FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

THE I E I S,

QUARTErtLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY.

EDITED ]!Y , C^

WILLIAM LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., F.Z.S.

VOL. III. 1915.
TENTH SEEIES.

Dckctasti mc, Domine, in (iperibiis iiianuuin luariim.

riTl'.LrSHED BY THE
BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION

AND SOLD BY

WILLIAM WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND,
LONDON, W.C.

1915.

,io-no\^n- (>^a/UJl n

ALBRE ^ TLAMMAM.

rniXTED BY TATLOE AND FRANCIS,

BED LION COUKT, FLEET STREET.

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF
'THE IBIS' FOR 1915.

TENTH SERIES.
VOLUME III.

Number 1. issued January 8th.

„ 2. „ April 8th.

,, 3. ,, July 2iid.

4. ,, October 8th.

LIST OE THE MEMBERS

OF THE

BRITISH ORNITHOLOaiSTS" UNION.
1915.

[An asterisk indicates an Original Member. It is particularly requested that
Members should give notice to the Secretary of the Union of any error in their
addresses or descriptions in this List, in order that it may be corrected.]

Date of
Election,

1914, Aldworth, Capt. Thomas Preston.

1911. Alexander, Christopher Jambs; International Institute of

Agriculture, Rome, Italy.
1911. Alexander, Horace Gundrt; 3 Mayfield Road, Tunbridge

Wells, Kent.
1888. Aplin, Oliver Vernon ; Stonehill House, Bloxhara, Oxon,
1 1896. Archibald, Charles F. ; 2 Darnley Road, West Park,

Leeds, Yorks.

1896. Arrigoni degli Oddi, Count Ettore, Professor of Zoology,

University, Padua; and Ca' oddo, Monselice, Padua,
Italy.
1901. Arundel, Major Walter B., F.Z.S. ; High Ackworth, Ponte-
fract, Yorks.

1915. AsHBT, Edwin ; Wittunga, Blackwood, Adelaide, S. Australia,
1901. AsHBY, Herbert; Broadway House, Brookvale Road,

Southampton.
lo 1908. AsHwoRTH, John Wallwork, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.G.S.,
F.G.S. ; Thorne Bank, Heaton Moor, near Stockport,
Cheshire.

1897. AsTLEY, Hubert Delaval, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Brinsop Court,

Hereford.
1885. Backhouse, James, F.Z.S. ; The Old Manor House,

Knaresborough, Yorks.
1904. Bahr, Philip Hbinrich, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.CP.,

F.Z.S. ; 12 Vicarage Gardens, Kensington, W.
1901. Bailward, Col. Arthur Churchill, F.Z.S. (R.F.A.) ;

64 Victoria Street, S.W.

SER. X. — VOL, III. a

Date of
Election.

15 1892. Baker, E. C. Stuart, F.Z.S.; 6 Harold Road, Upper
Norwood, S.E. {Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.)
1901. Baker, John C, M.B., B.A, ; Ceely House, Aylesbury, Bucks.

1889. Balston, Eichard James, F.Z.S.; Springfield, Maidstone,

Kent.
1906. Banxerman, David A., B.A., F.R.G.S. ; 11 Washington
House, Basil Street, S.W.

1890. Barclay, Francis Hubert, F.Z.S. ; The "Warren, Cromer,

Norfolk.
20 1885. Barclay, Hugh Gurney, F.Z.S. ; Colney Hall, Norwich,
Norfolk.
1903. Bartels, Max. ; Pasir Datar, Halte Tjisaiit (Preanger), Java,
Dutch East Indies.

1906. Bates, George L., C.M.Z.S. ; Bitye, Ebolowa, Kamerun,

West Africa.

1912. Baxenbale, Francis Richard Salisbury; Commissioner of

Famagusta, Cyprus.

1913. Baynes, George Kenneth; 120 Warwick Street, S.W.

25 1912. Beebe, C. William, C.M.Z.S. ; Curator of Birds, New York
Zoological Park, New York, U.S.A.
1910. Beeston, Harry ; Sunnymead, South Street, Havant, Hants.
1897. Benson, John.
1897. Berry, William, B.A., LL.B. ; Tayfield, Newport, Fifeshire.

1914. Betham, Col. Robert M. ; c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co.,

Hornby Road, Bombay, India.
30 1907. Bethell, The Hon. Richard, F.Z.S. ; 30 Hill Street, Mayfair,
W.

1907. BiCKERTON, William, F.Z.S.; The Firs, Farraline Road,

Watford, Herts.
1880. BiDWELL, Edward ; 1 Trig Lane, Upper Thames Street, E.C.
1892. Bird, The Rev. Maurice C. H., M.A. ; Brunstead Rectory,

Stalham, S.O., Norfolk.
1891. Blaauw, Frans Ernst, C.M.Z.S.: Gooilust, 'sGraveland,

Hilversum, Noord-Holland.
■^e 1913. Blackwood, George Glendinning ; c/o W. T. Blackwood, Esq.,

Messrs. Blackwood & Smith, Peebles.
1912. Blaine, Gilbert, F.Z.S. ; 5 a The Albany. Piccadilly, W.
1903. Blathwayt, The Rev. Francis Linley, M.A. ; Doddington

Rectory, Lincoln.
1914. Blyth, Robert Oswald, M.A. ; Haslemere, Stanmore,

Middlesex.

Date of
Election.

1897. BoNAK, The Rev. Horatitjs Ninian, F.Z.S. ; 16 Cumiu Place,

Edinburgh.
40 1905, Bone, Henry Peters ; 28 Adelaide Crescent, Brighton.

1894. BoNHOTE, John Lewis, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Zoological

Gardens, Giza, Egypt ; and Gade Spring Lodge, Hemel
Hempstead, Herts.
1906. BooRMAN, Staines ; Heath Farm, Send, Woking, Surrey.

1898. Booth, George Albert ; Whalley Kange, Longton, Lanes.
1904. Booth, Harry B. ; Ryhill, Ben Rhydding, via Leeds, Yorks.

45 1908. BoRRER, Clifford Dalison ; 20 Pelham Crescent, South
Kensington, S.W.
1915. Bradford, Arthur Daxby ; Upton Lodge, Watford, Herts.

1895. Bradford, Sir John Rose, K.C.M.G., M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.,

F.Z.S ; 8 Manchester Square, W.
1902. Bridgeman, Commdr. The Hon. Richard 0. B., R.N". ;
c/o Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station,
c/o G.P.O.
1909. Briggs, Thomas Henry, M.A., F.E.S. ; Rock House^
Lynmouth, R.S.O., N. Devon.
50 1902. Bristowe, Bertram Arthur ; The Cottage, Stoke D'AberncMi,.
Cobham, Surrey.
1908. Brook, Edward Jonas, F.Z.S. ; Hoddam Castle, Ecclefechan,

Dumfriesshire.
1890. Brooke, Harry Brinsley; Woodcote Lodge, Windlesham,

Surrey.
1899. Brooke, John Arthur, J.P. ; Fenay Hall, Huddersfield ; and

Fearn Lodge, Ardgay, Ross-shire.
1912. Brown, Thomas Edward ; c/o Messrs. G. Beyts & Co., 11 Port
Tewfik, Suez, Egypt.
55 1900. Bruce, William Speirs, LL.D., F.R.S.E. ; Scottish Oceano-
graphical Laboratory, Surgeon's Hall, Edinburgh.
1914. Buchanan, Col. Kenneth (Lidian Army) ; c/o Messrs. Cox &

Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W.
1907. Buckley, Charles Mars ; 4 Hans Crescent, S.W.
1906. Bucknill, John Alexander Strachey, K.C, M.A., F.Z.S. ;
Chief Justice, Supreme Court, Singapore, Straits Settle-
ments.
1895. Bulgaria, H.M. Ferdinand, King of, F.Z.S.; The Palace,
Sofia, Bulgaria.
60 1908. BuNYARD, Percy Frederick, F.Z.S. : 57 Kidderminster Road,
Croydon, Surrey.

a2

Date of
Election.

1907. EuTLEB, Arthur Gardiner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 124 Beck-
enham Road, Beckenham, Kent.

1899. Butler, Arthur Lennox, F.Z.S. : Superintendent of Game

Preservation, Sudan Government, Khartum, Sudan.
1884. Butler, Lieut.-Col. E. A. ; Winsford Hall, Stokesby, Great
Yarmouth.

1900. Buttress, Bernard A. E. ; Craft HiU, Dry Drayton,

Cambridge.
65 1905. Buxton, Anthony ; Knighton, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

1884. Buxton, Geoferet Fowell, F.Z.S. ; Dunston Hall, Norwich,

Norfolk.
1912, Buxton, Patrick Alfred ; Fairhill, Tonbridge,

Kent.
189G. Cameron, Capt. James S.; (2nd Bn. Ptoyal Sussex Regt.)

Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford, Kent.
1888. Cameron, John Duncan ; Low Wood, Bethersden, Ashford,
Kent.
70 1909. Campbell, David Callender, J.P. ; Templemore Park,
Londonderry, Ireland.
1909. Carroll, Clement Joseph ; Rocklow, Fethard, Co. Tipperary,
Ireland.
, 1904. Carruthers, Alexander Douglas M. ; 7 Park Place,
St. James', S.W.
1908. Carter, Thomas ; Wensleydale, Mulgrave Road, Sutton,

Surrey.
1890. Cave, Capt. Charles John Philip, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Ditcham
Park, Petersfield, Hants.
75 1913. Chaplin, Nugent; The Lodge, Bourne End, Bucks.

1884. Chapman, Abel, F.Z.S.; Houxty, Wark-on-Tyne, North-
umberland.
1882. Chase, Robert William ; Heme's Nest, Bewdley,

W^orcestershire.
1908. Cheesman, Robert E. ; c/o F. V. Winch, Esq., North View,

Willesley, Cranbrook, Kent.
1910. Chubb, Charles, F.Z.S. ; British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.W.
So 1912. Clark, George Wingfield, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 2 Devana Terrace,
Huntingdon Road, Cambridge.
1904. Clarke, Major Goland van Holt, D.S.O., F.Z.S. ; Chilworth
Court, Romsey, Hants.

IX

Date of
Election.

1889. Clarke, Col. Stephenson IIobert, C.B., F.Z.S. ; Borde Hill,

Cuckfield, Sussex,
1880. Clarke, William Eagle, F.L.S. ; Royal Scottish Museum,

Edinburgh.
1904. Cochrane, Captain Hbxry Lake. R.X. ; 10 Ashburtou Koad,

Southsea, Hants.
85 1898. CocKs, Alfred Heneage, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Poj-netts, Skirmett,

near Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.

1895, Coles, Richard Edward; Rosebank, New Milton, S.O.,

Hants.
1911. CoLLETT, Axthony Keeling ; 5 Stone Buildings, Lincoln's

Inn, W.C,
1904. Collier, Charles, F.Z.S. ; Bridge House, Culmstock,

Devon ; and Windham Club, St. James' Square, S.W.
1909, CoNGREVE, Capt. William Maitland (R.G.A.) ; Forest

House, Kerry, Montgomeryshire.
90 1913. Cook, James Pemberton ; c/o Messrs. Wallace & Co., Bombay

Burmah Trading Corporation, Ltd., Bombay, India.
1888. CoRDEAirx, Major William Wilfrid, (late 21st Lancers) ;

Hopebourne, Harbledown, Canterbury, Kent.

1914, CouRTOis, The Rev. F. L., S.J. ; Curator of the Sikawei

Museum, near Shanghai, China.
1913. Cowan, Francis ; Wester Lea, Murrayfield, Midlothian.
1894. Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bt. ; Calke Abbey, Derby.
95 1903. Crowley, John Cyril, M.A, ; 5 Beech House Road,

Croydon, Surrey.

1915. CuRRiE, Robert Alexander (Chinese Customs) ; The

Custom House, Yochow, by Hankow, China.
1899. Curtis, Frederick, F.R.C.S. ; Lyndens, Redhill, Surrey.
1877. Dalgleish, John J. ; Brankston Grange, Bogside Station,

Alloa, Forth.

1896. Danford, Capt. Bertram AY. Y., R.E. ; Bermuda.

100 1883. Davidson, James, F.Z.S.; 32 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edin-
burgh.

1908. Davies, Lieut. Claude G. ; 3rd S. African Mounted Riflemen,
6th Mounted Brigade, c/o Army Post Office, Cape Town,
South Africa,

1905. Davis, K. J. Acton, MX'., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ; 16 Upper
Wimpole Street, W.

1915. Dawson, George Hogarth, F.Z.S. : 29 Lansdowne Crescent,
Netting Hill, W.

Date of
Election.

1909. DELME-RiDCLiFFE, Capfc, Alfred (105th Maratha Light
Infantry) ; Church Hatch, Christchurch, Hants. ; and

c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Bombay, India.
105 1902. Dent, Charles Henry ; c/o Messrs. Barclay & Co. Ltd.,

Darlington, Durham.
1893. De Winton, William Edward, F.Z.S. ; Southover Hall,

Burwash, Sussex.
1896. DoBBiE, James Bell, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; 12 South Inverleith

Terrace, Edinburgh.
1889. DoBiE, William Henry, M.R.C.S. ; 2 Hunter Street,

Chester.
1911. DoDswoRTH, Pelham Theobald Landale ; Prospect Cottage,

Simla, W., (Punjab), India.
no 1904. Dorrien-Smith, Thomas Algernon, J.P.,D.L.; Trcsco Abbey,

Scilly Isles.
1904. Drake-Brockman, Ralph Evelyn, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,

F.Z.S. ; Cheriton, 26 Portchester Road, Bournemouth,

Hants.
1865. Dresser, Henry Eeles, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; c/o Dr. Tattersall,

Owen's College Museum, Manchester.
1896. Drewitt, Frederic Dawtrey, M.A., M.D,, F.Z.S. ; 14 Palace

Gardens Terrace, Kensington, W.
1913. Drummond, James, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; ' Lyttelton Times,'

Christchurch, New Zealand.
115 1890. Drummond-Hay, Col. James A. G. R.- (Coldstream Guards);

Seggieden, by Perth.

1904. Duckworth, George Herbert ; Dalingridge Place, via East

Grinstead, Sussex.
1878. Dtjrnford, W. Arthur, J.P. ; Elsecar, Barnsley, Yorks.

1905. DuTTON, The Hon. and Rev. Canon Frederick George;

Bibury, Fairford, Gloucestershire.
1903. Earle, Edavard Vavasour ; Fowden Hall, London Road,

Maidstone, Kent.
120 1914. Edwards, Laurence Albert Curtis, M. A.; 12 Market Street,

Rye, Sussex.
1895. Elliot, Edmund A. S., M.R.C.S.; Woodville, Kingsbridge,

South Devon.
1884. Elliott, Algernon, CLE. ; 16 Belsize Grove, Hamp-

stead, N.W.
1902. Ellison, The Rev. Allan, M. A.; Althorpe Rectory, Doucaster,

Yorks.

XI

Date of
Election,

1904. Eltoij, Henry Browx, B.A,, M.B., B.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ;

Glenview, Llandovery, South Wales.
125 1866. Elwes, Henry John, F.R.S., F.Z.S.; Colesborne, Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire.

1914. Etheridge, Robert, Junr., C.M.Z.S. ; Curator of the
Australian Museum, Sj^dney, New South "Wales,
Australia.

1879. Evans, Arthur Humble, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 9 Harvey Road,
Cambridge.

1888. Evans, William, F.R.S.E. ; 38 Morningside Park, Edin-
burgh.

1905, EwEN, Gur L'EsiRANeE ; St. James's Club, Piccadilly, W.
130 1892. Fairbridge, William George ; 141 Long Market Street,

Capetown, South Africa.
1909. Fanshawe, Capt, Richard D, (late Scots Guards) ; Broxmore,

Cavendish Road, Bournemouth,
1894. Farquhar, Rear-Admiral Arthur Murray, C.V.O. ; Granville

Lodge, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
1898. Farquhar, Capt. Stuart St. J., R.N. ; Naval & Military

Club, Piccadilly, W.
1873. Feilden, Col, Henry Wemyss, C.B., C,M,Z.S. ; Burwash,

Sussex ; and Junior United Service Club, S.W.
135 1901. FiNLiNSON, Horace W., F.Z.S. ; 5 Rosamond Road, Bed-
ford.
1885. Fitzherbert-Brockholes, William Joseph ; Claughton Hall,

Garstang, Lancashire.

1902. Flower, Major Stanley Smyth, F.Z.S. ; Kedah House,

Zoological Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
1912. Floyd, James Francis Murray, B.A. ; The University,

Glasgow.
1884. Forbes, Henry Ogg, LL.D., F.Z.S. ; Redcliife, Beaconsfield,

Bucks.
140 1912. Foster, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Sussex House,

88 Tilehouse Street, Hitchin, Herts.

1903. Foster, Neyin Harkness, F.L.S., M.R.T.A. ; Hillsborough,

Co. Down, Ireland.
1880. Foster, William ; 39 Colville Gardens, Bayswater, W.
1887. Fowler, William Warde, M.A. ; Lincoln College, Oxford.
1865. Fox, The Rev. Henry Elliott, M.A, ; The Croft, Lytton

Grove, Putney Hill, S.W.
145 1881. Freke. Percy Evans ; South Point, Limes Road, Folkestone.

Date of
Election.

1895. Pkohawk, Frederick William, F.E.S. ; Stanley House,

Park Road, Wallington, Surrey.
1909. Frost, William Edward, J.P. ; Ardvreck, CrieflP, Perthshire.
1881. Gadow, Hans, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ; University Museum of

Zoology, Cambridge.
1886. Gainsborough, Charles William Francis, Earl of; Exton

Park, Oakham, Rutland.
150 1907. Gandolfi, Alfonso Otho Gandolfi-Hornyold, Duke, Ph.D.;

Blackmore Park, Hanley Swan, Worcestershire.
1900. Garnext, Charles ; Greathouse, Chippenham, Wilts. ; and

New University Club, St. James's Street, S.W.
1892. Gerrard, John ; Worsley, near Manchester, Lanes.
1902. GiBBiNS, William Bevington, F.Z.S, ; Ettington, Stratford-

on-Avon, Warwickshire.
1879. Gibson, Ernest, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. ; 25 Cadogan Place,

S.W.
155 1903. Gladstone, Capt. Hugh Steitart, M.A., F.Z.S., F.R.S.E.,

F. S.A.Scot. ; Capenoch, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire ; and

40 Lennox Gardens, S.W.
1908, Godman, Capt. Edward Shirley (2nd Dorset Regiment) ;

Hampsteel, Cowfold, Sussex.
1858. Godman, Frederick DuCane, D.C.L., F.R.S. , F.Z.S.; 45 Pont

Street, S.W. ; and South Lodge, Horsham, Sussex.

{Gold Medallist.)
* 1858. Godman, Percy Sanden, B.A., C.M.Z.S. ; Hampsteel,

Cowfold, Sussex. {Gold Medallist.)
1906. Goodall, Jeremiah Matthews ; The Nest, Bembridge, Isle of

Wight.
£60* 1900. Goodfellow, Walter, F.Z.S. ; The Poplars, Kettering,

Northants.
1906. Gordon, Seton Paul, F.Z.S.; Auchintoul, Aboyne,

Aberdeenshire.

1912. GossE, Philip, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Curtlemead, Beaulieu,

Hants.
1899. Gould, Francis Herbert Carruthers, F.Z.S.; Matham

Manor House, East Molesey, Surrey.
1895. Grabham, Oxley, M.A. ; The Museum, York.
165 1909. Grant, Claude Henry Baxter, F.Z.S.; (6th Battn. Rifle
Brigade) ; 6 Lebanon Gardens, West Hill, S.W. ; and
Sports Club, St. James' Square, S.W.

1913. Greening, Linn;eus, F L.S,, F.Z.S. ; Fairlight, Grappenhall,

Cheshire.

Date of
Election.

1909. Grey, The lit. Hon. Sir Edward, Bt., K.G., P.C, F.Z.S. ;

Falloden, Christon Bank, R.S.O., Northumberland.
1906. Griffith, Aethtjr Foster ; 59 Montpellier Eoad, Brighton,

Sussex.
1885. GuiLLEMAED, Francis Heney Hill, M.A., M.D., F.Z.S. ; Old

Mill House, Trumpington, Cambridge.
170 1908. GuRNEY, Gerard Hudson, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Keswick Hall,

Norwich, Norfolk.
1870. GuENEY, John Henry, F.Z.S. ; Keswick Hall, Norwich ; and

AtheuKum Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
1896. GuENEY, RoBEET, F.Z.S.; Ingham Old Hall, Stalham,

Norfolk.

1890, Gavatkin, Joshita Reynolds Gascoign ; The Manor House,

Potterne, Devizes, Wilts.

1891. Haigh, George Henry Caton ; Grainsby HaU, Great Grimsby,

Lincolnshire.
175 1887. Haines, John Pleydell Wilton ; 17 King Street, Gloucester.
1898. Hale, The Rev. James Rashleigh, M.A. ; Boxley Vicarage,

Maidstone, Kent.
1905. Hamerton, Major Albert Edward, D.S.O., R.A.:^[.C., F.Z.S.;

c/o Messrs. Holt & Co., 3 Whitehall Place, S.W.
1913. Hardy, Capt. Ernest Cliffoed, R.N. ; Hydrographic

Department, Admiralty, Whitehall, S.W.
1904. Haeington, Lt.-Col. Herbert Hastings ; 84th Punjabis,

Rawal Pindi, ludia ; and c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Sous,

Ludgate Circus, E.C,
180 1900. Harpee, Edmund William, F.Z.S. ; 6, Ashburnham Road,

Bedford.
1900. Haeeis, Henry Edward ; 2 St. Aubyn's Mansions, Hove,

Sussex.
1893. Haetert, Ernst J. 0., Ph.D., F.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum,

Tring, Herts.
1868. Haeting, James Edmund, F.Z.S.; Portmore Lodge, Wey-

bridge, Surrey.
1893. Haetmann, William; Milburn, Esher, Surrey.
185 1873. Harvie-Beown, John A., LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.Z.S. ; Dunipace,

Larbert, Stirlingshire.
1900. Hasluck, Percy Pedley Harford ; The Wilderness, South-
gate, N.
1902. Hatfeild, John Randall; Edliiigton Hall, Horncastle,

Lincolnshii'e,

Date of
Election.

1898. Hawker, Richard Macdonnell, F.Z.S. ; Bath Club, Dover

Street, W. ; and c/o ^Messrs. Dalgety & Co., 96 Bishopsgate,

E.G.
1905. Hawkshaw, Johx Clarke, M.A., M.I.C.E., F.G.S. ; Holly-
combe, Liphook, Hants. ; and 33 Great George Street,

Westminster, S.W.
190 1905. Headlet, Frederick Webb, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Haileybury

College, Hertford.
1902. Hett, Geoffrey Seccombe, M.B., F.Z.S. ; 8 Wimpole

Street, W.
1913. Heavitt, John, M.A. ; Director of the Albany Museum,

Grahamstown, South Africa.

1899. Heywood, lliCHARD, F.Z.S. ; Pentney House, iSTarborough,

Swaffham, Norfolk.

1900. Hills, Capt. John Waller, ; 3 Lesham Gardens, Kensing-

ton, W.
195 1884. HoLDSwoRTH, Charles James, J. P. ; Fernhill, Alderley Edge,

Cheshire.
1912. HoNY, George Bathurst ; 4 Beaufort Hoad, Clifton, Bristol.
1905. HoPKiNsoN, Emilius, M.B., D.S.O., F.Z.S. ; 45 Sussex Square,

Brighton, Sussex ; and Bathurst, Gambia, West Africa.
1904, Horsbrugh, Lt.-Col. Boyd Robert, F.Z.S. ; Tandridge Priory,

Oxted, Surrey.
1888. Horsfield, Herbert Knight ; Crescent Hill, Filey, Yorks.
200 1895, Howard, Henry Eliot, F.Z.S. ; Clarelands, near Stourport,

Worcestershire,
1881. HowAKD, Robert James ; Shearbank, Blackburn, Lancashire.
1911, Hudson, Edward, 15 Queen Anne's Gate, S,W.
1911. Hudson, Reginald ; 16 Warwick Road, Stratford-on-Avon.

1901. Ingram, Capt, Collingavood, F,Z.S. ; Sussex Mansions, West-

gate-on-Sea, Kent,
205 1902, Innes Bey, Dr, Walter Francis ; Curator of the Zoological

Museum, School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt,
1913, Ieedale, Tom ; 98 Riverview Gardens, Barnes, S.W.
1888. Jackson, Sir Frederick John, C.B., K.C.M.G„F,L.S., F.Z.S. ;

Entebbe, Uganda, British East Africa ; and The Red

House, Aldeburgh, Suffolk.
1892. James, Henry Ashworth, F.Z.S. ; Hurstmonceux Place,

Hailsham, Sussex.
1896, Jesse, William, B.A., F.Z.S. ; Meerut College, Meerut,

India.

Date of
Election.

2IO 1889. JoHNsox, FeedeeickPonsonby, B.A., J.P.,D.L,; Castlesteads,

Brampton, Cumberland.
1915. Johnson, Sir Henkt Jajies, F.Z.S. ; 55 Sloane Gardens,

S.W.
1891. Johnston, Sir Haeky Hamilton, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.Z.S. ;

St. John's Priory, Poling, near Arundel, Sussex,

1905. Johnstone, Edwin James, F.Z.S. ; Burrswood, Groombridge,

Sussex; and Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, S.W.
1900. Jones, Major Henry, F.Z.S. (late 62nd liegt.); 41 Vineyard
Hill Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W.
215 1909. Jones, Fleet-Surgeon Kenneth Htjelstone, M.B., Ch.B.,
F.Z.S., P.N.; The Manor House, St. Stephen's, Canterbury,
Kent.

1899, Jourdain, The Eev. Francis Charles Robert, M.A. ; Apple-

ton Rectory, Abingdon, Berks,

1902. Joy, Norman Humbeet, M.R.C.S,, L.R.C.P. ; Thurlestone,
Bradfield, near Reading, Berks.

1880, Kelham, Brigadier-General Henry Robert, C.B. (late High-
land Light Infantry); Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall,
S.W.

1894. Kelsall, Lt.-Col, Haeey Joseph, R.A.; Artillery House,

Sheerness.
220 1897. Kelsall, The Rev. John Edward, M.A. ; Milton Rectory,

New Milton, Hants.
1904, Kelso, John Edward Harry, M.D. ; Braeside, Edgewood,

Lower Arrow Lake, British Columbia.
1914. Kennedy, John Noble ; (Lieut. R.G.A,), c/o J. G, Gordon,

Esq., Corsemalzie, Whauphill, Wigtownshire.

1891. Kerr, John Graham, F.R.S., F.Z.S., Regius Professor of

Zoology ; 9 The University, Glasgow.

1895. KiNGsroRD, William Edward ; Cairo, Egypt.

225 1902. KiNNEAR, Norman Boyd, CM. Z.S. ; Bombay Natural History
Society, 6 Apollo Street, Bombay, India.
1910, Kloss, Cecil Boden, F.Z.S., F.R.A.I. ; Assistant Director
of Museums, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States,

1900, KoENiG, Dr. Alexander Ferdinand ; Coblenzer-Strasse 164,

Bonn, Germany.

1906. Kollibay, Paul; Ring 12 1, Neisse, Germany.

1892, Laidlaw, Thomas Geddes ; Bank of Scotland House,

Duns, Berwickshire,
2 10 1913. Lambert, Godfrey Charles ; Woodcote, Esher, Surrey,

xvi

Date of
Blection.

188-1. Langton, Heebert; St. Moritz, 61 Dyke Road, Brighton,

Sussex,
1881. Lascelles, The Hon. Gerald William, F.Z.S. ; Tillington

House, Petworth, Sussex.
1892. La Touche, Johist David Digues, C.M.Z.S. ; c/o Custom

House, Chinwangtao, North China (via Siberia).
1910. Lees, T. 0. Hastings, M.A., F.Z.S. ; Buckmore, Petersfield,

Hants.
235 1898. Le Souef, Dudley, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the Zoological

Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
1868. Le Strange, Hamon, F.Z.S. ; Hunstanton Hall, King's Lynn,

Norfolk,
1889. Leyland, Christopher John, F.Z.S. ; Haggerston Castle, Beal,

Northumberland.
1897. Lilford, John, Lord, F.Z.S.; Lilford Hall, OundlejNorthants.
1909. Lings, George Herbert ; 208 Piermont Avenue, Nyack,

N,Y., U.S.A.
240 1897. Lodge, George Edward, F.Z.S,; 5 The Studios, Thurloe

Square, S.W.
1908. Long, Sydney Herbert, M.D., F.Z.S. ; 31 Surrey Street,

Norwich, Norfolk.

1904. Lowe, Percy 11., B.A., M.B,, B.C.; 27 Ormonde Gate,

Chelsea, S.W.
1914. Lowe, Willoughby Prescott : Gorsemoor, Throwleigh,

Okehampton, Devon.
1902. Lucas, The llight Hon. Auberon Thomas, Lord, P.C, F.Z.S. ;
32 Old Queen Street, W.
245 1904. Lynes, Captain Hubert, ll.N. ; Garthmeilio, Corwen,
N. Wales.

1905. McGregor, Peter James Colquhoun ; H.M. Consul, British

Consulate, Jerusalem, Palestine, Turkey-iu-Asia.
1897. McLean, John Chambers; General Post Office, Wellington,

New Zealand.
1899, Macmillan, George Augustin, F,Z.S. ; 27 Queen's Gato

Gardens, S.W.

1906. Macmillan, William Edward Frank ; 42 Onslow Square,

S.W.
?5o 1909. Macnaghten, Norman Donnelly, F.Z.S, ; Ministry of the
Interior, Cairo, Egypt,
1894, Macphekson, Arthur Holte, F,Z.S, ; 21 Campden Hill
Square, Kensington, W.

Date of
Election.

1900. Maorath, Lt.-Col. Henky Atjgtjstus Frederick (54th Sikhs) ;
c/o Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 9 Pall Mall, S.W.

1907. Mann, Thomas Hugh, F.Z.S. ; Trulls Hatch, llotherfield,
Sussex.

1904. Mapletox, Harvet William, B.A. ; Weare, Axbridge,
Somerset.
255 1894. Marshall, Archibald McLean, F.Z.S.; Great Chitcombe,
Brede, Sussex.

1894. Marshall, James McLean, F.Z.S.; Bleaton Hallet, Blair-
gowrie, Perthshire.

1897. Mason, Col. Edward Snoav ; 10 Lindum Terrace, Lincoln.

1898. Masses, Herbert; Ivy Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Man-

chester.
1907. Mathews, Gregory Macalister, F.L.S., F.E.S.E., F.Z.S. ;

Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants.
260 1915. Maton, Eustace Bertie ; Enford, Pewsey, Wilts.

1915. May, William Norman, M.D. ; The White House, Sonning,

Berks.
1883. Meade-Waldo, Edmund Gustatus Bloomfield, F.Z.S. ;

Hever Warren, Hever, Kent.
1912. Meiklejohn, Major Eonald Forbes, D.S.O. (1st. Bn. Eoyal

Warwickshire Regt.) ; Sussex House, Sandgate, Kent.

1899. Meinertzhagen, Capt. Richard, F.Z.S. (Royal Fusiliers) ;

c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 16 Charing Cross, S.W.
265 1886. MiLLAis, John Guille, F.Z.S. ; Compton's Brow, Horsham,

Sussex.
1903. Mills, The Rev. Henry Holroyd, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Rectory,

St. Stephen-in-Brannel, Grampound Road, Cornwall.
1879. Mitchell, Frederick Shaw ; Hornshaws, Millstream,

B.C., Canada.
1901. Mitchell, P. Chalmers, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.,

F.Z.S. : Secretary to the Zoological Society of London,

Regent's Park, N.W.
189S. Monro, Sir Horace Cecil, K.C.B. ; Queen Anne's Mansions,

Queen Anne's Gate, S.W.
270 1914. MouLTON, John Coney, F.Z.S.; 4th Wiltshire Regt., Delhi,

India.
1912. MouEiTz, L. Beresfoed ; 2nd L.H. Regt., 1st Australian

Light Horse Brigade.
1886. Muiehead, George, F.R.S.E. ; Speybank, Fochabers,

Moraj'shirc.

XVIU

r)ati- of
Election.

1893. Mpllens, Major William Herbert, M.A., LL.M., F.Z.S. ;

Westfield Place, Battle, Sussex.
1892. MuNN, Philip Winchester, F.Z.S. ; Stourwood Cottage,
Stourwood Avenue, Southbourne, Hants,
275 1897. MuNT, Henry, F.Z.S.; 10 Ashburn Place, South Kensington,
S.W. {Committee.)
1911. MuRRiT, Capt. Edward Mackenzie; Woodside, Coupar-

Angus, Perthshire.
1910. Murray, Capt. Herbert Willaume, F.Z.S. ; The Old House,

Epsom, Surrey.
1900. Musters, John Patrjcius Chaworth, D.L,, J. P. ; Annesley

Park, Nottingham.
1907. Neave, Sheffield Airey, M.A., B.Sc, F.Z.S. ; 24 De Vere
Gardens, Kensington, W.
280 1882. Nelson, Thomas Hudson, J. P., M.Sc ; Seafield, Redcar,
Yorks.
1895. Nesham, Robert, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ; Utrecht House, Poynder's

Road, Clapham Park, S.W.
1904. Newman, Thomas Henry, F.Z.S.; Newlands, Harrowdene

Road, Wembley, Middlesex.
1902. Nichols, John Bruce, F.Z.S. ; Parliament Mansions, Victoria

Street, S.W.
1900. Nichols, Walter Buchanan ; Stour Lodge, Bradfield,
Mauningtree, Essex.
285 1876. Nicholson, Francis, F.Z.S.; The Knoll, Windermere,
Westmoreland.
1902. NicoLL, Michael John, F.Z.S. ; Valhalla House, Zoological

Gardens, Giza, Egypt.
1904. NoAKES, Wickham ; Selsdon Park, Croydon, Surrey.
1892. Ogilvie, Fergus Menteith, M.A., F.Z.S. ; The Shrubbery,

72 Woodstock Road, Oxford.
1890. Ogilvie-Grant, William Robert, F.Z.S. ; British Museum
(Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W. {Committee).
290 1889, Ogle, Bertram Savile ; Hill House, Steeple Aston, Oxon.
1907. Oldham, Charles, F.Z.S. ; The Bollin, Shrublands Road,

Berkhamsted, Herts.
1906. OsMASTON, Bertram Beresford (Imperial Forest Service) ;

108 Banbury Road, Oxford.
1913. Owen, John Hugh ; Old School House, Felsted, Essex.
1883. Parker, Henry, C.E. ; 26 St. George's Road, St. Annes-on-
thc-Sca, Lanes.

T)atp Oi
Kli-ction.

295 18S0. Paekix, Thomas, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; Fairseat, High
"Wickliam, Hastings, Sussex.
1908, Patox, Edward Kichmo>'d, F.Z.S. ; Brookdale, Grassendale,

near Liverpool, Lanes.
1891. Patterson, Rohert, F.L.S., M.R.I.A. ; Glenbank, Holywood,

Co. Down, Ireland.
1911. Pattersox, William Harrt ; 25 Queen's Gate Gardens,

S.W.
1904. Peakse, Theed ; 510 Duncan Building, 119 Pender Street,
W., Vancouver, British Columbia.
300 1894. Pearson, Charles Edward, F.L.S. ; Hillcrest, Lowdham,
Is^'otts.
1902. Pease, Sir Alfred Edward, Bt., F.Z.S. ; Pinchinthorpe
House, Guisborough, Yorkshire ; and Brooks's Club,
St. James's Street, S.W.
1898. Penx, Eric Frank ; 42 Gloucester Square, W.
1891. Penrose, Fraxcis George, M.D., F.Z.S. ; Athenaeum Club,

Pall Mall, S.W.
1900. Percival, Arthur Blayney, F.Z.S.; Sports Club, St. James'
Square, S.W.
305 1912. Peeshotjsb, Capt. Stanley (1st Border Eegt.) ; 12 Chats-
worth Square, Carlisle.
1886. Phillips, Exhelbert Lort, F.Z.S. ; 79 Cadogan Square, S.W.
1893. Pigott, Sir Thomas Digby, K.C.B. ; The Lodge, Lower

Sheringham, Norfolk.
1914. Pitman, Charles Robert Senhotjse (Lieut. 27th Punjabis);

Drewton, Chelstou, Torquay,
1908. Player, W. J. Percy ; The Quarr, Clydach, R.S.O., Glamor-
ganshire.
3 1 o 1907. PococK, Reginald Ixxes, F.R.S., F.L.S.,F.Z.S. ; Superintendent
of the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, N.W.
1905. Pollard, Capt. Arthur Erskine St. Vincent (The Border

Regiment) ; Haynford Hall, iS'orwich, Norfolk.
1896. PoPHAM, HrGH Leyborne, M.A. ; Hunstret e House, Pensford,

near Bristol, Gloucestershire.
1898, Price, Athelstan Elder, F.Z.S. ; 4 Mincing Lane, E.C.
1903. Proctor, Major Frederick William (late West Riding Regt.) ;
Downfield, Maidenhead, Berks.
315 1901. Proud, John T. ; Dellwood, Bishop Auckland, Durham.

1893. Pycraft, William Plane, F.Z.S. ; British Museum (Natural
History), Cromwell Road, S.AV.

XX

Date of
Election.

1903. Ralfe, Pilchee George ; The Parade, Castletown, Isle

of Man.
1903. PtATCLiFF, Frederick Eowlinson ; 29 Connaught Square, W.
1879. Eawson, Herbert Evelyn ; Comyn Hill, Ilfracombe, N.
Devon,
320 1894. Read, Richard Henry, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. ; Church Street,
Hanley, Staffordshire.
1888. Read, Robert H.; 8 a South Parade, Bedford Park, W.
1903. Renaut, William E. ; 34 Marylebone Road, N.W.
1908. Richardson, Norman Ebederic, F.R.G.S. ; Lynndale, Manor

Road, Forest Hill, S.E.
1907. Richmond, Herbert William, M.A., F.R.S. ; King's College,
Cambridge.
325 1895. Rickett, Charles Bofghey, F.Z.S. ; 27 Kendrick Road,
Reading, Berks.
1896. RiProN, Lt.-Col. George, F.Z.S. ; United Service Club, Pall

Mall, S.W.
1907- Ritchie, Archibald Thomas Ayres; Magdalen College,

Oxford ; and Overstrand, near Cromer, Norfolk.
1902. Riviere, Bernard Beryl, F.R.C S. ; St. Giles's Plain,

Norwich, Norfolk.
1898. Robinson, Herbert C, C.M.Z.S. ; Selangor State Museum,
Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States,
-.^o 1912. Robinson, Herbert William, F.Z. S.Scot. ; Patchetts, Caton,
near Lancaster.
1896. Rogers, Lt.-Col. John Middleton, D.S.O., F.Z.S. (late

1st Dragoons) ; Riverhill, Scvenoaks, Kent.
1913. Rogers, Reginald Nankivell ; Carwinion, near Falmouth,
Cornwall.

1893. Rothschild, Lionel Walter, Lord, D.Sc, Ph.D., F.R.S.,

F.Z.S. ; The Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.

1894. Rothschild, The Hon. Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.Z.S. ;

Arundel House, Kensington Palace Gardens, AV.
335 1910. Rucker, Sir Arthur William, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S. ;

Everington House, Newbury, Berks.
1907. Russell, Conrad George Edward, F.Z.S.; 2 Audley Square,

W.
1910. Russell, Harold, F.Z.S.; 16 Beaufort Gardens, Chelsea, S.W.
1883. St. Quinun, William Herbert, F.Z.S.; Scampston Hall,

Rilliugtoii, Yorkshire.

Date of
Elfction.

iyul>. ISandeman, Capt. Robeet Preston (late 10th Hussars) ; Dan-y

Pare, Crickhowcll, S. Wales.
340 18S9. Sapsworth, Arnold Dueu, F.Z.S. ; 30 Sussex Place, Regent's

Park, N.W.
1902. Saugeaun'x, Arthur St. George ; Exbury, Padstow,

Cornwall.
1904. Sargent, James ; 76 Jcrmyn Street, S.W.
1914. Sauer, Dr. Hans, F.Z.S. ; Bath Club, Dover Street, W.
1902. Saunders, Major AVilliam Henry Radcliffe, C.E.. F.Z.S. ;

c/o Messrs. W. Saunders & Co. Ltd., 91 York Street,

"Westminster, S.W.
345 1909. Savage, The Rev. Ernest Urmson ; The Vicarage, Levens,

Milnthorpe, Westmoreland.
1891. Sclater, William Lutley, M.A., F.Z.S. ; 10 Sloane Court,

Chelsea, S.W. (Editor.)

1907. Scott, The Rev. Canon Samuel Gilbert, M.A. ; The Rectory,

Havant, Hants.
1899. Selous, Frederick Courteney, F.Z.S. ; Heatherside, Woiples-
don, Surrey.

1908. Seppings, Major John William Hamilton, A.P.D. ; Army

Pay Ofl&ce, Dover, Kent.
350 1899. Serle, The Rev. William, M.A., B.D. ; The Manse, Duddiug-
ston, Edinburgh.
1901. Seth-Smith, David, F.Z.S.; 34 Elsworthy Road, South

Hampstead, N.W. (Committee.)
1904. Seth-Smith, Leslie Moffat, B.A., F.Z.S. ; Alleyne,
Caterham Valley, Surrey.

1909. Seton, ]\Ialcolm Cotter Cariston ; 13 Clarendon Road, Hol-

land Park, W. ; and Union Club, Trafalgar Square, S.W.
1899. Sharman, Frederic, F.Z.S. ; 47 Goldington Road, Bedford.
355 1865. Shepherd, The Rev. Charles William, M.A. , F.Z.S.; Trottis-

cliife Rectory, Maidstone, Kent.
1908. Smalley, Frederic William, F.Z.S. ; Challan HaU, Silverdale,

near Carnforth, Lanes.
1914. Smith, Major John Lindsay (Indian Army) ; Supply &

Transport Corps, Commdt. Camel Corps, Multan, Punjab,

ludia.
1906. Snouckaert van Schauburg, Baron Ren^ Charles ; Doom,

Holland.
1903. Sparrow, Lt.-Col. Richard, F.Z.S. (7th Dragoon Guards) ;

Rookwoods, Siblc Hediugham, Essex.

SER. X. VOL. Ill, b

Date of
Election.

360 1906. SxAifFORD, Staff-Surgeon Cbarles Edward Cortis, B.Sc,
M.B., R.N. ; 94 Jermyn Street, S.W.

1910. Stanford, Edward Eraser ; 9 Cumberland House, Kensington
Court, W.

1913. Stanford, Henry Morrant ; 9 Cumberland House, Ken-
sington Court, W.

1913. Stanford, John Keith ; 9 Cumberland House, Kensington

Court, W.
1915. Staples-Browne, Richard Charles, B.A.,E.Z.S. ; Bampton,

Oxon.
365 1900. Stakes, John William Chester ; Portchester, Hants.

1902. Stenhouse, John Hutton, M.B., R.N. ; Craigievar, Keptie

Road, Arbroath, Forfarshire.
1910. Stevens, Herbert; Gopaldhara, Nagri Spur P.O., Sonada,

Darjiling Himalayan Rly., India.

1906. Stkward, Edward Simmons, E.R.C.S. ; 30 Victoria Avenue,

Harrogate, Yorks.

1914. Stewart, John ; Mainshill, Beith, Ayrshire.

370 1914. Stresemajtn, Erwin ; Residenzstrasse42, Dresden, Germany.

1881. Studdt, Col. Robert Wright (late Manchester Regiment);

Waddcton Court, Brisham, Devon.
1887. Styan, Frederick William, F.Z.S. ; Stone Street, near

Sevenoaks, Kent.
1914. Sutherland, Lewis Robertson, M.B., CM., Professor of

Pathology, University of St. Andrews, N.B. ; Wellgate

House, West Newport, Fifeshire. \,

1907. SwANN, Geoffrey; 11 Onslow Crescent, S.W.

375 1905. SwANN, Harold, F.Z.S. ; 45 Brompton Square, S.W.

1887. Swinburne, John; Haenertsburg, Transvaal, South
Africa.

1882. SwiNHOE, Col. Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; 6 Gunterstone

Road, West Kensington, W.
1884. Tait, William Chaster, C.M.Z.S. ; Entre Quintas 155, Oporto,

Portugal.
1911. Talbot-Ponsonby, Charles George ; 5 Crown Office Row,

Temple, E.C.
380 1911. Tatton, Reginald Arthur; Cuerden Hall, Bamber Bridge,

Preston, Lanes.
J914. Tavistock, Hastings William Sackville, Marquis of, F.Z,S.;

Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire,

XXIU

Bate of
Election.

1905. Tatlok, LioxeTj Edward, F.Z.S.; Bankhead, Kelowna,

British Columbia.
1886. Teret, Major Horace A. (late Oxfordshire Light Infantry);

Compton Grange, Compton, Guildford, Surrey.
1904. Thompson, Capt. William R., R.G.A.
3^5 1911. Thomson, A, Landsborough, M.A. ; Castleton House, Old

Aberdeen, Aberdeen.
1900. Thorburn, Archibald, F.Z.S. ; High Leybourne, Haacombe,

near Godalming, Surrey.

1893. Thorpe, Dixon L. ; Loshville, Etterby Scaur, Carlisle,

Cumberland.
1903. Ticehurst, Claud Bfchanan, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.S. ;
Grove House, Lowestoft, Suffolk.

1894. TiCEHTjRST, Norman Frederic, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., F.Z.S. ;

35 Pevensey Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex.
390 1902. TowNSEND, Reginald Gilliat, M.A. ; Buckholt, West

Tytherley, Salisbury, Wilts.
1914. Treatt, Chaplin Court ; British Museum (Natural History),

Cromwell Road, S.W.
1893. Trevor-Battte, Aubyn, F.Z.S. ; Asbford Chace, Petersfield,

Hants. ; and Royal Societies Club, St. James's Street,

S.W.
1913. TucKWELL, Edward Henry, F.Z.S. ; Berthope, Compton,

near Guildford, Surrey.

1911. Tyrwhitx-Drake, Hugh Garrard, F.Z.S. ; Cobtree, Sandling,

Maidstone, Kent.
395 1864. Upcher, Henry Morris, F.Z.S.; Sheringham Hall, Cromer,
Norfolk.

1907. Van Oort, Dr. Eduard Daniel ; Museum of Natural History,

Ley den, Holland.
1910. Van Someren, Dr. Robert Abraham Logan ; Jinja, Uganda,
British East Africa.

1912. Van Someren, Dr. Victor Gurnet Logan ; Uganda Medical

Staff, c/o Post Office, Nairobi, British East Africa.

1908. Vaughan, Matthew ; The Limes, Marlborough, Wilts.

400 1906. Vaughan, Commd. Robert E., R.N. ; Royal Naval Barracks,
Chatham.

1913. Venning, Capt. Francis Esmond Wingate ; 31st Punjabis,

Fort San de man, Baluchistan.

Date of
Ek'ction.

1881. Vernek, Co]. William WiLLOTrGHiix Cole (late Rifle Brigade) ;
Hartford Bridge, AVinchfield, Hants. ; and United Service
Club, S.W.

1902. Wade, Edward W^alter; Middelburg, North Ferriby, East

Yorks.
1886. Wade-Dalton, Col. H. D. ; Hauxwell Hall, Finghall, R.S.O.,

Yorkshire.
405 1895. Wallis, Henry Marriage ; Ashton Lodge, Christehurch

Eoad, Eeading, Berks.
1914. Wall-Eow, James ; 67 Longridge Eoad, Earl's Court,

S.W.

1899. Walton, Major Herbert James, M.D., P.E.C.S., C.M.Z.S.,

I.M.S. ; c/o Messrs. King, King & Co., P.O. Box N"o. 110,
Bombay, India.
]872. Wardlaw-Eamsat, Col. Eobert George, E.Z.S. ; Whitehill,
EoseweU, Midlothian. (President.)

1903. Watt, Httgh Boyd, F.Z.S. ; 12 Great James Street, Bedford

Eow, W.C.
410 1912. Wells, Charles Henry; Broomfield, 80 Brookhouse Hill,
Fulwood, ShciReld, Yorks.

1912. Wenner, Max Yictor ; Burnside, Prcstbury, near Maccles-

field, Cheshire.

1900. Westell, W. Percital, F.L.S. ; Yerulam, The Icknicld

Way, Letchworth, Herts.

1913. Whistler, Hren (Indian Police) ; c/o Messrs. King, King

& Co., Bombay, India.
1891. WuiTAKER, Benjamin Ingham ; Hesley Hall, Tickhill, Eother-

ham, Yorks.
415 1891. Whitaker, Joseph I. S., F.Z.S. ; Malfitano, Palermo,

Sicily.
1909. White, Henry LrKE ; Belltrees, Scone, New South Wales,

Australia.
1912. White, Capt. Samuel Albert; Wetunga, Fulham, South

Australia.
1903, White, Stephen Joseph, F.Z.S. ; Merok, Chiltern Eoad,

Chesham Bois, Chesham, Bucks.
1903. Whitehead, Major Charles Hugh Tempest ; Deighton

Grove, York,
420 1912. Whymper, Samuel Leigh ; Oxford Mansions, Oxford Street,

W, ; and Oriental Club, Hanover Square, W.

Date of
Elfotion.

1914. WrcKnAM, Percy Frederic ; c/o Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son,

llangoon, Burma.

1898. WiGLEswoRTit, Joseph, M.D., F.R.C.P.; Springfield House,

Winscombe, Somerset.

1915. Wild, Oliver Hilton, Applegarth, Queen's Road, Chelten-

ham, Gloucestershire.

1894. Wilkinson, Johnson ; Vermont, Huddersfield, Yorkshire.
425 1912. Wilkinson, William Arthur, F.Z.S, ; Dumcrieff, Tudor Hill,

Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire.
1897. Wilson, Allan Read, B.A., M.B., B.Ch. ; Eagle House,
Blandford, Dorset.

1888. Wilson. Charles Joseph, F.Z.S. ; 34 York Terrace, Regent's

Park, In .W.

1887. Wilson, Scott Barchaed, F.Z.S. ; Heatherbank, Weyb ridge
Heath, Surrey.

1897. Witheeby, Harry Forbes, F.Z.S.; 3 Cannon Place,
Hampstead, N.W.
430 1908. WiTHERiNGTON, Gavynne ; 19 Sumncr Place, South Ken-
sington, S.W.

1899. Wollaston, Alexander Frederick Richmond, B.A. ;

15 Montpelier Square, S.W.
1912. Wood, Martin Stanley, M.D. ; Cheadle Royal, Cheadle,

Cheshire.
1912. WooDHousE, Cecil, M.I). ; Chetnole, Sherborne, Dorset.
1902. Workman, William Hughes ; Lismore, Windsor, Belfast,

Ireland.
435 1912. WoRMALD, Hugh ; Heathfield, Dereham, Norfolk.

1904. Wright, William Crawford; Roslyn, Marlborough Park, N.,

Belfast, Ireland.
1908. Wynne, Richard Owen; Foulis Court, Fair Oak, Hants.

1895. Yerbury, Lt.-Col. John William (late R.A.), F.Z.S. ; 2 Ryder

Street, St. James's, S.W. ; and Army and Navy Club,
S.W.

1889. Young, Capt. James B., R.N. ; Tytherley, Wimborne,

Dorset.

Extra-Ordinary Mem her.

1899. Godwin-Austen, Lt.-Col. Henry Hayersham, F.R.S., F.Z.S, ;
Nore, Hascombe, Godalmiiig, Surrey.

Honorary Members.

Date of
Election.

19u7. Allen, Joel Asaph, Ph.D., F.M.Z.S. ; American Museum of
Natural History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.

1914. BiANCHi, Dr. Valentine; Imperial Zoological Museum,

Petrograd, Russia.

1872. FiNSCH, Prof. Dr. Otto, C.M.Z.S. ; Leonliardplatz 5, Bruns-
wick, Germany.

1898. GoELDT, Prof. Dr. Emil A., C.M.Z.S.; Zieglerstrasse 36,
Berne, Switzerland.

1893. Reichenow, Dr. Anton, C.M.Z.S. ; Museum fiir Naturkuiule,
Invalidenstrasse, Berlin, Germany.

1915. Richmond, Charles Wallace ; United States National

Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

1903. lliDGWAY, Robert, C.M.Z.S.; Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D.C., U.S.A.

1890. Salvadori, Count Tommaso, M.D., F.M.Z.S. ; Royal Zoological
Museum, Turin, Italy.

1914. ScHALow, Prof. Herman ; Hohenzollerndamm 50, Berlin-

Grunewald, Germany.

Honorary Lady Members.

1910. Bate, Miss Dorothy M. A. ; Bassendean House, Gordon,

Berwickshire.

1911. Baxter, Miss Evelyn Yida ; The Grove, Kirkton of Largo,

Fifeshire.

1910. Bedford, Mary, Duchess of, F.Z.S. ; Wohurn Abbey, Beds.

1915. Jackson, Miss Annie C. ; Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire.

; 1910. Lemon, Mrs. Margaretta Louisa, F.Z.S. ; Hillcrest, Rcdhill,
Surrey.

1911. RiNTOUL, Miss Leonora Jeffrey ; Lahill, Largo, Fifeshire.
1915. Snethlage, Dr. Emilie ; Goeldi Museum, Pani, Brazil.
1910. Turner, Miss Emma Louisa, F.Z.S.; The Old Rectory,

Girtoii, Cambridge.

Colonial Members.
1904. Campbell, Archibald James ; Custom House, Melbourne,

Australia.
1908. Farquhar, John Henry Joseph, B.Sc, N.D.A. ; Assistant

Conservator of Forests, Calabar, Southern Nigeria,

West Africa.

Date of
Election.

I'JlU. Flemixg, James H., C.M.Z.S. ; 2G7 Rusholme Road, Toronto,

Canada.
11)09. Haagner, Alwin Karl, F.Z.S. ; Director of the Zoological

Gardens, Box 75-i, Pretoria, South Africa.
5 1908. Hall, Robert, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. ; c/o Tasmanian Museum,

Hobart, Tasmania.
1914. Leach, JoHii Albert, M.A., D.Sc. ; c/o Education Depart-
ment, Melbourne, Australia.
1903. Legge, Col. W. YiNCENi ; Cullenswood House, St. Mary's,

Tasmania.
1905. Macoun, Johx, M.A., F.R.S.C. ; Naturalist to the Geological

Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
1903. North, Alfred J., C.M.Z.S. ; Australian Museum, Sydney,

New South Wales, Australia,
lo 1907. Swynnertox, Charles Francis Massy, F.L.S. ; Gungunyana,

Melsetter, South Rhodesia.

Foreign Members,

1909. Alpherakt, Sergius N. ; Imperial Academy of Science,

Petrograd, Russia.
1880. BtJREATJ, Dr. Louis ; Ecole de Medecine, Nantes, France.
1906. BiJTTiKOFER, Dr. Johannes, C.M.Z.S. ; Director of the

Zoological Garden, Rotterdam, Holland.
1906. BoTURLiN, Sergius A. ; Wesenberg, Esthonia, Russia,
e 1902. Chapman, Frank Michler ; American Museum of Natural
History, Central Park, New York, U.S.A.
187o. DoRiA, Marchese Giacomo, F.M.Z.S. ; Strada Nuova 6, Genoa,

Italy.
1914. Hellmayr, Carl E. ; Wittelsbacherstrasse 2 III., Munich,
Germany.

1902. Ihering, Dr. Herman von, C.M.Z.S. ; Museu Paulista, Sao

Paulo, Brazil.
1914. LoNNBERG, Prof. Dr. A.J. Einae, F.M.Z.S.; Director of the
Zoological Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.
10 1886. Madakasz, Dr. Julius von; National Museum, Budapest,
Hungary.

1903. Martoeelli, Prof. Dr. Giacinto; Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale, Milan, Italy.
1894. Menzbiee, Prof. Dr. Michael, C.M.Z.S. ; University for
Women, Devitchje, Pola, Moscow, Russia.

Date of
Election.

1905. Oberholsek, Harky Church ; Biological Survey, Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

1900. Eeiser, Dr. Otmar ; Landes Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia,
Austria.
15 1900. SiEJifEGER, Leonhard, C.M.Z.S. ; Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

1914. Stoxe, Dr. Wither ; Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-
delphia, Pa., U.S.A.

1902. StJSHKiN, Dr. Peter, C.M.Z.S. ; Zootomical Cabinet and
Museum, The University, Kharkov, Uussia.

1911. TsCHTJSI Zir SCBCMIDHOFFEN, ViGTOR, RiTTER VON; Villa

Tiinnenhof, bei Hallein, Salzburg, Austria.
189G. WiNGE, Herltjf, C.M.Z.S.; University Zoological Museum,
Copenhagen, Denmark.

CONTENTS OP VOL. I IL— TENTH SERIES.

(1915.)

Number I., January.

Ppge

I. On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa and
Uganda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G. S.
Cozens. — Part I. Struthioniformes-Pelecaniformes. By
Claude H. B. Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes
hy the Collector, Willoughby P. Lowe, M.B.O.U. (Plates I.,
I[., and Text-figures 1, 2.) 1

II. A recent Ornithological Discovery in Australia. By
Gregory M. Mathews, F.R.S.E., M.B.O.U 76

III. The Crested Penguin (Cafarrliactes clirjjsocome Forster)

in Australian Waters. By H. Stuart Dove, M.R.A.O.U. . . 86

IV. Report on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Ilifle Brigade) during his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part II. The Birds of St. Thomas' Island. By David

A. Bannerman, B.A., M B.O.U., F.R.G.S 89

V. Note on the Genus Ithagenes. By E. C. Stuart Baker,
M.B.O.U. (Plate III.) . . * 122

VI. A Few Notes on Tetrao uror/allus and its Allies. By
COLLINGWOOD Ingram, M.B.O.U 128

SEll. X. VOL. III. C

XXX CONTENTS.

Page

VIT. Notes on the Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. By the
Kev. F. C. R. JouRDAiN, M.A., M.B.O.U. With Contributions
by H. M. Wallis, M.B.O.U., and F. K. Ratclipf, M.B O.U. . 133

YIIl. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications: —

Ghidini on rare Alpine Birds ; Goeldi on the Birds of Swit-
zerland ; Grinuell on a new Red-winged Blackbird ; Mathews
on Australian Birds ; North on the Birds of New South Wales;
Eoberts on South African Birds ; Schiller on the Races of the
Eidvr-Duck ; Selitrmann aud Shattock on Spermatogenesis in
the Mallard; Shufeldt on the Eggs of Himiming-Birds :
Swarth on Arizona Birds ; Williams on the Birds of Sarawak :
The Auk ; The Australian Zoologist ; Avicultural Magazine
and List of other Ornithological Publications received ... 170

IX. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letter from Mr. A. L. Butler ; The Final Extinction of the
Passenger Pigeon ; Zoological Record for 1913 ; The New
Edition of the B. 0. U. List of British Birds 181

Number II., April.

X. Notes on the Ornithology of the Matopo District,
Southern Rhodesia. By L. Beresford Mouritz, M.B.O.U.,
M.S.A.O.U 185

XI. Notes on the Ornithology of Cyprus. By F. R. S.
Baxendale, M.B.O.U 217

XII. Report on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part III. The Birds of Annobon Island. By David

A. Bannerman, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S 227

XIII. On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa and
Uganda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G. P.
Cozens. — Part II. Accipitriformes-Cypseli. By Clatjpe H. B.
Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field-Notes by the Collector,
WiLLOUGHBY P. LowE, M.B.O.U. (Plate IV. and Text-
figures 3 & 4.) 235

XIV. The " Mauritius Hen " of Peter Mundy. By W. L.
ScLATER, M.A., M.B.O.U. (Text-figure 5.) 31G

CONTENTS. SXxi

Page

XV. Coloration as a Factor in Family and Generic Differen-
tiation. By PERcr 11. Lowe, E.A., M.B., M.B.O.U 320

XVI. Mixed Bird-parties. By C. F. M. SwrNNEEXON,
C.M.B.O.U 346

XVII. A Note on Loxia j)Viyopsittacus. By CLAro B.
TicEHUKsr, M.A., M.li.C.S., M.B.O.U 355

XVIII. The New B.O.U. List of British Birds. By Dr. E.
Haktekt, M.B.O.U 358

XIX. Obituary. Capt. P. S. G. Keid ; Lieut. K. F. Mbikle-
joHN 365

XX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

B. 0. C. Migration Report ; Chapman on new Neotropical
Birds ; Miss Haviland on the Yeuesei ; Hefrring's Report on
Birds at Danish Lights ; Howard on British Warblers ; Huxley
on the Courtship of the Great Crested Grebe ; Montague on the
Birds of the Monte Bello Islands ; North on the Nests and Eggs
of Australian Birds ; Wetmore on the tail of Rhinoplax ; Bird-
Lore ; Irish Naturalist; Scottish Naturalist; Transactions of
the Norfolk Naturalists' Society ; and List of other Ornitho-
logical Publications received 368

XXI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from J. C. Moulton, Dr. C. B. Ticehurst, D. A.
Bannerman, Tom Iredale : The Annual General Meeting of
the British Ornithologists' Union ; The new B. 0. U. List
of British Birds 383

Number III., July.

XXII. Notes on Bird Migration at the Mouth of the Yenesei
River, Siberia, as observed in the Autumn of 1914. By Matjd

D. Haviland 395

XXIII. On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa
and Uganda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G. P.
Cozens. — Part III. Colii-Pici. By Claude H. B. Grant,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field - Notes by the Collector,
WiLLouQHBY P. LowE, M.B.O.U. (Plate V. and Text-
figure t).) 400

XXXU CONTENTS.

Page

XXIV. Eeport on the Birds collected by tlie late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Eifle Brigade) during his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part IV. The Birds of Cameroon Mountain. By
David A. Bannekman, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.B.G.S. (Plates

VI. & VII.) 473

XXV. Notes on some Waders. By Eexst Haetert,
M.E.O.U., and Annie C. Jackson, H.M.B.O.U. (Text-
figure T.) 526

XXVI. Xotes on the Ornithology of the Matopo District,
Southern Rhodesia. — Part II. By L. Beresfokd Mouritz,
M.B.O.U., M.S.A.O.U. (Test-figure 8.) 534

XXVII. On some Petrels from the North-east Pacific Ocean.
By Gregory M. Mathews, M.B.O.U., and Tom Ikedale,
M.B.O.U. (Text-figure 9.) 572

XXVIII. Studies on the Charadriiformes. — I. On the
Systematic Position of the Huff" (Machetes pugnax) and the
Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes ^«m/??(s), together with
a Review of some Osteological characters which differentiate
the Eroliinae (Dunlin group) from the Tringinae (Redshank
group). By Percy R. Lowe, M.B., M.B.O.U. (Text-
figures 10 & 11.) 009

XXIX. Obituary. Lord Brabourne ; Cecil M. Dyer ;

R. Lydekker ; Hans Grae VON Berlepsch 617

XXX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

Eaton on the Birds of New York ; Festa on his Col-
lecting Expedition to South Italy ; Ghidini on the
Waxwing in Italy ; Grinnell on a new Screech-OwI ;
Gurney's Ornithological Report for 1914 ; Haagner on South
African Birds ; Matiiews on Australian Birds ; Miller on
the Bird's Wing ; Moulton on the Birds of Borneo ; Robinson
on Ringing Larus ridibuyidus ; Salvador! on the History of the
Turin Museum ; Salvadori's recent minor Notices ; Miss
Sherman on Feeding Hummiug-Birds ; Shufeldt ou the

Page
Passenger Pigeon ; Tliorbiirn's British Birds ; Wetniore
on a new Hawk from Porto Rico ; White on Birds from
Central Australia ; Cassinia ; The Condor ; Journal of the
South African Ornithologists' Union ; Year-book of the Dutch
Bird-Club; and List of other Ornithological Publications
received 0:^1

XXXI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from R. Etlieridge, Junr., and J. Lewis Bonhote ;
Conserve the Collector ; Notices to Members 6^7

XuMHEK IV., Ocloher.

XXXII. Report on the Eirds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Rifle Jirigade) during his last Expedition to Africa,
— Part V. List of the Hirds obtained in the Manenguba Moun-
tains (Cameroon). Ry David A. RaxnekjiaiN, B.A., M.B.O.U.,
E.R.G.S 643

XXXIII. On the Plumages of the Male Crossbill (Lo.via
ciirvlrosira). Ry Clauu R. Ticeuursx, M.A., M.R.C.S.,
M.R.O.U 0G2

XXXIV. Ornithologico,! Xotes from the Alix and Ruffalo
Lake Districts, Piovince of Alberta, Canada, 1914. Ry
Charles R. Horsbkugh G70

XXXV. Studies on the Charadriiforraes. — II. On the
Osteology of the Chatham Island ISnipe {Coenocoryiiha imsllla
Ruller). Ry Percy R. Loave, M.ii., M.R.O.U. (Plate Vlil.
and Text-tigures 12-14.) G90

XXXVI. Xote on the Xestling Plumage of tlie Asiatic
Golden ^Xoyqv [Charach-ias domiincanus falvus). Ry Maud D.
Havilakd 7X(j

XXXIV CONTENTS,

Page

XXXVII. On Birds collected by Mr. C. Boden Kloss,
F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U., on the Coast and Islands of South-
eastern Siam. By H. C. Robinson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S.
With Pield-Notes by the Collector 718

XXXVIII. The Avifauna of Central America : a Study
in Geographical Distribution. By W. P. Pyckaft, British
Museum, Natural History 761

'XXXIX. Obituary. E. B. Woosnam (Plate IX.); L. N.
G. Ramsay 781

XL. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

Blathwayt on the Birds of Lincolntliire ; Burns on the
Length of tlie Incubation-period in Jiirds ; Butiirlin on Russian
and Eastern Palsearctic Birds; Chapman on new Colombian
and Central A merican Birds ; Coale on the Trumpeter Swan ;
Cory on new South American Birds ; Labbene on new
Argentine Birds ; Mathews on Australian Birds ; Murphy on
the Penguins of South Georgia ; Bobiiisou and Kloss on Col-
lections of Malayan Birds ; Stevens on the Birds of Assam ;
Stuart Baker on the Silver Pheasant ; Taverner on the
Canadian Cormorant and the Salmon ; The Austral Avian
Record ; British Birds ; The Emu ; and List of other
Publications received 785

XLI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letter from G. M. Mathews ; List of M.B.O.U. serving
with II. M. Forces ; Discovery in New Zealand ; Honour
for a M.B.O.U 800

Index of Scientific Names 807

Index of Contents 825

Titlepage, Dates of Issue of 'The Ibis' for 1915, List of
Members, Contents, List of Plates, and List of Text-
figures.

LIST OF PLATE?. XXXV

LIST OF PLATES IN VOL. III.

TEXTH SERIES.

Page
I. Sketch-map of parts of Uganda and the East Africa

Protectorate 8

II. Francolinus hildehrandti altumi, $ 10

III. 1. Ithagenes tibetanus. 2. 1, cnientus. 3. I. luseri . 122

IV. j\leliUophagHS variegatus hangweoloensis .... 297
V. Tracliyphoyius emini, c? and 5 449

VI. Sketch-map of tlie Cameroon Highlands .... 473
VII. 1. Nesochnris slielleyi, S and 2 • -• Lagonosticia

dghoivsJcii, cS and $ 514

VIII. Skulls of Scolopaeine and Allied Porms .... 690

IX. Ilichard Bowen Woosnam 781

LIST OF TEXT-FTGURES.

List of Text-Figures.

1. Heads of Baringo Tufted Guinea-Fowl (iVjjHu'f^rt piiZo-

rhynclm rendilis (Lonnberg) 28

2. Heads of Podiceps cristatus cristatus and P. c. infus-

catus 50

3. Heads of adult male and female of Loplioceros declceni

and L. jacJcsoni 27.5

4. Fourth secondary of three males of Uptqxi senegcdensis . 279

5. Peter Mundy's " Mauritius Hen " 318

6. Heads of Turacus livingstonii livingntonii and T. sclialoivi

srlialowi 409

7. Bills of Charadrhis alexcfndrinus dadhatus, C. a. aJex-

andrinus, and C. a. se(d>olimi 528

8. Outer tail-feather of Macronyx capensis 500

9. Bills of Pt(ff,nuH hannermani and CaJonectris leucomelas . 593
10. Structure of the premaxilla^ in Ereunetes pusillua,

Erolia aljnna, Maclietes pugnax, Tringa ccdidris,

and 2\ vehularia 611

il. Palatal structure of the skulls of Tringa nehidaria,

Erolia alpina, ajidi. Machetes pugnax 613

12. Lateral view of the skulls of Lymnoeryptes gallinula,

C<X7iocorypha pusilla, Gallinago galUnago, and Scolopax
rusiicola 704

13. Palatal region oi Lymnoc,ryp)tes, Gallinago, Coenocorypha,

and Scolo2)ax 709

14. Anterior view of the Sterna of ComocorypJia, Lymno-

eryptes, Gallinago, and Scolopax 713

THE IBIS.

TENTH SERIES.

Vol. III. No. 1. JANUARY 1915.

I. — On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa
and Uganda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G. S.
Cozetis. — Part I. Struthioniformes — Pelecaniformes.
By Claude H. B. Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field
Notes by the Collector, Willoughby P. Lowe, M.B.O.U.

(Plates I. & 11. and Text-figures 1 & 2.)

Introduction.

The collection which I am about to discuss was made by
Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe, who, at the request of Capt.
G. S. Cozens, was recommended by the British Museum
of Natural History to accompany him as naturalist on his
recent expedition through British East Africa and Uganda.
Mr. Lowers previous excellent work as a collector is well
known, and tlie present collection has fully come up to his
usual high standard, both in numbers and species; and I
may perhaps be allowed to congratulate the collector on
the results, and also Capt. Cozens, without whose generosity
this interesting series would never have been obtained.
On the 19th of August, 1912, Mr. Lowe left England and

SER. X. VOL. III. B

2 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

joined Capt. Cozens at Nairobi on the 17th of the follow-
ing month.

Two separate trips were made during the few months
spent in East Africa ; the first from Kijabe Station, south-
wards to the Anglo-German Border, and back to Naivasha
Station, between Sept. 24 and Dec. 9, 1912 ; and the second
trip starting from Nakuro Station, northwards through the
always interesting Rift Valley, and across to Nimule and
Gondokoro on the AVhite Nile, between Dec. 21, 1912,
and March 5, 1913.

A few birds were also obtained at Kikuyu, on Mr. Judd's
farm, on Sept. 21, 22, and 23, before starting for the Anglo-
German Boundary, and again on the return at Lake
Naivasha on Dec. 12, before leaving for the north.

The new subspecies described here or in the Bulletin of
the B.O.C. are three in number, as follows : —

Pterocles quadricinctus lowei, Stigmatopelia senegalensis
sokotrce, and Scopus umbretta bannermani.

The classification followed is that of Dr. Sharpe's ' Hand-
list of Birds, ^ and in every case I have given reference only
to the original description of each species or subspecies ;
all these have been personally checked, and where other
works have been mentioned, the reference has been included
in the matter under discussion.

I have also followed the modern and useful rule of
trinomials wherever necessary, and have endeavoured to
keep strictly to priority, as only by this means can all
controversy on the question of names be ultimately
eliminated.

I have to thank Mr. Ogilvie-Grant for so kindly allowing
me to work out this collection, and for much help and
advice, Mr. Tom Iredale for very considerable help on
questions of nomenclature, and Mr. W. L. Sclater for
valuable assistance.

I also have to thank Mr. Charles Chubb and Mr. Thomas
Wells, of the Bird Room, for much assistance.

Birds from British East Africa and Uyanda. 3

This part covers the collection up to the end of the
Pelicans, and includes 92 species and subspecies.

Mr. Willoughby Lowe's field and other notes are enclosed
in square brackets to distinguish them from my own
comments.

Description of the Route.

Mr. Lowe has kindly sent me a description of the
country passed through and the difficulties experienced by
Capt. Cozens' party ; these include some interesting notes
on the fauna and flora, amongst which attention may be
drawn to a valuable new record of the occurrence in British
East Africa of Verreaux's Eagle.

I will here leave Mr. Lowe to continue the tale of the
expedition, the route of which can be followed on the map
specially prepared to illustrate it (Plate L).

" A few days having been spent at Nairobi, we left for
Mr. Judd's farm near Kikuyu ; around there the country
is open and very fertile, with coffee plantations and a
few clumps of trees planted here and there. Birds were
plentiful. From Kikuyu we proceeded to Kijabe Station,
where we picked up our porters and started for the southern
trip. The country between Kijabe and Mt. Suswa was at
first wooded, and later opened out into extensive plains
which were found to be hot, dry, and dusty. No water
could be had until we reached Mt. Suswa, even then
it was not at all plentiful, and by no means good. Our
camp was pitched at the foot of Mt. Suswa, where game
abounds and is very tame. Ostriches were quite numerous,
and in the bush skirting the plains I surprised a fine
male within range of my 12-bore. Leaving Mt. Suswa we
moved on to the Mau Escarpment, passing westwards across
the Loita Plains and Lemek Valley to the Amala River,
which we reached on Oct. 9. The country hereabouts is
very grassy and park-like and teems with game, and birds
are likewise abundant. It was along this river, under a
shady tree, that on Oct. 23 I flushed a Pennant-winged

b2

4 Mr. C. H. B, Grant on a Collection of

Nightjar, and so interested and surprised was I at my first
sight of this curious bird, that I allowed it to escape across
the river ; unfortunately this was the only time this bird
was seen.

" By Oct. 25 we were twelve miles east of the Amala
River and only eight miles from the Anglo-German
Boundary, where there is a pleasant little water-course
with large trees and dense foliage. Here several new birds
were observed, such as Trogous, Bush-Robin, etc. ; whilst
baboons abounded, feeding on the fruit of the wild fig.
Four days later we were west of Leganisho — the country
being very stony and well wooded, the small stream run-
ning in places through solid rock with deep holes and
precipitous banks. On Nov. 2 we arrived at the Narossura
River, with its clear running water and banks fringed with
tall junipers and other bushes. Francolins (Fternistes
leucoscepus infuscatus) were common, and large Swifts passed
up and down the stream high overhead. From the
Narossura we moved to Leugototo, and pitched our camp at
6000 ft. in a good buffalo country, well wooded and watered,
and surrounded with hills. On Nov. 12 we moved again to
the Narossura River, and camped at 5000 ft. ; the country
being stony near the river, as also are the dry hills, which
are dotted with a few small trees and bushes, with
luxuriant grass in places. Below our camp the river rushes
down and over a waterfall of about 200 ft. to meet the
southern Guaso Nyiro. On Nov. 19 the Martial Eagle
{Spizaetus bellicosus) was observed. The tsetse fly being bad
below, we left our dogs and mules behind and descended to
Lake Magadi, which we could see from our camp, and so
to the southern Guaso Nyiro. Down there the weather
became hot, and travelling was difficult owing to the deep
ravines which intersect the country. Here the first pair of
Pygmy Sparrow Hawks {Accipiter minullus) were seen, and
assembled on the ground beneath the trees were small flocks
of Weavers {Textor) in company with Francolins and
other birds.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 5

''On Nov. 24 we left the southern Gaaso Nyiro on
our homeward journey, and crossing the Mau Escarpment,
with its forests of juniper and grassy glades, we descended
the escarpment at the southern end of beautiful Lalie
Naivasha, and followed the eastern shore to the railway-
station. From here we entrained for Nairobi, where we
arrived on Dec. 9. The packing and despatching of the
specimens being completed, and having obtained a fresh
supply of provisions, we left Nairobi for Naknro on Dec. 16.
Here Capt. Lambert joined our party. At Nakuro some
delay was caused on account of quarantine and non-arrival
of some goods, but we at last made a start for Bariugo on
Dec. 21, our final objective being Nimule on the White
Nile. The party now consisted of Capt. Cozens, Capt.
Lambert, Mr. Judd, and myself. By the aid of ox-wagons
and a dozen porters, we reached Lake Hannington on
Dec. 25, and transferred our baggage to camels which were
in charge of eight armed Somalis. Two days later we
arrived at the post of Baringo, a desolate spot ; the lake,
however, looked very interesting, and it is to be regretted
that time did not allow us an opportunity of visiting it.
Our camels being overloaded we succeeded with great
difficulty in buying two more, as well as a couple of
donkeys.

" On January 2 our party were safely over an escarpment,
and two days later we crossed the Kerio River. The country
had now become flat and dry, and to the west of us lay the
Suk Hills. It was hereabouts that we passed quite close
to a herd of some 200 elephants. We pushed on to
the Weiwei River, the country being still dry and stony,
dotted with small thorn bushes, and intersected by a few
dry water-courses : along the banks might be seen an
occasional Mongoose {Helogale percivali), or a Dik-Dik
{Rhynchotragus nasoguttatus). N^gabotok, the last British
outpost, was reached on Jan. 10, where we were cordially
received by Capt. Booth, who very kindly found us a native
guide and interpreter, besides giving us some additional

6 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

much-needed water-bags. Following the Turkwel River,
which near here disappears in the sandy river-bed, we
crossed a dry and barren country covered with a few
scattered bushes where birds were generally scarce, except
Doves, which were very numerous ; the Lesser Koodoo
was also common. The Turkanos obtain water from wells
in the bed of this river, and the shepherds carry, or rather
drag after them, hooked sticks 30 ft. long to shake down
seeds and leaves from the trees for their half-starved goats.
Some unpleasantness with the natives made us glad, on
Jan. 16, to leave this spot for the Kozibiri River. From
now on we suffered for want of water — even digging in
the white sandy river-bed. was of no avail — and we were
therefore not sorry on Jan. 20 to find a mineral spring
much frequented by elephants ; unfortunately, fly being
discovered at 2400 ft., our hard-worked camels, which were
already seriously diminishing in numbers, had to move
on without their much-needed rest. We now ascended the
Maroto Mts., and camped at 4000 ft. in a euphorbia-covered
country. No water was to be had until Jan. 24, on which
date a beautiful spring was discovered, and such game as
Giraffe, Koodoo, and a new form of Duiker {Cephalophus
grimmia luted) were plentiful, whilst Guinea Fowls and.
other birds abounded. Here there were signs of cultivation
by the Karamojans, who live in beehive-shaped huts, in
almost inaccessible places. At this spring I had the pleasure
of seeing at quite close quarters a pair of Verreaux's Eagles
(Aquila verreauxi), which were hunting hyraxes along a
perpendicular cliff, full of large but inaccessible caves.
Meeting these birds at this place was of great interest, as in
the ' Fauna of S. Africa,' vol. iii. 1903, p. 293, Stark and
Sclater mention that " Verreaux's Eagle is found in the
highlands of Shoa, and reappears in southern Africa, but
has not hitiierto been noticed between these distant points."
On Jan. 28 we descended to 4400 ft., where a good
stream of water flowed^ and here we waited for our weary
transport,

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 7

" From this camp Cozens and I climbed with difficulty a
peak 8000 ft. high, and saw for the first time a Karamojan
village. Baboons, Klipspringers {Oreotragus o. schillingsi),
and Reedbuck were seen, though birds were scarce. How-
ever, a pair of Francolins [Francolinus uluensis) were
found at 7500 ft., and a pair of Rock Chats {Thamnolcea
subrufipennis) were secured. These hillsides were very stony,
though grass was abundant ; bushes somewhat resembling
rhododendrons are found here, and mistletoe with yellow
berries was noted, but the large trees were found chiefly
along the streams at the bottom of the ravines.

"At the end of January we left the Marotos for
Annamuget and Bakoro, and on this road water could only
be had by digging to a depth of 30 feet. The natives were
now more friendly, and by Feb. 3 we had passed the
Lobor Mts., and at an altitude of 3900 ft. we found water at
eight feet below the surface. The Bakoro Plains are grassy
and devoid of game, and only a few Larks, Bustards, and
Ostriches were seen. The surrounding mountains are shaped
like mole-hills. We passed along the north-east slope
of the Nakwai Hills on Feb. 8, where the country is fairly
level and bushy ; on these hills I first met with White-headed
Barbets. We had the misfortune to lose three more camels
on this trek. The next day we departed for Kamchuru,
which lies at an altitude of 3250 ft. in a well-wooded and
fertile country, where we were glad to spend some days
• resting. To this point our loss of transport animals had
been great, compelling us to abandon everything but
necessaries. Passing through thickly wooded country, we
pressed on for Kittigom, a new, pretty, and healthy out-
post of the King's African Rifles ; on reaching there we
found all the officers were away. We therefore sent a
runner to Nimule to try and get porters, and were lucky
enough to find ten men on the spot. Once more getting on
the move, Feb. 23 saw us at Falabek, 2300 ft. above
sea-level, and on the 25th we crossed the Assua River.
The temperature now rose to 108° in the shade, and we

8

Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

were not sorry to reach Nimule the following day. Here
we succeeded in getting some fresh porters, and, parting with
the few camels that had survived, we ])ushed rapidly on,
travelling chiefly at night, and reached Gondokoro on Mar. 5.
The packing of our specimens, which novv totalled over 1'2()0
birds and 227 mammals, besides reptiles and insects, took
some days. Travelling via Cairo and Port Said, we landed
in England after nearly seven and a half months' absence,
during which time not one of us had had a day^s illness.^'

Itinerary of the Expedition.

The following is a dated itinerary showing the various
localities at which birds were collected, all of which will be
found in the map (PI. I.) : —

First journey from Kijabe Station, ^^est and south to the German
border, and east-north-east to Naivasha Station.

Sept. 21-23, 1912. Kikuyu.

„ 24. Kijabe.

„ 25-27. Mt. Suswa.

„ 28-30. Wau Escarpment.

Oct. 1-2. Southern Guaso Nyiro.

„ 3-5. Loita Plains.

„ 6-8. I.ernek Valley.

„ 9-25. Amala River.

„ 25-28. 12 miles E. of Amala River.

„ 28-29. West of Mt. Leganisho.

„ 30-31. Near Mt. Leganisho.

„ 31-Nov. 1. East of Mt. Leganisho.

Nov. 1-ti. Narossura Plateau.

„ 7-12. Lengototo.

„ 12-21. Narossura River.

„ 22-25. Southern Guaso Nyiro.

„ 26-29. Loita Plains.

„ 30-Dec. 2. Foot of Mau Escarpment

Dec. 3-6. Lake Naivasha and Naivasha.

12. Lake Naivasha.

Naivasha Diet.,
Bt. E. Afr.

Nyanza Dist.,
Bt. E. Afr.

Naivasha Dist.,
Bt. E. Afr.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda.

Second journey from Nakuro Station through the Rift Valley and
north-west to Gondokoro on the White Nile.

Dec.

21,

1912. Nakuro.

)}

22-24.

Baringo Road, 20, 40, and 50 miles
north of Nakuro.

»

25.

Lake Hannin^ton.

»

26.

15 miles south of Baringo.

>>

27-28.

Baringo Post.

»

29-30.

7, 12, 16, and 30 miles N.W. of

5>

Jan.

31.
1,

Baringo Post.
Nginyan River.
1913. 40 miles N.W. of Baringo Post.

Naivasha Dist.,
-

Bt. E. Afr.

»

2.

Kito, 60 miles N.W. of Baringo
Post.

3.

4-5.

70 miles N.W. of Baringo Post.
Kerio River.

>i

5.

10 miles N.W. of Kerio River.

>f

6-9.

Weiwei River.

»

10.

N'gabotok, Turkvpel River.

))

11-16,

Turkwel River. "^

J)

16-21.

Kozibiri River.

>j

22.

Kozibiri Hills.

>5

23.
24-30.

Hills 10 miles N. of Maroto.
Mt. Maroto.

Eastern
s- Province,
Uganda.

»

30-31.

Jiwe Plains, 10 miles S.W. of
Mt. Maroto.

Feb.

1-4.

Annamuget and Akinyo River,
Bakoro Plain.

J)

5-9.

Nakwai Hills.

w

9-14.

Kamchnru, Lobor. -^

»»

15-17.

River Naam, Patonga Dist.

)»

17-19.

Gubba, Pader Dist.

5>

19.
20-21.

Payera Dist.
Kittigom, Chua Dist.

Northern
Province,
Uganda.

22-24.
25.
26.

Falabek.

Assua River.

20 miles E. of Nimule.

March 1.

50 miles S. of Gondokoro.

2.

3.

5-7.

40
30
Gondokoro.

10 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Systematic List.

1. Struthio massaicus. Masailand Ostrich.

Struthio massaicus Neumann, J. f. O. 1898, p. .243 :
Ukamba, B.E.A.

One egg taken at Loita, on the 5th October, probably
belongs to this species.

2. Francolinus coqui hubbardi. Hubbard's Francolin.
Francoimus hubburdi O.-Graut, Bull. B. O. C. iv. 1895,

p. xxvii : Nassa, shores of Speke Bay, S.E. Victoria
Nyanza, G.E.A.

a. ? ad. Kijabe, 6300 ft. Sept. 24.

b, c. S ad. & juv. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 27.

d. ? ad. Amala River. Oct. 12.

e. c? ad. Lengototo, 6000 f t. Nov. 10.

All are in worn plumage ; one September and the October
bird are moulting slightly.

The young male docs not differ greatly from the adult ;
there are some black markings on the buff of the neck ; the
barring of the chest is rather narrower ; and the spurs are
mere knobs.

Total length in flesh : S 12-12^ inches ; ? ll^-
12 inches. Wing: c? 147-148 mm. ; ? 139-144 mm.

[cJ ?. Irides brown; bill black, lower basal portion
yellow; legs and toes yellow or rich yellow. Very common
and lies very close in busli country.]

3. Francolinus sephaena grantii. Capt. Grant^s Francolin.
Francolinus grantii Hartlaub, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 665 :

Unyamuezi, G.E.A.

a, b,c. S ^ ad. S. Guaso Nyiro, 2900 ft. Nov. 22 & 23.

d. S ad. Rift Valley, 20 miles S. of Baringo, 3800 ft.

Dec. 24.

e. S ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 26.
The three November birds are in quite good plumage, and

the female is moulting slightly. Both the December and
January birds are somewhat worn.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 11

Total length in flesh : c? 12-1.21 & 13 inches; ? 11^ inches.
Wing: cJ 144-141 mm. ; ? 130 mm.

[Irides brown; bill black ; legs and toes red. Abundant
"wherever found ; occasionally perches in trees ; very noisy.]

In naming these birds I have had to examine the series
in the National Collection, and have come to the following
conclusions in regard to the named races : —

Francolinus seph^na seph^na.

Perdix sephana Smith, Eep. Exp. Cent. Africa, 1836,
p. 55 : Marikwa, i. e. Marico River, Transvaal.

A large race, having the chestnut spots of the lower neck
extending to the chest ; no chestnut streaks on rest of
underparts. Wing: ,$ 175-162; ? 159-148 mm. One
male from Coguno, Imhambane, Portuguese E. Africa, has
the wing only 160 mm.

Range : Bechuanaland, Lake Ngami, Transvaal, Rhodesia,
and Portuguese E. Africa (Imhambane Dist.).

Francolinus seph^na grantii.

Francolinus grantii Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 665, pi. 39.
fig. 1 (top figure) : Unyamuezi, G. E. Africa.

Of this I consider 7^. rovwna (J) Gray (List Gall. B. M.
Mar. 6, 1867, p. 52: East Africa), F. ochrogaster Hartl.
(J. f. O. 1882, p. 327 : Upper Nile), wing given as 148 mm.,
F.g.delutescens Mearns (Misc. Coll. Smiths. Inst.Washington, ^
vol. 56, no. 20, 1911, p. 3 : base of Mt. Kenia), wing given
as 146 mm. and said to be rather larger than either F. grantii
or F ochrogaster, and F. s. jubaensis Zedl. (Orn. Monatsb.
1913, p. 59: Afgoi, Jubaland), wing given as 146-136 mm.
in c?, and 143-132 in ? , to be synonyms.

A small race, having the chestnut spots confined to the

lower neck. Wing : G. E. Africa, ^ 146-143, ? 140-135

mm., type given as 139 mm. ; B.E. Africa, ^ 150-139,

? 143-140 mm.; Uganda, S 145-142, juv. 139-133,

? 139-133, juv. 132 mm. ; Lado, S 146, ? 135-134 mm.

Range: G. E. Africa, B.E. Africa, Uganda, and Lado ;
coast specimens from Melinda and Lamu, B.E.A.

12 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

FrANCOLINUS SEPHiENA ICTEROPUS.

Franco/inus icteropus Heugl. Sitzb. Ak. Wien, vol. xix,
1856, p. 303 : Simehu, N. Abyssinia, nom. mid. ; J. f. O.
1862, p. 412, 1st descrip. : wing given as 4'9" = 125 mm.;
id, Orn. N. O.-Afr. vol. iii. 1873^ p. 885: wing given as
5" 10" = 150 mm., and mentions that the original type, a
female, is in Vienna ; see also Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. &QQ.,
])1. 39. fig. 2 (lower figure) from a drawing by Heuglin.
Of this I consider F. spilogaster Salvad. (Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. vol. vi. 1888, p. 541 : Harar, E. Abyssinia), wing given
as 170 mm., and F. schoanus Heugl. (Orn. N. O.-Afr. iii.
1873, p. 891 : Shoa, C. Abyssinia) must become synonyms.

F. icteropus Heugl. has always been placed under the
synonymy of F. erckeli, but a careful examination of the de-
scrijttion and of the measurements given, and especially of
the plate in the P. Z. S. 1865, of which Heuglin himself says :
" The drawing was made from the freshly killed bird, several
specimens of F. erckeli and F. gutturalis being near me at
the time," convinces me that it is an excellent representa-
tion of a female of the striped bellied form of the " sephcena "
group of Francolins.

A rather large race, having the wing in Abyssinian speci-
mens: S 154-147, ? 149-146 mm.; Somali: S 1^0-
150 mm.

Range : Abyssinia and Somaliland.

I have now only two other names to deal with : F. rovuma
( ? part) Gray (List Gall. B. j\I. 1867, published Mar. 6,
p. 52 : llovuma River, P.E.A.-G.E.A. border), which pre-
occupies the F. kirkii Hartl. (P. Z. S. Nov. 14, 1867, p. 827 :
Zanzibar).

F. rovuma of Gray, although founded on two different
birds, must go to the Rovuma River specimen by tauto-
nymy, and the type, which is in the British Museum and is
not sexed, is a bird with a striped belly. It is specimen " a "
of Gray's List.

Hartlaub described his F. kirkii from a mutilated specimen,
and gave as one character the " arrow-shaped black spots of
upper tail-coverts," which points to an immature female, as
does the wing-measuremcut of 5".

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 13

Herr Herman Grote, in the Orn. Monatsb. 1913, p. 73,
speaking for German East Africa, says that at Miiciiidani
(which is on the coast a few miles north of the Rovnma
River) he has taken some fifty of these Fraucolins, and all
have been the form with the striped belly.

This " striped-bellied " form appears to occur principally
along or near the coast, and where it occurs it agrees in
■wing-measurements with the inland " plain-bellied " form,
i. e. : Beira, ^ 153; Ruo River, Shire, S 146; Rovnma
River, ? 137; Dar-es-Salaam, S 149, ? 140; Kitwi,
Ukamba, ? 140; Tana River, c? 148-140, ? 141-134 mm.;
all these agree with the measurements of F. s. grantii. And
Somali specimens, ^ 165-155, ? 152-149 mm., agree with
the measurements of the Abyssinian " plain-bellied^^ form.
Thus it would appear that F. s. sephcp.na has no striped belly
(coastal) form, but that both the east African and the
Abyssinian forms have : the former, F. s. grantii, would
have a coastal form under the name of F. s. rovuma. which
occurs as far south as Beira, and the latter, which must bear
the name of F. s. scfioanus, would have a coastal form under
the name of F. s. icteropus.

However, many more specimens are required before any
definite conclusion can be come to, and I must remark that
I have not seen specimens from Zanzibar, the type locality
of F. s. kirkii, which may or may not be a separable race
confined to the island.

4. Francolinus uluensis. The Machakos Francolin.
Francolinus uluensis O.-Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 44 : Machakos,
Ulu, B.E.A.

a. S ad. Lemek Valley, 6600 ft. Oct. 6.

b, c. S ^ ad. Lengototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 7.

All are somewhat worn and faded, and are therefore paler
than some in the Museum collection.

Total length in flesh : ^J 14^ & 13| inches ; ?
13^ inches. Wing: (^ 170 & 160 mm. ; ? 161mm.

[Irides brown ; bill dark brown, basal half of lower
mandible yellow ; legs and toes dirty yellow or light
yellowish brown. Common on dry stony ground ; very
noisy in the evenings.]

14 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

5. Francolinns kikuyuensis. The Kikiiyu Francolin.

F. kikuyuensis O.-Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. vi. 1897, p. xxiii :
Kikuyu Dist., B.E.A.

a. c? juv. Mau, 9100£t. Dec. 2.

Total length in flesh : \A\ inches. Wing : 166 mm.

This is a young bird in first dress, and is just starting to
assume the adult plumage. It differs from the adult in the
narrower striping of the upper parts, the barring at the ends
of the primaries (which are pointed as in all young birds of
the partridge type), the barring of the outer tail-feathers,
and the more barred appearance of the underparts. The new
feathers appearing on the neck and throat partake of the
dark buffiness of the adult. It differs from a young bird of
F, mulemce O.-Grant (Bull. B. O. C. xiv. 1903, p. 30 :
Mulema, Uganda), obtained at the type locality, in being
more narrowly streaked above and more finely barred
below.

In the young of F. shelleyi O.-Grant (Ibis, ]890, p. 348:
Natal), to which at first this bird appears similar, the ends of
the primaries are wholly ashy, as in the adult.

[Irides brown ; bill, upper mandible brownish horn, lower
dirty yellow j legs and toes dirty yellow. This single
young specimen was shot from a covey of five, which was
put up in a patch of long grass, bordered by junipers.]

6. Francolinus clappertoni gedgei. Gedge^s Francolin.
Francolinus gedgei O.-Grant, Ibis, 1891, p. 124 : Elgon

plains, B.E.A.

a. S ad. Nakwai Hills, 3500 ft. Feb. 7.

h-d. S ? ad. Kamchuru, Lobor, 3250 ft. Feb. 10-14.

These specimens agree perfectly with the type. One or
two are showing signs of wear and all are moulting slightly.

Total length in flesh : ^ 15^-16^ inches ; ? 14| inches.

Wing: S 195-196 mm.; ? 180-181 mm.

The range of this subspecies seems to be from Lake
Victoria to about the border of Uganda and the Sudan,
where it is replaced by F. c. heuglini Neum. (Orn. Monatsb.
1907, p. 199 : Meschr el Rek, Bahr el Ghazal), which is

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 15

quite a good subspecies and extends northwards to at least
Fashoda on the Nile.

From Kordofan westwards to Lake Chad, the true F. c.
clappertoni Childr. (in Denh. & Clapp. Trav. App. 1826,
p. 198 : Bornu, near Lake Chad), takes its place.

As might be supposed, where these subspecies overlap
specimens bear the characters of both, and this is well
exemplified in a bird from Goz-abu-Gumar, on the White
Nile, about a third of the way between Kaka and Khartoum,
which has the back of F. c. clappertoni and the underparts of
F. c. henglini.

In the Misc. Coll. Smiths. Inst. Washington, vol. 56.
no. 20, 1911, p. 3, Mearns has described a new Francolin
under the name Francolinus grisescens, and gives the type
locality as Lokko Zegga, Uganda, It is allied to F. clapper-
toni, but I am quite unable to place it from the description,
and should not be surprised to learn that it is similar to F. c.
gedgei.

[ cJ ? . Irides brown, bare skin red ; bill black, reddish
at base (one male is also very red on the nostrils) ; legs
and toes red, darker in front. Not abundant, only small
coveys seen in millet fields.]

7. Francolinus icterorhynchus emini. Emin's Francolin.

Francolinus icterorhynchus enmii Neumann, Orn. Monatsb.
1907, p. 198 : West of Albert Nyanza.

a. S ad. Falabek, 2800 ft. Feb. 23.

In slight moult.

Total length in flesh : 15^ inches. Wing : 178 ram.

Males in the Museum collection from Tingasi, near the
Welle River, measure 174 and 176 mm. in the wing, others
from LTganda have the wing 175-187 mm., and one from
Ruwenzori is 180 mm. Two females from Uganda have the
wing 180 and 183 mm.

Four specimens of the true F. i. icterorhynchus Heugl.
(J. f.O. 1863, p. 275 : Bongo, Bahr el Ghazal), in the Boyd
Alexander collection, have the wing in two males 162 and
166, and in two females 159 and 167 mm.

16 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collect ion of

The birds from Uganda are rather longer in tlie wing
than those from the type-locality, but as some intergrade
"with the western birds, it simply shows that F. i. emini is
quite a good subspecies, and that the range of wing-
measurements is from 174—187 mm., as against 162-167 mm.
in F. i. icterorhynchus.

[Irides brown, eyelids yellowy bare skin behind eye yellow ;
bill black, yellow at base ; legs and toes dusky orange.
Found in long grass in well wooded country.]

8. Francolinns hildehrandti altuiui. Altum's Francolin.
(Plate II.)

Francolinns altumi Fisch, & Rchw. J. f. O. 1884^ p. 179,
pi. ii. : Lake Naiwasha, B.E.A.

a. S ad. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 26.

b. S j"v. Lemek Valley, 6500 ft. Oct. 7.

c. S ad. E. of Mt. Leganisho, 6600 ft. Oct. 31.

The October adult is rather paler above (owing to fading)
and more worn than the September one.

[Aduli : Irides brown ; bill black, lower and base of
upper mandible orange ; legs and toes reel, claws horn.

Juv. : Irides brown ; bill horn, base of lower mandible
light horn ; legs and toes red.]

Total length in flesh : Ad. 15 inches. Weight 1 lb.
Wing : 189 and 198 mm. Total length in flesh : Juv.
13f inches. Wing: 163 mm.

The young bird is apparently in first dress, and below is
more the colour of the female, with the spotted appearance
of the adult carried throughout, but mostly of a more
brownish black, less apparent on the breast and abdomen.
Above it is rather paler than the adult, is mottled with
black, and has no spurs. It is generally much darker than
a young male from Nyasaland.

There are in the Museum collection two adult males and
three adult females, taken in British East Africa at Gilgil
River, Morendat River, and Lake Elmenteita, and in the
Jackson collection two adult males from Elmenteita and

Ibis. 1915. PI. II.

FRANCOLINUS HILDEBRANDTI ALTUMI. ?

MENPES PRESS, WATFORD.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 17

Naivaslia, and one young female from soutlieru Sotik, all yf
which fall into this subspecies.

Fischer & Reichenow's plate of the male^ if carefully
compared with birds from British East Africa and German
East Africa, is found to agree more with the birds from
the former country and might have been taken from the
specimen collected by Lord Delamere at the Morendat
Uiver, Naivasha Dist., on December 27, 1899.

The female now figured (Plate II.) is a specimen in the
British Museum collected by Lord Delamere^ at the same
place and on the same date.

On the average, the male is rather darker above (less
rufous), and more white (less buff) than males of either
F. h. hildebrandti or F. h. johnstoni ; also there is some
difference in the spotting and streaking of the under parts,
especially of the flank feathers.

It is, however, with the female that the most striking
differences occur, and as I cannot find any description of it,
I give the following : —

Adult female of i^. h.aliumi. Above similar to adult male ;
considerably greyer on the top of the head and nape than
the females of F. h. hildebrandti or F. h. johnstoni. Sides
of the head and throat whiter and greyer (much less huffy),
and the former more distinctly streaked than females of the
other two races. Below much paler, witli the neck, chest
and flanks very distinctly spotted and mottled with blackish,
in contradistinction to the uniform cinnamon-brown of the
females of the other two races.

There are, therefore, three distinct and well marked races
of this Francolin as follows : —

F. II. HILDEBRANDTI Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 206, pi. iv. (of
an adult female showing the clear neck and chest and light
cheeks) : Zanzibar, Mombasa and further inland. Zanzibar
apparently an incorrect locality.

Range. German East Africa. Specimens in the Museum
collection from Kilimanjaro and Usari River.

SER. X. VOL. III. c

18 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

. F. H. ALTUMi Fisch. & Rchw.
Range. British East Africa.

F. H. jOHNSTONi Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 24 : Milanji Hills.
Range. Nyasaland. Specimens in the British Museum
collection from Nyasaland.

9. Francolinus schuetti schuetti. Schuett's Francolin.

Francolinus schuetti Cabanis, J. f. O. 1881, p. 351:
Lunda, borders of Angola, and the Belgian Congo.

a. S ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 24.

Slightly worn and moulting.

Total length in flesh : 141 j inches. Wing : 176 ram.

[Bill red; legs and toes red. Shot in dense bush near
water.]

In naming this bird I have found it necessa,ry to examine
the whole of the specimens in the National Collection, and
I cannot see more than two races of this Francolin, and
therefore do not agree with Mearns (Misc. Coll. Smiths.
Inst. Washington, vol, 56, uos. 14 & 20, 1911) that there are
five races.

Besides the specimen above enumerated, there are in the
Museum collection two birds from Chaya, Belgian Congo, four
from Ruwenzori, and nine from Uganda ; all of which fall in
together and are indistinguishable both in size and colour.

Wing in S 181-168mm. ; ? 163-156mm.

Unfortunately I have not been able to examine birds
actually from Lunda, but taking the two specimens from
Belgian Congo as typical (and they agree well with the
coloured plate, J. f. O. 1881, pi, ii.), there should be one
race (F. s. schuetti) from the Congo basin across Uganda
to the loest of the Rift Valley and down the east side of
Lake Victoria.

If, however, Lunda specimens should prove to be different,
which I doubt, then F. s. zappeyi Mearns would range from
the Congo divide to the Rift Valley.

Of the other race, the Museum possesses two from Mt.
Kenia, two from Kikuju, one from Nairobi, two from B. E, A.
probably the Athi River (Drakc-Biockman), and seven from

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 19

Kilimanjaro; all these are so close to each otlicr, that 1
fail to see any distinguishing chaiacters.

There appears, therefore, to be one race from Mt. Kenia
southward along the east side o£ the Rift Valley to Kili-
manjaro, whicli will bear the name of i'^ s. maranensis iMcarns,

Wing: c? 186-160 mm. ; ? 175-166 mm.

One of the two Drake-Brockman males measures 191 mm,
in the wing, but this appears lo be an exceptional bird.

With this race the males are on the average darker below
than the females; but with the other race (F. s. schuetti)
no difference is apparent in colour between the sexes.

The races and synonymy I admit at the present time are : —

Francolinus schuetti schuetti Cab.

Franc.oUnus schuetti zappeyi Mearns (Misc. Coil. Smiths.
Inst. Washington, vol. 56, no. 20, 1911 : East shore of
Lake "Victoria) is a synonym.

Francolinus schuetti maranensis Mearns : Maranu,
Mt. Kilimanjaro. Of this form I consider F. s. Icapitensis :
Athi River, T3. E. A., and F. s. keniensis : Mt. Kenia, B. E. A.,
of Mearns (op. cit. no. 14, p. 2), as synonyms.

Francolinus schuetti tetraoninus Blund. & Lovat, Bull.
B. O. C. vol. X. 1899, p. 22 : Mendi, Abyssinia.

This race, judging by the specimens before me, appears to
be a good one, though a much larger series is required to
make sure.

10. Francolinus jacksoni. Jackson's Francolin.

Francolinus jacksoni O.-Grant, Ibis, 1891, p. 123 : Kikuyn,
B.E.A.

a. S ad. Mau, 9100 ft. Dec. 2.

In rather worn plumage.

Total length in flesh : 20^ inches. Weight : 2^ lbs.
W^ing : 245 mm.

[Irides brown, eyelid red, bare skiu behind eye yellow ;
bill red ; legs and toes red, sides of tarsi blackish, spurs
black. This species was only met with late in the evening,
after crossing the Mau Escarpment. It appeared to ba
common on steep grassy slopes devoid of bush.]

c3

20 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

11. Pternistes leucoscepus infuscatus, Cabanis' Bare-
throated Francolin.

Pternistes infuscatus Cab. J. f . O. 1868, p. 413 : Lake Jipe,
British-German Border, S. of Kilimanjaro.

a. S juv. Narossura, 6400 ft. Nov. 2.

b, c. S ? ad. 12 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3000 ft.
Dec. 29.

d, ? ad. Mt. Maroto, 3700 ft. Jan. 26.

All are in good plumage, and both the females are rather
darker above than the adult male.

The young is apparently in first plumage, having the tail
distinctly barred and dark mottlings on the inner secondaries
and coverts (these parts being finely speckled in the adult);
below, the markings are narrower, giving the young a much
darker appearance than tiie adult. It has no spurs.

Total length in flesh : ^ 19 inches ; $ 15| inches. Wing:
c? 212 mm. ; $ 197 & 193 mm. Jiw. Total length in flesh :
16 inches. Wing: 201 mm.

\^Ad. Irides brown ; bill black, lower basal half orange ;
bare skin round eye and upper throat red, lower throat
yellow.

Juv. Irides brown ; bill black ; bare skin round eye and
throat red, lower neck yellow ; legs and toes black.

Several coveys of about fifteen birds eacli were seen along
the rivers ; they were very shy and escaped by running.]

In naming these birds I have found it necessary to
examine the whole group, and have come to the following
conclusions : —

Pternistes leucoscepus leucoscepus (Gray, List Gallmse
Brit. Mus. 1867, p. 48, descr. nulla) ; Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-
Africa, vol. iii. 1873, p. 899.

It appears that Heuglin's is the first description of this
race, so that his name should stand as the author.

Gray, however, gives the locality as Abyssinia, and as
Heuglin^s description is based on Gray's name this locality
can stand.

There are specimens in the British Museum from theLebka
Valley, Koomayli, Rairo, Sahati and Zoulla ; all in Eritrea.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 21

P. L. INFUSCATUS Cab. J. f. O. 1868, p. 413 (Reise Ost-
Afrika, v. d. Decken, vol. iii. 1869, pi. xiv. p. 44) : Lake
Jipe, Anglo-German border, S. of Kilimanjaro.

P. I. kilimensis Mearns (Misc. Coll. Smiths. Inst. Wash,
vol. 56, no, 20, 1911, p. 2: Kilimanjaro Region) is a synonym,
inasmuch as the type locality of P. I. infuscatus is within
the Kilimanjaro region ; I can see no difference between
birds from there and from through Brit. East Africa and
Uganda to Mt. Maroto.

Range. From Mamboio north to Mt. Maroto, and near to
Mt. Kenia.

P. L. MUHAMED-BEN-ABDULLAH Erl. Oi*n. Monatsb. vol. xii.
1904, p. 97 : S. Somaliland (Lorian flats).

This is quite a good snbspecies, having the underparts of
P. I. leucoscepus and the upper parts of P. I. infuscatus.

Range. Somaliland.

P. L. HOLTEMULLERi Erl. op. cit. p. 98: S. Shoa.
No specimens examined.

P. L. KENiENSis Mcarns, op, cit. p. 1 : west slope of Mt.
Kenia.

In his description Mearns gives as diagnostic features :
" in the absence of transverse bars on the wings and tail,
which, instead of being barred, are minutely speckled and
vermiculaied." The italics are mine.

The barring of the wings and tail is a character of
immaturity, while the speckling and vermiculations are
features of the adult bird in every race. Consequently
I see no valid reason on Mearns's data for separating this
race, that worker having obviously confounded the young
and the old birds.

Nevertheless the one specimen from the type-locality
before me is certainly much more ochreous than any speci-
mens of the other races^ and therefore I have maintained
the subspecies for the present.

One specimen of P. I. infuscatus from Kitwi, B.E.A.,
shot on Oct. 13;, 1898, is very broadly marked, especially on
the back, and approaches the true P. I. leucoscepus in this
respect.

22 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

] 2. Coturnix coturnix africana. The Afiican Quail.

Coturnix vulgaris africana Temm. & Sclil. F. Jap. 1850,
p. 103 : " La pointe australe d'Afrique.^^

a. ? ad. Kikuyu. Scot. 22.

In clean dress and very little worn.

Total length in flesh : 8 inches. Wing : 109 mm.

[Irides light brown; bill brownish fawn; legs and toes
flesh-colour. Very common.]

13. Coturnix delegorguei. Delegorgue's Quail.
Coturnix delegorguei Deleg. Vog. Afr. Austr. ii. 1847j

p. 615 : Oury River, i. e. Upper Limpopo, Transvaal.

a, h. S ? f'fl- Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 11.

Both are rather worn and faded.

Total length in flesh : J & V 7 inches. Wing : J 93 ram.;
? 98 mm.

[Irides brown ; bill bluish horn, lighter in female ; legs
and toes flesh-colour. Probably more plentiful than it
appears to be.]

14. Ptilopachus fuscus florentiae. East African Grey
Francolin.

Ptilopachgs florentia O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. vol. x. 1900,
p. cvii : Gessema Laikipia, B.E.A.

a. S ad. Mt. Maroto, 6000 ft. Jan. 27.

b^cL S ? ad. Nakwai Hills, 3800 ft. Feb. 6.

All are in good plumage and agree perfectly with the
type.

The three males have the breast-patch distinctly more
buffy (richer) than in the female, in which it is more
stone-colour.

Total length in flesh: <^ 11|— 11 inches ; ? 11 3 inches.
Wing: <S 122-129 mm. ; ? 127 ram.

I do not 'think that P. f. keniensis Alearus (Misc.
Coll. Smiths. Inst. Washington, vol. 56, no. 20, 1911 :
Mt. Kenia) can stand as a subspecies, as the dift'erences
given by Mearns between this race and P. f. florentia are
the characters of the latter, especially the ''nape and mantle

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 23

witliout any chestnut whatever/* which agrees perfectly
W'ith tlie type specimen of F.f.jlorentlai, now before me.

[Irides brown; bill yellowish horn, base and nostrils red,
black or brown stripe between nostrils ; eyelids and bare
skin red ; legs and toes red.

A small covey of this Fraucolin was found in a dense
thicket on a stony hillside on Mt. Maroto ; they were shy
and difficult to procure. In the Nakwai Hills they were
more plentiful. They scale the steepest rocks with ease,
and only take flight when forced.]

15. Numida reicheuowi. Reichenow's Guinea-Fowl.

Numida reichenowi O. -Grant, Ibis, 1894, p. 535 : Maka-
rungu, Ukambani Dist., B.E.A.

a-d. S ? ad. &juv. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 5.

e-g. S jiiv. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 10-11.

h-j. \S ? ad. & juv. Lengototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 8.

In the adults there are two males and two females, the
former having distinctly longer helmets than the latter.

They are in quite good clean dress and only one, a
November bird, is showing any signs of moult.

All the young are fully grown, and except for showing a
somewhat browner tinge on the mantle and being on the
average smaller spotted below, do not diflfer in plumage
greatly from the adults, except that in all the helmet is
small.

Three of the six are in moult, and appear to be assuming
the clearer plumage of the adult.

Total length in flesh of adults : ^ 24-24^ inches ; ? 22 1-
23^ ; the weight varies between 3 and 3| lbs. ; some young
only weigh 2^ lbs. Wing in adults : cT 298-299 mm. ;
? 284-293 mm.

[Adult. S ? • Irides brown ; bill greenish or reddish horn,
lighter at tip ; neck black, sides, around eyes, and upper
throat bright blue, above eyes black ; wattles and around
nostrils red ; top of head and helmet reddish horn, lighter
at tip ; feet black.

24 Mr. C, H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Young. Irides brown, bill black, tip ligbt horn ; wattles,
top of bead, and helmet black : neck bluish black ; feet
black ; in rather older birds_, the wattles and nostrils are red
and the helmet blackish brown.

Common, and found in flocks of fifty or more. When
disturbed they take to high trees, where they are easily
shot.]

16. Numida ptilorhyncha major. Hartlaub's Tufted Guinea-
Fowl.

Numida major Hartl. Abh. Bremen, vol. viii. 1883, p. 217 :
Wakkala, Uganda,

a-f. S ? ad. Kozibiri River, 2400 ft. Jan. 21.

g. S ii"m. Mt. Maroto, 3700 ft. Jan. 24.

h. S ad. „ „ „ 30. [Head only.]

i. J ad. Bakoro, 25 miles E. of Lobor JNlts. Feb. 3.
[Head only.]

j. ? ad. Kittigom, Chua. Feb. 20. [Head only.]

k. S ad. 40 miles S. of Gondokoro, 2000 ft, March 2.

Total length in flesh: S 23-23i inches; ? 211-22|
inches. Wing : S 282-262 mm. ; ? 270-267 mm.
Weight: S 3 lbs.; ? 2^ lbs. Immature. Total length
in flesh : 22 inches. Wing 259 ram.

All are in good plumage, and one or two are moulting.

The immature bird is not in first dress, and, except for
the immature appearance of the head, might be an adult.

Some of the nasal tufts are quite equal in size to those
of N. ji. ptilorhyncha and N. p. somaliensis.

[Adult. Irides brown ; bill, upper mandible red, tip and
lower mandible light or yellowish horn; neck black or bluish
black; wattles and stripe on neck blue; legs and toes dark
brown.

Imm. Irides brown ; bill dark brown, tip light horn ;
wattles and bare skin bluish flesh; helmet brown; legs and
toes brown.

Found in flocks of twenty or thirty in dry bush
country.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 25

17. Numida ptilorhyncha rendilis. Baringo Tufted
Guinea-Fowl. (Text-ii-ure J , p. 28.)

Numida ptilorhyncha rendilis Louiib. K. Sven. Yct.-Ak.
Handl. 1911, p. 47 : between the Meru and the Reudiles,
B.E.A.

Numida ptilorhyncha baringoensis Claude Grant, Bull.
B. O. C. vol. xxxiii. 1914, p. 141 : 20 miles S. of Lake
Baringo, Hi ft Valley.

a. ? juv. Baringo lload, 30 miles from Nakuro, 5200 ft.
Dec. 22.

b, c. S ad. 20 miles south of Baringo, 3800 ft. Dec. 24.
d, e. (^ ad, 12 miles N.W. of ,, „ „ 29.

[Heads only.]

/. cJ ad. Turkwel River. Jan. ? [Head only.],

All are in quite good plumage, the young bird differing
from the adults in being rather smaller spotted and having
a distinct rusty wash throughout.

Total length in flesh: ad. 22f & 21 inches; juv. 21
inches. Wing : ad. 277 & 267 mm. ; juv. 262 mm.

\_Ad. Irides brown; bill reddish brown, lower mandible
and tip of upper greenish horn ; neck black, below eye and
wattles blue ; legs and toes black,

Juv. Irides brown ; bill bluish horn, red at base ; legs
and toes blackish brown ; neck blackish flesh, side-wattles
and round eye blue, horn dirty reddish ; nasal wattles
reddish yellow.

Very abundant. Large flocks found in the evening
scratching on the open plains and raising a cloud of dust.]

In working out these birds I came to the same conclusion
about the Baringo Guiuea-Fowl as has Lonnbei'g in his
excellent resume of the named races, but having unfortunately
overlooked his description I redescribed his new race, and
therefore my N. p. baringoensis becomes a synonym of his
N. p. rendilis.

In this collection there are six specimens, in the Museum
collection one, and in the Jackson collection two heads (from
Kamassia) , all from the Rift Valley, and all except the young
bird have well-developed helmets approaching closely those
of the N. corunatu group.

26 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

The one adult female I have examined, a head from
Kaniassia, shows that the helmet is smaller than in the
males, but is strongly and well formed, as opposed to the
weakly formed helmet of its allies.

Even the young bird has the helmet far more developed
than in young birds of its allies, in fact tlie helmet is equal
in size to that of many adults of the other races.

The head from the Turkwel River undoubtedly belongs
to this race, so that it is probable that it ranges somewhat
into the country of N. p. major.

In naming this race I have had occasion to examine the
whole of this group of Guinea-Fowls, and I have to thank
Mr. llothschild and Dr. Ilartert for the loan of thirty
specimens from Tring, which, combincil with material in
the National Museum, have given me a hundred specimens
of this group for examination, and these from localities
which cover the whole of its known range.

The races I am able to recognise are as follows : —

N. p. PTiLORHYNCHA Less. Traite d^Orn. 1831, p. 498 :
founded on the specimen enumerated by Licht. Nom. A v.
Mus. Zool. Berol. 1854, p. 80: Abyssinia, I designate Mareb
lliver, N. Abyssinia.

This race is well-feathered up the back of the neck.

Wing : S 272-250 mm. ; ? 270-245 mm.

Range. Suakim south to N. Abyssinia.

Specimens examined from Sanafe ; Arafle ; Abu Amba ;
Koomayli; llorat ; Eritrea; Anseba Valley; Adarte, Mareb
River, and Ghadi Saate in Habesch. 14 in all referable to
this race.

NuMiDA PTILORHYNCHA MAJOR Hartl. Abli. Bremen,
vol. viii. 1883, p. 217 : Wakkala, Uganda.

A^. p. macroceras Erl. Oru. Monatsb, 1904, p. 97 : Lake
Rudolf.

N. p. neumanni Erl. Orn. Monatsb. 1904, p. 97 : Kwa
Mlamba, Usogo, Uganda.

N.p. omoensis Neum. J. f. O. 1904, p. 407 : Koscha, the
vallev of the Omo River and its tributaries.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 27

iV. /). toruensis Neum. J. f. 0. 1901, p. 410 : Mokia M'wcv,
Torn.

All these appear to be synonyms. I have examined sixty-
five specimens referable to N. p. major, including the types of
N. p. omoensis and N. p. toruensis, and cannot find any
characters that will distinguish these five races; so I have
been compelled to place them all under iV. p. major.

This race is similar in size and colour to N. p.ptj/lorhyncka,
but is less feathered on tlie neck, and on the average has
smaller face-wattles.

Wing: S 285-255 mm.; ? 273-244 mm.

Range. West of Rift Valley to the Lakes and Ruwenzori ;
south to the German border, north to Kaka, White Nile,
Ibago, Baro River, and Lake Suai.

Specimens examined from : — Kaka, White Nile; Gondo-
koro; Lake Suai, Lake Stephanie; Ibago, Baro River; Uma
River E. of Lake Tata; Konso, nr. Lake Abaya ; Koscha, nr.
Omo River; Gelo, Lake Tata; Gofa, nr. Koscha; Abaya
Lake; Male ; Turkwel River; Kozibiri River ; Mt. Maroto
N. Lobor; Mubinde, Unyoro; Butiaba, Unyoro; Torn; Chua
Semliki River; Usoga ; Entebbe; Ruwenzori; Ankole
Buddu ; Victoria Nile ; Mabira Forest; Busoga ; King's
Lake, Kampala; Mt, Elgon ; Kavirondo; Wero Tero.

NUMIDA PTYLORHYNCHA SOMALIENSIS Ncum. Om.

Monatsb. 1899, p. 25 : Sonialiland (Hawker); cf. Ibis, 1899,
p. 52, Hawker's trip to N.W. British Somaiiland.

This race is quite distinct, having a red tip on the face-
wattles, and is about equal in size and colour to the other
races.

Wing : S 286-274 mm. ; ? 275-263 mm.

Range. Somaiiland, Gallaland, and part of Jubaland to the
Lorian Swamp. I have recently examined a specimen of this
race in the collection of Col. Clarke shot at Loiola, north
Kenia district, which agrees perfectly with true JS^.p. soma-
liensis and brings the range much further M^est.

Nine specimens examined from Waghar and Ogo,
Somaiiland ; Kafra, Gallaland ; and Wajheir, Jubaland.

28

Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Text-fis. 1.

c miyim

Heads of Bariugo Tufted Guinea-Fowl [Numida 2)tilorhyncha
rendilis Lonuberg).

A. Largest specimen iu the 3Iuseiim collection.

B. Adult female from Karaassia, Rift Valley (Jackson collection).

C. Adult male from Rift Valley, type of N. p. haringoensis

C. Grant.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda, 29

NUMIDA PTILOUHYXCHA RENDILIS LoiHlberg. (Text-

figure 1.)

Equal in size and colour to the other races, but having a
distinctly larger helmet.

Wing : (J 207-265 mm. ; ? juv. 262 mm.

Banrje. Tliroughout the Rift Valley^ to the loucr Turkwel
River, and eastwards to the Meru district.

Nine specimens examined.

This large series of the Tufted Guinea- Fowls show that
no great reliance can be placed either on, the nasal tuft^ the
size of the bird, or the colour of the plumage.

With the nasal tufts great variation occurs^ and birds
from Uganda have them quite as well develo])ed as birds
from north Abyssinia and vice versa, i. e. birds from
north Abyssinia have quite as small ones as birds from the
farthest south.

I at first thought that some stress could be laid on the
colour of the tufts, but on receiving the series from Tring
I found that birds from the same locality have both white
and red tufts.

It is, however, worthy of notice that all the specimens so
far seen of X. j)- somaliensis have white and well developed
tuits.

Why the nasal tufts are white in some specimens and
red in others still needs explanation ; it may be due to age,
but does not appear to be due to season, as specimens
killed in the same month and in the same district, have both
white and red tufts.

For instance, one from Gofa has a reddish tuft, and one
from Konso has a white tuft ; both were taken in August,
and instances again occur in February and May.

The supposed distinguishing character of N. p. neumanni
is said to be a red tip to the face- wattles, but in all the
specimens examined from the typical locality — ? . Mlamba
(Usoga), wattles blue; ?. Mtauda (Usoga), "wattles blue
Avith a few brown specks along lower edge " — the wattles are
invariably entirely blue, as in birds from the type locality
of JV. p. major.

30 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

In the Museum collection there are three specimens of
this group from the Congo Valley, two from Tingasi and one
from Poko, which, though in all respects similar to iV^. j).
major, appear to have the face-wattles smaller and narrower,
and less projected beyond the posterior attachment.

Four (two males and two females) in the Boyd Alexander
collection, from the Lake Chad district, are similar to
N. p. major, and do not bear out so well this character
of the wattles.

Until, however, further material comes to hand to show
whether or not this character is constant, I provisionally
l)lace them under .V. p. major ; though, should the Congo
bird prove to be a distinct race, it would bear the name of
N. p. incrmis Dubois (Ann. Mus. Congo, i. 1905, p. 19 :
Upper Congo).

In the Orn. Monatsb. 1911, p. 82, Reichenow described
a Guinea-Fowl of this group under the name of Numicla
strasseni, and gives the type-locality as " Duma am unteren
Ubangi.'^ It seems to me this will prove to be a synonym
of iV. p. inermis.

The male from Lake Stephanie has a distinctly longer
helmet than other s[)ecimens of ]S\ p. major, but is quite
differently shaped to that o^ N. p. rendilis.

There is also one specimen of JY. p. somalitnsis from
Wajiieir that has the helmet exceptionally long, Avhich is
in shape like the bird from Lake Stephanie.

One s[)ecimen oi N. p. somaliensis from Kafra shows little
indication of the red tip of the wattles.

18, Turnix lepurana. Smith's Button-Quail.

Ortyijis lepurana A. Smith, Rep. Exp. App. 183G, p. 55 :
"country north of Kurrichane," W. Transvaal.

a. $ ad. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 27.

In good dress and not worn.

Total length in flesh : 5| inches. Wing: 77 mm.

[Irides yellow ; bill blue ; culmen brown ; legs and toes
flesh-colour. Several seen.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 31

19. Pteroclurus exustus ellioti. Elliot's Sand-Grouse.

Pterochs elliuti Bogd. Bull. Ac. Sci. Pctcrsb. xxvii. no. 2,
1881, p. 167 : Abyssinia.

a. $ ad. Rift Valley, 30 miles N.W. of Baringo, 2800 ft.
Dec. 29.

In good plumage and not Avorn. A rather pale specimen,
very close to some Indian bii'ds, but having richer coloured
wing-coverts.

Total length in flesh : 12^ inches. Wing : 171 mm.

[Irides brown; bill bluish white ; toes dirty grey. Several
large flocks seen.]

In naming this bird I have had occasion to examine the
whole series of the exustus group, Avhicli appear to comprise
the following races : —

Pteroclurus exustus exustus Temm. PI. Col, v. 1825,
pis. 354, 360 : west coast of Africa, Senegal.

Egyptian specimens may be taken as typical, and these
are large and dark in colour. jSIales dark above and white
wing-spot distinct ; females dark and well marked.

Wing : c? (4 measured) 195-184 mm. ; V (5 measured )
187-170 mm.

Range. Senegal to Egypt.

Pteroclurus exustus elltoti Bogd. op. cit.

P. e. somalicus Hartert (Nov. Zool. 1900, p. 28 : Milmil,
Somaliland) is a synonym.

Small, richer in coloration, especially on the greater
wing-coverts. More white on the average on the tips of the
6th-10th primaries.

Wing : (J (12 measured) 181-171 mm. ; ? (10 measured)
175-165 mm.

Range. Abyssinia, Somaliland, B.E.A., west to Lake
Chad.

Two males and three females from Kilimanjaro are much
darker than normal specimens of P. e. ellioti, especially
the females, but without further material I refrain from
doing anything with them, especially as some males from

33 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Somaliland are almost exactly similar to these Kilimanjaro
males, and in between there are specimens from Brit. East
Africa, that are much lighter in colour. They agree well
■with the description of P. e. olivascens Hartert (Orn.
Monatsb. 1909, p. 183 : Campi-ya-Simba, Masailand).

Ptekoclurus exustus oRiENTALis Hart. Nov, Zool. 1900,
p. 28 : India (no exact locality given).

Of the same size as P. e. ellioti. On the average less rich
in colour, especially on the greater wing-coverts. Less white
on the average on the tips of the 6th-10th primaries.

AVing : ^ (33 measured) 187-167 mm. j ? (37 measured)
179-161 mm.

Range. India generally.

A pair of birds from Arabia in the Museum collection
appear to belong to this race, but these, if distinct, should
be referred to P. e. erlangeri Neum. (Oru. Monatsb. 1909,
p. 154 : El Hota, Lahadj, S. Arabia).

20. Pterocles decoratus decoratus. Decorated Sand-Grouse.
Pterocles decoratus Cab. J. f, O. 1868, p. 413 : Lake Jipe,

Anglo-German boundary, cf. von der Decken Reise Orn-
Afrika, iii. 1869, p. 43, pi. xiii. >

a. S J^d. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 3100 ft. Nov. 23.

Showing signs of wear.

Total length in flesh : 10| inches. AVing : 166 mm.

[Irides yellow ; bill yellow ; feet yellow\ Stomach con-
tained seeds of a leguminous plant. A few of these birds
were seen coming to drink at about 10 a.m. Mo others were
observed.]

21. Pterocles lichtensteinii sukensis. Neumann^s Sand-
Grouse.

Pterocles lichtensteinii sukensis Neum. Orn. Monatsb.
1909, p. 153: Turquel, Suk Country, B.E.A.

a,b.S^ ad. & juv. Turkwel River, 1900 ft. Jan. 14.

c. c? ad. Kozibiri River, 2400 ft. Jan. 20.

All are in good plumage. The young female still re-
tains the mottled sandy tips to the flight-feathers ; though

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda, 33

in general colour it aj^rees perfectly with two adults m. the
Jacksou collection from Lake Hanningtou.

The male from the Turkwcl lliver is much richer iu
colour than the male from the Kozibiri River.

Total length in flesh : c^ 11^ & llf inches ; ? 11 inches.

Wing : cJ 189 & 172 mm. ; ? 182 mm.

The Kozibiri male is smaller in the wing tlian the other
and is moulting, so that the paler colour is probably some-
Avhat due to fading.

[<^. Irides brown, bare skin below eyes yellow, above
eyes green; bill yellowish brown (Kozibiri), reddish green
(Turkwel) ; feet yellow or dull yellow (Kozibiri).

$, . Irides brown ; bare skin pale yeliow ; bill black ;
feet yellow.

When the natives had finished watering their live-stock,
enormous flocks of this Sand-Grouse came to drink after
dark in the wells iu the river-bed. It was most interesting
to watcii this steady stream of birds entering and leaving
these deep holes, and that there were no collisions was
marvellous.]

In naming these birds I have had to examine all the
available specimens of P. lichtensteinii, and have come to the
following conclusions regarding the distribution and races : —

PtEROCLES LICHTEXSTEINII LICHTKNSTEINII Temn). PI. Col,

T. 1825, pis. 355, 3C)1 : Nubia.

P. /. hijperythrus Erl. (J. f. 0. 1905, p. 94-, pi. iv. : Dana.
Eiver, S. Somaliland) is a synonym.

Range. Coast of lied Sea, Eritrea, Abyssinia, Somaliland.

Females rather richer sandy.

Wing : cJ (9 measured) 175-186 mm. ; ? (6 measured),
169-186 mm.

Pterocles lichtensteinii arabicus Neum Orn.^lonatsb^.
1909, p. 152 : Lahadj, South Arabia.

Both sexes considerably paler (more stone-colour and
markings above somewhat less broad) than in true P. I.
lichtensteinii.

Range. Arabia, ]Muscat. and India uesL of the Indus-.

SER. X. — AOL. III. . 1)

34 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Wing: Arabia, ^ (7 measured) 174-189 mm.; ? (2
measured) 170-186 mm. Muscat, J (1 measured) 170 mm.
India, S (2 measured) 171-176 mm. ; ? (2 measured)
167-172 mm.

Pterocles lichtensteinii sukensis Neum. op. cit.

Males rather darker above than in P. I. lichtensteinii ;
females considerably darker above and below, dark markings
very broad^ light markings much deeper in tone.

Range. Uganda and B.E.A.

Wing : (J (4 measured) 180-197 mm. ; ? (2 measured)
177 mm.

Since writing the above I have been able to examine
five males and four females of this race collected by
A. Blayney Percival in British East Africa, which agree
perfectly with tlie other specimens of this race, and which
further show that the cross-barriug on the belly of the
males is much more defined and clear than in males of either
P. /. lichtensteinii or P. /. arabicus.

The wings of these nine specimens measure : males 175—
187 mm. ; females 171-185 mm.

22. Pterocles quadricinctns lowei. Lowers Four-banded
Sand-Grouse.

Pterocles quadricinctus lowei Claude Grant, Bull. B. 0. C.
vol. XXXV. 1914, p. 19 : llenk, White Nile.

a. S juv. N.E. slope, Nakwai Hills, 3600 ft. Feb. 8.

h. ? ad. Kittigom, Chua, 2850 ft. Feb. 21.

Total .length in flesh : ? 11^ inches. Wing : J 186 mm.;
$179 mm.

[ ? . Irides brown ; bare skin yellow ; bill black, base
yellowish ; feet yellow. ^ . Feet yellow.

This Sand-Grouse was common.]

This subspecies differs from the true P. q. quadricincius in
its larger size, darker and broader markings of the upper
surface, and generally richer tone throughout. On the
crown the streaks are more clearly defined and broader, and
the white markings on the forehead are perhaps slightly
broader.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 35

On comparing two young males, one from Senegal and
the other from Uganda, the same differences are apparent ;
the eastern l>ird being considerably darker and broader in
the markings of the upper surface and having more black
on the l)elly ; this latter may, however, be only individual.

Wing: S (() ad. measured j 183-201 mm.; ? (4 ad. mea-
sured) 177-187 mm.

Type, c? ad. Reuk, AYhite Nile. 12. v. 1901. R. ]\r.
Hawker Coli. in British Museum. Wing : 201 mm.

This is the east African fonn^ and ranges down the Nile
Valley to Uganda and B.E.A.

Named in honour of Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe.

There are therefore two races of this Sand-Gi*ouse as
follows : —

Pterocles quadricinctus quadricinctus Temm. Pig. et
Gall. iii. 1815, pp. 252, 71^: coast of Coromandel, error &=■
Senegal, W. Africa.

As there can be little doubt that this Sand-Grouse does
not range across into India, the locality of Coromandel is
incorrect. In the Pig. et Gall., p. 254, it will be found
that Temminck based the locality of Coromandel on the
authority of Sonnerat. Later, in the PI. Col. v., under
P. liclitensteinii he remarks : — " La preuve certaine que le
Ganga quadrubande a ete trouve non seulement sur la cote
de Coromandel, mais encore sur une grande etendue de cotes
d'Afrique ; j'en ai reeu plusieurs individus du Senegal."

So that, as Temminck himself has given a locality in
Africa for this species, the type locality in future should be
designated as " Senegal, West Africa.^'

Paler, less broadly marked, mere " bloom ^' above.

Wing : $ (5 measured) 173-185 mm. ; ? (2 measured)
177-180 mm.

A young male from Seuegal measures 179 mm. This is
the only specimen available from the type locality.

Two adult females from Bahr-el-Ergig River, south of
Ft. Lamy, Lake Chad district, appear to belong to the

u2

36 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

western race, agreeing Avell in colour and markings, though
they have the wing 179 and 182 mm. respectively.

Range. West Africa, Senegal, Gambia, Serikin, Kudu,
nr. Ibi, Benue River, and probably to Lake Chad.

Pterocles quadricinctus lowei C. Grant, op. cit.

Darker, more broadly marked, less " bloom" above.

Wing: S (J measured) 183-201 mm. ; ? (4 measured)
177-187 mm. Two young males measure 187 and 176 mm.
respectively.

Range. Nile Valley, Abyssinia, Uganda, B.E.A., and
west to el Obeid, Kordofan.

23. Vinago waalia. Bruce's Fruit-Pigeon.

Columba ivaalia Gmelin, Bruce's Reisen in das lunern von
Africa, 1791, p. 31 : Tcherkin, nr. Lake Tsana, Abyssinia.

Gmelin does not give any defined locality, but in the
* Travels to discover the Source of the Nile,' vol. v. 1790,
p. 186, Bruce tells us he discovered the Waalia on the road
to Tcherkin. Therefore this place, which is just north of
Lake Tsana, becomes the type locality.

a, b. S ad. Kittigom, Chua Dist., 2850 ft. Feb. 20, 21.

Both are in good dress and not worn.

Total length in flesh: 12| & 13 inches. Wing: 170 &
178 mm.

[Irides blue and red ; bill bluish white, dull red at base ;
feet yellow, claws grey. Very common.]

21. Vinago calva salvadorii. Salvadori's Bald-fronted
Fruit-Pigeon.

Vinago calva salvadorii Dubois, P. Z. S. 1897, p. 784 :
Eastern and Central Tropical Africa.

a,b. ^ ? ad. Araala River, 5400 & 5500 ft. Oct. 11 & 18.

c. ? ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 20.

The female is duller and has less vinaceons on the wing
than the male. Both are in good dress and the male is
moulting. The female from Mt, Maroto is rather worn and
darker than the other specimen.

Total length in flesh : S IH inches; ? 12 & IH inches.

Wing: ^ 167 mm. ; ? 172 & 167 mm.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 37

[Irides blue edged with red ; bill greenish horn or bluish
white, red at base ; legs and toes red. In the female the
bill is bluish white, basal half red.]

I have compared all the series in the Museum Collection,
and cannot see any difference between Coliimba calva Temm.
& Knip (Pig. i. 1811, p. 35, pi. vii. : coasts of Loango and
Angola) and V. nudirostris Swainson (' Birds of Africa,'
vol. ii. 1837, p. 205 : Senegal, cf. p. 203), which therefore
becomes a synonym.

Vinago calva sharpei Reichenow (Orn. Monatsb. 1902,
p. 45 : Oberguinea) is a pure synonym of V. nudirostris
Swainson.

There is certainly some variation between the east and
west coast birds, the eastern being perhaps rather brighter
and rather larger than the west coast l)irds, and I have
therefore maintained Dubois' " salvadoi'ii." Birds from both
coasts almost lack the grey nuchal band, the conspicuousness
or otherwise of which is probably due to age.

The range of the two races 1 recognise appears to be as
follows : —

Vinago calva calva Temm.

Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gold Coast
Colony, Nigeria, Cameroons south to Angola east to Welle
River and Upper Congo, Islands of Principe and Fernando
Po, cf. Bannerraan, Ibis, 1914, p. 629.

Vinago calva salvadorii Dubois.

German East Africa, British East Africa, Uganda, across
Ruwenzori and the Semliki Valley into eastern Belgian
Congo.

25. Columba guinea longipennis. East African Speckled
Pigeon.

Columba guinea longipennis Reichw. Vog. Afr. i. 1901,
p. 402 : Ugogo, East Africa.

a. S ad. 7 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3800 ft. Dec. 29.

b. S ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 24.
Both are in good clean phimage.

Total length in flesh : 14 & 1 U inches. Wing : 224 &
231 mm.

38 Mr, C, H. B, Grant on a CoUection of

[Irides yellow, bordered exteriorly with red ; bare skin
round eyes red ; bill dark brown or black, nostrils grey ;
legs and toes pinkish flesh. Tolerably common.]

In naming these birds I have examined the whole series
it) the National collection, and have come to the conclusion
that there are only two races of Columha guinea. I have
upheld C. g. longipennis Eeichenow, as the east African
birds are somewhat larger than the west African, though
the differences are very slight.

Erlanger, in the J. £. O. 1905, p. 112, compares the Guinea
Pigeons from eastern, western, and southern Africa, and
finds that the eastern and southern specimens differ from
the north-eastern and western in the darker grey coloration,
and furthermore the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts are the same colour as the belly ; he appears to
place C. g. longipennis and C. g. u/iehensis as synonyms of
C. g. 'phaionota.

I fail to understand what he means, and cannot see any
difference in this respect between the western and eastern
birds ; the south African race C g. phoionota G. R. Gray
(List B. Brit. Mus. pt. iv. 1856, p. 32 : South Africa) is
undoubtedly quite distinct.

The two races are as follows : —

COLUMBA GUINEA GUINEA Liuu.

Colmnha guinea Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 176G, p. 282 :
Guinea, ex Edwards.

On the average smaller. Wing-measurement : 231-
212 mm.

Wing: Gambia, 231-218 mm. (not sexed). Gold Coast,
c? 212 mm. ; J 220 mm, Niger, 222 mm. (not sexed).

COLUMBA GUINEA LONGIPENNIS Rcichw.

On the average larger. Wing-measurement (both sexes) :
24:-214 mm..

Wing : Abyssinia, ^ 245-228 mm., ? 237 mm. ; Somali,
234) mm. (not sexed). Sudan, $ 219 mm. East Africa,
$ 238-.221mm.; % 230-214 mm, Kilimanjaro, $ 223 mm.;

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 39

227 mm., not sexed. Thus the males measure 2i5-219 mm.
and the females 237-21 1- mm.

Of this race, C g, uheliensis Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1898,
p. 82 : Iringa in Uhehe), wing 220 mm., is a synonym.

26. Colutnba arquatrix. Speckled Wood-Pigeon.
Columha arquatrix Temm. & Knip, Pig. i. 1808-13, fam.

secoiide, p. 1], pi. v. : Anteniquoi = Outeniqua, Knysna,
Cape Colony.

a. $ ad. Top of Mau Escarpment, 7200 ft. Sept. 29.

This bird agrees perfectly Avith specimens from the type
locality and is in quite good dress.

Total length in flesh : 15 j inches. Wing : 233 mm.

[Irides light brown; eyelids orange-yellow; bill yellow ;
legs and toes yellow. Very common amongst the thick
forest-trees.]

27. Turtur afra delicatula. Blue-spotted Wood-Dove.
Chalcopelia delicatula Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. xii. 1902,

p. 81 : Goz-abu-Gumar, White Nile.

a, b. c? ad. k, imm. Gondokoro, 1800 ft. Mar. 5.

The adult agrees perfectly with the type.

The immature specimen still retains some of the buflPy
markings on the tips of the wing-feathers.

Total length in flesh: ad. 9 inches; imm. 8^ inches.
Wing : 109 mm.

I agree with Mr. Sclater that there are three distinct
races of the Blue-spotted Dove {cf. 'Ibis/ 1912, p. 35).

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dull claret. Not
observed until we reached Gondokoro.]

28. Turtur chalcospilos. Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove.
Columba chalcospilos Wagl. Syst. Av., Col. 1827, sp. 83 :

Senegal.

a. S imm. E. of Mt. Leganisho, 6800 ft. Nov. 1.
h. ? ad. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 2900 ft. Nov. 24.

c. c? juv. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 23.

d. $ ad. Weiwei River, 3000 ft. Jan. 9.

40 Mr. C. H, B. Grarit on a Collection of

The adults are in good dress. The immature bird is an
moult and still retains a few feathers of the young dress.
The young bird ds also starting to assume the :adult
plumage.

Total length in flesh : c? 8^ & 8 inches ; ? 8 & 7-2
inches. Wing: (? 113 & 107 mm. ; ? 101 & 102 mm.

In naming these birds I have had to examine the whole
series in the National Collection ; and I agree with
:Mr. Sclater {cf. Ibis. 1912, p. 35) that there are no real
distinguishing characters between eastern and western and
southern specimens ; at least in colour.

Measurements of the wing give the fallowing results : —
West Africa, S 105-102 mm. : ? 99-98 mm. East Africa,
(? 115^104 mm. ^ ? 111-102 mm. South Africa, S 11)0-
105 mm. ; ? 109-106 mm.

Certainly the west African birds are rather smaller than
east and south African specimens, and should perhaps be kept
separate, though, as only four specimens are available, it
is possible that with a larger series the measurement of
105 mm. would be exceeded.

The single female specimen from Lake Ngami has the
wing 118 ram., though it corrcsj)onds in colour with the rest
of the series.

The named races of this Dove are as follows : —
Turtiir chalcospi/os chalcostpilos Wagl. Syst. Av., Col. sp. 83 :
Senegal.
„ ^, erlangeri Rchw. J. f. O. 1902. p. 134:

Angola.
„ „ ^•olkmanni Hchw. J. f. O. 1902, p. 134 :

Damaraland.
„ caffra Rchw. J. f. O. 1902, p. 134:

S.E. Africa.
^ „ somalica Erl. J. f. O. 1905, p. 134.:

South Somaliland.
„ ^, «cawMmfl Oberh. P. U.S. N. M. 1905,

p. .845: Mt. Kilimanjaro.
T agree with Obei'holsor that T. c. erlangeri is a syuonym
ol" T. c. cJui/cosj/i/os.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 41

If a much larger series should show that west African
birds are persistently smaller and Somaliland birds persist-
ently larger, then three races might be recognised as
follows : —

T. c. chalcospilos. West Africa.

T. c. volkmanni. Damaraland, east to Lake Ngami.

T. c. Cflffra. South, central, east, and north-east
Africa.

As regards the value of the names C. afra and C. chalco-
spilos. there is no doubt both are founded on the Turtur
senegalensis of Brisson (Orn. vol. i. 1760, p. 122) ; this name,
however, cannot be used, as it is merely a latinisation of
the French name and was not binomial. Brisson describes
tlie colour of the spots as " viridi-aurese splendentes in
violaceum mutautes sicut in coUo Anatino " : in other
words, tiie green spotted form. Linnaeus describes the
spots as " violaceo-azureis,'' and Wagler as " aureo-viridi,
in violaceum vergente.'^ Thus there can be no question
that Linnseus' name refers to the Blue-spotted Dove, and
Wagler's name to the Green-spotted Dove. This agrees
with Erlanger's views.

I have used the generic name of Turtur for this dove
as there is no doubt that C. afra of Linnaeus is the species
on which this genus is founded {rf. Boddaert, Tabl. Planch.
Enlum. 1783, p. 10, pi. 160). G. M. Mathews was appa-
rently the first to note this in Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910,
p. 503.

[Irides brown; bill black or plumbeous, greyish brown in
young; legs and toes red or claret, dull pinkish red in
young.]

29. Streptopelia semitorquata semitorquata. Red-eyed
Turtle-Dove.

Columba semitorquata Riipp. Neue Wirb. 1835, p. 66,
pL 23 : Tarantagebirge, N. Aljyssinia.

a. ? ad. A mala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 22.

i. $ ad. Mt. Maroto, 3700 ft. Jan. 24.

Both are somewhat worn and moultiuii-.

42 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collectmi of

Total length in flesh: J 13^ inches; ? 13| inches.

Wing: c? 19^ n^'i^- 5 ? 185 mm.

[Irides red ; bill black; legs and toes red.]

In examining the whole series of this Pigeon I can

recognise only three races as follows : —

Streptopelia semitorquata semitorquata Riipp.

Range. N.E. and E. to S.E. Africa generally.

Of this Turtur s. minor Erl. (J. f. O. 1905, p. 125 :
Koute Umfndu-Gobwen, S. Somaiiland, and Kismayu) ; and
T. s. intermedins Erl. (op. cit. p. 124: Roba-Schalo_, South
Shoa, and Harar), are synonyms.

Wing-measurements are as follows : — Abyssinia, ^ 192
mm.; ? 172 mm. Somaliland, (^ 197 mm.; ? 197 mm.
East Africa, ^ 190-177 mm.; ? 187-185 mm. Portuguese
East Africa, rT 191 mm.; ? 185-179 mm. Rhodesia and
Gazaland, c? 192 mm.; ? 187 mm. Upper Congo, 185 mm.
Transvaal, S 197-186 mm.; ? 189 mm. Zulaland, cT
193 mm. ; ? 185 mm.

Streptopelia semitorquata erytiirophrys Sw. Birds W.
Afr. ii. 1837, p. 207, pi. 22 : West Africa, Senegal.

Range. West Africa and Fernando Po.

Wing-measurements: INIainland, ^ 185-172 mm.; ?
176-172 mm. Fernando Po, S 179-169 mm.; ? 168-
169 mm.

Streptopelia semitorquata shelleyi Salvad. Cat. Birds
B. M. xxi. 1893, p. 419 : Kiger.

Range. Niger to Upper White Nile.

Wing measurements : J 179-169 mm. ; ? 175 mm.

30. Streptopelia capicola damarensis. Damaraland Turtle-
Dove.

Turtur damarensis Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. 1870,
p. 550 : Damaraland (Andersson), Gross - Namakaland
(^Levaill.).

a. S ad. Amala River, 5500 ft, Oct. 12.

b. cJ ad. Turkwel River, 1950 ft. Jan. 14.

The bird from Amala is rather worn and moulting, and
the other is in bright plumage and very little worn.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 43

Total length in flesh: 12^ & 11 inches. Wing: 163&
155 mm.

The Araala specimen agrees perfectly n^ith specimens from
Damaraland, and I cannot recognise T. c. tropica Reichw.
(Oru. Monatsb. x. 1902, p. 139: East Africa) as distinct.

The specimen from the Turkwel River is much lighter in
colour and larger than the other from Amala and is, I tliink,
a female though marked as a male.

Certainly specimens from jNlt. Elgon and other parts of
British East Africa seem to be darker than S. c. damarensis,
but agree well with specimens of S. capicola capicola
{C. vinacea var. capicola Sundev. Krit. om Levaill. 1857,
p. 54-: Environs du Cap, cf LevaiU. Ois. d'Afr. vi. 1808,
p. 79) from south-east Africa.

[Irides brown ; bill black; legs and toes red. The Turk-
wel River bird has : Irides pale yellow, eyelids red ; bill
black ; legs and toes red. Common in the dry country.]

31. Streptopelia lugens. Dusky Turtle-Dove.

Columha lugens Riipp. Neue Wirb. 1835, p. 64, pi. 22 :
Dongola, Abyssinia.

a,b. J ? • Hills south of Narossura, 7200 ft, Nov. 4.

Both are in good plumage, the male being rather worn on
the tail.

Total length in flesh : 11^ inches. Wing: ^ 178 mm.;
V 172 ram.

There is no difi"ereuce in coloration between the male and
female.

[Irides reddish brown, male lighter, around eyes red ;
bill bluish brown ; legs and toes red. Appears to be quite
common.]

32. Stigmatopelia senegalensis senegalensis. Senegal
Turtle-Dove.

Columha senegalensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 283 : Senegal.

a. S dL([. Narossura River, 5000 ft. Nov.. 16.

b. ? juv. Annamuget, Bakoro, 3700 ft. Feb. 2.

44r Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

The male is in good dress and but slightly worn. The
young bird is moulting from the young to the adult
dress.

Total length in flesh: ad. 10^ inches; juv. ]0^ inches.
Wing: ad. 133 mm.; juv. 130 mm.

\^Ad. Irides brown, eyelids red ; bill black ; legs and toes
red. Juv. Legs and toes claret.]

In naming this bird I have been carefully through the
whole series in the British ]\Iuseum, and I fail to see more
than two races on the mainland of Africa and one from the
Island of Socotra, three in all as follows : —

Stigmatopelia senegalensis senegalensis Litin.

Range. West, East, and South Africa.

Wing-measurements as follows : — Abyssinia, J" 141-135
mm. Somaliland, c? 137 mm. East Africa, c^ 140-134 mm.;
? 134-131 mm. Congo, S 133 mm. Tanganyika, J 134
mm. Nyasaland, S 137-131 mm. West Africa, (J 144-
131 mm.; ? 135-132 mm. (two specimens unsexed from
Senegal 138 and 136 mm. respectively). South Africa,
^ 138-135 ram.; ? 134-132 mm. (one $ from Woodbush,
N.E. Transvaal, 139 mm.).

Arabian birds also appear to belong to this lace. S > wing
134-131 mm.

I cannot recognise T. s. aguatorialis Erl. (Orn. Mouatsb.
xii. 1904, p. 98 : Menaballa, Route Harar, Adis-Abeba, and
Harar) ; it therefore becomes a synonym.

Stigmatopelia senegalensis ^gyptiaca Lath.

Columba (sgyptiaca Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 1790. p. 607, no. 49 :
Egypt.

I have gone into the name given by Forskal to this race
(^Columba testaceo-incarnata, Descript. Animal. Av. 1775, p. 5 :
Egypt), and find that on p. vi. he gives the name of incarnata
and on p. 5 the name of testaceo-incarnata ; T am of opinion,
therefore, that although Sherborn has included the name in
his Index Animalium, 1902, Forskal's name is not binomially
correct and cannot stand.

Size large, and dark iii colour.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 45

Range. Egypt and Palestine.

Wing-measurements: Egypt, (5* 152-148 mm.; ? 145 mm.
Palestine, $ 139 mm., one unsexed 142 mm.

Stigmatopelia senegalensis sokotr.e C. Grant.

Streptopelia senegalensis sokotrce Claude Grant, Bull.
B. O. C. vol. XXXV. 1914, p. 19: Hadibu Plain, N. Sokotra.

Paler, and size somewhat smaller than S. s. senegalensis.

Type c? ad. Hadibu Plain, N. Sokotra. 12th Dec, 1898
(W. R. Ogilvie-Grant & H. O. Forbes). Wing: 129 mm.

Range. Island of Socotra.

Wing-measurements : ^ 133-123 mm.; ? 127-123 mm.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant and Dr. Forbes in their paper on the
Birds of Sokotra, " Nat. Hist, of Sokotra & Abd el Kuri,"
Aves, 1903, p. 56, in speaking of this dove, state that it
" has the forehead, chin, and throat, and sometimes the
lower breast distinctly paler than Arabian examples of this
species.'^

This, coupled with the small size, compels me to separate
this form from either of the mainland races.

The one unsexed specimen from ^Muscat in the Museum
collection has the wing 128 mm., and though small, agrees
in coloration with Arabian specimens.

33. (Ena capensis. Long-tailed African Dove.
Columba capensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766^ p. 286 :
Cape of Good Hope {ex Brisson).

a. (^ ad. Loita. Oct. 5.

b. $ ad. Kamchuru, Lobor dist., 3250 ft. Feb. 12.

c. S <'cl. 20 miles E. of Nimule, 2200 ft. Feb. 25.
The specimen from Loita is in good clean dress, and the

other two are both a little faded.

Total length in flesh : (J 10 & 7| inches (tail of the last
imperfect) ; ? 9| inches. Wing : (J 106 & 101 mm. ^
? 101 mm.

I am afraid I cannot recognise CE. c. aiionynia Ober-
holser (P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxviii. 1905, p. 843 : plains east
of Mt. Kilimanjaro) ; all specimens I have examined

46 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

seem to vary slightly, and I cannot see any tangible differ-
ence between specimens from the Cape and those from east
Africa.

[(5*. Irides dark brown ; bill red, tip yellow; legs and
toes red. ? . Similar, except bill reddish black.]

34.. Tympanistria tympanistria. White-breasted Wood-
Dove.

Columba tympanistria Temm. & Knip, Pig. 1808-11, i.
fam, sec. p. 80, pi. 36 : " La partie meridionale de TAfrique,
vers le pays des Cafres.^'

a. ? ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 24.

In good dress, rather darker on the head than specimens
from south Africa.

Total length in flesh : 8i inches. Wing : 112 mm.

[Irides dark brown; bill pinkish brown; legs and toes
dull claret-colour.]

35. Limnocorax niger. Black Rail.

RaUus niger, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 717 :
Cape of Good Hope.

a. ? ad. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 19.

b. ? juv. Narossnra River, 5000 ft. Nov. 13.

c. S iinm. N.E. slopes Nakwai Hills, 3600 ft. Feb. 8.
Total length in flesh: ad. 8 inches; imm. 8f inches;

juv, 7i inches. Wing : juv. 99 mm.; iram. 101 mm.

The adult is in full moult and the wings are in full
'^flapper" state, i.e., moulting altogether.

The young bird is apparently in first dress- The immature
is not moulting and is in clean dress, being similar to the
adult, but having ashy edges to the feathers, both above and
below.

These birds agree with specimens from the type locality.

\_Ad. Irides red, eyelids red ; bill green ; legs and toes
coral-red. Imm. Irides red, eyelids red ; bill green ; legs
and toes dull red. Jav. Irides red; bill dirty green : legs
and toes reddish brown. Common, but seldom seen on
account of its retiring habits.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 47

36. Gallinula chloropus meridionalis. African Moorhen.

Stagnicola meridionalis Brelim^ Yogelf. 1855, p. 331 :
South Africa.

a. ? imm. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 1,3^ inches, AYing : 145 mm.

This example is moulting on the bodj^ alone from first to
second plumage (cf. Moults of G. c. chloi'opus, Ibis, 1914,

p. 3oa).

[Irides reddish brown; bill greenish and red; legs and
toes green. Common.]

To prove the validity or otherwise of this subspecies I
have had to examine the whole of the G. chloropus group,
and have come to the following conclusions : —

Gallinula chloropus chloropus Linn.

Fulica chloropus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 258 :
South Europe.

Gallinula minor Hartl. (J. f. O. 1860, p. 341 : Senegal)
is a synonym of G. atigulata ; and Stagnicola minor Brehm
(Vogelf. 1855, p. 331 : Germany) is a synonym of
G. c. chloropus.

Bartgc. Europe generally, Arabia, Egypt, and Azores.

Wing measurements : ^ 188-173 mm.; ? 177-167 mm.

Indian, Ceylonese, Chinese and Japanese birds are in
every way similar to those from Europe except that they
are slightly smaller ; they should perhaps bear the name
of:—

G. c. PARViFRoxs Blyth.

Gallinula parvifrons Blyth, J. A. S. Bengal, xii. 1843,
p. 180 : nr. Calcutta.

G. burnesi Blyth (J. A. S. Bengal, xxiii. 1854, p. 737)
was founded on a drawing by Burnes of a bird from
Kabul, which is stated to have no white under tail-coverts
and no white flank-stripes. I can find no bird from Asia that
accords with this description.

The " less developed shield ^' is no character, and it must
be borne in mind that Blyth compared his Calcutta bird with
one from Mauritius.

48 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Wing-measurements: ^ 175-155 mm.; ? 16.2-159 mm.;
(^ from type loc. 162 mm.

Range. India, Ceylon, China, and Japan, and perhaps
Tibet; two specimens from the latter country have the
wing 157 mm. & 180 mm., the last being a male.

Gallinula chloropus orientalis Horsf.

Gallinula orientalis Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1820, p. 195 :
Java.

Small, and with distinct blue on the wing-coverts.

Wing-measurements: J" 1(50-152 mm.; sexed and uusexed
166-145 mm., type 145 mm. One from Sumatra has the
wing only 129 mm.

Range. Java, Sumatra, and the Celebes.

Five specimens from Luzon and Formosa seem to be
rather intermediate between G. c. orientalis and G, c. parvi-
frons. Tlicir wings measure 175-166 mm,, two sexed males
170 mm, & 166 mm.

Gallinula chloropus mrridionalis Brehm,

Of this, Stagnicola brachyptera Brehra (Vogelf. 1855,
p, 331 : Middle Africa) is a synonym.

Small, with distinct blue on wing-coverts.

Apparently only distinguishable from G. c. orientalis by
its shorter toes.

Wing-measurements: (^ 175-147 mm,; ? 165-153 mm.

Range. Africa generally, except Egypt; it also occurs
on the islands of St, Thomas and Annobon as recorded by
Mr. D. A. Bannennan in his paper in this number of the
Ibis*.

Gallinula chloropus pykrhorhoa Newt,

Gallinula pyrrhorho a A. Newton, P. Z. S, 1861, p. 18:
Mauritius.

Under tail-coverts deep buff colour.

Wing-measurement : 175-162 mm.

Range. Mauritius and Madagascar.

G. frontata, from Bouru, Cerara, and Celebes, coincides
in its distribution with G. c. orientalis in the latter locality

• Cf. p. 116.

Birds from British East Africa arul Uganda. 49

and is quite distinct, being large, dark, with no flank
stripes or only the merest indications, and having the legs
dark red.

37. Fulica cristata. Crested Coot.

FuUca cristata Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 704 :
Madagascar.

a, b. 9 ad. & imm. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 3
& 6

Total length in flesh: ad. 17 inches ; imra. 17| inches.
Wing: ad. 129 mm.; imm. 193 mm. Weight of immatui'e :
\\ lbs.

Both are in good dress. The immature, besides having
browner flight- feathers, has the shield and knobs on the
head considerably smaller.

In the National Collection there is only one specimen
from the type locality, an immature bird, which agrees
perfectly with birds of the same age from the mainland of
Africa.

\_Ad. Irides red ; bill bluish white, crown white,
" horns ^^ red; legs and toes plumbeous. 1mm. Irides
brown ; bill bluish horn ; legs and toes plumbeous.
Abundant.]

38. Poliocephalus ruficollis capensis. African Little
Grebe.

Podiceps capensis Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i.
1881, p. 252: South Africa.

a,b.S ? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : ^ 10^ inches; ? 9^ inches. Wing:
(J 103 mm. ; ? 91 mm.

The male is in full summer dress and the female is
moulting on the chest and may not be fully adult, as the
chestnut of the neck and the black of the chin and throat
are intermixed with white.

These specimens- agree quite well with others from the
type locality.

[Irides brown ; bill black, greenish horn in ? , bare skin

SKR. X. VOL. HI. K

50

Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Text-fior. 2.

A. Head of Podiceps ovist atus cristatus.

B. Head of Podiceps cristatus infuscatus.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 51

yellow, greenish yellow in ? ; legs and toes black and olive-
green, black on outside in ? , Stomach contained aquatic
insects. Very common.]

39. Podiceps cristatus infuscatus. African Great Crested
Grebe. (Text-figure 2 B.)

Podiceps infuscatus Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i.
1884., p. 251 : Lago Kilole (Adda Galla).

a. ^ ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 23^ inches. Wing: 187 mm.

In full summer dress.

This is quite a distinct subspecies, and besides having the
upper parts and the flanks darker than in P. cristatus
cristatus Linn. (Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 222 : Europe),
as pointed out by Salvadori and recognised by Sharpe (cf.
Ibis, 1892, p. 545), has no trace of a superciliary streak, as
was apparently fiirst noticed by Guruey {cf. Ibis, 1885, p. 350).
This character is as noticeable in winter as in summer dress.

The figure of the head in Stark & Sclater's ' Fauna of South
Africa,' iv. 1906, p. 510, does not truly represent either one
or the other ; according to the artist, Mr. Gronvold, it was
drawn from a South African specimen, and a faint line,
visible on the drawing, has been pointed out to me as meant
to separate the white lores from the dark feathering over
the eye.

This same figure has been used in C. J. Patten's 'Aquatic
Birds of Gt. Britain and Ireland,' 1906, p. 515, and
emphasises once again the folly of publishing in any work
figures or plates of a species that have not been drawn from
a specimen taken in the country or that part of it to which
the work alludes.

Range. The African Great Crested Grebe is probably found
over the greater part of Africa, except possibly Algeria and
Tunisia, where it is replaced by the European bird.

If further evidence is required to show that the African
bird is distinct from the European, it is that during the
winter months in the Northern Hemisphere, when the

E 2

52 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

"European birds are in full winter dress, the African birds
are in full summer dress.

[Irides reddish brown ; bill brownish horn, tip of lower
mandible lighter ; legs and toes mottled yellow and black.
Many seen, shy and difficult to shoot.]

40. Hydrochelidon leucoptera leucoptera. White-winged
Tern.

Sterna leucoptera Temm. Man. d'Ornith. 1815, p. 483:
Coasts of the Mediterranean.

a. ^ imm. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 9^ inches. Wing : 205 mm.
Bill : 25 mm.

This bird is practically in full winter dress, but still
retains a few of the immature feathers in the wings
and tail.

In naming this bird I have gone through the whole series
in the National Museum, both of this species and H. nigra
Linn. (Syst. Nat. 10th ed, 1758, p. 137: Europe), and have
noted the following differences between the species in winter
and immature dress : —

H. I. leucoptera. — Adult winter. Appeai'ance of crown and
nape lighter (actually the black is much blacker), feathers
more broadly edged with white, giving a very mottled
appearance. Above lighter grey.

Young. On the average more white on forehead, and much
whiter rump.

H. nigra. — Adult ivinter. Appearance of crown and nape
darker (actually the black is more sooty). Above darker
grey.

Young. On the average less white, often more fulvous, on
forehead, and much greyer rump.

At all times and at all ages the bill of H. leucoptera is
shorter than that of H. nigra., i. e. H. leucoptera, 22-25 mm.,
and H. nigra, 26-28 mm., taking adults only.

Specimens in the Museum show that H. leucoptera is found
commonly in Africa, both east and west, and south to Cape
Colony ; H. nigra is apparently a rare visitor, as there are

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 53

only three specimens in the Museum collection, two from
Fantee and one from Victoria, Cameroon.

As reo^ards the names, Sterna fissipes Linn. (Syst. Nat.
12th ed. i. 1766, p. 228 : South Europe), and Sterna cinerea
Gm. (Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 607 : Italy), are both very
indeterminate, but I think that the former applies more to
H. nigra and the latter more to H. leucoptera in changing
plumage, though it is impossible to decide the question with
any certainty.

[Irides brown; bill black ; legs and toes red. Several seen.]

41. Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica. Africau Gull-billed
Tern.

Sterna nilotica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 606 :
Egypt.

a b. (^ '^ ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : (J 15 inches ; ? 14 inches.
Wing : (^ 327 mm.

Both examples are in moult and rapidly assuming the full
"winter dress. In the female the first primaries are only
partly grown and the wing cannot therefore be measured.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dark brown.
Several seen.]

42. Larus cirrhocephalus. Grey-Headed Gull.

Larus cirrhocephalus Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxir
1818, p. 502 : Brazil.

a, b, c. ? imm. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

One with a rather shorter bill, 30 mm. as against 35 and
37 mm. of the other two, has the [bill pinkish brown, tip
black; legs and toes reddish flesh]. Except for the bill the
bird is similar to the other two.

Total length in flesh ; 15^, 15|, 16 inches. Wing : 287,
291, 305 mm.

All are a little worn and one is in second dress, ^. e. the
dress that is assumed by the first autumn moult and which
is retained till the following autumn moult.

I am unable to see any character that separates African
from American specimens.

54 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

It is worthy of note that, so far as I can learn, the exact
breeding-place of this bird is not known, and the eggs have
not yet been described. The eggs in the British Museum,
collected by Holland in the Argentine and recorded in the
Cat. of Birds' Eggs (E. Gates), vol. v. 1901, p. 207, pi. xvi.
fig. 5, are without doubt those of L. maculipennis Licht, (Verz.
Doubl. 1823, p. 83: Monte Video); and I should not be
surprised to learn that the breeding- place of this species
was not in South America, especially as ray own observations
in the Argentine showed that L. cirrhocephalus left during
the breeding-season [cf. Ibis, 1911, p. 475).

On going through the dated adults in the National Col-
lection the following shows the months during which they
occur on the two continents : — Ajrica : January, February,
March, May, June, July, August, November and December.
South America : March, April, May, July, September,
November and December.

This certainly seems to point to the bird being found
throughout the year on both continents and is in contra-
diction to my own observation quoted above.

Sir Frederick Jackson says that this gull breeds com-
monly on Lake Naivasha, but I have not been able to
examine eggs in support of this.

[Irides brown ; bill light brown, tip darker; legs and toes
yellowish flesh. Common.]

43. Sarciophorus tectus. Senegal Plover.

Charadrius tectus Bodd. Tab. PL Enl. d'llist. Nat. 1783,
p. 51 : Senegal, ex Brisson.

a. cJ ad. 16 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3550 ft. Dec. 29.

Total length in flesh : 11^ inches. Wing : 195 mm.

This bird is in quite good dress, very little worn. The
white underparts are stained with sandy, due to the nature
of the ground on which the bird was shot.

As regards S. latifrons Reichenow (Ornith. Centralb. 1881,
p. 79: Berdera, B. Juba), I cannot, with the specimens before
me, see any dift'erence either in the white band of the fore-
head or in general colour between western and eastern birds.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 55

The following measurements of the wings also show very
little difference in this respect : —

Western : 193-180 mm. Two sexed males, 190-189 mm.

Eastern : 202-173 mm. Sexed males, 195-189; females,
192-173 mm.

[Irides yellow; bill red, tip black, wattles red; legs and
toes red.]

44. Afribyx senegallus. Wattled Spur-winged Plover.
Parra senegallus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 259 :

Senegal.

a. ? ad. 50 miles S. of Gondokoro. Mar. 1.

Total length in flesh : 13| inches. Wing : 228 mm.

In good plumage, just a little worn.

This bird may not be fully adult as it has not yet assumed
the black on the abdomen, or the black tip to both mandibles,
which cliaracters do not appear to be sexual or seasonal.

[Irides greyish yellow; upper wattle red, lower yellow ;
eyelids yellow ; bill yellow, tip of upper mandible black ;
legs and toes yellow. Tolerably common and nesting.]

45. Hoplopterus spinosus. Egyptian Spur-winged Plover.
Charadrius spinosus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,

p. 151 : Egypt.

a. S ad. Lake Hannington, 3700 ft. Dec. 25.
Total length in flesh : 11;^ inches. Wing : 198 mm.
In very worn and bedraggled plumage.
[Bill black ; legs and toes black.]

46. Hoplopterus armatns. Black-and-white Spur-winged
Plover.

Charadrius armatus Burchell, Travels, i. 1822, p. 501 :
Klaarwater or Griquatown, Cape Colony.
a. ? ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 4.
Total length in flesh : \\\ inches. Wing : 215 mm.
In clean fresh dress, still moulting.
[Irides red ; bill black ; legs and toes black.]

56 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

47. Stephaniljyx coronatus. Crowned Lapwing.
Charadrius coronatus Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl, d'llist. Nat.

1783, p. 49 : Cape of Good Hope.

a. S ad. Mt. Suswa, Sept. 27.

Total length in flesh : llf inches. Wing : 202 mm.

In rather worn dress and moulting.

[Irides yellow ; bill red, tipped with black ; legs and toes
red. Very common and several seen close to camp.]

48. Stephanibyx melanopterus. Black-winged Lapwing.
Charadrius melanopterus Cretzschm. Atlas, 1826, p. 46,

pi. 31, published 1829 {of. Oken, Isis. 1829, xxii. p. 1291) :
Djedda, Red Sea.

a. ^ ad. Narossura Plateau, 8100 ft. Nov. 1.

Total length in flesh : lOf inches. Wing : 211 mm.

In somewhat worn plumage.

The difl'crences between this species and S. inornatus Sw.
(Birds W. Afr. ii. 1837, p. 239: Senegal) are well marked.

The name Charadrius Ivgubris Lesson (Diet. Sc. Nat. xlii.
18*^6, p. 36) apparently has priority over Vanellus inornatus
Swainson and should be used. No type locality was given,
but I designate Senegal.

The two main characters lie in the warm bronzy colour of
the back of <S. melanopterus compared with the cold oily green
back of S. Ivyubris { = S. inornatus)^ and in the wing of the
former measuring 225-201 mm. as against 183-169 mm. of
the latter. There is also apparently some difference in the
soft parts (c/. Ibis, 1912, p. 59).

I have been unable to examine specimens of S. melano-
pttrus from the type-locality, and the figure in the ' Atlas '
shows a very brown-backed bird, which may, however, be
merely due to the artist.

As regards the S. m. minor Zedlitz (J. f. O. 1908, p. 180 :
South Africa), there appears to be very little diflFerence be-
tween south, east, and north-esst African specimens; the
colour is the same, the frontal forehead band is a very
yariable quantity, and the wings measure respectively; from

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 57

south Africa 215-201 mm., east Africa 213-205 mm., and
north-east Africa 225-214 ram.

In these days of careful geographic work it is a pity a
more definite locality has not been given for the tyj)e.

[Irides yellow, eyelids red ; bill black ; legs and toes
dull red.]

49. Eupoda asiatica. Asiatic DottcT'cl.

Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, Reise Russ. R, ii. 1773,
p. 715 : S. Tartary.

a,b. S <} iram. Loita, 6300 ft. Nov. 28.

c. ? imra. Turkwel River, 2000 ft. Jan. 11.

d, e. S ad. Bakoro Plain, 3500 ft. Feb. 3.

Total length in flesh: ad. Qi inches; imm. 9 & 8| inches.

Wing : ad. 156 & 150 mm. ; imm. ^ 146 mm. ; $ 150
& 147 mm.

The immature females are in clean plumage and not
moulting : the male is moulting.

One of the two adults is moultiTig on the bodv.

\_Ad. Irides brown ; bill black ; legs greyish flesh, feet
darker. Imm. Irides brown ; bill black ; hgs and toes
greenish grey. In small flocks.]

50. Afroxyechus tricollaris. Tri-collared Sand-Plover.
Charadrius tricollaris Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii.

1818, p. 147 : Africa. Africa meridionalis, Wagl. Syst. Av.
1827, p. Q7 . I designate nr. Cape Town.

a, b. ? ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 4.

c. $ imm. Ainala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 11.

Total length in flesh : 6^ & 7 inches. Wing : 116, 108,
& 105 mm.

All are in moult, the immature still retaining some of the
young dress on the wings and tail.

[Irides light brown, eyelids red ; bill black, basal half
yellow, orange, or flesh-colour ; legs and toes flesh, yellov\i^h
flesh, or dusky flesh-colour. Tolerably common on the salt-
ruarshes.]

58 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Couection of

51. Himantopus himantopus. European Stilt.
Charadrius himantopus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,

p. 151 : Egypt ex Hasselquist.

fl, b. ? imm. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 4.

Total length in flesh: 14^ inches. Wing: 214 & 213 mm.

Both are in young plumage and are starting to assume
the adult feathering on the body.

[Irides reddish brown; bill black, base of lower mandible
pink or flesh-colour; legs and toes bluish pink or bluish
flesh. Plentiful.]

52. Tringa stagnatilis. Marsh Sandpiper.

Totanus stuyautilis Bechst. Taschenb. Deutschl. ii. 1803,
p. 292 : Germany.

a. (J ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 12.

Total length in flesh : 9^ inches. Wing : 132 mm.

Moulting into winter dress, the old feathers being very-
worn and rusty.

[Irides brown ; bill black, greenish at base ; legs and toes
dirty green. Common.]

53. Tringa ochropus. Green Sandpiper.

Tringa ocrophus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 149:
Sweden.

a. ? ad. Mau. Dec. 2.

Total length in flesh : 10 inches. Wing : 152 mm.

Still moulting into winter plumage on the body.

[Irides brown ; bill olive- green , legs and toes yellowish
grey. Several seen.]

54. Tringoides hypoleucos. Common Sandpiper.

Tringa hypoleucos Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 149:
Sweden.

a. ? iram. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft, Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 8 inches. Wing : 109 mm.

Moulting in the wings only.

[Irides brown; bill dark green ; legs and toes plumbeous
flesh.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 59

55. Pisobia minuta. Little Stint.

Tringa minuta Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturgesch.
Deutsch. 1812, p. 74: Germany.

a. ? ad. Lake Naivaslia, 6700 £t. Dec. 6.

Total length in flesh : 6 inches. Wing : 9-4 ram.

In full fresh winter dress.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dark brown.
Several seen.]

56. Gallinago nigripennis. Black-qnilled Snipe.
Galliaago nigripennis Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. 1832^

text to pi. 43. p. 4 : Cape of Good Hope.

a. S imm. Mau, 9100 ft. Dec. 2.

Total length in flesh : Hi inches. Wing : 130 mm.

In clean dress and very little worn. The light tips to the
primaries show that this specimen is not fully adult.

[Irides brown ; bill brown, dirty green at base ; legs and
toes greyish yellow. Appears to be common.]

57. Gallinago gallinago. Common Snipe.

Scolopav gallinago Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 147 :
Sweden.

a. S ad. Loita, 6400 ft. Oct. 4.

Total length in flesh : 10^ inches. Wing : 135 mm.

In good dress and but little worn,

[Irides brown; bill light brown, black at tip; legs and
toes dull green. Several seen.]

58. Actophilus africanus. African Jacana.

Parra africana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 709 :
Africa, I designate Abyssinia.

a. ? ad. River Naam, 3150 ft. Feb. 16.

Total length in flesh : 13 inches. Wing : 167 mm.

In good plumage, very little worn.

[Irides brown ; bill and crown bluish grey ; legs and toes
bluish grey. Stomach contained aquatic insects. Quite
common and tame.]

60 Mr. C. H . B. Grant on a Collection of

59. Cursorius temminckii. Temrninck's Courser.
Cursorius temminckii Sw. Zool. Illustr. ii. 1822, pi. 106 :

Senegal {cf. Sw. Birds W. Afr. ii. 1837, p. 230).

a. ^ ad. Lemek Valley. Oct. 6.

b, c. ^ 2 ad. Kamchurn, L()borDist.,3200ft. Feb. 13.
Total length in flesh: 8 inches. Wing: (J 127 &

126 mm. ; $ 125 mm.

All three are in good clean dress; they are rather darl-
coloured specimens and have a dark tinge across the fore-
head ; tliey are, however, matched by specimens from boih
west and sonth Africa, and I can see no constant character
that differentiates the eastern birds.

[Irides brown; bill black, base of lower mandible whitish;
legs and toes cream or white. Contents of stomach, insects.
Tolerably common.]

60. Rhinoptilus africanus gracilis. Two-banded Courser.
Cursorius gracilis Kisch. & Reichw. J. f. O. 1884, p. 178 :

Masailand.

a. (J ad. Kijabe, 6200 ft. Sept. 24.

Total length in flesh: 8 inches. Wing: 132 ram.

In somewhat worn dress and moulting on body.

[Irides brown; bill black; legs and toes white. Seen
only two or three times.]

In naming this bird I have examined carefully all the
races of this Courser and have come to the following
conclusions : —

Rhinoptilus africanus africanus Temm.

Cursorius africayius Temra. Cat. Syst. Cab. Orn. 1807,
p. 175, and p. 263 : Namaqualand.

A large, rather pale form. Wing : 161-147 mm.

Range. Little and Great Namaqualand and Damaraland
across to Bechuanaland (part).

Of this Cursorius hicinctvs Temm. (Man. d'Orn. ii. 1820,
p. 515 : Interior of Africa, ex Le Vaillaut, as is Teraminck's

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. CI

africatius) ; Tachijdromvs coUaris Vieill. (N. Diet. d'Hist.
Nat. viii. 1817, p. 293: Africa. Africa mcridionali locis
sterilibus, cf. Wagl. Syst. Av. 1827, p. 81 ; a substitute name
for africnnus and founded on specimens in Temminck's
collection) ; and Cursorius grallator Leadbeater (Trans.
Linn. Soc. n. s. xvi. 1830, read Dec. 20, 1825, p. 92 : no
type locality), are synonyms.

Rhinoptilus africanus sharpei.

Rhinoptilus africanus sharpei Erlanger, J. f. O. 1905, p. 59 :
South-east Africa.

For modern work I consider the non-recording of a type
and the very vague type-locality given by Erlanger to be
inexcusable. However, to avoid creating further names I
use his name for this large dark race, and designate Deel-
foutein, central Cape Colony, as the particular type locality.

A large, dark form. Wing : 164—148 mm.

Range. Griqualand West, Bechuanaiand (part), central
Cape Colony to Orange River Colony and Transvaal.

Rhinoptilus africanus bisignatus Hartl.

Cursorius bisignatus Hartl. P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 87 : Ben-
guella, Angola.

A small, pale form. Wing : 135 mm.

Range. Angola.

Only one specimen, the type, is in the National collection
and is paler than east African birds. This character with a
larger series may prove to be constant, so that I prefer, for
the present, to keep the Angola race separate from the east
African race.

Rhinoptilus africanus gracilis Fisch. & Reichw.

Cursorius gracilis Fisch. & Reichw. J. f. O. 1884, p. 178 :
Masailand.

A small, somewhat dark race. Wing : 132-129 mm.

Range. German East Africa, British East Africa, and
Uganda.

62 Mr. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

Rhinoptilus africanus hartingi Shar[)e.
Rhinoptilus hartinqi Shai'pe, Bull. B, O. C. iii. 1893,
p. xiv : Somaliland.

A small rufous race. Wing : 145-130 mm.
Range. Somaliland.

61. Rhinoptilus cinctus cinctus. Heuglin's Courser.
Cursorius cinctus Heugl. Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

xix. 1856, p. 255 : Bahr el Abiad, i. e. White Nile.

In 'The Ibis' for 1863, p. 31, pi. i., Heuglin describes this
bird under the genus Henierodromus and gives the type-
locality as Gondokoro, White Nile.

a. S ad. N'gal)otok, Turkwel River, 2200 ft. Jan. 10.

Total length in flesh : 9| inches. Wing : 157 mm.

In good clean dress and still moulting slightly.

[Irides brown ; bill black, base yellow ; legs and toes
bluish flesh. Several seen in dry desert country, standing
beneath "wait-a-bit'' thorn bushes for shade.]

62. (Edicnemus senegalensis. Senegal Thick-knee.
CEdicnemus senegalensis Swains. Birds W. Afr. ii. 1837,

p. 228 : Senegal.

a, ^ iram. Lake Hannington, 3700 ft. Dec. 25.

b. ? ad. Kittigom, Chua Dist., 2850 ft. Feb. 21.
Total length in flesh: 16 inches. Wing: ad. 210 mm.;

imm. 207 mm.

The adult is quite worn, but is not yet moulting. The
immature is generally much more sandy in colour than the
adult.

[Irides yellow, eyelids yellow ; bill black, base yellow,
base yellowish green in immature ; legs and toes yellowish
grey, diity yellow in immature. Several seen ]

63. (Edicnemus capensis capensis. South African Thick-
knee.

(Edicnemus capensis Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 69 :
Cape of Good Hope.

a. ? ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Nov. 26.

Total length in flesh : 16| inches. Wing : 227 ram.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 63

[Trides yellow, eyelids yellow ; bill black, base yellow ;
legs and toes yellow, brownish in front.]

In naming this bird I have examined all the specimens
in the British Museum, and have come to the following
conclusions in regard to the various named races : —

(Edionemus CAPENsis CAPENSis Licht.

(Edicnemus capensis Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 69 :
Cape of Good Hope.

Range. South, south-west, south-east to east Africa, north
to Lado.

Wing : 243-214 mm. Three from Plettenberg Bay, Cape
Colony, the nearest I can find to the type-locality, have
the wing 229-228 mm.

Of this, CE. c. damarensis Rchw. (Vog. Afr. iii. Nachtr.
1905, p. 801 : German S.W. Africa) and CE. csungor
Madarasz (Arch. Zool. Budap. i. 1909, p. 11 : Schirati,
German East Africa), are synonyms.

The character in regard to the tail given by Madarasz is
not by any means constant, and I can only find it in two
specimens, one from Masailand, and the other from north
Guaso Nyiro; whereas all the others from German and British
East Africa agree with specimens from further south in every
detail.

QCdicnemus capensis affinis Riipp. Mus. Senck. ii. 1837,
p. 210 : Kordofan.

Range. Kordofan, Abyssinia, and Somaliland.

A smaller, very rufous race. Wing : 222-204 mm.

(Edionemus capensis dodsoni O. -Grant, Bull. B. O. C. x.
1899, p. xix. : Lahej, S. Arabia.

A small, greyer race with finer markings. Wing : 224-
220 mm.

I have been unable to examine specimens of G^. c. psam-
muchromus Reichw. (Vog. Afr. iii. Nachtr. J 905, p. 801 :
Hinterlande von Togo), or of CE. c. ehrenbergi Zedlitz (Orn.
Monatsb. 1910, p. 9: Dahlak Island, Red Sea), which I should
not be surprised to find is either CE. c. ajffinis or CE. c. dodsoni,
and most probably the former.

64 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Cullectiun of

64. Neotis cafra. Stanley Bustard.

Otis cafra Licht. Cat. Her. Nat, Rar. Hamb. 1793, p. 36 :
Kaffirlaiid.

a,b.S^ ^^- Amala River, 5400 £t. Oct. 16.

c. c? ad. S. Guaso Nyiro, 6600 ft. Nov. 29.

All are in good plumage, and there is no difference in
coloration between the sexes.

Total length in flesh : c? 41 & 39^ inches ; ? 42| inches.

Wing : c? 594 & 590 mm. ; ? 570 mm.

Weight : c? 15^ & 12 lbs. ; ? 13^ lbs.

I had at first thought that the east African bird was
different from the south African, but 1 have come to the con-
clusion that the two south Africau specimens in the British
Museum (one marked S. Africa, the type of 0. stanleyi Gray,
[Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 12 ] ; and the other from Potchefstroom)
are both immature, as they agree perfectly with a specimen
from British East Africa that is undoubtedly immature.

These differ from the adult in their smaller size, in being
much more sandy above, in having the lores, cheeks, and
ear-coverts distinctly huffy and more finely marked, and in
the grey of the neck and breast being vermiculated with
black and buffy.

The striking difference between the size of the adults and
young is shown as follows: — Young South African bird, no
sex, has the wing 446 mm.; a Potchefstroom female has the
wing 487 mm, ; one from B. E. A , no sex, has the wing
480 mm.; and the adults, on the other hand, have the wing :
a male in the British Museum from Lake Naivasha609 mm.,
and others as stated above.

[Irides brown; bill, upper mandible dark brown, lower
greenish ; legs and toes dirty white, dirty yellowish white, or
dirty cream. Tolerably common, usually in paiis.]

65. Otis hartlaubii. Hartlaub's Bustard.
Otis hartluubii Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 10 : Sennaar,
a. 9 ad. Bakoro, 25 miles E. Lobor Mts., 3500 ft.
Feb. 2.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. G5

Total length in flesh : 24^ inches. Wing : 306 mm.
[Irides yellow ; bill light horn, culmen black ; legs and
toes dirty cream-colour. Common.]

66. Otis senegalensis cauicollis. Grey-necked Bustard.
Otis caincoUis Reichw. Orn. Ceutralb. May 1881, p. 79 :

Berdera, R. Juba.

a. ? ad. Lemek Valley, 6400 ft. Oct. 6.

b, c. (J ? ad. Amala, 5500 ft. Oct. \lo.

d. (J ad. E. of Mt. Legauisho, 7000 ft. Nov. 1.

All are in good dress.

Total length in flesh: S 22^ & 23 inches; ? 22^ &
23 inches. Wing : c? 319 & 305 mm. ; ? 311 & 310 mm.
Weight : one female, 2^^ lbs.

In the orginal description Reichenow gives no type locality,
but in the July number of the J. f. O. of the same year he
distinctly states, " Hab. Berdera (xlfrica orieutalis)."

This proves that he is right in placing 0. s. somaliensis
Erl. (J. f. O. 1905, p. 82, Taf. ii. fig. 2: Gandakore,
nr. Harar) as a synonym of O. s. canicollis [cf. Vog. Afr. iii.
Nachtr. p. 802), and that Neumann is wrong in keeping these
distinct [cf. J. f. O. 1907, p. 307), but is right in attaching
these races to 0. senegalensis Yieiil.

I cannot, however, see the differences between this race
(0. s. canicollis) and the east African one, 0. s. erlangeri
Rchw. (Vog. Atr. iii. Nachtr. 1905, p. 802 : Matschako,
B.E.A.), which therefore becomes a synonym, and makes
one race from Somaliland to British and German East
Africa.

[Irides brown ; bill : tip horn or bluish horn, basal portion
yellow, around nostrils pink ; legs and toes dirty cream.
Quite common.]

67. Otis kori strutMunculus. North African Kori
Bustard.

Otis kori struthiunculus Neum. J. f. O. 1907, p. 306 :
Lake Zuai, Abyssinia.

a. ? ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 3.

SER. X. VOL. III. P

66 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

b. ? imm. Lemek Valley, 6600 ft. Oct. 6.

c. ? ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 19.
All are somewhat worn.

The young bird differs from the adult principally in its
smaller size and in being somewhat lighter above.

Total length in flesh: ad. 43| & 40A inches; imm.
36f inches. Wing: ad. 630 & 605 mm.; imm. 555 mm.

These three specimens agree Mell with the description of
this subspecies, and show the distinctive difference in the
lores and superciliaries when compared with the single
south African specimen before me of O. k. kori Burch.,
the type-locality of which is " Junction of Orange and Vaal
Rivers, Griqualand " (c/. Burchell, Trav. i. 1822, p. 391).

The wing in this south African bird measures 530 mm ,
The bird is undoubtedly immature, and besides showing the
mottled lores and superciliaries as pointed out by Neu-
mann, is distinctly more sandy above than the immature
bird from the Amala River.

[Adult. Irides yellow-brown or yellow, lower half pale
brown ; bill, upper mandible dark brown, lower greyish
white or black, base of lower mandible light horn ; legs
and toes dirty cream or dirty greenish white.

Immature. Irides yellow ; bill, upper mandible dark
horn, lower whitish ; legs and toes dirty white.

More commonly seen than the Stanley Bustard.]

68. Threskiornis asthiopica. Sacred Ibis.

Tantalus athiopicus Lath. Ind. Orn. 1790, p. 706:
^Ethiopia ; probably Egypt, cf. Bruce, Trav. to Disc. Source
of Nile, vol. V. App. i. 1790, p. 172, pi. 35.

a. S imm. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Totallength in flesh : 30^ inches. Wing : 382 mm.

The single example is moulting into adult feathering on
the wings.

This specimen matches very well the figure given by
Bruce.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and tors black. Quite
common.]

Birds from British East Africa and U(janda. CfJ

69. Plegadis falcinellus. Glossy Ibis.

Tantalus falcinellus Linn. Syst. Nut. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 211 : Austria.

a. ^ ad. Lake Naivaslia, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 22;^ inches. Wing : 272 mm.

In full winter plumage and a little worn.

[Irides brown ; bill plumbeous ; legs and toes brownish
black. Very common,]

70. Ibis ibis. African Wood Il)is.

Tantalus ibis Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 241 :
Egypt.

a. (^ imm. Guaso Nyiro, 6500 ft. Nov. 28.

Total length in flesh : 38^ inclies. Wing : 466 mm.

In immature brown dress and somewhat worn.

[Irides grey ; bill yellow ; head red ; legs and toes
greyish flesh, upper three inches of legs red. Stomach
contained grass and sand. The only one seen.]

71. Abdimia abdimii. White-bellied Stork.

Ciconia abdimii Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 76 : Dongola,
Egyptian Sudan.

a. S ad. Assua River, 20 miles E. of Nimule, 2100 ft.
Feb. 25.

Total length in flesh : 29^^ inches. Wing : 400 mm.

In quite good plumage, very little worn.

[Irides brown, bare skin blue, red spot in front of and
above eyes ; V-shaped patch on throat red ; bill dirty
green, tip red ; legs and toes dirty green, red at joint
of leg. Several seen flying round our camp.]

72. EphippiorhyTiclius seuegalensis. African Jabiru.
Micteria seneyalensis Shaw, Tr. Linn. Soc. vol. v. 1798,

p. 35, pi. 3 : Senegal.

a. ? ad. Naam River, Lakwa, 3150 ft. Feb. 16.
Total length in flesh: 51^ inches. Wing : 628 mm.
Weight : 11 lbs.

In good plumage; wings and tail somewhat worn.
[Irides yellow, eyelids red and yellow; bill red with

r2

68 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collectioji of

black band in centre, yellow patch on crown (forehead):
wattles yellow; legs black, joints red, feet red and black;
bare skin on breast red, edged with yellow and blue.
Stomach contained insects. Several seen for the first
time on the Naam River, where they were conspicuous
objects, wading with Herons, Ibises, Jacauas, etc.]

73. Leptoptilus crumeniferus. African Marabou.
CAconia crumenifei-a Less. Traite, 1831, p. 585 : Senegal.
a. S ad. E. of Mt. Leganisho, 6600 ft. Oct. 31.
Total length in flesh : 52^ inches. Wing : 685 mm.
Weight : 16 lbs.

Vei*y worn and in moult.

[Irides brown ; skin round eyes red. mottled with black ;
bill pale horn, black at base ; legs and toes white ?
Common everywhere.]

74. Scopus umtretta bannermani. Greater Hammer-
head.

Scopus umhretta bannermani Claude Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1914, p. 27 : Mt. Leganisho, Brit. East Africa.

Considerably larger than S. umbretta umbretta ; often
somewhat more asby below. Wing 300-330 mm.

Type, ? ad. Mt. Leganisho, B.E. Africa. Collected on
Oct. 31, 1912, by Willoughby P. Lowe. Wing 328 mm. ;
culmen 77 mm. ; tarsus 65 mm.

Named in honour of Mr. D. A. Bannerman.

a. ? ad. Mt. Leganisho, 6600 ft. Oct. 31.

b. S ad. Narossura River, 5000 ft. Nov. 15.

Total length in flesh : ^ 20^ inches ; ? 20| inches.
Wing: S 311mm.; ? 328mm.

The October bird is in fresh new dress, and the November
one is ratber worn and is moulting.

[Irides brown ; bill black; legs and toes black. Stomach
contained fish, frogs, dragonflies, and a newt. Common,
wherever water is found.]

It was first pointed out by Major Kelsall and Mr. D.
A. Bannerman (Ibisy 1914, p. 225) that the true Scopus

Birds f mm British East Africa and Uganda. 09

umhretta Gmelin (Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 618 : Africa^
Senegal, cf. Buffon, PI. Enl. n. 796) is quite a small bird,
having the wing 248-256 inra., as compared with 300-
330 ram. of other specimens from the rest of Africa. There-
fore the larger bird must in future bear the name of Scopus
umbretta bannermani.

Cepphas Scopus Wagl. (Syst. Av. 1827, p. 143) is a sub-
stitute name for Scopus umbretta.

Ardea fusca Licht. (Porst. Descr. Anim. 1844, p. 47 :
Cape of Good Hope) is preoccupied by Ardea jusca Lath.
(Ind. Orn. ii. 1790, p. 700: Cayenne).

Range. Scopus umbretta bannermani : All Africa, in-
cluding western Arabia and Madagascar, excepting Senegal
to Nigeria. Single birds from Angola and Madagascar have
rather shorter bills, but otherwise agree.

Scopus umbretta uitibretta.—Senegol to Nigeria.

75. Phoyx purpurea. Purple Heron.

Ardea purpurea Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 236 : France.

a. ? juv. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 5.

Total length in flesh : 33^ inches. Wing : 330 mm.

In fresh first plumage; feathers appearing on mantle are
first-plumage ones.

[Irides yellow, round eye greenish yellow ; bill striped
black, orange, and yellow; legs — lower half and feet dark
brown, upper half greenish yellow.]

76. Ardea melanocephala. Black-necked Heron.

Ardea melanocephala Vig. & Childr., in Denh. & Clapp.
Trav. ii. App. 1826, p. 201 : between Lake Chad and
the coast of Tripoli ; probably near or at Lake Chad.

a, b. ^ ad., (J imm. Assua River, 10 miles E. of Nimule,
2100 ft. Feb. 25.

Total length in flesh : ad. 35^ inches ; imm. 37 inches.
Wing : ad. 392 mm. ; imm. 382 mm.

The adult is in good clean dress ; the immature bird
is apparently in first dress.

70 Mv. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

[Adult. — Irides yellow, bare skin round eyes greyish
yellow; bill: upper mandible black, lower flesh-colour, tip
yellow ; legs and toes dark brown.

Immature similar, except lower mandible pinkish horn.

Stomach contained lizards, mice, and locusts. Several
een on the dry ground, away from tbe river.]

77. Ardea cinerea cinerea. Common Heron.

Ardea cinerea Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 143:
Sweden.

a, b. ? ad., ? imm. Turkwel River, 1950 & 2000 ft.
Jan. 12 & 1.3.

Total length in flesh : 3G inches. Wing : ad. 433 mm. ;
imm. 411 mm.

The adult is in good dress and is starting to assume by
moult the plumes of tbe breast and back. The immature
bird is in first dress and is rather worn.

[Adult. — Irides yellow; bill black, tip of upper mandible
yellow, lower dirty yellow ; yellow spot in front of eye ;
skin around eye greenish ; legs and toes brown, top of legs
greenish.

Immature. — Irides yellow; bill black, tip and base of
lower mandible yellowish ; yellow spot in front of eye ;
skin around eye greenish ; legs and toes blackish green.
The aduli was shot sitting in a thorn tree.]

78. Mesophoyx intermedius brachyrhynchus. Short-billed
White Heron.

Herodias brachyrhynchus Brehm, J. f. O. 1858, p. 471 :
Blue Nile, between 12° and 13° N. latitude.

a. ? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 27^ inches. Wing : 316 mm.

In quite good new dress, and having both dorsal and
breast plumes.

The character of the yellow upper half of the leg holds
quite good in all specimens that I have examined.

One female from Elea, Baro River, Sudan, in the National
collection, obtained by Zaphiro for Mr. McMillan, appears

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 71

ill the dry skin to have an altogether black leg, but if carefully
examined a difference can be noted and doubtless the upper
half of the leg was yellow ; though unfortunately no soft
parts are recorded on the label, except those of the eye.

[Irides yellow, skin around eye greenish yellow ; bill
yellow ; legs and toes black, upper half of leg yellow.
Common on Lake Naivasha.]

79. Egretta garzetta garzetta. Little Egret.

Ardea garzetta Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 237 :
" in Oriente."

a. ? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 25 inches. ^Ying : 265 mm.

Rather worn and moulting. Back and breast plumes
poor ; no nape plumes.

[Skin round eyes greenish yellow ; bill black, base of
lower mandible whitish brown; legs black, feet greenish
yellow.]

80. Butorides atricapilla. African Black-headed Heron.
Ardea atricapilla Afzelius, Kongl. Vet.-Akad. nya Handl.

Stockh. XXV. 1804, p. 264 : Sierra Leone.

a. ^ imm. Narossura River, 4950 feet. Nov. 12.

Total length in flesh : 18|^ inches. Wing : 172 mm.

In fresh first plumage.

[Irides yellow, above and below eye greenish yellow ;
bill black, lower half of lower mandible green ; legs and
toes green in front, yellow behind. Stomach contained
frogs. Only two seen.]

81. Bubulcus ibis. Bufi"-backed Egret.

Ardea ibis Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 144:
Egypt.

a. ? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length in flesh : 19^ inches. Wing : 240 mm.

In winter dress and still moulting. Somewhat worn.

[Irides yellow, round eye whitish yellow ; legs and toes
dark brown.]

72 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

82. Phceniconaias minor. Smaller Flamiugo.
Phcenicopterus minor GeofFr. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. 1798,

p. 98 : Senegal [cf. Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. 1817,
p. 520) .

a, b. ? ad., (^ jnv. Lake Hannington, 3700 ft. Dec. 25.

Total length in flesh: ad. 32^ inches ; juv. 29 inches.
Wing : ad. 330 ram. ; juv. 304 mm.

The adult is very worn and faded, and is apparentlj'^ in
summer dress. The young bird is moulting into a more
afUilt dress.

[Adult. Irides reddish yellow ; bill red, tip black ; legs
and toes red-

Juv. Irides brown ; bill dirty brown, bare ^kin of face
black; legs and toes grey.

Abundant ; no signs of P. roseus.]

83. Sarkidiornis melanotus africanus. African Knob-billed
Duck.

Sarkidiornis africanus Eyton, Men. Anat. 1838, p. 103 :
Gamba River, i. e. Gambia River, West Africa.

a. c? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 6.

Total length in flesh : 25^ inches. Wing : 316 mm.

In quite good dress, rather faded above in parts.

I can appreciate this race, which is always smaller
than specimens of Sarkidiornis melanotus melanotus (Anser
melanotus Penn. lud. Zool. 1769, p. 12, pi. xi. : Ceylon).

It is worthy of note that Pennant's original description
gives the " back and wings black, but the ends of the primary
feathers of a fine variable green,'' which does not appear to
be an absolutely correct description.

The copy of the first edition of Pennant^s work, examined
by me at the Linnean Society, is not dated, and I have
quoted the date 1769 from Sherborn, Ind. Anim. 1902,
p. xliii.

[Irides brown ; bill dark brown, tip of lower mandible
white; legs and toes grey. Only one seen.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 73

84. Alopochen aBgyptiacus. Egyptian Goose.

Anas a'gyptiaca Linu. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 197 : Egypt.

a ? ad. S. Guaso Nyiro, 6500 ft. Nov. 28.

Total length iu flesh : 27 inches. Wing : 378 mm.
Weight : 4^ Ihs.

In good dress, very little worn.

[Irides yellow; bill pink and black; legs and toes
pink.]

85. Anas undulata. Yellow-billed Duck.

Anas undulata Dubois, Orn. Gall. i. 1839, p. 119, pi. 77:
Cape of Good Hope.

a. S ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total length iu flesh : 22 inches. Wing: 251 mm.

In good dress and very little worn.

There are no specimens in the National collection from
the type-locality, and. though I myself have shot many of
these ducks near Cape Town, unfortunately I did not preserve
them. Collectors should, where common birds are concerned,
be informed of the type-localities so that one or two specimens
could be collected,

[Irides brown ; bill : upper mandible yellow, tip and
around nostrils black ; lower mandible, tip and basal three-
fourths black, remainder yellow ; legs and toes dark brown.
Very common.]

86. Nettion punctatum. Hottentot Teal.

Anas punctata Burch. Trav. i. 1822, p. 233 : Zak River,
Cape Colony.

a, b. c? ? imm. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 3.

Total length in flesh : 13^ & 13^ inches. Wing : 146 and
155 ram. Weight : c? 2 1^>-

Neither is adult, and the male is moulting on the neck.

[Irides brown; bill blue, ridge of culmen black; legs and
toes blue. Does not appear to be common ; these speci-
mens were obtained from a small flock of five.]

74.' Mr. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

87. Dafila acuta. Common Pintail.

Anas acuta Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th cd. 1758, p. 126:
Sweden.

a. ? ad. Man, 9100 ft. Dec. 2.

Total length in Hesh : 20^ inches. Wing : 253 mm.

In bright, but worn dress ; below, the whole of the
underparts are rusty through weathering; not moulting.

[Irides brown ; bill black, greyish on sides and at base ;
legs and toes greenish grey. This was the only duck seen
on the Man Escarpment.]

88. Pcecilonetta erythrorhyncha. Red -billed Teal.

Anas enjtkrorhyncha Gm. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789,
p. 517 : Cape of Good Hope.

a. S ad. S. Guaso Nyiro, 6500 ft. Nov. 29. ■

Total length in flesh : 17^ inches. Wing : 224 mm.
Weight : 1 lb.

In clean new dress and still moulting.

I can find no specimen in the National collection from
the type-locality.

[Irides brown ; bill pink, stripe between nostrils black,
lower mandible black, pink at tip; legs and toes plumbeous.
Shot from a flock of about fifty.]

89. Spatula clypeata. (>oriimon Shoveler.

Anas clypeata Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 124 :
Sweden.

a. c? ad. Lake Hannington, 3700 ft. Dec. 25.

Total length in flesh : 19;^ inches. Wing : 232 mm.

This specimen is badly worn, faded and almost bleached
to a creamy colour, so that it is very difficult to see in
what state of dress it really is; but it appears to be in
eclipse and is starting to moult.

[Irides yellow ; bill black ; legs and toes orange. Shot
from a flock of about 25 ; the only one in this peculiar
plumage.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 75

90. Phalacrocorax lucidus. \A'liite-breasto(l (.'orraoraut.
Halieus lucidus Liclil. Verz. Doubl. 18.23, p. 86 : Cape ol"

Good Hope.

a. ? inim. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

Total lenj;th in flesh : 31 inches. ^^ inj; : 315 mm.

Apparently not qnite fully adult. Moulting.

[Irides green; pouch dirty yellow; bill greyish horn;
legs and toes black. Several seen, the one shot was nesting
and had a well developed K'.'^r,^^ inside.]

91. Microcarbo africaniis. Long-tailed ('ormorant.
Pelecanus ufricanvs (tih. Svst Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 577:

Africa ; 1 designate White Nile District.

a. ^ imm. Lake Naivasha. Dec. 5.

b. ? iram. 15 miles S. of Kariiigo. Dec. 26.

Total length in flesh: cT 22.V inches; ? 21 inches.
Wing: c^212nim. ; ? 197 mm. Weight: c? H lb.

The male is apparently changing from the first to the
second plumage. The female is apparently changing into
the last stage before the full adult is readied, as both black
and ashy feathers are coming in on the breast.

[cJ. Irides brown ; bill brown, banded with yellow, base
of lower mandible and pouch yellowish flesh, bare skin iu
front of eye pale yellow ; legs and toes black.

? . Irides red ; bill : upper mandible black, lower yellow
and barred with brown ; legs and toes black.

Very common on Lake Naivasha.]

92. Pelecanus onocrotalus. Mitred Pelican.

Pelecanus onocrotalus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,
p. 132 : Africa; I designate White Nile District.

a. S ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 3.

b. cJ?juv. Lake Hannington. Dec. 25.

Total length in flesh : ad. 73 inches ; juv. 52i inches.
Wing : ad. 681 mm. ; juv. 592 mm. Culmen : ad. 430 mm. ;
juv. 233 mm. Weight : ad. 18 lbs.

In the adult the tail is in full moult and the number of

76 Mr. G. M. INlatliews on a recent

feathers cannot be connted ; it is in very worn plumage
and moulting, and has no swelling on the forehead. It
appears to be a very old bird.

In the young example the tail is composed of 22 feathers,
and is in entirely brown plumage and not much worn.
Evidently in first dress.

\^Ad. Irides red-brown ; bill blue, pinkish flesh, red in
stripes; legs and toes orange; round eye flesh ; pouch yelloAV.

Jnv. Irides yellow, pouch dirty yellow ; bill greyish horn;
legs and toes dirty yellow.

Two seen at Lake Naivasha; tolerably common and asso-
ciating Avith Flamingoes at Lake Hannington.]
[To be continued.]

II. — A recent Ornithological Discovery in Australia.
By Gregory M. Mathews, F.R.S.E., M.B.O.U.
In the Introduction to my 'List of the Birds of Australia,'
1913, pp. xviii-xxiv, I made a few comments on zoo-geo-
graphical study, and on pp. xxv-xxvi added to the Australian
avifauna three species, representing three genera not hitherto
represented in the fauna, viz., Globicera pucijica, Geofroyus
yeoffroyi, and Eclectus pectoralis. That two of these were
residents newly brought to light was made clear by the
fact that they were new subspecific forms, and not subspecies
previously named from elsewhere and here simply recorded.
For the first-named an old name was revived, but the fact
remains the same.

Many ornithologists of repute have handled collections of
birds from the islands north of the Australian continent, but
they have rarely compared them with Australian birds, and
appear to have been unacquainted with the local conditions
and with the vast extent of Australia, ornithologically con-
sidered. Showing a disregard of the literature, they have
probably caused considerable confusion and have retarded
the advancement of knowledge. This is written without
prejudice, but simply from an examination of the facts

Ornithological Discovery in Australia. 77

displaye.l by a criticism of the results obtained. Tliere
would be no hesitation in admitting the accuracy of this
statement were I to indicate the errors committed ; but this
I do not now intend to do, and I would suggest that if a
little more time were expended, coincident with more thought,
many mistakes would be prevented, and useless word-battles
obviated.

There is scope for much good work, and it seems unscien-
tific to employ one^s time in indicating errors of commission
and omission on the part of the critic. When criticism is
made the critic should deal with facts, not theories or fancies,
for the latter belong to the province of the individual, and
do not appear in nature.

I write this introduction because I here propose to indicate
some facts of an extraordinary nature so far as the ornithology
of Australia is concerned, and desire to show the delightful
study that can be opened up by a little thought being displayed
in connection with a few facts, and to add some novel ideas of
my own suggested by these. The facts are incontrovertible,
the ideas argumentative, and in considering them, much of
the ancient history of the land has to be taken into con-
sideration.

First I have to deal with the geography of Australia.
Being my own land and especial study, I constantly find
that to a European ornithologist it is a terra incognita, and
that such a one would place a locality a thousand miles
distant from its correct position, and also that anotiier would
think that a bird of less power of flight than a Wren could
traverse two thousand miles across country in a night.

These are concrete examples, but I must defer from naming
the authorities who make such statements. Of natural
barriers, as opposed to geographical boundaries, I anticipate
complete ignorance, and do not concern myself with errors
in that direction.

This paper will only deal with a phase of the Queensland
avifauna; but here again the extent and nature of Queens-
land is not understood by European workers, and it may be
as well to give a few figures.

78 Mr. G. M. Mathews on a recent

Cape York, the extreme north point of Queenslaad, lies in
latitude 10° 50' South, while Brisbane, the capital, situated
in the extreme south of Queensland, is in latitude 27° 50'
South ; this is a distance of about 1400 miles. This uiiglit
be regarded as inconsiderable by the general ornithologist,
were it not that mountain ranges intervene, and these cause
diverse climatic conditions and varied rainfall. Again, patches
of forest country are mingled with tracts of desert, while
along the coast there are great areas covered with mangrove
swamps, so that it is very necessary to understand local con-
ditions so as to interpret correctly the distribution of bird-life.

Cape York, being at the extreme limit of Australia, has
attracted considerable attention from ornithologists, as forms
resembling New Guinea species arc there largely represented.
IS'ew Guinea has been the Aladdin's lamp of ornithologists
for the last hundred years, the Birds of Paradise furnishing
a magician's call.

Australian birds found at Cape York show relationships
to these wonders, and hold out a lure to local investigators
as well as to those from other parts of the world.

The earliest Australian land-bird that I at present trace to
have been described is the Giant Kingfisher, a truly typical
l)ird ; this was figured and described by Sonnerat from '' New
Guinea." It does not occur in New Guinea, and the only
conclusion seems to be that a captive bird had been trans-
ported from Australia by the blacks, a somewhat inadequate
suggestion. I note this, as this bird, after a century and a
half's search, has been found to live at Cape York, as will
presently be mentioned.

Though it is probable that no collections were brought from
Ca[)e York by Captain Cook's party, we know that a
Bustard was killed in south Queensland, and there is good
reason to believe that they brought back from w^hat is now
called Cooktown a Parrot which was described by Latham as
the Blue-cheeked Parrot. Latham's description, which was
regarded as inexact by Salvador!, 1 found to agree exactly
Avith specimens procured at CooktowU; and as it does not
range otherwise than from Cape York to New South Wales,

Ornithological Discovery in Australia. 79

and tlie specimens differ so noticeably that Salvadori recog-
nised the inapplical)ility of Latham's name to either the
Cape York or New South Wales form, my suggestion seems
reasonable.

Another bird which was described from New Holland at

a very early date was the Great Black Cockatoo known as

the Palm-Cockatoo. This, however, was named in literature

prior to Captain Cook's time simply from "eastern seas/' and

Nova Hollandia was gratuitously added by Gmelin, who did

not read carefully what Latham wrote. Latham added after

his description, " This was taken from a drawing done by

order of Governor Loten at Ceylon," and he then described

a different form recorded by Parkinson as met with on

the coast of New Holland. This latter was, of course,

the Black Cockatoo known as Banksian Cockatoo. As a

matter of fact the Palm-Cockatoo does inhabit Australia,

having been discovered at Cape York by Macgillivray about

sixty years after Gmelin's description was published. I

designated as type-locality of Gmelin's species Salwatty, as

that place was in touch with Europe at a very early date,

and the bird is, or was, common there. My action has been

questioned by one of the European ornithologists, who, only

liaving knowledge of the fact that the bird occurred at Cape

York, was desirous of rectifying my supposed error without

investigating the history of the bird. This note may prevent

the publication of more erroneous statements in connection

with this bird, as such will certainly be made unless more

care than usual is taken.

Gould did not visit Cape York, arid the first naturalist
who seems to have thoroughly investigated the avifauna of
that district appears to have been John Macgillivray, when on
board the ' Rattlesnake,' commanded by Capt. Owen Stanley,
in 1846-50.

Jukes, on board the ' Fly,' while surveying Torres Straits,
as well as his Commander, Ince, furnished more material
to Gould, who obtained most of ]Macgillivray's specimens
and notes. These provided the greater portion of Gould's
'Supplement.'

80 ]\Ir. G. M. Mathews on a recent

A prior investigator of north Queensland, wliose collec-
tions were allowed to be submerged in the National Collec-
tion without study, was Matthew Flinders.

Since Macgillivray's time many collectors have touched
at Cape York, each adding a bird or two to the avifauna,
without any very startling results. Such are : Ramsay or his
collector Broadbent, d'Albertis, Meek, Rogers, McLennan,
Macgillivray, Masters, Barnard, Jardine, White, Kemp,
and finally Cockerell and Thorpe. The last-named may
be here first noted. These collectors, who must stand in
the forefront of careful and accurate workers as regards the
acquisition and preparation of bird-skins, thought that by
the falsification of localities they might obtain better prices
for their goods ; they therefore made an expedition to some
islands to the north of Australia, probabh'^ tlic Aru group,
where they made a magnificent collection, and then palmed
these off mixed with true Cape York birds as having been
all procured at Cape York. This collection, ])urchased by
Messrs. Godman and Salvin, and later presented to the British
Museum, has been a source of endless trouble, and the only
scientific course would have been to have rejected it entirely.

The other collectors named have added species after
species to the Cape Y^ork fauna, so that it may reasonably be
said to be well known. The latest collectors have each
found little to add, jNlcLcnnan's chief finds being a small
subspecies of Dacelo gigas and a form of the New Guinea
Cracticus menialis. This latter Kemp again collected, while
his most interesting discovery was the small Robin 1 have
named Kempiella keuqn.

The consideration of all these collections shows them to
liave a strong New Guinea element and to have no really
remarkable forms; all the New Guinea species generally
occur on the shores opposite, and the Cape York forms are
slightly differentiated as subspecies only.

This is what one would anticipate when it is remembered
that " a slight elevation of less than ten fathoms would now
serve to connect the shores" of New Guinea and Cape York
(Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1899, p. 396j.

Ornithological Discover]/ in Australia. 81

Hedley, speaking from practical experience, in the same
place states " In tlie heart of a great QueenssL^nd scrub a
naturalist could hardly say from his surroundings whether
he were in New Guinea or Australia."

The majority of the Cape York birds occur at Cooktown,
400 miles south, and many still live at Cairns, 100 miles
farther south. This remark refers to the New Guinea forms
occurring at Cape York. Just south of Cairns there is a
range of mountains called the Bellcuden Ker, and this range
has provided the startling novelties missing from the Cape
York district, Thus Prionodura newtoniana and Scenopoeetes
dentirostris are extraordinary members of the Bower- Bird
family, being unique generic types elsewhere unknown.
Oreoscopus gutturalis, another unique generic type, is pro-
bably related to Sericornis. Though pi'obably having affinity
with New Guinea forms, these are distinctly differentiated
and do not occur at Cape York. Of course, in the Bellenden
Ker district there also occur many well-marked subspecific
forms, showing that it should be considered a distinct and
characteristic faunal region.

The preceding review is necessary to disclose the new
discovery that has been made, due to the enthusiasm of
Dr. W. Macgillivray and his collector, J. McLennan.

The latter, when at Cape York collecting for Dr. Macgil-
livray, heard from the residents tliere of strange birds living
farther south. He informed Dr. Macgillivray, and asked
permission to be allowed to explore this locality, which had
never been searched by previous collectors. Dr. Macgillivray
willingly assented, and I agreed to share the expenses,
though I must admit I did not anticipate any very novel
results.

McLennan at once, however, sent two big Parrots, quite
new to the Australian fauna, to Dr. Macgillivray, who sent
one to me and named the other. These arrived just before
I left England for Australia, and wxre included in the
Introduction to my ' List of the Birds of Australia,'
pp. XXV and xxvi, as Geoffroyus geojfroyi maclennani and
Eclectus pectnralis macgitlivrayi, both from the Pascoe River.

SKR, X. VOL. III. G

82 Mr. G. M. Mathews on a recent

This river is only about a hundred and fifty miles south of
Cape York, yet neither of these two birds lives there. They
are both conspicuous birds and appear to be common in the
locality, and the following note by Dr. Macgillivray (' Emu/
xiii. 1914, p. 196), who personally visited the place, is
worthy of reproduction : —

" It is usually dry, and the whole place shows the effects
of it, even the scrubs. Birds build their nests only to pull
them to pieces again or to desert them. We have taken
several nests of Eclectus, but cannot find that of Pseudo-
psittacus { = Geoffroyus). I have a Honey-eater, which is, I
think, entirely new. It is small and lives in the midst of
the scrubs.

" The other day, for a moment or two, I saw a bird like a
Regent Bird, but it dived into the scrub and was gone.

" It will take a generation of field-naturalists to find out
all the wealth of this district. There is another Parrot near
here, but we have not come across it yet — a black one.

" Pseudopsittacus {=GeoJJ'roi/us) and Eclectus are calling
now — one from the opposite side of the creek, where there is
a nesting-tree, the other from a food-tree just below our
camp. . . . Existence here is very pleasant, and it is glorious
to walk in the morning and hear the multitudinous voices of
the birds. The chorus was a babel at first, but the species
are sorting themselves, and now our ears are becoming
educated to their calls/'

When I arrived in Australia I examined the collection,
with Dr. Macgillivray, and I have named the Honey-eater
Macyillivrayornis clcmdi, and I also named a new Owl Tt/to
galei. I named a new subspecies of Finch, which added a
genus and species to the Australian list, viz. Erythrura
trichroa.

As a result the first collection made about the Pascoe
and Claudie Rivers, contained five extraordinary birds, of
which three were representatives of extralimital genera, one
a new genus altogether, and the last quite a new species.
The fact that these birds were comparatively common and
also conspicuous entitles this discovery to rank as the most
important one of recent times in connection with Australian

Ornithological Discovery in Australia. 83

ornithology. It is also quite unexpected, as Cape York had
been so well worked, while Cooktown, Cairns, and the Bellen-
den Ker Range had been well attended to. Yet this region
about the Claudie and Pascoe Rivers harbours a peculiar
avifauna, only second in interest to that of the Bellendcn Ker
Range. Dr. Macgillivray, from personal investigation,
prophesies that it will take a generation of field-naturalists
to exhaust its treasures. No prophecy could now indicate
the nature of the finds to be made, as no worker conversant
with the New Guinea and Cape York avifauna could have
guessed the wonders of the Claudie River region.

Ecological study of avifaunas will certauily prove the
most fascinating pursuit of the " new ornithologists,'* as the
mere collection of birds' eggs gives little satisfaction, and
the field-naturalist is generally no wanton killer of bird-life.
The study of such a fauna as is here suggested in con-
nection with its environment would claim Dr. Macgillivray's
adjective as a glorious one. The mere record of the bird-
life, in conjunction with a study of the land, the forest, and
the seasons, would force a perusal by the most casual bird-
lover, and would conduce to suggestions from more serious
students.

Thus Hedley has told us that the dense bush of Queens-
land is very similar to that of New Guinea. Here it harbours
quite a similar avifauna, whereas at Cape York, nearer to
New Guinea, a less remarkable though still a New Guinea-
like bird congregation exists. In the Bellenden Ker Range
the peculiar Bower Birds strike a new note, but here the
New Guinea effect is also produced.

It must be obvious that there must be some reason for
these different faunas, and I suggest that the solution may
be found in the high laud of the two more southern habitats.
That is to say, as above quoted, a slight elevation would
connect the shores of Torres Straits. A' further depression
would have flooded Cape York, but have left the high land
around the Claudie River and the Bellenden Ker Range
isolated as islands.

The faunas there existent would be preserved, while that
of intervening lowlands would have been exterminated. The
elevation to the present level would probably be heralded by

g2

84 Mr. G. M. Mathews on a recent

a higher one, which, connecting the shores, admitted of a new
immigration before it sank to the level now existent. This
shifting up and down has been recognised by nearly all
students of the Queensland fauna, and geological evidence
confirms such conclusions. Such a theory would account
for the presence of these island-faunas stranded in north
Queensland, for according to observers the scrub about
Cape York does not differ from that of Bellenden Ker, nor
does Dr. Macgillivray note anything remarkable save new
plants, which of course would be expected. The climatic
conditions do not seem to be otherwise than normal in the
two places.

It should be remarked that the genus Casuarius, mainly
restricted to New Guinea and the islands tliereabouts, has
one representative in Australia. That is not found at Cape
"York, but occurs in the Bellenden Ker district, though in
the lowlands there. This would seem to confirm my sug-
gestion. Probably a detailed criticism of the avifaunas of
the Cape York District, the Claudie River District (when
it is available), and the Bellenden Ker District, in comparison
with those from various parts of New Guinea, would lead us
to some conclusive results. There can be no doubt that,
ornithologically considered. New Guinea embraces at least
three distinct avifaunas, though the majority of New Guinea
collections have been reported upon by ornithologists, careless
to the last degree of the lessons to be learnt by a study of
birds. As a writer on another branch of zoology once com-
mented : — " The excellence of a British ornithologist seems
to be governed by the number of pages he tills, irrespective
of the matter therein contained."

The majority of papers have been mere lists, repetitions of
well-known names, without any conclusions drawn from them.
Without such conclusions the preparation of such lists
appears to be a waste of time, for surely no one should be
better able to indicate the lessons than the worker who has
studied the collection and handled the birds. The *^new
ornithology" will deal with bird collections in a different
way, and ah'cady there are signs, showing the improvement
in the treatment of bird-study.

Ornithological Discovery in Australia. 85

I would here summarize the new discovery above treated
of, so that the worker who is too busy to wade tlirongh the
preceding can grasp the gist of this communication witli the
least possible trouble.

Cape York is the extreme north-east point of Australia,
and is separated from New Guinea by shallow water. The
avifauna of Cape York is well known, over a dozen collectors
having worked there. The bird-life shows strong affinity
with that of New Guinea, many typical New Guinea forms
being found, usually separable only as subspecies. No
peculiar genera exist.

The Bellenden Ker district has also been well worked, and
the affinities of this district are with New Guinea, though it
is five hundred and fifty miles away. Three peculiar well-
marked genera have been recorded, marking a characteristic
fauna, while the presence of Casuarius is noteworthy.

The first collection made at the Pascoeand Claudie Rivers
only some hundred and fifty miles south of Cape York, has
revealed an avifauna with a marked New Guinea relationship,
and already showing a peculiar genus. The birds so collected
are remarkable for their size and conspicuous nature, two
being Parrots, one of them very large. The discoverer
Ijclieves that other new and large birds are still to be found.
None of the novelties occurs in any other portion of Australia,
and all are quite absent from Cape York.

I would account for this peculiar isolated avifauna by the
suggestion of former depression of the extreme point of
Cape York, and later elevation above its present level, and
subsequent gradual subsidence. Such an hypothesis would
also account for the Bellenden Ker avifauna, as the peculiar
forms are mainly highland forms, and are probably related
to other slightly distinct forms now inhabiting the highlands
of New Guinea.

New Guinea, ornithologically speaking, covers three
distinct avifaunas, and recent workers on New Guinea birds
have failed to recognise this fact, though commonly recording
facts endorsing this conclusion without recognising it.

86 Mr. H. Stuart Dove on the

III- — The Crested Penguin (Catarrh actes clirysocome Forster)
in Australian Waters. By H, Stuart Dove, M.R.A.O.U.

Some four years ago. Dr. Brooke Nicholls, of Melbourne,.
Victoria, befriended a Crested Penguin which came ashore
wlien he was staying with a camping party at Lome, a
pleasant watering-place on the south coast of Victoria.
Some of the party were cray-fisliing when they noticed the
bird on some rocks at the water's edge ; after watching it
for some time, they returned to camp, and were surprised to
find that the newcomer had followed them for several hundred
yards, over rocks and sand. Placing him in a bag, they
carried him to oneof the houses where there was a large sea-
bath, and in this, " Billy " (as he was christened) lived on
and off for six weeks. During the first fortnight his plumage
underwent a complete moult, after which he looked very
handsome, the new crest being of a bright sulphur-yellow.
While moulting, he would not enter the water. He soon
became very tame, allowing the children to take him up and
carry him from place to place ; he would eat raw meat, but
was fed mostly on fish, sometimes the freshwater minnows,
sometimes sea-fish vvhicli were liberated in the bath and
captured by him after an exciting chase.

Billy's fondness for fresh water was remarkable, his greatest
delight being to go with the bathers to the shower-bath ;
the greater the force of the shower, the better he liked it.
IVom time to time, he would stretch himself at full length
on the floor, shuffling and squawking with pleasure as the
water splashed upon him. Strange to say, when taken to
the sea, he refused to enter the water, but made ofi" home as
fast as his feet would carry him He usually walked one
foot after another but, when wishing to quicken his pace,
would hop along. At length, he was persuaded to go with
the bathers through the breakers, and once in deep water,
he continued swimming ocean wards until eventually lost to
sight.

Last summer, a gentleman with his family staying on
another part of the south coast of Victoria, surprised a

Crested Penguin in Australian Waters. 87

Penguin of the same species on the shore, and tried to capture
it, but it eluded pursuit and dashed into the water.

In September of last year (1913), a good example of C.
chrysocome came ashore between the Mersey and Don rivers,
not far from Devonport, Tasmania. This is the first Crested
Penguin I have ever seen in the north of the Island, although
two or three have been taken in the south, where one would
naturally expect to see those which have strayed f I'om the
Antarctic Islands which are their home. The specimen in
question was in splendid order, evidently only just deceased,
and had escaped the battering of the reefs ; stuffed and
mounted, he forms a conspicuous addition to my collection
of natural curiosities. He evidently had another moult to
undergo before reaching maturity, the measurements and
colouring not quite agreeing with those given by the
authorities for an adult.

Sir W. Buller, ' Manual of Birds of New Zealand/ 1882,
gives under Eudyptes chrysocomus Forst., the following : —
" Crown, sides of head, throat, and hind part of neck

black from base of upper mandible, on each side, a

broad line of pale golden yellow passes over the eyes and is
continued beyond in a crest of fine pointed feathers extending
two inches beyond the head. Underparts, silyery white ;
upper, bluish black. Total length 27. inches; wing 8-5;
beak 275 ; tarsus 1-5." Robert Hall, ' Key to the Birds
of Australia/ 1906, gives under Catarrhactes chrysocome
Forst. : — " General colour dark slate ; crown black ; longest
crest-feather about 3"5 inches, the crest-feathers being yellow
and black ; forehead uniform black. Total length 25 inches.
Young. Crest is indicated by a yellowish-white line ; chin
ashy-white." In my specimen I should describe the upper
surface as a fine dark metallic blue, upper surface of wings the
same, tail somewhat lighter blue; under surface silvery white,
except the throat arid chin, which are ashy-white, with a small
dark patch a little below the base of beak. Sides of the
head below the crest, a darkish grey ; forehead, bluish grey.
The wings above are of the same tint as the back ; beneath,
white, with broad patch of dark blue at the tips, the same at

88 On the Crested Penguin in Australian Waters.

the base, extending somewhat on to body in front of wing ;
there is also a border of dark blue on the upper edge, but
not extending to the tip. Beak dark red ; feet reddish,
webbed, with strong nails. The tail is long for a Penguin, and
formed of stiff, narrow feathers. The crest is black, formed
of fine pointed feathers, the pale yellow appearing only
underneath, and beginning behind the eye.

Total length 24' inches ; witig 6 ; tail 3 ; foot (on flat, with
tarsus) 4"5 ; beak 2 ; crest 3.

It will be seeu that the throat in the Devonport specimen
differs considerably from that of the adult as described by
Buller ; a photograph of Dr. Nicholls' "Billy''' after the
moult shows a very black throat, that colour extending in a
straight line to the sides of the neck. The very small
amount of yellow in the crest of my bird is somewhat
puzzling in an individual so close to maturity as its size
denotes; it has occurred tome that this particular specimen
may not be C. chrysocome, but possibly a new form. The
thick, strong beak, which is its most noticeable feature,
agrees well with Hall's description of that feature in Catar-
rhactes: "Bill moderately long and very stout, the culmiuicorn
being divided from the latcricorn by a deep groove, which
is much swollen towards the base." G. M. Mathews, in his
' List of the Birds of Australia,' 1913, includes Catarrhactes
with Eudyptes, thus considering C. chrysocome as identical
with E. pachyrhynchus ; according to Buller {' Manual of
Birds of N. Z.') all the adult measurements (except the
tarsus) of E . pachyrhynchus are greater than those of -E. chry-
socomus ( = C. chrysocome). A. J. Campbell, 'Nests and
Eggs of Australian Birds,' 1900, records that a Crested
Penguin (C chrysocome^ was captured at King Island, Bass'
Strait, iu 1887 ; he has also recorded the species for West
Australia (near Cape Leeuwiu). In connection with the
Devonport specimen, and that seen on the Victorian coast
last summer, Dr. Nicholls speculates in a recent Melb(jurne
' Argus ' as to whether the close approach of Antarctic bergs
to our coasts may have brought these Penguins farther
north than usual.

On the Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 89

IV. — Report on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander {Rifle Britfade) during his last Expedition to
Africa.— Vart 11.^ The Birds of St. Thomas' Island. By
David A. Bannerman, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.

In the previous number of ' The Ibis ' I publislied the first
of a series of five papers dealing with the last collections
formed by Boyd Alexander.

Following the same plan as I adopted when describ-
ing "The Birds of Prince's Island/^ I have included an
excellent account of the island of St. Thomas from ' Boyd
Alexander's Last Journey/ which his brother, Mr. Herbert
Alexander, has kindly permitted me to make use of.

A complete list of the species of birds found on St. Thomas
is given in the following pages, irrespective of whether
Alexander obtained examples or not. An asterisk, attached
to a species, signifies that the bird is represented in the
Alexander collection, and in every case the specimens which
he procured are enumerated.

I must again acknowledge the invaluable papers on the
avifauna of the islands in the Gulf of Guinea published by
Count Salvadori, which I have constantly consulted while
working out the Alexander collections.

As in the case with Prince's Island, Count Salvadori has
included in his paper a complete " Bibliography " of the
literature dealing with St. Thomas up till 1902.

While working out the birds of this island, I have
particularly made use of the following works : —

BocAGE. Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1891, pp. 77-87 ; id. 1905, pp. 72-90.
Salvadobi. Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1903 (Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,

ii. pp. 17-45).
Shelley. Birds of Africa, vols, i.-v., 1896-1912.
Keichenow. Vogel Afrikas, vols, i.-iii., 1900-1905.

In the first of these papers Prof. Bocage gives excellent
notes on the nidification of the majority of the species with

* For Part I. see •' Ibis,' 1914, pp. 596-631.

90 Mr. D. A. Baniierraan on the

descriptions of the eo:gs, on the autliority of Francisco
Newton. Count Salvadori includes very few field-notes in
his systematic treatise on the birds obtained by Siguor Fea.

Thi'oughout the following pages I have quoted Count
Salvarlori's paper on the birds of St. Thomas, which
appeared in the Mem. Ace. Sci. Torino, 1903, pp. 17-45, as
" Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii." ; also the paper pub-
lished in 1905 by Professor Bocage, which is the most recent
work on the birds of St. Thomas, and contains full references
to previous writings. Wherever possible, I have given a
reference to Shelley's ' Birds of Afi'ica.'

All the islands in the Gulf of Gninea are rich in insular
races, and St. Thomas is particularly favoured in this respect.

The following species and subspecies are probably restricted
entirely to St. Thomas : —

1. Onycognathus fulgidus Hartl.

2. Oriolus crassirostris Hartl..

3. Hyphantorms grandis Gould.

4. Heterhyphantes sancti-thom(B (Hartl.).

5. Lagonosticta perreini thomensis Sousa. [Doubtful.]

6. Neospiza concolor (Bocage).

7. Linurgus rufobrimneus thomensis (Bocage).

8. Cinnyris neivtuni (Bocage).

9. Elceocerthia thomensis (Bocage).

10. Speirops lugubris (Hartl.).

11. Zosterops ficedulina fece Salvad.

12. Lanius newtoni (Bocage).

13. Prinia molleri Bocage.

14. Tardus olivaceofuscus Hartl.

15. Amaurocichla bocagei Sharpe.

16. Terpsiphone atrochalybea (Thoms.).

17. Chcetura thomensis Hartert.

18. Corythornis thomensis Salvad.

19. Flanimea flammea thomensis (Hartl.).

20. Vinago sancti-thomce (Gmel.).

21. Columba thomensis Bocage.

22. Haplopelia simplex (Hartl.).

Birds of St. Thomas^ Island. 91

Boyd Alexander's collection is a very representative one,
includino^ most of the more interesting forms to be found
on the island. No new species, however, were discovered,
St. Thomas having been visited in 1900 by Signor yea, who
appears to have made a very complete survey of the island.

Special mention must be made of the rare Owl Flammea
flammea thomensis, of which the Alexander collection
possesses four fine examples obtained by Jose Lopez — •
iVlexander's Portuguese collector — at Zalma. This Owl
has not hitherto been represented in the British Museum
collection.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, to whom I tender my sincere thanks,
has been good enough to look through the proof-sheets of
this paper. I am also deeply indebted to Mr. G. C. Robson,
of the British Museum, for his aid in translating the Italian
papers which it has been necessary to consult throughout
this work.

The following account of St. Thomas has been pieced
together from Alexander's last diary, to which allusion has
already been made. It gives a very good idea of the con-
ditions under which the collections were formed, and adds
not a little to our knowledge of this small island, which has
recently been so much in the public eye.

Boyd Alexander's Description of St. Thomas^ Island.

About 11.30 on January the 18th, the Ilha das Cabras came
into sight. The Peak of Sao Thome was not visible, but
the whole island has a mountainous appearance and is well
wooded. We stayed at the port [Sao Thome village] on the
19th to get things ready for a journey to the Peak, and the
following day left for Monte Cafe, a large ro9a about 1900 feet
up, on the road to Sao Thome Peak. A little more than half
way is the village of Trinidade; another two hours from here
brought us to Monte Cafe. Above Monte Caf^ the ground
still rises to some 5000 feet, forming the crest-line which is
seen from the port, and only at times is the top of the Peak
of Sao Thome just visible. Our first day's collecting did not

92 Mr, D. A. Bamierman on the

produce much^ but I got a pretty good idea of what was to
be found, and 1 am afraid that it is doubtful if we shall get
anything new. There is much cultivation even on the steep
slopes of the hills, and practically there is very little of the
virgin forest left. It is a wonderfully rich island. The soil
is of a brownish red, and is capable of producing anything.
The whole way up from the port to Monte Cafe are great
cocoa-plantations, while clumps of banana-trees, scattered
palms, and tall forest-trees give a wealth of verdure to
the scenery. Towards 3 o'clock the sky becomes overcast
from the north, and occasional showers fall. The manager
of Monte Cafe . . . has promised two mules for to-morrow,
when we move our camp still higher up, to Lake Amelia,
where there is a good deal of virgin forest. We made an
early start on the 22nd, and arrived at a collection of huts
near Lake Amelia about 9.30. It is a steep '• pull up'' to
this point, and almost an hour from Monte Cafe we entered
thick forest with long-leaved plants forming part of the
undergrowth. There were also gigantic cotton-trees, most
of which present a weird appearance, for the cold damp
atmosphere has hung their branches with lank lichen-growth
that streams in the breeze like tresses of hair. Lake Amelia
lies at nearly 5000 feet in altitude. It is about two hundred
yards in circumference, and has the appearance of having
been a crater. Its formation is a deep bed, and the sides
are clothed with thin-stemmed trees rising in tiers. There
is no water now, but only thick bog. At this altitude large
clumps of bamljoo are to be found ; the coffee-tree does not
seem to flourish, while the picturesque quinine-tree is in
evidence.

We stayed and collected here from January the 23rd to
the 26th, Jose always taking a different direction to mine.
The forest-growth, which at first looked so promising, yield-
ing no Ground-Thrushes such as Alethe, Callene, and Tur~
clinus. These localities were particularly silent, and we
obtained nothing more than what is in Salvadori's list.
There seemed to be quite an absence of insect-life, and
hardly an ant was to be seen.

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 93

On more than one occasion I got to witliin 500 feet of the
Peak — that is to say, on a level with the eye from neighbour-
ing ridges, — and I have my doubts whether it will be worth
■while to ascend it. Tiie hill is not extensive enough, and
not high enough, for the growth to alter. It is covered right
up to its summit with the same forest-trees that are to be
found on the neighbouring hills, and one can hardly expect
the fauna to be different, as it was in the case of the Peak
of Fernando Po. It is a difficult country to work ; the
valleys, full of thick wood, and tangle, are extraordinarily
deep, and many are quite impossible to descend into, while
water in the dry season is not plentiful. There has not been
much rain, but generally towards 6 o^clock a dense cold
mist from the south drives over the hills in thick clouds.
It is very depressing, coming over in a moment of time,
enveloping everything and blurring the trees to phantoms.
Very often at sunset there are some fine colour-effects, and
on the 25th there was a particularly impressive one. Look-
ing southward from my camp, a lofty ridge of wooded hills,
jagged in outline, stood out in clear contrast to a thick
layer of cumulus clouds directly behind, that had shaped
itself into the form of rugged hills and peaks, looking for
all the world like snow-capped mountains against the wooded
chain in the foreground, and this was further brought out
into contrast by a dark leadeii sky above.

Many of the smaller hills are cultivated, in places even
the lower slopes of the Peak itself, giving the impression
that every available bit of ground in this rich island is seized
upon and made the most of.

The interior of the island has a peculiar geographical
aspect; one looks down into a large and deep crater, which
practically forms the very centre of the island. Here the
wealth of St. Thomas becomes apparent, for it has a very
fertile aspect, v»'ith the foliage of the cocoa-plantations, the
coffee-trees, and the big clumps of bananas.

Jose is working very well, and his skins have good form.
We have also been lucky in the weather — bright sunny
mornings, as a rule.

94 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

On January 2G we left for the port [Sao Thome vilhige].
The weather here is still fine, in spite of its heing the rainy
season. A pleasant breeze always gets up from the south-
east about 10 o'clock and blows till about 4 o'clock. Our
collections from the hills number fifty specimens in all.

On the 4th of February Jose left with the carriers for
Zalma, a place about one and a half hours' walk south from
here, where he is going to collect. In that neighbourhood
the ground is chiefly owned by the Sao Thome natives.
They are a poor people ; all the good land has been taken
from them, and they now only possess small plots of maize
near the -coast. Jose has a good camp, and I go out every
day to see him and shoot on the way.

On February the 12th Jose arrived in from his camp : he
had something like forty-five specimens, including four
examples of the rare Owl, Flammeu jiamm.ea thumensis ; but
I do not think there is anything new^ unless it is one of the
Ground- Pigeons''^ {Ifajdopelia). The same day we left about
12.30 in the s s. 'Tonga' for Annobon, which g;ive me the
opportunity of seeing the whole of the western coast of
St. Thomas. The island presents a mountainous and rugged
appearance, and some of the peaks are very remarkable in
their shape, especially the Dog Peak. It is like a gigantic
obelisk, so regular in its contour that it is difficult to realise
Nature alone has carved it.

Systematic List.

1. Onycognathus fulgidns.

Onycoynalhus falyidus llartl. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 31 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 78 ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, v. 1906, p. 97.

This Starling is confined to St. Thomas, where it is said
to be exceedingly abundant.

Curiously enough, Alexander did not obtain a single
specimen.

■ * Noue of the Ground-Pigeons obtained by Alexander proved to be
new to science. One species only was represented on St. Thomas,
Haplopelia simplex (Plartl.), of which a large series was procured.

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 95

2. *Onoliis crassirostris.

Oriolus crassirostris Hartl, ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea^ ii. 1903, p. 30 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 77; Shelley, Birds of Africa, v. 1906, p. 21, pi. xliii.

«. ?Imm. (No. 23). Lake Amelia. 23.i.09.

b-e. S S S ^ ad. (Nos. 18, 21, 22, 20). Lake Amelia.
24 i. 09.

/. c? ad. (No. 19). Lake Amelia. 25.i.09.

Iris red, bill pale claret-red.

A very good plate of this Oi'iole is given by Shelley in
which both the adult and immature birds are figured.

In the series obtaiued by Alexander an apparently adult
female differs from the male only in having the upper part
of the breast and throat greyish, mottled with black and
white on the upper part of the throat and chin. In the male
these parts are uniform black, and in the immature bird
white.

All the specimens enumerated agree exactly with Shelley's
plate, with the exception of No. 19. This example is remark-
able, as it resembles the fully adult male in plumage, but
has a wide yellowish-grey patch on the crown of the head,
extending from the base of the bill to the hind part of the
crown, a distance of 26 mm. The rest of the head and
neck is black.

The Stout-billed Black-headed Oriole is confined to St.
Thomas, where it is stated by both Bocage and Fea to be
very abundant throughout the island.

Alexander found it in the forests of the higher altitudes.
He remarks that its note is a clear double whistle, and that
it was breeding at the time of his visit.

3. "^ Vidua principalis.

Vidua principalis (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 29 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa^ 1905,
p. 82.

Vidua Serena Linn. ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905,
p. 16.

96 Mr. T). A. Bannerman on the

a. S ad. (Xo. 4). Monte Cafe. 20. i. 09.

b,c. S S ad. (Nos. 38, 39). Lake Amelia. 25. i. 09.

d. S ad. (No. 127). Zalraa. 4. ii. 09.

The White- breasted Whydah is said by Newton to be
very plentiful on the island of St. Thomas. It is not found
on Prinee's Island or Annobon^ but Alexander obtained it
on Fernando Po.

In Africa it is very generally distributed.

In St. Thomas Alexander found it common on the hills
near Monte Cafe. All the specimens obtained were in
breeding plumage.

4. ^Steganura paradisea.

Steganura paradisea (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 30 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 82.

Vidua paradisea Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905, p. 25.

a. ^ ad. (No. 128). Zalma. 4. ii. 09.

The single example of the Paradise Whydah, obtained by
Alexander, is in full breeding-plumage.

Shelley gives the range of this species as ''Africa generally
south of 17° N. lat.,'^ and notes that "the only specimen
recorded from St. Thomas was probably a cage-bird/*
The example which Alexander obtained shows no sign of
having been in captivity, and is, in fact, a particularly fine
specimen in beautiful plumage. It seems probable that if
S. paradisea is not a gennine inhabitant of St. Thomas it
may occasionally wander there from the mainland. It is
not found in Fernando Po.

5. ■^Pyromelana flammiceps.
Pyroinelanafiammiceps Swains. ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,

1905, p. 38 ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905, p. 104.
a. S ad. (No. 73). Near Sao Thome. 31.i.09.

b,c. S S ad. (Nos. 69, 70). „ „ „ l.ii.09.

d. ci ad. (No. 72). „ „ „ 2.ii.09.

e. S ad. (No. 129). Zalma. 7.ii.09.
The Fire-crowned Bishop-bird has been obtained in

Birds of Si. Thomas' Island. 97

St. Thomas since 1893. Before that date tlie bird does not
appear to have been taken on the ishmd. It is probably
very locally distributed, as Signor Fea in 1900 failed to
obtain specimens,

Boyd Alexander remarked that this species was not
numerous near Sao Thome and was to be found frequenting
waste land.

6. *Pyroinelaiia aurea.

Fyromelana aurea (Gniel.) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 354,
pl.ix. fig. 2 : id. Birds of Africa, iv. 1905, p. 79 ; Salvador!,
Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 30 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci.
Lisboa, 1905, p. 82.

a,h. S S ad. (Nos. 81, 82). Zalma. l.ii.09.

c. S ad. (No. 113). „ 7.ii.09.

d,e. S 6 ad. (Nos. 111,112). „ 10.ii.09.

The Golden -backed Bishop-bird is apparently very
plentiful on the island of St. Thomas. The series obtained
by Alexander are all males in beautiful breeding-plumage.
It is remarkable that, though males are frequently obtained,
the females are rarely met with. In fact, up till 1912, when
Mr. Willougliby P. Lowe obtained a single female of this
species at St. Paul de Loanda, I am not aware that an ex-
ample had ever been secured. The female which Mr. Lowe
collected I described in 'The Ibis.' 1912, p. 232.

Very little is known with regard to the range of this
species. St. Thomas is the only island in the Gulf of
Guinea upon which it is to be found. The type is supposed
to have come from Benguela. Sitigle specimens have also
been obtained from Gaboon, the Quanza Biver, and St. Paul
de Loanda. St. Thomas would ajjpear to be the true home
of P. aurea^ where, however, Alexander writes " It is not
common, frequenting marshland and the vicinity of planta-
tions."

7. *Q,uelea erythrops.

Queleaerytlirops (Hartl.) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 29; Bocage, Jorn. Sei. Lisboa, 1905, p. 81;
Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905, p. 117.

SER. X. VOL. III. H

98 . Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

a. <^ ad. (No. 5). Monte Cafe. 20.i.09.

Iris brown ; bill blackish horn-colour ; legs and feet
brownish flesh-colour.

, St. Thomas is the type locality of the Dark-throated Red-
headed Dioch, where it is said to be abundant. It has an
extensive range on the mainland.

Alexander found it frequenting the maize-plots on the
hill.

8. ^Spermestes cucullata.

Spermestes cucullata Swains. ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 29 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 82 ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905, p. 167.

a. ? ad. (No. 79). Near Sao Thome. l.ii.09.

b. S jiiv. (No. 125). Zalraa. 5.ii.09.
Alexander found Swainson's Bronze-Mannikin common

on St. Thomas. It was breeding at the time of his visit.

9. Lagonosticta perreini thomensis.

Lagonosticta thomensis Sousa ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, i. 1903, p. 28 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 81. .

Estrilda perremi thomensis Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv.
1905, p. 219.

According to Count Salvador! this little Weaver-Finch
is very closely allied to L. incana and by some considered
only as a variety.

Shelley considered it to be a subspecies of L. perreini
and scarcely recognisable, while Reichenow believed it to be
a distinct species !

It appears to be doubtful whether the bird described by
Sousa as E. thomensis ever inhabited St. Thomas. The type
is said to have been obtained there by MoUer in 1885, but
Shelley points out that no mention is made of the specimen
in the list of his collection published in 1887.

A second specimen was obtained according to Shelley at
Guadalupe, which is apparently a village on the coast of
St. ThomaSj but, as Shelley remarks, it is by no means

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 99

impossible for a single bird to liave strayed across from the
mainland.

The type is said to be preserved in the Coimbra Museum.

Apart from these two specimens, no other examples have
ever been met with on the island of St. Tliomas, and until
further evidence is forthcoming we may safely assume that
it no longer exists as a resident form.

10. "^Estrilda astrild sousae.

Estrilda astrild sousce Reichw.Vog. Afrikas, iii. 1904, p. 182.

Estrilda astrild (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golio d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 28.

Estrilda occidentalis sousa Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv.
1905, p. 200.

Estrilda astrilda Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 81.

a. S ad. (No. 126). Zalma. 6.ii.09.

My remarks on this subspecies will be found in my recent
paper on " The Birds of Prince's Island," published in the
last number of ' The Ibis ' (p. 607).

Unfortunately only the one specimen cited above was
obtained, and I am unable therefore to express any opinion
as to whether this subspecies is valid.

I cannot determine the status of Sousa's Waxbill on St.
Thomas, for no field-notes are supplied by Alexander.
Newton found them " not rare," and was of opinion that
they had been introduced.

11. *Heterhyphantes sancti-thomae.

Heterhyphuntes sancti-thomce (Hartl.) ; Salvadori, Orn.
Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 28 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1905, p. 80.

Sharpia sancti-thomcB Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905,
p. 335.

a. S ad. (No. 6). Monte Cafe. 20.i.09.

6. c? ad. (No. 15). „ . „ 22.i.09.

c. S ad. (No. 46). Lake Amelia. 23.i.09.

</,e. ? ? ad. (Nos.44,47). „ „ 24.i.09.

/. ? ad. (No. 45). „ „ 25.i.09.

^. ? imm. (No. 33). Zalma. 5.ii.09.

h3

100 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

Iris brown ; upper mandible brownish liorn-colour^ lower
mandible pale horn ; legs and feet pale flesh-colour.

The St. Thomas Weaver-bird is restricted to the island
after which it is named.

The young female (No. 33) which Alexander obtained
difi'ers from the adult in lacking the black on the head and
crown and the rufous yellow on the sides of the neck, the
plumage of the entire upper parts being dull brown shading
into rust-colour on the upper tail-coverts, the throat Avhite
and the underparts whitish, washed with pale rust-brown.
The bill is similarly coloured to the adult.

Alexander has supplied the following note on this
species : — " Frequents the wooded portions of the hills. It
is much addicted to running up the branches in search of
insects, after the mauner of a Woodpecker."

12. '^Hyphantornis grandis.

Hyphantornis grandis Gould; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, iv. 1903, p. 27 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 80 ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905, p. 430.

a. S ad. (No. 17). Rio Grande. 27. i. 09.

b. ? ad. (No. 132). Zalma. 4. ii. 09.

c. ? ad. (No. 92). „ 4.ii.09.

d. ? ad. (No. 91). „ 7.ii.09.

e. ? ad. (No. 93). „ 8.ii.09.

The Great Black-headed Weaver-bird is very abundant
on St. Thomas, to which island it is restricted. Alexander
notes that it is found in the vicinity of the cocoa-plantations
on the lower ground.

The specimens collected call for no special remark.

13. Hyphantornis capitalis.

Hyphantornis capitalis (Lath.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 27 ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iv. 1905,
p. 438.

Apparently there is some doubt as to whether this Weaver-
bird is actually an inhabitant of St. Thomas. Bocage
referred a specimen which he obtained from St. Thomas to

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 101

this species in 1861, but omitted the species from his last
paper (1905). Since that date no example has been obtained,
and none of the ornithologists who have visited the island
in recent years mention having seen it.

It may therefore be inferred that if the specimen in the
Lisbon Museum is really referable to this species it must
have been a chance straggler to the island.

H. capitalis is an inhabitant of the Niger district.

14. ^Serinus hartlaubi.

Serinus hartlaubi (Bolle) ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iii.
1902, p. 197, pi. XXV. fig. 1.

Serinus icterus (Vieill.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 26; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 80.

«, b. S ad. et J imm. (Nos. 88, 89). Sao Thome.
23. ii. 09.

The chin in specimen No. 89 is pure white, while in the
other example it is canary-yellow ; apparently the white
chin is a sign of immaturity.

Serinus hartlaubi has a wide distribution on the west
coast, where it is abundant.

Count Salvadori considers it not improbable that it was
introduced into St. Thomas, as it has been into St. Helena.

15. *Linurgus rufobrunneus thomensis.

Linurqus thomensis (Bocage) ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, iii.
1902, p. 173; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903,
p. 25 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 79.

a. ? ad. (No. 16). Monte Cafe. 22.i-09.

b. S ad. (No. 14). Lake Amelia. 23.i.09.

c-e. c? ? ? ad. (Nos. 80, 75, 78). Near Sao Thome.
31.i.09.

This is another of the many subspecies confined to the
island. In Princess Island its place is taken by the closely
allied species L. rufobrunneus.

Alexander remarks that it is not common. It is found
on the higher ground. Its note is a musical pipe.

103 Mr. D. A, Banuerman on the

18. Neospiza concolor.

Neospiza concolor (Bocage) ; Salvaclori,Orii. Goifo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 26 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 80.

Not obtained by Alexander.

Count Salvadori has proposed the generic name Neospiza
for this species, instead of placing it, as iias been done by
former writers, in the genus Amblyospiza.

This Weaver-Finch is restricted to the island of St.
Thomas.

17. ^Cinnyris newtoni.

Cyanomitra newtoni (Bocage); Shelley, Birds of Africa, ii.
1900, p. 134, pi. V. fig. 1.

Cinnyris newtoni Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903,
p. 22; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 75.

a-d. (J ad. (Nos. 40-43). Lake Amelia. 25.i.09.

The St. Thomas Yellow-breasted Sujdiird is also confined
to the island, where, according to Alexander, it is generally
distributed.

Curiously enough, all the examples collected proved to be
males, in adult plumage.

This species was hitherto represented in the British
Museum by three specimens only, one of which is said to be
a female, although, as Shelley remarked, it looks uncommonly
like an immature male. This bird is fully described in
Shelley^s ' Birds of Africa.'

18. *El8eocertliia thomensis.

Elaocerthia thomensis (Bocage) ; Shelley, Birds of Africa,
ii. 1900, p. 119, pi. V. fig. 2 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 22 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 75.

a. S ad. (No. 31). Lake Amelia. 24.i.09.

b,c. S ^ ad. (Nos. 32, 33). „ „ 25.i. 09.

This fine Sunbird is confined to the island of St. Thomas,
and the three beautiful skins which Alexander obtained are
a welcome addition to the National Collectioh. The species
was hitherto represented by the type and one other
specimen.

Birds of Si. Thomas' Island. 103

The plumage of the sexes is alike. Shelley placed this
species in the genus ElcBOcerthia, on account of the metallic
colours being confined to the extreme ends of the feathers.
It is, however, the only member of the genus which has a
graduated tail — in all the others the tail is square, as in
E. verreauxi.

Alexander notes that E. thomensls is not common and is
found in thick wood.

19. *Zosterops ficedulina fese.

Zosterops fece Salvadori, Bull. Mus. Tor. 1901, no. 414,
p. 1 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Cruinea, ii. 1903, p. 23 ;
Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 77.

a,b. S 'i ad. (Nos. 114, 115). Zalma. 5.ii.09.

c. ? ad. (No. 116). „ 8.ii.09.

The White-eye of St. Thomas has been described by Count
Salvadori in the paper cited above.

It differs from Zosterops ficedulina, which is the form
peculiar to Prince's Island, in being much darker on the
underparts and more greyish green on the upperparts ; the
crown of tlie head is much brighter, and the bill is yellowish
horn-colour, tipped with dark horn. In size there is not
much difference between the two island forms. Both are
very distinct from the Annobon species.

Shelley in his ' Birds of Africa,' vol. ii. p. 186, mentioned
that the Lisbon Museum contained a specimen of a Zosterops
said to have been obtained on St. Thomas in 1880. As no
form of White-eye was known at that time to inhabit St.
Thomas, Shelley wrongly concluded that the specimen
had probably come from Prince's Island or Annobon.

No doubt the specimen was correctly labelled. Z.f.fece
could not possibly be confused with Z. griseovirescens from
Annobon, the latter being a much larger bird and a very
well-marked species.

Fea notes that this subspecies has the same habits as
Speirops lugubris.

104 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

20. ^Speirops lugubris.

Speirops luyubris (Hartl.) ; Shelley, Birds of Africa, ii.
1900, p. 201 ; Salvadori, Orti. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903,
p. 23.

Zosterops lugubris Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 77.

«, *. c? ? ad. (Nos. 48, 49). Moute Cafe. 21.i.09.

c-f, ^ ^ ad. (Nos. 13, 50, 51, 52). Lake Amelia.
23.i.09.

The Brown White-eye, the sexes of which are alike, is
confined to the island of St. Thomas, where it is apparently
very plentiful.

Alexander obtained a series of beautiful skins. He notes
that it is very common and generally to be seen in small
parties. It has a pretty song, not unlike that of the
Blackcap. In the early mornings the valleys are full of
them singing.

Fea remarks that it is usually found in flocks. It
frequents shady spots and during its short flights it emits a
loud plaintive note.

21. Lanius newtoni.

Lanius newtoni (Bocage) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 22 ; O.-Grant, Nov. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 467.

Fiscus newtonli Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 76.

Boyd Alexander did not obtain an example of this Shrike,
which is apparently peculiar to St. Thomas.

22. "^Prinia molleri.

Prima molleri Bocage ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 24 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 78.

a. S ad- (No. 58). Lake Amelia. 25.i.09.

b. S ad. (No. 123). Zalma. 5.ii.09.

c. S ad. (No. 124). „ 6.ii.09.
Apparently confined to St. Thomas.

Fea remarks: "This bird has a monotonous note, but its

movements are full of grace. It is very lively and always

on the move. It produces a rattling noise made by the
beating of its wings, like the scraping of a shovel."

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 105

Alexander found it well distributed over the island. The
male when courting the female makes loud wing-beats, like
the first patter of heavy rain on foliage, at the same time it
will often perform a characteristic flight, a series of ' ups and
downs' in the air like a switch-back motion.

23. *Turdus olivaceofuscus.

Turdiis olivaceofuscus Hartl. ; Salvador!, Orn, Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 25 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 78.

a, b. S ^ imm. (Nos. 10, 24). Lake Amelia. 23.i. 09.

c,d.^^ ad. (Nos. 12, 26). „ „ 24.i.09.

e. c? imm. (No 25). „ „ 25.i.09.

The St. Thomas Thrush, which is peculiar to the island,
is said by Francisco Newton to be common and universally
distributed.

The figure given of this species in Seebohm's ' Monograph
of the Thrushes ' does not convey a correct idea of the bird.
The feathers of the throat and belly are white narrowly
tipped with pale brown. This has already been pointed out
by Count Salvadori.

24. Amaurocichla bocagei.

Amaurocic/da bocagei Sbarpe, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 2^7, pi. xx.
fig. 1 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 25 ;
Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 79.

Neither Alexander nor Fea appear to have seen this bird
during their visits to the island.

The type-specimen, which is in the British Museum, was
sent for comparison to the late Dr. Sharpe by his friend
Barboza du Bocage, who had received it from Francisco
Newton.

Sharpe gives a good figure of the bird and created for
it a new genus, Amaurocichla, which he characterised as
follows : — " Similar to Crateroscelis, but distinguished by
the shape of the wing, the first primary being nearly as
long as the second. Additional characters are : The bill is

106 Mr. T). A. Bannerraan on the

as long as the head, and rictal bristles are absent, while the
tail-feathers are somewhat acuminate."

The type specimen was obtained at Silo Miguel, on the
west coast of St. Thomas.

In the Lisbon Museum there are two more specimens of
this rare species, apparently both males.

25. ■^Terpsiphone atrochalybea.

Terpsiphune utrochulybea ( Thoms.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golt'o
d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 21 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 76.

a. (^ (No. 11). Lake Amelia. 23.i.09.

b. ? (No. 108). Zalma. 5.ii.09.

c. ? (No. 108). „ 8.ii.09.

Thomson originally described T. atrochahjhea (Ann. Nat.
Hist. X. 1812, p. 201) from Fernando Po, bnt it would
appear that the bird is only an accidental straggler to that
island or more likely that the locality is erroneous.
T. atrochalybea has not again been met with in Fernando Po,
although the island has been well explored by ornithologists.
It is probable that the ty|)e-specimencame from St. Thomas,
and that the species .is restricted to that island.

Alexander has the following notes in regard to this
species: — "Frequents the cocoa - plantations and forest-
growth. The alarm-note is a scolding ' tiz.' It is now
breeding (23. i. 09) . It makes a neat compact nest, cup-
shaped and composed of the long tree-lichen which hangs
from the branches in the forest; the interior is composed of
fine fibre. The eggs are white, marked at the larger end
with rusty spots.''

26. Hirundo rustica.

Hirundo rustica Linn. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii, 1903, p. 21 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 76.

A single record of the Swallow having appeared in
St. Thomas is given by Moller {cf. L. Viera, Instituto J.
Sci. c Lit. Coimbra, xi. 1887, p. 2).

Birils of Si. Thomas' Island. 107

27. ^Chrysococcyx smaragdineus.

Chnjsocncci/.i- sinaraf/flineus (Swains.) ; Salvadori, Orn.
Golfo (1. Guinea, ii. 1L03, p. 35 ; Bocage, Joru. Sci. Lisboa,
1905, p. 35.

a. c? ad. (No. 7). Monte Cafe. 20.i.09.

b. S ad. (No. 90). Zalraa. 10. ii. 09.

The Emerald Cuckoo was first obtained in St. Thomas by
Weiss in 1847 ; it does not appear to have been procured
again until Alexander visited the island and shot the two
specimens recorded above ; he remarks that they frequented
the high trees at Monte Cafe, with which the hillside was
scattered. C. smaragdineus is probably a very rare species
in the island.

28. *Micropus aflBnis.

Cypselus ajfi/iis (Gray) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 31 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 75.
«, i. ? ? ad. (Nos. 56, 57). Sfio Thome. 28.i.09.

c. Unlabelled specimen.

This widely distributed Swift is according to Fca " not
rare on the island of St. Tliomas.'^

29. ChaBtura thomensis.

Chatura thomensis Hartert, Bull. B. O. C. x. 1900, p. 53 ;
id. Nov. Zool. viii. 1901, p. 425, pi. vii. fig. 1 ; Salvadori,
Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 31 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci.
Lisboa, 1905, p. 75.

a. $ ad. (No. 53). Monte Cafe. 21.i.09.

h. $ ad. (No. 74). Near Sao Thome. 31. i. 09.

c. ? ad. (No. 131). Zalma. 5.ii.09.

This Swift is apparently confined to St. Thomas.

Alexander remarks that it is " fairly common in the higher
altitudes."

30. Coracias garrula.

Curacias garnda Linn. ; Salvadori, Orn Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 33; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 73.

108 Mr. D. A. Baniierman on the

Evidently a straggler to the island, the Roller has been
taken once in St. Thomas by Weiss, and the specimen is said
by Count Salvadori to be in the Hamburg Museum.

31. Halcyon dry as.

Halcyon dnjas Hartl. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii.
1903, p. 32; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 73.

This Wood-Kingfisher, so common in Prince's Island, is,
judging from the number of times it has been obtained, of
very rare occurrence in St. Thomas. There is a single
example in the British Museum from that island, and,
according to Salvadori, the Lisbon Museum possesses a skin
obtained there by Francisco Newton many years ago.

32. *Corytlioriiis thomensis.

Corythornis thomensis Salvadori, Ibis, 1902, p. 568, pi. xiii. ;
id. Orn. Golfo d, Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 32 ; Bocage, Jorn.
Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 74.

a. S ad. (No. 35). Rio Grande. 27.i.09.

h. S imm. (No. 36). „ „ „

c. S imm. (No. 37). „ „ „

d. ? ad. (No. 34).

e. $ ad. (No. 54). „ „ 28. i. 09.
/. (J ad. (No. 119). Zalma. 5.ii.09.
g. S ad. (No. 118). „ 7. ii. 09.
h. $ ad. (No. 117). „ 7. ii.09.

C. thomensis is a very distinct form, first described by
Couut Salvadori. From Corythornis galerita he distinguished
it as follows : —

*' Corythornis, C. galerit(B similis, sed gastrseo castaneo, loris
nigris, regione malari castanea paulum nigro tincta, tseniis-
que transversis pilei caeruleo-viridibus, seu malachitaceis,
diversa.

"Long. tot. mm. 145-147; al. 59; caud. 28; rostri
culm. 32.

''Av. junior. Begione malari, loris, capitis lateribus, pectore
medio ej usque lateribus fusco-nigris ; dorso maculis cteruleo-
malachitaceis notato ; rostro nigro.^^

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 109

Alexander having obtained a series of both forms from
St. Thomas and Prince's Island^ I have had an opportunity
of closely comparing the two races.

It is noticeable that the blue colouring of the back in
C. galer'ita is very different, being less bright and of a more
purplish blue than in C thomensis.

Moreover, the underparts are much deeper chestnut in the
St. Thomas bird and lack the whitish belly of C. galerita.
A very pronounced character is that of the blackish-
bcspeckled lores and cheeks of C. thomensis, which in the
Prince's Island bird are practically uniform chestnut ; also
the base of the bill is always blackish, instead of uniformly
coloured as in C. galeriia.

The two immature birds, Nos. 36 and 37, obtained by
Alexander bear out Count Salvadori's description. The
beak is black, the crown of the head and nape are similar to
the adult ; but the parts which are chestnut in the adult lurd
are in the young blackish brown, only shading into chest-
nut on the lower part of the belly and under tail-coverts.

On comparing the young of the species with that of
C. galerita, the diffei'ences which exist are very remarkable.
In C. galerita young birds are very similar in plumage to
the adults and differ from them only in having the cheeks
and lores blackish and in the blackish colour of the bill.
The plumage of the young bird in C. thomensis has already
been described, and is entirely different from that of the
adult.

Alexander remarks that it is not a common bird along the
river.

33. *Agapornis pullaria.

Agapornis pullaria (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 35 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 73.

a. S ad. (No. 71). Near Sao Thome. l.ii.09.

^. cC ad. (No. 130). Zalma. 4. ii. 09.

Alexander has no notes on this species. Apparently it is
not rare and is found on the island throughout the year.

110 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

Sipfnor Fea obtained specimens in August and October
1900.

On the west coast of Africa the range of the Rosy-faced
Love-bird extends from the Gold Coast to the Congo.

34. *Flammea flammea thomensis.

Strix thomensis (Hartl.) ; Salvadori, Cm. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 31 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 73.

a,b. S S ad. (Nos.86,87). Zalma. 10.ii.09.

c,d. ^ "i ad. (Nos.84,85). „ ll.ii.09.

This fine dark form of the Barn-Owl is confined to the
island of St. Thomas, where it is evidently not yet entirely
exterminated, as Fea obtained a pair and Alexander four
examples during the time they spent on the island. It is,
as Count Salvadori remarks, a very rare bird in collections,
and the four examples enumerated above are new to the
British Museum collection.

35. Otus leucopsls.

Athene leucupsis Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1840,
p. 496.

Scops scapulatus Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, 1888,

p. 229.

Pisorhina leucopsis Rcichenow, Vogel Afrikas, i. 1901,

p. 667.

Pisorhina scapulatus Rcichenow, Vcigel Afrikas, i. 1901,

p. 668.

Scops leucopsis Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903,
p. 33; Bocnge, Jorn. Acad. Sci. Lisboa, 1891, p. 77; id.
1905, p. 72.

Scops leucopsis (Forma rufa) Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 34.

Unfortunately I have not been able to examine any spe-
cimens of Scops Owl from St. Thomas, and therefore can
arrive at no conclusions on the supposed validity of Otvts
scapulatus (Boc). Count Salvadori obtained through Signor
Fea three examples of Otus from St. Thomas. The first, he
says, is similar to the figure of 0. leucopsis, with a plumage

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. Ill

of greyish brown becoming pale on the underparts. The
other two agree with O. scapulatus (Boc.). Count Salvador!
is of opinion that the two forms belong to one species,
which is remarkable for having the posterior part of the
tarsus bare, and considers that it may even have to be placed
in a separate genus. Bocage, in his last paper, agrees with
Salvador! in his conclusions, which are probably correct.

Dr. Reichenow appears to consider the two species quite
distinct, and keeps them so in his work. I prefer, however,
to follow Count Salvador!, who appears to have thoroughly
gone into the question.

36. Milvus aegyptius.

Milvus (egyptius (Gniel.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 33 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 73.

The Egyptian Kite has been obtained on several occasions
in St. Thomas. According to Count Salvadori there is a
skin of this species in the Hamburg Museum, collected in
the island, and Bocage records five males and females of
this Kite in the Lisbon Museum.

37. ^Phaethon lepturus.

Phaethon lepturus Lacep. et Daud. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo
d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 41 ; Baunerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 620.

Phaethon eundidus Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 89.

a-d. J c? ? ? (Nos. 61, 62, 59, 60). llha das Cabras,
St. Thomas. 30.i.09.

The Tropic-bird does not appear to inhabit the main
island of St. Thomas, but is very common on the " Isle
of Goats"; it is also found on Sette-Pedras and Rolas
islets, where Bocage (Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1891, p. 85) says
that it is very common, and where it nests in the crevices of
the rocks.

38. Sula leucogastra.

/Sw/a leucogastra (Bodd.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 41 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 90.

112 Mr. T). A, Baimerman on the

Bocage received specimens from Francisco Newton^ which
he had procured on the islets of Sette-Pedras, where they
apparently breed.

39. Phalacrocorax africanus.

Phalacrocorax africanus (Gmel.) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfod.
Guinea, ii. 1903. p. 41 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 90»

The African Cormorant is common all round the island
according to Newton.

40. Phcenicopterus roseus.

PhKn'icopterus erythraeas Verr. ; Finsch et Hartl. Viig.
Ost-Afrik. 1870, p. 795 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 88.

Phcenicopterus roseus Pall. ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 40.

Tliis bird is mentioned by Finsch and Hartlaub as having
been obtained on St. Thomas by Weiss, also by Sousa (Journ,
Sci. Lisboa, ]888, p. 153 ; 1891, p. 87). All these references
appear to refer to the same specimen, which is said to be
in the museum at Bremen The specimen should be re-
examined, as Count Salvador! believes that it may prove to
be P. minor, of wliich species Fea obtained a specimen on
Prince's Island.

41. Lampribis olivacea.

Lampribis olivacea (Du Bus) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, i. 1903, p. 39; Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 622.

Comatibis olivacea Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 86.

According to Bocage, Newton obtained this Ibis on
several occasions in St. Thomas.

As considerable confusion existed with regard to the
status of Lampribis olivacea (Du Bus), I have been at con-
siderable pains to clear up the matter. A full discusssion
will be found in my paper " On the Birds of Prince's
Island," which appeared in the last number of 'The Ibis,'

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 113

42. Ciconia alba.

Ciconia alba Bechst. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii.
1903, p. 39 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 86.

Hartlaub (Orn. Westafr. p. 275) records an example of
the White Stork obtained on St. Thomas by Weiss.

43. Ardea gularis.

Ardea gularis Bosc ; Salvadori, Orn, Golfo d. Guinea, ii.
1903, p. 22 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 85.

Boeage obtained specimens of this Heron from both
St. Thomas Island and Rolas Islet, where it is doubtless
resident.

44. Egretta garzetta.

Herodias garzetta (Linn.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 38; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 85.

Moller is said to have obtained an example of the Little
Egret on St. Thomas. Count Salvadori suggests that it is
not improbable that the white form of Ardea gularis is
referred to.

45. *Butorides atricapilla.

Butorides atricapilla (Afzel.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 38 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 86.

a. ? ad. (No. 67). Near Sao Thome. l.ii.09.

A single example was obtained by Alexander, who remarks
that it was breeding. He found that it frequented the small
streams in the island.

46. Bubulcus lucidus.

Bubulcus lucidus (Rafin.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 39.

Bubulcus ibis Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 86.

This Egret has been recorded on several occasions from
St. Thomas. It is also said to breed on Rolas Islet (Bocage,
Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1891, p. 83).

SER. X. VOL. III. I

1J4 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

47. Arenaria interpres.

Arenaria interpres Linn. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea^
ii. 1903, p. 39.

Strepsilas interpres Bocage, Jorn. Sei. Lisboa, 1905, p. 87.

Bocage received examples of the Turnstone from St.
Thomas and from Rolas Islet (Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1889, p. 35;
1891, p. 84).

48. ^Totanus hypoleucus.

Tringoides hypoleucos (Linn.) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 39.

Tringa hypoleucus Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 87.

«. ? . ad. (No. 134). Zalma. l.ii.09.

The Common Sandpiper has already been recorded from
St. Thomas and Rolas Islet by Bocage.

49. Totanus glareola.

Totanus glareola Linn. ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, }). 39 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 87.

The Wood-Sandpiper was obtaiued on St. Thomas by
Francisco Newton.

50. Numenius phseopus.

Numenius pheeopus Linn. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 39 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 87.

The Whimbrel is mentioned by most writers on this
island. Count Salvadori gives a complete list of references.

51. Sterna fuliginosa.

Sterna fuliginosa Gmel.; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 40; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 89.

Bocage received a specimen of the Sooty Tern from
Francisco Newton, who had obtained it off St. Thomas.

52. Sterna ansestheta.

Sterna ancestheta Scop. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 41 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 89.

Bocage records this Tern on the authority of Francisco
Newton from the islets of Sette-Pedras (Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1891, p. 84).

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 115

53. ^Anous stolidus.

Anous stolidus (Liun.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
ii. 1903, p. 41 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 89.

a. S ad. (No. 3). Sao Thome. 18.i.09.

A single specimen of the Noddy was captured by Alexander
on board liis boat.

Bocage received several specimens from the islets o£
Sette-Pedras and Rolas, together with eggs from the first-
named (Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1891, p. 84).

54. Oceanodroma castro.

Proce //ana sp. ? Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1891, p. 84;
id. 1905, p. 90.

Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo
d. Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 41.

Count Salvadori is undoubtedly right in his identification
of this Petrel from the minute account published by Bocage.
It is an interesting occurrence, and I regret that, when
I wrote my paper " On the Distribution of the Tubinares
in the North Atlantic Islands " {' Ibis,' 1914, p. 438), I
overlooked the fact that the Madeiran Fork-tailed Petrel
had been taken in the Gulf of Guinea. The specimen
which Bocage procured was captured by the fishermen of
Angolares (a fishing-village in St. Thomas) "at a great
distance from the shore,'' and I presume that the skin is
preserved in the Lisbon Museum.

The type-locality of O. castro is the Desertas Islands
(Madeira Group), besides which it is known to breed in
the Azores, Salvage Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and
St. Helena. Lack of sufficient material induced me to
unite the Atlantic and Pacific forms of this Petrel ; but
in a recent paper (' Auk,' 1914, p. 388) Mr. T. Nichols
has shown that there are two distinct forms in the Pacific : —
O. castro cryptoleucura (Ridgw.), inhabiting the Sandwich
Group (Hawaiian Islands), and 0. castro bangsi Nichols.,
recently described from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands.
I have not yet had an opportunity of comparing these two
subspecies from the Pacific Islands.

i2

116 Mr. D. A. Bauuerrnau on the

55. Rallus cserulescens.^

Rallus carulescens Gmel. ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea^ ii. 1903, p. 40 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 87.

Bocage and Sousa both record this Rail from St. Thomas.

56. Crecopsis egregia.

Crecopsis egreyia (Peters) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, !!. 1903, p. 40.

Ortyyometra egregia Bocage, Jorn. Sc!. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 88.

Discovered on St. Thomas by Francisco Newton. His
specimens are apparently all in the Lisbon Museum.

57. *Galliiiula chloropus meridionalis.

Stagnicola meridionalis Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, p. 331.

Gallinula chloropus (Linn.) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 40 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 88.

a. ? ad. (No. 66). Near Sao Thome. 2.ii.09.

b. ? ad. (No. 1^0). Zalma. 5.ii.09.

Count Salvador! thought it very doubtful whether any
form of G. chloropus had really been obtained in St. Thomas.
The bird in the Lisbon Museum, which Hartlaub and Bocage
referred to G. chloropus, is pronounced by Salvador! to be
Gallinula angulata Sund. The typical form, Gallinula chlo-
ropus, does not range further south in Africa than Egypt.
Mr. Claude Grant has gone into the question of the allied
races of the Moorhen*, and reference should be made to
his paper for further information. He has come to the
conclusion that the Moorhen inhabiting the west coast
of Africa and the islands in the Gulf of Guinea is un-
questionably Gallinula c. meridionalis (Brehm), with Avhich
opinion I concur.

This Moorhen is found inhabiting the islands of St.
Thomas and Annobon, but up to the present time has not
been recorded from Fernando Po or Prince's Island.

* See p. 47 of this number.

Birds of St. Thouuis' Island. 117

58. Gallinula angulata.

Gallinula angulata Sund. ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 40 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 88.

Recorded by Soiisa from St. Thomas. Eocage seemed
to doubt whether G. angulata had occurred on St. Thomas.
Count Salvador! has examined the specimen sent to the
Lisbon Museum, and has satisfied, himself that the example
was undoubtedly G. angulata. G. angulata should never
be confused with G. chloropus, as, apart from its much
smaller size, it has the base of the lower mandible yellow
instead of red as in G. chloropus and its subspecies.

59. ■^Porphyrio alleni.
Porphyrio alleni Tliomps.

a. ? juv. (No. 63). Near Sao Thomd. l.ii.09.

Allen's Gallinule is here recorded from St. Thomas for
the first time. According to Count Salvador! it has not
hitherto been procured on any of the islands in the Gulf of
Guinea.

60. ■^Vinago sancti-thomae.

Vinago sancti-thom(S (Grael.) ; Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 190o, p. 35 ; Reichenow, Vogel Afrikas, i. 1901,
p. 394.

Treron crassirostris Fraser; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1905, p. 83.

a, b. "} 2 ad. (Nos. 29, 30). Lake Amelia. 25.i.09.

This fine Fruit-Pigeon is restricted to the island after
which it has been named and to the adjacent Rolas Islet.

In the 'Catalogue of Birds,-* xxi. p. 17, Count Salvador!
included the St. Thomas Fruit-Pigeon under the name
Vinago crassirostris (Bonap.). His reasons for now up-
holding Gmeliu's name are set forth in his paper.

Alexander writes : — '' It frequents the tall forest-trees.
Its movements are always disclosed in the forest by its
noisy wing-beats. The note, which is a crooning rattle,
is a double one."

118 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

61. Columba thomensis.

Columba thomensis Bocage ; Reichenow, Vogel Afrikas,
i. 1901, p. 405 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, ii. 1903
p. 36 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 83.

I have not been able to examine a specimen of this
Pigeon, but I should imagine that it is only an island-form
of C. arquatrix Temm., and should therefore be known as
Columba arquatrix thomensis.

The St. Thomas Pigeon is evidently an exceedingly rare
bird confined to that island and to the islet of Rolas.
No recent collections from these islands appear to have
contained examples.

C. thomensis was first mentioned by Bocage in the Jorn.
Sci. Lisboa, 1887, p. 87, and described by him as C. arquatrix
var. thomensis in the same Journal for 1888, p. 230.

In the ' Catalogue of Birds,' xxi. p. 277 (footnote), a
translation of the original description is given. See also
Reichenow.

62. ^Turturcena malherbei.

Turturmna malherbei (Verr.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 37 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 84 ; Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 629.

a. ? ad. (No. 63). Near Sao Thome. 2.ii. 09.

This specimen is said by Alexander to have been breeding
when he shot it.

63. '^Streptopelia senegalensis.

Turtur senegalensis (Linn.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1905, p. 84.

a,h. S % ad. (Nos. 95, 97). Zalma. 4. ii. 09.

c. S ad. (No. 96). „ 5.ii.09.

d. S ad. (No. 94). „ 6.ii.09.

When Count Salvadori published his list, the Senegal
Turtle-Do ve had not hitherto been recorded from any of
the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. Its occurrence in
St. Thomas was not, however, unknown. Bocage recorded
two birds of this species from the island, but considered that
their occurrence there might have been accidental. It

Birds of St. Thomas' Island. 119

would appear, however, that the Senegal Turtle-Dove has
now obtained a footing in St. Tiiomas.

64. *Haplopelia simplex. '

Haplopelia simplea' (Hartl.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 37; Bocage, Joru. Sci. Lisboa, 1905, p. 8 k

«-^- c? S ^d. et ? imm. (Nos. 28, 55, & 27). Lake Amelia.
22-25. i 09.

</, e. ? ? imm. (Nos. G4, 65). Near Sao Thome.

f-p- (5^ (5^ ? ? ad. et imm. (Nos. 83, and 98 to 197 in-
clusive). Zalma.

Legs and feet dark claret-reck

Alexander procured a very fine working series of examples
of this Dove, showing many interesting phases of plumage.
Dr. Reichenow (Vogel Afrikas, i. p. 422) includes also
Haplopelia pi'incipalis as synonymous with H. simplex.
In this I do not agree with him, and prefer to follow
Count Salvadori, who maintains that the Prince's Island
Pigeon is a perfectly distinct species [vide Bannerman,
" Birds of Prince's Island,'' ' Ibis,' 1914, p. 630) .

A careful examination of the series of H. simplex obtained
in St. Thomas shows that in adult examples, if the sexes
have been correctly ascertained by Alexander, males and
females do not differ, and have the same dark brown back
washed with grey and grey underparts. Younger examples
of both sexes have the upperparts more umber-brown and
the underparts pale brown tinged with rufous or buff.

Alexander, writing of this species at Lake Amelia,
says : — '^ It is not common, frequenting the forest. It
is difficult of approach. When disturbed it gets up from
the undergrowth and perches not far off, where it remains
silent. It is more often seen towards evening." Writing
from near Sao Thome, the port on the north coast of
the island, he notes : — '' This Pigeon is found frequenting
the thick osier- like beds of the streams, also the palm-
groves. Its note is a soft croon. It is now breeding—
2nd of February."

In his diary Alexander particularly remarks that specimen

120 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

no. 64 was breeding. This bird has not yet assumed the fully-
adult plumage, but appears to be in an intermediate stage.

According to Bocage the species has also been taken on
E-olas Islet, which is situated close to St. Thomas.

65. *Coturnix delegorguei.

Coiurnix delegoryuei Deleg. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. 1903, p. 37 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1905,
p. 84.

a. ? ad. (No. 78). Zalma. l.ii.09.

^». (J ad. (No. 121). „ 4.ii.09.

c. S ad. (No. 122). „ 7.ii. 09.

This Quail is said by Alexander to be common on waste
land and in the vicinity of native farms. He met with it in
pairs and found it breeding in the beginning of February.
The male calls loudly in the early morning and evening,
also just before rain.

The following is a list of doubtful or erroneously identified
species which have been said to occur on St. Thomas. It
is based entirely on Count Salvadori's list (Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, ii. pp. 42-45), to which I have nothing to add;
I entirely agree with all he has to say, having carefully
verified his grounds for rejecting each species : —

1. MelaBnornis edolioides (Swains.).

2. Chlorophoneus olivaceus (Shaw).

3. Chlorophoneus sulphureopectus (Less.).

All mentioned by Allen and Thompson (Exped. Niger, ii.
1848) from Rolas Islet.

4. Passer simplex (Swains.).
Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 260.

5. Lamprocolius Ignitus (Nordm.).
Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 102.

6. Neophron pileatus (Burch.).
Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 1.

As already mentioned, if any Vulture visits St. Thomas

Birds of St. T/w mas' Island. 121

and Prince's Island it is much more likely to be N. monachus
than N. pileatus.

7. Psittacus erithacus Linn.
Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 166.

Founded on the doubtful assertion of Lopez de Lima.

8. Agapornis roseicoUis (Vieill.).
Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 262.

9. Cnculus canorns Linn.

Sousa, Jorn. Sei. Lisboa, 1888, p. 152.
It certainly would not be su prising to find the Cuckoo
occasionally visiting the island on migration.

10. Ceryle maxima (Pall.).
Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 106.

11. Halcyon cancrophaga.

Hartl. (uec Lath.) J. f. O. 1861, p. lOJ,.

It seems doubtful to what species this record refers.

12. Merops superciliosns Linn.

Recorded only by Gujon (vide Finsch & Hartl. Vogel
Ost-Afrik. 1870, pp. 179-180),

13. Dicrocercus furcatus (Stanl.).

Merops hirundineus Hartl. (nee Vieill.) J. f. O. 1861,
p. 107.

14. Melittophagus pusillus (^Nliill.).

Merops erythropterus Gmel. ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 107.

15. Chalcopelia afra Linn.

Recorded only by Allen and Thompson {op. cit.) from
Rolas Islet as Turtur chalcospilos ( Wagl.) .

16. Turtur semitorquatus (Riipp.).

Allen and Thompson {op. cit.) record it from Rolas Islet.
Count Salvadori suggests that this may refer to Turturoena
malherbei.

17. Phyllopezus africanus (Gmel.).
Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 271.

22 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the Genus Ithagenes.

V. — Note on the Genus Ithagenes.
By E. C. Stuart Baker, M.B.O.U.

(Plate III.)

N 1899, when Bowdler Sharpe wrote the first volume of the
Hand-list of the Birds/ only three species of this genus
f beautiful Blood-Pheasants were then known (Hand-list,
ol. i. p. 33), i. e., Ithagenes crutntus, I. geoffroyi, and
. sinensis. In August 1912 Beebe published the descrip-
on of a new species, which he named /. kuseri, and a
ew subspecies of /. cruentus which he called /. c. affiais

Zoologica,^ New York, U.S.A., vol. i. No. 10), and finally

have described /. tibetanus* from a bird obtained by
apt. Molesworth in Tibet.

As regards the forms enumerated by Sharpe, there can
e no hesitation in accepting all three as perfectly good
secies well differentiated from one another and with no
jnnecting links ; but, with regard to both /. tibetanus and

kuseri., there may possibly be some doubts as to whether
ley should rank higher than subspecies. In their principal
aints of coloration the three forms are the same, or
iffer only in intensity or degree of colouring. As Beebe
aints out, when the three birds are laid out, one notices
: once that they are grey birds with three brilliant
zones of crimson on the ventral surface, chin, mid-breast,
id under tail-coverts.^'

These zones, more especially that on the breast, vary very
I'eatly, not only in the three species, but in individuals
\ the same species ; and if differentiation depended on tbis
one, I should certainly reduce both /. kuseri and /. tibetanus
I the rank of subspecies of /. cruentus, and indeed, when
I'st exhibiting some specimens of /. kuseri, I treated it as a
ibspecies of that bird. The distribution, however, of the
'imson on the head and the difference in the amount and
3sition of the black would appear to point to the validity of
le species : especially is this the case with /. kuseri, of which

* Bull. B. 0. C. xxxv. 1911, p. IS.

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Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the Genus Ithagenes. 123

I have now been able to examine ten specimens, seven males
and tbree females, and in all these birds the differences
existing between this species and 1. cruentus hold good.

Of /. tibetanus there is at present but one specimen, the
type, and it is possible, though I think not probable, that
■when we obtain a series, it may be found that the two birds
do grade into one another, and, if this is so, /. tibetanus
must accordingly be reduced to a subspecies.

The differences between the three species have already been
pointed out, and are well shown by the coloured figures of
the heads which illustrate these notes (Plate III.).

In I. cruentus we find the forehead, supercilium, lores, and
a line under the eye black. In /. kuseri and /. tibetanus
the forehead is crimson, and in both also the lores and
supercilium are crimson, but in /. kuseri the two last are
mixed with black to some extent. This is a point strongly
against the theory of the birds being subspecies, for /. kuseri
and /. cruentus are the two farthest apart geographically,
and we should therefore have expected to find the inter-
mediate supercilium and lores in /. tibetanus, which occupies
an intermediate geographical area.

All three species have a certain amount of black marking
on the feathers of the foi*eneck, and posterior to the ear-
coverts and sides of the neck ; but in perfect specimens of
/. kuseri this black forms an almost perfect gorget round
the crimson of the throat, extending through and behind the
ear-coverts right up to the grey crest. Here, again, the bird
which should be intermediate, I. tibetanus, has the least
black, indeed practically none.

Beebe mentions the green wing-patch as one of the
features distinguishing /. kuseri from /. cruentus, and as
showing the manner in which it approaches /. geoffroyi, but,
as a matter of fact, when big series of the two first mentioned
species are examined, the diflPerences in this respect are not
very marked.

In the plumage of the lower parts, the three birds also
differ conspicuously ; in /. cruentus and I. tibetanus the
distribution is much- the same, i. e., crimson throat, pale

124 jNTr. E. C. Stuart Baker un the Genus Ithagenes.

foreneck^ and extreme upper breast marked with black ;
crimson and pale green, breast and flanks, and crimson under
tail-coverts. In I. tibetanus, however, the black on the
foreneck is reduced to a minimum, the tone of the pale part
is less pronounced and is less in extent, and the crimson is
the main colour on each feather of the breast instead of
broad splashes of this colour here and there.

Further minor differences are to be seen in the almost
complete want of green on the flanks and abdomen of
/. tibetanus, and also in the feathers of the chin and throat
in this bird being a purer and brighter crimson, with no
black lores or black tinge on the chin.

In /. kuseri the whole of the breast is practically crimson,
the pale green striae to the centres of the feathers being
veiy narrow, and not spatulate as in 7. cruentus. Moreover,
there is no pale interspace between the throat and the breast,
the only interruption being the black gorget, which in some
cases is mixed with crimson. Taking all these differences
into consideration, for the present I consider it desirable to
keep the thiec forms distinct Avith the status of species.

As regards Beebe's subspecies /. c. affinis, after a very
careful and exhaustive examination of over fifty males and
as many females, I find I am unable to endorse his con-
clusions.

Beebe says (loc. cit.) that the principal differences between
/. cruentus and /. affinis are : —

(1) The much greater extent of crimson on the breast of

typical /. cruentus and the almost total absence of
crimson on that of /. a finis.

(2) The two outermost pairs of rectrices in /. affinis have

no crimson edges as against the outermost pair
only in /. cruentus.

To strengthen this argument, Beebe eliminates the
Darjiling birds from his new subspecies, and says that these
birds probably come from near Nepal, and should therefore
be nearest typical /. cruentus. Darjiling is, of course, in
southern Sikkim, and if the birds were obtained near this
place as labelled, they should be of Beebe's southern form

Mr. E. C. Stuait Baker on the Genus Ithagenes, 125

/. (iffinis ; tl'.ose he has examiued, however^ Avere nearer
1. CTuentus than /. affinis, so that he appears merely to have
guessed ihdii they came from Nepal rather than from Sikkim,
without, perhaps, quite sufl&cient data. In some cases,
notably those in Hume's collection, collected by Otto Moller,
the label Darjiling usually does mean Sikkim, and not Nepal,
so it is quite certain that Beebe's diagnosis of " Darjiling"
will not invariably hold good.

But T find that even if we allow Darjiling birds to be con-
sidered as coming from Nepal, it does not help his definition
much, if at all. Thus, there are two birds in the British
Museum labelled Darjiling in which the central crimson
zone is practically absent, in one bird being represented by
a single crimson splash, and in the other by tive or six.
Yet, according to Beebe, these should be heavily splashed
like tlie Nepal birds. Of the other six Darjiling males I
have examined, three have the breast fairly well marked as
crimson, and three have it marked as heavily as in the type
of /. cruentus, which is a Nepal bird. Of the seven birds
from Nepal, all have the breast fairly heavily marked with
crimson, but one of these is really a Sikkim bird, r.nd has
the original label so marked.

Of the birds marked " Sikkim,"' two have unmarked, or
nearly unmarked, breasts, two have this part fairly well
marked with crimson, and one has it heavily marked.

Referring next to the number of exterior tail-feathers Avith
crimson fringes, I find that of 47 males in the British
Museum Collection, the division works out as follows : —

"With two pairs With one pair

Birds labelled unmarked. unmarked.

Darjihng 4 4

Interior of Sikkim 5 3

Nepal 2 5

Native Sikkiiu 13 11

Total.. 24 Total.. 23

In consequence of the above result of my examination,
I am unable to sustain /. affinis as a good subspecies.

126 Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the Genus Ithagenes.

I should, however, before finally leaving the question as
to the value of this subspecies, refer to Beebe's paragraph
(p. 192), in which he says : '' In regard to the females,
those from Nepal show on the whole much more crimson
than birds from Sikkim. Taking the character of a distinct
crimson band/^ etc. After a most careful examination of
all the females in the British Museum and elsewhere, and of
the few which have come into my hands direct, I can find no
trace of crimson anywhere. He also adds : " The crimson
colour on the margins of the rectrices, which I have neve i*
found absent from a Nepalese female " ; this crimson also
I have been unable to discover.

A simple key to the five known species of Ithagenes is
the following : —

Key to the Species of Ithagenes.

Males.

A. Throat and chin crimson.

a. Forehead black /. cnientus.

b. Forehead crimson.

a}. Anterior ear-coverts and gorget black /. kuseri.

b^. Anterior ear-coverts yellowish with black

edges. No gorget /. tibetanus.

B. Throat and chin not crimson.

c. Inner secondaries and greater coverts of wing

partly green I. geoffroyi.

d. Inner secondaries and greater coverts of wing

partly tan brown /. sinensis.

Females.

A. Feathers of face and sides of head bright ochre-

brown, contrasting with grey crown.

a. General plumage rufous brown /. cruentus.

b. General plumage brown /. kuseri.

B. Feathers of face and sides of head grading into

and not contrasting with grey crown.

c. General plumage grey brown 7. geofroiji.

d. General plumage rufous brown I. sinensis.

The female of /. tibetanus is as yet unknown.
The distribution of the five species has not yet been

Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker on the Genua Ithagenes. 127

completely worked out, and much country baa still to
be covered in which some form of Blood-Pheasant will
certainly be found, but, roughly speaking, we may define
their limits somewhat as follows : —

/. cruentus is found practically throughout Nepal, except
in the extreme west, where probably the Gogra River forms
its western boundary. Eastwards through Sikkim it works
into western Bhutan, but its eastern limits are not yet defined.
Southwards in Nepal it is found as far as the higher ranges
extend, but does not apparently venture below 8000 feet,
even in the coldest weather. In Sikkim it is obtained as
far south as the extreme end of the Singalila range, and
perhaps even farther south on the Dumsang range, north-
west of Darjiling, whence I have received a nest of Horornis,
containing numerous feathers of a Blood-Pheasant. North-
wards in Tibet we do not yet know how far it goes, but I
have reports of its existence in the Chambi Valley.

As regards /. tibetanus we have but the one bird, which
was taken on the Sela Range, above Tawang, at about 13,000
feet in south-east Tibet. It is possible, therefore, that this
species inhabits the area in eastern Bhutan and Tibet, which
is bounded by the Dihong or Brahmapootra River.

/. kuseri, which was originally obtained on the Mekong
River in north-west Yunnan, is now known to extend from
the Mishmi and Abor Hills east of the Dihong round
through the higher ranges of Burma and Yunnan into the
north of the North Shan States.

/. geoffroyi is found in the extreme south-east of Tibet,
and the Szechuen Mountains in west and west-central
China.

/. sinensis is found in the higher ranges of the Shen-si
and Kansu provinces north and east of the area inhabited
by the last bird.

In an article entitled "Preliminary Pheasant Studies,"
which appeared in ' Zoologica,' vol. i. No. 15, Beebe has
written a most interesting account of how he proposes to
divide the genera of the family Phasianidoe into groups or

128 Mr. Collingwood Ingram on

subfamilies, according to the manner in which they moult
their tail-featliers. According to this system^ Ithayenes would
obtain a place amongst the Perdicinse or true Partridges.
In habits it would, however, appear to come very close to
the Tetraonidse, and the eggs of" /. geojfroyi and /. kuseri,
w^hicli appear to be the only ones known at present, are
exactly like weakly marked eggs of the Grey Hen.

VI. — A Few Notes on Tetrao urogallus and its Allies.
By Collingwood Ingram, M.B.O.U.

When working at my Pyrenean specimens of Capercaillie,
I found it necessary to go rather more deeply into the study
of this group of birds than I had at first intended, and in
the course of my investigations I have been forced to ex-
amine a large number of examples. The opinions expressed
below are principally based on the fine series contained in
the Tring and British Museums and the mounted specimens
in the Marmottan collection now preserved in the Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris.

Although at first sight the Capercaillie appears to be a
somewhat variable species, not only in dimensions, size of
bill, &c. (which depend partly upon the age of the individual^,
but also in the plumage of the female, it will be found that
these difterences have their limitations within certain geo-
graphical areas, and when a greater mass of material is
brought together and the Avhole group carefully reviewed, a
number of fairly well-defined local races will no doubt be
distinguishable.

Brehm, of course, recognised several forms of this bird,
and three of these he maintained, in his 'Vogelfang' (p. 87) ■^,
viz. : (1) the typical Tetrao urogallus of Linnseus, ranging
from central Germany northwards ; (2) Tetrao major (which
he describes as a larger bird with a thicker bill), also

* In the present paper I have intentionally avoided all reference to
obvious hybrids or aberrations.

Tetrao urogallus and its Allies. 129

inhabiting central Germany ; and, finally, (3) Tetrao crassi-
rostris (which he declares is almost as large as T. major,
with a thick and strong bill and a very long tail), inhabiting
Carinthia and, probably, the Tyrol and Switzerland.

As a matter of fact neither of the last two-mentioned
forms appears to be valid. I have, at any rate, no hesitation
in uniting T. major with T. urogallus*, while, should further
research prove T. crassirostris to be really distinct, it is
certain that the characters enumerated above will not serve
to distinguish it. Unfortunately we have very little material
from the mountains of central Europe to judge from, and
so far, I have only been able to examine a single male from
Switzerland, and a second from the Italian Alps. Neither
of these agrees in the least with Brehm^s description of
T. crassirostris, unless, perhaps, it be in the rather long
tail of the Swiss bird (Pilatus 14.4.06, in the Tring
Museum).

In Scotland the Capercaillie was re-introduced from
Sweden at the comparatively recent date of 1837, so it is
scarcely surprising to find that specimens from that country
are still indistinguishable from the typical Scandinavian bird.
It is only fair to add, however, that fully-grown examples
of the latter sometimes attain slightly larger dimensions
and are often heavier birds f.

From the eastei'n portions of its range continental
naturalists profess to recognise at least three races of the
Capercaillie. Of these the bird inhabiting the Ural Moun-
tains is at once the most beautiful aiid distinct. The male
of this form is much paler and greyer than that of the typical
bird, and a large part of its plumage is of a clear grey colour,
finely pencilled with blackish. The wing-coverts and scap-
ulars are light rusty-brown instead of the deep mahogany

* It is perhaps true that T. urogallus attains its maximum size iu
Germany, western Russia, and south Scandinavia, but measurements
prove that this superiority is neither constant nor well-marked.

t Millais (Nat. Hist, of Brit. Game Birds, pp. 1 and 3) states that the
weight of an adult male from Scotland ranges between 9 and 12 lbs.
H^ has known Russian examples to turn the scales at 14 lbs., while
scrtith Swedish birds have been recorded up to 16 and 17 lbs.

SER. X. VOL. III. K

130 Mr. Collingwood Ingram on

in T. u. urogallus ; while, finally, there is very little black on
the under parts, and white largely predominates on the belly.
The female is also conspicuously paler in coloration, and has
relatively few black barrings on the under parts, which are
profusely marked with white. The secondaries and scapulars
are likewise distinctly spotted with white.

Of this handsome bird, T. u. uralensis Nazarow *, there
is happily no lack of specimens both in the Tring and
British Museums, and there can be no question as to its
sub-specific distinctness. But what about Meyer's T. u.
taczanowskii f from south-west Siberia, and Butuj'lin's
T. u. volgensis X from south-east Russia? I have failed to
find an ample description of the former, but as Buturlin says
it differs only from his T. u. volgensis by having a greater
amount of white on the outer edge of the primaries and a
larger bill, it is safe to assume that the two birds are very
similar in coloration. Unfortunately, topo-typical specimens
of these races do not appear to exist in England, and it is
therefore impossible to express any definite opinion upon
them. There are, however, four very interesting Siberian
specimens in the British Museum which throw some light
upon the subject. These were collected by Seebohm in lat.
66 5° N. during his visit to the valley of the Yenesei in the
summer of 1877. The two males from this district agree
closely with Buturlin's description of his T. u. volgensis, and
as this, in turn, is stated to resemble T. u. taczanowskii, it
seems highly probable that the whole of western Siberia is
inhabited by the same bird, viz, T. u. taczanowskii. Judging
by the Yenesei specimens, this form might be described as
intermediate between the typical T. u. urogallus and T. u.
uralensis, for while it does not appear to be quite so dark as
the former, it is certainly not so pale, nor is it so grey as the
latter. The following is a brief description of the British

* Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mopc. Ixii. 1887, p. 365.

t Meyer, ' Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkwild,' Wien, 1887, p. 10.

X Buturlin, Orn. Mouatsb. 1907, p. 81. In this paper Buturlin
attributes the authorship of T. u, taczanowskii to Stejneger, but I think
this must be an error.

Tetrao urogallns and its Allies. 131

Museum specimens. The males are generally paler than
7. u. urogallus, and the grey vermiculations cover a larger
area of the whole plumage and extend further down the tail.
The brownish portions of the upper surface are lighter and
of a more rusty-tawny colour. The females are also inclined
to be pale, and in one example, especially, the plumage is
generously marked with white. The feet and legs are
lieavily feathered.

The characters assigned to T. u. volgensis do not appear to
me to satisfactorily differentiate it from the above form. It
must be pointed out, however, that the habitat of T. u.
uralensis lies between that of T. u. taczanowskii and
T. u. volgensis. Under these circumstances, therefore, and
Avithout any evidence to the contrary, we are bound to
acknowledge Buturlin's south-Russian form.

We must now turn our attention to the western portions of
the Capercaillie^s range. Here we find a considerable gap
in the distribution of the species, and at the present day prac-
tically the whole of France separates the Fyrenean from the
Alpine birds. This complete isolation is apparently only of
recent date, for we have proof that the Capercailiie formerly
inhabited the higher pine-clad peaks of the Auvergne
mountains *. Although it still exists in the Pyrenees, it has
now become so rare in these mountains that there is every
reason to fear its ultimate extinction. As a consequence,
one very seldom has the opportunity of handling a Caper-
cailiie from this locality. I may, therefore, consider myself
fortunate in having been in the position to examine no fewer
than eleven examples from various portions of this range.
All of these agree in being remarkably small birds, while
the females are generally rather dark in coloration and are

* Magaud d'Aubusson (Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Acclim. France, 1897, p. 278)
says that the last Capercailiie was killed in the Auvergne more than half
a century ago. "At the end of the eighteenth and perhaps still at the
commencement of the nineteenth century, it was found not only in the
mountains of Cantal, but also in the lower Auvergne, near Olliergues,
in the Menat and Mout Dor^s woods, and iu the mountains round the
town of Ambei't. It was known in this province by the name of ' J'aisant
bruyant,' and it was formerly common. ''

k2

132 On Tetrao urogallus cmd its Allies.

very distinctly barred on tlie under surface. Having
carefully considered the question, I am of the opinion that
these characters are sufficiently pronounced to warrant the
bird's recognition as a new sub-species. I therefore propose
to name it : —

Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus, subsp. n.

Habitat. The Pyrenees and perhaps the Cantabrian
Mountains, at elevations of probably not less than 4,500 ft.
above sea-level.

The types of the subspecies are a male from Vallee de
Latour, Htes. Pyr., May 20, 1913, and a female from
Pic de Gaube, Htes. Pyr., October 10, 1912, both in my
collection.

The males, although some are inclined to be on the dark
side, differ chiefly by their diminutive size, as the following
wing-measurements show, the average length in six speci-
mens being only 360*7 mm., which is 25 '6 mm. less than in
the average typical bird.

Wing,
c? ad. Vallee de Latour, Htes. Pyr., 2,000 m., May 20, 1913.

(lugram Coll.) 367 mm.

(S ad. Sapiniere de Culavus, Htes. Pyr., 1 ,600 m., May 1906.

(Tring Museum) 368 mm.

c? ad. Valine de Latour, Htes. Pyr., May 3, 1905. (Tring

Museum) 348 mm.

cT ad. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariege, May 27, 1896. (British

Mus.) 345 mm.

J ad. Luchon, Hte. Garonne, May 15, 1876. (Marmottan

Coll.) 370 mm.

J ad. Luz, Htes. Pyr., Feb. 8, 1870. (British Mus.) 366 mm.

{Nute. — Dr. Bureau says that the wing of the only
Pyrenean specimen in the Nantes Museum measures 385
mm., but as I have not measured this bird myself, I have
purposely omitted it from the above list.)

The females are proportionally just as small as the males,
but apart from this they differ appreciably in the coloration
of their plumage. This is especially marked when one
compares them with the more northern examples of T. u.
urogallus, while of course it is still more emphasized when

On the Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 133

they are placed by the side of T". u. uralensis. Tn the
Pyrenean race the blackish barrings ou the uader surface
are very distinct and connected, and the belly is never very
heavily marked with white. The upper surface is inclined
to be dark and rather cold in tone, having less of the warm
brown tints in the ground-colour of the mottled feathers.
The average wing-measurement of the five specimens ex-
amined is 278"9 mm., or 21'6 mm. less than that of the

average typical bird. The details are as follows : —

Wing.
2 ad. Pic de Gaube, Htes. Pyr., 1,800 m., Oct. 10, 1912.

(Ii)gram Coll.) 284 mm.

2 ad. Environs of Cauteret, Htes. Pyr., 2,000 m., Nov. 8,

1906. (Tring Mus.) 281 mm.

5 ad. Environs of Cauteret, 1,G00 m., .Tune 1906. (Tring

Mus.) 277 mm.

5 ad. Foret de Gaube, Htes. Pyr., 1,600 m., Oct. 10,

1904. (Tring Mus.) 2(0 mm.

2 ad. Bagneres-de-Bigorre, Htes. Pyr., Sept. 1, 1881.

(Marmottan Coll.) 282 mm.

By way of comparison it might be interesting to state
that the average wing-measurement of twenty-six males of
T. u. urogallus from various parts of Europe is o86"3 mm.
(maximum 403 mm., from Lithuania [Brit. Mus.] :
minimum 374 mm., from Scotland [Brit. Mus.]). The
average of a similiar number of females is 300o mm.
(maximum 317 mm., from Novgorod, Russia [Tring Mus.] ;
minimum 286 mm., from Norway [British Mus.]).

VII. — Notes on the Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. By
the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, M.A., M.B.O.U. With
Contributions by H. M. Wallis, M.B.O.U., and F. R.
Ratcliff, M.B.O.U.

The following notes are based upon two visits paid by the
writer to eastern Algeria in the spring of 1913 and of 1914.
After landing at Philippeville I travelled by rail to Con-
stantine, and thence to Biskra, breaking the journey at Ain
Yagout, Batna, El Kantara, El Outaia, and Biskra. From

134 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

Eatna the liills were worked east to Lambese and Timgad,
and from Biskra an excursion was made to Sidi Okba and
Bordj Saada; while on the return journeys short visits Avere
paid to Hammam Meskoutine, Bone and Lac Fetzara.
Nearly 800 eggs were collected during the two expeditions,
Messrs. F. R. Ratcliff and E. Mackenzie Murray also
stayed for six weeks in north-east Algeria in the spring of
1913 and camped for some time at Ain Mokra, and
Mr. Ratcliff has kindly contributed notes on the birds and
eggs obtained there. Mr. H. M. Wallis has visited Algeria
on four occasions : first, in February and March 1906,
when he travelled from Algiers to Biskra, and from El
Kantara for nine days in the southern Aures range to
Timgad, returning by Lambese, H. Meskoutine, and Tunis.
In March and April 1910 he visited Lac Fetzara twice,
also H. Meskoutine and Biskra, and in 1911 again stayed
at Bone and H. Meskoutine. In March and April 1912
(together with Mr. C. E. Pearson) he revisited Bone, H.
Meskoutine, Constantine, Kroubs, El Kantara, and Biskra.

In the following notes, the portions for which the writer
is responsible are marked (J) : those contributed by
Mr. Ratcliff (R), and those taken from Mr. Wallis^s notes
(W).

In order to facilitate comparison, the order and nomen-
clature of the list published by the Hon. W. Rothschild and
Dr. Hartert in ' Novitates Zoologicfe,' xviii. pp. 471-550,
have been as far as possible followed throughout. In those
cases where there is any doubt as to the subspecies observed,
binomials have been used.

1. Corvus corax tingitanus Irby, Moorish Raven.

Widely distributed over tlie whole of eastern Algeria, and
in some parts common, but less numerous near the north
coact. In the outskirts of Batna parties of five or six may
be seen together, even in the breeding season. It nests by
preference in cliffs, but occasionally also in high mud-banks,
and in the wooded districts breeds in trees. We found a
nest with five eggs at the top of an ilex, some 30 ft. from
the ground, in the hills above Lambese, on May 2. These

Bird'Life of Eastern Algeria. - 135

eggs had only been incubated for a few days, but the breeding
season is evidently somewhat variable, as we also found young
in a nest on Djebel Mellah, in the plain of El Outaia, on
April 20, and took a clutch of two much incubated eggs
on April 18. Most birds in this district, however, seem to
lay about the third week in April (J). Abundant in Aures
range : flocks of nine and eleven seen on snow-covered fields
in February. A nest seen in a pine above a cliff on Djebel
Azrak (W). Not common near Lac Fetzara, only a pair or
two seen (R).

2. Coloeus monedula cirtensis Hart. & Rothscli. Algerian
Jackdaw.

A common resident in the gorge of the Rummel at
Constantine (J ; W).

3. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.). Chough.

Met with in some numbers on the precipitous sides of
Djebel Metlili, near El Kantara, but the breeding places
were inaccessible (J). Flock of twenty close to El Kantara
on Feb. 12 ; also noted at Tilatou : while in the clefts of
the limestone rocks in the Taya gorge they were numerous
in March 1906 (W).

4. Garrulus glandarius cervicalis Bp. Algerian Jay.
Several Jays were seen in the cork-oak forests at Gerst

Tobeiga, west of Lac Fetzara. In the woods above Batua
and Lambese they were tolerably common. A clutch of
three eggs was found in an ilex on April 28, while a second
nest was still empty on May 2 (J) . Only met with in Taya
cork-oakforest, Aprils, 1911 (W).

5. Pica pica mauritanica Malh. Moorish Magpie.
Tolerably common in the ilex scrub, which clothes the

foothills of the Aures range near Lambese, but somewhat
local, and nesting in colonies, several pairs breeding within
a short distance of one another. The nests are almost
invariably placed in ilex bushes generally at a height of
about five feet from the ground, though on one occasion
we found a nest at nine feet. They are extraordinarily

136 Eev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

bulky, and the remains of nests of previous years may be
seen in various stages of decay. The incubating bird sits
very close, and is sometimes caught on the nest by the Arab
herdboys, who destroy most of the eggs. Fresh and slightly
incubated clutches of five or six eggs were taken between
April 26 and May 2 (J). An old nest noticed in low ilex,
high up on south slope of Aures range (W). Nest with
fledged young a day^s march east of Khenchela on May 24
(R).

6. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L. Starling.

Seen in the market at Algiers, beginning of February :
also seen in flocks at El Kantara and Hammam Meskoutine
in February (W).

7. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.). Golden Oriole.

Males were noted on migration at Bordj Saada (April 25)
and near Batna (May 3). M. Dufourg, jun,, assured me
that a pair once nested within the precincts of the Ferme
Dufourg (J). First heard at Hammam Meskoutine about
March 1 : a flock of four males in a garden near Biskra on
April 12, 1912 (W). Two or three seen at Ain Mokra on
May 3 (R).

8. Coccothraustes coccothraustes buvryi Cab. North-
African Hawfinch.

Flocks noticed in the fruit-trees at Lambeseon May 3 (J).
Met with abundantly near Hammam Meskoutine in March
and April 1911 (W).

9. Loxia curvirostra poliogyna Whit. North-African
Crossbill.

Small parties met with among the Aleppo pines between
Batna and Lambese on April 27 (J).

10. Chloris chloris aurantiiventris (Cab.). Spanish Green-
finch.

Common in the gardens at Batna and Lambese (J).
Common near Kroubs ; abundant and breeding at H.
Meskoutine : eggs from April 19 (W). Breeds near Lac
Fetzara : eggs taken in May (R).

Bird' Life of Eastern Algeria. 137

11. Carduelis carduelis africanus Hart. North-African
Goldfinch.

Generally distributed and very common, from the north
coast to the oases south of the Aures range such as Biskra
and Sidi Okba. At Biskra we found eggs and young in the
nests on the crowns and leaves of palm-trees, April 23-25,
and at El Outaia large numbers were found breeding from
April 16 onwards, on which date we found young (J).
Abundant and general (W).

12. Carduelis cannabina mediterranea (Tsch.). Mediter-
ranean Linnet.

Common on the high ground near Lambese, where we
found nearly fledged young on April 27 and met with
many clutches of fresh eggs a few days later (J). Linnets
(subsp. ?) noted in February at Biskra, the Aures, Hammam
Meskoutiue, and. on the wheat-growing plains (W).

13. Serinus canarius serinus (L.). Serin.

Widely distributed, as far south as Biskra, and tolerably
common, but not so plentiful as the Goldfinch. A nest
found in a palm at Biskra (J). Clutch of four fresh eggs
ten feet up in orange-tree at Ain Mokra (R). Common and
general : eggs taken at El Kantara, and an unfinished nest
at Hammam Meskoutine on April 21 (W).

14. Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neum. Algerian
Trumpeter Bullfinch.

Breeds in some numbers on the stony hills from El
Kantara to Biskra, nesting under shelter of stones or among
boulders, and sometimes in holes and crevices of high mud-
clifi's. In a little gully at the foot of Djebel Mellah I met
with four pairs nesting within a few yards of one another.
They are confiding little birds, and will remain on the nest
when the observer is within a yard or two. Clutches of
four to six eggs may be found during the latter half of
April (J).

138 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

15. Fringilla ccelebs africana Lev. Algerian Cliaffinch.
Not uncommon near Pliilippeville and on the wooded

hillsides of the Aures, but apparently breeds rather late (J).
Common near Ain Mokra : nest on May 5 with three eggs
(R). General at El Kantara in February : nest and eggs in
palm-tree at El Kantara, April 1910 : also breeding m olives
at Hammam Meskoutine ou April 20, 1912, and in cork-
oak at Philippeville on April 26 (W).

16. Petronia petronia barbara Erl, North- African Rock-
Sparrow.

Breeds among the stonework of the Roman ruins at
Lambese ; in holes of bridges at El Kantara, and in crevices
and hollows in friable sandstone or high mud-cliffs near
El Outaia. Generally found nesting in colonies. Fresh
eggs taken on April 19 (J). Nest in a hole of a clay scarp
with one egg, on April 14, 1912, at El Kantara (W).

17-18. Passer domesticus tingitanus Loche and P. hispanio-
lensis hispaniolensis (Temm.). House-Sparrow and Spanish
Sparrow.

For fuller information as to the interbreeding of these
two species in Algeria, we must refer our readers to the
interesting observations of Messrs. Rothschild and Ilartert,
published in * Novitates Zoologicse,' xviii. pp. 479-482. At
El Outaia P. hispaniolensis was the prevalent form, and a
male caught at Ain Dahlia was apparently a pure bred
specimen of this species. These birds were breeding in the
houses, as P. domesticus does with us. In the zizyphus bushes
on the edge of the desert at Bordj Saada were hundreds of
old Sparrows' nests, from which in many cases young had
evidently been hatched off, but on April 27 there was not a
single bird in the neighbourhood. In north Algeria the
groves of eucalyptus near the stations are frequently
occupied by colonies of Sparrows (J). The eucalyptus
woods at Ain Mokra swarm with Sparrows, which appear
to be P. hispaniolensis. One Stork's nest must have held
twenty nests. Incubated eggs on May 5 (R).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 139

19 Emberiza calandra L. Corn-Buuting.

Extremely common in the corn-growing districts south to
Biskra. Clutches of five to six eggs taken from mid-April
onward (J). Common near Ain Mokra : clutches taken
from May 13 to 15 (R).

20. Emberiza cia africana Le Roi. African Rock-Bunting.
Noted near El Kantara, and on the hills above Lamb^se

on May 2 (J). Common on the barren and bushy hillsides
of the Aures range : also noted at H. Meskoutine in April

(W).

21. Emberiza cirlus L. Cirl Bunfing.

A nest with four incubated eggs found on May 14 at Ain
Mokra (R) .

22. Emberiza striolata sahari Lev. House-Bunting.

It is well known that this bird breeds in holes in
the Arab houses at El Kantara, Biskra^ and other places,
but we were much surprised to find a nest with three eggs
in the crown of a palm-tree at Biskra, quite 25 ft. from
the ground ! Moreover, it is by no means confined to the
neighbourhood of houses, for we found several nests in
small caves and recesses in the face of perpendicular cliffs
at considerable altitudes among the mountains, and far from
any buildings. In the villages almost any kind of hole may
be utilized : we have seen the characteristic " pad ^' of hair,
lining even old Swallows' and Pigeons' nests in the out-
buildings of a French farm. The clutch consists of four
eggs and fledged young were seen on April 21, and fresh
eggs from April 18 to May 1 (J). Resident in Biskra, El
Kantara, and the Arab villages in the Aures range, where
it was found haunting the houses in February (VV).

23. Rhamphocorys clot-bey Bp. Falcon-billed Lark.

A family party of recently fledged young met with east of
Biskra on April 24 (J). Empty nest and four half-grown
young found dispersed at varying distances on April 10,
1912, near Biskra : both parents shot (W).

140 Rev. r. C. R. Jourdain on the

24. JVEelanocorypha calandra calandra (L.). Calandra
Lark.

Generally distributed over all the corn-producing district
from El Guerrali south to the plain of El Outaia and east to
Lambese. Nests with four eggs taken April 23 and May 2
in cornfields near Lambese (J). Abundant and general on
the central tableland (W). Not noted near Lac Fetzara (R).

25. Calandrella brachydactyla rubiginosa Fromh. South
Algerian Short-toed Lark.

Fairly common on the plain of El Outaia, especially on
the edge of cultivation. Nests with three or four eggs
found from April 17 to 30 (J). Short-toed Larks (subsp. ?)
are also found in Algeria in winter : noted in Algiers
market and on snowy ground at El Guerrab (W). Seen
near Lac Fetzara, May 11 (R).

26. Calandrella minor minor (Cab.). Lesser Short-toed
Lark.

Only met with near Bordj Saada late in April (J).

27. Ammomanes deserti algeriensis Sharpe. Algerian
Desert Lark.

Quite common on the rocky hillsides at El Kantara and
on the mountain slopes bordering the plain of El Outaia, as
well as near Biskra. All the nests found had a more or less
prominent wall of loose stones on the lower side, and are
generally sheltered by a flat stone or a small clump of some
desert plant. The usual number of eggs is three or four :
only one out of about thirty nests examined contained five
eggs. There is much variation in the size and colour of the
eggs ; the largest measuring 25"4 x 18 mm., and the smallest
19'9x 16-1 mm. Nests with young were found on April 20
and 21 at El Outaia, and fledged young seen at Biskra on
the 24th, but many fresh eggs were taken from about
April 20 to the end of the month (J) . Hen feeding young
in nest at Fontaines Chaudes near Biskra on April 11, 1912
(W).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. ]41

28. Galerida cristata arenicola Tristr. Tristram's Crested
Lark.

This form of Crested Lark is common in the plain of El
Outaia and is also found near Biskra and Sidi Okba. Nests
with four or five eggs were found from April 16 onwards.
In many cases the eggs are more boldly marked than those
of G. theklce, but this is not invariably the case, and as the
ranges of the two species overlap, careful identification is
necessary (J).

29. Galerida theklae harterti Erl. Hartert's Crested Lark.
Nest and four eggs of this dark race taken at H. Mes-

koutine, April 21, 1912 (W). Common on hillsides at Ain
Mokra ; nests with five and four eggs taken on May 9 and
12 (R).

30. Galerida theklae hilgerti Roths. & Hart. Hilgert's
Crested Lark.

Common on the stony hillsides near El Outaia and El
Kantara, and also east to Lamb^se. Most nests contained
three eggs, and none more than four. They show great
variation, but are never, in my experience, so boldly marked
as some eggs of G. cristata arenicola. Eggs were found
from April 20 onward (J) .

31. Galerida theklae deichleri Erl. Deichler's Crested
Lark(?).

Met with on stony patches in desert south of Bordj
Saada : one flushed from nest with three incubated eggs on
April 27 ; and another nest with four eggs taken next
day (J).

32. Lullula arborea harterti Hilg. North-African Wood-
lark.

Met with along the hillsides from Batna to Lamb^se : a
nest with four eggs found at the edge of the scrub on
April 26 (J). Woodlarks met with in February at El
Guerrah and H. Meskoutine : also in the market at Algiers
(W).

142 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

33. Alauda arvensis harterti Whit. North - African
Skylark.

Common in the cornfields near Batna and Lambese, and
south to MacMahon, where one was singing on April 20.
Fresh clutches of three or four eggs taken from April 19 to
28 (J). Found breeding near Ain Mokra early in May (R).
Skylarks (subsp. ?) noted at Biskra on Feb. 7 , also at H.
Meskoutine, and flocks near Bone on Aprils (W).

34. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.). Tree Pipit.

One at Algiers^ perched on a tree, early in February 1906

(W).

35. Anthus pratensis (L.). Meadow Pipit.
Noted at Biskra, February 6^ 1906 (W).

36. Anthus campestris (L.). Tawny Pipit.

Not uncommon on the bare hillsides from Batna to
Lambese and also near Ain Yagout. A nest with five eggs
taken on April 24 (J). Several pairs seen on the high
plateau (K).

37. Motacilla flava cinereocapilla Savi. Ashy-headed
Wagtail.

One of the problems we were particularly anxious to
solve, was which race of Yellow Wagtail bred in north
Algeria. The older writers, such as Tristram and Salvin,
merely recorded " Budytes flava " as breeding at Zana and
Ain Djendeli, and eggs from these localities are still
catalogued under this head at the British Museum. Large
numbers of some race of M. flava were migrating through
Bordj Saada on April 26, but no specimens were obtained.
They were evidently on their breeding ground in the water-
meadows near El Guerrah on April 30 (J). Later they
were found quite common and breeding near the shore of
Lac Fetzara in May. A male shot at the nest had all the
characteristics of the Ashy-headed form — white throat, dark
crown, and indistinct eye-stripe, and a clutch of six eggs
was taken on May 7 (R).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 143

38. Motacilla flava flava L. Blue-headed Wa^jtail.
Seen on migration at Biskra iu April 1912 (W).

39. Motacilla alba alba L. White Wagtail.

Almost universal iu February : Biskra, February 7, etc.

(W).

40. Motacilla boarula boarula L. Grey Wagtail.

Seen in the gorge at Constantine, February 23, 1906 ;
also at Hamniam Meskoutine about a week later (W).

41. Certhia brachydactyla mauritanica With. North-
African Tree-Creeper.

Seen and heard in the cork-oak woods at Taya, April 8,
1911. Note quite loud and distinct (W).

42. Parus major excelsus Buvry. Algerian Great Tit.
Scarce : a pair seen near Larabese (J). Noted in the

Aur^s range, February 15 ; also in cork woods at Taya
(W). Uncommon at Ain Mokra : one nest with five eggs
found in a eucalyptus stump, below the level of the ground.
May 12, 1913 (R).

43. Parus cceruleus ultramarinus Bp. Ultramarine Tit.
General in wooded districts. Met with in the pine and

ilex forest near Lambese : a clutch of six eggs taken from a
hole in ilex on April 29. Also common among the palms in
oases of Biskra, Sidi Okba, etc. (J). Noted at El Kantara,
H. Meskoutine, Algiers, Philippeville, and Bone, where it
was breeding (W). Fairly common at Ain Mokra: nest
with four incubated eggs behind a strip of eucalyptus bark,
May 8, 1913 (R).

44. Parus ater ledouci Malh. Algerian Coal-Tit.
Cleaily identified in pine forest above Lambese, April 28

(J). Seen in cork-oak forest at Taya, April 8 (W).

45. Panurus biarmicus (L.). Bearded Tit.

This species has not been previously recorded from
Algeria, but Mr. Wallis saw a pair, one of whic h had a grey

144 Rev. r. C. R. Jourdain on the

head, at close quarters flitting tlirough the reeds in front
of his boat on Lac Fetzara, and uttering the well-known
ringing note, on April 11, 1911 (W).

46. Lanius excubitor elegans Swains. Desert Grey
Shrike.

Met with in scattered pairs from El Kantara to the Col de
Sfa, while in the zizyphus bushes near Bordj Saada it is
quite common. The clutch varies from four to six in
number. Nearly fledged young were found in the nest
on April 27, but fresh eggs were also taken from April 18 to
the end of the mouth (J).

47. Lanius senator senator L. Woodchat.

Generally distributed, and in some districts common from
the north coast to Biskra, wherever there are any trees ; a
few pairs nesting even on the hillsides south of El Kantara
(J). A nest with two eggs at H. Meskoutine on April 22,
and another with one egg at Bone on the 25th : abundant
near Lac Fetzara (W). Common at Ain Mokra, breeding
ill thorn-bushes, eucalyptus, olive, and oak trees : clutches
of five or six eggs. May 5 to 15 (R).

48. Pycnonotus barbatus barbatus (Desf .) . Dusky Bulbul.
Only noted at H. Meskoutine (J) ; Lac Fetzara and

H. Meskoutine (W). Several at Ain Mokra (R). It is
remarkal)le that the nest of this species has not been
found by the many ornithologists who have seen the bird
at Hammam Meskoutine.

49. Muscicapa hypoleuca (Pall.). Pied Flycatcher.

A pair seen at H. Meskoutine on April 19 and also on
April 21, 1912 (W). These may have belonged to the
Algerian breeding race, or possibly were only on passage.

50. Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.). Spotted Flycatcher.
On passage at Bordj Saada on April 26 (J). Common

at Ain Mokra in May : clutch of three eggs taken on

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 145

May 13, 1913. This species had not been recorded pre-
viously as breeding in North Africa until Graf Zedlitz took
a nest on May 22, 1913^ at the same locality. See Journ.
f. Orn. 1914, p. 139 (K).

51. Phylloscopus collybita collybita (Vieill.). Chiffchaff.
Reported as beard on February 17, and heard on the 2oth

at H. Meskoutine (W). (Several times Phylloscopi were
noted on migration, but as no specimens were obtained it is
inadvisable to record them.)

52. Cettia cetti cetti (Marm.). Cetti^s Warbler.
Several seen and heard by the irrigation channels at

Kroubs, April 17, 1912 (W).

53. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.). Great
Keed-Warbler.

Very common in the reed-beds on Lac Fetzara. Most
nests were still unfinished on May 1 (J). Nests ready for
eggs on May 4 and full clutches of four eggs on May 13-
15 (R). Heard and seen on April 11 (W).

54. Acrocephalus streperus streperus (Vieill.). Reed-
Warbler.

While working the banks of the Oued Biskra, near Bordj
Saada, I was much surprised to find many pairs of Keed-
Warblers in full song among the mixed reeds and tamarisks.
A careful search resulted in the discovery of an almost
finished nest, about five feet from the ground, in a tamarisk
bush. This is an extension of the breeding range of this
species, which has hitherto not been recorded as breeding
south of Ain Djendeli and Zana, and even there ^ith some
uncertainty, owing to confusion with A. aquuticus (J).
Breeds in small numbers on Lac Fetzara : nest with three
eggs on May 13, 1913 (R).

55. Acrocephalus schcBnobaenus (L.) . Sedge- Warbler.
Song heard on Lac Fetzara, April 11, 1911 (W).

SEK. X. VOL. Ill, L

146 Rev. r. C. R. Jourdaiii un the

56. Hypolais icterina (Vieill.). Icteriue Warbler.
Seen and heard at H. Meskoutine, April 1911 (W).

57. Hypolais polyglotta (Vieill.). Melodious Warbler.
Nest with five eggs found suspended among trailing briars

at Ain Mokra, May 13, 19 J 3 (R).

58. Hypolais pallida reiseri Hilg.

In song in the gardens at Biskra, April 24 (J).

59. Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gm.) [-S. orphea auct.].
Orphean Warbler.

Met with near Ain Mokra : clutches of four and five eggs
taken on May 13 and 15, 1913 (R).

60. Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.). Blackcap.
Noted at El Kancara in April : H. Meskoutine (nest

with four pink eggs on April 19, 1912) and Bone (W).
Common near Ain Mokra : nest with yonng aud one egg,
May 5 : four eggs May 12 (R).

61. Sylvia communis communis Lath. Whitethroat.
Singing in gardens at Lambese, where it probably breeds:

nest with young at Ain Dahlia, Lac Fetzara, May I,
1913 (J). Common at Ain Mokra: young flying on
May 11 (R). Seen at Bone, April 24: also in song at
H. Meskoutine (W).

62. Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gm.). Sardinian
Warbler.

Seen in the scrub above Lambese, but not common (J).
Common at Ain Mokra : clutch of three erythristic eggs
taken on May 11, and one of four on May 13 (R). Common
at Algiers and H. Meskoutine : eggs taken near Lac Fetzara
on April 12, 1910 (W).

63. Sylvia cantillans Pall. Subalpine Warbler.

A pair identified at El Kantara on April 15, 1913 (J).

Bird'Life of Eastern Algeria. 147

64. Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata Temm. Spectacled
Warbler.

Seen at El Kantara and El Outaia in April. A nest with
five young, which must have belonged to this species, brought
in by an Arab at Bordj Saada on April 26 (J).

65. Sylvia deserticola Tristr, Tristram's Desert Warbler.
Not uncommon on the hillsides above Batna and Lam-

bese : a pair had an almost finished nest on April 28 (J).
Noted at El Kantara, Feb. 11, 1906 (W). Common on the
hillsides a day's march east of Kheuchela, and evidently
breeding on May 24 (R).

66. Agrobates galactodes galactodes (Temm.). Rufous
Warbler.

In fair numbers at Biskra and El Outaia in April :
frequently snared by Arab boys (J). Seen at Fontaines
Chaudes, Biskra, April 11, 1911; also at Lac Fetzara,
April 11, 1912 (W).

67. Scotocerca inquieta saharse (Loche). Wren Warbler.
Met with locally in the plain of El Outaia, and more

commonly between Biskra and Bordj Saada (J).

68. Cisticola cisticola arquata (Miill.). Fantail Warbler.
Breeds in the cornfields in the plain of El Outaia : nest

with young on April 16. Also common in corn near
Bordj Saada (J). Unfinished nest at Biskra in reeds on
April 12, 1912 ; nest and young near Bone, April 12,
1910 (W). Very common near Ain Mokra: about a dozen
nests between May 7 and 14, with clutches varying from
three to seven in number (Rj.

69. Crateropus fulvus fulvus (Desf.). Algerian Bush-
Babbler.

Met with in small numbers near Fontaine de Gazelles.
More common near Bordj Saada : a nest with five fresh
eggs on April 27 in zizyphus bush (J).

L 2

148 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdaiii on the

70. Turdus viscivorus deichleri Erl. North African Mistle-
Thrush.

A few breed on the wooded hillsides from Batna to
Lambese. On April 28, 1913, a nest with three fresh egjjs
was found in a small ilex, only five feet from tlie ground,
and on May 2, 1914, another nest, Avith three well-grown
young, about 15 feet high in a similar tree (J). Met
with on southern side of the Aures range in February,
but not common (W).

71. Turdus philomelus philomelus Brehm. (T. musicus
auct.) Song-Thrush.

Extremely abundant at H. Meskoutine, February 25,
1906, feeding on the fruit of the wild olive (W).

72. Turdus musicus L. Redwing.

Together with preceding species, but less abundant. Also
seen in the market at Algiers early in February (W) .

73. Turdus pilaris L. Fieldfare.

A few at H. Meskoutine, end of February 1906 (W).

74. Turdus torquatus L. (subsp.?). Ring-Ouzel.

One seen on Djebel Azrak, in the Aures range, Feb-
ruary 15, 1906, and three more on the following day near
Chir (W).

75. Turdus merula maurilanicus Hart. Moorish Blackbird.
Common in the oases of Fl Kantara, Biskra, and Sidi

Okba, breeding among the palms and bushes. Fresh eggs
and also young found on April 23. Blackbirds are also
fairly common in the ilex scrub near Lambese, and many
nests with fresh eggs were found there about May 1, but
whether they belong to this race or T. m. aJgirus is not
certain (J). Breeding at El Kantara (W).

7Q. Turdus merula algirus (Mad.). Algerian Blackbird.

Breeding at H. Meskoutine (W). Common near Ain
Mokra : several clutches of three or four eggs about
May 7 (R).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 149

77. Monticola solitarius solitarius (L.). Blue Rock-
Thrush.

Scattered pairs in suitable localities. Noted at Bizot,
also in the Taya gorge and on Djebel Mellah near El
Outaia (J). Not uncommon : seen on an Arab mosque
at El Kantara and at other villages : also at Constantiue
and on cliffs near Hammam Meskoutine (W).

78. Monticola saxatilis (L.). liock-Thrush.

A male seen near Taya, April 8, 1911: also another in
the theatre at Timgad, probably breeding (W).

79. (Enanthe oenanthe (L.). Wheatear.

A male at Biskra on March 27, 1910 : also seen at
H. Meskoutine, April 5, 1911, and at Bone, April 25,
1912 (W).

80. (Enanthe deserti homochroa Tristr. Saharau Desert
AVheatear.

Met with between Biskra and Bordj Saada, hut not north
of the Col de Sfa (J). A pair west of Biskra, April 1910
(W).

81. (Enanthe hispanica hispanica (L.), Western Russet
Wheatear.

Not common, but widely distributed : noted near Ain
Djendeli, Lambese, El Kantara and El Outaia. A nest
with newly-hatched young at El Outaia on April 19 ;
another with four fresh eggs in a hole in the side of a
gully near Lambese on April 28. The male at this nest
had a white throat (J). A male at Fontaines Chaudes on
March 28, 1910, and a pair at Taya in April 1911 : iu both
cases black-eared (W). Both forms noted at Tebessa (R).

82. (Enanthe lugens halophila (Tristr.). Tristram's
Warbler.

A good many pairs breed in the steep mud-banks of
the dry water-courses at the foot of the hills south of
El Kantara. As a rule the nests are placed in holes or

150 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

crevices a few feet from the ground, but I Lave seen nests
almost on the ground under boulders on a rock-strewn
hillside, and in one case in a cleft between two big rocks.
A wall of loose stones is built up in front of the nest, but
the amount of material used is much less than in the case
of (E. I. syenitica. We were especially anxious to obtain
well authenticated eggs of this species, as most of those in
collections are quite unreliable. Fortunately the parent birds
proved to be extraordinarily bold after the nest had been
discovered, perching within a yard or two and even entering
the nest-hole while we were still close at hand. The clutch
varies from three to five in number, often only three, and it
is not uncommon to find one infertile egg in the nest. The
eggs are very pale bluish, not unlike those of (E. leucura,
but are frequently devoid of markings, or else they appear
only on one or two eggs in the clutch. They are also
decidedly smaller on the average, but large eggs of (E. Ingens
approach closely to small eggs of (E. leucura. The breeding
season is variable : some birds have eggs by the end of
March, and I have seen fledged young on April 21, but
fresh or slightly incubated eggs, as well as young, were
found between April 20 and 29 fJ).

83. (Enanthe leucura syenitica (Heugl.). African Black
Chat.

First met with on the hillsides between Batna and
El Kantara : very common at the latter place and round
the plain of El Outaia. This species constructs a regular
breast-wall and sloping approach of loose flat stones, about
two inches across, up to the nest, which is generally in some
hole or crevice of a rock, but occasionally also in the steep
mud-bank of a wady. Clutch usually four, sometimes five.
Fledged young in the remarkable black and Avhite juvenile
plumage were met with at El Kantara on April 16, and
fresh eggs from April 18 to 30 (J). Nest M'ith young at
Timgad on April 9, 1906, and fledged young at Fontaines
Chaudes on April 11, 1912 (W).

Bird- Life of Eastern Algeria. 151

84. Saxicola torquata rubicola (L.). Stoiiecliat.

Not uncommon in the north, but not noted south of
Coustautine (J). Common in February at Biskra, El Kan-
tara, H. Meskoutine and Kroubs (W). Common on
hillsides near Ain ]\lokra : nest with five iucubated eggs
on May 7 (R).

85. Saxicola rubetra (L.). Whinchat.

Whiiichats (subsp. ?) were met with near Bordj Saada
from April 26 to 28, and were also noted near El Outaia
on April 17. Tliey looked dark in colour and may have
been migrants (J). A pair at Batna, April 8, 1910 : also
one at H. Meskoutine on April 19, 1911 (W).

86. Phcenicurus ochrurus gibraltariensis (Gm.). Black
Redstart.

Common at El Kantara in February. Also noted at
H. Meskoutine (VV).

87. Phcenicurus phcenicurus (L.). Redstart.

Noted at Chetmah, near Biskra, March 3;), 1910, and at
El Kantara on March 31. Also many at Kroubs on
April 17, 1910 (W). These probably were P. p. phceni-
curus on migration, but a few seen among the ilex trees
above Lambese on May 2, 1914, were almost certainly
P.]}. algeriensis (J).

88. Diplootocus moussieri (Olphe- Gall.). Moussier's
Redstart.

Common on the hills between Batna and Lambese, and
in small numbers north to Ain Djendeli and south to
Biskra. The breeding habits of this bird are especially
interesting on account of its two very dissimilar types of
eggs. The blue eggs hardly vary at all, but some clutches
of white eggs show a faint bluish tinge, while others are
pure white. We devoted a good deal of time to this species,
and were successful in finding some twenty-five nests, con-
taining ninety eggs. Of these thirty-eight Avere white and

152 Rev. V. C. R. Jourdain un the

the remaining fifty-two blue, so that the proportion of Avhite
eggs is higher than is generally supposed to be the case.
Tlie nesting sites varied considerably : many nests were
found in juniper bushes at varying heights, from a few
inches to three feet six inches ; others were placed close
to or actually on the ground, but generally sheltered by
bushes. Among the more exceptional sites may be men-
tioned a hole in the side of a large block of stone, while
one nest was actually placed in a hollow among the old
matting which sheltered a row of beehives close to an Arab
house ! This nest Avas also noticeable in another way, for
it contained five white eggs, the only clutch of five met with.
The construction of all the nests was very similar, although
some were more bulky than others. The foundation con-
sists of large, coarse strips of juniper bark, or dead fibre,
with some moss, bits of wool and feathers, lined thickly
with thistledown, wool, bents, hares' fur, and feathers of
various birds. When flushed from the nest the sitting-bird
always proved to be the hen. The first clutch was taken on
April 19 and the last by May 2, by which date several nests
contained young (J) . Noted at Biskra and El Kantara in
February 1906 : found nesting at Timgad in April, and a
pair at liouknia, near H. Meskoutine, on April 18 (W).

89. Luscinia megarhyncha Brehm. Nightingale.
Common at Philippeville, Hammam Meskoutine, and

Lambese (J). At H. Meskoutine on April 6 and at
Lac Fetzara on April 12 (W). Common at Ain Mokra :
eggs on May 7 (R) .

90. Dandalus rubecula (L.). Robin.

Robins (subsp.?) were seen at Algiers, generally through-
out the Aures range, at El Kantara and Biskra in February
1906 : also at H. Meskoutine in 1910 (W). Probably these
were chiefly migrants from Europe.

91. Prunella modularis (L.). Hedge-Sparrow.

Noted in gardens near Algiers at the beginning of
February 1906 (W).

Bird-Life of Ea.^fei-n Alfjeria. 153

92. Troglodytes troglodytes kabylorum Hart. Algerian
Wren.

Noted at Ain jNIokra, the gorge of the Rummel, and in
the hills above Batna (J). In February at El Kantara :
nests found at H. Meskoutine, Avhere it is abundant (W' j.
Common at Ain Mokra, nesting behind the loose strips of
bark on the eucalyptus-trees. Clutches of four or five eggs,
from May 7 to 13 (R).

93. Chelidon rustica rustica (L.). Swallow.

Generally distributed and common, breeding all over the
country south to El Outaia and Biskra (J). Building at
El Kantara on April 14 (W).

94. Hirundo urbica meridionalis Hart. Algerian House-
Martin.

Also breeds in great numbers in some localities, such as
Batna and Lambese. At Ain Dahlia the nests were ready
for eggs on May 1 (J). Clutches of fresh and incubated
eggs at Ain Mokra on May 12 (R).

95. Riparia riparia riparia (L.). Sand-Martin.

Many at Chetmah, near Biskra, on April 10 : also noted
at Lac Fetzara on April 4 (W).

96. Riparia rupestris (Scop.). Crag-Martin.

Flocks of what appeared to be this species were noticed
hawking about the high cliffs of the Oued El Kantara,
April 20 (J) : a flock of fourteen seen flying over a pool
at Biskra, February 6, 1906 : also noted at cliffs near
Hammam Meskoutine in April (W).

97. Apus melba melba (L.). Alpine Swift.

Colonies breeding under the tiles of houses at Philippe-
ville and also at Constantino (J). Noted at Bone,
Philippeville, and Constantine, where it was nesting under
the eaves of a shed (W).

154 Rev. P. C. R. Jourdain on the

98. Apus apus (L.).

Extremely common at Bone, and nesting in the weep-
holes of the masonry (J). A flock of twelve passing over
Tiragad on April 8, 1910 (W).

\_A2Ms murinus was not identified with certainty.]

99. Caprimulgus ruficollis desertorum Erl. Erlanger's
Red-necked Nightjar.

A pair met with east of Klienchela on May 24. The
testes of the male were the size of peas (R).

100. Merops apiaster L. Bee-eater.

Common : flocks had already arrived at El Guerrah on
April 14. Breeds in the river-banks near St. Charles (J).
Flocks passing north at Chetmah, near Biskra, on April 10 ;
also at H. Meskoutine on April 19 (W).

101. Merops persicus chrysocercus Cab. & Hein. Saharau
Bee-eater.

Seen in small flocks near Bordj Saada, April 27, 1914 (J).

102. Upupa epops epops L. Hoopoe.

Generally distributed but not numerous anywhere (J).
Many at Biskra, frequenting the drains on March 27 ; also
many at H. Meskoutine in April (VV). Feeding young at
Ain Mokra on May 8 (R).

103. Coracias garrulus garrulus L. Roller.

A few on the hillsides near Batna and Lambese, April 28
(J).

104. Picus vaillantii (Malh.). Algerian Green Wood-
pecker.

Only met with among the big ilex-trees above Lambese :
nest-hole not quite finished on May 2 (J). Heard in Taya
cork-oak woods, April 8, 1911 (W). Heard in wooded
hillsides west of Tebessa (R.).

105. Dryobates major numidus (Malh.). Algerian Great
Spotted Woodpecker.

Also noted in the Taya cork-oak woods on the same

Bird-Life of Eastern Alge^'ia. 155

date (W). A Spotted Woodpecker (sp. ?) seen at Aiu
Mokra, May 2, 1913 (R).

106. Jynx torquilla inauritanica Rothsch. Algerian
Wryneck.

A richly coloured bird, undoubtedly of this race^ seen and
heard at H. Meskoutine on February 26^ 1906. Also noted
on April 6 (W).

107. Cuculus canorus L. Cuckoo.

Many calling on the hills near Lambese, April 19 (J).
Only noted at Bone (W). Seen several times at Ain
Mokra (R).

[As the Ain Mokra birds were met with in May, they
must have belonged to the small Mediterranean form,
C. c. minor A. E. Brehm.]

108. Strix aluco mauritanica (With.). Moorish Brown
Owl.

A young bird, still in down, but with the primaries in
quill, which had fallen from the nest in a eucalyptus wood
at Ain Mokra, was found on May 8 in the possession of an
Arab boy. Iris blue (R).

109. Bubo l)ul)o ascalaphus Sav. North African Eagle-Owl.
My first acqviaintance with this fine species was on

April 18, 1913, when we came across a single bird perched
on the edge of a recess about 20 feet high in the steep rock-
wall of a gully in one of the ranges bordering the El Outaia
plain. His big yellow eyes were wide open, but he remained
still for some minutes before taking wing and flying over-
head down the wady. The ledge had evidently been in use
for some time, as the ground below was strewn with bones
and fragments of pellets. In the following year another
bird was flushed from a hole under a big boulder on a steep
mountain-side on April 30, but this proved to be only a
roosting place and showed no traces of breeding (J).

156 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain o7i the

110. Tyto alba alba (Scop.). Barn-Owl.

The characteristic screatn was heard in tlie dusk near
Batna, April 18 and 19, 1914 (J). Also beard nightly at
H. Meskoutine in February (W).

111. Athene noctua glaux (Sav.). Southern Little Owl.
Resident among the Roman remains at Lambese (J).

At Lambese : one sitting on telegraph-post near Bone on
April 23 (W).

112. Otus scops scops (L.). Scops Owl.

Generally distributed : heard at Lambese, Ferrae Dufourg
and Biskra (J).

113. Gyps fulvns fulvus (Ilabl.). Griffon Vulture.

Not uncommonly seen on the wing in north-eastern
Algeria, but less commonly in the south-east (J). A party
of about twelve seen together on the ground near El Guerrah,
February 5, 1906. At a cliff, near H. Meskoutine, a small
colony was found bieeding. In 1911 hall-grown young
were moving about on the nesting ledges in April, but in
1912, on April 6, one nest contained a fresh egg, another
an incubated egg, and a third a chick in dowai (W).

W^. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.). Egyptian
Vulture. ^

Several pairs breed in the gorge of the Rummel at
Constantine, and, not being disturbed, are vei-y tame.
Scattered pairs also nest on the hills near Ain Djendeli,
near El Kantara and the ranges to the south (J). Breeding
at El Kantara and in cliffs near H. Meskoutine (W).
Common near Tebessa : also occasionally seen at Aiu
Mokra (R).

115. Gypaetus barbatus atlantis Erl. North African
Bearded Vulture.

I visited the eyrie on Djebel Metlili, from which a young
bird and an addled egg were taken in 1911 (see Nov. Zool.
xviii. p. 532), and also met with another south of El Kantara,
which was occupied in 1913 (J). Immature and adult birds.

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 157

the latter dropping bones, seen at El Kantara in February
1906, and again in April 191.2 (adult only). Also noted at
Tilatou and in the Taya gorge, April 1911 (W).

116. Aqnila chrysaetus (L.). Golden Eagle.

One seen near Djebcl Taya, April 30 (J). Seen at cliffs
near H. Meskontine : nest empty, but lined with fresh
sprigs of ash and terebinth, on April 18 (W).*

117. Eutolmaetus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.). Bonelli's
Eagle.

We had already seen individuals of this species patrolling
the plain of El Outaia, and on April 20 found an eyrie in a
small isolated cliff, which contained no fewer than three
well-grown young, still in down. The clutch of this species
generally consists of two eggs, occasionally one only. When
first seen, one of the parents was standing on the nest and
feeding the young in turn from the carcass of a Gundi
{Clenodactylus gundi) (J). A pair bred on a ledge of a low
cliff near H. Meskoutine, and the nest contained two fresh
eggs on February 26, 1906. Also noted at this locality in
April 1910 and 1912 : and at Lac Fetzara in April 1910 and
March 1911 (W).

118. Eutolmaetus pennatus (Gm.). Booted Eagle.
Seen at Ain Alokra several times in May (R).

119. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Lev.), African Buzzard.

A nest in a cleft of the precipitous side of a narrow gorge
contained three fresh eggs on April 19, 1913, and tliree days
later we found a second, accessible without the help of a
rope, which contained the unusual number of four large
young, still in down. Both these nests were in the ranges
south of El Kantara. In 1914 the nesting site which con-
tained four young in 1913, was again in use, but this time
held only three young birds on April 30, still in white
down (J). Either this or the preceding species seen at
the Taya goi'ge and Constantine (W).

* A large light-coloured Eagle flushed on IMay 6 at Ain Dahlia (R)
was probably Aquila rapa.c belisariiis Lev,

158 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdalu o?i the

120. Haliaetus albicilla (L.). Sea-Eagle.

A fine adult bird, with light head and white tail, seen
at close quarters flying near the shore of Lac Fetzara at
Ain Mokra on May 11, 1913, subsequently settling in the
rushes (R).

121. Circus aeruginosus harterti Zedl. North African
Marsh- Harrier.

Several pairs breed in the reed-beds along the north shore
o£ Lac Fetzara ; a nest with three eggs found at Ain Dahlia
on May 1, 1913. Also a pair evidently attempting to breed
in a small marsh south of Ouled Rahmoun. Harriers (sp. ?)
were seen near Bordj Saada, April 26 to 28 (Jj. About
three pairs near Ain Dahlia in 1911 : also seen in 1910 and
1912 (W). A single incubated egg brought in by Arabs on
May 15 from the west side of Lac Fetzara (R).

122. Circus pygargus (L.j. Montagu's Harrier.

An adult male hung up on a tree near Algiers, February
1906 (AV).

123. Circus macrourus (Gm.). Pallid Harrier.

One seen on the wing near Biskra on February 6, 1906
(W).

124. Accipiter nisus punicus Erl. North African Sparrow-
Haw k.

Seen in the pine forest, Djebel Azrak, Aur^s Mts.,
February 17, 1906 : also in the Taya cork-oak forest iu
April 1911 (W).

125. Milvus milvus (L.). Red Kite.

Apparently two pairs breeding in range of cliffs near
H. Meskoutine, April 6 and 18, 1912. Single birds also
seen near Constantine, February 24, 1906, and near
Les Lacs in April 1910 (W).

126. Milvus migrans migrans (Bodd.). Black Kite.
Common and widely distributed north of the plain of

El Outaia, but less numerous to the south. Many pairs

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 159

breed on Djebel Metlili (J). Migratory : not noted up to
March 4, 1906, but several seen at El Kantara on March 31,
1910. As many as seventeen seen together on the wing at
El Kantara : also in numbers at Constantine (W).

127. Elanns caeruleus (Desf.). Black-shouldered Kite.
One seen sitting on telegraph-wires and on the wing at

Hammam Meskoutine, April 1911. The plumage is unmis-
takable : mantle and wings grey with black triangular patch
on shoulders (W).

128. Circaetus gallicus (Gm.). Short-toed or Snake
Eagle,

Seen once or twice between El Kantara and El Outaia (J).
A nest in an olive-tree, only seven feet from the ground,
at H. Meskoutine in April 1911 : also seen there in April
1912, and near Lac Fetzara (VV).

129. Falco columbarius regulus Pall. Merlin.

One seen chasing House-Buutiugs at Biskra, February 7,
1906 (W).

130. Falco naumanni naumanni Fleisch. Lesser Kestrel.
Only identified with certainty at the gorge of the Rummel,

Clonstantine, in April (J). Common at Constantine on
April 9, 1910 (twenty-two sitting on one length of
telegraph-wire), but not observed there on February 23.

131. Falco tinnunculus L. Kestrel.

Generally distributed and common. A nest in a hole of
a high mud-cliif, contained four eggs on April 30, 1914 (J).

132. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temm. Algerian
Peregrine.

A nest with three half-incubated eggs taken at El
Kantara, on April 3, 1910. From the slaty head and
mantle, and lightly ticked fulvous breast of the Falcon, it
must have been this species, although Lanners usually nest
here. Also apparently breeds in the Taya gorge and on
cliffs near H. Meskoutine (W).

160 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

133. Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschra. Algerian
Lanner.

Breeds in fair numbers in the rocks at El Kantara and
in the mountain ranges which border the El Outaia plain.
Remains of eggshells were lying beneath one eyrie which
ue found in a steep cliff on the evening of April 18,
1913, but as I could reach it with a nesting-stick, it seemed
worth while to try for a possible addled egg. As luck
would have it, this was obtained after a few minutes'
" fishing, '' and then, to my astonishment, the Falcon slipped
off the nest where she had been all the time, almost invisible
in the dusk. There were also two recently hatched young
in this eyrie. In 1914 the site was again occupied and
young could be seen there on April 30. Another eyrie
visited on April 25 contained four young in down, and the
wings and breast-bone of a recently killed Kestrel showed
that Hawks do sometimes *' pick out Hawks' eyne"(J).
Identified at El Kantara (W).

134. Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (L.). Osprey.

One seen in March 1911 by the shore at Bone, and a pair
fishing close to the town on April 5, 1912 (W). One seen
at the mouth of the river at Bone on May 13, 1913 (R).

135. Phalacrocorax ?p. ?

A flock of about twenty Cormorants or Shags seen flying
over Lac Fetzara on May 1, 1913 (J). A flock seen on
]\]ay 4, 1913, at Ain Mokra (R).

136. Sula bassana (L.). Gannet.

Fishing along shore west of Algiers in some numbers,
end of January 1906 : also noted at Bone in March
1911 (W).

137. Ardea cinerea cinerea L. Common Heron.

Met with occasionally in April even in the south : one on
the Oued El Kantara, April 20, 1914; seven or eight
on Lac Fetzara, May 1, 1913 (J). Seen at Biskra, April 12,
1912, H. JNIcskoutine, April 1911, and on Lac Fetzara,

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 161

April 4, 1912 (W). Several on Lac Fetzara, May 4,
1913 (R).

138. Ardea purpurea purpurea L. Purple Heron.
One on Lac Fetzara, April 1910 : also at Bone (W).

139. Ardeola ibis ibis (L.). Buff-backed Heron.

A flock of about forty seen on Lac Fetzara on May 2,
and a breeding colony reported as still existing on the south,
side of the Lake (J). One shot in Oued Biskra, April 13,
1912 : others seen on Lac Fetzara (W). Common near
Ain Mokra (R).

140. Egretta garzetta garzetta (L.). Lesser Egret.

At Lac Fetzara, but less numerous than the preceding
species, April 1912 (W). Ain Mokra (R).

141. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L.). Night Heron.
One seen on Lac Fetzara, April 1910 (W). Flock of six

near Ain Mokra on May 4, 1913 (R).

142. Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.). White Stork.
Locally very common where not persecuted. At Con-

stantine at least a dozen nests could be seen from one point
on the roofs of the houses in the Arab quarter. Near Ouled
Rahmoun and by the line to Batna there are many nests in
trees : one tree alone contained four nests, but probably
some were unoccupied. Nests may also occasionally be seen
on Roman ruins (J). First arrival noted on February 6,
1906, when a flock of eight passed over Biskra. In pairs
on the nests at Constantino on February 24. Sometimes
breeds on the roofs of French houses : three nests seen
on the gables of one house. Rare in the Taya valley, but a
small flock seen migrating there on April 19, 1912. Two
clutches of four eggs found near Kroubs on April 24, one
slightly and one considerably incubated. Abundant at
Bone : seventeen nests counted in the town (W).

143. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia L. Spoonbill.
Three seen on the wing, and also subsequently feeding, on

Lac Fetzara, April 24, 1912 (W).

SJtiK. X. — VOL. III. M

162 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

144. Botaurns stellaris stellaris (L.). Bittern.

Heard booming on Lac Fetzara, April 4 and 23, 1912
(W).

145. Phcenicopterus roseus Pall. Flamingo.

Large flocks nsnally to be seen on "^ Les Lacs " (Cliott
Tinecilt, and Sebkret ez Zmoul) in April (J, W) .

146. Anas platyrhyncha L. Mallard.

Some species of duck breeds on tlie Oued Biskra, near
Bordj Saada, and the eggs are often taken by the Arabs.
On April 27 we flushed half a dozen either of this species or
the Gadwall from high reeds, but could not get a clear view.
Oil Lac Fetzara the Mallard is plentiful (J). Common on
Lac Fetzara : a couple also seen by the sliore near Bone in
March (W).

147. Anas crecca L. Teal.

At Lac Fetzara in March 1911 (W).

148. Anas angustirostris Men. Marbled Teal.

Clearly identified at close quarters on Lac Fetzara,
May 18,^1913 (J).

149. Anas strepera L. Gadwall.

Many on Lac Fetzara, April 11, 1911 (W).

150. Spatula clypeata (L.). Shoveler.

Very abundant on Lac Fetzara, March 1911 (W).

151. Nyroca nyroca (Giild.). White-eyed Duck.
On Lac Fetzara, near Ain Mokra, May (E. M. M.).

152. Nyroca ferina ferina (L.). Pochard.

Several drakes in full plumage near Aiu Dahlia on May 1,
1913 (J).

153. Nyroca fnligula fuligula (L.). Tufted Duck,

On Lac Fetzara, April 11, 1914 and April 4, 1912 (W).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 163

154. Erismatura leucocephala (Scop.). White-headed
Duck.

One seen on Lac Fetzara, April 4, 1912 (W). Several
near Ain Mokra, May 10, 1913 (R).

155. Columba palumbus excelsa Bp. Algerian Wood
Pigeon.

A few in the woods from Batna to Lamb^se (J). Very
local : nineteen seen on one dead tree at H. Meskoutine on
March 28 (W) .

156. Columba livia 11 via L. Rock Dove.

A local resident, very numerous in some places. Great
numbers breed in the wonderful labyrinth of canons between
Djebel Mellah and the Oued El Kantara, ranging thence over
the plain of El Outaia (J) . Common at El Kantara, Tilatou
and the Taya Gorge (W).

157. Streptopelia turtur arenicola Hart. Desert Turtle
Dove.

Plentiful in the Taya valley : also in the oases of Biskra
and Sidi Okba (J). A few at Biskra early in February:
H. Meskoutine in April (^W). Several seen at east of Khen-
chela, May 24 (R).

158. Streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca (Lath.). Senegal
Turtle Dove.

Breeds among the palms at Biskra. A clutch of two
incubated eggs taken April 23 (J).

159. Pterocles arenarius Pall. Black - bellied Sand-
Grouse.

Each of the Sand-Grouse has a characteristic note con-
stantly uttered in flight, by which it can be easily identified.
This species breeds on the rock-strewn slopes and barren
levels of the plain of El Outaia in considerable numbers,
but the area is so vast that it is difficult to find the nests.
First egg picked up on April 20 (J). Seen near Biskra,
April 10 (W).

m2

164 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

IGO, Pterocles alchata alchata (L.). Pintail Saiul-Grouse.
Met with at Bordj Saada (J).

161. Pterocles senegallus senegalliis (L.). Senegal Sand-
Grouse.

Innumerable small flocks of this species at Bordj Saada on
April 27. Although this bird is found in such numbei's
and has such a wide range, the number of eggs in collections
is exceedingly small. Mr. Pearson took some clutches in
Sind in 1895 in mid-May : JNlr. A. G. Tomlinson obtained
a clutch near Bussorah on June 21, 1911, and the Tring
Museum contains a single egg from Mesopotamia taken
on May 15. Tristram (Ibis, I860, p. 71) states that he
obtained " only one nest/' and makes some remarks on the
eggs, but no specimens appear to have been included in his
collection. With this possible exception I am not aware of
any eggs having been previously taken in Africa in a natural
state, though they have been laid in confinement, and perfect
eggs have been taken from the oviduct. We were fortu-
nate in discovering a pair or two breeding in the southern
part of the plain of El Outaia, and a nest with two eggs
was found on Api'il 15, but unfortunately one was broken
by accident. The other is typical and measures 41*8 x
28-2 mm. (J).

162. Caccabis petrosa petrosa (Gm.). Barbary Partridge.
Tolerably common in the scrub on the hills from Batua

to Lamb^se : an incomplete clutch o£ five eggs found May 2,
1914 (J). General in the Aures range in February : also
at H. Meskoutine, where a clutch of four eggs was taken
April 7, 1911 (W).

163. Caccabis petrosa spatzi Reich w. Spatz' Barbary
Partridge.

This desert form is met with sparingly from El Kantara
to Bordj Saada, and several nests with ten or twelve to
fifteen eggs were found among bushes on hillsides and dry
watercourses between April 22 and 27 (J).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 165

164. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.). Quail.

From April 15 to 22, 1913, a strong migration of Quail
was in progress at El Kantara, and great numbers were
shot while the corn Avas being cut. Clutches of fresh
and incubated eggs were jalso mown out on April 17, and
probably many breeding birds are killed at such times.
Among a bunch of some fifty birds which I examined on
April 16, were one or two birds of the year. In 1914,
migration was practically over by April 20. Messrs.
Rothschild and Hartert state that this species breeds at
least as far south as Batna and Djebcl Mahmel, but it also
nests commonly at El Outaia, and I have seen fresh eggs
taken at Biskra on April 22 (J ) .

165. Rallus aquaticus aquaticus L. Water-Eail.

At Lac Fetzara, April 11, 1911 (W). [^Purzana porzana
(L.) was also met with in the Tunis market on March 7 ,
1906 (VV).]

166.' Crex crex crex L, Corncrake.

A few pass through on migration with the Quail,
Several were shot at El Outaia on April 16^ and one on
April 21 (J).

167. Gallinula chloropus chloropus (L.). Waterhen.

One seen on a tiny reed-covered pool near the Oued El
Kantara on April 29 (J). None seen on Lac Fetzara, but
a clutch of seven incubated eggs were brought in by an Arab
from the west side of the lake on May 15 (R).

168. Fulica atra atra (L.). Coot.

Breeds in enormous numbers at Lac Fetzara, where the
Arabs collect thousands of eggs for food. In consequence,
most of the nests seen on May 1, and even later, contained
from one to three eggs, and only a few had full clutches.
Although some clutches have dark red-brown spots, instead
of the usual blackish markings, there seems to be no
evidence that F. cristata breeds on the Lake (J, W, R).

166 Rev. F. C. E. Jourdaiu on the

169. Porphyrio cserulea (Vandelli). Purple Gallinule.
Although not nearly so common as the Coots, Purple

Gallinules are nevertheless found in fair numbers on Lac
Fetzara, and are not at all shy. In a day's work some
fifteen or twenty birds may be flushed from the rushes and
reed-beds. Occasionally one may be seen perched on the
top of lofty reeds, looking very much out of place as it
grasps them with its enormous pink feet. Messrs, Wallis
and Pearson took clutches on April 23 and 24, and newly
hatched young were found by Jourdain on May 1 ; while
eggs were also found on May 4, and young and eggs from
the 10th to the 14th by Messrs. Ratcliff and Murray, The
nests seem to be more built up above the water than those
of the Coot and often have reeds lying across them (J,
W, R) . Young about two days old have a strong curved bill,
reddish flesh at the base, a black spot at the beginning of the
feathers on the upper mandible, rest of bill white, black-
tipped, down black all over, top of head nearly bald and
soft, showing red flesh. Iris dark brown, feet reddish
flesh : small white curved claw ^ in. long on " thumb "
where bastard wing is (R).

170. Megalornis grus grus (L.) ? Crane.

A flock of large slow-flying slaty grey birds, probably this
species, seen north of El Guerrah on February 5, 1906 (W).

171. Houbara undnlata undulata (Jacquin.). Houbara
Bustard.

Fresh eggs were shown to me at Biskra, which had been
brought in by Arabs some time before April 25 (J). Two
were seen to pitch in standing barley at Chetmah, near
Biskra, April 10, 1912 (W),

172. BurMnus cedicnemus saharse Reich w\ Saharau
Stone-Curlew.

Heard in the Bled Salaouine and the plain of El Outaia.
An egg was brought in by an Arab at El Outaia on
February 3 ! and a clutch of two much incubated eggs taken
on April 24 (J). A pair near Tebessa (R).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 167

173. Glareola pratincola pratincola (L.). Pratincole.

Some thirty or forty birds scattered over the baked mud-
flats on the west of Lac Fetzara on May 14, but no sign
of nesting (R).

174. Charadrius dubius Scop. Little Ringed Plover.
Met with in some numbers in the Oued El Kantara,

evidently breeding (J). A pair at Fontaines Chaudes,
Biskra, on April 11 ; in j^airs^ Oued Biskra, April 13 ; several
pairs apparently nesting in the river-bed at H. Meskoutine
in April (W).

175. Charadrius alexandrinus L. Kentish Plover.

A pair haunted a sandy patch in the desert near Bordj
Saada : apparently breeding on April 28 (J). A single bird
with a ruddy crown at Biskra, April 11. Also breeds on the
sea-shore near Bone : nest scraped out, April 25, 1912 (W).
Clutch of three eggs taken on west side of Lac Fetzara,
May 15, 1913 (R).

176. Charadrius apricarius L. Golden Plover.

Flocks at Chott Tiuccilt, February 5, 190G ; also in Tunis
market (W).

177. Vanellus vanellus (L.). Lapwing.

Many on swampy ground north of El Guerrah, near
Constantine and Les Lacs early in February : also in
Algiers market (W).

178. Himantopus himantopus himantopus L. Black-winged
Stilt.

Seen at Ain Dahlia, May 4, 1913 (R).

179. Gallinago gallinago gallinago (L.). Common Snipe.
In Algiers market, end of January : also seen near Kroubs,

February, and near Bone in April (W). [Liitmocryptes
gallinula also seen in Tunis market in March (W).]

180. Scolopax rusticola L. Woodcock.

In Algiers market, end of January 1906 (W).

168 Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain on the

181. Erolia alpina (L.). Dunlin.

Flocks at Chott Tinecilt, February 1906 (W).

183. Tringa hypoleuca L. Common Sandpiper.
Two seen in the Oiied El Kantara, April 29 (J). Two or
three pairs at Bone, April 6 : also seen at H. Meskoutine on

April 19 (W).

183. Tringa ochropus L. Green Sandpiper.

One frequented a drain at Biskra, February 1906 (W).

184. Tringa totanus (L.). Redshank.

Two seen by the Oued Biskra, near Bordj Saada, April 27
(J). Apparently tliis species, in numbers at Lac Fetzara,
April 4, 1912 (W).

185. Numenins arquata (L.) . Curlew.
Common near Lac Fetzara, April 4, 1912 (W).

186. Hydrochelidon nigra nigra (L.). Black Tern.
Several seen on Lac Fetzara, May 4, 1913. A white-

rumped black Tern seen on May 10 was probably H.
leucoptera (R).

187. Hydrochelidon leucopareia leucopareia (Temm.).
"Whiskered Tern.

Early in the morning of May 1, 1913, a large flock of these
Terns was seen resting on the tops of a patch of high reeds
near Ain Dahlia, where they had probably spent the night.
Later in the day I saw many hawking over the lake (J).
None on April 4, but many on April 24 ( W) . Very common
near Ain Mokra (R).

188. Sterna hirtmdo L. Common Tern.

A single bird with an injured foot, seen several times
between April 27 and 28 at Bordj Saada (J).

189. Larus melanocephalus Temm. Adriatic Gull.

Seen off Bone. March 1911 : also at the marsh near Lac
Fetzara, April 4 (W).

Bird-Life of Eastern Algeria. 169

190. Lams argentatus cachinnans Pall. Mediterranean
Herring Gull.

A few pairs about the harbours at Philippeville and
Bone in April and early May (J). Noted at Bone, April 3,
and Philippeville, April 26 (W).

191. Larus fuscus L. Lesser Black-backed Gull.

Seen off Algiers, January 30, 1906 : also near Bone,
April 5, 1912 (W).

192. Hydrobates pelagicus (L.). Storm-Petrel.

Three or four seen near the boat, off Philippeville,
April 26, 1912 (W).

193. PuflBnns kuhlii kuhlii (Boie). Mediterranean Shear-
water.

Both large and small species of Shearwater were seen at
sea off the Algerian coast, but the former only in small
numbers, on April 13 (J).

194. PufBnus puffinus yelkouan. Levantine Shearwater.
Much commoner than the preceding (J). Shearwaters

(sp. ?) noted April 3 (off Bone), April 26 (Philippeville)

(W).

195. Colymhus cristatus cristatus L. Great Crested
Grebe.

Common on Lac Fetzara in March 1911 : also noted
April 4, 1912 (W).

196. Colymbus nigricollis nigricollis (Brehm). Black-
necked Grebe.

In full breeding plumage and probably nesting on Lac
Fetzara, April 14, 191 i (AV). Three watched and identified
with certainty on May 10, 1913. No nests found (R).

197. Colymbus ruficoUis Pall, Dabchick.

Very plentiful near Ain Dahlia at the beginning of May,
when its bubbling notes were constantly heard, and clutches
of fresh eggs, from five to seven in number, taken (J).
Beginning to lay on April 23, nests with one and two eggs
(W). Breeds near Ain Mokra : eggs from May 10 (R).

1 70 Recently published Ornithological WorTcs.

VIII. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

Ghidini on rare Alpine Birds.

[Aquile ed Avvoltoi nelle Alpi. Angelo Ghidini. Riv. Ital. Ornitol.
iii. 1914, pp. 81-83, Tav. ii.]

A short note records the nesting of Aquila fulva
( = A. chrysaetus) in the Leventina valley, the occurrence
of Gypaetus barbatus in the Val d'Aosta and of Querquedula
formosa in Canton Ticino, all localities ou the Italian side
of the Alps, and all species but rarely met with in northern
Italy.

Goeldi on the Birds of Switzerland.

[Die Tierwelt der Schweiz in der Gegenwart und in der Vergangen-
heit. Von Dr. Emil August Gijldi, Professor der Zoologie in der
Universitiit Bern. Band i. Wirbeltiere, mit 2 Karten und 5 farbigen
Tafehi. Pp. xvi+654. Bern (Francke), 1914. 8vo.]

Dr. Goeldi, as many of our Members will doubtless recall,
spent the greater part of his life at Para in Brazil, where
he built up a great Zoological Museum which was subse-
quently named after him. He has now returned to Europe
to spend the rest of his life in his native city of Berne,
where he has been appointed Professor of Zoology at the
High School.

The present volume contains an account of the Vertebrate
fauna of Switzerland from a bionomial and geographical
standpoint, and is addressed to students of the high schools
and universities of Switzerland. In the third chapter,
pp. 261-406, will be found an account of the avifauna, based
chiefly on the works of Fatio. The number of species
recognized is 358, and these are discussed at length from
the point of view of their status and geographical relations.
A useful table is given showing the names used in the
various editions of Fatio's works as compared with those in
the British Museum Catalogue ; then follows a general
review, in which the species are individually treated of at
some length, and coupled with their most nearly related
forms in other parts of the world.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 171

To anyone travelling or sojourning in Switzerland, we can
thoroughly recommend this work as a reliable guide, not
only to the birds but to the otiier groups of Vertebrates
inhabiting central Europe.

Grinnell on a new Red-winged Blackbird.

[A new Red-winged Blackbird from the Great Basin. By Joseph
Grinnell. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, xxvii. 1914, pp. 107-108.]

Mr. Grinnell adds one more form to the large number of
already named subspecies of Agelaius phceniceus. He calls
it A. }j. nevadensis, and states that it inhabits the State of
Nevada and parts of north-eastern California which lie
between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, where
the climate is dry and desert-like.

Mathews on Australian Birds.

[The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. iii. pt. 6,
pp. 445-512, pis. 190-199 (June 1914) ; vol. iv. pt. 1, pp. 1-80, pis. 200-
209 (October 1914).]

In these parts, concluding the Ardeiformes and proceeding
to the AnseriformeSj Mr. Mathews continues his careful
researches into the synonymy of the various forms, and, as
usual, gives an admirable summary of their life-histories,
for the elucidation of which he has been successful in
enlisting a still greater of correspondents. The illustrations
leave little to be desired.

Only two new genera are proposed, and no new species or
subspecies, but our readers should consult in this connexion
the ^ Austral Avian Record ' and the author's last ' List of
Australian Birds,' besides 'Novitates Zoologicse.' The new
genera are Ctenanas for Leptotarsis Eyton, preoccupied
under the form Leptutarsus Guerin, and Hemigarzetta for
Herodias eulophotes ^winhoe; but the former had been more
doubtfully suggested in the Austral Avian Record (vol. ii.
p. 90). Mr. Mathews also accepts Radjah Rchb. for the
White-headed Sheld-Duck, and Casarca Bp. for the Mountain
Duck, giving in both cases the differences which he thinks
entitles them to be separated from Tadorna. Similarly he

172 Recently 2'>ublished Ornithological Works.

lias now Dupetor and Ixohrychus for Ardeiralla and Ardetta
respectively.

He withdraws the proposed genus Tohurides for the fine
red Mangrove-Bittern^ and the following subspecific names: —
tormenii for the N.W.A. Blue Reef Heron, roberti for
W,A. Black Swan, hamiltoni for the N.W.A. Pied Goose,
georgi for the W.A. Cape Barren Goose, ivestralis for the
W.A. Sheld-Duck, both peroni and gouldi in favour of
(javanicd) mistralis for the " Whistling Duck/'

He separates the blue and white forms of Ardea sacra,
as some other writers have done, but drops the name sacra
Gm., which he believes to have been based on a hybrid;
his specific names stand as matook (Vieill.) and greyi. He
considers Ardea aruensis Gray = ^. picata Goxi\&=^ A. flavi-
7'ostris Sharpe, and calls the Australian bird aruensis
flavirostris ', he identifies A. maculata Lath, with the
Australian Night Heron.

In the beginning of vol. iv. the disquisition on the Anseri-
forraes will be found most useful by students of the grou[) ;
and it should be noted that the author inclines to consider
the peculiar Australian genera of Antarctic origin ; further
on, a very full account is given of our earliest records of the
Black Swan.

North on the Birds of New South Wales.

[Zoology of New South Wales. Tlie Birds. By Alfred J. North,
C.M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S. Extr. New South Wales Ilandbooli, British
Association for the Advancement of Science, 1914, pp. 294-313.]

i This short review of the avifauna of New South Wales
was prepared for the British visitors attending the Meeting
of the British Association which took place in Australia last
year, by Mr. North, of the Australian Museum in Sydney.
Though containing no novel facts, it was no doubt most
valuable to the Members of the Association who took part
in the Meeting. It is illustrated by a plate containing
small but clear representations of some of the more typical
Australian forms of bird-life.

Becently published Ornithological Works. 1 73

Roberts on South African Birds.

TNotes on Birds in the Collection of the Transvaal Museum, with
descriptions of several new subspecies. By Austin Roberts. Annals
of the Transvaal Museum, iv. 1914, pp. 169-179.]

This short paper contains a number of emendations and
corrections with regard to species and subspecies of birds
occurring in south Africa, and should be carefully studied
by all those interested in the avifauna of that region.
A number of new forms are described belonging to the
genera Lophoceros, Rhinopomastus, Anthus, Anthoscopus,
'Tarsiger, Centropus, and Chlorophoneus.

Schi(t>ler on the Races of the Eider-Duck.

[Lidt om Ederfuglen, Somateria niollissima, L. og nogle af dens
Racer. Af E. Lehn SchiMer. Dansk ornith. For. Tids. viii. 1914,
pp. 233-276, 13 text-figs.]

This is a supplement or a continuation of a paper pub-
lished by the author in the same journal in 1908, and
contains his more recent views on the distinguishable races
of the Eider-Duck. Mr. Schi0ler has been able to assemble
together a very large mass of material, and has thoroughly
worked it out. He has measui-ed and reduced to an average
the dimensions of a large number of birds of different
ages and sexes belonging to the Norwegian, Faeroese, and
Icelandic races of the Eider, and has compared them with
the typical race from Sweden and Denmark.

From liis observations and measurements it appears that
he is prepared to recognise the Icelandic, Faeroese, and
Norwegian (west and north-west) Eiders as sufficiently
distinct from the typical Swedish and Danish birds to be
regarded as subspecies, and for these he adopts the names
first proposed by Brehm, viz., Somateria mollissima islandira,
S. m. faeroeensis, and S. m. norvegica. The differences
between these three forms are fully detailed and illustrated
in the memoir, which should be consulted by all who are
interested in the subject.

174 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Seligmann and Shattock on Spermatogenesis in the Mallard.

[Observations made to ascertain whether any relation subsists between
the seasonal assumption of the " eclipse " plumage in the Mallard {Anas
boscas) and the functions of the testicle. By C. G. Seligniarln, F.Z.S.,
and S. G. Shattock. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, pp. 23-43, text-figs. 1-6.]

The object of the observations and experiments described
in this paper were to endeavour to ascertain what relations .
existed between the periods of sexual activity of the testicles
of the Mallard and of the plumage-changes, and whether
these two phenomena had any causal relation to each other.

Two series of observations were undertaken. Of these
the first consisted in the simultaneous examination of the
plumage and the condition of the testes in a series of Wild
Ducks during any month in the year ; the other of obser-
vations on Wild Ducks which had been castrated.

The conclusions arrived at are that the periods of activity
and non-activity of the testes do not coincide with the two
seasonal changes of plumage. The testes normally attain
their maximum size in March or April, while the eclipse
plumage is assumed in July and passes off in September.
If, however, castration is carried out during the months when
the testes are assuming or have assumed their functional
activity, the assumption of the eclipse plumage is delayed,
and in some cases is not assumed at all. Great difficulty,
however, was found in completely performing the operation
of castration, and in almost all birds examined, which had
been previously so treated, small nodules or grafts of re-
generated testicular tissue were found.

Shufeldt on the Eggs of Humming-birds.

[Reder og Aeg af Nordamerikanske Kolibrier (Trochili). Af R. W.
Shufeldt. Med Tavle ii.-viii. Dansk ornith. For. Tids. viii. 1914,
pp. 187-195.]

The veteran American ornithologist Dr. Shufeldt has
written a general account of the nests and eggs of the
Humming-birds of North America for the Danish Ornitho-
loo-ical Journal. The photographs which illustrate the
paper are apparently taken by the author himself from a

Recently published Ornithological Work.t. 17 o

collection of nests with the eggs in situ. They represent
examples of the eight species found within the borders of
the United States and chiefly in California.

Sivarth on Arizona Birds.

[A distributional list of the Birds of Arizona. By Harry S. Swarlh.
Cooper Ornithological Club. Pacific Coast Avifauna, number 10.
Pp. 1-133. Hollywood, Cal., 1914. 8vo.]

For some years past the author of this Avork has been
engaged in field-work among the birds of the State of
Arizona, which we may remind our readers lies just to tbe
east of California aud to the north of the Mexican boundary-
line, in the south-western part of the United States.
Throughout the greater part of Arizona, which is nearly
equal in area to the whole of the British Isles, desert con-
ditions prevail, aud the rainfall is probably less than in any
State in the Union.

Notwithstanding this the author has been enabled to
compile a list of 362 species and subspecies occurring within
the State. With each of these is given a brief outline of
the status or method of occurrence, as well as of the dis-
tribution withiu the State. An analysis of the avifauna and
a discussion of the life-zones, illustrated by a map, follows
the list, and the whole is completed by a careful bibliography,
the titles of which are arranged chronologically ; the first
one of these, by William Gambel, only dates from 18J3,
showing how comparatively recent the exploration of this
State has been. The work appears to have been very
accurately done, and will be of great service to all workers
in North American ornithology.

Williams on the Birds of Sarawak.

[Some notes on Birds in Sarawak. By 11. D. AVilliams. Sarawak
Museum Journal, ii. 1914, pp. 79-98.]

This short paper contains some valuable field-notes on
Bornean birds which had been added to a series of accurate
paintings of the birds themselves made by Mr. W^illiams
during a three years' residence in Sarawak. The}' seemed

1 76 Recently published Ornithological Works.

to the Curator of the Sarawak Museum, ]Mr. J. C. Moulton,
well worthy of publieation^ and they will no doubt be found
useful by students of Malayan ornithology.

The Auk.

[Tlie Auk. A quarterly Journal of Ornitbolooy. Vol. xxxi. nos. 1-4.
1914.]

This volume of the 'Auk' opens appropriately with a
most eloquent appreciation of our late Editor, Dr. P. L.
Sclater, from the pen of one of his oldest surviving friends
and contemporaries, Dr. Daniel Giraud Elliot, who is now
living in New York and working at the American Museum
of Natural History. He describes how he first called on
Dr. Sclater and made his acquaintance in 1859, shortly after
he had been elected Secretary of the Zoological Society, and
how he saw him constantly from then onwards, whenever he
had occasion to come to England, The memoir is steeped
throughout with veneration and reverence for the great men
of the zoological world of the Victorian era, and it is far
the most touching tribute to the memory of Dr. Sclater
which has yet been published.

Mr, 11, C. ]\Iurphy, who made a voyage in a New Bedford
whaling-brig to South Georgia in 1912-13, brought back
some 500 skins of sea-birds from that remote island to enrich
the collections of the American Museum in New York and
of the Brooklyn Museum as well. It will be remembered
that he sent an interesting photograph of a flock of various
species of Petrels and Albatrosses to the ' Ibis ' of last
April. He now (p. 429) contributes to the pages of the
'Auk' a general account of his adventures and observations,
illustrated with many photographs of sea-birds*. He also
proposes (p. 13) to add another species of Petrel (yEstrelata
chionophara, sp. n ) to the three already described from
Trinidad Islet in the south tropical Atlantic ; this seems,
perhaps, a rather questionable proceeding, as only one
example of the new species was obtained, and there can be

* A somewhat popular account, more fully illustrated, will be found
iu the Broolvlvn Museum Quarterly, i. 1914, pp. 83-110.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 177

no doubt that the plumages of the various members of tbis
genus are far from being properly understood as yet.

In a tbird paper (p. 5'26) be reviews, in collaboration with
Mr. J. T. Nichols, the forms of the genus Phabetria, of
which lantil comparatively recently but one species was
recognized. In tbis note the authors propose a new name
for the Sooty Albatross of the west coast of America, which
sometimes wanders as far north as the coast of Oregon. It
was originally named Diomedea fusca by Audubon, but as
this specific name is preoccupied they propose to designate
it Pho'betria palpebrata auduboni, bringing the number of
named forms of the genus up to six.

An interesting point is made by Mr. J. D. Figgins (p. 62),
who sbows that Gambel's Quail_, which has been introduced
into the western part of the State of Colorado, and has tbere
increased and multiplied and become a common bird, bas,
as compared with the typical birds from California^ M-bence
we may presume it was originally brought, undergone marked
cbanges in coloration as well as in size. Are we justified,
then, in giving tbis artificially and recently introduced race
a new name ? Such action was certainly taken in the case
of the Bermuda Goldfincb (c/. Kennedy, Bull. B.O.C. xxxiii.
1913, p. 33).

All ornithologists interested in moult and plumage change
should read an excellent account (p. 293), given by
Dr. J. Dwight, of this phenomenon in the Scoter Ducks.
It is illustrated by a coloured plate of the heads of the tbree
American and three Old- World species, carefully prepared
from fresh specimens and showing tbe coloration of tbe
curious knobs and protuberances so characteristic of tbe
birds of the genus (Edemia. These, as Avell as the adult
coloration of the legs and feet, begin to appear during tbe
first winter.

Two interesting facts are brought forward by Dr. Dwight
and are believed to be entirely new discoveries. In both
Q^. americana and the corresponding QE. nigra of Europe,
tbe outer primary is very strongly emarginated on the inner
web. Tbe same feather in the young bird is normal and not

SER. X. — VOL. III. X

178 Recently published Ornithological Wo)-ks.

emarginate, and a young CE. nigra or (E.fasca, in whatever
plumage it may be, can always be detected by this means.
In the other species, curiously enough, this distinction does
not hold good. Dr. Dwight also asserts that in addition to
the usual post-nuptial moult in August, when all the feathers
including the remiges are changed, there is partial pre-
nuptial moult in March or April, when the body- and tail-
feathers are chanijed but not the remi":es. This is stated to
be true for all the species so far as Dr. Dwight has been able
to discover, and has been entirely overlooked up to now,

Mr. A. n. Wright, who has written much on the former
history of the Passenger Pigeon, has now turned his attention
to the I'urkey and discusses in a long article, pp. 33 1 and
463, the early history of this bird and its introduction and
domestication in Europe. It is said to have been served at
the marriage feast of Charles IX. of France in 1570, and this
one of tlie earliest notices of its being mentioned in Europe.

It has long been known that the stomach of the Tanagrine
genus Eiiphonia was quite abnormal, and the late I\lr. W.
A. Forbes first gave a correct description of the anatomical
facts. These aie briefly, that instead of a muscular ventri-
oulus or gizzard, the Tanagers of this genus possess only a
flabby thin-walled sac which runs direct from the proventri-
culus to the small intestine.

Mr. Alex, Witmore, who has lately been employed on
fiekl-u'ork for the Biological Survey of the United States in
Porto Rico, suggests that the absence of all traces of the
muscular gizzard is due to the fact that the species found
in that island, Eaphonia or Tanagra sclateri, feeds exclusively
on n)istletoe-berries of tlie genus Phoradendron, clumps of
which are common locally in the forest of the island. The
seed passes through the body of the bird unchanged, and the
glutinous berry surrounding it forms the sole nourishment
of the bird and renders unnecessary the presence of a
muscular gizzai'd.

A number of papers of more local interest, such as those
on the birds of districts in the State of Alabama by JMessrs.
Golsan and Holt, Colorado bj* Messrs. Rockwell and

Recently published Ornithological Works. 179

Witmore, Oklahoma by Mr. W, "W. Cooke, and Florida by
Mr. R. W. William, add greatly to the value of the volume,
while Mr. E/. ]\I. Stronj^ writes an 'intensive study " of
Larus argentatus on Lake Michigan. Mr. E. S. Cameron,
]\I.B.O.U., has a readable paper on Archibuteo ferrvgineus
and its nests in Montana, which is illustrated with some
fine photographs. Finally we must mention an account by
Mr. J. C. Phillips of his journey up the Blue Nile to Sennaar,
with which is a coloured illustration of his new Nightjar,
Caprimulgus eleanora. Some doubt is cast on the validity
of this new species by Mr. Butler in the present number of
'The Ibis' (p. 181).

The Australian Zoologist.

[The Australian Zoologist. Issued by the Royal Zoological Society
of New South Wales. Edited by Allan R. McCuUoch, Zoologist,
Australian Museum. Vol. i. part 1. Sydney, June 1914. 8vo.]

The Zoological Society of New South Wales, which owns
and manages the Zoological Gardens of Sydney, has decided
to issue this serial publication " to contain articles of
scientific and general interest pertaining to zoology ,'' and
the first number has now reached us.

Among other papers there are several of interest to
ornithologists. Mr. L. Harrison suggests that a study of
the Mallophaga, those curious lice-like parasites which are
almost entirely confined to avian hosts, many throw some
light on the phylogeny and relationships of the various
groups of birds, and gives some interesting instances of the
curious facts in regard to the distribution of the same species
of parasite on various species of hosts.

A short article by Mr. Basset Hull, illustrated by some
photographs, tells us what has been done, and also what
more should be done, in regard to Government sanctuaries
and reserves for bird-life in New South Wales ; and finally
Mr. Walter W. Froggatt writes a short note on some of
the birds noticed by him on the Saltbush plains of the
north-western parts of New South Wales.

180 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Avicultural Magazine,

[Avicultural Magazine. Third series. Vol. v., Nov, 1913 to Oct.
1914.]

The fifth volume of the ' Avicultural Magazine/ under the
energetic editorship of Mr. Hubert D. Astley, fully maintains
its acknowledged excellence both in the matter and in the
illustrations, which latter have always been a prominent
feature. Tn this respect the Society has a great advantage
in possessing an editor as facile with his brush as with his
blue pencil, as is shown by the two charming plates of
jEgithaliscus erythrocephalus and yEthnj)yga seherioe, which
adorn the first and third numbers of the present volume.
There are several other coloured plates by Mr. Goodchild
and a number of interesting photographs by Mr. H. Willford,
among which we would draw special attention to those of
the Oyster-catcher on pages 45 and 47, the Meadow-Pipit
on p. 310, and the Crowned Crane on p. 254.

It is impossible in the space at our disposal to mention all
the articles of real merit contained in the volume, but we
would draw attention to some of the more interesting.
Mr. Collingwood Ingram contributes an account of his
father^s efl'orts to introduce and acclimatize the Greater
Eird of Paradise into the West Indian island of Little
Tobago, which he purcliased for this purpose. It is not at
present possible to state with certainty whether the birds
liave yet bred there, but there is every hope of their doing
so. Mr. F. E. Blaauw writes an account of how he obtained
a pair of the rare South American Parrot Hemignathus
leptorhynchus in southern Chile, and how with infinite
difficulty he transported them across the continent by the
Trans-Andean railway to Buenos Ayres, and thence to his
aviaries at Gooilust, where they have since bred.

A difficult task was also that of Mr. H. K. Job, the State
Ornithologist of Connecticut, U.S.A. He made a journey
to the prairies of Manitoba in order to obtain a supply of
the young wild ducks of various species. In his article
(pp. 64, 99) he describes how he hatched out under hens,
and with an incubator, large numbers of eggs, taken when

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 181

natural inculjatiou liad proceeded to a large extent, and how
he sucessfully roared a number of young ducklings which
he was afterwards able to safely land in Connecticut.

IVIr. Stuart Baker contributes two articles on the habits
of the Indian Pigmy Fahon {Microhierax melanoleucus) and
the Serpent Eagle (S/dlornis cheela), both of which he kept
in semicaptivity in Assam.

There are many other articles dealing with various aspects
of aviculture and including some of great practical use to its
votaries, and we may conclude by noticing a most useful
glossary of the various English names applied to the many
species of Parrots, contributed by Dr. E. Hopkinson.

List of other Ornithological Publications received.

Murphy, R. C. Cruising in the South Atlantic. (Brooklyn Mas.

Quarterly. Vol. i. No. 2, July 1914.)
Austral Avian Record. (Vol. ii. Nos. 5, 6. London, 1914.)
Avicultural Magazine. (3rd Series, Vol. \i. Nos. 1, 2. London, 1914.)
Bird Lore. (Vol. xvi. Nos. 5, 6. Harrisburg, 1914.)
Bird Note.s. (New Series, Vol. v. Nos. 9-12, Ashbourne, 1914.)
British Birds. (Vol. viii. Nos. 5-7. London, 1914.)
Bulletin de la Soci6t^ Zoologique de Geneve. (Tome ii. Fasc. 1-3,

1914.)
Californian Fish and Game. (Vol. i. No. 1. San Francisco, 1914.)
Canada, Geo). Survey. Bept. of Mines. (Museum Bulletin No. 2,

Ottawa, 1914.)
Condor. (Vol, xvi. No. 4. Hollywood, Cal. 1914.)
Emu. (Vol. xiv. pt. 2. Melbourne, 1914.)
Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxiii. Nos. 10-12. Dublin, 1914.)
Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 34-36. Edinburgh, 1914.)
South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. i. pt. 4. Adelaide, 1914.)

IX. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
The following letters have been received : —

Sir,— In the notice (' Ibis/ July 1914, p. 516) of Dr. J.
C. Phillips's paper '^ Two new African Birds/' Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, xxvi. 1913, pp. 167-8, it is mentioned that
"two supposed new forms are Ae^cY\he(\.— Capri in ulfjus

] 8.2 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

eleanorce from Fazogli, and Passer domesticus chephreni from
Giza, near Cairo.''

As regards Capriinulgiis eleanora, I have just received
from Dr. Phillips the coloured plate of the bird which
appeared in 'The Auk/ vol. xxxi. pi. xiii., April 1914, on
which Dr. Phillips has written " The plate is too light and
too brown, the bird is blacker.^'

I do not know with what material Dr. Phillips compared
his bird before describing it, but had he availed himself of
the opportunity of examining my collection while in Khar-
toum he would have found the same bird, from the same
locality, and could have ascertained "the unknown charac-
ters " of the male, which has large subtcrminal white spots
on the two outer rcctrices. Caprhniilyus eleanora does not
appear to me to differ in any detail of plumage or measure-
ments from C. trimaculatiis (Swains.) (=C, lentiginosus
Smith=C. tristigma Ptlipp.), with which I unhesitatingly
identify it, after having compared Fazogli birds with skins
at the British JNIuseum and at Tring.

Dr. Phillips's statement that the bird is ''most nearly
like C. monticola of India " leaves me in doubt as to whether
he compared it with a series of C. trimaculatus at all.

While fully recognizing the good work of American
ornithologists, I think it is a matter for regret that many
" new " forms of African birds have lately been described
by them, based on one or two specimens only, and without
comparison with the material in the museums of Europe.
The result is that some recent descriptions are more of an
addition to synonymy than to scientific knowledge.

Passer domesticus chephreni appears to be identical with
Passer domesticus niloticus Nicoll & Bonhote, with which,
and not with P. d. indicus Hart., Nicoll and Bonhote now

unite the G:za Sparrow.

I am, Sir,

Yours &c.,

A. L. BuTLEft.

Khartoum,
Octol)er 7, 1914.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 183

The Final Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon. — From the
October number of 'The Auk' we learn that the last living:
example o£ Ectopistes migratorius died on September 1 of
last year in the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens. It uas a
female and had been in captivity for twenty-nine years.
The Passenger Pigeon nested in large communities, and
these were so raided by trappers that there can be little
doubt that the bird has been exterminated by the direct
agency of man.

INIr. Frank INI. Chapman ('Birds of Eastern North America/
1912, p. 282) gives the following account of the history of
this bird : — " Wilson, writing about 1808, estimated that a
flock of "V\'ild Pigeons observed by him near Frankfurt,
Kentucky, contained at least 2,230,272,000 individuals.
. . . An article by William Brewster on " The Present Status
of the W^ild Pigeon as a bird of the United States with
some notes on their habits " (Auk, vi. 1889, p. 285), gives
much information concerning the recent history of the bird
in ^Michigan, one of its last strongholds. According to an
informant of Mr. Brewster's the last nesting in Michigan
of any importance was in 1881, It was of only moderate
size — perhaps eight miles long. The largest known Michigan
nesting occurred in 1876 or 1877. It was twenty-eight
miles long and averaged three or four miles wide.

" The Passenger Pigeon is now so nearly extinct that
although it has been reported as ' seen ' on various occa-
sions, there appears to be no unquestionable record of its
actutd capture since 1898, Singularly enough, two speci-
mens were taken on September 14 of that year, an immature
bird at Detroit, Mich. (Fleming, Auk, 1903, p. 66) and an
adult male at Canandaigua, N.Y. (Eaton, ' Bir.!s of New
York'),"

' Zoological Record' for 1913, — The portion of the 'Zoo-
logical Record' for 1913 containing the " Aves " was
issued last month and should be in the hands of every
working ornithologist. It can be obtained apart from the
rest of the volume for 6^, from the publishers, Messrs.
Harrison & Sons, of 45 St. ^Martin's Lane.

18 i Letteis, Extracts, and Notes.

The present issue contains a list of 1576 titles dealing
with various aspects of ornithology, as compared with 16G5
for the year before ; of these 370 are British, 368 come
from the United States, 309 from Germany, and 130 from
Fi ance. The other countries which run into double figures
are Russia 82, Italy and Australia 52 each, Austria 46,
India 32, Holland 27, Finland 25, and the South African
Union 16.

It is to be hoped that tlie war will not prevent the issue
of the volume for 1914, tliongh it will doubtless be a matter
of great difficulty to complete it. Not only has the war
caused the cessation of the issue of a great many periodicals,
but it will be impossible for the Central Bureau to receive
the foreign titles from many of the contributing countries,
even if the organizations and bureaus in these countries
still continue their work. We understand, however, that an
effort will be made to issue the volume for the present ^ear
and to make it as complete as possible, and in the meantime
all ornithologists can assist in making the financial burden,
which is undertaken by the Royal Society, less by subscribing
for a copy of the work.

The New Edition of the B. 0. U. List of British Birds. —
This work is now complete and printed off except for the
Index, and it is hoped that it will be ready for issue to
subscribers early in February. The special subscription price
to Members has been fixed at 5s. 6c?., delivered free, and the
Secretary will be glad to receive remittances as soon as
possible. If Members would kindly enclose this amount
when sending their annual subscriptions, it would be a
convenience.

THE IBIS.

TENTH SERIES.

Vol. III. No. 2. APRIL 1915.

X. — Notes on the Ornithology of the Maiopo District^
Southerti Rhodesia. By L.Beresford MouritZjM.B.O.U.,
M.S.A.O.U.

The Matopo * District is situated to the south-east of
Bulawayo and, roughly speaking, is bordered on the east
by the Umzingwani Eiver, and on the west by the Shashani
River and the Bulilima-Mangwe District. To the south
side lies Gwanda, whilst to the north the watershed of the
Zambesi-Limpopo system forms the most convenient de-
marcation. The hills proper cover a tract of about 3000
square miles, and are of a biotite-granite formation, with
raicrocline, as the dominating felspar, surrounded by schists,
and with dolerite and other intrusions in places.

Almost unique in their topography, the Matopos are
difficult to describe in a few words, but are frequently
likened to a turbulent sea of hills. The surroundinsr veld
is mostly covered with timber or bush, but there are also
extensive open grasslands and subsidiary groups of kopjes ;
whilst on the north side particularly, the rounded rock-
less hills {" amaqaqa '') are a feature of the landscape.
The altitude of Mt. Silozi (one of the larger peaks) is
roughly 4900 feet — the valley below being 4200 — whilst

* Variously spelt Matobo, Matoppo, and Madobo.
SER. X. VOL. in. o

186 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

other ])oints reach over 5000 feet. It should be noted, ho-vr-
ever, that in the more elevated parts the liills seldom rise
abruptly for more than 200 or 300 feet, whereas, where the
general plane of the valleys is lower, one finds hills rising
over 600 feet. The hotel at the terminus of the branch line
from Bulawayo is 4375 feet above sea-level ; and the World's
View — hallowed to all eternity as the last resting-place of
Cecil John Rhodes — is 4700 feet. A feature of many of the
larger ranges is the crater-like valleys at their summits, and
one often finds natives' stock grazing in such jdaccs, whilst
duiker grow to a great size in these out of the way spots.
Nearly every range has its quota of leopards, which ])rey
upon the plentiful klipspringers, baboons and rock-rabbits,
and at the same time they are great depredators of the
inhabitants' small stock.

Oruithologically considered, the ^latopos offer an ideal
hunting-ground, and a few days' sojourn in these delightful
hills and valleys must serve to convince one that the whole
area is indeed one of Nature's preserves. The many
precipitous krantzes^ away in the remote ranges present
secure breeding-sites for Ravens, Eagles and Hawks, where
they will be able to nest for centuries in undisturbed
possession ; whilst favourable conditions are offered to
the smaller birds in the overgrown ravines and rank
growth along many of the streams. As is to be expected
of such a peculiarly-formed and well-defined formation,
certain species of birds are found which do not occur in
the adjacent districts, except, in some cases, as daily
visitors at stated seasons (when tempting food-supplies lure
them from the hills), or merely as casual wanderers at odd
times. Similarly, one finds species occurring plentifully on
the surrounding veld which do not penetrate any distance
into the hills, and which are unknown among the central
ranges.

Before proceeding further, it would be as well to state
that I have not collected in the eastern ]\Iatopos, nor have
I had any experience of the southern side, where, however,
-*■ /. c, precipices.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 187

the avifauna evidently merges witli that of the Mangwe
District, insomuch, as I am informed by natives, Vultures
("amanqi"), Sand-grouse ("isikwalakwala"), and Knorhaan
('' umzwilizwili ") occur in the adjoining mopani country.
In 1908 I collected around Fortusher ; in 1910 and 1911
brief visits were paid to the Rhodes' Dam and other
localities ; whilst I was resident on Lucydale farm from
January to May, 1912, and then went for an ornithological
trip in the hills and lived in a cave close to Mshingili
until September; the whole of July and the first two weeks
of August, however, I spent in hospital on account of a
recurrence of blackwater fever, and this eventually forced
me to leave the country.

The botanical features are varied, and, in addition to the
appended list of the commoner trees, include species of Olax,
TurrcBa, Sphedamno carpus, Antidesma, Phyllanthus, Map-
rounea, Heeria, Lannea, Falcourtia, Cussonia, Vitex, as
well as various others, whose botanical position has yet
to be determined, e.g.: — the '' amapapapa,'' " amakanda-
lisilwana,^' " izikukuku/^ ''amakolajana,'^ '^^ izilwzi," '^ama-
kololonkonyani," " isitolwana,^' and " izitshokesana/^ of the
Matabele.

The commoner trees and shrubs include the following : —

mceiia Aloa excelsa.

umkiwa (umkiwana) Ficus sp.

isiqwalapa Protea sp.

ilipaui Cupaifera mopani.

umlcamba Afzelia ciianzensis.

iimpaca Bolusanthus speciosus.

umqoqoqo Erythrina tomentosa.

umnondo Burkea africana.

umvimela Kirkia acuminata.

umhlafuto Riciniis commimis.

timhlonhlo E:q)horhia ahyssinica.

umganu Sderocarya cnffra.

umpafa Zizyphus mucronata.

uxaguxagu (ratokwe, mtohwi) . . Thespesia gareheana.

umqogolo Doryalis caffra.

umangwe Terminalia sericea.

\imdhlauzo Diosjjyrus mashuma.

umnquma , Olea sp.

o2

188 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

umkomatsana (" umhlati ") .... Strychnos sp.

umlugulu Carissa tomentosa.

uravibi Kigelia sp.

umvalasangwana Gardinia sp.

iimvilo Vangueria sp.

umpahla Brachylcena rhodesiana.

The native population consists of Matabele ("amandabele")
and Makalanga (^'amalioli '^), and where known^ I have
inserted the native names with the abbreviation " Sind." for
the Sindabele language. It should be noted that in Sinda-
bele, which is a dialect of Zulu, the letters *' c," " q " and
"■ X " are expressed by clicking sounds made by the tongue
being pressed against and withdrawn sharply from the front
teeth, roof of mouth_, aTid back teeth respectively; "hi "is
j)ractically similar iu sound to the Welsh " 11," The
emphasis is almost invariably on the penultimate syllable.

Througliout the following paper I have adopted Dr.
lleiclienow's classification as laid down by Gunning &
Haagner in their ''Check-List of South African Birds"
(A.nnals Transvaal Museum, vol. xi. 1910), but where this
is at variance with Sclater's List ^, I have added the
necessary supplementary nomenclature.

A diesis (J) placed before the specific name denotes that
the species has been recorded by myself as occurring in the
adjoining Mangwe District (Proc. Rhod. Scient. Assoc,
vol. X. 1910, pp. 46-84'), or that there is a specimen from
that district in the Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo.

1. J Colymbus capensis. Cape Dabchick.
Podiclpes capensis (Licht.) ; Scl. iv. p. 513.

An occasional visitor to the Dam and the Umzingwani
River, and also sometimes to be seen on the Malemi and
other stieams.

2. Phalacrocorax africanus. l^eed Cormorant.

This Cormorant must be very rare as I have only one
record — and that of a solitary individual seen in August
sitting upright on a rock in a quiet reach of the Malemi

* Stark and I^clater, Fauna of South Africa, Birds, vols. i-iv. IDOO-
] 'Mi.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 189

River. It was sunning itself, with wings partially extended,
arter diving.

3. :]: Nyroca capensis. South African Pochard.

Ni/ruca erythrophthalma (Wied); Scl. iv. p. 147.

Sind. " idada," also applied to other species of the family.

The Pochard occurs on the Rhodes' Dam at odd times in
varying numbers. Of late years, owing to dry seasons and
the consequent ever-decreasing w^ater area, none of the
ducks have appeared in full force on the Dam. I have
heard of its occurrence on the Umzingwani River, but
have not noticed it there myself.

J:. Anas undulata. Yellow-billed Duck.
This is our rarest duck, I think, and it OTily occasionally
puts in an appearance at the Dam.

5. Anas sparsa. Black Duck.

The only resident duck occurring in the district, and
although visiting the Dam upon occasion, it is never found
there in large numbers like the Pochard and Teal. In 1908,
a pair nested on the Malemi River in June, whilst I con-
tinually noticed another pair on the same river (but well
within the hills) in June 1912, and I have no doubt that
they also had a nest concealed amid the rushes somewhere.
Other localities where I have suspected them of nesting,
are the Ovi River and a spruit on Lucydale. When not
breeding, the Black Duck moves about a good deal, and is
usually to be found in all suitable places, although, on
account of it being a nocturnal feeder, and owing to the
facility with which it skulks off to concealment, its presence
may readily be overlooked.

6. J Anas erythrorhyncha. Red- billed Teal.
Pcecilonetta erythrorhijncha Gm. ; Scl. iv. p. 141.

The majority of the ducks which visit the Dam and minor
sheets of water on migration are referable to this species.

7. X Sarkidiornis melanotus. Knob-billed Duck.

The Muscovy, as it is generally called, visits us in some
numbers, and solitary immature birds occasionally stay for
mouths in certain favoured localities, but owing to their

190 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

nocturnal feeding habits readily elude observation. This
duck is strong on the wing, and when in flocks flies in a
V-shaped fornaation. As is well known, the Muscovy
frequently perches in trees.

8. { Cursorius temmincki. Lesser Courser.

The Lesser or Temminck's Courser occurs to my know-
ledge from February to May inclusive, but will probably
prove to be at least partially resident in the open country.
It prefers bare stony patches of ground, but also frequents
the sites of old kraals and gardens. This species is, in this
district, usually met with in small parties of from three to six.

9. X Stephanibjrx coronatus. Crowned Lapwing.
Sind. "" intenjana.'^

Rare, and 1 cannot but think somewhat of a straggler to
the district. A pair occurred at Fortusher in July 1908,
whilst in March and April 1912 I met with this Plover
several times in a mopani-belt close to Mtaba ranyama, and
later heard them calling at night within the hills.

10. j Lobivanellus lateralis. Large Wattled Plover.
Occurs on migration in varying numbers and usually puts

in an appearance during the first week in April. These
Plovers are especially noisy on moonlight nights, and
throughout their short stay with us frequent the larger
pools and mud-holes. They are more often seen in the
open country than within the hills.

11. J (Edicnemus capensis. Cape Thick nee.
Sind. " inzwanezwane " or " ivanevane."

The only place where I have noted the Dikkop is on the
open veld between Figtree and the hills, and even here they
seem to hug the watershed. Owing to their nocturnal feeding
habits and close assimilation to their surroundings, they
frequently escape observation.

12. X Totanus glareola. Wood Sandpiper,

J',, January 25, 1912. 4375 ft. Iris dark brown; bill
dusky ; legs yellowish-olive.

This Sandpiper may occur regularly at the Dam, but I am
inclined to think it is somewhat rare.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 191

13. X Tringoides hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper.

A regular visitant on its migrations to the Rhodes' Dam,
and also frequently occurring elsewhere throughout the
district — especially on the Malemi and Ovi Rivers. It is
usually present early in March, and departs for its northern
breeding-grounds about the 1st of April,

14. JOtiskori. Kori Bustard.

Siud. " litjeme," " itjeme " or " umtinsi."

The Paauw is not uncommon, and sometimes resident
throughout the year in the open country surrounding the
hills. There is, however, an augmentation of their numbers
towards the end of the rainy season. During the summer
these Bustards seem to prefer the higher elevations and
''^amaqaqa'' country, but towards the middle of i\Iay they
move down to the lower lands and are often then to be
found frequenting the cornfields.

15. J Otis ruficrista. Red-crested Bustard.
Sind. "^ umzwilizwili^' or " umswaliswali."

This species, erroneously named 0. melanogaster in my
Mangwe notes, is very rare here, but in May 1908 I saw a
solitary one close to the Usher-Bulawayo road.

16. Gallmnla angulata. Lesser Moorhen.

A rarity. On February 4, 1912, I saw one feeding close
to the small stream at Lueydale early in the morning ; but
it was very shy, and almost immediately skulked off into
some rushes.

17. Fulica cristata. Red-knobbed Coot.

On April 2, 1911, a solitary one occurred on Lonsdale
farm.

18. t Turnix lepurana. Kurrichane Button-Quail.
Sind. '^ingoqwa"' or '* umgoqo.''

Whilst at Fortusher I found this little bird far from un-
common ; later, however, it seemed to be somewhat less
numerous, but I think it is partly migratory and that its
numbers depend to some extent upon the rainfall. Locally
known as the " Sand-Quail.^'

192 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

19. Platalea alba. African Spoonbill.

The Spoonbill must be very rare here, and I have not
seen it elsewhere in Matabeleland. On January 30^ 1912,
I had a close view of one flying in company with a White
Stork and going practically due north — both birds^ judging
by their direction, had come straight from the Dam.

20. t Abdimia abdimi. White-bellied Stork.

A very common summer visitor, occurring in varying
sized flocks.

This Stork may frequently be seen feeding along with the
next species, but this is only a temporary arrangement, the
flocks usually separating towards roosting time. However,
occasionally I have noticed an outcast here and there,
evidently forced to throw in its lot with the White Storks
for the sake of companionship. The White-bellied Storks,
which spend the northern winter with us, leave rather early
in the year, but their place is taken by others which are
evidently travelling up from the south by short stages. The
following extract from my 1912 diary bears upon this : —

February 25. — By far the greater number of these Storks left last

night — they have heen consorting in larger flocks

than usual during the past few days.

9fi I
" " > Only a stragcrler here and there,

to March 5. 1 "^ °°

Mai'ch 6. — A large flock, flying high, going N.E. at sunset.

„ 7-9. — None.

„ 10. — A lot on the Rhodes Estate.

„ 11. — Flock of about a score passed over Lucy dale, flying

high and due north.

„ 12-16. — None noticed.

,, 17. — Flocks on the Rhodes Estate.

„ 18-20.— None.

„ 21. — Several individuals and also a pair.

22

. None,
to May 2.

May 3. — Two ! It is perhaps interesting to note that a north

wind has been blowing for the last 36 hours — this

is probably the cause of the appearance of these

belated travellers.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 19-'?

Early one morning, hearing a great hubbub down at the
river, I was rewarded with the fine sight of a pair of INIartial
Eagles out hunting over the open country, much to the
consternation of these Storks, which all mounted up into the
air, gradually going higher and higher as they successfully
baffled the Eagles' swoops by sharp twists and turns and
other aerial evolutions. After the Eagles' departure all the
Storks in the neighbourhood — about 150 — congregated
together, moping, on an open piece of ground, evidently in
readiness for any possible resumption of hostilities by the
Eagles, whose peculiar ringing, screaming cries could be
plainly heard, even from the immense height to which they
had retreated.

21. X Ciconia ciconia. White Stork.
Ciconia alba (Linn.) ; Scl. iv. p. 37.

Sind. " lingabuzane " ; sometimes "lingabuzane mhlope."
A summer visitor, and perhaps even more numerous than
the last named. Although in 1912 some of these Storks
evidently migrated on the night of February 24, they are,
as a rule, later in their departure, and I have even noticed
them as late as the 24tli of May !

Further south, however, this Stork often remains through
the winter months (Journ. S. Afr. O. U. vol. viii. 1912, p. 80j.
Several birds which I shot, in the faint hope of obtaining a
ringed bird, were simply infested with ticks round the upper
neck and head, and it would seem that this Stork (as well as
many other birds) is a regular agent in the distribution of
these pests. I have more than once noticed flocks flying higher
and higher on the approach of heavy rain-storms, presumably
with the object of mounting up above them and keeping dry.
On the 1st of April I watched one of these birds evade a pair
of Wahlberg's Eagles again and again over the Dam, the
while keeping up a continuous clapping of its beak, which
seemed to intimidate the Eagles,

22. Ciconia nigra. Black Stork.

A solitary one occurred at the Dam ou September G,
1908.

194. :\rr. L. B. ^rouritz on the

23. + Scopus umbretta. Hammerhead.
8ind. " itegwani."

Uncommon in the Matopos compared to other districts in
Southern Rhodesia, but it is to be seen here and there
throughout, wlierever there are suitable localities. The old
nests of these birds are sometimes utilized by Barn-Owls. A
nest on Lucydale, upon being examined, yielded a "dag-
wala " — one of the divining bones ('' araatambo ") of the
Matabele !

24. Ardetta payesi. Red-necked Little Bittern.

I obtained an immature specimen on the 18th of January
at the spruit on Lucydale.

25. Ardea purpurea. Purple Heron.

(?. February 1, 1912. Rhodes Estate, 4350 ft.
This bird was very wild, and it was some time before I
could get within gunshot. The stomach contained the
remains of frogs and also a large grasshopper.

26. Ardea cinerea. Grey Heron.

There is usually a pair to be seen on the Dam, and I have
no doubt they wander occasionally, as my notes include
occurrences on Lonsdale and Lucydale farms.

27. Herodias alba. Large White Egret.

Individuals were noticed at the Dam in September 1903,
April 1911, and January 1912.

28. JVinago delalandei. Cape Fruit-Pigeon.

Only occurring in the hills, where it is not uncommon ;
indeed, whilst at Fortusher in 1908, I found it rather
numerous, frequenting the fig-trees ("imkiwana") in
parties of seven and eight. At other times they may be
found amid the lai'ger trees high up the sides of the range,
but they are hard to shoot in such surroundings, being
exceedingly quick on the wing, and twisting and turning
amongst the dense trees with the greatest rapidity and ease.
The call of this pigeon is peculiar and hard to render in
syllables-

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 195

29. Colnmba phaeonota. Rock-Pigeon.
Sind. " iviigoto."

The Rock-Pigeou is very common and resident, but as a
breeding species is confined to the hills ; foraging parties,
liowever, are constantly to be met with over the surrounding
country, where, in company with the larger doves, they do
considerable damage to the ripening " amabele.^' They
are very fond of monkey-nuts, which they hunt for dili-
gently even after the crop Las been reaped. The heart of
tlie male forms an essential constituent in a love-charm
preparation, formerly and probably stjll in use by the
natives. I found nests in March, but imagine that the
nesting season is somewhat prolonged.

30. X Turtur senegalensis. Laughing Dove.
Sind. '^ijuba."

Common at Fortushcr, but on the whole less numerous
than T. capicola.

31. Turtur semitorquatus. Red-eyed Dove.
Sind. " ivuvuto."

The Red-eyed Dove appears to be a resident, but is very
uncommon. I have noticed it close to the Terminus Hotel,
also on Makalanyoni and other ranges within the hills, where
it ?oves to frequent thickly-wooded ravines. An example
which I shot on May 28 appeared to be intermediate
between this and T. ambiguus, having the nnderparts as
in Bocage's species, whilst the forehead and crown were
very dark grey. Irides orange; bare skin round the eyes
red ; bill black ; feet purplish. (J : alt. 4700 ft,

32. X Turtur capicola daraarensis. Damara Turtle-Dove.
Sind. " icelegwane.^'

There seems but little doubt that the majority of our
Turtle-Doves are referable to this species : and yet on
account of numerous individuals being darker than the
Damaraland birds (and evidently more or less approaching
T. capicola tropicus Rchw.), one has difficulty in recognizing
the validity of these subspecies of the typical Cape bird ;

]9G :\Ir. L. 1^ Mouritz on the

especially as I liave noticed our two local forms inter-
breediug on more than one occasion. Whereas in other
districts of Southern Rhodesia I have found this dove
nesting throughout the year, I have not found fresh eggs
later than the middle of May in the Matopos.

33. X Chalcopelia afra. Metallic-spotted Dove.

Sind. 'Miseiibe."

All of these doves which I have seen here, have had the
metallic spots green, or merely edged with blue. This
species pi'efers the,hills to the open country, and is, indeed,
but seldom found at any distance from the granite in
this district.

31. "l (Ena capensis. Namaqua Dove.

Sitid. " unkombazana " or " injovazana."

Although very common at Fortusher in 1908, subsequent
observations tend to prove this species less numerous thau
might be expected, and somewhat locally distributed.

35. J Numida coronata. Crowned Guinea-fowl.

Sind. '^itendele."

The Guinea-fowl, once so common in the hills, is now
greatly reduced iu numbers, and indeed is no longer found
in many of its old haunts. This diminution may probably
have been caused through the lavages of wirevTorra or other
disease, but, to my mind, there seems little doubt that the
town and local sportsmen, aided by the greatly increased
numbers of baboons (with their egg-stealing proclivities),
are the true causes of this bird's partial extermination.
This, as anyone who is conversant with the habits of the
Guinea-fowl will understand, should be deplored the more
on account of the high economic value of the bird. Within
the hills, " amatendele " are still to be found along the
Malemi valley, and I have frequently met with them on
the Mshingili and Malamba ranges, but always in sadly
diminished numbers. On the surrounding veld they are
still more uncommon to the east and north, but are more

(Jrnitliology oj' the Matopo District. 197

plentiful to the south and west, and are, at the present day,
perhaps most numerous on the southern slopes of the hills.

It is interesting to note that there are " Bushmen "
paintings of Guinea-fowl on Silozwana and other kopjes.

36. + Pternistes swainsoni. Swainson^s Fraucolin.
Sind. "isikwehle."

Common throughout. These " Pheasants " do consider-
able damage to the young raealie and monkey-nut crops,
aud are usually to be fouud in their vicinity, except during
dry spells of weather, when they gather round the kopjes.
After having been persecuted in these situations, they become
very wild, and go off strong and high, giving most sporting
shots. Within the central ranges, away from cultivation,
these birds resort to tiie reed-fringed pools and streams
in the morning and evening, whilst during the heat of
the day they retire to the kopje-sides. The vitality of
'^zikwehle" is extraordinary and almost incredible. On
one occasion I recovered a bird which had been disem-
bowelled by a "303 bullet two days previously, still alive,
skulking in some rushes ! The legs and feet are black with
a reddish tinge, but on February 19, 1912, I shot an old
female with red legs and the scales on the tarsus delineated
with grey, as in P. humboldti.

37. Francolinus sp.

This is an uncommon species and only found well within
the hills. It is very shy, usually keeping up towards the
tops of the ranges, and I have been unable to obtain speci-
mens. It is apparently F. afer [F. africanus of Scluter's
list), or a closely allied species.

38. % Francolinus shelleyi. Shelley's Fraucolin.

Sind. " inkwali," also applied to F. seph(ena in the
Mangwe District.

The Redwing is uncommon, and I only met with it at
Bedza and within the hills— principally on the Mshiugili
and Malamba ranges.

198 Mr. L. B. :Mouritz on the

39. X Francolinus coqui. Coqui Francolin.
Sind. "newcmpe " or '' iswempe.^'

Another ratlier uncommon species, but I have seen it in
IMatondo's Valley, and also beyond the hills in the
" araaqaqa^' country.

40. \ Coturnix delagorguei. Harlequin Quail.
Sind. " isakwaca."

The Ilarleqnin Quail is a common summer visitor, but its
numbers are dependent greatly upon the rainfall, and con-
sequent food supplies. April 2 is the latest date I have seen
them ; but in 1912, owing to dry spells, the majority
departed about the middle of February. I am almost sure
the Cape Quail (^Coturnix capensis) also occurs but I have
not procured a specimen.

41. J Serpentarins serpentarius. Secretary-Bird.
Serpeniarius secretavius (Sparrm.) ; Scl. iii. p. 402.
Sind. " udwai.'^

The Secretary-Bird is of course not found within the hills,
but it is not uncommon on the surrounding veld, albeit
showing a preference for the '' amaqaqa " country. Occa-
sionally, these birds soar to a great height until they become
mere specks to the vision. Although hardly appealing to the
average mau's palate, this bird is by no means bad eating,
a fact already noted by Sowcrby. I have been unable to
obtain any information as to the botanical name for the
tree " umlaladwai," and have come to the conclusion that
this term is simply applied by the natives to any tree to
which a Secretary-Bird resorts for purposes of nidification.

42. Polyboroides typicus. Harrier-Hawk.

On Ai)ril 21, 1912, I disturbed an adult (a female, by
its size) from the upper branch of a bare tree on the side of
a kopje. It was very sluggish, and although flushed several
times it never flew far, but perched on a tree or '' dwala '*
within twenty or thirty yards. I noticed that when leaving
a perch this Harrier Hawk kept its legs hanging down

OrmtholGgij of the Matopo District. ] 99

somewhat, but, after a few beats of its wiugs, the legs are
stretched out under the tail — this l)cars out Dr. Stark's
observations.

43. Circus pygargus. ]\Iontagu's Harrier.
Circus cineraceus (Mont.) ; Sel. iii. p. 3G8.

Specimens were obtained on December 4, 1910, on the
Rliodes Estate, and on INlarcli 27, 1912, on Yriegcvicht farm,
1 believe this Harrier in not uncommon.

44. X Circus macrourus. Pallid Harrier.

A commou summer visitor, departing early in March.
The majority are in the various stages of spotted phases of
plumage, common to the female and young, but quite a iew
of the grey and white adult males occur. These Harriers
frequently follow the plough and devour greedily any large
giubs turned up, but they will not touch moles ; they are
iiulefatigable hunters, and I have frequently seen them con-
tinue quartering the ground long after sunset. The soft parts
of an adult male are : — Irides yellow ; bill dark brownish
horn ; cere and feet yellow. Stomachs examined, of both
this and the last species, have contained remains of mice
large grasshoppers, and beetles.

45. X Circus ranivorus. South African Harrier.

Like its congeners, this species is to be found only on the
open country surrounding the hills, and is, as a rule, usually
not found far from water. It is a rarer bird than either of
the last named, and personally I have only seen it on two
occasions— April 1, 1911, and January IG, 1912 — at the
Dam. The soft parts of a female found dead on a latter
occasion were: — Irides tawny-yellow; bill blackish; cere
dirty yellow; and feet yellow with black claws.

46. + Melierax mechowi. Meehow's Goshawk.

A rare species which I have only obtained close to Fig-
tree Camp in October 1910. This Goshawk probably prefers
the thicker timbered tracks within the hills to the open
country.

200 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

47. J Kaupifalco monogrammicus. African Buzzard-Eagle.
AsiU7'inula monogrammica (Temm.) ; Scl. iii. p. 327.

On August \7 , 1912j I shot an example, but was unable
to determine tlie sex. This bird was found in very thick
sci'ub on the Malamba range in the Malemi valley, and it
allowed me to approach within a few yards of the tree in
which it was evidently dozing. From the debris of this
Eagle's stomach, torn to pieces by a '303 dum-dum, 1 was
only able to gather a portion o£ a very dark greenish-black
scorpion (very numerous in the Matopos), but this bears out
Marshall's observations on the diet of this Buzzard-Eagle in
Mashonaland.

48. X Astur polyzonoides. Little Banded Goshawk.

This little Goshawk is not uncommon, and. like so many
of the Accipitres, is most numerous within the hills.

49. X Accipiter minullus. Little Sparrow-Hawk.

I only met with the Little Sparrow-Hawk on t«'0 occa-
sions, in June and August, ]912, and not having procured
specimens I cannot say whether they are referable to the
subspecies ^1. m. tropicalis Rchw. or not^ but all those
I have seen in Southern Rhodesia have appeared to belong
to the pale form. Once I saw an individual chasing dead
leaves aroused by the whirlwind !

50. X Micronisus gabar. Gabar Goshawk.
Melierax gabar (Daud.) ; Scl. iii. p. 3(54.

A rather rare bird, but occurring both within and without
the hills. It is evidently a resident, as I have seen it in
January, May, and June.

51. t Micronisus niger. Black Goshawk.
Melierax niger (Vieill.) ; Scl. iii. p. 366.

Several specimens of the Black Gabar have come
under my notice. A female shot on Lucydale farm on
February 11, 1912, measured 407 mm. in the flesh; whilst
the wings and tail were 203 mm. and 180 mm. respectively.
Iris orange-yellow; bill black; cere blackish; legs black
and dull yellow (the latter colour principally confined to

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 201

the sides of the tarsi) ; feet black above, and yellow and
dirty orange below. Another one, observed on March 27,
had very similarly coloured legs. Sclater gives the soft
parts as: iris red; bill black; base, cere, and feet cin-
namon-red ; whilst the length is given as 12'25 inches !
Both these birds were very tame and were evidently after
our chickens, but examples seen later in the hills were much
wilder. It is perhaps interesting to add that a third example,
collected by Mr. de Laessoe in the Bembesi district, and ex-
amined by me in the Rhodesia Museum, also has the legs
and feet black and yellow.

52. X Spizaetus bellicosus. Martial Hawk-Eagle.
Eutolmaetus bellicosus (Daud.) ; Scl. iii. p. 301.
Not uncommon.

53. Hieraaetus spilogaster. African Hawk-Eagle.
Eutolmaetus spilogaster (Bp.) ; Scl. iii. p. 299.

This Hawk-Eagle is quite common within the hills, where
it is most frequently seen sitting on the top of some huge
boulder well up a kopje-side. In such situations its almost
immaculately pure white underparts, contrasting with the
sombre granite, make it very conspicuous. At dawn in
the nesting-season I have frequently noticed pairs ilying
strongly and steadily together just over the tree-tops, and, I
think, probably bound on some hunting expedition; at other
times they may be seen circling round and soaring high iu
the heavens.

This Hawk-Eagle frequently attends sportsmen. I
remember once hearing guinea-fowl calling close to camp
early in the morning ; I went out after them, and ou my
approach, I noticed one of these Eagles perched at the top
of a large bare tree about 150 yards distant, and evidently
very much alive to the situation, as the guineafowls^ alarm-
notes testified. The " pot " being empty I took no chances,
and as the " matendele^' rose up into, a tree together, I gave
them both barrels and hit four. Proceeding to pick them
np I found two dead, and, after despatching the third, I
looked round for the remaining one^ but for some raoruents

SER. X. VOL. III. V

202 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

without result. Eventually I found the decapitated head
and a blood spoor leading off towards a thick clump of
bushes. What had happened was simply this : the Eagle
had watched me fire, and, while I was securing the other
wounded one, had swooped down on its hapless victim, com-
pletely severed its head, and then hopped off with it round
to the other side of the bushes (30 yards away), and when I
came upon the scene was busily devouring it. The Eagle
rose Avithin a few feet of me, but I had of course re-loaded,
and it fell almost immediately to my right barrel. Upon
examination it proved to be an adult male. Length 25*00,
wing 17*00, and tail 11*5 inches. Iris yellow; bill blackish-
horn, but the lower mandible yellowish at base ; cere Naples
yellow ; feet yellow with blackish claws.

On another occasion wlien out shooting •" izikwehle," one
of these bold birds dashed fearlessly across my front and
carried away, almost "in its stride," an old cock pheasant,
which could only just manage to fly, weighted down with
lead as it was. Generally speaking, however, this Eagle is
extremely shy and difficult to approach, and is but rarely
seen around the habitations of mau — although in many
cases, it is probably the culprit which people should blame
for the ravages in their fowl-yards.

I found a nest on August 2J< on the side of jNIshingili,
placed about 25 feet from the ground in an '^ urakamba.^^
It was substantially built of sticks, and had a cushion of
leaves, which had been plucked when green, for the eg^ fo
rest on. The single egg, somewhat incubated, was dirty
white with several small blotches of very pale brick-red
round the greatest diameter, and measured about 2*50 x 2*00.
I think it highly probable, from what I have seen of tins
bird's habits in the Matopos, that it will eventually be found
nesting on the krantzes.

54. Hieraaetus pennatus. Booted Eagle.

Eutolmaiitus pennatus (Gm.) ; Scl. iii. p. 298.

On June 21, 1912, I shot a female which was perched on
the topmost boulder of a low kopje, and which I had
mistaken for H. spilogaster.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 203

55. Hieraaetus wahlbergi. Brown Eagle.
Aquila wahlbergi Sund. ; Scl. iii. p. 296.

Sind. ''ukozi/' also applied to other eagles and hawks.

Somewhat uncommon, but I have met with it at the Dam
and close to Bedza, where I saw one which was beating,
Harrier-like, up a dry watercourse at sunset. ]t is also
sometimes to be found within the hills.

56. Aquila verreauxi. Black Eagle.

The Black Eagle has not been previously recorded from
Southern Rhodesia, but it is not particularly rare in the
Matopos. It is, however, decidedly local, and not, as a
rule, prone to wander far beyond the precincts of the hills.
On one occasion 1 saw an individual over cultivated lands
on the Rhodes Estate, but otherwise I have only met with
it away in the more remote ranges. Msbingili and Malamba
are favourite haunts, and in June 1912 I located an eyrie
(albeit inaccessible) on the former range, and there I used
to watch these magnificent birds for liours. Natives inform
me that rock-rabbits and klipspringers are the favourite
prey of this Eagle ; but, personally, I have never seen them
take buck to the nest, but always conies. I have seen them
catch rock-rabbits on " dwalas '' ; and once saw the male
Eagle leave its mate in the air, swoop down, swerve round
a huge rock, and positively dash into a wretched coney,
which was contentedly chewing bark in the uppermost
branches of an " umvimela " tree — the leaves of which are
the rock-rabbits' favourite food. The whole drama was so
sudden that one could hardly grasp what had happened
before the Eagle was returning to its mate. At a little
distance these Eagles appear to have white beaks in certain
lights, but the soft parts are really : iris tawny ; bill bluish-
horn ; cere and bare skin round the eyes light yellow ;
feet yellow.

On August 23, I noticed the single young one on
the wing with its parents for the first time. Previous
to this, one or the other of the parents usually soared
round at a great height over the eyrie-site, or would remain
for hours perched at the very summit of the highest

p2

204 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

peak of the range ; but later the two birds and tlieir
youngster weie nearly always together, and seemed to
frequent the lower slopes and valleys at this time. When
I left in September they were still all together.

57. X Aquila rapax. Tawny Eagle.

A somewhat rare bird, but I have notes of its occurrence
at INItaba mnyama early in the year, and also hiter well
within the hills. An adult male shot on March 4, whilst
perched on a rock at the top of a kopje, measured 27"75 inches,
and had the irides bright yellow, bill blackish with gape and
cere yellow, legs bright yellow with blackish claws. The
stomach contained remains of a rock-rabbit. The piercing
cry of this Eagle is usually uttered whilst soaring.

58. Buteo jakal. Jackal Buzzard.

Not uncommon within the hills, and I noticed a pair
breeding on the Inengwe range in August. I have found
this Buzzard rather sluggish, and have passed along a path
within a iaw yards of one stolidly sitting on a boulder.

59. Buteo augur. Augur Buzzard.

On January 23 I shot an Augur Buzzard in adult
plumage, and which I think by its size (21'50 in.) was a
female. Alt. 4400 feet. Iris yellow ; bill blackish, darker
towards the tip ; cere yellow ; feet yellow with blackish
claws. This bird was sitting on its tarsi by the side of a
temporary reserve of water, in the concave top of a huge
boulder halfway up a kopje.

60. Buteo desertorum. Steppe Buzzard.

The Steppe Buzzard appears to be a fairly numerous
summer visitor. Although occasionally seen round kopjes
1 more often observed it, always singly, perched on some
point of vantage in the open countr}^ which is here sparsely
dotted with acacia. Usually somewhat sluggish, I have
nevertheless always had a lot of trouble to get within gun-
shot, but when disturbed they almost invariably perch again
within sight. March 6 is the latest date on which I have
seen this migrant.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 205

61. J Helotarsus ecaudatus. Bateleur Eagle.

Sind. "inqonqolu."

Noticed very commonly at Fortusher in 1908, and later
also in outside localities, but subsequent observations have
shown it not so numerous within the ^Nlatopos as one might
at first be naturally led to expect. I have never seen this
Eagle attack snakes, but a native told me that he had seen
a Bateleur rising from the side of a kopje with " a devourer
of conies^' (probably Naia haie Linn.j African Cobra) in its
talons. My own observations, however^ tend to prove that
this species is more of a carrion-feeder than anything else,
except perhaps during the nesting season, although at times
it is true that, like so many of our birds, this Eagle feeds
voraciously on locusts. Bateleurs court in April and May,
and are busy with the cares of nidificatiou from then
until August or September. On the 12th of August, 1908,
I found a nest built into the fork of a large " mpapapa '^
tree overhanging a precipitous wall of granite. Whilst
climbing up to get a view of this nest, I noticed a marauding
E/iughals {Corvultur albicoliis) harassing the male Eagle, and
no sooner had the female, which was in immature plumage,
flown off, than down swept the Raven and succeeded in
rending to pieces the newly-hatched nestling before I could
attain a suitable position to shoot from ; only, however, to
be knocked off the nest — a mangle of mass and blood and
feathers — by a bullet from my Lee-Enfield, the only weapon
I happened to have with me, and in its turn possibly to
become food for the Bateleurs which it iiad plundered.

The fully adult plumage in the female, distinguishable
from the male by the broad black edging to the secondaries,
does not seem to be attained until the fourth year. The
third year's plumage I believe to be veiy little different,
however, from the fourth's, albeit still considerably speckled
with brownish feathers ; whilst the second year's is practi-
cally similar to that of the first year's, with cere and feet
bluish, and perhaps lacking the light emarginations to many
of the feathers of the mantle and underparts. I also believe
that the female is not infrequently to be found breeding
in immature plumage.

206 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

62. X Haliaetus vocifer. Sea-Eagle.
Sind. "inkwazi."

The Sea-Eagle is rare, but I have notes of its occurrence
in April and June. On the latter occasion I saw a pair
perched on top of a kopje, well away from water, but in
spite of the time of the year, I have little doubt that it is
not a breeding species with us.

63. X Milvus segyptius. Yellow-billed Kite.
Sind. " umzwazwa."

Although a common enough summer visitor to other
districts of Southern Rhodesia, I have very few notes of this
Kite's appearance in the Matopos, and in 1912 I did not
see it later than February 5.

64. Elanus cseruleus. Black-shouldered Kite.

A rarity. I observed one close to the Dam on January
16, 1912.

65. J Falco minor. South-African Peregrine Falcon.
Another rare species. However, I shot a male on the

25th of June, 1908, in the hills close to Fortusher.

66. X Falco biarmicus. South-African Lanner.
Uncommon, but I have seen it a good many times within

the hills. On one occasion I saw a Lanner repeatedly
swoop without success at a party of spreeuws {Amydrus) .

0)7. X Falco subbuteo. Hobby.

A solitary Hobby put in an appearance at Lucydale
on the 1st of February, 1912.

68. Cerchneis rupicoloides. Large African Kestrel.
Tinnunculus rujncoloides (Smith) ; Scl. iii. p. 276.

This Kestrel is rather rare and confined to the open
country, where I have seen it on Westacre and Vriegevicht
farms.

69. X Cerchneis rupicola. South African Kestrel.
Tinnunculus rupicolus (Daud.) ; Scl. iii. p. 276.
Common and resident throughout, and especially numerous

Ornithologij of the Matupo District. 207

within the hills. I have found it breeding in January
and February, and have noticed that when the young are
hatched these Kestrels become very j)ugnacious. I have
personally seen them sally forth to drive away Ravens,
Storks, and even a Bateleur, which had dared to encroach
upon their self-appointed preserves ! On one occasion I saw
a male pass a mouse to its mate on the wing, evidently so
that he could continue hunting whilst she fed the young.
1 have frequently noticed this Kestrel abroad after nightfall.

70. X Buho lacteus. Giant Eagle-Ovvl.

Sind. " isikova," applied to all the larger species of Owls.

Not uncommon within the hdls, where its loud sepulchral
hoot is frequently heard at night. On the surrounding
veld, however, it is far rarer, and I have only noticed it on
Mataba mpisi. Pellets examined have contained remains of
guineafowl and pigeon (probably Coluniba phdeonota) . The
hoot of this fine Owl has been mistaken for the bark of a
baboon, but to my ear it more resembles the "coughing^'
of a leopard.

71. J Bubo maculosiis. Spotted Eagle-Owl.

Common and resident throughout. The Spotted Eagle-
Owl seems to prefer rocks to trees in this district, and I
have almost invariably found them in caves or flushed
them from amid rocks and boulders on the kopje-sides.
Castings examined have contained remains of small birds,
mice, and, in one case, the mutilated prothorax and elytra
of a large beetle.

72. Asio nisuella. Marsh-Owl.

Asio capensis (Smith) ; Scl. iii. p. 241.

I have so far only found the Marsh-Owl in the open
country, although it is extremely likely to be eventually
recorded from some of the streams within the hills. On
Lucydale farm I first noticed it on the 26th of January,
1912, and from then until the 1st of April it was usually to
be found somewhere in the locality. This Owl is evidently
a migrant with us, as the country is far too dry and scorched

208 Mr. L. B. Alouritz on the

up in the winter to suit its liabits, and during its stay it
frequents tiie long grass and swampy situations close to
streams.

73. Asio leucotis erlangeri. White-faced Owl.
Asio leucotis (Temm.j ; Scl. iii. p. 243.

I obtained a single example on March 30, 1912, as
it was dozing in the upper branches of a wild plum-tree,
situated in rather thick bush.

74. X Pisorhina capensis. Cape Scops Owl.

I have not seen this little Owl personally, but INIr. Kay
Robinson informs me that it is far from uncommon around
the Figtree Police Camp ; and as it also occurs in the
Mangwe district to the south-east, it is highly probable
that it will be found inhabiting the whole of the Matopo
area.

75. Glaucidium capense. Barred Owlet.

On May 15, 1912, I had an excellent view of one early in
the morning in a thickly wooded kloof; when disturbed, it
flew off with the dipping flight common to both this species
and G. perlatum, and uttering a peculiar whistle. Later, I
believe 1 saw this Owl in some ranges south of the World's
View, but I then found it very wary and difficult to
approach.

76. X Grlaucidium perlatum. Pearl-spotted Owlet.
Sind. "mundugulu.''

Seen but on a very few occasions, and I am almost
inclined to believe that it is a rarer species than the last-
named in this district. I never heard its peculiar whistle,
which, elsewhere, has given it the name of the Brain-fever
or Octave bird.

77. X Strix flammea maculata. Cape Barn-Owl.
Strix jiammea (Linn.) ; Scl. iii. p. 237.

Common, and inhabiting the caves as a rule. I have
noticed that in flight this bird carries its feet held straight
out under the tail.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 209

78. X Poicephalus meyeri. Meyer's Parrot.
Sind. "■ isihweka " or " isiwkenka/^

These Parrots are not uucommou within the hills^ but
are less numerous on the surrounding veld^ except perhaps
on the Unizingwani^ Unitjabezi, and Ovi rivers, where I have
found them in some numbers.

79. :|: ChizserMs concolor. Grev Lourie.
Schizorhis concolor (Smith) ; Scl. iii. p. 219.
Sind. " umgiiwe."

Common and resident throughout. I have found eggs in
January and May ; on the latter occasion^ the nest, more
substantially built than usual, was placed ten feet from the
ground in a " umangwe/^ — this being the first time I have
found the " Go-away bird " nesting in other than a thorny
tree. The eggs of two clutches gave a minimum length of
40 mm. and a maximum of 44*50 mm. ; the series being
42 X 32, 41 X 33-5, 40 x 33, 44 x 33, 43 x 34, and 44-5 x 35.
The Grey Lourie, besides the various forms of its well-known
call (whence its vernacular and native names), has also a
hoarse guttural chatter (but seldom heard, however) which
is very similar to that of the next species.

80. Gallirex porphyreolophus. Purple-crested Lourie.

Sind. " ikurukuru.'^

The Purple-crested Lourie, the most beautiful of all birds
found in the Matopos, is not uncommon, but is practically
confined to the more remote ranges. Even in its chosen
haunts, however, it is not a conspicuous bird, in spite of
its gay colours, and is but seldom seen, except, perhaps, as
it sails across a valley to alight, with a hop and a run, upon
some rock, whence it almost immediately disappears within
the thick foliage of a neighbouring tree. At other times,
such is its retiring nature, that even when one is warned of
its proximity by the harsh call-note, it often succeeds in
getting away unperceived. A favourite resort of this Lourie
in the western Matopos is the Malamba Eange, and it is
upon such ranges which have their slopes more or less
densely covered with trees and undergrowth, and not the

210 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

ordinary kopje, that these gorgeous birds should be looked
for. G. poiyhyreolophus differs from the Zambesi bird,
G. chlorochlamys, in having the back and breast washed
with pink.

81. X Centropus senegalensis. Senegal Coucal.

Sind. ''imfugu."

This is a resident species oi Vlci Lourie, as these Coucals
are locally called/whieli is not uncommon in the valleys
away in the hills. It is a skulking bird, and, as a rule,
frequents the thickest vegetation along the rivers and
streams. Not having obtained specimens, I do not know
for certain to which species the local form is referable, but
as the Senegal Lourie occurs in the Bulavvayo and Mangwe
districts, it seems highly probable that the Matopo bird is
the same.

8.2. X Clamator cafer. Stripe-breasted Cuckoo.
Coccijstes cafer (Licht.) ; Scl. iii. p. 198.
One noticed on March 3, 1912, amid large trees round
the base of a kopje.

83. Clamator jacoMnus. Black and White Cuckoo.
Coccijstes jacobinus (Bodd.) ; Scl. iii. p. 195.
Although probably not an uncommon visitor during the

rains, 1 have but one record, namely, of a single one seen in
the hills on the 12th of February, 1912.

84. X Cxiculus gularis. South African Cuckoo.

In Febiuury 1912 I shot a young bird, just able to fly,
and which was being assiduously fed by the foster-parent,
lirythrupygia leucophrys. The Cuckoo was perched on the
top of a boulder at the base of a kopje.

85. X Chrysococcyx cupreus. Golden Cuckoo.

Mr. S. Luudy informs me that he procured a specimen
of the Golden Cuckoo on Vriegevicht farm early in
February 1912, whilst I have also heard of its occurrence
close to Bedza. At Bulawayo it is an uncommon visitor
during the rains.

Ornithohgij of the Matopo District. 211

86. X Indicator indicator. Wliite-cbeeked Honeyguide.
Indicator sparrmanni Scl. iii. p. 146.

Sind. "isehlo^' or " insclilu/' probably applied to /. major
as well.

This Honeyguide is rather plentiful within the hills, but
I found it very scarce on the surrounding veld. One of
these birds came into our cave repeatedly to investigate the
stock-pot of honey 1

87. Indicator major. Yellow-throated Honeyguide.

On June 21, 1912, I saw a single one on the Malemi
river at the foot of the Malamba Range. This species will,
however, probably prove to be not uncommon.

88. t Lybius torquatus. Black-collared Barbet.

These Barbets are numerous and resident throughout.
I have observed them at their nesting-holes (twice in a Kaffir
plum-tree) in February. These birds, or perhaps the male
only, have a great variety of calls which include a verv
curious alarm-note, closely resembling the subdued " caw '■*
of a rook ! I have only heard this call at close quarters —
as, for instance, whilst standing under the tree in which they
have had a nest. On such occasions I have noticed them
hopping about from branch to branch, peering at one, with
head first this way and then that, and keeping up this
peculiar "cawing" note throughout these antics.

89. X Tricholaema leucomelan. Pied Barbet.

Not uncommon, but probably less plentiful than the
last species. A favourite nesting-place is in one of the
candelabra-like branches of an " umhlonhlo," and I have
noticed several nests thus situated.

90. X Barbatula extoni. Yellow-fronted Tinker Bird.
Eather uncommon, but I met with it close to Fortusher

in 1908, and also on Lucydale and La Concord farms
later. This little Tinker Bird closely resembles species of
Cinnyris in the way in which it hovers at the extremity of
some dependent spray of acacia or other flowering tree.

212 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

91. Trachyphonus cafer. Crested Barbct.
Uncommon, and keeping principally to the shelter of the

hills. Observed nesting in May.

92. X Dendromus bennetti. Bennett^s Woodpecker.
Campothera bennetti (Smith) ; Scl. iii. p. 133.
Sind. " isiqwoqota/' also applied to other species.
Rather rare, but I have seen it on the top of the Mawa

Hange, whilst an individual was noticed on a large ''^um-
kuua^^ at the entrance of our cave for a few minutes on
the 15th of June.

93. X Dendropicos guineensis. Cardinal Woodpecker.
Dendropicus cardmalis (Gmel.) ; Scl. iii. p. 135.
Uncommon, but found throughout at odd times. It is,

perliaps, more often seen in the Mopani veld than else-
where.

94-, X Colius indicus. Red-faced Coly.

Colius enjthroinelon Vieill. ; Scl. iii. p. 99.

This Coly is rather common, and may usually be found
in small parties close to where there are "mpafa'' trees,
showing, in common with " Go-aways," and more especially
Guineafowl, a great partiality for the berries.

95. J Coracias garrulus. European Roller.

A somewhat scarce summer visitor, which, in 1912, I first
noted on February 7, and from then up to April 4 it was
present in small numbers. I found this Roller, however,
more numerous to the west, on the Ovi River, and I expect
it occurs plentifully in the Mopani.

96. J Coracias caudatus . Lilac-breasted Roller.
Sind. " ifefe.'^

Not uncommon at Fortusher from May to September, but
it is evidently addicted to local migration, because I did not
meet with it until the 26th of May, in 1912.

97. X Coracias mosambicus. Purple Roller.
Sind. " itjegela^^ or " tjelitjwi."

This Roller was more numerous than Moselikatze's

Ornitholugy of the Matopo District. 213

(C. caudatufi) at rortuslier in 1908, and I more than once
saw parties of half-a-dozen or so in the hills — a thing I
have never seen in any other district — but I did not notice
it at all later,

98. Bucorvus cafer. Ground Ilornbill.
Bucorax cafer (Boc); Scl. iii. p. 10.2.
Sind. " insingisi/''

The " Bromvogel/' as it is called by the Dutch, is not
uncommon in certain localities^ but is at all times rather
local in its distribution. It; is one of our earliest birds to
call in the morning, although sometimes beaten by the
Redwing, but its deep booming note is seldom heard much
after sunrise in the Matopos. It is extremely hard to
determine how far this note will carry, but I am of opinion
that on a quiet, still morning these birds inay be heard
almost two miles distant. During the heat of tlie day, this
Hornbill usually frequents the shady situations on kopjes,
but on the 6th of September — a very hot day — I saw one in
the open valley close to Mpimbo's kraal.

99. X Lophoceros nasutus epirhinus. South-African Grey
Hornbill.

Lophoceros epirhinus (Sund.); Scl. iii. p. 114.

Sind. "^mkoro."

Common and resident. Early in September I saw one of
these birds investigating a hole in an "umhlonhlo," and
have little doubt that it eventually nested therein. I believe
L. melanoleucus also occurs more rarely, but have been
unable to obtain specimens.

100. X Halcyon albiventris. Brown-hooded Kingfisher.
Resident and not uncommon within the hills, Avhere it is

frequently found round the bases of kopjes and in well-
wooded kloofs.

101. J Halcyon swainsoni. Grey-hooded Kingfisher.

In 1908 I found this Kingfisher somewhat plentiful in
the hills about Fortnsher, hut I have no notes of its
occurrence later.

214 Mr. L. B. Mouritz 07i the

102. X Corythornis cyanostigma. Malachite Crested King-
fisher.

Sind. " intangaza.""

Resident and not uncommon, but addicted to local
migration during dry spells.

103. X Ceryle rudis. Pied Kingfisher.
Sind. " imwayla.'^

Uncommon, but occurring on the Umzingwani, Malemi,
Ovi, and other rivers, whilst on the 1st of April, 1911,
I found it breeding at the Dam. The nest was placed in a
bank about 3 feet above the water-level, and was at the ter-
mination of a 42-inch drive. The nestlings were clamorous
for food.

104. X Ceryle maxima. Giant Kingfisher.

The Giant Kingfisher is rare, and only occurs on the more
secluded pools of our larger streams.

105. J Melittophagns meridionalis. Little Bee-eater.

Resident and common. A peculiar thing about this Bee-
eater is the diversity of habits apparent between the birds
within and without the hills. On the surrounding veld
I have found them frequenting dry spots between kopjes, or
at the base of an isolated kopje, and at Fortusher I
noticed them principally in the " isiqwalapa " ; but within
the hills this Bee-eater is practically only found along the
watercourses.

106. Dicrocercus hirundineus. Swallow-tailed Bee-eater.
On May 29, 1908, I met with several close to Fortusher

in a patch of sugar-bush on the Umzingwani road.

107. X Blerops apiaster. European Bee-eater.
Sind. "nkonjani" — also applicable to the Swallows.

A more or less common summer visitor, and something of
a nomad. In 1912, I last saw them on April 18. M. nubi-
coides is also probably an occasional visitor during the
summer, although personally I have not seen it here ; it,
however, occurs to the north in the Bui away o district, and
to the south-west in the Mangwe.

Ornitliology of the Matopo District. 215

108. X Upupa africana. African Hoopoe.
Sind. " lipupu.^'

Not uncommon, and more numerous in the hills than
elsewhere. It may be looked for in the mopani belts,
principally on the surrounding veld.

109. X Irrisor erythrorynchos. Wood-Hoopoe.
Sind. " iuhlaza.^'

Although praptically unknown on Lucydale farm, I found
this species quite numerous in the hills proper ; but, being
a bit of a rover, it appears even there to be somewhat un-
common. I have frequently noticed these birds, on my
way out hunting, perched on the top of large boulders
lustily calling as the sun rises. At other times they are
to be found in their usual parties going noisily through
the bush.

110. J Rhinopomastus cyanomelas. Scimitar-billed Wood-
Hoopoe.

A rare bird, but I have seen it in May on Lonsdale
farm, and in August in Mpimbo's valley — on both occasions
in mopani.

111. Caprimulgus fervidus. Fiery-necked Nightjar.
Sind. " mnambkwa " or " moubani."

On Feb. 11, 1912, I shot a female — one of several flying
round a bush after termites. Soft parts : iris hazel ; eyelids
Naples yellow ; legs and feet dark flesh-coloured. Length
9'50, wing 6*35, and tail 5'45 inches.

112. X Caprimulgus rufigena. PLufous-cheeked Nightjar.

I have been unable to determine which is our commonest
Nightjar — this or the last named. Both species seem to
have migratory tendencies.

113. J Caprimulgus trimaculatus. Freckled Nightjar.

A rarity, but I have examined a skin obtained in the
vicinity of the World's View.

114. t Caprimulgus fossei. Mozambique Nightjar.

A male obtained on March 24, 1912, had: iris hazel;
bill pale horn with darker tips ; legs and feet dark flesh-
coloured. Length 10"25, wing G'50, and tail 5-00 inches !

216 On the Orrdthology of Hit Maiopo District.

It is of course a variable species, but this is tlie largest
that I have obtained. This Nightjar vrill probably prove
to be somewhat numerous.

115. JMacrodipteryxvexillarius. Standard-WingNightjar.
Cosmetornis vexillarivs (Gould); Scl. iii. p. 42.

Mr. G. E. Henderson informs me that he observed this
Nightjar on Lonsdale Farm in 1911.

116. J Apus apus. European Swift.
Cypselus apus (Linn.); Scl. iii. ]>. 25.

A more or less common summer visitor, which, hoAvever,
in 1912, 1 only saw in January and February. I believe the
brown Swifts occurring in Matabeleland during the rains
are referable to the present species, but I must admit that in
few cases have I had opportunities for identification, and it is
therefore possible that the European species may have been
confused with the South-African Apus barbatus, which,
however, has not, to my knowledge, been yet obtained in
Southern Rhodesia.

117. Apus affinis. Indian Swift.

Cypselus affinis (Gr. & Hardw.) ; Scl. iii. p. 27.

I first noticed this rare species on the 7th of February,
1912, but it had been previously recorded from the Matopos,
by Messrs. Mennell & Chubb, as a breeding species on Silo-
zwana (Proc. Rhod. Sci. Assoc, vol. viii. 1908, p. 57). These
Swifts occurred on Matjanyoni kopje, and when I saw them
they had only just arrived ; they were restlessly flying about,
and continually hanging round the large cavities wherein Cliff
Martins and Swallows were nesting. On Feb. 25 I noticed
these Swifts in pairs and located one nest within an old one
of Ilirundo puella. Ten days later I counted six or seven
pairs and saw several nests attached to the roof of a cave —
they appeared to be made of feathers principally, aggluti-
nated together. Two or three birds seem to build together,
and the nests are very small compared with those of the
Swallows. These Swifts as a rule kept to the kopjes, and
only on one occasion did I see them down at the river,
M'hich was nearly a mile distant.

[To be continued.]

071 the Ornithology of Cyprus. 217

XI. — Notes on the Ornitholuyy of Cyprus.
By F. R. S. Baxendale, M.B.O.U.

As Mr. J. A. Buckuill, who contributed notes on the
local avifauna of Cyprus to this Journal from 1909 till
January 1913, has been transferred, on promotion, from
that island to Hong Kong, and since then to Singapore,
I have been asked to supply further notes on the same
subject ^.

I propose to follow Mr. Bucknill's general lines in making
my notes.

The autumn and winter of 1912 were normal, and the
winter visitors were not particularly numerous, but in the
following spring, the rains continued later than usual,
and the consequence was that the reservoir at Kouklia
and the fi'cshwater lake, both in the Famagusta District,
afforded suitable breeding-places for several varieties of
water-birds, and many migrants stayed longer than usual
owing to the abuiulant food-supply found in these siieets of
water.

The same was the case again last spring, and we have been
able to add several novelties to our list of visitors, as well
as to obtain the eggs of others which hitherto had not
been definitely proved to have nested in the island.

I think it highly probable that other birds whose nesting
has not yet been recorded laid their eggs in the vicinity of
the before-mentioned lakes ; although I am pretty certain
that some of the late-staying birds were non-breeding ones.
The undeveloped breeding-organs and non-nuptial plumage
of a number of specimens that I examined led me to this
conclusion.

Unfortunately I did not have an opportunity of exploring
the reed-beds and islets of the Kouklia reservoir after the
31st of May. On that date I saw Little Bitterns, Glossy
Ibises, Ruffs and Reeves, besides the more common birds
generally found there at that time of the year.

* For previous contributions on this subject see 'Ibis,' 1909, pp. 569-
613; 1910, pp. 1-47, 385-430 ; 1911, pp. 682-656; 1913, pp. 2-14. A
sketch-map of Cyprus will be found in ' Ibi.?,' 1913, pi. ii.
SER. X. AOL, III. Q

218 Mr. F. R. S. Baxendale on the

At the freshwater lake, which I have had many oppor-
tunities of visiting, I saw Curlew-Sandpipers up till the 6th
of June, and during June and July I noted Common Sand-
pipers, Geoffroy's Greater Sand-Plover, Redshanks, Reeves,
Gull-billed. Terns, and Slender-billed Gulls, also Green and
Wood Sandpipers. I obtained specimens of most of these
birds so as to be sure of my identification.

I noted a single Pelican and a Spoonbill there during
June, and in July two Spoonbills frequented the lake until
it quite dried up iu the beginning of August. Of course,
the usual nesting-birds were to be found there up till that
date.

I was able to visit the Klides Islands again during the
spring. A lighthouse, with a revolving light, was erected
there in 1913, but it does not seem to have interfered with
the nesting-birds. My visit was on the 19th of April, and
I found the Lesser Peregrine's eyrie where it has been for
the last three years. There were four young birds in it
beginning to show feather.

The Herring-Gulls were nesting as usual, and some of
their nests were not more than a hundred yards from the
lighthouse. The young Shags had all left their nests and
were swimming round the islands with their parents.

Sailing back to the mainland I noticed a Shearwater, but
I was not near enough to make a good identification. I saw
a Great White Heron on three occasions flying along the
shore within a few miles of the islands.

Apparently I was a little too early to meet the full swing
of the migration along the Karpas promontory. There were,
however, a good many Shrikes and Wiieatears of several
varieties. I also met with large flocks of Ortolans, which I
had only hitherto seen in small parties.

In the accompanying notes I have used the nomenclature
adopted in the ' Hand-list of British Birds ' and Hartert's
Vogel pal. Fauna.

Tm'dus musicus Linn. [Ttirdus iliacus auct.)

On the .'3rd of January, 1913, I found a Redwing with a

Ornithology of Cyprus. 2 1 0

bunch of Song-Thrushes that had been caught on bird-lime
and were being hawked round for sale.

This, I believe, is the second recorded instance of a Red-
wing being obtained in the island.

Monticola solitarius (Linn.).

On the 4th of May, 1913, 1 found a nest of the Blue Rock-
Thrush containing four highly incubated eggs. The nest was
in a hole in one of the rooms of the ruins of Kantara Castle,
which is situated on the northern range of hills.

This year I got a clutch of four fresh eggs from the same
ruin.

Luscinia svecica cyanecula (Wolf). [Cyanecula ivolfi.)
I shot a mule White-spotted Bluethroat at the fresh-
water lake in March 1913. This is the first and only one
that I have seen, and the species has not been recorded from
Cyprus since 1901.

The red-spotted bird I have seen on a number of occasions
and have obtained specimens.

Sylvia melanothorax Tristram.

The Palestine W^arbler is quite a common bird throughout
the Karpas or northern range of hills during the summer
months, and it can be found all through the winter in the
scrub near the coast.

I procured a nest with four fresh eggs in May 1913. It
was placed on the ground under a bush, and was principally
composed of loose strips of Juniper-bark. Last spring I
obtained another nest containing three eggs. The nest was
said to be placed low down in a gorse-bush and was made
of stiffer materials than the first one that I procured,
though a good deal of juniper-bark was used in its construc-
tion ; and a third nest, also containing three eggs, was brought
to me in September which was said to have been taken at the
end of August. The eggs were not incubated, but appeared
to be stale. As I have seen young birds flying about with
their parents as early as the 17th of MaV; it is probable that
these birds nest twice in the year.

Q5i

220 Mr. F. R. S. Baxendale on the

Kegulus regTilus inter ni Hartert.

In December 1912 I obtained two specimens of this
Golden-crested Wren, and later on I obtained another.
A fourth was shot in the early spring of 1914, and others
were seen and heard.

These birds were all found in the pine-trees close to
Famagusta town.

Tiiere is no previous record of this Goldcrest being procured
in Cyprus. Ur. Hartert kindly identified the skins for mc.

Anthus campestris (Linn.).

1 saw several Tawny Pipits in the jMessaoria plain in the
spring of both 1913 and 1914, and I obtained specimens.
As I saw the birds later in the year as well, 1 think it is
quite probable that they nest here.

Mr. M. J. Nicoll identified a specimen for mc.

Passer hispaniolensis (Temm.),

In 1;'13 I saw several pairs of Spanish Sparrows nesting
in some pepper-trees in the yard of the police-station at
Ayios Theodoros, but the nests were destroyed before I
procured the eggs.

Last spring, however, I found them nesting again in the
same trees, and took a clutch of their eggs. There were
five nests, and, as the birds were by no means shy, it was
easy to identify the males. The ordinary House-Sparrow
in Cyprus nests in holes, and I have never seen their nests
in trees.

Eml)eriza hortulana Linn.

On the 6tli of July, while on the northern range of hills, a
clutch of four Ortolans' eggs was brought to me. I was in-
formed that the nest was found on the range some twenty-
five days previously. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain identified
the eggs.

This is the first recorded instance of Ortolans nesting in
Cyprus.

Alcedo ispida Linn.

Some Kingfishers appear to be resident in the island.
They were seen at Kouklia reservoir in June and July, and

Ornithology of Cyprus. 221

on the 1st of August last one flew past a tennis-court in
Faraagusta and was noticed by several people.

Asio otus (Linn.),

The Long-eared Owl, of which I believe thei*e is only one
previous record in Cyprus, was seen on several occasions
during the winter of 1912-1913. Two specimens were
obtained.

Buteo ferox (S. G. Gmel.).

On the 28th of December, 1912, Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh

obtained a female Long-legged Buzzard at Kalochorio in
the Larnaca District. On the 19th of January of the
following year I shot a fine female, and ten days later I
shot a male. Both birds were within seven miles of Fama-
gusta. The crop of the female that I shot contained three
pieces of snake and three frogs. These ai-e the only speci-
mens obtained in the island that are recorded, though
Lord Lilford had no doubt that he had observed one near
Cyprus from his yacht in 1875.

Mr. W. L. Selater helped me to identify the skin of the
female which I obtained.

Haliaetus albicilla (Linn.).

A specimen of the Sea-Eagle has at last been obtained.
It was purchased by Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh in Larnaca on
the 29th of January, 1913, having been shot at the salt
lake near that town.

Some of these Eagles are seen every year. I noticed a
pair in adult plumage sitting on the shore of Kouklia
reservoir on the lltli of June, 1912, and I have often seen
single birds there and also at the freshwater lake.

Aquila maculata (Gm.).

While Snipe-shooting on Avgashida Marsh with Mr. B.
J. Amirayan on the 26th of December, 1912, we saw a
Lesser Spotted Eagle. Mr. Amirayan was fortunate in
being able to stalk the bird and shoot it. It was a male
in good plumage. Mr. W. L. Selater was kind enough to
help me to identify the skin.

This bird has not been previously recorded from Cyprus.

222 Mr. F. R. S, Baxeiidale on the

Falco cherrug J. E. Gray.

I shot a male Saker while Snipe-shooting on Avgashida
Marsh on the 6th of December, 1913. This is the second
specimen that I have obtained.

Falco peregrinus Tunstall.

I obtained a fine Peregrine Falcon in adult plumage on
the 10th of May near Famagusta. It has never been proved
that this Falcon nests on the island, but I should say that
this is perhaps evidence in favour of its breeding locally.

Falco hiarmicus feldeggi Schlegel.

On the 1st of February last I shot from my carriage a
fine female Lanner about two-and-a-half miles from Fama-
gusta. It is the first record of this Falcon occurring in
Cyprus.

Falco subhuteo Linn.

Several of those little Falcons have been obtained in the
past few years, but it was not until 1913 that it was ascer-
tained that they nested locally. On the 25th of July of
that year a villager found a clutch of four eggs in a deserted
Hooded Crow's nest in the Larnaca District. Mr. Horsbrugh,
to whom the eggs were brought, describes them as less
brilliantly coloured than typical Kestrel's. He shot a hen-
bird on the 30th of June, 1913, and found an egg nearly
developed in the oviduct.

Egretta alba (Linn.). {Ardea alba.)

I noticed a single Great White Heron on the 19th
and again on the 20th of April last near Apostol Andrea
Monastery, when on my way to and on ray return from the
Klides Islands. Mr. E. H. D. NicoUs, our Director of
Public Works, informs me that he saw a pair in the Limassol
District during the spring. These birds are evidently very
rare visitors, while the Little Egret can be seen, generally
in pairs, every spring.

Platalea leucorodia Linn.

For the past three years in the spring I have seen Spoon-
bills at the freshwater lake. On the 12th of December,

Ornithology of Cyprus. 223

1912, I obtained a male specimen shot at Kouklia reservoir
out of a small flock.

A pair frequented the freshwater lake last summer until
the 2nd of August, when the lake dried up. I do not think
that they nested there, as the birds were always to be seen
together, and there was no suitable nesting-site for them.

Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetr.).

On the 24th of May last I was shown the nest of a
Marbled Duck, which had been found by some labourers
who had been cutting drains on the edge of the freshwater
lake. There were ten fresh eggs. The labourers, who had
seen the duck leave the nest, described the bird to me as
very light-coloured.

The Rev. f . C. R. Jourdain has identified the down from
the nest as that of the Marbled Duck.

Colymbus nigricoUis (Brehm). [Podiceps nigricollis.)

For several years we have felt certain that the Eared
Grebe nested in the Kouklia reservoir, as numbers were to
be seen there all the year round.

On the 1st of June, 1913, 1 found a colony of these birds
nesting in this reservoir. There were no less than eighteen
nests close together. I recorded this in the October issue
of this Journal in that year.

Last summer, at the same place, I found twelve nests
with eggs in them and other nests ready for eggs.

It is now established that the three species of Grebes
which are found in Cyprus have become resident.

Mr. Bucknill has previously recorded in this Journal that
the Great Crested and Eared Grebes were only observed
after the Kouklia reservoir was constructed. The Little
Grebe was the only member of this family noticed in the
island previously.

Glareola pratincola (Linn.).

On the 14th of June, 1913, Mr. B. J. Amirayan and I
found five nests containing eggs of the Pratincole at the
freshwater lake. There is no record of their having nested
in Cyprus before.

224 Mr. F. R. S. Baxendale on the

Charadrius geoffroyi Wagl,

This Sand-Plover was frequenting the freshwater lake in
small flocks during June 1913, when I obtained two speci-
mens. Last summer I saw them from the middle of June
up to the end of July at the same place, and I shot several
specimens. The last specimen was obtained on the 17th
of July, and Mr. M. J. Nicoll, to whom I sent the skin,
pronounces it to be that of an immature bird. It differed
in plumage from the birds I shot in June, which I took
to be non-breeding birds, as their genital organs were not
well developed and their plumage non-nuptial.

Charadrius morinellus Linn. [Eudromias morinellus.)
in 1909 Mr. iiucknill obtained the only recorded specimen
of the Dotterel in Cyprus, but the skin was badly damaged.
On the 9th of November, 1912, my cook saw a number of
these birds for sale and brought me three, but only one,
a female, was fit to skin. This skin, however, was eaten by
a cat two days afterwards. I was rather pleased to see that
the arsenical soap on the skin disagreed with the cat.

Fortunately another bird was purchased in the bazaar
two days afterwards, also a female, and its skin is pi'operly
preserved.

Hoplopterus spinosns (Linn.).

Mr. B. J. Amirayan and I found a nest of the Spur-winged
Plover with five slightly incubated eggs at tlie Kouklia
reservoir on the 1st of June, 1913. This is the first recorded
instance of these eggs being procured in Cyprus, I believe.

Last summer I saw several birds at both the reservoir
and the freshwater lake, but I did not find their eggs.

Machetes pugnax (Linn.).

These birds, which usually arrive in large numbers in
February and remain until about the middle of May, were
to be found unusually late last summer.

I saw a flock of about thirty Reeves on the 2 1st of June
at the freshwater lake, and I shot two of them to be quite
sure of their identity. The last date on which I saw them
was the 3rd of July. I saw no Ruffs after the 27th of May.

Ornithology of Cyprus. 225

Erolia ferruginea (liriinn.). [Trbiga subarquaia.)
The Curlew-Saudpiper is usually found in Cyprus during
the winter, but in 1914 there were flocks of them at the lake
during May, and I shot one bird out of a pair on the 6th
of June.

Tringa hypoleiica Linn. (Tetanus hypoleucus.)
The Couinioxi Sandpiper remained all last summer with
us, as 1 found them on every occasion that 1 visited the
freshwater lake, and I saw them elsewhere. 1 feel sure
that they nest in the island.

Tringa glareola Linn. {Totanus ylareola.)

These birds reappeared at the freshwater lake at the end
of June. They were in smuU flocks, and remained until the
lake dried up.

Tringa ocrophns Linn. [Totanus ochropus.)

A few Green Sandpipers remain in the island through the

winter, and their numbers are added to in the sprinjj

migration until they leave in May.

Last summer a few pairs suddenly reappeared at the

freshwater lake in June, and remained there till the water

dried up at the end of July.

Tringa totanus (Linn.). {Totanus ca/idris.)
The Hedshank is usually met with in winter and early
spring, but last summer it appeared again at the lake at
the end of June, and I shot one of a pair on the 28th of
that month. It was a female with an undeveloped ovary.
1 saw single birds and small flocks of them until the end of
July.

Phalaropus lobatns (Linn.). (Phalaropus hyperboreus.)
This unexpected visitor I shot at the freshwater lake on

the 21st of June last. I saw no others. It was a male

bird with testes largely developed.

Himantopns himantopus (Linn.). {Himantopus candidus.)
The Black-winged Stilt now breeds regularly at the
Kouklia reservoir and the freshwater lake.

226 On the Ornithology of Cyprus.

I saw about a dozen nests at the reservoir in one place on
the 31st of May last, and two or three weeks later, when
suitable nesting-sites appeared above the water in the lake,
I saw a number o£ nests. ]\Iost of the nests at the latter
place were robbed, and I saw no young birds when I counted
later a flock there consisting of over ninety birds.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

There was a flock of about twenty White- winged Black
Terns frequenting the lake from May, until after the 17th
of July. Several of these birds were in immature plumage.

Sterna nilotica Gra. (Sterna anfflica.)

For the past three years I have observed the Gull-billed
Tern at the time of the spring migration. The first date
was the 24th of May, 1912, when I shot a specimen at
Kouklia reservoir. In 1913 I shot one of a pair on the
7th of June at the freshwater lake, and on the 28th of June
last I saw a pair at the same place.

Lariis gelastes Thienem.

On the 13th of June last I shot one of a pair of Slender-
billed Gulls at the lake. A fortnight later I saw a single
bird, and on the 9th of July I saw three at the same place.
I was hoping that they would nest, but I did not see them
again.

There is no record of this Gull having been previously
obtained in Cyprus.

Larus marinns Linn.

At the freshwater lake on the 31st of May, 1913, I saw a
bird which was undoubtedly a Great Black-backed Gull,
and a week later I saw a bird which was probably the same
species. It was very wary, and I could not approach near
enough to shoot at it with any hope of success.

Houbara nndnlata macqueenii (Gray & Hardw.).

On the 9th of November, 1912, a male specimen of this
Bustard was brought to me. It was alone when shot, near
the village of Enkome, some five miles from Famagusta.

On the Birds of Annobon Island. 227

Later on another specimen was brought to me mangled
almost beyond recognition.

On the 22nd of December of the same year, while driving
past Salamis plantation, a Bustard whicii I took to be of
this species got up close to the road.

Mr. W. L. Sclater helped me to identify my specimen.

XII. — Report on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander {Bifie Brigade^ during his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part III.* The Birds' of Annobon Island. By
David A. Bannerman, B.x\., M.B.O.U., F.ll.G.S.

The third report on the Alexander collection, which is here
issued, is an account of the birds of Annobon, the last island
which Boyd Alexander visited before commencing his
journey on the mainland. Annobon is much smaller than
either St. Thomas or Prince's Island, and has an area of
only six and a half square miles. It is, in fact, little more
than a volcanic rock rising abruptly from the water. It lies
about 60 miles south of St. Thomas and about 100 miles
west of Cape Lopez in French Congo and belongs to Spain.
Its avifauna is consequently very limited, but, notvvith-
standing its small extent, it is the home of at least four
species or subspecies which are found nowhere else in the
world. This is particularly striking, as there are only six
resident land -birds ou the island.

The four forms restricted to Annobon are : —

1 . Zosterops griseovirescens Bocage.

2. Terpsiphone newtoni Bocage.

3. Scops capensis fece Salvadori.

4. Haplopelia hypoleuca Salvadori.

In this paper I have adhered to the arrangement followed
in my account of the Birds of Prince's Island {' Ibis,^ 1914,
pp. 596-631) and the Birds of St. Thomas ('Ibis,' 1915,

* For Part I. see ' Ibis,' 1914, pp. 596-63] & Part II. ' Ibis,' 1915,
pp. 89-121.

2.28 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

pp. 89-121). Birds marked with an asterisk are represented
in the Alexander collection in the British Museum.

Very few papers dealing with the Birds of Annobon
have appeared. Those of which I have made use^ including
the two gi'eat works on African Birds, are : —

BoCAGE. Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1893, pp. 17-18, 44-45 ; 1903, pp. 55-

58.
Salvadori. Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1903 (Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,

iii. pp. 93-98).
Rkichenow. Yogel Afrikas, vols, i.-iii., 1900-1905.
Shelley. Birds of Africa, vols, i.-v., 1896-1912.

The following account of Annobon is taken from ' Boyd
Alexander's Last Journey/ edited by Mr. Herbert Alexander,
to whom full acknowledgments are due.

Boijd Alexander's Description of Annobon.

About 9 A.M. on the 13th of February (1909) the faint
outline of Annobon came into sight, and we reached the
island at 11 o'clock.

Annobon is a volcanic rock rising abruptly out of the
sea and clothed with scrubby growth towards the top. The
white building of the Roman Catholic Mission, a little way
above the beach and surrounded by palm-growth, is the first
object to catch the eye. Then close to the shore itself,
amongst a picturesque grove of cocoanut-trees, are rows of
oblong huts containing almost all that Annobon can boast
of in the way of inhabitants. In the interior of the
island, especially round the lake, are cassada farms, and
bananas are roughly cultivated. The inhabitants numl^er
about 1300 souls, and I do not think that I have ever seen
a more nondescript-looking lot. It would be difficult,
from a racial point of view, to place them.

We landed soon after 12 o'clock, and the next day left at
6.30 A.M. for the lake, which we took about three-quarters
of an hour to reach. It is one of the most remarkable
geographical features I haA^e seen in Africa. After an
ascent of some 1300 feet one is suddenly confronted with a
circular lake, about a mile in circumference. It is like the

Birds of Awiubon Island. 229

deep crater of a volcano, tall forest-trees rising up in tiers
all round it to a height of some 500 feet. Beyond, the
ground begins to rise again till it attains a height of some
3000 feet, forming a narrow watershed, and the whole way
the ground falls steeply on both sides to the sea. It is
thickly wooded, and this fact raised my hopes of getting a
good collection, but after many fatiguing tram^js the birds
only represented nine species, all of which were previously
known to science.

The north side of the island is less thickly wooded — in
fact, there are portions of open grass-country, interspersed
with plots of cassada and yam, grown by the natives.
There is also a fine orange on the island, large and with a
thick skin which peels off easily, but the inhabitants live
chiefly on fish. On the south side of the island there is a
small colony called San Pedro, numbering about thirty
people.

The rows of oblong wooden huts of San Antonio,
ensconced in a thick grove of cocoanut-trees, is typical of
the African villages one sees depicted in the older books
of travel — those of Stanley, for example.

The island has poor soil, very stony and volcanic. We
remained here until February 20th, when we left in the
small Spanish steamer ' Annobon.'

List of Species.

1. *Zosterops griseovirescens.

Zoster ops (jriseovirescens Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1893,
pp.18, 44; id. 1903, p. 56; Shelley, Birds of Africa, ii.
1900, p. 186 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, iii. 1903,
p. 94 ; Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 237.

a-d. (J cJ cJ ? ad. (Nos. 2, 6, 7, 8). Lake Anuobon.
14.ii.09.

e,f' S S ad. (Nos. 3, 5). Lake Annobon. 17.ii. 09.

y. $ ad. (No. 1). „ „ 18.ii.09.

h. S ad. (No. 4). „ ,, 19. ii. 09.

Zosterops griseovirescens can be distinguished at a glance
from the other members of the genus inhabiting the islands

230 Mr. D. A. Bannermaii on the

in the Gulf of Guinea by its exceptionally large size — the
wing measuring from 60-63 mm, — and by the colour of
the underparts, which are strongly washed with vinaceous
brown.

The Annobon White-eye is confined to the island, where
Francisco Newton, who discovered it in 1892, reported that
it was common and remarkable for its melodious song,
Signor Fea, who collected on Annobon in April and May

1902. noted that Z. griseovircscens was abundant in all
the forest-region which covers the greater part of the island.
In 1912, Mr. W. P. Lowe visited the island and procured
a small series of the White-eye, which he found to be
exceedingly plentiful. At the time of his visit, on the
18th of December, he shot one example, which was
nesting.

2. ^Terpsiphone newtoni.

Terpsiphone newtoni Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1893, p. 44 ;
id. 1903, p. 55 ; Salvadori, Orn, Golfo d. Guinea, iii. 1903,
p. 94.

a. S ad. (No. 2). Lake Annobon. 14. ii,09.

b. S ad. (No. 1). „ „ 16.ii.09.

c. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 17.ii.09.
Newton^s Paradise Flycatcher is said by its discoverer,

after whom it has been named, to be generally distributed
over the island, where it is known by the name of " Bibi.'*
It is particularly common round the margin of the lake.

T. newtoni closely resembles T. nigriceps (Hartl.), from
which it is readily distinguished by its slate-coloured tail,
while in T. nigriceps the tail is of the same colour as the
back.

3. Clamator glandarins.

Oxylophus glandarius (Linn.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p, 44.

Coccystes glandarius Salvadori, Orn, Golfo d. Guinea, iii.

1903, p. 95 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1903, p. 55.

A single male example was obtained by Newton, who
considered it to be a migrant.

Bi7'ds of Aniiohon Island. 231

4. *Otns capensis feje.

Scops fea Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, iii. 1903,
p. 95.

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Aiinobon. 16.ii. 09.

Tea's Scops Owl was described by Count Salvadori, who
received six specimens from the collector, after whom it
lias been named. In the ori;;^inal description Olus capensis
fece is said by Count Salvadori to resemble Otus capensis
Smith, but to be darker in colour, and to have the black
shaft-streaks in the middle of the feathers of the belly
wider, either with pale spots or bands on the inner web, less
distinct than in O. capensis, and disappearing towards the
base.

The wing-measurements are given as 120-125 mm. in the
six examples obtained by Fea. The single bird in the
Alexander collection has the wing (which is very worn)
135 mm. in length. Probably all the specimens collected
by Fea were males, which would account for the difference
of the length of the wing.

In other respects this specimen agrees fairly well with the
original description. The shaft-streaks of the feathers of
the underparts are particularly broad. Unfortunately the
bird has been badly injured by shot and will bear very little
handling.

Fea gives the following field-notes on this species : — '^ I
found the birds abundant in deep forest between 400-500
metres. Its note recalls that of our ' Gufo ' . . . . very like
that of Strix thomensis, but of a little higher tone. I heard
it calling also in the daytime.''

5. MilvTis segyptius parasitus.

Falco parasitus Daud. Traite, ii. 1800, p. 150.

Milvus agyptius (Gmel.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 44 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, iii. 1903,
p. 44.

Said to be rare. An example recorded from the island
by Bocage, no doubt belongs to this form.

The Egyptian Kite of central Africa must be known as

232 Mr. D. A. Bannerinan on the

M. (B. parasitus (Daud.), as pointed out by Dr. Hartert
(Bull. B. O.C. xxxiii. 1914, p. 90). This race differs from
typical M. (Eyyptius in being smaller, browner, and darker
throughout.

6. Phaethon lepturus.

Lepturus candidus J5riss. ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 45; id. 1903, p. 57.

Phaethon lepturus Lacep. et Daud. ; Salvadori, Oru. Golfo
d. Guinea, iii. 1903, p. 98.

Bocage examined two examples of this Tropic-bird from
Annobon. They were obtained on the Pico Estephania,
at an elevation of 500 metres.

7. Sula leucogastra.

Sala fiber (Bodd.); Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1893,
p. 45 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, iii. 1903, p. 98.

Sula leucogastra Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1903, p. 57.

Bocage received two males and two females of this species
from Francisco Newton, who procured them on Tortuga
islet.

8. ^Ardea gularis.

Ardea gularis Bosc, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i. 1792,
p. 4.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Lake Annobon. 20. ii. 09.

A single adult example of this Heron was obtained by
Boyd Alexander. It is the first record from the island.

9. Butorides atricapillus.

Butorides atricapillus (Afzel.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 44 ; id. 1903, p. 57 ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, iii. 1903, p. 97.

Bocage records the only example of this species which
has been obtained in Annobon.

10. Numenius phasopus.

Numenius phcEopus Linn. ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 44; id. 1903, p. 57; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, iii. 1903, p. 97.

Bocage received a female from the islet of Tortuga.

Birds of Annobon Island. 233

11. Anous stolidus.

Anous stolidus (Linn.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1893,
p. 45 ; id. 1903, p. 57; Salvadori, Oru. Golfo d. Guinea, iii.
1903, p. 97.

Both Newton and Fea obtained specimens of the Noddy.
The latter says that it is less common than the following
species [M. lencocapillus), in whose company it is to be found.

12. Micranous lencocapillus ,

Anoiis leucucapillas (Gould) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 45 ; id. 1903, p. 57.

Micranous leucocapillus Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
iii. 1903, p. 97.

According to Fea this Tern is very abundant on the rocky
and less accessible coasts of the islands.

13. PuflBaus griseus.

Puffinus yriseus (Gmel.) ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
iii. 1903, p. 98 ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1903, p. 58.

Bocage records a specimen of this Shearwater, which was
taken at sea by the Annobon fishermen.

In Boyd Alexander's collection there is a bird of this
species, which he shot off Santa Isabel (Fernando Po) on
the 8th of January.

14. ■^'Gallinula chloropus meridionalis.

Gallinula c. meridionalis Biehm ; Bannerman, Ibis, 1915,
p. IIG.

Gallinula chloropus (Linn.); Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 41; id. 1903, p. 57; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, iii. 1903, p. 97.

a,b. ? ? (Nos. 1,2). Lake Annobon. IG.ii. 09.

Two examples of the small African Moorhen were
obtained by Alexander at Lake Annobon.

15. "^Turturcena mallierbei.

Turturmna malherbei (Verr.) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa,
1893, p. 44; id. 1903, p. 56; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d.
Guinea, iii. 1903, p. 96.

a-g. S ? ad., imra., et juv. (Nos. 1-7). Annobon.
2i.ii.09.

SEK. X. VOL. III. R

234 Oil the Birds of Annobun Island.

In adult plumage this Pigeon has the breast and belly
grey, and loses the speckled rufous feathers which are
found in immature birds. In fact, in the above series,
if I am correct in my surmise, there is only one specimen
(No. 4) which can truly be considered to have gained the
fully adult plumage. In several immature specimens the
crown of the head is thickly covered with rufous-bespeckled
feathers, while in others, which have already begun to
assume the green-glossed feathers of the mantle and nape,
there is only a small patch of rufous feathers on the hind
crown. These rufous feathers are entirely wanting in the
adult, and disappear first from the head and lastly from the
breast.

Fea's notes on Turturosna malherbei in Annobon are as
follows : — " Very common in the dense forest between
400-500 metres. Its guttural note is tircsomely mono-
tonous, as it calls incessantly from dawn till nightfall.
The natives call it ' Lola esalibavan.' "

16. Haplopelia hypoleuca.

HaplopeUa liypultuca Salvador!, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea, iii.
1903, p. 96.

Boyd Alexander did not succeed in procuring an example
of this rare Pigeon, which was discovered on the island of
Annobon by Fea.

The type, which is in the Turin Museum, is described at
length by Count Salvadori in his paper quoted above.

Fea found it rare. Locally it was known as " Lola
san-san."

We therefore have four representatives of the genus
Haplopelia inhabiting the islands in the Gulf of Guinea.

17. *Niimida meleagris.

Numida meleagris Linn. ; Salvadori, Orn. Golfo d. Guinea,
iii. 1903, p. 97; Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Lisboa, 1903, p. 57.

a. S ad. (No. 1). 16.ii.09.

The Guinea-fowl is not rare on Annobon, according to
Fea. Alexander only procured one example, which I cannot
distinguish from typical N. meleagris. Probably it has
been introduced from the m.ainland.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 235

XIII. — On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa
and Uyanda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G.
P. Cosens. — Part II. Accipitriformes — Cypseh. By
Claude H. B. Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field
Notes bij the Collector, Willoughby P. Lowe, M.B.O.U*

(Plate IV. and Text-figures 3 & 4.)

Introduction.

Mr. Willoiigliby Lowe has drawn my attention to the
altitude given by him of Lake Hanningtoii, i. e. 6700 ft.,
whereas the maps give tlie altitude as 6200 ft., the differ-
ence of 500 ft. being due, Mr. Lowe tells me, to his aneroid
having become slightly dei'anged.

This second part covers 78 species and subspecies, making
a total of 170 to the cud of the Swifts, and the new sub-
species described herein or in the Bulletia of the British
Ornithologists^ Club are four in number, as follows :'- —

Poicephalus meyeri neavei, Halcyon leucocephala ogilviei,
Irrisor erijthrorhynchus ruivenzorce, and Melittophagus varie-
gatiis bangweoloensis.

I have again to thank the gentlemen named in Part I.
for their continued great assistance and help ; while to
Mr. Rothschild and Dr. Hartert, and to Dr. Clubb I am
indebted for the kind loan of several valuable specimens
from Tring and Liverpool.

I regret that through an oversight Capt. Cosens^ name
was misspelled iu the iirst part of this paper.

Systematic List.

93. Serpentarius serpentarius. Secretary Bird.

Falco serpentarius J. F. JNliller, Yar. subjects Nat. Hist.
1779, pi. xxviii, : Cape of Good Hope.

In this original work examined by me at the British
Museum Library, the name is found in the accompanying
letterpress as follows : —

* For Part I., with map of route, see p. 1.

r2

236 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

'• Tabula XXVIII.

Fig. A. Faico serpentarius, Lin. Syst. Nat. Classis ii.
Ordo i. Genus xliv. Spec. 1. Habitat^ Cap. B. Spei.
Fig. B. Caput magnitudine naturali.^'
The plate itself is not superscribed with the name as
is the one in the ' Cimelia Physica/ published by the same
author in 1796, but it bears at tlie bottom the following:
'•Painted, Engraved and Published according to the Act
1779 by John Frederick Miller."

a. c? ad. Baringo, 4000 ft. Dec. 28.
Total length in flesh : 53| inches. Wing : 670 mm.
In good plumage and still moulting.

The dozen specimens before me show but slight variation
throughout south and east Africa.

In the National collection the typical form is represented
by a bird from Deelfontein, others from Orange River
Colony, Transvaal, and Mashonaland being similar. Birds
from Masailand, British East Africa, and Abyssinia are
very slightly lighter and whiter below, but are hardly
distinguishable from specimens from the Transvaal.

These have been named S. s. orientalis Verr. (P. Z.S.
1856, p. 348 : East Africa), but I cannot see sufficient
evidence for their separation from the South African form.
In the J. f. O. 1904, a plate is given of the two forms, and
great emphasis is laid on the extent of the bare skin around
che eyes; this is found, to be of no consequence when speci-
mens are compared.

Two specimens in the Museum from the Sudan which died
in the Zoological Gardens have the crest-feathers broader
and longer, and the back and wing-coverts are intermingled
with darker feathers ; these characters may, however, be due
to captivity, so no reliance can be placed on them. These
specimens have been named S. ganihiensis Ogilby (P. Z. S.
1835, pp. 104 & 105 : Senegambia), but they may not have
been compared with Gambian birds.

[Irides brown, bare skin orange, above eye red ; bill light
bluish horn : legs and toes flesh-colour. Contents of stomach

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 237

lizards. Common, frequently seen in pairs, and generally
very wild.]

94. Pseudogyps africanus africanus. Lesser African
Vulture.

Gyps africanus Salvad. Not. Stor. R. Accad. Torin. 1865"^,
p. 133 : Sennaar.

a. ? ad. 40 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3400 ft. Jan. 1.

Total length in flesh : 32^ inches. Wing : 580 mm.
Weight : 10 lbs.

In quite good and very little worn dress.

The half a dozen specimens before me of this Vulture do
not allow me to discuss finally the four described races,
which ai'e as follows : — -

Pseudogyps africanus africanus Salvad. op. cit.

P. a. schiUingsi Erl. J. f. O. 1904, p. 150 : Mkomasi,
German E. Africa.

P. a. fillleborni, Erl. op. cit. p. 151 : Rukwa lake, German
E. Africa.

P. a. zeclii Erl. op. cit. p. 152 : Kratchi, Togoland.

The specimens before me show that the Baringo bird
agrees well with the specimen from near the type locality of
P. a. africanus, as also does one from Guas N'gishu, north-
east of Victoria Nyanza.

One from Busongora, Uganda, is much paler, another
from Zomba, Nyasaland, is darkish, another from Dakar,
Senegal, is rather fulvous and worn, and yet another from
Humbe, Angola, is distinctly pale.

I should not be surprised if a larger series will show
P. a. schiUingsi and P. a. fillleborni to be synonyms of P. a.
africanus, the range of which appears to be about from its
type locality to Nyasaland.

The pale Angola bird may or may not be a constant form,
and in the former case would require a name, and the bird,
from Senegal may or may not be P. a. zechi of Togoland.

[Irides brown, bare skin black ; legs and toes black.
Abundant, and seen in company with Otogyps auricularis.]

* The outside cover of the part of the Not. Stor, in which this paper
is found bears the date 1869,

238 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Culleclion of

95. Lophogyps occipitalis. White-headed Vulture.

Vultur occipitalis Burch. Trav. ii. 1824, p. 329: Mak-
kwarin River, nr. Kuruniari in Bechuanaland.

a. S ad. Weiwei River, Rift Valley, 8000 ft. Jan. 8.

i. ? . 30 miles N.W. of Baringo, 6800 ft. Jan. 31.

Total length in flesh : cJ 31^ inches ; ? 33 inches.

Wing : (J 610 min, ; ? 605 mm.

Both are in good plumage ; tlie female has the greater
part of the featliering of the crown and nape brown, which
apparently shows immaturity.

[Irides brown ; bill red, tip black ; cere bluish green ;
bare skin pinkish blue ; legs and toes flesh-colour. Found
sparingly and rather local.]

93. Neophron percnopterus. Egyptian Vulture.

Vultur perenopterus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 87:
Egypt.

a. ? ad. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 26.

Total length in flesh : 29^ inches. Wing : 531 mm.

In somewhat worn plumage.

[Irides brown ; head orange ; bill greyish horn ; legs and
toes white. Scarce as compared M'ith other Vultures ]

97. Neophron monachus. Hooded Vulture.

Cathurtes monachus Temm. PI. Col. vol. i. 1823, pi. 222 :
Senegal.

a. ? ad. Amala River. Oct. 12.

Total length in flesh : 28 inches. Wing : 490 mm.

In but slightly worn dress.

[Irides brown ; bill bluish brown; head bluish white; legs
and toes bluish white.]

98 Circus pygargus. Montagu's Harrier.

Falco pygargus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 89 :
England.

a. c? ad. 20 miles N. of Nakwai, 5800 ft. Dec. 22.

Total length in flesh : 18 inches. Wing : 368 mm.

In fresh plumage and still moulting.

[Irides yellow ; bill black ; legs and toes yellow. Several
oi these handsome birds were seen hawking round our camp.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda, 239

99. Circus macrourus. Grey Harrier.

Accipiter macrourus Gmel. N. Comm. Petrop. xv. 1771,
p. 439, pis, viii. & ix. : Woronez, S. Russia.

a. ? ad. Lake Naivaslia, 67C0 ft. Dec. 3.

b. ? ad. Bakoro Country, 20 miles E. of Lobor Mt.,
3600 ft. Feb. 3.

Total length in flesh: 19^ & 19 inches. Wing- : 357 &
349 mm.

Both are in good dress and a little worn.

The males of this species and of C pijgargus are quite dif-
ferent, but the females are very similar, and can be separated
not only by the female of C. macrourus being somewliat
larger and having somewhat shorter legs than the female of
C. pygarqus, but by the character given by Sharpe (Cat.
Birds B. M. vol. i. 1874, p. 52) for distinguishing the females
of this species from C. irygargus, which is as follows : —

The tips of the primary, coverts do not extend beyond the
notch on the outer web of the 2nd primary = C. pygargus.

The tips of the primary coverts extend beyond the notch
on the outer web of the 2nd primary =C. macrourus.

[Irides brown, eyelids yellow ; bill black ; cere yellow or
greenish 3'^ellow ; legs and toes yellow. Stomach contained
mice. Common.]

100. Circus aeruginosus. Marsh Harrier.

¥alco (Eruginosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 130 : Sweden.

O" S j^v. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 4.

b. S ad. Naam River, Lakwa, 3150 ft. Feb. 16.

Total length in flesh : ad. 21^ inches ; imm. 19 inches.
Wing : ad. 400 mm. ; imm. 370 mm. Weight of imm. : 1 lb.

The immature bird is apparently in first dress and is not
worn. The other is apparently in adult dress and is also in
fresh plumage. Judging by the size of specimen b. I should
think it was probably a femald" though sexed as a male.

\_Ad. Irides yellow ; bill black ; cere greyish yellow ; legs
and toes yellow. Imm. Irides brown ; bill black ; cere
greenish yellow; legs and toes yellow. Tolerably common.]

240 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

101. Melierax metabates. Many-banded Goshawk.
Melierax metabates Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 72 : Balir-el-
Abiad, i. e. White Nile.

a. ? ad. 15 miles S. of Baringo, 3800 ft. Dec. 26.

b. c? imm. Ngabotok, Turkwel River, 2200 ft. Jan. 10.

c. ? imra. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 26.
Totallength in flesh : ad. 20^ inches; imm. S 20^ inches,

? 19^ inclies. Wing: ad. 334 mm.; imm. ^ 307 mm.,
? 319 mm.

The adult is in rather worn dress and is moulting. The
immature male shows one adult feather on the breast,
and the female one adult feather on the upper tail-coverts.

As pointed out by lleichenow (Vog. Afr. i. 1901, p. 545)
and confirmed by myself, M. polyzonus Less. (Traite, 1831,
p. 58 : Cape of Good Hope) cannot stand for this species,
and it must hereafter be known as M. metabates Heugl.

Falco (Nisus) polyzonus lliipp., (Neue Wirb. Vog. 1835,
p. 36, pi. 15 ; Dongola in Kordofan) is preoccupied by Nisus
■pohjzonos Less.

Tiie large series in the Museum Collection shows a large
amount of individual variation, some examples from the
same district being light and others quite dark.

\_Ad. Irides bi'own ; cere orange-red ; bill black, whitish
at base; legs and toes orange-red. Imm. Irides l)ro\vn or
dull yellow, cere dirty red ; bill black, base bluish horn ;
legs and toes dirty orange. Common and generally dis-
tributed.]

102. Melierax gal)ar. Daudin's Goshawk.

Falco gabar Daud. Traite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 87 : Swart Kop
Biver, Camdeboo Berg (Compass Berg), N. of Graaf Reinet.

a. S imm. Loita, 6300 £t. Oct. 4.

h. ? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec, 3.

c. ? ad. 40 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3400 ft. Jan. 1.

Total length in flesh : ad.* 14| & 14 j inches ; imm. 13
inches. Wing : ad. 196 & 193 mm. ; imm. 183 mm.

The two adults are in black dress, which, as pointed out
by A. L. Butler, Ibis, 1905, p. 369, and with which I agree,

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 241

is nothing but a black phase of this species ; therefore
M. (Sparvius) niyer Bonn, et Vieill. (Enc. Meth. iii. 1823,
p. 1269 : Senegal) must in future become a synonym.

Mr. Lowe's interesting field-notes also bear out this
conclusion.

The December bird is in full moult, and the January one
is in clean dress, though the wing aud tail are a little
worn.

The immature bird is assuming the adult feathering on
the back aud head.

\_Ad. Irides brown or red -brown ; bill black ; cere black
and orange or yellowish black ; legs and toes orange, black
in front or orange and black. Imm. Irides orange-yellow ;
bill black ; cere orange ; legs and toes orange-red. Stomach
contained mice.

The female from Lake Naivasha, which is in the black
phase, was undoubtedly paired to another in normal plumage,
and I watched them together for some time before shootir)g
the female. ]\ly experience seems to show that females are
frequently black, whilst the males, on the other hand, are
more frequently in normal dress.]

103. Astur sphenurus. Kiippeirs Goshawk.
Falco (Nisus) sphenurus Riipp. Neue Wirb. A^og. 1835,
p. 42 : Dabalak, nr. Massowah.

a. c? imm. 10 miles N.W. of Kerio River, 3600 ft.
Jan. 5.

b, c. ? ad. & imm. Weiwei River, Rift Valley, 3100 ft.
Jan. 7 & 9.

d, e. ^ ad. ; ? imm. Kittigom, Chua Dist., 2850 ft.
Feb. 20 & 21.

Total length in flesh : (^ 11 & 11^ inches ; ? 12^ & 13^
inches. Wing : ^ ad. \77 mm., imm. 170 mm. ; ? ad.
193 mm., imm. 196 & 184 mm.

Both the adults are in clean dress and just a little worn ;
the female is more broadly banded below than the male.
All three of the immature birds are starting to assume the
adult featherincr.

242 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

\_Ad. Irides red ; b'll black, bluisli at base ; cete yellow ;
eyelids yellow ; le^ and toes yellow. Imm. Similar, except
iridi'S yellow. Tolerably common. The adult female from
the Weiwei River was shot whilst eating a dove. Stomach
contained a lizard.]

lOi. Accipiter minullns. Little Sparrow-Hawk.

Falco miaallus Daud. Traite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 88: Gamtoos
River, Cape Colony.

a, h. S ad., ? imm. 8. Guaso Nyiro, 2900 ft. Nov. 23.

Total length in flesh : cJ 9 j inches ; ? II inches. Wing:
c? 140 mm. ; ? 154 mm.

The male is in fresh new dress and the female is assuming
the adult dress.

I have carefully examined and compared birds from east
and south Africa, and cannot with the series before me see
any constant difference in colour or size between them.

Certainly, in freshly moulted birds, some southern ex-
amples are darker than east African specimens, whilst others
are equally as light ; and when it comes to faded browner
specimens I cannot distinguish between them.

Perhaps a much larger series may show that A. m. tro-
picalis Reichenow (J. f. O. 1898, p. 139 : East Africa)
is a valid subspecies, though Prof. Reichenow's rather
comprehensive type-locality needs greater precision.

[^Ad. Irides reddish yellow ; bill black, cere yellow ;
legs and toes yellow. Imm. Irides rich yellow ; cere
greenish yellow. This pair were found together in thick
bush.]

105. Accipiter ruflventris. African Sparrow-Hawk.

Accipiter ruflventris A. Smith, S. A. Q. Journ. 1830,
pp. 231 &, 392: Baviaans River, nr. Uniondale, Cape Colony.

a. S ad. Kikuyu, 6000 ft. Sept. 22.

Total length in flesh : 14^ inches. Wing : 225 mm.

In quite good dress and agreeing well with specimens
from southern Africa.

Though sexed a male, the large size of this specimen seems
to point to it being a female.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 243

[Irides bright yellow ; bill, upper mandible dark horn
at tip, slate at base, lower dark born at lip, slate at base;
cere yellow ; legs and toes yellow, claws black.]

106. Buteo augur. Angnr Buzzard.

Buteo amjur Riipp. Neue Wirb. Vog. 1835, p. 38, pi. xvi. :
Abyssinia.

a. $ imm. Kijabe, 6300 ft. Sept. 24.

h. ? ad. Mau, 6900 ft. Sept. 30.

c, d. ? ad. & imm, Loita, 6600 ft. Oct. 5.

Total length in flesh : $ 21 1 inches ; ? 21 1 & 21 inches.
Wing : $ 405 mm.; ? 438 & 431 mm. Weight of imma-
ture : 2i lbs.

The forty specimens of this Buzzard now before me do not
enlighten the bewildering plumage changes through which
this bird appears to go. We have seven distinct plumages,
some of wiiich seem to have nothing to do with each other,
so that it would almost appear that there is more than one
species.

The seven dresses are as follows : —

(1) 1st dress (as shown by half-fledged nestling).

General colour russet-brown, darker on back,
lighter below, blobbed or streaked. Tail barred,
sooty, or slightly chestnut.

(2) 2nd dress (as shown by specimens moulting from

above). Black above, white below^ throat black,

tail chestnut.
These two stages seem obvious and clear, but beyond this
point no progress seems possible.
The other five plumages are : —

(3) Apparently a first dress. General colour sooty-

brown above and below. Tail sooty^ barred or
quite plain,

(4) Apparently an immature dress. Above black with

some chestnut, throat and upper chest white with
some black markings and somewhat washed with
chestnut, rest of underparts pure chestnut ; tail
chestnut.

244 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

(5) Apparently an immature dress. Above and below

blackish brown, with some chestnut markings ;
thighs, belly, and under tail-coverts butfy white ;
tail sooty, tinged with chestnut.

(6) A dress very close to No. 2, but with throat white.

(7) All black, tail chestnut.

I suggest that this species has two quite distinct phases,
the adults of which are respectively No. 6 and No. 7, and
that the sequence of plumage of both start and proceed each
along tlieir own lines as follows : —

Phase A. Sequence includes dress Nos. 1, 2, 6.

Phase B. „ „ „ Nos. 3, 4, 5, 7.

A considerable series may show this to be right or to be
utterly wrong, but I put it forward as a theory for future
workers to unravel.

The four specimens in the collection are respectively : —

The females are each in the plumage No. 5, No. 6, and
No. 7.

The male is almost in plumage No. 6, but there is some
black on the throat and some chestnut on the upper parts.

In the Plate in Kuppell's Neue Wirb. Vog., fig. 1 is as
described in dress No. 6, and fig. 2 is in the plumage of
No. 7.

[Irides brown ; bill black or bluish horn, fading to bluish
at base ; cere yellow ; legs and toes yellow. Very common.]

107. Buteo desertorum. Rufous Buzzard.

Falco desertorum Daud. Tiaite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 162 :
Cape of Good Hope.

a. S imm. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 18.

Total length in flesh : 18i inches. Wing 338 mm.

In good clean dress.

[Irides brown; bill black; cere yellow; legs and toes
yellow. Common on the Amala River. Stomach contained
locusts.]

108. Aqnila rapax. Tawny Eagle.

Falco rapax Temm. PI. Col. i. 1828, pi. 455 : "Dans les
forets dc la partie meridionale de I'Afrique " (Levaillantj.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 245

a. S ad. W. of Mt. Leganisho, 5850 ft. Oct. 29.

b. J imra. Lengototo, 6200 ft, Nov. 11.

Total length in flesh : ad. 28 inches; imm. 27| inchrs.
Wing: ad. 518 mm.; imm. 530 mm. Weight of imma-
ture : 41 lbs.

The adult is in good dress and not faded. Tlie immature
bird has some dark markings on both the upper and under
surface.

The plate in Temminck's work represents a bird in first
dress.

\_Ad. Irides lii^ht brown ; bill bluish horn, tip black, cere
yellow; feet yellow. Imm. Irides brown ; bill bluish horn,
cere yellow ; feet pale yellow. Common almost every-
where.]

109. Lophotriorchis lucani. Lucan's Eagle.
Lophotriorchis lucani Sliarpe & Bouv. Bui. soc. zool. Fr.

1877, p. 471 : Landaua, Congo.

a. ? imm. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 19.

Total length in flesh : 21^^ inches. Wing : 395 mm.

In clean and apparently first dress, having light tips to the
feathers of the head, back, wings, and rump.

[Irides yellowish brown ; cere greenish ; bill blue, tip
black ; feet pale yellow. Appears to be scarce.]

110. Spizaetus bellicosus. Martial Hawk Eagle.

Falco bellicosus Daud, Traite, vol. ii. 1800, . p. 38:
Gt. Namaqualand — " entre le 28° Sud et le Tropique."

a. ? ad. Nginyan River, 30 miles N.W. of Baringo,
2800 ft. Dec. 31.

Total length in flesh : 33^ inches. Wing : 638 mm.
Weight : 11 lbs.

In fine adult plumage.

[Irides yellow ; bill black ; cere grey ; legs and toes bluish
white. Several of these magnificent eagles were seen near
the Narossura and Southern Guaso Nyiro Rivers. The one
shot was busy devouring a Hyrax in a tree. It seemed quite
unconcerned and allowed mc to approach within 40 yards.]

245 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collecf/on of

111. Lophoaetus occipitalis. African Crested Eagle.
Falco occipitalis Daud. Traite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 40 : Pays

d'Auteniquoi = Knysna Dist.

a. ? ad. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 15,

Total length in flesh : 22^ inches. Wing 390 mm.

In good dress.

[Irides bright yellow ; cere pale yellow ; bill bluish horn,
darker at tip ; feet dirty yellow. Frequently seen, and
usually perched on a tree or dead branch.]

112. Circaetiis cinerens. Brown Harrier Eagle.
Circaetus cinereus Vieill. N. D. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. 1818,

p. 445 : Senegal.

a. S ad. Nr. Lake Hannington, 3700 £t. Dec. 25.

Total length in flesh : 26 inches. Wing 534 mm.

In clean dress and but slightly worn.

I have carefully examined the series in the British Museum,
and agree with Sclater, cf. * Ibis/ 1912, p. 9, Reichenow,
Shelley, etc., that C cinereus and C. pectoralis A. Smith
(S. A. Quart. Journal, 1836, p. 109 : South Africa) should
be in future kept separate ; and the character given by
Mr. Sclater of the difference in size of the bill is quite
constant throughout.

Immature birds also are separable as follows : —

C. cinereus. The feathers of the underparts white, with a
broad brown tip and brown bars or markings carried up both
webs to their base.

C. jjectoralis. The feathers of the underparts white with
broad blackish brown tips only.

The general appearance of C. cinereus below is wholly
brown with some white markings, and of C. pectoralis wholly
white with some brown markings, except the chest, which
is brown.

A young bird in the Museum, from Kuruman, named
C cinereus^ is really the young of C •pectcralis, and has
the whole under surface cinnamon-brown, the throat being
longitudinally streaked with blackish and the whole upper

Birds from British East Africa and Uijanda. 247

surface sandy, with darker centres to the feathers, lighter
towards the head and darker towards the tail ; the wing-
feathers and tail are purplish brown, the latter being in-
distinctly barred.

No specimen of C. cinereus of the same age is available
for comparison.

Sir A. Smith, under C. pectoralis, describes the young as
"uniform light chestnut or a dull earthy-brown plumage/'
{Cf. S. A. Quart. Journal, 1830, p. 109, also footnote.) Is
not this possibly the difference between the two species in
their first plumage ?

[Irides yellow ; bill black, cere grey ; legs and toes dirty
"white. Stomach contained remains of snake. Only two
seen on the whole trip.]

113. Terathopius ecaudatus. Bateleur Eagle.

Falco ecaudatus Daud. Traite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 54 : Pays
d'Auteniquoi=Knysna Dist.

a. ? ad. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 15.

h. ? juv. 30 miles N.W. of Bariugo, 2800 ft. Dec. 31.

Total length in flesh : ad. 22^ inches ; juv. 23 inches.
Wing : ad. 530 mm. ; juv. 476 mm. Weight : 6 lbs.

The adult is a red-backed form in good clean dress. The
young is in complete brown dress and very w orn.

The three specimens in the Museum of Helotarsus leuco-
notus Riipp. (Syst. Uebers. 1845, p. 10: Sennaar, ex Wiirt.
MS.) respectively from Abyssinia (August), Bahr el Ghazal
and Nyasaland (July), are curiously enough all worn birds,
and their lighter mantle etc. may be due to fading.

In the ' Ibis,^ 1912, p. 9, a note of mine, in regard to
these races, is of interest, especially when it is remembered
I was at Beira between oSIov. 22 and Feb. 24.

A much larger series than is at present available is
necessary before any definite decision can be come to.

Levaillant's plate represents clearly the red-backed form.
Cf. Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. 1799, p. 31, pis. vii. & viii.

\_Ad. Irides brown ; bill yellow tipped with greenish
horn ; legs and toes pinkish yellow ; cere bright red.

248 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Juv. Irides brown ; bill greenish horn, tip black ; cere
greenish gi'evj feet bluish white. Very common. During
our whole trip 1 did not see a single specimen with a white
back.]

114. Milvus jegyptius parasitns. Southern Egyptian Kite.
Falco parasitus Daud. Traite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 150 : Cape

Colony, ex Levaillant.

a, b. c? imm., ? ad. Amala River, 5600 & 5700 ft.
Oct. 5 & 12.

Total length in flesh : ad. %2\ inches ; imm. 21 inches.
Wing : ad. 431 mm ; imm. 412 mm.

The adult agrees perfectly with specimens from south
Africa. The immature bird is much browner and has a
dark bill, though it is not in first dress.

The southern African birds are darker and smaller than
northern African specimens, and I have therefore kept this
race separate from the true Milvus agypiius Gmelin (Syst.
Nat. i. 1788, p. 261 : Egypt).

Smith, in the S. A. Q. J. for 1830, p. 391, noticed the
distinctness of this race and supported it; and recently this
has been emphasized by Dr. Hartert (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxxiii.
1914, p. 90).

\_Ad. Irides brown ; cere greenish yellow ; bill yellow ;
legs and toes yellow. Imm. Irides brown; cere light
yellow ; bill dark horn, bluish at base; legs and toes yellow.
Very common and bold. Occasionally sweeping down and
carrying specimens from off the skinning table.]

115. Elanus caeruleus. Black-shouldered Kite.

Falco ccerukus Desf. Hist, de TAcad. R. des Sc. Paris for
1787, 1789, p. 503, pi. xv. : Environs of Algiers.

a. ? ad. Kikuyu, 6000 ft. Sept. 23.

h. S iram. Lengototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 8.

Total length in flesh : ad. 12 inches ; imm. 12;^ inches.
Wing: ad. 271 mm.; imm. 265 mm.

The adult is in moult and the immature bird is but slightly
worn.

\ Ad. Irides bright red ; bill black; cere yellow; legs and
toes yellow, claws black. Imm. Irides reddish yellow ;

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 249

bill black ; cere yellow ; legs and toes yellow. Stomach
contained remains of a rodent. Frequently seen during our
journey in British E. Africa.]

] 16. Poliohierax semitorquatus. African Falconet.

Falco seinilurquuta A. Smith, Hep. Exp. 1836, p. 44 :
Old Latakoo, Bechuanaland.

a. ? ad. Akinyo River, Bakoro, 3600 ft. Feb. 2.

Total length in flesh : 7^ inches. Wiug : 119 mm.

In good clean dress.

[Irides brown ; bill liglit blue, tip black; cere red ; legs
and toes red. Stomach contained remains of a lizard. This
was the only specimen seen, and was found sitting on a
solitary thorn-tree beside a dry water-course.]

117. Falco cnvieri. African Hobby.

Falco cuvieri A. Smith, S. A. Q. J. i. 1830, p. 392 : Kei
River, Eastern Cape Colony.

a. S ad. Narossura, 7O0O ft. Nov. 2.

Total length in flesh: 12 inches. Wing : 233 mm.

A rich dark-coloured specimen in fresh new dress, and
just completing the moult.

Apparently a rare bird in collections.

[Irides dark browij ; bill bluish horn ; cere yellow ; legs
and toes yellow. Stomach contained insects. Several seen
in British E. Africa, but always very shy.]

118. Ehyncodon biarmicus biarmicus. South African
Lanner.

Falco biarmicus Temm. PI. Col. i. 1825, pi. 324: Camdeboo
Berg (Compass Berg), Cape Colony.

a. c? ad. Lake Naivasha, 6700 ft. Dec. 5.

Total length in flesh : 17 inches. Wing : 310 mm.

An immature specimen in good dress ; it agrees in size with
specimens from Cape Colony, which are apparently smaller
than F. b. tanypterus Schl. (Abhandl. Geb. Zool. etc. 1841,
p. 8, pis. 12 & 13 : Nubia, cf. Riipp. N. Wirb. 1835, p. 44),
a subspecies that does not appear to be very well defined.

[Irides brown ; bill blackish horn ; cere light grey ; legs
and toes yellow. Only two seen.]

SEK. X. VOL. in. s

250 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a CuUection of

119. Cerchneis tinnimculus carlo. African Common
Kestrel.

Cei'chneis tinnunculus carlo Hart. & Neum. Journ. fiir
Ornith. 1907, p. 592 : Bussidimo, nr. Harar, Abyssinia.

a. ? ad. Lengototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 7.

b. ^ iram. Narossura, 5000 ft. Nov. 17.

c. ? ad. Akinyo River, Bakoro, 3600 ft. Feb. 2.

d. S juv. E. slopes of Nakwai Hills, 3600 ft. Nov. 8.
Total length in flesh : (J 13| ifc 121 inches ; ? 14^ & 14^

inches. Wing : ^ 238 k 227 mm. ; ? 257 & 254 ram.

Quite a good and sound race, being always darker and
much more clearly marked below than C. t. tinnunculus
(Linn. Syst. Nat. ibth ed. 1758, p. 90 : Sweden).

Both the females are adult, in worn plumage, and one has
new feathering appearing on the mantle. The young male
is assuming adult feathering on the Ijrcast, mantle, and
rump. The other male is not quite fully adult, having dark
bands across the tail.

Hartert and Neumann, in their description, point out that
the figures of C. t. arthuri in the J. f. O. 1904, pi. xvi.,
}epresent this subspecies and have nothing to do with the
true C. arthuri; this is quite correct.

[ cJ ? . Irides brown ; bill bluish horn ; cere yellow ; legs
and toes yellow. Stomach contained mice, lizards, grass-
hoppers, and locusts. Not common in the Nakwai Hills.]

120. Cerchneis rupicoloides arthuri. Buxton's Kestrel.
Tinnunculus arthuri Gurney, List of Diurn. B. of Prey,

1884, p. 156 : Mombasa.

a. S ad. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 26.

Total length in flesh : 12g^ inches. Wing : 216 mm.

In good dress and but slightly worn.

This race of C. r. rupicoloides Smith (S. A. Q. J. 1880,
p. 238 : Groene River, Namaqualand), from which it differs
in being larger, is equal in size to C. r. fieldi Elliot (Publ.
Field Mus., Orn. i. pt. ii. 1897, p. 58 : Silo Plain, Somaliland),
but differs from that race in being always darker.

[Irides white ; bill bluish horn, yellowish at base; cere
yellow; legs and toes yellow. I had just shot a specimen

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 251

of Bubo iacteus Avliich lodged iu the top of a tree, and as it
was not quite dead it attracted a pair of these Kestrels.
They were the only two of this species seen about whose
identification 1 can be certain.]

121. Cerchneis naumanni. Lesser Kestrel.

Falco naumanni E. Fleischer, Sylvan, ein Jahrbuch fiir
Forstraanner, Jager und Jagdfreunde, von C. P. Laurop und
V. F. Fischer; Marburg und Cassel,beij Job. Chr. Kreiger,
1818, Part v. Art. 10, p. 174 : Germany.

a. ? ad. Narossura, 5000 ft. Nov. 1 6.

b. ^ imm. Loita, 6300 ft. Nov. 27.

Total length in flesh : ^ 12 inches ; ? 12^ inches.
Wing : S 229 imm. ; ? 231 mm.

The male is assuming the adult feathering. The female
is in good clean dress and but very slightly worn.

The part of the work ' Sylvan ' examined by me at the
British Museum in which the description of this Kestrel is
found is bound in a volume dated on the outside 1817-1819.
Fleischer's paper is dated 1817 at Leipzig, and is entitled
'^Zwei neue Falken," and comes in that part of the volume
covered by the year 1818.

There is a reprint ol: this rare paper in the Orn. Mouats-
berichte, 1898, pp. 142-144, by Prof. Reichenow, and an
interesting letter from Dresser in the ' Ibis,^ 1875, p. 515,
on the same subject.

[ ,$ . Irides brown ; bill bluish horn, base yellowish ; cere
yellow; legs and toes yellow, claws white. ?. Similar,
except cere orange-yellow. Stomach contained locusts.
A large number of Kestrels were seen, apparently of this
species.]

122. Bubo bubo ascalaphus. Egyptian Spotted Eagle Owl.
Bubo ascalaphus Sav. Descript. de FEgypte, 1810, p. 295,

pi. iii. : Egypt.

a. ? ad. Loita, 6600 ft. Oct. 5.

Total length in flesh : 19| inches. Wing : 353 mm.
Weight 24- lbs.

In somewhat worn dress.

s2

252 Mr. C. H. B. Grant oti a Collection of

Savigny's figure of this Owl shows a bird with plain huffy
legs and thighs, and with very narrow bands on the under-
side of the tail, otherwise it agrees perfectly with the majority
of specimens of this species.

Both B. a. barbarus and B. a. deserturum were described
from northern Tunisia and Algeria and soutliern Tunisia
and Algeria respectively, cf. Erianger, O. M. 1897, p. 192 ;
and B. a. trotlm Reichw. O. M. xiv, 1906, p. 10, was
described from German S.W. Africa, but Prof. Neumann
has shown in the J. f. O. 1914, p. 36, that B. a. trothee
Reichw. has nothing to do with B. ascalaphus and is a
colour form of B. maculosns.

[Irides yellow ; bill black ; feet greyish black. Nesting.
Appears to be common. The oviduct of the specimen
obtained contained an egg.]

123. Bubo africanus cinerascens. Greyish-spotted Eagle
Owl.

Bubo cinerascens Guer. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 321 : Abys-
sinia.

a. ? ad. Hills N. of Maroto, 3900 feet. Jan. 24.

Total length in flesh : \7\ inches. Wing : 310 mm.

In somewhat worn dress.

As shown by Prof. Neumann "maculosus" must give
place to "africanus^' of Temm., cf. J. f. O. 1914, pp. 37
&38.

jisio maculosus americanus Oberh. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Wash. 1905, p. 856: Kilimanjaro) appears to be a synonym
of B. a. cinerascens.

[Irides very dark brown, ej'clids pink flesh ; bill black ;
feet dark plumbeous. Two of these Owls were found
perched in a Euphorbia tree.]

124. Bubo lacteus. Verreaux's Eagle Owl.

Strix lactea Temm. PI. Col. ii. 1820, pi. iv.: Senegal.

a. S ad. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 26.

b. S ad. Lake Naivasha, 5700 ft. Dec. 4.

c. S ad. Rift Valley, 30 miles N.W. of Baringo, 2800 ft.
I>ec. 29.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 253

d. (^ ad. Turkwel River. Jan. 15.

e. $ ad. Akinyo River, Bakoro, 3600 ft. Feb. 2.
f,g. $ ? juv. Karacliuru, Lobor, 3200 ft. Feb. 12.
Total length in flesh : ad. 25-22 4 inches; young 14 and

13 inches. Wing of adults : 450-420 mm. Weight 3^ lbs.

All the adults are rather worn, except the one from
Akinyo River, which, being much browner above, is probably
a bird of the year.

The two nestlings are assuming full feathering, which is
distinctly brown above.

The plate in the PI. Col. shows a very brown-backed bird
this was probably taken from a bird of the year, and I
expect some latitude must be allowed for the clear coloration
of the upper parts.

[Irides brown, eyelids black ; bill bluish horn ; feet greyish
flesh-colour, dark brown, blue grey, dirty grey, or bluish.
Young have eyelids brown ; bill black, tip of lower mandible
whitish; feet plumbeous. Stomach contained mice.]

125. Otus capensis. Cape Scops Owl.

Scops capensis A. Smith, S. A. Q. J. ii. 1834, p. 314 : South
Africa.

a, b. S ad. Nakwai Hills, 3800 & 3900 ft. Feb. 6.

Total length in flesh : 7| & 7\ iuches. Wing : 138 &
137 mm.

Both are in good clean normal plumage, and agree
perfectly with specimens from South Africa.

^J'here appear to be three phases of plumage of this birdi
1st, grey, that which might be designated as the normal ;
2nd, a rufous phase {cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1912, p. 5) ; and 3rd,
a slaty-grey phase.

Messrs. Gunning & Roberts, in the Ann. Transvaal
Museum, vol. iii. 1911, p. Ill, describe three new subspecies,
of this Owl as follows : —

Pisorhina capensis intermedia : Modderfonteiu, Transvaal.
„ „ grisea : Bethulie, Orange Free State.

„ „ pusilia : Boror, Portuguese E. Africa.

The series in the National collection shows that great

254 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

individual variation occurs in this little Owl, and I cannot
see any constant character sufficiently "well marked to
■warrant separation into races, and therefore, without more
convincing proof, I must place Gunning & Roberts' names
as synonyms.

The other named races of this Owl are t — Pisorhina
c. vgandcs Neum. J. f. O, 1899, p. 56 : North Uganda ;
P. c. leucopsis Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 496 : Island of
San Thome ; P. c. icterorhyncha Shelley, Ibis, 1873, p. 138 :
Fantee, Gold Coast ; and P. c. scapulata Boc. Jorn. Lisboa,
xlviii. 1888, p. 229 : Angola.

[Irides yellow or dull yellow ; bill blackish horn, tip of
lower mandible yellow, or upper half of culmen and lower
half of lower mandible light yellow ; feet dirty grey. Heard
at nearly all our camps.]

126. Otus leucotis leucotis. "White-faced Scops Owl.

Strix leucotis Teram. PI. Col. vol. ii. 1824, pi. xvi. :
Senegal.

a. S ad. Nakwai Hills, 3500 ft. Feb. 7.

Total length in flesh: 10^ inches. Wing : 188 mm.

In worn dress and having a very distinct black patch on
the head.

[Irides rich yellow ; bill greenish horn ; feet dirty grey.
Stomach contained mice. This was the only specimen
seen, and was perched in a stunted thorn-tree.]

In the * Ibis ' for 1906, p. 660, Mr. Ogilvie-Grant says that
Erlanger renamed the typical form, which statement is not
quite correct, and at the same time Mr. Grant gives a new
name to tlie southern race.

I have carefully examined the series in the National
collection and agree with Mr. Grant that two races cer-
tainly exist, and 1 am by no means sure that a third will not
have to be recognised.

The races are as follows :—

Otus leucotis leucotis Temm. : Senegal. Represented
in the Museum by specimens from Gambia.

Range. Gambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, White Nile,
Khartoum to Somaliland, and British East Africa.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 255

Birds from Khartoum and Somaliland are somewhat
different from those from Gambia, especially in the young
bird, and a larger series may show that this form is distinct.
If this is so it would bear the name O. I. nigrovertex Erl.
(J. f. O. 1904, p. 233 : Gambo, Abyssinia).

Otus leucotis granti.

Pisorhina leucotis granti Kollibaj^^ Orn. Monatsb. 1910,
p. 148 : South-west Africa.

Range. Damaraland and Angola, east to the Transvaal,
Natal, and Nyasaland.

As shown by Kollibay, op. cit., the name Scops erlangeri
O. Grant (Ibis, 1906, p. 660 : Nyasaland) is preoccupied by
Pisorhina scops erlangeri Tschusi (Orn. Jahrb. 1904, p. 101:
Tallah, Tunisia), though he is not correct in stating that
Mr. Grant described his bird from south-west Africa.

The single Angola bird before me is somewhat paler
than more southern specimens, and should a large series
show this character to be constant, it would perhaps need
separating.

127. Strix woodfordi. Woodford's Brown Owl.

Noctua woodfordi A. Smith, S. A, Q. Journal, ii. 1834,
p. 312 : South Africa.

a. S ' Mt. Maroto, 4300 ft. Jan. 30.

Total length in flesh : 14 inches. Wing: 249 mm.

In good fresh plumage and in the cinnamon phase.

I have carefully examined all the specimens of this Owl
and have come to the conclusion that only one race exists,
and that the characters pointed out for the supposed races
are merely individual. It is a very variable species, and
there appears to be at least two or three phases, i. e. a
blackish, a cinnamon, and a greyish.

In one specimen from Ugogo in the Museum collection
two phases occur on the same bird, the head and part of the
mantle being blackish and the rest of the plumage being
cinnamon.

I at first thought that the cinnamon phase represented the
young and the blackish the full adult (as, I believe, is the

256 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

case iu the European Brown Owl^ where the paler, less dark,
birds ai'e the young of the year), hut a young bird from
British E. Africa, still in downy dress, is assuming a blackish
plumage.

It would, however, appear that the first dress (i. e. that
in which the young leave the nest) is always pale and rufous;
though the feathering being very soft and downy precludes
it being confounded with more adult birds.

The named races of this Owl are as follows : —

Surnium umhrinum Heugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 12 : Bege-
raeder, Abyssinia.

Syimium ni(/ricantius Sharpe, Ibis, 1897, p. 449 : Mpapwa,
German East Africa.

Syrnium ivoodfordi var. suahelicum Rchw. Werth. Mitth.
Hochl. 1898, p. 272 : German East Africa.

Syrnium ivoodfordi var. sansibaricuin Rchw. op. cit. :
Zansiibar.

[Irides brown, eyelids light brown ; bill yellow ; feet
yellow. Stomach contained insects. Only two Avere seen,
in the thick bush along a small stream.]

128. Glaucidium perlatum. African Pearl-spotted Owlet.
Strix perlata Vieill. N. D. d'Hist. Nat. vol. vii. p. 26:
Senegal.

a. ? . Kito, 60 miles X.W. of Baringo, 4100 ft. Jan. 2.
h. S ' Kerio River, 3400 ft. Jan. 5.

c. S ' 10 miles N.W. of Kerio River, 3600 ft. Jan. 5.

d. S - Weiwei River, Rift Valley, 3100 ft. Jan. 7.

e. ? . Nakwai Hills, 3900 ft. Feb. 6.

Total length in flesh : c? 8^ & 8 inches ; ? 8^ & 7|
inches. Wing: S 111-107 mm.; ? 107 mm.

At the first glance at the series of this Owl in the Museum
collection there appears to be more than one form, but when
they are laid out in their localities it becomes at once
apparent that no stress can be laid upon any particular
character which might warrant separation.

The two most striking plumages are that which is fully
spotted and that which is practically plain on the upper parts.

Birds from British East Africa and Ugunda. 2'o7

These two apparently dissimilar dresses can either be
put down to colour phases, or to immature aud adult
plumages.

The first theory is at once disposed of by the fact that
every gradation between the two is found, i.e. specimens
with spotted heads and plain mantles, specimens with almost
plain heads and spotted mantles, and almost every stage
between. The second theory is perhaps more feasible, but
among the series I cannot place my hand on one specimen
that is just out of the nest ; though there are two from
Nyasaland on which the note is written " taken as nestlings
and kept 5 montiis." These two have brown heads with
but very few and very narrow streaks, and the mantle is but
slightly spotted.

Taking this as the first dress, we have a single specimen
from Makalaka that is just completing the moult, in which
the new mantle is normally spotted and the feathers of the
head are still brown (as in the two Nyasaland specimens),
and new spotted feathers are replacing them.

Therefore this seems to point to the plainer birds being
young and the spotted ones being adult.

Tills theor}' seems correct until we come to specimens that
have the markings on the head more barred than spotted. Is
this individual variation ?

North-western, north-eastern, and eastern birds in Avhat
I take to be adult dress have the spots on the head rather
smaller than southern specimens, but many individuals can
be found that are hardly distinguishable.

Of the five specimens in this collection two are apparently
young and the other three are apparently adult, though one
has less spotting on the mantle than the other two.

A series of almost fully fledged nestlings taken from the
nest would be of great value in settling the question of
plumage.

Keichenow has himself (Vogel Afr. i. p. 674) sup-
pressed his G. kiliniense (Orn. Monatsb. 1893, p. 178 :
Kilimanjaro).

[Irides yellow or light yellow ; bill greenish yellow or

238 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

greenish horn : cere dark green ; feet yellow, greenish yellow,
or dirty yellow. Tolerably common wherever found.]

129. Tyto alba afiBnis- South African Barn-Owl.

Btrix affinis Layard, Birds of S. Afr. 1867, p. 43 : Cape
of Good Hope.

a, h. $ ad. Annamuget, Bakoro, 3700 ft. Feb. 1.

c. ? ad. 20 miles East of Lobor Hills, 3600 ft. Feb. 3.

Total length in flesh : (J 14 & 12| inches; $ 14 inches.
Wing : c? 292 & 282 mm. ; ? 294 mm.

All are in good dress.

The African race of the Barn-Owl should certainly be
kept separate and is a very distinct form.

The name 8trix maculata Brehm (Naumannia, 1858,
p. 220 : N.E. Africa ; id. 1855, p. 270) is preoccupied
by SMx maculata Vieill. (N. D. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 1817,
p. 45 : Paraguay).

[Irides brown ; bill >»^hite, base flesh-colour ; feet dirty
Avhite or dirty flesh. Appears to be local. One of the
three specimens was caught by a porter, who climbed a tree
and seized it whilst asleep.]

130. Poicephalus meyeri saturatus. Sharpe's East African'
Parrot.

Poicephalus saturatus Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xi. 1901,
p. 67 : N. Ankole, Uganda.

a. (J ad. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 15.

b. (? ad. 40 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3400 ft. Jan. 1.

c. ? ad. Mt. Maroto, 3700 ft. Jan. 25.

d. S ad. Payera Dist., 3000 ft. Feb. 19.

Total length in flesh : ($ 9, 9^, & 9^ inches; $ 9^ inches.
Wing : (J 154-149 mm. ; ? 150 mm.

One of the January birds is in new dress, the others are
a little worn, and both the October and January birds are
moulting.

[Irides red ; bill very dark horn, blackish, or blackish-
horn ; legs and toes dark grey or dark brown. Fairly
plentiful wherever found.]

In naming these specimens I have had to examine the

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 259

Avhole series iu the British Museum, and have come to the
following conclusions as regards the races :—

PoiCEPHALUS MEYERI MEYBRI.

Psittacus meijeri Cretz. Atlas, 1826, p. 18, pi. xi. :
Kordofan.

Of this, Phxjoocephalus xanihopterus Heuglin (J. f. 0. 1863,
p. 271 : between Djur and Kosanga, Bahr el Ghazal),
Poicephalus meyeri erythrece Neum. (Orn. INTonatsb. 1899,
p. 25 : Anseba Biver, Bogoslaud) and P. 7n.abessinicus Zed].
(Orn. Monatsb. 1908, p. 174 : S. Erythrea), are synonyms.

Above earthy washed with green, rump washed with blue.

Range. Bahr el Ghazal, Kordofan, and Abyssinia.

Poicephalus meyeri matschiei.

Poicephalus matschiei Neum. Journ. fiir Ora. 1898,
p. 501 : Ugogo, German E. Africa.

Very similar to P. m. meyeri, perhaps rather darker above
and blue on rump brighter.

Range, German East Africa and Nyasaland.

Poicephalus meyeri damarensis.

Poicephalus damarensis Neum. op. cit. : Ochimbora,
Damaraland.

Rather pale earthy above, blue rump, no yellow band on
head.

Range. Damaraland to Lake Ngami.

Poicephalus meyeri reichenowi.

Poicephalus reichenowi Neum. op. cit. : Malange, North
Angola.

Large race, blue rump, no yellow band on head.
Range. Angola, and probably western basin of Congo.

Poicephalus meyeri transvaalensis.

Poicephalus meyeri transvaalensis Neum. Orn. Monatsb.
1899, p. 25 : Transvaal.

Above earthy without green wash, rump bluish, below
on the average more blue than green.

Range. Transvaal, Matabeleland, Mashonaland, East
Bechuanaland, Tcte on the Zambesi.

260 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on q Collection of

PoiCEPHALUS MEYERI SATURATUS.

Pfpocephalus saturatus Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. vol. xi. 1901,
p. 67 : N. Ankole.

Of this, P. m. virescens Reichw. (Vug. Afr. ii. 1902, p. 12 ;
Kavi rondo), and P. m. nyansce Neura. (Nov. Zool. 1908,
p. 383 : Unyoro, Uganda) are synonyms.

A dark race, below and rump on the average green.

Range. Uganda, Britisli East Africa, and Ruwenzori.

PoiCEPHALUS JIEYERr NEAYEI.

Po'icephalus meyeri neavei C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1914, p. 19 : Kaluli Valley, Belgian Congo.

" Most nearly allied io P .m. saturatus Sharpe, but generally
darl<er throughout, on the average bluer below, and having
the blue rump of P. m. damarensis.^'

Type. ? ad. Kaluli Valley, Belgian Congo. Collected on
the 27th of April, 1907, by S. A. Neave. Wing 155 mm.

Named in honour of Mr. S. A. Neave.

Range. Eastern Belgian Congo and northern Rhodesia to
Angoniland.

Though these Parrots vary to a considerable amount indi-
vidually and no single character of a single specimen can be
fixed down, yet when examined collectively and the series
laid out geographically, average differences exist which pre-
clude all these Parrots being placed under one name. There-
fore six of the described races are recognisable, and (perhaps
unfortunately) I have been compelled to describe a seventh.

131. Agapornis puUarius. North African Love-Bird.

Psittaciis pullarius Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 102 :
.^Ethiopia = Nubia.

a. S ad. Payera Dist., 3000 ft. Feb. 19.

Total length in flesh : 61 inches. Wing : 89 mm.

In worn and rather faded dress and in moult.

[Irides brown ; bill : upper mandible red, lower whitish ;
legs and toes dirty grey. Several seen amongst the
bamboo.]

Eastern and western specimens agree in size and colora-
tion, except that the majority of the adults from the latter

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 261

locality have a more decided green wash on the inner webs
of the flight-feathers on their underside. This character is
found in young birds from both places and can be traced in
east African adults, though the majority of these have more
blackish inner webs.

A. p. vgand(£ Neumann (Nov. Zool. vol. xv. 1908, p. 38 :
Entebbe) does not appear to differ from northern birds.
Unfortunately, Neumann did not compare his specimens
with Nubian birds, but with western ones. Western
specimens are certainly somewhat different from eastern
ones, both in the way I have pointed out and in the
darker blue rump of some of the Avestern specimens, but at
present I do not consider the evidence sufficient to warrant
naming a new race.

132. Coracias abyssinus abyssinus. Abyssinian Roller.
Coracias abyssiavs Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, p. 38 :

Abyssinia ; cf. D'Aub. PI. Enl. vol. iii. 1774, p. 175,
pi. 626.

a,b. S ^ ad- Turkwel River, 1900 ft. Jan. 14.

c. ? ad. Nakwai Hills, 3600 ft. Feb. 8.

Total length in flesh : S ISj inches ; 2 16f & 15j inches.
"Wing: S 155 mm. ; $ 160 & 153 mm.

All are in good dress and a little worn.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dirty yellow or
dirty greenish yellow. A good many seen, but not
plentiful.]

133. Coracias caudatus caudatns. Lilac- breasted Roller.
Coracias caudata Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 160:

Angola.

a. S ad. Mau, 7000 ft. Sept. 30.

Total length in flesh : 15^ inches. Wing: 170 mm.

In good dress and just a little worn.

[Irides light brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dirty
greenish yellow.]

In naming this bird I have carefully compared and
examined all the Rollers from southern, eastern, and western
Africa, and cannot see any characters which warrants

263 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

separation into races, except in the case of the quite distinct
C. c. lord Shelley (Ibis, 1885, p. 399 : Somaliland) ; there-
foi'e C. c. suahelicus Hart. & Neum. (Jouru. fiir Orn. 1907,
p. 593 : Usagara, G. E. Africa) becomes a synonym, as none
of the characters given by the authors appear to hold good.
In the Journ. fiir Orn. 1905, p. 459, Erlanger suggests that
further material may possibly prove that C. abyssinus and
its subspecies should be considered subspecies of C.c.caudatus.
This, however, would completely defeat the common sense
idea of subspecies, seeing that both C. c. caudatus and C. a.
abyssinus are found together and cannot therefore become
geographical races of each other.

134. Coracias naevia naevia. "VVhite-naped Roller.

Coracias noevia Daud. Traite, vol. ii. 1800, p. 258: Senegal.

a. ? ad. Kijabe, 6400 ft. Sept. 24.

h. (J ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream. Jan. 26.

Total length in flesh : S 14f inches ; $14]; inches.
Wing: c? li^i mm- ; ? 179 mm.

Both in good dress and but little worn.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dirty yellow.
Several seen.]

In naming this bird I have examined the whole series in
the British Museum, and have come to the conclusion that
only two races exist of this Boiler, as follows : —

Coracias naevia NjEvia Daud. op. cit.

Of this, besides the four names quoted by Dresser, Ibis,
1890, p. 385, C. n. sharpei Rchw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1899, p. 192 :
Ussandani, G. E. A.) becomes a synonym.

Top of the head lilac ; below brownish lilac.

Range. Senegal, Gambia, Gold Coast, Abyssinia, Somali-
land, Sudan, Uganda, B. E. Africa, G. E. Africa.

Coracias n^via mosambicus Dresser.

Coracias mosambicus Dresser, Ibis, 1890, p. 386 : Mozam-
bique.

Of this, C. olivaceiceps Sharpe (Cat. Birds, vol. xvii. 1892,
p. 25 : South Africa) becomes a synonym.

Top of head green ; .below Avaslied with purple.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 2G3

Range. Portuguese E. Africa, Rliodesia, Transvaal, Orange
River Colony, Beclmanaland, Uaraaraland, and Angola.

It is of interest to note that the young bird of one race is
not distinguishable from the young bird of the other race,
and both have the top of the head green.

Two apparently adult specimens from Gambia and one
from British E. Africa have a wash of gi-eeu on the top of
the head.

In the adults of C. n. mosambicus the lilac of the head
fades to a brownish tone, and worn birds, if compared with
freshly moulted specimens, appear at first sight to belong
to different races.

]35. Corythornis cristata. Malachite - crested King-
fisher.

Alcedo cristata Vroeg, Gat. Aduml). 176^ No. 55 : Gape
of Good Hope.

This name preoccupies Alcedo cristata Linn. (Syst. Nat.
12th ed. i. 1766, p. 178 : India) and antedates Alcedo
cyanostigma Riipp. (Neue Wirb. Vog. 1835, p. 70, pi. xxiv. :
Zana See, Abyssinia), which latter would, however, be avail-
able, should the northern bird prove to be a different race.

a. ? ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 23.

b. ? ad. Lakwa, Naam River, 3100 ft. Feb. 16.
Total length in flesh : 5| & 5^ inches. Wing : 57 &

55 mm.

Both are somewhat worn and faded.

[Irides brown; bill red; legs and toes red. Stomach
contained aquatic beetles.]

I have recently spent some time carefully examining
Linnaeus' original copy of Vroeg's Gatalogue in the Linnean
Society's library, and have come to the conclusion that it is
as good a scientific production as Lichtenstein's Gatalogue,
or the quite anonymous "TunstalFs " Orn. Brit., and must
therefore be accepted.

In the Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. xlvii. 1905, pp. 332-347,
Messrs. Sherborn & Richmond have given partial reprints and
discussed the position of the names, but neither have quoted

264 Mr. C. IT. B. Grant on a Collection of

the Dutch descriptions, which, when used in conjunction
with the iatin descriptions, greatly help to elucidate each
named species.

I have not gone into all the definitions of the names as
given by Richmond, but find that he is certainly right in
the two so far used in my present paper.

In support of the use of these two names, I give the
Dutch descriptions of each ; the Latin ones can be found in
the afore- mentioned paper by Sherborn.

" 280. Klein Duikertje [RuficoUis) Lin. Sp. O. Is zeer
zeldzaam in onze Meireii.

281. Idem't Wyfje (Prfecedentis Femina). Is nog kleinder
en ligter van koleur.*'

Cohjmbus ruficoUis has been supported by me in the ' Ibis/
1915, p. 49, under Poliocephalus ruficoUis capensis.

"55. Kleine Gekuifde Ysvogel {Cristata) Lin. Sp. O.
Dcze soort verschilt wcinig in kleur met ons Inlandich,
doch de sierlyke achter over hangende kuif, en ontrend de
helft kleinder zynde, niaakt een kennelyk onderschied.
Deszelfs woonplaats is Cabo de goede Hoop, hy is noch
raarder dan de vorige."

The latter remark refers to Alcedo anea Vroeg.

I am not sure that confusion may not be eliminated by
giving the authority as " Vroeg " and not " Pallas in Vroeg,"
seeing that the former name is clearly printed on the cover
of the Catalogue, and moreover it is stated that Vroeg is
responsihle for the arrangement of the collection, and
therefore why not the nomenclature?

136. Ispidina picta. North African Pigmy Kingfisher.

Todus pictus Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, p. 49 : " Juida,"
Africa; cf. D'Aub. PI. Enl. vol. viii. pi. 783.

a. ? ad. 20 miles S. of Baringo, 3800 ft. Dec. 24.

Total length in flesh : 4^ inches. Wing : 51 mm.

In fresh new dress.

[Irides brown ; bill red, tip blackish ; legs and toes
red.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 265

137. Halcyon leucocephala leucocephala. Senegal White-
headed Kingfisher.

Alcedo leucocephala P. L. S. Miiller, Liun. Nat. Syst. Suppl.
1776, p. 94 : Senegal.

a. S ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 5.

b. ? ad, Narossura River, 5000 ft. Nov. 12.

c. ? ad. Nr. Lake Haunington. Dec. 25.

Total length in flesh : ^ 8 inches ; ? 9 & 8| inches.
Wing : (? 102 ram. ; ? 107 & 103 ram.

All are in good dress and only a little worn.

The two females are not so black on the mantle, and the
blue of the wings and tail is slightly more greenish than in
the male.

[Irides brown ; bill red; legs and toes red.]

In naming these birds I have examined the whole series
of this Kingfisher in the National Collection, and I have
come to the following conclusions in regard to the races : —

Halcyon leucocephala leucocephala P. L. S. Miill.
op. cit.

Of this, H. I. centralis Neum. (Journ. fiir Orn. 1905,
p. 189 : Bussissi, Victoria Nyanza) becoraes a synonym,
as also Halcyon rufiventer Sw. (Birds W^. Afr. vol. ii. 1837,
p. 101 : Senegal).

Belly dark ; wings and tail pure cobalt.

Female darker on the head, blue more greenish than in
the male.

Ra7ige. Senegal, south to Cameroon, east to N.E. and
E. Africa, south to German East Africa. There are in the
Museum four specimens from Ruvvenzori, where it evidently
overlaps H. I. ogilviei.

Halcyon leucocephala semic^rulea.
Alcedo semiccerulea Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 457 :
Yemen, Arabia.

Belly dark, wings and tail cobalt washed with violet.
There is no apparent difference in the sexes.
Range. Confined to Arabia.

SEK. X. VOL. III. T

266 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Alcedo semicarulea Forskal, Deser. Anim, 1775, p. 2,
cannot be accepted as the first description^ as none of these
names are truly binomial.

Halcyon leucocephala acteon.

Dacelo acteon Less. Traite, 1831, p. 247 : "iles du Cap
Vert (San Yago) " : cf. Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853,
p. 392.

Of this, Halcyon erythrorhynchus Gonld (P. Z. S. 1837,
p. 22 : St. Jago, Cape Verde) becomes a synonym, as shown
both by Pucheran and Hartlaub, Journ. fur Orn. 1855, p. 423.

Confined to the Cape Verde Islands and differs from
H. I. leucocephala in being slightly larger and having the
head and neck whiter.

Halcyon leucocephala swainsoni.

Halcyon swiainsoni A. Smith, S. A. Q. Journ. 1834, p. 143 :

Interior of South Africa.

0{ this, Halcyon pallidivent7'is Cab. (Journ. fiir Orn. 1880,
p. 349 : Angola) becomes a synonym.

Belly and under wing-coverts pale ; wings and tail almost
pure violet.

Range. South Africa (Transvaal, Portuguese E. Africa
and Rhodesia to the Zambesi; west to Angola).

Halcyon leucocephala hyacinthina.

H. semicarulea hyacinthina Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1900,
p. 249 : Zanzibar.

I have not been able to examine any specimens from
Zanzibar.

Halcyon leucocephala ogilviei.

Halcyon leucocephala ogilviei C. Grant, Bull. B. 0. C.
vol. XXXV. 1914, p. 28 : South Angoniland.

Differs from H. I. leucocephala in having the wings and tail
coloured as in H. I. sivainsoni, and from the latter in having
the belly and under wing-coverts almost as dark as H. l.
leucocephala.

Type. ? ad. S. Angoniland, Nyasaland. Collected
in October^ 1900, by Lt.-Col. Manning,

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 267

This race forms a link between H. I. swainsoni and H. I.
leucocephala. The sexes do not differ.

Range. Nyasaland, through the lake districts to E,u-
wenzori. Two specimens from Ruwenzori in the British
Museum collection.

138. Halcyon senegalensis cyanoleuca. Angola Kingfisher.

Alcedo cyanoleuca V^ieill. N. D. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xix.
1818, p. 401 : Angola.

a. c? ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 23.

In fresh new plumage, the wings being still in moult, and
having the top of the head washed with blue.

Total length in flesh : 9^ inches. Wing : 106 mm.

[Irides brown ; bill : upper mandible red, lower black ;
legs and toes black. Stomach contained fish and frogs.]

In naming this specimen I have had to examine the whole
series of this Kingfisher in the National Collection, and I
have come to the conclusion that this race and H. s. sene-
galensis occur together at least for part of their range, but
until a larger series of carefully sexed specimens is available,
and especially of young birds from the nest with the actual
parents belonging to them, no definite conclusion can be
come to.

Since the publication of ray description of H. s. superjlua
(Bull. B. O. C. XXXV. 1914, p. 28) Mr. Ogilvie-Graut has
kindly pointed out to me that Vieillot, in his original de-
scription, gives *' la tete, le dessus du cou, le dos, les ailes et
la queue sont d'un bleu d'aigue-marine,^^ and that, tlierefore,
this new subspecies must become a synonym of " cyano-
leuca " : with this conclusion I am inclined to agree.

The evidence before me points to the one race being con-
fined to the south and extending into east Africa, and the
other confined to the north-west and also occurring in east
Africa, where many specimens bear the characters of both,
which might be expected where subspecies overlap. The
southern bird does not, however, in my opinion, meet with
the north-western form throughout its range.

T-3

268 Mr, C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

The range of the two races appears to be as follows : —

Halcyon senegalexsis senegalensis.

Alcedo senegalensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 180:
Senegal.

Head ashy-grey in adults ; rest of upper parts varying in
colour according to light, but always somewhat darker than
H. s. cyanoleuca.

Young much darker than adults ; head washed with blue;
bill practically black ; below with vermiculations.

Immature birds with almost, or quite, fully-coloured bills
have the head still washed with blue.

Range. Senegal, south to Cameroon, and north Angola
east to French Congo and north-east and east Africa.

One specimen from Fernando Po in the National Collec-
tion appears to belong to this race, and only differs from
mainland birds in lacking the dusky tip to the upper
mandible.

Halcyon senegalensis cyanoleuca.

Alcedo cyanoleuca Vieill. op. cit.

Blue of the back extending over the head in all ages.
Superciliaries white ; black round eye extending back-
wards over the ear-coverts. This latter character, though
constant in this race, is found in individuals of the other
race.

The young bird is altogether paler than the young of
H, s. senegalensis, and has a distinct superciliary streak and
black line over the ear-coverts.

Range. Zululand and Transvaal, through Matabelelaud
to Damaraland and south Angola, eastwards to east Africa,
where it runs into and apparently interbreeds with H. s.
senegalensis.

The other names that have been given to this Kingfisher
are : —

Halcyon senegalensis fuscopileus Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb.
1906, p. 171 : Jauude, Cameroon).

Halcyon senegalensis superjlua C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1914, p. 28 : Limpopo River. Wing given as
111 mm.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 269

Halcyon senegalensis cinereicapillus Mearns, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xlviii. 1915, p. 391 : Kisingo, Uganda. Wing
given as 106 mm. All of these would appear to be
synonyms of either one race or the other.

It is worthy of note that Vieillot, in his description of
Alcedo cyanoleuca, gives the bill as " rouge et termini de
noir," which led me to believe that possibly after all his
name had no reference to the bird with the wholly black
under-mandible. But on referring back to Temminck's
Cat. Syst. du Cab. Orn. 1807, pp. 70 & 215, it will be found
on p. 215 that the bill is given as ''mandibule superieure
rouge vif, pointe noire ainsi que toute la mandibule
inferieure."

In Jardine's Contributions to Ornithology for 1849 is
a paper by Dr. Hartlaub entitled " A systematic index to a
series of descriptions of Birds published by C. J. Temminck
in his Cat. Syst. Cab. Orn." In this Dr. Hartlaub states
that many of Vieillot's descriptions were either copied from
Temminck's pamphlet, or founded on an examination of the
same specimens ; and that most of the South African bird*,
in the collection, had been brought home by Levaillant.
This would account for H. cyanoleuca not being mentioned
by either Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1853, or Hartlaub,
Journ. fiir Orn. 1855, as being among Vieillot's types.

139. Halcyon chelicuti. Striped Kingfisher.
Alaudo chelicuti Stanley, Salt's Abyss. 1814, p. Ivi:
Chelicut, Abyssinia.

a. 2 • Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 4.

b. ^. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 23.

c. ? . Akinyo River, Bakoro, 3600 ft. Feb. 2.

Total length in flesh : c? 7 inches ; ^ 7^ k 7 inches.
Wing: (J 81 mm.; ? 84 & 83 mm.

Both the October birds are in good dress and one is still
moulting ; the February one is somewhat worn, and has the
tail washed with blackish, and very little blue on the wings ;
this being probably due to fading.

I can see no racial difi'erences between eastern and western
or northern and southern specimens.

270 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

[Irides brown ; bill black, base of lower mandible red ;
legs and toes reddish black; black in front and red beliind
in the female from Loita.]

140. Bucorviis abyssinicus. Abyssinian Ground Hornbill.

Buceros abyssinicus Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, p. 48 :
Abyssinia, cf. Lath. Syn. Birds, vol. i. 1781, p. 347.

a. S ad. 70 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3500 ft. Jan. 3.

Total length in flesh : 41;^ inches. Wing : 545 mm.

In faded brownish dress, new black feathering appearing
all over.

[Irides brown ; bill black, base of upper mandible striped
white, red, and black ; bare skin blue ; legs and toes black.
Stomach contained ants and hoofs of a goat. I noticed
these birds generally in small parties of from three to five
individuals, either walking in the long rough grass, or more
rarely perched in trees. They were nearly always very wild
and difficult to shoot.]

141. Lophoceros hemprichii. Hemprich's Hornbill.

Buceros, Lophoceros, hemprichii Ehr. Symb. Phys., Av.
1828, fol. aa. footnote 3 : Abyssinian coast-lands.

a. ? ad. Mt. Maroto, 4500 ft. Jan. 29.

Total length in flesh : 23^ inches. Wing : 263 mm.

A good deal worn and faded, and in moult.

[Irides brown; bare skin sulphur-yellow; bill: upper
mandible at base light reddish white, near cutting-edge
darker, tip mahogany red, centre black; lower mandible
at base reddish brown, centre black, tip mahogany red,
cutting-edge black; legs and toes black. I only saw one
pair of this Hornbill, one morning soon after daybreak.]

142. Lophoceros nasutus nasutus. North African Gray
Hornbill.

Buceros nasutus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 154 :
Senegal,

a. S ad. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 12.

h. cT ad. Narossura River, 5000 ft. Nov. 16.

c. S ad. Kamchuru, Lobor, 3200 ft. Feb. 11.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 271

Total length in flesh: 20^, 20^, & 20 inches. Wing:
229, 223, & 222 ram.

All three are in rather worn dress.

[Irides brown; bill black, with cream patch on sides of
upper mandible and streaks of same colour on lower ; legs
and toes black. This is one of the rarer Hornbills, and seems
only to be found locally.]

The range of this race appears to extend from Senegal
to the Niger, eastwai'd to north-east Africa and south to
British E. Africa; its place in Damaraland and Nyasaland,
southward to the Vaal River, is taken by L. n. epirhinus
Sund. (CEfv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 108 : CafFr. superiore
= lat. 24° S. (Wahlberg), probably nr. the upper Limpopo,
cf Stark & Sclater, Birds of S. Africa, vol. iii. 1903, p. 115).
In the Jouru. fiir Orn. 1905, p. 440, Erlanger separates
the Arabian and north Abyssinian bird under the name
L. n. forskallii Hempr. & Ehr. (Symb. Phys., Av. 1828,
folio 2, footnote 8 : Arabia), and certainly the two male
specimens before me from southern Arabia have larger
bills and are generally larger than specimens of true
L. n. nasutus.

However, one male before me from Geragi, White Nile, is
identical in every way with the Arabian birds : so until
further material comes to hand it cannot be definitely
settled as to how far this name can hold good.

Since the above was written 1 have seen the description
of Lophoceros nasutus maraisi Roberts (Ann. Transv. Mus.
vol. iv. 1914, p. 170 : nr. Bagamoyo, German East Africa);
which is similar in size and colour to L. n. nasutus, but
smaller, having a wing in the male of 202 ram. There are no
specimens in the British Museum from German East Africa,
and Dr. Hartert has kindly informed nie that the Tring
Museum does not possess any either.

As this race has been founded principally on size, I
append for comparative purposes the wing-measurements of
all the adult males in the British Museum collection: —
Gambia, 221; Portuguese Guinea, 221, 218; Gold Coast
colony, 229, 222, 219, 214; Nigeria, 222, 197; Welle

272 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

River, 223 ; Bahr el Ghazal, 219, 216 ; Sudan, 250, 234,
230, 224, 223, 219; Abyssinia, 238, 227, 226, 221, 219;
South Arabia, 251, 235; Uganda, 223, 222; British East
Africa, 229, 228, 223, 222 ; Nyasaland, 209, 208, 206 ;
Zambesi, 226, 221, 212, 200; Mashonaland, 234, 222, 214,
211, 208 ; Damaraland, 225, 222, 219 ; Bechuanaland, 237 ;
Transvaal, 224, 218, 213, 211 mm.

It will be seen that cousiderable variation exists in size
in birds from the same locality, as, for instance, the tM'o
from Nigeria, the six from the Sudan, and the four from the
Zambesi ; specimens from the first and the last localities
overlapping Mr. Austin Roberts' measurement.

143. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus. Red-
billed Ilorubill.

Buceros erythrorhynchus Temm. PI. Col. 36'" Livraison,
1823, sp. 19: Senegal.

a. S ' 40 miles N.W. of Nakuro, 4200 ft. Dec. 23.

Total length in flesh: 17^ inches. Wing: 177 mm.

[Irides greyish yellow ; bill red, base white ; legs and
toes black. Common.]

A worn and faded specimen and in moult. This is a small-
billed bird, and I am by no means sure that it is really fully
adult.

In naming this specimen I have carefully examined the
whole series in the National Collection, and can divide them
into two well-marked races as follows : —

LoPHOCEROS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS ERY^THRORHYNCHUS Temm.

op. cit.

Having the oar on the outer tail-feathers confined to the
outer web, a well-marked white streak over the eye in the
majority of specimens, and having on the average more
white on the middle secondaries.

Range. Senegal to the Niger, east through northern
Belgian Congo to Abyssinia, Sudan, Somaliland^ Uganda,
and British East Africa.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 273

Of i}\\%,Buceros leucopareus Hempr. & Ehr. (Synib. Pbj's.,
Av. 1828, folio aa. footnote 1 : Abyssinian coast-lands), and
Lophoceros mediarius Sharpe (P. Z. S. 1895, p. 498 : Dabulli,
Somaliland) are synonyms.

Lophoceros erythrorhynchus caffer.

Buceros erythrorhynchus var. caffer Sund. CEfv. Vet.-Ak.
Forh. 1850, p. 108 : Caffraria superior.

Having tbe bar on tlie outer tail-featbers complete across
both "webs, white streak over the eye not too well defined, and
having on the average less white on the middle secondaries.

Range. Damaraland and Nyasaland to Bechuanaland and
the western Transvaal.

Of tliis, B. rufirostris of Sund. op, cit. becomes a
synonym ; as also ap})arently does Lophoceros damarensis
Shelley (Ibis, ]888, p. 66: Otjimbinque, Damaraland). In
tbe latter case I have carefully examined the two specimens
on which Shelley based his name and I consider they are
albinistic forms ; the characters are not, therefore, those of
a distinct race, especially as all other Damaraland birds
are identical with those from other parts of southern Africa.

In tbe K. Sven. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Jan. 1911, pt. 5, p. 73,
Lonnberg discusses the variation in size of the bill of these
Hornbills, and thinks that habitat and soil have a great
bearing on the question ; in this he is possibly not far
wrong.

144. Lophoceros flavirostris flavirostris. Yellow-billed
Hornbill.

Buceros flavirostris Riipp. Neue Wirb. 1835, p. 6, pi. ii. :
Taranta-GebirgSj Abyssinia.

a. S ^^- Kozibiri River, 2400 ft. Jan, 1.

b. c? ad. Turkwel River, 1800 ft. Jan. 15.

Total length in flesh : 22i inches. Wing : 210 mm.

The Kozibiri specimen is very worn, and the one from the
Turkwel is in good dress.

[Irides yellow; bill yellow, cutting-edge and tip black,
base of both mandibles reddish, white spot before eye; bare

274 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of .

skin pale blue and lilac ; legs and toes black. Not very
plentiful, found frequenting thorn bushes in the desert
country.]

In naming these specimens I, have had to examine the
whole series in the National Collection; and can recognise
three races of this Hornbill, flhich differ in the characters
as given by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
vol. xvii. 1892, p. 413:—

LOPHOCEKOS FLAVIKOSTKIS FLAVIROSTRIS Rlipp. Op. cit.

Rartye. Abyssinia, Somaliland, Uganda, British E. Africa,
and German E. Africa.

In the Journ. fiir Orn. 1894, p. 96, Prof. Reichenow has
described an allied species of this Hornbill under the name
Lophoceros somaliens'is from Meid, Somaliland, and gives the
distinguishing character as the red-coloured under mandible.
The two specimens from Somaliland before me, taken
respectively at Udveris and Goolis, do not differ from true
L. f. flavirostris ; so that at the moment I am quite unable
to say "whether the Somali form around Meid is a local race,
a distinct species, or whether the name will eventually become
a synonym.

Lophoceros flavirostris leucomelas.

Bucerus leucomelas Licht. Verz. Vog. Kafferl. 1842, p. 17 :
KaflPernland.

Range. Damaraland, Bechuanaland, Matabeleland,
Mashonaland, Transvaal to Zululand.

Lophoceros flavirostris elegans.

Toccus elegans Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 86, pi. iv. : Ben-
guella.

On the average rather smaller than either L.f. flavirostris
or L. f. leucomelas.

Range. Angola and Loanda.

145. Lophoceros deckeni. Von der Decken's Hornbill.

Buceros {Bhynchaceros) deckeni Cab., v. d. Decken, Reisen,
vol. iii. pt. 1, 1869, p. 37, pi. vi. : Ost-Afrika, Suaheli-
Binnenland, cf. vol. iii. pt. 3, 1879, p. xxii.

a. (^ ad. S. Giiaso Nyiro, 2900 ft. Nov. 22.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 275

Total length in flesh: 20^ inches. Wing: ^ 193 ram.

This specimen is rather worn and faded and is assuming
new feathering.

[Irides brown ; bill red, white, and black ; bare skin at
base of lower mandible blue-red; legs and toes black.]

Of this species L. sibbensis Sharpe (Bull. B.O. C. vol. iv.
1895, p. xxxii : Sibbe) becomes a synonym, as pointed out
by Reichenow, Vog. Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 266.

Cabanis' plate shows the figure of a female with a black
bill, and Sharpe's diagnosis reads, " et rostro toto nigro dis-
tinguendus." Besides which the type is now lying before me.

Text-figure 3.

A. Heads of adult male and female of Lophoceros deckeni.

B. Heads of adult male and female of Lophoceros jacksoni.

146. Lophoceros jacksoni. Jackson's Hornbill.
Lophoceros jacksoni O. -Grant, Ibis, 1891, p. 127 : Turquel,
Suk, British E. Africa.

a. ? ad. W. of Mt. Leganisho, 5600 ft. Oct. 28.

b. S ad. Weiwei River, 3100 ft. Jan. 7.

c. J ad. Kozibiri River, 1800 ft. Jan. 16.

d. S ad. Nakwai Hills, 3800 ft. Feb. 6.

Total length in flesh : S 20, 19^, & 18| inches; ? 18
inches. Wing: ^ 181, 177, k 170 mm.; ? 173 mm.
All are rather worn and faded.

276 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

The three males agree perfectly with the type oi L.jacksoni,
which I consider a sound species.

The female appears to be undescribed, and differs from
the female of L. deckeni in having white tips to the wing-
coverts.

When the bills of the two species are carefully compared,
it will be noticed that the bill in the male of L. deckeni is
more highly arched on the culmen and generally rather more
curved than is the bill in the male of L.jacksoni.

The five females o^ L. deckeni when compared with the single
female of L. jacksoni also bear out the same character,
that is to say the bill of the former is rather larger and the
culmen is obliquely truncated towards the tip, whereas in
the latter the culmen curves towards the tip (see text-
figure 3).

[(^ . Irides brown ; bill : upper mandible orange-red, spot
near lores white, towards tip whitish, tip black; lower
mandible orange-red, whitish towards tip, tip black ; cutting-
edge of both mandioles black; bare skin red and blue; legs
and toes black. ? . Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes
black; bare skin pale blue and red. I may safely say this
is the most common bird found in this dry district (Kozibiri
River) and it is present everywhere.]

147. Upupa senegalensis. Senegal Hoopoe.
Upupa senegalensis Sw. Birds W. Africa, vol. ii. 1837,
p, 114 : Senegal.

a. c? ad. Annarauget, Bakoro, 3700 ft. Feb. 1.

b. S ad. Falabek, 2900 ft. Feb. 23.

Total length in flesh: 11^ & lOf inches. Wing: 142
& 13.5 mm.

The Falabek specimen is worn and faded. The second-
aries are not wholly white for their basal two-thirds, but
have a black band on the outer web and more or less on the
inner webs. It appears to be fully adult. The other is in
good clean dress and appears to be immature, as it has the
wing only 135 mm. and a total length of 10| inches. It has

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 277

the basal two-thirds of the secondaries white, the innermost
having a black band on the outer web only.

[Irides brown ; bill black, flesh-coloured at base ; legs and
toes greyish-flesh. The bird from Annamuget has the bill
brownish horn, black at tip. Very common.]

In naming these specimens I have carefully examined the
whole of the African Hoopoes, and have come to the follow-
ing conclusions : —

There is no doubt that many more specimens will have to
be collected before workers will agree as to the number of
species that can finally be recognised on the African conti-
nent ; but I feel sure, as Mr. Bannerman has concluded with
regard to the Canary Island birds (cf. Ibis, 1914, p. 253),
that too many forms have been described on what will
probably prove to be mere individual variations.

The mainland birds can at once be divided into two
groups : those with a white band across the primaries, and
those without a white band across the primaries ; and it is
the first group I propose to discuss here, leaving the second
group to be discussed under the next species.

Of the group with white-banded primaries we have the
following names to deal with as regards the mainland of
Africa : —

Upupa epops epops.

Upupa epops Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 117:
Sweden.

Upupa epops major.

Upupa major Brehm, Vogelf, 1855, p. 78 : Egypt in
winter.

Upupa epops butleri.

Upupa butleri Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. vol. ix.
1911, p. 339 : Chor-Em-Dul, Blue Nile.

Upupa senegalensis Sw. Birds W. Africa, vol. ii. 1837,
p. 114 : Senegal.

278 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Upupa somalensis Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xvi. 1892,
p. 13, pi. i. : Somali.

Upupa intermedia O.-Grant & Reid, Ibis, 1901, p. 6/4 :
Hiiliil, S. Abyssinia.

These, so far as the specimens before us show, range them-
selves into : —

Upupa epops epops.

A regular visitant to Egypt, Somaliland, Abyssinia,
Egyptian Sudan, and British E, Africa between October
and March, though some appear to remain, as is shown by two
specimens from Somaliland taken in July and September,
two from Abyssinia in August, and one from Gambia taken
in May.

Upupa epops major.

A somewhat larger race which, as shown by Nicoll {cf.
Ibis, 1909, p. 483 ; Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxiii. 1909, p. 100 ;
and Avicult. Mag. vol. ii. 1911, p. 260, fig.)^ is resident and
breeds in Egypt.

I have been unable to recognise Uj.upa butleri, as T can find
no adults that bear out Madarasz^ description, and the only
specimens with wings of 125 mm. are obviously immature.

Upupa senegalensis.

A brighter, more rufous form, differing at a glance from
JJ. e. epops and U. e. major in the rufous sandy mantle and
in having no white between the black and rufous of the crest.
In most males the basal two-thirds of the secondaries is pure
white, though this is not constant, and in most females the
white two-thirds of the secondaries is crossed by two black
bands, though this also is not always constant.

Two forms of this rufous Hoopoe under the names Upupa
somalensis and Upupa intermedia have been described, and
both in my opinion must become synonyms of U. sene-
galensis, as the character of the secondaries on which both
are based is found in specimens of U. senegalensis from the
same locality, as is clearly shown in the text-figure drawn

Birds f rum British East Africa and Uganda. 279

from three specimens taken at Yo, Lake Chad (Boyd
Alexander coll.).

Text-fioure 4.

Fourth secondary of three males of Upnpa senegalensls taken at Yo,
Lake Chad, by Mr. Boyd Alexander.

Range. Senegal eastward to Abyssinia, Somaliland, and
Uganda.

All the specimens of Hoopoes from Arabia that I have
been able to examine belong to U. e. epops.

148. Upupa africana. South African Hoopoe.
Upupa africana Bechst. Kurze Uebers. vol. iv. 1811,
p. 172 : Congo and Cape of Good Hope.
a. J ad. Kijabe, 6300 ft. Sept. 24.
Total length in flesh : 11^ iuches. Wing 143 mm.

280 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

In good dress and but little worn. This is an aberrant
specimen, inasmuch as it has on the inner web of the
fourth primary of the right wing a trace of white next
the shaft, on the inner web of the fifth a large white spot,
and on the inner web of the sixth a trace of white on the
middle of the web next the shaft ; in the left wing the
inner webs of the fourth and fifth primaries have large
white spots, the sixth has a small white spot, and the seventh
the merest trace of white on the middle of the web. Also
all the secondaries are barred on the outer webs and some
right across, where usually in adult males that partis wholly
white.

This seems to point to its affinity with the probably more
ancient form of U. e. epops, and also goes to prove that only
general and average characters can be taken in the dividing
up of the Hoopoes, as much allowance must be made for
individual variation.

[Irides brown; bill black, dirty flesh at base; legs and
toes bluish brown. Tolerably common.]

Of this second group without a white band across the
primaries we have the following names to deal with : —

Upupa minor Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. ii. 1812, p. 139 :
Congo and Cape of Good Hope.

Upupa cristaiella Vieill. Gal. Ois. vol. i. 1825, p. 306,
pi. 184 : Malimbe to Cape of Good Hope. Both of
these are founded on La Huppe d'Afrique, Audeb. &
Vieill. Ois. dor. Promerops, 1802, pi. ii., as also is
U. africana Bechst.

Upupa decorata Hart). P. Z. S. 1865, p. 86 : Benguella,
The type is in the National Collection and is merely
a female of U. africana ; three specimens from
northern Angola in the Ansorge collection agree
perfectly with others from south and east Africa.

Upupa africana maior Reichw. Orn. Centralb. 1879, p. 72 :
Malange, Angola. This must become a synonym of
U. africana ; the name also is preoccupied by U. major
Brehm.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 281

XJpupa capensis Swainson, Birds W. Africa, vol. ii. 1837,
p. 115. This name is preoccupied by Upupa capensis
Gmelin, Syst. Nat, 1788, p. 466, which is in its turn
a pure synonym o£ Fregilupus varius Bodd.

Thus I do not recognise more than one race of U. africana
•which ranges from the Cape to Angola on the west and
to Uganda on the east.

Tlie series in the National Collection shows that this
Hoopoe is found in south Africa during tlie months of
Feb., May, June, July, Aug., Oct., Nov., and Dec. (Beira),
in Nyasaland in May and Sept., in cast Africa in Jan.,
Feb., ]\Iay, July, and Nov., and in Damaraland in jMarch
and June; so that apparently no regular migration takes
place, but only local outs dependent probably on the rains
or some other unknown reason, cf. Hiis, 1911, p. 695.

In the Orn. jMonatsb. 1913, p. 8, Prof. Reichenow has
described a new Hoopoe under the name of Upupa waibeli :
Bamugu, Kamerun, and says that in the crest and under-
parts it is similar to U. africana, but that the primaries
are white-banded. I have not seen any specimens from
Kamerun, nor from the Congo, which is, strictly speaking,
the type locality of U. africana^ and until specin ens come
from the Congo, if it occurs there, the correct nomenclature
of this group cannot be fixed.

149. Irrisor erythrorhynchus marwitzi. Marwitz's Wood-
Hoopoe.

Irrisor erythrurhynchos marwitzi Reich w. Orn. IMonatsb.
1906, p. 171 : Makalama, on the Wemberesteppe, German
East Africa.

a. S ^^' Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 17.

b. ? ad. Turkwel River, 2000 ft. Jan. 11.

Total length in flesh : ^ 16} inches; ? 15^ inches.

Wing: cJ 157 mm. ; ? 139 mm.; culmen : ^ 49 mm.
? 46 mm.

[Irides brown; bill, legs and toes red. Common, and
found in small flocks, and is very noisy.]

SER. X. VOL. III. U

282 Mr. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

In naming tlie four specimens in tliis collection belonging
to the genus Irrisor I have taken the opportunity of laying
out the fine series in the National collection, and in the
follow ing revision I give the results of a very careful examin-
ation of all the names and all the species and subspecies.

Several ornithologists have from time to time revised the
group according to the material before them, notably
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant in the Bull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1901, p. 36,
in the ' Ibis' for 1902, p. 432 and 1905, p. 209, and Prof. Neu-
mann in the Journ. fiir Orn. 1905, p. 194 ; but the principal
facts have been overlooked, that is, that the name " viridis "
is synonymous with " erythror'ynchos '^ and that " sene-
ffalensis'^ is based on the immature plumage of a red-billed
form.

This group, like many others that show constant variation
"within certain geographical areas, compels the worker to do
one of two things, either to lump most of the forms under
one name, which course is obviously incorrect, or to recognise
these constant variations and admit several geographical
forms.

In working this group I have tried to limit the number
of these forms, but they work out easily into three
subgroups, i. e. :

1. Bill red, wings and tail spotted.

2. Bill red, wings and tail not spotted.

3. Bill black, wings and tail spotted.
Counting the species and subspecies, no less than twelve
forms are recognisable, eleven of which are quite well
defined.

It is with the young and immature specimens that
difficulty is experienced, but even these, when the eye has
grasped the differences between the adults, can be picked out
and put into their proper place.

The groups and forms I recognise ai-e as follows : —

(1) Bill red in adults, wings and tail spotted.
Irrisor erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus.
Upupa eryihrorynchos Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 1790, p. 280 :
Africa.

Birds from Brithh East Africa and Uganda. 283

Of thisj the following are synonyms : —

Upnpa viridis Liclit. (Cat. Hamb. 1793, p. 22 : Terra
Cafrorum). Inasmuch as ail the evidence points to Latham
having described a south African bird, and his plate (Syn.
Supp. 1787, p. 124, pi. 110), in my opinion shows a small
spotted bird, Liohtenstein's locality also is in the eastern
part of Cape Colony, therefore " erythrorynchos" should in
future be used for the short-tailed small-spotted bird from
the Knysna.

It must be remembered that Levaillant's specimens were
collected between the years 1781-1785, that is to say 21
years before his Hist. Ois. de Paradis was published, in which
the plate of his '' Promerops Moqueur'' undoubtedly shows
the short-tailed bird, and two years before Latham published
his figure of the " Red-billed Promerops " in the Syn.
Sup]). Is it not possible therefore that both Latham and
Liclitenstein handled some of Levaillant's specimens, whose
travels did not extend eastward beyond about King Williams
Town or north beyond about the Compass Berg.

Promerojjs j^urpurens Shaw & ]\liller, Cimel. Phys. pi. 52,
1796 ; founded on Latham^s U. erythrorynchos.

Irrisor capensis Less. Traite, 1831, p. 239 (part.) : type
locality by tautonymy, founded on Latham's U. erythro-
rynchos.

Adult. Spots on wings and tail small; tail short, under
8 inches, central feathers and coverts distinctly washed with
purple on their upper side, mantle and breast bright bronze-
green, crown washed violet-blue, some specimens washed
with green, throat on the average violet-blue, inside of wings
washed with green.

Young. Mantle, head, and breast black washed with violet
and purple bronze.

Range. Forests of the Knysna eastward to Elands Post,
now Alice, Cape Colony.

Note. This race apparently retains the black bill of the
young for only a short period.

284 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Irrisor erythrorhynchus senegalensis.

Falcinellus senegalensis Vieill. Enc. Meth. vol. ii. 1823,
p. 580 : Senegal.

Of this, Nectarinia melanorynchos Licht. (Verz. Doubl.
1823, p. 15 : Senegal), and Irrisor eryihrorhynchus guineensis
Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1902, p. 79 : Portuguese Guinea)
become synonyms.

The series in the National Collection shows that " sene-
galensis" is not a black-billed race, but ultimately assumes a
red bill.

Adult. General appearance much darker than/, e. marwitzi;
mantle, neck, and breast strongly washed with blue, top of
head greenish, throat rather more steely blue than in /. e.
marwitzi, tail on the average longer, 9 to 11 inches, central
tail-feathers steely blue on the upper surface, faintly Avashed
with purple. Spots on wings and tail large, inside of wings
washed with green.

Immature. Mantle and breast slightly more bronzy than
in the adult.

Young. Body and head black Avashed with violet and
purple-blue as in /. e. marwitzi, but differing from the young
of that race in having the tail longer and the central feathers
steely blue on their upper surface.

Range. Senegal and Gambia, Portuguese Guinea, Gold
Coast, Dahomey to Lake Chad.

Note. This race retains the black bill of the young for a
rather long time and does not assume the red bill with the
first moult.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus angolensis.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus var. angolensis Reichw. Vog. Afr.
ii. 1902, p. 339 : Kakonda, Angola.

Adult. Similar to /. e. marwitzi, but having the top of
the head steel-blue. Spots on wings and tail large. Tail
about 9 inches.

Range. Angola.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus niloticus.
Irrisor erythrorhynchus niloticus Neum. Orn. Monatsb.
1903, p. 181 : Goz abu Guraa, White Nile.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 285

Of this, Irrisor erythrorhynchos neglectus (Neum. Journ.
fur Orn. 1905, p. 194: Scharabala Kiver, Male) becomes a
synonym, as fi'om the description it is simply a black-billed
young bird of /. e. niloticus.

Adult. General appearance rather duller and darker than
/. e. marivitzi, mantle, breast, and head having a faint wash
of steel-blue ; central tail-feathers steel-blue on their upper
surface ; inside of wings washed with blue. Spots on wings
and tail large. Tail about 8i to 9 inches.

Young. Body and head black, washed with steel-blue,
always some bronzy green on mantle.

Range. White Nile and Bahr ei Ghazal, the greater part of
Abyssinia, except perhaps Ogaden, south to Lakes Stephanie
and Rudolf.

Note. This race retains the black bill of the young for a
rather long time and does not appear to assume the red bill
with the first moult.

From the extreme north of Abyssinia, Prof. Neumann
has described a race under the name Irrisor erythrorJiynchus
abyssinicus (Orn. Monatsb. 1903, p. 182 : Arba Schiko,
Anseba River) which appears to be referable to his /. e.
niloticus, but the constant character of the particoloured
bill compels me to recognise it as a distinct race, at any rate
until full red-billed birds are brought back from the Anseba
River Valley or nearer the Red Sea. The range of this race
is at present the Tigre and Bogos districts of northern
Abyssinia. Tail 8| to 9 inches.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus marwitzi.

Irrisor erythrorhynchos marwitzi Reichw. Orn. Monatsb.
1906, p. 171 : Makalama in the Wemberesteppe, German
E. Africa.

Of this, Irrisor erythrorhynchus hrevirostris Gunn. & Rob.
(Ann. Transv. Mus. vol. iii. 1911, p. 113 : Villa Pereira,
Boror, Portuguese E. Africa, see also Journ. S. A. Orn. Union,
vol. viii., 1912, p. 26) becomes a synonym, as birds from
Portuguese E. Africa agree perfectly with specimens from
the north and south, and the bill is not shorter.

286 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Culledion of

Adult. Differs from /. e. erythrorhynchus in having the
spots on the wings and tail large and the tail longer, 8|^ to
]0 inches, central feathers and coverts strongly washed with
purple on their upper surf ace, rest of plumage as/, e. erythro-
rhynchus.

Young. Plumage as young of /. e. erythrorhynchus, but
wing- and tail-spots large and tail longer.

Range. Natal, Swaziland, Transvaal, Portuguese East
Africa^ Matabeleland, Mashonaland, Nyasaland, northern
Rhodesia, Belgian Congo (Dikulwe Valley), German East
Africa, British East Africa (Mombasa to Rift Valley), Uganda
up to the Turkwel River, island of Zanzibar.

Note. This race retains the black bill of the young for
only a short period, apparently assuming the red bill with
the first moult.

The Kakelaar, which occurs in Pondoland (see Shortridge,
' Ibis,' 1904, p. 191, and Davies, Journ. S. A. Orn. Union,
vol. iii. 1907, p. 1^0), recorded in both cases under the
name of " viridis," I am unable to place, as I have no
specimens available from that locality, but I should not be
surprised to find that it turns out to be /. e. marwitzi.

Irrisor erythrorhynchus RUWENZORiE, subsp. nov.

The one specimen before me from Ruwenzoii differs very
markedly from any Irrisor found in East Africa, and
certainly cannot be placed under either /. e. marwitzi or I. e.
niloticus. In the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xix. 1910, p. 432,
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant has recorded this specimen under the
name ot /. viridis Licht.,but as I have shown that "viridis"
is a synonym of" erythrorhynchus" and that erythrorhynchus
is confined to the Cape Colony, the Ruwenzori bird must
be given a new name.

Similar to /. e. erythrorhynchus in the size of the spots
on the wings and tail, but having only the two outer pairs
of tail-feathers spotted ; length and colour of tail as
/. e. marwitzi', throat and top of head washed with green ;
mantle, breast, and underside of wings as in /. e. erythro-
xhynchus. Iris dark brown, bill and feet red.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 287

Wing 124 mm. ; culmen 47 ; tarsus 19 ; tail about
208 mm.^ i. e. 8^ inches.

Type in British Museum. ? ad. [No. 267]. South-east
slopes of Ruwenzori, 3400 ft., collected May 2nd, 1906, by
K. E. Dent.

Irrisor damarensis damarensis.

Irrisor damarensis O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1901,
p. 37 : Daraaraland.

Adult. Mantle and breast black -with a purplish bronze
wash, top of head spangled dark coppery bronze, throat dark
green. Wing- and tail-spots very large.

Range. Daniaraland.

Irrisor damarensis granti.

Irrisor damarensis granti Neum. Orn. Monatsb. 1903,
p. 182: Ngomeni, Ukamba, British E. Africa.

Ad'ilt. Differs from 1. d. damarensis in having the mantle
and breast strongly washed \\'\i\\ deep violet, top of the head
washed deep violet and spangled brighter reddish copper and
bronze, throat brighter green.

Range. British E. Africa, Amala River to Lake Stephanie.

(2) Bill red, wings and tail not spotted.

Irrisor bollei bollei.

Irrisor bollei Hartl. Journ. filr Orn. 1858, p. 445 :
Ashantee.

Adult. Head and throat deep buff. In the young bird
there is an admixture of black and buff on the head and
throat.

Range. Gold Coast Colony : Ashanti, Fantee, Mampon,
and Wassu district.

Irrisor bollei jacksoni.

Irrisor J acksoni Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. vi.
1890, p. 503 : Kikuyu Country, British E. Africa.

Adult. Similar to /. b. bollei, but having the head and
throat whiter, less deep buff.

In a young bird the head and throat arc almost pure white
with an admixture of black.

288 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Range. British East Africa and Uganda : Kikuyu and
Mt. Kenia to Mt. Elgon and Semliki Valley.

A specimen in the Boyd Alexander collection, taken
at Molegbvve between Banzyville and the Setema Rapids
on the Ubanghi River, French Congo, on the 11th of
December^ 1905, agrees perfectly both with specimens of
I. b. bollei and /. b.jacksoni, so that I am unable to decide
to which it belongs, though it should perhaps be referred to
/. b. bollei.

(3) Bill black, wings and tail spotted.

IrRISOR SOMALIEXSIS.

Irrisor somaliensis O. -Grant, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1901,
p. 38 : Fer Libah, Somaliland.

Adult. Bill always black, sometimes reddish at base of
lower mandible, rather more curved and narrower than
Irrisor erythrorhynchus. Above and below, including wings
and upper side of tail, dark steel-blue washed with purplish,
top of head dark steel-blue spangled with copper and
greenisli, throat dark bronze-green, front of neck coppery
bronze and steel-blue; wing- and tail-s|)ots large: tail
longisli, about 9 inches; inside of wings bright steel-blue.

Young. Rather duller than adults. Never any trace of
metallic green on mantle or scapulars as in the young
birds of /, e. niloticus.

Range. British Somaliland, south through Jubaland to the
Tana River.

This is one more instance shoAving that Somaliland birds
extend into Jubalai;d, and that the dividing line appears to
be somewhere around the Tana River and Lorian Swamp.

The three other names to deal with are : — Irrl'<or blythii
Heugl. (J. f. O. 1867, p. 202 : Somaliland), which is a
nomen nudum ana may be a misspelling for " bollei,""
though t!ie locality given does not support this, Irrisor
tlieophilti Heugl. (Orn. N.O.-Afr. vol. i. 1869, p. 220),
which 1 do not think is an Irrisor at all ; and Irrisor sharpci
of Emin Pasha's Journal [cf. P. Z. S. 1894, p. 597), also a
nomen nudum and probably a misspelling for "Jacksoni."

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 289

The tail-lengths given above have only been roughly-
taken from the base, just to give a comparative idea.

It is worthy of note that no Irrisor has yet been found in
Cameroon, and Mr. G. L. Bates informed Mr. Iredale
that during the many years he had spent there he had
neither seen nor heard one.

150. Irrisor bollei jacksoni. Jackson's Wood-Hoopoe.
Irrisor jacksoni Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. vi.

1890, p. 503 : Kiknyu, British E. Africa.

a. c? ad. Man, 9000 ft. Dec. 2.

In worn dress.

Total length in flesh : 13^ inches. Wing: 133 mm.

[Trides brown ; bill red, l)lackish at tip ; legs and toes
red. Only seen once, a small flock being observed when
crossing the Mau escarpment.]

151. Irrisor damarensis granti. Grant's Wood-Hoopoe.
Irrisor damarensis granti Neum. Orn. Monatsb. 1903,

p. 182 : Ngomeni, Ukamba, British E. Africa.
a. ? ad. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 17.
In good dress ; eod of tail somewhat worn.
Total length in flesh : 14A inches. Wing : 139 mm.
[Irides brown ; bill retl, tip blackish ; legs and toes red.]

152. Rhinopomastus cyanomelas schalowi. Schalow's
Scimitar-billed Wood-Hoopoe.

RInnopomastus schaloivi Neum. Journ. fiir Orn. 1900,
p. 221 : Usandawe, German E. Africa.

a. ? ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 5.

b. S ad. Lemek Valley, 6500 ft. Oct. 7.

Total length in flesh : <S l^f, ? 11 inches. Wing :
S 119, ? 1U4 mm. Culmen : S 45*5, ? 33 mm.

Both are a little worn, and the male is moulting.

The female differs from the male, not only in the smaller
size, but in having the forehead, sides of the face, throat
and breast brownish, and the belly and under tail-coverts
blackish.

[Irides dark brown ; bill, legs and toes black. Stomach
contained insects.]

290 Mr. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

In namiuj? tliese birds I have had to examine all the series
in the National Collection, and have come to the conclusion
that only two races can be recognised; as follows : —

E,HINOPOMA.STUS CYANOMELAS CYaNOMELAS.

Falcinellus cyanumelas Vieill. Noiiv. Diet. d'Hist, Nat.
xxviii. 1819, p. 165 : Namaqualand.

A .short-tailed race, being without or with only incomplete
spots on the tail.

Range. River Quanza, Angola, Benguella, Damaraland to
Lake Ngauii, western Matabeleland (Bumangwato, Tati,
Kanye) across to the high country of N.E. Transvaal (Wood-
bush, Zoutpausbcrg). western Transvaal, and Kroonstad,
O.li.C, to Natal and Griqualand East.

RhINOPOMASTUS CYANOMELAS SCHALOWI Neum.

A long-tailed race, having the spots on the tail always
well developed.

Range. Low country of N.E. Transvaal (Unizila's Country,
Lehtaba) to east Matabeleland (Makalaka), Mashonaland,
Portuguese East Africa, Zambesi River, N.E. Rhodesia,
Nyasaland, German East Africa, Belgian Congo (Ddvuhve
Yalley), Uganda, British East Africa, and Manda Island. The
most northern limit appears to be along a line from Manda
Island and Lamu through to ]\lt. Elgon to Ruwenzori.

Since writing the above I have seen Roberts' description
in the Ann. Transv. Mus. vol. iv. 1914, p. 171, of Rhino-
pomastus cyanomelas intermedius, the type locality being
given as Koodoes River, Zoutpansberg District, N.E. Trans-
vaal. The characters on which it is founded are the
length of the tail, i. e. males 165-155, females 146-136 mm.,
and '* less white on the tail-feathers.''

Another careful examination of the large series in the
British Museum collection shows that the white on the tail,
though constantly greater in R. c. schalowi when compared
with specimens of R. c. cyanomelas, varies quite considerably
individually and, moreover, in series from the same district,
as is exemplified in British East African and Uganda
specimens.

The measurement of the tails gave the following results :

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 291

Manda Island : c? 1^9 mm. Uganda: (J 165-147, ? 171-
151mm. British E. Africa: ^ 176-163, ? 156-137 mm.
German E. Africa : ^ 166, ? 151 mm. N.E. Rhodesia :

S 175-174 mm. Nyasaland : J 185-172, ? 163 mm.
Portuguese E. Africa : ^ 183-168, ? 158-146 mm. Lower
Zambesi: S 175-168, ? 167 mm. Eastern Matabeleland :

S 167-146, ? 164-161 mm. Mashonaland : S 187-162,

$ 167 mm. Eastern Transvaal (low country) : ? 144 mm.
Neumann, Journ. fiir Orn. op. cit., gives the measure-
ments of the tail of four specimens from German East Africa,
males 205 and 180, females 175 and 168 mm.

The above list shows not only that great individual
latitude must be allowed, but that Roberts's measurements
are very closely matched in birds from German East Africa
and are actually equalled by those from Uganda, thus
compelling me to place his name as a synonym.

For comparative purposes, I append a list of tail-
measurements of R. c. cyanomelas taken from the Museum
series : — Eastern Transvaal (high country) : (^ 145 mm.
Western Transvaal : $ 129 mm. Orange River Colony :

$ 130-127. Natal: ^ 138, ? 136 mm. Griqualand
East: ? 119 mm. Cape: S l-^G mm. Bechuaualand :

? 117-113 mm. Western Matabeleland: ^ 140-133 mm.
Damaraland : S 140-121, ? 123-120 mm. Benguella :

(^139 mm.

153. Rhinopomastus cabanisi. Cabanis' Scimitar-billed
Wood-Hoo^joe.

Irrisor cabanisi Filippi, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 289 :
" entre le quatrieme et le troisieme degre nord = about
120 miles S. of Khartoum.

a. ^ imm. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 15.

b. ? ad. 40 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3400 ft. Jan. 1.

c. S ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 26.
Total length in flesh : S ad. lOf, imm. 9f, ? 9^ inches.

Wing: (?ad. 108, imm. 107, ? 96 mm. Culmen : c?ad. 38,
imm. 34, ? 29-5 mm.

All three are in good dress, the female differing from the
male in being smaller and having the underparts dull sooty.

292 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Cullection of

The immature male is larger than the female, but has a
rather shorter bill than the adult male and has the under-
parts sooty.

There are no specimens in the National Collection from
anywhere near the type locality, so I am quite unable to say
whether these specimens would agree with those from near
Khartoum.

[Adult. Irides brown; bill orange, tip black; legs and
toes blackish in male, black in female.

Immature. Irides dark brown ; bill yellow, tip black ;
legs and toes black.

Several seen in the Rift Valley, but appears to be scarce
near Mt. Maroto.]

154. DicrocercTis hirundinens heuglini. Heuglin's Swallow-
tailed Bee-eater.

Dicrocercus hirundinens heuf/Iini Neum. Bull. B. O. C.
vol. xvi. 1906, p. 113 : Bongo, Bahr el Ghazal.

a. S ad. Nakwai Hills, 3800 ft. Feb. 6.

Total length in flesh : 9| inches. "Wing : 92 mm.

In bright plumage and but slightly worn.

[Irides red; bill black; legs and toes greyish broAvn.
The Nakwai Hills was the only locality where this species
was observed, two being seen, but both were very wild.]

In naming this specimen I have examined the whole series
in the National collection, and can only recognise three
races of this Bee-eater, as follows : —

Dicrocercus hirundineus hirundineus.

Merops hirundineus Licht. Cat. Rer. Rar. 1793, p. 21 :
No locality. Cf. Merops hirundinaceus V^ieill. Nouv. Diet,
d'llist. Nat. vol. xiv. 1817, p. 21 : Petits Namaquois ; also
Levaill. Hist, des Ois. Paradis, 1806, p. 36 : '• sur les bords
de la Riviere d'O range."

I agree with Dr. Forbes and Mr. Robinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus. vol.ii. 1899, p. 30, and Prof. Neumann, Bull. B.O. C.
vol. xvi. 1906, p. 113, that Merops furcatus Stanley (Salt's
Abyss, vol. iv. 1814, p. Ivii: Adowa, Abyssinia) must become
a synonym. Through the kindness of Dr. Clubb, of the

Birds from Brilish East Africa and Uganda. 298

Liverpool jMuseum, I have also examined the type, and it
is undoubtedly a bird of the southern form and, as stated by
Prof. Neumann, must have been procured at Mozambique,
where Salt remained some time, see pp. 20-83 of ' Voyage
to Abyssinia,' 1814.

No blue on foreliead ; rump, belly, and under tail-coverts
aquamarine ; baud across lower throat medium cobalt-blue ;
throat pale cadmium-yellow.

Range. Anjjola, Damaraland, Namaqualand, Lake Ngami
and Bechuanaland, Rhodesia, Transvaal, Natal, Portuguese
East Africa, Nyasaland, Belgian Congo (Lufupa River) to
Dar-es-Salaam, German East Africa.

DlCROCEUCUS IIIIIUXDINEUS CIIKVSOLilMUS,

Merops chrysolahnus Jard. & Selby, 111. Orn. vol. ii. 1830,
pi. 99 : Sierra Leone.

In the Bull. Liverp. Mus. vol. ii. 1899, p. 30, Dr. Forbes
and Mr. Robinson state that Jardine & Selby's name is
ambiguous and " the figure, moreover, is not that of the
West African species. '^

Li this I think they are wrong, and I agree with Neumann,
Bull. H. O. C. xvi. 1906, p. 113, that the plate '' undoubtedly '"
represents a bird M'ith a blue forehead ; moreover, Jardine
& Selby's type is in the British Museum, was collected at
Sierra Leone bj^ a Dr. Ferguson, and bears on the back of
the label in Jardiue's handwriting " Authority for PI. 99 in
Ornith. lUust."

Blue band across forehead ; rump, belly, and under tail-
coverts more ultramarine ; band across lower throat cobalt-
blue ; throat medium cadmium-yellow.

The young bird has no blue on the foreliead, but when
compared with young birds of D. h. hirundineus the rump is
found to be of a much deeper blue.

Range. Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, and
Nigeria to Lake Chad.

DiCROCERCUS HIRUNDINEUS HEUGLINI.

Of this, I consider that D. h. omoensis Neum. (Bull.
B. O. C. vol. xvi. 1906, p. 114 : Koscha, Omo River) must
become a synonym.

294 ]\Ir. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

Similar to D. h. chrysolaimus, but having the blue of the
band across the lower throat, rump, and under tail-coverts
much deeper.

Range. Abyssinia and the Sudan to Uganda.

155. Melittophagus pusillus cyanostictus. Eastern Little
Bee-eater.

Melittophagus cyanostictus Cab., von der Decken, Reisen
in Ost-Afr., Vogel, vol. iii. 1869, p. 31 : Mombasa.

a, b. (? ad. Mt. Susvva. Sept. 25 & 27.

c. ^ ad. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 18.

d,€. $ "^ ad. 12 miles E. of Amala River, 5700 ft.
Oct. 26.

f,g.S^ ad. Kozibiri River, 2400 ft. Jan. 21.

Total length in Hesh : ^ 7-6| inches; ? 7-6^ inches.
Wing: <S 81-83 mm.; ? 80-78 mm.

These seven specimens are in quite good dress and are
only very slightly worn.

The birds from Mt. Suswa and the Amala River have
blue on the forehead, though three have but the smallest
indication of it and show no approach to the broad blue band
on the forehead of more northern specimens; therefore it
would appear that these specimens arc at about the southern
limit of the range of this race, and are beginning to merge
into the wholly green forehead of M.p. vieridionalis.

[Irides red ; bill black ; legs and toes blackish flesh,
brownish flesh, dirty flesh or dirty grey. Tolerably common
everywhere.]

A careful examination of the large series in the British
Museum gives the following results as regards the three
races of this Bee-eater : —

Melittophagus pusillus pusillus.

Merops pusillus P. L. S. Miill. Linn. Nat. Syst. Suppl.
1776, p. 95 : Senegal, ex Buffon.

General appearance rather more golden than M. p. meri-
diunalis ; neck-patch black, with a very narrow line of blue
between the black and the yellow throat ; supercilium
absent, or only the merest indication ; forehead uniform

Birds froin Briiish East Africa and Uganda. 295

witli top of head. Vounfj birds distinctly paler above and
below than the young ol! M. p. meridionalis.

Range. Senegal to Nigeria and. Lake Chad district.

Mklittophagus pusillus cyanostictus.

Melittuphagus cyanostictus Cab. op. cit.

In the Bull. B. O. C. vol. x. 1899, p. 26, Hartert asserts
that Cabanis' " cijanostictus '' is described from Natal, and
renames the East African bird under the name of }feUtto-
phagus sharpei ; but in this he is undoubtedly mistaken, as
Cabanis distinctly gives Mombasa as his type locality, as
has since been pointed out by lleicheuow in the Orn.
Monatsb. 1900, p. 86.

Size as in M. p. pusillus ; neck-patch as follows : next to
yellow throat a very narrow line of emerald-green, below
this a line of i)lue and rest of patch black, washed with blue
inmost specimens; superciliary stripe broad and distinct;
forehead blue, uniform with supercilium. The one young
bird before me is darker above and below than the young
of M. p. meridionalis,

Bange. Southern Abyssinia, Somaliland, British East
Afiica, to Teita, German East Africa.

Melittophagus pusillus meridionalis.

Melittophagus meridionalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mua.
vol. xvii. 1892, p. 45 : Natal.

As I cannot see any difference between Nubian specimens
and those from south Africa, the M. p. ocularis Reichw.
(Orn. Monatsb. 1900, p. 86: Nubia, N.E. Africa), must
become a synonym.

Size as in M. p. pusillus. General colour less golden ;
neck-patch black, with a very narrow line of blue between
the black and the yellow throat; superciliary stripe distinct ;
forehead uniform with top of head. The young birds are
distinctly darker above and below than the young birds
of M. p. pusillus, but not so dark as the single young bird
before me of M. p. cyanostictus.

Range. Natal and south Africa generally, north to the
Congo River mouth on the west ; on the east to Dar-es-
Salaam, German East Africa, and across to A'ictoria Nyanza,

295 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

TTganda and Ruwenzori up through the Albert Nyanza and
Nile Valley to Kordofan, eastern and northern Abyssinia to
Nubia.

Merops angolensis Graelin (Syst. Nat. vol. i. 1788, p. 463 :
Angola) is at present an indeterminate name, and the de-
scription, especially of the cuneiform tail, in my opinion
does not apply to a Bee-eater at all.

156. Melittophagus lafresnayii oreobates. Cinnamon-
chested Bee-eater»

Melittoylwyus oreobates Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 320 : Save,
Mt. Elgon, B.E.Africa.

a, 6. (J ? ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 19 & 24.

Total length in flesh : ^ 8| inches ; ? 8^ inches.
Wing: ,$ 100mm.; ? 101mm.

Both are in good dress and but slightly worn. The male
differs from the female in having the blue on the neck
blacker and in having blnish edges to the green outer web
of the secondaries, these being wholly green in the female.

The female has a faint indication of blue next the nostrils,
but not sufficient to be confounded with M. l. lafresnayii.

[Irides red ; bill black; legs and toes dirty flesh-colour.
Toleiably common at the Amala River.]

I am of opinion that this race should be considered a
subspecies of M. lafresnayii, the ranges of both being as
follows : —

Melittophagus lafresnayii lafresnayii.

Merops lafresnayii Guer. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 322 :
Abyssinia.

The forehead and superciliaries broadly marked with blue;
blue on neck dark ultramarine; chest more saffron.

Range. Abyssinia only.

Melittophagus lafresnayii oreobates.

Forehead green, uniform with top of head ; faintest indica-
tions of blue supercilmm ; blue on neck blackish indigo ;
chest more cinnamon. Size as in M. I. lasfresnayii.

Range. British East Africa (Mt. Elgon to German border)
■and Uganda, including Ruweuzori.

Ibis. 1915. PI. IV.

MELITTOPHAGUS VARIEGATUS BANGWEOLENSIS.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 297

Melittophagus variegatus variegatus.

Merops variegatus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Uist. Nat. vol. xiv.
1817, p. ?5 : Malimbe, Loango.

This species, which conies near the two forncier in general
characters, is much smaller than either, has the forehead
green, the neck-patch dark ultramarine, and ranges into the
country of M. l. oreabales as follows : —

Range. Gambia, Gaboon, French Congo and Congo River,
Welle River, across to Uganda (Mwisi River, Lake Albert,
Toro, Mabira, and Entebbe) and German East Africa
(Bukoba, east of Victoria Nyanza).

It is wortiiy of note that all the east African specimens
have a distinct superciliary stripe, and that most western
specimens have no superciliary stripe or only an incomplete
one. But although 1 have examined a good many eastern
specimens, I iiave not been able to handle a sufficient number
of well-collected specimens from the west.

I have to thank Mr. Rothschild and Dr. Hartert for
kindly loaning me their specimens from Tring.

Melittophagus variegatus bangwkoloensis. (Plate IV.)

Melittopliagus variegatus bangweoloensis Claude Grant,
Bull. B. O. C. vol. XXXV. 1915, p. 55 : Luena Dist., N.E.
Rhodesia.

Adult male. Size as in M. v. variegatus, but differs from
that race in having the blue band across the lower neck much
narrower and of a somewhat deeper and darker tint ; below
this band there is only a narrow margin of saffron, and the
rest of the underparts, including the throat, are rather paler
than in M. v. variegatus.

Type: ? ad. in British Museum. Luena District, North-
Eastern Rhodesia (within 10 miles of east shores of Lake
Bangweolo), 17. vi.08. S. A. Neave coll. Culmen 25,
wing 85, tarsus 9, tail 63 mm.

Range. Lake Bangweolo District, N.E. Rhodesia.

Since the above has been written Mr. Mearns has given
a name to the east African form of M. variegatus, under
the name of Melittophagus variegatus loringi, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xlviii. 1915, p. 393, and gives the diagnostic

SER. X. VOL. Ill, X

298 Mr. C. H. B. Graut on a Collection of

features as larger and much paler and pnrer yellow on the
under-parts, wing given as 89 mm. Tliis, however, does not
appear to be borne out by the scries fiom east Africa ex-
amined by me, but, as other slight differences exist between
western and eastern birds, as stated above, the eastern form
should perhaps bear Mearns' name.

157. Melittophagus tullocki frenatns. Hartlaub's Red-
throated Bee-cater.

Merops frenatus Hartl. Journ. fiir Orn. 1&54', p. 257 :
Sennaar.

a. S ^(1- Kittigom, Chua District, 2830 ft. Feb. 21.

Total length in flesh : 8| inches. Wing : 100 mm.

In slightly Avorn dress.

This race is very closely allied to M. b. buUocki, but has a
light blue line between the Idack under the eye and the
red throat, this being absent in most specimens of M. b.
bullocki or replaced by a few green feathers.

[Irides brown ; bill, legs and toes black. Several were
seen.]

Tlie range of the two races appears to be as follows : —

Melittophagus bullocki bullocki.

Merops bulucki Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. xiv.
1817, p. 13 : Senegal.

Senegal, Gold Coast Colony and the Niger to Lake Chad
and tlie River Shari [Boyd Alexander).

Melittophagus bullocki fkenatus.
N.E. Belgian Congo, Bahr el Ghazal, Uganda, Sudan, and
Abyssinia.

158. Melittophagus bullockoides. White-fronted Bee-
eater.

Merops bullockoides A. Smith, S. A. Q. Journ. vol. ii. 1834,
p. 320 : South Africa.

a, b. S ad. Mau, 6900 ft. Sept. 30.

c. (J ad. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 6100 ft. Oct. 2.

Total length in flesh: 9| inches. Wing: 119, 117, &
116 mm.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 299

All three are in bright plumage and but very slightly
"vrorn.

[Iricles dark brown ; bill black ; legs and toes bluish
black, slate-grey or grey, claws black. Common and seen
in small flocks]

Spheconax albifrons (Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. vol. ii.
1860, p. 133) is a nomeu nudum fourided on M. bidlockoides
Smith; and Blerops smitini Sclileg. (Mus. Pays-Bas, vol. iii.
Merops, 1863, p. 9 : Cafrerie) is a substitute name for M^bul-
lockoides of Smith, and in the description is compared with
M. bullocki.

M. huUockoides ranges without variation from south
Africa to north Angola on the west and British East Africa
on the east.

159. Merops apiaster. European Bee-eater.

Merops apiaster Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 117 :
Southern Europe.

a. ? imra. Lemek Valley, 60O0 ft. Oct. 8.

b. ? ? ad. 12 miles E. of Amala River, 5600 ft. Oct. 25.
Total length in Hesli : 10 & 9| inches. Wing : ad.

139 mm.; imra. 145 mm.

The adtdt is in very worn faded plumage, new yellow
feathers appearing on the thioat. The immature is not
worn and has short central tail-feathers.

[Irides red ; bill black ; legs and toes blackish flesh. In
the specimen from the Lemek Valley the irides are given as
brown, and the legs and toes as dirty grey.]

160. Merops nubicus nuMcus. Nubian Carmine Bee-
eater.

Merops nubicus Gm. Syst. Nat. vol. i. pt. i. 1788, p. 464 :
Nubia.

a. ? ad. Gondokoro. March 7.

Total length in flesh : 13| inches. Wing : 149 mm.

In bright dress and but slightly worn.

[Irides red ; bill black ; legs and toes dull grey. Common
from Gondokoro northwards.]

x2

300 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Merops nubicus Gmelin was founded on the " Le Guepier
Houge a tete bleue^' of Buffon, Hist. Nat. vol. iv. 1779,
p. 506, and this in turn refers to the plate no. 649 in the
PL Enl. 1783 entitled ''Guepier de Nuhie/' which must
have been drawn in 1779, though apparently not published
till four years later.

This plate shows a bird without elongated central tail-
feathers, no black through the eye or on the ear- coverts,
and the liead coloured very blue ; otherwise it agrees
with M. nubicus, and as no otiier Bee-eater can be easily
confounded with this species this plate can be safely
accepted for it.

In the National Collection there is only one young example
from the Transvaal of Merops nubicoides Des Murs et Puch.
(Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 243: Port Natal), that has a blue
throat, which, besides showing i)ink new feathers coming
in by a moult, has this part of a much paler blue than in
the young of M. nubicus.

Judging by the five youug specimens of 31. nvbicoides
before me, the normal colour of the throat is pinkish brown
in the first dress, but there appears to be a second immature
dress before the adult is reached, though much more
material is required before a definite conclusion can be
come to.

Curiously enough, the blue-throated young bird appears
to be assuming the full adult dress direct and is not
assuming an intermediate immature stage, as the pinkish
brown-throated young appear to do.

The range of the two birds seems to be as follows : —

Merops nubicus nubicus.

Nubia, Abyssinia, Somaliland, Sudan, Bahr el Ghazal,
Uganda, British East Africa, and Manda Island south to
Pangani River, German East Africa, west to Nigeria, Gold
Coast, Portuguese Guinea, Gambia, and Senegal.

Merops nubicus nubicoides.

Natal, Transvaal, Matabeleland, Portuguese East Africa,
Zambesi, north to Nyasaland and west to Damaraland.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 301

161. Scotornis climacurus. Long-tailed Nightjar.

Capri)aulgvs climacurus Vieill. Gal. Ois. vol. i. 1825
(18.23?), p. 195, pi. 122: Senegal.

a. ^ . Turk wel River, 2000 ft. Jan. 11.

6, c. (? ? . Turk wel River, 1900 ft. Jan. 14.

d. S . Kozibiri River, 1800 ft. Jan. 16.

e,fS^' Kittigom, 2850 ft. Feb. 20.

Total length in flesh: ^ 12|, lOi, 10| & 9| inches;
9 10 & 9^ inches. Wing: ^ 153-144 mm.; ? 149 &
141 mm.

These six specimens are very evenly matched, and are all
in the fulvous fawn phase, one or two inclining to brownish
chestnut. All of them appear to be adult, though only
one of tlie four males has the central tail-feathers elon-
gated.

[Irides brown ; bill brownish-flesh, tip black ; legs and
toes dark or brownish-flesh or greyish brown. Found in
numbers under the thorn-bushes.]

An examination of the large series of this species in the
British Museum collection shows that three phases of plumage
appear to occur in this Nightjar, i. e., a fulvous fawn, a
brownish chestnut, and a grey, having almost every variation
in between. When laid out in localities it is noticeable that
the grey ones nearly all occur in the east on the Sobat, Blue
and White Niles, though fulvous-fawn ones also occur there ;
and that the majority of western specimens are fulvous fawn
or brownish chestnut, with only an occasional one inclining to
grey. Again, from some localities a series shows very even
coloration, whilst from others great variation individually
exists, for instance, from the Sobat River all are boldly
marked and incline to grey, whereas seven from Sierra
Leone show a variation from a greyish specimen through
brownish chestnut and fulvous fawn to one of a very light
greyish sandy.

It may be that large series from every locality would show
some method in the coloration of this apparently variable
bird, a probability that the grey series from the Sobat River
seems to point to. ■ ■ :

302 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

162. Macrodipteryx longipennis. Long-plumed Nightjar.

Caprimulgus longipennis Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. viii. 1796,
pi. 2G5 : Sierra Leo)ie.

a-c. S ? ad. Kamchuru, 3250 ft. Feb. 10 & 11.

Total length in flesh : cJ 8| & 8^ inches ; ? 9 inches.
"W'ing: S 174 & 172 mm.; ? 162 mm.

All three specimens are in quite good dress. One of the
males lacks the long wing-plumes, but is apparently adult.
The female, besides being smaller, is slightly paler than the
two males.

[Irides brown^ eyelids yellow or light brown; bill black,
yellowish at base ; legs and toes brown or brownish-Hesh.
The male with plumes was sliot sitting on the ground, and
appeared to be squatting between the elongated feathers
which project on either side. lu the evenings several were
seen flying together, and their appearance on the wing is
most peculiar.]

As regards the name Caprimulgus macrodipterus Afiielius
(r/. Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. 1802, p. 264), used by
Hartert in the ' Calalogue of Birds' (vol. xvi. 1892, p. 594)
and quoted under Afzel, Descr. Sierra Leone, pi. 1794,
I have examined carefully this work at the Linncaii Society.
The true title is 'Account (jf the Natural Productions of
Sierra Leone/ by Adam Afzelius ; I find that it is in a
' lleport of the Directors of the Sierra Leone Company,'
dated the 27th of Marcii, 1794, and is mainly devoted to the
slave trade. In an appendix at the end is the only mention
of wild birds, as follovvs : — '' Biids. Of these the Directors
have as yet received no perfect account. Ii is mentioned
that there is a Crane of an extraordinary appearance, which
becomes very tame; it is reckoned very good food."

The only plate in the work is a map of Sierra Leone,
which bears at the bottom the date 28 Nov. 17 94.

At the end of the work there is a notice to the effect that

another edition of the report is being published at the price

of five shillings, but I cannot find that this was ever issued.

Dr. Hartert has himself in the 'Ibis,' 1896, p. 373,

pointed out that the figure and description were never

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 303

published, and apparently adopted the name on the
authority of Sundevall in the CEfvers. Kongl. Vet.-Akad.
Forh. vol. vi. 1849, pp. 156 & 159, who says that Afzelius
brought home 23 species and that he saw some years before
the plate of this Nightjar, but cannot now find it.

163. Caprimulgus natalensis chadensis. Alexander's Natal
Nightjar.

Caprimulgus chadensis Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxi
1908, p. 90: Lake Chad.

a. cJ ad. Pader District, 3200 ft. Feb. 18.

Total length in flesh : 9| inches. Wing : 155 mm.

A rather dark specimen in good dress.

[Irides brown ; eyelids dull yellow ; bill brownish-flesh,
tip black ; legs and toes flesh-colour. Only two of these
birds were seen flying about the Pader Camp at dusk.]

It is remarkable that the only character of any value for
separating nortliern from southern African birds is a slight
difference in size; this is all the more remarkable seeing that
in the south this Nightjar is only known from Natal and
Zululand; the northern form occnrs in Uganda, the Egyptian
Sudan, the Welle River and Lake Chad Districts; but
hitherto no Nightjar of this type has been recorded from
any locality between these very widely separated regions,
though large collections have been made in Portuguese
East Africa, the Transvaal, and Nyasaland.

The measurement of the wings gives the following

result : — South Africn, ^ 163-157 ram. (type 161 mm.),

? 163-149 mm.; East Africa, ^ 159-150 mm., ? 159-

146 mm. — a difference of only 4 mm. between the largest

specimens of both sexes.

I agree with Mr. Banner man that at least four well-
defined races of this Nightjar are recognisable (cf. Ibis,
1912, p. 247).

The range of these races appears to be as follows : —

Caprimulgus natalensis natalensis.
Caprimulgus natalensis Smith, 111. Zool. S. Africa, vol. ii.
1845, pi. 99: Port Natal.

304 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Cdlection of

A large race, having the wing in males 163-157 mm. and
in females 163-149 mm.

Range. Natal and Zululand.

Caprimulgus natalexsis fulviventris.

Caprimulgus fulviventris Hartl. Journ. fiir Orn. 1861,
p. 102 : Bembe, Angola.

Size about as in C. n. natalensis ; general colour much
more fulvous. Wing: 154 mm. The type, a male, judging
by the markings of the wings and tail, is the only specimen
available.

Range. Angola.

Caprimulgus natalensis accrue.

Caprimulgus accra Shelley, Ibis, 1875^ p. 379 : Accra.

Size rather smaller than in C. n. natalensis; general
colour much greyer {cf. Ibis, 1912, pi. iv.). Wing: in
males 154-151 mm. ; the type, a female, judging by the
markings of the wings and tail, has the wing 149 mm.

Range. Gold Coast Colony and Liberia.

Caprimulgus natalensis chadensis.

Caprimulgus chadensis Alexander, op. cit.

Similar in plumage to C. n. natalensis -, size, perhaps on
the average, smaller. Wing: ^ 159-150 mm.; ? 159-
146 mm. The two types, a male and a female, measure
respectively 153 mm. and 147 mm.

Range. Uganda, Egyptian Sudan, Welle River and Lake
Chad Districts.

In his description Alexander compared his birds with
C. accrue, from which, of course, the Lake Cliad birds are
quite different, instead of with the parent race C. natalensis^
from which the Lake Chad birds only differ in being slightly
smaller. Had this bird not been named by Alexander I
should have felt inclined to place the northern African bird
under C. n. natalensis ; but seeing that a name is available,
that a difference in size, though slight, does exist, and
that a gap of 2000 miles at least separates the southern
and the northern localities, I feel justified in keeping up
C. n. chadensis.

PArd-, from British East Africa and Uganda. 305

CaPRIMULGUS NATALENSIS GABONENSIS.

Caprimidgus gabonensis Alexander, Bull. B. O, C. vol. xxi.
1908, p. 90 : Gaboon.

In plumage very similar to C. n.fulvivenfris, hut rather
more mottled. Size much smaller. The types, a male and
a female, judging by the markings of the wings and tail,
are the only specimens available, and have the wing :
(J 142 mm. ; ? 139 mm.

Range. Gaboon.

164. Caprimulgus poliocephalus. Abyssinian Nightjar.

Caprimulgas poliocephalus Hiipp. Neue Wirb. 1840, p. 106 :
KuUa, Ai)yssinia.

a. ? ad. Hills S. of Narossura Biver, 7200 ft. Nov. 4.

Total length in flesh : 9 inches. Wing : 157 mm.

This specimen is in slightly worn dress. It agrees per-
fectly in the markings with a female of this species in the
British Museum collection from Mt. Kenya, but is alto-
gether darker, especially btlow ; that is to say, it lacks most
of the deep fulvous coloration. However, with only one
specimen, and that a female, I prefer to place this bird
under C. poliocephalus.

[Irides brown ; bill black, base of lower mandible flesh-
colour; legs and toes brown.]

In the female of this species the pattern of the white on
the outermost tail-feathers agrees with that of C. ruwenzorii
O.-Grant (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxiii. 1909, p. 94 : Mokia,
S.E. Ruwenzori) : but on the penultimate tail-feathers there
is much less white, and the central tail-feathers are quite
differently barred from those in C. ruwenzoi'ii.

Sjostedt (Zool. Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped. 1910, p. 101,
pi. i.) has described a new Nightjar allied to C. polio-
cephalus under the name C. palmquisti, and gives the type
locality as Kibonoto, Kilimanjaro; both the description and
the plate agree with specimens of C. poliocephalus in the
British Museum collection from Abyssinia, except for the
lack of any white on the throat. It does not, however,
appear to agree with the darkish specimen in this collection.

306 Mr. C. H. B. Graut on a Collection of

and without seeing Sjostedt's type I am inclined to think
both his and ray birds are merely colour-phases of C. poHo-
cephalus. In his description he has compared his bird with
either a female or a young bird of C. poliocephahis.

In looking up the literature of this Nightjar I happened
to come across the name and description of Riippell's
" tristigma,^'' and it appears to me that some readjustment
of names is necessary in the " ii'imaculatus" group of
Nightjars.

There are five names to deal with as follows : —

South Africa : Caprimulyus lentiginosus Smith, 111. Zool.

S. Afr. 1845, pi. 101 : Great Namaqualand. Wing

given as 7'6 inches.
West Africa : Scofoniis trimaculatus Swains. Birds W.

Africa, vol. ii. 1837, p. 70 : West Africa. Wing given

as 8 inches.
Caprimulgus sharpei Alex. Bull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1901,

p. 29 : Gambaga, Gold Coast Hinterland. Wing given

as 7 inches.
East Africa : Capmmulgus tristiqma Biipp. Ncue Wirb.

1840, p. 105 : Goudar, Abyssinia. Wing given as

69 inches.
Caprimulgus goslingi Alex. Bull. B. O. C. vol. xix. 1907,

p, 47 : Mt. Kaga Djirri, nr. Kemo River, French

Congo. Wing given as 6*9 inches.

The series of thirteen specimens (nine males and four
females) from south Africa now before me shows that some
individual variation occurs, and that specimens from both
west and east Africa can be perfectly matched with those
from the south. Therefore coloration cannot be taken into
account, nor the spots on the wings, which vary individu-
ally from three to four in all localities ; so the only
character left which could form a basis for separation into
races is that of the size, and this appears to work out
quite well.

With the somewhat limited material before me the

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 307

races of this rather uncommon Nightjar appear to be as
follows : —

Caprimulgus trimaculatus trimaculatus.

Scutornis trimaculatus Swaius. op. cit.

Range. Senegal^ where doubtless Svvainson's specimen was
secured.

I think it doubtful if tlie Senegal bird is really different
from the Gold Coast Colony race, but as Svvainsou gives a
wing-measurement of his bird, a male by the description, as
8 inches = 203 mm. (which is probably incorrect), and as I
have not seen specimens from Senegal^ I am compelled for
the present to keep this race separate.

Caprimulgus trimaculatus tristigma.

Capr-imulgus tristigma lliipp. op. cit.

Of tljis, 1 consider that Caprimulgus goslingi Alex. op. cit.
must become a synonym.

Range. Abyssinia, British East Africa, and Gaima Range,
headwaters Kibali River, eastern French Congo.

Wing in males 184-170 mm., females 170 mm. Riippell
gives the wing-measurement of his type as 6*9 inches =
175 mm., and Alexander gives exactly the same for his type.

Caprimulgus trimaculatus lentiginosus.

Caprimulgus lentiginosus Smith, op. cit.

Range. From Cunene River to Great Namaqualand,
Rhodesia, and the Transvaal.

Wing in males 188-185 mm., females 187-183 mm. One
bird from Ru^■tenburg, Transvaal, a male, has the wing no
less than 195 mm., but this appears to be abnormal. Smith
gives the wing-measurement of his type as 7'Q inches =
193 mm., but the specimen which is said to be liis type is
now before me and is a female judging by the lack of white
on the tail-tips; it has the wing 184 mm. = 7*3 inches.

Caprimulgus trimaculatus sharpei.
Caprimulgus sharpei Alex. op. cit.
Range. Gold Coast Colony and Cameroons.
Wing in males 176-170 mm.

308 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Should this bird hereafter be found to be identical with
that from Senegal, then Alexander's name would become a
synonym of C. t. trimaculatus.

165. Caprimulgus europseus europaeus. European Nightjar.
Caprimulyus europceus Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758,

p. 193 : Sweden.

a. S ■ Lengototo, 6200 ft. Nov. 10.

Total length in flesh : \Q\ inches. Wing : 196 mm.

The white spot on the first primary is large and exiends
to the shaft, as also does the one on the second primary, but
this does not go across to the onter web.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes mixed whitish
and brown.]

I have carefully examined several males taken in different
parts of Europe and find that the size of the wing-spots is
not a character to rely on for separating C. e. europceus from
C. e. v.nwini, cf. Hartert, Vog. paliiarkt. Fauna^ 1912, p. 847,
though the spot on the second primary extending across
the shaft to the outer web appears to hold good for C. e.
unwini. I think, however, the paler coloration of C. e. unwini,
as compared with C. e. europceus, is a much better and more
constant character.

166. Caprimulgus frasnatus. Salvadori's Nightjar.
Caprimulgus franatus Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,

vol. xxi. 188 A, p. 118 : Daimbi, Ada Galla, Central
Abyssinia.

fl, b. ? ad. Lemek Valley, 6000 & 6500 ft. Oct. 7 & 8.

c. *? imm. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 12.

d, e. S ad. Lengototo, 6200 ft. Nov. 10 & 11.

Total length in flesh : c? 10| & 9f inches ; ? ad. 9;^ &
S inches ; ? imm. 9 inches.

Wing: S 170 & 163 mm.; ? ad. 161 & 158 mm. ; ? imm.
160 mm.

All are in good dress and but very slightly worn.

The adult females differ from the males in having less
white on the tail, and both this and the spots on the wings

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 309

are tinged with buff. The immature female has the wing-
spots strongl}'^ washed with buff and the tip of the tail merely
tipped with buff.

[Irides brown or dark brown, eyelids yellow-brown; bill
in male black, base flesh-colour ; in female brown, black at
tip; legs and toes brown or dirty-flesh.]

I have not been able to examine any specimens actually
from the type locality ; Salvadori gives the wing-measure-
ment of his type as 175 mm.

167. Tachornis parvus parvus. Abyssinian Palm Swift.

Cypselus 'parvus Liclit. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 58: N.E.
Nubia.

a. ? ? imm. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 18.

6. c??inim. Nakwai Hills, 3400 ft. Feb. 9.

Total length in flesh : (J 7 inches, ? 6 inches. Wing ;
(J 140 mm; ? 135 mm.

Both the specimens are in good clean dress, the male
being rather darker generally than the female. Neither
has any streaks on the throat, this part being plain-coloured
like the neck. Young birds with sandy edges to the feathers
show that in the first dress the throat is plain and that the
streaked throat is apparently only assumed by the full adult.
In between the first dress and the full adult there appears
to be an immature stage of plumage, which is similar in
every way to the adult, but the throat lacks the streaks.

[Irides brown ; bill in male black, in female dark brown ;
feet in male blackish-flesh, in female brownish-flesh. In
the Nakwai Hills a large number were seen near a clump
of palm trees.]

The following four races have been recognised by Reich-
enow in the Vog. Afrika, vol. ii. 1903, and by other
authors : —

Tachornis parvus parvus Licht. op. cit.

Tachornis parvus gracilis.

Cypselus gracilis Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 315 : Mada-
gascar. Wing given as 4*95 inches = 126 mm.

310 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Tachornis parvus myochrous.

Cypselus myochrous Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1880, p. 116 :
Karema, German East Africa. Wing given as 136 mm.

Tachornis parvus brachypterus.

Tachornis parvus brachypterus Reichw. Vog. Afr. vol. ii.
1903, p. 386 : Gamlna. Wing given as 128-120 mm.

Two others, Tachornis parvus Imnostigma Reichw. f Vog.
Afr. vol. ii. 1905, p. 828 : South Somaliland) and Tachornis
parvus griseus Zedl. (Orn. Monatsb. vol. xviii. 1910, p. 58 :
Adiabo-Stcppe, N.W. Abyssinia) are, I consider, synonyms
of 2\ /J. parvus, especially Zedlitz's name, which is described
almost from Lichtenstein's type locality.

The series of this Swift in the British Museum measure
in the wing as follows : — West Africa: Portuguese Guinea,
? 134 ; Senegambia, ^ 138 ; Liberia, ^ 127 (a very dark
sooty-coloured bird) ; Cape Coast, no sex, 132 ; Gold Coast,
S 126, ? 121, no sex (eleven) 133-121 : Niger, two no sex,
125 (one a dark specimen, agreeing with the one from
Liberia) ; Gaboon, no sex, 121 & 120 ; between Niger and
Lake Chad (Alexander), S 131 & 126, ? 135-126; Island
of Fernando Po, ^ 124 & 130, this last a young bird, no sex
123; Angola, ^ (^our) 130-124, one young 122, ? (four)
130-121, one young 125 ; Damaraland, (^ 129, ? (three)
135-126. East Africa : Abyssinia, no sex, 129 ; Sudan,
S 135, ? 125, no sex, 123 ; Laniu, S 125, ? 114; British
East Africa, (^ 128, ? 135 ; Uganda, S 140, no sex, 141 ;
German East Africa, ? 135 ; Zanzibar, no sex, 129 ;
Nyasaland, J^ 132; South Africa : Senna, Zambesi, (^ 126,
no sex, 134 mm.

Prof. Reichenow has himself pointed out that very little
reliance can be placed on the coloration ; with this I concur,
and it also seems to me that no great reliance can be placed on
the wing-measurement, at least, as shown by the specimens
enumerated above. Under these circumstance I prefer for
the present to place the two specimens in this collection
under the oldest name.

Certainly birds from Madagascar are decidedly darker
than the majority of those on the mainland of Africa, and

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 311

can be recognised as a distinct race under the name of
T. p. gracilis; they have a wing-measurement of: four
unsexed, 135-123 mm., a female from Comoro Islands has
a wing of 125 mm.

168. Micropus sequatorialis. Abyssinian Great Swift.
Cypselus cequatorialis Von Miiiler, Naumannia, vol. i.
part 4, 1851, p. 27 : Abyssinia.

a. ^ ad. Narossura, 6400 ft. Nov. 2.

b. ? ad. Leugototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 10.

c. ? ad. Kamchuru, 3250 ft. Feb. 12.

Total length in flesh : S ^h inches ; ? 9| & 9 inches.
Wing : S 213 mm.; ? 212 & 204 mm.

These three specimens appear to be fully adult and are in
good clean dress.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; feet blackish-flesh. These
large Swifts were seen more plentifully in Uganda than iu
British East Africa.]

There are in the British Museum collection seven
specimens of this Swift as follows : — Abyssinia: Senafe, ? ,
March, wing 106; Aila(J , Feb., wing 208 ; Lake Tanganyika,
$ , December, wing 202 ; Nyasaland, (J ? , no date, wing
203 & 201 (types of C. alfredi) ; North Angola, S , August,
wing 199; Eastern Rhodesia, ^ , August, wing 198 mm.

A considerably larger series may show that birds from
Nyasaland southwards are on the average smaller than those
from British East Africa and Abyssinia; in which case the
name, Cypselus alfredi Shelley (Birds Africa, vol. ii. 1900,
p. 345 : Mbara, Nyasaland) would be available for them.

I am strongly of opinion that Micropus aquatorialis should
be considered as a subspecies of Micropus barbatus, both
birds having a strong resemblance to each other and not,
so far as we know at present, overlapping geographically.

Apus reichenowi Neum. (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxi. 1908,
p. 57 : Doiije Erok, N.W. of Kilimanjaro) is described as
being similar to M. cequatorialis, but without white edges or
dark subterminal bar to the feathers of the under surface.

Is not this possibly the young bird or the fully adult of
M. cequatorialis ?

312 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

169. Micropus apus apus. European Swift.

Hirundo apus Liun. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 192:
Sweden.

a. S ad. Lengototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 10.

Total length in flesh : 7^ inches. Wing : 167 mra.

This specimen has apparently not yet started to moult.

Sixteen specimens collected by myself in England have
the "wing-measurement as follows : — Ad. ^ 176-170, one
fully fledged young bird 165 ; ad. ? 175-165 mm. Total
length in flesh : ^ 7^-7 { ; $ 7|-7| inches.

Of two adult specimens in the British Museum collection
from Norway, one, a male, has the wing 172 and the other
(unsexed) has the wing 107 mm. ; also two adult males from
Hampstead have the wing 166 and 165 mm.

[Irides brown ; bill black; feet blackish flesh-colour.]

170. Micropus apus pekinensis. Chinese Swift.
Cijpselus pekinensis Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 435 :

Peking.

a. ? ad. Lengototo, 6000 ft. Nov. 10.

h. S ad. 10 miles S.W. of Maroto, 3900 ft. Jan. 31.

Total length in flesh : 7 & 6| inches. Wing : 164. &
156 mm.

Both these specimens agree perfectly with birds from
Peking ; both are in moult, the wing-feathers not being
fully grown, which accounts for the small measurements
given above.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes black or blackish
flesh. Abundant.]

In naming these two birds I have examined the whole
series of the " apus " group of Swifts in the British Museum
collection, and append the following remarks and wing-
measurements : — As regards Africa, the names that have to
be dealt with are, besides M. a. apus and M. a. pekinensis,
Cypselus shelleyi Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1888, p. 227 :
Dembi, Shoa; Apus apus carlo Kollibay, J. f. O. 1905,
p. 302 : Northern Tunisia; Apus apus mar witzi, Reichw.
Orn. Monatsb. 1906, p. 171 : Makalama, German E. Africa ;

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 313

and Apus apus kalaharicus Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1908,
p. 81 : Kalahari, German S.W. Africa,

This group of Swifts is by no means easy to sort out into
raceSj as individuals run each other so closely that it is
extremely difficult to determine to which race they should
belong, and in the measurement of the wing a wide range
is found to exist, even though sexes are compared. In my
opinion, too many races have been described, and three of the
six names will have to become synonyms, A very careful
comparison of the dated specimens before me shows that
there are two migrants to Africa and one resident, as
follows : —

MiCROPUS APUS APUS,

A winter migrant to Africa : eight specimens in British
Museum collection : two from Fantee and Cape Coast in
February, wing 171 & 169 ; Tangier, no date, wing 167 ;
British E. Africa, S in Nov., wing 166 ; Yambuya, Upper
Congo, wing 173; Nyasaland, ? in November, wing 173;
Matabeleland, ? in December, wing 165 ; South Africa, no
sex or date, wing 1 73 mm.

Measurement of a large series from England and Norway
shows that the wing in males varies from 176-165 and in
females from 175-165 mm. The paucity of African killed
specimens in the Museum collection does not allow one to
make definite statements about the migration of the European
Swift, but T venture an opinion that further investigations
will prove that the common line of movement is by the west
coast, and that comparatively few migrate along the eastern
side.

MiCROPUS APUS PEKINENSIS,

Equal in size to M. a. apus, but general colour browner.

I agree with Hartert (c/. Vog. palaartk. Fauna, 1912,
p. 838) that M. a. kalaharicus (wing given as 175-170 mm.)
is a synonym of this race ; and I also consider M. a. carlo
(wing given as 175 mm.) and M. a. marwitzi (no wing-
measurement given) to be the same.

About equal in size to M. a. apus, but general colour

SER. X. VOL. III. Y

314 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

trowner. A winter migrant to Africa. Seventeen specimens
in the British Museum collection measure : — from Tunis,
wing 165 ; Abyssinia, two cJ, 27 July, wings 173 & 165, one
young bird same date, no sex, wing 164, Ang. (J & ? , wings
173 & 167, Feb., ? in moult, and therefore wing only 158,
and another no date or sex, wing 170 ; British East Africa, two
? in moult, wing 164 & 156 ; Matabeleland, Nov., ^ , wing
179; East Damaraland, Oct., (J, wing 167 ; Bechuanaland,
Jan., ^, wing 180, and three Feb., females, wings 174, 173,
& 171; Transvaal, Jan., (J & ? , wings 3 75 & 164 mm.

Measurement of specimens from Pekin have the wing
in males 172; from Chefoo, S 177-168, ? 176-164; Tian
Shan, (^ 182 & 174 mm. ; thus giving a range of wing-
measurement for Chinese birds of 182-168 in males and in
females 174-164 mm. Swinhoe gives 7" = 177 mm. for
his type specimen, which was a male.

According to Hartert op. cit. this Swift breeds in Persia,
Afglianistan, and south Siberia ; so that it seems feasible
that the birds that visit Africa during the northern winter
are those that have bred at the most western limits of its
range.

The seventeen specimens enumerated above point to the
common line of migration being via the east coast, spreading
rather westward as the movement proceeds southwards, but
never occurring in west Africa proper.

Tunis seems rather too far west to be strictly in the line
of migration of this bird, but certainly the single specimen
labelled from that locality does not differ from Chinese
birds.

MiCBOPUS APUS SHELLEYI.

Cypselus shelleyi Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1888,
p. 227 : Dembi, Shoa.

A resident species in east Africa ; general colour very
similar to M. a. pekinensis, but mantle perhaps darker and
secondaries and coverts lighter. Size smaller, wing 160-
144 mm., type given as 157 mm. Eight specimens in the
British Museum collection ; from Abyssinia, ? , no date.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 315

wing 152, Dembi, c? , June, wing 157 (one of the types),
Senafe, <$ ^ April, wing 144; Britisli East Africa, Nyiro, c^,
April, wing 148, Kikuyu, May, no sex, wing 148, Nairobi,
? , June, wing 151, Naivasha, ^ , December, wing 160; these
are all adult ; one young bird from Zomba, Nyasaland,
no sex, has a wing of 137 mm.

The range of this resident bird would appear to be from
Senafe in Abyssinia to Zomba in Nyasaland.

The character given by Salvadori of the yellow feet does
not hold good, and appears to be merely the way in whicli
these members happen to dry.

There are three other species of Swift occurring on the
mainland of Africa, that may be confounded with the above
three forms, but which are really quite distinct from them ;
they are : —

MiCROPUS MURINUS MURINUS.

Cypselus muritius, Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, p. 46 : Siut,
Egypt.

This is a very pale mouse-coloured (mausegrau) bird,
with an extensive white throat, and appears to be a winter
migrant to Egypt only, and does not occur elsewhere on the
mainland of Africa. Wing, ^ 169, no sex 170-158 mm.,
in seven specimens from Egypt in the British Museum, only
three are dated, two February and one March.

Cypselus paUidus Shelley (Ibis, 1870, p. 445 : Egypt)
is a synonym and the type, a c? , in the British Museum has
a wing of 169 mm.

MiCROPUS MURINUS BREHMORUM.

Apus apus brehmorum Hartert, Naum. Vog. Deutschl.
vol. iv. 1901, p. 233 : Madeira.

On the average rather darker than true M. m. murinus.
Wing : Madeira, ^J , June, 175 mm,, J" , no date, 171 mm. ;
Swakop Biver, Damaraland, December, 176 mm. ; Benguella,
no date or sex, 170 mm.

The single specimen from Benguella does not agree
perfectly with this race, having a darker forehead and but

y2

316 Mr. W. L. Sclater on the

the merest trace of white on the throat ; it is, however, too
light in general colour to be placed under M. a. pekinensis ;
so that until more material is available from south-west
Africa, I leave it for the present in the position Hartert
has put it, cf. Vog. palaartk. Fauna, 1912, p. 839.

MiCROPUS BARBATUS.

Cypselus barbatus Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 599 : South
Africa, ex Temm.

Eather darker than M. a. apus, with distinct black stripes
on the throat and having a somewhat larger and broader bill.

A resident in South Africa. Wing in three males 180-
173 mm., one female 182 mm.; three specimens not sexed
have the wing 186-176 mm.

[To be continued.]

XIV. — The "Mauritius Hen^'' of Peter Mundy.
By W. L. Sclater, M.A., M.B.O.U.

There has recently been published by the Hakluyt Society
and edited by Lt.-Col. Sir Richard C. Temple, Bt., Peter
Mundy's account of his travels in Europe and Asia in the
early part of the seventeenth century.

Peter Mundy was born about the year 1596 at Penryn in
Cornwall, and in addition to his travels in Europe as far as
Constantinople and Archangel, he made three voyages to the
east, the first to India in the East India Company's service
in 1628-1634, the second with Sir Wm. Courten's fleet to
India aud Japan in 1635-1638, and the third to India in
1655-1656. He is supposed to have died about 1667 at his
native town of Penryn.

The account of his travels, very carefully prepared by
himself, has remained up till now in MSS. and unpublished
in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, while there is a second
less complete copy in the British Museum.

The second volume recently published by the Hakluyt
Society contains an account of Mundy's first voyage to

" Mauritius Hen " of Peter Mundy. 317

India, and proves to us that he was one of the most
observant and truthful of all the older travellers. Like
Herodotus, he always carefully distinguishes between the
things that he himself has seen and those which he has
only got on hearsay.

On his return voyage in March 1633/4 he passed the
Island of Mauritius without calling there, but in 1638, when
homeward-bound from China, he called at the island and
wrote a glowing account of the scenery, salubrity, and
natural productions.

As regards the birds the following is an extract from the
MSS., for the use of which I am indebted to Sir Richard
Temple and to Miss L. M. Anstey, who is assisting
Sir Richard in the transcription of the original. The
account of this voyage will form vol. iii. of the whole work
and will be published shortly.

" For Fowl, these following among the rest.
''The Dodo, although we now met with none, yet divers
times they are found here, having seen at Surat brought
from hence, and as I remember they are as big bodied as
great Turkies covered with down, having little hanging
wings like short sleeves, although are unuseful to fly withal,
or any way with them to help themselves. Whether
[? Neither] can they swim, but as other land fowl do, on
necessity into the water, being Cloven footed as they are.

" A Mauritius Hen as [? is a] fowl as big as our English
hens of a yellowish Wheaten Colour, of which we got only
one. It hath a big, long, crooked, sharp, pointed bill,
feathered all over, but on their wings they are so few and
small that they cannot with them raise themselves from the
Ground. There is a pretty way of taking them with a red
cap but this * was struck with a stick. They be very good
meat and are also cloven footed so that they can neither fly
nor swim more than the former. Of these two sorts of
fowl aforementioned, for ought we yet know, not any to be
found out of this Island which lieth about 100 Leagues

* Mundy is apparently referring to his illustration of this bird.

318

Mr. W. L. Sclater on the

from St. Lawrence. A Question may be demanded how
they should be here and not elsewhere, being so far from
other land and can neither fly nor swim, whether by mixture
o£ kind producing strange and monstrous forms, or the
nature of the climate, air and earth in altering the first
shapes in long time, or how ?

Text-fiKure 5.

Peter Mundy's "Mauritius Hen," copied from the original drawing.

" Other land fowl here of divers sorts, as russet Parrots,
large turtle Doves, and many other various in form, colour
and bigness ; among the rest one as great as a blackbird
with a yellow Bill, and a little Bird like a Linnet, with
others who would come flocking about us, as wondring at
us, so that we struck them down with Sticks in our hands."

Of the Dodo much has been written and published. It
probably became extinct about 1680. With regard to the
" Mauritius Hen,'^ of which Mundy gives an outline drawing
(here reproduced), there can be no doubt that it is the now
extinct bird known as Jphanaptery.v broekii (Schl.).

But little is known of this bird through contemporary
writers. It was first mentioned by Sir Thomas Herhert
(1606-1682) who travelled to the east in the suite of
Sir Dodmore Cotton, accredited Ambassador to the King

" Mauritius Hen " of Peter Mundy. 319

of Persia, and Avho visited Mauritius on his return journey.
In his Avork " A relation of some yeares travaile, begunne
Anno 1626, etc. etc./' published in London in 1631', on
p. 214 is a little picture of "A Dodo, A Hen and A Cacato/'
but nothing further is said of the bird. Pieter.van den
Broecke, a Dutch traveller, also figured the bird but gave no
description. On this figure Schlegel founded the specific
name.

A Frenchman, Fran9ois Cauche of Rouen, who made
a journey to Madagascar in 1638, gives the following account
(taken from an English translation of his travels published
in 1710) : — " In Prince Maurice's Island .... as also Red
Hens with Woodcock's beakes to take the which they need
only to show them a piece of red cloth and they will follow
and suffer themselves to be taken by hand. They are as big
as our hens and excellent eating/'

In 1868 Georg Ritter von Frauenfeld published a re-
production of two pictures on vellum of the Dodo and of
the Red Hen. These and other pictures of ornithological
subjects were found in the private cabinet of the Emperor
of Austria, and were supposed to have been painted for the
Emperor Francis I. by the Dutch artist Hoefnagel about
1626. This picture agrees very well with Mundy's descrip-
tion and figure, though the neck is rather longer and more
slender.

Some bones obtained from the " Mare aux Songes " in
Mauritius about 1868 by Mr. George Clark were examined
and described by Milue-Edwards (Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) x. 1868,
p. 325). He identified these with the " Mauritius Hen "
and placed the bird among the Rails near Ocydromus, under
the name of Ajihanapteryx broekii (Schl.). He also gives a
very complete account of all that was known about the bird
from contemporary travellers and writers.

A further collection of bones from the same locality made
by Mr. Theodore Sauzier in 1889 enabled Sir Edward
Newton and Dr. Gadow (Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1893, p. 281,
pis. xxxiii.-xxxvii.) to add to our knowledge of the osteology
of this interesting extinct Rail.

320 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

XV. — Coloration as a Factor in Family and Generic Differen-
tiation. By Percy R. Lowe, B.A , M.B., M.B.O.U.^.

I SHOULD like to state at once that in the few remarks which
I propose to make on the subject of to-night^s discussion, it
is no part of my plan to attempt in any way to upset the
established characters and methods which are employed in
generic differentiation or to substitute for these some brand-
new scheme based on colour-characters. Such a proceeding
Avould be both futile and foolish. All I wish to accentuate
is this — that colour-pattern seems to be a very important
feature in generic differentiation, which has been, I cannot
liclp thinking, unnecessarily neglected, looked down upon, or
ignored, I believe not only that colour-pattern furnishes,
in many instances, an important clue to the phylogenetic
relationships of various groups of species, but that it would,
if properly applied, enable us to get a practical and working
idea of the limits of genera.

I believe, in a word, that the employment of the factor of
colour-pattern in generic differentiation would act, in many
instances, in the way, so to speak, of a control experiment
by which w^e might either substantiate or correct previous
estimates of generic groups which have been based on such
characters as are usually employed.

Applied in a systematic way to all the genera which exist
at the present time throughout the whole class of Birds, I
cannot help thinking that many of these genera would be
found either to include too many species or too few.

Finally, I do not for one moment hold the view that this
factor can be universally applied to all genera, or anything
like all ; but where it can be used w^ith good results, I
can see no possible reason why it should not be applied — and
applied, moreover, without fear of laying ourselves open to
the charge of mere amateurism.

* A discourse delivered to the British Ornithologists' Chib, February
10, 1915.

Family and Generic Differentiation. 321

Before coining to the more practical side c£ the subject, it
will be necessary to consider it from a general point of view,
by way of clearing the ground and of trying to demonstrate
how fundamentally important and how deep-seated colour-
pattern is — that it is not the superficial and negligible
character which it is generally held to be, and that the
factors of environment play but a comparatively small and
indirect part in its existence. The first point, then, which I
should like to lay stress on is :

(1) The distinction which must be made between "•colour-
pattern '^ and mere coloration.

It will probably be generally admitted that there is a
very great difference between the two. Colour-pattern
(that is to say, a certain definite and more or less con-
stant relation of colour-factors to certain definite areas of
the contour-plumage, occurring through a series of species
or genera) implies something of a deeper import than
mere coloration — something which from its constancy and
persistency, its independence of mere environmental or
climatic influences, and its correlation with faunal or geo-
graphic areas, appears to undoubtedly suggest the influence
of the germ-plasm. If this is so, it obviously follows that
the factor of colour-pattern must be of genetic importance.
It is heritable. It ought to be, as I believe in many cases
it is, a useful phylogenetic guide or clue.

Mere coloration, ou the other hand, may, I suggest, be
regarded as somewhat akin to mere homoplastic variations
or convergent adaptations in the deeper realms of mor-
phology. Regarded in this sense, mere coloration of this
kind is of no genetic value. Again, mere shades and tones
of coloration, from the fact that they are the result of direct
environmental eff'ects or possibly, in some cases, of simple
isolation, and moreover are often simply adaptative or pro-
cryptic, have likewise no genetic value. They appear to be
exogenous in origin, physiological, ontogenetic and non-
heritable. It hardly seems worth while to labour these
points, but I must give an example or two to clear the
eround.

32.2 Mr. P. 11. Lowe on Coloratioji as a Factor in

The upper parts of Auks, Guillemots, and Shearwaters,
for instance, are some dark shade of slaty-blue or black, and
their underparts are white ; and this coloration has pre-
sumably been impressed upon them for the sole purpose of
harmony with the elements in which they live ; but we may
take it for granted that no ornithologist would attach the
smallest importance to this resemblance in coloratiou from
the point of view of relationship, or would conceive for one
moment that the Shearwaters were related to the Auks —
nor would it incline us of itself and by itself to include the
Auks and Guillemots in the same genus.

Again, as regards mere depths of tones and shades of
coloration, I may remind you, as an example of the super-
ficial nature of such coloration, of the case of the European
Goldfinch, which was introduced into the Bermudas some-
where about the year 1870.

These Finches have within this very recent historical
period acquired such a very dark tint as regards their upper
parts that Mr, Kennedy has not hesitated to differentiate
them as a distinct subspecies.

It is very difficult to think that this phenomenon of color-
ation in the Bermudan Goldfinches is anything else than a
superficial, physiological and non-heritable response to a
change of environment or to mere segregation. It is
a, fluctuational variation.

But, on the other hand, reverting to the subject of colour-
pattern, take the case of the Ringed Plover association. We
are all familiar with the very constant type of colour-pattern
characteristic of this very widespread and cosmopolitan
group. We know that the head and breast of any one
species exhibits in a more or less perfect condition a
thoroughly stereotyped reproduction of the colour-pattern
of any other species, no matter how many thousands of miles
of ocean may separate them, and whether those species are
found in the old or new worlds, or occur on the mainland or
on isolated islands.

I will not detain you with any details of this colour-pattern ;
but what I want to emphasise here is this — Could anyone

Family and Generic Differentiation. 323

seriously imagine for one moment that tbis particular and
constantly occurring colour-pattern was absolutely indis-
pensable for the continued existence of this particular race
of Plovers as contrasted with other races of Plovers, and
from the point of view of an indispensable harmony with
their environment, or ever had been so indispensable at any
age or under any circumstances ? The mere fact that such
a stereotyped pattern is found in such varying types of
environment as the peculiar plateau of St. Helena, the
grassy velds of southern Africa, or the sandy shores of our
own islands, surely suggests that its origin is not entirely a
matter of concealing coloration or adaptative. On the con-
trary, may we not surmise tliat this particular colour-complex
was a character or a colour-tendency which was impressed
on these Ringed Plovers ages back, through the influence of
some purely fortuitous shuffling of the chromosomes in the
germ-cells of some remote ancestor ? It is a colour-pattern
or a colour-tendency which has persisted, not because it
owed its origin to any formal plan for the protective con-
cealment of these Plovers, but because the germ-cell, once
started on a certain line, could not help repeating itself in
this direction, and because, since the colour-tendency was
not harmful to the race, there was no excuse for any elimi-
nating factor to suppress either it or the race ; and so the
germ-cell, or the jugglery which takes place within it, has
gone on repeating itself, and will go on repeating itself, until
some sudden mutation or reshuffling of the chromosomes in
the germ-cells of any particular individual of any species
starts a new line of evolution in colour-pattern (a genetic
variation or mutation).

In such a case, then, as the colour-pattern which is typical
of the cosmopolitan Hinged Plovers, I submit that we have
a colour-complex which is endogenous or genetic. It is
congenital. It can be used as a generic test or character.
But, of course, we have got to be on our guard in making
use of colour-characters in classification; for just as in the
case of deeper structural features we have to eliminate the
homoplastic factor in cases of mere convergent likenesses,

324 Mr. P. R. Lowe 07i Coloration us a Factor in

so ill the case of these colour-pictures, if one may so term
them, it is our business or the business of those who believe
in the importance of coloration as a factor in generic differ-
entiation, to distinguish between those which are simply
cryptic or concerned in the business of concealment and
those which are not so concerned.

One may, of course, have both types of coloration in any
particular species. For instance, taking the Ringed Plover
group again, no one would deny that the Kentish Plover is
protectively coloured in an obliterative direction and in
harmony with its usual sandy or arid environments. But
this obliterative factor is merely an affair of shades and tones
of coloration which are superimposed upon the fundamental
colour-pattern cliaracteristic of the genus. The mere depth
of tones in desert situations is the direct outcome of the
greater intensity of light and the increased aridity, while
tlie tendency or the species in such environments to be
invisible is the result of a nicely adjusted process of counter-
shading, and both are the result of the reaction of the
organism to its immediate surroundings. The fundamental
colour-pattern is still tliei'e, although modified.

Any organism, in fact, not only reacts to outward stimuli
but it has also an inherent power to act on, so to speak, its
own initiative; and this is a fact that in the matter of this
question of coloration we must not lose sight of. The fact
that coloration or colour-pattern as a serious aid to classifi-
cation in birds has been regarded with a certain amount of
contempt and suspicion has, I take it, arisen fi'om the
supposition that ail coloration or all colour-patterns are the
direct outcome of the action of external factors — or, to put it
shortly, that the coloration of birds is invariably cryptic and
a mere superficial response to environment in the direction
of enhanced invisibility.

(2) The question of concealing coloration.

Before, however, passing on to the consideration of colour-
pattern as a phylogenetic or generic clue, which is the chief
point of this discussion, I should like very briefly to notice

Family and Generic Differentiation. 325

one or two other aspects of the subject of coloration by way
of still further clearing the ground, in the direction of trying
to show that colour-pattern in the great majority of cases is
endogenous or genetic in origin, and so enhancing its value
as a character to be used in classification.

All sorts of pretty theories have been brought forward
in connection with this aspect of the coloration of birds;
but it seems to me that if concealing coloration was really
such a universal phenomenon as it is often made out to
be, we ought to find, as a general rule, that there was a
far greater, a more universal, and a more intimate com-
mingling of every kind of procryptic colour, irrespective of
well-differentiated groups of birds *. Instead of this, we find
that certain distinctive colour-schemes are characteristic and
proper to certain families or genera of birds, quite irrespective
of the fact that such families or genera are exposed to
precisely similar environments. To be as brief as possible,
one gets the impression, in trying to analyse the colour-
factors characteristic of families or genera, that in such
groups of birds the ancestral germ-cells had, so to speak,
two or three colour-factors to " play with " and make the
best of. All the germ-cell or the chromosomes could do
was to produce variations with the particular colour-factors
they had originally at their disposal. If these variations
were not flagrantly inharmonious with their environment, all
was well and good.

The accompanying diagram may serve to demonstrate
at a glance the idea which I wish to advance. It has
reference to the family Drepanididse of the Hawaiian
Islands, and, assuming with Dr. Starr Jordan f that Oreo-
imjstes bairdi (with its least specialised bill, its wider
adaptative powers, its more ubiquitous distribution, and
its neutral coloration as regards both sexes) is the most

* The colour-pattern of nestling Grebes and Moorhens is conspicu-
ously different, although their environment is identical ; and many other
examples might be given both in the case of nestlings and adults.

t Cf. 'Science,' vol. xxii. 1905, p. 555. In this article Dr. Starr
Jordan assumes this for another reason.

3,26 ;Mr. P. R. Lowe 07i Coloration as a Factor in

ancestral living representative of this group, we may sup-
pose that this species stands at the point of divergence of the
two branches into which this family seems to have split.
In the germ-cells of this species or its ancestors there are
or were presumably resident three potential colour-factors
— red, yellow, and black (this last independently distributed) ;
and out of these, the colour-scheme characteristic of any or
all the genera of the family could be constructed by various
combinations (in the direction of either addition or loss) of
these primary colour-factors. Incidentally, it is somewhat
tempting to suggest that there were also two factors for the
form and shape of the bill — a Pseudonest07'-hi\l factor and a
Drepanis-hiW factor.

In connection with this subject of particular groups of
birds having particular colour-schemes, or having particular
colour-factors proper to them, Mr. Witmer Stone "^ has
recently called attention to the absence of red among the
Jays or of green among the Thrushes. He has also called
attention to certain conspicuous colour-patterns which it is
difficult to reconcile with any plan for concealment or
indeed with any scheme of a breaking-up or ruptive nature.
For instance, he quotes the metallic blue or green speculum
in the Ducks or the blue and black wing-patch in the Jays.

In making these remarks on this aspect of coloration, I
am not, of course, trying to belittle the patent and manifest
facts of concealing coloration, which seems obvious enough
in certain groups of birds. I am not quarrelling with
the theory of countershading as set forth by Thayer f ;

* "The Phylogenetic Value of Colour-characters in Birds," by Witmer
Stone, A.M., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 2nd series, vol. xv.
1912, p. 314.

t If Thayer had done nothing else than accentuate the difference
between how we see things with the brain and how we see them with the
eye, he would not have written his very instructive book in vain. We
have grown so accustomed to habitually see things with the brain that
it is only the trained artist who, as a rule, and then only by a certain
effort, can switch off his brain and see things as they really look, instead
of in the way we are accustomed to translate them by means of our
brain. Therefore, in thinking of questions like that of concealing-

Family and Generic Differentiation. 327

nor am I saying that the pectoral bands on tlie breast
of the Ringed Plover, or the peculiar pattern on its
head, do not serve a useful ruptive purpose in helping to
break up the continuity of its form. But what I am trying
to maintain is that the idea of protective-coloration is a con-
ception or even a hobby which is in danger of being ridden
to death — that it is only one phase of the whole question of
coloration, and that, taking the class of Birds as a whole, it
has probably always l)een a more or less lucky chance, so to
speak, if colour-pattern, born of genetic influences, happened
to. coincide with such a useful purpose as invisibility or
concealment.

The idea in the past was that coloration or colour-patterns
were invariably impressed on the bird^s plumage from witli-
out, and hence systematists fought shy of using such
characters in classification. But there is always the other
side of the picture, namely, that birds, originally possessed of
a certain type of colour-pattern, unconsciously suited them-
selves to certain types of environment ; and if they did not —
Well ! there was always our old friend Natural Selection in
the background and — they disappeared.

The Trogons occur to me as a good example of this other
side of the picture, because I happen to have made the
acquaintance of several species in their native haunts. The
Trogon peculiar to Cuba, for instance, is in reality a very
conspicuously coloured bird ; yet I have found it at times
very difficult to find in the forests, although I happened to
know that I was within a few yards of one from having
heard its peculiar pheasant-like cry. The reason for this

coloration, we ought not to forget that our " brain-power " is of a very
different order to the " brain-power " of a bird or a mammal. It is, for
instance, more than possible that birds habitually see things as they
realbj look. It is in the highest degree unlikely that the brain of a bird
acts in the same way as ours in the direction of transforming the vision
of what the eye really sees into a picture of what the brain chooses to
think it sees, likes to think it sees, or has grown accustomed to think
it sees.

3.28 ]\rr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

was that the brilliant scarlet of its underparts was
apparently confused with the scarlet inflorescence of
certain arboreal and parasitic plants which were common.
The Trogon had, in fact, unconsciously "adapted itself*'
to its scarlet-tinted surroundings ; for it is to me quite an
unthinkable proposition to suppose that these scarlet-
coloured epiphytes could by any conceivable means have
so affected the germ-cells of these Trogons that they were
induced to respond in sympathy with their environment.
Yet this is exactly what we are often asked to believe. On
the contrary, the germ-cell produced the scarlet area and
the Trogon has made, so to speak, the best of a bad job.

(3) The constancy and persistence of colour-pattern.

I have already referred incidentally to this in the case of
the Ringed Plovers, in which we find that in spite of extreme
isolating conditions and of differences in the type of environ-
ment, the fundamental colour-pattern remains the same.
Not only is it persistent, but it is more constant than the
structural features of the bills, in which we find a whole
series of intergradations.

There is another example in the case of three distinct
genera of Cuckoos from the East Indies, viz. Dryococcyx
from Celebes, Rhinococcyx of Java, and Urococcyx from
Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. I have taken these
examples from Mr. Witmer Stone's paper, and it will be
noticed that while there are very distinct structuial differ-
ences in the form of the nostril corresponding to the three
o-enera, the colour-pattern remains the same. It seems to
me quite inconceivable that this colour -pattern owes its
origin to adaptation with environment, since if we com-
pared the immediate environment of East Indian with, let
us say. West Indian Cuckoos, the details would almost
certainly be found to be so completely similar that we
should expect to find a similarity of colour-pattern and
colour-tones, which however and in fact we do not.

We have another instance in the series of the 'larger

Family and Generic Differentiation. 329

Caciques or Oropendolas of the family Icteridae*. In
this series we have represented five genera, and, from the
point of view of the structural features of the bills and
other characters, I think it will be allowed that they are
five genera as well-marked and distinct as any that could
be found in any one group. Yet, as you will notice, the
colour-pattern is fixed and absolutely characteristic.

There is another point which I must now briefly notice :

(4J The correlation of colour-pattern with geographical or
faunal areas.

This seems to me an important side of the question, as
not only showing that colour-pattern is a deep-seated
phenomenon, but as pointing to the very secondary, if
any, part which mere environment has played in its
determination.

I propose to take the genus Ccereba as an example.
Those members who are familiar Avitli South American
birds will remember that this genus of brightly-coloured
Honey-Creepers can be divided into two groups, namely, a
group with white spots on the wings, and a group without
white wing-spots.

Here is a map illustrating the distribution of these tAvo
races f — the white wing-spotted race being represented in
green, and the race without wing-spots in red.

Now, the two areas respectively occupied by these two
races of Coereba are, although now connected throughout
the greater part of their extent, absolutely distinct in origin,
and present entirely different geological features and history.
The area coloured red, for instance, represents the extremely
ancient and, at one time, insulated Brazilian and Guianan
land-masses. It consists of the most ancient rock-systems
known — Pre-Cambrian gneisses and Archean schists. On
the other hand, the area coloured green consists almost
entirely of Tertiary deposits which have been comparatively

* Examples of the following genera were exhibited, viz., Clypeicterus,
Eucorystes, Gymnostinops, Ostinojfs, and Ocyalus.

t Cf. also'Ibis,' July 1912.
SER. X. VOL. 111. Z

330 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

recently upheaved so as to form the Peruvian and Columbian
Andes, the Cordilleras of Venezuela, the Central American
mountain ridge, and the interrupted rock -systems of the
Greater Antillean islands. The rock-systems of the whole
of this green area are, for all practical purposes, in almost
complete geological continuity and, as compared with the
rock-systems represented by the red area, are things of
yesterday.

Now, I think it is pretty safe to conclude that the original
centre of distribution of the genus Coereba was represented
by this red-coloured Brazilian land-mass. This seems indi-
cated by the more generalised, more constant, and less
differentiated nature of tlie colouring and colour-pattern of
the race without white wing-spots. But assuming that the old
Brazilian land-mass did indeed represent the original centre
of distribution of the genus, we find that no sooner did the
genus extend its area of distribution to the more recent
land-areas, coloured green, than this factor of the white
wing-spot became conspicuous and absolutely constant in the
new area of occupation. It looks, indeed, as if the poten-
tiality of the germ-cell, in the original and older race, to
produce the white wing-spot had been held in check in the
old area of distribution, but that the moment migration to a
new and isolated area took place, this tendency of the germ-
cell was unchecked or given free play. That there was a
potentiality in this direction always resident in the germ-
cell is, I think, indicated by the fact that every now and
then, but still only in quite rare instances, indications of a
white wing-spot crop up in the race without white wing-
spots. In a large series of 70 specimens, for example, from
Matto Grosso, Mr. Allen found a very small percentage.

It may be thought that this is a very long story about
a very small thing ; because, as anyone can see by examining
these Coereba specimens, the presence or absence of a white
wing-spot in the two respective races seems a very trivial
and almost contemptible circumstance. But it is just for
this very reason of apparent triviality that I have used
it as an example. For the point is this — could anyone

Family and Generic Differentiation. 331

possibly conceive that the presence of this white wing-
spot in the one case, or its absence in the other, could
serve any useful purpose, or the reverse ? Could anyone
possibly imagine that the white wing-spot had been directly
impressed on the white wing-spotted race through the agency
of external factors represented by a difference of environ-
ment ? The idea is absolutely unthinkable; and the sooner
we cease to practise any sort of self-deception in this direc-
tion the better. On the contrary, what this story of the
genus Cipreba, thus briefly condensed, seems to prove is
that colour-pattern is a deep-lying phenomenon, an affair
of the germ-cell — a congenital manifestation. It owes its
continued manifestation after its first inception to the effects
of isolation and segregation. As such it cannot be the
superficial and contemptible factor which it has been held
to be.

I may add that the presence of the white wing-spot in the
race inhabiting the green-coloured area is invariably con-
stant, whether species possessing such a spot live at an
altitude of 8000 or 9000 feet in the Peruvian Andes, or
whether they are found in arid and sparsely vegetated
country at dead sea-level, such, for instance, as is found in
the very isolated Cayman Islands. In all these species
mere depth of tone in coloration is very variable, as we
might expect — the fundamental colour-pattern is constant.

To further accentuate the moral of this tale, I have here
two pairs of nestling Plovers or Waders. In the one pair
you see a nestling Stone-Curlew from our own islands
(Burhinus wdicnemus) and another from Australia (^Burhinus
magnirostris) ; in the other pair a nestling Oyster-catcher
(^Hamatopus ostralegus), again from our islands, and another
nestling (H. palliatus) from America. In either pair the
same identical details of colour-pattern are stereotyped with
almost, mechanical precision ; and we are asked to believe
that this precise identity of detail has been stamped upon
each particular pair of nestling Plovers by a corresponding
precision of identity in the immediate environment repre-
senting the respective " birth-places " of either of these two

z2

332 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

pairs of birclsj widely separated as they are in the matter of
both latitude and longitude. Even allowing that, in the
case of the Stone-Curlews, the immediate environmental
details of the Norfolk ''Brecks'' were precisely identical
with those of the "Never Never Lands/' or the arid plains
of Australia, it is quite beyond our ordinary powers of con-
ception to imagine how such a contingency could possibly
have brought about such a marvellous and faithful replica
of colour-pattern in two nestling species, separated as they
are by the whole vast space occupied by the continent of
Asia, and even although we allow an euorm'ous amount
of time for the action of Natural Selection in rejecting
untold numbers of cases of the " unfit " which would not
satisfy the equation.

In a word, it seems quite unthinkable that either
environment or Natural Selection, or both combined, could
directly affect the action of the germ-cells. We there-
fore come back to the statement previously made at the
outset of these remarks, viz., that the germ-cells are the
original designers of colour-pattern, that such colour-patterns
are submitted to the approval of a committee formed by
environment and Natural Selection, and if passed they
persist. The " little by little " theory or the transmission of
gradual accumulations of minute and favourable variations,
acquired as the result of the influence of external factors
during the life of any particular organism, and which
favourable variations permit an ascendency over the parent
stock, still remains a theory. In practice, we have abso-
lutely no evidence to substantiate it. Even allowing, as
seems evident and certain, that certain changes can be
produced by environmental effects, " how can we suppose
it in the smallest degree likely that very precise new
and adaptative powers can be conferred on the germ-cells
by such treatment (Bateson, "Problems of Genetics'^).
The colour-pattern, then, in these two pairs of nestling Plovers
is a deep-seated and important phenomenon. It owes its
origin to the independent jtigglery which went on in the
germ-cells of the ancestral progenitors of the Stone-Curlews

Family and Generic Differentiation. 333

and the Oyster-catcliers. From the original centre of
distribution of those proj^enitors, the two races spread and
radiated to occupy their present areas of distribution. They
carried with them the legacy of the ancestral germ-cells.

How little environment has hafl to do with their colour-
pattern, is indicated by the additional fact, that not only is
the colour-])attern of the two nestling Stone-Curlews, from
the two countries already mentioned, identical in detail, but
their characteristic stripes and markings are also, for all
practical purposes, identical with the like markings on the
two Oyster-catchers already referred to ; a fact which may
and probably does indicate a community of descent or
phylogeny, but certainly cannot be interpreted in the sense
that the environmental details proper to these two forms
are identical.

Returning however, to the more particular subject of the
actual correlation of colour-pattern with geographical or
faunal areas, many instances might be quoted. Mr. Witmer
Stone has given, for example, the case of the three genera of
eastern Cuckoos mentioned above ; but I must limit myself
here to one other example.

In the genus Emberiza we have a group of species
{E.Jiaviventris, jioliopleura, major, aud cabanisi) from various
African localities which have a distinctive colour-pattern,
in which the factor of yellow is very prominent. In east
Siberia, Manchuria, and Japan, we find two species of
Emberiza {E. elegans and chrysophrys) in which although
yellow plays a part, the colour-pattern is distinctly differ-
entiated from the above. Both these groups are in turn
differentiated from another group comprising such species
as E. cia, cioides, castaneiceps, ciopsis, and stracheyi. My
contention is, that the colour-pattern characteristic of such
groups, not to mention others, must have a distinctive
genetic import, which is independent of environmental
effects and for which we ought, incidentally, to have some
method of expression in our system of classification.' We
must in classification, work our way down to such natural
compound units. (In this connection, see also remarks under

334 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

"The relationship of colour-pattera to genera-splitting and
genera-lumping/')

Finally, so far as general considerations go, there is the
question of

(5) The relationship of colour-pattern to sex.

It may be argued that the fact that the male is so often
more brightly coloured than the fenoale, is a difficulty which
lessens the value of colour-pattern as a factor in generic
differentiation. The female, too, as we all know, may in
certain instances usurp the brighter plumage of the male.
Mr. Rothschild has given me an instance, in the case of
the genus Oreomystes of the family Drepanididse, which he
considers an example of the difficulties of applying the factor
of colour as a <ieneric character.

In Oreomystes, while the rule is that both male and female
are green, we find in O. flammea that the male is all red
and female not all red. Well, it seems to me that as far
as I understand the problem, the fact that the male
generally has a brighter and different colour-pattern from
the female, or that the female may take on masculine
characters, or that in any given genus the male of certain
species may be found with an exceptional type of coloration,
proves very little more than this, viz., that, for some reason
or other, some restraining factor which, as a rule, is operative
in the female is not so operative in the male.

The fact that, in one species of the genus Oreomystes, the
males are red instead of green simply points to the fact that
in the Oreomystes germ-cell there was always a latent
combination of factors, which at any moment might produce
the factor of red, if given the chance; and I have already
spoken of the way in which in certain families or groups
of families we seem to see two conspicuous and contrasted
colour-factors, or perhaps more than two, which are con-
stantly turning up in the species of the group.

The moral seems to me to be that we must ignore the
colour-factors of the male, or of the female if she has
assumed masculine attributes, and take as our pattern the

Family and Generic Differentiation, 335

ancestral type of colour-picture, which is either generally fixed
in the female or in the immature. From these general
considerations, 1 now come to the more practical side of
the question of colour-pattern as a factor in generic differ-
entiation, and one of the points in this connection is : —

f6) The correlation of colour-pattern with other generic
characters.

This point I shall dispose of very brieflr, as it is so obviously
self-evident, and my time is so short that I do not want to
waste it in proving something which anyone can see by
opening a series of drawers in the cabinets of the British
Museum.

I do not say that colour-pattern is invariably so correlated,
but, whether colour-pattern is used as a factor in generic
differentiation or not, it is as a fact correlated in such an
enormous number of instances that one cannot help being
impressed. Consciously or subconsciously systematists seem
in fact to have been guided by it.

Let me tell you the following story in illustration of
this point. While looking for some good examples of this
correlation of colour-pattern with generic groups, Mr. Ogilvie-
Grant was kind enough to direct my attention to the
Babblers — the Crateropodidse.

I knew absolutely nothing about this group of birds, so
that it is fair to say that I came to their study with no
preconceived ideas on the genera. I approached the subject
entirely from the point of view of colour-pattern, my only
aids being the ' Catalogue of Birds ' and Oates's well-known
work. So far as my examination extended, I took as a
pattern the type of each genus from the ' Catalogue of
Birds/ and with those to guide me made a list of all the
species which I considered ought to be included in each
respective genus on colour-pattern alone. The result was
that, so far as Indian birds were concerned, my genera were,
as regards species, practically identical with Oates's. On
the other hand, as regards the ' Catalogue of Birds,' I found
myself constantly in disagreement. I found, for instance.

336 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

that a good many species which I should have thought
worthy of geueric distinction, from the point of view of
colour-pattern, were not so considered in the ' Catologue of
Birds/ but were included with other genera with a perfectly
different colour-pattern. Well ! to make a long story short,
if Gates had not made new genera for these distinctively
coloured species, someone else had.

Mr. Grant tells me that this group of birds used to be
considered the dumping-ground for all doubtful forms whose
classification presented difficulties — a sort of waste-paper
basket for puzzled or beaten ornithologists. He has kindly
allowed me to bring up a few examples^ from this very
interesting rubbish-heap, and from them I should be happy
to demonstrate to anyone later on the efficacy of colour-
pattern as a factor in generic differentiation. Time is too
short now to give more examples, but there is a point which
I should like to make here. It is this — that as a general
rule there is nothing like so much intergrading between
colour-patterns characterising genera as there is between
such structural generic characters as the form and shape of
the bill, the tail, or the wing. And this is just what Ave
might expect ; for naturally a highly specialised organ like
the bill is constantly subject to minute structural changes in
accordance with the functional uses to which it is put, and in
correspondence with the type of insect-prey or other food
which its owner is accustomed to capture or to feed upon.

Species are founded on colour, and one of the things
which apparently we must not have is intergrading of the
colour-factors characterising them. In genera, intergra-
dations in, let us say, the form of the bill are apparently
admissible. I give you as examples the variable form of
the bill in the genus Tringa (the Redshank association), in
the genus Erolia, or in the genus Geosinza from the
Galapagos Islands, as now comprehended by Mr. Rothschild
and Dr. Hartert.

* Examples of the following genera illustrating the subject were
exhibited: — Minla, Schwniparus, Pseudominla (Psittipca'us) , Lioparus,
Yuhina, Ixulits, Alcippe.

Family and Generic Differ entiation. 337

But why, I ask, fight shy of the very constant and
congenital colour-pattern, so conspicuously characteristic of
such genera as I have mentioned, and swallow the very
variable structural forms of the hills, which have been
impressed upon these various Eroliiue or Tringine species
through purely functional causes. Which is the oldest, the
most constant, and the most fundamental character ?
Which is the most reliable character for the purpose of
classification — one which had a direct and obvious relation
with function, or one which had not such an obvious
relation ?

We get out of this dilemma by regarding the variations
of the bill in the genera just noted as specific. But are we
justified ? I do not say we are not — but are we?

As a matter of fact, as I shall indicate later, my sympathies
are, in many instances, witli the lumper, but lumping genera
on too large a scale may, perhaps, be almost as inexpedient
a proceeding as splitting on too large a scale. To this
subject, however, I shall return later.

(7) Colour-pattern as a phylogenetic clue.

In this connection, as is only natural, we turn to a con-
sideration of the colour-pattern characterising the immature
or nestling examples of any particular group selected.

I have here a very fine series of the nestling downy young
of the Dunlin association — the subfamily formerly known
as the Tringina^., but for which I presume to think the term
Eroliiuse might now be substituted, since the name Tringinse
is, by those who apply the principle of Linnean tautonymy,
ruled out of court. As far as it goes, and I think it goes a
very long way indeed, the colour-pattern common to all these
nestling species serves as an excellent control experiment,
whereby Ave are able to judge of the exact limits of the
Eroliine subfamily. This colour-pattern, which I have not
time to describe — you can see it for yourselves, — appears to
be absolutely diagnostic of the subfamily. In it, we have
a phylogenetic clue, pointing to the fact that in the Eroliinse
we have a very definitely diti'erentiated group.

338 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

Compare this colour-pattern with the colour-pattern so
very characteristic of the downy nestlings of the Redshank
association — the Tringinse, — and you observe at once a
marked distinction. In the one case you have a spangled
colour-pattern, in the other a striped one. I might add that
in both series you have specific colour-tones superimposed on
the fundamental subfamily colour-pattern. Incidentally, too,
we glean that the Snipes are an offshoot from the Eroliine
branch, while the Phalaropes are closely allied to the
Redshank branch, as I have endeavoured to demonstrate
by means of this diagram which I have drawn.

Here, again, in this box we have a series of downy young
whose colour-pattern seems to be absolutely diagnostic of
the Ringed Plover group or of the genus j^gialitis. This is
what may be called a "" True Plover '^ colour-pattern. Perhaps
I can better explain what I mean by referring you to this
diagram, which is a rough attempt to depict in a sort of
bird's-eye view the phylogenetic relationships of the whole
group of Waders. You will notice, for instance, that I have
represented the main Limicoline stem as dividing into two
branches — a Pluvialine branch and a Scolopacine branch.
In the members of the Pluvialine or True Plover branch, we
find the end of the bill, both in adult and nestling, ending in
a distinct dertrum. In the Scolopacine branch there is no
hint of a dertrum either in young or old. Corresponding
with these distinctions, the colour-pattern characteristic of
the nestlings of either group presents a well-differentiated
colour-picture.

The Pluvialine branch, you will also notice, splits again
into the Charadriinae and the Vanellinse (Lapwings and
Yv'attled Lapwings), and if you compare the nestling young
of these two groups you will again tind a distinctive colour-
pattern. For instance, the Ringed Plovers (^gialitis) are
differentiated from the Vanellinse by not presenting a con-
spicuous pectoral band and by other minor points which I
cannot now dwell on. But here you have two or three
examples of the Vanelline subfamily.

Family and Generic Differentiation. 339

But, it may be asked, of wliat practical use are all these
facts, so far as they seem to go ?

Well ! Here is one example of how the colour- pattern and
general appearance of the downy young may appear to settle
once and for all a debatable point in generic relationship.

You will find in this box a nestling of a so-called Ringed
Plover from Australia. In any of the classical works or
catalogues you will always find this species included at the
end of the list of species presumed to belong to the genus
yEffia/itis. The species 1 refer to is Elseyornis melanops,
and, if you examine its nestling, I think you will agree with
me that it certainly does not belong to the genus yEgialitis,
but is worthy of the generic distinction which has been
recently bestowed upon it.

Here is another instance, namely the downy young of
Oreophilus mjicollis from southern South America. Dr.
Bowdler Sharpe included the genus Oreophilus with the
Wattled Lapwings ; but if you compare this nestling species
of Oreophilus with the nestlings of the Wattled Lapwings in
this box, I think you will come to the conclusion that,
whatever else this interesting and aberrant form may be, it is
not a Wattled Lapwing. The colour-pattern is suggestively
Eroliine, and the natural conclusion seems to be that
Oreophilus is an aberrant Dunlin*.

The Ruff {Machetes), a^hin, was placed by Bowdler Sharpe
with the Tringinse (Totaninse olim), but the colour-pattern
of the downy nestling is undoubtedly Eroliine in type, as
anyone may see for himself by looking at the example in
the front hall of the Natural History Museum at South
Kensington, and comparing it with the type of colour-
pattern characteristic of the Eroliinse. The colour-pattern
of the tail, tail-coverts, and rump in females and immature
birds is also Eroliine — this diagrammatic drawing repre-
senting what I mean by the colour-pattern typical of the
Eroliinse. Judging, too, by this last character, Micro-
palarna is Eroliine, while Macrorhamphus is Tringine.

* I am free to confess that there are almost, if not quite, as good
reasons tn look upon it as an aberrant Dotterel {Eudromias).

340 Mr. P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

Again, tlie nestling young of Chionis, Dramas, (Edic-
nemus, Hamatopus, Recurvirostra, Tlunocorus, Jacana, and
Rhynchcea, among others, are all extremely interesting from
the point of view of the true phylogenetic relationships of
these forms.

In attempting to construct this "family-tree" (exhibited
at the Meeting), which purports to depict the phylogenetic
relationships of the whole suborder of Waders, a study oi
the osteological characters of this group has been carried on
simultaneously with a study of the nestling young (not to
mention other aids to classification) — the result being that
these two aids to the whole question of phylogeny have
illuminated one another in the most interesting w-ay.

But I must now hurry on to other groups of birds.

Here, for example, are some nestling Ducks of various
genera, and, though I cannot pause to describe them indi-
vidually, I may point out the very typical, constant, and well-
differentiated nestling colour-pattern characteristic of such
genera as Tadorna, Glauciun, Nyroca, CEdemia, and Anas —
incidentally demonstrating to you how impossible it would
seem to unite Glaucion and Nyroca under one genus, as has
been recently done, or, on the other hand, to include the
Uuddy Sheld-Duck in a genus {Casarca) distinct from
Tadorna^ since the colour-pattern characteristic of tiie
nestling plumage of the Ruddy Sheld-Duck is identical with
that of the ( lommon Sheld-Duck. One may sum up by
saying that the colour-pattern in the nestling Duck seems
an even better guide to the differentiation of really natural
generic groups than the colour-pattern in the adult, which
last in its turn seems of more reliability than the generic
characters usually depended upon.

Passing to Passerine examples, Mr. Swynnerton has kindly
drawn my attention to the very suggestive resemblance
which immature examples of Tarsiger bear to the young
of Ei'ithacus, as instanced in our own Robin. Here are
some examples for comparison ; and I think it might be
held that the resemblance is even more than suggestive.
Tarsiger at the present time is grouped with the Flycatchers,

Family and Generic Differentiation. 341

but it has Robin-like habits, and the tj'pes of colour-pattern
of immature examples are so Robin-like that I think its
position might well be reconsidered*.

Poecilodryas is another genus included with the Fly-
catchers, hut the young nestling of P. capito, with its very
curious colour-pattern and aberrant feathering, is not in the
least reminiscent of the young of this group. It recalls the
Huffy plumage on the back of the adult Corythociclda —
the Fluffy-backed Babblers. The yoiing of F. albifacies
presents the same peculiarities. The resemblance is so
striking that it seems to me we might well ask ourselves —
Is Picciludryas a Timeliine genus or a Flycatcher genus ?

Again, it may be recalled that P. (jethiops, from New
Guinea, has always been included in the genus Pcecilodryas,
although it bore the most suggestive resemblance to Saxicola
caprata from India. Dr. Hartert has now removed it from
its former genus to the genus Saxicola. Is it possible that
in doing so he was in any way influenced, either consciously
or sub-consciously, by the factor of colour-pattern ?

In the case of Pachycephala, a genus belonging to the
Laniidse or Shrikes, we have an instance of the colour-
pattern in the female giving a clue to true phylogenetic
relationship : for Pcecilodryas caniceps, which was formerly
regarded as a Flycatcher, we now find to be nothing more
than the female of Pachycephala gutturalis [P. obscurior
of Hartert). Was colour-pattern a negligible factor in
arriving at this conclusion ?

I might add that the young of Pachycephala rujinucha
gamblei, from New Guinea, are well worth looking at from
the point of view of phylogenetic relationships.

(8) The relationship of colour -pattern to the question of
genera-splitting or genera-lumping.

In reality, the consideration of this aspect of colour-
pattern follows naturally on the heels of the last, and, in
effect, the few remarks which I shall have time to make

* Since this paper was read 1113' attention has been drawn to the fact
that Mr. Oberholser had ah-eady noted the same point [cf. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1915).

342 Mr. V. U. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

will take the form of a plea for some method by which we
could combine genera, with the result that we should be
able to recognise larger natural or phylogenetically ailied
groups^ genetic phyla, super-genera, or whatever terra we
might like to apply to such groups. This, I think, could
for the most part only be done by a systematic study of the
colour-patterns characteristic of immature examples of whole
groups of birds. Witmer Stone, in America, has already
put in a plea to this effect. Briefly stated, my reasons for
this plea are as follows : —

As things are now, in by far the larger number of cases,
genera are purely artificial, arbitrary, and non-natural*
groups which have been constructed for our convenience.
They have, in fact, been constructed in order to simplify and
codify our general concept of any jjarticular family of birds.
Unfortunately, unless we simultaneously employ some
method of integrating minor generic groups into larger
and naturally constructed super-generic phyla, there seems
to be a danger that, in the multiplication of genera which
is now going on, our concept will be — not simplified, but
complicated and obscured. For all practical purposes, we
shall, in fact, have arrived by a laborious and painstaking
process at the exact position from which we originally set
forth. We shall indeed have been perambulating a circle ;
for we have only got to imagine the process of genera-
splitting carried a few more steps further on and we shall
have arrived at such a pass that all genera will have become
monotypic. This may seem to be an exaggerated picture of
the position, but if colour-pattern is really and truthfully
ignored in generic classification — as systematists assure
us — a flood of monotypic and quite artificial genera is not
* In the discussion which followed the reading of this paper, much
was made of the idea that genera were non-natural, man-made and purely-
convenient groups. If however the units (species) of which genera are
composed are natural, nature-made units, surely groups comprised of
such units ought to be natural if only such units are properly assorted.
If genera are not natural (and there is no question that many of them
are not), that is the fault of those Avho created them— not Nature's.
Personally I believe in groups of species which are genetically allied,
that is to say I believe that Mr. Iredale struck the right note when he
said that genera were or ought to be us natural as species.

Family and Generic Differentiation. 343

an unlikely eventuality, so fine are the distinctions now
drawn between trivial variations in the structure of the bill
and other organs. If, on the other hand, colour-pattern is not
ignored, genera-splitting is far less likely to do harm, and
indeed is likely to be productive of much good, for we shall
have got down to small groups of natural and genetically
related species. These minor generic groups would in fact
in most cases be found to consist of analytical varieties
grouped around some central or dominant specific type.
They would be really natural units which when integrated
with others into larger and still natural groups (super-
genera or what not) woukl express at a glance the phylo-
genetic natural relationships of the particular family or
subfamily we were dealing with.

My point, therefore, is that while disintegrating within
justifiable and natural limits we should at the same time
integrate on the above lines.

Take, for example, the Redshank association again.
In this group, so variable are the structural features of the
bill and other anatomical features that almost every species
could conceivably be made the type of a distinct genus; and
the same might be said of the Dunlin association. Colour-
pattern saves the situation.

Take, again, the case of the Ground-Finches of the
Galapagos, famous for their association with Darwin's
original conception of the origin of species ! Mr. Roth-
schild, in conjunction with Dr. Hartert in a recent review
of these Finches, has integrated them into one genus,
Geospiza, sinking the three other genera (^Cactornis, Cama-
rhynchus, and Platyspiza) on account of the complete series
of intergradations in the form of the bill which they allege
to exist. Incidentally they hold that there are 34 species
and subspecies of these Finches, while Mr. Ridgway main-
tains 35 — in spite of the fact that there are only some
14 islands in the whole group, and that Duncan Island,
which has a superficial area of some 12 square miles only, is
found to contain no less than 10 of these species.

To me, with my limited experience, such a state of things
seems to be rather shattering to one's preconceived ideas

344 Mr, P. R. Lowe on Coloration as a Factor in

on the subject of species and their distribution. I have
recently spent a considerable time over this group, chiefly
from the point of view of colour-pattern, and ray conclusion
derived from this source is — that not only is there but one
genus, as is maintained by Messrs. Rothschild & Hartert, but
that there are but three or four species, instead of 35, and
that these species were polymorphic. One of tlie things I did
was to segregate all the examples of the ten Duncan Island
species into one box, and then examine them from the point
of view of intergradations in the form of the bill and
colour-pattern. It was an interesting experiment, and, as
I say, the only conclusion one could come to was the poly-
morphic nature of the two or three species, although it is
conceivable that one or two forms may become, or are
becoming, dominant, and may eventually become fixed.

I have instanced this case of the genus Geospiza because
of the perfect series of intergradations in the form of the
hill which are alleged, and because from that fact the
common-sense view seems to be that we are here justified in
lumping. On the other hand, here are three Icterine genera,
Trupialls, Leistes, and Sturnella (or if we fight shy of
Sturnella, let us say there are only two genera, viz. Trupialis
and Leistes). Now in these genera there is a break in the
continuity of intergradations in the form of the bill, and
because of this break the rule is to consider these two forms
as generically distinct ; and here my point, which I fear is
rather belated, comes in. If we examine immature speci-
mens of these two genera, not only do we find the form and
shape of the birds to be identical and with no break, but the
colour-pattern is also identical ; and the same may, I think,
be said of Sturnella.

We have, then, in the colour-pattern presented by the
immature examples of these forms a phylogenetic or generic
link, yet, in the ' Catalogue of Birds,^ Leistes is put into a
distinct subfamily away from Trvpialis. My point, there-
fore, is this — Can we not and ought we not to make use of
such a link, or, rather, ought we not to have sonic way of
expressing it so that we may be aware of it ?

Family and Generic Differentiation. 345

I am not advocating a policy of sinking or ignoring genera
where obvious generic distinctions exist. That would, I
tliink, be a very dangerous and regrettable policy. But I do
think we ought to have some method of emphasising generic
relationships inter se, by way of combining them into groups.

It may be answered that subfamiiy divisions already do
this. But take the case of these five genera of the larger
Caciques or Oropendolas. Here we have a very distinct
group of the Icteiidfe, well difl'erentiated as regards
structural generic characters, as regards specific characters,
and as regards habits. For instance, in connection with
the last, the Oropendolas only rear one chick, which presents
peculiar characteristics, and it is only on very rare occasions
that two eggs are found in their very peculiar nests.

They form, therefore, as I have said, a very distinct group,
but, at the same time, it has been generally held by recent
systematists that it is impossible to subdivide the family of
the Icteridae into subfamilies.

The obvious or logical conclusion, therefore, is that we
ought to more often make use of super-genera by way of
expressing or emphasising the near phylogenetic relation-
ships of groups of genera.

That any real progress in this direction is retarded or
rendered practically impossible is due to the fact that at
present it is only ou very rare occasions and quite sporadi-
cally that we find nestlings or immature examples of species
represented in our collections.

Finally, if colour-pattern is going to be applied as a
generic factor on anything like a large scale, it will, I am
afraid, be fovmd necessary to create many more genera or sub-
genera than exist now. But why not, if, and so long as, these
genera or subgenera were found to be natural groups, cor-
responding, as I have found in many instances they do,
with faunal areas or geographical regions or subregions;
and if, and so long as, such subgenera or genera are
integrated into larger natural groups, genetic phyla, or what-
ever term is employed, so that we may be aware of their
natural relationships. These minor groups of birds are not

SEK. X. VOL. Ill, 2 A

346 yir. Swynneiton on Mixed Bird-parties.

like stamps, which are to be arranged methodically in an
album. We have not finished with them when we have
cleverly elaborated a system which ensures that we shall
Itnow exactly where to find them in the cabinets of a museum.
On the con trai'v, they are natural groups of organic creations
with independent organic histories and origins, with inde-
pendent or particular areas of distribution, and doubtless
with independent ecological life-stories. Are such things
expressed or implied when we find in a recent and colossal
work that no more can be done with a huge family like the
Icteridse than to write it down as one long continuous and
tremendous list of genera, without analysis, without sub-
divisions or divisions, without a hint as to phylogenetic
relationships or diversities, Avithout an indication that, for
all one can tell, judging solely by this method of classifica-
tion, the first genus may not be closely allied in all respects
with the last?

XVI. — Mixed Bird-parties.
By C. F. M. SwYNNERTON, C.M.B.O.U.

The occurrence of mixed bird-parties in the British Isles
tends, I think, to escape notice to some extent through
the fact that the intervening spaces are well filled up by
scattered birds that are searching for their food inde-
pendently.

In south-east Africa, through the relative scarcity of
intervening birds, they are far more conspicuous, and they
would appear to be equally so in portions of South America,
to judge from Bates^s fascinating description of '^ the asso-
ciated bands of insect-eaters'^ of the forests of the upper
Amazons. Here " numbers of distinct species, belonging
to many different families, join together in the chase or
search for food" ; and " One may pass several days without
seeing many birds ; but now and th?U the surrounding
bushes and trees appear suddenly to swarm with them.
There are scores, probably hundreds of birds, all moving
about with the greatest activity — Woodpeckers and Dendro-

jMr. Swynnerton on Mixed Bird-parties. 347

colaptidae (from species no larger than a Sparrow to others
the size of a Crow) running up the tree-trunks ; Tanagers,
Ant-Thrushes, Humming-birds, Fh'catchers, and Barbets
flitting about the leaves and lower branches. The bustling
crowd loses no time, and although moving in concert, each
bird is occupied, on its own account^ in searching baik or
leaf or twig. ... In a few minutes the host is gone and the
fores^t path remains deserted and silent as before. . . . Some-
times stray birds, encountered in the line of march, are seen
to be drawn into the throng, and purely frugivorous birds
are now and then found mixed up with the rest, as though
led away by some will-o'-the-wisp. . . . The simplest explan-
ation appears to be this : that the birds associate in flocks
from the instinct of self-preservation, and in order to be a
less easy prey to hawks, snakes, and other enemies than
they would be if feeding alone " *.

Marshall, in his " Notes on ilashonaland Birds " (Ibis,
1900, p. 222), writes :—

" A fact which must impress every observer is the way in
which one may often walk for several miles through likely-
looking country and scarcely see a bird ; then suddenly one
comes upon a troop of them, composed of Drongos, Tits,
small Shrikes, Flycatchers, Warblers, and Buntings, keeping
more or less together in a limited area. Personally I have
no doubt that this may be attributed to the large number
of birds of prey which occur here ; so that the smaller birds
find it advisable to associate as a means of protection, the
Drongos acting as a sort of body-guard.^''

I myself in my early notes *' On the Birds of Gazaland "
(Ibis, 1907, p. 34) wrote with regard to the same
phenomenon : —

" . . . . Though the habit is undoubtedly a great pro-
tection to the weaker species, and has evidently reached
its present high development as a result of this, yet the
fact that the small ^irds peculiar to the forest — the canopy
and dense undergrowth of which ought to aff'ord ample pro-
tection from the Hawks (and Hawks are in fact scarce in

* 'The Naturalist ou the Amazons/ vol ii. pp. ;i34 0, 1868 edition.

2 A 2

348 l\Ir. Svvynnerton on Mixed Bird-parties.

tliis district as compared with the neiglibourliood of Salis-
bury)— also possess this habit .... appears to me to indicate
that it is due in part to mere social instinct. ''

Sociableness, drawing the stray birds encountered into
the passing throng, as Bates suggested, may account for the
inclusion of purely frugivorous birds in these parties (if
indeed they were not the nucleus round which the throng
first formed), but neither this nor mutual protection nor
protection by the Drongos now seems to me to be the sole
objects of these mixed parties. I have during the past few
years given much time to accompanying and closely watch-
ing such parties, and I have been led to believe, in common
doubtless with numerous other observers, that their main
function is co-operative hunting. They are probably drives.

The following is an instance from my journal in Gaza-
land : —

"April 18, 1911. Entering the forest, I found myself in
the thick' of a large ' Drongo^s hunting-party.' The birds
had been quite uudisturl)ed by my arrival and I was able to
see within a few feet of myself a good deal of what was
going on. The party was doing its work in nearly as close
formation as I have seen, and from the ground to a height of
50 feet or more all was bustle and excitement. The twigs
were everywhere vibrating and the foliage rustling with the
movements of birds, scraps of bark and dry leaves were
everywhere falling, and every now and then I was fortunate
enough to witness an obvious attack on some flying or falling
insect, often invisible to myself.

" The Bristle-necked Bulbuls {Phy/hstrephus capensis), a
large party of them, worked, as usual, below. They carefully
searched, not only the ground, knocking the dry leaves from
side to side with their bills, but also the branches and foliage
of the large shrubs forming the undergrowth. Amongst
them I once for a minute or two caught a glimpse of a small
family party of our common forest Er'ithacus.

" Next above came the Barratt's Bulbuls (P.flavistriatus), a
very large and scattered party or parties comprising probably
not fewer than forty or fifty individuals in all. This party

Mr. Swynnerton on Mixed Bird-parties. 349

seemed to make it its business, in ones or twos or threes, to
search every inch of each trunk, each twig and each bunch
of foliage from above and from below, from the Macrorungias
inclusive up to the full height of 50 feet — perhaps higher,
could I have seen further through the masses of foliage.
They were probing crannies, picking loose scraps of bark
from trunks and dead twigs, searching the dense green moss
gn the rainy sides of the former^ deliberately shaking dead
leaves or peering into their curled-up recesses and keeping
the foliage generally in that continual rustle of movement to
which I have already alluded.

" With the Barratt's Bulbuls, but usually just above and
to the side of some small working party, were a pair of forest
Drongos [Dicruriis ludivigi) and of White-spotted Fly-
catchers [Trochocercus albunotatus) . The Flycatchers were
continuously on the move ; when not watching the beaters
and capturing what they put out (several attacks on minute
flying objects wathin two or three feet of working Bulbuls
were presumably of this nature), they kept flying off at small
insects in mid-air or moving restlessly from twig to twig,
often with the quaint tail-display they are so addicted to,
and frequently removing small objects from the upper or
under surfaces of leaves. They thus themselves took some
small share in the ' beating.'

''The Drongos far less : they confined themselves almost
entirely to taking insects on the wing, several times dashing
to within a foot or two of a ' beater ' in pursuit of some
object flushed by him. The only victim tliat I could defi-
nitely identify was a beetle, probably an Anthribid, that had
been dislodged by a Bulbul and was falling to the ground
when it was dexterously snapped up by a Drongo and

carried to his perch nearly above my head Later

on, two Barratt's Bulbuls fell headlong in pursuit of an
object dislodged by one of them, and one of the Drongos
joined in. The object of their pursuit, whatever it was,
reached the ground and one of the Bulbuls remained to
search, while a third, from elsewhere, came and hovered
over the spot for a few seconds, the Drongo and the second

350 Mr. Swj'nnei'ton on Mixed Bird-parlies.

original Bulbul returning to their previous occupations.
On no fewer than seven separate occasions (including the
one already described) I saw an insect or other object of
interest to the birds fall to the ground in this way, having
been dislodged by one or other of the Barratt's Bulbuls.
On each occasion from one to three of the Bulbuls — occa-
sionally fairly widely separated birds — dashed after it, and
one or more, tveice with the unsolicited assistance of a
member or members of the P. capensis party, remained to
search for it on the ground. Once I saw a P. flavistriatus,
after rising from such a search, batter something against a
twig, but on the remaining occasions I was unable to see
whether the birds were successful or otherwise. I was
interested to see (1) that the Bristle-necked Bulbuls do not
render their services as beaters for nothing ; they evidently
attempt to annex some at least of the crumbs that fall from
above : and (2) that the trick of falling inertly to the
ground practised by so many beetles, spiders, etc., and
often so disconcerting to the naturalist, is not necessarily
final as against birds of the ' searching ' class.

" Once a * Barratt ' flew across a small open space, drove
off a Trochocercus and took some small object from a leaf
just in front of it. Another time a bird of the same species
flushed and went after a small flying insect, but was at once
joined in the pursuit by its next door neighbours of two or
three feet away. One of them captured it in the air.

'^ A female Batis erijthrophthalma remained more or less
in sight for about ten minutes ; I could hear anotlier singing
in the foliage some distance off. She, like the Drongo and.
the White-spotted Flycatchers, spent quite a good deal of
her time in watching the Bulbids, though out of two or
three objects seized by her in mid-air I am unal)le to say
that any came from these birds ; they were too small to
see at all. Four times I saw her fly up and pick some
insect from the underside of the leaves above her.

" A party of three or four Apalis chirindensis, searching
closely high in the foliage, and a single Cinnyris oliva-
cinus, were the only other birds seen j but the forest

Mr. Swynnerton on Mixed Bird-parties. 351

Weaver, Sycoh'utm stictifrons, a bird that is largely insec-
tivorous and a close searcher, was several times heard. The,
Sunbird was picking small insects off both the upper and
under sides of the leaves, sometimes perched on or hanging
from the twig, at other times hovering in the air in front of
the object desired. . . ."

The above description is of a very typical though incom-
plete mixed party of the forest. Probably still higher in
the foliage and unseen by me on that particular occasion
Avould have been the small Warblers, tliat are so commonly
attached to these parties. A full list of the birds seen
composing the forest-parties in Chirinda is roughly as
follows : — Dicrurus ludivigi (Smith), usually a pair to a party;
Sycobrotus stictifrons (Fischer & Reichw.), Phyllastrephus
milanjensis Shelley, Batis capensis erythrophthalma Swyn.,
Trochocercns albonoiatiis sivynnertoni Neum., Trochocercus
bivittatus Reichw. (rare), and Graucalus casius (Licht.), a
pair or occasionally two pairs of each ; Cinnyris olivacinus
Peters, and Cmnpothera abingdoni (Smith), occasionally a
pair; Smithornis capensis (Smith) , occasionally, and Erithacus
sivynnertoni Shelley and Tarsiger stellatus (Vieill.) (somewhat
rarely, I think, and probably usually only for a limited
distance) ; Apalis chirindensis Shelley, and PhylJastrephus
capensis (Swains.), in small or large parties — the numerous
very small birds usually seen in the higher branches include
the former species, also Zusterops anders^oni Shelley (in large
or snaall parties), Chlorodyta neglecta Alexander, Cryptolopha
ruficapilla (Sundev.), and, I believe, Phylloscopus trochilus
(Linn.), when with us. Finally there is the mainstay of the
party, Phyllastrejjhus flavistriatus (Sharpe), present often
in very great numbers. All these birds except the Drongos
and Flycatchers are searchers.

On the outskirts (and for a very short distance into the
forest) and in smaller, lower, or somewhat less dense forest-
patches, as also often on the tree-tops and in open places in
Chirinda itself, the following species attach themselves to
these parties : — Dryoscopus cubla (Shaw), Laniarius bertrandi
Shelley, L. olivuceus (ShaAv), L. rnanningi Shelley, Apalis

35.2 Mr. Swynnerton on Mixed Bird-parties.

thoracica (Shaw& Nodder), CampepJiaga nigra\ie\\\., Barha-
tula bilineata Sundev., Cimiyris vennstus niassee Reicliw. —
ill each case singly or iu pairs, or at most in small family
parties ; and, in family or larger parties, Zosterops anders-
soni, Anthreptes hypodilus (Jardine), and Pycnonotus layardi
Gurney.

On the other hand, in the " wooded pastures '* (Welwitsch's
description, and quite the best I know for what Marshall
calls " open forest ") the Drongo is Dicriirus afer (Licht.),
not Dicrurus ludwigi, and the other birds of the assem-
blage are : — (1), in more or less lai-ge parties, Sigmodus
tricolor (Gray), Prionops talacoma Smith, Crateropus kirki
Sharpe (equivalent in its duties to Phyllastrephus capensis
in the forest), Eremomela scotops Sundev., Irrisor erythro-
rhynchus (Lath.), and sometimes Pycnonotus layardi ; (2), in
pairs or small parties, Pycnonotus layardi, Emberiza major
orientalis (Shelley), Parus niger Bonn. & VieilL, Nilaus
brubru (Lath.), Dryoscopus ciibla (Shaw), Sylviella whytei
Shelley, Prinia mystacea lliipp., Alseonax subadusta
SlieWej^ Batis molitor [H. kK.), Brady ornis murinus Fiusch
& Hartl., Graucaliis pectoralis Jard. & Selby, Lophoceros
melanoleucus (Licht.), Campothera bennetti (Smith), Dendro-
picus zanzibari Mahl., and Barbatula extoni Layard (actually
shot) ; (3), occasionally found, Oriolus larvatus Licht.,
Hyphantornis nigriceps Layard (near its haunts), Sitagra
ocularia (Smith), Estrilda kilimensis (partly insectivorous),
Cinnyris niasste and C. chalybcBus (Linn.), Laniarius starki
Scl. f., Telephonus seneg(dus (l^iun.), Turdas tropicalis Peters,
and Rhinopomastus cyanomelas (Vieill.) ; also (purely frugi-
vorous) Colius striatus minor Cab., and Gallirex porphyreo-
lophus (Vigors), and (graminivorous) Chalcopdia afra (Linn.).
I have also found Camjjephaga nigra Vieill., Bradyornis ater
Sundev., and Heliolais erythroptera (Jard.), in these parties.
Their most constant members, actually, are Dicrurus afer,
the Helmet-Shrikes, the Crateropus, Batis molitor, Bradyornis
murinus, and Graucalus pectoralis.

Each party has its special area of forest or wooded pasture

Mr. Swynuerton on Mixed Bird-parties. 353

whicli it may be found driving systematically daily, 100 to
200 acres or so to a party I should guess for Chiriuda, far
more in the less densely-wooded country.

Gregariousness in a species is primarily, of course, the
result of quite other factors than the need for co-operative
insect-hunting, as witness the flocks of seed-eating birds.
But one notices that the members of family parties of all
kinds of insectivorous birds play greatly into each other's
bills, and instances of more highly organized co-operation
are afforded by such birds as Creatophura carunculata (in its
locust drives) and Bucorax coffer. My two tame individuals,
of the latter species whose habits I recently described in the
S. A. O. U. Journal (vol. ix. 1913, p. 83), would stalk along
side by side at some little distance apart and attack such
insects as were flushed by either of them in the direction of
the other. And I have watched parties of as many as four
of the wild birds of the same species doing the same thing.

This is co-operation pure and simple. The next step
is to have noticed that otiier species of birds (like grass-
fires) tend, in rummaging about, to put up insects, and to
attach yourself to them when you see them thus promis-
ingly engaged. The following extracts from my bird-
diary are typical of what I have frequently seen : —

"April 8, 1911. — . ... In the guavas was a party of not
fewer than a dozen Bulbuls (^Pycnonotus layardi) moving
actively all over the bushes and pecking at the ripe guavas ;
outside, hawking backwards and forwards over and round the
bushes and evidently, with the Bee-eater, snapping up such
flying insects as were dislodged by the Bulbuls, were five
or six Swallows {Psalidoprocne orientalis). Only one of the
insects captured was large enough for me to distinguish.
It was either a common yellow-legged wasp [Scolius sp.) or
some black-winged species closely resembling it in appear-
ance. It flew from the Bulbuls and was at once snapped up
by the Bee-eater. The line of guava-bushes is divided into
two by a considerable gap, and it was noteworthy that the
Bee-eater (which was joined for a few minutes by a second)

354 Mr. Swynncrton on Mixed Bird-parties.

and the Swallows kept strictly to whichever section the
Bulbuls happened to be in at the moment^ crossing over
when they crossed.

" Curiously enough I yesterday afternoon saw Bulbuls
taking the Bee-eater's role of to-day. A party of Estrilda
astrild was following the sunk fence, seed-hunting as is their
wont ; above them, keeping mostly a few feet up in the
higher vegetation, was a party of seven or eight P. iayardi,
which were keeping pace with them for the sake of the
insects put out by the Waxbills. A male Bishop-bird ia
full plumage [Pyromelana capensis a: ant home I ana) and two
or three of his hens were also of the party and were some-
times in the grass, sometimes with the Bulbuls. A little
lower down the slope a smaller detached party of Estrilda
astrild was similarly seed-hunting in the grass about the
foot of a young Indian ' sissoo,' and in the sissoo was a
solitary Bulbul watching thera."

The closely searching birds of the large mixed parties
are to each other and to the Drongos and Flycatchers that
attend them what the Waxbills of the above observations
were to the Bulbuls and the Bulbuls to the Bee-eater. I have
even seen birds attending a party of monkeys that was moving
through the tree-tops in Chirinda.

While, however, I feel that the mixed parties are primarily
drives, and the Di'ongo from this standpoint mainly parasitic,
it is, I think, likely that the great "mobbing^' power
afforded by numbers must be so great an advantage as to
probably act as a contributing factor. I think, too, that
the Drongo, with his boldness and readiness to attack,
quite likely fully " pays for his keep."

The fact of systematic co-operative hunting on so large a
scale suggests the views on mutual aid amongst animals
that have been laid stress on by some Russian naturalists ;
yet is of puriicular interest as suggesting hoW keen selection
m.ust sometimes be and how baseless, probably, is the view
that the more perfect defensive adaptations of insects
constitute hypertely.

Mr. C. B. Ticehurst on Loxia pytyopsittacus. 355

XVII. — A Note on Loxia pytyopsittacus Bork.
By Claud B. Ticehukst, M.A., M.R.C.S., M.B.O.U.

In the lately published ' List of British Birds/ compiled by
a committee of the B.O.U., I was very surprised to find that
the Parrot Crossbill, Loxia pytyopsittacus Bork., was not
included either as a good species or subspecies, and such a
finding cannot be passed over without comment. It will
perhaps be interesting to review how some previous authors
regarded the question. Pennant was the first to notice this
bird in Britain, and looked upon it as a large variety ; he
" received a male and female out of Shropshire/' and noted
accurately tlie characteristic features as compared with the
Common Crossbill. Selby's Boss-shire specimen, used for
the figui'e in his work and in the later editions of ' Bewick/
might now-a-days perhaps be open to doubt, but Mr. Eagle
Clarke informs me that this actual specimen is still in
existence in the Royal Scottish jNluseuin, and is a genuine
example of L. pytt/opsittacus. Fleming included it as a
straggler, and Macgillivray, although he admitted it to his
list, seemed doubtful as to its validity but allowed he had
only seen one specimen. Newton, in the fourth edition of
Yarrell, accepted it without hesitation, remarking that it had
for many years received specific recognition from the most
approved authorities. Sharpe, on the other hand, and
Saunders following him, did not " consider it even worthy
of subspecific rank." Mr. Dresser, who examined many
specimens of both forms, included it in his ' Birds of Europe,'
and Dr. Hartert finds it a place in his ' Palsearctic Birds.'
That specimens rightly referred to this bird have been on a
number of occasions obtained in Great Britain cannot be
doubted on referring to Yarrell, ed. iv. vol. ii. pp. 208-9, and
several of these are still in existence, although they have
not come under Dr. Hartert's notice (Yogel paliiarkt. Fauna,
p. 123).

Now to come to facts as regards this bird in contra-
distinction to the Common Crossbill. First we have the

356 Mr. C. B. Ticehurst on Loxia pytyopsittacus.

testimony of Wheelwright, an excellent field-naturalist who
had excellent opportunities of observing both birds. He
says it breeds in parts of Sweden (though be never met
with it in Lapplandj, and that its appearance scarcely ever
coincides with that of L. curvirostra ; also that it feeds more
on the seeds of the Scotch fir (and in this he is corroborated
by Taczanowski) , whereas L. curvirostra prefers the spruce ;
moreover the eggs and nest are generally somewhat
larger.

Asrain, we have the evidence of the late Professor Collett
(Mindre Medd. vedr. Norges Fugelf. 1877-80, p. 73), who
was not one to " liair-split " species. Here is a translation
of what he says : — " Intermediates between this {pytyo-
psittacus) and L. curvirostra, or individuals whose diagnosis
could be uncertain, 1 have up till now never seen in Norway.
In 1881 this species occurred in larger numbers than
L. curvirostra ; in the Christiania district it occurs nearly
every year, but in certain years when the Scotch fir has had
a good cone-crop it is quite numerous. The autumn of 1881
was such a year in many parts, and in that year flocks visited
many such districts, where they spent the winter and some
remained to breed ; in the autumn of 1882 some were seen
again in October, but none af terwards.^' It is well known
of course that Crossbills occur in numbers in some district
in a certain year and remain to breed, deserting again that
district for perhaps a number of years, and we have the
above evidence from Scandinavia that the Parrot Crossbill
behaves in a similar way. If, then, the Parrot Crossbill
is only a large variety and not a true species, it would be
certainly most remarkable that the two should not occur
equally numerously together and interbreed, and that we
should have no evidence from either Wheelwright or Collett
that such takes place, but rather to the exact opposite.

That the Parrot Crossbill is a distinctly larger bird than
the Common Crossbill I suppose no one will doubt. I have
had the opportunity of examining only four recently, but
neither of these nor any others that I have ever seen could be

Mr. C. B. Ticeliurst on Loxia pytyopslttacus. 357

confounded with the Common Crossbill. The Scottish Cross-
hill [L. c. scotica), as ■will be seen from the measurements
appended, is intermediate between the other two, but even
so I have not seen out of fifteen or more specimens any
which mig:ht be confounded with L. pytyopsittacus.

Though measurements do just indicate the differences in
the size of the bill in these three birds, one can tell perhaps
more easily by the comparative ap[)earances of the strong,
stout, thick, blunt-pointed bills of scotica and pytyopsittacus,
than by actual measurement.

Loxia curvirostra curvirostra.

Culmeu, Height Width
from of upper of lower
feather mandible mandihle
Wing. Tail. Tarsus, edge. at base, at base.

S 93-101 58-62 17-18 175-20 7-7-75 105-11

2 92-96 56-61 17-18 17-5-19-5 7-7-75 9-5-10-75

Loxia curvh'ostra scotica.

S 98-5-104 61-64 17-18 185-20 8-25-9 11-5-13

$ 95-98-5 58-5-63-5 17-18 17-75-19-5 7-8 11-12

Loxia pytyopsittacus.
S (4 only) . 103-108 63-5-67 17-18 19-25-22 9-5-10 13-5-14
$ (CoUett) . 102-104 62-63 ? ? P ?

These measurements, which I have taken myself on a
number of specimens, agree more or less with those of
Prof. Collett, Mr. Dresser, and Dr. Hartert where corre-
sponding measurements are given.

It would appear to be unreasonable to accept L. scotica as
a good form and yet exclude L. jnjtyopsittacus. It may be
urged that L. scotica has a definite and confined distribution,
which is true so far as toe know at present, though personally
I failed to see any distinguishing character between L. scotica
and the Cypriote bird, called L. yuillemardi, on comparing a
number of specimens of each.

358 Dr. E. Hartert on the new

XVIII.— 7%e new B. 0. U. List of British Birds.
By Dr. E. Hartert, M.B.O.U.

This list is truly called a "'revised^' edition of the first
B. O. U. List of British Birds, which appeared in 1883.

The most conspicuous feature of this new edition of the
List is naturally the nomenclature, the names of the species
beii)g printed in large black type, as headings. Needless to
say it is radically different from that of the former list, and
a very great advance. In 1883 trinomial nomenclature had
not yet found its way into Great Britain, though it was used
here and there, often in a curious and inconsistent way,
by Seebohm. Moreover the tenth edition of Linnaeus is
now recognized as the starting point of nomenclature, in
agreement with the practice of American and continental
European ornithologists, and as in the ' Hand-list of
British Birds,' the ' International Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature ' are genei'ally followed.

This must be welcomed as a great step towards uniformity
in nomenclature, which is now the aim of everybody, and
also that of the Committee which compiled the List.

Until 1912 British ornithologists had not generally ac-
cepted the tenth edition of Linnaeus. In the greatest work
on ornithology, the ' Catalogue of Birds in the British
Museum,' it was shunned to the end, only the writer of
this review having quoted it in his portion of vol. xvi.
Sharpe, in his ' Hand-list of Birds,' also stuck to the
twelfth. In 1912, however, appeared the * Hand-list of
British Birds ' in whicli the tenth edition of Linnaeus and
trinomial nomenclature were adopted throughout, and for
the first time in a complete list of British Birds. It is
curious that this has not been mentioned in the B. O. U.
List, where the ' Hand-list ' has only been quoted in
Appendix III.

In the ' Hand-list ' the authors tried to be absolutely con-
sistent, adopting the oldest name in every case ; therefore the
jjomenclature of the new B. O. U. List agrees almost entirely

B. 0. U. List of British Birds. 359

M^itli that of the ' Hand-list'; but in thirteen cases — an un-
lucky number — priority has been ignored, and names formerly
in use by European ornithologists have been preserved as
" nomina conservanda." There is no explanation why just
these thirteen names were selected. Had they not been pre-
served there would have been general agi-eementj or else the
committee might have gone their own way and not altered any
of the old, beloved, time-honoured names, and surely many
of our friends would, have welcomed their decision. Why,
however, in one case "startling changes" (though mostly
already familiar through the ' Hand-list ') were adopted, in
others not, is not explained. The thirteen names must have
been chosen by personal taste, or by majority in the com-
mittee, neither of which can be convincing.

Let us take some instances : — The old-established name
Emberiza miliaria has been rejected in favour of E. calandra,
Motacilla jiava horealis becomes thunbergi, the White-throat
becomes Sylvia communis, the Garden-Warbler S. simplex,
Saxicola becomes QLaanthe, while Suxicola is shifted over
to the Chats. The names Anthus spinoletta rubescens and
Aquila fusca have been newly introduced for the American
Water-Pipit and the Great Spotted Eagle. The Woodchat
has, after the many fluctuations in its nomenclature (e/.
Hand-list B. B. p. vi), been called Lanius senator. Most
surprising of all : the most popular bird in the land, the
most glorious songster of all Europe, our Nightingale, has
been called by the awful name megarhyncha, wbile the time-
honoured luscinia has been shifted to the " Sprosser.'^ All
this is, of course, quite correct, according to the " Rules " ;
but if these and many other changes could be endured, why
should, then, agreement with other lists be sacrificed for
the sake of thirteen "nomina conservanda"?

Why, then, should Astur palumbarius not become A. gen-
tilis, why should Tetanus fuscus not be maculatus, why was
Sylvia hortensis not used for the bird to which the name
had originally been given, why should the wrong name
titys be preserved for the Black Bedstart, why fammea be

3G0 Dr. E. Hartert on tlis new

used for the Barn-Owl, though it has before been given to
another species, and so on ?

It seems impossible to expect that these thirteen names
will find universal sanction, if in so many absolutely similar
cases strict priority has been preserved. The reviewer
beiieves, however, that, if a united committee of the com-
pilers of the B. O. U. List and tlie ' Hand-list,' so far as they
were concerned in the nomenclature, were appointed, to
draw up a new list of names, universal agreement in the
British Isles could be reached.

In a few instances names of the ^ Hand-list^ have been
rightly corrected, the errors in the ' Hand-list ' being due
to former combinations or publications which had been
overlooked ; such cases are Aquila fusca, Anthus petrosus,
and one or two others.

There are, of course, other discrepancies between tlie
new List and the ' Hand-list.^ The limitation of genera is
not in all cases the same. This,, however, will always be
a point of discussion, and those who were present at the
meeting of the B. O. C. in February know best how different
the views on genera can be. Here, too, consistency might
have been greater than it is. If Carduelis and Spinus,
Hierofalco And Falco are separated, why should, then, Casarca
be united with Tadorna, and Colceus with Corvus? \i Hiero-
fulco is separated from Falco ^ how can Tinnunculus (^Cerch-
neis) be united with Falco ?

No consistency either is shown in the recognition of
subspecies. Sitta europcea britannica, Pratincola turquata
Idhtrnans, Regulus regulus anglorum^ Prunella modularis
occidentalis , Dryobates minor comminutus, Picus viridis plu-
vius, and ^giulitis hiaticula major have been rejected —
the last not even mentioned — because the committee was
unable to recognise the differences of these races. If they
could really not distinguish any of these, how were they
able to separate Garrulus glandarius rufitergum, Tvrdus
philomelos clarkei, Carduelis carduelis britannica, Alelizo-
philus undatus dartfordiensis, Plnjlloscopus trochi/us evers-
manni, P. collybita abietinus, Cinclus cinclus britannicuSj

B. 0. U. List of British Birds. 361

and all the British Titmice ? Of the rejected forms there
may be one or two about which doubts may exist, but nearly
all of them are quite as distinct as many of the admitted
British subspecies.

In opposition to recent American authors and the com-
pilers of the 'Hand-list/ Pallas' names in Vroeg's Catalogue
have not been adopted, because " the committee resolved
not to recognize these names as being by an anonymous
author." It is, however, certain that Pallas wrote the
" Adumbratiuncula " to Vroeg's Catalogue, aud no para-
graph exists in the rules of nomenclature under which these
names can be rejected. It does not seem admissible for the
committee to adopt their own rules, and a step towards
uniformity has thus been neglected.

On the other hand, it is quite correct to reject Oken's
supposed generic names in the ' Isis,' 1817, p. 1183. It is
difficult to understand why the A.O. U. accepted these
names, as they were " not described in accordance with the
rules laid down by the International Commission " (List
Brit. B. p. 383) .

The spelling of the name of the British Song-Thrush,
which was called clarkei, has been altered to clarkii, and it
has been stated that it " should be clarkii." