Iberus Vol. 20 (2) REVISTA DE LA. SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGIA | Oviedo, diciembre 2002 HS Iberus Revista de la SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA ComiTÉ DE REDACCIÓN (BOARD OF EDITORS) EDITOR DE PUBLICACIONES (EDITOR=IN=-CHIEF) Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero Apdo. 156, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España EDITORA EJECUTIVA (MANAGING EDITOR) Eugenia M' Martínez Cueto-Felgueroso Apdo. 156, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España EDITORES ADJUNTOS (ASSOCIATE EDITORS) Benjamín Gómez Moliner Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, España Angel Antonio Luque del Villar Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España Emilio Rolón Mosquera Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, España José Templado González Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, ÉSIC, Madrid, España Jesús S. Troncoso Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, España ComiTÉ EDITORIAL (BOARD OF REVIEWERS) Kepa Altonaga Sustacha Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, España Eduardo Angulo Pinedo Universidad del Poís Vasco, Bilbao, España Rofael Araujo Armero Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, España Thierry Backeljau Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruselas, Bélgica Rúdiger Bieler The Field Museum, Chicago, Estados Unidos Sigurd v. Boletzky Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Francia Jose Castillejo Murillo Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España Karl Edlinger Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Viena, Austria Antonio M. de Frias Martins Universidade dos Acores, Acores, Portugal José Carlos García Gómez Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España Gonzalo Giribet de Sebastián Harvard University, EE.UU. Edmund Gittenberger National Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Holanda Serge Gofas Universidad de Málaga, España Angel Guerra Sierra Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España Gerhard Haszprunar Zoologische Staatssammlung Múnchen, Múnchen, Alemania Yuri 1. Kontor AN. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscú, Rusia María Yolanda Manga González Estación Agrícola Experimental, CSIC, León, España Jordi Martinell Callico Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España Ron K. 0'Dor Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Tokashi Okutani Nihon University, Fujisawa City, Japón Marco Oliverio Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia Pablo E. Penchaszadeh Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina Winston E. Ponder Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia Carlos Enrique Prieto Sierra Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, España Me de los Ángeles Ramos Sánchez Museo Nacional de Ciencias Noturales, CSIC, Madrid, España Francisco Javier Rocha Valdés Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, España Paul 6. Rodhouse British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Reino Unido Joandoménec Ros ¡ Aragones Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España María Carmen Salas Casanovas Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España Gerhard Steiner Institut fúr Zoologie der Universitát Wien, Viena, Austria Victoriano Urgorri Carrasco Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España Anders Warén Swedish Museum of Natural History, Estocolmo, Suecia PORTADA DE Jberus Iberus gualterianus (Linnaeus, 1758), una especie emblemática de la península Ibérica, que da nombre a la revista. Dibujo realizado por José Luis González Rebollar “Toza”. Iberus o FEB 2 7 2003 HARVARD UNIVERSITY REVISTA DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA Vol. 20 (2) Oviedo, diciembre 2002 Iberus Revista de la SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA Iberus publica trabajos que traten sobre cualquier aspecto relacionado con la Malacología. Se admiten también notas breves. /berus edita un volumen anual que se compone de dos o más números. INSTRUCCIONES PARA LOS AUTORES Los manuscritos deben remitirse a: D. Gonzalo Rodríguez, Apartado 156, 33600 Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España. Los trabajos se entregarán por triplicado (original y dos copias). Se recomienda a los autores leer cuidadosamente las normas de publicación que se incluyen en cada número de la revista. SUBCRIPCIONES Iberus puede recibirse siendo socio de la Sociedad Española de Malacología, en cualquiera de sus formas, o mediante intercambio. Aquellos socios que deseen adquirir números atrasados deberán diri- girse al bibliotecario. Los no socios deberán ponerse en contacto con BACKHUYS PUBLISHERS, P.O. Box 321, 2300 AH Leiden, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-71-51 70 208, Fax: +31-71-51 71 856, Correo Elec- trónico: backhuysCeuronet.nl Los resumenes de los artículos editados en esta revista se publican en Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) y en el Zoological Records, BIOSIS. Contents list published in Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts and Zoological Records, BIOSIS. Dep. Leg. B-43072-81 ISSN 0212-3010 Diseño y maquetación: Gonzalo Rodríguez Impresión: LOREDO, S. L. - Gijón Entidades Colaboradoras 1 Congreso Internacional de las Sociedades Malaculógicas Enropeas a9 Cal Xa n OV a SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGIA Se CONSORCIO SY ZONA FRANCA Universidade E DE VIGO Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de Vigo Dirección General de Investigación Él ed ES UNIVERSIDADE DE UNTA AE SANTIAGU DE COMPOSTELA Es PROVIGO MUStU Lu MAR DE GALICIA LDIPutación de Pontevedra Este número contiene algunos trabajos presentados en el Il CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE LAS SOCIEDADES MALACOLÓGICAS EUROPEAS, celebrado en Vigo, del 9 al 13 de Septiembre de 2002, habiendo sido parcialmente subvencionado por las ayudas a dicho Congreso O Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 20 (2): 1-9, 2002 Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwartbhia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae) Taxonomical revision of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae) Alberto MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ* Recibido el 9-XI-2001. Aceptado el 14-1-2002 RESUMEN Se realiza un estudio conquiológico y anatómico de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892, tras la revisión de material museístico y la recolección de ejemplares vivos en la localidad típica. Se compara con Hohenwartiana eucharista [Bourguignat, 1864) y se concluye que Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 debe con- silerarse un sinónimo posterior de dicha especie. Se estudian las series tipo de Cionella disparata y Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856 y se da a conocer la distribución geo- gráfica de H. eucharista en la Península Ibérica. ABSTRACT After the revision of museum material and the collection of live samples from the type loca- lity, a conchological and anatomical study of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Wester- lund, 1892, has been made. lt has been compared to Hohenwartiana eucharista [Bour- guignat, 1864) and the conclusion that Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 must be considered as a junior synonym of the aforementioned species, has been drawn. The type series of Cionella disparata and Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856, have been studied and the current geographical distribution of H. eucharista in Iberian Peninsula has been made known. PALABRAS CLAVE: Ferussaciidae, Ferussacia disparata, Ferussacia terveri, Hohenwartiana eucharista, taxono- mia, sinonimia, España. KEY WORDS: Ferussaciidae, Ferussacia disparata, Ferussacia terveri, Hohenwartiana eucharista, taxonomy, synonymy, Spain. INTRODUCCIÓN Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata es un ferussácido descrito por WESTER- LUND (1892a), como similar a Cionella hohenwarthi Rossmássler, 1839, en Cata- luña con localidad típica “Spanien, bei Barcelona” (España, en Barcelona), y conocido actualmente como Ferussacia disparata (Haas, 1929; BecH, 1990; ALTABA Y BALLESTEROS, 1991). También ha sido citado en otras localidades de las provincias de Girona, Barcelona y Tarragona. Todas estas determinaciones fueron realizadas teniendo en cuenta la morfología de la concha y la mayoría de * Museu Valencia d'História Natural. Passeig de la Petxina, 15. E-46008 Valencia (España). E-mail: alber- to.martinezOuv.es Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 las citas han sido recopiladas y transcri- tas de unos autores a otros. Dada la confusión taxonómica existente en torno a esta especie, el autor ha muestreado en los últimos años intensamente los alrededores de Barce- lona, con el fin de recolectar ejemplares vivos que contribuyan a esclarecer su estatus taxonómico y su posición gené- rica. Tanto la concha como el aparato reproductor de los ejemplares recolecta- dos en la localidad típica de F. disparata, como las muestras museísticas que han podido ser localizadas, se han compa- rado con ejemplares de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), ferussá- cido sólo citado por CHÍA (1916) en Cataluña con este nombre, y que está presente y bien caracterizado en la Comunidad Valenciana (GASULL, 1975, 1981; MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, ROBLES, MARTÍ- NEZ-LÓPEZ Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1991; MARTÍ- NEZ-ORTÍ, 1999). Además se han estu- diado las series tipo de Cionella disparata y de Ferussacia terveri, para una mayor clarificación del estatus taxonómico de la primera y para intentar establecer su relación con la segunda, seleccionán- dose además el lectotipo de ambas espe- cies. Se da a conocer la rádula de F. terveri tras el hallazgo de su bulbo bucal en el interior de uno de los sintipos. Finalmente se da a conocer la distribu- ción geográfica actualizada de H. eucha- rista en la Península Ibérica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS En los últimos años se han realizado muestreos continuados en el área alrede- dor de Barcelona y se han recolectado 13 ejemplares en “El Prat de Lloblegat, la Camparra” (31TDF2574) (MVHN, N?* 700), muy cerca de Barcelona, que corres- ponde a la localidad típica de F. disparata. El material de H. eucharista utilizado para su comparación procede de “Alberic, río Xúquer” (Valencia, YJ1330) (col. Martínez-Ortí, N* 361= N* 701, MVHN) (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991) Se han revisado y comparado mues- tras conquiológicas determinadas como Ferussacia disparata, E. terveri y H. eucha- rista, depositadas en el Museu de Zoolo- gla de Barcelona (MZB, colecciones Aguilar Amat, Bofill, Chía, Gasull y Rosals), Museu Valencia d'Historia Natural de Valencia (MVHNV, muestras procedentes de las colecciones Altimira, Chía y Vilella, depositadas en la col. Siro de Fez y col. Martínez-Ortí), Swedish Museum of Natural History de Esto- colmo (SMNES, col. Westerlund) y en el Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Ginebra (MHNG, col. Bourguignat). El estudio de la rádula de F. terveri, hallada en uno de los sintipos, se ha rea- lizado tras eliminar la materia orgánica del bulbo bucal, por ebullición en solu- ción acuosa con sosa. Posteriormente se ha fotografiado en el microscopio elec- trónico de barrido, HITACHI S-4100, del Servicio de Microscopía de la Universi- tat de Valencia. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN La determinación de las especies de los géneros Ferussacia y Hohenwartiana (Familia Ferussaciidae) presentan gran dificultad (Altonaga, Gómez, Martín, Prieto, Puente y Rallo, 1994). Por ello consideramos de gran interés el estudio del aparato reproductor de los ejempla- res recolectados en la localidad típica de F. disparata, así como el estudio conquio- lógico de las muestras museísticas, en las que se incluye las series tipo de los táxones objeto de estudio. Recopilación bibliográfica: WESTER- LUND (1892b) cita esta especie con la combinación Hohenwarthia disparata. SALVANÁ (1884) cita Ferussacia hohenwar- tii en “Vallvidrera” (Barcelona, DF2586), “Girona” (DG8547) y “S'Agaró” (EG0427, Girona) mientras que BOFILL Y Haas (1920) la reasignan a Ferussacia terveri (Bourguignat, 1856). Otros autores, como CHÍA (1887), SALVAÑAÁ (1887) y BoFILL (1915) citan F. terveri en “los alrededores del cementerio del Sudeste, Parque en Barcelona” (DF2978), Bofill (1890) en la “Ciutadella” (Barce- lona, DF3283) y en el “Parque de Mont- juich (DF3079) y cerca del cementerio MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Figuras 1-4. Hohenwartiana eucharista. 1: “Alberic, río Xúquer (Valencia, YJ1330)” (col. Martínez- Ortí, Ne701 MVNH; 6,7 mm H; 2,25 mm 0); 2: “Barcelona” (col. Chía, No 568 MVHN; 6,55 mm H; 2,2 mm 0); 3: “Cantunis” (col. Vilella, Ne 569 MVHN; 6,1 mm H; 2,1 mm 09); 4: “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat” (col. Martínez-Ortí, N* 700 MVHN; 7,2 mm H; 2,3 mm 49). Figura 5. Lectotipo de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (col. Westerlund, No 5303 SMNEHS, 6,5 mm H; 2,2 mm 49). Figura 6. Ferussacia (Pegea) terveri Bourguignat, 1856 (col. Bourguignat, N* 10179 MHNG). 6a: Lectotipo (7,45 mm H; 2,4 mm 0); 6b: paralectotipo (6,4 mm H; 2,1 mm 09); 6c: detalle de la abertura del paralectotipo. Figures 1-4. Hohenwartiana eucharista. 1: “Alberic, río Xúquer (Valencia, Y]1330)” (Martínez-Ortí coll., Ne 701 MVHN; 6.7 mm H; 2:25 mm 0D); 2: “Barcelona” (Chía coll., Ne 568 MVHN, 6.55 mm H; 2.2 mm 0D); 3: “Cantunis” (Vilella coll., No 569 MVHN; 6.1 mm H; 2.1 mm 0); 4: “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat” (Martínez-Ortí coll., Ne 700 MVHN; 7.2 mm H; 2.5 mm 0). Figure 5. Lectotype of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Westerlund coll., N 5303 SMNHS; 6.5 mm H; 2.2 mm 0). Figure 6. Ferussacia (Pegea) terveri Bourguignat, 1856 (Bourguignat coll., N* 10179 MHNG). 6a: Lectotype (7.45 mm H; 2.4 mm D); 6b: paralectotype (6.4 mm H; 2.1 mm 0D); 6c: detail of the paralectotypes' aperture. Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 nuevo” (Barcelona), SAINT SIMON (1891) en “Barcelona” y ZULUETA (1904) en “Aluvions de la vora dreta del Llobre- gat, prop de sa desembocadura”. Estas asignaciones a F. terveri se fundamentan en la determinación que Bourguignat realizó de ocho ejemplares de Barcelona enviados por Salvañá (SALVAÑÁ, 1887). Tras la revisión de estos ejemplares, depositados en el MHNG (N? 9947), se ha comprobado que realmente corres- ponden a H. eucharista. Pilsbry (1908) recopila la cita de Westerlund, de “cerca de Barcelona”. CHÍA (1916) cita Hohen- warthia eucharista en “S' Agaró, riera d'en Xuncla”. HAAs (1929) cita F. disparata de “Barcelona”, “Valle del Llobregat”, “Girona”, “S'Agaró” y “aluviones del Ebro” (Tarragona), y más recientemente, ALTIMIRA (1969) de “Arana” (Prat de Llobregat, DF2773), Casa Antúnez (Can- tunis, Barcelona) (DF2978) y Farola (Far) del Llobregat (DF2975)”. Actualmente Ferussacia disparata continúa formando parte del elenco de especies de la mala- cofauna catalana (BECH, 1990; ALTABA Y BALLESTEROS, 1991). Estudio de la serie tipo de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892: Se ha examinado un sintipo perte- neciente a la serie tipo de C. disparata con localidad tipo “en Barcelona” (N* 5303, col. Westerlund, SMNHS) (Fig. 5). Se ha seleccionado este ejemplar como lectotipo de Cionella disparata. Sus dimensiones son 6,5 mm de altura y 2,2 mm de diámetro. Otros cinco sintipos, no revisados, de C. disparata (K. Sinder- man, com. per), que se encuentran depositados en el Natural History Museum de Gotemburgo (Suecia), se consideran paralectotipos. Estudio de la serie tipo de Ferussa- cia terveri Bourguignat, 1856: BOUR- GUIGNAT (1856) no indica una localidad exacta sino que señala como localidad típica los alrededores de Argel y de Orán. Posteriormente, BOURGUIGNAT (1864) detalla con mayor precisión la procedencia de las muestras de este taxon, dando a conocer un total de seis localidades. Bourguignat selecciona como serie tipo de F. terveri la muestra N? 10179 (MHNG), con localidad “Mus- tapha, a la Maison-Carrée”, en los alre- dedores de Argel, ya que manuscribe en la etiqueta la palabra “type”. Esta locali- dad debe considerarse como localidad típica restringida. Está compuesta por ocho sintipos cuyas dimensiones máximas son: 7,6 mm de altura y 2,65 mm de diámetro. En su descripción original BOUR- GUIGNAT (1856) no advierte la presencia de la lamela parietal, presente en todos los sintipos, ni figura la especie. Sin embargo, en 1864 (Lám. 5, Figs. 1-3), completa la descripción y publica una figura que no ha podido ser asociada a ninguno de los sintipos revisados. Por ello se ha seleccionado como lectotipo de Ferussacia terveri el ejemplar que pre- sentaba en su interior el bulbo bucal (Fig. 6a), ya que ha permitido descubrir la rádula de la especie. Sus dimensiones son 7,45 mm de altura y 2,4 mm de diá- metro. Los otros 7 sintipos correspon- den a paralectotipos de esta especie. Solamente en dos de los sintipos se observa la lamela parietal frontalmente, uno de los cuales corresponde al lecto- tipo, mientras que en los otros debe rea- lizarse un leve giro en la concha para observarla (Figs. 6b-c). Además todos los sintipos presentan dos pliegues colu- melares (Fig. 6c), excepto uno de ellos que presenta sólo uno. La presencia de estas características morfológicas de la concha, la lamela parietal y los pliegues columelares, nos permite asignar Ferus- sacia terveri al subgénero Pegea (Risso, 1826) (ZIiLCH, 1958-60). La rádula del lectotipo de F. (Pegea) terveri presenta 37 dientes por hemirá- dula (Figs. 7-10), con una morfología si- milar a la que presentan Ferussacia (Ferus- sacia) folliculus (Gmelin, 1791) y H. eucha- rista, no apreciándose diferencias significativas con las de éstas (MARTÍNEZ- ORTÍ ET AL., 1991). Se ha observado que algunos dientes marginales contiguos presentan sus cúspides fusionadas (Fig. 10). La mandíbula presenta las mismas características morfológicas que otros fe- russácidos (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991; GiusTI, MANGANELLI Y SCHEMBRI, 1995). MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata bo Figuras 7-10. Rádula del lectotipo de Ferussacia terveri (col. Bourguignat, N* 10179 MHNG) (M.E.B.). 7: Vista general; 8: diente central y primeros laterales; 9: detalle del diente central; 10: dientes marginales. Escalas, 7: 25 pm; 8: 10 qm; 9: 2,5 pm; 10: 5 pm. Figures 7-10. Radula of the lectotype of Ferussacia terveri (Bourguignat coll., N* 10179 MHNG) (S.E.M.). 7: General view; 8: central and first lateral teeth; 9: detail of the central tooth; 10: marginal teeth. Scale bars, 7: 25 qm; 8: 10 um; 9: 2,5 pm; 10: S um. Revisión de muestras del MZB: Se han estudiado siete muestras que se rea- signan a Hohenwartiana eucharista, todas ellas procedentes de la localidad típica: N* 79-8184: 36 conchas, col. Chía, “Can- tunis” (Barcelona); N* 79-8218: 47 conchas, F. terveri, col. Bofill, “Cantu- nis”; N* 79-8219: 2 conchas, F. terveri, col. Rosals, “Barcelona”; N* 79-8220: 4 conchas, F. terveri, “Barcelona”; N* 79- 8221: 2 conchas, F. terveri, col. Aguilar- Amat, “Cantunis (Barcelona); N2 79- 8222: 4 conchas, “aluvions esquerra del Llobregat”; N* 79-8223: 18 conchas, Ferussacia sp. ind., col. Chía, “Barce- lona”; N* 79-8225: 2 conchas, col. Bofill, “Barcelona, parque de la Ciutadella”. Además se han revisado las muestras publicadas por GASULL (1975, 1981), confirmándose su asignación específica a H. eucharista. Revisión de muestras del MVHN: Col Siro de Fez: N? 568: 11 conchas, F. terveri, col. Chía, “Barcelona”, formaba parte de la depositada en el MZB (N? 79- 8223); N* 569: 14 conchas, F. disparata, col. Vilella, “Can Tunés” (Cantunis Bar- Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Figuras 11-13. Aparato reproductor de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), Col. Mar- tínez-Ortí, N* 700 MVHN, “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona)”. 11: Esquema general (escalas, 1 mm); 12: detalle del pene; 13: estructura interna del complejo penial. Abrevia- turas: ag: atrio genital; bc: bursa copulatrix; cd: conducto deferente; dp: divertículo penial; dpi: divertículo penial introflexionado; p: pene; pl: pliegue longitudinal; pr: pliegues radiales; pp: papila penial; v: vagina. Figures 11-13. Reproduction organs of Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguignat, 1864), Col. Martí- nez-Ortí, Ne 700 MVHN, “La Camparra, El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona)” (scale bars, 1 mm). 11: General view; 12: detail of the penis; 13: internal structure of the penial complex. Abbreviations: ag: atrium; bc: bursa copulatrix; cd: vas deferent; dp: diverticulum penial; dpi: diverticulum penial intro- flected; p: penis; pl: longitudinal pleat; pr: radial pleats ; pp: penis papilla; v: vagina. celona); N* 570: 11 conchas, E. disparata, col. Altimira, “Barcelona, Prat de Llobre- gat, en el antiguo campo de Polo del final de la Diagonal”. Las tres muestras corresponden a H. eucharista. Col. Martínez-Ortí: véase MARTÍNEZ- ORTÍ ET AL. (1991) y MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ (1999). Estudio de la genitalia: Se han diseccionado cinco ejemplares proce- dentes de “La Camparra, El Prat de Llo- bregat (Barcelona)”, localidad típica de F. disparata. Se han representado el aparato reproductor completo de un ejemplar, un pene de otro ejemplar y la estructura interna del complejo penial de otro (Figs. 11-13). Las características morfológicas del aparato reproductor coinciden con las que presentan los ejemplares valencianos descritos por Gittenberger (in GASULL, 1975), MARTÍ- NEZ-ORTÍ ET AL. (1991) y MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ (1999). Se ha observado una gran varia- bilidad en la longitud del divertículo penial, al igual que en los ejemplares valencianos. Hay que indicar que, en nuestra Opinión, no se existen diferen- cias significativas, ni en la estructura interna del complejo penial ni en el resto del aparato reproductor, con las de Hohenwartiana hohenwarti (Rossmássler, 1838) representadas por GIUSTI ET AL. (1995). MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Figura 14. Distribución geográfica de Hohenwartiana eucharista en la Península Ibérica. Figure 14. Geographic distribution of Hohenwartiana eucharista ¿n Iberian Peninsula. Distribución y hábitat: Hohenwar- tiana eucharista se extiende, en la Penín- sula Ibérica, por Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana (GASULL, 1975, 1981; MARTÍ- NEZ-ORTÍ ET AL., 1991; ALTONAGA ET AL., 1994; MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, 1999) y Andalu- cía. Recientemente hemos estudiado material de esta especie, recolectado por J. S. Torres en la provincia de Málaga, de El Tarajal (UF6562), Polígono industrial Santa Bárbara (UF6961) y los Prados (UF6862) (Fig. 14). Además, su distribu- ción podría ampliarse con las citas de HAas (1929), SERVAIN (1880), MEDINA (1888, 1891) y ZULUETA (1904), todas ellas procedentes de aluviones, aunque sería necesario su revisión para conside- rarlas válidas, dadas las dificultades de determinación que hemos señalado. Como se puede observar en la Figura 14, la distribución de esta especie presenta discontinuidades a lo largo de la costa mediterránea, que probable- mente están relacionadas con el mues- treo insuficiente de algunas áreas. Habita en ambientes de huerta, culti- vos de cítricos, de ribera, márgenes de acequias, etc., a baja altitud, no supe- rando los 140 m en la Comunidad Valenciana (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, 1999). CONCLUSIONES De acuerdo con las observaciones realizadas sobre la concha y el aparato reproductor de ejemplares vivos de la localidad típica de Ferussacia disparata, así como con el estudio de las series tipo de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Wes- terlund, 1892 y Ferussacia terveri Bour- guignat, 1856 y su comparación con abundante material de Hohenwartiana eucharista de las colecciones Gasull y Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Martínez-Ortí, podemos concluir que Cionella disparata Westerlund, 1892 debe ser considerado un sinónimo posterior de Hohenwartiana eucharista (Bourguig- nat, 1864). Por otra parte, Ferussacia terveri Bourguignat, 1856 se incluye, tras la revisión del material tipo, en el género Ferussacia (Pegea). Las citas de esta especie en Cataluña corresponden, en realidad, a H. eucharista. Nota añadida durante la impresión: Estando en prensa este trabajo Falkner, Ripken y Falkner (2002, Col. Patrimoines Naturels del M.N.H.N. París, 52: 116, nota 183) han revisado el tipo de Ferussacia eucharista Bourguignat 1864 y han com- probado que pertenece al género Ceci- lioides A. Férussac 1814, dando a conocer la nueva combinación Cecilioides eucha- rista. Por ello, la especie tradicional- mente determinada como Hohenwartiana eucharista en la Península Ibérica debe cambiar de nombre. Proponemos la nueva combinación Hohenwartiana dispa- BIBLIOGRAFÍA ALTABA, C. R. Y BALLESTEROS, M., 1991. IX. Els mol.luscs. En: Historia Natural dels Paisos Ca- talans, vol. 8. Invertebrats no Artróopodes. Ros, J.-D. (coord.). Fundación Enciclopedia Cata- lana. Barcelona: 375-470. ALTIMIRA, C., 1969. Notas malacológicas. VIII. Moluscos del Delta del Llobregat. Publica- ciones del Instituto de Biología Aplicada de Bar- celona, 46: 91-113. ALTONAGA, K., GÓMEZ, B., MARTÍN, R., PRIETO, C. E., PUENTE, A. I. Y RALLO, A., 1994. Estu- dio faunístico y biogeográfico de los Moluscos te- rrestres del norte de la Península Ibérica. Parla- mento Vasco. Vitoria. 503 pp. BEcH, M., 1990. Fauna malacológica de Cata- lunya. Mol.luscs terrestres i d'aigua dolca. Treballs de la Institució Catalana d' Historia Na- tural, 12: 1-229. BOFILL, A., 1890. Contributions a la faune ma- lacologique de la Catalogne. HI Note sur quelques Hélices xérophiliennes du litoral de Barcelona, et sur l'acclimatation de la Fe- russacia Terveri. Buletin de la Société Malaco- logique de France, 7: 266-274. BOFILL, A., 1915. Notas acerca de la fauna ma- lacológica española. Memorias de la Real Aca- demia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona. 3* ep., 12 (1): 13 pp. rata (Westerlund 1892) para esta especie, ya que es el nombre específico más antiguo asignado a esta especie. AGRADECIMIENTOS A D*. Karin Kinderman ayudante del conservador del Swedish Museum of Natural History de Estocolmo (Suecia), a D. Yves Finet conservador del Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve (Suiza) y al Dr. Francesc Uribe, conservador del Museu de Zoologia de Barcelona, por la cesión de las muestras y por la bibliografía que me proporcio- naron para la realización de este trabajo. También al Dr. José Ramón Arrébola por la información proporcionada sobre la presencia de esta especie en Andalucía y a D. J. S. Torres por el envío de ejempla- res de las localidades malagueñas. Asi- mismo al Dr. Fernando Robles y al Dr. Benjamín Gómez por la revisión crítica de este manuscrito. BOoriLL, A., Y HAas, F., 1920. Estudi sobre la malacologia de les Valls Pirenaiques. V. Conca del Llobregat. Trabajos del Museo Cien- cias Naturales de Barcelona, 3 (13): 381-831. BOURGUIGNAT, J.R., 1856. Aménités Malacologi- ques. París.1: 1-255. BOURGUIGNAT, J.R., 1864. Malacologie de l'Algé- rie. París. 2: 1-380. CHÍA, M., 1887. Moluscos terrestres y deagua dulce de los alrededores de Barcelona. Gerona, 14 pp. Chía, M., 1916. La fauna malacológica de la pro- vincia de Gerona. Publicación del Colegio de Médicos de Gerona. 69 pp. GASULL, L., 1975. Fauna malacológica terrestre del sudeste ibérico. Boletín de la Sociedad de His- toria Natural de Baleares, 20: 1-155. GASULL, L., 1981. Fauna malacológica terrestre y de agua dulce de la Provincia de Castellón de la Plana. Boletín de la Sociedad de Historia Natural de Baleares, 25: 55-102. Grusti, F., 1973. Notulae Malacologicae, XVII. I molluschi terrestri e salmastri delle Isole Eo- lie. Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeografia, N.S., 3: 113-306. Giusti, F., MANGANELLI, G., Y SCHEMBRI, P. J., 1995. The non-marine mollusc of the Maltese Islands. Museo Regionale Scienze Naturali To- rino. Monografie, 15: 1-607. MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ: Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Haas, F., 1929. Fauna malacológica terrestre y agua dulce de Cataluña. Trabajos del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona, 13: 1-491. MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, A., ROBLES, F., MARTÍNEZ-LÓ- PEZ, F., Y RODRÍGUEZ, C., 1991. Datos preli- minares sobre la familia Ferussaciidae (Gas- tropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la Comunidad Valenciana. Iberus, 9 (1-2): 407-420. MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, A., 1999. Moluscos terrestres testáceos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Tesis doctoral (inédita). Universitat de Valencia. 743 pp. MEDINA, M., 1888. Excursiones al Guadalqui- vir, Tomares, San Juan de Aznalfarache, Gel- ves, Camas y alrededores de Sevilla, y Alcalá de Guadaira. Actas de la Sociedad Española Historia Natural, 17: 24-31. MEDINA, M., 1891. Excursión a Tomares y San Juan de Aznalfarache. Actas de la Sociedad Es- pañola Historia Natural, 20: 104-106. PiLsBRY, H. A., 1908. In: Tryon G.W. € Pilsbry H.A., Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata, 19 (76): 193-366. SALVAÑÁ, J. M., 1884. Introducción a la fauna malacológica de Vallvidrera y catálogo ra- zonado de los moluscos testáceos, terrestres y fluviátiles del territorio. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, 2* ép. I: 375-333 SALVAÑÁ, J. M., 1887. Moluscos nuevos de Es- paña. Crónica Científica, 10: 137-142. SAINT-SIMON, D'A., 1891. Catalogue d'une co- llection provenant du cabinet de M. Saint-Si- mon, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur la Conchy- liologie et 'Anatomie. Toulouse. 50 pp. SERVAIN, G., 1880. Étude sur les mollusques re- cueillis en Espagne et Portugal. Saint Germain. Paris. 172 pp. WESTERLUND, C. A., 1892a. Spicilegium Mala- cologicum. Neue Binnenconchylien in der paláarktischen Region. Verhandlungen der Zo- ologisch-Botanischen Gesells-chaft in Wien: 25- 48. WESTERLUND, C. A., 1892b. Spicilegium Mala- cologicum. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Ma- lakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 24: 176-177. ZILCH, A., 1959-1960. Gastropoda. Teil 2: Euthy- neura. In Schindewolf, O. H. (Ed.): Handbuch der Paliozoologie, 6 (2): 1-834. ZULUETA, A., 1904. Excursió a la desembocadura del Llobregat. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d' Historia Natural, 5: 75-77. ste triada) ll nbicivadl AOSTA pi wre ercuiede ice IEA Cimnéb yA VrEbaA AS se edo pa pea y, 7 il dÓn e eto d id qe a (ME NL Ml Je 989 nal e NE vaa 1 Atras in OS a ala UAT E ip eo nARE TO PEPIESMENE EII pu e Ele mulliaiga EOL fr adsl al alía EN NCAA Ea ad te: da A E Cost liiISRI. ADT LANA ANA DS cad o EN MAR e gora Fl ctrl RA al E And cal US Espr AS DN pa A 8 E Ey al 0 , SA REA PAST IE Y ye crio »: Y “E EN ea 7 AA hins pe Perico: al 2d tab di EH) : carlistas, LES Plot: EE Ha Sosint we ra E diná TAR ALA Bl 0 ná RR O, ab hy0y Fog sirio A tom Mil tescióó a: Y prat de dad isa ins: Paria e Vibra A ES pez 2M,, 190. Faviña alla de Faris. Hr rara EnE Y da q len . hstihizo Wl tienda d "Hist Nes Hem pa PE SUR ME ml 101278. ML A 10 Cómirlbyatirina ada so EAS (ivalopiqie de Ei Culata epi YT A iebpies Halok crop aer al pe Barcelona, gritar Parchiniaiió: Fo 'iesuecla TENES IAN Acgieea de Pra A e el re As IA Sora dosel do k 19 Esti. 5 - Ñ o o pont AcONalaY Elina A Te Kar Einderman. | CILA e O | Ja a Ábio EA A le PET ps Lai el diosa Pa O Sociedad Española de Malacología ——————— Iberus, 20 (2): 11-21, 2002 On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 and Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) Sobre la sinonimia entre Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 y Aplysia fas- ciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) Eugenia MARTÍNEZ * and Jesús ORTEA** Recibido el 14-11-2002. Aceptado el 5-IV-2002 ABSTRACT The anatomy and geographical range of the opisthobranch mollusc Aplysia fasciata Poi- ret, 1789, a species widely distributed in East Atlantic and Mediterranean waters, are reviewed. A detailed anatomical description of this species is given, and radula, ¡aw ele- ments and palatal teeth are illustrated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Examination of the type material of Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, originally described from Ghana, revealed that this species is a synonym of Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789. Literature references to Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 in the eastern Atlantic are missidentifications of some specimens of Aplysia fasciata, deposited in the Natural History Museum of London. RESUMEN En este trabajo se revisan la anatomía y la distribución geográfica de Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789, una especie ampliamente distribuida en el Atlántico Este y en el Mediterráneo. Se da una detallada descripción anatómica de esta especie, y se describen la rádula, armadura labial y elementos palatales usando el microscopio electrónico de barrido. El exámen del material tipo de Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, descrita originalmente en las costas de Ghana, nos lleva a proponer la sinonimia entre esta especie y Aplysia fas- ciata Poiret, 1789. Por otra parte, las referencias en la literatura a la especie Aplysia bra- siliana Rang, 1828, en aguas del Atlántico oriental son debidas a una incorrecta identifi- cación de algunos ejemplares de A. fasciata depositados en las colecciones del Natural History Museum de Londres. KEY WORDS: Aplysia fasciata, Aplysia winneba, opisthobranchs, Anaspidea, East Atlantic, taxonomy. PALABRAS CLAVE: Aplysia fasciata, Aplysia winneba, opistobranquios, Anaspidea, Atlántico este, taxonomía. INTRODUCTION Members of the opisthobranch developed and symmetrical parapodia family Aplysiidae are characterised by that, in some cases, are joined poste- having a globose body and two well riorly. A flat shell is always present, and * Apartado 156 - 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain. emcf65Chotmail.com ** Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Laboratorio de Zoología. C/ Catedrático Rodrigo Uría, s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. 11 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 the body surface is smooth, without any tubercles. A more complete description can be found in EALES (1960) and BEEMAN (1968). The family includes two genera, Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767 and Syp- honota Adams, 1854, the latter being a circumtropical genus. Syphonota differs from Aplysia by the position of the rhi- nophores, close together and set back almost between the parapodial flaps, rather than in front of them (EALES, 1960). Species of Aplysia has been usually differentiated on the basis of external characters, mainly the size and shape of the parapodial lobes, the size of the mantle foramen and the shape of the shell, as well as the penial morphology (EALES, 1960; THOMPSON, 1976). The morphology of the hard parts of the buccal mass, and mainly of the radular teeth, has been also used, but radular morphology has been not studied with detail in all species belonging to this genus. The Aplysiidae of European and West African shores and of the Macaro- nesian Islands have been previously studied in several papers: RIsBEC, 1931; ODHNER, 1932; GGRIGG, 1949; PRUVOT- FoL, 1953; GANTÉS, 1956; EALEs, 1957a, 1957b; BEBBINGTON AND THOMPSON, 1968; BEBBINGTON, 1970, 1975; BEBBING- TON AND BROWN, 1975; THOMPSON, 1976; EDMUNDS, 1978; BEBBINGTON, 1982; BALLESTEROS AND TEMPLADO, 1987; ORTEA AND MARTÍNEZ, 1991; MALAQUIAS AND CALADO, 1997; WIRTZ AND MARTINS, 1993, among others. In her world-wide revision of the genus Aplysia EALES (1960) recorded 35 species, nine of which inhabit East Atlantic waters: Aplysia parvula, A. SYSTEMATICS punctata, A. fasciata, A. dactylomela, A. brasiliana, A. winneba, A. depilans, A. juliana and A. dura. Despite this proliferation of papers, a review of some problematic species seemed to be necessary to have a more complete knowledge of the East Atlantic Aplysiidae. Among them, the validity of the species Aplysia winneba, originally described from Ghana shores and, sub- sequently, only recorded from Cape Verde (EALES, 1957a) and from Senegal (EDMUNDS, 1978; BEBBINGTON, 1982). The main objective of the present paper is to clarify the identity of Aplysia winneba, on the basis of a re-examination of the type material and additional spe- cimens assigned to Aplysia fasciata. Another question is the reference to Aplysia brasiliana as an amphiatlantic opisthobranch, after two records made by EALES (1960) off Saint Helena and Ghana shores. East Atlantic specimens of A. brasiliana studied by Eales are also re-examined, in orden to clarify the pos- sible alleged amphiatlantic character of this species. MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimens studied in this paper were collected by the authors, provided by some colleagues or borrowed from the following institutions: MNCN Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid; MNHN Muséum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris; NHM Natural History Museum, London. Several specimens were dissected and hard parts of the buccal bulb were studied by scanning electron micros- copy (SEM). Family Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809 Genus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767 Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789, Voy. Barbarie, 2: 2 [Type locality: shores of Barbarie (around El Kala, East of Algeria)]. 112 MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata Tethys leporina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10: 563 (non Tethys leporina Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat., 12: 1089 - Nudibranchia). Aplysia alba Cuvier, 1803, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat., 2: 295, PL. L fig. 6. Aplysia camelus Cuvier, 1803, Ann. Mus. d' Hist. Nat., 2: 295, Pl. L, fig.1. Aplysia napolitana delle Chiaje, 1823, Mem. sulla storia e notomia degli aním. s. vert. del Reg. di Napoli, LOA IE Aplysia vulgaris de Blainville, 1823, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et des Arts, 96: 285, figs. 1-2. Aplysia marmorata de Blainville, 1823, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. et des Arts, 96: 286, figs. 3-4. Dolabella lepus Risso, 1826, Hist. Nat. de l' Europe mérid., 4: 44, PL L figs. 1-2. Aplysia radiata Crouch, 1826, Illustr. Introd. Lam. Conch.: 44, Pl. XIV, figs. 10, 10a. Aplysia lepus (Risso): Philippi, 1844, Enum. Moll. Sicil., 2: 99. Aplysia cameliformis Locard, 1886, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, 8: 66. Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 32 (4): 180-183, figs. 1-6 (sin. nov.) Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960, Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zoology, 5: 320-321, fig. 26. EALEs (1960: 315) included A. limacina de Blainville, 1823, among the synonyms of Aplysia fasciata, although the specimen figured by de Blainville is clearly not an Aplysia, but rather a Phyllaplysia. There are several subsequent references to A. fasciata as A. limacina (GRIGG, 1949; IMPERATO, MINALE AND RICCIO, 1977). Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960 was originally described from the Suez Canal as a new species, but some years latter the same author (EALES, 1979: 7) considered it as a juvenile stage of A. fasciata. Material examined - Spain: Cabo Peñas, Asturias (NW Spain), one specimen, 124 mm preserved lenght (Martínez coll., 1992); Eo estuary, Asturias, three specimens, more than 150 mm preserved lenght (Martínez coll., 1992). - Italy: Fusaro lake, Naples gulf, one specimen, 80 mm preserved lenght (Martínez coll., 1993). - Cape Verde: Matiota, San Vicente island, one specimen, 70 mm preserved lenght (Rolán coll., 1985); Tarrafal, Santiago Island, seven specimens more than 200 mm preserved lenght (Rolán coll., 1986). - Mauritania: Nouackchot, ten specimens between 38-54 mm preserved lenght (MNHN, Gofas coll., 1986). - Ghana: Miemia, one specimen, 90 mm preserved lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21416, Templado coll., 1993); Sekondi-Takoradi, one specimen, 40 mm preserved lenght; Pumpuni, one specimen, 37 mm preserved lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21414, Templado coll., 1993); Bushua, one specimen, 28 mm pre- served lenght (MNCN, 15.05/21415, Templado coll., 1993). Two specimens without specified loca- lity, 86 and 32 mm preserved lenght (NHM, 1958.1.9.1-2, Irvine leg.), both labelled as Aplysia bra- siliana. Paratypes of Aplysia winneba: 4 specimens from Christiansbourg, near Accra, Ghana, between 50 and 60 mm preserved lenght (NHM 1957.6.18.4-7, R. Bassindale coll.). One of them dissected for anatomical study. - Angola: Corimba and Cacuaco, Bengo province, six specimens between 70-103 mm preserved lenght (MNHN, Gofas coll., 1981). - Saint Helena: one specimen, 105 mm preserved lenght (NHM, 1968.4.8.1, Mellis coll.), labelled as Aplysia brasiliana. Original description of Aplysia winneba: EALES (1957a: 183) originally described A. winneba as follows: “Aply- sias Of moderate size, purplish black in colour, with vertical bands of dark and light on the inner sides of the parapo- dial edges. Highly mobile, with fimbria- ted cephalic tentacles, parapodia and anal siphon, moderately wide foot and short tail. Penis long and filiform. Mantle thin with a small tubular aper- ture. Purple glands present. Opaline gland compound, with a single conspi- cuous aperture”. Description of the A. winneba pa- ratypes: According to the original des- cription, the mantle has a small tubular aperture, whereas in the examined speci- mens of the paratypic series there is no such an aperture, but a minute papilla. In the dissected paratype, 60 mm long LS) Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Y, y k ¿ $ y AE l ; | | " d a Figures 1-8. Dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba (60 mm preserved lengh). 1: rachidian and first lateral teeth; 2: lateral teeth from sixth to ninth; 3: outermost lateral and marginal teeth; 4: detail of the rachidian tooth; 5: detail of the marginal teeth; 6: palatal teeth; 7: jaw elements; 8: jaw ele- ments, near the masticatory edge. Scale bars, 1-6: 100 um; 7, 8: 10 pm. Figuras 1-8. Paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba (60 mm fijado). 1: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales; 2: dientes laterales desde el 62 al 9%; 3: últimos dientes laterales y dientes marginales; 4: detalle del diente raquídeo; 5: detalle de los dientes marginales; 6: dientes palatales; 7: aspecto de los uncinos de la armadura labial; 8: los mismos, cerca del borde masticador. Escalas, 1-6: 100 ym; 7, 8: 10 ym. pa. 14 MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata Figures 9-17. Aplysia fasciata. 9-14: Specimen from Ghana (40 mm preserved lenght). 9: detail of the rachidian tooth; 10: inner lateral teeth; 11: outer lateral teeth; 12: jaw elements; 13: a detail of jaw elements; 14: jaw elements, near the masticatory edge. 15-17: Specimen from Angola (70 mm preserved lenght). 15: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth; 16: last lateral and marginal teeth; 17: palatal teeth. Scale bars 9, 10, 11, 15-17: 100 pm; 12, 14: 10 qm; 13: 1 qm. Figuras 9-17. Aplysia fasciata. 9-14: Ejemplar de Ghana (40 mm fijado). 9: detalle del diente raquídeo; 10: primeros dientes laterales; 11: últimos dientes laterales; 12: uncinos de la armadura labial; 13: detalle de los anteriores; 14: aspecto de los uncinos del borde masticador de la armadura labial. 15-17: Ejemplar de Angola (70 mm fijado). 15: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales; 16: últimos dientes laterales y dientes marginales; 17: dientes palatales. Escalas 9, 10, 11, 15-17: 100 um; 12, 14: 10 ym; 13: 1 qm. IS Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table 1. Comparative table of radular formulae of Aplysia fasciata specimens from different locali- ties. (*) data from the dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba Eales; (**) data from the original des- cription of Aplysia winneba Eales. Tabla 1. Tabla comparativa de las fórmulas radulares de ejemplares de Aplysia fasciata procedentes de distintas localidades. (*) datos del paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba Eales; (*%) datos de la descrip- ción original de Aplysia winneba £ales. Species Locality Formula Animal lenght Reference A. fosciata Angola 38 x 3.25.1.25.3 70 mm this paper A. fasciata Angola 39 x 3.24.1.24.3 103 mm this paper A. fasciata Ghana 37 x 4.18.1.18.4 40 mm this paper A. fosciata Ghana 29 x 4.12.1.12.4 28 mm this paper A. winneba * Ghana 39 x 4.24.1.24.4 60 mm this paper A. winneba ** Ghana 55 x 3.34.1.34.3 70 mm Eales, 1957 A. fasciata Mauritania 31 x3.21.1.21.3 54 mm this paper A. fasciata Cope Verde 49 x 4.23.1.23.4 70 mm this paper A. fasciata Asturias (NW Spain) 50 x 3.33.1.33.3 125 mm this paper after fixation, the nervous system shows the cerebral ganglia completely fused to- gether. The opaline gland is compound, resembling a bunch of grapes, well deve- loped and with a single aperture. The radular formula is 39 x 4.24.1.24.4, and the SEM study shows a high rachidian tooth, with a denticula- ted central cusp and two secondary and smaller cusps on each side, the outer- most less developed (Figs. 1, 4). The inner lateral teeth have a main denticu- lated cusp that becomes longer and narrower along the half-row (Figs. 1-3); near the base of this main cusp there are two outer secondary cusps (the first one well developed), and also an inner secondary cusp. The four outermost teeth are vestigial (Fig. 5). The jaws are two simetrical plates provided with numerous elements, each one with 6-9 short conical extensions at their free edges (Fig. 7). Near the masti- catory edge, the jaw elements are long and narrow, bent and eroded at the edges (Fig. 8). The palatal teeth are hook-shaped and laterally compressed, long and wide at the base, becoming narrower towards the free edge (Fig. 6). In the genital tract there is a glandu- lar area near the end of the distal her- maphroditic duct, in front of and behind 16 the gametolitic gland stalk opening (Fig. 27). The penial sheath had two retractor muscles, and some others that anchor it to the body wall. The penis is filiform (Fig. 28). On the inner side of the penial sheath there is a small flap near the fundus. Description of the Aplysia fasciata material: Among all the examined mate- rial of A. fasciata only one specimen from Ghana has a small hole in the mantle, instead of a small papilla. The small preserved specimens from Ghana and Mauritania have the inner edge of the parapodial lobes with vertical bands of dark pigment, which are not visible in larger animals from other localities. In all the dissected specimens, radular teeth show well developed and sharpened cusps. The rachidian tooth is wide at the base and it narrows towards the upper end. It has a central, denticu- lated cusp and two very small lateral cusps on each side (Figs. 9, 18). In larger specimens the rachidian tooth is higher and narrower, and the central cusp is longer (Figs. 15, 23, 25). Lateral teeth bearing a main, denticulated cusp that becomes longer along the half-row, having two (sometimes three) secon- dary cusps near the base, on the outer MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata a SS 2 Figures 18-26. Aplysia fasciata. 18-21: Specimen from Mauritania (45 mm preserved lenght). 18: detail of the rachidian tooth; 19: inner lateral teeth; 20: jaw elements, near the masticatory edge; 21: palatal teeth. 22, 23: Specimen from Naples (80 mm preserved lenght). 22: lateral teeth from 5h t9 7%; 23: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth. 24-26: Specimen from NW Spain (more than 150 mm preserved lenght). 24: jaw elements. 25: rachidian and innermost lateral teeth; 26: lateral teeth, from 8% to 10%. Scale bars 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26: 100 um; 20, 21, 24: 10 pm. Figuras 18-26. Aplysia fasciata. 18-21: Ejemplar de Mauritania (45 mm fijado). 18: detalle del diente raquídeo; 19: primeros dientes laterales; 20: uncinos del borde masticador de la armadura labial; 21: dientes palatales. 22, 23: Ejemplar de Nápoles (80 mm fijado). 22: dientes laterales, del 5% al 7%; 23: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes laterales. 24-26: Ejemplar del noroeste de España (más de 150 mm fijado). 24: uncinos de la base de la armadura labial. 25: diente raquídeo y primeros dientes late- rales; 26: dientes laterales, del 8% al 10%. Escalas 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26: 100 ym; 20, 21, 24: 10 ym. AS z 1 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Figures 27, 28. Dissected paratype of Aplysia winneba (60 mm preserved lengh). 27: reproductive system; 28: opened penial sheath, showing the long and filiform penis, and the flap on the inner side of the penial sheath. Abbreviations. f: flap; fg: female glands; gg: gametolitic gland; hd: her- maphroditic duct; p: penis; pg: prostatic gland; sr: seminal receptacle. Figuras 27, 28. Paratipo disecado de Aplysia winneba (60 mm fijado). 27: aparato genital: 28: bolsa del pene abierta, mostrando el pene, largo y filiforme, y el pliegue del interior de la bolsa. Abreviaturas. f pliegue; fe: glándulas femeninas; gg: glándula gametolítica; hd: conducto hermafrodita; p: pene; pg: glándula prostática; sr: receptáculo seminal. side, the first one well developed (Figs. 10, 11, 19, 22, 26). There is also a small secondary cusp on the inner side of the main cusp. About the four outermost teeth are vestigial (Fig. 16). Radular for- mulae for specimens from various loca- lities are recorded in Table I; it shows that the number of teeth for each half- row is always less than 40. Jaw elements are long and narrow (about 100 um in a 40 mm preserved specimen) (Fig. 14). They have about 7- 10 short conical extensions at their free edges (Figs. 12, 24) and, under high magnification, show longitudinal striae 18 (Fig. 13). Towards the masticatory edge of the jaw plates these elements are eroded (Figs. 14, 20). Palatal teeth are long and hook-shaped (Figs. 17, 21), laterally compressed. In the reproductive system there is a glandular area well visible as a wide- ning of the distal hermaproditic duct, at the level of the gametolitic gland stalk opening (Fig. 29); The penis is long and filiform (Fig. 30). There is a small flap on the inner side of the penial sheath, that is always situated near the penial base, although its position can show some variation. MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata Figures 29, 30. Dissected specimen of Aplysia fasciata from Angola. 29: reproductive system; 30: opened penial sheath, showing the long and filiform penis, and the flap on the inner side of the penial sheath. Abbreviations as in Figures 27 and 28. Figuras 29, 30. Ejemplar disecado de Aplysia fasciata de Angola. 29: aparato genital; 30: bolsa del pene abierta, mostrando el pene, largo y filiforme y el pliegue del interior de la bolsa. Abreviaturas como en las Figuras 27 y 28. DISCUSSION Aplysia fasciata is a well known species, whose most remarkable external features are the presence of two well developed parapodial lobes, widely separated anteriorly and posteriorly, and a mantle having a small hole or showing instead of this a minute papila; adults usually are dark in colour (velvety black), with red borders of the parapo- dia, cephalic tentacles and rhinophores (EALES, 1960; THOMPSON, 1976). Several anatomical studies have been published on this species. For instance RANG (1828: 55, pl. 6) described and figured very acu- rately the external morphology and the shell, and PiLsBRY (1895: 72, pl. 33) figured the shell and the opaline gland (as Tethys leporina). EALES (1960: 316) des- cribed the radular morphology, and the reproductive system and the penial morphology have been described by THOMPSON AND BEBBINGTON (1969: 349). As it has been previously commen- ted, when EALES (1957a) described Aplysia winneba, she mentioned the structural resemblance between this species and A. fasciata; but in her opinion both differed “in shape, pig- mentation, mode of contraction; in the width, toughness and frilled edges of the foot; in the size, height and fimbria- tion of the parapodia, and in the shell and radula”. However, most of these characters (as the shape, pigmentation, size, width of the foot, etc.) are very variable with the state of preservation, 19 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 thus they have no taxonomic value when distinghishing between specimens of the two species. EALES (1957a) provided a description of the colour based on some photo- graphs of living animals as “purplish black in colour, with browner shades on the mantle”. Although the typical colora- tion of A. fasciata is black with scarlet rims on the parapodia and tentacles, this pattern is normally present in the largest specimens, whereas smaller ones usually have a browner ground colour. The shell described by EALES (1957a) lacks a calca- reous layer, but it is due to fixation. Eales' description of the radula of A. winneba fits into the intraspecific varia- bility of A. fasciata. Eales pointed out that both the rachidian tooth and the first lateral tooth have a rounded cusp; but in the examined paratype the cusps are more or less rounded only in the anterior half of the radula, because they are damaged by eating, which is very common within the genus Aplysia. Comparison of SEM photographs of the radula and jaw elements of A. fas- ciata specimens from different localities and those of the paratype of A. winneba reveals an identical morphology in both groups of specimens. According to THOMPSON AND BEB- BINGTON (1969), the widening glandular area that may be discerned in gross dis- sections near the end of the distal her- maphroditic duct is the prostatic gland. In the penial sheath, the small flap is typical of A. fasciata and may act as a guide during mating, in THOMPSON” s opinion (1976). Examination of several anatomical characters of the paratypes does not support the maintenance of Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 as a different species and indicates that it is a synonym of A. fasciata Poiret, 1789. On the other hand a review of specimens from Ghana and Saint Helena that Eales identified as Aplysia brasiliana indicates that it was a missidentification, and that those speci- mens belong to the species A. fasciata (on the basis of their radular and penial morphology). In Aplysia brasiliana the penis is also long and filiform, but it 20 widens considerably near the base and is flattened near the tip, and there is not a flap on the inner side of the penial sheath. After this study, the known geograp- hical range of Aplysia fasciata in the east Atlantic extends from the south west of England (GRIGG, 1949) and France (BEB- BINGTON AND THOMPSON, 1968) to Angola and Saint Helena. New records in Mauritania and Saint Helena are given here. This species is also common in Mediterranean waters. EALES (1979: 7) identified some speci- mens from Elat (Gulf of Aqgaba, Red Sea) as A. fasciata, concluding that “this Medi- terranean and eastern Atlantic species has extended its range southwards into the Indo-Pacific zone, and is the only member to the family to date to have done so”. So, according to EALES (1979), A. fasciata is a lessepsian emigrant. Other species of Aplysia recorded at the Red Sea are A. cor- nigera Sowerby, 1869, A. dactylomela Rang, 1828, A. oculifera Adams and Reeve, 1850 and A. parvula Guilding in Moórch, 1863 (EALES, 1979; BARASH AND ZENZIPER, 1994), all them clearly different from A. fasciata. Nevertheless, the reference to A. fasciata in the Red Sea is doubtful, and the species was not included by BARASH AND ZENZI- PER (1994) in their checklist of Opistho- branchs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Dr. Reid (NHM, London) for making the paratypes of A. winneba available to us, and Dr. Gofas (now at the Universidad de Málaga, Spain) for the MNHN material and also for his help and suggestions. Dr. Valdés (NHM, Los Angeles) is also acknowled- ged for his critical review of the manus- cript. Thanks are given to Dr. Rolán and Dr. Templado (MNCN, Madrid) for the loan of Ghana and Cape Verde material. Mr. A. Quintana (Scanning Microscope Service, Medicine Faculty, Oviedo Uni- versity) is acknowledged for his techni- cal assintance. This work was supported by the Spanish project “Fauna Ibérica V” (SEUI-DGICYT, PB98-0532). MARTÍNEZ AND ORTEA: On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba and Aplysia fasciata BIBLIOGRAPHY BALLESTEROS, M. AND TEMPLADO, J., 1987. Aply- sia parvula Guilding in March, 1863 en las cos- tas de la Península Ibérica. Publicaciones del Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Bar- celona, 13: 55-62. BARASH, A. AND ZENZIPER, Z., 1994. Notes on Opisthobranchia from the Red Sea. Part IL La Conchiglia, 270: 7-9. BEBBINGTON, A., 1970. Aplysiid species from Malta with notes on the Mediterranean Aply- siomorpha (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Na- poli, 38: 25-46. BEBBINGTON, A., 1975. On a collection of Aply- sia species from Naples with a note on the dis- tribution of Aplysia parvula (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) in the Mediterranean. Pub- blicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 39: 121-128. BEBBINGTON, A., 1982. Notes on a collection of Aplysiomorpha in the Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle de Paris, from around the Senegalese coasts. Malacologia, 22 (1-2): 511-514. BEBBINGTON, A. AND BROWN, G.H., 1975. Aply- sia parvula Guilding in Mórch, an opistho- branch new to the British fauna. Journal of Conchology, 28: 329-333. BEBBINGTON, A. AND THOMPSON, T.E., 1968. Note sur les opisthobranches du bassin d' Ar- cachon. Travaux de l' Institut de Biologie Ma- rine, Arcachon, série A, 105 (5): 1-35. BEEMAN, R.D., 1968. The order Anaspidea. The Veliger, 3 (supl.): 87-102. EALES, N. B., 1957a. Aplysiids from West Africa, with description of a new species, Aplysia winneba. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 32 (4): 179-183. EaLes, N.B., 1957b. Revision of the species of Aplysia of the Muséum National d' Histoire Naturelle (Malacologie), Paris. Bulletin du Muséum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Ze série, 29 (3): 246-255. EALES, N. B., 1960. Revision of the world spe- cies of Aplysia (Gastropoda: Opisthobran- chia). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 5 (10): 267-404. EALEs, N. B., 1979. The Aplysiidae from the Red Sea. Argamon, Israel Journal of Malaco- logy, 7 (1): 1-19. EDMUNDS, J., 1978. Sea shells and other molluscs found on West African shores and estuaries. Ghana Universities Press, Accra. GANTES, H., 1956. Complément a l' étude des Opisthobranches des cótes du Maroc. Bulle- tin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles et Phy- siques du Maroc, 36 (3): 257-263. GRIGG, U.M., 1949. The occurrence of British Aplysia. Journal of the Marine Biological Asso- ciation of the United Kingdom, 28: 795-805. IMPERATO, F., MINALE, L. AND RICCIO, L., 1977. Constituents of the digestive gland of mo- lluscs of the genus Aplysia. IL. Halogenated monoterpenes from Aplysia limacina. Expe- rientia, 33: 1273-1274. MALAQUÍAS, M. A. AND CALADO, G., 1997. The malacological fauna of Salvage Islands. 1. Opisthobranch molluscs. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural), 49 (281): 149-170. ODHNER, N. H., 1932. Beitráge zur Malakozo- ologie der Kanarischen Inseln: Lamellibran- chen, Cephalopoden, Gastropoden. Arkiv fór Zoolog1, 23A (14): 24-28. ORTEA, J. AND MARTÍNEZ, E., 1991. El orden Anaspidea (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) en las Islas Canarias. Revista de la Academia Ca- naria de Ciencias, 3 (4): 87-107. PiLsBRY, H. A., 1895-96. Tectibranchiata. In: Ma- nual of Conchology, vol. 16. Tryon, G.W. (Ed.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 262 pp. : PruvoT-FoL, A., 1953. Etude de quelques opist- hobranches de la cóte atlantique du Maroc et du Sénégal. Travaux de l' Institut Scientifi- que Chérifien, Zoologie, 5: 25-40. RANG, S., 1828. Histoire naturelle des Aplysiens, premiere famille de lordre des Tectibranches. 83 pp, 24 pls. Didot, Paris. RISBEC, J., 1931. Etude de quelques gastéropo- des opisthobranches de la cóte atlantique du Maroc. Bulletin de la Societé del Sciences Na- turelles du Maroc, 11 (4-6): 67-89. THOMPSON, T. E., 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs. Vol. I. Ray Society, London. 207 pp. THOMPSON, T. E. AND BEBBINGTON, A., 1969. Structure and function of the reproductive or- gans of three species of Aplysia (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Malacologia, 7 (2-3): 347- 380. WIRTZ, P. AND MARTINS, H. R., 1993. Notes on some rare and little known marine inverte- brates from the Azores, with a discussion of the zoogeography of the region. Arquipélago, IASOS=63: 21 TA PA ' A el mm . po Ao CN de bres ; de trjti y aa decaer sit es 2 ad IMA E cendi arab y MO ñ CAM 1 10 Pu decia nen r the MM e cmo AL IARRIMAD ib ie EA Es ze mobiadin dor 4 ¿ AA INE TA IIA q ( sé hagas: / p a ey kit. nit bal VES Y Te 7 q Ed pra A A Y 24 A 4 E ye NA 4% E r At y E E AF DOE ió pos 3 E 7 y ñ al a NAS sm » 5 Aden q T ] rre Sa Ms ¿Forest Md Ñ ULA rinde: í UTA A NO ' E ES SST S > | % [el EA 1 1 Ne AA 4 s $ Ñ gr E ' q - - EN j HO CORA a ; Ñ 4 - E HA ME: A añ: 3 ¡gal mm puto! in a E | AR La MIE CR A 30 E 0 EA 4 Pe E ainda oras Ss LaSDAS 7 ioeDia a A ON AS 7 X Do E Eb PEI DATES y AE E e. : 1 E 4 y . po 0 fal oa : EAS TY ES io eE 8 sd A Ñ "Y C RA o, E Y EAN gis pens F 1557 a y 3: 14 de DA: han irisiobr Huerz IA ar didabea cilgti : ta os mit AS l dal Me xa gh megas Dn arder AGAR ? eri e Hi Cato tivas. ic st, sud peter 1 10 Y Hi the upits E (añ We Dela o Ed saclolar añ sr 1 Aa Gh Aplgeia bras puerivs: lo aba bal and il 4 O Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 20 (2): 23-30, 2002 Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs collected in Lebanon (eas- tern Mediterranean) Nudibranquios doridáceos indo-pacíficos recolectados en el Líbano (Mediterráneo oriental) Ángel VALDÉS* and José TEMPLADO** Recibido el 8-111-2002. Aceptado el 10-V-2002 ABSTRACT Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830, Hypselodoris infucata [Rippell and Leuckart, 1830) and Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) are reported from Lebanon for the first time. This is also the first confirmed report, based on anatomical examination, of these three species in the eastern Mediterranean. All specimens examined were fully mature and it is very likely that these three species have stable and reproductively active populations in the Mediterranean. RESUMEN Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830, Hypselodoris infucata (Rúppell y Leuc- kart, 1830) y Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) se citan en el Líbano por primera vez. Además, estas son las primeras citas confirmadas con estudios anatómicos de estas tres especies en el Mediterráneo oriental. Todos los ejemplares examinados eran completa- mente maduros, por lo que es muy probable que estas tres especies tengan poblaciones estables y reproductivamente activas en el Mediterráneo. KEY WORDS: Lessepsian immigrants, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea, Plocamopherus ocellatus, Hypselodoris infu- cata, Discodoris lilacina, Lebanon, eastern Mediterranean. PALABRAS CLAVE: Inmigrantes Lessepsianos, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea, Plocamopherus ocellatus, Hypselodoris infucata, Discodoris lilacina, Líbano, Mediterráneo oriental. INTRODUCTION Since the early eighties, a small but steadily increasing number of Indo- Pacific opisthobranch species have been reported from the Mediterranean Sea. These Lessepsian immigrants have been mostly found in the coasts of Israel, Turkey, and Lebanon, in the eastern Mediterranean (BARASH AND DANIN, 1977; MIENIS AND GATr, 1981; GAT AND MIENIS, 1981; BARASH AND DANIN, 1982; 1986; BOGI AND KHAIRALLAH, 1987; AARTSEN, CARROZZA AND LINDNER, 1990; BOGI AND GIANNINI, 1990; Gar, 1993; CEVIK AND OZTURK, 2001). Some of * Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA (avaldesf'nhm.org) ** Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain (templado mncn.csic.es) 23 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 these records are unconfirmed due to the absence of anatomical studies or voucher specimens available in scienti- fic institutions. The present paper deals with a small collection of opisthobranchs collected in Lebanon by Ghazi Bitar and Helmut Zibrowius, and constitutes the first confirmed report of some Lessep- sian immigrants. These opisthobranchs were made available to us by the collec- tors including brief descriptions of the SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS external color, but without photographs or drawings of the living animals, so identifications were based on these notes and anatomical examination of preserved specimens. Illustrations of the external morphology of the preser- ved specimens have not been included. The material examined is deposited at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM) and the Mu- seo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (MNCN). Family TRIOPHIDAE Odhner, 1941 Genus Plocamopherus Leuckart in Rúppell, 1828 Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúuppell and Leuckart, 1830 (Figs. 1-2A) Material examined: Chak El Hatab, between Hannouch and Selaata, Lebanon, 5 m depth, 4 June 2000, 1 specimen 22 mm preserved length (LACM 152716). Raoucheh, Lebanon, 7 m depth, 19 Sep- tember 2002, 2 specimens 31 mm and 20 mm preserved length (MNCN 15.05/46581). Description: Body elongate, with the foot extending far beyond the posterior end of the notum. Dorsal surface of the posterior end of the foot with a high irre- gular fin-like protuberance. Velum with 17 ramified appendages. On each side of the body there are two ramified lateral papillae anterior to the gill and two clus- ters of 2-3 knob-like organs posterior to the gill. Gill composed of five tripinnate branchial leaves. Rhinophores with 28 lamellae. Background color black with several large, irregular reddish spots. Radular formula 16 x 11.3.1.3.11. There is a broad rachidian plate, which is traversed by a strong furrow and divided into several elongate tubercu- late plates (Fig. 14). The 3 innermost lateral teeth are hook shaped having a secondary cusp, and are similar in length (Fig. 1B). The 11 outermost lateral teeth are rectangular and decrease in size towards the margin of the radula. Jaws composed of numerous simple ele- ments (Fig. 1C). Reproductive system triaulic. Ampulla convoluted, branching into a short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2A). Oviduct entering the female gland mass 24 near its opening. Prostate large and flat; connecting with the deferent duct, which expands again into the ejaculatory portion. Muscular deferent duct and vagina opening into a common atrium. Vagina long and straight. At its proximal end the vagina joins the bursa copula- trix. From the bursa copulatrix leads another duct connecting with the uterine duct and the seminal receptacle. Bursa copulatrix oval in shape, about twenty times as large as the seminal receptacle. Remarks: Plocamopherus ocellatus is a poorly known Red Sea species characte- rized by its external dark coloration with reddish or orange spots (ELIOT, 1908). ELIOT's (1908) is the only record of this species from the Red Sea after its original description by RÚPPELL AND LEUCKART (1828-30) [1830]. The features of our spe- cimens agree with the original descrip- tion and redescription, and there is no doubt they belong to the same species. This species was recorded from the Mediterranean for the first time by BARASH AND DANIN (1982) in Nizzanim, Israel. The present study constitutes the second Mediterranean record, based on three specimens. VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean) VEO PRA A E Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula and jaws of Plocamopherus ocellatus Risppell and Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716). A: general view of the radula; B: detail of a hal£row; C: jaw elements. Scale bars, A: 1 mm; B, C: 200 pm. Figura 1. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula y mandibulas de Plocamophe- rus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716). A: vista general de la rádula; B: detalle de una semihilera; C: elementos de la mandíbula. Escalas, A: 1 mm; B, C: 200 pm. Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Genus Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855 Hypselodoris infucata (Rúuppell and Leuckart, 1830) (Figs. 2B, 3) Material examined (localities in South to North order): Beyrouth Harbor, Lebanon, 2 June 2000, 3-8 m, 36 specimens 13-24 mm preserved length (LACM 152756) and 27 specimens 11-31 mm pre- served length (MNCN 15.05/45958). Jbail, Lebanon, 17 October 1999, harbour entrance, 2-3 m, 1 specimen (MNCN 15.05 /45959). Selaata, Lebanon, 2 May 2001, 1 specimen 8 mm preserved length (LACM 152757). El Heri, Lebanon, 2-3 m depth, 3 June 2000, 2 specimens 7-10 mm preserved length (LACM 152758). Ramkine Island, off Tripoli, Lebanon, 31 May 2000, 4 specimens 12-22 mm pre- served length (LACM 152755). Radular formula 54 x 62.0.62. Rachi- dian teeth absent. Innermost lateral teeth with two large cusps and a shorter denti- Description: Body elongate and relati- vely high in profile, with the foot exten- ding far beyond the posterior end of the notum. Dorsum smooth. Gill composed of 11 unipinnate branchial leaves and rhinophores with 15 lamellae in a 20 mm preserved length specimen (LACM 152756). Background colour blue or greenish blue. There may be darker and lighter areas irregularly distributed on the dorsum. In some specimens the blue color fades to paler blue in the middle of the dorsum. Dark blue and yellow spots scattered over the entire dorsum. cle on the inner side of the cusp (Fig. 3A). Remaining lateral teeth hook-sha- ped, with two cusps and lacking denti- cles on both sides. Outer laterals are short, having 1-8 denticles situated un- der the second cusp (Fig. 3B). Jaws com- posed of numerous, simple elements. Reproductive system triaulic. Ampulla elongated, branching into a short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2B). Oviduct entering the female gland mass 25 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Figure 2. Reproductive systems (scale bars, 1 mm). A, B: Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716); C: Aypselodoris infucata (Riippell and Leuckart, 1830) (LACM 152755); D, E: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). Abbreviations, am: ampulla; bc: bursa copulatrix; dd: deferent duct; fg: female glands; pr: prostate; sr: seminal receptacle; v: vagina; vg: vestibular gland. Figura 2. Aparatos reproductores (escalas, 1 mm). A, B: Plocamopherus ocellatus Rúppell y Leuckart, 1830 (LACM 152716); C: Hypselodoris infucata (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830) (LACM 152755); D, E: Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). Abreviaturas, am: ampolla; bc: bolsa copu- latriz; dd: conducto deferente; fe: glándulas femeninas; pr: próstata; sr: receptáculo seminal; v: vagina; vg: glándula vestibular. 26 VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean) Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula of Aypselodoris infucata (Riippell and Leuc- kart, 1830). A: Inner lateral teeth; B: Outer lateral teeth. Scale bars, 20 um. Figura 3. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula de Hypselodoris infucata (Riúppell and Leuckart, 1830). A: Dientes internos; B: Dientes externos. Escalas, 20 ym. near the center of the mass. Prostate long and tubular; connecting with a thinner duct that expands again into the ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct. Muscular deferent duct and vagina opening into a common atrium. Vagina long and folded. At its proximal end the vagina joins the bursa copulatrix. At mid-length the uterine duct and the seminal receptacle connect with the vagina. Bursa copulatrix oval in shape, about thirty times as large as the seminal receptacle. Remarks: The material here examined is anatomically identical to Indo-Pacific specimens of Hypselodoris infucata recently re-described by JOHNSON AND VALDÉS (2001). Hypselodoris infucata is a well-known Indo-Pacific immigrant in the Medite- rranean. The first Mediterranean record of this species was published by BARASH AND DANIN (1974) under the name Glos- sodoris runcinata. There are two subse- quent records from Israel by GAT AND MIENIS (1981) and MIENIS AND GAT (1981). More recently CEVvIK AND OZTURK (2001) reported H. infucata from southern Turkey; according to these authors H. infucata reached the coast of Turkey following the northbound current parallel to the coast of Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria. All the specimens examined were sexually mature and most likely repro- ductively active. The large number of specimens collected also indicates that this species has stable populations in the eastern Mediterranean, as suggested by BARASH AND DANIN (1986). In Beyrouth harbour the population is thriving in a highly polluted environment. 27 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of the radula and jaws of Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). A: general view of the radula; B: inner lateral teeth; C: jaw elements. Scale bars, A: 500 um; B: 50 um; C: 10 um. Figura 4. Fotografías de microscopio electrónico de barrido de la rádula y mandibulas de Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (LACM 152717). A: vista general de la rádula; B: dientes internos; C: elemen- tos de las mandíbulas. Escalas, A: 500 ym; B: 50 ym; C: 10 pm. Family DISCODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Genus Discodoris Bergh, 1877 Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) (Figs. 2C-D, 4) Material examined: El Heri, Lebanon, 2-3 m depth, 3 June 2000, 1 specimen 23 mm preserved length (LACM 152717). Description: Body flat, oval, with the posterior end of the foot covered by the notum. Dorsum covered by numerous, small conical tubercles, which are larger near the central area. Gill composed of 9 tripinnate brachial leaves. Rhinophores with 12 lamellae. The single specimen was preserved so information on the color of the living animal is not availa- ble. The preserved specimen is brow- nish with several rounded or oval dark brown spots of different sizes, being 28 larger in the central region of the dorsum. Along the innermost sides of the mantle margin there are two lines of large, oval, black spots. Ventrally, the anterior border of the foot is grooved and notched. The ventral side of the foot and mantle margin are covered with numerous brownish spots of various Sizes. Radular formula 20 x 22.0.22. Inner and mid-lateral teeth hamate (Fig. 4A), with a single cusp and no denticles (Fig. VALDÉS AND TEMPLADO: Indo-Pacific dorids in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean) 4B). Outermost teeth with an elongate cusp and also lacking denticles. Jaw composed of several small, irregular ele- ments (Fig. 4C). Reproductive system triaulic. Ampulla convoluted, branching into a short oviduct and the prostate (Fig. 2D). Oviduct entering the female gland mass near its opening (Fig. 2C). Prostate large and flat, with two distinct portions. The prostate connects with a thin duct that expands again into the ejaculatory portion of the deferent duct. Muscular deferent duct and vagina opening into a common atrium. Vagina long and con- voluted. At its proximal end the vagina joins the bursa copulatrix. From the bursa copulatrix leads another duct con- necting with the uterine duct and the seminal receptacle. Bursa copulatrix oval in shape, about ten times as large as the seminal receptacle. Remarks: This is a widespread Indo- Pacific species collected in several locali- ties from the Red Sea to Hawaii (see EDMUNDS, 1971), in most cases under the name Discodoris fragilis (Alder and CONCLUSIONS Three other Lessepsian opisthobranchs have been recorded from Lebanon by BOGI AND KHAIRALLAH (1987) and BOGI AND GIANNINI (1990), all of them belonging to the Cephalaspidea: Pyrunculus fourieri (Audouin, 1826) (as Retusa), Cylichnina girardi (Audouin, 1826), and Acteocina mucronata (Philippi, 1849). This is the first confirmed record in the Mediterranean of Plocamopherus oce- llatus Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830, Hyp- selodoris infucata (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1830) and Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) based on anatomical examination. It also constitutes the first anatomical study of Plocamopherus ocellatus, which was only known from external descrip- tions (Rúppell and Leuckart, 1828-30; Eliot, 1908). All specimens examined were fully mature and it is very likely that these three species have stable and reproductively active populations in the Mediterranean. Hancock, 1864). Discodoris fragilis is currently regarded as a syonym of D. lilacina (RUDMAN, 1999). The reproduc- tive anatomy and radula of the Indo- Pacific specimens studied by EDMUNDS (1971) and Kay AND YOUNG (1961), are identical to those of our material, and there is no doubt about the identity of the Lebanese specimen. BARASH AND DANIN (1977) cited Dis- codoris lilacina from Israel for the first time (as D. concinna). It is most likely that the specimen studied by Barash and Danin belongs to the same species as our material from Lebanon, but their record is unverifiable due to the absence of anatomical studies. The present paper is the first confirmed Mediterranean record for D. lilacina. Records of Discodoris fragilis from the Canary Islands by ORTEA, BACALLADO AND PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ (1981) and Madeira by WIRTZ (1995) belong to Dis- codoris confusa Ballesteros, Llera and Ortea, 1985, a species similar in external morphology (see BALLESTEROS, LLERA AND ORTEA, 1985 and WIRTZ, 1999). The present paper is a contribution to the atlas of exotic mollusks introduced in the Mediterranean, which is now ready for publication (ZENETOS, GOFAS, RUSSO AND TEMPLADO, in press), and it will include full color figures of the external morphology of all species. An electronic version of the atlas is currently available in the web site of the CIESM (Internatio- nal Commission for the Scientific Explo- ration of the Mediterranean Sea): http: / /www.ciesm.org/atlas. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The opisthobranchs examined were collected in Lebanon by Ghazi Bitar and Helmut Zibrowius, during a collabora- tive French-Lebanese survey in the area (CEDRE). Helmut Zibrowius and Argyro Zenetos made constructive com- ments on the manuscript. This paper 29 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 has been partially supported by the US National Science Foundation PEET grant DEB-9978155 “Phylogenetic syste- BIBLIOGRAPHY AARTSEN, J. J., VAN, CARROZZA, A. AND LIND- NER, G., 1990. Acteocina mucronata (Philippi, 1849), a recent Red Sea immigrant species in the eastern Mediterranean. Bollettino Mala- cologico, 25: 285-288. BALLESTEROS, M., LLERA, E. M. AND ORTEA, J. A., 1985. Revisión de los Doridacea (Mo- llusca, Opisthobranchia) del Atlántico nor- deste atribuibles al complejo maculosa-fragi- lis. Bollettino Malacologico, 20: 227-257. BARASH, A. AND DANIN, Z., 1977. Additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean. Conchiglie, 13: 85-116. BARASH, A. AND DANIN, Z., 1982. Mediterranean Mollusca of Israel and Sinai: composition and distribution. Israel Journal of Zoology, 31: 86-118. BARASH, A. AND DANIN, Z., 1986. Further ad- ditions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mo- llusca in the Mediterranean Sea. Spixiana, 9: 117-141. BOGI, C. AND GIANNINI, F., 1990. Notes on a few molluscs, found in the Mediterranean Sea. La Conchiglia, 22(256): 48-51 BOGI, C. AND KHAIRALLAH, N. H., 1987. Nota su alcuni molluschi de provenienza Indo- Pacifica raccolti nella baia di Jounieh (Li- bano). Contributo I. Notiziario del CISMA, 10: 54-60. f CEVIK, C. AND OZTURK, B., 2001. A new les- sepsian mollusc Hypselodoris infucata (Rup- pell and Leuckart, 1828) (Gastropoda: Nu- dibranchia) for the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25: 27-30. EDMUNDS, M., 1971. Opisthobranchiate Mo- llusca from Tanzania (Suborder: Doridacea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 50: 339-396. ELIOT, C., 1908. Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea.- XI. Notes on a co- lNection of nudibranchs from the Red Sea. Journal of the Linnean Society London, Zoology, 31: 86-122. GAr, G., 1993. Flabellina rubrolineata (O'Do- noghue) and Phidiana indica (Bergh) (Nudi- branchia, Aeolidoidea), two new Lessepsian immigrants in the eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 59: 120. 30 matics of dorid nudibranchs”, and the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología of Spain (project REN2000-0890/ GLO). GAT, G., AND MIENIS, H. K., 1981. Additional re- cords of Hypselodoris infucata from Ashque- lon. Levantina, 34: 415. JOHNSON, R. F. AND VALDÉS, A., 2001. The Hyp- selodoris infucata, H. obscura, and H. saintvin- centius species complex (Mollusca, Nudi- branchia, Chromodorididae), with remarks on the genus Brachychlanis Ehrenberg, 1831. Journal of Natural History, 35: 1371-1398. Kay, E. A. AND YOUNG, D. K., 1969. The Dori- dacea (Opisthobranchia; Mollusca) of the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science, 23: 172-231. MIENIS, H. K. AND Gar, G. 1981., On the pre- sence of the Indo-Pacific nudibranch Hypse- lodoris infucata along the Mediterranean co- ast of Israel. Argamon, 7: 51-52. ORTEA, J. A., BACALLADO, J. ]. AND PÉREZ-SÁN- CHEZ, J. M., 1981. Sobre la presencia de Dis- codoris fragilis Alder and Hancock (1864) (Mo- llusca: Opistobranchia: Doridacea) en las Is- las Canarias. Investigación Pesquera, 45: 231-236. RUDMAN, W. B., 1999. Discodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852). Available via: http: / /www.seaslug- forum.net/disclila.htm RUÚPPELL, E. AND LEUCKART, F. S., 1828-30. Neue wirbellose Thiere des rothen Meers. Pp. 1-47, pls 1-12 in Atlas zu der Reise im nórdlichen Afrika, vol. 9, E. Rúppell, ed. Bróner, Frank- furt am Main. Dates of publication: pp. 1-21, pls 1-12 [1828], p. 22 [1829], pp. 23-47 [1830]. WIRTZ, P., 1995. One vascular plant and ten in- vertebrate species new to the marine flora and fauna of Madeira. Arquipélago, 13A: 119-123. WIRTZ, P., 1999. Opisthobranch Molluscs from the Madeira Archipelago. Vita Marina, 46: 1- 18. ZENETOS, A., GOFAS, S., RUSSO, G.F. AND TEM- PLADO, J., In press. CIESM Atlas of exotic molluscs in the Mediterranean Sea. CIESM, Monaco. O Sociedad Española de Malacología —____—_——T— lIberus, 20 (2): 31-44, 2002 Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acumi- nata and Channa punctatus Efectos tóxicos del latex de Croton tiglium sobre Lymnaea acuminata y Channa punctatus Ram P YADAV and Ajay SINGH* Recibido el 28-11-2002. Aceptado el 13-V-2002 ABSTRACT The aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium Linn. plant belonging to family Euphorbia- ceae, was found to have strong molluscicidal activity against freshwater snail lymnaea [Radix] acuminata Lamarck. Exposure of sub-lethal doses of latex extracts of this plant on snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck over 24h or 96h caused significant change in carbohydrates and nitrogenous metabolism in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis tis- sue. Non-target fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]) (which shares the habitat with these snails) was also exposed to sub-lethal doses for 96h exposure periods for measuring its potential, the environmental toxicity (if any). Sub-lethal exposure of fish shows significant alteration in carbohydrate and nitrogenous metabolism in muscle, liver and gonadal tissues. Withdrawal study also shows that there is a partial recovery in snail's tissues but nearly complete recovery in fish tissues after 7'* day of the withdrawal of treatment, which supports the view that plant products are safer in use as molluscicides than synthetic pesticides. RESUMEN Los extractos acuosos del latex de Croton tiglium Linn., de la familia Euphorbiaceae, tie- nen fuertes efectos molusquicidas sobre Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck. La exposi- ción a dosis subletales de dicho latex durante 24 o 96 horas produjo un significativo cam- bio en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos y del nitrógeno en el tejido nervioso, hepatopáncreas y ovotestis. El pez Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]) (que comparte hábitat con estos moluscos) también se expuso a dosis subletales durante el mismo periodo, con el fin de comprobar el potencial tóxico del extracto. Dicha exposición mostró una altera- ción significativa del metabolismo de carbohidratos y nitrógeno en los tejidos muscular, hepático y gonadal. También se comprobo que existe una recuperación parcial en los teji- dos del molusco y una casi total recuperación en los del pez tras el séptimo día después de abandonado el tratamiento, lo que apoya la visión de que los productos procedentes de plantas son más seguros como molusquicidas que los pesticidas sintéticos. KEY WORDS: Channa punctatus, Croton tiglium, metabolism, Lymnaea acuminata. PALABRAS CLAVE: Channa punctatus, Croton tiglium, metabolism, Lymnaea acuminata. Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur- 273 009 (U.P.) INDIA *Corresponding Author Email: ajay_sCsancharnet.in/d_a_singhCrediffmail.com Sl Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 INTRODUCTION Snails of the genus Lymnaea (Radix) and Indoplanorbis Deshayes are the hosts in the life cycle of the liver fluke (genus Fasciola Cobbold), which is responsible for fascioliasis, a disease affecting cattle and live stock population of Northern part of India (SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1981). Control of harmful freshwater snails through synthetic pesticides has been reviewed in detail by various wor- Kers (AGARWAL AND SINGH, 1988; SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1990, 1993, 1995; SINGH, SINGH, MISHRA AND AGARWAL, 1996). With growing awareness of environ- mental pollution caused by synthetic molluscicides (RITCHIE, 1973; CHRISTIE, PRENTICE, UPATHAM AND BANISH, 1978; CARDARELLI, 1974; DUNCAN, 1974; SRI- VASTAVA AND SINGH, 2001), efforts are being made to find out molluscicides of plant origin. Being the product of biosynthesis, they are highly toxic and easily biodegradable in environment (MARSTON AND HOSTETIMAN, 1987; SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1992, 1993; SINGH ET AL., 1996). Earlier studies indicate that the Euphorbiales have potent mo- lluscicidal activity against the freshwa- ter snails Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata La- marck and Indoplanorbis exustus Desha- yes (SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1995; YADAV AND SINGH, 2001). But little work has been done on their mode of action and their environmental im- pact on non-target organism. The aim of this study is to measure the effects of sub-lethal exposure to aqueous extracts of latex of Croton Hglium Linn. on different biochemical parameters of freshwater target snail Lymnaea (Radix) acuminata Lamarck and non-target fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) (Channidae [Ophicephalidae]). Channa punctatus is a freshwater common fish of Indian captured fishery and share the habitat with the snail Lymnaea acuminata. MATERIALS AND METHODS Latex of Croton tiglium Linn. (Family Euphorbiaceae) plant was collected 32 from Botanical garden of D.D.U, Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur India. White latex produced by this plant was drained in to glass beakers by cutting the stem apices and lyophilised at 40%C and the lyophilized dry powder was used for further study. The wet weight of 1 ml latex was 800 mg and dry weight (Lyophilised at 40%C) was 300 mg. Adult Lymnaea acuminata (2.6+0.3 cm in Shell height) and freshwater fish Channa punctatus (10.5+0.9 cm in length) were collected from Ramgarh Lake of Gorakhpur district, and mantained in plastic tank for acclimatization to labora- tory conditions. The acclimatized animals were treated with latex of Croton tiglitum Linn. according to the method of SINGH AND AGARWAL (1988). The experi- mental animals were treated with sub- lethal doses (40% and 80% of LCso) of the latices of Croton tiglium Linn. for 24h or 96h exposure periods. Six aquaria were set up for each dose and each aquarium contained either 30 snails or 10 fishes in 6L dechlorinated tap water. The LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium Linn. against snail Eymnaea acuminata was 0.060 mg/L and 0.014 mg/L for 24h and 96h, respecti- vely (YADAV AND SINGH, 2001). After completion of treatment the test animals were removed from the aquaria and washed with water. The nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis of Lymnaea acuminata and muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of Channa punctatus were excised and used for biochemical analysis. Control animals were held in similar con- ditions without any treatment. In order to see the effect of withdra- wal from treatment, the snails were first exposed to 80% of LC5o for 96h exposure periods and fishes were treated with 80% of LCso (24h) for 96h exposure periods, following which snails and fishes were transfer to latex free water. This water was changed every 24h for the next seven days, after which bioche- mical parameters were estimated in dif- ferent tissues. Each experiment was replicated at least six times and the values have been expressed as mean +SE of six replicates. Student's “t” test YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Eymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus and analysis of variance were applied to locate significant changes (SOKAL AND ROHEE, 1973). BIOCHEMICAL ESTIMATIONS Protein: Protein levels were estima- ted according to the method of Lowky, ROSENBROUGH, FARR AND RANDALL (1951) using bovine serum albumin as standard. Homogenates (5mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 10% TCA. Total free amino acids: Estimation of total free amino acid was made accor- ding to the method of SPICES (1957). Homogenates (10mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 95% ethanol, centrifuged at 6000 xg and used for amino acid estima- tion. Nucleic acids: Estimation of DNA and RNA was performed, by methods of SCHNEIDER (1957) using diphenylamine and orcinol reagents, respectively. Homogenates (1 mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 5% TCA at 90%C, centrifu- ged at 5000 g for 20 min and superna- tant was prepared used for estimation. Both DNA and RNA have been expres- sed as mg/my tissue. Glycogen: Glycogen was estimated by the Anthrone method of VAN DER VIES (1954) as modified by MAHENDRU AND AGARWAL (1982) for snails. In present experiment 50 mg of tissue was homogenised with 5ml of cold 5%TCA. The homogenate were filtered and 1.0 ml of filtrate was used for assay. Pyruvate: Pyruvate level was measu- red according to FRIEDEMANN AND HAUGEN (1943). Homogenate (50 mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in 10% TCA. Sodium pyruvate was taken as standard. Lactate: Lactate was estimated accor- ding to BARKER AND SUMMERSON (1941), modified by HUCKABEE (1961). Homoge- nate (50 mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in 10% cold TCA. Sodium lactate was taken as standard. Protease: Protease activity was esti- _ mated by the method of MOORE AND STEIN (1954). Homogenate (50 mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in cold distilled water. Optical density was measured at 570 nm. The enzyme activity was expressed in mol of tyrosine equiva- lent/mg protein/h. Acid and alkaline phosphatase: Activi- ties of acid and alkaline phosphatase were measured by the method of BERG- MEYER (1967) and modified by SINGH AND AGARWAL, (1983). Tissue homoge- nate (2% w/v) were prepared in ice cold 0.9% saline and centrifuged at 5000xg at OC for 15 min. Optical density was measured at 420 nm against a blank, prepared simultaneously. The enzyme activity has been expressed as amount of p-nitrophenol formed/30min/mg protein in supernatant. Lactic dehydrogenase: Lactic dehydro- genase (LDH) activity was measured according to the method of ANONYMOUS (1984). Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 1 ml of 0.1 M phosp- hate buffer, pH 7.5 for 5 min in an ice bath. Enzyme activity has been expres- sed as nanomol of pyruvate reduced /min/mg protein. Succinic dehydrogenase: Succinic dehydrogenase activity was measured by the method of ARRIGONI AND SINGER (1962). Homogenate (50 mg/ml, w/v) was prepared in 1 ml of 0.5M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.6 for 5 min in an ice bath. Optical density was measured at 600nm. Enzyme activity has been expressed as pmol dye reduced /min/mg protein. Cytochrome oxidase: Cytochrome oxidase activity was measured accor- ding to the method of COOPERSTEIN AND LAzAROwW (1951). Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 1 ml of 0.33 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5 min in ice bath. Enzyme activity has been expressed in arbitrary units /min/mg of proteins. Acetylcholinesterase: Acetylcholineste- rase was estimated by the method of ELLMAN, COURTNEY, ANDRES AND FEAT- HERSTONE., (1961) as adapted by SINGH AND AGARWAL (1982) for snail tissue. Homogenates (50 mg/ml, w/v) were prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer in ice bath. Optical density was measured at 412 nm at 25%C. Enzyme activity 33 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 expressed in mol Slal hydrolysed /min/mg protein. RESULTS Effect on freshwater target snail: Data of sub-lethal (40% and 80% of LC50) exposure of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata against aqueous extracts of latex of Croton tiglium are given in Table I-IV. Exposure of snails to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous extracts of latex of Croton tiglium for 24h or 96h caused significant alterations in nitroge- nous and carbohydrate metabolism in different tissues of the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata. Effects on nitrogenous metabolism: Total protein and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) levels were significantly reduced, while free amino acid level was significantly enhanced after the exposure to sub-lethal doses in all the body tissues. Acid and alkaline phosp- hatase activities were significantly reduced, while protease activity was increased after the exposure. Total protein levels were reduced to 39%, 45% and 36% of controls after exposure to 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in the nervous, hepatopancreas and ovo- testis tissue of Lymnaea acuminata, res- pectively. DNA level was reduced to 36%, 45% and 28% of controls after tre- atment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts in nervous, hepa- topancreas and ovotestis, respectively. RNA level was reduced to 42%, 48% and 34% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis of snail. Total free amino acid levels were induced to 167%, 140% and 170% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepato- pancreas and ovotestis of snail (Table ID. Activity of acid phosphatase was inhibited to 38%, 67% and 58% of con- trols after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respecti- 34 vely in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis. Activity of alkaline phospha- tase was reduced to 30%, 35% and 32% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respecti- vely in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis. Protease activity was increased to 136%, 130% and 132% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in the nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata (Table ID. Effects on carbohydrate metabo- lism: Glycogen and pyruvate levels were significantly reduced, while lactate level was significantly enhanced after the exposure to sub-lethal doses in all the body tissues. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), cytochrome oxidase and acetyl- cholinesterase (ACHE) activities were significantly reduced, while succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was increased after the exposure. Glycogen level was reduced to 27%, 40% and 26% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepato- pancreas and ovotestis. Pyruvate level was reduced to 37%, 44% and 39% of controls after treatment with 80% of LC50 (96h) of aqueous latex extracts res- pectively in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis tissue. Lactate level was increased to 175%, 182% and 172% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts res- pectively in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis (Table IV). LDH activity was reduced to 26%, 33% and 28% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepato- pancreas and ovotestis tissue. Activity of cytochrome oxidase was reduced to 39%, 43% and 40% of controls after tre- atment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis. ACHE activity was reduced to 26%, 22% and 27% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepato- pancreas and ovotestis of snail. SDH YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Eymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus Table I. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg) level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of Lymnaea acuminata after exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium after 24h. Tabla I. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA) (mglmg) y en la actividad proteasa (umol de equivalentes de tyrosinalmg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en tejido nervioso (NT), hepatopán- creas (HP) y ovotestís (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 24 horas. Tissues Conil 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) (0.024mg,DW/L) (0.048mg,DW /L) Protein NT 68.0+0.28 (100) 37.8+0.33* (55) 27.8+0.33* (40) HP 70.10.52 (100) 47.8+0.33* (68) 37.140.33* (52) OT 72.44+0.80 (100) 39.11+0.70* (54) 27.52+0.84* (38) Amino acid NT 34.30.36 (100) 49.5+0.22* (129) 48.6+0.36* (141) HP 28.8+0.33 (100) 36.6+0.92* (127) 39.1:+0.33* (135) OT 36.4+0.46 (100) 48.05+0.58* (132) 52.78+0.65* (145) DNA NT 72.44+0.80 (100) 57.95+0.80* (80) 50.70+0.70* (70) HP 70.110.52 (100) 61.68+0.65* (88) 52.58+0.48* (75) OT 75.66+0.80 (100) 56.33:0.40* (74) 51.0+0.37* (67) RNA NT 62.01+0.28 (100) 52.08+0.35* (84) 40.30+0.40* (65) HP 60.10+0.52 (100) 52.89+0.50* (88) 42.07+0.52* (70) OT 65.33+0.88 (100) 53.83+0.44* (82) 46.66+0.46* (68) Protease NT 0.321+0.056 (100) 0.375+0.057* (117) 0.417+0.048* (130) HP 0.342+0.064 (100) 0.393+0.056* (115) 0.427+0.067* (125) OT 0.345+0.058 (100) 0.407+0.056* (118) 0.448+0.047* (130) Acid phosphatase NT 0.191+0.0004 (100) 0.158+0.0006* (83) 0.120+0.007* (63) HP 0.185-+0.0006 (100) 0.160+0.0004* (87) 0.129+0.0006* (70) OT 0.190+0.0008 (100) 0.161+0.0005* (85) 0.123+0.0004* (65) Alkaline phosphatase NT 0.390+0.0004 (100) 0.327+0.0005* (84) 0.261+0.0008* (67) HP 0.345+0.0006 (100) 0.303+0.0005* (88) 0.245+0.0006* (71) OT 0.385+0.0004 (100) 0.2610.0007* (68) 0.327+0.0008* (85) * Significant (P<0.05) Student's Y test was applied between control and treated groups. Values are mean +SE of six repli- cotes. Values in parenthesis are percent change with control taken as 100%. activity was increased to 175%, 168% and 173% of controls after treatment with 80% of LCs5o (96h) of aqueous latex extracts respectively in nervous, hepato- pancreas and ovotestis tissue (Table IV). Effect on freshwater non-target fish: Higher doses (LCoo of snails) have no apparent toxic effect on freshwater fish Channa punctatus after 24h expo- sure. But exposure of fishes to sub-lethal doses (i.e. 40% and 80% of 24h LCso of snail) of aqueous extracts of latex of Croton tiglium for 96h caused a signifi- cant alteration in nitrogenous and car- bohydrates metabolism in different 35 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table II. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg) level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata after 96h exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium and 7% days after withdrawal. Tabla II. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA) (mg/mg) y en la actividad proteasa (umol de equivalentes de tyrosina/mg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en tejido nervioso (NT), hepatopán- creas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba. A re 40% of LCso (96h) 80% of LCso (96h) 7" day after (0.006mg,DW/L) (0.012mg,DW/L) withdrawal Protein NT 68.00.28 (100) 36.8+0.33* (56) 26.6+0.36* (39) 61.8+0.24= (91) HP. 70.1%0.52(100) — 38.1:0.33*(55) 31.0+0.49* (45) 67.9:0.02= (97) 0T 73.33:0.83(100) 38.1+0.33*(52) 26.9:0.34* (36) 69.6+0.41=(95) Amino acid NT 34.3%0.36 (100) 54.3+0.36*(159) 57.6%0.36* (167) 37.0%0.04= (108) HP 28.8x0.33(100) 38.5:0.24*(134) 40.5x0.24*(140) 29.9:0.22" (104) OT 37.33:0.83(100) 60.4:0.25*(162) 63.4x0.25*(170) 40.6x0.34= (109) DNA NT 72.66+0.83(100) 39.96+0.33*(55) 26.15+0.37*(36) 71.93%0.84 (99) HP 72.83+1.11 (100) 47.33%0.16*(65) 32.77+0.38*(45) 71.38+1.12* (98) 0T 75.66+0.80 (100) 37.01+0.40*(49) 21.01%0.40*(28) 68.09+0.71=(90) RNA NT 62.66+1.00(100) 36.34+0.23*(58) 26.31+0.37*(42) 60.78+0.98- (97) HP 60.330.83/(100) 40.47+0.33*(67) 28.95+0.41*(48) 59.72%0.78= (99) OT 65.33+0.88 (100) 32.66+0.54*(50) 22.16+1.11*(34) 60.10%0.81= (92) Protease NT 0.344+0.06(100) 0.409+0.06*(119) 0.382*0.01*(136) 0.330+0.046= (96) HP 0.365+0.03/(100) 0.423+0.03*(116) 0.474+0.03*(130) 0.346+0.062* (95) OT 0.369+0.01 (100) — 0:435:0.01*(118) — 0.487:0.01*(132) — 0.361%0.028= (98) Acid phosphatase NT 0.194+0.009(100) 0.0911+0.009* (47) 0.0737%0.007*(38) 0.177%0.0007= (91) HP. 0.190+0.001 (100) 0.096+0.007*(51) 0.127+0.008* (67) 0.174+0.0009= (92) 0T 0.188+0.002 (100) 0.082+0.002* (44) 0.109+0.001*(58) 0.175+0.0005= (93) Alkaline phosphatase NT 0.398+0.002 (100) 0.147+0.003* (37) 0.119+0.001*(30) 0.358+0.0018= (90) HP. 0.361+0.003 (100) 0.151+0.002*(42) 0.126+0.006* (35) 0.336+0.0012= (93) OT 0.392+0.002 (100) 0.152+0.001*(39) 0.125+0.002*(32) 0.372:0.0013= (95) =, Significant (P<0.05) when student's 'Y' test was applied between 80% of LCso (96h) and withdrawal groups Details are as given in Table 1. body tissues of fish Channa punctatus (Tables V and VD. Effects on nitrogenous metabolism: Total protein and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) levels were significantly reduced, while free amino acid level was signifi- cantly enhanced after the exposure to sub- 36 lethal doses in all the studied body tissues. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly reduced, while protease activity was increased after the exposure. Total protein levels were reduced to 78%, 75% and 68% and DNA level was reduced to 72%, 77% and 74% and RNA level was reduced to 67%, 72% and 70% YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus Table MI. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase (arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) after 24h exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium in Nervous (NT), Hepatopancreas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata. Tabla 11. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mg/g), piruvato (umol/e), lactato (mg/g), actividades de LDH (umol/mg proteína/h), SDH (ymol de colorante reducido/min/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa (unidad arbitrarialmin/mg proteína) y ACHE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en tejido ner- vioso (NT), hepatopáncreas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% durante 24 horas. os A 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LC5o (24h) (0.024mg,DW/L) (0.048mg,DW/L) Glycogen NT 7.9+0.03 (100) 4.2+0.02* (53) 2.8+0.04* (35) HP 7.3+0.01 (100) 4.5+0.03* (61) 3.240.06* (43) OT 8.2+0.05 (100) 4.2+0.02* (52) 2.1+0.03* (34) Pyruvate NT 0.698+0.03 (100) 0.391+0.24* (56) 0.276+0.23* (39) HP 0.652+0.01 (100) 0.430+0.27* (66) 0.319+0.11* (49) OT 0.686+0.04 (100) 0.370+0.18* (54) 0.253+0.27* (37) Lactate NT 2.18+0.07 (100) 3.01+0.15* (138) 3.7240.19* (170) HP 2.38+0.05 (100) 3.54+0.06* (149) 4.21%0.02* (177) OT 2.14+0.07 (100) 2.19+0.08* (136) 3.57+0.06* (167) LDH NT 0.073+0.006 (100) 0.047+0.006* (65) 0.029+0.002* (40) HP 0.067+0.001 (100) 0.046+0.003* (69) 0.031+0.002* (47) OT 0.072+0.001 (100) 0.048+0.004* (67) 0.027+0.001* (38) SDH NT 43.15+0.30 (100) 53.50+0.25* (124) 69.90+0.31* (162) HP 40.16+0.26 (100) 51.40+0.29* (128) 62.24+0.27* (155) OT 46.11+0.33 (100) 56.25+0.30* (122) 73.31+0.34* (159) Cytochrome oxidase NT 16.51+0.12 (100) 10.07+0.16* (61) 8.42+0.18* (51) HP 14.59+0.14 (100) 9.48+0.21* (65) 8.46+0.31* (58) OT 15.12+0.16 (100) 9.52+0.15* (63) 8.01+0.27* (53) AChE NT 0.072+0.0008 (100) 0.048+0.0003* (67) 0.032+0.0003* (45) HP 0.092+0.0002 (100) 0.065+0.0007* (71) 0.045+0.0002* (49) OT 0.070%0.0002 (100) 0.047+0.0003* (68) 0.032+0.0004* (46) Details are as given in Table |. in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of fresh- water fish Channa punctatus. Total free . amino acid levels were induced to 119%, 125% and 143% of controls after 96h tre- atment with 80% of LCs5o of aqueous latex extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal tissues, respectively (Table V). Activity of acid phosphatase was inhibited to 30%, 37% and 32%. Activity of alkaline phosphatase was reduced to 38%, 40% and 37% and Protease activity was increased to 138%, 128% and 120% of controls after 96h treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal tissues, res- pectively (Table V). Effects on carbohydrate metabo- lism: Glycogen and pyruvate levels were significantly reduced, while lactate SÍ Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table IV. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase (arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) after 96h exposure to 40% and 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium in Nervous (NT), Hepatopan- creas (HP) and Ovotestis (OT) tissues of snail Lymnaea acuminata and 7% day after withdrawal. Tabla IV. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mg/e), piruvato (umolle), lactato (mg/g), actividades de LDH (umol/mg proteína/h), SDH (umol de colorante reducidolmin/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa (unidad arbitrarial/min/mg proteína) y ACHE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en tejido ner- vioso (NT), hepatopáncreas (HP) y ovotestis (OT) de Lymnaea acuminada tras exposición a LC5o de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% durante 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba. ma 40% of LCso (96h) 80% of LCso (96h) 7" day after (0.006mg,DW/L) (0.012mg,DW/L) withdrawal Glycogen NT 7.9%0.03 (100) 3.6+0.17* (46) 2.1+0.06* (27) 7.340.037 (93) HP. 7.3+0.01 (100) 4.140.12* (57) 2.9+0.04* (40) 6.8+0.02= (94) 0T 7.8*0.03(100) 3.5+0.17* (45) 2.02+0.06* (26) 7.3+0.04= (93) Pyruvate NT 0.698+0.03 (100) 0.391%0.02*(56) 0.261+0.04*(37) 0.635+0.27- (91) HP 0.657+0.02 (100) 0.407+0.08*(62) 0.289+0.07*(44) 0.592+0.08= (90) OT 0.682+0.03(100) 0.395+0.02*(58) 0.265+0.13*(39) 0.628+0.03- (92) Lactate NT 2,180.07 (100) 3.08:0.17*(131) 3.92%0.16*(175) 2.46x0.04=(113) HP. 2,410.04 (100) 3.42*0.03*(142) 4.38+0.12*(182) 2.83%0.057 (118) OT 2.17:0.07 (100) 2.79+0.08*(129) 3.73+0.03*(172) 2.46%0.03=(113) LDH NT 0.073+0.006 (100) 0.032+0.003* (44) 0.019+0.002*(26) 0.065+0.003- (90) HP 0.075+0.006 (100) 0.036+0.005*(48) 0.024+0.001*(33) 0.068+0.004= (91) 0T 0.076+0.003(100) 0.034+0.003*(46) 0.021+0.001*(26) 0.070%0.003= (90) SDH NT 16.41+0.18(100) 23.63+0.17*(144) 28.7%0.07*(175) 18.38+0.84= (112) HP 14.48+0.16(100) 21.43+0.19*(148) 24.32+0.06*(168) 15.63%0.18= (108) OT 18.41*0.07 (100) 26.14+0.08*(112) 31.84%0.17* (173) 20.43+0.20= (111) Cytochrome oxidase NT 18.13+0.06 (100) 9.24%0.03* (51) 7.07+0.12* (39) 16.68+0.04= (92) HP 14.50+0.15(100) 7.97%0.12*(55) 6.23+0.03* (43) 13.05x0.12* (90) OT 17.23+0.03(100) 8.95+0.03*(52) 6.89+0.05* (40) 16.18+0.02= (94) AChE NT 0.072:0.008 (100) 0.028+0.003*(39) 0.019:<0.003*(26) 0.064:0.007- (90) HP. 0.092+0.006 (100) 0.040+0.012*(44) 0.020+0.013*(22) 0.085+0.002* (93) 0T 0.071%0.008 (100) 0.028+0.012*(40) 0.019+0.008*(27) 0.063+0.007- (90) =, Significant (P<0.05) when student's '1' test was applied between 80% of LCso (96h) and withdrawal groups Details are as given in Table |. level was significantly enhanced after the exposure to sub-lethal doses in the studied body tissues. Lactic dehydroge- nase (LDH), cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activities were significantly reduced, while succi- 38 nic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was increased after the exposure. Glycogen level was reduced to 70%, 68% and 64%. Pyruvate level was reduced to 33%, 38% and 31% in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of fish. Lactate YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus Table V. Changes in total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) (mg/mg) level and activity of protease (umol of tyrosine equivalents/mg protein/h) and acid and alkaline phosphatase (umol substrate hydrolysed/30 min/mg protein) in different tissues of freshwater fish Channa punctatus after exposure to 96h against 40% and 80% of LCso (24h) of aqueous latex ex- tracts of Croton tiglium and 7% days after withdrawal. Tabla V. Cambios en los niveles de proteínas totales, aminoácidos libres, ácidos nucléicos (DNA y RNA) (mg/mg) y en la actividad proteasa (pmol de equivalentes de tyrosinalmg de proteínalh) y fosfatasaa ácida y alcalina (umol sustrato hidrolizado/30 min/mg proteína) en distintos tejidos del pez Channa punctatus tras exposición a LC5o (24h) de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium al 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba. Mises: Cal 40% of LCso (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) 7" day after (0.024 mg,DW/L) (0.048 mg,DW/L) withdrawal Protein Muscle 160.1%0.77 (100) 133.5+0.24*(83) 124.6+0.26*(78) 156.8+0.71= (98) Liver 141.0+0.69 (100) — 119.8+0.24*(85) 105.7%0.24* (75) 136.7+1.00=(97) Gonadal — 136.6+1.00(100) — 117.4*0.12*(86) 92.8+0.08* (68) 131.1%0.45 (96) Amino acid Muscle 28.50.24 (100) 30.4+0.29 (107) 33.9:0.40* (119) — 29.3%0.237 (103) Liver 22.60.40 (100) 24.8+0.47 (110) 28.2%0.40*(125) 23.7+0.38-(105) Gonadal 20.60.78 (100) 28.2*0.02*(137) 29.4x0.02*(143) 21.4%0.10=(104) DNA Muscle 142.44+0.75(100) 123.9+0.16* (87) 102.7+0.14* (72) — 136.7+0.69= (96) Liver 140.01+0.71 (100) 133.0:0.07 (95) 107.8+0.14* (77) — 134.4+0.51= (96) Gonadal — 145.00+0.75(100) 117.40+0.45*(81) — 107.30+0.26* (74) 137.7%0.34= (95) RNA Muscle 103.00+0.28 (100) 84.41+0.03*(82) 69.01%0.04*(67) 99.9%0.28=(97) Liver 100.0+0.29 (100) — 86.02+0.18*(86) 72.01%0.18*(72) 100.0+0.21=(96) Gonadal — 106.60+0.61 (100) 85.20+0.43* (80) 74.60+0.28* (70) 98.5+0.17= (93) Protease Muscle 0.592:0.011 (100) 0.752+0.147*(127) 0.817%0.018* (138) 0.639+0.061= (108) Liver 0.608+0.016 (100) 0.681+0.018*(112) 0.778+0.015*(128) 0.571:0.012* (94) Gonadal — 0.698+0.017 (100) 0.803+0.015*(115) 0.838+0.016* (120) 0.739+0.154= (106) Acid phosphatase Muscle 0.283+0.013(100) 0.113:0.011*(40) 0.84+0.013*(30) 0.260+0.0123=(92) Liver 0.297+0.017 (100) 0.130+0.011* (44) 0.109+0.009*(37) 0.276+0.013= (93) Gonadal — 0.288+0.015 (100) 0.120+0.007* (42) 0.092*0.017*(32) 0.267:0.012* (93) Alkaline phosphatase Muscle 0.434+0.012 (100) 0.177:+0.007*(41) 0.164+0.04* (38) 0.394+0.002- (91) Liver 0.463+0.005 (100) — 0.199-+0.008*(43) 0.185%0.007* (40) 0.426+0.003= (92) Gonadal — 0.438<0.012 (100) 0.175+0.007*(40) 0.162+0.004* (37) 0.403+0.004= (92) =, Significant (P<0.05) when student's Y test was applied hetween 80% of LCso (24h) and withdrawal groups Details are as given in Table |. level was increased to 165%, 172% and 162% of controls after 96h treatment with 80% of LCso (96h) of aqueous latex extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal tissues of fish, respectively (Table-VD. LDH activity was reduced to 86%, 83% and 84% and activity of cytochrome oxidase was reduced to 75%, 73% and 76%. ACHE activity was reduced to 32%, 36% and 32% in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of fish, respectively. SDH activity was increased to 124%, 126% and 122% of controls after 96h treatment with 80% of LCso of aqueous latex extracts in muscle, liver and gonadal tissues of fish, respectively (Table VD. 3% Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table VI. Changes in glycogen (mg/g), pyruvate (umol/g), lactate (mg/g) level and activity of LDH (umol/mg protein/h), SDH (umol of dye reduced/min/mg protein), cytochrome oxidase (arbitrary unit/min/mg protein) and ACHE (umol “SH” hydrolysed/min/mg protein) in different tissues of Channa punctatus after exposure to 96h against 40% and 80% of LCso (24h) of aqueous latex extracts of Croton tiglium and 7'* days after withdrawal. Tabla IV. Cambios en los niveles de glucógeno (mgle), piruvato (umollg), lactato (mg/g), actividades de LDH (umol/mg proteínalh), SDH (umol de colorante reducido/min/mg proteína), citocromo oxidasa (unidad arbitraria/lmin/mg proteína) y ACE (umol SH hidrolizado/min/mg proteína) en distintos tejidos del pez Channa punctatus tras exposición a LC5o (24h) de extracto acuoso de latex de Croton tiglium a/ 40 y al 80% después de 96 horas y 7 días después de la prueba. a Control 40% of LC5o (24h) 80% of LCso (24h) 7' days after (0.024 mg, DW/L) (0.048 mqDW/L) withdrawal Glycogen Muscle 1.920.001 (100) 1.46+0.006* (76) 1.34+0.04* (70) 1.670.01= (87) Liver 1.98+0.002 (100) — 1.44<0.003* (73) 1.34+0.04* (68) 1.690.03= (85) Gonadal — 1.73+0.01 (100) 1.28+0.03* (74) 1.10+0.02* (64) 1.51+0.037 (87) Pyruvate Musde 2.416+0.018(100) 1.232*0.016*(51) — 0.797+0.028*(33) 2.150+0.017=(89) Liver 3.076+0.018 (100) 1.876+0.036* (61) 1.168+0.008*(38) 2.768+0.0357 (90) Gonadal — 2.133+0.036 (100) — 1.045+0.017*(49) — 0.661%0.023*(31) 1.95%0.016=(91) Lactate Muscle 2.816+0.018(100) 3.379%0.092*(120) 4.646+0.064* (165) 3.041+0.082" (108) Liver 2.233+0.023 (100) 2.925+0.023* (131) — 3.840+0.076* (172) 2.500%0.069 (112) Gonadal 3.816+0.083 (100) 4.502+0.088*(118) — 6.181+0.092*(162) 4.159:0.043" (109) LDH Muscle 431.5+0.88 (100) 392.6x0.84(91) 371.0+0.85*(86) 392.7+0.837(91) Liver 517.0+1.0(100) 475.6+0.81 (92) 429.10.88*(83) 465.3%0.787 (90) Gonadal — 434.2+0.87 (100) 403.8+0.72(93) 364.2+0.85*(84) 395.1%0.81=(91) SDH Muscle 49.4+0.21 (100) 56.3:0.21*(114) 61.20.27* (124) — 53.8+0.21= (109) Liver 52.60.23 (100) 58.9:0.22*(112) 66.2*0.22*(126) 58.3:0.23=(111) Gonadal — 54.4+0.26(100) 63.1*0.18*(116) 66.3%0.15*(122) -59.2+0.26=(107) Cytochrome oxidase Muscle 25.92%0.21 (100) 22.03+0.23*(85) 19.44:+0.22*(75) 24.36%0.337 (94) Liver 28.300.07 (100) — 23.77:0.21* (84) 20.65+0.22* (73) 20.65+0.022* (91) Gonadal — 31.20%0.07 (100) 27.14:+0.13*(87) 23.71%0.16*(76) 25.75%0.19=(92) AChE Muscle 0.093:0.0012 (100) 0:049+0.0006* (53) 0.029+0.0007* (32) — 0.0830.0002= (90) liver 0.099:0.0011 (100) 0.054+0.0004* (55) 0.035+0.0003*(36) 0.092:+0.0001= (92) Gonadal — 0.095+0.0025 (100) 0.049+0.0008*(52) 0.030+0.0006* (32) 0.087:0.0005 (91) =, Significant (P<0.05) when student's '1' test was applied between 80% of LC5o (24h) and withdrawal groups Details are as given in Table |. DISCUSSION It is evident from the results presen- ted here that the aqueous extracts of the latex of Croton tiglium besides being potent molluscicides (YADAV AND SINGH, 2001) are toxic to fish Channa punctatus at higher concentrations and 40 longer exposure periods. The exposure to 40% and 80% of snail LC5o for 24h did not caused any significant changes in the level of carbohydrate and nitroge- nous metabolism of fish tissues, while this treatment continued up to 96 hours decreased the carbohydrate and nitroge- nous metabolism levels significantly. YADAV AND SINGH: Toxicity of C. tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus MOMMENSEN AND WALSH (1992) reported that proteins are mainly invol- ved in the architecture of the cell, which is the chief source of nitrogenous meta- bolism and during chronic period of stress they are also a source of energy. During stress condition, snails needed more energy to detoxify the toxicants and to overcome stress (ARUNACHALAM, JAYALAKSHAMI AND ABOOKER, 1980). The depletion of protein fraction in nervous, hepatopancreas and ovotestis tissues may have been due to their degradation and possible utilization of degraded products for metabolic purposes. Incre- ment in free amino acids level was the result of breakdown of protein for energy requirement and impaired incor- poration of amino acids in protein synt- hesis, but it also could be attributed to the lesser use of amino acids and their involvement in the maintenance of an acid-base balance. Stress conditions induce the transamination pathway. Inhibition of DNA synthesis might affect both protein as well as amino acid levels by decreasing the level of RNA in protein synthesis machinery (NOR- DENSKJOLD, SODERHALL AND MOLDEUS, 1979). Euphorbiales are a potential inhi- bitor of DNA synthesis, which might result in reduction of RNA level and consequently affecting protein synthesis and amino acid levels as showed are results. The enzyme protease functions in hydrolysing proteins to free amino acids and small peptides. The increase in the protease activity corroborates with the enhancement in the FAA (Free amino acids) level of the three tissues, the for- mation of which might be the result of protein hydrolysis of the three tissues suggesting stimulation during toxic stress. Similar trend of results on prote- ase activity was also reported by several workers in different animals (Tilapia mossambica (Peters), Pila globosa (Swaim- son) including mammal (MILLWARD, 1970; SIva PRASADA RAO, 1980; SIVAIAH, 1980; KABEER, SAHIB, SIVA PRASAD, SAM- BASIVA AND RAMANA RAO, 1984). SINGH AND AGARWAL (1992) reported that the latices of several euphorbious plants significantly reduced the alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata. So the reduction in protein level may be due to the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity, as it plays an important role in protein synthesis (PILO, ASNANI AND SHAH, 1972) and other secretary activi- ties (IBRAHIM, HIGAZI AND DEMIAN, 1974). Carbohydrates are the primary and immediate source of energy of the meta- bolism. ARASTA, BAIS AND THAKUR, (1996) suggested that in stress condition, carbohydrates reserves depleted to meet energy demand, thus depletion of glyco- gen may be due to direct utilization for energy generation, a demand caused by active moiety-induced hypoxia. Euphor- biales inhibit acetylcholinesterase acti- vity, which results in an increase of acetylcholine contents (SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1984; SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1990, 1991; SINGH ET AL., 1996). Increase level of acetylcholine has been shown to enhance the secretion of catecholamine (NILSSON, ABRAHAMSSON AND GROVE, 1976), which may bring about glycoge- nolysis. Thus, glycogenolysis seems to be the result of increased secretion of catecholamine due to stress (SINGH AND SRIVASTAVA, 1992; SINGH AND AGARWAL, 1993). Decrease in pyruvate level is due to higher energy demand during expo- sure, which is suggests the possibility of a shift towards anaerobic dependence due to a remarkable drop in aerobic segment. The decrease in pyruvate could be due to its conversion to lactate, or due to its mobilization to form amino acids, lipids, triglycerides and glycogen synthesis in addition to its role as a detoxification factor (SATHYA PRASAD, 1983). The increase in lactate also sug- gests a shift towards anaerobiosis as a consequence of hypoxia leading to res- piratory distress (DOMSCHE, DOMSCHE AND CLASSEN, 1971; SIvVAa PRASADA RAO, 1980). Development of such internal hypoxic conditions may be ultimately responsible for the shift to the less effi- cient anaerobic metabolism, evidenced by the change in lactate content obser- ved during this study. 41 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) forms the centre for a delicately balanced equi- librium between catabolism and anabo- lism of carbohydrates (EVERSE AND KALPAN, 1973). Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyze the inter-conversions of lactic acid and pyruvic acid during ana- erobic conditions. Inhibition of LDH and cytochrome oxidase activity indica- tes that latex extracts of Croton tiglium significantly inhibits aerobic, as well as anaerobic metabolism in exposed animals. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) is one of the active regulatory enzymes of the TCA cycle. The reasons for an increase SDH level after exposure to extracts of latex are not clear. A similar situation was observed by GUPTA and KAPOOR (1975), who reported a incre- ase of SDH level in malathion exposed, irradiated rats. Cytochrome oxidase is a terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain. Inhibition in cytochrome oxidase acti- vity by plant moieties supports that Euphorbiales show a profound impact on the oxidative metabolism, possibly due to their influence on respiratory process like electron transport system (ETS). Decrease in cytochrome oxidase might be either the result of reduced availability of Oz, which in turns has reduce the capacity of electron transport system to produce ATP molecules or should be due to the direct impact of the active moiety. Anticholinesterase com- BIBLIOGRAPHY AGARWAL, R. A. AND SINGH, D. K., 1988. Harm- ful gastropods and their control. Acta hydro- chimica et Hydrobiologica, 16: 113-138. ANONYMOUS, 1984. 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Iberus (19) 1: 1-5 VAN DER VIES, J., 1954. Two methods for the de- termination of glycogen in liver. Biochemistry Journal, 57: 410-416 YADAV, R. P. AND SINGH, A., 2001. Environ- mentally safe molluscicides from two com- mon euphorbiales. Iberus, 19 (1): 65-73. O Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 20 (2): 45-56, 2002 New data on the benthic Opisthobranch Molluscs from the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), with des- cription of a new species of Aegires Lovén, 1844 Nuevos datos sobre los moluscos opistobranquios bentónicos del Archipiélago de Fernando de Noronha, con descripción de una nueva especie de Aegíres Lovén, 1844 Francisco J. GARCÍA!, Jesús S. TRONCOSO? and Marta DOMÍNGUEZ? Recibido el 20-X1-2001. Aceptado el 22-V-2002 ABSTRACT New data on the opisthobranch fauna from the Archipelago Fernando de Noronha are presented in this paper, 111 specimens distributed among 12 species were studied and 11 of them are a new record for the archipelago. A new species of genus Aegires is des- cribed. The external anatomy and radula of this specimen are compared with other spe- cies of the genus. RESUMEN En este trabajo se presentan nuevos datos sobre la fauna de moluscos opistobranquios del Archipiélago Fernando de Noronha, se estudian un total de 111 ejemplares repartidas en 12 especies, siendo que 11 de ellas son nuevas citas para el archipiélago. Se describe una nueva especie de Nudibranchia perteneciente al género Aegires Lovén, 1844. Se compara la anatomía externa y rádula de este especimen con otras especies del género. KEY WORDS: Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Fernando de Noronha, Aegires, new species. PALABRAS CLAVE: Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Fernando de Noronha, Aegires, nueva especie. INTRODUCTION The Archipelago Fernando de Noronha (Brazil) lies off Cape Sáo Roque, State of Rio Grande do Norte, about 195 nautical miles offshore (03% 51' S, 32? 25' W). Besides the island of Fernando de Noronha, several smaller islands, all of volcanic origin, compose the Archipelago of the same name. The archipelago lies in the north branch of the South equatorial Oceanic current, with high temperature, salinity and transparency. The intertidal bottoms are mostly of hard substrate with a few sandy beaches, having a dominant community of seaweeds (cal- careous algae, Sargassum sp. and filamen- tous green algae) and Vermetidae. l Depto. Fisiología y Zoología; Facultad Biología; Universidad Sevilla; Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6; Apdo. 1095, - 41080 Sevilla, Spain. e-mail: fjgarciaOus.es ? Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal; Facultad Ciencias del Mar; Universidad Vigo; Campus Lagoas- Marcosende; 36200 Vigo; Spain. e-mail: troncosoCuvigo.es 45 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table I. Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago recorded by MATTHEWS AND KEMPEF (1970); RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) and present paper. 000: abundant (20 or more spe- cimens); 00: moderate (20>n>2); 0: rare (n< 2). Tabla I. Opistobranquios del Archipielado de Fernando de Noronha citados por MATTHEWS AND KEMPF (1970); RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) y en el presente trabajo. 000: abundante (20 o más ejemplares); 00: moderado (20>n>2); 0: raro (n< 2). Species Matthews and Kempf (1970) Rios and Barcellos (1979) — Present paper Cephalaspidea Micromelo undata X 00 Hydatina vesicaria X Átys sp. X Atys mandrewii X Retusa canaliculata X Cylichna noronhensis X Anaspidea Aplysia sp. X Stylocheilus longicauda 000 Ascoglossa Caliphylla mediterranea 00 Elysia ornata 000 Elysia flava 0 Notaspidea Pleurobranchus areolatus 0 Berthelinia caribbea X Berthella stellata 0 Doridacea Doris sp. X Aegires absalaoi 0 Chromodoris neona 00 Platydoris angustipes 0 Dendrodoris senegalensis 00 Aeolidacea Phidiana sp. 00 MATTHEWS AND KEMPF (1970) provi- ded a checklist of the molluscan fauna from the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas. Although more than 160 species of Molluscs were listed, however only seven species of opisthobranch gastropods were cited. Besides four species were referred by LOPES AND ALVARENGA (1957) this mate- rial was not found by these authors, and finally two species was referred by RIOS AND BARCELLOS (1979) (Table D. 46 In this paper new species of opistho- branchs found in the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha are cited, based on material obtained by the authors during two visits in 1999 and 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS The species studied in this paper were collected by diving down to 20 m along the littoral, during two trips to GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegíires species 3 320 27'W Brazil F3051'S Fernando de Noronha ls. Figure 1. Sampling localities. 1 Praia do Cachorro, 2 Porto, 3 Praia da Conceicáo, 4 Air France ls. Rasa, 5 Rasa Is., 6 Buraco do Inferno Rata Ís., 7 Lage Dois Irmáos between Rata and Meio Ís., 8 Ressurretta Rata ls. Figura 1. Localidades de muestreo. 1 Praia do Cachorro, 2 Porto, 3 Praia da Conceigáo, 4 Air France ls. Rasa, 5 Rasa ls., 6 Buraco do Inferno Rata ls., 7 Lage Dois Irmáos entre Rata y Meio ls., 8 Ressu- rretta Rata ls. Archipelago de Fernando de Noronha in 1999 and 2000. The sampling stations are represented in Figure 1. For each species the dates and depth of collec- tion, stations, and lengths of the speci- mens alive are recorded. Besides this, the distributions in Brazil and in other geographical areas are included. The specimens collected have been deposited in the collections of the RESULTS Department of Physiology and Zoology of the University of Seville and Depart- ment of Ecology and Animal Biology of the University of Vigo (Spain) and the holotype of Aegires was deposited in the Museu Oceanográfico “Prof. Eliézer de Carvalho Rios” from the Foundation University of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande, Brazil, with code number 42.011. Class GASTROPODA Cuvier, 1797 Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Milne-Edwards, 1848 Order CEPHALASPIDEA Fischer, P. 1883 Family Hydatinidae Pilsbry, 1895 Genus Micromelo Pilsbry, 1895 Micromelo undata (Bruguiere, 1792) (Fig. 2A) Material collected: 06/07/1999; station: Praia do Cachorro (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: inter- tidal; 1 specimen, length: 17 mm. 08/07/1999; station: Praia do Cachorro (Fernando de Noronha A7 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Is.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 30 mm. 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha Is.); depth: 1 m; 5 specimens; length in mm: 15.5 to 22 mm. 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen, length: 15 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen, length: 17 mm. Habitat: On rocks with algae and in tidal pools with Cystoseira. Brazilian distribution: NE Brazil, from Pernambuco to Bahia (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967; RIOS, 1994). Fernando de Noronha Is. (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967; MATTHEWS AND KEMPE, 1970; RIOS, 1994). Other geographical areas distribution: Cir- cumtropical species, Caribbean Sea, Atlan- tic Ocean, Macaronesia, Ascension Is, Sout- hern Africa and Indo-Pacific Ocean (Gos- LINER, 1987; MALAQUIAS, 2001; MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967; MARCUS, 1977; MIK- KELSEN, 1995; ORTEA, MORO, BACALLADO AND HERRERA, 2000; RIOS, 1994). Order ANASPIDEA Fischer P., 1883 Family DOLABRIFERIDAE Pilsbry, 1895 Genus Stylocheilus Gould, 1852 Stylocheilus longicauda (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) (Fig. 2B) Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: intertidal; 1 spe- cimen;, length: 22 mm. 08/07/1999; station: Praia da Conceicáo (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: intertidal; 7 specimens; length: 15 to 33 mm. 10/07/1999; station: Air France (Rasa ls.); depth: inter- tidal; 3 specimens; length: 18 to 20 mm. 16/06/2000; station: Rasa Is.; depth: intertidal; 17 speci- mens; length: 12 to 36 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 4 speci- mens; length: 19 to 29 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 6 speci- mens; length: 6 to 28. Habitat: On and under rocks, associa- ted with masses of red algae. Brazilian distribution: Pernambuco, Recife (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970). Other geographical areas distribution: Circumtropical (FARMER, 1967; MARCUS, 1977; MARSHALL AND WILLAN, 1999; Rios, 1994). Order SACOGLOSSA Von Ihering, 1876 Family HERMAEIDAE Adams H. and A. Genus Caliphylla Costa, A. 1869 Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867 (Figs. 2C, D) Material collected: 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 1 specimen; length: 16 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha lÍs.); depth: 5 m; 10 specimens; length: 8 to 19 mm. Habitat: Associated with filamentous green algae. Brazilian distribution: South Brazil in Sáo Paulo State (Santos, Sáo Sebastiáo Is., Cananeia) (MARCUS, 1977; Rios, 1994). Other geographical areas distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Ocean from 48 Spain to Senegal, Canary Is. and Carib- bean Sea (CERVERA, TEMPLADO, GARCÍA- GÓMEZ, BALLESTEROS, ORTEA, GARCÍA, ROS AND LUQUE, 1988; GASCOIGNE, 1979; JENSEN AND CLARK, 1983; MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970; MARCUS, 1977; ORTEA ET AL., 2000; PRUVOT-FOL, 1954; SCHMEKEL AND PORTMANN, 1982). GARCÍA ET 4£.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegires species Figure 2. A: Micromelo undata; B: Stylocheilus longicauda; C, D: Caliphylla mediterranea; E, E: Ebysia ornata; G: Elysia flava; H: Pleurobranchus areolatus; 1: Aegires absalaoí n. sp.; ]: Chromodoris neona; K: Platydoris angustipes; L: Dendrodoris senegalensis, M: Phidiana sp. Figura 2. A: Micromelo undata; Bb: Stylocheilus longicauda; C, D: Caliphylla mediterranea; E, F: Elysia ornata; G: Elysia flava; H: Pleurobranchus areolatus; /: Aegires absalaoi 2. sp.; J: Chromodo- ris neona; K: Platydoris angustipes; L: Dendrodoris senegalensis; M: Phidiana sp. Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Family ELYSIDAE Forbes and Hanley, 1851 Genus Elysia Risso, 1818 Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) (Figs. 2E, EF) Material collected: 08/07/1999; station: Lage dois Irmáos, between Meio Is. and Rata Is. (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 18 m; 1 specimen;, length: 22 mm. 15/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 22 specimens; length: 22 to 36 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 12 m; 1 specimen, length: 12.5 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 5 m; 12 specimens; length: 15 to 36 mm. Habitat: Associated with filamentous green algae. Brazilian distribution: Present paper, first record to Brazilian coast. Other geographical areas distribution: Cir- cumtropical, Atlantic Ocean from Carib- bean Sea to Canary Is. and Azores Archi- pelago; Indo-Pacific Ocean in Hawaii, Vietnam and Australia (MALAQUIAS, 2001; MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1970; MARCUS, 1980; MARSHALL AND WILLAN, 1999; ORTEA ET AL., 2000; THOMPSON, 1977). Elysia flava Verrill, 1901 (Fig. 2G) Material collected: 08/07/1999; station: Praia da Conceicáo (Fernando de Noronha lÍs.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 6 mm. Habitat: Associated with filamentous green algae. Brazilian distribution: Present paper, first record to Brazilian coast. Other geographical areas distribution: From Mediterranean Sea, Canary ls. and Madeira Archipelago to Caribbean Sea (CLARK, 1984; MALAQUIAS, CERVERA, ABREU AND LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, 2001; MARCUS, 1980; ORTEA, 1981; ORTEA ET AL., 2000; THOMPSON, 1977, 1983; THOMPSON AND JAKLIN, 1988) te Order NOTASPIDEA Fischer P. 1883 Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Férussac, 1822 Genus Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804 Pleurobranchus areolatus Mórch, 1863 (Fig. 2H) Material collected: 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 14 m; 1 specimen; length: 15 mm. Habitat: Under rocks with ascidians, sponges, and other invertebrates. Brazilian distribution: Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro State) (MARCUS, 1977; Rios, 1994). Other geographical areas distribution: East Pacific in Gulf of California, Panama and Galapagos Islands. Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Canary Islands and Ghana (BERTSCH AND SMITH, 1973; EDMUNDS 1968; MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967; ORTEA ET AL., 2000; Rios, 1994). Genus Berthella de Blainville, 1824 Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) Material collected: 10/07/1999; station: Air France (Rasa ls.); depth: intertidal; 1 specimen, length: 7 mm. 50 GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegires species Figure 3. Aegires absalaoi n. sp., external morphology. Figura 3. Aegires absalaoi n. sp., morfología externa. Habitat: On rocks with ascidians, sponges and briozoans. Brazilian distribution: Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro State), Ubatuba, Ilhabela (Sáo Paulo State) (RI0s, 1994, cited as B. tupala; MARCUS, 1957). Other geographical areas distribu- tion: B. stellata is a circumtropical species, found from the Mediterra- nean Sea and the Canary Islands to the Atlantic coast of Panama. On the Pacific coast, Gulf of California, Bahia Tortugas, Baja California (CER- VERA ET AL., 1988; GOSLINER AND BERTSCH, 1988; ORTEA ET AL., 2000; PRUVOT-FOL, 1954). Order NUDIBRANCHIA de Blainville, 1814 Suborder DORIDINA Odhner, 1934 Family AEGIRETIDAE Fischer P., 1883 Genus Aegires Lovén, 1844 Aegires absalaoi n. sp. (Fig. 21 3, 4) Material collected: 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 1 specimen, length: 5 mm. The holotype was deposited in the Museu Oceanográfico “Prof. Eliézer de Carvalho Rios” from the Foundation University of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande, Brazil, with code number 42.011 Etymology: The species has been named Aegíres absalaoi in honour of Dr. Ricardo Silva Absaláo, Brazilian malacologist and friend. Habitat: Under stones with sponges, and calcareous detritus. Description: The unique specimen has a firm limaciform body, with abun- dant spicules in the tegument. Dorsum with blunt tubercles, arranged in two marginal and one medial longitudinal rows in front of the gills, and one row 51 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 on the tail. There are two tubercles in front the rhinophores and other two mid-lateral tubercles between the margi- nal and central rows. There are three gills protected by three large anterior tubercles. The rhinophores are smooth and the rhinophoral sheaths have only a prominent lobe on the external side (Figure 3). A The colour pattern alive is creamy white with some brown spots on the dorsum. At the apex of some tubercles there is a minute brown spot (Figure 240), The labial armature lacks differentia- ted elements (Figure 4A). The radula has a formula of 15 x 10-0-10. The teeth are hook-shaped being the inner teeth slightly smaller than the outer (Figure 4B). l Discussion: Five species of the genus Aegires are known in Atlantic Ocean, A. punctilucens (Orbigny, 1837), A. sublaevis Odhner, 1932, A. ortizi Templado, Luque and Ortea, 1987, A. gomezi Ortea, Luque and Templado 1990 and A. palensis Ortea, Luque and Templado 1990. Externally, our specimen differs from these species by the presence of the rhinophoral sheath with five lobes and iridiscent blue spots scattered over the back of A. punctilucens; the body of lemon-yellow colour, and presence of two longitu- dinal crest on the dorsum that join at the level of the rhinophores of A. subla- evis (TEMPLADO, LUQUE AND ORTEA, 1987); the presence of rhinophoral sheaths having three large tubercles on the side distal to the rhinophores and a dark brown spot on the top of each tubercle of A. ortizi (TEMPLADO ET AL., 1987), the presence of prominent oblique ridges of A. gomezi (ORTEA, LUQUE AND TEMPLADO, 1990), and the color pattern, the presence of four series Of two tubercles each joined by heavy ridges and rhinophoral sheath with six lobes of A. palensis (ORTEA ET AL., 1990). Internally, our specimen differs of the rest of species by the presence of radular teeth with a denticle in their inner middle part in the radula of A. ortizi (TEMPLADO ET AL., 1987); labial armature with rods in A. punctilucens and A. gomezi (ORTEA ET AL., 1990). Finally, our species is externally quite similar to A. albopunctatus Mac- Farland 1905, from the Pacific Ocean, by the colour pattern, white with irre- gularly scattered small dark-brown spots and external anatomy, having the dorsum with short blunt tubercles, cylindrical or with slightly expanded apices and tubercles, and tegument with numerous spicules. However, both species differ by the presence of rhinop- horal sheaths with five or six high, rounded tubercles in the Pacific species (MACFARLAND, 1966) and only one in A. absalaoi. Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Genus Chromodoris Alder and Hancock, 1855 Chromodoris neona (Marcus, 1955) (Fig. 2J) Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 10 m; 2 specimens; length: 19, 21 mm. 09/07/1999; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata 1s.); depth: 7 m, 1 specimen, length: 23 mm. Habitat: On big rocks with sponges, ascidians, hydrozoans, briozoans and other invertebrates. Brazilian distribution: Sáo Paulo (MARCUS, 1955); Cabo Frio (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967); Cabo Frio (Rio de 52 Janeiro State), Ubatuba, Sáo Sebastiáo (Sáo Paulo State) (RIOS, 1994). Other geographical areas distribution: Caribbean Sea in Florida, east of Pa- nama, Colombia (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967; MARCUS, 1977; RiOs, 1994). GARCÍA ET AL.: Opisthobranchs from Fernando de Noronha, and a new Aegíres species Figure 4. Aegires absalaoí n. sp. A: Scanning electron micrographs of jaw; B: detail of the radular teeth. Figura 4. Aegires absalaoi n. sp. A: Fotos al microscopio electrónico de la mandíbula; B: detalle de los dientes radulares. Family PLATYDORIDIDAE Bergh, 1891 Genus Platydoris Bergh, 1877 Platydoris angustipes (Moórch, 1863) (Fig. 2K) Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha ls.); depth: 1 m; 1 specimen,; length: 72 mm. 17/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 1 specimen, length: 20 mm. Other geographical areas distribution: Caribbean Sea in Florida, Dry Tortugas, Jamaica, Virgin Islands (MARCUS AND MARCUS, 1967). Habitat: Under stones associated with sponges and ascidians. Brazilian distribution: Maranháo, Recife, PE, off Alagoas and Bahia (Rios, 1994) Family DENDRODORIDIDAE O Donoghue, 1924 Genus Dendrodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 Dendrodoris senegalensis Bouchet, 1975 (Fig. 2L) Material collected: 07/07/1999; station: Porto (Fernando de Noronha Is); depth: intertidal; 1 spe- cimen, length: 21 mm. 19/06/2000; station: Buraco do Inferno (Rata ls.); depth: 14 m; 2 specimens; length: 9, 20 mm. Habitat: Under stones associated with sponges and ascidians. Brazilian distribution: Present paper. Other geographical areas distribution: Only known from Cabo Verde Is. and Senegal. Remarks: The dorsal surface and notal margin are uniform red or red brown with irregular areas; the rinopho- res are red with the tip white; the gills and anal papilla are both uniform white; ventrally the notal margin and foot are white with small red spots. Internally, our specimens coincide with the descriptions of D. senegalensis by BOUCHET (1975) and VALDÉS, ORTEA, ÁVILA AND BALLESTEROS (1996). A com- plete description and distribution remarks of this species are provide in GARCÍA AND TRONCOSO (in press). DS) Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Suborder AEOLIDIINA Odhner, 1934 Family FACELINIDAE Bergh in Carus, 1889 Genus Phidiana Gray, 1850 Phidiana sp. (Fig. 2M) Material collected: 17/06/2000; station: Ressurretta (Rata Is.); depth: 14 m; 3 specimens; length: 11 to 17 mm. 18/06/2000; station: Ressurretta (Rata ls.); depth: 12 m; 2 specimens; length: 16-18 mm. Habitat: On and under stones asso- ciated with hydrozoans. Remarks: The ground colour is reddish with numerous white spots on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the body; the basal third of the oral tentacles is reddish with white spots, the middle third is orange CONCLUSIONS We found a total of 111 specimens of . opisthobranchs belonging to 12 species, 1 Cephalaspidea, 1 Anaspidea, 3 Asco- glossa, 2 Notaspidea, 4 Doridacea and 1 Aeolidacea. In Table I the species of Opisthobranchia found up to date in the Archipelago Fernando de Noronha are listed. Among them, only four species were recorded by MATTHEWS AND KEMPF (1970): Micromelo undata (Bruguiere, 1792), Hydatina vesicaria (Solander, 1786), Retusa canaliculata (Say, 1827) and Cylichna noronhensis Watson, 1883. Rios AND BARCELLOS (1979) mentioned the occurrence of Atys mandrewil and Berthe- linia caribbea. The occurrence of Elysia ornata, and E. flava are the first records for Brazil. The Archipelago de Fernando de Noronha does not appear to be as rich in BIBLIOGRAPHY BERTSCH, H. 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Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciéncias e Letras, Universidade de Sáo Paulo, Zoologia, 20: 89-262. MARCUS, E., 1957. On opisthobranchia from Brazil (2). Journal of the Linnean Society, Lon- don, 43 (292): 390-486. MARCUS, E. AND MARCUS, EVv., 1970. Opistho- branchs from Curacao and faunistically re- lated regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and others Caribbean Islands, 33: 1-129. MARCUS, Ev., 1977. An annotated check list of the Western Atlantic warm water opistho- branchs. Journal of Molluscan Studies, Suppl 4: 1-22. MARCUS, Ev., 1980. Review of Western Atlan- tic Elysiidae (Opisthobranchia Ascoglossa) with a description of a new Elysia species. Bu- lletin of Marine Science, 30 (1): 54-79. MARCUS, EV. AND MARCUS, E., 1967. American Opisthobranch Mollusks. Studies in Tropical Oceanography. Miami, 6, 256 pp. MARSHALL, J. G. AND WILLAN, R. C., 1999. Nu- dibranchs of Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. A survey of the Opisthobranchia (Sea Slugs) of He- ron and Wistari Reefs. Backhuys Publishers Leiden, 257 pp. MATTHEWS, H. R. AND KEmMPE, M., 1970. Mo- luscos marinhos do Norte e Nordeste do Bra- sil. Il — Moluscos do Arquipélago de Fer- nando de Noronha (com algumas referéncias ao Atol das Rocas). Arquivos de Ciéncias do Mar., 10 (1): 1-53. MIKKELSEN, P. M., 1995. Cephalaspid opistho- branchs of the Azores. Acoreana, Supplement: 198215: ORTEA, J. A., 1981. Moluscos Opistobranquios de las Islas Canarias. Boletin del Instituto Es- pañol de Oceanografía, 6 (4): 180-199. ORTEA, J. A.; LUQUE, A. A. AND TEMPLADO, J., 1990. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Aegires Lóven, 1844 (Opisthobran- chia: Doridoidea: Aegiretidae) in the North Atlantic, with descriptions of two new spe- cies. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 56: 333-337. ORTEA, J. A.; MORO, L.; BACALLADO, J. J. AND HERRERA, R., 2000. Catálogo actualizado de los Moluscos Opistobranquios de las Islas Canarias. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, XII (3-4): 105-134. PruvoT-FOL, A., 1954. Mollusques Opisthobran- ches. In: Faune de France, Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 58: 1-460. Rios, E. C., AND BARCELLOS, L. P., 1979. Nue- vas ocurrencias de moluscos marinos para el Archipielago de Fernando de Noronha, Bra- sil. Comunicaciones de la Sociedad Malacológica del Uruguay, vol. V, n* 37: 163-166. Rios, E. C., 1994. Seashells of Brazil. 2" Edition. Editora da FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. 368 pp, 113 pl. SCHMEKEL, L, AND PORTMANN, A., 1982. Opist- hobranchia des Mittelmeeres, Springer Verlag, Berlin. 410 pp. TEMPLADO, J.; LUQUE, A. A. AND ORTEA, J., 1987. A new species of Aegires Lóven, 1844 (Opist- hobranchia: Doridacea: Aegiretidae) from the Caribbean Sea: Aegires ortizi spec. nov., with comparative descriptions of the North Atlantic species of this genus. The Veliger, 29 (3): 303-307. 33 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 THOMPSON, T. E., 1977. Jamaican Opisthobranch VALDÉS, A., ORTEA, J., ÁVILA, C. AND BALLES- Molluscs 1. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 43: 93- TEROS, M., 1996. Review of the genus Den- 140. drodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 (Gastropoda: Nu- THOMPSON, T. E., 1983. The Bermudan and Ca- dibranchia) in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of ribbean Sacoglossan Mollusk Elysia flava Ve- Molluscan Studies, 62: 1-31. rrill now recorded from the Greek Aegean Sea. The Veliger, 26 (2): 136-138. THOMPSON, T. E. ANDJAKLIN, A., 1988. Eastern Mediterranean Opisthobranchia: Elysiidae (Sacoglossa = Ascoglossa). Journal of Mollus- can Studies, 54: 59-69. oo) O Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 20 (2): 57-60, 2002 A second species of the genus Plagyostila (Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) in Senegal, West Africa Una segunda especie del género Plagyostila (Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) en Senegal, Africa Occidental Ed Emilio ROLÁN* and Jacques PELORCE** Recibido el 10-IV-2002. Aceptado el 30-V-2002 ABSTRACT The second species of the genus Plagyostila is described. lt was found in Dakar, Senegal. Comparison of the shell characters of the new species with those of the type species P. asturiana are made. RESUMEN Se describe la segunda especie del género Plagyostila descubierta en Dakar, Senegal y se com- paran los caracteres de la concha de esta nueva especie con los de la especie tipo P. asturiana. KEY WORDS: Rissooidea, Plagyostila, new species, West Africa. PALABRAS CLAVE: Rissooidea, Plagyostila, new species, West Africa. INTRODUCTION Plagyostila asturiana Fischer in de Folin and Périer, 1872 is the only species known up to now for this genus. GOFAS AND PONDER (1991) reviewed this species, the habitat, the distribution range and commented on some anatomi- cal details, showing operculum, radula and protoconch. Its range is known from France (PONDER, 1988), northern Spain (Gijón is the type locality) and north-west Spain (Vigo, in ROLÁN, 1983) to west and RESULTS north of Morocco (GOFAS AND PONDER, 1991), and Mediterranean (PALLARY, 1920) with an isolated citation in the Cape Verde Islands (BURNAY, 1989). In the sediment material collected by the junior author in Dakar, Senegal, several shells with a profile similar of that of P. asturiana were found, but being different in many characters. These shells appear to belong to an unknown species and is pre- sented in this work and described as new. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. (Figs. 1-3) Type material: Holotype (Fig. 1) in MNHN; one paratype (Figs. 2-3) from Gouye Teni M'Both, 25 m, Dakar, Senegal (MNHN); other paratype from Le Tacoma, 15 m, Dakar, Senegal (coll. J. Pelorce); * Cánovas del Castillo, 22, 36202 Vigo, Spain. ** 289 Voie Les Magnolias, 30240 Le Grau du Roi, France. Y Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 one paratype (juvenile) from Le Tacoma, 15 m (MNCN); one paratype from Madeleines, 6-14 m, Dakar, Senegal (coll. E. Rolán). Other material studied: Senegal: 1 juvenile, Le Tacoma, 15 m (CER). Type locality: M'Bao, 8.5 m, Dakar, Senegal. Etymology: The specific name is derived of the country where the species was found. Description: Shell (Fig. 1) ovate-conic, solid, cream in colour, with an irregular surface, not shinning, somewhat flatte- ned dorsoventrally. Protoconch (Figs. 2, 3) of 2 */4 whorls, which present a sculp- ture of small tubercles on the apical part of the whorls, while there are numerous spiral irregular lines in the abapical part. Teleoconch with about 2 */2 whorls, the first one with four spiral cords crossed by orthocline axial ribs, narrower than the intervals, and in number of about 17; in the last whorl, the axial ribs are ab- sent, and the spiral cords are only evi- dent in the subsutural area, almost des- appeared in the convexity, and appear again on the abapical area, in a total number of about 12-13. Aperture piri- form with a simple outer lip and a colu- mella thickened by a callus. Dimensions: The holotype and the largest paratype are 2.0 mm high. Distribution: The species was only found in the Dakar area. Discussion: The generic assignation was based in the similarity of the present species with the type species of the genus, P. asturiana, in the outline, protoconch, and aperture. The presence of six shells with the same characters in several different places of Dakar, confirm us that this is a species with a ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors want to thank Jesús Méndez of the CACTI, University of Vigo, for the SEM photos; to Félix Azpi- BIBLIOOGRAPHY BURNAY, L. P. 1989. Plagyostila asturiana P. Fis- cher, 1872 no Arquipelago de Cabo Verde. Acoreana, 7(1): 73-75. 58 characteristic morphology. If the habitat is similar to that known for P. asturiana (under rocks buried in sand in about 30 cm), it is supposed that it will be very difficult to find frequently material living from sediments. The species can be differentiated from P. asturiana because this latter species is larger (2.3 — 3.0 mm in most of the material referred or examined), the color is milk-white, the external surface is smooth (Fig. 4) with only a subsutural depression, the shell is glossy, the proto- conch has a small nucleus (Fig. 5) and the sculpture is reduce to some spiral - lines in the lower middle of the whorl (see GOFAS AND PONDER, 1991, fig. 5). In opposition, P. senegalensis is cream in all the shells studied, the larger shell is 2.0 mm, with axial ribs on the first whorl of the teleoconch and few evident spiral cords in subsutural area and on the base. Furthermore, there are differences in the sculpture of the protoconch, numerous spiral lines in the lower part of the whorls and tubercles on the uppert part in P. senegalensis and the dia- meter of its nucleus is larger. The sculpture of first whorl of teleo- conch is similar to some species of the genus Alvanía, but no other character of this genus is present. licueta from San Sebastián for giving material of P. asturiana for SEM photo- graphs. GOFAS, S. AND-PONDER, W. 1991. The habitat and relationships of Plagyostila asturiana (Gas- tropoda, Rissoidae). Bulletin Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4* serie, 1-2: 39-47. ROLÁN AND PELORCE: A second species of the genus Plagyostila in Senegal, West Africa 100 um . Figures 1-3. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. 1: holotype, 2.0 mm, M'Bao, Dakar (MNHN); 2-3: detail of the spire and protoconch, paratype, Gouye Teni M'Both, Dakar (MNHN). Figures 4-6. Plagyostila asturiana. 4: shell from Vigo; 5: juvenile from San Sebastián, Spain; 6: protoconch, San sebastián. Figuras 1-3. Plagyostila senegalensis spec. nov. 1: holotipo, 2.0 mm, M'Bao, Dakar (MNHN); 2-3: detalle de la espira y protoconcha, paratipo, Gouye Teni M'Both, Dakar (MNHN). Figuras 4-6. Plag- yostila asturiana. 4: concha de Vigo; 5: juvenil de San Sebastián, España; 6: protoconcha, San Sebas- tán. 59 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 PALLARY, P. 1900. Coquilles marines du littoral du département d'Oran. Journal de Conchy- liologie, 48: 211-422, pls 6-8. PONDER, W. P. 1988. A review of the Genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum., suppl. 4: 1-221. 60 ROLÁN, E. 1983. Moluscos de la Ría de Vigo. 1. Gasterópodos. Thalassas, 1(1) suplem.: 1-383. O Sociedad Española de Malacología —____—_——T— lIberus, 20 (2): 61-72, 2002 La superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la provincia de Lugo (noroeste de España) The superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) in province of Lugo (NW of Spain) Rita PESQUEIRA, Paz ONDINA y Jesús HERMIDA* Recibido el 18-11-2002. Aceptado el 21-VI-2002 RESUMEN El presente trabajo consiste en un estudio faunístico de gasterópodos terrestres pertene- cientes a la Superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815, realizado en la provincia de Lugo durante los años 1997-1999. El área de estudio se ha dividido en 130 cuadrículas U.TM. 10x10 Km, habiéndose recolectado helicoideos en 97 localidades. Teniendo en cuenta nuestros hallazgos y las citas bibliográficas se han elaborado los mapas de distri- bución de las diferentes especies. Se han identificado un total de 1646 ejemplares corres- pondientes a 19 especies, ampliándose notablemente el área de distribución conocida de la mayoría de éstas, destacando: Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758), Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830), Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) y Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962, de las que existían Únicamente citas puntuales. Se cita por primera vez para la zona de estudio Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822). ABSTRACT A faunistic study of Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815, from province of Lugo (Galicia, Spain) has been made during the years 1997-1999. For each species the pre- vious records and the coordinates U.T.M. 10x10 Km of the localities where the species have been found, are included. 19 species have been identificated and for the most of them, principally Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758), Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830), Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) and Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962, we have extended notably the distribution area known. Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822) is recorded for the first time in this area. PALABRAS CLAVE: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea, distribución, Galicia, España. KEY WORDS: Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea, distribution, Galicia, España. INTRODUCCIÓN Aunque actualmente contamos con avance sustancial en su conocimiento, se extensos trabajos sobre la fauna malaco- observan discontinuidades en los datos, lógica gallega, que han permitido un tanto en su aspecto faunístico como en la * Departamento de Bioloxía Animal. Facultade de Bioloxía. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. 15706 Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España. 61 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 distribución de las especies. Esto es debido a que los trabajos previos han consistido en estudios muy amplios, que abarcaban un área muy grande de forma heterogé- nea, (CASTILLEJO, 1986) o bien en estudios puntuales, en zonas concretas (SACCHI Y VIOLANI, 1977; OUTEIRO, 1988; RIBALLO, DíAz-CoOsíN, Y CASTILLEJO, 1985). Cabe mencionar que ONDINA, HERMIDA Y OUTEIRO (1997) realizan un estudio en el que se recogen muestras de forma homo- génea en un cuadriculado U.T.M. de 10x10 Km, teniendo como objetivo únicamente el occidente gallego, no incluyendo por lo tanto el área tratada en el presente artículo. En esta provincia, hemos de destacar la existencia de dos trabajos realizados en zonas muy concretas como son la Serra do Courel (OUTEIRO, 1988) y el Bosque dos Cabaniños (Serra dos Ancares) (RIBALLO ET AL., 1985) dado que se trata de dos de los escasos afloramientos calizos gallegos y por ello particularmente interesantes. Estas discontinuidades que se pre- sentan en el conocimiento de la distribu- ción de los gasterópodos terrestres son aplicables por lo tanto a la Superfamilia Helicoidea, aún existiendo trabajos espe- cíficos sobre el grupo como los de Cas- TILLEJO (1986) y ÓNDINA ET AL. (1997). Con el presente estudio se pretende cubrir algunas de las lagunas existentes referidas al conocimiento de los helicoi- deos gallegos en su zona más oriental, la provincia de Lugo. RESULTADOS A partir de los muestreos realizados, se han identificado un total de 1646 ejemplares pertenecientes a 19 especies. Para cada especie se incluyen los siguientes apartados: citas previas, material examinado y un breve resumen MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Durante el período 1997-1999 se ha recolectado material malacológico en la provincia de Lugo procedente de 97 lo- calidades de las 130 cuadrículas U.T.M. 10 x 10 Km en las que se ha dividido di- cha área. En cada una de ellas se realiza- ron muestreos diurnos y nocturnos y se examinaron los distintos hábitats donde suelen resguardarse estas especies. Así mismo se recogieron muestras de suelo y hojarasca que posteriormente fueron lavadas y tamizadas, para extraer las es- pecies edáficas de menor tamaño. Todos los ejemplares capturados se sometieron al proceso de muerte por anoxia, sumer- giéndolos en agua para facilitar su di- sección, conservándose posteriormente en alcohol al 70%. A partir de los datos obtenidos, se han elaborado mapas de distribución de cada especie en cuadrículas UTM de 10x10 km (Figura 1 A-U). En dichos mapas se indican las localidades aporta- das en este trabajo (0); las procedentes de la bibliografía (A), y aquellas locali- dades en que ambas citas coinciden (4). Para la clasificación de las especies hemos seguido a NORDSIECK (1987, 1993) añadiendo algunas modificacio- nes, como la de situar el grupo Trissexo- dontinae Nordsieck, 1987 como una subfamilia de Hygromiidae, de acuerdo con PUENTE (1994). sobre su distribución. El listado de las localidades en las que se ha encontrado algún ejemplar de esta superfamilia, junto a su correspondiente coordenada U.T.M. y fecha de muestreo, pueden ser observadas en la Tabla 1. Familia XANTHONYCHIDAE Strebel y Pfeiffer, 1880 Subfamilia ELONINAE Gittenberger, 1979 Elona quimperiana (Férussac, 1821) (Fig. 1A) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CasrTI- LLEJO (1986); ALTONAGA, GÓMEZ, MAR- 62 Tín, PRIETO, PUENTE Y RALLO (1994); PUENTE (1994). PESQUEIRA £7 4Z.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo Material examinado: Localidades 5, 7, SALON LS 14 445/1460: 04.7 01615167. Número total de ejemplares: 27. Distribución. Elona quimperiana ocupa toda la cornisa cantábrica desde el País Vasco hasta Asturias (PUENTE, 1994), con- tinuándose esta distribución hacia Galicia, donde es más frecuente en el norte (CAZIOT, 1915; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Familia HYGROMIIDAE Tryon, 1866 Subfamilia MONACHINAE Wenz, 1930 Ashfordia granulata (Alder, 1830) (Fig. 1B) Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986) como Monacha (Ashfordia) granulata (Alder, 1830); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 4, 6, ASAS A OO 18, 192829392, 46, 49, 52, 54, 57, 76. Número total de ejemplares: 204. Distribución. Citada únicamente en el norte peninsular, desde el extremo occi- dental de Vizcaya hasta Galicia (HERMIDA, OUTEIRO Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1992; ALTONAGA ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994) donde, al igual que la especie anterior, es más frecuente en la mi- tad norte (MACHO VELADO, 1871; HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Cochlicella acuta (Muller, 1774) (Fig. 1C) Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986). Material examinado: Localidades 12, 14, 16, 19. Número total de ejemplares: 18. Distribución. Es una especie frecuente en toda la costa peninsular, haciéndose sus citas más escasas en el cuadrante noroeste (PUENTE, 1994). Aunque penetra hacia zo- nas del interior siguiendo las cuencas flu- viales, como el valle del Ebro o el del Gua- dalquivir, en Galicia se comporta como una especie estrictamente litoral (HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Prietocella barbara (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 1D) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969), como C. ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801); CasTI- LLEJO (1986), como C-. ventricosa. Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48, AOL IS OL, II TIDO DIA 95. Número total de ejemplares: 151. Distribución. Esta especie presenta una amplia distribución por toda la península y aunque está citada en casi todos los estu- dios malacológicos realizados a lo largo del territorio, es más frecuente en la franja litoral (MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ, ROBLES CUENCA Y RODRÍGUEZ BABÍO, 1990; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994). Aunque en el occidente gallego su com- portamiento es igualmente costero (CAs- TILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997), en el área de estudio se adentra claramente hacia el interior. Subfamilia TRISSEXODONTINAE Nordsieck, 1987 Oestophora barbula (Rossmássler, 1838) (Fig. 1E) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); RIBALLO ET AL. (1985); CASTILLEJO (1986); CASTILLEJO, RIBALLO Y DÍíAZ-COSÍN (1987); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4, 7, o 0 Tb 1 ES ALO, 1 1 15240241 23,24, 31, 32,33,36, 37,38, 39,41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 76, 77, 63 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 TASAS OZ SSL O SO OD ZADSS 94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 300. Distribución. Especie atlántica, muy fre- cuente en todo el tercio occidental penin- sular (NOBRE, 1941; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994). Del mismo modo en Galicia está ampliamente citada en todo el territo- rio (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ÓONDINA, ET AL., 1997). Oestophora silvae Ortiz de Zárate, 1962 (Fig. 1EF) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI- LLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994);. PUENTE (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 1, MOS TL E LS II MS DS ID 41, 42,43, 45, 47,51,52,59, 54,595,597, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 78, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 140. Distribución. En la Península Ibérica esta especie está citada únicamente en la franja norte, desde el País Vasco hasta Galicia (CASTILLEJO, 1986; PUENTE, 1994; ONDINA ET AL., 1997), descen- diendo por el oeste de Portugal (HER- MIDA Y RODRÍGUEZ, 1996). Hasta el mo- mento en la provincia de Lugo estaba citada únicamente en puntos aislados del norte y en la sierra de O Courel (OUTEIRO, 1988), confirmándose con este trabajo su amplia distribución en Galicia. Oestophorella buvinieri (Michaud, 1841) (Fig. 1G) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); ALTO- NAGA ET AL. (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 10, 18. Número total de ejemplares: 5. Distribución. Oestophorella buvinieri es un endemismo cantábrico que se extiende desde el occidente del País Vasco hasta Galicia (ALTONAGA ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994), alcanzándose en el área de estudio su límite de distribución oriental con las dos citas del presente trabajo. Subfamilia HYGROMIINAE Tryon, 1866 Candidula intersecta (Poiret, 1801) (Fig. 1H) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI- LLEJO (1986). Material examinado: Localidad 14. Número total de ejemplares: 4. Distribución. En la Península Ibérica presenta una distribución particular, ya que se encuentra citada en el tercio oc- cidental y, alejada de este área de distri- bución, en el País Vasco (PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es más característica en la franja oeste y sus citas se van haciendo más raras a medida que avanzamos ha- cia el norte (ONDINA ET AL., 1997); en el área de estudio ha aparecido únicamen- te y hasta el momento en tres localida- des. Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822) (Fig. 1D Material examinado: Localidad 13. Número total de ejemplares: 2. Distribución. Especie con una distri- bución muy fragmentada, concentrándose sus citas principalmente en el cuadrante suroccidental de la península (NOBRE, 1941; PUENTE, 1994), en el litoral catalán 64 (BOFILL Y HAas, 1920a; BOFILL Y HAAS, 1920b) y en las islas Baleares (GASULL, 1965). En Galicia está escasamente repre- sentada, con citas aisladas en el litoral (SACCHI Y VIOLANI, 1977; CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Se trata de la primera cita de esta especie para el área de estudio. PESQUEIRA £7 42.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo Tabla I. Listado de las localidades, U.T.M. en 10x10 Km y fecha de recogida de las muestras. Table I. List of the localities, U.T.M. 10 x10 Km and sampling date. Localidad 1 Vilapedre 2 Moreda 3 Galgao 4 Riotorto 5 Maior 6 Requerez 7 Galdo 8 Xuances 9 Mor 10 Rúa (Oiras) 11 0 Marco 12 Teixeira 13 Alemparte 14 Moras 15 Masma 16 Reinante 17 As Anzas 18. Arante 19 Ribadeo 20 Bazar 21 Roca 22 Parga 23 Pigara 24 Vilalba 25 Cazás 26 Vilalba-Meira 27 Moncelos 28 Gruñedo 29 Outeiro-Quintela 30 Vian 31 Porto 32 Begonte 33 Outeiro de Rei 34 Orizón 35 Condes 36 Ferreira 37 Guntín 38 Lugo-Camoira 39 Cota 40 Gondar 41 Anseán 472 Outeiro 43 Gundín-Friol 44 Riveira de Piquín 45 Bogo 46 Mosteiro 47 Mendreiras 48 Sobrado 49 Castroverde U.T.M. 291PJ00 29TPJ10 291PJ20 291PJ40 29TPJ30 291PJ12 291PJ13 291PJ14 291PJ22 291PJ21 29T1PJ23 291PJ32 29T1PJ33 291PJ24 291PJ31 291PJ42 291PJ51 29TPJ41 291PJ52 291PH28 29TNH98 291NH97 29TPHO8 29TPHO9 29T1NH99 291PH19 291PH29 29TPH38 291PH28 29TPH39 29TPH18 29TPHO7 291PH17 291PH27 29T1NH96 29TNH95 29TNH94 291PH16 29TPHO6 291PH26 291PH25 29TPH15 29TPHO5 29T1PH48 291PH59 291PH37 291PH47 29TPH35 29TPH36 Fecha 24/07/97 25/07/97 25/07/91 25/07/91 25/07/97 26/07/97 26/07/97 26/07/97 27/07/97 27/07/97 27/07/97 28/07/97 28/07/97 28/07/97 29/07/97 29/07/97 30/07/97 30/07/97 31/07/97 15/12/97 13/02/98 13/02/98 14/02/98 14/02/98 14/02/98 15/02/98 15/02/98 15/02/98 16/02/98 16/02/98 15/02/98 16/02/98 16/02/98 17/02/98 18/02/98 18/02/98 18/02/98 19/02/98 19/02/98 19/02/98 20/02/98 20/02/98 20/02/98 03/04/98 02/04/98 28/05/98 28/05/98 29/05/98 29/05/98 Localidad U.T.M. Fecha 50 Fonteo 29TPH46 29/05/98 51 Portomarín 29TPH14 30/05/98 52 Neira 29TPH24 30/05/98 53 Ferreira de Pallares 29T1PHO4 30/05/98 54 Vilarmide 29TPH49 31/05/98 55 Piñeira 291PH44 06/06/98 56 Farreiros 29T1PH45 06/06/98 57 Láncara 29TPH34 06/06/98 58 Suar 291PH13 07/06/98 59 Bagude 29TPHO3 07/06/98 60 A Pobra de Burón 291PH57 22/07/98 61 Trobo 29TPH58 22/07/98 62 Vilarmeán 29TPH68 22/07/98 63 Seir 291PH78 23/07/98 64 Negueira de Muñiz 29TPH77 23/07/98 65 Vilabol 291PH67 23/07/98 66 Castro (Moreira) 29TPH56 24/07/98 67 Queizán 29TPH66 24/07/98 68 Cabanas 291PH55 24/07/98 69 Navia-Moia 29TPH65 25/07/98 70 Rao-Faquis 291PH75 25/07/98 71 Suarbol, Piornedo 291PH74 25/07/98 72 Doiras, Cervantes 29TPH64 25/07/98 73 Becerreú 291PH54 25/07/98 74 Busnollán 29TPH53 26/07/98 75 Pedrofita- Doiras 29TPH63 26/07/98 76 Triacastela 291PH43 26/07/98 77 Foxos, Samos 291PH33 26/07/98 78 Biville 291PH23 27/07/98 79 Chantada- Mato 29TNH91 05/04/99 80 Sabadelle 29TPHO2 05/04/99 81 Chantada 29TPHO1 06/04/99 82 R. Portiño- Ousende 29TPH12 06/04/99 83 Tribas 29TPH11 06/04/99 84 Oleiros 29TPHOO. 07/04/99 85 Fonte A. (Pantón) 29TPH10. 07/04/99 86 Barantes 291PG19 07/04/99 87 Saa (Pobra Brollón) 29TPH31 08/04/99 88 Doade 291PG29 08/04/99 89 Marcelle 29TPH20 08/04/99 90 Goo (Río Mao) 291PH32 09/04/99 91 Barxa (Río Mao) 29TPH22 09/04/99 92 Ribas Pequenas 29TPH21 09/04/99 93 Poradapiñol 29TPH50 10/04/99 94 Quiroga 29TPH40 10/04/99 95 Augasmestas 29TPH30 10/04/99 96 Corbedo 29T1PH52 10/04/99 97 A Rogueira 291PH51 10/04/99 65 CUECA OOO ARNONOEoa aaa EERHOn BEREHREnaE G Oestophorella buvinieri Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 O Citas aportadas por este trabajo A Citas previas A Ambas citas coinciden — | |lele [| |! DOTA PUTO aAna BUna MERO R aaa cuan 1abbe=0a Uan Arno ro a aa Suda Honda UNA ME 13] EEANaA PEE H Candidula intersecta l Xerotricha apicina Figura 1. Mapas de distribución. Figure 1. Distribution maps. 66 PESQUEIRA £7 42.: La Superfamilia Helicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo L AY daúNoDs210 a asas aa a Heb k 7 META DAA DOMO DON maja OB4u DON lalajsira ajaja S Theba pisana EPT LY] | BBRaEa SONO A+ 4 DOCE Head An” — BS QQ Hpala [daxs ¡[TT ela pil] arias (105065 a Jos [o —] O ernuella virgata CT [48] Y O O 4¡eaeje| QIRaL PA LA En COSO [| AHH As OE DABEOOaN AAA A U Xerosecta cespitum 67 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Xerotricha conspurcata Draparnaud, 1801 (Fig. 1)) Citas previas: ÓNDINA, HERMIDA Y Ou- TEIRO (1995). Material examinado: Localidad 19. Número total de ejemplares: 2. Distribución. Esta especie se distribuye por la mitad sur peninsular y el litoral catalán (PUENTE, 1994). La localidad apor- tada en este trabajo representa la única cita de la mitad noroccidental de la Península, donde fue encontrada por primera vez por ONDINA ET AL. (1995). Se ha encontrado una población con muy pocos individuos, muy alejada de su área de distribución, por lo que es posible, que de acuerdo con los autores antes mencionados, se trate de una introducción bastante reciente. Helicella itala (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 1K) Citas previas: (CASTILLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988). Material examinado: Localidades 16, 28, 46, 74. Número total de ejemplares: 13. Distribución. Esta especie se extiende por la mitad norte peninsular (MANGA, 1983; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; ALTONAGA ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia se comporta principalmente como una especie litoral, también confinada al norte, provincias de A Coruña y Lugo (CASTILLEJO, 1986, ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Helicella zaratei Gittenberger et Manga, 1977 (Fig. 1L) Citas previas: OUTEIRO (1988). Material examinado: Localidades 9%6, 97. Número total de ejemplares: 2. Distribución. Helicella zaratei es un endemismo galaico-leonés, citada úni- camente en algunos puntos de León (MANGA, 1983). En Galicia parece es- tar restringida a los afloramientos ca- lizos de la Sierra do Courel (OUTEIRO, 1988). Mengoana brigantina (da Silva Mengo, 1867) (Fig. 1M) Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986) como Eumphalia (Mengoana) brigantina (Ortiz de Zárate, 1949) OUTEIRO (1988) como Eumphalia (Mengoana) brigantina. Material examinado: Localidad 74. Número total de ejemplares: 10. Distribución. Endemismo ibérico res- tringido al noroeste de la Península (HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE Y PRIETO, 1992). En Galicia está citada en puntos aislados del litoral occidental (ONDINA ET AL., 1997), mientras que en el área de estudio parece circunscribirse a la zona de O Courel (CASTILLEJO, 1986; Ou- TEIRO, 1988), caracterizada por ser uno de los escasos afloramientos calizos ga- llegos. Zenobiella subrufescens (Miller, 1822) (Fig. 1N) Citas previas: CASTILLEJO (1986); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 5, 10, 12, 30, 32, 42, 43, 70. Número total de ejemplares: 34. Distribución. Esta especie está res- tringida al norte peninsular, sin alejarse 68 de la franja litoral (ALTONAGA ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia sus citas se concentran principalmente en la mitad norte (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Las escasas citas previas de esta especie en el área de estudio se sitúan en la franja litoral. PESQUEIRA £7 AZ.: La Superfamilia Aelicoidea en la Provincia de Lugo Portugala inchoata (Morelet, 1845) (Fig. 10) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969) como Z. inchoata (Morelet, 1845); CASTILLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988). Material examinado: Localidades 4, 6, ASIOAO SA 16, 1921722 523,24, 25, 26,27,28,29,30, 33, 37,39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 144. Distribución. Especie atlántica ampliamente distribuida por toda la franja occidental de la Península Ibérica (NOBRE, 1941; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es una especie muy abundante y citada en la mayoría de los estudios sobre la malacofauna de esta comunidad (MACHO VELADO, 1871; HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL.,1997). Subfamilia PONENTININAE Schileyko, 1991 Ponentina subvirescens (Bellamy, 1839) (Fig. 1P) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969) como Trichia occidentalis (Récluz); RIBALLO ET AL. (1985) como Ponentina ponentina (Morelet, 1845); CASTILLEJO (1986) como P. ponen- tina; OUTEIRO (1988) como P. ponentina. Material examinado: Localidades 2, 3, 4, 22,24, 25, 29, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,51, 59, 63,65, 66, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87,89, 91, 93, 94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 69. Distribución. Está bien representada en el occidente peninsular (NOBRE, 1941; MANGA, 1983; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE Y PRIETO, 1992) así como en Galicia (HIDALGO, 1875; CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Hasta el presente estudio era una especie citada de forma aislada en la provincia de Lugo. Familia HELICIDAE Rafinesque, 1815. Subfamilia HELICINAE Rafinesque, 1815 Cepaea nemoralis (Linneo, 1758) (Fig. 10) Citas previas: MACHO VELADO (1871) como Helix nemoralis Linné; HIDALGO (1875) como H. hortensis, O.F. Muller, 1774; ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTILLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994); PUENTE (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 1, 2, SAMOA AS, OM Z AS, 14,15, 16,17 18, TORO SUEZ ZA ZO ZO 2 ALO 0 3 IZ, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, ALZAS TADO, LOTUS UDS ASUABZ, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 275 Distribución. En la Península Ibérica se extiende por la franja portuguesa (HIDALGO, 1875; NOBRE, 1941) y toda la mitad norte (ALTONAGA ET AL, 1994; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia es una especie muy frecuente en toda la comunidad (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ÓNDINA ET AL., 1997). Helix aspersa (Muller, 1774) (Fig. 1R) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI- LLEJO (1986); OUTEIRO (1988); ALTONAGA ET AL. (1994). Material examinado: Localidades 3, 4, Dl AO 1, TL AS O ISO 2I22L 23 LAZO ZII ZO ZAS OAS LN, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75,76, 77,78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 69 Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95. Número total de ejemplares: 194. Distribución. Helix aspersa es una especie muy frecuente en todo el terri- torio peninsular (ALTONAGA ET AL., 1994; PUENTE, 1994) así como en Galicia (CASTILLEJO, 1986; ONDINA ET AL.; 1997). Theba pisana (Múller, 1774) (Fig. 15) Citas previas: ALTIMIRA (1969); CASTI- LLEJO (1986). Material examinado: Localidades 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 34, 44, 94. Número total de ejemplares: 52. Distribución. Especie que se distribuye por todo el litoral ibérico, mitad sur penin- DISCUSIÓN El hecho de que en la provincia de Lugo se encuentren algunos de los aflo- ramientos calizos más importantes de la comunidad gallega, y de que se trataba de un área poco estudiada, abría la posi- bilidad de que presentase diferencias sustanciales, en referencia a su fauna malacológica, en comparación a otras áreas de Galicia. En el número de espe- cies encontradas no destaca respecto al resto de Galicia, aunque sí existen mayor número de endemismos. En este sentido el número de especies de la superfamilia Helicoidea no presenta diferencias sustanciales con el resto de la comunidad gallega, aunque habría que mencionar que en esta provincia se encuentra el límite de distribución occi- dental de algunas especies. Cabe destacar que se cita por primera vez en el área de estudio X. apicina, especie de muy reducida presen- cia en Galicia. Así mismo se ha ampliado el área de distribución conocida de un número notable de especies, incluso de aquellas más frecuentes en el área de estudio, pero que por los motivos citados estaban escasamente representadas, como H. aspersa, C. nemoralis, O. barbula, o P. inchoata. Entre las especies que pare- cían estar restringidas a puntos aislados del área de estudio y que han pasado a ser frecuentes cabe destacar A. granulata, P. subvirescens, O. silvae y P. barbara. En referencia a esta última, que presenta un 70 sular y valle del Ebro (HIDALGO, 1875; NOBRE, 1941; GASULL, 1965; PUENTE, 1994). En Galicia se halla presente a lo largo de toda la costa (MACHO VELADO, 1871; HIDALGO, 1890; ALTIMIRA, 1969; SACCHI Y VIOLANI, 1977; CASTILLEJO, 1986; OTERO Y TRIGO, 1989; ONDINA ET AL., 1997). comportamiento costero en el occidente gallego (ONDINA ET AL, 1997), en este trabajo se observa que penetra de forma clara hacia el interior, continuándose su distribución con las zonas colindantes de Asturias y León (MANGA, 1983; HERMIDA ET AL., 1992; PUENTE, 1994). En contraposición a los grupos ante- riores existen otras especies que parecen limitarse a zonas concretas. En este sentido cabe mencionar que en lo que respecta a O. buvinieri y H. zaratei, se ratifica que el límite de distribución occidental se encuentra en la provincia de Lugo, en el noreste para la primera y en el afloramiento calizo de O Courel para la segunda. Observando la figura 1M vemos que algo similar ocurre con M. brigantina, que únicamente se loca- liza en O Courel, aunque existen citas aisladas en el litoral occidental (ONDINA ET AL., 1997). Esto probablemente es debido a que su distribución, como la de la mayoría de los helicoideos, se ve muy influenciada por los requerimientos de calcio, disponible en las zonas costeras en forma de sales. Este mismo compor- tamiento se puede observar claramente en especies como H. itala o T. pisana, estrictamente litorales en el resto de Galicia (ONDINA ET AL., 1997). En lo que respecta a C. intersecta, una especie con escasa representación en el área de estudio, y coincidiendo con lo señalado por CASTILLEJO (1986), pre- PESQUEIRA £7 4Z.: La Superfamilia Helicozdea en la Provincia de Lugo senta variaciones de la parte masculina del aparato genital. Concretamente, la longitud del flagelo respecto al conjunto pene-epifalo en los ejemplares encontra- dos, es superior al descrito por otros autores. Carecemos de material sufi- ciente para realizar un estudio profundo del tema, pero no podemos descartar la existencia de una especie diferente, hecho señalado por algunos autores (ORTIZ DE ZÁRATE, 1991; PUENTE, 1994; ALTABA, 1997). Finalmente, creemos oportuno in- cluir los mapas de distribución de dos BIBLIOGRAFÍA ALTABA, C.R., 1997. How many species of Can- didula (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) in nort- hern Portugal?. Iberus, 15 (1): 1-4. ALTIMIRA, C., 1969. Notas Malacológicas. VIII Moluscos del Delta del Llobregat. IX Nuevas aportaciones y datos a la fauna malacoló- gica catalana. XI Moluscos terrestres y de agua dulce recogidos en la provincia de Lugo y de Asturias. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología Aplicada, 46: 91-113. ALTONAGA, K.; GÓMEZ, B.; MARTÍN, R.; PRIETO, C.; PUENTE, A. Y RALLO, A., 1994. Estudio faunístico y biogeográfico de los molus- cos terrestres del norte de la Península Ibérica. Ed. Eusko Legebiltzarra, Parlamento Vas- co. 505 pp. BOFILL, A. Y HAAS, F., 1920a. Estudi sobre la ma- lacología de les Valls Pirenaiques. Vall del No- guera Pallaresa. Treballs del Museu de Ciénces Naturals. Barcelona, 3 (10): 100-220. BOFILL, A. Y HAasS, F., 1920b. Estudi sobre la ma- lacología de les Valls Pirenaiques. Vall del Se- gre i Andorra. Treballs del Museu de Ciénces Naturals. Barcelona, 3 (12): 225-375. CASTILLEJO, J., 1986. Caracoles terrestres de Gali- cia, Familia Helicidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Santiago, 122, 66pp. CASTILLEJO, J.; RIBALLO, I. Y Díaz-COsÍN, D., 1987. Estudio de las protoconchas de los mi- crogasterópodos del bosque de los Cabani- ños (Sierra de los Ancares, Lugo, España). Bo- letín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Na- tural (Biología), 83 (1-4): 57-66. CAzior, E., 1915. La fauna terrestre Lusita- nienne. Bulletin de la Societé Linnéenne de Lyon, 62: 43-65. GASULL, L., 1965. Algunos moluscos terrestres y de agua dulce de Baleares. Boletín Sociedad Historia Natural. Baleares, 11 (1-4): 7-161. especies que han sido citadas en el área de estudio por otros autores y no fueron encontradas en el presente trabajo (Figuras 1T y 1U). Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778), común en la Península Ibérica, se convierte en Galicia en una especie rara, ya que se ha encontrado en un único punto de la provincia de Lugo (CASTILLEJO, 1986). Xerosecta cespitum (Draparnaud, 1801) ha sido citada úni- camente en dos localidades (PUENTE, 1994 y ONDINA ET AL., 1995) muy próxi- mas a los límites occidentales de su amplia área de distribución. HERMIDA, J., OUTEIRO, A. Y RODRÍGUEZ, T. 1992. Distribución de los Helicidae sensu Zilch 1959-60 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) en Asturias, León, Zamora y Salamanca. Revista Academia Galega das Ciencias, 11: 81-93. HERMIDA, J. Y RODRÍGUEZ, T., 1996. Contribu- ción a la fauna de caracoles terrestres y dul- ceacuícolas de Portugal. Real Sociedad Espa- ñola de Historia Natural. Tomo Extraordina- rio. 125 Aniversario de la RSEHN. 106-108 pp. HIDALGO, J., 1875. Catálogo iconográfico y des- criptivo de los moluscos terrestres de España, Portugal y las Baleares. Madrid. Parte 1A: 224 pp., Parte 2A: 16 pp. HIDALGO, J., 1890. Catálogo de los Moluscos re- cogidos en Bayona de Galicia. Revista para el progreso de las Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Na- turales, 21 (7): 396-397. MACHO VELADO, J., 1871. Catálogo de los mo- luscos terrestres observados en Galicia. Ho- jas Malacológicas, 10-16. MANGA, M. Y., 1983. Los Helicidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) de la provincia de León. CSIC. León. 394 pp. MARTÍNEZ-ORTÍ, A.; MARTÍNEZ-LÓPEZ, F.; Ro- BLES CUENCA, F. Y RODRÍGUEZ BABÍO, C., 1990. El Género Cochlicella Risso, 1826 (Pulmonata, Helicidae) en la Comunidad Valenciana. Ibe- rus, 9 (1-2): 393-405. NOBRE, A., 1941. Fauna malacológica de Por- tugal, IL. Moluscos terrestres e fluviais. Me- mórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico. Univer- sidade Coimbra, 124: 1-277 + 30 lám. NORDSIECK, H., 1987. Revision des Systems der Helicoidea (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Archiv fir Molluskenkunde, 118 (1-3): 9-50. NORDSIECK, H., 1993. Das system der paláark- tischen Hygromiidae (Gastropoda: Stylom- matophora: Helicoidea). Archiv fiir Mollus- kenkunde, 122: 1-23. JA Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 ONDINA, P., HERMIDA, J. Y OUTEIRO, A., 1995. Nuevas citas de cuatro gasterópodos terres- tres para Galicia. Nova Acta Científica Com- postelana (Bioloxía), 5: 215-224. ONDINA, P., HERMIDA, J. Y OUTEIRO, A., 1997. Nuevos datos sobre la distribución de la Su- perfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gas- tropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en el oeste de Galicia. Sociedad Española de Ma- lacología. Iberus, 15 (1): 5-22. ORTIZ DE ZARATE, A., 1962. Observaciones ana- tómicas y posición sistemática de varios he- lícidos españoles. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 60: 81-104. ORTIZ DE ZÁRATE, A., 1991. Descripción de los mo- luscos terrestres del valle del Najerilla. Ed. Go- bierno de La Rioja: Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes, Logroño. 400 pp. OTERO, J. Y TRIGO, J., 1989. Moluscos de la Ría de Muros. Thalassas, 7: 79-90. OUTEIRO, A., 1988. Gasterópodos de O Courel (Lugo). Tesis Doctoral (no publicada). Univer- sidad de Santiago de Compostela. 626 pp. 72 PUENTE, A., 1994. Estudio Taxonómico y Biogeo- gráfico de la Superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Stylommatop- hora) de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Te- sis Doctoral. Universidad del País Vasco. 1994. PUENTE, A. Y PRIETO, C., 1992. La superfamilia Helicoidea (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) en el norte de la Península Ibérica: Corolo- gía y sectorización malacogeográfica. Gra- ellsia, 48: 133-169. RIBALLO, L, Díaz- Cosín, D.J. Y CASTILLEJO, J., 1985. Taxocenosis de Microgasterópodos del Bosque de los Cabaniños (Sierra de Ancares, Lugo). Trabajos Compostelanos de Biología, 12: 99-119. SACCHI, C. Y VIOLANI, C., 1977. Richerche eco- logiche sulle elicide dunicola della Ria di Vigo (Spagna), (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Natura, 68 (3-4): 253-284. O Sociedad Española de Malacología —_____—_——— Iberus, 20 (2): 73-79, 2002 The degradation of land snail shells during the annual dry period in a Mediterranean climate La degradación de las conchas de moluscos terrestres durante el período seco anual en un clima mediterráneo Alexander MENEZ' Recibido el 4-11-2002. Aceptado el 23-VI11-2002 ABSTRACT The shell degradation of eight common Mediterranean land mollusc species was experi- mentally investigated during the annual dry period (June to September). The results sug- gest that insolation was an important factor in degradation but that the background colora- tion of the support on which the shells were attached was not a significant factor. Larger species degraded less rapidly than smaller ones. Cantareus aspersus (Muller, 1774) took the longest time to degrade, possibly because the periostracum protects the underlying shell. A shell Condition Index is used that allows the scoring of shells and their inclusion or not in species matrices. RESUMEN La degradación de las conchas de ocho especies de moluscos terrestres comunes en el Mediterráneo fue investigada experimentalmente durante el período anual de sequía (Junio a Septiembre). Los resultados sugieren que la insolación constituye un factor impor- tante en la degradación, pero que el color de fondo del emplazamiento donde los molus- cos estaban fijados no era un factor significativo. Las especies de mayor tamaño se degradaron más lentamente que las pequeñas. Cantareus aspersus (Múller, 1774) fue la más lenta en degradarse, posiblemente debido al periostraco que protege la concha. Un Indice del estado de la concha se utiliza para calificar las conchas y su inclusión, o no, en las matrices de especies. KEY WORDS: Land snail shells, degradation, Mediterranean climate PALABRAS CLAVE: Conchas de moluscos terrestres, degradación, clima Mediterráneo INTRODUCTION “How long has that shell been condition it may be added to the collec- empty?" This is a question most collec- tion. For the ecologist, using standardi- tors ask when picking up an empty snail zed data collection techniques (MENEZ, shell. For a collector the answer may not 2001; 2002), the answer is much more be critical: as long as the shell is in good pertinent. If the shell is very recent it "The Gibraltar Museum, Bomb House Lane, Gibraltar and The University of Wales, Cardiff. E-mail: alexme- nezOgibnynex.gi IES) Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 indicates an individual that, until death, utilized resources, interacted with biotic and abiotic components, and formed part of the molluscan biomass. These facts are also true of an older shell but the difference is in the time elapsed from death to recording of the shell by the investigator. In the former case, con- temporary biotic and abiotic data may apply to the specimen, in the latter it may not because conditions may have changed significantly from the time of death of the specimen to the recording of data. Dead shells are often included in species matrices used in diversity studies (NILSSON, BENGTSSON AND AS, 1988; WINTER, 1995; EMBERTON, 1997; EMBERTON, PEARCE, KASIGWA, TATTERS- FIELD AND HABIBU, 1997), but often with no indication of shell condition. A knowledge of the elapsed period since death is crucial in the inclusion or not of the specimen in the species matrix for an area under ecological study. Species matrices composed of abun- dances are affected by the inclusion of dead shells in a quantitative manner for the species recorded. Species matrices composed only of presence/absence data may reflect lower species numbers for an area if only species found as live specimens are included. This is particu- larly true if substratum samples are analyzed for micro-species that often are only found dead. Examples of these species are Truncatellina cylindrica, Ceci- lioides acicula and Acicula spp., the last of which are mostly known only from dead specimens. Some of the factors that contribute to shell degradation are known (e.g. pH, humidity) and have been reported (EVANS 1972; CLAASSEN, 1998) but there is much scope for experimental, and consequently objective, study of shell degradation. In this paper I examine one major factor in degradation that is parti- cularly relevant in Mediterranean regions: insolation. My fieldwork during many years suggests that shells on Open ground degrade rapidly during the dry period of the year (unpublished data). In the Mediterranean this period is generally from June to September 74 (BLONDEL AND ARONSON, 1999) and coincides with decreased, or cessation of activity of most land molluscs. Data collection for diversity and dis- tributional studies are carried out during the wet period (October to May) when mollusc activity is pronounced. Should empty shells found during this period be included in the species matri- ces? To help answer this l exposed the shells of eight species to the sun during the dry period and measured shell degradation. METHODS Forty live adult specimens of each of eight common land mollusc species were collected from sites in south Iberia: Ferussacia follicula (Gmelin, 1790) and Otala lactea (Muller, 1774) from Westside (Gibraltar); Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822), Cochlicella acuta (Múller, 1774) and Caracollina lenticula (Michaud, 1831) from Catalan Bay (Gibraltar); Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758) from Marbella (Spain); Theba pisana (Muller, 1774) from Casares (Spain) and Cantareus aspersus (Muller, 1774) from both Marbella and Casares (Spain). The experimental layout consisted of two wooden boards each divided equally in two. One half was painted white and the other black, to test effects of background coloration. Ten shells of each species with the animals removed were attached, aper- ture downwards, to the two halves of each of the two boards using Blu-Tack". The adhesive was attached at the midline of the shell leaving a space of 2mm between the shell and the board. Both of the boards were placed on a roof terrace, in Gibraltar, receiving sunlight from sunrise until sunset. One was exposed to the sun, the other was kept in darkness as a control. The condition of each shell was scored using a simple index (SCI, see Table 1) every three days. Scoring began on 1 June 2000 and ended on 2 October 2000 (124 days), representing the dry period (see Introduction). Temperature (2C), total rainfall (mm) and total suns- MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate Table I. Shell Condition Index (SCI) showing descriptions of shell condition for each score. Tabla 1. Indice del estado de la concha (SCI) con descripción de estado para cada valor. Score Description of shell condition — O: Un E QQ NN — As score 6 but shell brittle hine (hours) data were provided cour- tesy Of the Gibraltar Meteorological Office. Values for these variables during the experimental period were within the ranges for the 30-year data set from 1968 to 1997 (Table ID. Each of the species were assigned to a geometric type and biometric data measured (Table II. X. apicina and C. lenticula were designated discoidal, F. follicula and R. decollata cylindrical, C. aspersus, O. lactea and T. pisana spherical, and C. acuta conical. Shell height and width, and apertural height and width were measured with calipers to 0.01mm. Shell volume and surface area were cal- Perfect shell. No loss of gloss. Periostracum intact. No shell damage <10% loss of gloss. <10% lifting of periostracum. <1% area of shell damaged 10-50% loss of gloss. 10-50% lifting of periostracum. 1-5% area of shell damaged 50-75% loss of gloss. 50-75% lifting of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged 75-95% loss of gloss. 75-95% lifting, or loss, of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged Total loss of gloss. Total loss of periostracum. >5% area of shell damaged culated using geometric formulae (VAN STIGT, 1974). RESULTS The time, in days, that 50% and 100% of shells attained each of the SCI scores is shown in Table IV. All shells were scored SCI 2 at the beginning of the experiment because perfect shells were not obtained after killing and removing the animals. There was no sig- nificant difference between the white and black sides of the board for any of the species (paired samples t-tests: F. Table II. Monthly mean temperature, total rain and total sunshine for the experimental period, and ranges for the same months from a 30-year data set (1968-1997). Data courtesy of the Gibral- tar Meteorological Office. Tabla II. Medias mensuales de temperatura, lluvia total y horas de sol para el período de experimenta- ción, y rangos para los mismos meses para un periodo de 30 años (1968-1997). Datos por cortesía del Gibraltar Meteorological Office. Month /year Mean temperature (*C) June 2000 22.8 July 2000 23.4 August 2000 23.8 September 2000 22. Ranges 1968-1997 June 17.4-25.0 July 19.7-27.7 August 20.4-28.3 September 19.2-26.0 Total rain (mm) Total sunshine (hours) 0 308 0 334 0 304 9 225 0-147 264-358 0-8 276-368 0-135 258-361 0-119 194-306 Y Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table II. Biometric data (mm) for all species (n= 40 for each species) showing mean, standard deviation and range for each. Tabla 111. Datos biométricos (mm) para todas especies (n= 40 para cada especie) con media, desviación estándar y rango para cada una. Species Height Width Volume Surface area Apertural area E follicula 8.53+0.52 3.48-0.19 81.54+13.47 112.38+12.20 7.94+1.10 7.4-9.6 3.2-4.0 63.32-120.69 93.86-145.83 5.78-10.35 R. decollata — 23.56+3.05 9.71%0.73 1783.76+533.03 873.64+171.36 44.48+10.60 18.8-33.9 8.3-12.6 1055.49-4228.69 616.93-1591.92 26.13-91.02 X. apicina 3.99+0.60 6.14+1.16 127.74+65.35 134.48+50.12 9.19+2.43 2.4-5.2 4.2-8.9 26.49-304.96 23.47-261.53 5.25-15.21 C. acuta 12.69+0.92 — 5.07+0.36 86.22+15.77 118.04+15.49 10.57+2.12 10.8-14.7 4.3-5.7 54.76-116.46 85.05-147.36 7.14-17.94 (. aspersus 28.51:2.31 30.35:2.50 9221.84:234976 2113.28+348.30 362.99+65.11 25.2-34.9 26.4-38.1 5966.52-17325.61 1591.07-3238.43 255.78-540.54 0. lactea 21.18+1.26 28.993.005 6058.84+1039.02 T601.75+190.91 173.03+23.05 18.3-24.5 16.9-32.5 3004.23-7989.66 1007.00-1932.98 126.69-232.44 T. pisana 12.25+0.93 — 16.82+1.42 1743.18+586.05 677.28+92.25 70.27+11.01 10.1-14.7 12.8-20.3 1124.46-4663.89 523.00-940.63 55.38-104.00 C. lenticula 3.30+0.24 7.20+0.39 135.07221.17 156.36+16.35 5.58+0.81 2.7-3.7 6.3-8.0 101.86-186.06 115.83-193.60 4.56-8.06 follicula: p= 0.140; R. decollata: p= 0.353; X. apicina: p= 0.203; C. acuta: p= 0.363; C.aspersus: p= 0.391; O.lactea: p= 0.391;T. pisana: p= 0.203; C. lenticula: p= 0.611). There was no change from SCI 2 in any of the shells of any species in the con- trols during the experimental period. The maximal scores attained for each species, and the days elapsed for this to occur (for both halves of the board) are shown in Table V. This table also shows the percentage of shells with the maximal SCI score. Table VI shows the mean surface area and mean apertural area for each species and the mean number of days elapsed to attain each of the SCI scores. The species with smaller surface areas attained higher SCI scores in less time than those with larger surface areas (y test: p< 0.001). The species with smaller apertural areas attained higher SCI scores in less time than those with larger apertural areas (y? test: p< 0.001). 76 The spherical species (O. lactea and C. aspersus) degraded the least during the experimental period (Table VD. This may be a consequence of larger surface area and apertural area, rather than geo- metric shape. Support for this hypothe- sis is provided by the degradation rates for the two cylindrical species, E. follicula and R. decollata, the former (with smaller surface area and apertural area) degra- ding faster than the latter. Apertural area may be related to shell size and surface area, with the larger species (which have larger surface areas) having larger apertural areas (Spearman's rho= 0.810, p= 0.015). DISCUSSION The larger species degraded less rapidly than the smaller species. Of all the species C. aspersus required the longest time interval for attainment of MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate Table IV. The time (in days) that 50 and 100% of shells attained each of the SCI scores. Colour refers to the white and black halves of the board onto which the shells were attached. The table shows results for the shells exposed to the sun; the shells on the control board, kept in darkness, did not change from SCI 2 during the experimental period (see text for details). Tabla IV. El período (en días) en que el 50 y 100% de las conchas alcanzaron cada uno de los valores SCI. Colour se refiere a las mitades del tablero donde se fijaron las conchas. La tabla indica datos para las conchas expuestas al sol: las conchas control, mantenidas en oscuridad, no cambiaron el valor SCT 2 durante el período de experimentación (ver texto para detalles). Species Colour Shell condition index (SCI) 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 % 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 E follicula white 6 12 18 18 60 66 12 18 black 3 9 18 18 51 66 12 18 R. decollata white 12 18 51 60 84 84 black 12 18 51 60 84 84 X. apicina white 18 18 60 60 84 84 black 12 15 60 60 84 84 (. acuta white 12 12 18 18 72 72 black 12 12 18 18 12 72 (. aspersus white 51 51 84 9 black 51 51 84 9% 0. lactea white 3 3 84 84 black 3 3 84 9% T. pisana white 6 6 48 48 84 9 black 6 6 48 48 12 84 C. lenticula white 15 15 42 42 60 69 black 18 18 33 42 60 66 Table V. The maximal Shell Condition Index (SCI) scores attained for each species, and the days elapsed for this to occur for the white and black sides of the board. The table also shows the per- centage of shells with the maximal SCI score. Tabla V. Los valores máximos para el indice del estado de la concha (SCI) alcanzados para cada especie, y los dias que transcurrieron para estas, en las mitades blanca y negra del tablero. La tabla también indica el porcentaje de conchas con el SCI máximo. Species Maximal SCI Days elapsed % Shells with maximal SCI White Block White Block White Block E follicula 6 6 18 18 100 100 R. decollata 5 5 84 84 100 100 X. apicina 5 5 84 84 100 100 C. acuta 5 5 72 12 100 100 (. aspersus 5 5 111 111 10 30 0. lactea 5 5 114 111 30 40 T. pisana 5 5 9% 84 100 100 C. lenticula 6 6 712 72 10 10 Z Iberus, 20 (2), 2002 Table VL The mean surface area (mm”) and mean apertural area (mm?) for each species and the mean number of days elapsed to arrain each of the Shell Condition Index (SCI) scores. Tabla VI Media de area de superficie (mm?) y media de area de abertura (mm?) para cada especie y media de días transcurridos para alcanzar cada uno de los valores del indice del estado de la concha ] Mean number of days elapsed to SC] score SCD. Species Surface area Apertural area E follicula 11238 7.94 R. decollata 873.64 44 43 X. apicina 134.48 9.19 C acuta 118.04 10.57 C aspersus 2113.28 362.99 0. lactea 1601.75 173.03 [ pisana 617.28 70.27 3 - 5 6 10.5 18 66 18 18 60 84 51 90 12 18 72 51 90 3 87 6 48 87 16.5 47 67.5 C lenticula 156.36 5.58 SCI 3 (51 days). Colour preservation depends on the chemistry and stability of pigments and on shell mineralogy and exposure to sunlight fades pig- ments (CLAASSsEn, 1998). The periostra- cum in C. aspersus possibly protects the underlying shell layer from pigment- fading and shell degradation. O. lactea, lackimg this protective feature, degraded to SCI 3 in only 3 days, after which SCI 4 was attained in 84 days (the same as for C. aspersus). Geometric shape is possibly not as important as surface area and apertural area in degradation rate. Because aper- tural area may be related to shell size and surface area, it is not possible to conclude that larger surface area and apertural area result, in themselves, in decreased degradation rates (rather than large shell size per se). The surface temperatures of the boards were not measured but it may be assumed that the black side absorbed and retained more heat than the white. This was not a significant factor in degradation with no difference detected between the two sides of the board. This suggests that soil and rock coloration, on which specimens in the field might be collected, is not a significant factor in shell degradation. There was no degra- dation on the control board and the 78 assumption is that insolation (possibly in conjunction with other, unmeasured, factors) contributes to shell degradation. The data provide an indication of shells that may be included in a species abundance matrix for ecological study. All species attained a maximal SCI of at least 5 (E follicula and C. lenticula attai- ned SCI 6, see Table V). The inclusion of shells found in the field with an SCI score lower than 5 suggests that they will have been present in a dead state for a period less than the total duration of the annual dry period. The degrada- tion rate of each species collected would need to be measured for a high level of confidence for this decision but this would be impractical. The data show that it may be acceptable to accept an SCI score of 4 for any species as a bench- mark for inclusion in species matrices. Further work would elucidate the role of other factors in shell degradation such as pH, moisture and the effects of soil cover. The latter would be particu- larly relevant for substratum samples. The effects of presence or absence of the dead animal inside the shell during degradation could also be studied. Additionally, species favouring loca- tions under substratum (rocks, logs etc.) require special caution when assigning SCI values. These species dying in situ MENEZ: Degradation of land snail shells during dry period in a Mediterranean climate and remaining in their locations would be protected from insolation effects. The Index provides a guide for eco- logical fiel dwork which is an improve- ment over current subjective criteria used for inclusion or exclusion of shells from species matrices. It is recognized, however, that there is much scope for its refinement which would increase its value in molluscan ecology. BIBLIOGRAPHY BLONDEL J. AND ARONSON, J., 1999. Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region. Oxford University Press, Oxford. CLAASSEN, C., 1998. Shells. Cambridge Univer- sity Press, Cambridge. EMBERTON, K. C., 1997. Diversities and distri- butions of 80 land-snail species in southeas- tern-most Madagascan rainforests, with a report that lowlands are richer than high- lands in endemic and rare species. Biodiver- sity and Conservation, 6: 1137-1154. EMBERTON, K. C., PEARCE, T. A., KASIGWA, P. F., TATTERSFIELD, P. AND HABIBU, Z., 1997. High diversity and regional endemism in land snails of eastern Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6: 1123-1136. EVANS, J., 1972. Land Snails in Archaeology. Aca- demic Press, London . MENEZ, A., 2001. Assessment of land snail sam- pling efficacy in three Mediterranean habi- tat types. Journal of Conchology, 37 (2): 171-175. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My seven year old son, Alex, enthu- siastically helped collect the specimens for this study. John Pitaluga translated the abstract. Professor Finlayson and Dr Fa (both Gibraltar Museum) and an anonymous referee provided valuable criticism and comments on the manus- cript. MENEZ, A., 2002. The standardization of abio- tic variable data collection in land mollusc re- search. Journal of Conchology, 37 (5): 581-583. NILSSON, S. G., BENGTSSON, J. AND AS, S., 1988. Habitat diversity or area per se? Species rich- ness of woody plants, carabid beetles and land snails on islands. Journal of Animal Eco- logy, 57: 685-704. VAN STIGT, 1974. Mathematics. John Murray, Suffolk. WINTER A. J. DE, 1995. Gastropod diversity in a rain forest in Gabon, Western Africa. In Bruggen, A. C. van, Wells S. M. and Kem- perman, Th. Cm., (Eds.): Biodiversity and Con- servation of the Mollusca. Backhuys, Leiden: 223-228. 79 NORMAS DE PUBLICACIÓN » La revista 7berus publica artículos de fondo, notas y monografías que versen sobre cualquiera de los aspectos relacio- nados con la Malacología. Se entiende por artículo un trabajo de investigación de más de 5 páginas de texto, meca- nografiadas, incluidas láminas, gráficos y tablas. Las notas son trabajos de menor extensión. 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Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas. Miscelánea Zoolgica, 3 (5): 21-51. » Las gráficas e ilustraciones deberán ser originales y presentarse sobre papel vegetal o similar, con tinta china negra y ajustadas al formato de caja de la revista o proporcional a éste. Este formato es de 57 mm (una columna) o 121 mm (dos) de anchura y hasta 196 mm de altura, si bien se recomienda utilizar el formato a dos columnas. En caso de pre- parar figuras para que ocupen el total de una página, se ruega ajustar su tamaño para que puedan caber los pies de figura bajo ella. Si han de incluirse gráficas de ordenador, deberán imprimirse con impresora láser sobre papel de buena calidad. Las fotografías, bien contrastadas y sin retocar, deberán ajustarse siempre a los tamaños mencionados. Al componer fotografías sobre una hoja, procúrese que los espacios entre ellas sean regulares y que estén debidamente alineadas. 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Los pies de figura, en una hoja aparte, deberán acompañarse de su traducción al inglés (o español si el inglés es la lengua del trabajo). Utilícese el esquema siguiente: Figura 1. Neodoris carvi. A: animal desplazándose; B: detalle de un rinóforo; C: branquia. Las abreviaturas empleadas en las ilustraciones deberán incluirse en la hoja de pies de figura. Los autores interesados en incluir láminas en color deberán abonarlas a precio de coste (30.000 ptas por página). Por lo demás, deberán ajustarse a los mismos requisitos que los indicados para las figuras. Si se pretende enviar gráficas o ilustraciones en formato digital es IMPRESCINDIBLE contactar previamente con el Editor e Las Tablas se presentarán en hojas separadas, siempre con numeración romana (1, II, ITIL...). Las leyendas se inclui- rán en una hoja aparte acompañándose de una traducción al inglés. Deberán evitarse las tablas particularmente com- plejas. Se recomienda reducir el número y extensión de ilustraciones, láminas o tablas al mínimo necesario. e Los artículos que no se ajusten a las normas de publicación serán devueltos al autor con las indicaciones de los cam- bios necesarios. e El Comité Editorial comunicará al autor responsable del trabajo la fecha de recepción del trabajo y la fecha de envío a revisión. Cada original recibido será sometido a revisión por al menos dos investigadores. El Comité Editorial, a la vista de los informes de los revisores decidirá sobre la aceptación o no de cada manuscrito. El autor recibirá en cada caso copia de los comentarios de los revisores sobre su artículo. En caso de aceptación, el mismo Comité Editorial, si lo considera conveniente, podrá solicitar a los autores otras modificaciones que considere oportunas. Si el trabajo es aceptado, el autor deberá enviar una copia impresa del mismo corregida, acompañada por una versión en disco flexi- ble (diskette), utilizando procesadores de texto en sus versiones de DOS o Macintosh. La fecha de aceptación figura- rá en el artículo publicado. e Las pruebas de imprenta serán enviadas al autor responsable, EXCLUSIVAMENTE para la corrección de erratas, y deberán ser devueltas en un plazo máximo de 15 días. Se recomienda prestar especial atención en la corrección de las pruebas. e De cada trabajo se entregarán gratuitamente 50 separatas. Aquellos autores que deseen un número mayor, deberán hacerlo constar al devolver las pruebas de imprenta, y NUNCA POSTERIORMENTE. El coste de las separatas adi- cionales será cargado al autor. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS e Iberus publishes research papers, notes and monographs devoted to the various aspects of Malacology. Papers are manus- cripts of more than 5 typed pages, including figures and tables. Notes are shorter papers. Monographs should exceed 50 pages of the final periodical, and will be published as Supplements. Authors wishing to publish monographs should contact the Editor. Manuscripts are considered on the understanding that their contents have not appeared or will not appeared, elsewhere in substantially the same or any abbreviated form. + Manuscripts and correspondence regarding editorial matters must be sent to: D. Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero, Editor de Publicaciones, Apartado 156, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain. + Manuscripts may be written in any modern language. * When a paper exceeds 20 pages, extra pages will be charged to the author(s) at full cost. + Manuscripts must be typed double spaced (including the references, figure captions and tables) on one side on A-4 (297x210 mm) with margins of at least 3 cm. An original and two copies must be submitted. When a paper has joint authorship, one author must accept responsability for all correspondence. + The authors must include a list of at least 4 possible referees; the Editor can choose any others if appropriate. e Papers should conform the following layout: First page. This must include a concise but informative title, with mention of family of higher taxon when appropriate, and its Spanish translation. It will be followed by all authors” names and surnames, their full adress(es), an abstract (and its Spanish translation) not exceeding 200 words which summarizes not only contents but results and conclusions, and: a list of Key Words (and their Spanish translation) under which the article should be indexed. Following pages. These should content the rest of the paper, divided into sections under short headings. Whenever pos- sible the text should be arranged as follows: Introduction, Material and methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Acknowledgements and References. Unusual abbreviations used in the text must be grouped in one alphabetic sequence after the Material and methods section. e Notes should follow the same layout, without the abstract. e Footnotes and cross-references must be avoided. The International Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomencla- ture must be strictly followed. The first mention in the text of any taxon must be followed by its authority including the year. In systematic papers, when synonyms of a taxon are given, they must be cited IN FULL, including the perio- dical, in an abbreviate form, where they were described, and the type localities in square brackets when known. Follow this example (please note the punctuation): Dendrodoris limbata (Cuvier, 1804) Synonyms : Doris limbata Cuvier, 1804, Ann. Mus. H. N. Paris, 4 (24): 468-469 [Type locality: Marseille]. Doris nigricans Otto, 1823, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop. Car., 10: 275. These references must not be included in the Bibliography list, except if referred to elsewhere in the text. I£a full list of references of the taxon is to be given immediately below it, the same layout should be followed (also excluding those nowhere else cited from the Bibliography list). Only Latin words and names of genera and species should be underlined once or be given in ¿talics. No word must be written in UPPER CASE LETTERS. SI units are to be used, together with their appropriate symbols. In Spanish manuscripts, decimal numbers must be separated with a comma (,), NEVER with a point (.) or upper comma (/). + References in the text should be written in small letters or SMALL CAPITALs: Fretter and Graham (1962) or FRETTER AND GRAHAM (1962). The first mention in the text of a paper with more than two authors must include all of them [Smith, Jones 82 Brown (1970)], thereafter use et al. [Smith et al. (1970)]. Ifan author has published more than one paper per year, refer to them with letters: (Davis, 1989a; Davis, 1989b). Avoid op. cit. The references in the reference list should be in alphabetical order and include all the publications cited in the text but only these. ALL the authors of a paper must be included. These should be written in small letters or SMALL CAPITALS. The references need not be cited when the author and date are given only as authority for a taxonomic name. Titles of periodicals must be given IN FULL, not abbreviated. For books, give the title, name of publisher, place of publication, indication of edition if not the first and total number of pages. Keep references to doctoral theses or any other unpu- blished documents to an absolute minimum. See the following examples (please note the punctuation): Eretter, V. and Graham, A., 1962. British Prosobranch Molluscs. Ray Society, London, 765 pp. Ponder, W. F., 1988. The Truncatelloidean (= Rissoacean) radiation - a preliminary phylogeny. In Ponder, W. F. (Ed.): Prosobranch Phylogeny, Malacological Review, suppl. 4: 129-166. Ros, J., 1976. Catálogo provisional de los Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) de las costas ibéricas. Miscelá- nea Zoológica, 3 (5): 21-51. e Figures must be original, in Indian ink on draughtsman's tracing paper. Keep in mind page format and column size when designing figures. These should be one column (57 mm) or two columns (121 mm) wide and up 196 mm high, or be proportional to these sizes. Two columns format is recomended. It is desirable to print figures with their legend below, so authors are asked to take this into account when preparing full page figures. If computer generated graphics are to be included, they must be printed on high quality white paper with a laser printer. Photographs must be of good contrast, and should be submitted in the final size. When mounting photographs in a block, ensure spacers are of uni- form width. Remember that grouping photographs of varied contrast results in poor reproduction. Take account of necessary reduction in lettering drawings; final lettering must be at least 2 mm high. In composite drawings, each figure should be given a capital letter; additional lettering should be in lower-case letters. A scale line is recomended to indi- cate size, magnification ratio must be avoided as it may be changed during printing. UTM maps are to be used if neces- sary. Figures must be submitted on separate sheets, and numbered with consecutive Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3,...), without separating Plates' and “Figures”. Legends for Figures must be typed in numerical order on a separate sheet, and an Spa- nish translation must be included. Follow this example (please note the punctuation): Figure 1. Veodoris carvi. A: animal crawling; B: rinophore; C: gills. If abbreviations are to be used in illustrations, group them alphabetically after the Legends for Figures section. Authors wishing to publish illustrations in colour will be charged with additional costs (30,000 ptas, 180 euros per page). They should be submitted in the same way that black and white prints. If the authors want to send Figures in digital format, CONTACT the Editor first. e Tables must be numbered with Roman numbess (1, II, IIL,...) and each typed on a separate sheet. Headings should be typed on a separate sheet, together with their English translation. Complex tables should be avoided. As a general rule, keep the number and extension of illustrations and tables as reduced as possible. + Manuscripts that do not conform to these instructions will be returned for correction before reviewing. * Authors submitting manuscripts will receive an acknowledgement of receipt, including receipt date, and the date the manuscript was sent for reviewing. Each manuscript will be critically evaluated by at least two referees. Based of these evaluations, the Editorial Board will decide on acceptance or rejection. Anyway, authors will receive a copy of the refe- rees* comments. Ifa manuscript is accepted, the Editorial Board may indicate additional changes if desirable. Accep- table manuscripts will be returned to the author for consideration of comments and criticism; a finalized manuscript must then be returned to the Editor, together with a floppy disk containing the article written with a DOS or Macin- tosh word processor. Dates of reception and acceptance of the manuscript will appear in all published articles. e Proofs will be sent to the author for correcting errors. At this stage no stylistic changes will be accepted. Pay special attention to references and their dates in the text and the Bibliography section, and also to numbers of Figures and Tables appearing in the text. e Fifty reprints per article will be supplied free of charge. Additional reprints must be ordered when the page proofs are returned, and will be charged at cost. NO LATER orders will be accepted. 6000 LA SociebAD ESPAÑOLA DE MALACOLOGÍA Junta Directiva desde el 14 de noviembre de 2000 Presidente Emilio Rolán Mosquera Vicepresidente Diego Moreno Lampreave Secretario Luis Murillo Guillén Tesorero Jorge J. Otero Schmitt Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Campus Universitario, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, España Editor de Publicaciones Gonzalo Rodríguez Casero Apartado 156, 33600, Mieres del Camino, Asturias, España Bibliotecario Rafael Araujo Armero Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, España Vocales Ramon M. Álvarez Halcon Benjamín Gómez Moliner Eugenia María Martínez Cueto-Felgueroso Jesús Souza Troncoso José Templado González La Sociedad Española de Malacología se fundó el 21 de agosto de 1980. La sociedad se registró como una aso- ciación sin ánimo de lucro en Madrid (Registro N“ 4053) con unos estatutos que fueron aprobados el 12 de diciembre de 1980. Esta sociedad se constituye con el fin de fomentar y difundir los estudios malacológicos mediante reuniones y publicaciones. A esta sociedad puede pertenecer cualquier persona o institución interesada en el estudio de los moluscos. SEDE SOCIAL: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, c/ José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, España. CUOTAS PARA 2002: Socio numerario (en España): 33,06 euros (en Europa) 36,06 euros (fuera de Europa): 42,07 euros Socio estudiante (en España): 18,03 euros (en el extranjero): 24,04 euros Socio Familiar: (sin recepcion de revista) 3 euros Socio Protector: (mínimo) 42,07 euros Socio Corporativo (en Europa): 42,07 euros (fuera de Europa): 48,08 euros INSCRIPCIÓN: 6,01 euros, además de la cuota correspondiente. A los socios residentes en España se les aconseja domiciliar su cuota. Todos los abonos deberán enviarse al Tesorero (dirección reseñada anteriormente) el 1 de enero de cada año. Los abonos se harán sin recargos para la sociedad y en favor de la Sociedad Española de Malacología y no de ninguna persona de la junta directiva. Aque- llos socios que no abonen su cuota anual dejarán de recibir las publicaciones de la Sociedad. Los bonos de ins- cripción se enviarán junto con el abono de una cuota anual al Tesorero. Membess living in foreink countries can deduce 6 euros if paid before 15 April. Cada socio tiene derecho a recibir anualmente los números de /berus, Reseñas Malacológicas y Noticiarios que se publiquen. ÍNDICE Iberus 20 (2) 2002 MARTINEZ-ORTÍ, A. Revisión taxonómica de Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae) Taxonomical revision of Cionella (Hohenwarthia) disparata Westerlund, 1892 (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Fesussaciidae) AA seo 1) MARTÍNEZ, E. AND ORTEA, J. On the synonymy between Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 and Aplysia fasciata Poiret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) Sobre la sinonimia entre Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957 y Aplysia fasciata Poíret, 1789 (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia: Anaspidea) 11-21 - VALDÉS, A. AND TEMPLADO, J. Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranchs collected in Lebanon (eastern Mediterranean) Nudibranquios doridáceos indo-pacíficos recolectados en el Líbano (Mediterráneo orien- tal) ' , . 23-30 YADAV, R. P. AND SINGH, A. Toxic effects of latex of Croton tiglium on Lymnaea acuminata and Channa punctatus Efectos tóxicos del latex de Croton tiglium sobre Lymnaea acuminata y Channa puncta- tus 31-44 GARCÍA, E J., TRONCOSO, J. S. AND DOMINGUEZ, M. New data on the benthic Opisthobranch Molluscs from the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), with description of a new species of Aegires Lovén, 1844 Nuevos datos sobre los moluscos opistobranquios bentónicos del Archipiélago de Fernando de Noronha, con descripción de una nueva especie de Aegires Lovén, 1844 45-56 ROLAN, E. AND JACQUES PELORCE, J. A second species of the genus Plagyostila (Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) in Senegal, West Africa Una segunda especie del género Plagyostila (Prosobranchia, Rissooidea) en Senegal, Africa Occidental Arde 57-60 PESQUEIRA, R., ONDINA, P. Y HERMIDA, J. La superfamilia Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastro- poda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) en la provincia de Lugo (noroeste de España) The superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Stylommatophora) in province of Lugo (NW of Spain) 61-72 MENEZ, A. The degradation of land snail shells during the annual dry period in a Mediterranean climate La degradación de las conchas de moluscos terrestres durante el período seco anual en un clima mediterráneo Je | 73-79 ISSN 0212-3010 A IN 3 2044 093 394 526 carros q IAE A AS : , , > A ETS AS nr a ta A ANNO a ? 4 JE AS ón eraris . : LPGA DAR a A ad a e PERRA ALE TN La Y A ; EAS E ÍA y Ll ll atar 03) 0 . e rd Ñ 4 EE e UN Are y NS