL 234.
229. A. extuberans Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-) broad,
rufous - fuscous, bay -brown, occasionally becoming pale, but
not hygrophanous, slightly fleshy, convex then flattened, orbicu-
lar, and at length depressed round the prominent umbo, even,
smooth, slightly viscid when moist; flesh white. Stem 4 cent.
(\Yz in.) long, 3 mm. (i% lin.) thick, tough, fistulose, equal, tense
and straight, smooth, even, shining, of the same colour as the
pileus or paler, rooted at the base. Gills somewhat free, reach-
ing the stem with a small tooth, crowded, narrow, plane, white.
The pileus is larger and solitary when growing on the ground, smaller when
caespitose and growing on trunks. Appearing in spring and again in autumn.
It is intermediate between A. dryophilus and A. tenacellus, clearly distinct
from the former in the stem being tense and straight and rooted, and in the
pileus being umbonate, and from the latter in the gills being crowded and nar-
row. The umbo is rarely so prominent as in the figure of Battarra.
On the ground and trunks. Foxley. Sept.
Name— extuberans, swelling. From the swollen umbo. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
164. Hym. Eur. p. 123. Icon. t. 67. f. i. Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 74. Bulla
extuberans Batt. t. 28. f. i.
230. A. exsculptus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-) broad,
tawny-brown not becoming pale, slightly fleshy, tough, convexo-
expanded, truly umbilicate, unchangeable, smooth. Stem short,
2.5 cent, (i in.) \ong,Jistuloset thin, incurved, smooth, bright sul-
phur-yellow. Gills somewhat free (decurrent with a small tooth),
arcuate, linear, very crowded, bright sulphur-yellow.
Gregarious. Allied to the protean A. dryophilus, but separated from it on
account of its being wholly more arid and tough, and on account of the bright
sulphur- yellow of the whole plant with exception of the pileus which is darker.
On old stumps and in fir woods. Uncommon. June-Oct.
LEUCOSPORI. 113
Gills transversely striate. B. &* Br. Name — exsculptus, hollowed out. Collybia.
From its being umbilicate. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 164. Hym. Eur. p. 123.
Icon. t. 66. / 3. Berk. Out. p. 119. B. &> Br. n. 1109. C. Hbk. n. 156.
Illust. PL 268. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 130.
231. A. macilentus Fr. — Pileus scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
dark yellow, slightly fleshy, convex then becoming plane, obtuse,
orbicular, even, smooth, absolutely dry; flesh thin, yellow.
Stem 4 cent. (\y2 in.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, obso-
letely fistulose, tough, cartilaginous, filiform- equal, not tense and
straight but here and there fiexuous, naked, smooth, bright light-
yellow, slightly rooted at the base. Gills separating-free, very
crowded, narrow, linear, very unequal, of a beautiful pure yellow.
Its colour is so entirely that of A. cerinus that it may be easily confounded
with very small forms of that species. A. cerinus differs, however, in the stem
being stuffed, wholly fibrous, not cartilaginous, and externally fibrilloso-striate,
in the pileus being at length depressed, dingy yellow, in the "white flesh, and
in the gills being broader and in very small forms adnate.
In pine wood. Corstorphine, &c.
Spores ovoid-pruniform, 5-6 mk. Q. Name — macies, leanness. From the
thin flesh. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 166. Hym. Eur. p. 123. Icon. t. 66. f. i. B.
& Br. n. 1848. C. Illust. PI. 268.
232. A. clavus Linn.— Pileus 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) broad, orange-
scarlet, disc often darker, slightly fleshy, very thin, conico-convex
then plane, somewhat papillate, smooth, shining, margin slightly
striate. Stem scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, obsoletely fistulose,
or only marked with a paler line, very thin, filiform, naked,
smooth, whitish, somewhat strigose at the base. Gills adnexecl,
ventrtcose, rather broad, somewhat crowded, but not numerous,
white, rarely becoming yellow.
The smallest and among the rarest species in the group, but long celebrated
on account of its splendid colours (like those of A. acicula, with which it must
not be confounded).
On twigs, leaves, &c. Rare.
Differing from A. acicula in its white stem and gills. M. J. B. Name —
clavus, a nail. From its nail-like shape. Linn. Fl. Suec. n. 1212. — Bull. t. 148.
A — C, 569. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 167. Hym. Eur. p. 123. Berk. Out. p. 119.
C. Hbk. n. 159. Illust. PI. 147. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 131. Paul. t. 97.7. 3.
Vaill. Par. t. i !._/". 19-20.
233. A. ocellatus Fr.— Pileus scarcely reaching 12 mm. (% in.)
broad, often less, whitish, slightly fleshy, conico-convex then
plane, marked with small eye-like spots at the depressed, darker
(fuscous, rufous, light yellowish), umbonate disc, even, margin
here and there crenulate. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) or a little more
long, delicately fistulose, equal, filiform, tough, smooth, naked (in
114 AGARICUS.
Collybia no wise pulverulent), becoming whitish-fuscous or becoming yel-
low, somewhat rooted and fibrillose at the base. Gills adnate, at
length separating, crowded, the alternate ones shorter, white.
Arid, moderately persistent. Not to be confounded with A. cirrhatus, to
which it is like, but not allied.
Among leaves and in grassy places. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
Name— ocellus, a little eye. From the eye-like spots. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
167. Hym. Eur. p. 123. Berk. Out. p. 120. C. Hbk. n. 160. Illust. PI.
147. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 132. Bull. t. 569.7 i. H—P.
234. A. muscigenus Schum. Wholly shining white.— Pileus
4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, somewhat membranaceous, pellucid,
globoso - hemispherical then flattened, obtuse, even, smooth,
withering up, the margin entire and persistent, not revolute. Stem
2.5 cent, (i in.) and more long, stuffed '(on account of its thinness),
capillary, flexuous, flaccid, smooth and naked, somewhat rooting
at the base. Gills adnate, somewhat crowded, linear, the alter-
nate ones shorter, edge quite entire.
Very thin. A. capillaris is easily distinguished by its broader distant gills.
Among moss and grass. Coed Coch, 1873, &c> Aug.
Name— muscus, moss; gigno, to bear. Growing on moss. Schum. p. 307.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 168. Hym. Eur. p. 124. B. & Br. n. 1408. Fl. Dan.
t. 2023.7. i. Mich. t. 73.7 4. C. Illust. PL 147.
SERIES B.
IV. — TEPHROPHAN^E.
* Gills crowded, somewhat narrow.
235. A. rancidus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- 0~2 in-) and more
broad, not hygrophanous, lead-colour-black, fuliginous, becoming
pale, at first veiled with a whitish, adpressed, silky-pruinose dew,
slightly fleshy-cartilaginous, tough, convex then plane, broadly and
obtusely umbonate, even, smooth, viscid when long wetted. Stem
7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, fistulose, rigid,
tense and straight, equal, smooth, even, livid, with a long, fusi-
form, villous root. Gills free, crowded, narrow, but ventricose,
dark cinereous, somewhat pruinose.
Strong odour of new meal, somewhat rancid. Var. Pileus 6 cent. (2% in.)
broad, shining, almost black, bullate, repand, depressed round the umbo, and
outside this depression encircled with an elevated ridge. Stem 5 cent. (2 in. )
long, root short. Gills linear, veined and connected by veins, fuliginous,
white pruinose.
LEUCOSPORI. 115
In woods about trunks. Burnham Beeches, 1875, &c- Nov. Coiiybia.
The smell is very peculiar ; the gills very dark, so as to be easily mistaken for
those of a Hebeloma. B. 6* Br. Spores 7-10x3-4 mk. B. Name— ran-
cid us, rancid. From the smell. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 170. Hym. Eur. p. 125.
Icon. t. 69. /". i. B. & Br. n. 1513. Kalchbr. t. 6. f. 4. Hoffm. Ic. t. 12.
f. 2. C. Illnst. PL 153.
236. A. coracinus Fr. — Pileus 4 cent. (\% in.) and more
broad, hygrophanous, fuscous and shining when in vigour, grey
and opaque when old, somewhat fleshy-cartilaginous, convexo-
expanded, sometimes umbonate, sometimes depressed, often
irregularly formed and undulated, even or wrinkled round the
margin, smooth ; flesh white, scissile. Stem 4 cent. (\l/t in.) long,
4 mm. (2 lin.), but in becoming flattened, 8-10 mm. (4-5 lin.)
broad, hollow, remarkably cartilaginous, tough and rigid when
young, at length fragile, for the most part compressed, irregularly
formed (occurring also lacunose), somewhat attenuated down-
wards and not rooted, becoming fuscous, mealy with white
squamules at the apex. Gills obtusely adnate, separating, so that
they often appear free, broad (chiefly behind), scarcely crowded,
at first distinct, then connected by veins, whitish-grey.
The gills are connected by veins chiefly in irregularly formed specimens.
Strong odour of new meal.
In grassy places, fir plantations. Batheaston, 1865. Nov.
Name — *opa£, a raven. Raven-black. The plant is not so dark in colour
as the name would indicate. Spores ovoid-spherical, dotted, 6-7 mk. Q. Fr.
Monogr. i. /. 170. Hym. Eur. p. 125. Icon. t. 69. f. 2. B. dr° Br. n. 1207.
c. must. PI. 153.
237. A. ozes Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) or a little more broad,
hygrophanous, grey-fuscous when moist, becoming clay-fuscous,
pallid when dry, slightly fleshy, convex then plane, umbonate,
smooth, striate at the very margin when moist, even throughout
when dry. Stem 6-10 cent. (2^-4 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick,
containing a pith then hollow, equal or scarcely sensibly attenu-
ated from the base, lax, fiexuous, fragile, slightly striate, fulig-
inous-grey, white-mealy at the apex. Gills adnate, somewhat
ventricose, crowded, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, quite entire,
fu ligino us- olivaceous.
Odour strong of new meal.
On the ground. Hothorpe, Norths., 1882. Feb.
Gills cinereous, veined. B. & Br. Name— o^w, to have a smell, either
sweet or stinking. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 171. Hym. Eur. p. 125. B. & Br. n.
1996.
Il6 AGARICUS.
Coiiybia. 238. A. iliolens Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) broad, hygro-
phanous, livid when moist, becoming pale-tan and slightly silky
when dry, but opaque, slightly fie shy, campanulato-convex then
plane, for the most part obtusely and broadly umbonate, very
smooth, margin at first inflexed, then expanded, striate, here and
there undulated. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) and more long, 2-3
mm. (i-i}4 lin.) thick and broader in becoming compressed, rigid,
delicately fistulose, at length softer and hollow, equal, undulated
on the surface, livid, becoming pale when dry, white strigose at
the base and white squamulose at the apex. Gills adfixed, separat-
ing, somewhat free, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad, linear or a little
ventricose, somewhat imbricated, whitish-grey.
The pileus is not so cartilaginous as in A. rancidus and A. coracinus.
Manifestly related to these, but the odour is weak, and often obsolete.
