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	FORTHE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE
	LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE I B I S, ^

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY, ^

EDITED BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.,

AND

A. H. EVANS, M.A., F.Z.S.

VOL. 11. 1908.

JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT.

NINTH SERIES.

Delectasti me, Doiuine, in operibus mamuim tiianiiu.

LONDON: Pt. n. POPvTER, 7 PPJNCES STP.EET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

1909.

-//. H ktj (i (s^ <«^^W^

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CONTENTS OF JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT. NINTH SERIES. VOL. II. 1908.

Page

1. Proceedings of the Special Jubilee Meeting of the British Ornithologists' Union 1

2. A Short History of the British Ornithologists' Union.

By P. L. ScLATEE, D.Sc, F.Pt.S 19

Appendix: 1. Rules of the British Ornithologists' Union . 65 2. Rules of the British Ornithologists' Club. . 68

3. Biographical Notices of the Original Members of the British Ornithologists' Union, of the principal Contributors to the Pirst Series of ' The Ibis,' and of the Officials. (With Portraits.) 71

BiRKBECK, Robert 73

Blakiston, Capt. T. W 173

Blyth, Edward 175

bonhote, j. l 231

Dresser, H. E 219

Drummond-Hay, Col. H. M 75

Evans, A. H 227

Eyton, T. C 79

Godman, Dr. F. D 81

Godman, p. S 93

Gurney, .T. H 95

Hancock, John ]77

Hawker, Rey. W. H 101

Page

IIewitson, AV. C . .183

HUDLESTOX, W. H 141

Irby, Col. L. H 187

Jerdon, T. C 193

Kirk, Sir John 195

Knox, A. E 103

Layard, E. L 197

LiLFOKD, Lord 123

Neavcome, E, C 105

Newton, Prof. A 107

Newton, Sir E 117

Gates, E. AV 221

PowLETT Cajipbell-Okde, Sir J. W 121

Salvin, Osbert 127

Saunders, Hoavard 223

Sclater, Dr. p. L 129

Sealy, A. F 139

Sharpe, Dr. Pt. B 199

Speke, Oapt. J. H 203

Savinhoe, Robert 207

Taylor, E. C 151

Taylor, G. C 209

TiCKELL, Col. S. R 211

Tristram, Canon H. B 153

Wallace, Dr. A. R 213

AVolley, John 157

AA^RiGHT, C. A 217

4. List of the Members of the British Ornithologists' Union. 1858-1908 233

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. F. D. GODMAN.

THE IBIS.

NINTH SERIES.

Vol. II. 1908. JUBILEE SUPPLEMENT.

1. Proceedings of the Special Jubilee Meeting of the British Ornithologists' Union, held on Wednesday, December 9tli, 1908, at the House of The Zoological Society of London, No. 3 Hanover Square (by permission).

Dr. F, Du Cane Godman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The President : The Secretary Mill read the Minutes of the last Meeting.

The Secretary read the Minutes, Avhich Avere then con- firmed, and signed by the President.

The Secretary also read a number of telegrams and letters from the following Foreign Societies and Members of the Union, who were unable to attend, but sent hearty congratulations on the event : —

Ornithologische Gesellschaft in Baycru.

South African Ornithologists' Union,

Dr. Otto Finsch.

Dr. Anton Reichenow.

Graf Hans von Berlepsch.

Dr. Wilhelm Blasius.

Dr. Othmar Reiser.

Herr Herman Schalow.

Col. James A. O. R.- Drummond-Hay.

S-iER. IX. — VOL. II., JU15.-SUPPL. B

2 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE

The Phesident : I Avill ask Dr. E. Hartert to read an Address from the German Ornithological Society.

Dr. E. Hartert : Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — The German Ornithological Society, Avliicb, you know, has always l)een on very friendly terms with the British Ornithologists^ Union, has sent an Address, which the President and Secretary of that Society have asked me to hand over to the President of this Society, with the offer of their very best wishes for your continued prosperity. The Address may be translated as follows : — " The German " Ornithological Society presents to the British Ornitho- " logists' Union, on the occasion of their Fiftieth Anniversary, " the most cordial wishes for the continual progress of their ^' successful work and efforts for the growth and in the '' interests of Ornithology.'^

Mr. Schalow wished me to say he had intended to come over in person to deliver his wishes and to shew his goodwill to the Union, but that, unfortunately, his health has pre- vented him from so doing.

The President : I am sure that you will all join me in thanking those who have sent their congratulations to-day on our Fiftieth Anniversary. 1 will put it to the vote, and I am sure that it will be carried unanimously. (Applause.)

The President then delivered the following Address : — Brother Members of the B. O. U., — You need not that I should remind you that the occasion of our meeting here to-day, is to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the British Ornithologists' Union. Though I am one of the few surviving- members of that little band of twenty who inaugurated the Union, I take no credit to myself for the small part I had in doing so. The real honour of founding the Society belongs to our late friend and colleague Professor Alfred Newton, at whose rooms in Magdalene College, Cambridge, the idea was propounded in 1858 ; and I feel sure it will be deeply regretted by all here present that in consequence of his untimely death, he

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 6

was prevented from carrying out his intention of enter- taining ns there again, and of giving us a hearty welcome at tlie same University which gave birth to the Society.

I will not enter on the history of the foundation of the Union, for this will be much better treated presently by our Editor, Dr. Sclater, who has giA'cn special attention to the subject, but I shall, in the few remarks I am about to make, pass on to consider the growth that tlie Science of Ornithology has made since the inauguration of the British Ornithologists^ Union, which has been in no small measure due to the enterprise of its members.

During the fifty years of its existence, I find that some- thing like 1800 original papers on birds have been published in ' The Ibis,^ the result for the most part of expeditions made, chiefly by members of the Union, to nearly all parts of the world. In addition, a vast amount of articles have appeared in other periodicals, amongst which may be specially mentioned the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, to say nothing of numerous other works, including the fine Monographs on families of birds, which have been published separately, such as Gould's ' Trogons,^ Sclater's ^Jacamars,' Shelley's "^ Sun-birds,^ Sharpe's 'King- fishers/ and ' Swallows," &c. The subject, however, is by no means exhausted, though it every day becomes more difficult to find new ground to explore.

If British Ornithologists have been busily engaged in their favourite pursuit, our Colleagues abroad have been equally industrious, and have added enormously to the general stock of knowledge. Of their publications I may first mention the German Ornithological Society, with its organ the ' Journal fiir Ornithologie,' a book no worker on birds can afford to be without. It was commenced in 1852, or six years before 'The Ibis,' and has been continued ever since. Perhaps the Society next in importance is the American Ornithologists^ Union, with its quarterly Joiirnal ' The Auk,' a most valuable work chiefly devoted to the birds of its own Continent. In addition, there are several

b2

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

other Journals devoted to our branch of science, which treat chiefly of the birds of the various countries to which they severally belong : amongst them ai-e '^ Aquila/ the organ of the Hungarian Society, 'The Emu,' of the Australian Ornithologists' Union, ' The Condor,' of the Cooper Orni- thological Club of California, and others which I need not mention, as I have given sufficient instances to shew the activity which prevails. When, in 1872, Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe succeeded George Gray in the Bird Department of the British Museum, there were about 30,000 stuffed birds and bird-skins in that Institution, and many of these (as some of us can well remember) were set up in the most grotesque manner. Few had exact locality-labels, whilst others had none at all, and in some cases specimens were simply marked " The Indies," but whether from the East or West was left to the student to decide. The number of specimens now in the National Collection is. Dr. Sharpe tells me, about 500,000, or sixteen times as many as there were tliirty-six years ago.

Again, 1 find in the first Volume of the ' Zoological Record,' which was published in 1864, that 120 papers on Ornithology were enumerated for the previous year, while on turning to that for 1907 there are no less than 1760, or fifteen times as many as there were thirty-three years earlier. These two instances will give some idea of the progress Ornithology has made since the foundation of the British Ornithologists' Union.

Perhaps few things have conduced more to advance our science in this covmtry than the establishment of the British Ornithologists' Club, which, though not approved by some of our leading members at its outset, has never- theless been the means of frequently bringing together those interested in the subject. The social gatherings are well attended, and afford an opportunity both of exhibiting specimens, and discussing various problems connected with them. They have thus been the means of adding materially to our knowledge, and have led to an increase in the number of members of the Union itself.

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING.

The study of Nature, aud of Birds in particular_, lias always had a special fascination for rae^ but it has been in the careful observation of their habits, far more than in the examination and. classification of them at home, that I have experienced the greatest enjoyment.

Although Ornithology as a pastime is one of immense interest, increasing our love of nature and quickening our powers of observation, it should not be forgotten that it at the same time provides an excellent school for the study of evolution. It was in 1858, or the same year as the fouudation of the British Ornithologists' Union, that the paper of Darwin and Wallace, first promulgating the theory of evolution, appeared in the Journal of the Linnean Society. TJiis was followed by the publication of the ' Origin of Species' by Darwin in November 1859. I can well remember the commotion it caused, not only in the scientific W'Orld, but amongst all classes. The theory was violently opposed on all sides, except by a very few of Darwin^s most intimate friends, amongst whom the names of Hooker and Huxley stand out pre-eminently as its champions. The new faith however grew, very slowly at first, but gradually it gained more adherents. Now, the idea that species are fixed, or unchaugeable has passed away, a new era has set in ; and though the process of evolution is extremely slow, we see before us at evei'y turn, that change is constantly going on. As an example of this it has been recently pointed out that even in our own Island several of tiie birds which have hitherto been considered identical with their continental representatives, prove on close exami- nation to be slightly different. In Central and South America, countries to which I have paid special attention, we find these differences still more clearly marked, and in many districts there is a slightly modified or represen- tative form of bird, while this equally applies to all classes of animals. These difl:erences are frequently very slight, but they are for the most part constant in the areas where they exist, and are sufficient to enable us to distinguish the various forms with certainty. It is this discovery Avhich

D PROCEEDINGS OF THE

has given such an extraordinary interest to the study ot Zoology generally.

Before concluding these short remarks I cannot omit saying a few words about the Editors of ' The Ibis/ who have done so much to sustain its high character. Dr. Sclater commenced by editing the first series of six volumes ; he was succeeded by the late Professor Newton and Osbert Salvin, each of whom undertook a similar series. Of the 3.2 remaining volumes Dr. Sclater has been either Editor or Joint Editor, besides having been amongst the chief contributors throughout the 50 years. I am sure therefore that you will feel with me that we owe him a deep debt of gratitude for the labour of love which he has so well performed on behalf of the Union — a debt we also OAve to the late Howard Saunders and to our present Joint Editor, Mr. A. H. Evans.

With regard to the medals which the Society is about to present to four surviving founders of the Union, I will only say for myself, that I feel most highly honoured at being the recipient of such a gift, and I can assure you that I deeply value your appreciation of the small part that I have been able to take in the welfare of our Society.

I should like also to express to you my sense of the honour you liaA'e done me in electing me as your President, and to assure you that so long as you continue to repose that confidence in me, it will be my earnest desire to promote the welfare of the British Ornithologists' Union, while I sincerely trust that it may long continue to enjoy a similar prosperity to that which it has experienced in the past.

The President : I will now ask Dr. Sclater to read a short history of the Union since its foundation, which he has prepared for this Meeting.

(See below, p. 19.)

The President: Mr. A. H. Evans has prepared some notices of the Life and Work of certain of the principal

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. /

Members of the Union, and I now call upon him to speak on the subject.

j\Ir. Evans then gave some details of the Biographical Notices which he had prepared.

(See below, p. 71.)

The President : Before proceeding to the distribution of Medals, I am sure that you will join me in passing a hearty Vote ot' Thanks to our Editor for the account that he has prepared of the history of the Union, and also to Mr. Evans for his Biographies. I must say that both these papers recall to my memory matters of great interest, but perhaps to those who are younger they will not appeal so strongly.

The Vote of Thanks was then carried by acclamation.

The President : Now we will proceed to the distribution of Medals to the above-mentioned four surviving original Members of the Union, but as I, who am one of them, cannot well give myself a Medal, I will ask Mr. Henry Morris Upcher, the oldest surviving elected Member, to take the Chair.

Mr. U PC HER then took the Chair.

Mr. Upcher : Brother Members of the B. O. U., — When I accepted the invitation that was given me to come here to-day to be put in this responsible position, I could not help feeling that however pleasurable the office might be, it could not avoid being mixed with feelings of sadness which I am sure we all feel. I stand here before you to-day in this position from no merits or deserts of my own, but merely from the events of nature over Avhich we have no control. I hope I am sufficiently thankful for being so well arid strong as I am at my time of life, but I must say that I heartily wish many of those gentlemen w^ho have gone to join the majority had been spared to take my place and present these Medals. But still, to-day we are concerned more with the present, and I am sure we must all con- gratulate ourselves on finding our Union in such a flourishing

8 pkocei:dixgs of the

conditiou. We are glad to find that our colony, which began with the list of twenty which you have heard read to-day, has increased to the large number of over 100, I hope it may go on and still increase and prosper. But though our founders are reduced to such a small number, I am sure we must all congratulate ourselves that we have still such a good clutch of the original brood left. We cannot help looking back at some of the names that came into our lives : — Dear old Professor Newton, Avho made many evenings most ])leasant to us when Ave were at Cambridge ; and then Lord Lilford, to whom the Union owes a great debt of gratitude. Again, my thoughts go back to dear old Canon Tristram — the " Sacred Ibis " I always called him — under whose auspices I was introduced to this Union. We must not, however, go through the whole list, for to-day we have a pleasant duty to perform to four of our ancestors who are still with us. To make any distinction between them would be odious. I will only emphasize the remarks of the President, who pointed out how much we are indebted to Dr. Sclater, our present Editor, for all the work he has done for us during the past fifty years. (Cheers.) Gentlemen, in our time we have seen a great many changes in nomenclature. I am glad to find that we have not altered the name of our Journal, which is still merely ' The Ibis."* 1 hope that we shall continue to stick to our original name and be worthy of it.

I think that, after all you have heard this afternoon, I had better speak no further. I will say in conclusion, that I hope that all who follow in the steps of those who have set us so good an example, and that all future Members, will remember that the aim and object of the British Ornithologists' Union is not the destruction, but the pre- servation of bird-life and bird-species throughout the Avorld. (Applause.)

1 have now great pleasure in presenting to Mr. Godman, our President, this Gold Medal as a mark of our respect and gratitude for all that he has done for us. (Cheers.)

(The Medal was then presented.)

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETIXG. 9

Mr. GoDMAN : Mr. Upcher and Brother Members of tlie B. O. U., — I can hardly find words in which to thank you for the high honour tliat you have conferred upon me by presenting me with tliis Gokl Medal. I assure you that I greatly appreciate both the gift itself and the kind feeling which has prompted it. I am afraid I have done but little to deserve it. (" No, uo.^^) It was my good fortune when at the University to meet with several kindred spirits deeply interested in the pursuit of Natural History, and it was more due to them than to myself that the British Ornithologists' Union was founded. For some years I was Secretary to the Union, but that was when the Members were few and the Avork was consequently light. I should perhaps have done more in Ornithology had not Salvin and I determined to publish the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana.' Together we personally undertook the Aves and the Rhopalocera, but later we found that it Avould be more advantageous that each should be mainly responsible for one subject ; thus Salvin continued the Birds and I the Butterflies. At his death, however, I resumed my ornithological labours, and Avith Dr. Sharpe's assistance brought the latter part of Salvin's work to an end, and then concluded my own portion of the Butterflies ; and I have now good reason to hope that the Avhole of the ' Biologia ' Avill be completed before very long. This is perhaps some excuse for my not having done more in Ornithology. With these few remarks, I Avill onlv thank you again most heartily for presenting me Avith this Medal. (Applause.)

Mr. Upcher : I have great pleasure in presenting the next Medal to Dr. Sclater, our Editor.

(The Medal was then presented.)

Dr. Sclater : Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, — The obvious thing for me to say is that this is the proudest moment of my life, and I say so in all fulness of heart. When I go into my library and see the fifty volumes, Avhich are described in the List before us, standing nicely bound iu

10 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

a row, I always think that that is the best piece o£ work I have done during the course of my long life. It was Prof. Newton^s idea to establish the Journal, but I think I may claim the next place in carrying the idea out. Now forty-three years at the Zoological Society, spent in the management and improvement of its affairs, was not a bad piece of work ; but I look upon my connexion with ' The Ibis ' with still greater satisfaction, and I thank you all for this Medal Avhich you have given me. (Cheers.)

Mr. Upchek : I have great pleasure in presenting the next Medal to Mr. W. H. Hudleston.

(The Medal was then presented.)

Mr. Hudleston : Mr. President and Brothers, — I look upon this Medal as a premium upon longevity, and I accept it in lieu of an '^ Old Age Pension.'^ (Applause.) At the same time, I feel deeply grateful to all the Members of our Union for this honourable acknowledg- ment, this most delightful acknowledgment, as it Avere, that I am one of the survivors of the original Members of the B. O. U. It calls to mind old friends, more especially our two friends who are distinguished throughout the whole of the British Ornithologists' Union. It calls to mind, amongst other things, the very earh^ days of the association, days Avhen I was associated with Tristram, Salvin, Newton, and Wolley; and I think I can offer an explanation, to a certain extent, of the idea which has gone abroad in some way that the British Ornithologists' Union Avas founded in the County of Durham. The fact is, that when Newton and Wolley returned from their expedition to Iceland in the summer of 1858, one of them on his way south called upon Tristram at his house in Durham, and it Avas there that they consulted together as to the foundation of the Union which has already been spoken about. I think that after that there Avas a meeting at Leeds, to Avhich Dr. Sclater has alluded ; and I have letters in my possession from three, at any rate, of these members of the Union, in which they

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 11

all speak of the necessity of founding it. And I must say I really do believe that the actual starting-point of the British Ornithologists' Union was at the meeting of the British Association at Leeds in 1858. It was consequent upon that^ as you remember very well, that a meeting was called at Cambridge in the following November. And I have a most distinct recollection, amongst other things, of passing two or three very pleasant days with your President at the " Bull Hotel " at Cambridge — he remembers it as well as I do (laughter), — in which we discussed these matters, before the Union was ultimately founded. Well, now I must thank you again most heartily and express my gratitude to you for presenting me with this Medal.

Mr. Upcher : The next Medal is to be presented to Mr. Percy God man.

(The Medal was then presented.)

Mr. Percy Godman : Mr. Chairman and. Brother Members of the B. O. U., — I beg to thank you very much indeed for the honour you have conferred upon me. I do not quite know what I have done to deserve it. I remember that I was at Cambridge, and joined the small band of active ornithologists : we were active then, more in the field than we were at lectures, I am afraid. I am very proud indeed of having been one of the original Members of the Union, and I hope the Society will continue to extend and prosper in the way it has done ever since it was founded. I thank you very much.

Dr. F. Du Cane Godman again took the Chair.

The President : I ask you to return a hearty Vote of Thanks to INIr. Upcher for so kindly presenting the Medals. (Applause.)

The President : Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant has an announce- ment to make, and will probably conclude with a motion. I ask Mr. Grant to address you.

12 rUCJCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. W. R. Ogilme-Grant : Mr. President and Erother Members, — In the circular letter which I have addressed to every Member of the Union, I suggested that it might be possible to do something more than has yet been done to celebrate the Jubilee of our great Ornithologists' Union, and with this aim in view I laid before you a proposal, and invited your co-operation in the scheme for the exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains in Dutch New Guinea. The Charles Louis Mountains are believed to rise to an altitude of from 16,500 to 17,500 feet, and, if so, are by far the highest gx'ound between the Himalayas and the Andes. German New Guinea and British New Guinea have been more or less worked ; but practically the whole of the great interior of New Guinea has not been touched at all, so that the Charles Louis Mountains are at the present time beyond doubt the finest unknown ground in the Avorld. For a number of years I have been eagerly watching for an opportunity of sending out an Expedition for the exploration of this great range, but until quite recently the risk attending such an attempt rendered its chances of success too small to justify the experiment.

Now this is all changed, and, acting on reliable information which has lately been supplied to me by Mr. Walter Good- fellow, the well-known traveller, I have determined to try and organise an Expedition. In the first place I secured the services of Mr. Goodfellow, as I felt confident that if anyone could successfully lead an Expedition into these mountains, he would do so. With his help I have carefully worked out, as far as possible, the details of the scheme, and find that he has been able to make specially favorable arrangements for obtaining porters, thus overcoming the greatest difficulty, namely, transport. The services of two other well-known naturalists with previous experience of New Guinea have also been obtained. With the generous help of various friends, most of whom are members of the Union, I have already been able to raise a considerable sum of money, sufficient to meet the working expenses for a short time. Eut without greater resources the Expedition cannot remain

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 13

long in the field. Besides, we hope to be able to add to the number of our collectors, so that all branches of zoology and botany may be investigated. I have already told you in my circular letter that my great desire is to associate this under- taking with the British Ornithologists^ Union, so tliat it may be known as the " British Ornithologists^ Union Jubilee Exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains." I may add that since my letter was sent out, I have received replies from some thirty-five members giving me very cordial and material support to the scheme. I will now ask the President to be so kind as to put my suggestion to the vote so as to ascertain the wishes of the members of the British Ornithologists' Union as a body. The motion which I wish to put forward is to ascertain whether the members of the British Ornithologists' Union are willing to join in this exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains.

The President : I should like just to say one or two words before putting the motion. Of all the interesting places in the world New Guinea is perhaps the most interesting. It has produced, and probably will still produce, some of the finest birds and insects that the whole world has ever supplied. I think myself that if we, as a Society, give this scheme our blessing, it will be a very good way of commemorating this day. With these few words I will put the proposition to the vote. I think I may say that Mr. Ogilvie-Grant hopes and certainly wishes that we may give him a separate volume of ' The Ibis ' for the publication of the results of this scheme, should it come off. Of course that will involve a certain expenditure, and whether our funds, after to-day, Avill bear the strain, I am not quite certain.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant : I think it is quite possible that if we get the amount we think necessary, there might be sufficient margin for a sum of money to be set aside towards publication.

The President : I am afraid even then it will take rather

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

a large lump out of our funds. But we have a great many members, and I think, having every reason to suppose that our income will be greater than our expenditure, that we can afford to launch out a little.

The Secretary : I hope to be allowed to say a few words on this matter. I tliink nothing could be better than that we should celebrate our Jubilee by having our name con- nected with this exploration, but we should at the same time clearly understand that we cannot bind ourselves to produce a special volume on the results of the Expedition. The Jubilee volume, which we are going to publish in a month or two, will make a considerable difference in our balance at the Bank, and I do not think we should be at all wise in binding ourselves to produce a second special volume «o soon. At the same time, I think that the Committee might consider it desirable that the money received from the sale of the Jubilee volume should be put aside to form the nucleus of a fund for the publication of a volume on the results of the proposed Expedition.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant : I may venture to remind you that the proposed publication will not take place for. two years or more, and that there would be time to recoup our expenditure before then.

The President : The motion is : —

"That the Members of the British Ornithologists'' Union are willing to co-operate in the exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains in Dutch New Guinea, so that the Expedition may be known as the ' British Ornithologists' Union Jubilee Exploration of the Charles Louis Mountains.' "

The Hon. Walter Rothschild : I beg to second that.

Dr. Penrose : Am I to understand that your motion does not include any question at all of a special number of ' The Ibis ' coming out ? I do not know whether other members present may agree, but I personally think that it would be

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING. 15

far better if the papers appeared in future numbers of ' The Ibis ' in the regular way. I do not think that Mr. Grant made any very special point that the papers were to be published in a separate Jubilee number.

The President : We can put the motion in two parts, first that you agree to this proposition of Mr. Grant^s, and then as to the mode of publication, or perhaps it would be as well to leave the matter of publication out at present. There is no hurry about it. In all probability it will be three years hence at least before the money is required, and by that time we may have met the expenditure that we have incurred to-day. I will put the motion as I read it.

The Hon. Walter Rothschild : My only objection to starting a Jubilee volume is this. The Expedition (if I am right in hoping that the resolution will be carried unani- mously) will be started on the basis of Ornithology, but it will include the acquisition of a large number of specimens of other groups of animals. Now I do not think that under our present rules we can publish anything except ornitho- logical papers^ and therefore the account of the Expedition in a special Jubilee volume must be either incomplete, only giving the ornithological results, or, it may be, only an account of the exploration and not the actual account of the collections. Neither of these alternatives would, I think, be at all conducive to the proper estimation of the work of the Expedition by the public. And I therefore think that, without any wish to run counter to Mr. Grant's ideas, it would be much better that the question of publishing the results of the Expedition should be put aside until the Expedition has returned.

Dr. Hartert : I think Mr. Grant's plan of this Expe- dition must have the heartiest support of all members of the British Ornithologists' Union, because the Charles Louis Mountains are undoubtedly one of the most interesting places, if not the most interesting place, in the world to be

16 PKOCEEDIXGS OV THE

explored. But I agree that it is rather premature now to decide about the publication of these researches. Let us wait until the return of tlie Expedition and then make our plans. We can do it much better then than now.

The President then put the Resolution to the Meeting and declared it to be carried unanimously.

The President : Then the Resolution is carried on the understanding that the exact mode of publication is deferred for the present. After we know a little more about the results of the Expedition, we shall be in a better position to decide in what form to publish them.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant : I should like to thank you all very much indeed for the kind way in which you have received this proposal, and I hope that the Exploration will be in every way worthy of the Union.

At the suggestion of the Secretary a small Committee was elected to deal with the funds and general arrangements of the Expedition.

Dr. Sclater and Mr. Meade-Waldo were chosen to co- operate with Mr. Grant, and it was decided that Mr. C. E. Fagan, of the Natural History Museum, who was already acting as Treasurer, should l)e requested to continue in that capacity.

In reply to a question as to the total amount of money that would be required to carry out the Expedition's uccessfully, Mr. Grant said that he considered that £3000 would be amply sufficient.

The meeting then terminated, after a vote of thanks to the Zoological Society for the use of their room.

In the evening a Dinner was held at the Trocadero Restaurant, Piccadilly Circus, Avhich was attended by 81 Members of the B. O, U. (see following List) and 24 guests.

SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETIXG.

17

List of the Members of the B. 0. U. present at the Jubilee Dinner, December 9, 1908.

Capt. Boyd AlexajS^der.

Rev. H, D. AsTLEY.

jMr. P. H. Bahb.

Col. HANBUiiY Barclay.

Dr. E-. M. Barringxon.

Mr. AVilliam Bickerxon.

Mr. Edward Bid well.

Eev. H. N. BoxAR.

Mr. J. Lewis Bonhote.

Mr. Stahstes Boormax,

Mr. H. B. Booth.

Mr. C. D. BoRRER.

Mr. P. ¥. Bun YARD.

Mr. B. E. CHEESMAisr.

Mr. AV. Eagle Clarke.

Mr. A. H. Cocks.

Mr. K. J. A. Davis.

Mr. H. E. Dresser.

Dr. P. Dawtrey Drewitt.

Mr. H. J. Elwes.

3Ir. A. H. EvAxs.

Col. PI. W. Peilden.

Mr. Charles Gtarnext.

Mr. John Gerrard.

'Capt. E. S. GoDMAN,

Dr. P. DuCane Godman.

Mr. Percy S. Godman.

Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen,

Mr. J. M. GooDALL.

Mr. Heubert Goodchild.

Mr. A. P. Grifeith.

Dr. Ernst Hartert.

Mr. W. H. HUDLESTON. Rev. P. C. R. JOURDAIN.

Mr. Hamon Le Strange.

Col. A. P. LOYD.

Mr. C. H. Lyell. ■Commander Hubert Lynes. Mr. G. A. Macmillan. Mr. G. M. Mathews. Mr. E. G. B. Meade- Waldo. 3ir. J. G. MiLLAis.

SER. IX. vol. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

The Hon. E. S. Montagu, JMajor W. H. Mullens. Mr. Henry Munt. Prof. Oscar jN^EUirANN, Mr. T. H. Newman. Mr. Prancis Nicholson. Mi-. W. R. Ogila'ie-Grant, Mr. Charles Oldham. Air. Thomas Parkin. Air. C. E. Pearson. Air. H. J. Pearson. Dr. J^\ G. Penrose. Sir T, DiGBY Pigoxt. Air. AV. J. Percy Player. Air. A. E. Price.

Air. W. P. PiCRAFX.

Col. R. H. Raxtray.

Air. C. B. RicKEXT.

The Ho]i, L. Walter Roth- schild.

The Hon. N. Charles Roth- schild.

Air. Conrad G. E. Russell.

Air, Henry Scherren,

Mr. Geoffrey Schwann.

Dr, P. L. SCLATER.

Rev. William Serle. Air. D. Sexh-Smith. Dr. R. BowDLER Sharpe. Mr. P. W. Smalley.

Mr. J. H. SXENHOUSE.

Dr. C. B. TiCEHURSx.

Dr, N. P, TiCEHURsx,

Air. AuBYN Trevor-Baixye.

Mr, C, M. TuKE.

Mr. H. AI. Dpcher.

Col. R. G, Wardlaw-Ramsay.

Dr. Joseph Wiglesavorth.

Air. H. P. WlXHERBY.

Air. A. P. R. AVoLLASTON. Col. J. AV. Yerbury.

18 PKOCEKDI.XGS OF THE SPECIAL JUBILEE MEETING.

The toasts of the King, Absent Members, and Prosperity to the B.O.I', were given by the Chairman, Dr. Sclater, and Mr. Hudleston respectively, and Mr. Upcher proposed the health of the fonr Medallists.

After the Dinner Mr. W. Eagle Clarke gave a short account of the more noticeable birds which he had recently obtained on Fair Isle. Capt. Boyd Alexander gave a most interesting narrative, illustrated by lantern-slides, of his journey across Africa, from Nigeria to the Nile via Lake Chad ; and the meeting terminated with an exhibition of a magnificent series of cinematograph photographs of wild birds and their actions, taken and shown by Mr. Cherry Kearton.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI.,1908.

Professor ALFRED NEWTON.

A SHORT HISTORY OF THE BcO.U. 19

.2. A Short Histonj of the British Ornithologists' Union. By P. L. ScLATER, D.Sc, F.R.S.

I. — The Founding of the B. O. U.

In consequence of some of the documents relating to the early days of the British Ornithologists' Union having been lost or mislaid, it is not possible to give a complete account of the origin of the association ; but it is believed that the following extracts from the Preface to the first volume of 'The Ibis' contain an accurate description of the circum- stances under Avhicii the British Ornithologists' Union was formed : —

" For some years past a few gentlemen attached to the '^ studv of Ornithology, most of them more or less intimately "connected with the University of (Cambridge, had been in ''the habit of meeting together, once a year, or oftener, to ''exhibit to one another the various objects of interest " which had occurred to them, and to talk over both " former and future plans of adding to their knowledge of "this branch of Natural History.

" These meetings were found agreeable by those who " attended them, and gradually became more frequented. "In the antumn of 1857 the gathering of naturalists " was greater than it had hitherto been, and it appeared " that there was a strong feeling that it would be advisable " to establish a Magazine devoted solely to Ornithology.

"This feeling was not prompted by any jealousy of "periodicals already existing, but by the belief that the " number of persons Avho turned their attention jii'iwcipalh " to this one branch of Zoology was at any rate sufficiently " great to justify an experiment which in a neighbouring " country, and among a kindred nation, had succeeded so " well.

" The meeting [which was held at Cambridge] therefore " broke up with the understanding that in the following "year the subject should be again considered. During the

c2

20 A SHORT IIISTOHV OF THE

*' interval, conimmiicatioiis were freely kept up among *■• those who had loeen present, as well as with others '' interested in the same study, in order that the dillcrent ''views wliich prevailed on the subject might be compared, ^' and the project thus forwarded.

"In November 1858, the annual assemblage again took '' place at Cambridge ; and, after due consideration, it was "determined by those present that a Quarterly Magazine of " General Ornithology should be established, that a limited '' subscription should be entered into to provide a fund for " that purpose, and that the subscribers should form an '''Ornithological Union,^ their number at present not " to exceed twenty."

Although the Preface to the first volume of ' The Ibis,' from which the preceding extracts have been taken, was drawn up by me, and signed by me as Editor of the volume, it was revised aud corrected by Alfred Newton, so that there can be no doubt that he fully approved of it. I believe it to be correct in every respect.

It has been stated by Dr. Bowdler Sliarpe in his Presi- dential Address to the Fourth International Ornithological Congress that the first meeting of the Founders of ' The Ibis ' took place at Canon Tristram's house at Castle Eden. ]t is quite true that in those days Canon Tristram's house was often used as an agreeable stopping - place by his ornithological friends who were passing by, and that the subject of the establishment of an Ornithological Journal might very naturally have been discussed there. But, so far as I am aware, the early meetings of the Ornithologists which ultimately led to the establishment of ' The Ibis ' all took place at Cambridge, with the exception of one. This one was held at Leeds, Avhere the British Association met in September 1858. An unusual number of Orni- thologists were in attendance at Section D on this occasion, amongst Avhom were Sir William Jardine, Eyton, Simpson, Wolley, Tristram, Griuither, Newton, and myself. The subject of the contemplated Journal of Ornithology was, I believe, discussed on that occasion, but it was resolved to

Ibis. Jub.Suppl., 1908,

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 21

refer the decision of the matter to a meeting to he held at Camhridge in the following ISovcmber.

In accordance with this agreement a meeting w^as held in Professor Newton's rooms at INlagdalene College, Cambridge, on Wednesday, November 17th, 1858. It is much to be regretted that no formal account of this important meeting can be found, if anything of the sort was ever drawn up, of which I am by no means certain. But, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the following resolutions were discussed and adopted at that meeting : —

1. That an "Ornithologists' Union'' of twenty Members

should be formed, with the principal object of establishing a new Journal entirely devoted to Birds.

2. That Lt.-Col. H. ]\I. Drummond should be the

President and Professor Newton the Secretary of the Union, and that I (P. L. Sclater) should edit the Journal.

Neither the exact title of the proposed Journal nor the Publisher were settled on this occasion, but these matters Mere left to ])e decided subsequently by Prof. Newton and myself.

I cannot state positively who were present at the inaugural meeting at Cambridge ^^ but shorth^ after mv return to London (where I was then resident at 49 Pali Mall, with law-chambers at Lincoln's Inn) I received from Newton a list of the twenty Members of the Union, as finally decided upon, in his own handwriting.

It will be seen by the facsimile of this List^ of which a copy is given herewith, that some slight alterations and additions were made to it by the " Editor " in his own handwriting. These, however, were agreed to by the " Secretary," and the List is virtually the same as that printed in the first volume of our Journal in 1859.

On returning to London after the Cambridge Meeting I lost no time in making arrangements for beginning the

* I can oiily say with certainly that (besides Newton and myself) Simpson, WoUev, F. I). Godmau, and Sahin were present; I think Edward Tavlor and Tristram were also there.

22 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

new Journal, ]\lessrs. Triibner & Co., of Paternoster Row, with whom I was well acquainted, agreed to publish it, and Messrs. Taylor ^^ Francis to print it. From the head of the latter firm, the late Dr. William Francis — a very- capable and well-informed person, — I received the excellent suggestion to call our new bantling 'The Ibis/ after the sacred bird of Egypt. I at once adopted the idea, with which Newton also was highly pleased, and we set Joseph Wolf (then in the zenith of his fame) to work to draw the ■well-known wood-block which appeared in the first number of ' The Ibis ' and has ever since ornamented its cover.

At the close of 1858 I was rather pressed for time, as I had agreed to accompany my friend Edward Cavendish Taylor on an excursion to Tunis and Eastern Algeria in search of birds and eggs. Fortunately, before I had absolutely committed myself to the task of Editorship, I had secured the promises of several of my best friends to contribute articles to the first number. Oshert Salvin had agreed to join me in an article on the Ornithology of Central America, with which he had made himself well acquainted by several visits. Canon Tristram had promised me notes on the Birds of Palestine, which he had made during a recent excursion, and Taylor had agreed to Avork up his ornithological reminiscences of Egypt. Newton and his brother Edward offered to the new Journal their observations on the Birds of St. Croix, West Indies, which they had made in 1857, Avhile Wolley promised me inform- ation about the breeding of the Smew in Lapland. More- over Hewitson, who was an excellent artist, had agreed to write an article on recent discoveries in European Oology, and undertook to illustrate it by a plate of eggs drawn by his own hand. Thus I was very well supported by my friends, and encountered the somewhat severe task of commencing a new periodical Avith a certain amount of confidence — the more so, perhaps, as at that time I had no idea that I should shortly be asked to undertake the management of the affairs of the Zoological Society of London.

BRITISH ORXlTHOIJXilSTs' UXIOX. 23

II.— The First Series of ^ The Ibis ' (1859-1864).

••' Ibimus indomiti venerantes Ibida sacram, Ibimus incolumes qua ])rior Ibis adest."

{Editor : P. L. Sclater.)

1859.

The ready assistance received by the Editor in preparing the first number of ' The Ibis ' has ah'eady been described. By great exertions he managed to get it ready about the middle of January 1859, and soon after left for Tunis and Algeria along with Edward Taylor and two other friends. From this pleasant place of retreat he was quickly recalled by messages from home, urging him to return at once and take up the Secretaryship of the Zoological Society, Avhich was then about to be vacated. Somewhat unwillingly, it must be allowed, he obeyed the call, and was back in London by the end of March, hard at work on the second number of ' The Ibis,^ in preparing which he had again the efficient assistance of his good friends Salvin, Newton, aud Tristram. Wolley also contributed to this number a most interesting history of the breeding of the Crane in Lapland. For the third and fourth numbers of the new periodical he likewise received valuable support from his friends and correspondents. Thus he was enabled, at the close of 1859, to finish off a handsome volume of 490 pages ornamented by 15 illustrations, mostly drawn by that incomparable bird- artist, Joseph Wolf,

The General Meeting of the Members of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1859 was held iu London on the 9th of November, but I regret to say that the Minutes of this Meeting, like some of the other early papers, cannot be found. The date and place of meeting are known by the allusions to it in the minutes of the General Meeting of 1860, but no further particulars are ascertainable, except that a call of £2 was made upon each i\Iember of the Union towards the expenses of the Journal.

24 A SHORT HISTOKY OF THE

1860.

In 18G0 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held at Lincoln College, Oxford, on the 29th of June, with Mr. J. H. Gurney in the Chair. The accounts for 1859 were submitted to the meeting and shewed a small balance in favour of the Union, while it was announced that the first volume of ' The Ibis ' was nearly out of print. Mr. R. F. Tomes was elected a Member of the Union to fill up the vacancy caused b}^ the decease of Wolley, which had taken place on November the 20tli, 1859. It was resolved that ten Honorary Members of the Union should be elected by ballot from Ornithologists not residing in the United Kingdom. Dr. G. Hartlaub, of Bremen (an old and miich-valued friend), Avho had contril^uted an article to the first volume of ' The Ibis ■" and was at that time at Oxford on a visit, was elected the First Honorary Member, and the following nine other Ornithologists were chosen to fill the list : —

Professor S. F. Baird, Washiiigtou. Dr. E. Baldamus, Osternienburg. Mr. E. Blyth, Calcutta. Dr. .J. Cahanis, Berlin. Mr. J. Cassix, Philadelpliia. Mr. E. L. LAY.A.RD, Capetown. Professor J. Peinhardt, Copenhagen. IMons. Jules Verreaux, Paris. Mr. A. IX. Wallace, East Indies.

The second volume of 'The Ibis^ (for 18G0) Avas com- pleted by the issue of Part IV. in October. It contained 442 pages, illustrated by 15 plates. Amongst the latter is a good figure by Wolf of the Three-toed Sand-grouse {Syrrhaptes paradoxiis) .

1861.

In 1861 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held at the Zoological Society's Office, 11 Hanover Square, London, on December 11th, the President, Col. Drummond-IIay, being in the Chair. I had by that time discovered that the

BHITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS UXIOX. ^O

"work of editing ' The Ibis,' combined with tlie cares o£ the Secretaryship of the Zoological Society, was more than I could well manage, and I consequently gave notice that I was not prepared to carry on the Editorship of ' The Ibis ■" after the close of 1862. It was thereupon agreed that the sum of fifty pounds should be annually appropriated to editorial expenses, including the keeping of accounts, the existing management being continued.

The third volume of ' The Ibis' (for 1861) was completed in August of that year. It contained 428 pages, illustrated by 13 plates. Amongst the many interesting papers con- tained in it were a full account of Wolley's discovery of the breeding of the Waxwitig in Lapland, drawn up by Newton from Wolley's papers, and an abstract of AA'oUcy's researches in Iceland respecting the Great Auk, likewise prepared by NcAvton from Wolley's memoranda.

1862.

The Meeting of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science having been fixed to be held at Cambridge in October 1862, it was thought convenient that the Annual General Meeting of the B.O. U. should take place on the same occasion. The meeting was accordingly held at Magdalene College, Cambridge, on the 7th o£ October, the President, Col. Drumm.ond-Hay, being in the Chair. At this meeting- Mr. Wallace, having returned to England, was elected an Extra- Ordinary Member of the Union, and Mr. Robert Swinhoe, of Her Majesty's Chinese Consular Service, avIio had recently commenced the long series of i)apers on Chinese Ornithology which he pubUshed in ' The Ibis,' Avas elected an Honorary Member. The accounts having been examined and passed, it was found necessary to ask for a subscription of thirty shilHngs from each Member in order to meet the expenditure.

The fourth volume of the First Series of '^ The Ibis' was completed in August 1862. It contained 404 pages, illus- tiatcd by 13 plates. Newton contributed to tins volume his often-quoted paper " On the supposed Gular Pouch of tlie

)IG A SHORT HISTORY OF THK

Great Bustard," and George Gray sent us a Revised Jjist of the Birds of New Zealand.

1863.

In 1863 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 9th of December, Mr. W. H. Hawker in the Chair. The accounts for 1862 and the estimate for 1863 having been examined shewed a probable deficit at the close of 1863 of .€100. The Editor announced that under these circumstances he would decline to receive the sum of £50 for his " editorial expenses " in 1864', and it was agreed that a subscription of £o from each Member be required for that year. It was also agreed that the First Series of ' The Ibis ' should be brought to a close in 1864, and that the best mode of continuing the Journal should be specially considered at a General ^Meeting to be held in May 1864.

The fifth volume of the First Series of ' The Ibis ' (1863) was published in October of that year. It contained 498 pages, illustrated by 13 plates. Among other papers of special interest was Swinhoe's first article on Formosan Ornithology, which was illustrated by a plate of (atcus spilonotus drawn by Wolf. Swinhoe included 201 species in the list of Formosan Birds then known to him.

1864.

In accordance with a motion carried at the Annual General Meeting of ]863, a Special Meeting of the B. O. U. was held at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 20th of May, 1864. Col. Drummond-Hay^ the President, was in the Chair, and twelve other Members were present. The pre- liminary business having been transacted, the Editor stated that, in accordance with the notice that had been given at the previous Meeting in 1863, he could not undertake to carry on the Editorship of ' The Ibis ' after the completion of the volume for 1864. It Avas then proposed by Lord Lilford, and carried unanimously, that a Second Series of ' The

BRITISH OKXITIIOLOGISTS' UXIOX. 27

Ibis ' should be commenced under the Editorship of Alfred Newton. Newton (as already arranged beforehand) accepted the proposed Editorship and vacated the office of Secretary, to which Salvin Avas elected. It was also agreed that an annual subscription of thirty shillings should be paid by every Member of the B. O. U. in aid of the new Series.

Another very important alteration in our Rules (which had^ however, been previously well discussed amongst us) Avas finally agreed upon at this Meeting, namely that the restrictioa of the number of Members of the Union to twenty should no longer be maintained, and that any number of additional Members might be elected by ballot, provided that their names had been inserted in the notice convening the Meeting. The result, under this Rule, has been that the numbei" of Ordinary Members, formerly only 20, has now gradually risen to 435 !

A second General Meeting of the Union was held in 18G1 on the 9th of November, at 11 Hanover Square, London, Canon Tristram in the Chair, at which, in accordance with the new Rule passed at the previous Meeting, nine new Ordinary Members of the B. O. U. were proposed and elected. It was also agreed that Honorary Members of the Union Avho came to reside permanently in the United Kingdom might be elected Extra-Ordinary Members and that no sub- scription should be demanded of them. In accordance with this resolution, Edward Blyth, an Honorary Member of the Union Avho had come to reside in this country, was elected an Extra-Ordinary Member of the B. O. U. The vacancy thus caused in the list of Honorary Members was filled by the election of Surgeon-Major T. C. Jerdon, of the Indian Army, the author of Jerdon^s ' Birds of India.'

The fourth number of ' The Ibis ' for 1864 was issued in August of that year, and the First Series of our Journal was thus completed. The volume for 1864 contained 440 pages and 10 plates. In it will be found Prof. Newton's article on the " Irruption of Pallas's Sand-grouse in 1863.'' In the Preface to the volume the Editor expressed his sincere regret

28 A SHOUT HISTOKV OF THK

that the heavy pressure ol: other duties had compelled hioi to resign his office. Such regret, however, had been muck lessened by the consent of his friend Alfred Newton, who, as the readers of ' The Ibis ' must be aware, was specially qualified lor the post, to be his successor in the Editorship.

III. — The SEco-vn Series of 'The Ibis' (1865-70).

" Ibiclis iuterea tu quoqiie nomen liabe ! "' (Editor : Alfred Newton.)

1865.

After the last General Meeting in November 1864, Newton set to work at once on his new duties of editorship, and, as was to be expected, brought out his four numbers with unfailing regularity. To this volume Canon Tristi^am furnished an important paper on the Ornithology of Palestine^a subject that he was specially engaged upon all his working life, and which was finally expanded into his standard work on the ^ Fauna and Flora of Palestine,^ published in 1884. The Editor himself gave us his notes on the Birds of Spitsbergen, and Lord Lilford contributed an elegant essay on the Ornithology of Spain. Joseph Wolf, who was much under Newton's influence, was persuaded to contribute some excellent illustrations to this volume (see liis figures of the Tawny Eagle and of Krilper's Nuthatch). The volume, when completed, contained 566 pages and 11 plates.

The Annual General Meeting of the Union for 1865 was held at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 17th of May, Viscount Walden (who liad been elected a Member of the Union at the previous Meeting) being in the Chair. Five new Members of the Union were elected, amongst whom was Mr. Henry Eeles Dresser, afterwards the author of ' The Birds of Europe.' A call of £4 was made upon the Ordinary Members to pay oft' the debt on the First Series of ' The Ibis,' and the balance was ordered to be carried to the credit of the Second Series.

BKITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS' UXIOX. ^9

On commencing tlie Second Series of 'The Ibis/ the publication was transferred from N. Triibner & Co. to Van Voorstj the well-known Natural-History Bookseller of Paternoster Row, w^ho continued to act as publisher of our Journal until his death in 1886.

1866.

In 1866 the Annual General Meeting Avas held at 11 Hanover Square, London, Lord Lilford in the Chair. Three new ]\I embers were elected, and the accounts for the past year, which shewed a deficit of .€108, were considered. It was agreed that a subscription of .€3 10^. should be called for to meet the deficiency, and that the letterpi^ess of the future volumes of the Journal should be slightly reduced in amount in order to lessen the expense.

In accordance with the resolution passed at the General Meeting, the number of pages in ' The Ibis ' for 1866 was reduced to 440. There were several communications of first-rate interest in the volume, amongst which were Godman's notes on the Birds of the Azores and Pro- fessor Ovven^s description of the remains of a large new extinct Parrot from the Mauritius. Blyth commenced in it a valuable commentary on Jerdon^s ' Birds of India,^ and Lord Lilford wrote a series of notes on Spanish Ornithology. All the beautiful plates of Birds in this volume were drawn by Joseph Wolf.

1867.

On the 27th of March, 1867, the Members of the Union again assembled for their Annual General Meeting at 11 Hanover Square, London, with Lord Lilford in the Chair. A letter from Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay stated that, owing to the distance at which he lived and his consequent inability to attend the Meetings regularly, he Avished to resign the office of President. The resignation was accepted with much regret, and Lord Lilford was duly

30 A SH(JUT HISTORY OF TH K

elected President in liis place. Two new Members Avere elected at this meeting.

The volume of ' The Ibis '' for 1867^ Avhich Avas completed in October of that year, contained 490 pages and 10 plates. In it Blyth continued his valuable commentary on Jerdon's ' Birds of India/ and Edward Newton Avrote an important paper on the Birds of the Seychelles Archijjclago, Avhich he had then lately visited and of which previously very little Avas knoAvn. Tristram and Swinhoe AAcre both contributors to this volume. The coloured plates Averc mostly drawn by Wolf, in his usual excellent style.

1868.

The Annual General Meeting of the B.O.U. for 1868 was held at 11 Hanover Square, Loudon, Avhere, in the absence of the President, P. L. Sclater Avas requested to take the Chair. Six new Members Avere elected. The accounts shewed a deficit of only £17, and it Avas agreed that a su])scription of £\ should be called for from each Member. It was also agreed that the number of copies of ' The Ibis ' to be printed after that year should be 275 instead of .250. After the Meeting a Dinner of the Members and their friends took place in the Pall INIall Restaurant. This is the first Dinner of the B. O. U. that I can find recorded in the Minutes.

The A^olume of 'The Ibis ' for 1868 was completed by the issue of the fourth number in October of that year. There were 550 pages in the volume, which Avas illustrated by 10 plates. Amongst the more important papers Avere those by Wallace on the Raptorial Birds of the Malay Archipelago and by the Rev. A. C. Smith on the Birds of Portugal.

1869.

In 18G9 the Annual General Meeting of the B, O. U. was again held at 11 Hanover Square, London, Avith P. L. Schiter in the Chair, in tlic absence of the President. Dr. A. von Pelzeln, of A ienna, Avas elected an Honorary Member of

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 31

the Union, in the place of Mr. John Cassin, deceased ; and Mr. Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., was elected an Ordinary Member, The subscription for the year was fixed at £1, and it was agreed that an entrance- fee of :t2 should be required from all Members elected after that meeting. The subsequent Dinner took place at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1869, being the fifth of the Second Series^ contained 478 pages, illustrated by 16 plates. Amongst the articles was an important paper by von Heuglin on the Malurinse of North-eastern Africa^ which was illustrated by 3 plates. In this volume also the Editor gave an account of the Strickland Collection of Birds, which had been lately presented by Strickland's widow to the University of Cambridge.

1870.

On the nth of May, 1870, Lord Lilford (the President) took the Chair at the Annual General jNIeeting, which Avas held at 11 Hanover Square, 15 jNlembers being present. The accounts for 1869 showed a deficit of j667 10*., which, how^ever, was more than covered by the subscriptions in arrear, and it was agreed that the subscription for 1870 should be €1. Ten new Members were elected, amongst whom were Howard Saunders, Capt. Shelley, Major Irby, and Sir Victor Brooke. Prof. Newton gave notice of his resignation of the Editorship of ' The Ibis ' at the end of the current year, and Osbert Salvin was elected Editor in his place, to commence a Third Series in 1871.

Salvin, having accepted the Editorship, resigned the office of Secretary at the close of the year, and Mr. F. D. Godman was appointed in his place.

A Committee, consisting of the President, the Secretary, the late and the new Editors, and Lord Walden, was ap- pointed to draw up a Code of Rules for the B. O. U. After the meeting the usual Dinner took place at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1870 was duly completed in

32 A SHORT HISTORY OK THE

October of that year by the issue of the fourth, number of the Second Series. It contained 558 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly d)'awn by Keulemans (who had then lately arrived from Holland) in his very best style. Among the most noticeable contributions to this volume were Claude Wyatt^s account of the Birds of Sinai, Swinhoe's narrative of his expedition to Hainan and list of its Birds, and Prof. Newton's Catalogue of the existing remains of Alca impennis. Newton recorded 71 or 72 skins, 9 skeletons, detached bones of 38 or 41 different l)irds, and 65 eggs as known to him in 1870. The volume for 1870 concluded witli a General Index to the Second Series.

The roll of Members of the B. O. U. in 1870 contained the names of 49 Ordinary Members, 2 Extra-Ordinary ^Members, and 10 Honorarv jMembers.

IV.— The Third Series of 'The Ibis ' (1871-76).

•' Ibidis nuspicio novas incipit Ibiclis ordo ! ''

[Editor : Osbert Salvin.)

1871.

I think I may fairly say that some of the leading jMembers of the Union were not altogether pleased wlien Newton announced his determination to give up the Editorship of ^The Ibis' after the conclusion of the Second Series. We were, however, much comforted at having a fully competent person ready to undertake the work. Osbert Salvin was equally good as a naturalist in the field and at his desk, and was (omnium consensu) in every respect well qualified for the post.

The Annual General Meeting for 1871 was held at

II Hanover Square, London, on the 10th of ]May. In the absence of the President, P. L. Sclater was in the Chair. Fourteen Members were present. Eive new ^Members were elected, amongst whom was llichard Bowdler Sharpe, then of Tower House, Caversham Road, London, proposed by Viscount Walden, The Committee appointed in 1870 to

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 33

draw up a code of llules for the Union presented their Report^ and the rules that they proposed were adopted with a few verbal alterations. They were to all intents and purposes the same as those now in force, which are given at the end of this Short History. The accounts for 1870 (shewing a balance of ii^lOO in hand) were passed, and a subscription of .€;1 Is. was ordered for 1871.

The first volume of the Third Series of ' The Ibis/ when completed, contained 501 pages, illustrated by 12 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans and Smit. Amongst the articles were Howard Saunders^s account of the Birds of Southern Spain, and Capt. Shelley's contributions to the Ornithology of Egypt. Wyatt also gave an interesting account of his short expedition to the United States of Colombia.

1872.

In 1872 the Annual General fleeting of the B. O. \L took place at 11 Hanover Square, London, on the 8tli of May, Viscount Walden in the Chair, Five new Ordinary Members, one Honorary Member (Dr. 0. Finsch of Bremen), and fifteen Foreign Members were baliotted for and elected. The accounts, shewing a slight excess of income over ex- penditure, were passed, and the usual Dinner at the Pall Mall Restaurant was held after the Meeting.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1872, being the second of the Third Series, contained 491 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst other interesting articles in this volume will be found an account by Capt. Shelley and Mr. T. E. Buckley of their two months' bird-collecting on the Gold Coast.

1873. In 1873 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held on April 2nd, at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, in some rooms rented in the name of Mr. H. E. Dresser, which were then the frequent resort of Lord Lilford, Salvin, Godman, Shelley, Tristram, and other Members of the Union.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUli.-SUPPL. D

34 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

Viscount Walden was in the Chair. The accounts were passed, and ten new Members were elected. Amongst the Ordinary Members who joined us on that day we find the names o£ Blanford, Harvie-Browii, Col. Feilden, Garrod, and Seebohm. Robert Collett, of Christiania, was elected a Foreign Member.

The volume of 'The Ibis ' for 1873 contained 514 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly the work of Keulemans. Salvin being absent in Guatemala during most of the year, Sclater, who had undertaken to do his work, wrote and signed for him the Preface. Amongst other good papers in this volume, attention may be called to Lord Walden's account of the collection of birds made in the Andaman Islands by his nephew, Lt.-Col. R. Wardlaw-Ramsay, who, during a two mouths' visit to Port Blair, had obtained 460 specimens rejn-esenting 62 species.

1874.

In 1874 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held at 6 Tenterden Street, on the 27th of May, the President, Viscount Walden, in the Chair. Eleven new Members were elected, amongst whom were Col. Godwin- Austen and C. B. Wharton.

Salvin having returned home, a second General Meeting of the Union was held in Tenterden Street, on the 17th of June of the same year, Viscount Walden in the Chair, when the accounts of 1873 (audited by Mr. Dresser) were passed. It was agreed that authors of papers in ' The Ibis ' should be entitled to have twenty-five separate copies of their papers gratis, if demanded. It was also agreed that the Editor should be requested to consider the expediency of altering the mode of reviewing ornithological literature then used in ' The Ibis.^

The volume of ' The Ibis ^ for 1874 (being the fourth volume of the Third Series) contained 486 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the articles in this volume will be found a paper by Lord Walden

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. 35

•on a second collection of birds made by Lt.-Col. Wardlaw- Ramsay in the Andaman Islands, and Salvin's account of his visits to the Museums of the United States.

1875.

The Annual General Meeting of the Union for 1875 was lield at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May 26th, Prof. Newton in the Chair. Seven new Ordinary Members were elected, and Hans, Graf von Berlejisch and the Marquis Giacomo Doria were elected Foreign Members.

It was agreed that on the close of the Third Series steps should be taken to prepare a General Index of ' The Ibis ^ from its commencement.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1875 contained 540 pages, illustrated by 10 plates, drawn by Keulemans and Smit.

The Preface of this volume was written and signed by the Editor, Salvin, who had returned from Guatemala, and was at that time residing at Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge.

1876.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1876 was held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on Tuesday, April 18th, Lord Lilford, President, in the Chair. Eight new Ordinary Members were elected, amongst whom were H.R.H. The Duke of Connaught. The name of Mr, Swinhoe, who had taken up his residence in England, was transferred to the list of Extra-Ordinary Members.

The sixth and last volume of the Third Series of ' The Ibis ' being about to ])e issued before the close of this year, it was proposed that Salvin should be elected Editor of a Seventh Series, to commence in 1877. Salvin, however, was at that time much pressed by other duties, and demurred to undertaking the sole responsibility of the Editorship. It was therefore ultimately agreed that P. L. Sclater should be requested to become Joint Editor with Salvin of the new Series.

j)2

36 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

The sixth vohimc of the Third Series of 'The Ibis *^ (which was completed in August 187G) contained 522 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly prepared by Keuleraans, iu his best style. Amongst other important papers, Newton contributed an article " On the Assignation of a Type to Liuuean Genera/' \yhich deserves special attention, and Canon Tristram favoured us Avitli a paper " On the Birds of the New Hebrides/' Besides the ordinary Index, a General Subject-Index to the whole of the Third Series (1871-1876) was published -v^itli this volume.

Subsequently Salviii, who was much devoted to index- making, a most useful but very laborious kind of Avork too often neglected, prepared a General Index of the names of the Genera and Species of Birds referred to in the first three Series (1859-1876), which was printed and published iu 1879.

At the termination of the Third Series of ' The Ibis ' in 1876 it will be seen by the List of Members in the last volume that the Roll of the B. O. U. at that period contained the names of 89 Ordinary Members, 1 li^xtra-Ordinary Member, 8 Honorary IMembers, and 17 Foreign Members.

v.— The Fourth Series of 'The Ibis' (1877-1882).

" Ibis avis robusta et multos vivit iu aunos.''

[Editors : Osbert Salvin and Philip Ll'tley Sclater.)

1877.

The Annual General Meeting of the Union for 1877 was held at 6 Tenterdeu Street, Hanover Square, on the 16th of May, 1877, Arthur, Marquis of Tweeddale, in the Chair. The accounts for 1876 were examined and passed, and 12 new Ordinary Members were elected. There was a Dinner after the Meeting at the Pall Mall Restaurant.

On the 7th of November, 1877, a Special General Meeting of the Union, called b}' the Committee at the request of ten Members, was held at 6 Tenterdeu Street to consider the rules relating to the election of new Members. P. L. Sclater

BRITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS' UXIOX. 37

was ill the Chair. After some discussion the following- resolutions were agreed to : —

No person shall be ballotted for whose name shall not have been proposed tjn a form provided by the Secretary and signed by the Proposer on his personal knowledge and by two other ]\Iembers.

The List of Candidates with their proposers and seconders shall be circulated amongst the Members along with the summonses for the General Meeting.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1877 (being the first volume of the Fourth Series) contained 512 pages, illustrated by 14 plates drawn by Kenlemans and Smit. Mr. C. G. Danford contributed an important paper to this volume on the Birds of Asia Minor, and Col. Feilden gave us an interesting- account of the Birds observed in Smith Sound and the Polar Basin during the Arctic Expedition of 1875-1876.

1878.

Ill 1878 the Annual General Meeting of the B, O. U. Avas held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on the 15tli of May, P. L. Sclater in the Chair, when the accounts, having been examined and found correct by Mr. Seebohm, were passed. They shewed a balance in hand of £36. Nine new Members were elected, amongst whom was Mr. Henry T. Wharton, one of the principal compilers of the B. O. U. List of British liirds published in 1883.

The Dinner after the Meeting was held at the Grosvenor Restaurant, Bond Street.

The desirability of preparing and publishing a General Index of the first three Series of ' The Ibis ' was discussed, and, in order to prevent any temporary embarrassment of the Union's funds, it was agreed to raise a Guarantee Fund among the Members to cover its cost, although it was expected that the amount to be received ultimately from the sale of the Index-volume would nearly suffice. It was also agreed that every guarantor should be permitted to take as many copies of the Index as he might require, up

38 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

to five copies, at £1 each, iu lieu of an equivalent amount of his subscription. On this resolution being carried, 19 Members of the Union at once put down their names for five copies each.

Mr. Salvin undertook the preparation of the Index, in -which task he was kindly helped by Mrs. Strickland, Mrs. Salvin, Miss Salvin, Mrs. Howard Saunders, and Mr. Alfred Rogers, of the University Library, Cambridge.

The General Index to the first three Series of ' The Ibis ' was completed and published in 1879.

At the same meeting, also, the project of a new List of British Birds was first brought forward. After consultation with some of my fellow-workers, I proposed that a Committee should be appointed to draw up, for the use of the writers in ' The Ibis,^ a List of British Birds, in accordance with the most approved principles of modern nomenclature. This proposal was agreed to, and the following seven members of the Union were requested to serve on the Committee, A'iz. the two Editors of ' The Ibis ' (Salvin and Sclater), F. D. Godman (then Secretary of the Union), Dresser, Prof. Newton, Seebohm, and Henry Wharton; but Professor Newton subsequently excused himself from joining the Committee. The first meeting of this Committee was held on June 4'tli, 1878, when Sclater was elected Chairman, and Wharton Secretary and General Editor. At a subsequent meeting of the Committee, Howard Saunders and R. Bowdler Sharpe were invited to join us. Altogether seventy-one meetings of the Committee were held, the etymology of the names adopted having been entrusted entirely to Henry Wharton, who was an excellent classical scholar.

The result of this plan was the well-known List of British Birds published by Van Voorst for the Union in 1883, and generally used by writers in ' The Ibis ' ever since.

The second volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis " (edited by Salvin and myself) contained 508 pages, illus- trated by 12 plates, mostly executed by Keulemans and Smit. In it will be found several good papers by Lord Tweeddale, Lavard and his son (who were at that time resident in New

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 39

Caledonia), Seebohm, and Blakiston. An important paper in this volume is the '■' Catalogue of the Birds of Japan," prepared by Captain Blakiston and Mr. Pryer. The breeding of the Sacred Ibis in the Zoological Society^s Gardens in 1877 was duly chronicled by one of the Editors, and figures of the young bird and egg were given to illustrate it.

1879.

In 1879 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. was held at 6 Tenterden Street^ Hanover Square, on May the 7th, P. L. Sclater in the Chair, and six new Members were elected. The accounts were examined and passed. It was announced by Mr. Salvin that the Index-volume to the first three Series of 'The Ibis' (1859-1876) w^as ready for issue, and it was agreed that copies of it should be sold to Members at £\ each. The usual Dinner after the Meeting took place at the Grosvenor Restaurant, Bond Street.

The third volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis/ issued in 1879, forming the twenty-first volume of the whole work, contained 506 pages, illustrated by 12 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans and Smit. In it will be found excellent articles b}^ Gurncy, Seebohm, and Tristram, and an account of the Birds of Ascension Island prepared by Mr. F. G. Penrose. The map attached to Mr. Danford's " Further Contributions to the Ornithology of Asia Minor" (plate ii. p. 81) shews how widely that excellent Naturalist extended his travels and exj)lorations in that country.

1880.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1880 Avas held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the 19th, Lord Lilford, President, in the Chair. Nine new Ordinary Members were elected. Herr H. Gatke, of Heligoland, was made an Honorary Member of the Union, and Mr. 11. Ridgway, U.S.A., a Foreign Member. The accounts, examined and found correct by Henry Seebohm, were passed ; they shewed a balance in hand of nearly £100. The Dinner after the

40 A SHOKT HISTORY OF THE

]\Ieeting took place at the Grosveuor Restaiiraut, Bond Street.

The fourth volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis,' edited by Salvin and myself iu 1880, contained 49(5 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, drawn by our usual artists Keulemans and Smit. To this volume Captain Wardlaw-Rarasay contri- buted some excellent ornithological notes from Afghanistan, and Salvin described the last collection made by Henry Durnford in the northern provinces of the Argentine Republic. Durnford's researches were continued up to within a few days of his lamented death, which took place at Salta on the 11th of July, 1878.

1881.

In 1881 the Annual General Meeting of the Union was held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the 18th, Lord Lilford, President, in the Chair, when twelve new Ordinary Members were elected. Two new Foreign Members, Colonel N. Prjevalsky and Dr. A. B. Meyer, were also elected. The accounts for 1880, sheAving a balance of €97 in favour of the Union, were explained by Mr. Salvin, and passed. It was agreed that the List of British Birds prepared by the Committee appointed in 1879 should be printed as a separate volume at the expense of the B. O. U., and sold for the benefit of the Union,

The volume of *The Ibis' for 1881, edited by Salvin and myself, was rather larger than those Avhich preceded it, con- taining 627 pages, illustrated by 17 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. It commenced with an excellent fesitme of the papers on the Anatomy and Classification of Birds, written by the late Professor Garrod, whose loss we had then lately suffered. This was prepared by W. A. Forbes, avIio suc- ceeded him in the Prosectorship of the Zoological Society, and gives a full account of his predecessor's thirty-eight papers on these subjects.

Another important article in this volume was ]\Iajor J. Biddulph's account of the Birds of Gilgit, a new locality as

BRITISH ORXITIIOLOGISTS'' UNION. 41

regards Ornitliology. In the same volume, also, will be found Forbes's account of his eleven weeks spent in Northern Brazil.

1882.

The Annual General fleeting of the Union in 1882 took place at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on jNlay the 17th, P. L. Sclater in tlie Chair, when nine new Members were elected. The accounts for 1881, shcAving a balance in hand of £73, having been examined and fovmd correct by Mr. J. E. Harting, were passed. Some discussion took place concern- ing the date of the Annual General Meeting, Avliich, however, was left to the decision of the Committee.

Salvin announced that the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis ' being completed with the volume of 1882, he did not propose to offer himself for re-election as one of the Editors for another series, and Mr. Godman intimated his wish to resign the Secretaryship. Under these circumstances, Howard Saunders was requested to join Sclater in the Editorship of the next Series, and Mr. H. E. Dresser was elected Secretary.

The sixth volume of the Fourth Series of ' The Ibis ' (edited by Salvin and myself), being the twenty-fourtli of the Avhole work, contained 629 pages, illustrated by \^ coloured plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. An important article in this volume is that of Edgar Layard and his son on the Birds of Nbav Caledonia, Avherc they had been resident for more than five years.

The Roll of the British Ornithologists' Union, printed in the volume for 1882, shews that there were then 125 Ordinary Members, 1 Extra-Ordinary Member, 9 Honorary Members, and 19 Foreign Members in the List.

42 A SHORT HISTORY OJ THE

VI.— The Fifth Series of 'The Ibis ' (1883-1888).

"Ibis avis robusta et multos vivit in annos."

{Editors: Philip Lutley Sclater and Howard Saunders.)

1883.

I was very sorry to lose Salvin as my co-Eclitor o£ ' The Ibis/ for, as I have already stated, he was highly qualified for the post from every point of view. At the same time^ in commencing work in 1883, I had the advantage of another fully competent partner. Howard Saunders, with whom Salvin had arranged to take the vacant post, was not only a leading authority on the Birds of Europe, but also an excellent writer of English and a well-known reviewer of literary works connected with Natural History.

The usual Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1883 was held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the 30th^ Lord Lilford, the President of the Union, being in the Chair. The accounts, examined by Howard Saunders and shewing a balance in favour of the Union of £38 at the close of the preceding year, having been passed, seven new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected. Professor O. C. Marsh, of jSFewhaven, U.S.A., was also elected a Foreign Member of the Union. Henry Wharton, the Secretary to the Committee appointed in 1877 to prepare a List of British Birds, presented a Report on the work of that Committee and laid copies of the new List upon the table. The Report was adopted, and it was consequently agreed that the Committee be authorized to settle with Mr. Van Voorst as to the publishing price of the List of British Birds. The usual Dinner, which was held at the Grosvenor Restaurant, was attended by thirty Members of the B. O. U^. and guests.

The first volume of the Fifth Series of 'The Ibis^ (edited by Sclater and Saunders) contained G05 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans and Smit. Amongst

BRITISH ornithologists' rxio>:. 45

the papers I may call special attention to the List of the Birds collected by the late W. A. Forbes during his fatal expedition to the Niger^ prepared by Captain Shelley, and to Forbes's last Journal which accompanies it. Forbes died on the Niger near Shonga on the 14th of January, 1883.

1884.

In 1884 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. ■was held at 6 Tenterden Street, on the 21st of May. The President (Lord Lilford) being absent through illness, P. L. Sclater was voted to the Chair. The Eeport of the Committee having been read, and the accounts examined and passed, sixteen new Members vrere elected. The usual Dinner was held in the evening, and was attended by about thirty Members and guests.

The second volume of the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis ' (edited by Saunders and myself) contained 489 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the jjapers of special interest attention may be called to Mr. Abel Chapman's '' Rough Notes on Spanish Ornithology,'' wherein the first authentic description of the nesting of the Flamingo in Southern Spain was published, accompanied by sketches of the parent bird on the nest.

1885.

In 1885 the Annual General Meeting of the Union took place at 6 Tenterden Street, where, in the absence of the President from illness, P. L. Sclater was in the Chair. The Report of the Committee gave a satisfactory account of the finances at the close of the preceding year. More than half the heavy debt caused by the publication of ' The Ibis List of British Birds ' had been paid off. The accounts having been passed, nine new Ordinary Memliers were elected. The Annual Dinner was subsequently held at the Cafe Royal and was attended by twenty-five Members and guests.

The third volume of the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis' (1885) contained 481 pages, illustrated by 1.2 plates, mostly executed

44 A SHORT HISTORY oT thl;

by Keulemans and Smit. A paper by Mr. J. Whitehead entitled " Ornithological Notes from Corsica '•" contains a description (accompanied by excellent figures of the bird and egg) of the remarkable Nutiiatch of which he Avas the discoverer, and which AA'orthily bears his name. A paper prepared by Salvin gives an account of the large series of Birds ol)tained by Mr. Henry AVhitely in British Guiana.

1886.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1886 was held at 6 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, on May the 13th. In the absence of the President, the Chair was occupied by P. L. Sclater. The Committee reported that the Union main- tained its usual prosperity and that the remainder of the debt incurred through the publication of the List of British Birds had been entirely liquidated, so that there was a balance in liand, besides which the remaining stock of the List was an asset that need not be lost sight of. The Report having been adopted and the accounts passed, fifteen new Ordinary ]Members were ballotted for and elected, besides which Dr. Julius von Madanisz, of Buda-Pesth, was elected a Foreign INIember, and Mr. Thomas Ayres, of Potchefstroom, Transvaal, an Honorary Member. After the jNIeeting the usual Dinner was held at the Cafe Royal, and was attended by twenty-eight Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis' for 1886 (being the fourth of the Fifth Series) contained 549 pages, illustrated by 1.2 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst these is an excellent figure of the Darter discovered by Canon Tristram breeding on the Lake of Antioch, which is referred to PJutiis levaillanti. The figure was taken from Tristram's Syrian specimen and represents an adult bird iu full plumage. There is also a figure of the fine Bird-of-Paradise [Paradisornis riulolphi), to illustrate a paper by Doctors O. Finsch and A. B. Meyer on " Some new Paradise-Birds.'^

BllITISH ()RMTHOL()(;li^Ts' UNION. 45-

1887.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1887 was held in Captain Shelley's room at 6 Tenterden Street^ on May the 4th. In the absence of the President, tlie Chair was taken by P. L. Sclater. The accounts, examined by Mr. Bidwell, havini;- been passed and the Report ot the Committee read and adopted, ten new Members were ballotted for and elected. The Secretary called the attention of the Members present to a petition against the extension of Close Time for Sea-birds in the North E/iding of Yorkshire. After a long discussion, on the subject it was agreed that, in the opinion of the Members of the B. 0. U. present, an extension of the Close Time for Sea-birds on the east coast of England to the 1st of September would be highly desirable. The Annual Dinner was held after the Meeting at the Cafe Royal, and attended by thirty-two Members and guests. ^

The twenty-ninth volume of ' The Ibis,' being the fifth, volume of the Fifth Series, contained 493 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly executed by Keulemans. Amongst the papers of great interest is a memoir by Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe on the Birds collected by Mr. John Whitehead on Mount Kiua Balu in Northern Borneo. Thirty-four species- are described as belonging to the collection, amongst which is a remarkable new form ot Dicruridie, proposed to be called Chlamydochcera jef/eryi.

1888.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1888 was held in the rooms of the Zoological Society, 3 Hanover Square, on May the Kith. In the absence of the President through illness, the Chair was taken by Mr. W. T. Blanford. The Committee presented their report, which gave an explanation of the prosperous state of the finances. As the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis ' would be completed by the issue of the volume for the current year, the question of the Editorship had been taken into consideration. The Com- mittee regretted to say that Mr. Howard Saunders Avas

46 A SHORT HISTOHY OF TH IC

unable to continue as co-Editor, but that Mr. Sclater liad expressed liis readiness to undertake the Editorship alone for the Sixth Series. A motion to that eftect was proposed by Newton, seconded by Salvin, and carried unanimously. Thirteen new jNIembers Avere then ballottcd for and elected. The Annual Dinner, held at the Cafr Royal, was attended by twenty-six Members and guests.

The thirtieth volume, being the sixth and concluding volume of the Fifth Series of ' The Ibis ' (edited by Saunders and Sclater), contained 513 pages, illustrated by 13 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst other j^^pers in this volume is one by AV. K. Parker, on the claws in the wings of the E-atitre, and a further account of the new birds discovered by Mr. Whitehead on Kina Balu in Northern Borneo, prepared by Dr. Bowdler Sharpe. A figure drawn by Keulemans of the magnificent species Calyptomena whitehealli is also given.

At the end of the volume, besides the usual index, there will be found a General Index to the Fifth Series (1883 to 1888).

At the close of this Series of ' The Ibis ' the Roll of the B. O. U. contained the names of 186 Ordinary Members, 1 Extra-Ordinary Member, 8 Honorary Members, and 20 Eoreign Members.

VII.— The Sixth Series of ^ The Iris' (1889-1894).

" Cognovi omuia volatilia cceli."

[Editor: Philip Lutley Sclater.)

1889. The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1889 was held at the rooms of the Zoological Societ}^, on May the 8th. In the absence of the President from ill-health, P. L. Sclater was requested to occupy the Chair. The accounts, which had been examined and found correct by Mr. Bidwell, having been passed, fourteen new Members were ballotted for and

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS^ UXIOX. 47

elected. The lease of the house, 6 Tenterden Street^ Hanover Square, having expired, tlie Committee announced that the official headquarters of the Union for the present would be 18 Princes Street, Cavendish Square. Tiie election of a new Secretary in place of Mr. H. E. Dresser, who was absent from England, but, as it was believed, wished to retire, was left in the hands of the Committee, who met subsequently and selected Mr. F. D. Godinan for that office. The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at the Cafe Royal and attended by thirty Members and guests.

The first volume of the Sixth Series of ' The Ibis,' whicli was completed in October 1889, contained 608 pages, illus- trated by 16 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the papers in this volume will be found Dr. R. B. Sharpens account of the Birds of Northern Borneo, and two articles by Dr. Guillemard and Lord Lilford on tiie Birds of Cyprus. A remarkable new species of Dendiocolaptine bird from the Lower Amazons is figured (by Keulemans) and described as Berlepschia rikeri.

1890.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1890 was held on May the 21st at the rooms of the Zoological Society, 3 Hanover Square, P. L. Sclater being in the Chair in con- sequence of the absence of the President. The Report of the Committee was read and the accounts were passed. Thirteen new Ordinary Members were elected, likewise two new Honorary Members (Graf von Berlepsch and Count Tomraaso Salvador!) and three Foreign Members (jNI. Emile Oustalet, Dr. Emin Pasha, and Mr. J. A. Allen). The Committee alluded with much regret to the recent death of Mr. John Henry Gurney, one of the original Members of the Union and a constant contributor to ' The Ibis.'

The second volume of the Sixth Series of ^ The Ibis' (1890) contained 491 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, mostly executed by Keulemans. To this volume Whitehead made a valuable contribution on the Birds collected and observed

48 A SlIOKT HISTORY Ol' THE

by liim in the Island of Palawan, and Newton described and figured the young of Pallas's Sand-Grouse from a specimen obtained in Britain. Dr. R. B. Sharpe concluded his series of papers on the Ornithology of Northern Borinio by the issue of Part 10.

1891.

In 1891 the Annual Meeting of the British Ornitho- logists' Union Avas held at the rooms of the Zoological Society of London on May the 9th. In the absence of the President from ill-health, the Chair was taken hy Mr. Osbert Salvin. Nineteen new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected, and the accounts for 1890, having been examined and found correct by Mr. J. E. Harting, and shewing a balance in favour of the Union of ^103, were passed. The Annual Dinner, subsequently held at the Cafe Eoyal, was attended by twenty-six Members and guests.

The third volume of the Sixth Series of ' The Ibis/ issued in 1891, contained 664 pages, illustrated by 13 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Among the articles pub- lished in this volume are Mr. Lydehker's memoir on Possil Birds, and an essay by Mr. W. Evans on the period of time occupied ])y Birds in the incubation of their Eggs. Mr. E. W. Styan also contributed a valuable paper on the Birds of the Lower Yangtse Basin.

1892.

The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists^ Union in 1892 was held at the rooms of the Zoological Society of London on iNIay 18th. In the absence of the President from ill-health, the Chair Avas taken by P. L. Sclater. The accounts for the year 1891. examined and found correct by Mr. Salvin, were passed, and 18 new Members were elected.

The Annual Dinner, held at the Cafe Royal, was attended by 28 Members and guests. After the dinner a proposition was made that an Ornithological Club should be established for the purpose of holding monthly meetings at Avhich

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 49

papers should be read and specimens exhibited. A Com- mittee, consisting of tlie Earl of Gainsborough, Mr. Seebohm, Mr. Howard Saunders, Mr. Bidwell, and Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, was appointed to consider the advisability of carrying out the proposed scheme.

I do not recollect that this Committee ever formally met, but the plan of forming an Ornithological Club, which was entirely due to Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, was fully discussed among us in the summer of 1892. At first, I confess, I was not much inclined to favour it, but, after talking it over with Howard Saunders, gave it my full adhesion and attended the inaugural meeting which was held at the Mona Hotel, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, on October 5th, 1892. Here I was placed in the Chair, Howard Saunders was elected Secretary and Treasurer, and Dr. Bowdler Sharpe Editor of the ' Bulletin," in which the proceedings of the Club were to be chronicled. The Rules of the Club then adopted are given at the end of this " Short History."

I need hardly add that this movement, which has brought together all the more active workers in our favourite science, has met with most remarkable success. The meetings of the B.O.C. are invariably well attended, and communi- cations on Birds and Bird-life are numerous and embrace every branch of the subject. The 'Bulletin' for every Session since 1892-93 has been issued with perfect regu- larity, and has now reached its twenty-first volume. As will be seen by the List in that volume, more than 200 Members of the Union novr belong to the Club. During the 16th Session (1907-8) the total number of attendances at the B. O. C. Avas 374, or, on an average, about 44 per meeting.

Until 1901 the 'Bulletin' of the B.O.C. was reprinted in ' The Ibis.' After that date (that is, From the commence- ment of the Eighth Series) this practice was discontinued, l)eing thought to be no longer necessary.

In 1904 Dr. Sharpe handed over the Editorship of the ' Bulletin ' to Mr. W. K. Ogilvie-Grant, and Mr. H. F.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. E

50 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

Witlierby was appointed Secretary and Treasurer in Mr. Graut^s place.

The volurae of 'The Ibis' for 1892 (being the fourth volume of the Sixth Series) contains 014 pages, illustrated by 1-1 coloured plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. The volume commences with a list of the Birds of Heligoland, a most useful resume for reference, prepared by Seebohm from Gtitke's then lately published volume, ' Die Vogel- warte Helgolands.'' Other important papers in this volume are those by Mr. Graham Kerr on the Birds of the LoM-er Pilcomayo and by Mr. J. LaTouche on the Birds of Foochow and Swatow, China.

1893.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1893 was held at the Zoological Society's Office, 3 Hanover Square, on May the 3rd, P. L. Sclater in the Chair (in the absence of the President). The lleport of the Committee Avas read, and the accounts for 1892, which had been examined and found correct by Mr. Howard Saunders, were approved. The balance carried forAvard to January 1st, 1903, was £105. Eighteen new Ordinary Members of the Union were ballotted for and elected. Dr. Anton Reichenow, of Berlin, was ballotted for and elected an Honorary Member. After the Meeting the usual Dinner was held at Dimmer's Hotel and was attended by thirty-two Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1893, being the fifth volume of the Sixth Series (edited by P. D. Sclater), contains 626 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Among the more important papers in this volume are Lieut. Barnes's account of the Birds of Aden, Dr. Plartert's essay on the Birds of the Curacao Group in the West Indies, and Mr. H. O. Forbes's List of the Birds of the Chatham Islands.

The 'Bulletins' of the British Ornithologists' Club (Nos. I.-X.) are reprinted in this volume.

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 51

1894.

The Animal General Meeting of the B, O. U. in 1894 was lield at the Zoological Society's Office, 3 Haaover Square, on May 9th. In the absence of the President, the Chair was occupied by P. L. Sclater. The accounts of 1893, having been examined and found correct by Mr. Harting, were passed. After payment of all expenses a balance of ^£50 was carried forward for 1894. Seventeen new Ordinary Members were elected. Dr. H. Giglioli, of Florence, was elected an Honorary Member, and Dr. Menzbier, of Moscow, Dr. Th. Pleske, of St. Petersburg, and Herr Schalow^, of Berlin, were elected Foreign Members of the Union.

It was agreed that a new (Seventh) series of ' The Ibis ' should be commenced in 1895, and Mr. P. L, Sclater and Mr. Howard Saunders were appointed Joint Editors of it.

The question of a General Index for the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series of ' The Ibis ' was discussed and referred to the Committee.

The Annual Dinner, held at Limmer's Hotel, was attended by twenty-seven Members and guests.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1894 (edited by P. L. Sclater), being the sixth and last volume of the Sixth Series and the thirty-sixth of the whole work, contained 609 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. In it will be found Mr. Aplin's account of the Birds of Uruguay and several of Capt. Shelley's articles on the Birds of Nyasa- land. To one of the latter is attached a beautiful figure by Keulemans of A(/aporitis liliume.

A General Subject-Index to the Sixth Series of 'The Ibis ' is attached to this volume.

The roll of Members of the British Ornithologists' Union given in this volume contains the names of 255 Ordinary Members, 1 Extra-Ordinary Member, 10 Honorary Members, and 20 Foreign Members.

52 A SHORT HISTORY Ol' THK

VIII.— The Seventh Series of ^The Iris' (1895-1900).

"Non moriar, sed vivain, et narrabo opera Domini."

{Editors: Philip Lutley Sclater and Howard Saunders.)

1895.

The Aimual General Meeting of the B.O.U. in 1895 was held at 3 Hanover Square, London, on May the 8th, the Chair being occupied, in the absence of the President, by P. L. Sclater. The Committee gave a goad report of the state of the finances for 189'1, shewing a balance of .£''84 in favour of the Union after payment of all expenses. The question of the preparation of an Index for the last three Series of ' The Ibis,' and also of a Subject-Index for the Avhole of the published Series, Avas stated to be still under the consideration of the Committee. The Report of the Committee was adopted and the accounts of 1894, having been examined by Mr. J.E. Harting and found correct, were passed. It was then agreed that the Committee be authorized to proceed with the proposed Indices at once. Nineteen candidates for the Ordinar}^ Membership Avere ballotted for and declared to be duly elected, amongst whom was H.R.H. Ferdinand, Prince of Bulgaria. The usual Dinner, after the Meeting, Avas held at Limnier's Hotel and was attended by tAVenty-nine Members and guests.

HaA'ing secured such an excellent partner as Howard Saunders, I commenced the Editorship of the Seventh Series of ' The Ibis ' Avith a light heart, and selected as its motto Avhat I consider a very appropriate quotation from the Vulgate : '^ Non moriar, sed vivam, et narrabo opera Domini."

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1895, being the first of the Seventh Series, contained 529 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, draAvn mostly by Keulemans. Two valuable papers by Mr. Pycraft on the Pterylography of the Tinamous and the Hoatzin Avill be found in this volume, as also an excellent figure of both sexes of the peculiar Bullfinch {PyrrJmla leucogenis) discovered in the Philippines by Whitehead.

BRITISH ornithologists' uxiox. 53

1896.

In the year 1896, tlie Annual Genei'al INFeeting of the B. O. U . was hekl on the 22nd of April, at 3 Hanover Square, where, in the absence of the President, the Chair was taken by P. L. Sclater. The Report of the Committee, which announced the continued prosperity of the Union, and the statement of accounts for 1895, which had been examined and found correct by Mr. Harting-, Avere received and adopted. Twenty-nine new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected, and Herluf Winge, of Copenhagen, was elected a Foreign Member. It Avas agreed that if the Committee should so determine, a second General JNIeeting of the B. O. U. might be held some time in October or November in any year. The Dinner after the Meeting, held at Limmer's Hotel, was attended by twenty-eight jNIembers and guests.

The volume of "^The Ibis' for 1896 (edited by Sclater and Saunders), being the second volume of the Seventh Series, contained 623 pages, illusti'ated by 12 plates, chiefly drawn by Keulemans. An important paper by Colonel Yerbury gave further notes on the Birds of Aden, and a remarkable new Blackbird, discovered by Mr. E. Lort Phillips in Somaliland, was figured as Merula ludovicke.

1897.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1897 took place at the Zoological Society's Office, 3 Hanover Sqnare, on the 5th of May, P. L. Sclater in the Chair. The Report of the Committee announced the continued prosperity of the Union, which on that day had 283 Members. The General Index of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series of ^The Ibis^ (1877-1894), edited by Osbert Salvin and prepared under his superintendence, had been completed and would shortly be ready for distribution. The Report was adopted and the accounts, Avhich had been examined by Mr. Harting and found correct, Avere passed. Twenty-four ncAV Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected.

54 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

The office of President, being vacant by the mnch-lameuted death of the late Lord Lilford, an original member of the Union, who had held it for nineteen years, was filled by the election of Mr. Frederick DuCane Godmau, and Mr. Osbert Salvin was elected Secretary in place of INlr. Godmau, who retired from that office.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1897 (being the third volume of the Seventh Series) contained 659 pages, illustrated by 12 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the plates will be found figures of the male of a wonderful new Nuthatch {Sit fa magna) discovered by Col. Wardlaw-Ramsay in the Southern Shan States, and of a splendid new Paradise-Bird [Macgregoria pulchra) from British New Guinea.

1898.

In 1898 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. was held at the Zoological Society^s Office, 3 Hanover Square, on May the 11th, Dr. F. D, Godman, President, in the Chair. Thirty-two Members were present. The Committee reported that the General Index of ' The Ibis ' for the years 1877-1894 (that is, for the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Series), forming a volume of 471 pages^ had been issued. The accounts for the year 1897 were examined and passed. Twenty-seven new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected, and Dr. E. A. Goeldi,of Para, was elected an Honorary Member.

The volume of 'The Ibis ' for 1898, edited by Sclater and Saunders (being the fourth volume of the Seventh Series), contained 656 pages, illustrated by 13 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans. Amongst the papers will be found Mr. Boyd Alexander's account of his Ornithological Expedition to the Cape Verde Islands, and Mr. H. L. Popham's notes on the Birds observed during his second expedition to the Yenesei Eiver in Siberia.

BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION. OO

1899.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. in 1899 was held at 3 Hanover Square^ on May the Srd^ F. D. Godman, President, in the Oiair. The Committee reported that they had found that the state of the finances would justify them in proceeding with the Subject-Index of ^The Ibis' from 1859 to 1894, the manuscript of which had been completed for some time, and that they had there- fore commenced to print it and hoped that it would be ready for issue before the end of the year.

The accounts of the Union for 1898, which had been audited by Mr. H. E. Dresser, were examined and passed, and twenty-five new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected.

The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at Limmer's Hotel, and was attended by twenty-three Members and guests.

The volume of 'The Ibis ' for 1899, being the fifth volume of the Seventh Series (edited by Sclater and Saunders), contained 691 pages, illustrated by 13 plates, mostly the work of Keulemans. Amongst the more important papers were four articles containing the Field-Notes of the late John Whitehead during his last journey in the Philippine Islands, illustrated by a map to shew his itinerar}'. Whitehead died in Hainan on June 3nd, 1899.

1900.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1900 was held at 3 Hanover Square on May the 16th, F. D. Godman, President, in the Chair. The Committee announced that the Subject-Index for the first six Series of ' The Ibis,' 1859-1891, edited by Mr. Gates, had been completed and distributed to the subscribers in the preceding January. The accounts of the Union for 1899 had been audited by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant and were passed as correct. Dr. 11. Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. E. Hartert were selected to represent the B. O. U. at the International Ornithological

56 A SHORT HISTORY OF THK

Congress proposed to be held at Paris on June the 26th. Twenty-six new Ordinary Members of the Uuiou were ballotted for and elected. The name of Professor R. Collett Avas transferred from the List of Foreign Members to that of Honorary Members^ and the following three gentlemen were eleeted Foreign Meml^ers of the Union : — Dr. V. Bianchi, Dr. Othmar Reiser, and Mr. Leonhard Stejneger.

The year 1900 being the last of the six years of the Seventh Series^ the subject of the future editorship of ' The Ibis' Avas discussed, and it Avas agreed that Messrs, P. L. Sclater and A. H. Evans should be requested to undertake the Editorship of the Eighth Series, to commence in 1901.

At the close of the Seventh Series the roll of the B. O. U. contained the names of 344 Ordinary Members, 2 Extra- Ordinary Members, 10 Honorary Members, and 18 Foreign Members — 374 Members in all.

The volume of ^The Ibis' for 1900, being the sixth and last volume of the Seventh Series, contained 728 pages, illustrated by 14 plates, drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold, Lodge, and Srait. Amongst the papers Avcre an article by Mr. R. Hall on the Birds of Kerguelen Island, and a series of Notes on the Birds of Mashoua-land prepared by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall. A good figure Avas given of both sexes of the rare Merganser squamatus from China, of Avhich the female only was previously known.

IX.— The Eighth Series of ' The Ibis' (1901-1906).

" Quam maguificata sunt opera tua, Domiue."

{Editors : Philip Lutley Sclater and Arthur Humble Evans.)

1901.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1901 Avas held at 3 Hanover Square on the IStli of May, F. DuCane Godman, President, in the Chair. The Minutes of the last General Meeting having been read and confirmed, the

BRITISH OllNITHOLOGISTS^ UNION. 57

accounts for the year 1900, which had been audited by ^Ir. Howard Saunders, Avere passed. The Committee reported that the state of the finances Avas satisfactory, and that the remaining debt upon the Subject-Index had been finally disposed of. Thirteen candidates were ballotted for and elected Ordinary Members. Mr. Howard Saunders was elected Secretary in place of Mr. E. W. Gates, who retired from that post. The usual Dinner, held at Limmer's Hotel, was attended by twenty -nine Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1901 contained 782 pages, illustrated by 15 plates, mostly drawn by Keulemans, Lodge, and Smit. Among the more important papers are Mr, H. F. Witherby's account of his ornithological expe- dition to the White Nile, Mr. W. Goodfellow's journey through Colombia and Ecuador, and Colonel Rippon's memoir on the Birds of the Southern Shan States, in which 431 species are enumerated.

1902.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. in 1902 was held at 3 Hanover Square on the 14th of May, the Chair being taken by P. L. Sclater, in the absence of the President. The accounts for the year 1901, audited by Mr. H. E. Dresser, were passed, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the Auditor. The Committee reported a favourable state of the finances of the Union for the year 1901, a sum of £76 having been carried over for the benefit of 1902. Twenty- eight new Ordinary Members were elected. It was agreed that a new class of members, to be called " Colonial Mem- bers," should be instituted ; such Members to be eminent ornithologists residing in the British Colonies and India, and not to exceed ten in number. The name of Professor S. F. Radde was transferred from the list of Foreign Members to that of Honorary Members, and Mr. F. M. Chapman, U.S.A., Dr. P. Sushkin, of Moscow, and Dr. H. von Ihering, of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were elected Foreign Members of the Union. The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at Limmer's Hotel, and attended by twenty-one Members and guests.

58 A SHOKT HISTORY OF THE

The volume of ' The Ibis ^ for 1902, being the forty- tbiarth of the vvliole issue, contained 707 pages, illustrated by ]6 plates, mostl}^ the work of Keulemans, Gronvold, and Goodchild. Amongst the papers I may call special attention to Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's interesting account of his month's residence in the Eddystone Lighthouse, and his study o£ the phenomena of migration as there observed, also to Mr. Boyd Alexander's memoir on the Birds of the Gold Coast Colony.

1903.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. in 1903 took place at 3 Hanover Square on the 13th of May, F. DuCaue Godman, President, in the Chair. The accounts for the year 1902, which had been audited by Mr. F. Gillett, were examined and passed, and a vote of thanks accorded to the Auditor. The Report of the Committee was read and adopted, and twenty new Ordinary Members were ballotted for and elected. The name of Mr. Robert Ridgway was transferred from the List of Foreign to that of Honorary Members. Captain F. W. Huttou, of New Zealand, Colonel W. Vincent Legge, of Tasmania, and Mr. Alfred J. North, of Sydney, N.S.W., were elected Colonial Members of theUnion, and Dr. G. Martorelli, of Milan, Avas elected a Foreign Member. After the Meeting the usual Dinner was held at Limmer's Hotel, and attended by seventeen Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1903, being the third volume of the Eighth Series, contained 668 pages, illustrated bv 13 plates, drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold, Goodchild, and other artists. Among the more important articles was that by Mr. Boyd Alexander on the Birds of Fernando Po, in which 101 species were enumerated. Other interesting papers were those by Capt. H. A. Walton on the Birds of Pekin and by Mr, J. L. Bonhote on the Birds of the Bahamas.

BRITISH OKXITHOLOGISTS' UMOX. 59^

1904.

Ill 1904 the Aimual General Meetiug of the B. O. U. was held at 3 Hanover Square, on the 11th of May, F. DuCane Godman, President, in the Chair. The accounts for the year 1903, which had been audited by Mr. Dresser and shewed a balance of £36 carried over to 1904, were examined and passed. The Report of the Committee Avas read and adopted. It pointed out with satisfaction that no outstandiug accounts had been left unpaid at the end of the past year. Thirty-one gentlemen were then ballotted for and elected Ordinary Members of the Union, and Mr. A. J. Campbell^ of Melbourne, was elected a Colonial Member, while Dr. W. Blasius, of Brunswick, was elected a Foreign ]M ember. The Annual Dinner subsequently held at the Trocadero Restaurant was attended by twenty-four Members and one guest.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1904, being the fourth volume of the Eighth Series and the forty-sixth of the Avhole work, contained 701 pages, illustrated by 12 plates, mostly the work of Keulemans, Goodchikl, and Grilnvold. Amongst other papers of interest in this volume will be found an account of Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's Results of Observations on Migration made on l^oard the Kentish Knock Lightship in the Autumn of 1903, and Dr. Hartert's account of the Birds collected by Mr. Robert Hall, of Mel- bourne, on the Lena River in North-eastern Siberia.

1905.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. 0. U. in 1905 was held on the 24th of May at 3 Hanover Square. In the absence of the President^ who was abroad, the Chair was taken by P. L. Sclater. The Report of the Committee announced the continued prosperity of the Union during the past year. The Balance Sheet to December the 31st, which liad been examined and found correct by Mr. H> F. ^Vitherby, shewed that after payment of all liabilities a balance of £98

60 A SIIOHT HISTOHY OF THE

had been carried over to 1905. Twenty-four candidates for the Ordinary Membership were ballotted for and elected, and Mr. J. Macoun, of Ottawa, Canada, and Mr. A. D. Millar, of Durban, were elected Colonial Members. Mr. Harry C. Oberholser, of Washington, U.S.A., was elected a Foreign Member of the Union. The usual Dinner after the Meeting was held at the Frascati Restaurant in con- junction with the B. O. Club.

The volume of ' The Ibis ' for 1905, being the fifth volume of the Eighth Series, contained 677 pages, illustrated by 13 plates drawn by Keulemans, GrlJnvold, Goodchild, and other artists. Among the more important papers will be found Mr. W. P. Pycraft^s article on the systematic position of Zeledonia coronata, and Mr. W. Eagle Clarke's account of the Birds of Gough Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. Mr. A. L. Butler made his first contribution to the Orni- thology of the Sudan to this volume, and enumerated 330 species which he had there met Avith. Another important paper is that of Mr. W. H. Ogilvie-Grant on the display of the Lesser Bird-of-Paradise, which is well illustrated by Mr. Lodge's drawings.

1906.

The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for 1906 was held at 3 Hanover Square on the 30th of May, the (Jhair being occupied, in the absence of the President, by P. L. Sclater. The accounts for 1905, which had been audited by Mr. F. Gillett, were passed. They shewed that after payment of all liabilities a balance of £104 had been carried forward to 1906. The Report of the Committee was read and adopted. Twenty-five candidates for the Ordinary Membership were ballotted for and elected. Dr. J. Biittikofer, of Rotterdam, and Mr. S. A. Buturlin, of Wesen- berg, were ballotted for and elected Foreign ^Members of the Union. The Eighth Series of ' The Ibis ' being about to be completed, it was agreed to commence a Ninth Series in 1907, and to request Messrs. Sclater and Evans to continue as Editors of the new series, to Avliich they both consented.

BRITISH ornithologists' UXIOX. 61

On the motion of Mr. E, Bidwell, seconded by Mr. H. J. Elwes, it Avas iinauimously resolved that the Committee be requested to consider the advisability of commemorating the Jubilee of the B. O. U. in 1908, and to report their opinion to the next Annual Meeting.

The volume of 'The Ibis' for 1906^ being the sixth and last volume of the Eighth Series, contained 769 pages, illus- trated by 21 plates, drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold, and other artists. Among the more important papers are those by Captain H. J. Walton on the Birds of Southern Tibet, and by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke on the Birds of the South Orkney Islands, based on the collection made by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant described in this volume the remarkable collection made by Mr. Walter Goodfellow on the volcano of Apo in South- eastern Mindanao, Philippine Islands, and Mr. F. J, Jackson contributed an account of the Birds collected by Mr. Geoffrey Archer on the Ruwenzori Range.

At the close of the year 1906 there were 417 Ordinary Members, 2 Extra-Ordinary Members, 9 Honorary Members, 5 Colonial Members, and 20 Foreign Members of the B. O. U.

X.— The Ninth Series of 'The Ibis ' (1907-1908).

'•'Delectasti me, Doniine, in oporibus maiiuum tuarinn."

(Editors : Philip Lutley Sclater and Arthur Humble Evans.)

1907.

In 1907 the Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. was held at 3 Hanover Square on the 29th of May, F. DuCane Godman, President, in the ( 'hair.

The Minutes of the last General Meeting having been read and confirmed, the Statement of the Accounts for 1906, which had been audited by Mr. Munt, was passed. After payment of all liabilities for 1906 the balance carried

62 A SHOUT lUSTORY OF THE

forward to 1907 Mas £91. Twenty-two candidates for the Ordinary Membership were hallotted for and elected, and the name of Dr. J. A. Allen was transferred from the List of Foreign Members to that of Honorary Members, while Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, of Gnngunyama, Melsetter, South E/hodesia, was elected a Colonial Member of the •Union. The Committee appointed at the last Annual General Meeting to prepare a scheme to commemorate the Jubilee of the B. O. U. in 1908 recommended that the pro- posed Jubilee Meeting should be held at (Cambridge in tlie beginning of November, 1908. This was approved of, and it was agreed

That it be an instruction to the (/oramittee to prepare a short account of the foundation ol: the Union and of the work of its early jM embers; and that this account be illustrated by photographs of the Members included in it, and be published in the fiftieth volume of ' The Ibis.'

The volume of ' The Ibis'' for 1907, being the first volume of the Ninth Series and the forty-nintii of the whole work, contained 685 pages, illustrated by 13 plates and maps. Among the more important papers in this volume are Mr. Swynnerton^s article on the Birds of Southern Rhodesia, and that of IMessrs. Ogilvie-Grant and J. D. La Touche on the Birds of the Island of Formosa, which is illustrated by a beautiful plate of a new Gold-crest {Ker/ulns goodfelloivi) . In this volume also is published the third article, by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, on the ornithological results of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. It relates specially to the Birds of the Weddell Sea, and finishes the series on this subject.

1908.

The Annual General Meeting- of the Union for 1908 Avas held at 3 Hanover Square on May the 20th, F. DuCane Godman, President, in the Chair. The Beport of the

BRITISH ornithologists' UNION. 63

Oommittee announced the continued prosperity of tlie Union, and stated that after payment of all expenses for 1907 a sum of .€198 had been carried forward for the benefit of the present year. In consequence of the lamented death of Professor Newton, the Committee proposed that the Jubilee Meeting should take place in London, instead of Cambridge, about the second week in December. This was agreed to, and Messrs. Bidwell, Dresser, Meade-Waldo, Walter Roth- schild, D. Seth-Smith, and Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe were requested to form a joint Committee along with the ordinary members of Committee to make the necessary arrangements for the Jubilee Meeting.

The vacancy in the Secretaryship caused by the lamented death of Mr. Howard Saunders was filled by the election of ]\lr. J. Lewis Bonhote to that office.

Twenty-five candidates were ballotted for and elected Ordinary Members of the Union. Mr. J. H. J. Farquhar, of Southern Nigeria, and Mr. Robert Hall, of Tasmania, were elected Colonial Members, and Mr. C. W. Richmond, of Washington, D.C., was elected a Foreign Member of the Union. It was resolved that the President and Secretary, on behalf of the Union, should sign a Petition to the House of Lords in favour of the " Bill to prohibit the importation of the Plumage and Skins of Wild Birds."

The usual Dinner after the Meeting took place at Pagani's Restaurant, and was attended by 52 Members and guests.

The volume of ' The Ibis' for 1908, being the second of the Ninth Series and the fiftieth of the whole work, con- tained 660 pages. It was concluded in October 1908, by the issue of the two-hundredth number. The volume is illus- trated by 13 plates and maps (drawn by Keulemans, Gronvold, and other artists), amongst which is a figure, the -work of Major Jones, of both sexes of the newly discovered Mikado Pheasant of Formosa [Calophasis mikado). In it will also be found an important paper by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, containing further notes on the Birds of Gaza- land, and Mr. H. E. Dresser's account of the Russian Arctic Expedition of 1900-1903.

64 A SHORT HISTORY Ol TIIK R. O. U.

As will be seen by tbe Register of Members in the fiftieth volume, the total number of Members of the Union at the close of 1908 was 473. Of these, 434 are Ordinary JNIembers, 2 are Extra-Ordinary Members, 10 are Honorary Members, 8 are (Jolonial Members, and 19 are Foreign Members.

ArrENDix. 65

APPENDIX.

I. — Ruk's of the British Ornithologists'' Union.

Agreed to at the Oeneral Meefiiif/ held loth May, 1871, tcitlt amendments up to i/^th May, 1902, inclusive.

1. This Society shall be called '*The British Ornithologists' Union," and shall have for its object the advancement o£ the Science of Ornithology.

2. The British Ornithologists' Union shall consist of Ordinary Members, Honorary Members, Extra-Ordinary Members, Colonial Members, and Foreign Members.

Ordinary Members shall be Ornithologists of any country, elected in the manner hereinafter mentioned.

Honorary Members shall be eminent Ornithologists residing abroad, and shall not exceed ten in number.

An Honorary Member coming to reside in this country shall become an Extra-Ordinary Member, unless he prefers to be placed upon the list of Ordinary Members.

Colonial Members shall be eminent Ornithologists residing in the British Colonies and India, and shall not exceed ten in number.

Foreign INIembers shall be eminent Foreign Ornitho- logists, and shall not exceed twenty in number.

3. Ordinary Members shall be elected by Ballot at the Annual General Meeting. No person shall be declared duly elected unless two-thirds of the number of Members balloting shall vote in his favour. Ordinary Members or.ly are entitled to vote. Honorary, Colonial, and Foreign

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. F

66 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE B. O. U.

Members, wlicu there are vacancies in the list, shall be elected in the same ^ay.

4. No person shall be balloted for whose name shall not have been proposed on a form provided for the purpose by the Secretary and signed by the Proposer, on his personal knowledge, and by two other Members. The list of Candi- dates, with their Proposers and Seconders, shall be circulated among the Members along with the summonses for the General Meeting.

5. Every new Ordinary Member shall j)ay an Entrance Fee of £2, and an Annual Subscription of £1 on his election, and every Ordinary Member shall pay an Annual Sub- scription of .€1 on the 1st of January of each year. Every new Ordinary Member failing to pay his Entrance Fee and his first Annual Subscription before the 31st of December immediately following his election shall have his election annulled, unless he shall furnish a satisfactory explanation.

6. Any Member whose subscription is three years in arrears shall, ipso facto, cease to belong to the British Ornithologists' Union, but shall be eligible for re-election by Ballot on paying up his arrears. In such case, however, no fee for re-admission shall be required.

7. The funds derived from entrance fees and annual sub- scriptions shall be devoted primarily to the publication of ' Tiie Ibis.'

8. Shox;ld the sum thus obtained be insufficient to cover the liability incurred, the deficit shall be raised by an additional subscription, to be levied at the ensuing General Meeting.

9. The Editor of * The Ibis ' shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting, and his appointment shall continue for six years, unless otherwise determined. Twelve months' notice of a change must be given on either side.

10. The business of the British Ornithologists' Union shall be conducted by a Committee, consisting of a President, Secretary, Editor or Editors of '■ The Ibis ' ; and three Members to be elected at the General JNIeeting. One of the non-official Members shall retire in each vear.

APPENDIX. 67

11. The Auuual General Meeting sliall take place on some convenient day in tlie month of April or May^ to be fixed by the Committee ; and the ordinary business transacted at such Meeting sliall be the passing of the accounts of ' The Ibis ' for the jDreceding year, the regulation of matters having reference to the conduct of that Journal_, the election of the Officers and Committee, and the election of new Members.

12. A Special General Meeting can be summoned by any ten Members of the British Ornithologists^ Union by a written requisition addressed to the Committee for that pur- pose, which requisition shall specify the object of such Special Meeting. At such Special Meeting, however, the special business to consider which it Avas convened shall alone be discussed.

13. One copy of 'The Ibis' shall be delivered to every Honorary and Extra-Ordinary Member gratis, and also to every Ordinary Member whose subscription is not in arrear,

14. Twenty-five separate copies are furnished to each contributor of an article to ' The Ibis,' gratis. Contributors may have further copies on application to the Editor, on paying the expenses incurred in producing them.

The original paging of the letterpress and numbering of the plates shall always be retained in the separate copies, as also the signatures of the sheets ; bat additional paging and numbering may be likewise added, if required.

Separate copies shall in every case bear on the title-page the name and date of the publication from which they are extracted. No alteration shall be made in the letterpress or plates of the separate copies without the leave of the Committee of the Union.

15. Any alterations in these rules may be made at the Annual General Meeting, provided due notice shall have been given thereof in the circular convening the Meeting.

68 A SHORT HIST(JKY OF THE B. O. U.

II. — Rules of the British Ornitlio/nc/ists' Club. As amended iSth October, 1907.

I. This Club was fouuded for the purpobe o£ facilitating the social intercourse of Members of the British Ornithologists^ Union. Any Member of tiiat Union can become a Member of this Club on payment (to the Treasurer) of an entrance fee of One Pound and a subscription of Five Shillings for the current Session. Resignation of the Union involves resignation of the Club.

II. Members who have not paid their subscriptions before the last Meeting- of the Session, shall cease, ipso facto, to be Members of the Club, but may be reinstated on payment of arrears, and a new entrance fee.

III. Members of the British Ornithologists^ Union may be introduced as Yisitors at the Meetings of the Club, but every Member of the Club who introduces a Member of the B. O. U. as a Visitor (to dinner or to the Meeting afterwards) shall pay One Shilling to the Treasurer, on each occasion.

IV. No gentleman shall be allowed to attend the Meetings of the Club as a guest on more than three occasions during any single Session.

V. The Club shall meet, as a rule, on the Tliird Wednesday in every Month, from October to June inclusive, at such hour and place as may be arranged by the Committee. At these Meetings papers upon ornithological subjects shall be read, specimens exhibited, and discussion invited.

VI. An Abstract of the Proceedings of the B. O. C. shall be printed as soon as possible after each Meeting, under the title of the ' Bulletin of the British Ornithologists^ Club,'' and distributed gratis to every Member ivho has paid his subscription. Copies of this Bulletin shall be published and sold at One Shilling each.

APPENDIX. 69

VII. The affairs of this Club sliall be managed bv a Committee^ to consist of the Editors o£ ^The Ibis/ the Editor of the 'Bulletin,^ and the Secretary and Treasurer^ ex officio ; with three other Members, one of whom sliall be changed every year. The Committee shall have power to make and alter Bye-laws.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. p. L. SCLATER.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 71

3. Biographical Notices of the Original Members of the British Ornithologists^ Union, of the i^rincipal Contributors to the First Series of ' The Ibis,' and of the Officials.

These Biograj)hies fall naturally into two groups — firstly, Obituary Notices taken from the pages o£ ' The Ibis/ and, secondly, sketches of the lives of those Members who are still in our midst. The former have been submitted, in almost every case, to the surviving relatives or to intimate friends for correction or amplification ; but of most of them it is not now possible to determine the original author. The latter have either been written by the Member himself or have been compiled from notes furnished by him.

It should be noted that, to avoid a separate heading. Dr. R. BowDLER Sharpe, the President of the Fourth International Ornithological Congress, and a never-failing Contributor to our Journal, is placed with those who wrote in the First Series of ' The Ibis,^ though the earliest paper from his pen was received later than 1864.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. ROBERT BIRKRKCK.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 73

Mr. KOBERT BIRKBECK.

Robert Birkbeck was born at Keswick, Norfolk, on Octo- ber 10th, 1836, and, on December 8th, 1857, married Mary- Harriet, eldest daughter of Sir John William Lubbock, Bart. In early life he took a considerable interest in Ornithology, and was one of the first to join the ranks of the British Ornithologists' Union, when that body was projected in 1858. Since that date his name has always stood at the head of our list of Founders, and now, in our year of Jubilee, we sincerely congratulate him on being one of the five original Members still in the land of the living, though he resigned in 1868. His interest in Birds has, meanwhile, continued unabated, and he has had every opportunity on his Inverness-shire estate at Kinloch Hourn of studying their habits and protecting the rarer species, in a manner worthy of the brother-in- law of Lord Avebury and the uncle by marriage of Mr. J. H. Gurney.

Residing for a considerable portion of the year at 20 Berkeley Square, he is naturally a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, Avhich he joined in 1856. He is also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, Deputy-Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Inverness-shire.

He is deeply interested in horticulture, and the favoured climate of the west coast of Scotland, much resembling that of Cornwall, allows many tender exotics to flourish in his gardens, which contain examples of over six hundred species of trees and shrubs.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Colonel H. M. DRUMMOND-HAY.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 75

Colonel H. M. DRUMMOND-HAY.

Henry Maurice Drummond, youngest son of Vice-Admiral Sir Adam Drummond, K.C.H.^ of Meggincli Castle in the county of Pertli, and Lady Charlotte_, daughter of the 4th Duke of Athole, was born on June 7th, 1814, at Bath. From his childhood he was an enthusiastic field-naturalist, and when on leaving school he was sent abroad to study foreign languages, in several of which he was consequently pi-oficient, he spent much time in the workshop of M. Linder, at that time the best authority on the ornithology of Switzerland and the Alps. Here he practised taxidermy, which to the day of his death Avas the favourite resource of his leisure hours, and few could so successfully mount a bird in a natural and life- like attitude, for few were so familiar with the actions of the bird in life. In June 1833 Henry Drummond received his commission in the 42nd Royal Highlanders (the Black Watch) , in which regiment he served for twenty years in Ireland, at Malta, Corfu, Bermuda, and Halifax, Nova Scotia. During all this time he was unwearied in studying the ornithology, ichthyology, and botany of his different stations and of their neighbouring countries, and lost no opportunity of making excursions into districts which were at that time untouched by the naturalist. He became a regular correspondent of Sir W. Jardine, of Yarrell, and of Strickland, who visited him in Corfu. He contributed several papers, recording his observations, to the periodicals of the day. Among these are: — "Notes of a Sojourn of Four Years in Corfu. The Birds of Corfu and the Ionian Islands,'^ Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1843, vol. xii. ; '^Two Months in the Island of Crete," ibid., being the first notice of Cretan ornithology since Belon ; '^ A short Excursion in Macedonia," Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, vol. xviii., a paper read at the British Association's meeting at Cork. In these

76 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

articles are many interesting observations on migration and on the notes of birds, in detecting and imitating which he was remarkably proficient. In 1835 he was the discoverer of HyjJolais olivetorum, which he pointed out to Strickland, who described it in 1837. He was also the first to detect the presence of Hypolais elaica in Europe, and he described the White-necked Jackdaw as Corvus coUaris, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1846, vol. xviii. p. 11. He contributed articles to ' The Ibis ' in 1865, 1888, and 1889.

During the years he was quartered at Malta and Corfu he formed an almost complete collection of the birds of the Mediterranean countries. These, all mounted and arranged by his own hands, he placed in Megginch Castle. Avhere they remain as heirlooms.

On the removal of his regiment to Bermuda, where it was stationed for tliree years, Drummoud devoted himself chiefly to ichthyology, and, being a clever artist, made a splendid collection of coloured drawings of the Bermuda fishes. These drawings and notes he lent for exhibition to the Smithsonian Institution. They fill two large MS. volumes, but have not yet been published.

He also made many additions to the avifauna of the islands during his stay in that quarter. He was the captain of the Grenadier company, and infused his spirit into all the men of his battalion, who were as enthusiastic as their popular captain in fishing and in collecting for him the treasures of the deep.

Drummond retired from the 4<2nd Royal Highlanders in 1852. He used to be fond of relating how he believed himself to be the last man who had ever seen the Great Auk alive. In returning to Europe in Dec. 1852, on the edge of the Newfoundland banks he Avatched for some time a Great Auk which was within 30 or 40 yards of the steamer ; and as he had his field-glasses, and could distinctly note the bill and white ear-patches, he felt that he could not be mistaken. He heard also from a friend in Newfoundland that in the following year a dead Great Auk had been washed ashore in Trinity Bay. This is the last trace of the giant of the

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 7/

Alcidse. Shortly after his return Drummond joined the Royal Perthshire Kifles Militia as their Lieut, -Colonel Commandant^ and commanded the regiment when embodied during the Crimean War, and till 1873, when he retired from the Service, holding the rank of full Colonel in the Array.

He was the first President of the British Ornithologists' Union, and one of the original twenty who in the year 1858 founded it and started 'The Ibis/ of whom, after an interval of 50 years, five still remain among us.

On his marriage with the heiress of Seggieden in 1859 he took her name of Hay, and from that date till the time of his death he Avas known as Colonel Drummond-Hay, of Seggieden. For the last twenty years of his life he devoted himself to the natural historj^of Perthshire and Tayside,and especially to the formation of the Perth Museum, sparing no pains to enrich it with specimens of every bird found in the district, together with its nest and eggs, but always refusing to admit any specimen which was not undoubtedly local. He had the satisfaction of seeing his darling wish accomplished, and could boast that, as a local museum, that of Perth had few rivals. His last public appearance was at the opening of the new and enlarged museiii/i buildings by Sir W. H. Flower in November 1895, and his end came peacefully on the 3rd of January, 1896, in his 82nd year.

In these days of specialists Colonel Drummond-Hay was a noble specimen of the true field-naturalist, as well as of the soldier and country gentleman, a keen observer of nature in every department. He was a good botanist, devoting himself especially to lichens. Few could rival his garden in its show of rare herbaceous plants. And he found time to take an active part in the public life of his country, and not least in ecclesiastical affairs, being for many years an active member of the Representative Church Council of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Long may our laud produce sons like our first President, worthy successors of the Vigorses, Jardines, and Selbys of an earlier generation !

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. T. C. EYTON.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS, 79

Mr. T. C. EYTON.

Tlioraas Campbell Eyton, of Eyton and Walford Manor, Shropshire, was the eldest son of the late Mr. Thomas Eyton, of Eyton, by his marriage with Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Major-General Donald Campbell, and was born in the year 1809. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, was a magistrate and Deputy-lieutenant for the county of Salop, and formerly held a commission in the South Salop Yeomanry Cavalry. He was a member of the Linnean, Geological, and Zoological Societies. His museum at Eyton Hall contained a large collection of birds and bird-skeletons, of which, we believe, the types and more important specimens are now in the British Museum. Mr. Eyton's name is well known to ornithologists as the author of a ' History of the rarer British Birds ' (1836), and in the same year ' A Catalogue of British Birds ' ; a ' Monograph of the Duck Tribe' (1838) ; 'Osteologia Avium' (1861) ; and other works and papers, including two in ' The Ibis' for 1859 and 1861. He died at his residence, Eyton Hall, near Wellington, Shropshire, at the end of October 1880.

Ibis.Jab.Suppl..l908.

Dr. F. D. GODMAN.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 81

Dr. F. D. GODMAN.

Frederick DuCaue Godmaii, third sou of Jostjph Godraan, of Park Hatch, Surrey, was born on January 15th, 1834, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridi^e. He married in 1872 Edith Mary, second daughter of J. H. Elwes, of Coles1)orne, Gloucestershire, and secondly Alice Mary, only daughter of INIajor Chaplin, 60tli Rifles. He left school early in consequence of an attack of low fever, the effects of which were not completely shaken off till some years later. Before going to the University, however, accompanied by his tutor, ho went for a tour to the south of Spain, Greece, and Constantinople, where on the afternoon of their arrival, for no other reason than that he heard of a homeward-bound vessel, the tutor suddenly announced his intention of returning to England at once, a proceeding which he carried out, leaving his pupil, who declined to accompany him, Avithout letters of introduction, and with only a single sovereign in his pocket. Being thus stranded, Godman sought the assistance of Misseri, the hotel-keeper, M'ho accompanied him to the Bank and initiated him in the art of " drawing a bill,^' in order to provide funds for his maintenance^ for at that time it would have been a matter of six weeks before a reply to his letters home could be received and money sent out. While at Constantinople he fortunately made the acquaintance of the Consul at Trebizond, who was staying at the hotel, and accompanied him in a steamer on an expedition to various places in the Black Sea ; among others they entered the harbour of Sevastopol and dropped anchor there. This somewhat bold proceeding had scarcely been cari'icd out before an order was sent from the Governor demanding their immediate departure under pain of being fired upon, a request Avhich Avas speedily complied with.

O.-i ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

On the journey up tlie Dardauelles en route for Constan- tinople the steamer stopped to Land some cargo at the ancient SestoSj and, borrowing a boat and a couple of sailors from the captain, Godman proceeded to bathe, when it suddenly occurred to him that he Avas close to the spot where Leander swam the Hellespont, so resolving to do the like, Godman made the attempt, and successfully crossed to the Asiatic side.

Before leaving Constantinople he fell in with two soldier friends, and subsequently rode through Greece with them ; then, after returning to Athens, crossed the Isthmus of Corinth, took the steamer to Trieste, and so came home by Vienna and Dresden.

In October 1853 Godman went to Cambridge, and, having a great love for natural history, soon became acquainted wath other kindred spirits, notably the two brothers Newton and Osbert Salvin ; with the last then commenced that lifelong and close friendship which culminated in the joint publi- cation of the ' Biologia Centrali-Americana/ and terminated only with Salvin's death in 1898. During the summer term it had been the custom of the ornithological friends to meet and talk over their recent captures of birds and eggs, and at one of these meetings the suggestion was made that a published record should be kept of their proceedings, but no definite plan Avas then formulated, and it w^as not till the celebrated gathering at Magdalene College in Alfred Newton's rooms, in November 1857, that the British Ornithologists' Union, consisting of 20 members, was founded, while the first volume of ' The Ibis ' was issued in the ensuing year.

While at Cambridge Godman took his first lessons in bird-stuffing, and thenceforth Salvin and he spent much of their spare time on wet days in the shop of Baker, the well- known taxidermist in theTrumpington Eoad, thus acquiring that practical knowledge of bird-skinning Avhich was destined to be so useful in after life. It was, however, by no means Ornithology alone that interested them, and together they made frequent expeditions into the Fens in search of Lepidoptcra, and a very fair collection of local insects was

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 83

obtained. They were always in hopes of finding the Great Copper Butterfly^ but, in consequence of the extensive drainage of the Fens, it proved to have become extinct. Godman relates that he m'cU remembers his delight at being shown two large drawers full of this fine insect by Brown, the tailor on King's Parade, also an ardent entomologist, Avho liad captured them with his own hand.

In the spring of 1855, in company Avith Herbert Duck- Avorth, Godman Avent to Italy, and, after visiting Rome and Naples, proceeded alone to the Crimea, where he stayed for some weeks with his brother, now Major-General Godman, then a Captain in the 5th Dragoon Guards, and Avhile there witnessed from the heights above Sevastopol the capture of the Manielon by the French troops, and that of the Rifle Pits by the English ; he aftei'Avards saw the unsuccessful attack on the Malakoff, but left a few days before the second and final attack, which ended in its capture and the evacuation of Sevastopol by the Russians.

The first serious bird-collecting expedition was made in the summer of 1857, for, having met with an accident and broken his leg in the hunting-field during the winter, Godman was obliged to forego an earlier trip Avith Tristram, Simpson (Hudleston), and Sahnn on their interesting expedition to Algeria. But he Avas able later to go with his brother Percy, also an original member of the B.O.U., to Bodo in the north of Norway, where they remained some Aveeks and made a good collection of birds and eggs, including four or five nests of the Great Snipe. Thence proceeding north- wards to the Alten River, they crossed the mountains to Muonioniska, where they paid John WoUey a visit, and Avere taken by him to see a Crane's nest situated in the middle of a large marsh, to which they Avaded up to their waists iu mud and water, though perfectly aware that the young birds had already left the place. They next went down the Tornea River to Haparanda and by steamer to Stockholm and St, Petersburg, visiting Moscow and Nijni Novgorod before returning home. An account of the early part of this trip appeared in ' The Ibis ' for 1861.

84 ORIGINAL INIEMBEKS.

Salvin had already paid a visit to Guatemala on business, and had spent his spare time in collecting birds and insects, and when Darwin's ' Origin of Species ' was published, both Godman and Salvin read it with intense interest^ while it shortly afterwards occurred to them that a careful exami- nation of the fauna and flora of Central America would throw some li^ht on the then much-discussed subject of the distribution of species and its bearing on evolution. Partly with this idea in view, partly from a natural and strongly developed love of travel, they started together in August 1861, and going first to Jamaica, spent a month collecting birds, insects, and plants most industriously, and then pi'o- ceeded to Belize and Guatemala. Here they travelled about the country, making, however, San Geronimo on the Atlaiitic side and Duenas on the Pacific their chief headquarters. From Duenas they made frequent expeditions into the high forests of the Volcan de Fuego, forming large collections of both birds and insects, shooting the Quesal and Oreophasis, besides many other rare and interesting birds, all of which were sent to England as opportunity occurred. On return- ing from an expedition to the low forests of Vera Paz, Godman had a sharp attack of malarial fever, which made it imprudent for him to join his companion on the long and tedious journey on foot from Coban to Petcn and Belize ; he therefore returned to the Motagua River, and occupied himself before returning home in obtaining specimens of the fishes for the British Museum. The poisoning was carried out in the following manner. Having engaged some 20 Indians, they first made eight or nine V-shaped wattle fences, locally called "tapescos," placing them at various intervals across the shallower parts of the river, the point of the V being down stream and left open. A quantity of a plant (? Agave) was then collected and beaten with sticks on the flat stones in the river, thus producing a sort of soap-sud, which mixing with the water sickened the fishes, and caused them to float upon the surface and be carried down into the wicker baskets. In this manner about eight or nine miles of water was poisoned, but although large

ORIGINAL MEMBEKS. 85

numbers of fishes were captured it Avas disappointing to find that they belonged to but few species. Tlie process above described was not infrequently resorted to by the Indians on a smaller scale for the purpose of [)rocuring food, but on this occasion a season was selected when a religious function was about to take place, and as large quantities of fishes would be required there was no difficulty in disposing of the surplus. Having secured sufficient specimens, Godman proceeded to Yzabal, where he again met Salvin, who had meanwhile successfully accomplished his journey to Peten and Belize, and, bidding him adieu, took the steamer for England, while Sulvin returned to Duefias and remained in Guatemala collecting birds and insects for another year. During their sojourn in Central America they had instructed several natives in the art of skinning birds and collecting generally, and these they continued to employ for several years after their own departure to England, receiving at intervals large consignments of valuable material winch was to form the basis of their research. On Salvin^s return from Guatemala the two friends united their collections, and also gradually acquired a considerable number of books on ornithology and entomology, in order to assist them in Avorking out the results of their labours.

Three years later Godman went to the Azores for the purpose of investigating the Flora and Fauna of those islands, devoting himself chiefly to the birds and plants, but taking Avith him a Avell-known entomologist, Mr. Brewer, in order to pay special attention to the Coleoptera, a subject Avhicli had recently proved of much interest in the Canaries, through the researches of Wollaston. After visiting all the islands in the group with the exception of Santa Maria, he returned with a good representative collection of the birds, including a Bullfinch from St. Michael's, Avhich he afterwards described and figured iti 'The Ibis' for 1864 under the name of Prjrrhula murina. He shortly after- wards published an account of the results of this expedition in an octavo volume entitled ' The Azores,' in which he Avas assisted by JNIr. Crotch for the Coleoptera, Canon

80

oiiKiiNAi, a: i:,\i iti;i(s.

Trislrjini (or I lie ( 'oncliolo;.' y, .-iiid Mr. \\ ilson (or (Ik; I'l.-uils.

Ill oilier lo ('oiii|i;i re lliiir I'.imikis iiiori- c-ril i(-;i lly uilli iJiosc oC IIk' A/on^s, ( ukIiiimii iiiikIc ;i riirt.licr cxitcdit-ioii in IH7'i lo Miulcir.-i ;iii(l llic Ciiiiniics, l)ii( ;ic;isc ol' siii;ill-|)ox li.'iviiif;- ItroKcii oiil .'iiiioii^sl, I, lie cn-w oC 1 lie stcniiiiT, lie was iiol iiMowcil lo l;iii(l :il llir (oriiicr isl;iii(l Inil u;is nciiI, on lo 'IVncrilTc, w licrr lie iiii(lcr\Mnl, Icii (Iiivm' i|ii;ii;iii( iiic in niiolil ininril prison. Wiicii Ins (rccdoin \v;is r('i;;iin((l lie csl.-il) lislicd his li(;idi|ii;iilci's ;if. I lie I'ncrl.o (\i- ( )rol;iv;i,, Croni v\ liciicc lie niiidc viirions expeditions on Tool, to oilier purls o( llie ishiiid, (VeipK'iitJy h"'"h ^" ''"' '"J^'' piin' I'"' '^1 , ■'•nd on one oce;ision iisecndiii v; the |ie:ik. ( loin iniinie.'il ion uilli, (lie oilier islands at tinit, time was a, iiniller of eonsideralile (lidieiill \ , and in eonscfpienee oi" tin; ri;^i(l (|nai'a-nt iin- regu- lations tlieii in IcM'ee, ( iod inaii was iinahle t.o do more than pay :• linrried visit to Talma and l''n(;rt.e.\cnl,iira, while at, neither ol these islands was he ahle to do ;uiy Hcrions colleet in;;. On l(a\iii;_', I he ( 'anaries he landed in Madeira, and went round the island on loot mahiii^' a, <-oll(;el,ioii of hirds. Mere in the lanrel-Core-t he procured specimens of I he W Ood I'i^^con, which, I hoiip,h ident ical with thai I on nil in 'reneride, proved lo he iindcscrihed and was named hy him CoIiiuiIki IhiUii on his relnrn lo Kn;;land. TteCore lea\ iii^- {"'iinehal he crossed lo the Salvages in an open hoat, slarlinj; ill e:din and line wealhcr. The landing; is at all limes soiiie- wliai didicnlt, as the rocks an; sleep and slippery, and there is usually a, sw(dl; however, Imvin^- Meraiid)led ashore, he soon round some rdrels hreedin;; in I hei r hn rrows ainoii;j,st iJu; rocks, hill, had scarcely lime to };('t. more than a, do/en specimens hd'ore it l)ej;an to hlow |)rel ly hard and a speedy I'd real, tothelioal heeaine neeessa ry. ()n the rel iirii journey l(» l*'iinelial the j;ale increased in viol(;nc(; and tin; boat was nearly capsi/ed more than once, most of tin; birds and v<^<^s wer(! washed ovcrhoard, and (Jodman only saved his ;;iia Ironi the same late \\\ lasliin-; it to IIk; seal ol' llm hoal. A short aeeoniil ol" his experiences in these islands appeannl. in ' 'I'he llns ' lor IS?,'.'.

()iM(;i\ A r, M i:Aiiti;us.

87*

/\t Ills I'alJici'.s (Icjitli Sjilviii suc(u;('(l(!(l to llic propcrl v ill. I'ciiiliiii'sl ill .Siiii'cy iiiid ji^.'ivc u|) liis Loiuloii house, wlicicr ;i \;u'^(' |);ii! ol' llic iiiiilcd collccl ions :iii(l Ixioks li.id, nj) till ili.it. time, l)('(;ii stored. in order to iieeoiiiniodiite tli(vs(; (iodman reiiled a, lioiise in 'reiilerdeii Street, wliieli jaler l)e<-aiiie a. |)0|tiilar i( soil of the Oniilliolo^ical IValeniil \' all er lh(! scjieiitirie iiie(;tiii^s o(" the /iOoh)j'ieal .Society in llaiiovci- S<|iiai'e. TIk^ hoiis!! I)eiii<;- iarj^-er than (ioditiaii re(|iiiic(|, lioi'd iiili'oi'd oeeii|iied I he •41'oiiiid Moor, and at various times I3r(!.s.s(;i' and others also kepi their oriiil holo;.;ieal c;()ll(U!lioiis there. IJesides his library and e<)lleetioiis, liilCord; ulvvuys had therc^ a nnniher of liviii;^ |t(!ts, and aiiioM;.fst them was a, liair-;;r'o\vn l5oa, wliieli on one occasion escaped Irom its l)ox and was lost lor sonu; weeks, only to hcrcveiil iiall y toiind (liiriii^i,- \\h'. " spriiij;- ehianin^- " (;oil(!d up hehiud some oC tin; hooks. IjiUord used to allow this animal to crawl over him, and OM one occasion the creature; huvin;^' coiled itscIC round his hody commenced (o sipu-c/c him most unpieasanllv ; lie, however, with some lillle dillieiiily IVeed himseir Irom its emhrace and a,t once put it in a l)o\ and sent it slra,ij;ht to the '/i(>()\(r^\ci\\ ( larrh'iis.

(iodmaii C(Miliiiiied to occupy this house lor soiiu; years, hut on iindiii};' that tin; united eolleelions oiit^rcnv its capaeily, he movcil lo lOdhaiido.s Street, (.lavendisli Scpiarc, and there remained till I *.)()7.

In I.S7H (iodnian and SaJviii, who had hm;^, meditat(!(L puhlishin;^ some coiiiiected rc^cord ol' their Natural History (•xp(;ri(!iic(;s ill (.'(Mil ral America, at last matured a, plan lor doiii;^ so. Il was proposed to «;ivc a, rull account of the Hotany and Zoology of the K,e;i,ioii as liii' us it was possible^ calling' in the assistance ot various Npc(;ialists lor ma,iiy of the sul))e.cls, while they th(;mselves uiid(;rtook the Ornithology and Diurnal Lepidoptcra,, and also edited the vvlioh; work. To this was later added an illustrat(;<l treatise on Arclueolo^y hy Mr. A. I*. Maiidslay, who had paid special iitt(!nlion to that sithjcct. The woi'k was lo he issued in parts (the lirst appeared in S<;pt(5ml)er 1871)), each |)a,rt con- tainiii'j,' I 'i sheets ot lellerprcss and an a\<'i'a;;(' or(; coloured,

■88 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

plates^ composed of various subjects^ vvliich, being differently paged^ could eventually be bound up in their respective volumes. It was estimated that the complete work might extend to some 60 parts of Zoology ; but no sooner had the publication commenced than a vast quantity of additional material poured in, and it shortly became evident that ihe scope o£ the work would have to be much extended. At the l^resent time 201 parts of Zoology have been issued, which include 45 completed volumes, 33 of these being devoted to Insecta. Upwards of 36,000 species have been enumerated, and nearly half of these are described as new, while the greater immber are figured. Amongst the subjects finished, the following statistics give some idea of the extent of the •^Biologia^: — Mammalia (completed in 1882), 180 species, illustrated by 22 plates ; Aves (4 volumes, completed in 1904), 1413 species, with 84 plates; lleptilia and Batrachia (completed in 1902)^ 675 species, with 76 plates ; Pisces (completed in 1908) 416 species, with 26 plates ; MoUusca (completed in .1901), 887 species, Avith 44 plates; Arachnida (3 volumes, completed in 1905), 1181 species, with 105 plates ; Lepidoptera Rhopalocera (3 volumes, completed in 1901), 1805 species (360 new), with 113 plates, &c.

Five volumes are devoted to the Botany (completed in. 1888), and this subject is illustrated by 110 plates. The Neuroptera and Orthoptera will be completed in November 1909.

Mr. G. C. Champion was especially sent out by Godman to Guatemala and Panama, and proved an unusually good collector. He remained in those countries from 1879 to 1 883, and has since continually taken an active part in working- out the vast amount of material obtained by himself and other collectors. He has, however, specially devoted his attention to the Insecta, which has proved by far the largest, and perhaps the most important, subject. For some years he has likewise been sub-editor.

In dealing with the enormoiis number of specimens which had to be set, labelled, and frequently dissected, mention must be made of the assistance rendered by Mr. A. Cant,

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wlio has SO admirably executed this Avork, and who, with Mr. Champion, is still engaged upon the ' Biologia.'

Godman having l)een invalided for some montlis by a severe attack of phlebitis, was in 1888 recommended by his Doctor to spend the winter in a warmer climate, and as he and Salvin had found, in working out the various subjects for the ' Biologia/ that their collections contained very scanty material from Mexico, he decided to visit that country with a view to supplying this deficiency. In order, however, to gain full advantage from the expedition, he procured the services of Messrs, Richardson and Lloyd, who devoted their attention specially to collecting birds, the latter going to the northern provinces, while the former accompanied Godman to Central and Southern Mexico. He also took with him Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Smith, who proved marvel- lously good collectors in various branches of Entomology. All these assistants remained in the country for a considerable time after Godman's return, adding mucli valuable material, but extending still farther the scope of the work.

On his return from Mexico, agreeing Avith his friend that both their own and the National Collection Avere greatly deficient in North-American birds, so important for com- parison in Avorking out their Mexican allies, Godman bought the Henshaw Collection, which Avas carefully examined and authentically named by Professor Ridgway before it Avas sent to England. This proved most valuable in determining many of the Central Mexican species.

In the summer of 1879 Godman and Salvin made a short trip to the Dauphine Alps in company with H. J. Ehves and W. A. Forbes, with the double object of getting a change of scene and air, and collecting Alpine butterllies, about Avliich at that time they were all very keen. They at first Avent to Chambery, driving past the Monastery of the Grand Chartreuse to Grenoble and Brian^on, over the Col du Lauteret on foot, to Oulx on the Mont Ceuis Ruihvay, thence to Turin and Baveno on Lago Maggiore, and again crossing the Alps by the Monte Moro pass into Switzerland whence they returned to England. Their total capture of

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Diurnal Lepiiloptera cUiriii^' tlio expedition Avas 103 species, not a very large one, but this was doubtless due to the some- what bad Mcaiher they experienced. Forbes Avrote a short account of the results of this trip in the 'Entomological Monthly Magazine ' for 1880. It was in crossing the Monte More pass that Salvin first discovered that he had something ■wrong with his heart; he lagged behind at the steepest part, while the rest rather raced u^p the slope, but it was not till long after that the true cause was known, which ultimately proved fatal to him. He died suddenly on June 1st, 1898, and his death, as may well be imagined, came as a terrible blow to his friend, who was thus left alone to continue their great work.

For some years Godman had devoted most of his time to Entomology, leaving the Ornithology chiefly to Salvin; but with the Aves of the 'Biologia" still unfinished, he determined to complete this first, and having secured the assistance of Dr. 11. B. Sharpe he proceeded with volume iii., which had only just been commenced; this being- concluded, he returned to the Rhopalocera, of which the difficult family of the Pamphilinte was as yet untouched.

A succession of severe attacks of influenza, followed by six months of phlebitis, rendered Godman for some time unfit for much exertion, so, taking the advice of his Doctor, he spent a good deal of time abroad, and in company with his Vi'ife twice visited Egypt, on one occasion going as far as Luxor, and on another to Goz-abu-Guma on the White Nile, where he was much impressed by the enormous flocks of (*ranes, Ducks, and other wild fowl that frequent that part of the river. Thc}^ also Avcnt to South Africa, and thence north as far as the Zambezi falls, visiting the Gold- fields at Johannesburg, the Diamond-mines at Kimberley, and the principal battlefields in Natal and in the Orange River Colony, and including a trek from Kimberle}^^ to Bloemfontein in company Avith iVIajor-General Broadwood.

In 1907 Godman again sought Dr. 11, B. Sliarpc's assis- tance in order to undertake a work Avhich Salvin had contemplated with regard to the Procellariidte, a family'^for

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whicli he always had a special liking, while he had lost no opiDortuuity of procuring all the specimens lie could obtain. He intended to supj)lement his Catalogue in the 25th volume of the Birds of the British Museum by an illustrated monograph on the group, and with this idea some 40 coloured plates by Mr. Keulemans had been executed. Salvin^s untimely death, however, had put an end to this project, and Godman^s first idea was to complete the remainder of the plates and publish them with only a fiew notes from the Catalogue.

A vast amount of fresh material had in the meautime come to hand in the various expeditions towards the South Pole, and Mr. Rothscliild had also a very fine collection which he most kindly placed at Godman's disposal, and this entailed a thorough revision of the subject. This work is being- issued in Parts, three of which, covering more than half the ground, have already appeared.

From very early days Godman exhibited an intense love of sport, which shewed itself in the varied pursuits of huntiug, fishing, shooting, and stalking. As a boy he kept a pack of beagles, and later a pack of harriers, with which he hunted in the counties of Surrey and Sussex. He was a constant follower of Lord LeconfiekVs hounds, as well as of several other well-known packs. After hunting, few sports appealed more to him than stalking : his first experiences were in the island of Lewis, wdiere he shared a shooting with three other friends ; he afterwards rented the forest of Killelan on the west coast of Ross-shire, which proved a good sporting- place, but it w^as in Glenavou forest, which he rented for eigrhteen years from the Duke of Richmond, that the best all-round sport was obtained. Here on one occasion eight stags, averaging over 15^ stone, were stalked and killed by him in one day. His first salmon-fishing was at Glenda- lough in Galway, and he afterwards fished other rivers in Scotland, notably the Ness and the Tweed ; on the latter river in 1906 he landed 20 fish in a single day, thus beating the record on the Hendersyde water.

Although, the pleasures of the chase appealed so much to

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liim, the delight of watching and studying the habits of the Avild animals added greatly to his enjoyment_, and whether it was the pursuit of a fox or a stag, or the capture of a rare bird or scarce butterfly, each in turn afforded him equal pleasure.

Besides the expeditions already referred to, Godman made others to India with H. J. Elwes, where they spent some time in Native Sikkim, afterwards visiting the Madras Presidency and Ceylon. In addition to the before-mentioned journeys to Egypt and South Africa, he, accompanied by his wife, also visited Jamaica a second time, Spain, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands ; but as these expeditions were not primarily devoted to natural history, no special mention is here made of them.

When not engaged in scientific work Godman experienced a '[keen sense of enjoyment in horticulture, and in his garden in Sussex many rare and interesting plants are to 'be found. Though warmly appreciating all works of art, special attention has been paid to ceramics, and his collection of early Persian and Hispano-Moresque lustre, as well as of Rhodian and Damascus ware, is widely known. As will have been seen, Godman was author — or joint author with Salvin — of the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana/ 'The Azores/ and of many papers in 'The Ibis,' chiefly on the birds of Central and South America, of others in the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History/ and the ' Proceedings of the Entomological Society/ on Lepidoptera.

He is D.C.L. (Oxford), F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.E.S. (of which he was President for some years), F. Soc. Antiquaries, Memb. Royal Inst., a Trustee of the British Museum, Memb. B.O.U. (Secretary from 1870 to 1882 and from 1889 to 1897, President from 1896).

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MR. P. S. GODMAN.

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Mr. p. S. GODMAN.

Percy Sanden Godman was born on Nov. 12tli, 1836. He was educated at Eton College from 1849 to 1853, and at Trinity College, Cambridge^ whence he took his B.A. degree, from 1854 to 1858. In 1857, in company with his brother, F. D. Godman, he went on an ornithological tour to Norway, making- Bodo his headquarters. Amongst many interesting birds observed were : a pair of Halia'etus albicilla (which had young in April), Turdus iliacus, Turdus jjilaris, Fringilla montif ring ilia, Motacilla alba, Cyanecula suecica, Linota rufescens, Slre^isilas interpres (eggs of all of which were taken, as Avell as nests of Gallinago major) . Tringa striata, Tringa temmincki, Anser albifrons, Stercorarius crepidatus, and a large variety of Ducks and Gulls were also observed {vide 'Ibis,^ vol. iii. p. 77). Subsequently the two brothers followed the West Coast, visiting the Lofoten Isles, and reaching Alton. They walked and boated across Finland to Haparanda in Sweden, visiting en route, at Muoniovara, Mr. J. WoUey, who kindly entertained them and shewed them some of his most recent discoveries in the way of eggs — -such as, Strix nyctea, Surnium lapponicum, Surnia nlula, Astur palumbarius, Garrulus infaustus, Ampelis garridus, Scolopax gallinula, Mergus albellus, and so forth. At this place they also visited the site of a Crane's nest, where two young birds had been reared that season.

In 1859 Percy Godman took up his residence at Borre- gaard, Sarpsborg, Norway, where he had frequent oppor- tunities of continuing his ornithological researches, as in the neighbouring forests, amongst many other interesting or little-known birds, were to be found breeding Bubo ignavus, Surnia, ulula, Athene noctua, Buteo lagopus, Pernis apivorus, Pandion halia'etus, Picus niartius, Picus tridactylus , Parus cristatus, Muscicapa atricapilla, Scolopax rusticula, all in

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considerable iiumljers ; tlie last-named Ijiid Mas Ircquently seen carrying its young between its legs, and once only in its claws. Chrysomitris spinus, Linota Jinaria, Motucilla alba and Loxia curvirostra, bred in the garden.

Godman was married on March 30th, 1869, and now resides at Muntham, Horsham. He became a Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society in 1858, J. P. for Sussex in 1881, and Alderman of the West Sussex County Council in 1892.

He is one of the five surviving original members of the B. O. U.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. J. H. GURNEY.

ORIGIXAL MEMBERS. 95

Mr. J. H. GURNEY.

By the death of John Henry Gurney, on tlie 20th of April, 1890, not only did the British Ornithologists' Union lose one of its Founders, but '^The Ibis' one of its most constant and munificent supporters. He was the only son of Joseph John Gurney, of Earlham, in the county of Norfolk (celebrated for the various phihiuthropic under- takings to which he devoted the leisure of his life), and was born on the 4th of July, 1819. At the age of ten years he was sent to a private tutor, who lived iu Epping Forest. Thence lie went to the Friends' School at Totten- ham, and on leaving it, being then about seventeen years old, entered the banking business at Norwich, in which his family had long been so successfully engaged. His love of natural history shewed itself very early, and the writer of these lines was told by him of his getting into a serious scrape at school for dissecting a bird on a mahogany desk, which immediately afterwards revealed the secret of the use to which it had been put as an operating-table, by the stains ou the polished surface from the camphorated spirit (supplied to the boys as a cure for colds, and the only antiseptic liquid available) that he had employed to avert the possi- bility of unpleasant odours from his " subject."

During his school-days in Essex he made the acquaintance of Mr. Henry Doubleday, of Epping, so long known for his ornithological and entomological collections, and from him obtained, in 1836, an introduction to the equally well-known Mr. T. C. Hey sham, of Carlisle, Avith whom he kept up for many years a correspondence, chiefly on zoological matters — sending him from time to time birds, mostly obtained, iu Norfolk ; for at this time Gurney had not begun a collection of his own. That his generosity was then as great as it continued to be in after years is shoAvn by his letters to Heysham, which have fortunately been preserA^ed, and have

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been kindly placed at the service of tlie writer of this notice by their present custodian, Mr. H. A. Macpherson, giving- almost the only information to be obtained as to this period of Gurney's life. They will compare well with those written by any other youthful zoologist. Zeal is, of course^ to be expected in a greater or less degree, and here it is found to be in the former ; but it seems to be in all cases tempered by a sober judgment ; and, if a partiality be observable towards whatever relates to the zoology, and especially the ornithology, of Norfolk, it must be remembered that this was the subject on which the writer undertook to inform his correspondent, while, as the correspondence advances, what may be called its breadth of view decidedly increases. More- ovei', it seems to be strictly according to the fitness of things that a young naturalist should begin by paying attention to the objects which, being the nearest to him, come the more closely under his observation, for thus he is able to proceed from the known to the unknown — the surest mode of acquiring knowledge. There have been possibly few men who could, at the age of nineteen, write as Gurney did to Heysham on the 8th of February, 1838 : —

"^ Though I can seldom or never resist the temptation of procuring a tolerable bird in the flesh, when opportunity occurs, I care very little for them after I have once learnt them by heart, as I contrive to preserve them almost as well in my memory as I could hope to do in my cabinet. I there- fore generally palm their rem.ains off on some of my friends ; because, though I know that in themselves they are often worthless, yet I always faricy that there is some interest in comparing specimens of the same bird from different localities."

This last must have been an original observation, as it was made before the question of local variation of species had been publicly mooted ! He Avent on to say, " it seems to me impossible that any stuffed specimen can bear much resemblance to the living bird"" — a remark which, even allowing for a general improvement of the taxidermist's art, is, on the whole, as true now as it was then.

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Gui'iiey's earliest published communication seems to have been a note in the ' Annals and JMagazine of Natural History ' for March 1842 (vol. ix. p. 19j, and it ^vas followed by another in the same journal for June {tout. cit. p. 353), the subject of both being ornithological occurrences in his own county. In the next year ' The Zoologist ^ was established, and to this he became a frequent contributor^ publishing in the volume for 1846, with the aid of Mr. W. R. Fisher, *' An Account of Birds found in Norfolk/^ a very careful piece of work, and for a good while the most ambitious that he attempted, thougli he was constantly communicating short notes to that periodical, and did so for the rest of his life. When the scheme for founding ' The Ibis ' was pro- posed, he entered warmly into it. He meant to attend the meeting held at Cambridge in the autumn of 1858, when the preliminaries were definitely arranged, but was prevented, almost at the last moment, from carrying out his intention of being present. His advice, however, was acted upon none the less, and was of great service to the other founders. He helped to mould into a practicable form various proposals then made, and liberally promised to defray the cost of a plate for each number of the new Journal, in addition to the two plates for which allowance was made in the original estimate. This charge he continued to bear for the whole of the tirst series of ' The Ibis,' only stipulating that the subject of each plate that he presented should be a ^' Bird of Prey,^^ — for he had already made great progress in forming the now vast and celebrated collection of '^Raptores" in the Norwich Museum, to which institution he had been a donor in 1828, when he was but nine years of age. But he was by no means exclusively devoted to this group of birds. He bought a large portion of the ornithological collection formed by Mr. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, and pre- sented it to the Museum at King^s Lynn (for which borough he sat as representative in the House of Commons from 1854 to 1865), while about the same time circumstances led him to take especial interest in the ornithology of South Africa, as is shown by his numerous papers in our pages on

D8 OKKWXAI. .MKMBKUS.

collections madc^ aluiost entirely at his instij.^"ation, Ijy ]Mr. Ayres in Xatal and the Transvaal, and by his editing in 187.2 'The Birds of Damara Land/ from the papers of his friend Charles John Andersson. Gurney's own com- munications to 'The Ihis^ reachj if we have counted them rightly^ the number of one hundred and forty, the latest being in the part issued in January 1891 ; and though j^ome of them are admittedly of slight importance^ it is observable of all that they deal Avith facts and not with fancies. As he uever wrote for writing's sake^ and related Avhat he had to state in the simple and precise terms which prove the true man of science, his contributions may have sometimes seemed dull compared with the brilliant essays and darling speculations that this Journal occasionally contains from other pens ; but no attentive reader can fail to discern the solid foundation on which Gurney^s work rests, and the probability, if not the certainty, of its being consulted and found useful when theoretical treatises have passed out of mind.

The secret of this foundation is the accuracy of the in- formation he possessed ; and it is undeniable that in his knowledge of the Accipitres and Striges he stood alone. A great part of his information regarding the first of tiiese groups he fortunately contributed to ' The Ibis ' between 1875 and 1882, in a series of " Notes " on the first volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds iu the British ^Museum/ and on its conclusion he brought out "A List of Diurnal Birds of Prey, with References and Annotations ' {cf. ' Ibis," 1884, p. 45d), which is indispensable to all students of these birds. This was his last important work, for though he contem- plated a companion Avork on the Nocturnal Birds of Prey, it is believed that not a word of it was written. Indeed, for the last few years the state of his health forbade his often visiting the Museum at NorAvich, where alone he could carry on the examination of specimens necessary for the execution of such a work. Some twenty years ago he was affected by a disease believed to be incurable, though its fatal efibcts might be long delayed by strict attention to diet ; and

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followiiig closely the medical advice given him his efforts were so far successful that he may be said to have enjoyed the quiet life he led in the old family-house at Northrepps, near Cromer. Though his bodily strength gradually failed, he was only seriously ill for a few days before he calmly expired.

In the foregoing remarks the ornithological aspect of Gurney's life has^ as is here fitting, been chiefly dwelt upon. It must be added that at one time Fishes were as favourite au object of study with him as Birds, and in a general Avay he had a great taste for every branch of Zoology. As an antiquary also he was possessed of no inconsiderable know- ledge. But more than this : it would be wrong to omit reference to his bountiful generosity, which not only shewed an extraordinary kindness of heart, but was bestowed with a degree of discretion and retiring modesty that doubled its utility to the recipients. The loss, through the failure of the mercantile house in which he was concerned, of the vast income that he once enjoyed certainly made no difference iu the liberality of his disposition, though it lessened the amount he had for distribution, and caused it to be administered with even less ostentation. But among all qualities that he possessed, perhaps a placid temper was the most characteristic. To it may possibly have been due some of his misfortunes, but it certainly enabled him to preserve the mens cequa in adversis. — A. Newton.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

The Rev. W. H. HAWKER.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 101

The Rev. W. H. HAWKER.

The Rev. William Henry Hawker, of Ashford Lodge, near Petersfield, vicar of the parish of Stee^D, in which his property Avas situated, although not an actual contributor to ' The ' Ibis ■' was a personal friend of many of us, and an ardent supporter of natural science. He was, moreover_, one of the original members of the British Ornithologists' Union.

Mr. Hawker was the fifth son of the late Admiral Hawker, and was born in Dec. 1827. He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge, and, after taking his degree, studied at Wells for the Church, After taking Orders, he ■was for some years curate of Idsworth, near Horndean, in the south of Hampshire, and removed to Ashford some time after succeeding to that property in 1860. Mr. Hawker was owner of a considerable collection of British birds and insects ; he was an ardent entomologist and an excellent botanical collector. He made frequent excursions in various parts of Europe, particularly in Norway, Switzerland, the Maritime Alps of Savoy, and the Islands of Corsica and Sardinia. He was an active member of the Alpine Club, and contributed several valuable papers to the '^ Alpine Journal,^ among which we may mention an account of his travels in Corsica in the spring of 1866, as containing much matter interesting to naturalists. He was a good sportsman, a keen shot and fisherman. Mr, Hawker died, after a short illness, on the 26th of May, 1874, at the early age of forty-six years.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. A. R. KXOX.

ORIGINAL MEMBEllS. 103

Mk. a. E. KNOX.

Arthur Edward Knox was born in Dnblin on tlie 28th of December, 1808. He Avas the eldest son of the late Mr. John Knox, of" Castlerea, in the eonnty of Mayo (who died in 1861), the descendant of a branch o£ the Scottish family of tliat name which had settled in Ireland early in the seventeenth century^. He entered Brazenose College in the University of Oxford — where he graduated M.A. — and obtained a commission in the Second Regiment of Life- Guards, from which he retired about the time of his marriage, in 1835, with Lady Jane Parsons, daughter of the second Earl of Rosse, and therefore sister to the constructor of the famous telescope. Mr. Knox soon after took up his abode near Pagham, on the coast of Sussex, and there began a course of observations on the birds of that county, the results of which have appeared in his two best-known works. A few years later he removed to New Grove, near Pctworth, subsequently to St. Ann's Hill. Midhurst, about 18(50 to Trotton House, near Petersfield, and finally to Dale Park, Arundel. His first published notes appeared in ' The Zoologist ' for 184-3 ; and, in 1849, he brought out his ' Ornithological Rambles in Sussex : with a Systematic Catalogue of the Birds of that County ' — the precursor of many works of similar local scope^ few of which, however, have equalled it as regards personal experience, while none have surpassed it in spirit. A favourable notice by his friend and country-neighbour, the late Bishop Wilberforce, in the ' Quarterly Review/ not only helped the sale of this little book, so that a second and a third edition ap])eared in 1850 and 1855 respectively, but encouraged the immediate

* See Dr. Charles liogers's ' Genealogical Memoirs of John Kuox nmX the Family of Knox ' (pp. 33-40), printed for the Grampian Club iu 1879.

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publication of another — • (lame Birds and Wild FowP — of no less merit, though herein the author shews more of the sportsman than the ornithologist. A scientific ornithologist, indeed^ Mr. Knox never professed to be ; but, so far from being one of the many popular writers who because they know not science affect to despise its teachings, he held it in the utmost respect; and in November 1858, when there was considerable doubt whether the required score of members for the B. O. U. would be secured, he took the greatest interest in the project, became one of the Founders, and contributed a pleasantly written little paper to the first volume of this Journal {' Ibis,' 1859, pp. 395-397). Mr. Knox's last work was 'Autumns on the Spey,' published in 1872, and its frontispiece will give to those who knew him not some idea of his personal appearance, though to them no conception can be conveyed of his genial nature, his fund of humour, and his varied accomplishments — among which mention may be made of his power as a draughtsman, though this may be judged by the plates to the now rare original edition of his first work. His collection of birds, formed almost entirely in Sussex, he gave, on breaking up his establish- ment at Trotton, to his long-attached friend the Duke of Richmond and Gordon, to be preserved at Goodwood House; but on the Dukes's death it was handed over to Mrs. Fletcher, Knox's daughter. He died on the 23rd of September, 1886, at Dale Park, near Arundel, where Mrs. Fletcher still resides.

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MR. E. C. NEWCOME.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 105

Mr. E. C. NEWCOME.

The best friends of ' The Ibis ' have not been limited to those whose names have appeared oftenest, or even at any- time^ in its pages. In tliis country ornithology has many of its warmest supporters among men who scarcely ever publish a line on the subject. Such a one Avas Edward Clough Newcome, an original jNIember of the B. O. U.^ Avho died on the 22nd of September^ 1871, having nearly completed his sixty-second year. Devotedly attached from his boyhood to field-sports, and having abundant oppor- tunities for their enjoyment, his undoubted preference was for such as brought him more especially into contact with the wilder and less-known kinds of birds ; and being a close and accurate observer, his knowledge of their habits and peculiarities was of extraordinary extent. As an efficient falconer he was, perhaps, unequalled, whether by professionals or amateurs; and for many years he was, in England, almost the sole and certainly the most influential supporter of that ancient and nearly obsolete sport. In the pursuit of what are ordinarily termed '' wild fowl," and in the exercise of the various modes by which they are procured, he had attained an aptitude little, if at all, inferior to that of men whose livelihood depends on the successful practice of their vocation. But experience in the field was not all ; one of his favourite employments was the formation of a col- lection of British birds : and this, consisting almost entirely of specimens preserved and set up by his own hands, was at the time one of the best of its kind in the kingdom, whether for the completeness and rarity of its contents or for the artistic taste and ornithological truth with which they were mounted. Some of the species in it Avere represented by the only examples supposed to have been obtained in Britain. Such Avere the Rock-Thrush [Monticola saxatilis), the Capped

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106 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

Petrel {(J'Jsfrelafa hcesitata — Avhich lie himself rescued from the hands of his hawking-boy), and the Lineated Buzzard {Buteo Uneatus). Mr, Newcome's single contribution to ornitliological literature Avas, we believe, limited to a brief notice in this Journal {' Ibis/ 1865, ]). 549) of the bird last mentioned ; but he was always ready cheerfully to communicate the results of his long experience to others, and the writers were not few who availed themselves of his knowledge of the particular subjects in which he was so great a proficient. — A. Neivton.

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Professor ALFRRD NKWTON.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 107

Professor ALFRED NEWTON.

Death was busy in 1907 among the original members ot the l^ritish Ornithologists' Union. Not to mention the name of Osbert Salvin^ whose death occurred some nine years previously^ those of Ednard Cavendish Taylor and Henry Baker Tristram must not be forgotten ; but greatest loss of all was that of Alfred Newton, who died at Magdalene College, Cambridge, on the 7th of June of that year. By a curious coincidence, this happened to be the day of the celebration of the bi-centenary of Linnteus, and tlie sad news, as it circulated among the Fellows of the Linnean Society, served to cast a gloom over the proceedings of the evening.

Alfred Newton was born at Geneva on the 11th June, 1829, and thus, at the time of his decease, only wanted four days of completing his 78th year. He Avas one of a large family of brothers and sisters, and his father was the owner of the well-known estate of Elveden (called in those days " Elden"''), on the borders of Suffolk and Norfolk, famous for its partridges. In fact, the eldest brother, William, one of the few survivors of the Coldstreams at Inkerman, and the youngest brother, Edward, well known to many of the members of the B. 0. U., ranked amongst the crack partridge- shots of their day. Nor was Alfred at all averse to this sport, though his lameness, the result of an accident during childhood, was always a bar to any great physical exertion. Perhaps it was this cause which rendered him the more contemplative and observant of the features of the verv interesting district in which it was his good fortune to spend his early years.

He was educated at home and at a private school^ but when he came to Cambridge as an undergraduate in 1818, he was already a thorough-going naturalist, both by nature

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and by habit. For this reason, perliaps, the ordinary curriculum of the University was distasteful to him ; nor was his early devotion to natural history always regarded Avitli approval at home, being considered unlikely to conduce to success in after life. Yet he obtained a considerable reputation in his College as an essayist in English, and his love for natural history was the making of him, though no one exactly anticipated the distinguished career that he Avas destined to achieve. Had he chosen the law as his pro- fession, which might well have been the case, he would have made an excellent barrister, and there is nothing he Avould have enjoyed more thoroughly than the cross-examination cf a prevaricating witness.

Newton was elected to the Drury travelling fellowship, for the sons of Norfolk gentlemen, at ^Magdalene in 1853, shortly after taking his B.A. degree, and went abroad for several years in pursuit of the knowledge which most in- terested him. To anticipate : some time after the travelling fellowship had expired, viz. in 1^77, his College elected him to a Foundation Fellowship, and he continued to reside in the Old Lodge at Magdalene, which had been his head- quarters for some years previously.

In the course of his many journeys, Newton's predilec- tions seemed to favour the Arctic. Thus we find him the companion of John Wolley in Lapland during the summer of 1855. Again, in 1858 he accompanied his friend to the last home of the Great Auk, or " Garefowl " as he loved to call it, in Iceland, and spent the early part of a rather miserable summer in that island. The last of his northern excursions took place in 186i, when he accompanied Sir E. Birkbeck in his yacht to Spitsbergen. Meanwhile he did not neglect more southern climes, since we find him in the West Indies in 1857, whence he proceeded to the U.S. of America, partly for the purpose of conferring with the naturalists of Philadelphia and Washington. Again, in 1862 we find him crossing the Atlantic, but he returned to England in January of the following year, the paper in ' The Ibis ' relating to his experiences at Madeira being dated " Elveden, Feb. 28th,

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1863/' Moreover^ this was the last time that Newton dated from the paternal mansion, which was shortly to be occupied W the Maharajah Dlmleep Singh. It must not be supposed that Newton never travelled in subsequent years, but it is probable that the period of his great travels was over at the time that he was elected to tlie newly constituted Chair of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Cambridge in March 1860. This event would act as a stay upon him, and may naturally be regarded as the turning-point in his career.

We must now, as in private duty bound, consider Alfred Newton in his relations to the B. O. U. There may have been some mistake lately made as to the precise share that he took in its foundation, but we have only to read the preface to the first volume of 'The Ibis,Mvhen the facts were fresh in the Editor's (Dr. Sclater) recollection, in order to perceive that it was not only founded at Cambridge, but that it was to a considerable extent planned there ; and we may feel sure that Alfred Newton's influence, as the leading- ornithologist in the University, had its due weight in establishing it. The question of founding an ornithological union was certainly discussed at the meeting of the British Association at Leeds in September 1858, where men from Cambridge, including Wolley and Newton, enjoyed the advantage of conferring with representatives of the sister University,

No sooner was the B. 0. U. founded than Alfred Newton became an important contributor to 'The Ibis.' Not to mention his joint paper on the '' Birds of St. Croix," we find in the first two volumes certain unsigned communi- cations which are in singular contrast to each other, and which shew the different phases of his character. The first of these is a review of Bree's ' Birds of Europe not observed in the British Isles,' and this serves to illustrate the critical side of Newton's mind, as he never could endure anything like inaccuracy. But he Avent a step beyond what is usual in criticizing in anticipation that portion of Bree's work which had not yet appeared. The second communication, viz. " A Memoir of the late John Wolley," displays the

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other side of Newton's cliaracter. He gives an interesting and, we ma}' be sure, accurate history of his friend, and the conchiding paragraph of this essay — an essay subsequently expanded in the Introduction to the "^ Ootheca Wolleyana ' — affords an insight into his trutli-loving and affectionate nature. This was followed by two important papers in the third volume, viz., '' Particulars of Mr. J. Wolley^s Discovery of the Breeding of the Waxwing {Ampelis garrulus) " and " Abstract of Mr. J. Wolley's Researches in Iceland respect- ing the Garefowl or Great Auk {Alca impennis)." Thus we perceive that he lost no time in doing justice to the labours of his deceased friend, whilst he was also making valuable contributions to ornithology. His last great paper in the first series of ' The Ibis ' was on the " Irruption of Pallas's Sandgrouse {Syrrhaptes paradoxus) in 1863." This, as usual, he wished to defer until further information had been obtained, but he was prevailed upon to write whilst the subject was still fresh in the mind of the public. The paper concludes with a strongly-worded protest against the inhos- pitable treatment of these interesting Siberian migrants in search of a new home. Some years afterwards (1888) there was another irruption, especially into Scotland, and Newton had the pleasure of receiving a newly-hatched chick from the sand-hills of the Moray Firth, which he exhibited at the ensuing meeting of the British Association, and which was duly figured in ' The Ibis' (1890, pi. vii.).

It may be mentioned here that there were two subjects in ■which Newton was specially interested, and on which he occasionally wrote in ' The Ibis.^ The first of these relates to the Avifauna, existing and extinct, of the Mascareue Islands. He managed, in conjunction with his brother Edward, sometime Colonial Secretary of the Mauritius, to procure a fine series of bones of the Dodo from that island, and also of the Solitaire of Rodriguez (Pezophaps soUtarius). He remarks that "a more wonderful structure than the Dodo's skeleton it is not easy for an ornithologist to con- ceive.'^ The second of the two subjects relates to the Great Auk, which he may be said to have inherited from Wolley,

ORIGINAL :\ie:\ibeks. Ill

and on which he was engaged at the time of his death. He made a sort of census of the remains of this bird known to exist about 1870^ and returned them as consisting of 72 skins, 9 skeletons, the separate bones of about 40 indi- viduals, and 65 eggs. His last notice respecting it in ' The Ibis^ was written in 1898^ when he described, not Avithout a touch of emotion, the " Orcadian Home of the Garefowl,' and referred to the tragedy of 1813 [op. c'lt. p. 587). His annual cruise with the late Henry Evans in Scottish Avaters gave him the desired opportunity, and he succeeded in discovering a low platform of rock, protected by the larger island of Papa Westray, Avhere there would be room "^for a regiment of Auks to have lauded at any state of the tide, and to have marched in line up the gentle ascent.^'

From 1865 to 1870 Newton edited the second series of ' The Ibis," and Ave may be sure that due attention was paid to the notices of works on ornithology, whether pub- lished at home or abroad. He was ably supported, as the Editors have been at all times, and, in resigning the editor- ship in October 1870, pleaded that engagements no less pressing than numerous had for some time past urged upo7i him the advisability of retiring, and he announced Osbert Salvin as his successor.

His retirement Avas scarcely to be wondered at, for Professor Newton svas becoming a public character, and must have had his hands full of work for some time. He Avas never idle, and if not occupied Avith his studies at Cam- bridge, he was either fighting in London and elscAvhere for the cause of Bird-Protection, or Avriting long articles, especially in the '^ Field,' or providing an appendix to this or that publication. Whenever there was a question of Birds everybody turned towards NcAvton. He had to pre- pare an appendix to Baring-Gould's ' Iceland," to the ' Arctic Manual,' to Lubbock's '■ Fauna of Norfolk,' &c. This last appendix, dealing Avith the subject of '^ Hawking in Norfolk," is particularly interesting, as Newton had had considerable personal experience in this matter, having frequently accompanied his former neiglibour, the late

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Edward Clough Newcome (an original member of the B. O. U.) on his expeditions. This gentleman, as is well known, endeavonred to resuscitate the favourite sport of the jMiddle Ages, and for some years carried on the pursuit with considerable success in the wilds of South-west Norfolk. When not specially engaged at Cambridge, Newton was by no means neglectful of the Royal, the Zoological, and other Societies, and was often a conspicuous figure at the meetings of the British Association. He also took much interest in the 'Zoological Record.^ He was chairman of the Close-Time Committee and of the British Association Committee on the Migration of Birds. Elected F.R.S. in 1870, he was a Yiee-President both of the Royal and Zoolo- gical Societies. Somewhat late in life (1901) he was awarded one of the Royal Medals, and Lord Lister took occasion to remark that the progress of Ornithology in this country was due mainly to his " critical, suggestive, and stimulating influence." In the same year he was also awarded the gold medal of the Linneau Society.

As an ornithological writer Newton obtained a world-wide reputation. Amongst his numerous publications we might perhaps select the first two volumes of the fourth edition of ' Yarrell,' the ' Dictionary of Birds,' and the ' Ootheca Wolleyana ' for special notice. There can be no doubt that a great impulse Avas given to the study of British Birds by his preparation of the fourth edition of ' Yarrell,' which, so far as he went, was thoroughly brought up to date. But here comes in one of Prof. Newton's peculiarities. The first volume appeared in 1874, and the second was not completed until 1882 — rather a long time for the subscribers to remain in suspense. The fact is that the Editor was always content to wait for fresh matter rather than turn out an imperfect piece of work, and so the fourth edition of ' Yarrell ' was finished — and well finished — by another hand. The ' Dic- tionary of Birds ' stands on a somewhat different footing. We have already seen that, when the subject of Birds had to be dealt with, editors and publishers always turned to Alfred Newton ; and thus it came to pass that during the

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publication of the ninth edition of the ' Enc3^clop8eclia Britaiinica ' he was chosen, as a matter of course, to write ahout Birds. That he was one of the most valued contri- butors to that very useful publication no one can. doubt, and the numerous articles bearing his signature have been incori'orated, with some additions and emendations, in the ' Dictionary of Birds/ to which also other writers of eminence have contributed. The article '^ Birds/' for instance, is essentially composite, whilst that on '•'^ Fossil Birds'' has been largely reconstructed with the help of Mr. Lydekker, and formed the subject of an address delivered before the Second International Ornithological Congress at Budapest in 1891. The article ''Ornithology" is Newton's very own and embodies in a most condensed form the results of his long experience. That there still lemained a touch of caustic in the author can be inferred from a note in the Introduction, where he expresses a hope that persons indif- ferent to the pleasures of Natural History may tind in it {i. e. in the Dictionary) some corrections to the erroneous impressions commonly conveyed by sciolists posing as instructors.

The 'Ootheca Wolleyana ' has been justly described as a monumental work, since, as the editor and joint-author remarks, it is largely a record of ancient friendships. It may be safely asserted that none but the late editor possessed the knowledge to nndertcdce or the perseverance to execute this enormous compendium of oological research. Tlie whole of the huge AVolley collection of Birds' Eggs had devolved upon him, and this, in conjunction with his own accumulations of over half a century, he presented in his lifetime to the University of Cambridge.

Hitherto w'c have regarded Newton mainly as an ornitho- logist, but Avc must also consider him in the more extended domain of Zoology, bearing in mind that he occupied that chair at Cambridge for a period of forty-one years. From early days he evinced considerable interest in the anatomy of vertebrates, and especially in osteology, which he certainly was very competent to teach.

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One of the most distiuguislied of his many pupils says of him : — '^ As to his lectures^ these^ despite the fact that he "Nvas to a great extent a s])ecialist in ornithology, covered a very Avide field, in Avhich, however, the systematic and dis- tributional aspects of the subject loomed large/^ His paper (1862) before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, of which body he was a Vice-President at the time of his death, on the "Zoology of Ancient Europe," shewed his grasp of locality ; and indeed he had at all times a most extensive acquaintance with geography. Moreover, he was very facile with the pencil, and this helped him materially in demon- stration. His 'Manual of Zoology ' is said to enjoy a good reputation, and a second edition was issued in 1894.

In close connexion with his professional duties was his attention to the Museum of Zoology, another object of devotion in addition to liis Egg-collection. Dnring the last forty years the Museum of Zoology at Cambridge has been greatly expanded, and no one Avorked more assiduously in his own line than the Professor. Some men are born collectors, and Newton Avas one of them. He not only collected himself, but he induced others to collect, so that, in consequence of his Avorld-wide correspondence, there has been a constant flow of treasures into the Cambridge Museum.

But Newton did not confine his attention solely to objects of Natural History, for he possessed the collector's knack of acquiring old books, old MSS., old maps, &c., mostly bearing on his favourite subjects. It seems that in the ninth edition of the ' EncyclojDsedia Britannica ' there is no article on Museums, and consequently he prepared a paper for the special delectation of the "^ Museums Association," Avhich Avas duly read at one of their meetings.

There are some amusing incidents narrated in this essay, and amongst others the fate of the Leverian ^Museum, Avhich seems to have been refused by the Trustees of the British Museum wdien offered in 1775. Ultimately, in 1800, the collection was sold piecemeal, the sale lasting, ott' and on, for 02 days. As a curiosity, Newton was able to exhibit a

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copy of the sale-catalogue. Another instance may be given, viz., when Dr. BoAvdler Sharpe was writing the •' History of the Collection of Birds in the British Museum/ Newton was able to lend him a copy of the sale-catalogue of Bullock's Collection, of which only two copies are known. The same authority also informs us that the naturalists visiting Cambridge, at the time of the International Ornithological Congress of 1905, greatly enjoyed an inspection of his literary curiosities, including his library of rare and choice ornithological works. These with many other treasures have been bequeathed to the University of Cambridge.

As the author of an article entitled " The Early Days of Darwinism '^ (Macmillan's Magazine, 1888), Prof. Newton's views on the subject of " Organic Evolution " are not without interest. He is said to have been an early convert, but in point of fact he was in a condition ready for conversion some time before the appearance of the ' Origin of Species ' (in the autumn of 1859). Both he and his philosophic friend, Wolley, had concluded that the idea, then jjrevalent, of special creations was out of harmony with the facts they had been observing for many years. Wolley died just about the time when Darwin's book came out; but Newton at once perceived that Darwin's explanation went a long way towards solving his own difficulties, and he simply adopted the new philosophy, not being in need of conversion. In the above-mentioned article he has told the story very Avell, and his narrative of events at Oxford in 1860 provides an excellent account of that memorable meeting.

His familiar figure will be missed for many a year at Cam- bridge, for though Newton had ceased to lecture, he continued to work at his collections, and to exercise that social influence in his College and in the Unix ersity which so endeared him to more than one generation of students. On the whole, he may be considered to have been fortunate in the period Avherein his lot was cast — a period when increased facilities for travel w^ere opening out regions hitherto inaccessible to the explorer and the naturalist. For instance, he lived to see the veil lilted from such countries as Central Asia and

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Central Africa, wliicli were complete blanks in the maps of l)alf a century ago. Of course_, in this respect, he merely shared the advantages with others of his contemporaries who were equally ready to profit by them. Still, it must be borne in mind that such discoveries and acquisitions have their limits, and cannot be repeated in the history of exploration. It is so much to his credit, therefore, that he made the most of the opportunities thus afforded; and if we view his character broadly, as a student of nature and a self-taught man in his early years, as an enthusiastic man of science in later life, and at all times as a firm friend and a genial companion, we recognise one who was sui generis in his day and representative of a type not likely to be replaced.

This notice must not close without a special allusion to Professor Newton^s great kindness to students of ornithology less advanced than himself. Always encouraging and stimu- lating their efforts, he rendered them every assistance in his power, and his library was ever at their service. In this respect alone his death has created a blank Avhich it will be impossible to fill. — TV. H. Huclleston.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

SIR EDWARD NEWTON.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 11/

Sir EDWARD NEWTON.

Sir Edward Newton -was one of the eight founders wlio formulated the idea of the Britisli Ornithologists' Union and ot" ' The Ibis/ and combined to make the original twenty members, to whieh iinml)er tlie B. O. U. Avas for some time strictly limited. Edward, the youngest son of William Newton^ Esq., formerly ]M.P. for Ipswich, Avas born at his father's seat, Elveden Hall, Norfolk, on the 10th of November, 1832. Very early in life he developed his innate love for ornithology, ^timulated doubtless by the example and com- panionship of his elder brother Alfred, and at the age of twelve years peimed his first published paper on the subject, Avhich appeared in the ' Zoologist ' for 1845 (p. 1024), shewing that at that early age he knew his Yarrell, and also his Bewick and Montagu. Delicate health as a boy necessitated his edu- cation being conducted chiefly at home, a circumstance most fortunate for the development of his zoological tastes. Eor several years after his first essay he continued to contribute notes to the ' Zoologist,' chiefly on the arrivals of migrants and on nidifl cation at Elveden and elsewhere, and was becoming an adept at discovering birds'-nests. This power he obtained by close observation of the habits of the different species, and no warrener could surpass him in the wav in which, by watching the birds, he could find their nests or make them shew him wh.ere their nests were. This lie did as a true naturalist, for the love of Avatcliing his favourites and learning their ways, much more than with the object of taking their eggs. The writer well remembers, when, in later years, during a walk with him. Sir Edward suddenly turned round and stood still. On being asked what was the matter, he replied, " Do you not see that Stonechat in the bush ahead ? She has a nest, and we will find it. Do not face her." He stood sideways for some minutes, but never

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lost sight of the bird, aiid presently Avalked on straight to the spot, "where, at once, he shewed the nest with eggs. He was the best field-naturalist the writer ever knew, as regards the actions and movements of any bird. It seemed to be with him a sort o£ instinct.

Newton proceeded in due course to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1857, all the while extending his knowledge, especially of the inhabitants of the marshes accessible from Cambridge. The next year he visited the paternal estates in the West Indies, and Avas in the island of St. Croix from March 4tli to September 28th, 1858. The results of this visit are recorded in a series of four admirable papers in 'The Ibis' (vol. i. 1859), written in conjunction with his brother, Prof. A. Newton, papers which bespeak the true naturalist in their every line, and Avhich Ave can only wish were followed by Avriters who seem to think nothing further is needed than a diagnosis of the species and its dimensions.

In 1859 NeAvton entered the Colonial Service, being appointed Assistant Colonial Secretary of Mauritius. The avifauna of the Mascarene Islands Avas then scarcely known in Europe, and had remained neglected since the days of Buflbn. Keen anticipations Avere entertained by his brother naturalists that Edward Newton, if he might not resuscitate the Dodo, Avould at least throw some light on its history, and they Avere not disappointed. His official career was as follows: — Auditor -General of Mauritius 1863; Colonial Secretary of Mauritius 1868-77; Lieut. -Governor and Colonial Secretary of Jamaica 1877-83. He several times administered the Government both of Mauritius and Jamaica. He was made C.M.G. in 1875, and K.C.M.G. in 1887. In 1869 he married Mary Louisa Cranstoun, daughter of W. W. R. Kerr, Esq., Treasurer of Mauritius: she died in 1870.

During his long residence in Mauritius NcAvton made several distant expeditions. His first was to Round Island, of which he gave an interesting account in ' The Ibis ' (1861, p. 180). In Sept. 1861 he Avas sent on an official visit to Kino; Radama of Madagascar to congratulate him on

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his accession, beiug the first Eugiishman to enter Antana- narivo for many years. The ornithological results of this expedition Avere recorded in ' The Ibis ' for 1862, pp. 94 & 265. In the autumn of the following year (1863) he paid a second visit to Madagascar, not officially, but solely for the purpose of ornithology, of which the history will be found in ' The Ibis/ 1863, pp. 333 et seqq., 452 et seqq. In Nov. 1864 he made an expedition to Rodriguez, which yielded rich results, as recorded by him in '^The Ibis^ (1865, p. 146), "Reports" of the British Association (1865, p. 92), and 'Philosophical Transactions^ (Transit volume, 1869). In the spring of 1867 he visited the Seychelles, where he discovered a number of new and unsuspected species, which he described in P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 344, 821, and 'The Ibis,'' 1867, pp. S35 et seqq. Though he never had an opportunity of visiting Anjuan or any of the Comoros, yet he contributed largely to our knowledge of their avifaunas by inducing Mr. Bewsher to visit them and collect. His notes on them will be found in P. Z. S. 1877, p. 295.

To summarize his work, while officially resident in jNIauri- tius, not fewer than 27 new species of living birds were brought to our knowledge by him from the Mascarene Islands, Madagascar, and the Comoros; but he Avas wholly indifferent as to who described them, so long as this was properly done. No less than 10 of these were from the Seychelles. Fifteen of his discoveries were named by his brother, by Dr. Hartlaub, and others. In his Presidential Address to the Norfolk Naturalists' Society (1888J, Sir Edward gave an admirable popular summary of the avifauna of the Mascareues, with picturesque descriptions of extinct species, so far as they can be ascertained, and vivid sketches of the physical character of the islands. The address is replete with warnings that like causes are bringing about, though in a slower degree, like results in our own island, and he points out how the danger may possibly be averted. It is much to be regretted that this address has not been repub- lished in some more permanent form.

In Jamaica his official duties were incessant and harassing.

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Avliile his licalth, already severely tried in Mauritius, began to be seriously nfl'ected by the climate. He had little or no time for researches, and could but rarely leave his post. Nevertheless he did what lie could. He made an almost ■complete collection of the birds of the island, and the " Jjist of the Birds of Jamaica/' iniblished in the ' Handbook of Jamaica,' 1881^ p. 103^ adds not a little to the standard work of Gosse.

NeAvton^s investigations of the extinct fauna of the Masca- renes claim special notice. It is not easy to state precisely what we owe him in the way of discovery of extinct species. To his care and encouragement v.'as largely owing the success of Mr. Clarke in the original researches in the Mare aux Songes, where the great find of Dodo-remains Avas effected. There are several species from Rodriguez described by ]Milue-Edwards, and again by Newton and Dr. Giinther in the Transit volume of the Phil. Trans., and by Newton and Gadow in an article on the remains discovered in Mauritius by Sauzier (Trans. Z. S. xiii. p. 281, 1893). Newton was certainly the first to recognise among the bones from^ the Mare aux Songes those of Aphanaptenj^r, which he instantly referred to the bird just previously described by Frauenfeld from the old Vienna picture.

For the last five years Sir Edward's health was perceptibly declining. Yet, though always more or less of an invalid, liis interest in the pursuits of his more vigorous days never flagged, as witness the paper last referred to. The unselfish modesty which marked all his natural-history work was equally conspicuous in his daily life. His whole nature was the very •opposite of self-asserting. There was a delightful charm in the simplicity and genuineness of the man, which won the hearts of all who knew him well ; and looking back on a friendship of forty years, the writer can but feel it to have been a high privilege to have known one in whose character Avcre blended all the qualities that go to make the careful, truthful naturalist, and the refined Christian gentleman. He died at Lowestoft on April 25th, 1897.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI.,1908.

SIR J. W. POWLHTT-ORDE.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 121

Sir J. W. POWLETT CAMPBELL-ORDE.

Sir Jolin William Powlett Campbell-Orde, of North Uist and Kilmory, Bart., was bom in 1827 and was one of the twenty Founders and original Members of the British Ornithologists' Union, of whom four only now remain on the list. He joined the 42nd Ptoyal Highlanders from Eton in 1846. The regiment, consisting then of two battalions, "was stationed in Bermuda. There was at that time in the regiment a little band of zealous naturalists, and every branch of natural history had its votaries. Our first President, Colonel H. M. Drummond-Hay, and Lieut.- Colonel Wedderburn were the chief ornithologists ; and young Orde, already a keen sportsman, was soon inspired by them with an ardent love for bird-life. He was a careful observer of the habits of birds, and collected diligently, wherever his regiment happened to be stationed, at home and abroad. As will be seen from our General Subject- Jjidex, he wrote many letters on ornithological subjects to ' The Ibis.' He retired from the army on his marriage, after ten years' service. On succeeding to his father's title and estates in Argyllshire and Uist, Orde quickly made himself thoroughly well acquainted with public matters, and filled many offices connected with county business. He was Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for Argyllshire and Inverness-shire. Not forgetting ornithology, Sir John paid special attention to the protection of the rarer species of birds in North Uist, and continued up to the time of his death to add to his collection. The gem of this he con- sidered to be a fine male example of FuUgula rufina, obtained in Argyllshire, which is believed to be the only recorded Scottish specimen. While spending a few days at Kilmory, the writer of this notice Avas much interested in looking over Sir John's notes, especially those on the birds which he had observed in Nova Scotia. He died at his residence, Kilmory House, on the 13tli of October, 1897.

SER. IX. VOL. II.j JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

LORD LILFORD.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 123

LORD LILFORD.

Thomas Lyttlcton Powys, fourth Baron Lilford, born 18th Marcli, 1833, Avas the son of the third peer by the Hon. Mary EHzabeth Fox, daughter of the third Lord Holland. Even when at Harrow he had begun to con- tribute to the ' Zoologist/ and he continued to do so while at Christ Church, Oxford, as well as during his vacations ; while it is hardly necessary to say that his subsequent letters and articles in that and other periodicals only ceased with his life. He was for many years President of the British Ornithologists' Uniou, and an original member of the brotherhood formed in November 1858. His first com- munication to 'The Ibis' was in 1860, on the birds observed in the Ionian Islands and on the coast of Albania, &c., in the years 1857 and 1858 : a very breezy, pleasant series of articles, with just the flavour of sport about the natural history that a new publication wanted. To these succeeded — in 1865 and 1866 — some charming notes on Spain, which he had visited in 1856 and again in 1864. Lord Lilford was so delighted with the country that he not only returned in 1869, but devoted himself to working up the ornithology of the southern portion ; and that he did not write about his experiences in the marismas of the Guadalquivir was probably due to his deUcate aversion for anything like trespassing upon the ground worked by others. His liking for everything Spanish led him to learn that language ; but his natural aptitude for such study must have been con- siderable, for in 1869, when the writer had the pleasure of making his personal acquaintance in Seville, he spoke Castilian admirably, and also its dialects, with a raciness acquired by few Englishmen. In 1873 and 1874, Lord Lilford — already somewhat crippled by the rheumatic gout, to which he had long been subject, and to which he

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subsequently became a martyr — visited the Italian shores of the jNIediterranean in the yacht ' Zara ' ; and on that excursion lie rediscovered that rare Gull Lams audoumi, of which no one had seen a fresh specimen for many a year. In 1875 portions of Cyprus were visited, as will be mentioned here- after. In the same yacht, in the spring of 1876, he went to Santander and the neighbouring parts of North-western Spain ; but it fell to the lot of his friend, Lt.-Col. Irby, to give an account of the avifauna of this district (' Ibis,' 1883, p. 173). In the early part of 1882 the Mediterranean again attracted his attention, and another haunt of Audouin's Gull was explored — not to mention a previous discovery of it on an islet Avhicli was not named in print, though an open seci'et for the discreet. But these voyages had to be abandoned at last, and the personal exploration of Cyprus was reserved for Dr. Guillemard and others, though Lord Lilford contributed to the expedition with his wonted liberality and wrote a list of the birds of that island. Henceforward he devoted himself to work at home : his magnificent aviaries, where birds could be observed in a state of freedom only second to that of nature ; his natural- history correspondence ; his ' Birds of Northamptonshire ' ; and his ' Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands.' Always an ardent sportsman. Lord Lilford took an active part in hawking as long as he could ; he con- structed a decoy in the valley of the Nene, and even at the last, when confined to a bath-chair, he attended a meet of the otter-hounds in his neighbourhood. Although he had been ailing, the end came unexpectedly on June 17th, 1896, with a sudden attack of syncope, and on the 20th he was buried at Achurch, near Lilford Hall, amid widespread and general mourning.

It is impossible to specify Lord Lilford^s acts of liberality with regard to this Journal. Whenever mone}^ was wanted for an illustration, or the balance in hand was low, he only required an intimation. This generosity was by no means confined to ' The Ibis ' and kindred works on science ; the Zoological Society's Gardens Avere constantly enriched by

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his gifts ; aud we have heard it stated that his anonymous benefactions were more than double those with which his name M'as associated. To liis intimate knowledge of wild animals and their ways he added an excellent judgment, and few were better qualified to hold the balance between the sportsman on the one side and the well-meaning, but often impractical, lover of birds on tlie other. A good spoi'tsman, a thorough naturalist, and a genial companion, his death was a general loss to the ornithological world.

The following is a list of Lord Lilford's principal publi- cations on ornithology : —

Notes oil Birds observed in the Ionian Islands, and the Provinces of

Albania proper, Epirns, Acarnania, and Montenegro. Ibis, 18G0,

p. 1, p. 133, p. 228, and p. 338. On the Extinction in Europe of the Common Erancolin {Francolinus

vulgaris, Steph.). Ibis, 18G2, p, .352. Notes on the Ornithology of Spain. Ibis, 1865, p. 166 ; 1866, p. 173 and

p. 377. Letter on the Occurrence of Calandrclla rehoudin [C. hcetica, Dresser]

and Nmnenius hudsoniats in Spain. Ibis, 1873, p. 98. Cruise of the 'Zara,' R.Y.S., in the Mediterranean. Ibis, 1875, p. 1. Exhibition of some specimens of Hybrid Pheasants. P. Z. S. 1880,

p. 421. On the Breeding of tlie Flamingo in Southern Spain. P. Z. S. 1880,

p. 446. Letter on a probably new locality for Lams audouini. Ibis, 1880, p. 480. Notes on the Birds of Northamptonshire. Journ. Northampt. Nat. Hist.

Soc. i. (1880-83). Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin of Emberiza rustica. P. Z. S.

1882, p. 721. Notes on the Birds of Seville. Ibis, 1883, p. 233. liare Birds in Andalucia. Ibis, 1884, p. 124. Notes on Mediterranean Ornithology. Ibis, 1887, p. 261. Exhibition of a specimen of Aqnila rapax from Southern Spain. P. Z. S.

1888, p. 248. Pallas's Sand-Grouse in Spain. Zoologist, 1888, p. .301. Notes on Raptorial Birds in the Lilford Aviaries. Trans. Norfolk «fc

Norw. Nat. Soc. iv. p. 564 (1888). A List of the Birds of Cyprus. Ibis, 1889, p. 305. A Large Race of the Great Grey Shrike. Zoologist, 1800, p. 108. Notes on Birds in the Lilford Aviaries. Trans. Norfolk & Norw. Nat.

Soc. V. p. 128 (1801).

126 ORlCxIXAL MEMBERS.

I^etter on the Nestiui^-h abits of tlie Bustard-Quail {Turnix nicji-koUis).

Ibis, 1892, p. 467. Variety of Grus ciuerea in Spain. Zoologist, 1892, p. 2()0. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skin ot" a Duck believed to be a

Hybrid between the Mallard {Anus bu.scJias) and the Teal {Qucr-

quedula crecca). P. Z. S. 1895, p. 2. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the American AVigeon

{Mareca americana). P. Z. S. 1895, p. 273. Brlinnich's Guillemot in Cambridgeshire. Zoologist, 1895, p. 109. i^^otes on the Birds of Northamptonshire and Neighbourhood. Illustrated

by Messrs. A. Thorburn & G. E. Lodge and a Map. Iloyal 8vo.

London, 1895. Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands. Parts i.-xxxii.

Royal 8vo. London, 1885-96.

Ibis.Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. OSBERT SALVIN.

ORIGINAL JIEMBEKS. 1.27

Mr. OSBERT SALVIN.

Osbert Salviu^ at the time of liis death the Secretary of the British Ornithologists' Union, died at his residence, Hawksfold, in Sussex, on the 1st of June, 1898.

He was the second son of the well-known architect Mr. Anthony Salvin, of Hawksfold, near Haslemere, in Sussex. Born in 1835, Salvin was educated at Westminster and afterAvards at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Optime in the Mathematical Tripos of 1857. Shortly after taking his degree, he went, in company with Mr. W. Hudleston Simpson (now Hudleston), to Northern Africa, to join the Rev. H. B. Tristram, in studying the natural history of Tunisia and Eastern Algeria. An account of tliis Expedition appeared in the first volume of 'The Ibis' (1859), under the title of "Five Months' Birds'- nesting in the Eastern Atlas." It is hardly necessary to say tliat Salvin was one of the original Members of the British Ornithologists' Union, and in fact the very first paper published in ' The Ibis ' was written by him in conjunction with Sclater. The subject was the " Ornithology of Central America," Salvin having made the first of several visits to Guatemala in 1857, the second being in 1859. The number of his contributions to ' The Ibis ' may be judged from the fact that they extend over more than two columns in the General Subject-Index. In 1861 Salvin returned again to Guatemala in company Avith his life-long friend Mr. P. D. Godman. It was during this journej'- that the 'Biologia Centrali- Americana * was planned by the two friends, and although Salvin did not live to see the publication com- pleted, the co-editorship of that monumental work was his pre-occupation for the rest of his life. Salvin remained in Guatemala for two years, returning there again in 1873 for one year.

128 OIUGIXAL MEMBKUS.

In 1871 Salvin undertook tlie editorship of the third series of 'The Ibis/ and^ in co-operation Avith Sclater^ concluded the fourth series in 1882. Meanwhile he had been appointed to the Strickland Cnratorship in the University of Cambridge, and had produced his well-known Catalogue of tlie Strickland Collection. Salvin Avas an excellent, indeed we may truly say almost unrivalled, " all round " ornithologist; but his strongest subject was, perhaps, the Avifauna of the Neotropical region, and his special groups the families Trochilidee and Procel- lariidee, which Avere assigned to him as the acknowledged authority in the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum' (vols. xvi. and xxv.). Almost his last piece of work was the completion of the late Lord Lilford's ' Coloured Figures of British Birds. ^ Salvin Avas a Fellow of the Hoyal, the Linnean, the Zoological, and the Entomological Societies, and serA^ed on their Councils, while his services for many years to the B. O. U., as Editor and afterwards as Treasurer, are known to all of us. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of his College, Trinity Hall, in 1897. With a character of remarkable straightforwardness and common sense he com- bined an excellent judgment; Avliile he was personally much beloved, so that his loss was deeply and sincerely felt, as Avell on account of his qualities as by reason of difficulties experienced in arranging for the continuation of the manv duties Avhich he performed up to the moment of his de])arture from us.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

V.

^V

Dr. p. L. SCLATRR.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 129

Dk. p. L. SCLATER.^

Philip Liitley Sclater A\as born, in November 18.29, at Tangier Park, in Hampshire, then the residence of his father, Mr. William Lntley Sclater, J. P. : but his boyhood was passed at Hoddington House, another estate in the same county, also belonging to his father, to which the family moved in the month of September 1833.

In beantiful Hampshire, not far from the old home of Gilbert White of Selborne, Sclater acquired, at an early age, a love for outdoor life and exercise and a special taste for the study of birds. At the age of ten he was sent to a well-known school at Twyford, near Vv'inchester. In 1842, having reached the top of the school, he was transferred to Winchester College, and in 1815 Avas elected Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Being at that time under sixteen years of age, he was not called into residence at the University until Easter, 1846. At Oxford his attention was given principally to mathematics, though his spare time was occupied b}'' the study of birds, and of the excellent series of natural-history books then in the Radcliffe Library.

Hugh E. Strickland, the Avell-known ornithologist, who was at that time resident in Oxford as Reader in Geology, became interested in young Sclater, and took him under his patronage. At Strickland's house in Oxford he met John Gould, shortly after his return from his great journey to Australia. From Strickland he received his first instruc- tion in scientific ornithology. He began his collection of bird-skins at Oxford, making British skins for himself, and

* [This article is au abridgment (with slight corrections and addi- tions) of the late Dr. G. Brown Goode's * Biographical Sketch,' which forms part of the Introduction to his 'List of the Published Writings of Philip Lutley Sclater ' contained in the ' Bulletin of the United States National Museum,' Xo. 49. Washington, 1896;]

130

oiuGiXAL :\ie>ibi:ks.

buying foreign specimens at a shilling apiece whenever he could get to London for a run among the IjircZ-shops.

In December 18-19, he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, obtaining a first class in the mathematical school and a *^pass " in classics. At that time these were the only two recognised subjects for study in the University, no sort of encouragement being given to Natural Science. After taking Ids degree Sclater remained at his college in Oxford for two years, devoting his time principally to Natural History, and proceeded to the M.A. degree. He also gave much attention to modern languages, studying them with masters at home and always visiting the Continent in vacation- time, and thus soon made himself familiar with French, German, and Italian.

At this period of his life he Avas often in Paris, studying at the National Museum in the Jardin des Plantes. Here he made the acquaintance of the great ornithologist. Prince Charles Bonaparte, at whose house, in the Rue de Lille, until the death of the Prince in 1858, he was a frequent visitor. In 1851 he entered himself for the Bar, becoming a student at Lincoln^s Inn and living in chambers at 49 Pall Mall, but occasionally visiting Oxford, and passing his leisure time at Hoddington, always enthusiastically engaged in natural history. The winter of 185.2-53 was devoted to travel in Italy and Sicily.

In December 1855, Sclater was admitted Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and, having in the previous June completed his legal education and been called to the Bar by the Honourable Society of Lincoln^s Inn, he went the Western Circuit and continued to do so for several years.

In 1856 he made his first journey across the Atlantic, in company with the Rev. George Hext, a fellow-collegian. Leaving England in July, they went by New York up the Hudson to Saratoga, and there attended the Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. After that they went to Niagara, and thence through the Great Lakes to Superior City, at the extreme end of Lake

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131

Superior. Here they engaged two Canadian " voyageurs/' and travelled on foot through the backwoods to the upper waters of the St. Croix River. This they descended in a birch-bark canoe to the Mississippi. Sclater subsequently published an account of this journey in the third volume of 'Illustrated Travels.' Returning by steamboat and railway to Philadelphia, he spent a month studying the splendid collection of birds belonging to the Academy of Natural Sciences in that city, where he formed the acquaint- ance of John Cassin, Joseph Leidy, John Le Conte, and other then well-known members of that Society. He returned to England shortly before Christmas 1856. For some years after this he lived in London, practising occasionally at the bar, but always at Avork on natural history. He was a constant attendant at the meetings of the Zoological Society of London, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1850, and in 1857 became a Member of the Council. In 1858, as is stated in the ' Short History ot: the B. 0. U.,' he took a prominent share in founding ' The Ibis/ and became its first Editor.

In January 1859, Sclater made a short excursion to Tunis and Eastern Algeria, in company with his great friend, E. C. Taylor. They visited the breeding-places of the Vultures and Kites in the interior, and gathered many bird-skins, returning to London at the end of March.

At this time Mr. D. W. Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoo- logical Society,'was about to vacate his post, in order to take charge of the newly instituted Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris. For his successor Sclater was selected by Owen and Yarrell, then influential members of the Council, and was unanimously elected at the Anniversary Meeting on April 30th, 1859.

He found it necessary to devote himself entirely for several years to the reorganization of the affairs of the Society. The ' Proceedings ' and ' Transactions ' Avere at that time several years in arrear — they were brought up to date ; the ' Garden Guide,' which was out of print, was re-written : the large staff at the Gardens was re-arranged

132 ORIGINAL MEMBEKS.

and divided into departments under tlie Sijpevintendentj and various other reforms were introduced.

In 1874, when his brother (then the Kight Hon. George Sclater-Booth, M.P., and after-^ards Lord Basing) accepted office in Mr. Disraeli's administration as President of the Local Government Board, Mr. Sclater became his private secretary^ a position Avhich he occu])ied for two years. But when subsequently offered a permanent place in the Civil Service he declined it, because he could not make up his mind to give up his dearly loved work in natural history. His most engrossing duties have been in connexion with the Zoological Society of London, to which, as principal executive Officer, he has, of course, devoted most of his time. It is conceded by all that its affairs prospered well under his direction. The number of Fellows of the Society, about 1700 in 1859, increased to over 3000. The income of the Society, which in 1858 was a little over .£14,000, rose to £30,000. Besides this, nearly all of the principal buildings in the Society^s Gardens were rebuilt and fitted up with every sort of modern conveniences for animals. The old Office-building (No. 11 Hanover Square) was sold, and was replaced by a much larger and more convenient house (No. 3 Hanover Square) in the same vicinity. A debt of £12,000 was paid off, and the house became the freehold property of the Society without any sort of incumbrance. The first floor of the Society^s house is devoted to the accommodation of a large and very valuable zoological library, under the care of a Librarian and his assistant, and is the constant resort of the working zoologists of the metropolis. This library had been almost entireh' accumulated since 1859.

The publications of the Society, consisting of ' Pro- ceedings,'' ' Transactions, ' ' Lists of Animals ' (of which eight editions have been published), the ' Garden Guide,' and the ' Zoological Record,' are all issued from this office, Avith almost unfailing regularity. The Scientific Meetings of the Society are held here during the eight months oi: the Scientific Session, and an abstract of their proceedings is

OllIGIXAL MEMBERS. 133

always printed and issued a week after each meeting has taken place ^.

Sclater, as already mentioned_, was selected by the British Ornithologists' Union as the first editor of its journal, ' The Ibis/ in 1859. He finished the first series in 1864. Professor Newton took his place as editor of the second series^ and Osbert Salvin as editor of the third. In 1877 Sclater was associated with Salvin as editor of the fourth series, and in 1883 commenced the editorship of the fifth scries with Howard Saunders as co-editor. When the fifth series was completed, in 1888, be became sole editor of the sixth, Avhich he finished in 1894. In 1895, having again obtained the assistance of Howard Saunders, he commenced work on the seventh series, and finished it in 1900. Taking A. H. Evans as co-editor he completed the eighth series in 1906, and is now engaged, along with the same able partner, in editing the ninth series of tiiat journal.

When the British Ornithologists' Club was established in 1892, he joined heartily in the movement inaugurated by

* Wheu Sclater tendered the resignation of his OfHce in Oct. 1902, the following Resolution was passed by the Council and entered upon their Minutes : —

" The President, Vice-Presidents, and Council of the Zoological Society desire to record their sincere regret at the retirement of their Secretary, Dr. Philip Lutley Sclater, after a service of over forty-three years.

"They wish to tender him their hearty thanks for his most valuable services to the Society during this long period, not only in the manage- ment of the Zoological Gardens, but also in the conduct of the publica- tions of the Society, and in the general direction of its affixirs.

" These affairs have prospered to a remarkable degree during his lono- term of Office. The income of the Society has doubled ; the Member- ship has increased from 1,500 to 3,200 ; and the Society's Library has been entirely created.

'' Dr. Sclater's own work as a Zoologist is held in universal repute, and it is no exaggeration to say that the very high position occupied at the present day by the Zoological Society of London in the world of science is largely due to the exertions and the personal character of its retiring Secretary."

BEDFORD,

President.

134 OltlGIXAL ME.MBEKS. |

Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpc, and has usually had the lionour of occupyiuii" the cliair at its meetings and of delivering an inaugural address at the commencement of each session.

With the British Association for the Advancement of Science Sclater has had a long connexion, having become a member in 1 847, at the second Oxford meeting_, and having attended its meetings with few exceptions for many years. For several years he w^as Secretary of Section D, and at the Bristol meeting in 1875 he was President of that Section and delivered an address " On the present state of our Knowledge of Geographical Zoology." In 187G he was elected one of the two General Secretaries of the Association, together with Sir Douglas Galton, and served in that capacity for five years, thereby becoming an ex officio member of the Council, at the meetings of which he is still a constant attendant.

In 1886 Sclater began the transfer of his private collection of American bird-skins to the British Museum. This col- lection contained 8824 specimens, representing 3158 species, belonging to the Orders Passeres, Picarise, and Psittaci. It may be remarked that when he began his collection at Oxford in 1847 he intended to collect birds of every kind and from all parts of the world, but after a few years he resolved to confine his attention particularly to the Ornithology of South and Central America, and to collect specimens only in the Orders above mentioned, which were at that time generally less known than the others and of which the specimens are of a more manageable size for the private collector.

At the time of the beginning of this transfer, which was only completed in 1890, Sclater agreed to prepare some of the volumes of the British Museum ' Catalogue of Birds/ relating to the groups to which he had paid special attention. In accordance with this arrangement, by the expenditure of fully two years of his leisure time on each volume, he pre- pared the eleventh volume in 1886, the fourteenth in 1888, the fifteenth in 1890, and half of the nineteenth in 1891. When the ' Challenger ' Expedition started to go round

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 135

the world in 1873^ at the request of his frieiid, the late Sir Wyville Thomson, he agreed to A^ork out all the birds. Soon after the return of the expedition in 1877 the speci- mens of the birds collected were placed in his hands, and with the assistance of his ornithological friends were speedily reported upon in a series of papers contributed to the Zoological Society's ' Proceedings.' The whole of these papers Avere reprinted with additions and illustrations, and now form part of the second volume of the " Zoology '' of the ' Challenger ' Expedition.

Geography, being very closely connected with zoology, has always commanded Sclater's hearty interest. He became a life-member of the Royal Geographical Society in 1880, and has attended its meetings regularh^ ever since. Pie has. also served two years on the Council, and is a member of the Geographical Club. He has assisted in promoting manv researches in foreign pai'ts, chiefly, however, with a view to obtaining collections in natural history from strange places^ Among these may be especially mentioned Sir H, H. Johnston's expedition to Kilima-njaro in 1884 and Professor Balfour's visit to Socotra in 1880. He also took a leading- part in sending out naturalists to Kerguelen Land and Rodriguez, along with the Transit-of-Venus Expeditions of 1874-75, and in many other similar efforts to explore little- kuoAvn parts of the earth's surface.

In 1884 he took advantage of the opportunity of the visit of the British Association to Montreal to cross the Atlantic a second time, and after the meeting to visit the United States. He was not in good health at that period, and did little, if anything, in the way of zoology. But he had the pleasure of seeing several of his former friends, especially Lawrence and Baird, and of making the personal acquain- tance of INIr. Ridgway, Mr. Allen, Mr. Brewster, Dr. INIerriam, and many other naturalists.

One of his closest friends was the late Professor Huxlev, long a member of the Council of the Zoological Society, where he was one of Sclater's most constant supporters. Professor Huxley, it may be said, was the chief advocate of

136 OKKUXAL MEMBERS.

the project of eiuploying au anatomist at the Society's Gardens, and invented the title "Prosector^' for the new office. A. H. Garrod, wlio became Prosector in 1871, and W. A. Forbes, who succeeded him in 1879 — both very talented and promising young naturalists, — were dear friends of Sclater, and the unfortunate death of Forbes during an excursion to the Niger in 1883 Avas a most severe blow to ihim. Notable among his other friends was Charles Darwin, who frequently visited him in his office, bringing long lists of memoranda for conference.

Mr. Sclater married in 1862 Jane Anne Eliza Hunter Blair, daughter of the late Sir David Hunter Blair, Baronet, of Blairquhan, in Ayrshire. He has had six children, of whom four are still living. One of them (William Lutley :Sclater) is a Member of our Union and well known to us.

Sclater received the honorary degree of Doctor of Philo- sophy from the University of Bonn in 1860, and was made a Doctor of Science by the University of Oxford in 1901. He was elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society in 1861, and has twice served on the Council. Besides the Societies already mentioned, he is also a Life-Fellow of the Linnean, Geographical, and Geological Societies, and a Corresponding or Honorary Member of upwards of forty other Scientific Societies at home and abroad. Besides the works already alluded to, he has published the ' Book of Antelopes,' in four quarto volumes (in conjunction with Mr. Oldfield Thomas), "^ Exotic Ornithology ' (in conjunction with the late Osbert Salvin), 'Argentine Ornithology/ and many other works. A complete list of these and of the papers which he has written in the ' Proceedings ' and ' Journals ' of various Learned Societies and in other periodicals will be found in No. 49 of the 'Bulletin of the United States National Museum/ from which the present memoir is mainly taken. In 1896 his publications were 1239 in number^ but a few more have since been added to the list.

Since he resigned the Secretaryship of the Zoological Society in 1903 (after forty-three years' tenure of that important post), Sclater has resided entirely at his house in

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 137

Hampshire (Odiliam Priory), hut is within easy reaeh of Loudon, and is still a constant visitor to the Zoological Society's Lihrary in Hanover Square and the great collection o£ birds at South Kensington. In North Hants he is widely known as an active J. P. and a frequent rider with the Hampshire Hunt, of which he is one oE the oldest members.

SER. IX. — VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. A. F. SEALY.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 139

Mr. a. F. SEALY.

Alfred Forljes Sealy^ the son of Benjamin Dowden Seal v. JMajor-General H.E.I.C. Service, was born at Clevedale, near Bristol, on October 25th, 1831. He was educated for five years under the Rev. G. Despard, of Redland, Clifton, and subsequently at Clapham under the Rev. C. Pritchard. On April 10th, 1850, he was admitted as a Pensioner at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he proceeded to the degree of B.A. in 1854< and that of M.A. in 1857. Having secured a place, as a Junior Optime, in the Mathematical Tripos, he obtained a second class in the Natural Science Tripos, and followed this up by devoting much of his time to Ornithology and Entomology, forming considerable collections in both branches of Science.

For some time he continued to reside at 70 Trumpington Street, Cambridge, and then left for the East, to become Principal of the Rajah^s High School at Ernacullum in South India. Meanwhile his acquaintance with the Ornitho- logists of the University and elsewhere, and especially with Professor (then Mr. Alfred) Newton, led to his becoming one of the Founders of the British Ornithologists' Union, though his departure from England prevented him from taking any active part in its subsequent proceedings. He was, moreover, a Fellow of the Entomological Society. His collection of Birds' Eggs was presented to the University Museum of Zoology at Cambridge. In later life he was appointed Director of Public Instruction for South India and was elected a Fellow of Madras University. He died at Cochin on October 29th, 1894.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl., 1908,

MR. W. H. SIMPSON.

ORIGINAL MEJIBERS. 1-11

Mr. W. H. HUDLESTON.

Previous to April 1867 Hudleston was known as Wilfrid Hudleston Simpson, and it Avas whilst bearing this name that most of his ornithological work was done. He was born at York on the 2nd June, 1828, and sjient the years from 1838 to 184.3 at the Collegiate School in that city, now St. Peter^s School. Those Avere the days before scientific farming had reduced our fences, and there was a fine field for that mischievous imp, the bird^s-nester, especially in the direction of Bootham Stray and the north-west side of the city generally. In some years the Lesser Redpoll and the Green Linnet bred abundantly in such fences, and their nests, together with those of Whiteihroats, Willow-Wrens, &c., constituted part of the spoils of the Collegiate boys in their half-holiday excursions.

In 18-13 young Simpson went to Uppingham School, being then 15 years of age. Here, for three successive seasons, he indulged in his favourite pursuit in a locality which at that time was certainly favourable to ornithological rambles. Kites had only just disappeared from those large w^oods which were i^emnants of the old forest of Rockingham, but some of the local eggs were still preserved in Bell's collection. The subject of our memoir shares Avith many an Uppingham bov of more recent years pleasant memories of Wardley Wood, Bisbrooke Gorse, Stoke End, Burgess's Pond, and other famous localities in the vicinity of the little Rutland town, which have been made classical by Mr. Haines in his ' Notes on the Birds of Rutland.^

The scene now shifts to Cambridge, when the glories of Fenland were already in a transition state. The seasons of 1847, 1848, and 1849 are those with which we have to deal. Simpson spent no small part of his time during the spring months in fen localities, and the area of his operations extended from Whittlesey JMcre, on the west, to the fens of

142 ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

the Little Ouse^ on the borders of Norfolk and Suflblk, this, of course, during the interludes of University studies. He was just in time to find some of the Harriers breeding, and notably Montagues Harrier, which then nested regularly in Feltwell Yen in company with the Short-eared Owl.