In woods, chiefly pine. Uncommon. Sept.-Nov.
Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 7-8 x 3-4 mk. K. Name — inolens, scentless. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 171. Hym. Eur. p. 126. Icon. t. 69. /. 3, 4. B. & Br. n.
1208. C. Hbk. n. 161. Illust. PL 154. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 133.
239. A. plexipes Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in-) broad, at
first blackish, whitish at the margin, then fuliginous -livid,
fleshy- membranaceous, campanulate (not flattened), umbonate,
somewhat wrinkled, slightly striate. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, equal, wholly cartilaginous,
but the surface ^tnder a lens is silky fibroiis with the closely ad-
pressed entwined fibrils, and slightly striate, livid, shortly and
bluntly rooted at the base and not strigose. Gills very much
attenuated behind, free, ventricose, somewhat crowded, white then
becoming glaucous.
Most distinct ; quite inodorous, tough, firm, very like Mycence rigipedes, but
not allied to these. By analogy it is nearest to A. rancidus.
In woods. Uncommon. Oct.
Spores 4x8 mk. W.G.S. Name— plecto, to twist; pes, a foot. With
twisted stem. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 173. Hym. Eur. p. 126. B. & Br. n. 1209.
C. Hbk. n. 162. Illust. PL 154 b. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 134. Fl. Dan. t. 2023.
/2.
240. A. atratus Fr. — Pileus scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
pitch-black and shining when moist, fuscous when dry, slightly
fieshy, firm, piano-depressed at the disc, convex towards the
margin, orbicular, very even, smooth, viscid when very long
wetted. Stem curt, scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2
lin.), thick, stuffed (at length fistulose), remarkably cartilaginous,
tough, equal or thickened upwards, round, even, smooth, externally
LEUCOSPORI. 117
and internally fuscous. Gills aclnate, scarcely decurrent, at first Collybia.
arcuate, then plane, rather broad, somewhat distant, whitish then
grey, becoming fuscous.
Inodorous, late ; a small but firm species. Widely removed from all the
preceding species in this group. Between Collybia and Omphalia.
On burnt soil. Uncommon. Nov.
Spores 5x4 mk. W.G.S. Name — ater, black, dark - coloured. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 175. Hym. Eur. p. 127. Icon. t. 70. f. i. Berk. Out. p. 120.
C. Hbk. n. 165. Illust. PL 155. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 135.
241. A. ambustus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, at first
fuscous, then fuscous-livid, somewhat membranaceous, convex then
plane, at length depressed, umbonate with a minute papilla,
smooth, at first even, then slightly striate. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.)
long, rarely more, not 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, stuffed, at length fistu-
lose, truly cartilaginous, tense and straight, livid-fuscous, pruinose
when young, naked when full grown. Gills adnate, with a decur-
rent tooth, crowded, plane, lanceolate, becoming fuscous.
Very small, tough, often gregarious, inodorous, wholly fuliginous. Very
closely allied in reality to A. atratus, but as that species inclines to Omphalice,
this inclines to Mycence, but the margin being at the first involute shows that it
is a true Collybia.
On scorched ground. Kew, &c.
Spores 5 mk. W.P. Name — amburo, to burn. From its growing on burnt
ground. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 175. Hym. Eur. p. 127. Icon. t. 70. /. 2. B. 6s i
Br. n. 1409. C. Illust. PL 155.
** Gills very broad, more or less distant.
242. A. laceratus Lasch.— Pileus 4 cent. (i% in.) broad, fulig-
inous, at length becoming pale, fleshy-membranaceous, campanu-
late, somewhat blunt, moist, streaked with fuscous lines, cracked,
slightly shining. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, stuffed then
hollow, firm, twisted, fibroso-striate, floccoso-pruinose at the
apex, at length compressed, slightly shining. Gills adnexed,
distant, broad, thick, white-grey.
Somewhat caespitose. Occupying an irregular place among Collybia, but
allied to A. platyphyllus.
In pine woods. Rare. Autumn.
Spores ovoid-spherical, 6-7 mk. Q. Name — lacero, to tear. Torn. Lasch. —
Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 127. Berk. Out. p. 120. C. Hbk. n. 163.
243. A. murinus Batsch.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) and more
broad, fuscous-brown, becoming pale when ola, slightly fleshy,
Il8 AGARICUS.
Coiiybia. slightly tough, companulato-convex then expanded, obtuse or um-
bilicate, without strias, slightly wrinkled or very thinly squamu-
lose, the margin, which is at first involute, always even. Stem
5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, hollow, equal, tense
and straight, not rooted and pubescent only at the base, at first
sight smooth, but somewhat fibrillose when examined under a lens,
becoming cinereous, white and when young as if flocculose at the
apex. Gills attenuato-adnexed, very broad, almost obovate, rather
thick, distant, distinct, white at length becoming cinereous.
Inodorous. Its affinity is perhaps nearest to A. atratus.
In wood. Marlborough Forest, 1863. Oct.
Name — mus, a mouse. Mouse-coloured. Batsch f. 19 (if white-spored).
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 172. Hym. Eur. p. 128. B. &•= Br. n. 1210.
244. A. protractus Fr.— Pileus scarcely 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
grey-fuscous, shining, somewhat membranaceous, convexo-plane,
the slightly fleshy depressed disc often with the rudiment of a
central umbo, the paler margin manifestly striate. Stem 7.5 cent.
(3 in.) long above ground, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, delicately fistulose,
remarkably cartilaginous, but at length soft, tense and straight,
even, wholly smooth, livid-grey, under ground extended in the
form of a root which is attenuated downwards andfibroso-strigose.
Gills adfixed, but very ventricose, as if truncate behind, very broad
(6 mm., 3 lin., and more), somewhat distant, grey, delicately white-
•pruinose.
Scarcely strong-smelling ; very different from A . inolens.
On mossy ground beside stumps, &c. Rare. Aug.-Nov.
Name—protraho, to draw out. From the prolongation of the stem in a
root-like form. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 173. Hym. Eur. p. 128. Icon. t. 67. f. 2.
B. & Br. n. mo. C. Hbk. n. 164. Illust. PI. 270. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 136.
245. A. tesquorum Fr.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad,
fuscous-black, becoming pale, fleshy- membranaceous, slightly
firm, convex, very obtuse, even, smooth ; flesh of the same colour.
Stem 4 cent. (i/4 in.) long, not reaching 2 mm. (i lin.) broad,
fistulose, somewhat filiform, equal, flexuous, smooth, fuscous,
mealy at the apex. Gills free, very ventricose, 4 mm. (2 lin.)
broad, somewhat distant, cinereous-fuscous.
Scattered. Odour none. Formerly overlooked on account of its very small
stature and dirty colours, but very distinct. Easily distinguished from species
nearest to it by its free broad gills.
In waste ground and open pastures. Ascot.
LEUCOSPORI. 119
Name — tesqua, waste places. Fr. Monogr. ii. p. 290. Icon. t. 70. /. 3. Collybia.
B. & Br. n. 1745. C. Illust. PL 270.
246. A. clusilis Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (%-i in.) broad, livid
when moist, becoming pale, grey-clay-colour when dry, somewhat
mcmbranaceous, rather plane, broadly depressed in the centre, very
much sloped downwards towards the margin, which is at first
incurved, even, smooth, soft-fragile, slightly striate at the margin
when moist, even throughout when dry. Stem 4 cent. (i>£ in-)
long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, wholly cartilaginous, soft, how-
ever, and flexile, stuffed with a white floccose pith, equal, even,
smooth, polished, livid. Gills adnate, plane, with a decurrent
tooth, 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, not ventricose, but in the form
of a segment, on account of their breadth appearing somewhat
crowded, white, becoming pale.
B. Pileus 12 mm. (K in.) broad, livid when moist, becoming pale when
dry, somewhat membranaceous, at first lens-shaped-globose, then hemispherical,
umbilicate, striate when moist, even when dry. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2
mm. (i lin.) thick, flocculoso-stuffed, then hollow, white villous at the base.
Gills very broad, semicircular, plane with a straight edge, crowded, thin,
white. It is scarcely possible to separate the two forms. Approaching
OmphalicB.
Among moss. Coed Coch, 1869, &c. Autumn.
Name — clusilis, easily closing. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 174. Hym. Eur. p. 129.
B. & Br. n. 1211. b. minor. C. Illust. PL 247. A. umbilicatus Bull. t. 411.
/. 2.
247. A. tylicolor Fr.— Pileus only 12 mm. (% in.) broad, grey-
cinereous, slightly fleshy, convex then flattened, somewhat umbon-
ate, even, unpolished and opaque. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 2
mm. (i lin.) thick, flstulose, somewhat fragile, not rooted, equal,
even, grey, everywhere whitish-pulverulent. Gills free, distant,
broad, plane, rather thick, bi-quaternate, paler than the pileus,
grey.
Inodorous, very undiotinguished in its habit, but its affinity is not apparent.
In shady woods among grass. Coed Coch. Autumn.
Name— of the colour of tylos, a small worm, Vermis multipes. The name is
used by Pliny, and has been identified by some with oniscus, the wood-louse.
From the cinereous colour. The synonym of Persoon, spodochrous (cnroSos,
ashes ; xp^s, colour) signifies ash-coloured. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 176. Hym.
Eur. p. 129. B. &> Br. n. 1341. C. Illust. PL 247.
120
AGARICUS.
VIII. Agaricus (Myceua) poly-
grammus. One-fourth natural
size.
Mycena. Subgenus VII. MYCENA (rfmjs, a fungus). Fr. Syst. Myc. i.
p. 140. Stem fistulose, cartilaginous. Pileus somewhat mem-
branaceous, more or less striate, at the
first conico- or parabolico-cylindrical
by reason of the margin being at the
first straight, and either clasping the
stem which is attenuated upwards, or
pressed close and parallel to it. Gills
not decurrent (or only uncinate by a
small tooth). Epiphytal or rooted,
slender, somewhat campanulate, scarce-
ly umbilicate. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 129.
Distinguished from the minute Col-
lybias by the margin of the pileus
never being involute, but straight and
pressed parallel to the stem, and from
the Mycenarian Omphalias by the pile-
us being commonly umbonate. Some
last far into autumn or winter; others
are very fugacious. Most of them are inodorous, but some have
an alkaline smell or an odour of radish. None of them are
edible.
I. Calodontes (/coXo?, beautiful; 65ov's, a tooth). Stem juiceless, base not
dilated into a disc. Edge of gills darker, denticulate (more or less, Monogr.),
a mark by which they are distinguished from all others, except A. sanguin-
olentus, which has a milky stem. By far the most distinguished species.
IT. Adonideae (from Adonis, denoting beauty). Stem juiceless, base not
dilated into a disc. Gills of one colour, and not of a different colour at the
edge, nor changing colour. Colour pure, bright, not becoming fuscous or cin-
ereous. Growing singly on the ground (except A. Iris} and requiring to be
carefully distinguished from white and coloured varieties of Rigipedes, the
gills of which turn pale from white.
III. Rigipedes (rigid-stemmed). Stem firm, rigid, somewhat tough, juice-
less, somewhat strigose and rooted at the base. Gills changing colour, white
then grey or reddish, commonly at length connected by veins. Pileus not
hygrophanous. Tough, persistent, inodorous, normally growing on -wood and
•very ccsspitose, but individuals occur growing singly and on the ground.
IV. Fragilipedes (fragile-stemmed). Stem fragile, dry, juiceless, fibrillose
at the base, scarcely rooting, but not dilated or inserted. Pileus hygrophan-
ous. Gills changing colour, at length somewhat connected by veins. Thin-
ner, fragile, often soft, commonly smelling, normally growing singly and on the
ground, a few (strong-smelling ones) growing on wood and ccespitose.
V. Filipedes (thread-stemmed). Stem filiform, scarcely a line thick (and
not more), flaccid, somewhat tough, rooting, dry, juiceless, commonly very
long in proportion to the pileus. Gills changing colour, somewhat lighter-
coloured at the edge, distinct. Very slender, tense and straight, growing on the
LEUCOSPORI. 121
ground, and among moss, inodorous, single (not caespitose), pileus fuscous Mycena.
becoming somewhat pale, not hygrophanous, in the last species orange.
These differ from their nearest allies the Rigipedes by their mode of growth,
their stature, their flaccid stem, with its very narrow tube, and their gills
which are scarcely connected by veins. But species with a filiform stem also
occur in the remaining sections, and therefore the other marks must be at-
tended to ; there are also slender forms among the Fragilipedes.
VI. Lactipedes (milky-stemmed). Gills milky when broken as well as the
rooted, dry stem.
VII. Glutinipedes (glutinous-stemmed). Stem juiceless, but viscous with
gluten. Gills at length decurrent with a tooth. Some of the species in the
foregoing sections, which are only slippery to the touch when moist, must be
duly separated from this group.
VIII. Basipedes (stem furnished with a base). Stem dry, rootless, the base
naked and dilated into a disc, or strigose and swollen into a little bulb. Ten-
der, growing singly, becoming flaccid.
IX. Insititias (insero, to insert or graft). Stem very thin, inserted (i.e.
growing on other plants without a root or tubercle or flocci at the base), dry.
Gills adnate, uncinate with a small decurrent tooth (and not as in the Om-
phalian Integrelli truly decurrent). Very tender, becoming Jlacc id as soon as
the sun touches them. (A. roridus Fr. is the only species in the foregoing sec-
tions which is inserted, but it is very glutinous.)
I. — CALODONTES. Edge of gills darker, denticulate, &*c.
248. A. pelianthinus Fr.— Pileus 4 cent. (il/2 in.) broad, pale
purple livid, becoming pale and rather whitish when dry, diaphan-
ous, convex, obtuse or obsoletely umbonate, fleshy and even at the
disc, membranaceous and striate at the margin ; flesh of the
disc moderately thick, white. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2-4
mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose, equal, sometimes incurved at the
base, round, slightly firm, of the same colour as the pileus but
paler, even, smooth or_ftbrillose upwards, naked. Gills truncato-
adnexed, remarkably sinuate, distant, very elegantly connected by
a network of veins, quaternate, more than 2 mm. (i lin.) broad,
dark violaceotis, edge remarkably black-toothed.
Departing from the rest especially in its unusual colour ; from its more
fleshy, convex (not campanulate) pileus it holds a doubtful place between
Collybice and Mycena. The spores are wholly white, though the colour of the
gills is that of PratellcB.
Among dead leaves in woods. Uncommon. Sept.
The edge of the gills at once distinguishes it from A. purus. M.J.B.
Spores 5-6x3-7 mk. B. Name— TreAuupw, to make livid. Fr. Monogr. \. p.
196. Hym. Eur. p. 130. Berk. Out. p. 121. t. 6.f. i. C. Hbk. n. 166.
Illust. PI. 156. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 137. Quel. t. 4.7. 6. Batt. t. 19. /. i.
A. denticulatus Bolt. t. 4. /. i. B. more slender/1/. Dan. t. 191 1./. i.
249. A. balaninus Berk. — Pileus 4 cent. (i)4 in.) broad, och-
raceous with a slight tinge of umber, fleshy-membranaceous, con-
122 AGARICUS.
Mycena. vex, somewhat campanulate, obtusely umbonate, at length more
or less expanded, minutely pulverulent, slightly rugulose, striate
when moist. Stem 6 cent. (2% in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick,
fistulose, attenuated downwards, flexuous, rigid, white and pruin-
ose above, deep sienna-brown below, dark brown and villous at
the base, shining, quite smooth. Gills rounded, quite free, with
exception of a connecting tooth, broad, rather distant, pale,
sprinkled and fringed with dull purple spiculse, interstices veiny.
The base of the stem is embedded more or less in a spongy mass by which
it adheres to the mast.
Among beech-mast, oak-leaves, &c. Rare.
Allied to A. pelianthinus but remarkably distinct. Fr. Spores elliptic.
Name— /3aAwos, acorn, beech-mast, &c. Berk. Mag. Zool. Bot. i. /. 15. /. 2.
Out. p. 121. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 196. Hym. Eiir. p. 130. C. Hbk. n. 167.
Illust. PL 156.
250. A. Iris Berk.-— Pileus %-3/& in. broad, membranaceous,
hemispherical, obtuse, striate, umber, clothed with blue fibrillcE
which are glued down to the epidermis, scattered in the centre,
thicker and more free on the margin which is slightly denticulate.
Stem 4-9 cent. (i}4-3)4 in.) long, not 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, not
rooting, blue below, subrufescent above, the down below de-
pressed and blue, above nearly white, minutely but distinctly fas-
ciculato-pilose. Gills free or slightly adnexed, linear, pale cin-
ereous, the margin sometimes denticulate.
Fasciculate or scattered, brittle ; when young the pileus and stem bright
sky-blue and beautifully tomentose. The little fibrils glued down to the cuti-
cle are very characteristic. When the stem is extremely elongated it is some-
times nearly smooth.
On fir stumps and sticks. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
It seems so much allied to A. marginellus that the figures of A. Iris Berk. Out.
and of A. multiplex by Gonn. dr" Rab. t. 7. f. 4 can scarcely be distinguished.
Fr. The denticulate gills place it in this section. Spores 7x4 mk. IV. P.
Name— *Ipi?, the rainbow. From its varied tints. Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 56.
Out. p. 123. t. 6.f. 3. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 131. C. Hbk. n. 174. Illust. PL
161. S. My col. Scot. n. 138.
251. A. marginellus Pers.— Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad,
somewhat fuscous when young, then changeable in colour, slight-
ly fleshy, campanulate, not viscid, with exception of the very
smooth darker umbo slightly striate and somewhat azure-blue-
floccose. Stem somewhat tomentose - rooted, with the same
flocci as the pileus. Gills slightly adnexed, distant, white or
cinereous, fringed at the edge with dark floccules (commonly
azure-blue or red).
LEUCOSPORI. 123
On fir-trunks among the Hypnum cupressiforme . Aboyne, &c. Mycena.
Aug.-Sept.
Under a high magnifying power the pileus (especially the edge) and stem
appear clothed with minute glandular particles similar to those which colour
the edge of the gills. B. &> Br. Name margo, margin. Diminutive. From
the edge of the gills. Pcrs. Syn. p. 309. ? Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 131. B. &° Br.
n. 988. C. Hbk. n. 168. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 139. Gonn. &> Rab. t. j.f. 4.
A. mirabilis Cke. & Quel.
252. A. aurantio-marginatus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in) or a
little more broad, olivaceous-fuscous, becoming pale when older,
fleshy at the disc, campanulate then convex, obtuse or obsoletely
umbonate, even, smooth, margin straight, slightly striate only at
the margin when moist and unfolded. Stem 2.5-4 cent. (i-iX in-)
long, 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) thick at the base, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) at
the apex, firm, fistulose, inflated ventricose and zoned with yellow
strigose villous down at the base (but scarcely rooted), even,
smooth, livid-pale. Gills very ventricose, hence very attenuato-
adnexed, at first sight appearing free, crowded, connected by veins,
becoming green-livid, the orange edge toothed or rather flocculoso-
pencilled.
In its slightly fleshy, campanulate then convex pileus, like A. pelianthinus,
it inclines towards the Collybice ; otherwise very much allied to A. elegans,
perhaps a variety but larger and more fleshy.
In silver-fir wood. Perth, 1875. Nov.
Stem very brittle. Smell strong. It is admirably figured in the ' Flora
Danica,' and has a peculiar aspect which separates it from other species, look-
ing more like a Marasmius than a Mycena. B. 6s Br. Name — aurantius,
orange ; margo, margin. From the edge of the gills. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 197.
Hym. Eur. p. 131. B. & Br. n. 1516. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 140. Fl. Dan. t.
1292. f. 2.
253. A. elegans Pers.— 12 mm. (% in.) and more broad, be-
coming light yellow-fuscous or light yellow-livid, opaque not
hygrophanous, membranaceous, campanulate, more or less um-
bonate, striate, smooth. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2 mm.
(i lin.) thick, fistulose, rigid-tense and straight, equal, livid,
floccoso-fibrillose at the base. Gills adnate, decurrent with a
tooth, linear, slightly distant, distinct, commonly livid, bluish-
grey at the sides, the edge always darker, saffron-yellow, entire
not manifestly toothed.
The gills are changeable in colour, varying whitish, becoming yellow, &c.,
always, however, with the darker edge. Odour weak, of fennel, or even obsolete.
Kalchbrenner gathered a singular variety called hyperborea (Enum. ii. n.
1039), with smoky or black gills, somewhat cinnabar at the edge.
In woods, chiefly pine. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
124 AGARICUS.
Mycena. Spores 8-10 x 4-5 mk. B. Name — elegans, neat. Pers. Syn. p. 391. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 198. Hym. Eur. p. 131. Berk. Out. p. 121. C. Hbk. n. 169.
Jllust. PL 284. a. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 141. Fl. Dan. t. 2024.
254. A. rubro-marginatus Fr.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.)
broad, hygrophanous, becoming red-livid or purple-fuscous, becom-
*n£ Pa^e (variable), membranaceous, campanulate, obtuse, striate,
smooth. Stem 2.5-5 cent. (1-2 in.) long, scarcely exceeding
2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose, rigid-fragile, equal, often curved-
ascending, even, smooth, pallid-livid. Gills adnate, with a small
decurrent tooth, distant, distinct, not ventricose, whitish then
grey, edge fuscous-purple, not manifestly toothed.
It approaches Galericulati in its colours, but is smaller, not csespitose,
somewhat fragile, inodorous, juiceless. It has much in common with A. san-
guinolentus, from which it differs in its stature and juiceless stem.
In woods, chiefly pine, on branches, &c. Frequent. July-Nov.
Name — ruber, red ; margo, margin. From the red edge of gills. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 199. Hym. Eur. p. 132. Icon. t. 78. /. 4. Berk. Out. p. 122.
C. Hbk. n. 170. Illust. PL 284. b. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 142. Var. fusco-
purpureus Lasch n. 544. Among dead leaves. Very distinct from the usual
form, having much the appearance of an exotic Marasmius. B. & Br. n.
1639.
255. A. strobilinus Fr.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad,
scarlet^ conical then campanulate, membranaceous, the slightly
fleshy even umbo acute, slightly striate and most frequently paler
at the circumference, smooth, dry. Stem 5 cent. (2 in.) long, 2
mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose, slightly rigid, equal, juiceless, even,
smooth, white-strigose at the base. Gills adnate, decurrent with a
thin tooth, distant, distinct, alternate, a little paler than the pileus,
but the edge is darker, black-blood colour.
Somewhat fasciculate. The whole plant is shining, persistently scarlet, not
changing colour or becoming pale.
On dead leaves, twigs, and cones of Scotch fir. Rare.
Autumn.
Fries has gathered it in beech woods. Name — strobilus, a pine-cone. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 200 (A. coccinellus). Hym. Eur. p. 132. Berk. Out. p. 122.
C. Hbk. n. 171. Illust. PL 131. A. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 143. FL Dan. t.
2025. f. i. A. coccineus Sow. t. 197. C. Illust. PI. 131. B.
256. A. rosellus Fr.— Pileus rose-colour, at length becoming
pale, wholly membranaceous and striate and without a prominent
acute and even umbo, campanulate then hemispherical, obtusely
umbonate, slightly hygrophanous. Stem thin, soft, white-tomen-
tose not strigose at the base, juiceless. Gills scarcely decurrent
with a tooth, somewhat distant, rose-colour, edge black-purple.
LEUCOSPORI. 125
It has many features in common with A. strobilinus. It is smaller, thinner, Mycena.
softer, and paler. Both species preserve their habit, stature, and colours always
unchanged, A. rosellus becoming pale only when old. Laxly gregarious.
In woods, among fir-leaves. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
Spores subellipsoid, 6-8x4 m^- K-! 8-10x4 mk. B. Name — diminutive,
roseus, rose-coloured. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 200. Hym. Eur. p. 132. Berk. Out.
p. 122. C. Hbk. n. 172. Illust. PL 131. C. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 144. Fl.
Dan. t. 2025. f. 2. Gonn. & Rab. t. 7. f. n. A. roseus Pers. Syn. t. 5. f. 3.
II. — ADONIDE^:. Colour pure, bright, &>c.
257. A. purus Pers.— Pileus 1-7.5 cent- (K~3 in-) broad, rose-
colour, &c., slightly fleshy at the disc, campanulate then ex-
panded, at length rather plane, breast-shaped with an obtuse even
umbo, smooth, slightly striate at the margin. Stem 5-10 cent.
(2-4 in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) and more thick, fistulose, rigid,
somewhat tough, equal or attenuated upwards when larger, even,
smooth, villoso-fibrillose at the base, of the same colour as the
pileus. Gills adnate, but very broad, hence they appear broadly
emarginate or sinuate, ventricose, elegantly connected by a network
of veins, pallid or whitish, the edge, which is of the same colour,
quite entire.
The colour of the pileus (which often becomes pale) and stem varies, rose,
purple, lilac, bluish-grey, white. The pileus varies membranaceous, for the
most part striate. The margin is straight when young, so that it is certainly
a species of Mycena. Odour weak of radish. One remarkable form is wholly
milk-white, with the pileus often yellowish ; another is quite snow-white, with
ventricose stem. At first sight it is difficult to detect the affinity of these with
the common rose-coloured or violet form.
In woods, meadows, &c. Very common. July-Nov.
The taste as well as the smell is that of radish. There are occasionally con-
centric grooves on the pileus. Spores 6-10x4 mk. B.; 5x3 mk. W.G.S.
Name— purus, pure. Pers. Syn. p. 339. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 201. Hym. Eur.
p. 133. Berk. Out. p. 122. C. Hbk. n. 173. Illust. PI. 157. S. Mycol. Scot,
n. 145. Hussey ii. /. 49. Harz. t. 38. Fl. Batav. t. 1060. Paul. t. 119.
Fl. Dan. t. 1612, 1673. /. z (A. roseus). Batsch f. 20. A. collinus Larbr. t.
13. f. 4. Bull. t. 507. Schceff. t. 303 (if white-spored).
258. A. pseudo-purus Cke.— Pileus scarcely exceeding 2.5
cent, (i in.) broad, rosy then pale, rather fleshy, campanulate then
convex, expanded, obtusely umbonate, smooth, margin obscurely
striate. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, slender, hollow, rigid,
straight, even, naked, at first rosy-white, becoming brown when
dry. Gills adnate, whitish.
The stem in A. purus does not change colour. Spores in A. purus shorter
and ovoid, whilst in this species they are regularly elliptical. Allied to A.
zephirus.
126 AGARICUS.
Mycena. In woods. Coed Coch, 1880. Autumn.
It is doubtful if this is anything but one of the many forms of A. purus.
Spores 6x4 mk. W.P. Name— ^wWf, false. Spurious A. purus. Grevillea,
vol. x. p. 147. C. Illust. PL 158.
259. A. zephirus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, livid-red-
dish, white-flesh-colour, the disc occasionally becoming fuscous,
not hygrophanous, somewhat membranaceous, diaphanous, cam-
panulate then convex, obtuse, striate to the middle, smooth.
Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, fistulose,
equal or slightly attenuated upwards, round, slightly striate, when
young throughout or at least at the apex white-squamnlose, at
length naked, rufescent^ incurved and woolly at the base. Gills
adnate, somewhat decurrent with a small tooth, broad, but not
ventricose, at length separating, widely connected by veins, in
groups of 2-4, white.
Gregarious, rigid, fragile, inodorous. Its habit is in a measure that of A.
purus, but it is scarcely rightly allied to that species ; rather allied to A. atro-
albus.
On decayed fir wood. Glamis, 1876. Dec.
Name £e' Br. n. 1849 (scarlet form). C. Hbk.
n. 175. Illust. PL 185. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 147.
261. A. lineatus Bull.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) high and
broad, sometimes larger, commonly becoming light yellow but vary-
ing whitish, remarkably membranaceous, hood-shaped then cam-
panulate, obtuse, wholly lineato-sulcate, smooth. Stem 5 cent. (2
LEUCOSPORI. 127
in.) long, fistulose, filiform, equal, even, smooth, for the most Mycem
part becoming light yellow, towards the base white-villous, some-
what velvety. Gills simply adnate, linear, somewhat distant, dis-
tinct, white, the edge, which is of the same colour, quite entire.
Moderately changeable in colour, thin and soft.
Among moss. Foxley. Sept.
Name — linea, aline. From the lines on the pileus. Bull. t. 522. /. 3 (a
darker var.) Fr. Monogr. i. p. 204. Hym. Eur. p. 134. Icon. t. 78. f. 5
(paler var. with flattened pileus). Grevillea, vol. viii. p. 74. C. Illust. PL 185. b.
262. A. luteo-albus Bolt.— Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) high and
broad, yellow, somewhat shining, not becoming pale, membran-
aceous, acutely campanulate, itmbonate when expanded, slightly
pelhtcid-striate (not sulcate), smooth. Stem 2.5-5 cent- O"2 m-)
long, fistulose, filiform, equal, somewhat flexuou s, tough, smooth,
even, base somewhat fibrillose. Gills adnate, somewhat uncinate,
at first joined behind, broad, alternate, distinct, shining white,
edge quite entire.
Very slender, but slightly firm, dry. It seems nearest to A. Adonis.
Among moss in fir woods. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.
gills. Bolt. t. 38. /. 2. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 204. Hym. Eur. p. 134. Berk.
Out. p. 123. C. Hbk. n. 176. Illust. PL 159. S. Mycol. Scot. Supp. Scot.
Name— luteus, yellow; albus, white. From the yellow pileus and white
'ott. t. 38. /. 2. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 204. Hv>
'ut. p.
Nat. July 1883.
263. A. flavo-albus Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (y2 in.) and more
broad, ochraceous, light yellow-white or wholly white, some-
what membranaceous, almost slightly fleshy, campanulate then
convex, \hv& flattened, umbonate, smooth, even (not truly striate),
rimosely split when dry. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.)
thick, fistulose, slightly rigid, tense and straight, equal, not rooted,
pellucidly white, smooth at the base, but pruinose at the apex.
Gills adnexed, soon separating-free, at length plane, ventricose,
distant, white.
Growing in troops. Often difficult to distinguish it from A. lacteus.
In woods and meadows. Frequent. July-Dec.
Spores 6-8x3-4 mk. B. Na.mQ—jffavus, light yellow; albus, white. Fr.
Monogr. \. p. 205. Hym. Eur. p. 135. Icon. t. 79. /. 5. B. 6» Br. n. 989.
C. Hbk. n. 177. Illust. PL 159. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 148. A. stem short.
A. pumilus Bull. t. 260. B. stem longer, filiform.
264. A. lacteus Pers. Wholly milk-white.— Pileus as much as
12 mm. (yz in.) broad, membranaceous, campanulate, somewhat
128 AGARICUS.
Mycena. umbonate, striate when moist, even when dry. Stem 7.5 cent. (3
in.) long, fistulose, equal, somewhat filiform, flexile, even, smooth,
fibrilloso-rooted at the base. Gills adnate, ascending, crowded,
narrow, distinct, alternate.
Always scattered, not casspitose. Sometimes becoming light-yellowish on
the disc. Whitened forms of other species must be carefully separated from
it. Var. pulchella, Fr. Icon. t. 79. f. 3 ; pileus much thinner with a prominent
umbo, gills broader at the base, somewhat distant. Typically caespitose,
growing on wood.
In woods, chiefly among pine-leaves. Common. July-Sept.
Spores sphasroid-ellipsoid, 4-5x3-4 mk. K.; 3x6mk. W.G.S. Name —
lac, milk. Milk-white. Pers. Syn. p. 394. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 205. Hym.
Eur.p. 135. Berk. Out. p. 123. C. Hbk. n. 178. Illust. PL 159. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 149. Fl. Dan. t. 1845. / r- A- nanus Bull. t. 563.7. N. O. Buxb.
C. iv. t. 31. /. 3.
III. — RIGIPEDES. Stem rigid, &c.
265. A. cohserens Fr. — Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
cinnamon or umber-tawny, becoming pale, slightly fleshy, cam-
panulate, obtuse, even, smooth, but soft to the touch and some-
what velvety in appearance, margin straight and at the first ad-
pressed to the stem. Stems 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.) high, 4 mm.
(2 lin.) thick, caespitoso-fasciculate, fistulose, very rigid, almost
horny, equal, even, smooth, shining, bay-brown upwards and whit-
ish at the very apex, date-brown below and glued together at the
base with white (as if heterogeneous) villous down. Gills rounded
behind, somewhat free, distant, commonly connected by veins,
very broad, white then becoming pale.
As regards the stem it approaches the Marasmii, M. alliaceus, e.g. , but the
gills are wholly those of Mycena, nearest to those of A. galericulatus. Pileus
striate when damp.
On bramble, among pine-leaves, &c. Batheaston, &c. Feb.
It has much affinity with A. balaninus Berk. ; but that has the margin of
the gills purple. They have, however, the same fulvous bristles on the surface.
B. & Br. The individual stems rarely come in contact, but are joined to-
gether by the shaggy down. Name — coh Br. n. 1746. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 156. C.
Illust. PL 224.
IV.— FRAGILIPEDES. Stem fragile, &>c.
275. A. atro-albus Bolt.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
somewhat membranaceous, parabolico-campanulate, obtuse, the
blackish disc even, whitish and slightly pellucid-striate round the
margin, not hygrophanous. Stem 7.5-10 cent. (3-4 in.) long, al-
most 4 mm. (2 lin.) thick, remarkably fistulose, tense and straight,
even, shining, of two colours, darker at the apex, with a hairy
bulbous-swollen root. Gills free, ventricose, crowded, white then
becoming glaucous.
Firmer than the others in this section, but neither rigid nor fusiform-rooted ;
distinguished from them all by its swollen, inflated, hairy base. Solitary or
gregarious, not caespitose. Var. minor, with stem pruinate at the apex, is
not constant.
LEUCOSPORI. 133
In mixed woods, among moss. Frequent. July-Nov. Mycena.
Name — ater, black ; albus, white. From the two distinct colours. Bolt. t.
137. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 212. Hym. Eur. p. 140. Berk. Out. p. 124. C.
Hbk. n. 184. S. My col. Scot. n. 157.
276. A. dissiliens Fr.— Pileus cinereous-fuscous, whitish round
the margin, somewhat membranaceous, acorn-shaped then con-
ico-campanulate, not flattened, but revolute at the margin, sulcate
to the middle, dry. Stem short, 5 cent. (2 in.) long, attenuated
upwards from the strigose base, 2-4 -mm. (1-2 lin.) thick, somewhat
incurved, smooth or pruinate, juiceless, slightly striate under a
lens, cinereous, split and breaking asunder into revolute Jlaps
when compressed or bent. Gills rounded behind, separating- free,
broader in front and running out at the very obtuse truncate apex,
soft, watery, whitish or cinereous at the base, the shorter ones
crisped.
Very fragile, with a vapid odour (not nitrous). In shady places the pileus
is commonly covered over with a fibrillose network and hoary silky pruina.
In natural affinity very nearly conjoined with A. atro-albus, but in habit it
rather resembles A. galericulatus or A. alkalinus.
On trunks, branches, &c. Frequent. July-Nov.
Name — dissilio, to burst asunder. From the manner in which the stem
splits. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 213. Hym. Eur. p. 141. Icon. t. 81. f. 2. Berk.
Out. p. 125. C. Hbk. n. 185. Illust. PI. 285. a. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 158.
A. pseudoclypeatus Bolt. t. 154. A. metatus Seer, Mich. Gen. t. 79. f. 5.
Paul. t. 122. f. 8.
277. A. atro-cyaneus Batsch. — Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.)
broad, of one colour, fuscous then becoming azure-blue-grey,
membranaceous, campanulato-convex, at length flattened, gib-
bous, with an irregularly shaped, somewhat angular, wrinkled,
obtuse, fuscous blackish umbo, deeply sulcate (even when dry) to
the umbo, sprinkled with white powder which is easily rubbed off.
Stem 4-5 cent. (i}4-2 in.) long, fistulose,y?///0r«, slightly attenu-
ated from the slightly bulbous base, almost equal, rigid, fragile,
even, smooth, dark blue-black. Gills joined in a collar, attenuate-
adnate, ventricose, distinct, distant, white.
Fragile, inodorous. Its affinity is not fully apparent. The figure of Batsch
is from a small and imperfectly developed specimen.
In fir woods. Ascot, 1865, &c. Sept.-Nov.
Name — ater, black ; cyaneus, dark-blue. Batsch f. 87. Fr. Monogr. i. p.
203. Hym. Eur. p. 141. B. 6* Br. n. 1213, 1640*. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 150.
C. Illust. PL 236. b.
278. A. pullatus Berk. £ Cke.— Pileus 18 mm. (tf in.) broad,
134 AGARICUS.
Mycena. at first dark brown with a tinge of purple, disc almost black,
membranaceous, campanulate, obtusely umbonate, sulcato-striate
to the middle. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick,
fistulose, thickened downwards, of the same colour, whitish floe-
cose at the base, sometimes rooting. Gills adnexed, rather broad,
scarcely crowded, white.
Spores elliptic, smooth. Odour slightly nitrous. The pileus grows a little
paler with age, sometimes with a glaucous bloom. Allied to A. atro-cyaneus
and A. leptocephalus.
On the ground among dead leaves. Chingford, 1882, &c.
Oct.-Nov.
Name — pullus, dark. From the blackened colour. B. & C. Grcvillea, vol.
xi. p. 69. C. lllust. PL 237.
279. A. pauperculus Berk.— Pileus 2 mm. (i lin.) broad, pale
ochraceous -white, fleshy, somewhat membranaceous, obtusely
conical or hemispherical, minutely innato-fibrillose. Stem 1-2.5
cent. (j£-i in.) long, i m. (yz lin.) thick, white, curved, rooting,
minutely stuffed, smooth except at the villous base, powdered at
the top with the sporules, generally thicker below. Gills at first
free then adnexed, white.
Odour farinaceous. The pileus is in age almost tawny, probably stained by
the wood on which it grows. Gills adnexed from the growth of the pileus
which is sometimes striate from translucence.
Inside of decayed stumps. Uncommon. Sept.
Name — diminutive of pauper, poor. From its insignificant appearance.
Berk. Eng. Fl. v. p. 57. Out. p. 125. C. Hbk. n. 187. lllust. PL 236. Fr.
Hym. Eur. p. 141.
280. A. leptocephalus Pers. — Pileus cinereous, somewhat
membranaceous, campanulato-expanded, repand, umbonate, sul-
cate, pruinose, opaque. Stem equal, slightly striate, opaque, dry.
Gills emarginate, white-cinereous.
Fragile, strong-smelling, odour nitrous. Solitary. It agrees with A. alka-
linus in its nitrous odour, but differs in its growth never being casspitose, in
its slightly striate stem, its pruinose sulcate pileus, and its emarginate gills.
On trunks and the ground. Laxton Park, Northamptonshire.
Spores ellipsoid, 6-8 mk. Q. Name — XCTTTO?, fine ; /ce^aA^, head. From its
delicate pileus. Pers. Ic. t. 14. f. 4. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 141. Monogr. \. p.
214. B. & Br. n. 1747. C. lllust. PL 187.
281. A. alkalinus Fr.— Pileus 2.5-5 cent- O-2 in-) broad, cin-
ereous, fuscous, date-brown, inclining to olivaceous, somewhat
membranaceous, campanulate, obtusely umbonate, deeply striate
LEUCOSPORI. 135
when moist, shining when dry, never pruinose or when dry Mycena.
rugulose. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, slightly firm, rigid,
but like the whole plant fragile, equal, slippery (not viscous) when
moist, shining when dry, smooth, villous at the base, normally
yellow, but often cinereous. Gills adnate, somewhat distant, con-
nected by veins or distinct, slightly ventricose, glaucous-white or
dark cinereous and whitish at the edge, sometimes becoming
cinereous-yellow.
Varying very much in stature. It is readily distinguished by its strong alka-
line odour, and by its pileus and stem not having a viscid pellicle, from A.
epipterygius, with which it so agrees in the colours, which vary in each in an
analogous manner, that it is difficult to discriminate between the figures of the
one and the other, although the plants themselves are not even allied.
On trunks, stumps, &c. Common. May-Nov.
Often tinged everywhere with yellow or pink. Solitary or caespitose.
M.J.B. Spores ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 8-10x6-7 mk. K.; 10-12x4-6 mk. B, ;
6x8 mk. W.G.S. Name — alkali. From its alkaline odour. Fr. Monogr.
i. p. 214. Hym. Eur. p. 141. Icon. t. 81. /. 3. Berk. Out. p. 125. C. Hbk.
n. 1 86. Illust. PL 187, 225. S. Mycol. Scot. n. rfo.—Schceff. t. 31, 32.
282. A. ammoniacus Fr. — Pileus fuscous blackish at the disc,
paler round the margin, varying cinereous, somewhat membran-
aceous, at first acutely conical, papillate, then campanulate, naked,
discoid, opaque, striate round the margin. Stem 2.5-5 cent.
(1-2 in.) long, 1-2 mm. (>£-i lin.) thick, rooting, slightly firm,
polished, even, dry, equal, whitish, not becoming yellow, strigose
at the base. Gills simply adnate, linear, distant, distinct, whitish
or grey and whitish towards the apex.
Pileus varying in colour and stature. Very much allied to A. alkalinus ;
odour the same, only weaker ; growth not caespitose.
On the ground among grass. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
Easily distinguished from A. alkalinus by its habitat (always on the ground,
never on stumps) by its single (never caespitose) growth, and by its stem being
uniformly whitish, never becoming yellow. Spores 10-13 x 4-6 mk. B. Name
— from its strong scent of ammonia. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 215. Hym. Eur. p.
142. B. 6s Br. n. 1214. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 161. C. Illust. PI. 238. a.
283. A. metatus Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (yz in.) or a little more
broad, very hygrophanous, cinereous when moist, opaque and
whitish when dry, somewhat membranaceous, hemispherico-
campanulate, obtuse, soft, when moist slightly striate, when dry
without strias, somewhat silky in appearance (under a lens at
least). Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, soft-flaccid, even, smooth,
whitish-cinereous, fibrillose at the base, but not truly rooted.
Gills simply adnate, linear, distinct, somewhat distant, whitish.
136 AGARICUS.
Mycena. It varies flesh-colour, livid, &c. Odour weak, alkaline, often obsolete ;
otherwise it is widely removed from A. alkalinus, &c., in the substance of the
whole plant being soft becoming flaccid rather than rigid-fragile, and in the
pileus being hygrophanous and easily changing colour. Gregarious but never
casspitose. There is also a form with the pileus conical then campanulate,
velvety under a lens.
In mixed wood among moss. Glamis, 1874, &c. Oct.-Nov.
Spores 8-10 x 4-6 mk. B. Name — metatus, furnished with a meta. Conical.
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 215. Hym. Eur. p. 142. B. & Br. n. 1519. S. Mycol,
Scot. n. 162. C. Illust. PI. 238. b. Paul. t. 99. /. 8 (livid flesh-colour).
Buxb. C. iv. t. 15.7. 3.
284. A. plicosus Fr. — Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, fuscous-
cinereous, opaque when dry, membranaceous, fragile, campanu-
late then expanded, with a slightly fleshy, broad, obtuse, even
umbo, otherwise deeply lineato-sulcate, almost plicose with the
distant furrows, often split. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long, slightly
firm, fragile however, tense and straight, equal, even, smooth,
grey, becoming fuscous, blunt, not rooted, white-villous at the
base. Gills adnate and without a decurrent tooth, thick, truly
distant, connected by veins, grey and at length whitish-pruinose.
The stem is by no means soft like that of A. metatus.
On the ground in wood. Rare. Killin, 1876. Sept.
Name — plico, to fold. From the folds on the pileus. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 216.
Hym. Eur. p. 142. Icon. t. 81. /. 4. B. & Br. n. 1641. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
163. C. Illust. PL 285. b.
285. A. peltatus Fr.— Pileus 18 mm. (# in.) broad, black-
fuscous when damp, grey when dry, convex when young, soon
exactly plane, the turned up margin very closely but manifestly
striate, disc slightly fleshy, orbicular, even, plane. Stem 4-5 cent.
(i>£-2 in.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, equal, rigid, some-
what fragile, often flexuous, even, smooth, naked, livid. Gills
adnate with a small decurrent tooth, at first crowded, ventricose,
but somewhat distant when the pileus is flattened, distinct, grey,
paler towards the edge.
The slightly fleshy centre is dilated and plane beyond the middle (rather
umbilicate than umbonate above the tube of the stem). When dry the margin
is raised all round and becomes black, presenting the form of a shallow circular
vessel. Among mosses the stem is drawn out and-villous at the base, but not
truly rooted. A most distinguished species, inodorous, growing in troops and
densely crowded.
In woods among moss. Rare. Altyre. Aug.-Sept
Name— pelta, a small shield. From its shape. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 216.
Hym. Eur. p. 142. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 164.
LEUCOSPORI. 137
286. A. setites Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (X in.) broad, fuscous-grey, Mycena.
becoming pale, membranaceous, campanulate then convex, with a
broad, obtuse, prominent umbo, sulcate to the umbo, smooth. Stem
5 cent. (2 in.) long, fistulose, but often compressed, and then the
tube disappears, unequal, fragile, smooth, shining, becoming
whitish-fuscous. Gills adnate, somewhat uncinate, a little arcuate,
thin, at first cohering in the form of a collar, beautifully reticu-
lated with veins, somewhat distant, white, grey at the sides.
Odour bitterish or obsolete ; growing in troops. The pileus is sometimes
rufescent as in the figure of Schaeffer ; when dry the very margin becomes black,
not the whole striate part as in A. peltatus.
In woods. Ascot, 1873, &c-
Spores TO x 6 mk. B. Name — aerm;?, the eagle-stone. Iron ore. From
the fuscous-grey colour. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 217. Hym. Eur. p. 143. Icon. t.
81. /. 5 (rufescent form). B. & Br. n. 1411. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 165. C.
lllust. PL 188. A. umbelliferus Scheeff. t. 309.
287. A. stanneus Fr.— Pileus 4 cent. (ij£ in.) broad, hygro-
phanous, grey when moist, when dry tin-colour, silky glistening,
smooth however, membranaceous, campanulate then flattened,
fragile, often rimose, striate, smooth. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
long, 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, but compressed to 4 mm. (2 lin.) in
breadth, narrowly fistulose, slightly rigid, even, shining, smooth,
becoming pale, not very fragile. Gills adnate, with a small decur-
rent tooth, scarcely crowded, connected by veins, whitish grey.
Inodorous. Scattered or loosely gregarious. It differs abundantly from A.
metatus in its rigidity, in its glistening pileus when dry, and in its whole
nature; it may rather be compared with A. collariatus among Filipedes.
In wood among grass. Cabalva. Oct.
Spores 8-10x4 mk. B. Name— stannum, tin. From the colour. Fr.
Monogr. \. p. 217. Hym. Eur. p. 143. Icon. t. 82. /. 2. Grevillea, vol. viii.
p. 74. C. lllust. PI. 1 88.
288. A. vitreus Fr.— Pileus 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad, opaque,
fuscous then livid or bluish-grey, wholly membranaceous ; very
thin, campanulate, obtuse, wholly lineato-striate, smooth, dry,
margin entire, naked. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, i m. (%
lin.) thick, remarkably fistulose, equal, smooth, glistening', striate
under a /ens, fibrillose at the base. Gills adnate, linear, distinct,
thin, somewhat distant, whitish, of the same colour at the edge.
It has no umbo or slightly fleshy disc. The whole plant -very fragile, juice-
less, inodorous. Elegant, growing in troops. Among mosses the stem is ex-
tended at the base and spuriously rooted. This and A. tennis differ from the
rest in the substance being much thinner.
138 AGARICUS.
Mycena. In woods. Uncommon. Sept.-Oct.
Name — vitrum, glass. From the glassy appearance. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 218.
Hym. Eur. p. 143. Icon. t. 82. /. i. B. 6° Br. n. mi. C. Hbk. n. 188.
Illust. PI. 160. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 166.
289. A. tenuis Bolt. — Pileus 12 mm. (X in.) or a little more
broad, hyaline or becoming fuscous-white, very thinly membran-
aceous, campanulato-convex, obtuse, lineato-striate, smooth, watery,
the slight margin beautifully fringed in a crenate manner, as if
appendiculate with the fragments of a veil. Stem tall, 7.5 cent.
(3 in.) and more long, scarcely 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, very tense and
straight, even, smooth, watery, hyaline-white, or here and there
becoming yellow at the base. Gills adnate, with a small decur-
rent tooth which is often obsolete, distant, distinct, linear, rather
thick comparatively, soft, whitish.
Wholly watery, very delicate, very fragile, wholly wavering. It differs from
all other species in the tube of the stem which is very thin, membranaceous,
consisting as it were only of the cuticle of the foregoing species, hence pellucid.
It varies with the pileus conical, lineato-striate to the prominent umbo, when
dry even and becoming pale.
In shady moist woods. Rare. Sept.
Spores 3x4 mk. W. G.S. Name — tenuis, thin. Delicate. Bolt. t. 37. Fr.
Monogr. \. p. 218. Hym. Eur. p. 143. Berk. Out. p. 125. C. Hbk. n. 189.
Illust. PL 160. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 167.
V.— FILIPEDES. Stem filiform, &c.
290. A. filopes Bull. — Pileus about 12 mm. (% in.) broad, livid-
fuscous, rarely whitish, remarkably membranaceous, conical then
campanulate, obtuse, striate, dry, smooth. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.)
and more long, fistulose, equal, ^\\Q\\^ filiform, tense and straight,
flaccid, but not very tough, even, smooth, rooting with a long pilose
tail, when in vigour filled with a watery juice. Gills free or only
reaching the stem, ventricose or lanceolate, crowded, white.
The gills are at length grey at the base as is usual in this group. More
fragile than the rest. Elegant in appearance where it grows in troops.
In woods, among leaves, &c. Frequent. Aug.-Nov.
ilum, a thread ; pes, a foot. With thread-like stem. Bull. t. 320.
Fr. Monogr. \.p. 219. Hym. Eur. p. 144. Berk. Out. p. 126. C. Hbk. n.
191. Illust. PL 161. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 168. Hoffm. Nom. t. 6. f. i. A.
pilosus Batschf. 2.
291. A. amictus Fr.— Pileus 6-12 mm. (3-6 lin.) broad, vary-
ing in colour, green, bluish-grey, livid, but not pure, membran-
LEUCOSPORI. 139
aceous, conico-campanulate, but scarcely umbonate, slightly pel- Mycenz
lucid-striate to the middle, also pruinate when in full vigour, but
the pruina easily separates. Stem about 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long,
thinly fistulose, filiform, equal, /far?/?, wholly villous-pnlverulent,
livid, but the very long tortuous root is almost smooth. Gills free,
or only reaching the stem, linear, crowded, narrow, grey, the
edge paler.
Gregarious, inodorous, very much tougher than A. filopes. The floccoso-
pruinose covering seems a species of veil.
Among leaves. Glamis, 1877, £c. Sept.
Spores 8x4 mk. B. Name — amicio, to clothe. From the covering both on
pileus and stem. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 219. Hym. Eur. p. 144. Icon. t. 82. f. 3.
B. & Br. n. 1642. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 169. C. Illust. PI. 286. Buxb. Cent.
iv. /. 31. /. 2.
292. A. debilis Fr.— Pileus 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad, whitish
livid, somewhat flesh -colour, &c., becoming fuscous when dry,
membranaceous, very thin, campanulate then convex, obtuse,
striate when moist, when dry even, but withering and corrugated.
Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4 in.) long, slightly fistulose, capillary-filiform,
weak and lax, of the same colour as the pileus, fibrillose at the
base. Gills broadly adnate, rather broad, distinct, somewhat
distant, whitish, edge of the same colour.
Gregarious ; soon withering in fine weather. In this natural habit it departs
very widely from all the others in this group. It is in reality intruded among
species which are not allied, on account of its filiform, juiceless, but flaccid
rather than flexile stem. It is readily distinguished from A. sanguinolentus ,
which is very like it, by its gills being' of the same colour at the edge. The
umbo, if present, is obtuse.
In chestnut wood. Wrotham, Kent, 1875. Oct.
Name — debilis, weak. From the flaccid stem. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 222.
Hym. Eur. p. 145. Icon. t. 82. /. 4. B. & Br. n. 1521. Bull. t. 518. /. P.
C. Illust. PI. 189. A. capillaris Fl. Dan. t. 1670. /. i.
293. A. vitilis Fr. — Pileus 6-8 mm. (3-4 lin.) broad, fuscous
or livid, becoming pale or whitish, membranaceous, conical then
campanulate, papillate, not wrinkled, but striate to the middle,
dry, smooth. Stem 7.5-15 cent. (3-6 in.) long, thinly fistulose,
filiform, rooted, tense and straight, rigid but tough, easily flexile,
even, smooth, juiceless, shining, livid. Gills attenuato-adnate,
and without a decurrent tooth, ascending, linear, thin, distinct,
whitish or grey.
The pileus is deeply striate when moist, becoming even when dry. The
slightly fleshy papilla often vanishing. The gills sometimes slightly sinuate,
or, in a variation in which the pileus is fuscous, dark cinereous with a whitish
140 AGARICUS.
Mycena. edge. Solitary or gregarious, never caespitose. In nature and natural struc-
ture it approaches A. galericulatus, so that it was taken (Bull. t. 518.7. e. ) for
a slender variety of that species. Otherwise very variable, inodorous, persist-
ent, not withering when dry. It varies with the pileus obtuse, wholly lineato-
striate, &c.
In mixed woods among leaves. Frequent. Sept.-Nov.
The gills vary a good deal in colour, and are sometimes very dark. M.J.B.
Name — vitilis, plaited. From the deep striae. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 221. Hym.
Eur. p. 145. Berk. Out. p. 126. C. Hbk. n. 192. Illust. PI. 189. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 170. Price f. 9. Bull. t. 518. /. O. A. tenuis Sow. t. 385.7. 5.
294. A. collariatus Fr.— Pileus 12 mm. (% in.) and more
broad, typically fuscous, but becoming pale, commonly grey-
whitish, becoming fuscous only at the disc, membranaceous,
campanulate then convex, somewhat umbonate, striate, when dry
rigid, smooth, not soft nor slightly silky. Stem about 5 cent. (2
in.) long, fistulose, filiform but almost 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, tough,
dry, smooth, even or slightly striate under a lens, becoming pale.
Gills adnate, joined in a collar behind, thin, crowded, hoary-
whitish, or obsoletely flesh-coloured.
The gills are somewhat distant when the pileus is expanded. There is not
a separate collar as in Marasmius rotula : the gills are only joined in the form
of a collar, and remain cohering when they separate from the stem. As A.
vitilis approaches A. galericulatus, this approaches A. stanneus, and without
having both species in hand it is difficult to distinguish them.
In wood, among oak-bark. Glamis, 1874. Nov.
In my specimens the pileus had a decided tinge of pink, like A. Adonis, but
differing, as Berkeley remarked, in the decidedly striato-sulcate pileus. The
attachment of the gills is very distinctive. Spores 8-10 x 4-6 mk. B. Name —
collare, a collar. From the union of the gills in a collar. Fr. Monogr. \. p.
222. Hym. Eur. p. 146. Icon. t. 82. f.$. B. & Br. n. 1520. S. Mycol.
Scot. n. 171. C. Illust. PI. 189.
295. A. speireus Fr. — Pileus 4-8 mm. (2-4 lin.) broad, mem-
branaceous, conico-convex then plane, at length depressed in the
centre, the darker umbo fuscous, otherwise pallid cinereous or
whitish, variegated with fuscous striae, smooth, sometimes pruin-
ate. Stem about 5 cent. (2 in.) long, i m. (^ lin.) thick, fistulose,
very tough, filiform, equal, smooth, shining, white, becoming
fuscous at the base, ending with a tail-like fibrillose root. Gills
at first adnate, then when the pileus is depressed deeply decurrent,
distant, the alternate ones shorter, shining white.
The stem is not widened into the pileus as in the Mycenarian Omphalicz.
In troops but not casspitose; appearing in very rainy weather.
On mossy trunks in mixed wood. Uncommon. Aug.-Oct.
Even when the pileus is most depressed in the centre the darker umbo re-
LEUCOSPORI. I4T
mains very marked. This is well defined in the figure and letterpress of Mycena.
'Icones'; " the darker papillate disc at length depressed." Name — o-Treipa,
a coil. From the twisted root. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 191. Hym. Eur. p. 147.
Icon. t. 78. /. 2. Berk. Out. p. 126. C. Hbk. n. 193. Illust. PI. 190. S.
Mycol. Scot. n. 172.
296. A. tenellus Fr. Wholly white or livid-flesh-colour.—
Pileus 12 mm. (yz in.) broad, membranaceous, very tender, cam-
panulato-convex, obtuse, pellucid, slightly striate at the margin.
Stem capillary, smooth, soft, villous at the base. Gills uncinate,
very thin, crowded, white then flesh-colour.
Ccespitose.
On decayed trees. Caen Wood.
Name — tener, tender. Diminutive. Very tender. Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 147.
C. Illust. PL 190.— Rail Syn. t. i./. 2.
297. A. acicula Schaeff.— Pileus 2-4 mm. (1-2 lin.) broad,
vermilion -orange, membranaceous, campanulate then convex,
with a very small slightly fleshy umbo, striate, smooth, shining.
Stem 4-5 cent. (1^-2 in.) long, delicately fistulose, rooted, wholly
bristle- like, very smooth (with exception of the rooting base),
bright shining, intensely yellow. Gills rounded-adnexed, almost
free, comparatively broad, ventricose, somewhat ovate, distant, the
alternate ones shorter, yellow, whitish at the edge or wholly
white.
Stem somewhat pruinose at the apex. Although very tender it is very tough
and persistent.
On leaves, twigs, &c. Frequent. July-Oct.
Spores 8-10 x 2-4 mk. B. Name — acicula, a small pin. Schceff. t. 222. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 223. Hym. Eur. p. 147. Icon. t. 85. /. 3. Berk. Out. p. 127.
C. Hbk. n. 194. Illust. PL 190. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 173. B. young, with
white gills. Lasch. A. clavus Bolt. t. 39. B.
VI. — LACTIPEDES. Stem milky, &>c.
298. A. hsematopus Pers.— Pileus about 2.5 cent, (i in.) broad,
white-flesh-colour, fleshy-membranaceous, slightly fleshy chiefly
at the disc, conical then campanulate, obtuse, nay convex and
spuriously umbonate, naked, even or slightly striate at the margin,
which is at the flrst elegantly denticulate. Stem 5-10 cent. (2-4
in.) long, 2 mm. (i lin.) and more thick, remarkably fistulose,
rigid, normally everywhere pulverulent with whitish delicate
villous down, sometimes, however, denuded of it. Gills adnate,
often with a small decurrent tooth, the alternate ones shorter, in
142 AGARICUS.
Mycena. front disappearing short of the slight margin of the pileus, whitish
and wholly of the same colour at the edge.
Ccespitose (very many of the stems conjoined and strigose at the base), firm,
stature almost that of A. galericulatus, wholly abounding with dark blood-
coloured juice.
On stumps. Frequent. Sept.
Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 10x6-7 mk. K- Name — atjuio, blood; novs, a
foot. From the juice of the stem. Pers. Obs. 2. p. 56. Syn. p. 379. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 224. Hym. Eur. p. 148. Icon. t. 83. f. i. B. 6° Br. n. 991.
C. Hbk. n. 195. Illust. PL 162. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 174.
299. A. cruentus Fr.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad, bay-
brown or fuscous then red, becoming pale, somewhat membran-
aceous, conical then campanulate, obtuse, striate, smooth, margin
quite entire. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, scarcely 2 mm. (i
lin.) thick, fistulose, slightly firm, tense and straight, even, smooth
(never villous-pulverulent), paler than the pileus, villous-rooted at
the base, distilling a dark-red juice when broken. Gills wholly
adnate, crowded, linear, whitish, the edge, which is quite entire, of
the same colour.
Odour not remarkable. Always solitary ; not flaccid. Intermediate between
A. hcematopus and A. sanguinolentus.
In -pine woods. Rare. Sept.
Margin of pileus inflexed ; substance at first rather thick in proportion ;
stem rigid, strigose at the base ; gills obtuse in front, shortly adnate. B. &
Br. Spores 6-8 x 4 mk. B. Name — cruor, gore. From the red juice. Fr.
Monogr. i. p. 225. Hym. Eur. p. 148. Icon. t. 83.^ 2. Berk. Out. p. 127.
B. &» Br. n. 992. C. Hbk. n. 196. Illust. PL 162. 5. Mycol. Scot. n. 175.
Sow. t. 385. / 2, 3.
300. A. sanguinolentus A. & S.— Pileus 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.)
broad, pallid reddish, becoming fuscous, umbo and strias com-
monly darker, very thinly memdranaceous, campanulato-convex or
hemispherical, papillate, smooth, striate to the umbo. Stem 5-7.5
cent. (2-3 in.) long, fistulose, weak, flaccid, almost capillary, mod-
erately tough, naked, smooth, pallid, somewhat fibrillose at the
base. Gills adnate, linear, somewhat distant, the alternate ones
shorter, paler than the pileus, the edge black-purple.
The stem is elongated among Sphagna to as much as 10-12.5 cent. (4-5 in.).
Gregarious. So very tender and easily withering that it is commonly over-
looked. The thinnest of this group and inclining to Calodontes in the edge of
the gills being black-purple, but placed in this section on account of the stem
distilling a pale-reddish juice. The edge of the gills always safely distin-
guishes it from A. debilis to which it is very like.
In woods among leaves especially fir. Common. July-Oct.
LEUCOSPORI. 143
Spores sphasroid-ellipsoid, irregular, 8-9 x 6-7 mk. K. ; irregularly toothed,
roundish, 7-9x5-8 mk. B. ; 6x8 mk. W.G.S. Name — sanguis, blood.
From the juice. Alb. 6* Schw. p. 196. Fr. Monogr. i. /. 225. Hym. Eur.
p. 148. Icon. t. 83.7. 3. Berk. Out. p. 127. C. Hbk. n. 197. Illust. PI.
163. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 176. Gonn. &> Rab. t. -j.f. lo.—Bull. t. 518. /. P.
right hand.
301. A. crocatus Schrad.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (1A~1 in-) broad,
olivaceous, cinereous or shining white, somewhat membranaceous,
conical then campanulate, the even umbonate disc reddish, striate
towards the quite entire margin. Stem 7.5-12.5 cent. (3-5 in.)
long, slightly attenuated from the base, about 2 mm. (i lin.) thick,
tense and straight, even, smooth, saffron-blood-colour, especially
towards the rooting fibrillose base. Gills attenuato-adnexed,
somewhat distant, broader in front, somewhat ventricose, white.
Quite inodorous, scattered. Readily distinguished by its saffron-blood juice.
The base of the stem creeps among leaves. There is a smaller variety on
beech.
In woods among leaves. Uncommon.
Name — crocus, saffron. From the juice. Schrad. — Fr. Monogr. \. p. 226.
Hym. Eur. p. 148. Berk. Out. p. 127. C. Hbk. n. 198. Illust. PL 163.
S. Mycol. Scot. n. 177. Fl. Dan. t. 1550.7 i, 2024.7 i. Knapp. Journ. Bot.
t.7.
302. A. chelidonius Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (lA~i in.) broad,
becoming yellow-flesh-colour, somewhat membranaceous, cam-
panulate then convex, obtuse, smooth, pellucid-striate when moist,
even and opaque when dry, margin quite entire. Stem 4-5 cent.
(i%-2 in.) long, almost 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose, slightly firm,
even, smooth, becoming yellow, sparingly filled with yellow juice,
rooting and villous at the base. Gills adnate, somewhat distant,
distinct, whitish or becoming yellow-white.
Somewhat csespitose, with the habit of yellowish forms of A. alkalinus to
which it is allied. Odour somewhat alkaline.
On stumps of beech. Rare.
, the name of a flowering plant (Celandine) with yellow
juice. The name is derived from xe^t^i', a swallow; the swallow arriving
about the time the plant flowers. The fungus is so named from its yellow
milk. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 226. Hym. Eur. p. 148. Berk. Out. p. 127. C.
Hbk. n. 199. Illust. PL 207 a. A. pumilus Sow. t. 385. f. 4.
303. A. galopus Pers.— Pileus 6-10 mm. (3-5 lin.) broad, at
first becoming black, then cinereous, varying white with a black-
ish papilla, membranaceous, conical then campanulate, some-
what umbonate, striate, naked or pruinate. Stem 5-7.5 cent.
(2-3 in.) long, fistulose, slender, somewhat fragile, even, smooth
or pruinate, cinereous-blackish, paler upwards, somewhat thick-
144 AGARICUS.
Mycena. ened villous and rooting at the base. Gills attenuated behind,
slightly adnexed, broader towards the margin of the pileus, white,
sometimes becoming glaucous.
The stem is elongated among the taller mosses. Readily distinguished
from all others by t\& plentiful white juice of the stem. When old and juice-
less it is easily confounded with A. filopes. Growing in troops.
In woods, among leaves. Common. July-Oct.
Name — y<£Aa, milk ; wow's, a foot. From the white juice of the stem. Pers. —
Fr. Monogr. i. p. 226. Hym. Eur. p. 149. Berk. Out. p. 128. t. 6. f. 2. C.
Hbk. n.. 200. Illust. PI. 207. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 178. Fl. Dan. t. 1550. /. 2.
Gonn. & Rab. t. 7. / 9. Batt. t. 28. Q.
304. A. leucogalus Cke.— Pileus 12 mm. (y£ in.) broad and
high, purple brown, paler at the margin, becoming black at the
umbo, membranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, sulcate to the
middle; milk white, plentiful. Stem 7.5 cent. (3 in.) long, fis-
tulose, slender, a little thickened downwards, of the same col-
our as the pileus, whitish tomentose at the base. Gills adnate
with a small decurrent tooth, rather distant, connected by veins,
cinereous.
Pileus not exceeding an inch. Forming dense casspitose tufts.
On rotten stump. Kew, 1883. Oct.
Name — AevKos, white ; yaAa, milk. Grevillea, vol. xii. p. 41.
VII. — GLUTINIPEDES. Stem glutinous, &>c.
305. A. epipterygius Scop.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent. (%-i in.) and
more broad, commonly cinereous, membranaceous, campanulate
and at length more expanded, obtuse, never depressed, striate,
covered over with a pellicle which, when the plant is moist, is
very viscous, and in every state easily separable, the margin when
young sometimes elegantly denticulate. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.)
and more long, about 2 mm. (i lin.) thick, fistulose, tough, often
flexuous, rooted and fibrillose at the base, even, viscous, for the
most part yellow, but varying cinereous, pallid, whitish. Gills
decurrent with a tooth, thin, whitish, cinereous, bluish-grey,
rufescent.
A very changeable species, chiefly as regards colour ; pileus often rufescent
when older. Sometimes solitary, sometimes gregarious or caespitose, inodor-
ous. Easily distinguished by the viscous pellicle being easily separable both
from the stem and the pileus.
In woods, among grass, &c. Common. Aug.-Nov.
The stem is generally paler in the middle. Spores ellipsoid, 8-10 x 4-5 mk.
K. ; 6-10 x 4-5 mk. B. Name — InC, upon ; n-Tepvytov, a membrane. From
LEUCOSPORI. 145
the pellicle. Scop. p. 453. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 227. Hym. Eur. p. 149. Berk. Mycena.
Out. p. 128. C. Hbk. n. 201. Illust. PI. 208. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 179.
Sow. t. 92. Fl. Dan. t. 2078. /. 2.
306. A. clavicularis Fr. — Pileus 12 mm. (X in-) and more
broad, whitish, light yellowish, becoming fuscous, membrana-
ceous, convexo-expanded, striate, dry, -without a pellicle, at length
depressed at the disc. Stem 5-7.5 cent. (2-3 in.) long, fistulose,
tough, even, smooth, not very viscous, whitish, fibrillose at the
base. Gills adnate, somewhat decurrent when the pileus is de-
pressed, often connected by veins, whitish.
A remarkable species, related to A. epipterygius, but almost dry ; the stem
is viscid only in wet weather. There is a thinner variety with filiform stem.
In grassy ground in fir woods. Glamis, 1876, &c. Oct.
Name — clavus, a nail. Like a small nail in shape. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 228.
Hym. Eur. p. 149. Icon. t. 84. f. i. B. & Br. n. 1749. S. Mycol. Scot. n.
1 80. Bull. t. 80. C. Illust. PI. 208.
307. A. pelliculosus Fr.— Pileus 1-2.5 cent- (lA-i in.) broad,
fuscous then grey, membranaceous, campanulate then convex,
obtuse, lineato-striate to the middle, with a viscid separable pellicle.
Stem curt, 2.5 cent, (i in.) or little more long, fistulose, rigid,
tense and straight, somewhat thickened at the apex, smooth, vis-
cid, white-livid, becoming fuscous. Gills adnate, alternate, very
distant, almost in the form of folds, but wholly simple and not con-
nected by veins, joined in a collar behind and decurrent, becoming
glaucous.
The pileus is covered -with a viscous separable pellicle like A. epipterygius ;
but it is very easily distinguished from that species by the distant, fold-like
gills. The gills are much more decurrent than those of A. epipterygius.
Growing in troops during very rainy weather.
On heaths and in heathy woods. Frequent. Sept.-Oct.
Cinereous. Resembling A. galericulatus rather than A. epipterygius. M. J. B.
N&me—pellicula, a thin membrane. Furnished with a pellicle. Fr. Monogr.
i. p. 228. Hym. Eur. p. 149. Berk. Out. p. 128. C. Hbk. n. 202. Illust. PI.
191. -S'. Mycol. Scot. n. 181.
308. A. vulgaris Pers.— Pileus 6 mm. (3 lin.) and more broad,
fuscous or cinereous, somewhat membranaceous, campanulate
then convex, then depressed at the disc, papillate, slightly striate,
slightly viscid. Stem 2.5-5 cent- (J-2 in.) long, commonly 2 mm.
(i lin.) thick, fistulose, very ruiscous, cinereous, rooting and white-
strigose at the base. Gills at first uncinato-adfixed, then decur-
rent, thin, white.
Gregarious, inodorous, changeable. The pileus is often rufescent when
K
146 AGARICUS.
Mycena. old ; it varies whitish, with the papilla fuscous. The stem is elongated and
filiform among the taller mosses.
In fir woods, &c., among moss. Common. July-Nov.
Spores ellipsoid, 3~4X2mk. K. ; ioX4mk. W.P. Name — vulgaris, com-
mon. Pers. Syn. p. 394. Ic. pict. t. 19. f. 3. Fr. Monogr. i. p. 228. Hym.
Eur. p. 150. Berk. Out. p. 128. t. 6./. 4. C. Hbk. n. 203. Illust. PI. 191.
b. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 182. Quel. t. 4.7. 7. Fl. Dan. t. 1678. /. 2 (incorrect).
309. A. citrinellus Pers. — Pileus 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad,
lemon-yellow, but often darker at the disc, membranaceous, cam-
panulate then hemispherical and flattened, but not umbilicato-
depressed, striate, scarcely viscous. Stem 2.5 cent, (i in.) long,
fistulose, y£/2/0r;;2, smooth, viscid in wet weather at least, lemon-
yellow, villous at the base, but scarcely rooting. Gills uncinate,
alternate, distant, moderately broad, shining white.
Pileus becoming pale. Gregarious ; smaller and less viscid than A. vul-
garis. Var. Candida, sulphur-yellow when dry.
In pine woods, &c. Uncommon. Oct.
Persoon's plant grows on the ground. The form described by Fries in
' Icones ' is smaller and grows on wood. Spores 7x8 mk. W.G.S. Name—
citrus, lemon. Lemon-yellow. Pers. Ic. t. n./. 3. Fr. Monogr. \. p. 229.
Hym. Eur. p. 150. Icon. t. 84. /. 4. B. &> Br. n. 1215. C. Hbk. n. 204.
Illust. PL 248. Fl. Dan. t. 1614.7. i. Batschf. 88.
310. A. plicato-crenatus Fr.— Pileus 6 mm. (3 lin.) broad, but
higher, white then becoming light yellow, very thin, conical,
somewhat umbonate, remarkably sulcato-plicate and crenate, with-
out a separable pellicle. Stem 4 cent. (il/2 in.) long, filiform,
obsoletely or scarcely fistulose from its thinness, pallid reddish,
internally becoming light yellow, smooth, viscid. Gills ascend-
ing, narrow and attenuated behind, adnate, with a small decur-
rent tooth, distant, white.
Allied to the very protean A. epipterygius , but thinner, so that the pileus is
deeply plicate like that of Marasmius rotula, and the margin remarkably cre-
nate. In its very thin plicato-crenate pileus it approaches A. roridus.
Among heath. Coed Coch, 1878. Oct.
Name— //zV#, a fold ; crena, a notch. Plicate and crenate. Fr. Monogr.
ii. /. 294. Hym. Eur. p. 150. Icon. t. 84.7. 2. B. & Br. n. 1748. C. Illust.
PL 248. b.
311. A. roridus Fr. Wholly shining white, but varying with
the pileus becoming yellow. — Pileus 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad,
very thin, membranaceous, conico-campanulate then convex, dry,
sulcate when moist, becoming even when dry. Stem 1-2.5 cent.
(Yz-\ in.) and more long, obsoletely fistulose on account of its
LEUCOSPORI. 147
extreme thinness, capillary, covered over with thick, fluid, shining, Mycena.
hyaline ^fc&K, inserted at the base (not rooted), smooth. Gills
arcuate, decurrent, distant, the alternate ones shorter.
Not allied to any ; among the smallest of Mycence, but of all of them the
most extraordinary on account of the thick (i lin.) fluid and pellucid /£//)', with
which the capillary stem is everywhere covered over, or in which it is as it were
immersed.
On dead sticks, twigs, &c. Rare. Sept.
Various in colour, but generally white with a slight cinereous tinge. After
abundant rain the dripping stem is very striking. M.J.B. Spores ellipsoid
or oblong-ellipsoid, 8-n x 4 mk. K. Name — roridus, wet with dew. Dripping.
Fr. Mouogr. i. p. 229. Hym, Eur. p. 150. Berk. Out. p. 128. C. Hbk. n.
205. Illust. PL 248. S. Mycol. Scot. n. 183. Quel. t. 4. f. 4.
VIII. — BASIPEDES. Stem dilated at the base, &>c.
312. A. stylobates Pers. — Pileus 4-6 mm. (2-3 lin.) broad,
commonly white, membranaceous, campanulate, at length convex,
obtuse, pellucid-striate, dry, commonly sprinkled with spreading
hairs. Stem 2.5-5 cent- 0~2 in-) long, fistulose,y?/*/frfW, some-
times almost capillary, equal, naked, dry, seated upon an orbicular,
plane, striate, slightly villous base. Gills free, wholly separate
behind, ventricose, broader in front, distant, alternate.
Very tender, fragile ; commonly wholly white, but varying grey, becoming
azure-blue. Always solitary and sporadic. In close places the stem is 7.5-10
cent. (3-4 in.) long and flexuous (Hoffm. t. 6.f. 2).
On twigs, leaves, &c. Uncommon. Oct.
Spores 2x3 mk. IV. G.S. Name — crrOXos, a pillar ; /3a