From a purely natural-history point of view, there could be no greater calamity than the draining of Whittlesey Mere, and it may also be questioned if there has been any great economic advantage in destroying such an area of flood and fen, teeming with everything that could interest the sports- man and the naturalist, simply for the sake of growing oats at 16s. a quarter, and other grain at corresponding prices.

However, the lake was drained in the summer of 1850, about the same time that the Great Northern Railroad Company, with much difficulty, carried their line through the vast area of peat Avhich, for many miles, surrounded it. Simpson was a witness of all these operations, and furthermore he had to deplore the loss of his boat, which was rendered useless owing to the draining of the lake.

The year 1848 Avas in many ways a memorable one. It was in that year that Simpson first made the acquaintance of Alfred Newton, Avho had just come up as an under- graduate to Magdalene College, Cambridge. The similarity of their tastes soon made them firm friends, though Newton did not then accompany Simpson in any of his excur- sions. His principal comrade at this time was a brother Johnian named James E. Law, who had shared in his birds'- nesting experiences at Uppingham, and who ultimately married his eldest sister. When the May term was over, these two naturalists, reinforced by two other Johnians, conceived the idea of going by sea from London to Newcastle. From this town Simpson and Law made a short tour in Northumberland, the programme in- eluding a complete day at the Fame Islands on the 15th of June. Permission was obtained from the authorities on the spot, and the adventurers were rewarded with a fine series of eggs, running into hundreds. Sandwich Terns were particularly plentiful in those days, but the eggs of the

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. l43

few Roseate Terns visible were only doubtfully identified. The same party had a delightful day on Cheviot a little later, when they found that the Merlin and Dunlin had already hatched oflF; but a complete clutch of the Golden Plover was secured from the flat and hassocky summit of the mountain. On the 7th July following, Simpson, who was then visiting his relations in Cumberland, secured a nest of the Dotterel, with its complement of three eggs, on the summit of Robinson Fell near Buttermere.

Simpson took his B.A. degree in January 1850, and forthwith went to reside in London, where he was called to the Bar in 1853. Those years were not prolific in ornitho- logical pursuits, although during a short fishing-trip to the north-west of Ireland, in May 1853, he and his old College chum James Law had the good fortune to secure nests of the Sea-Eagle and Peregrine Falcon from the 0110*8 of Horn Head in Donegal. The Sea-Eagle was fairly numerous in those days, and anyone specially bent on nesting might possiblyhave secured several eggs. There was one remark- able nest on a high pinnacle, or stack, detached from the cliffs of Arran More Islands, Avhere the bird could be seen sitting on eggs which must have been laid on the very point of the stack. Under the old conditions this might be regarded as an inaccessible spot, but nothing would be easier than firing at such a tempting object with a long-range ride, and many is the bird within the last fifty years that has fallen a victim to this detestable practice. The Sea-Eagle is probably now extinct on the coasts of Ireland.

After a lull of something like five years, part of which had been occupied in foreign travel, Simpson again took up ornithology seriously in the spring of 1855, and this time at the instance of Alfred Newton, with whom he had remained in constant touch ever since their first meeting at Cambridge in 1848. The exploits of John Wolley in Lapland were then fresh in the minds of the ornithological world, and the pros- pect of sharing in such adventures was too tempting to be neglected. Newton, from his energy and devotion to orni- thology, was already establishing a position of influence

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amongst his brethren^ and consequently no one was more capable of organising a successful expedition than himself. The two comrades started from Hull late in May, aud^ owing to most unseasonable weather, missed the steamer con- nexion along the Norwegian coast, and so Avere taken on to Christiania, whence they proceeded overland in a great hurry to Trondhjem, only just in time to catch the coasting-steamer that was to take them on to Hammerfest. Mr. Simpson never regrets the incident, which enabled him to see so much of the interior of Norway, to enjoy the excitement of cariole-driving, and to share in the custom, now probably extinct, of sending on "for bud.^^ The two companions drove the last 100 miles from Hjerken to Trondhjem at a single stretch. The most provoking part of it was that all this hurry went for nothing, as when they reached Hammer- fest it was discovered that they had to wait ten days at that truly penal settlement.

"When the rolling ' Gyller ' at length arrived in port, two Englishmen, Scott and Torr, were on board, and a merry party of four rounded the Nordkyn together, and ultimately reached Vadso in the Varanger Fjord, where the hero of Lapland ornithology, John Wolley, shortly made his appear- ance, fresh from a fortnight's excursion up the Pasvig, in Russian Finland, and this, too, during the Crimean War. The party of three ornithologists, being now complete, lost no time in making their way up the Varanger Fjord, and thence to the valley of the Tana, and so round by the Tana Fjord to Vadso again. There is no need for any ornitho- logical details, as these may be gathered from the writings of Wolley and Newton, and also from the pages of ' Hewitson.' The same remark applies to the still more prolific region of Central Lapland, at Muoniovara, for instance, which Wolley had made his home. The ' Ootheca Wolleyana ' should especially be consulted, for there each egg has its history.

The return journey commenced towards the middle of July, when the three friends committed themselves once more to the rolling 'Gyller,^ and were landed at a place on the Lyugen Fjord, whence they made their way across the water-

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145

shed into Swedish Lapland_, and so in boats down the Muonio River to Muoniovara itself.

Central Lapland is by no means a bad place wherein to spend the latter part of summer^ when you have good quarters in a well-to-do Swedish farmer's house, and enjoy the run of all those numerous buildings which constitute the " gaard/^ or square, within whose precincts everything is enclosed. The rooms are appropriate, the beds &c. most scrupulously clean, and, if the commons are rather short, this acts as an incentive to the sportsman to increase his efforts to supply the larder. There are grayling in the Muonio, anxious to take fly or spoon ; ducks, and especially Wigeon, in the streams and lakelets ; Willow-Grouse on the margins of the woods ; and Capercaillies in the spiuce-dells. In the pursuit of ducks the native " Lapp dog " was found very useful, as he could dive in most approved fashion after a winged bird : it was really wonderful to watch the dog and the duck in the evolutions of the subaqueous chase. Nor was the climate at all disagreeable, though towards the beginning of September there was somewhat of a '^Mjite''^ in tlie air.

The homeward journey began on the 8th of September^ and the party reached Hull early in October, by way of Ilaparanda, Stockholm, and Gothenbui'g.

In the spring of 1856 John Wolley induced Simpson to join him in an expedition to the Isle of Gland, in the Baltic, in quest of the Little Gull, supposed to breed there, but this turned out to be the Black-headed Gull, and so far the expedition was a failure. Nevertheless, a most interest- ing campaign Avas carried on in the watery isle and adjacent coast of Sweden — some of the results being recorded in ' The Ibis ' (see " Narrative of the Discovery of some Nests of the Black Woodpecker in Sweden,^' Ibis, vol. i. p. 264) and in the ' Ootheca Wolleyana.'

Probably the most enjoyable e.vcursion in which Simpson shared was that undertaken by Tristram and Salvin in the year 1857. The introduction was effected through the good offices of Alfred Newton ; and Salvin and Simpson started together from London early in February to join

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ORIGINAL MEMBERS.

Tristram, already in North Africa. Tiie three met at Tunis, and some time was spent in that highly interesting country, where archaeology and ornithology were alternately in the ascendant. As matters turned ou^t, the sojourn in Tunisia was longer than expected, since Tristram, intending merely to take a coasting-trip, was driven out to sea by stress of weather, and ultimately reached Malta, where he was detained some time for want of shipping.

Thus it was not until the latter end of March that the " caravan " started for Algeria, via the famous valley of Roman ruins, to Kef, and thence over the somewhat lawless borderland to Souk-harras in the province of Constantine. From the day of their leaving Souk-harras, very early in April, to the day of their arrival at Constantine, towards the end of June, the party dwelt constantly in tents, and travelled on horseback from place to place. From an ornithological point of view the country was almost a virgin one, and especially the upper valley of the Medjei'dah, where opera- tions first commenced. The country was alive Avith birds of prey, from the stately Griffon to the querulous Black Kite, and other birds were equally interesting and demonstrative. The wretched "Colon''' had not yet potted everything, and there were even lions, long since extinct, for the followers of Jules Gerard to pursue.

Added to these attractions, there was a delightful climate and, in many places, most impressive rock-scenery — fitting homes for the larger llaptorials. So far from being a dried- up country, these green highlands of Old Numidia afforded excellent turf for a good gallop, and one could easily under- stand why the forces of Massinissa and Jugurtha were so strong in cavalry. True, when this style of country is left, to the north you reach the great Sebkahs, vast evaporating basins, which in spring still afford water for innumerable wild-fowl and waders. This, too, is the laud of the Houbara Bustard and Sand-Grouse, but those who intend to gallop must beware of the holes made by the small rodents in the dry plains that surround the Sebkahs. Ain Zana was the last place visited by the party, and the wealth of this extra- ordinary spot, especially in ducks, waders, &c., can only be

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partly realised wlieu reading the excellent descriptions of Tristram and Salvin in the earlier numbers of ' The Ibis.' Such a wonderful place was the result of the overflow of s])rings (Aiu), but doubtless this ornithological paradise, like AVhittlesey Mere, has been '' improved " off the face of the earth iu the interval between 1857 and 1908.

The early part of 1858 presents no particular features of interest. Sim])son passed a few weeks in Argyllshire, looking out for shootings, and while thus engaged secured nests of the Buzzard and Hen-Harrier. It was in the same spring that Wolley and Newton spent so much valuable time in a hopeless search for the Garefowl. But their return to England was not without significance, as may be gathered from correspondence received about that time, which, in conjunction with a visit paid by Newton to Castle Eden, contains the germ of the idea of a union of ornitho- logists*. This was further advanced at Leeds, where the

* Subjoiued are extracts from letters written to Mr, Simpson about this period ; —

From John Wolley, Beeston, Nottingliam, August 5tli. — After referring to their profitless season in leehxnd, owing to their devotion to the Garefowl, the writer goes on to say : "I hope you will meet Newton and me and otlier good fellows (ahem !) at the British Association on or about '22nd September at Leeds."

From Alfkkd Newton, Elvedeu, August 14th ; — " Wolley's great idea of having the conference of the vagabond oologists to meet their wandering brethren in science of the British Ass at Leeds was chiefly conceived from his having met the Border baronet, Sir William Jardine, who told him he should be there. Now, certainly Edward will not be at home until about October 1st, and he is not the fellow I take him for, unless he keeps Salvin, who by the last account was carried away by him into captivity at St. Croix, to bear him company on his passage, and I hardly know how I should answer it to either of these two knights errant, if I were not to urge their claims to being present at the joyful reunion that is to take place some time or other."

From H. B. Tkistuam, Castle Eden, August 10th. — Mentions that the Great Bustard (Newton) had just left him, although the Great Auk (Wolley) had fled south without calling. He continues : " I am ready for the conference at Cambridge or else to make myself a British Ass at Leeds in such good company. You know, I suppose, that Salvin and Edward Newton will be back in a few weeks.''

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British Association met in September. During this meeting Wolley and Simpson occupied the same quarters^ and they liad frequent opportunities of conferring with well-known ornithologists on the subject.

Ultimately the British Ornithologists' Union was formally founded at Cambridge in November 1858^ and Simpson w^ell remembers that he and F. D. Godman, with others of the brotherhood, stayed for some little time at the Bull Hotel, in order to take part in the proceedings.

Simpson's latest expeditions in the pursuit of ornithology took place during the years 1859 and I860, chiefly in Greece, but also to a less extent in that part of Turkey known as the Dobrudscha, which has since become a portion of the State of Rumania. In Greece he had the advantage of the company of Dr. Kriiper during part of the time, especially in the neighbourhood of Mesolonghi, where some interesting- captures were made. He was able to study the country both in its summer and its winter aspect, and the results of his experiences are recorded in some of the earlier volumes of ' The Ibis.' In the Dobrudscha he was twice the guest of the late John Trevor Barkly and his brothers, then engaged in making the railway from Kustendji to the Danube. The Dobrudscha at that time was a comparatively virgin country, and might have yielded great results to less hurried visitors. Some particulars as to the Avork done are to be found in the second and third volumes of ' The Ibis.^ During the winter of 1859-60 in Greece Simpson maintained a cor- respondence Avith the brethren at home, though delivery of letters was uncertain and the country had a bad character. For some considerable period there were no letters, and Tristram in a fit of despondence wrote as follows : —

" Eheu ! a Tliraco latrone Actum est de Siiupsune."

This epitaph was communicated to the supposed defunct by Alfred Newton.

Shortly after his return from Turkey, viz. in June 1860, Simpson attended the memorable meeting of the British Association at Oxford, where there was a considerable

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gathering of original members of the B. O. U. The general results of that meeting are a matter of history, but the more immediate result as regards the ornithologists present was to confirm their leaning towards the doctrine of Evolution, then for the first time brought to the notice of the public.

A change was now impending in Simpson's career. For many years past he had done little else than amuse himself, and in such a mode of life sport and ornithology always loomed largely. But, as was pointed out on one occasion 1)y his friend and former schoolfellow, Humphrey Cholmeley, such a course might do well enough for early manhood, but ^Miow about the later years of life?" It could not l)e contended that Simpson's devotion to ornithology was of a scientific character, though it was impossible to associate with such men as Newton, Salvin, and Kriiper without picking up some of the elements of the science. Hence the necessity for a change. Yet the old habit was so strong within him that, on a fishing-trip in Sutherland during the spring of 1861, he availed himself of an introduction from Alfred Newton to the " old man of the Moine,'' and thus set to work in the old style once more. Several interesting finds were the result, such as the Golden Eagle from Ben Laoghal, the Grey-lag Goose from Loch Laoghal, and two or three complete nests of the Greenshank — sub- stantially the last eggs Simpson took.

Henceforth he determined to devote his energies to some- thing more practical, and, as a preliminary course, to undertake his own re-education, so as to be less dependent on classical knowledge only. With this object in view^ in the winter of 1862-63, he studied chemistry under Playfair at Edinburgh, where he obtained the University medal in that branch of science. Subsequently, for three successive winters, he con- tinued those studies at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, and ultimately set up his own laboratory in Chelsea where he was able to conduct mineral analysis on his own account.

All this Avork was so much training for the main object he had in view, viz, to become a practical geologist. In this

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connexion, during a short trip to Switzerland in the autumn of 1866, he met Marshall Hall, through whom he obtained introductions to several well-known geologists. From such men as Morris, Etheridge, and Blake, to mention no others, he received instruction in paheontology, and thus early in the seventies he was sufficiently advanced to he able to contribute to the literature of his favourite study. He became a Fellow of the Geological Society in May 1867, just a fortnight before he changed his name to Hudleston.

From the j^ear 1872 onwards he continued to write papers on various geological subjects, while he also partici- pated in the management of the several societies with which he was connected. It is probable that he was the only person who has been Secretary and President, both of the Geologists' Association and of the Geological Society. In 1897 he was awarded the Wollaston Medal ; in 1898 he was President of Section C at the Bristol meeting of the British Association ; and so recently as last summer (1908) he was deputed by the Council to represent the Geological Society of London at the Darwin-Wallace Jubilee meeting of the Linnean Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1884.

While these pages are passing through the press, news of the death of Mr. Hudleston has reached us. He died, to the regret of a large circle of friends, at Wareham, on January 29th, 1909, in his 81st year.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. E. C. TAYLOR.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS. 151

Mr. E. C. TAYLOR.

Edward Cavendish Taylor, one of the original members of the British Ornithologists' Union, was born on the 20th of January, 1831, the third and youngest son of Frederic Farmer Taylor, of Chyknell in the county of Salop, by his marriage with Juliana, daughter of the second Lord Water- park. He was educated at Rugby and Cambridge, and, after the usual course of theological study, took Holy Orders in tlie Church of England, and served as curate in several places, amongst which was Long Compton in Warwickshire, But Taylor was not thoroughly devoted to his profession, and when, in 1870, the Act was passed enabling clergymen of the Church of England to give up their Orders, he took early advantage of it and retired into lay life and the study of birds, in which he had taken a great interest from his early youth. Taylor was a very accurate and painstaking observer, besides making excellent skins, and was a constant traveller. In the winter of 1853 he visited Egypt, and ascended the Nile up to the first Cataract, making a good collection of birds en route. In 1858, when this Union was founded he became one of its original members, and, though he was not present at the meeting at Cambridge in November, 1858, when 'The Ibis^ was founded, he contributed an excellent article to the first number of that Journal, which Avas published in January 1859.

Early in 1859 Taylor left England on an expedition to Tunis and Algeria, in company with Sclater and two other friends. The main object of the party was to visit the breeding-sites of the Vultures and Eagles in those countries, which had been so successfully explored by Salvin and Tristram in 1857, as is recorded in the first volume of this Journal. No opportunity was lost by Taylor of adding to his cabinet of birds during this expedition. His next long journey was of a more adventurous character. Leaving

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England in Deceraberj 1872^ he proceeded to the West Indies, and besides made excursions from Trinidad to the mainland of South America, visiting, amongst other places, the towns of Ciudad Bolivar and Caracas. Birds were studied and collected at all the places visited, and the general results of the expedition were given to the world in two articles pub- lished in ' The Ibis ' in 1864. Examples of Pitangus taylori, a species of Tyrant-bird named by Sclater after his friend and companion, Averc first obtained on this occasion in Porto Rico, and serve to commemorate the name of its discoverer.

After 1860 Taylor's headquarters Avere always in London, where he had a set of rooms in Jermyn Street and w^as a member of several clubs. The winter-climate of London, however, did not suit his health, and the colder months of the year were usually passed in Italy, where he was quite at home both at Florence and Home, and enjoyed the society of numerous friends. He also revisited Egypt more tban once, and never failed to give some account of his obser- vations on birds made during these excursions to the Editors of ' The Ibis,' at the same time never omitting to add to his cabinet of birds. When in London in the summer he was a constant visitor to the Zoological Society's Library and Gardens, and to the Bird-room of the British Museum, always intent upon questions relating to the study of Birds. During the last part of his life Taylor's health unfortunateh^ failed him, and he was not so much seen at his favourite places of resort. The end came somewhat suddenly, when he died in London on April 19th, 1905, at the age of 73 years. By his will Taylor left his collection of birds and eggs to the British Museum, where it proved to be a valuable acces- sion, as several types were comprised in the series and the skins Avere all in excellent condition and labelled with avcU- established localities.

Taylor's collection contained 1226 specimens of birds and 860 of eggs, principally from the Palsearctic and Neotropical Regions. Amongst them are the tj^pes of Pitangus taylori and Tyr annus rostratus, both shot and skinned by himself.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

Dr. H. B. TRISTRAM.

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CANON TRISTRAM.

The Rev. Henry Baker Tristram^ Canon of Durham, one of the founders and original members of the British Ornithologists' Union, was well known as an author, a traveller, a naturalist, and an antiquarian. It is, o£ course, to his work in Natural History that Ave shall mainly allude on the present occasion.

Canon Tristram was Lorn on May 11th, 1822, at Eglin- gham, near Alnwick, the large country parish of which his father, the Rev. H. B. Tristram, was at that time Vicar. He was educated at Durham School, and. afterwards at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1844, taking a second class in Classics.

In 1845 Tristram was ordained Deacon by the Bishop of Exeter, and Priest in the following year, having been appointed Curate of M orchard Bishop. But, shewing some- what alarming signs of a weak chest, he was ordered abroad, and passed two years (1847-1849) as naval and military chaplain in Bermuda. In the latter year he was nominated Rector of Castle Eden, in Durham, and in 1860 Master of €reatham Hospital and Vicar of Greatham, where he re- mained until ] 873, when he was appointed Canon of Durham, and resided in that city till his decease on the 8th of March, 1906. We will now turn to his ornithological and other scientific work and publications.

From his early youth devoted to Natural History, Tristram, like many of us, commenced his writings on this engrossing subject in the ' Zoologist,^ the first being '^ On the Occurrence of the Little Auk in Durham,^'' published in 1853 (Zool. p. 3753). Other short notes in the same periodical followed in 1854, 1856, 1859, and 1861. His first visit to Algeria was made in the winter of 1855-6, and in the followinir winter, having acquired the favour of ^Marshal Raudon, the

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French Govcrnor-Generul, he was enabled to pusli liis excursions across the Atlas far into the interior of the Sahara. Avhcre. as he tells us, he found an. ^'atmosphere bright, drv, and invigorating," Avhich exactly suited Lis case. It Avas, in fact, to the two winters passed in Algeria that he always attributed his recovery from the malady Avhich had threatened him.

The results of these expeditions were the excellent series of papers on the ornithology of Northern Africa published in this Journal in 1859, I860, and 1861, and the very attractive volume on his journeyings in the " Great Sahara,^' issued in 1860, which, in our opinion, may fairly claim a place of the very highest rank among the narratives of travels of Naturalists.

Another part of the world to which Tristram devoted special attention was Palestine. It was in the early part oi: 1858 that he first landed there, during a yachting visit to the Mediterranean. His ornithological notes Avritten on this occasion were published in tlie first volume of ' The Ibis; to which he was a constant contributor. In the autumn of 1863 he made a further visit to the Holy Land, where he remained until the following summer. This visit was the chief origin of his instructive and charming volume on ' The Land of Israel/ published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1865. In 1872 Tristram was again in Palestine, and pushed his travels beyond the Jordan. On this occasion he discovered the ruins of the great Persian Palace at Mashita, built by Chosroes about A.D. 614, which had been previously almost forgotten. Upon this journey he founded his interesting volume on 'The Land of Moab,' which was published in 1873.

Tristram's next trip to Palestine was in 1881, when he travelled from Jaffa to Hebron, and thence turned north- wards to Damascus. From Damascus he made a long excursion across the Euphrates, and visited " Vv of the Chaldees." In 1894 he was again in Palestine, and again in 1897. It was on this last visit that, while riding with a party o£ friends near Jerusalem, he had his leg broken by

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the kick of a vicious horse. This would have tinished off most men at the age of seventy-five. But such "was not the ease with our friend Tristram. After a few weeks in Jerusalem he was pronounced to be sound again, and returned to England as full of energy and spirits as ever.

In all these journeyings, however^ it must not be supposed that Tristram ever lost sight of his " dear birds." They were continually in his mind, and he was always collecting specimens and writing notes about them. In the pages of this Journal and elsewhere will be found upwards of seventy papers of more or less importance relating to his favourite subject. So far as regards Palestine^ these notes will be found summarized and placed in systematic order in his great Avork on the ' Fauna and Flora of Palestine,' published by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1884. This lasting monument of Canon Tristram^s industry and learning is still the only published work dealing with the Nattiral History of the Bible-lands as a whole, and is likely long- to remain so. A smaller and more popular work of Tristram's on the Natural History of Palestine, together with an account of its Geography, Geology, and Meteorology, was published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in 1867, and has gone through several editions.

But Tristram by no means confined his ornithological labours to one or two spots on the globe. He visited Norway, and was also indefatigable in amassing specimens from all quarters, while he was specially interested in obtaining them from remote oceanic islands and similar strange places. In 1889 he had got together over 17,000 specimens, and prepared and printed a catalogue of them. Many of them were of great rarity (e. g., Nestor 'productus, Camptolamus labradorivs, Monarcha dhnidiata) and almost unknown elsewhere. Some years afterwards, fearing that on his death his famous collection might be dispersed, he came to an arrangement with the authorities of the Free Public Museums of Liverpool to take over the whole of his series of birds. In the lleport of the Committee of this Institution for 189G will be found a short account of this

M 2

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important acquisition, Avliicli is described as containing " 20,000 specimens referable to 6000 species^ of wliich 150 are types."

Abont the same time the Canon's large and valuable collection of birds' eggs was disposed of to Mr. Philip Crowley, of Waddon House, Croydon. At Crowley's death, in 1901, it was directed that the Avhole of his collection of eggs should be at the disposal of the British Museum. All the valuable and important specimens of birds' eggs in the Tristram Collection will now, therefore, be found in the cabinets at South Kensington.

Tristram's name and fame are well commemorated by several birds that bear his surname as their specific title. Among these the most appropriate to him is Tristram's Grakle [Amydrus tristrami), discovered by the traveller himself in the rocky gorges of the Dead Sea in January 1864'^. It belongs to an otherwise exclusively African gi'oup of Starlings, of which it is the sole representative in Asia, and was dedicated by Sclater to its discoverer.

Tristram was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1868, and was also a Fellow, !M ember, or Correspondent of a number of other scientific and learned Societies at home and abroad.

On the 5tli of February, 1900, Canon and Mrs. Tristram celebrated their Golden Wedding. After this epoch Tristram dwelt principally at home in Durham, making occasional visits to London, where he attended the Anniversary Meeting of the British Ornithologists' Union in May 1903, and the Dinner in the evening. Canon Tristram died "^ full of age and honour " in his residence at Durham, on March 8th, 1906, to the great sorrow of a wide circle of relatives, friends, and acquaintances, who apj)reciated the high qualities and many-sided knowledge of this remarkable man. — P. L. Sclater.

* See ' The Laud of Israel,' p. 209.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI., 1908.

MR. JOHN WOLLEY.

ORIGINAL MEMBERS, ] 5'

Mr. JOHN WOLLEY.

The memory of the Naturalist Avhose death made the first gap in the small society of the promoters of ' The Ibis/ while it inflicted on science in general a serious loss, deserves more than a passing notice in our pages, and the writer of this Memoir, who was closely intimate with John Wolley during his latter years, deems it a duty, at once melancholy and pleasurable in no ordinary degree, to place on record the few bare facts of his brief career.

Sprung from a Derbyshire family of fair repute and antiquity, the deceased naturalist was born at Matlock, on May ]3th, 1824, being the eldest son of the Rev. John Hurt and Mary his wife, eldest daughter of Adam Wolley, Esq., of Matlock, a gentleman well known as a local historian and the donor of a valuable collection of manu- scripts, still called after him, to the British Museum. At the decease of his father-in-law, in 1827, Mr. Hurt assumed the name and arms of Wolley.

At an early age John Wolley was sent to Mr. Fletcher^s preparatory school at Southwell, which in 1836 he quitted ibr Eton, where he remained for the next six years. A love for the study of nature shewed itself even in the days of his childhood, though at that time plants and insects shareri his attention fully as much as the higher classes of creation, which at a later period became mainly the objects of his study. Indeed, while at Eton, in his own words, he was "always about the country in all directions in pursuit of Natural History," and he assiduously collected insects and eggs, w bile " he knew every plant that grew about.^' With all this, he was one of the foremost in every manly sport ; and his recollections of having been captain of a '' long-boat " and in '' the eight," Avhile also one of the " oppidan " eleven, and that of "the school" at football, were always amonsr those in which he most delighted.

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Ill October 1842 lie went to Cambridge,, aud entered upon his residence at Trinity College. For one who had just quitted the sixth form at Eton and did not intend to take a degree in honours, not much reading was necessary, and with Wolley's tastes it is not surprising to find that most of his time while at the University Avas passed in the Cambridge- shire and Huntingdonshire fens and woods, which then afforded a rich tield for the researches of a naturalist. In the long vacation of 1845 he started on a trip to the south of Spain, and after visiting Cadiz, Seville, and Gibraltar, crossed the Straits to Tangier. Here he unexpectedly found a keen egg-collector domiciled, at that time known to but few naturalists in Europe, and perhaps to none in England. Though at first only the cabinets of AYolley himself and his immediate friends were benefited by the discovery, the knowledge of Mons. Favier's readiness to oblige other oologists soon spread, and to their general advantage. It is true that the eggs thus rendered attainable to British collectors were such as at present are no longer accounted scarce; but the pi'ogress of the study is marked by the fact that at that time an experienced ornithologist like the late Mr. Yarrell considered such eggs as the Pratincole^s and S tilths, brought home by Wolley, as the " rarest he had ever had.^^ JNlr. Hewitson, too, Avas thereby shortly afterwards enabled to give, for the first time, a correct figure of the egg of the Egyptian Vulture in the edition of his well-known work then approaching completion.

In January 1846, Wolley graduated as a B.A. and left the University. He then went to live in Loudon, and entered at the Middle Temple with the intention of studying law. But more congenial pursuits chiefly occupied his attention, and though he kept the terms necessary for a call to the Bar, the reading-room of the British Museum was more frequently his haunt than the chambers of the special pleader, and the design of following a barrister's profession was subsequently abandoned. Profiting by the opportunities he enjoyed, he at this time mostly busied himself Avith studying the works of the older naturalists. The writer lias

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l)eeii unable to ascertain precisely at wliat period the idea tirst occurred to Wolley's mind_, but it was certainly not later than this year (1846) that he began carefully to examine and collate all the historical evidence relating to that extraordinary extinct bird, the Dodo, and in pursuing the search for authorities he was led to make a minute study of the records of ancient voyages. This he did without any knowledge of the labours towards the same end which were then being prosecuted by the late Mr. H. E. Strickland, for it was not until the close of the next year that he became acquainted with that gentleman^s design of immediately bringing out a work on the subject. Wolley had by that time collected a considerable mass of material ; but directly he saw an announcement of the contemplated publication of * The Dodo and its Kindred/ he at once communicated the principal results at which he had ai-rived to Strickland, Avhose admirable monograph bears no unwilling testimony to his appreciation of the assistance thus generously proffered and to the value of the knowledge acquired ''^.

In the summer of 1846, accompanied by one of his cousins, AYoUey made a tour in Germany and Switzerland, throughout which he neglected no opportunity of acquiring ornithological informatioUp while in the course of it he achieved a successful ascent of ^lont Blanc — an exploit not then of such frequent occurrence as it has since become.

Towards the end of the next year (1847) he repaired to Edinburgh and joined the medical classes at that University, M'here he diligently applied himself for the next three years

* The writer begs leave to acknowledge here the kindness with vvdiich Sir William Jardine has placed at his disposal copies of, and extracts from, several of Wolley's letters to Strickland, written at this period. It may be added, for the benefit of any naturalist who, at some time or other, might turn his attention to the matter, that AVolley was strongly of opinion that assiduously as Strickland had worked, the amount of informa- tion to be yet derived from a more extended research, such as would be afforded by several of our public and private libraries, was far from being exhausted — if, indeed, their dust did not still bury the knowledge of facts bearing on this remarkable group of extinct organisms for more interesting than any that had been resuscitated.

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to the course o£ study necessary for attainiu"- a physician's degree, and with so mnch success that, during his last session (1850-1), he was elected Senior President of the Royal Medical Society — the highest mark of respect his fellow-students conld bestow on hini ^'. The vacations, how- ever, he devoted to what now became his main object — the desire of forming an oological collection, all the specimens of which should be thoronghly well authenticated, and by con- sequence not only really serviceable to, but worthy of, a study pertaining to the Exact Sciences. To gain this end, no labour was too severe, no personal hardship too great for him to undergo.

Accordingly, the summer of 1848 found him visiting the northern extremitj^ of our island, and he extended his excursion to the Orkneys and Shetlands. This was probably more with the intention of obtaining a personal know ledge of the localities, to be made use of on a future occasion, than with much expectation of then adding to his collection, for the egging season was then already far advanced. The chief capture on this tour Avas that of a pair of Sea- Eagles, w^hich were transmitted to the residence of a relation at Matlock, where subsequently a mass of rocks, perhaps in bygone years tenanted by the other native species, was wired over, and the plan of the cage thus formed, having been brought to the knowledge of the Secretary of the Zoological Society, sug-gested the first idea of the fine Eagle Aviarv which now adorns the Gardens in the Regent's Park.

Profiting by the knowledge he had gained the preceding year, he started early in 1849 for the Nortli, and during a journey throughout Caithness and Sutherlandshire, most of Avliich was performed on foot, devoted himself to investi- gating the habits of the larger birds of prey, which, as he perceived, the combined efforts of sheep-farmers, game- preservers, and so-called natural-history collectors were so soon to render nearly extinct in that district. The principal results of his experience on this and subsequent occasions

* Kiiullv coramunicated to the writer by Professor Goodtiii-.

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were commuincated to Mr. Howitson, in tlie last edition of whose work Wolley^s observations were deservedly embodied, with the prefatory remark, no less happy than trnc, that he had " become as familiar with the King of birds as others are with Crows and Magpies/^ Leaving the British Islands in the month of Jnne, he visited the Faeroes, and passed several weeks studying the ornithology of those islands, for whicli his activity and fearlessness in rock-climbing afforded him so great an advantage. An account of the birds of this interesting group Avas read before the Natural History Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at their meeting in Edinburgh the following year, and the ])aper will be found printed in full in Sir William Jardine^s 'Contributions to Ornithology' for 1850. At the next Cambridge Commencement, July 1850, he proceeded to the degree of M.A., and at the close of the winter session 1850-1 he quitted Edinburgh.

After another expedition to the Highlands, in the course of Avhich he became acquainted with some ]^]agle localities in Argyllshire and Perthshire of remarkable interest, he again took np his abode in London, and continued to reside there until the spring of 1853. During all this time he was thoroughly devoted to the object he had most at heart, and while by no means unmindful of his former literary researches, in Avhich he now comprised much investigation relative to a species probably nearly extinct, the Great Auk, he took especial care to extend his acquaintance among other naturalists, with whom his pecnliarly quiet manner and unassuming demeanour speedily rendered him deservedly jiopnlar *.

At length, in the spring of 1853, WoUey was enabled to put in execution a plan the idea of which had for several years haimted him, and to make an excursion of far greater

* The writer may ])er]iaps be excused fur mentioning here tliat it was in Octoher 1851 that he first became personally acquainted with Mr. WoUey. For some years previously they had carried on a pretty frequent correspondence on natural-history subjects, and this now led to a closer intimacy, resulting in a friendship which continued to the last.

16.2 ORIGINAL MK.MBKUS.

€xteut than any he had hitherto accomplished. Not only had he from his boyhood rejoiced in the thought of one day visiting the land of Gyrfalcons and Capercaillies, Bears and Wolves, but, of late, the very unsatisfactory nature of our knowledge respecting the nidification of various birds, among which were some of our commonest winter visitants, had been constantly present to his mind. English oologists had more than twenty years before visited Iceland and the coast-region of Norway, making discoveries of remarkable interest ; it was therefore but reasonable to suppose that some sort of similar success would attend investigations carried on in still more northern latitudes. The pages ot Mr. Yarrell's work recorded the results of INfr. Dann^s visit to Lapland, and moreover an acquaintance of Wolley^s had only three years before made a tour in that country, and brought back specimens and intelligence sufficient to excite the ardour of a moderately keen naturalist. Then, again, there Avas the geographical consideration that, from the very configuration of the land, the country lying between the Arctic Ocean and a large inland sea like the Baltic would probably be found to offer to many species of birds peculiar advantages as a breeding-station. All this determined him upon making an expedition to the district lying at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. On the 23rd of April he left Hull for Gothenburg, on his Avay to Tornea, which place he intended to make his headquarters. Provided with good introductions, at Stockholm he obtained valuable intelligence from Prof. Retzius and the late Herr AYahlberg, who has since so unfortunately met his death in South Africa, and who had been not long before on a botanical tour in Lapland. Having secured the assistance of a student of the University to act as interpreter, Wolley started off again, undeterred by the prospect of a journey of 900 miles in a rough carriage, and at a season of the year when, the winter- ways being broken up, and the multitude of wide rivers still choked with rotten ice, travelling is deemed by the Swedes all but impossible. The journey was not. hoAvever, without its reward. In the course of it he discoved the Eaa-le-OwFs

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nest, his grapliic description of Avliicli reached England just in time to be of use to Mr. Hewitson. At length he arrived at Haparanda, a small frontier village opposite the Russian town o£ Tornea. Northwards from this place, Finnish is the language almost exclusively used, and it therefore became necessary here to engage a second interpreter. This added to the difficulties of the expedition; for those only who have experienced it can be aware of the trouble and annoyance entailed by the employment of a third language, especially in making known to an ignorant population wants of which they have hitherto had no idea, and by means of interpreters to whom they are equally strange.

It is not Avithin the scope of this memoir to relate at length the dift'erent stages of Wolley's journey. It Aviil suffice to say that, embarking on the river Tornea, he followed its course across the Arctic circle, until its junction at Kengis with the Muonio, continuing along the latter stream as far as Muonioniska — his intention being to reach Jerisjarvi, a large lake recommended to him at Stockholm as an advantageous locality for his operations: He found, however, that the more immediate neighbourhood of Muonioniska offered greater facilities, and here accordingly he passed the short polar summer, working incessantly, often more than twenty- four consecutive hours, in the vast marslies near it, until he had completely exhausted the powers of his two interpreters and his troop of beaters. At the end of July he retraced his steps, intending to return at once to England, but on arriving at Haparanda he found letters which made him resolve to pass the winter in Lapland, and accordingly, dismissing his companions, and entrusting to one of them the spoils of the campaign to be sent to some friends at home, he again ascended the river and took up his quarters at ]Muoniovara, the house of a trader, opposite the Russian village of Muonioniska.

During the winter he occupied himself partly in pursuit of the scanty stock of game which the dense surrounding forests afforded, and in unsuccessful attempts at bear-hunting, but more particularly in visiting every house within a radius

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of many miles, inquiring of the inhabitants respecting the birds of the district, and engaging their services for the ensuing spring. INIeanwhile his boxes of eggs arrived in England, and the reception by the public of a small portion of them, submitted to sale by the late Mr. J. C. Stevens, was very encouraging to his future labours — genuine eggs of the Jack Snipe, Broad-billed Sandpiper, and other birds it had never previously been in the poAver of British, or probably of foreign, collectors to procure. Towards the spring he crossed the Kjolen Mountains with reindeer into Norway, and proceeded by sea from Tromsoe to Hammer- fest, whence in a short time he returned with the last snow to his headquarters by way of Kantokeino, near which place he successfully scaled a dangerous rock for a nest of the Gyrfalcon. Arrived at Muonioniska, he soon afterwards had the opportunities of taking the eggs of the Crane which he has so vividly described in these pages ('Ibis/ 1859, p. 191), and a few days more saw him again ascending the river to its parent lake, Kilpisjarvi. among the mountains. No great success attended him here ; but in his voyage back, under circumstances of which a thrilling account was communicated to Mr. Hewitson^s pages, he met with rather better fortune, though he obtained little else than some eggs of a species, the Scaup Duck, which were already known to collectors. On his return to Muonioniska, he stayed there only long enough to ascertain the particulars of the col- lections Avhich had accumulated for him, and was off again, this time for England, which he reached in August. De- positing his treasures, including eggs of the Shore-Lark, Siberian Jay, Spotted Redshank, Temminck^s Stint, and Little White-fronted Groose, with the same friends as befoi'e, he departed in a few weeks a second time for the North, and travelling by way of Berlin (where he did not forget to inspect Savcry^s Dodo-picture) and Stettin to Stockholm, caught the last steamer for the Bothnian Gulf, and reached Muonioniska just before the closing of the river navigation. The following winter he passed much as he had the pre- ceding one. The brcakino- out of the Russian war indeed

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placed him within a short distance of the enemy's territory^ ^)ut fortunately did not materially affect his movements, which^ as regarded incnrsions on the Finnish side of the frontier, were wisely overlooked by the local anthorities. Still, great caution was necessary, so as to give no possible excuse for any measures that might circumscribe his operations. In the spring of the next year, 1855, he repeated his journey to Norway, and, leaving the Muonio and adjoining valleys to be worked by people whom he had especially instructed, he proceeded along the coast eastward of the North Cape to Wadso. From this remote town he crossed the Waranger Fjord to the outlet of the Patsjoki or Paswig river, ascending it until he reached the great Lake Enara, which had been the locality previously assigned by too credulous collectors for many a fabled rarity. He found its shores singularly destitute of anything ornithological, but on the way there he was rewarded by the sight of Wild Swans' nests. Heturning to Wadso, he joined Mr. W. H. Simpson and Mr. Alfred Newton, whose arrival he had been for many Aveeks expecting, and in company with those gentle- men he continued the remainder of the summer, exploring the shores of the Waranger Fjord and lower district of the Tana. They then proceeded by the coast to the Lyngen Fjord, and crossed to Kilpisjarvi. at which famous lake boats were waiting to take them to Muonioniska. After a month's delay here, principally enlivened by the discovery of some nests of the Pine Grosbeak, the party returned to England by the usual route.

The winter of 1855-6 Wolley spent at home. In the following spring he set out with Mr. Simpson for the Baltic, and passed the egging season chiefly in the island of ffiland and on the adjacent coast of Sweden. Mr. Simpson's principal success in this expedition has been already recorded by him in the pages of this Journal ('Ibis/ 1859, p. 264), and in his narrative of it he attributes to Wolley's suggestions the chief results. Wolley himself was rather led away from the living birds to pay attention to the barroAvs, stone-circles and other relics of a former age with which QEland in particular

166 ORIGINAL MKMBKKS.

abounds, and lie was at much pains to examine many of tlie numerous sacrificial and burial places in that island, and to collect organic remains from them. While tlms employed lie received a pressing invitation from Prof. Retzius to go with him to the meeting of Scandinavian naturalists then abonc to be held at Christiania, and accordingly repaired thitheiv where he read three papers : — 1st, ^' On the Recrystallization of Fallen Snow " ; 2nd, '' On the Swarm of Lemmings in Lapland in 1853, the Birds that accompanied it, and their jNIode of Breeding " ; and, .3rd, " On the Improvement of the Breed of the Reindeer/^ The meeting over, he returned to Copenhagen, and thence went to Stockholm, on his way to Lapland.

On his arrival at the Swedish capital, he received intelli- gence of a very unexpected and almost unhoped-for discovery made a few weeks before by persons in his employment — a discovery by far the most interesting and important to ornithologists that was destined to result from his labours. He hurried, on to Muonioniska to obtain the details, Avhich he found to be of a most satisfactory nature. The time may probably come when oologists will have a difficulty in comprehending with what delight the naturalists of this generation hailed the tidings that the mystery with which the nidification of the Wax wing had hitherto been enshrouded Avas dispelled. At Wolley^s especial request the intelligence was communicated to but a few of his most intimate friends at home, one of whom (the late Mr. Yarrell) it was his Avish should make public the news. Before, however, the letters aunouncing the great event reached England that excellent gentleman had been laid in his grave, and the discovery was accordingly first announced in a short paper communicated by AVolley himself to the Zoological Society of London and read at the meeting held March 2Gtli, 1857. Soon after tljc public had an opportunity of testing their appreciation of this new acquisition to oology, and the result was that a higher price was obtained for each of the three eggs of tli(> WaxAving — offered for sale at Mr. Stevens's rooms — than had ever been known before, except in the case of those of a

ORIGINAL MEMHKUS. 167

species presumed to be extinct. The full particulars of the discovery were not as yet given to the Avorld.

The Avinter of 1856-7 passed with Wolley much as usual, though in liis letters to his most constant correspondents he complained of being less able than formerly to withstand the rigours of the climate. In the spring he again set out for Norway ; but this time he chose another route, proceeding through the almost unexplored country nearly due north of Muonioniska^ until he struck upon the head-waters of the Tana, and, descending that river, reached the Waranger district, which had been partially examined by him and his friends in 1855. He was attracted thither by the report that, some years previously, a Swedish naturalist had there met with a breeding-place of the Knot ; but the locality assigned was found on examination to be a mountain covered with perpetual snow, and Wolley met with but little to com- pensate him for his loss of time and labour. When, towards the end of the season, he again returned to Muoniovara, he found a large number of eggs collected for him, and before he left for England he had the additional gratification of receiving from a remote district in Finland some eggs of the Smew, the first known to have been obtained by anv naturalist. An account of this, the last great oological dis- covery he was enabled to make, he contributed to this Journal (' Ibis, 1859, p. 69), and it detracts nothing from the value of tiie other articles to say that his paper is cer- tainly the most interesting Avhich aj)peared in the first number of ^ The Ibis.'

Wolley remained in England during the winter of 1857-8, and began diligently working up the subject which he had long been considering, and then took seriously in hand — the natural history of the Great Auk. With the view of seeking information at the fountain-head, and, if possible, of solviu"- the moot point of the bird^s present existence, in April 1858 he sailed for Iceland, accompanied by Mr. Alfred Newton. After passing some weeks at Reykjavik, the capital of that island, they repaired to the village of Kirkjuvogr, being the nearest settlement to the Euglaskcr oft" Cape Reykiane*

168 OKIUIXAL MEMBERS.

nhere examples of this bird were last seen. Here tliey remained two mouths, in vaiu waitinj^ for weather when a landing on these distant and dangerous rocks would be prac- ticable. The country around possessed but few attractions for the ornithologist ; but Wolley Avas indefatigable in seeking for information from the mouths of persons who had formerly -visited the Skerries, and was successful in procuring from them many valuable and interesting particulars relating to this bird. A considerable number of bones of the species, found at various places along the coast, were also collected, and these, together with the intelligence just mentioned, were the only results of the expedition worth recording here ; for, owing to the constantly unsettled state of the weather, not a single opportunity presented itself when it would have been in any degree possible to reach the rocks. After a hasty trip to the celebrated Geysers, Wolley returned to England, calling on his way home, as he had done on his outward voyage, at the Faeroes, where he not only renewed his former acquaintance with many of the inhabitants, but obtained further useful informatiou respecting the subject to which he was devoting himself.

Soon after his arrival in England Wolley began to find his general health, which had hitherto been exceedingly ;^ood, failing, without any apparent reason. He suffered from languor, at times to a most painful degree, and his former energy seemed to have departed from him. This did not, however, prevent his going to the meeting of the British Association held at Leeds in September. Here he read two papers : one, " On a fresh Form of Crystallization which takes place in the Particles of Fallen Snow under intense Cold,^'' being the same subject on which he had remarked two years before at Christiania, and which another winter in the north had enabled him to study more particularly; and a second, entitled '^ Observations on the Arrangement of small Stones in certain bare Levels in Northern Localities.-'' He was subsequently present at the Field-meeting or the Tyneside Naturalists' Club, lield at Marsden, October 22nd, bemg the last time he was to attend any scientific assembly. The

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distressing feelings of lassitude continued at intervals throughout the winter and following spring ; but still neither he nor those about him were much alarmed by them. As the summer drew on, he fancied his bodily strength in some degree restored ; but at the same time he was aware of an occasional loss of memory, which became now and then very apparent in his letters to his friends. In the month of July an accidental and trifling occurrence brought on an attack of a much more serious character, and he then placed him- self under regular medical treatment. No improvement in his symptoms taking place, it was recommended that further advice should be sought, and accordingly he went to London, where the opinion of one of the highest authorities in the profession — himself since removed by death — was taken. Dr. Todd (for he was the physician consulted) at once declared that the case was one in which no hope of recovery could be entertained, that there was an affection of the brain, probably of long standing, and that a speedy change Mould take place. These fatal words were fulfilled to the letter; not many days passed before Wolley experienced another violent attack, from which he only once, and for a short time, rallied. He then seemed quite aware of his approaching end, and expressed his wishes respecting the place of his burial and the disposal of his oological collection. On the 20th of November, 1859, after having for some hours lapsed into a state of complete unconsciousness, he expired without suffering.

His last wishes were faithfully carried out. In accordance with them, his remains were interred in the churchyard at Matlock — his birthplace — and his vast collection of eggs was handed over to his friend Alfred Newton, who subsequently published, under the title of ' Ootheca Wolleyana,' a full catalogue of the treasures it contained, as a fitting memorial of him who formed it. Wolley had been for some time in the habit of sending yearly to the Museum at Norwich most of the skins of the birds obtained by himself or his agents in Lapland. After his decease his father handsomely presented to the same deserving institution the remaining portion of the collection, where it is known as the " Wolley Donation,'

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. N

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and where it must always form an object of uo common interest to naturalists^ particularly to those engaged in the special study of the local variation of species, as well as to those who, through Wolley's generosity, or his annual sales'^, have become possessed of duplicates of his eggs, many of which are thereby thoroughly identified. It Avas, and always will be, a matter of regret that his active mode of life and his premature death prevented his giving to the world the connected account of his discoveries, which he had meditated. But the copious notes which he was so careful to make on almost every occasion enabled their subsequent possessor to remedy this deficiency in some degree, in the Catalogue which he published later. Wolley had, however, already made known many valuable results of his experience, which will be found chiefly in the pages of ' The Zoologist,' and in the last edition of his friend Mr. Hewitson's admirable work on Oology.

To describe John Wolley^s character at any length is not the intention of the writer. He has attempted, without the desire of unduly exalting the value of Natural Science, to give in outline the chief events of a life which, if the study of God's creatures deserves any encouragement, cannot be said to have been uselessly spent, and, if unsAverving devotion to the cause of Truth merits any praise, must be declared to have been honourably passed. The facts here narrated are left to speak for themselves ; on them must Wolley's repu- tation rest. It would add little to them to state that in the various capacities of relative, friend, and companion, there was little wanting in him, for such encomiums are too often applied without due cause. His good qualities are treasured in the recollection of those who knew him, and especially of

* The amount realized at these .sales has been greatly exaggerated by rumour, especially on the Continent. The writer, ou best possible authority, states that the gross receipts of the seven sales, which took place between 1853 and 1859 inclusive, did not exceed £940. From this must be deducted all expenses, the amount of which is not easily com- puted ; but some idea of their extent may be gathered from the fact that, in one season alone, collecting the eggs of a single species cost Wolley nearly £90.

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one to whom he gave the last token of his esteem, and who, having- endeavoured (how imperfectly no one knows better than himself) to discharge a duty owing to the memory of a deeply lamented comrade, cannot conclude this sketch without an expression of gratitude at having been permitted to share so largely the intimacy of such an upright man. — A. Newton.

N 2

Ibis. Jub.Suppl..l908.

Captain T. W, BLAKISTON.

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Captain T. W. BLAKISTON.

Captain Thomas W. Blakistou, to whom we are indebted for so much of our knowledge of Japanese Ornithology^ was born in 1832, and belonged to an old Durham family. After passing through Woolwich, he obtained a commission in the Royal Artillery. In 1861 he wrote a very interesting paper for this Journal on a collection of birds which he had made in North-West Canada, and in the following year he published a narrative of his adventurous expeditions up the river Yangtsze, for which he received the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society. He then settled at Hakodadi, in the north island of Japan, and devoted much attention to the Birds of Yesso, discovering many new species, writing various papers which appeared in this Journal, the ' Chry- santhemum,^ and the ' Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan,^ and sending small collections of new or rare birds to Mr. Swinhoe, or, after the death of that distinguished ornithologist, to Mr. Seebohm. In conjunction with Mr. Harry Pryer of Yokohama, Captain Blakiston succeeded in adding more than a hundred species of birds to the avi- fauna of Japan. A few years later Captain Blakiston removed from Hakodadi to the United States, and took up his residence at London in Ohio, and afterwards, we believe, in New Mexico. His last ornithological paper was an essay on the " Water-Birds of Japan,^^ published in the ' Proceedings of the United States National Museum.' He died on October 17th, 1891, in New Mexico.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. EDWARD BLYTH.

CONTRinUTORS TO THE FIRST SKRIKS OF ' THE IBIS.' 175

Mr. EDWARD BLYTH.

Edward Blyth. who died in London in December 1873, at the age of sixty-three, was a naturalist of no ordinary type. Though to the readers of ' The Ibis ' his name will be chiefly known in its connexion with Ornithology and the numerous papers registered in our General Subject-Index, birds by no means formed the only zoological subject of which lie possessed very ample knowledge. From 1833 to the time of his death, Blyth worked incessantly ; and memoirs were contributed by him to different scientific ])ublications, chiefly to the ' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,' ' The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' ' The Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' and to this Journal. For twenty-two years prior to 1864 he was Curator of the Calcutta Museum, which profited largely by his energy and ability. It was there that Blyth devoted himself to the study of the Natural History of British India and its dependencies, the results of which have connected his name so intimately with the Zoology of those countries. His Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum was also written during this period. After his return to England Blyth continued to work with unabated industry, and was at times almost daily to be seen consulting the library of the Zoological Society. At the Society's meetings, too, he was a frequent attendant.

Blyth's connexion with the British Ornithologists' Union commenced in 1860, when he was elected one of our first Honorary Members. After his return to England he was made an Extra-Ordinary Member, and so continued to the day of his death.

All who knew Blyth were struck with his powers of memory, and the readiness with which names and references found expression. His suggestions on such points, though not always accurate, were seldom wide of the mark.

176 COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

Some of the earlier writings of Blyth^ before he took up liis residence in Calcutta^ were communicated to Rennie's * Field Naturalist/ It is curious now to look back to them and see how he lent himself to the prevailing epidemic of that period for changing names of birds supposed to be unsuitably applied. Even our most familiar species^ such as the Robin, did not escape. It was the mistaken zeal for the fitness and uniformity of names, regardless of the consequences, manifested at this time, which provoked Strickland so energetically and successfully to protest. But the spirit of change which prompted Blyth and others in those days is not wholly laid ; for ever and anon it reappears in some new form to disturb the peace of ornithological nomenclature. In his later writings Blyth adhered loyally to the ''rules of nomenclature.^^

It will be a matter of regret if the works of so diligent a writer should be allow^ed to remain diffused, as they are, through so many zoological journals — the more so as the works of our most laborious compilers omit all references to original descriptions, nor do they furnish any clue to where they are to be found, beyond the name of a species and. its author. Is there not here a field of activity for some member of our Union? who, by making even an index to the generic and specific names scattered through Blyth's works, would not only honour a great ornithologist's memory, but also, by saving hours of too often fruitless search to his fellow-workers, confer a great boon upon ornithological science generally.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. JOHN HANCOCK.

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Mr. JOHN HANCOCK.

By tlie death of John Hancock, which occurred at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on the 11th of October, 1890, there was lost an ornithologist of a kind almost unique, and another of the few links which still connect us, with our predecessors of the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century has been broken. Though no less venerable for his age — he was 84 years old — than for his character, he was per- sonally known to but few outside of the town in which he so long lived. There, however, he had many friends, even before he enriched its Museum wath the fine ornithological collection he bestowed upon it in 1881. Losing his father, who was a tradesman in Newcastle, while yet a child, John Hancock received but a poor education, a deficiency de>-'ply felt by him in after years, and doubtless one of the reasons why it was only with the greatest difficulty that he could be induced to lay before the public any of the store of knowledge w^hich he possessed. It is said, and can be well believed, that he, like his brother Albany (who rose to so great scientific fame), was from his boyhood devoted to the study of Natural His- tory, and never lost an opportunity of prosecuting it that the intervals of business presented. In 18.26 Bewdck wrote of him as " a young friend and promising naturalist " ; and just twenty-one years after Hancock superintended a new edition of the famous ' British Birds,'' the value of which people now fully recognise, for owing to the care taken, first in cleaning the old blocks, and then in printing from them with the best of ink — ink of inferior quality having bean previously used, and especially in the earlier issues, which command so high a price, — fine details of engraving, the existence of which had hardly been suspected before, became manifest with an eff"ect that is in many cases marvellous, while even the few blocks which, through original

178 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.'

defect in the avoocI, lia.d become woriij present no worse figures than they had done before. In the spring of 1833, John Hancock, with another friend, accompanied the late Mr. Hew- itsoii on a birds'-nesting expedition to Norway, the results of which were made known by the last-named gentleman in his well-known Oological work, and briefly, though more connectedh% in the short-lived ' Magazine of Zoology and Botany' (ii. pp. 309-317). Just fifteen years later Hancock joined the late Charles St. John on a tour with the same object in the then almost equally unexplored northern district of Sutherland ; but his field-experience was otherwise mainly gained in his own neighbourhood, where, on the 26th of September, 1838, he chanced to fall in with an example, the first recognised in the British Isles, of the little Ijird at that time called the " Dalmatian Regulus," but now well known, and hardh^ to be deemed an unusual visitor to Western Europe, as the Yellow-browed Warbler [Phylloscojnis sttper- ciliosus). Of this species, the specimen shot by himself at Hartley on the coast of Northumberland, which he afterwards figured in his '^ Birds of Northumberland and Durham,' is still to be seen in iiis collection. In that same year, and only a short time before, the British Association met at Newcastle, and Hancock's "Remarks on the Greenland and Iceland Falcons," subsequently published in the * Annals of Natural History' (ii. pp. 241-250), attracted not a little attention. He lay, however, at that time under the grave mistake (though therein he was by no means alone) of con- founding the adult Faico candicans with its young, and of describing this last as resembling the immature stage of Falco islandus — an error that he was not able to correct until 1854 (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xiii. p. 110), and few have since been rash enough to controvert the truth of the views he then enunciated * ; for he was indefatigable in

* For comments on botli of these subjects, so inseparably connected with Mr. Hancock's name, the readers of ' The Ibis ' may be referred to our vouime for 1 862 (pp. 44-57), in which both ai'e treated at some length according to the light that then existed. For later remarks on the Falcon question reference may be made to the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History' (series 4, xii. pp. 485-487).

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 179

making observations on such birds as came in his way, and though comparatively few of these have seen the light, time has in most cases proved their accuracy.

Another of his discoveries — as such it really was, for though YarrelFs claim to priority is undoubted, no publication thereof had been made, and the fact was wholly unknown to Hancock — was the specific distinctness of Cygnus beivicki. As un- fortunately often liappens in such cases, some unpleasantness arose out of the circumstances. Yarrell, partly through a proper exercise of caution, and not suspecting that anyone else was likely to meet with specimens of his newly-found Swan, deferred its description until after it had come to the notice of the northern ornithologists, Wingate and Hancock ; but it is especially due to the acumen of the latter that the specific validit}^ of Bewick's Swan was recognised. Whether tidings of the fact reached Yarrell, and prompted him to make known the information he had possessed for some four or five years, matters little. If it were so, he was certainly justifying his rights ; but those who are curious in such trivial matters may read the charge and defence in the ^Philosophical Magazine' (new ser. viii. pp. 128-130 and 167-169). The whole incident is much to be regretted, and in nothing more than that Hancock thence conceived the ornithologists of the south of England to be jealous of him — an idea, we are sure, that was utterly mistaken, as was shown by the welcome they gave to his handiwork.

For many years Hancock had been attempting to raise '' taxidermy " to an art. He knew how a bird should look, and having the eye had also the hand of an artist, so that he could mount a dried skin and endue it with the spirit of life. Other men doubtless may have tried to do the like, but for the lack of the knowledge that comes of observation and the delicacy of manipulation that seeais to be inborn, no one except perhaps Mr. Waterton had succeeded. There are still some amongst us that remember with pleasure Hancock's contributions to the Great Exhibition of 1851, where, placed in the central transept, they were always surrounded by admirers, and at the end went unrewarded ! One of them

180 COXTKIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/

at least — but that b\' no means the best — Tnay now be seen in the Natural History Museum in Cromwell Road^ it having been bequeathed to tlie Trustees by Mr. Hewitson, who had become its possessor.

On the occasion of the International Exhibition o£ 1862, Hancock made a similar attempt to illustrate life in death ; but, as noticed at the time ('Ibis/ 1862^ p. 283), the Commissioners refused him the space he required^ and the beautiful groups he had prepared remained for a long while known only to his private friends. They have now been placed in the Newcastle Museum *, for which he in his later years unceasingly laboured, restoring, with that patient skill of which he was so great a master, many of its historic speci- mens that had come from the Allan and Tunstall collections more than a century ago, and adding others from his own stores set up witli a regard to truth and feeling that more than one much-vaunted assemblage of mounted groups fails to approach. Indeed, of Hancock's performances it may be said that, unequal as they may be, the worst of them never looks like a stuffed bird — the attitude of some may be un- graceful or possibly forced, but life is always there. In 1874 Hancock brought out his most considerable literary work, and that by which he will always be remembered, the ' Cata- logue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham.' It is an unpretentious, sound piece of work ; its statements as to fact may, Ave believe, be always trusted, and though assent may be reserved in regard to some of its author's opinions they are always worthy of attention as coming from a very original mind. Several notices also from his pen occur in 'The Ibis' (1862-1886).

It may here be remarked that in the ' Bibliographia Zoo- logise,' compiled by Agassiz and edited by Strickland for the

* The group of Swans attacked by an Eagle is said to have given Landseer the idea of one of his celebrated pictures ; but there is this difference between the work of the two artists— the scene executed by Hancock, tliough fanciful, is possible, that painted by Landseer is impossible.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.' 181

Ray Society, the few publications (three only) of Mr. John Hancock, therein entered, are ascribed to a namesake of his, and the mistake, of which he was aware, but about which he was wholly indifferent, has not been corrected by Carus and Engelmann in their ' Bibliotheca Zoologica.' — A. Newton.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

iMR. W. C. HEWITSON.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF 'tHE IRIS.'' 3 83

Mr. W. C. HEWITSON.

William Chapman Hewitson, second son of Mr. Middleton Hewitson, was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne on January 9th, 1806. He was educated at Kirkby Stephen and York, and subsequently articled to Mr. John Tuke, land-surveyor of York, in which city he resided until at least 1828, though he was practising his profession in his native city in 1831. He shewed his love for Natural History at an early age, for he occupied himself with oological and entomological pursuits at school, continued them at York, and published tiie first part of his ' British Oology' in 1831, the last in 1838. In that year we find him employed by Messrs. Sturges at Bristol in the survey of the Exeter and Bristol Railway, but he was again in his native town in 1839. Among the friends of his youth were Messrs. Albany and John Hancock, Joshua Alder, and William Hutton, while his determination to produce a book on British Oology as a sequel to YarrelPs ' History of British Birds ' was strengthened, it not caused, by his visits to the collection of Mr. R. R. Wingate, who set up so many of the birds in the Museum at Newcastle. The second and third editions of this work were entitled ' Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds '' and were issued in 1843-4 and 1856 respectively. At the same period we gather from the pages of the ' Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club' and the ^Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne ' that he was by no means neglectful of the pursuit of Entomology, and was amassing rich collections of British Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

In February 1829 a few members of the Literary and Philosophical Society at Newcastle banded themselves to- gether to form a society for the study of Natural History,

]84 COXTKIBUTOKS TO THE FlllSiT SERIES OF 'THE IBIS.'

which became the Natural History Society of Northumber- hmd, Durham, and Xewcastle-upou-Tyne, and held its first meeting on August 19tb of the same year. Hewitson was a member of the first Committee, and one of the Secretaries in 1833 and 1834 ; while later he became a Vice-President, and contributed several papers to the 'Transactions.'

In 1832 he travelled to the Shetland Islands, and returned with a fine series of eggs, and then in 1833 he accompanied his friends John Hancock and Benjamin Johnson to Norwaj^ with a view to exploring that country for eggs, insects, and plants, and ascertaining the breeding-haunts of certain of our winter migrants. Starting from Newcastle on a Scotcli brig the party reached Trondhjem on May 16th and pro- ceeded on foot, with tlieir outfit in a cart, to Rodoe, a small island just within the Arctic Circle. Thence they journeyed by boat, examining not only the islands, but the mountains, lakes, and waterfalls of the mainland; and of this journey Hewitson wrote out a full journal, illustrated by sketches originally made by himself, and supplemented by a map shewing the track followed. This journal was the joint compilation of Hewitson and Hancock, and they record that they w ere not far from being starved on one occasion, when confined by bad weatber to an island.

It was three mouths before the friends returned to Leith, with the spoils of a most successful expedition; for Ave are told in Mr. Embleton's memoir, cited below, that they brought back eggs of the Capercaillie, Fieldfare, Redwing, Turnstone, Golden-eyed Duck, and other rarities.

In 1840, Hewitson left Newcastle for the South, and took up his residence successively at Bristol and Hampstead. In 1843 he and his brothers inherited the property of his uncle Henry Hewitson of Seatoii Burn, and he was enabled to give up his profession of land-surveyor. A few years afterwards another uncle, Joshua Hewitson, died and left him the estate of Heckley, which he sold to the Duke of North- umberland. In 1848, after a last expedition with John Hancock to Switzerland and the Alps, where he made a fine collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera, as will be seen from his

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 185

" Remarks on the Butterflies of Switzerland " in the third volume of the ' Zoologist/ he settled down at Oatlands Park in Surrey, having purchased some twelve acres of land and Ijuilt thereon a house, surrounded by splendid cedars and oaks, in which he was always glad to receive those interested in his favourite subjects. During the last thirty years o£ his life Hewitson devoted himself specially to Entomology, one of the results being the publication (1852-1877) of his ' IllustratioDS of Exotic Butterflies/ He drew on stone all the figures of his Lepidoptera with minutest accuracy, and also himself coloured them. He w^as a Member of several learned bodies, including the Entomological, Zoological, and Linnean Societies, and a valued friend of Alfred Newton, Wolley, Yarrell, and other Naturalists in the south of England.

Hewitson died at Oatlands Park on May 28th, 1878, his wife, whom he married in 1853, having predeceased him iu 1854. Though wiry, he w^as of a nervous temperament and at times hypochondriacal owing to dyspepsia, while occasional fainting fits also weakened his constitution.

His estate at Oatlands Park was bestowed upon his lifelong- friend John Hancock, while, besides bequests to charities and so forth, he left his entire collection of Butterflies to the British Museum, and, failing the acceptance of his con- ditions, to the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

A full list of Hewitson^s works will be found in the Natural History Transactions of that Society (vol. vii. pp. 232-235) at the conclusion of an obituary notice by Dr. Embleton, from which (by kind permission of the Council) the present account has been extracted.

SER, IX. VOL. TI., JUB.-SUl'PL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Colonel L. H. IRBY.

COXTRIBVTORS TO Till; FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IRIS.' 18<

Colonel L. H. IRBY.

Lieut. -Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd Irby^ who died on May 14th, 1905, at 14 Cornwall Terrace, Regent's Park, N.W., was the fourth son of the late Rear- Admiral the Hon. Frederick Paul L*by, C.B., R.N., the second son of the second Lord Boston. He was born in 1836 and was educated at Rugby, On May 5th, 1854, he was gazetted as Ensign in the 90th Light Infantry, and six months later proceeded with it to the Crimea. He served at the siege of Sebastopol throughout the terrible winter of 1854-55, receiving the medal and clasp and Turkish medal, and. was pronioted Captain, February 24th, 1857. The same year, upon troops being' dispatched to China, the 90th L.I. were ordered thither. Three companies — Capt. Garnet Wolseley's (afterwards Field-Marshal Viscount AVolseley), Capt. Irby's, and another — sailed in H.M. Troopship 'Transit,' on April 8th, 1857.

On the voyage out the vessel was wrecked in the Straits of Banca, near Sumatra, and became a total loss. The British soldiers were lauded on a small island adjacent to the scene of the wreck, and after ten days the ' Dove ' gunboat arrived, bringing the startling news of the great Sepoy Rebellion, and further orders that the 90th, in place of continuing the voyage to China, were to go to Calcutta. Thither the regiment proceeded, via Singapore, arriving on August 11th, 1857. From Calcutta they made a forced march of some 700 xniles to Cawnpore, arriving there whilst evidences of the terrible massacre were yet visible on all sides. Here Irby came in for a great deal of fighting, his " record " including the relief of Lucknow under Lord Clyde, the defence of the Alum Bagh under Outram, and the siege and fall of Lucknow.

From his earliest days Irby had been profoundly interested

o2

188 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIS.'

in natural history, and his diary of his voyage in the 'Transit/ and of the following months of incessant marching and fighting in India^ is interspersed everywhere witli entries relating to the birds and other animals which he had shot or seen.

Lord Wolseley, in his ' Story of a Soldier's Life/ makes frequent allusions to Irby's well-known tastes^ and describes several amusing scenes which occurred. Thus, when on board the * Transit/ Wolseley, who occupied a cabin along with Irby, writes : " A few days after we left the Cape, I remai'ked a horrible smell in our cabin, and upon snitfing about I found it came from the skin of a Wild Cat carefully pinned upon a board to dr3\ In my anger I threw it overboard "

Another entry is highly characteristic of Irby's ways. Lord Wolseley, describing the life at the Alum Bagh, says : ^^ There were some jeels where my old chum Irby, an unerring shot, managed often to pick up a few Wild Duck. He had a curious soldier-servant whom he had trained as a retriever, and no matter how deep the water was where the duck fell, he quickly brought it to his master."

For his services in the Mutiny, Captain Irby received the medal with two clasps and was granted " a Year's Service." After the suppression of the Mutiny, he remained in India until his return to England in September 1860. On June 2nd, 1864, he was promoted to be Major in the 90tli, and in October 1864 he exchanged into the 74tli Highlanders. In 1868 he proceeded with his new Regiment to Gibraltar, and served there until February 4th, 1871, w^hen he accepted promotion to a half-pay Lieut. -Colonelcy. Three years later he retired from the Service.

Irby's devotion to the study of Natural History never failed him, even in the most adverse circumstances. Before Sebastopol he managed in brief intervals when off duty to shoot and skin a variety of birds at the head of Balaclava Harbour and other localities within the extremely limited region accessible to the British Army engaged in the siege. Visitors to his house will recall, among these, a Great

COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 189

White Heron avid a Bittern obtained there. It can easily be imagined that India opened up a wide field for his energies and researches. It was not, however, until 1868, when he first went to Gibraltar, that he came across a field which lie was destined to make largely his own. At this time our knowledge of the birds of the Spanish Peninsula was extremely limited, and what was then known Avas mainly due to Lord Lilford, who had visited the country on several occasions and had contributed papers on its birds to "^The Ibis' in 1865 and 1866. It was a happy chance that the two had been most intimate friends from pre- Crimean days in Dublin.

^lajor Irby now devoted much time to a thorough study of the birds of S.TV. Andaiucia and of the opposite coast of Barbary. He had, however, at this time, and indeed throughout his life, an invincible objection to publishing any account of his experiences, and it was largely due to Lord Lilford that he was at last induced to set about his book on the Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar, which, together Avith Lord Lilford's work, has formed the basis of nearly all the writings on the subject which have since appeared.

This book came out in 1875 and is full of valuable information, much of which was at the time entirely new, on the fauna of this region.

Colonel Irby was a man of marked individuality, and at all times most willing to give assistance and information to those whom he viewed as genuine students of Natural History, but he had an undisguised detestation of the race of " collectors " and wanton destroyers of bird-life. Tlie present writer will never forget the outpour of indignation by Colonel Irby upon the owner of a private collection who exhibited with pride whole trays-full of Choughs' and Peregrines' eggs, in tlie collection of which entire districts had been mercilessly harried and the beautiful and harmless Chough practically exterminated — at least in one locality. Colonel Irby's wrath against such men was a thing not to be forgotten, and he always declaimed against the baneful

190 C0XTH115UT011S TO THK Fl K8T SKUIKS OF ^ THE 115IS.'

habit of private collectors aiming at securing '^British specimens " of birds or eggs.

Another characteristic trait of Colonel Irby was his strongly expressed contempt for that class of naturalists, unfortunately not infrequently met with nowadays, who appropriate the information obtained from others, usually of wider experience and knowledge, and embody the same in their Avritings and books without any acknowledgment.

It was this deep-seated feeling which in later years often made him loth to write on matters of unquestionable; interest, especially to ornithologists^ for he argued that to do so would be but to supply further material for un- scrupulous book-makers !

It was whilst he was smarting under treatment of this sort, that Lord Lilford and Col. Willoughly Verner were, happily, successful in inducing Colonel Irby to bring out an enlarged Second Edition of his admirable ' Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar.' Lord Lilford supplied the fine coloured plates which make so attractive a part of the book^ while the present writer gave his own notes on Southern Spain, covering the period 1874-1891, as well as sundry illustrations, which were duly incorporated and acknowledged in the most generous manner. This work, published in 1895_, will probably remain the standard authority on the Birds of S.W. Andalucia for an indefinite time.

It has sometimes been said that Colonel Irby failed to record certain species which have since been proved to occur in the districts described. This is to some extent true, but is the best testimony to the accuracy and thoroughness of his work; for he would never admit species into his lists unless fully convinced personally as to their absolute authenticity. In sundry " Lists of Birds observed,^' pub- lished in recent years, it would have been well if Colonel Irby's views on this point had been adopted. He never ceased to make scathing allusions to the marvellous powers claimed by some individuals " who profess to identify all and every species within the range of their vision, even to

CONTRIRUTDKS TO THE FIKST SICHIKS OF ' THE IBIS.' 191

distinguish a Common from a Lesser Kestrel at any distance M'lien seen from a passing train " !

An invaluable work to Students of Ornithology in these Islands is Colonel Irby's ' British Birds : Key-List/ Avliich he wrote in 1887-88, and a Second Edition of which appeared in 1892. A list of his papers in 'The Ibis ' will be found in the General Subject-Index, beginning from the year 1861.

As is well known, he had exceptionally strong views on the subject of what lie ever described as "the needless multiplication of species/' and denounced the same in no uncertain language. Of this he once wrote : — " The un- fortunate part of ornithology, as at the present practised, is that it is chiefly confined to the slaughter of birds, whose skins, when compared and examined by table naturalists, are, upon the slightest variation of plumage, made into a new species without anj^ knowledge of their habits, notes, &c."

As a Member of the Zoological Society of London, Irby took a keen interest in the management of the Gardens and served on the Council from 189.2 to 1900. Many of the beautiful Life-groups of Birds and their nests at the British Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, were obtained by Colonel Irby, some of the earliest having been taken in 1884.

The writer of this notice first made Colonel Irby's ac- quaintance when quartered at Gibraltar in May 1877, twenty- eight years before his death, and from that time, and indeed until within a few^ weeks of his decease, made numerous expeditions Avitli him in Southern Spain, as well as to many wilder portions of the British Isles. Added to his thorough acquaintance with all appertaining to bird-life, Colonel Irby had a considerable knowledge of Lepidopterous Insects and of Plants. A most interesting and amusing companion, he was also a warm-hearted and staunch friend, whose quaint habits and forcible sayings will long be remembered by all who knew him. — Willoughby Verner.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Major T. C. JERDON.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES Or ^ THE IBIS.' 193^

Mr. T. C. JERDON.

By the death of Thomas Caverhill JercToii, in his 61st year^ the science of ornithology lost one of its most zealous supporters^ and at a time too^ when, by his return to England after a long sojourn in India, the remainder of a useful life might have been spent in the revision of much valuable work published at different times during his resi- dence abroad. Mr. Jerdon was the son of Mr. Archibald Jerdon^ of Bonjedward, Roxburghshire, and was born in 1811. In 1835 he entered the service of the Hon. East- India Company as Assistant Surgeon in the Presidency of Madras. In 1844 he published his first work on zoology, the ' Illustrations of Indian Ornithology.' Mr. Jerdon's name, however^ will be best known to ornithologists by his work on the Birds of India^ which was issued in 1862. This book has unquestionably proved of incalculable ser- vice in promoting the study of ornithology in India. The edition was speedily sold; and we believe that it was the author's intention to have published a second edition, incorporating all the materials that he had since collected, both from his own observations and those of others. The "Supplementary Notes" published in this Journal, and continued down to the end of the Timeliidse, were intended to prepare the way for this second edition.

Mr. Jerdon had special facilities granted him by the Indian Government to enable him to bring out the ' Birds of India/ and in collecting the material for his Avork he visited the greater part of India, as well as Assam and Burmah. His knowledge of birds was very great; but he studied them, not by amassing their skins, as is the usual, and perhaps the best, way, but by committing, as it were, their peculiarities to memory, Avith the aid of copious notes and sketches.

194 CO.XTKIIUTOUS TO TlU: FIK.ST SKKIKS OF '^ THE IJUs/

Mr. Jcrdon was elected an Honorary ^Member of our Union in 1864; on his return to England, at liis own request he was placed on the list of Ordinary Members. He died on the 12th of June, 1872, after a long and tedious illness originally contracted in Assam, which not even the change to the climate to Europe enabled him to shake off. His first paper in ' The Ibis ' Avas published in 1862, his last letter in 1870.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

SIR JOHN KIRK.

COXTRIBUTOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IRls/ 195

Sir JOHN KIRK.

Sir John Kirk, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Avas born in 1832, and received his chief education at Edinburgh University, where in 1854 he took his degree of M.D, ; lie then proceeded to Asia Minor, where he served during the Russian war, visiting and making large Rotanical collections on the upper slopes of ]Mt. Olympus and Mt. Ida. After travelling in Syria and Egypt he was appointed by the Foreign Office to accompany Dr. Livingstone as Chief Officer and Naturalist on the Govern- ment Expedition under that distinguished explorer. On this he served from 1858 until the return of the Expedition to England in 1864. During this time large collections of Birds, Mammals, and Plants were made, which are now deposited in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington and at Kew, and have been described in various works.

In 1866 Sir John was appointed H.M. Vice-Consul at Zanzibar, he became H.M. Consul-General in 1873, and was promoted to be Agent Consul-General at Zanzibar in 1880. He negotiated and signed the Treaty which in 1873 put a stop to the slave markets and the slave trade throughout the Zanzibar dominions, and negotiated and signed a Treaty of Commerce with Zanzibar. He was also British Plenipotentiary to the Brussels Conference of 1889-90, at Avhich seventeen Powers agreed as to the steps to be taken for regulating the trade in arms and spirits in Africa, and for dealing generally with questions arising out of the Slave Trade and supervision of vessels at sea. He was a delegate at Brussels in 1890 to fix the import duties in the ('Onventional Basin of the Congo, and was a member of the Commission for the revision of Slave Trade Instructions in 1891. In 1895 he was sent as Special Commissioner to the

196 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.'

Niger Delta, while he was appointed in 1895 bj" the Foreign Office a Member of the Committee for the construction of the Uganda Railway, of which he became Chairman.

He visited East Africa in 1903, inspecting the Railway, then open as far as the Victoria Nyanza, and reached the R-ipon Falls by steamer.

He is D.Sc. of Cambridge, D.C.L. of Oxford, and LL.D. of Edinburgh, while he is Foreign Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society. He is also an Honorary Member of the Zoological Society, a Fellow of the Linnean Society, and a Member of several foreign scientific bodies.

From the preceding details it will be seen that Sir John Kirk has passed a long and honourable career in his country's service ; but we must further draw attention to his hardly less important services to science, and to his connexion with ' The Ibis,' to which he contributed a paper on the birds of Eastern Tropical Africa in 1861 (vol. vi. p. 307). His active work has precluded him from publishing the results of his various expeditions since his return to England, but he has accumulated ample material at different times, and has deposited it at Kew and at the British Museum, with notes for the guidance of those who may work out the collections.

[bis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. E. L. LAYARD.

COXTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.' 197

Mr. E. L. LAYARD.

Edgar Leopold Layard^ C.M.G., was elected an Ilouoran' Member of the B. O. U. in 1860, and Avas therefore one of our oldest as well as one of our most valued correspondents. He was born at Florence on July 23rd, 1824_, and entered the Civil Service of Ceylon Avhen twenty-two years of age ; but after nine years his health gave way, and in 1855 he accepted the invitation of the late Sir George Grey to a post in the Civil Service at Cape Town. There he founded the South-African Museum, and became its first curator; after Avhich he accompanied Sir George Grey on a special mission to New Zealand, and subsequently became judge and com- missioner under the Slave Trade Treaties at the Cape. Transferred to the Consular Service, he was for some years at Para, at the mouth of the Amazons ; next he Mas sent to Fiji, where he arranged the cession, and was decorated in 1875 ; he then resumed Consular Service at Noumea, New Caledonia, and nltimately retired after forty-seven years' hard work. Layard was not a producer of many books, and his chief work in this line was ' The Birds of South Africa,' published in 1867, of which a new and revised edition, with the collaboration of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, made its ap- pearance between 1875-84. It is rather by his many and varied articles from 1854 almost to the time of his much- regretted death that he will be remembered ; and a column of closely-printed type in the General Subject-Index to ' The Ibis ' testifies to his energy in our special subject. Besides these, his bright and pleasant letters to ' The Field,' under his own name or the pseudonym of ''Bos CafFer/' were a source of much pleasure to the Ornithologists of his generation. He died at Budleigh Salterton, Devon, on January Ist^ 1900.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. R. R. SHARPE.

CONTRIBrXOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/ lOl)

Dr. R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

Richard Rowdier Sharpe was born on the 22nd of November^, 1847, being the eldest son of Thomas Rowdier Sharpe, a well-known publisher in his day. At the age of six he was sent to Brighton^ where his aunt, the widow of the Rev. James Lloyd Wallace, formerly head-master of Sevenoaks Grammar School, had a boy's school, to be well grounded in Latin and Greek. At nine years of age he was. transferred to Peterborough Gi'ammar School, of which his. cousin, the Rev. James Wallace, had been appointed head- master after his return from the Crimea, where he had served as an Army-Chaplain. Within a few days of his arrival at Peterborough, Sharpe gained a King's Scholarship, w^hicli gave him a free education, while he was also a choir-boy in the Cathedral. He left Peterborough with the Rev. James Wallace, on the appointment of the latter to the head- mastership of Loughborough Grammar School, and studied there for some time, commencing his collection of bird-skins : he had already made a large collection of eggs while at Peterborough. He was afterwards sent, with the object of studying for the army, to a private tutor at Steeple Gidding-^ in Huntingdonshire, the Rector, the Rev. C. Molyneux, having been a school-fellow of his father's. Here he remembers having seen the late Lord Lilford, Mith his Falconer and a full train, hawking on Great Gidding Field. Having no taste for mathematics, however, he did little work, but devoted most of his time to bird-collecting and taxidermy, making at the same time a considerable collection of insects, and having always a large assortment of living birds.

His father, mIio was then living at Cookham, Avislied the boy to prepare for Oxford, as his mathematical training for the Royal Engineers had proved a failure ; but the lad thought of nothing but bird-collectiuff.

200 COXTRIBUTOKS TO THE TIUST SEKIKS OF "^THK IBIs/

His first paper, on the Birds of Cookliam and the neigh- bourhood, appeared in the Journal of the High Wycombe Natural History Society, and his collection of specimens, made at this time, is in the Natural History Museum.

At last the old gentleman, who was like Gallio and cared for none of these things, looked upon his son as good-for- nothing, and sent him to London — not with the proverbial shilling, but with a sovereign and a letter, which gained him an immediate situation at Messrs. Smith and Sons, by whom he was always treated most kindly and his natural history tastes encouraged. He afterwards entered the service of the late Mr. Bernard Quaritch, who remained, throughout his life, a most kind and generous friend.

The Library of the Zoological Society having at this time increased, to large proportions, it was determined l)y the Council to appoint a Librarian, and on the recommendation of the late Osbert Salvin and Dr. P. L. Sclater, the post •was offered to Sharpe, and accepted by him. By this time •he had commenced his first ornithological work, the " Mono- graph of the Kingfishers,' and, owing to the advantages of the Zoological Society^'s Library, he soon finished this book and ■commenced (with Mr. H. E. Dresser) the 'Birds of Europe.' In May 1872, George Robert Gray died, and Sharpe was appointed to succeed him at the British Museum and take charge of the Bird Collection. He entered on his duties on the 1 1th of September of that year. To write the ' Catalogue of Birds,^ he was forced to give up the 'Birds of Europe/ which was completed by Mr. Dresser. Of the ' Catalogue of ]3irds ' he has written with his own pen thirteen and a half out of the twenty-seven volumes, most of the work being done in his un-officiai time. One of his most important con- tributions to Ornithological Science has been the 'History of the Bird-Collections in the British Museum,^ a history Avliich occupied two years of his private time to write.

In 1891 he Avas created an LL.D. of the University of Aberdeen, and in the same year received by an Imperial Decree the great Gold Medal for Science from H.I.M. The Emperor of Austria, the highest award for Science given by

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIS.' 201

that Sovereign. This medal was conferred on the occasion of the Second Ornithological Congress at Budapest, when Dr. Sharpe delivered his presidential address to Section A, on tlie ' Classification of Birds.' He was also President of Section A at the Third Ornithological Congress at Paris in 1900, and received from the President of the French Republic his appointment as "Officier de I'Instruction publique." In 1905 Dr. Sharpe was President of the Fourth Ornithological Congress in London, and will remain President of the Permanent Ornithological Committee till 1910, when Pro- fessor Anton Reichenow will undertake the duties.

Bowdler Sharpe was the first to conceive the idea of the British Ornithologists' Club in 1902, and for some years edited its 'Bulletin.' He is Foreign or Honorary Member of all the principal Ornithological Societies of the world, and has contributed a very large number of papers to ' The Ibis,' as will be seen from the pages of the General Subject-Index.

His work has not been limited to the birds of any particular country, but those of Africa have always been a favourite subject of investigation with him, while one of his best-known works is his edition of Layard's ' Birds of South Africa.'

«ER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUrPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

Capt. J. H. SPEKE.

COXTRIB UXORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF '^THE IBIS.' 203

Capt. J. H. SPEKE.

John Hanniiig Speke, the second son of William Speke, of Jordans near Ilchester in Somerset, was born at that place on the 4th of May, 1827. He was educated for the army, in which his father had been a captain, and joined the 46th regiment, Bengal Native Infantry, in 184J'. He served in the Punjab campaign under Sir Hugh Gough, and in the Sikh war under Sir Colin Campbell, becoming a lieutenant in 1850 and a captain in 1852. A good sportsman, as well as a botanist and geologist, he visited both the Himalayas and Tibet, while on his way home from India in 1854 he fell in with an Expedition, which was then about to start for Somali-land under the leadership of Lieutenant Burton, who afterwards made the name of Sir Richard Burton so celebrated. Speke became attached to this Expedition and was sent ahead to examine the nearer portions of the district. Severe wounds received in a skirmish with the Somalis, however, necessi- tated a return on sick leave to England, which he left soon afterwards, as a volunteer, for the Crimea, where he remained at Kertcli with the Turkish regiment to which he was attached until the Avar ended.

Another African expedition was at this time being pro- jected by Burton, and Speke was appointed a member at that officer's suggestion. This expedition, though backed by the Home and Indian Governments, took its instruction? from the Royal Geographical Society, and the travellers were ordered to proceed from Kilwa to investigate the report which had reached Europe of the Lake Nyassa, and to explore the intervening country. Starting from Bombay on December 3rd, 1856, and landing at Zanzibar, Burton and Speke skirted the coast-lands and finally turned towards the interior at Kaoli, proceeding by way of Zungonero, Ugogo, and Ukimba to Kaze. Acting on information received from the Arabs, the

p2

20i CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIKS OI' ' THE IBIS.

expedition forced its way to the unknown Lake Tanganyika, in spite of the illness of both its leaders, and Speke crossed the lake from Kabogo to Kasenge, reporting to Burton his belief that he had seen the so-called ^Mountains of the Moon to the northward. It was necessary to return to Kaze to recruit, and there Speke persuaded Burton to allow him to push on to the still larger northern lake, of the existence of which they had been informed.

Leaving the camp on July 9th, 1858, with a small band of followers, Speke succeeded in obtaining a good view of the lake on August 3rd, and named it the Victoria Nyanza. On his return to Kaze, Burton did not fully credit the fact that he had discovered the sources of the Nile, and a coolness arose between the two friends, which resulted in Speke^s return to England in 1859, where he duly reported to the Royal Geographical Society and lectured on the discovery of the two lakes at Burlington House. Sir Roderick Murchison was at that time President of the Society, and he promptly arranged for a further expedition under Speke's command, a proceeding which Burton seems to have resented on his arrival — the rupture being accentuated by the publication by the latter of his work on ' The Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa.' Speke nevertheless returned to Africa with an Indian fellow-officer, Capt. J. H. Grant, being instructed by the aforesaid Society to verify his results and explore the Victoria Nyanza. They proceeded on September .20th, 1860, from Zanzibar to Kaze, and, in spite of illness and the attacks of the natives, penetrated again from Tanganyika to the northern lake ; thence they pushed on to Uganda, where King Mtesa shewed himself fairly friendly. Kamrasi, king of Unyoro, on the other hand, was hostile, and it was with difficulty that Speke marched through his land to Urondogani on the Nile, which he reached on July 21st, 1862. Subse- quently he followed that river to the spot where it leaves the Victoria Nyanza and named it the Ripon Falls. Mtesa would only allow a hasty survey, and Speke left with a few boats, but he was obliged to land in Unyoro and proceed to the palace of Kamrasi, who detained him for a considerable

COXTUIliUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF '^ THE IBIS.' 205

time. On November 9tli he was permitted to leave, followed the Nile to Karuma Falls, thence struck across country to De Bono's trading-station, and soon came into view of the river once more. At Gondokoro he met Samuel Baker and gave him the information that he had gathered as to the Luta Nzigc (now the Albert Nyanza), which he considered a mere backwater of the Nile. He also planned Baker's route for him, and handed over to him a map which he had prepared, the result being the discovery of tlie Albert Lake by the latter. From Khartoum Speke forwarded a report to the Royal Geographical Society, while on his return to England he published his discoveries in full at their Special Meeting held on June 2()th, 1863. The Founders' Medal of the Society was bestowed upon him, as well as another by the King of Sardinia, who had met him at Alexandria.

Besides various articles in periodicals, Speke published a book entitled ' What led to the Discovery of the Nile ' and another called ' Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile,' He was criticized by English and foreign geographers for not having followed the river in all its windings, and a discussion was arranged ,to take place between him and Burton at the Bath Meeting of the British Association in September, 1864 ; but before the day appointed Speke accidentally shot himself while partridge- shooting at Neston Park, and was buried on September 26th.

Capt. Speke contributed a paper on the birds which he met with m Somali-land to 'The Ibis ' for 1800 (p. 243).

For fuller details the reader should consult the excellent life of Speke in the ' Dictionary of National Biography/ to which the writer of this notice is much indebted.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. ROBERT SWINHOE.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF '^ THE IBIs/ 207

Mr. R. SWINHOE.

Robert Swinlioe was born in Calcutta on the 1st of September, 1836. He was brought to England at an early age, and educated at King's College, London, of which he was made an Honoraiy Fellow in 1863. On leaving King's College he matriculated at the University of London in 1853, and in the following year passed as a supernumerary Interpreter for the Consular Service in China. During his residence in China he acted as Vice-Consul and Consul at Amoy, Shanghai, Ningpo, and Chefoo, as well as in Eormosa. His expeditions included : — a journey up the Yangtsze river as far as the interior of Szechuen ; the circumnavigation of the island of Formosa ; a visit to Hainan ; and a journey to Pekin, whither he accompanied, as interpreter, the English forces under General Napier and Sir Hope Grant. His last station was Chefoo, whither he had gone, with the hope of regaining health, in 1873. His malady, however, increasing, Swinhoe quitted China in October 1873, and, retiring from the Consular Service on a pension, lived in London till his death on the 28th of October, 1877.

During his stay in China, Swinlioe devoted the whole of his spare time to working at the natural history of the different places at which he resided, ornithology occupying a large share of his attention. On the eve of his first departure from England he made the acquaintance of our late Member, Mr. H. Stevenson, It thus came to pass that some of Swinhoe's first collections were consigned to Mr. Stevenson, and that a portion of the birds passed into the Norwich Museum, where they now are. Eut during his whole period of work Swinhoe always reserved an extensive series of specimens for his private collection, and used them for reference in compiling the numerous papers that he was constantly writing on his favourite subject. When Swinhoe

208 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

first began his study of Chinese ornitliology our knowledge of the birds of tliat country may be said to have been almost nothing. No general account of the birds of China had ever been published ; and all that was known of them was of the most fragmentary description. The pages of the * Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society and of this Journal testify to Swinhoe's unremitting energy in his favourite subject. Of all the papers he wrote on it^ the " Revised List of Chinese Birds/^ published in the ' Proceedings ' for 1871, gives the best summary of what he did to advance our knowledge of the Chinese avifauna.

During the latter part of the time that Swinhoe was working' at the birds of the Chinese littoral, the interior of the country was being most ably investigated by Pere Armand David ; so that China^ instead of being the terra incognita as regards our knowledge of its birds that it used to be, began to rank amongst the fairly explored countries of the globe.

Swinhoe's communications to this Journal commenced in 1860, after which scarcely a number, and certainly no volume, appeared without a contribution to its pages from him. His last communication to us bears the date of the same month as that of his death ; and the fine Formosan species there described and figured, from a specimen obtained by Prof. Steere, supplements his own important discoveries in the same island.

Swinhoe was elected an Honorary Member of the British Ornithologists^ Union in 1862, and passed to the list of Ordinary Members at his own desire in 1876. He was a Member of several of the scientific societies of London, as well as a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He was elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society in 1876.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. G. C. TAYLOR.

CONTllIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ^ THE IBIs/ 209

Mr. G. C. TAYLOR.

George Cavendish Taylor Avas tlic second son of the late Mr. Frederick Farmer Taylor, of Chyknell, Salop, by a grand-daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrolton, last survivor of those who signed the Declaration of Independence of the United States. He passed the first portion of his life as an officer in the 95th Regiment, and served his country in the Crimea and elsewhere ; after retiring from the army he was in the Militia. He became a director of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway (1864-1889), while he was also at one time a director of the Varna Railway, and was interested in other commercial undertakings.

Mr. Taylor was an ardent sportsman and an excellent shot, and from early life was a collector of birds, more espe- cially those killed by his own gun, and a skilful preparer of their skins.

In 1857-58 he visited Honduras in connexion with the scheme then afloat for carrying an inter-oceanic railway across that country. In company with the preliminary surveying expedition for the proposed line, he crossed that Republic from Fonseca Bay to Omoa, and made a considerable collection of birds, of which he subsequently published an account in this Journal. He was one of the early members of the British Ornithologists' Union, and was an intimate friend of many who belonged to it.

In 1861 Mr. Taylor made an expedition to Florida, of which also an account was given to the readers of ' The Ibis.' In 1872 he contril)uted to our Journal an account of his observations in the Crimea, Turkey, the Sea of Azov, and Crete duriug the years 1854-55. One of the specialities of his private collection of birds was a series of Ruffs {Machetes pugnax), illustrative of the highly variable plumage of the

210 COXTRIBUTOKS TO TIIK FIRST SERIES OF 'Tilt: IIUS.'

male of this species. This series \\'as fortunately secured Ijy Prof. Flower for the National Collection. Mr. Taylor died at his residence, 42 Elvaston Place, Queen's Gate, on July 30th^ 1889, at the age of G3 years.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

1

Colonel S. R. TICKELL

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/ 211

Colonel S. R. TICKELL.

Samuel Richard Tickell was educated for tlie army, Avliich lie entered in 1829; but after having served with the 31st Bengal Native Infantry in the Kol campaign of 1832-33, he exchanged a military life for civil employment till he finally retired in 18(35. The wild districts on the S.W. frontier of Bengal, in which, with the exception of a few months spent in Nepal, he was em^iloyed from 1834 to 1817, offered a fine field for a naturalist's exploration, and the ' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal^ for this period contains several contributions from Tickell, both ethnological and zoological. His paper on Oology in volume 17 of ' The Field' newspaper gives the first published observations on. the nests and eggs of the birds of the plains of India, and his paper on Manis pentadactyla and its anatomy is prominently referred to by Jerdon in his ' ]\Iammals of India/ He also contributed a paper " On the Hornbills of India and Burma " to ' The Ibis' for 1864 (vol. vi. p. 173).

In 1847 Tickell was transferred to Arakau, and the rest of his service was spent in this ])rovince and in British Burma. It was there for the most part that he worked at the zoological drawings and memoirs which just before his death he presented to the Zoological Society of London. At one time he had projected with Blyth an illustrated Avork on Indian Natural History. His later contributions to the Bengal Journal comprise among others the description of a new genus of the Gadidai, a full account of the habits of Hylobates lar, and an interesting itinerary of a journey which he made with Mr. Parish up the Altcran River. Appended to this paper are notes containing much valuable zoological and botanical information.

Col. Tickell, on his retirement, settled in France and the Channel Islands. An inflammatory attack, the consequence

212 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

of exposure while fishing on tlie coast of Brittany in 1870, cost him the sight of one^ and ultimately of both eyes^ and the last year of his life was one of great suffering. He died at Cheltenham on April 20th, 1875.

This short account of Colonel Tickell^s life is chiefly taken from the obituary notice in 'The Field ^ newspaper for 1875 (first half year), p. 566, to -vvhicli paper he constantly con- tributed articles on the Game-birds and Wild-fowl of India under the signature of " Ornithognomon/^ and on Sport and Natural History under that of " Old Log/^ Papers on Indian Ornithology from his pen will also be found in 'The Ibis/ I860, p. 297 ; 1863, p. Ill ; 1864, p. 173 : and 1876, p. 336.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

Dr. a. R. WALLACE.

CONTRIBUTOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/ 213

Dr. a. R. WALLACE.

It must always afford the greatest pleasure to Members of our Union to recall the fact that Dr. Wallace was one of the earliest contributors to the pages of 'The Ibis/ and that he was one of our first lionorarj'^ Members^ as long ago as the year 1860. It would have been indeed a loss if so great an. authority had failed to give us some account of the ornitho- logical results of his travels, and if our " Darivmus alier,'" as he was termed when presented for his Doctor's degree at Oxford, had not initiated us into the mysteries of the Amazon and the Malay Archipelago, so little understood at that date.

Alfred Russel Wallace, the son of Thomas Vere Wallace, a gentleman of ancient Scottish lineage, was born at Usk in Monmouthshire on January 8th, 1823, and was educated at Hertford Grammar School under Mr. C. II. Crutwell. From 1838 onwards he acted as assistant to his brother William, a land-surveyor and architect, in the counties of Bedford, Eadnor, Brecon, Shropshire, and Glamorgan, where he made some progress in Geology and Botany, but devoted himself in particular to Entomology. He began to write articles, though he did not eventually publish them, and on one occa- sion lectured at Neath on the South Wales Fauna. So the time passed until 1844, when he met at Leicester Mr. H. W. Bates, then also mainly interested in Entomology. This friendship was the turning-point of Wallace's career, for, finding that he had no great liking for the teaching or other professions which he had tried in turn, he decided to travel. Darwin's 'Voyage' and Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative' greatly influenced his decision, while his ideas were encouraged in addition by Mr. E. Doubleday, of the British Museum. The perusal of W. H. Edwards's ' Voyage to Para ' finally settled the exact destination, and Bates and Wallace started in company in 1848 from Liverpool on the barque

214 COXTIUHUTORS TO TIIIC IIUST SERIES OF 'tHE IBIS.'

' Mischief of 192 tons register. Their joint explorations of the mighty Amazon and the surrounding districts cannot ])e given in detail here, but will he found in Bates's ' Naturalist on the Amazon ' and Wallace's ' Travels on the Amazon/ while the latter contributed a paper to the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society of London for 1850 (p, 206). The fauna and flora were very thoroughly investigated, but unfortunately Wallace lost all his valuable collections while on his return to England in 1852. He had started from Parii in the ' Helen/ which took fire during her voyage, and the passengers spent no less than ten days and ten nights in a boat before they were picked up by the ' Jordeson/ which finally landed them at Deal.

On reaching Engknd the subject of our notice Avas not long in making the acquaintance of the great scientific men of the time, and he soon began a long course of scientific writings with a paper on INIonkeys, read before the Zoological Society. He visited Switzerland in 1853, and Avas sufficiently struck by that country to return there on two subsequent occasions. During this year he published his ' Travels on the Amazon' and his 'Palm Trees of the Amazon.'

In 1854 Wallace left England by himself on the P. & O. steamer ' Bengal ' for Singapore, whence he journeyed through many parts of the Malay Archipelago, to Borneo, Macassar, Celebes, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Timor, Java, and Sumatra, making large collections and gathering an immense amount of the most varied information. As a result he became deeply impressed by the idea of " Natural Selection" in regard to the perpetuation of species, and forwarded to England an essay entitled ' On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type.' Though Wallace was unaAvare of the fact at the time, Darwin had since 1837 been Avorking on similar lines, and the appearance of this essay in London was the first link of a chain that finally resulted in the production of the 'Origin of Species,' which Darwin himself tells us C Life and Letters of Charles Darwin/ vol. ii. p. 115) might never have been completed, at least in its present form, but for the incentive

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBls/ 215

furnished by Waliace^s paper. It will be seen from the * Life and Letters' cited above (vol. ii. pp. 11(3 secjq.) that Darwin felt so strongly that Wallace had been actually the first to proclaim his views publich', that he went so far as to doubt whether it would be honourable or fair to his fellow- worker to publish his own memoir on the subject written as early as 1844, although both Sir Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker had been cognisant of it for many years, fearing that it might detract from the value of Wallace's work. He was most anxious that Wallace's Essay should l)e published as soon as possible. Of this proceeding Sir Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker highly approved {' Life and Letters/ vol. ii. p. 115), "provided that Mr. Darwin did not withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined to do (in favour of j\Ir. Wallace), the memoir which he had himself written on the same subject . . ." A joint paper was therefore prepared for the Linncan Society, Avhich was published in its ' Journal ' for 1858 (vol. iii. p. 53j under the title " On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection.^' It consisted of Wallace's Essay, Avitli the addition by Darwin of (1) Extracts from the above-mentioned ' Sketch ' of 1844, (2) part of a letter addressed by him to Dr. Asa Gray in 1857; the whole being communicated to the Society by Lyell and Hooker, who explained the circumstances under which it was published in a prefatory letter. In this manner, by the co-operation of two great scientific men, were the views which were to revolutionize zoology brought before the world.

During his travels Wallace paid much attention to the unconscious mimicry of birds and insects, and to the geographical distribution of the various forms ; while he made the personal acquaintance of nearly every species of Paradise Bird then known, and first brought to the notice of naturalists the curious Seiniopiera ivallacii of Batchiau.

On his return to England in 1862 he was successful in conveying home two live specimens of Paradisea minor, which were deposited in the Zoological Gardens in London.

216 COXTKIHUTOKS TO THE FIRST SERIES OF ' THE IBIs/

In 1866 Wallace married Aiiniej eldest daughter of AVilliam Mitten^ of Hurstpierpoint ia Sussex^, and settled down permanently to work at Natural and Social Science, residing at different times in Kent, Surrey, and Dorset.

The list of publications below shew the important nature of his work, but they do not give any adequate idea of the whole, unless account is also taken of his many contributions to periodical literature. The titles of his papers in ^ The Ibis ' alone fill the greater part of a column in our General Subject-Index.

In 1886-1887 Wallace was lecturing in America, and he Jias since devoted himself mainly to writing on social subjects.

Of the degrees bestowed upon him we may note LL.D, Dublin in 1882, D.C.L. Oxford in 1889, while in the Birth- day Honours for 1908 he was awarded the Order of Merit. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and other scientific bodies.

On July 1st, 1908, at a Special Meeting of the Linnean Society, he was the first recipient of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, struck to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the reading of the joint paper already mentioned, and in November of the same year he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.

Chief Works connected w'ltli Natural Science.

Travels on the Amazon. 1853 ; new edition 1889.

Palm Trees of the Amazon. 1853.

The Malay Archipeiao-o. 18G9 ; new editions from 1872 to 1898. *Natural Selection. 1870.

The Geographical Distribution of Animals. 1876.

Articles on Acclimatization and on Distribution : ' Zoology,' for the ' Encyclop;edia Britannica.' *Tropical Js"ature. 1878.

Australasia. 1879 ; new edition 1893.

Island Life. 1880 ; third edition 1882.

Darwinism. 1889; third edition 1901.

Man's Place in the Universe. 1903 : new edition 1904.

My Life. 1905.

* Tliese two works were issued jointl}' in 1891.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908,

MR. C. A. WRIGHT.

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST SERIES OP ' THE IBIs/ 217

Mr. C. a. WRIGHT.

Charles Augustus Wright, of Kayhough, Kcw Gardens Road, Avas the sou of Mr, John Wright, of Cumberland Terrace, Regeiit^s Park ; he was born on April 2nfl, 1834, and in 1841 settled in the island of Malta, where, during a residence of thirty-three years, he occupied himself in working at the Natural History of the group. As founder and Editor of the '^ Malta Times,^ he took a large part in the politics of the day, Avhile as special Mediterranean corre- spondent of ' The (London) Times ' he was the author of various articles on naval matters. He was by no means neglectful of the antiquities and fossils of Malta, and was at one time Vice-President of its Archaeological Society ; but his chief bent was in the direction of Ornithology, Conchology, and Botany, in all of which branches of science he amassed large collections. He was a Fellow of the Linnean and Zoological Societies, and a member of various local bodies, while he was elected to our Union in 1875, on his iinal return from the Mediterranean. The Order of Knight of the Crown of Italy was subsequently conferred on him, in 1883, in recognition of his ornithological studies.

Mr. Wright Avas one of the very early contributors to 'The Ibis,^ and furnished it with several important papers on the Birds of Malta and Gozo between 18G3 and 1874, the first being an account of a visit to the islet of Filfila. He also wrote in Maltese on " Birds observed in Malta and Gozo'^ for the "^ Maltese Encyclopaedia of Natural History^ in 1862, and published an article in the '^Proceedings' of the Zoological Society of Loudon for 1875 on the peculiar Weasel of the island, while he was recognised as the greatest authority on the Natural History of the group. He died in "> 907, in his 74th year.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. H, E. DRESSER.

OFFICIALS, OTHER THA\ THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE. 219

Mr. H. E. dresser.

Henry Ecles DresseVj a scion of an old family of yeomen — freeholders who had resided in the North Riding of York- shire for nearly three centuries, — was born on May 9tli, 1838, at the Thirsk Banh, of which his grandfather was the founder. His father, being a younger son, had to strike out a line for himself, and abont 1845 started as a Baltic timber merchant in London. In consequence of this change of residence, Henry Dresser, in 18 17, Avas sent to a private school at Bromley, in Kent, and subsequently in 1852 to a German school near Hamburg. In 1854 he went to Gefle and Upsala to a tutor to learn Swedish, and on the way home stayed at Gothenburg, where he worked at mounting birds in the Museum with Malm. In 1856 he went to St. Petersburg, and thence to Finland, where he entered the office of a large timber merchant to learn the details of the trade; in 1857 he travelled through Finland on business, then through Sweden, and finally reached home by Christmas of that year. In 1858 he travelled all round the Baltic on business, and when at Uleaborg in Finland took the nest of the Waxwing. Later in the same year he was for some time in France and Italy.

In 1859 he went to New Brunswick as temporai-y assistant- manager on a timber estate, but returned in the latter part of 1860. In 1861 and early in 1862 he travelled in Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Prussia, and in 1862 went out again to New Brunswick as manager of the timber estate for a year till a new manager could be appointed. Early in 1863 he took a cargo out to the Confederate States, to Texas, and remained there for over eighteen months, returning to London on business in the late autumn of 1864, From 1864 to 1870 he travelled abroad every year, and visited Spain twice, Russia three times, Turkey, Austria, Italy, Servia, Bulgaria, Roumania, and other parts. In 1870 he started business at

Q <>

220 OFFICIALS, OTHER THAX THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE.

110 Cannon Street, in the metal trade. He also commenced the '' Birds of Europe' with Mr. R. B. Sharpe, who, however, left him to continue the work alone when he entered the British Museum. In 1878 he married, and did not go abroad that year, but from 1870 to the present year (1908) he has been abroad every spring or autumn, and in every case has made use of his time to work at Ornithology and Oology.

He could make a fair skin of a bii'd when he went to school in Germany in 1852, and first commenced to collect eggs in that year, but in 1854 he began to amass both skins and eggs systematically. His collection of between 11,000 and 12,000 bird-skins has been at Owens College Museum, Manchester, since 1899, but he still retains his series of Palsearctic eggs.

He joined the B. O. U. in 1865 ; indeed, had he not been prevented by absence abroad, he might have been one of the original members. In 1882 he became Secretary, a post which he held until 1888. To 'The Ibis' he has been a constant contributor.

The following are Mr. Dresser's chief works, not to mention a large number of important papers in periodicals, chiefly on Oology : —

A History of the Birds of Europe (inclucliug- all the Species inhabiting

the Western Palfearctic Eegion). 8 vols. 4to. London, 1871-81.

With 633 hand-coloured Plates. A List of European Birds, including all Species found in the Western

Palsearctic Region. 8vo. London, 1881. A Monograph of the Meropidse, or Family of the Bee-eaters. 1 vol.

Small folio. London, 1884-86. With 34 haud-coloured Plates. A Monograph of the Coraciidas, or Family of the Rollers. 1 vol. Small

folio. Farnborough, Kent, 1893. With 27 hand-coloured Plates. Eversmann's Addenda ad celeberrimi Pallasii Zoographiani Rosso-

Asiaticam. Aves, Fasc. I.-III. 8vo. Kasani, 1835-42, Facsimile

reprint, edited by H. E. Dresser. London, 1876. Supplement to the Birds of Europe. 4to. London, 1895-1896, with 89

plates. Manual of Palsearctic Birds. 8vo. London, 1902-1903. Eggs of the Birds of Europe. 4to. London. Parts I. -XIV. (still in

process of publication).

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

{

V 5-^ It^

MR. E. W. GATES.

OFFICIALS^ OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE. 2.21

Mr. E. W. gates.

Eugene William Gates was born at Girgenti, Sicily, on the 31st of December, 1845, and was educated partly at the Sydney College, Bath, and partly by tutors. In 1867 he passed, by competitive examination, into the Public Works Department of the Government of India, and was posted to Burma, where he soon commenced to investigate the orni- thology of the Province. In 1881 he returned to England, on two years^ leave, with a large collection of birds, and wrote the '^ Birds of British Burniah' in two volumes. In 1886 he was requested by Dr. W. H. Blanford, the Editor of the ' Fauna of British India,^ to undertake the portion dealing with birds. For this purpose he came to England in 1888, again on two years^ leave, and wrote the first two volumes, comprising the Passeres. Unable to obtain an extension of leave in order to comiDlete the work, he returned to Burma in 1890. While thus engaged, he also brought out a second edition of ' The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds ' in three volumes, Mr. A. G. Hume having made over to him for that purpose all his notes and correspondence on the subject.

In 1897 Mr. Gates revisited England, and in 1898 and the succeeding year published the ' Game Birds of India ' in two volumes. In 1898 the Trustees of the British Museum engaged his services for the purpose of cataloguing the large collection of Birds' Eggs in that Institution. He prepared the manuscript of four volumes, treating of about 50,000 specimens. The first two volumes were printed luider his superintendence, but in 1902 he was compelled to abandon the work, owing to severe illness, and the next two volumes •were completed, with additions to date, and printed under the supervision of Captain Savile G. Reid. The work has not yet been brought to a conclusion, but the fifth volume is under prepai\ation by Mr. W. R. Ggilvie-Grant.

2.t22 OFFICIALS^ OTHKK THAN" THOSE TO HE FOUXD ABOVE.

Ill June 1898 Mr. Oates was elected to the post of Secretary to tlie British Ornithologists^ Union, and held that position till May 1901. During this period he edited a General Subject-Index to 'The Ibis/ 1859-1894, Avhich had been very carefully compiled by the late Mr. G. A. Doubleday.

Mr.[Oates retired from the Service in March 1899 and has continued to reside in England since that date.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI., 1908,

MR. HOWARD SAl^NDERS.

OFFICIALS, OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE. 223

Mr. HOWARD SAUNDERS.

Howard Sauuders, noted both as a traveller and an orni- thologist, was a conspicuous figure among the zoologists o£ the Metropolis ; and his writings, marked as they were by exceptional care and accuracy, will serve as a model for many future generations. He spared no pains to make his own work as perfect as possible, and was never known to refuse his aid, in the interest of science, to those occupied in similar pursuits, while his various activities were only terminated by his death, which occurred at his London residence, 7 Radnor Place, W., on October 20th, 1907, at the age of 72 years, after a long illness borne with the greatest fortitude.

The son of Alexander and Elizabeth Saunders, he was born in London on Sept. 16th; 1835, and received his early education at Leatherhead and Rottingdean, subsequently to which he entered the office of Anthony Gibbs & Sons, merchants and bankers in the City. The foreign associa- tions of that Avell- known firm caused his thoughts to turn in the direction of South America, and, being naturally of an adventurous and energetic disposition, in 1855 he deter- mined to leave England on a journey to Brazil and Chile. In 1856 he rounded Cape Horn on the way to Pcrn"^, where he resided continuously till 1860. That country offered to an explorer, and particularly to an ornithologist, magni- ficeut opportunities, of which Saunders was not slow to avail himself, while, not content with these., he occupied his time to a considerable extent with antiquarian researches in the interior. On quitting Peru he crossed the Andes, struck the head-waters of the Amazon, and descended that river to Pani, the journals kept during this notable expedition

* His first contribution to ' The Ibis ' was on the Albatrosses noticed on this voyage (' Ibis,' 186G, p. 124).

224 OFFICIALS, OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE.

enabling him in 1881 to contribute to ' The Field ' a series of articles entitled " Across the Andes.'^ The revolutionary- spirit of many towns in South America at that epoch con- stituted a very serious danger, in addition to the usual risks of a wild and little-kuoAvn country, but Saunders's courage was by no means the least characteristic of his qualities.

In 1862 he returned to England, but only to devote most of his time until 1868 to the investigation o£ the Avifauna of Spain, a subject on Avhich he soon became our recognised authority. Articles from his pen referring to this part of his career will be found in 'The Ibis ' for 1869, 1871, 1872, and 1878 ; while he wrote in a more popular style for ' The Field ' in 1874 his " Ornithological Rambles in Spain and Majorca." In 1868 he married Emily, daughter of Mr. William Minshull Bigg, of Stratford Place, and took up his residence in England ; but he still found time to continue his continental expeditions, the results of which are incorporated in papers to ' The Ibis ' on the birds of the Pyrenees in 1883-4 and those of Switzerland in 1891, while in 1893 these were followed by an account of " The Distri- bution of Birds in France.^'

Saunders was an active Member of the Zoological, Liunean, and Royal Geographical Societies, and Avas in much request as a member of committees and councils ; he was a Vice- President of the first-named and in close touch with the Gardens at llegent^s Park, where he took a strong interest in the animals and their management. He was elected a Member of the British Ornithologists^ Union in 1870, and in 1901 entered upon the office of Secretary, a post which he held till his death. He was also the first Secretary and Treasurer of the British Ornithologists' Club, when that oifshoot from the parent stem was founded in 1892. The fifth and seventh series of ' The Ibis ' Avere issued under his editorship, conjointly Avith Sclater; Avhile from 1877 to 1881 he acted as the Recorder of '' Aves " for the ' Zoological Record,' and from 1880 to 1885 as Secretary of Section D (Zoology) at the meetings of the British Association. In 1884 he edited Aleillot's 'Analyse' for the Willughby

OFFICIALS, OTHER THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE. 325

Society, and during liis whole career in England he was a regular reviewer of books on Natural History, Sport, and Travel, especially for the "^ Athenaeum.' A paper on the eggs obtained by the Transit of Venus expedition of 1874-5 appeared in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 1879, and the portion of the 'Antarctic Manual^ referring to the Birds came from his pen in 1901, He Avas actively concerned in the Bird-Department of the Fisheries Exhibition in London in 1883, while he always kept in close touch with the naturalists of the United States, where he was an Honorary Member of the American Ornithologists^ Union.

Saunders had a w^orld-wide reputation as an authority on the family Larida (Gulls and Terns), and published im- portant papers on it in the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society of London for 1876-8, and the ' Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology) M'or 1878; hence he was natu- rally selected to write the portion of the twenty-fifth volume of the ' Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum ' Avhich deals with this group. But to the public in general he will always be best known as the Editor, in 1884-5, of the last two volumes of the fourth edition of YarrelFs ' British Birds,' commenced by Professor Newton, and as the author of that most excellent Avork 'An illustrated Manual of British Birds,' issued in 1889, wherein was included not only the whole essence of ' Yarrell/ but a large amount of fresh information, though two pages only were dcA'oted to each species. The value of this volume to Palse- arctic ornithologists was speedily made evident ])y the call for a second edition in 1899^ after Avhich date, Avhile still writing for ' The Ibis,' Saunders continued to keep up a constant correspondence with those Avho recorded additions to the British List, as published by himself in 1887, and the last article from his pen was one dealing Avith this subject in the new periodical entitled 'British Birds. "*

The death of our Secretary Avas acutely felt by his fellow- workers, to whom he Avas always accessible and whose writings he was inA^ariably Avilling to revise ; in fact the correction of the proofs of others consumed a large portion

~~(j ori'iciALS, othi;r tiiax those to lu: kouxd above.

of his time in later life. Kind and helpful, a Mell-tried and trusty friend to many Ornithologists at home and abroad, his loss was deplored deeply not only by them, but by many a Scientific Society.

Ibis. Jub.Suppl.,1908.

MR. A. H. EVANS.

OFFICIALS, OTHER THA\ THOSE TO 1?E FOUND ABOVE. 227

Mr. a. H. EVANS.

Arthur Humble Evans was boru on Februar}' 23rcl, 1855. He is the eldest son oi: the late Rev, Hugh Evans, of Scremerston in Northumberland, who in early life devoted himself to Botany and Ornithology, and subsequently became one of the most noted Horticulturists of the Eastern Borders. Under such guidance Evans naturally inclined to scientific pursuits, while he was exceptionally fortunate in being intimate with many of the earlier jMembers of the Berwickshire Naturalists^ Club, the oldest Field Club of its description in Britain.

Educated in the first place at home and at Durham School, he had ample opportunities of indulging his taste for Natural History in the two northern counties with their wealth of plant- and bird-life, while he possessed in his kind friends of the Border country and later in Canon Tristram of Durham acquaintances ever ready to help and encourage the learner. At school he gained the annual prize for a Herbarium, and began to collect birds^ eggs, some of which came out of the consignments sent from Iceland to the well-known Curator of the Durham JMuseum, Mr. W. Procter.

Gaining a scholarship at Clare College, Cambridge, he continued his scientific studies at that University, where he had the further good fortune to make the acquaintance of W. A. Forbes, of St. John^s College, even then a distinguished Naturalist, who introduced him to Professor Alfred Newton at one of his celebrated Sunday evening gatherings. Many and valuable Avere the consequences of this introduction, while the men of mark, so constantly to be met with at Magdalene College, served as admirable models to the young students.

Evans proceeded to the B.A. degree in 1879 and in due course became an M.A. : he has since resided continuously

228 OlTlCIALSj OTHEK THAN THOSE TO BE FOUND ABOVE.

in Cambridge^ partly engaged in the work of tuition and partly in scientific pursuits. In 1900 he was elected by the Members of the Senate to the post of Esquire Bedell in the University.

His first essays at writing were articles in the ' History of the Bewickshire Naturalists' Club' on tlie birds and plants of the district, Avhile in 1884 he became a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, and Recorder of Aves for the ' Zoological Record,^ He now had the inestimable advantage of meeting the Ornithologists of London, and was greatly assisted by Dr. Sclater and the authorities of the Natural History Museum at S. Kensington, with Dr. Bowdler Sharpe at the head of the Bird Department. With Mr. Howard Saunders he formed an especially close friendship, and in his company made several ornithological expeditions in our islands. In 1879 he had become a Member of the British Ornithologists' Union, and this led to a further enlargement of his circle of acquaintance, while subsequently he served on the Committee and finally became Joint-Editor of ' The Ibis' with Dr. Sclater in 1901.

In 1888 Evans was invited by Mr. S. B. Wilson, of Magdalene College, Cambridge, wlio had more than once visited the Sandwich Islands in search of their peculiar birds, to co-operate Avitli him in a projected work on the Birds of the Sandwich Islands, which was published between 1890 and 1899, under the title of 'Aves Hawaiieuses.' He next undertook to write the volume on ' Shetland ' for the ' Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland ' series, under the Editorship of Messrs. Harvie-Brown and Buckley, and in concert with the latter completed the work in 1899. Several visits were at this time paid to the Shetland Islands, the fauna of which needed thorough investigation, while journeys Avere also made to Ross-shire and Roxburgh-shire, which resulted in short papers in the ' Scottish Naturalist ' and later in its successor the ' Annals of Scottish Natural History.' Evans joined the Botanical Society of Edinburgh in 1882 and became a Member of the Scottish Alpine Botanical Club associated Avitli it, meeting on the Club's various expeditions many Scottish

OrnciALS, OTHER THAX THOSE TO 1?E FOUND ABOVE. 3.29

Botanists^ with the late Professor Dicksou at their tead.

About 1893 a project for a ' Cambridge Natural History' ivas mooted, to be published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., and Evans was requested to prepare the volume on Birds, which Avas issued in 1899. He next, in 1903, edited and translated Turner's ' Historia Avium ■* of 1544, and then again turned his attention to the birds and plants of his native and adopted counties, preparing the list of Cambridgeshire Birds for Messrs. Marr and Shipley's ' Handbook to Cam- bridgeshire' and the articles on the same subject for the * Victoria' Histories of that county and Northumberland. He has also undertaken the account of the Phanerogamic plants for that of Cambridgeshire, and the next volume of the 'Vertebrate Fauna of Scotland' — on the Tweed area.

Ibis. Jub.SuppI.,1908,

MR. J. L. BONHOTE.

OFFICIALS; OTHEK THAN THOSE TO BE FOUXD ABOVE. 231

Mil. J. L. BONHOTE.

Joliu Lewis Bonhote was born in Loudon in 1875 ami educated first at Elstree School and then at Harrow. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1893 and, after taking the ordinary degree in Zoolog}^, proceeded to his B.A. in 1897, his M.A. in 1901.

That he took an interest in Zoology at an early age is clear from the fact that he has since Avritten a pamphlet on the ' Butterflies and Moths of Harrow ' in conjunction with Mr. N. C. Rothschild, Avhile he began to shew his liking for birds in captivity as early as, if not earlier than, his residence at Cambridge, Avhere he built for himself a fairly extensive aviary in a field near the town. When he moved to Fen Ditton in 1897 he extended his operations, and began those experiments in crossing various species of Ducks which we are accustomed to associate with his name. During the same year he left England for the Bahama Islands, as Private Secretary to the Governor, Sir Gilbert Carter, while in 1898 he married the daughter of the Rector of the Islands. He did not leave the Bahamas for more than a year, and made expeditions during his stay to investigate the fauna, and more particularly the birds. These investigations were carried a step further in 1901-1902, when a second visit was paid to the Bahamas. In 1895 and again in 1901 Mr. Bonhote made collecting trips to Northern Norway, and he has travelled to various parts of Britain with the same object.

When the Avicultural Society was founded in 1894 the subject of our notice was one of the first to join it ; he was subsequently elected to the Council in 1895 and became Secretary in 1899. In 1902 he exchanged this office for a post on the Executive Council, while he is now Treasurer of the Society. He was elected a Member of the British Ornitho- logists'' Union in 1894-, Avas placed on the L'Ommittee in

■232 omciALs^ other than those to be fouxd above.

1903, and was appointed Secretary in 1907. lie is also a Fellow of the Zoological and Linnean Societies.

]Mr. Bonhote is the author o£ several systematic papers on the jMammals of the Oriental Region, chiefly based on material at the British Museum, and of many articles on Birds in captivity in the ' Avicultural Magazine.' His great interest in the subjects of Colour-change and Heredity is shown by papers which have appeared under his name in ^ The Ibis ' -and elsewhere, while the first main results of a series of experiments in hybridizing Ducks were published in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Ornithological Congress, held at London in 1905. At that Congress he was Joint-Secretary with Dr. E. Hartert under the presidency of Dv. R. Bowdler Sharpe.

Besides the offices already mentioned, he has been Secretary of the Migration Committee of the British Ornithologists' Club from its inception in 1905, and is not only a Member, but also one of the Council of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

4. List of the Members of the British. Ornitholoyists' Union.

1858-1908.

[Au asterisk indicates an Original Me'.uber.]

Date of Election.

1896. Alexaxdek, Boyd, F.Z.8. (late Rifle Brigade); Wilsley,

Craiibrook, Kent. 1901. Allchin, James H.; Museum and Public Library, Maidstone.

{liesigned 1908.) 1874. Alston, Edward II., F.Z.S. ; 14 Maddox Street, W.

{Died 1881.) 1870. AxDEEsox, AxDREAv, F.Z.S. ; Futtehgurh, N.W. Provinces,

India. {Died 1878.) 1893. x\xNE, Major Ernest L. S. ; 21 Victoria Square, Newcastle-

on-Tyne. {Removed 1899.) 1881. Antrim, William Randal, Earl of; Glenarm Castle, Co.

Antrira, Ireland. {Resigned 1892.)

1887. Aplin, Frederick Charles ; Bodicote, Banbury, Oxon.

{Died 1897.)

1888. Aplin, Oliver Vernon ; Stonehill House, Bloxham, Oxon.

1896. Archibald, Charles F. ; 2 Darnley Road, West Park,

Leeds, lo 1896. Arrigoni degli Oddt, Count Ettore, Professor of Zoology,

University, Padua ; and Ca" oddo, Monsclice, Padua,

Italy. 1901. Arundel, Major Walter B., F.Z.S. ; High Ackworth,

Pontefract. 1901. AsHBT, Herbert ; Oakwood Lodge, Chandler's Ford, near

Southampton. 1908. AsHwoRTH, Dr. John Wallavork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.R.G.S., F.G.S. ; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near

Stockport.

1897. AsTLEY, The Rev. Hubert Delaval, M.A.. F.Z.S. ; Benham

Park, Newbury, Berks.

SER. IX. VOL. II., JL'B -SUPPL. R

234 LIST OF MEMBEKS.

Date of Election.

1885. Backhotjse, James, F.Z.S, ; Daleside, Scarborough, Yorks. 1904. Bahk, Philip Heinkich, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

P.Z.S. ; Perrysfield House, Oxted, Surrey. 1901. Bailavaed, Col. Aethur Churchill, F.Z.S. (E.F.A.) ; 64

Victoria Street, S.W. 1892. Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.Z.S. ; care of Messrs. H. S. King

& Co., 65 Cornhill, E.C. ; and Shillong, Assam, India. 1901. Baker, John C, M.B., B.A. ; Ceely House, Aylesbury,

Bucks. > 1899. Balfour, Frederick Robert Stephen ; 21 Cambridge

Square, W. {Besigned 1908.) 1908. Ball, Crispin Alfred (Sudan Civil Service) ; El Xawa,

White Nile Province, Sudan. 1879. Ball, Dr. Valentine, C.B., F.R.S. ; Science and Art

Museum, Dublin. (Died 1895.)

1889. Balston, Richard James, F.Z.S. ; Springfield, Maidstone. 1906. Bannerman, David A.; 11 Washington House, Basil Street,

S.W.

1890. Barclay, Francis Hubert, F.Z.S. ; The Warren, Cromer,

Norfolk. 1872. Barclay, Colonel Hanbury, F.Z.S. ; 34 Queen's Gate

Gardens, S.W. {Died 1909.) 1885. Barclay, Hugh Gurney, F.Z.S. ;' Colney Hall, Norwich. 1864. Barneby-Lutley, John H. ; Brockhampton, Herefordshire.

{Resigned 1872.)

1884. Barnes, Lieut. Henry E., F.Z.S. ; Nasirabad, India.

{Died 1895.) o 1889. Barrett-Hamilton, Major Gerald E. H., F.Z.S., 5th Royal

Irish Rifles ; Kilmanock, Campile, Ireland. 1881. Barrington, Richard Manliffe, LL.D. ; Fassaroe, Bray,

Co, Wicklow. 1903. Bartels, Max. ; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaiit (Preanger), Java,

Dutch East Indies. 1906. Bates, George L., C.M.Z.S. ; Kribi, Kameruu, West Africa. 1908. Beaumont, Walter Ibbotson, F.Z.S. ; 1 Osborne Place,

Plymouth.

1885. Becher, Major E. F., R.A., F.Z.S. ; Wellow Green Cottage,

Wellow, Newark-on-Trent. {Ileslgned 1891.) 1902. Becher, Harry, C.E. ; Beechwood Cottage, Burnham-on- Crouch.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 235

Date of Election.

1884. Beduard, Frank E., ]y:.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Zoological

Society's Gardens, llegent's Park, IS'.W. {Resigned

1902.) 1897. Benson, John ; The Post Office, Vancouver, B.C. 1897. Beeet, William, B.A., LL.B. ; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire 40 1907. Bethell, The Hon. Bichaed ; 30 Hill Street, Mayfair, W. 1907. BicKEETON, WiLLLVM, F.Z.S. ; The Hawthorns, Marlborough

Boad, Watford, Herts. 1875. BiDDTTLPH, Col. John, F.Z.S. ; Ajmere, Rajpntana, India.

{Resigned 1892.) 1880. BiDWELL, Edwaed ; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street,

E.G. 1884. Bingham, Lt.-Col. Chaeles Thomas, F.Z.S. ; 6 Gwendwr

Boad, West Kensington, W. {Died 1908.)

1892. BiED, The Rev. Maiteice C. H.. M.A. ; Brunstead Rectory,

Stalham, S.O., Xorfolk. *1858._BiEKBECK, Robeet, F.Z.S. ; 65 Lombard Street, E.C. {Resigned 1868.) 1891. Blaattw, Feans Eenst, C.M.Z.S. ; Gooilust, 'sGraveland, Hilversum, Noord-Holland.

1893. Blagg, Eenest W. H. ; Greenhill, Cheadle, Staffs.

{Resigned 1898.)

1865. Blakiston, Capt. Thomas Weight. {Resigned 1867.) ro 1898. Bland, Ivees ; Newbold Firs, Leamington. {Died 1903.)

1873. Blanfoed, William T., C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S 72 Bedford Gardens, Kensington, W. {Died 1905.)

1903. Blathw ayt, The Rev. Feancis Linley, M.A. ; 1 Stone- field Avenue, Lincoln.

1893. BoLAM, Geoege, F.Z.S. ; Berwick-on-Tweed. {Rejnoved

1905.)

1897. BoNAE, The Rev. Hoeatius Ninian, F.Z.S. ; Saltoun, Pen-

caitland, IST.B.

1905. Bone, Heney Petees, F.Z.S. ; 28 Adelaide Crescent,

Brighton.

1894. BoNHOTE, John Lewis, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Gade Spring,

Hemel Hempstead, Herts. {Secretary cf- Treasurer 1907- .)

1906. BooRMAN, Staines ; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.

1898. Booth, Geoege Albert ; 6 I^orth Road, Preston ; and

Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Lanes.

r2

236 LIST or .MEJIBERS.

Date of Election.

1904. Booth, Harry E. ; liyhill. Ben Eliydding, via Leeds^

Yorks. 60 1907. BoRASTOX, JoHX Maclaie ; Ingleside, Stretford, near ^Man-

chestcr. 1908. BoRKi^E, Clifford Dalisox ; G Durham Place, Chelsea^

1878. BoRRER. William, M.A., F.L.S. ; Cowfold, Horsham.

(Died 1S9S.) 1895. Bradford, Johx Rosu, M.D., D.Sc, r.E.8., F.Z.S. ; 8 Man- chester Square, "NY. 1902. Bridgemax, Lieut. The Hon. Bicuard 0. B., R-jS". ; Weston

Bark, Sbifnal, Salop ; and H.M.S. ' Bramble,' China

Station. 1902. Bristo-we, Beetrax Arthur ; The Cottage, Stoke D'Abernon,

Surrey. 188-5. Brockholes, William Fitzherbert ; Claughton-on-Brock,

Garstang, Lancashire. 1908. Brook, Edward Joxas ; Hoddam Castle, Eeclefechan, X.B. 1871. Brooke, Arthur Basil; Cardney, Dunkeld, ^.B. (Died

1SS4.) 1890. Brooke, Harry Bktxsley ; 33 Egerton Gardens, S.W. '70 1899. Brooke, Johx Arthur, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield ;

and Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ptoss-shire. 1870. Brooke, Sir Yictor, Bt. ; Colebrooke, Fermanagh, (lie-

sifjned ISSS.) 1892. Brooks, W. Edwin ; Mount Forest, Ontario, Canada.

(Died 1S90.) 1900. Bruce, William Speirs, LL.D., F.B.S.E, ; Scottish Oceano-

graphical Laboratory, Surgeon's Hall, Edinburgh. 1907. Buckley, Charles Mars ; 4 Hans Crescent, S.W. 1866. Buckley, Hexry, F.Z.S. ; 27 Wheeley's Eoad, Edgbastou,

Birmingham. (Eeshjned 1SS7.) 1868. Buckley, Thomas Edward, B.A., F.Z.S. ; Rossal, Inverness,

N.B. (Died 1902.) 1906. BucKxiLL, The Hon. Johx Alexaxder Strachey, M.A.,

F.Z.S. ; Hylands House, Epsom, Surrey. 1895. Bulgaria, H.M. Feedixaxd, Tsar of, F.Z.S. ; The Palace,

Sofia, Bulgaria. 1877. Bulger, Lt.-Col. G. E., F.L.S. ; 156 Leadenhall Street, E.C

(Died ISSl.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 237

Date of

Election.

So 1872. BuLLEE, Sir Walter Lawry, K.C.^^I.G., D.Sc, F.E.S.,

C.M.Z.S. ; 62 London Wall, E.G. (Died I'JOG.) 1908. BijNYARD, Percy Frederick, F.Z.8. ; 57 Kidderminster Eoad,

Croj'dou, Surrey. 1903. Burrell, Godfrey Percy ; Brooklands, Alton, Hants.

{Resvjned 1000.) 1907. Butler, Arthitr Gardiner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 124 Beck-

euham lload, Beckenham, Kent.

1899. Butler, Arthur Lennox, F.Z.S. ; Supt. of Game Preser-

vation, Sudan Government, Khartum, Sudan. 188-1. Butler, Lievit.-Col. E. A. ; Winsford Hall, Stokesby, Great

Yarmouth. 1896. BuTTERFiELD, W. C. J. llusKiN ; Curator of the Corporation

Museum, Brassey Institute, Hastings.

1900. Buttress, Bernard A. E. ; Craft Hill, Dry Drayton,

Cambridge.

1905. Buxton, Anthony ; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. 1884. Buxton, Geoffrey Fowell, F.Z.S.'; Dunston Hall, Norwich.

■90 1895. Buxton, Samuel Gurney, F.Z.S. ; Catton Hall, Norwich.

{Died 1909.) 1896. Cade, Francis J. ; Mosborough, The Park, Cheltenham. 1903. Cambridge, Frederick 0. Pickard ; 35 Haydon Park lioad,

Wimbledon, S.W. {Died 1905.) 1889. Cameron, Ewen Somerled, F.Z.S. ; Fallon, Montana,

U.S.A. 1896. Cameron, Capt. Jamks S. ; 2nd Bn. Royal Sussex Begt.,

Malta; and Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent. 1888, Cameron, John DirNCAN ; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford,

Kent. 1892. Campbell, Charles William, C.M.G., C.M.Z.S., H.B.M.

Chinese Consular Service ; British Legation, Peking,

China.

1906. Campbell, The Hon. Ian Malcolm ; Cawdor Castle,

Xairn, X.B. 1891. Campbell, Col. John, Governor-General of Prisons; Perth, N.B. {Resif/ned 1S9-J.) *1858. Campbell-Orde, Sir John W. P., Bt., F.Z.S. ; Kilmory House, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire, N.B. {Died 1897.) 100 1888. Carter, James; Burton House, Masham, Yorks. {Died 1900.)

238 LIST OF INIEMBERS.

Date of Election.

1908. Caeter, Thomas ; Wensleydale, Broome Hill (Great Southern

Railway), West Australia. 1899. Cartwright, Thomas Leslie Meltille ; Newbottle Manor,

Banbury. {Resigned 1903.) 1890. Cave, Charles John Philip. M.A., F.Z.S. ; Ditcham Park,

Petersfield, Hants.

1888. Chamberlain, Walter, P.Z.S. ; Bromesberrow Place, Led-

bury. (Besigned 1000.) 1865. Chambers-Hodgetts, William Thomas Hodgetts ; Hudscott, Devon. (Died 1867.)

1894. ChancEj a. Macomb, M.A. ; 9 Hermitage Road, Edgbaston,

Birmingham. 1884. Chapman, Abel, F.Z.S. ; Houxty, Wark-on-Tyne.

1907. Chapman, Edward Henry ; 3 Hare Court, Temple, E.C. 1882. Chase, Robert William ; Pool Hall, Wishaw, near Bir- mingham.

no 1900. Chatterton, Frederick J. S. ; 78 Clissold Road, Stoke Newington, jS^. (Hemoved 1905.)

1908. Cheesman, Robert E. ; Bakers' Cross, Cranbrook.

1897. Cholmley, Alfred John, F.Z.S. ; c/o Mr. R. H. Porter,

7 Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W. 1904. Clarke, Capt. Goland van Holt, D.S.O., F.Z.S., 18th Hussars ; Brook House, Hay wards Heath, Sussex.

1889. Clarke, Lt.-Col. Stephenson Robert, F.Z.S. ; Borde Hill,

Cuckiield, Sussex. 1880. Clarke, William Eagle, F.L.S, ; Royal Scottish Museum,

Edinburgh. 1876. Clifton, Edward Henry Stuart, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Dumpton

Park, Ramsgate. {Resigned 1890.) 1904. Cochrane, Commr. Henry Lake, R.X.; H.M.S. 'Cochrane,'

5th Cruiser Squadron ; and Burston House, Pittville,

Cheltenham. 1865. Cochrane, John H ; Dunkalhel. Co. Cork. {Resigned

1870.)

1898. Cocks, Alfred Heneage, M.A,, F.Z.S. ; Poynetts, Skirmett,

near Henley-on-Thames. I20 1898. Coke, The Hon. Richard; 1st Bn. Scots Guards. {Removed 1903.)

1895. Coles, Richard Edward ; Ashley Arnewood, New Milton,

S.O., Hants.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 239

Date of

Election.

1904. Collier, Charles, F.Z.S. ; Clieveden House, 21 Eaton Terrace, S.W.

1906. CoLMAN, RirssELL Jajies, D.L., J.P.; Norwich, (liesigned 1008.)

1876. CoNNALffHT, H.E.H. Prince Arthitr, Duke of, K.G. {liesi(/ned 1879.)

1880. Cooper, The Rl . Hon. Lt.-Col. E. H., P.C, E.Z.S. ; 42 Port- man Square, ^Y. (Died 1002.)

1874. CoEDEAux, Jonx, J. P. ; Great Cotes, E..S.O., Lincoln {Died 1800.)

1888. CoRDEAux, Major William Wilfeiu ; 21st Lancers, Hounslow.

1882. Cory, Prof. Charles B., E.Z.S. ; 160 Boylston Street, Boston, U.S.A. {Removed 1008.)

1892. Courage, Harold Mitchell; Snowdenham, Bramley, Guild ford. {Died 1001.) 130 1896. CowiE, Lt.-Col. Alexander Hugh, R.E., E.Z.S. ; Alder- shot; and c/o H. Ward, Esq., Yeatton, Lymingtoii, Hants.

1899, CowiE, The Rev. Archibald G. G. ; c/o S.P.G. Mission, Cawnpore. {Resigned 1008.)

1902. CoAviE, Robert Macnamara, M.R.C.S. (2nd Life Guards).

{Removed 1005.) 1896. Crawford, Francis C. ; 19 Royal Terrace, Edinburgh. {Died 1008.)

1894. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bt. ; Calke Abbey, Derby. 1866. Crichton, Arthl'r William, B.A., E.L.S., E.Z.S. ; Broad- ward Hall, Salop. {Resir/aed 1882.)

1896. Crockett, Samuel Rutherford ; Bank House, Penicuik, Midlothian. {Resigned 1002.)

1895. Crossley, Sir Savile B., Bt., M.V.O., E.Z.S. : 12 Carlton

House Terrace, S.W. {Resigned 1000.) 1898. Grossman, Alan E., E.Z.S. ; Cumminiu Station, near Dood- lakine, Western Australia.

1903. Crowley, John Cyril, M.A. ; 5 Beech House Road,

Croydon. 140 1882. Crowley, Philip, E.Z.S. ; Waddon House, Waddon, Croy- don. {Died 1000.) 1898. Crowley, Reginald Alwyn ; Highfield, Alton, Hants; and 22 Higrh Street, Crovdon.

240 LIST Ol' MEMHEKS.

Date of Election.

1899. Curtis, Frederick, F.ll.C.S, ; Lyiidens, Kedhill, Surrey. 1877. Dalgleish, John J. ; Brankston Grange, Bogside Station,

Alloa, N.B. 1898. Daleymple, Capt. John James, Viscount, M.P, (2nd Bii.

Scots Guards) ; Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, AYigton-

shire.

1896. Danford, Capt. Bektraii W. Y., K.E. ; Bermuda.

1874. Daneoed, Charles G,, F.Z.S. ; Hatszeg, Siebenbiirgen, Hungary. {Resigned ISO'),)

1897. Darnley, Ivo Francis Walton, Earl ; Cobhani Hall,

Gravesend ; and Clifton Lodge, Athboy, Co. Meath.

1883. Davidson, James, F.Z.S. ; 32 Drumslieugh Gardens, Edin-

burgh, 1908. Davies, Claude G. ; " D " Squadron, Cape Mounted Biflemen,

Bizana, E. Pondoland, South Africa. 1 50 1899. Davies, Lieut. Sutton A. (2nd East Lanes. Begt.); Jullundur,

Punjab, India. {Died lOOo.) 1905. Davis, I^enneth James Acton ; Julian Hill, Harrow ; and

King's College, Cambridge.

1884. Davison, William Buxton ; c/o Messrs. Dawson & Son,

121 Cannon Street, E.C. {Died 1S03.) 1902. Dent, Charles Henry; c/o Messrs, Bolitho & Co., Ltd.,

Penzance, Cornwall. 189L De Vis, Charles W. ; Queensland Museum, Brisbane ; and

c/o Mr. B. (iuaritch, 11 Grafton Street, W. 1893. De Winton, William Edward, F.Z.S. ; Graftonbury,

Hereford ; and Orielton, Pembroke. 1S96. DoBBiE, James Bell, F.B,.S.E., F.Z.S. ; 9 Mansfield Place,

Edinburgh. 1889. DoiiiE, William Henry, M.B.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street,

Chester. 1883. DoiG, ScROPE B. ; Public Works Department, Bombay.

{llesigned 1899.) 1895. Donovan, Major Charles, I.M.S. 160 1904. Dorrien-Smith, Thomas Algernon, J. P., D.L. ; Tresco

Abbey, Scilly Isles. 1880. DoAVSETT, Arthue, F.Z.S. ; Castle Hill House, Beading.

{Died 1S96.) 1904. Drake-Brockman, Dr. Balph Evelyn, M.B.C.S., L.B.C.P.,

F.Z.S. ; Chariton, Wellington Boad, Bournemouth.

LIST OV MEMBERS.

241

Date of Election.

1865. Dresseb, Henry Eeles, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 44 Horiiton Court,

Kensington, W. {Secrctanj >S,- Treasurer 7SS2-18S9.) 1890. Dkewitt, Frederic Dawtrey, il.A., M.l)., F.Z.S. ; 14 Palace

Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W. *1858. Dremmoivd-Hay, Lt.-Col. Henry Maurice, C.M.Z.8. ;

Seg-gieden, Perth. {President IS '>S- J 807. Died 1896.) 1890. Drtjmmond-Hay, Col, James A. (j. Ft.- (Coldstream Guards) ;

Seggieden, by Perth, N,P.

1904. Duckworth, George Herbert; 35 Charles Street, Berkeley

Square, W.

1876. DuRNEORD, Henry. {Died 1878.)

1878. DuBNFOED, W. Arthur, J.P. ; Elsecar, Earnslcy. 170 1896. DuTHiE, Lt.-Col. W. H. M. ; 70 Kensington Park lload, W.

1905. DuTTON, The Hon. and llev. Canon Frederick George ;

Bibury, Fairford.

1903. Eaele, Edward Vavasour ; Franks Hall, Farningham,

Kent.

1877. EctERTon, Capt. George Le C, ll.N, ; Bury Grange, Alver-

stoke, Hants. {Resigned 1893.) 1870. Elliot, Daniee Giraud, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; Aniericau

Museum of ]N"atural History, New York, U.S.A.

{Resigned 1906.) 1895. Elliot, Edmund A. S., M.ll.C.S. ; Woodville, Kiugsbridge,

South Devon.

1906. Elliot, Hugh Sajiuel Roger, F.Z.S. ; 14 « Lancaster Street,

Lancaster Gate, W. {Resigned 1906.) 1884. Elliott, Algernon, C,I,E, ; 16 Belsize Grove, Hampstead,

N.W. 1902. Ellison, The llev. Allan, M.A. ; Ardoyne House, Watton,

Hertford.

1904. Elton, Henry Brown, B.A., B.C., M.ll.C.S., L.ll.C.P. ;

llowford Lodge, Cheddon Fitzpaine, Taunton, Somerset. I So 1866. Elwes, Henry John, F.H.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Chelt- enham.

1879. Evans, Arthur He.mble, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 9 Harvey lload, Cambridge. {Joint Editor 1900- .)

1888. Evans, AVilll^m, F.K.S.E. ; 38 Morningside Park, Edin- burgh.

1891. Everett, Alfred Hast, C.M.Z.S. ; Labuan, Borneo. {Died 1898.)

242

LI8T OF MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

1905. EwEN, Guy L'Estraxge (King's Messenger) ; St. James's Club, Piccadilly, W.

1877. EwiNG, The llev. T. J., D.D. ; 3 Crescent Villas, Plymouth. {Died 188,;!.) *1858. Eyton, Thomas Campbei.l, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c. : Eyton Hall, Salop. {Died 1880.)

1892. Eairbeidge, William George ; 141 Long Market Street, Capetown, South Africa.

1895. Falcois'er, John J. M. ; Scottish Conservative Club, Edin- burgh. {Died 1900.)

1894. FARauHAR, Hear- Admiral Arthur Murray, C.Y.O. ; Gran- ville Lodge, Aboyne, N.B. 190 1898. Farquhae, Commr. Stuart St. J., R.N. ; H.M.S. 'Vestal,' China Station ; and Drumnagesk, Aboyne, N.B.

1873. Feilren, Col. Henry Wemyss, C.B., C.M.Z.S. ; Burwash, Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, S.W.

1897. Fenwick, Edward Nicholas Fenwick; Oxford and Cambridge Club, S.W. {Died 1908.)

1886. Ferguson, Harold Stuart, F.Z.S. ; Sherborne House,

Sherborne. {Resigned 1900.)

1891. Field, Leopold, F.Z.S. : St. Stephen's Club, Westminster,

S.W. {Removed 1890.)

1901. FiNLiNSON, Horace W., F.Z.S. ; 19 George Street, Bedford.

1892. Finn, Frank, B.A., F.Z.S. ; 29 Chalcot Crescent, Primrose

Hill, N.W. 1890. Fisher, Lionel ; Ivandy, Ceylon. {Removed 1900.)

1902. Flower, Capt. Stanley Smyth, F.Z.S. ; Kedah House,

Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt. 1884. Forbes, Henry Ogg, LL.D., F.Z.S. ; Free Public Museums, Liverpool. 200 1877. Forbes, W. A. ; 31 Upper Baker Street, W. {Died 188J.) 1898. Foster, George E. ; Brooklands, Cambridge. {Died 1900.)

1903. Foster, Nevin Harkness ; Hillsborough, Co. Down,

Ireland. 1880. Foster, William ; 39 Colvillc Gardens, Bayswater, W. 1867. Fowler, George Gooch, B.A. ; Gunton Hall, Lowestoft.

{Resigned 1880.)

1887. Fowler, William Warde, M.A. : Lincoln College, Oxford. 1865. Fox, The Eev. Henry Elliott, M.A. ; The Croft, Lytton

Grove, Putney Hill, S.W.

LIST or ^MEMBERS. 243

Date of Election.

1881. Freke, rERCT Evans ; Southpoint, Limes Itoad, Folkestone. 1895. Frohawk, Frederick William ; Ashmount, Raj^leigh,

Essex. 1881. Gabow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.8., F.Z.S. ; University Museum

of Zoology, Cambridge. 2IO 1886. Ctainsborough, Charles William Francis, Earl of; Exton

Park, Oakham. 1885. Gallwey, Sir Ealpw Payne, Bt. : Thirkleby Park, Thirsk.

{llesifjiml ISOS.)

1907. Gandolfi, Alfonso Oiho Gandolfi-Horntold, Duke,

Ph.D. ; Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire. 1900. Garnett, Charles ; 9 Cleveland Gardens, Hyde Park, W. ;

and Xew University Club, St. James's Street, S.W. 1873. Garrod, Prof, Alfred Henry, M.A., F.R.S. ; 10 Harley

Street, W. {Died 1879.) 1900. Gayner, Francis ; 2 Athol Villas, Kedhill, Surrey. {Re- signed 1906.) 1892. Gerrard, John, Government Inspector of Mines ; Worsley,

near Manchester. 1902. GiBBiNs, William Bevington, F.Z.S. ; Ettiiigton, Stratford-

on-Avon. 1879. Gibson, Ernest, F.Z.S. ; Los Yngleses, General Lavalle en

Ajo, Buenos Aires, 1879, Gibson-Carmichael, Sir Thomas David, Bt,, F.Z.S. ; Castle

Craig, Dolphinton, K.B. {liesigned 1890.) 220 1902, GiLLETT, Frederick, F,Z,S. ; 28 Beaufort Gardens, S.W. ;

and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W.

1902. GiLLMAX, Arthur E,iLEY, F.Z.S. ; 5 Fellows Iload,Hampstead,

jST.W. : and 3 Southampton Street, High Holborn, W.C. 1904, GiLROY, Norman ; 95 Claremont Pioad, Forest Gate, E, ; and Seaford, Sussex.

1903. Gladstone, Hugh Steuart, M.A., F.Z.S. : Lannhall, Thorn-

hill, Dumfriesshire.

1908. GoDMAN, Capt. Edward Shirley (2nd Dorset Eegiment) ;

Muntham, Horsham. *1858. GoDMAN, Frederick DuCane, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; 45 Pont

Street, S.AV. {Secretary d(- Treasurer 1870-1883, 1889-

1897. President 1897- .) *1858. GoDMAN, Percy Sanden, B.A., C.M.Z.S. ; Muntham,

Horsham.

244) LIST OF .MEM151:R.S.

Date of Election.

19()6. GoouALL, JiKKMiAU Matxheavs, F.Z.S. ; 52 Oxford Gardens,

Xorth Kensington, W. 1901. GooDCHiLu, Herbert; 66 Gloucester Road, Regent's Park,

X.W.

1884. GooDcniED, Jonx G., F.Z.S. ; Museum of Science and Art,

Edinburgh. {Beslr/iied J808.) 23° 1900. GooBFEELow, Waeter ; Moutrose, ]S'ew Park Road, West Southbourne, Hants.

1905. Goodyer, Leoxard Erxest; 17 Old Hall Drive, Gorton,

Manchester. 3 906. GoRDox, Setox Paul, F.Z.S. ; Auchintoul, Aboyne, X.B. 1899. Gould, Fraxk Herbert Cakruthers, F.Z.S. ; Matbam Manor

House, East Molesej% Surrey. 1895. Grabham, Oxley, M.A. : The Museum, York. 1886. Graham, "\Villia:\i, F.Z.S. ; Manor House, Crayford, Kent.

(Died 1<S07.) 1871. Gray, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.S.A.S. ; Bank of Scotland House,

Edinburgh. (Died ISSO.) 1878. Grey, Hexry ; Bengal Staff Corps. (Died 1892.)

1906. Griffith, Arthur Foster; 59 Montpcllier Road, Brighton.

1885. GuiLLEMARD, Fraxcis Henet Hill, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S. ;

Old Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge. 240 1876. GtJxTHER, Albert C. L. G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

2 Lichfield Road, Kew Gardens, S.AV. 1898. Guexey, Commander Axthoxy Francis, R.X. ; Xorth

Runcton Hall, King's Lynn. (Removed 1904.) 1908. Guexi:y, Gerard Hudsox, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Keswick Hall,

Norwich. 1897. GuRXEY, J. jN"igel ; Sprowston Hall, Norwich, (Died 190.2.) *1858. GuRXEY, JoHx Hexry, F.Z.S. ; Xorthrcpps Hall, Xorwich.

(Died 1890.) 1870. GuRXEY, JoBx Hexry, F.Z.S. ; Keswick Hall, NorAvich ; and

Athenamm Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1896. Guexi:y, Robert; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham, Xorfolk.

1890. GwATKix, Joshua Reyxolds Gascoigx ; The Manor House,

Potterne, Devizes. 1901. Haagxer, Alwyn Karl, F.Z.S. ; Transvaal Museum, Pre- toria, South Africa.

1891. Haigh, George Hexry Catox ; (irainsby Hall, Great

Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 245

Date of

Election.

250 1S9S. Haixes, Charles Reginald, M. A. ; Meauhurst, Uppingham,

Paitland. {Reslr/ned IO04.) 1887. Haines, John Pleydell Wilton ; 17 King Street, Gloucester. 1898. Hale, The liev. Ja^ies Rasiileigh, M.A. ; Eoxley Vicarage,

Maidstone, Kent. 1905. Hamerton, Capt. Albert Edward, D.S.O., R.A.M.C., F.Z.8. ;,

c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 8 Whitehall Place, S.W. 1886. Hamilton, Edward, M.])., F.L.8., F.Z.8. ; 25 Radcliffe

Gardens, S.W. {Died lUO-J.) 1873. Hajiilton, James PEATHERSTONiiAirciH, F.Z.S, ; 27 Elgin

Crescent, W. (Resigned 187o.) 1877. Harcourt, Edward W., F.Z.S, ; Xnneham Park, Abingdon.

{Died 1892.) 1883. Harcourt, Lewis Yeenon ; Malwood, Lyndhurst. {2tcsi(/ned

1809.)

1876. Harford, Major Henry Ckarles ; Glen Froonie, Xelson

Crescent, Southsea. {Resiyned 1894.)

1877. Haegitt, Edward, F.Z.S. ; 1 Northanger Road, Streatham

Common, S.W. {Died 189.5.) 260 1894. Harington, Major Herbert Hastings ; 92nd Punjabis,

Bhamo, Upper Burma. 1900. Harper, Edmund AVilljam, F.Z.S. ; 55 Waterloo Road,

Bedford. 1900. Harris, Henry Edward ; 2 St. Aubyn's Mansions, Hove,

Brighton. 1893. Haetert, Ernst J. ()., Ph.D., F.Z.S. ; The Zoological

Museum, Triug, Herts. 1868. Harting, James Edmund, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Edgewood, Wey-

bridge, Surrey. 1896. Hartland, John Cole; P.O. Box 11, Yokohama, Japan.

{Removed 1908.) 1893. Hartmann, William ; Milburn, Esher, Surrey. 1899. Hartey, Capt. Robert Xapier, R.E. ; Stanhope Lines,

Aldershot, 1873. Harvie-Brown, John A., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; Dunipace House,

Larbert, Stirlingshire, N.B. 1892. Hasell, Edward Sdter ; Victoria, British Columbia.

{Removed 1894.) 270 1900. Hasluck, Percy Pedley Hahpurd; The Wilderness, South-

i!-ate. N.

246 LIST OF MEMBEKS.

Date of Election.

1902. Hatfeild, John Eaxdall ; Edlington Hall, Honicastle,

Lincolnshire. 1898. HA^vKEK, EicnAED Macdonxelt,, F.Z.S. ; Bath Club, Dover

Street, W. ; and c/o Messrs. Dalgcty & Co., 96 Bishopsgate

Street Within, E.C. *1858. Hawker, The Rev. Williak Henry, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Ashford,

Petersheld, Sussex. {Died 1874.) 1868. Hawkixs, The Rev. Herbert S., M.A. ; Beyton Rectory,

Suffolk. {Died 1890.) 1905. Hawksuaw, John Clarke, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.Z.S., F.G.S. ;

Holly combe, Liphook, Hants ; and 33 Great George

Street, AVestminster, S.W.

1904. Head, Francis ; Buckingham, Shoreham, Sussex. {Resigned

1904.)

1905. Headley, Frederick Webb, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Haileybury

College, Herts. 1887. Hebbert, Charles T., F.Z.S. ; The Rhodrons, Hook, Sur-

biton. {Resigned 1906.) 1907. Hedges, George Mitchell; 42 Kensington Park Gardens,W. 280 1875- Hele, J. C. ; Knowles, Newton Abbot. {Died 1887.)

1905. Hellmayr, Carl E. ; Zoologische Staatssammlung, Alte

Akademie, Neuhauserstrasse 51 11, Miinchen, Germany.

1902. Hett, Geoffrey Seccombe, F.Z.S. ; 16 Palace Gardens

Mansions, The Mall, Kensington, W. 1897. Hewetson, Henry Bendelack, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 11 Hanover

Square, Leeds. {Died 1899.) 1899. Heywood, Richard, F.Z.S. ; Narside, Narborough, Swaff-

ham, Norfolk. 1900."«HiLLS, John Waller, M.P. ; Queen Anne's Mansions,

Westminster, S.W. ; and Highhead Castle, Carlisle. 1S95. HiNXHAN, Lionel W., B.A. ; Geological Survey of Scotland,

Edinburgh. {Resigned 1902.) 1873. Hodgson, Charles B., F.Z.S.; 13 Waterloo Street, Birming- ham. {Removed 1880.) 1884. HoLDswoRTH, Charles James, J.P.; Fernhill, Alderley Edge,

Cheshire. 1877. HoLDswoRTH, Edmund William Hunt, F.Z.S. ; South Town, Dartmouth, Devon. 290 1891. Holland, Arthur H. ; Holmhurst, Copse Hill, Yvlmbledon, S.W. {Resigned 190.!.)

LIST OF MEMBERS, 247

Date of Election.

1905. IIoPKixso:^, EjiLLrus, M.B., D.S.O.,F.Z.S.; 45 Sussex Square,

Brighton ; and Medical Officer, Gambia, West Africa. 1904. HoEsBETJGH, Major Boyd Robert, F.Z.S. (Army Service

Corps) ; Tempe, Bloemfontein, O.li.C, South Africa. 1888. HoEsjriELD, Herbert Knight; Crescent Hill, Filey,

Yorks. 1893. Hose, Charles, D.Sc, F.Z.S. ; Baram, Sarawak, Borneo.

{Resigned lOOS.) 1895, Howard, Henry Eliot, F.Z.S. ; Clarelands, near Stourport. 1881. Howard, Robert James ; Shearbank, Blackburn, Lancashire. *18oS. Hudleston, Wilfrid Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

8 Stanhope Gardens, S.W. {Died 1009.) 1893. Hudson, William Henry, F.Z.S. ; Tower House, St. Luke's

Road, Westbourne Park, W. {Resigned 1908.)

1869. Hume, Allan Octavian, C.B., C.S.I., F.Z.S. ; The Chalet,

4 Kingswood Road, Upper Norwood, S.E, 1890. Hunter, Henry Charles Vicars, F.Z.S. ; Mawley Hall,

Cleobury Mortimer, Salop. 1873. HuNTLY, Charles, Marquess of; 41 Upper Grosvenor

Street, W. {Removed 1878.)

1870. Hylton, Hedworth Hylton, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Merstham

House, Redhill, Surrey. {Died 1899.)

1901, Ingram, Collingwood ; The Bungalow, Westgate-on-Sea.

1902. Innes Bey, Dr. Walter Francis ; Curator of the Zoological

Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt. 1870. Irby, Lt.-Col. Leonard Howard, F.Z.S. ; 14 Cornwall Ter- race, Regent's Park, N.W. {Died 1905.) 1888. Jackson, Frederick John, C.B,, C.M.G., F.Z.S., F.L.S. ;

Uganda, British East Africa ; The Red House, Aldeburgh,

Suffolk. 1902. Jacob, Dr. Frank Harwood ; 4 Oxford Street, Nottingham.

{Resigned 1904.) 1886. James, Harry Berkeley, F.Z.S. ; The Oaks, near Carshalton.

{Died 1892.) 1892. James, Henry Ashworth, F.Z.S. ; Hurstmonceux Place,

Hailsham, Sussex. 3 1864. Jerdon, Thomas Caveehill, F.Z.S. ; Deputy Inspector of

Hospitals, Madras. {Honorary Member 1864-1871.

Died 1872.) 1896, Jesse, William, F.Z.S, ; Meerut College, Meerut, India.

248 LIST or MEMUKRS.

Date ol Election.

1889. Jonxsox, Fkedee[CIv Poxsonby, B.A., J. P., D.L. ; Castle- steads, Prampton, Cumberland. 1891. JoHxsTox, Sir Haeiiy Hamiltox, G.C.^M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.S. ;

St. John's Priorj', Poling, near Arundel, Sussex. 1905. JoHXsTOXE, Edwix JA:MEy, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge,

Sussex ; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.^y. 1884. JoxES, H. Heywood, F.Z.S. ; I.arkhill, West Derby, Liver- pool. {Died 1S87.) 1900. JoxEs, Major Hexry, F.Z.S. (late G2nd Pegt.); EastWickham

House, Welling, Kent, 1899. JouRDAix, The Rev. Francis Charles IIobert, M.A. ; Clifton

Vicarage, near Ashburne, Derbyshire. 1902. Joy, Xorjiax Humbert, M.R.C.S., L.E.C.P. ; Thurlestone,

Bradfield, near Pteading. 1908. Keep, Ralph S., F.R.H.S. ; Oakhill, East Budleigh, Devon. 320 1880. Kelham, Br.-Genl. Hexry Robert, C.B. (late Highland Light Infantry) ; Well Hall, Hamilton, N.B. 1894. Kelsall, Major Harry Joseph, R.A. ; Golden Hill, Fresh-

-n-ater, Isle of Wight. 1897. Kelsall, The Rev, Jonx Edwakd, M.A. ; Milton Rectory,

Xew Milton, Hants. 1904. Kelso, Johx Edward Harry, M,D. ; San Remo, 12 Festing

Road, Southsea, Hants. 1874. Kennedy, Capt. Alexander W. M. Clark, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ;

Hcnbury, Wimborne. {Resicjmd 1SS7.) 1878. Kennedy, Arthur John Clark, F.Z.S. : 14 Prince's Gardens,

S.AV. {Resigned 1880.) 1882. Kekmode, Philip M. C. ; Hillside, Ramsay, Isle of Man.

{Resi'jned 1902.) 1891. Kerr, John Graham, F.Z.S., Regius Professor of Zoology,

The University, Glasgow. 1895. KiNGSFORD, William Edward : Cairo, Egypt. 1902, KiNXEAR, XormaxBoyd: Bombay Natural History Societ}-, G Apollo Street, Bombay, India. --0 1892. KxiGHT, Fraxcis Arnold; Brynmelyn, Weston-super-Mare. {]iesi(jned 1895.) *185S, Knox, Arthur Edward, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Dale Park, Arundel. {Died 1880.) 1882. Knubley, The Rev. Edward Poxsonby, M.A,; Steeple Ashtou Vicarage, Trowbridge, Wilts.

LIST OF MEMBERS. .24-9

Date of

Election.

1900. KoENiG, Dr. Alexander Ferdina:sd ; Coblenzer-Strasse lG-1,

Bonn, Germany. 1906. KoLLiBAT, Pavl ; Pting 12 i, Neisse, Germany. 1892. Laidlaw, Thomas Gedbes ; Bank of Scotland, Perth. 1884. Langtoi^, Herbert ; 11 Marlborongh. Place, Brighton. 1881. Lascelles, The Hon. Gerald William, P.Z.S. ; The King's

House, Lyndhurst. 1892. La ToucnE, John David Digues, C.]\1.Z.S. ; c/o Custom

House, Chinkiang, China (via Siberia). 1892. Laws, Arthur Moore, Lomagundi, Mashonaland. (lie-

movecl 1905.) .340 1885. Lawson, Sir George, K.C.B. ; 36 Craven Hill Gardens, W.

{Died 1898.) 1898. Learoyd, a. Erne.st; Brandsby Hall, Easingwold,

Yorks. 1905. Legge, The Hon. Gerald ; 37 Charles Street, Berkeley Square, W.

1905. Leigh, Hexry Boughton ; Brownsover Hall, Rugby.

1906. Leigh, John Hamilton, F.Z.S. ; Matcham's Park, Eingwood,

Hants. 1898. Le Souef, Dudley, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the Zoological

Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 1868. Le Strange, Hamon, F.Z.S. ; Hunstanton Hall, Kings Lynn,

Norfolk. 1875. L'Estrange, Col. Paget Walter; Knockyn, Horsham.

{Died 1905.) 1903. Lethbridge, Ambrose Yarburgh ; Guards' Club, Pall Mall,

S.W. 1905. Leverkuhn, Hofrath Paul, M.D., C.M.Z.S. ; The Palace,

Sofia, Bulgaria, {Died 1905.) .350 1893. Lewis, Frederick; The Kachchin, Colombo, Ceylon. {Re- signed 1900.) 1889. Leyland, Christopher John, F.Z.S. ; Haggerston Castle,

Beal, Northumberland. 1897. Lilford, John, Lord, F.Z.S. ; Lilford Hall, Oundle,

Northants. *18o8. Lilford, Thomas Lyttleton, Lord, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Lilford

Hall, Oundle. {President 18G7-1S9G. Died 1896.) 1886. Littledale, Harold, B.A. ; The College, Baroda.

{Resigned 1893.)

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL. S

250 LIST OF MEIM15ERS.

Date of Election.

1874. Lloyd, Col. Johx Hayes, F.Z.S. ; Braeside, Palace lloaci,.

Streatham, S.W. {Resigned 1006.) 1898. LoAT, WiLLiAJi Leonakd S., F.Z.S. ; Cumuor Tlace^

Oxford. {Besigned 1906.) 1897. Lodge, George Edward, F.Z.S. ; The Studios, 5 Thurloe

Square, S.W. 1908. Long, Sydney Heebert, M.D. ; 37 St. Giles Street,

Xorwieli. 1905. LovAT, Lt.-Col. SiMox Joseph, Lord, C.B., K.C.Y.O., D.S.O., F.Z.S. ; Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness-shire. 360 1904. Lowe, Dr. Percy 11. ; c/o Sir Frederic Johnstone, Bt., The Hatch, Windsor. 1889. LoYD, Lt.-Col. Arthur Purvis, F.Z.S. (late 21st Hussars):.

Hurst Lodge, Sunningdale, Berks. 1896. Lubbock, Percy; 26 Cadogan Gardens, S.W. (Resigned'

1000.) 1902. Lucas, Auberon Thomas, Lord, F.Z.S. ; 7 Cleveland How,.

St. James's, S.W. 1877. LuMSDEN, James, F.Z.S. ; Arden House, Arden, Dumbarton- shire, N.B. 1896. Luttman-Johnson, James Arthur, M. A., F.Z.S.; 101 Mount

Street, W. {Died IOO4.) 1908. Lyell, Charles Henry, M.P. ; 48 Eaton Place, S.W. 1904. Lynes, Commander Hubert, Pi.X. ; H.M.&. 'Excellent,'

Portsmouth. 1900. McCoNNELL, Frederick Vavasour; 37 Cranlej- Gardens,

South Kensington, S.W. 1904. Macdonald, Kenneth Campbell; Burma Police, llan go on' Burma. 37" 1905. McGregor, Peter James Colquhoun; British Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria. 1897. McLean, Johx Chambers ; Te Karaka, Gishonie, New

Zealand. 1899. Macmillan, George Augustin, F.Z.S. ; 27 Queen's Gate

Gardens, S.W. 1906. Macwillan, William Edward Frank; 27 Queen's Gate

Gardens, S.W. 1894. Macpherson, Arthur Holte, F.Z.S, ; 54 Cleveland Square,. Hvde Park, W.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 251

Date of Election.

1886. Macphkr.sox, The llev, Htjgil Alexander, M.A. ; Allonby Yicarage, Maryport, Cumberland. {Died 1901 )

1906. Magrath, ]\Iajor Hexry Atjgustus Frederick; 51st Sikhs

Prontier Force, Banuu, X.W.P., India; and c/o Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, 8.W. 1875. Malcolm op Poltalloch, Johx WixctField, Lord, C.E., F.Z.S. ; Poltalloch, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire. {Died 1902:)

1907. Maxx, Thomas Hugh, F.Z.S. ; Trulls Hatch, Rotherfield,

Sussex.

1877. Manners-Stjttox, The Hon. Gtraham ; 50 Thurloe Square,

S.W. {Eemoved 1882.) 3^0 1908, Maples, Stuakt; Kingsbury, Stevenage, Herts.

1904. Mapletox, Harvey William, B.A. ; Bracknell Cottage, Hartley Wintney, Winchfield, Hants; and Badgworth Eectorj-, Axbridge, Somerset. 1899. Maeais, Johaxx vax Oosterzeb; Cape Town, S. Africa. {Died 1904.)

1878. Marks, Hexry Stacy, Pt.A., F.Z.S. ; 5 St. Edmund's

Terrace, Regent's Park, X.W. {Died 1898.) 1894. Maeshall, Archibald McLeax, F.Z.S. ; Crogen, Corwen,

N. Wales. 1870. Maeshall, Col. C. H. T., F.Z.S. ; Divisional Judge, Lahore.

{Resigned 1891.) 1870. Marshall, Major G. F. L., F.Z.S. ; 1 Wetherby Gardens,

S.AV. {Resigned 1884.) 1894. Marshall, James McLeax, F.Z.S. ; Bleaton Hallet, Blair- gowrie, N.B. 1885. Marshall, Johx, F.L.S. ; Belmont, Taunton. {Died 1889.) 1899. Maetix, Basil William, F.Z.S. ; The University, Aberdeen.

{Resigned 1905.) 390 1901. Maetix, The Eev. William Keble, M.A. ; Ashbourne,

Derbyshire. {Resigned 1908.)

1897. Masox, Col. Edwaed Sxow ; 20 Minster Yard, Lincoln.

1898. Ma«sey, Herbert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Man-

chester. 1878. Mathew, The Rev. Miteray A., M.A., F.L.S. ; Buckland

Dinham, Frome. {Resigned 1899.) 1907. Mathews, Geegoey Macalister, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Langley

Mount, Watford, Herts.

S.2

252 LIST or MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

1908. Mathews, Richard Oavex ; Langley Mount, Watfovd. 189G. Maxavell, The Et. Hon. Sir Herbert Evstace, Bt., P.O.,

F.E.S. ; Monreith, "Whauphill, Wigtownshire, X.B. 1883. Meade-Waldo, Ed-mtjnd Gijstavus Bloomfield, F.Z.S. ;

Stonewall Park, Edenbridge, Kent. 1897. MEINERTZ^AGE^f, Daniel ; Mottisfont Abbey, Romsey.

{Died 1898.) 1899. Meiisertzhagen, Capt. Richard, F.Z.S. : Brookwood Park,

Alresford, Hants. 400 1900. Metcalfe, Geoffrey Bryan Theophilits ; Roche Court,

Salisbury. {Removed 1906.) 1905. MiDDLEMORE, Thomas ; Melsettcr, Orkney. {Resigned

1906.) 1886. MiLLAis, John Guillb, E.Z.S. ; Compton's Brow, Horsham,

1903. Mills, The Rev. Henry Holroyd, F.Z.S.; The Rectory,

St. Stepheu-in-Brannel, Grampound Road, Cornwall. 1879. Mitchell, Frederick Shaw ; Hornshaws, Millstream,

Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 1901. Mitchell, P. Chalmers, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ;

Secretary to the Zoological Society of London, 3 Hanover

Square, W.

1897. Mitchell, William, F.Z.S. ; 5 Bury Street, St. James's,

S.W. {Died 1908.)

1904. Mitchell-Carrtjthers, Alexander Doi'glas; Little Muudeu

Rectory, Ware, Herts. 1892. MivART, St. George, Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S. ; 77 Inverness

Terrace, W. {Died 1900.) 1908. MoMBER, A. R. ; La Junia, San Remo, Italy ; and 28 Elm

Park Road, S.W. 410 1890. Monk, Thomas James; St. Anne's, Lewes, Sussex. {Died

1899.)

1898. Monro, Horace Cecil, C.B. ; Queen Anne's Mansions, Queen

Anne's Gate, S.W. 1900. Montagu, The Hon. Edwin Samuef., M.P. ; 12 Kensington

Palace Gardens, AV. 1906. MooRE, Major Cyril H. ; District Pay Office, Gibraltar. 1865. More, Alex.ander Goodman, F.L.S. ; 74 Leinster Road,

Dublin. {Died 1895.) 1887. Morgan, Lt.-Col. George ; Biddlesden Park, Brackley.

{Died 1893.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 253

Date of

Election.

1874. MoRUAX, Rhodes W. ; <3ilaclras Forest Department, India.

{Removed 187S.) 1900. Mtjgford, Frederick Ernest ; 16 Buckingham Street,

Strand, W.C. {Removed 1904.) 1886. MuiRHEAD, Georc4e; Spcybanlv, Fochabers, Moray, N.B. 1893. Mullens, Major William Herbert, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.8. ;

Westfiekl Place, Battle, Sussex. 420 1892. MuNX, Philip Winchester, F.Z.S.; Laverstoke, W^hitchurch,

Hants. 1897. MuNT, Henrv, F.Z.S. ; S3 Kensington Gardens Square,

W. 1890. MuNTz, Albert Irving ; Umberslade, Birmingham. {Re- signed ISOo.) 1900. Musters, John Patrecius Chaavortf, D.L., J.P. ; Annesley

Park, Nottingham. 1885. Neale, Edward ; 43 Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W.

{Died 1004.) 1907. Neave, Sheffield Aieey ; Mill Green Park, Ingatestone,

Essex. 1882. Nelson, Thomas Hudson ; Seafield, Bedcar, Yorkshire. 1895. jSTesham, Bobert, F.Z.S. , F.E.S. ; Utrecht House, Queen's

Road, Clapham Park, S.W. 1897. Neumann, Professor Oscar, C.M.Z.S. ; Zoological Museum,

Tring, Herts. 1876. Nevill, Hugh ; Newton Villa, Godalming. {Died 1897.) 430 1898. Newall, Arthur ; Wilsford House, Salisbury. (Resir/ned

1899.) *1858. Newcome, Edward Clough ; Feltwell Hall, Norfolk. {Died

1871.) 1872. Newcome, Francis D'Arcy William Clough ; Thurston

Lodge, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk. 1899. Newman, John Leonard; Park Field, Mill Hill, N.W.

{Removed^ 1903.) 1904. Newman, Thomas Henry, F.Z.S. ; Newlands, Harrowdene

Road, Wembley, Middlesex. *1858. Newton, Prof. Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; Magdalene

College, Cambridge. {Secretary and Treasurer 1858-

1864. Editor 1804-1870. Died 1907.) *1858. Newton, Sir Edward, K.C.M.G., M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ;

14 Wellington Esplanade, Lowestoft. {Died 1897.)

254 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

1891. ^^icHOLL, DiGBY Seys Whiti^ck, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; The Ham, Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. (Removed 180G.)

1886. NicHOLLs, HowAED HiLL JoHx, M.Il.C.8. ; Bramber Lodge,

Downview Road, West Worthing.

1902. Nichols, John Bkuce, F.Z.S. ; Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, S.W. 440 1900. Nichols, Waltee Buchanan ; Stonr Lodge, Bradfield, Manningtree, Essex.

1876. Nicholson, Francis, F.Z.S. ; The Knoll, Windermere.

1902, NicoLL, Michael John, F.Z.S. ; Valhalla House, Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt.

1904. NoAKEs, Wickham ; Selsdou Park, Croydon.

1895. Noble, Heatley, F.Z.S. ; Temple Combe, Henley-on- Thames.

1887. NoEMAN, Geoege Cameeon, F.Z.S. ; CastleclifF, St. Andrews,

N.B. {Resigned 1905.)

1882. Gates, Eugene William, F.Z.S. ; 1 Carlton Gardens, Ealing,

W. {Secretary and Treasurer 1899-1901. Resigned 1903.) 1892. Ogilvie, Fekgtjs Menteith, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Shrubbery, 72 Woodstock Ptoad, Oxford.

1890. Ogilvie-Geant, William IIobeet, F.Z.S, ; British Museum

(Natural History), Cromwell Pioad, S.W. 18S9. Ogle, Beeteam Savile ; Hill House, Steeple Aston,

Oxford. 450 1907. Oldham, Chaeles, F.Z.S. ; Essex House, Wellington lload,

Watford. 1906. Osmaston, Beeteam Beeesfoed (Imperial Forest Service) ;

Naini Tal, India.

1883. Paeker, Heney, C.E. ; Whitbourne Lodge, Manby Road,

Great Malvern. 1880. Paekin, Thomas, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Fairseat, High Wickham,

Hastings. 1908. Paton, Edwaed Richmond, F.Z.S. ; Brookdale, Grassendale,

near Liverpool.

1891. Patteeson, Robert, F.L.S., M.R.I. A. ; Glenbank, Holywood,

Co. Down.

1884. Patteeson, Sir Robeet Lloyd, D.L., F.L.S. ; Croft House,

Holywood, Co. Down. {Died 1900.) 1904. Peaese, Theed ; Ivy Depot, Virginia, U.S.A. ; and Ment- more, Ampthill Road, Bedford.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 255

Date of Election.

1894. Peaeson, Cuaiu.es Edwaed, F.L.S. ; Hillcrest, Lowdham,

Notts. 1891. Peaksox, Henrt J., F.Z.S. ; Bramcote, Notts. 460 1902, Pease, Sir Alfred Edward, Bt., P.Z.S. ; Pinchinthorpe

House, Guisborough, Yorkshire ; and Brooks's Club,

St. James's Street, S.W.

1898. Penn, Eric Frank ; Taverham Hall, Norwich.

1891. Penrose, Francis George, M.D., F.Z.S. ; AVick House,

Downton, Salisburj', Wilts. 1900. Peeoivai, Arthur Blayney, F.Z.S. : Game-Banger, Nairobi,

British East Africa Protectorate ; and Somerset Court,

Brent Knoll, Somerset. 1907. Percy, Lord William ; 2 Grosvenor Place, S.W. ; and

Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, Northumberland. 1886. Phillips, E. Cajibridge ; The Elms, Brecon. (Removed

1894.) 1886. Phillips, Ethelbert Lort, F.Z.S. ; 79 Cadogan Square, S.W. 1888. Phillips, George Thorne ; Wokingham, Berkshire. 1893. Ptgott, Sir Thomas Digby, K.C.B. ; The Lodge, Lower

Sheringham. 1883. Pike, Thomas Mayer, M.A. (Died IVOS.) 470 1908. Player, W. -f. Percy; The Quarr, Ciydach, ll.S.O.,

Glamorganshire. 1907. PococK, Eeginald Innes, F.L.S. , F.Z.S. : Superintendent of

the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, N.W. 1875. Pole, Capt. George, R.E. (Resigyud 1876.) 1871. Pole, Lieut. Reginald Carew, R,N. ; Yovilton, Ilchester.

(Resigned 1877.) 1905. Pollard, Capt. Arthur Erskine St. Vincent (The Border

Regiment) ; Haynford Hall, Norwich.

1899. Pope, Walter Henry ; 2 De Vaux Place, The Close, Salis-

bury. (Resifpied 1905.)

1896. PoPHAM, Hugh Leyborne, M.A. ; Hunstrete House, Pens- ford, near Bristol.

1888. Powvs, Mervyn Owen Wayne, B.A., F.Z.S.; 2 Tenterden Street, Hanover Square, W. (Resigned 1898.)

1898. Price, Athelstan Elder, F.Z.S. ; 61 Great Cumberland Place, W.

1880. Prior, Charles Matthew ; Adstock Manor, Winslow. (Removed 1889.)

256 LIST or MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

480 1903. Peoctok, Major Fkederick ^yILLIAM (lato West Hiding

Regt.) ; Downfield, Maidenhead. 1901. Protjd, John T. ; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland. 1893. Ptckaft, William Plane, F.Z.8. ; British Museum (Natural

History), Cromwell Road, S.W. 188S. Radclyite, Charles Robert Eustace ; Hyde, Wareham,.

Dorset. 1903. Ralfe, Pilcher George ; The Parade, Castletown, Isle of

Man. 1903. Ratcliff, Fredeeick Rowlinson ; 24 Lancaster Gate, W.

1906. Rattray, Col. Rullion Hake ; 68 Dry Hill Park Road,

■ Tonbridge, Kent. 1879. Rawson, Herbert Evelyn ; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe. 189-4. Read, Richaed Henry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Church Street,

Hanley, Staffordshire. 1888. Read, Robert H. ; 8 a South Parade, Bedford Park, W. 490 1877. Rbid, Capt. Philip Savile Grey (late R.E.), F.Z.S. ; The

Elms, Yalding, Maidstone. 1903. Renatjt, William E. ; 17 Emanuel Avenue, Friar's Park,

Acton, W. 1893. Rendall, Percy, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Ewell, Surrey. (Removed

1905.) 1868. Rhodes, E. J. : Somerset House, AV.C. (Resicpied 1S73.) 1908, RiCHAEDsoN, NoEMAN Frederic, F.Z.S. ; Bradley Court,,

Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire ; and Lynndale, Manor

Road, Forest Hill, S.E.

1907. Richmond, Herbert William ; King's College, Cambridge.

1895. Riokett, Chaeles Boughey, F.Z.S.; Upton House, Lost-

withiel, Cornwall. 1898. RiDDELL, Edwaed MrTFORD H. ; 9 Minster Yard, Lincoln. (Died 1890.)

1896. RiPPON, Lt.-Col. George, F.Z.S.; 89th Punjabis, P.O. Kalaw,

Southern Shan States, Upper Burma.

1907. Ritchie, Aechibald Thomas Ayees ; The Head Masters,

Harrow ; and Overstrand, near Cromer, coo 1902. Riviere, Beenaed Beeyl, F.R.C.S. ; St. Giles's Plain, Norwich.

1908. RoBEETsoN, Sir Henry Beyer, B.A. ; Pale, Corwen,

N. Wales.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 2o7

Date of Election.

1898. EoiiiNsox, Heebert C, C.M.Z.S. ; Selaugor State Museum,

Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 1896. EoGKKs, Lt.-Col. John Middleion, D.S.O., F.Z.S, (late 1st Dragoons) ; Eiverhill, Sevenoaks, Iveut.

1893. Rothschild, The Hon. Lioxtel Walter, D.Se., Ph.D., M.P.,

r.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.

1894. EoTHscHiLD, The Hon. Natha^jiel Charles, M.A., F.Z.S. ;

Tring Park, Tring, Herts. 1865. RowLEi', George Dawson, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Chichester House,

East Cliff; Brighton. {Died 1878.) 1907. PtXJSSELL. Conrad George Edward, F.Z.S.; 2 Audley Square,

W. 1873. St. John . Col. Sir Oliver Beatjchamp Coventry, E.E., F.Z.S. ;

c/o Messrs. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, E.G. {Died

IS'.)].) 1883. St. Quintin, William Herhert, F.Z.S. : Scampston Hall,

Eilliugton, Yorkshire. 5i°*1858. Salvin, Osbert, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S. ; 10 Chandos Street, ^ W. {Secretary and Treasurer 1864-1870, 1897-1898.

Editor 1870-1876. Joint Editor 1876-1882. Died

1898.)

1903. Sandeman, Capt. Eobert Preston (late 10th Hussars ) ; Dan-y

Park, Crickhowell.

1899. Sapsworth, Arnold Duer, F.Z.S. : National Liberal Club,

Whitehall Place, S.W. 1902. Sargeattnt, Arthur St. George : 83 Madeley Eoad, Ealing, W.

1904. Sargent, James ; 76 Jermyn Street, S.W. ; and 2 Xapier

Villas, Cambridge Eoad, Barnes. 1870. Saunders, Howard, F.L.S., F.Z.S. : 7 Eadnor Place, Hyde

Park, W. {Joint Editor 188:.'-1888, 1894-1900. ' Secretar)/ and Treasurer 1901-1907. Died 1907.) 1902. Saunders, William Henry Eadcliffe, C.E. ; 79 Warwick

Eoad, S.W. 1898. ScHERREN, Henry, F.Z.S. ; 9 Cavendish Eoad, Harringaj',

X. 1907. Schwann, Geoffrey ; 4 Prince's Gardens, S.W.

1905. Schwann, Harold, F.Z.S.; Campdcn House, Cirencester,

Gloucestershire.

258 LIST OF :\IEMBERS.

Date of Election,

520 *1S58. Scl.ati:e, Philip Lutley, D,8c., F.R.8., F.Z.S. ; Odiham Priory, Winchtielcl, Hants ; and AthentTeum Club, Pall Mall, SAY. {Editor I808-ISG4, 1SSS-1S94. Joint Edito)- 1876-LSS8, 1804- •) 1891. ScLATER, William Ltjtley, M.A., F.Z.8.; El Paso Club, Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.A.

1907. Scott, The Eev. Canon Sa:miiel Gilbert, M.A.; ThePectory,

Havant, Hants.

1881. Scully, Surgeon-Lt.-Col. John, F.L.S., E.Z.S. ; 14 Harttield Square, Eastbourne. {Resigned 1807.) *1858. Sealy, Alfred Eorbes, M.A., C.M.Z.S.; Madras. {Resigned 1868.)

1873. SEEB0H3I, Hexry, F.Z.S. ; 22 Courttield Gardens, S.W. {Died 180.J.)

1899. Selols, Frederick Coijrtexey, F.Z.S.; Heatherside,Worples- dou, Surrey.

1S89. Sexhouse, Humphrey Patricius, B.A. ; The Fitz, Cocker- mouth, Cumberland.

1908. Seppixgs, Capt. Johx William Hamilton (Army Pay

Department) ; 3 West View, Cork, Ireland. 1899. Serle, The llev.WiLLiAM, M.A., B.D.; The Manse, Dudding-

ston, Edinburgh. 530 1900. Service, Kobert ; Maxwelltown, Dumfries.

1901. Seth-Smith, David, F.Z.S. ; 1-1 Canning Iload, Addiscombe,

Croydon. 1904. Seth-Smith, Leslie Moffat, B.A. ; Alleyne, Caterham

"Valley, Surrey.

1899. Sharmax, Frederic, F.Z.S. ; 47 Goldington lload,

Bedford. 1871. Sharpe, llicHARD BoAVDLER, LL.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Assistant

Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum (]^atural

History), South Kensington, S.W. 1886. Shaw, William Carstairs ; Bank of Madras, Madras,

{Removed 1890.)

1900. Shelfoed, Robert, M.A., C.M.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Hythe, Kent.

{Resigned 1005.) 1870. Shelley, Capt. George Erxest, E.Z.S. (late Grenadier

Guards) ; 39 Egerton Gardens, South Kensington, S.W. 1865, Shepherd, The Rcv.Charles William, M. A., F.Z.S.; Trottis-

cliffc Peetory, Maidstone, Kent.

LIST OF MEMBKKS. 259

Date of Election.

1894. Shirley, Seavall IS Evelyn; Ettingtou Park, 8tratford-on- Avon. {Resigned 1898.) 540 1900. SiMEY, Athelstaxe Ilife ; 2 Vernon Chambers, South- ampton How, W.C. {Resigned 1008.)

1881. SiMsox, Francis Bruce, F.Z.S. ; Broom Hill, Spratton,

Northampton. {Died 1800.)

1882. Slater, The Rev. Henry Horrocks, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Oldbury

Farm House, Ightham, Sevenoaks. {Resigned 100(J.) 1878. Slaughter, Brigade-Surgeon George Monlaw; Farningham,

Kent. {Died 1892.) 1908. Smalley, Frederic William ; Challan Hall, Silverdale,

near Carnforth, Lanes.

1902. Smith, Abel Henry, M.P. ; Woodhall Park, Hertford

{Resigned 1007.) 1865. Smith, The Be v. Alfred Charles, M. A.; Old Park, Devizes, Wilts. {Died 1808.)

1874. Smith, Cecil, F.Z.S. ; Lydeard House, Taunton. {Died

1800.) 1906. Snouckaert van ScnAUBURG, Baron Hene Charles ; Neerlang-

broek, Holland. 1896. Sondes, George Edward, Earl, F.Z.S. ; Lees Court, Faversham. {Died 1907.) 550 1881. Southwell, Thomas, F.Z.S. ; 10 The Crescent, Chapel Field, I^orwich.

1903. Sparrow, Major Richard, F.Z.S. ; 7th Dragoon Guards,

Abbasia Barracks, Cairo, Egypt ; aud Rookwoods, Sible

Hedingham, Essex. 1867. Sperling, Commander Rowland M., R.X., F.Z.S. {Died

1873.) 1906. Stanford, Surgeon Charles Edward Cortis, B.Sc, M.B.,

R.N. ; Royal Marine Barracks, Plymouth. 1893. Stanley, Samuel S. ; Fair View House, Harbury,

Leamington, Warwickshire. 1900. Stares, John AVilliam Chester; Portchester, Hants.

1875. Stark, Arthur Cowell, M.B., CM., F.R.P.S. ; Eccleston,

Torquay. {Died 1899.) 1902. Stenhouse, John Hutton, M.B., R.N.; Royal Hospital

School, Greenwich, S.E. 1904. Stephen, Julian Thoby ; 46 Gordon Square, W.C. {Died

1906.)

260 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Date of Election.

1864. Stevexsox, Hexry, F.L.S. ; 22 Untbauk's lload, Xonvich.

{Died 1S88.) 560 1906. Steward, Edavard Simmoks, F.ll.C.S. ; 10 Prince's Square,

Harrogate, Yorks. 1898. Stirling, Wim.iam, J.P., D.L. ; Ord House, Muir of Ord,

KB. 1889. SxoATE, "William ; Ashleigh, Eurnhaiu, Somerset. {Ite-

signed 1902.) 1893. Stoxham, Charles, C.M.G., F.E.C.S., F.Z.S. ; 4 Harley

Street, Cavendish Square, "\Y. 1897. SiEEATFEiLD, Capt. Eric ; 2nd Gordon Highlanders. {Died

1902.)

1881. Sti'Ddt, Col. Robert AVright (late Manchester Eegiment) ;

Waddeton Court, Brixham, Devon. 1887. Sxi'Ax, Frederick "William, F.Z.S. ; Ben Craig, Bayham

Itoad, Sevenoaks ; and Shanghai, China. 1887. Swixbl^rxe, Johx ; Haeuertsburg, Transvaal, S, Africa.

1882. Swixhoe, Col. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 6 Gunterstone

Koad, "W. Kensington, "W.

1876. SwixnoE. Egbert, F.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. ; 33 Carlyle

Square, S.W. {Honorary Member 1862-1876. Died 1877. y

570 1884. Tait, "William Chaster, C.M.Z.S. ; Entre Quintas 155,

Oporto, Portugal.

*1S58. Tatlor, Edward Cavendish, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 74 Jermyn

Street, S."W. {Died 190o.)

1865. Taylor, George Cavendish, F.Z.S.; 42 Elvaston Place, S."W. {designed 1888.)

1905. Taxlor, Lionel Edward, F.Z.S. ; Division of Forestry, Agricultural Department, Pretoria, Transvaal.

1873. Tegetmeier, William Bernhard, F.Z.S. ; 16 Alexandra Grove, North Finchley, X. {liesigned 1908.)

1889. Tennant, Sir Edward Priaulx, Bt., M.A., M.P., F.Z.S. ; 34 Queen Anne's Gate, S.AV. ; and The Gleu, Inner- leithen, N.B.

1886. Terry, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry) ; The Lodge, Upper Halliford, Shepperton,

1904. Thompsox, Lieut. "V\^illiaji R., E.G.A. ; Montrose, "Wey- mouth.

1900. Thorburx, Archibald, F.Z.S. ; High Leybourne, Hascombe, near Godalming, Surrey.

LIST OF me:mbers. 261

Date of Election,

1891. Thornhill, WiLLiA^r Bluxdell ; Castle Cosej-, Ca&tla

Bellingham, Ireland. {Resigned 1898.) 580 1893. Thorpe, Dixon L, ; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle.

1903. TicEHTTEST, Claed Buchanan, M.D. ; Winstowe, St. Leo-

nards-on-Sea ; and The College, Guy's Hospital, S.E. 1894. TicEnuRST, N'oRMAN Feederic, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ;

35 Peveusey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 1860. Tomes, Robert Ftsher, C.M.Z.S. ; Welford Hill, Stratford-

on-Avon. {liesujaed 1806.) 1902, Townsend, Reginald Gilliax, M.A. ; Buckholt, Dean,

Salisbury.

1893. Trevor-Battye, Aeisxx, F.Z.S. ; Chilbolton. Hants. *1858. Tristram, The Rev. Henry Baker, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,

C.M.Z.S., Canon of Durham ; The College, Durham. {Died 1900.) 1890. Tristram- Valentine, John Tristram, F.Z.S.; 1 Sheffield Gardens, W. {Died 1893.)

1 906. TuKE, Charles Molesworth ; The Gate House, Chiswick. 1864. Tweeddale, Arthur, Marquess of, F.R.S., Pres.Z.S.; Tester,

Haddington. {Died 1878.) 590 1864. Upcher, Henry Morris, F.Z.S. ; Sheringham Hall,

Norfolk. 1896. Urwick, William F. ; 27 Bramham Gardens, S.W. {Died

190.3.) 1872. UssHEK, Herbert Taylor, C.M.G. {Died 1880.)

1894. UssHER, Richard John, M.R.I. A. ; Cappagh House, Cai^pagh,

S.O., Co. Waterford, Ireland.

1907. Van Oort, Dr. Edtjard Daniel ; Museum of Xatural His-

tory, Leyden, Holland.

1908. Vaughan, Matthew ; Haileybury College, Herts.

1906. Vaughan, Lieut. Robert E., R.N. ; H.M. Coast Guard,

Tenby, S. Wales. 1890. Venour, Stephen ; Fern Bank, Altrincham, Cheshire. 1884. Verey, Alfred Sainsbxiry ; Heronsgate, near Rickmans-

"worth. 1881. Verney, Col. William Willoughby Cole ; Hartford Bridge,

Winchfield, Hants ; and United Service Club, S.AV. '600 1895. Von Erl.anger, Freiherr Carlo ; Nieder Ingelheim, Rhein

Hessen, Germany. {Died 1904.)

262 LIST OF ME:M15ERS.

Date of Election.

1879. Vox HtGEL, Baron A. ; ^luseura of Archoeology, Cambridge.

{liesuiiu'd ISIU.) 1889. VysE, H. Howakd ; Stoke Place, Slough. {Removed ISO-J.)

1902. Wade, Edwaed Walter ; Vittoria Hotel, Hull,

1886. Wat)1]-Daltox, Col. H. I). ; HauxwcllHall, Finghall, RS.O., Yorkshire.

1895. Wallis, Hexry Marriage ; Ashton Lodge, Christchurch

lload, Reading. 1881. Walsixguam, Thomas, Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; Merton Hall, Thetford, N'orfolk.

1899. Waltox, Major Herbert James, M.E., F.ll.C.S., I.M.S.,

C.M.Z.S. ; c/o Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W. 1872. Wardlaw-Eamsay, Lt.-Col. Robert George, F.Z.S. ; White- hill, Rose well, Midlothian, N.B.

1896. Watkixs, Watkix, F.Z.S. ; Highfield, Harrow ; and Wel-

lington Club, S.W. 6io 1903. Watt, Hugh Boyd ; 3 Willow Mansions, Fortune Green Road, West Hampstead, N.W. 1906. West, Colix, F.Z.S. ; The Grange, South Norwood Park, S.E.

1900. Westell, William Peecival, F.L.8., F.R.H.S. ; " Arvensis,"'

Blandford Road, St. Albans, Herts. 1874. Whartox, Charles Bygrave, F.Z.S.; Hounsdown, Totton,

Hants. {Died 1897.) 1878. Whaktox, Hexry Tuorxtox, M.A., F.Z.S.; Madresfield,

Acol Road, W. Hampstead, N.W. {Died 189J.) 1891. AVhitaker, Bexjamix Ixgham ; Hesley Hall, Tickhil],

Rotherham. 1884. WuLTAKEii, Joseph, F.Z.S. ; Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield.

Tsotts. {Removed 1800.) 1891. Whitaker, Joseph I. S., F.Z.S. ; Malfitauo, Palermo, Sicily.

1903. White, Stephex Joseph, F.Z.S. ; Oakwood, Crayford, Kent.

1903. Whitehead, Charles HxxtIi Tempest ; Deighton Grove,

York ; and 50th Rifles (Frontier Force), Sehore, Bhopal, India. 620 1887. Whitehead, Jepfery ; Mayes, East Grinstead, Sussex.

1904. AVhitty, Charles Richard, B.A., M.D. ; ^finna Lodge.

Hunstanton. {Died 1006.)

1897. Whymper, Charles, F.Z.S. ; 7 James Street, Haymarket,

S.W.

LIST OF MEMBERS. 263

Date of Eectioii,

1906. WiEXER, Augustus F., F.Z.S. ; G Northwick Terrace, Maida Yale, N.W. {Died 1906.)

1898. WiGLEswoKTH, JosEPii, M.D., F.R.C.r. ; llainhill, near

Liverpool.

1890. WiGLESAVOETH, LioxEL W. ; 42 Glouccster Place, Portmau

Square, W. {Died 1901.) 1894. Wir.Kixsox, Jouxsox; St. George's Square, Huddersfield,.

Yorkshire. 1904. Williams, Major Cuaeles Louis, M.D., I. M.S. ; 17 x\lex-

andra Koad, Birkeuhead. {Resigned 1007.) 1868. Williams, The Pev. J. ; Tring Park, Herts, {llesifjned

1871.)

1896. Williams, Capt. Lioxel Aetjiue, F.Z.S. ; Junior Uuited

Service Club, Charles Street, St. James's, S.W. 630 1897. WiLsox'^, Allax Read, B.A., M.B., B.Ch. ; Bloxham, Oson. 1888. Wilson, Chaeles Joseph, F.Z.S. ; 34 York Terrace,'liegent's

Park, X.W. 1900. WiLsox, Dr. Edavaed Adeian, F.Z.S. : Westal, Cheltenham. 1887. AYiLsox, Scott Barchaed, F.Z.S. ; Heatherbank, Weybridge

Heath, Surrey.

1897. Witheeby, Haeey Foebes, F.Z.S. ; 11 Hereford Mansions,.

Hereford Eoad, Bayswater, W. 1908. WiTHEEiNGTOx, GwYxxE ; Aberlash, Sonning, Berks.

1891. WiTHixGTOx, Feaxk ; Kingston, Jamaica. {llemoved

1899.)

1899. WOLLASTOX, AlEXAXDEE FeEDEEICK PtICHMOXD, B.A. ;

31 Argyll Mansions, King's lload, Chelsea, S.W. *1858. Wolley, Johx, Juu., M.A., F.Z.S. ; Beeston, Notts.

{Died 1859.) 1902. WoEKMAX, William Hughes ; Lismore, Windsor, Belfast. 640 1875. Weight, Chaeles A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Kayhough, Kew

Gardens Road, S.W. {Died 1907.) 1871. Weight, Edwaed Peeceval, M.A., M.D., F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.,

Professor of Botany in the University of Dublin,

Ireland. 1891. Weight, Thomas, M.D. ; Castle Place, Kottingham. 1904. Weight, William Ceaweoed ; Roslyn, Marlborough Park,

X., Belfast. 1876. Wyatt, Claude W. ; Adderbury, Banbury. {Died 1900.)

2G1 LIST or MEMBERS.

Date of

Election.

1895. YERBURr, Lt.-Col. Joiix William (late R.A.), F.Z.S. ; 8 Duke Street, St. James's, S.W. ; aud Army and Navy- Club, S.VY.

1889. YouxG, Capt. James B., R.N. : Tytlierley, Wimborne, Dorset.

1878. YouxG, JoHX, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 64 Hereford Ptoad, Bays- water, W. {Died 1001.)

1897. YouxG, JoHx Joseph Baldwin, M.A. ; Eichmond Park, near Sheffield.

1904. YouxG, Lieut. Martix (1st York and Lancaster Ptegt.) ; Mhow, India. {Died 1906.) )5o 1877. Y'uLE, Lt.-Col. James Herbert; 41 Eaton Ptise, Ealing, V/. {Resiqned ISO'i.)

Extra- Ordinary Members.

1865. Bltxh, Edavard. {Honoranj Member 1860-1865. Died

1873.) 1899. GoDwix- Austen, Lt.-Col. Henry Haver^ham,F.E.S., F.Z.S.;

jVorQ, Hascombe, Godalming. {Ordinary Member

1874-1899.) 1863. AYallace, Alfred Rtjssel, O.M., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,

F.Z.S. ; Broadstone, Wimborae, Dorset. {IIo)iorary

Member 1860-1863.)

Honorary Members.

1907. Allen, Joel Asaph, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S. ; American Xuseum of Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A. {Foreign Member 1890-1907.)

1886. Atres, Thomas ; Potchefstroom, Transvaal, South Africa.

1860. Baird, Prof. Spencer F. ; Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington. {Died 1887.)

1860. Baldamus, Dr. August Karl Eduard ; Moritzwinger 7, Halle. {Died 1893.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 265

Date of Election.

1860. Cabaxis, Dr. Jeax, C.M.Z.S. ; Friedrichshagen, bei Berlin.

{Died 1006.) 1860. Cassix, Johx ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelpliia.

{Died ISO'.).) 1900. CoLLETT, Prof. Robert, F.M.Z.S. ; University Museum,

Christiania. {Foreign Member 1873-1000.) 1872. Fixscn, Dr. Orxo, C.M.'z.S. ; Altewiekring 19 b, Brunswick,

Germany. 1880. Gatke, Heixeich, C.M.Z.S. ; Heligoland. {Died 1807.) J o 1894. GiGLioLi, Dr. Hexey Hilltee, F.M.Z.S. ; Reale Istituto

di Studi Superiori, Florence. {Foreign Member 1872-

1804.) 1898. GoELDi, Dr. Emil A., C.M.Z.S. ; Ziegierstrasso 36, Berne,

Switzerland. 1860. Haetlatjb, Dr. Gtjsxav, F.M.Z.S.; Bremen, Germany.

{Died 1000.) 1860. Layaed, Edgae Leopold, C.M.G., F.Z.S. : Otterbourne,

Budleigh Salterton. {Died 1000.)

1902. Radde, Prof. Gustay F., F.M.Z.S. ; Tiflis, Hussia. {Foreign

Member 1872-1002. Died 1002.)

1893. Reichexow, Dr. Axiox, C.M.Z.S. ; Museum fiir N"atur- kuude, Invalidenstrasse, Berlin.

1860. Eeixhaedt, Prof. J. ; Natural History Museum, Copen- hagen. {Died 1882.)

1903. PtiDGWAY, lloBERT, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsouiau Institution,

Washington, D.C., U.S.A. {Foreign Member 1880-

1003.) 1890. Salyadoei, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.S. ; Ptoyal Zoolo- gical Museum, Turin. {Foreign Member 187 2-1800.) 1860. Veeeeatjx, Jules Pieeee ; Museum d'HistoiK; Naturelle,

Paris. {Died 1873.) 1890. Yox Berlepsch, Graf Hans, C.M.Z.S. ; Schloss Berlepsch,

Post Gertenbach, Witzenhausen, Germany. {Foreign

Member 1875-1800.) 21 1869. Vox Pelzeln, August, C.M.Z.S.; Oberdobling, Vienna.

{Died 1801.)

SER. IX. VOL. II., JUB.-SUPPL.

266 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Colonial Members.

Date of

Election.

1904. Campbell, Alfked J. ; Custom House, Melbourne, Australia. 1908. FAEauHAK, JoHx Hexky Joseph, B.Sc, K.D.A. ; Assistant

Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria. 1 908. Hall, Robert, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ; Curator of the Tasmanian

Museum, Hobart To^vn, Tasmania. 1903. Htjtton, Capt. Frederick W., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S. ; The

Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand. {Died 1906.) 1903. Legge, Col. W. YiNCEifT, F.Z.S. ; CuUenswood House,

St. Mary's, Tasmania. (Ordinary Member 1876-1903.)

1905. Macotjn, John, M.A., F.E.S.C. ; Naturalist to the Geological

Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 1905. Millar, Alfred Dvchesne ; 298 Smith Street, Durban,

Natal. 1903. North, Alfred J., C.M.Z.S. ; Australian Museum, Sydney,

N.S.Wales. 1907. SwrNNERTOx^, Charles Frakcis Massy, F.L.S. ; Gungunyana,

Melsetter, South Ehodesia.

Foreign Members.

1872. Barboza Dir Bocage, Prof. J. Y., F.M.Z.S. ; Eoyal Museum,

Lisbon. {Died 1908.) 1900. BiANCHi, Dr. Valentine ; Imperial Zoological Museum, St.

Petersburg. 1904. Blasius, Geh. Hofr. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm, C.M.Z.S. ; Gauss-

Strasse, 17, Brunswick, Germany. 1872. Brandt, Prof. J. F. ; Imperial Museum, St. Petersburg.

{Died 1879.) 1880. Bureau, Louis, M.D. ; Ecole de Medecine, Nantes, France. 1906. BtJTTiKOFER, Dr. Johannes, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the Zoo- logical Garden, Rotterdam, Holland. 1906. BuTURLiN, Sergius a.; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia. 1902. Chapman, Frank Michler ; American Museum of Natural

History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A. 1872. CouEs, Dr. Elliott, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, U.S.A. {Died 1899.)

LIST OF MEMBERS. 267

Date of

Election.

lo 1875. DoRiA, Marchese GiACOMo,r.M.Z.S.; Stradayuova,6,Geiioa,

Italy. 1890. Enm Pasha, Dr., C.M.Z.S. ; Bagamoyo, East Africa.

{Died 189J.) 1872. Fatio, Dr. Victor, C.M.Z.S. ; Geneva, Switzerland. (Died

1906.) 1872. Lawrence, George Kewbold, C.M.Z.S. ; 45 East 21st

Street, Xew York. {Died 1896.) 1872. Long CHAMPS, Baron de Selts, Liege, Belgium. {Died

1900.) 1872. Malmgren, Dr. Anders Johan ; Helsingfors, Finland.

{Died 1897.) 1883. Marsh, Prof. Othniel Charles, C.M.Z.S. ; Yale College,

Kewhaven, U.S.A. {Died 1898.) 1903. Maexorelli, Prof. Dr. Giacinto ; Museo Civico di Storia

JN^aturale, Milan, Italy. 1894. Menzbier, Prof. Dr. Michael, C.M.Z.S. ; Imperial Society of

x^aturalists, Moscow. 1881. Meter, Dr. A. B., C.M.Z.S. ; Hohenzollernstrasse 17, Berlin,

W. 10. 2o 1872. Milne-Edavards, Prof. Alphonse, F.M.Z.S. ; Jardin des

Plantes, Paris. {Died 1899.) 1905. Oberholser, Harry Church; Biological Survey, Department

of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1890. OusxALET, Dr. Emile, C.M.Z.S. : Museum d'Histoire

Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, Paris. {Died 1905.) 1894. Pleske, H.E. Dr. Theodor, F.M.Z.S.; St. Petersburg,

Russia. {Resigned 1905.) 1881. Prjevalsky, Genl. N. ; Academy of Science and Art, St.

Petersburg. {Died 1888.) 1900. Ueiser, Dr. Othmar ; Landes Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia,

Austro-Hungary. 1908. Richmond, Charles Wallace ; United States National

Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 1894. Schalow, Herman ; Traunsteinerstrasse, 2i, Berlin, W. 30, 1872. ScHLEGEL, Prof. Herman ; University Museum, Leyden.

{Died 1883.) 1900. Stejnegee, Leonhaed, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution*

Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 30 1872. Stjndevall, Prof. Carl Johann : Stockholm. {Died 1875.)

268 LIST OF INIEMBEKS.

Date of Election.

1902. SrsHKiN, Dr. Peter, C.M.Z.S. ; Imperial University. Moscow,

llussia. 1872. Yon Hetjglin, Dr. Theodor ; Stuttgart. {Died 1877.) 1902. Yox Iherixg, Dr. Herman, C.M.Z.S. ; Museu Paulista, ISao

Paulo, Brazil. 18SG. Yon Mabarasz, Dr. Jtjlius ; National Museum, Budapest. 1872. YoN Middendorfe, Dr. Alexander Theodor ; Dorpat.

{Died 1894.) 36 1890. WiNGE, Herluf, C.M.Z.S. ; University Zoological Museum,

Copenhagen.

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Page J. Proceedings of the Special Jubilee Meeting of the British Orni- thologists' Union 1

'2. A Short History of the British Ornithologists' Union. By

P. L. ScLATEE, b.Sc, F.Pt.S \ 19

Appendix : 1. Rules of the British Ornithologists' Union 05

2. Ilules of the British OniitholoRists' Club 08

'i. Biographical Notices of the Original Members of the British Ornithologists' Union, of the principal Contributors to the First Series of ' The Ibis,' and oi: the Officials. (AVith Portraits.)

BiRKBECK, ROBEllT

BLAKisToisr, C-A-pt. T. W. . .

Blyth, Edward

bonhote, j. l

Dresser, H. E.

Brummond-Hay, Col. H. M,

Evans, A. II

Eyton, T. C

GoDMAN, Dr. F. D. ......

Godman, p. 8

GURNEY, .J. n

Hancock, John

Hawker, Rev. W. H

Hewitson, W. C

HUDLESTON, W. H

Ibby, Col. L. H

Jerdon, T. C

Kirk, Sir John

Knox, A. E

Layard, E. L

LiLEORD, Lord

73	Newcome, E. C	105
173	Neavton, Prof. A	J 07
175	Newton, Sir E	117
231	Oates, E. \V	221
219	POWLETT CaMPBELL-OrDE,
75	Sir J. w. :	121
'>r>.7	Salvin, Osbert	127
79	Saunders, Howard	223
81	ScLATER, Dr. p. L	129
93	Sealy, a. F	139
95	Sharpe, Dr. R. B	199
177	Speke, Capt. J. H	203
101	SwiNHOE, KOBERT	207
183	Taylor; E. C ,	151
141	Taylor, (i.e.	209
187	Tickell, Col. S. R	211
193	Tristram. Canon H. B	153
195	Wallace, Dr. A. R	213
103	WoLLEY, John	157
197	Wright, C. A	217
123

4. Liiit of the Members of the British Ornithologists' Union, 1858- 1908

23^i

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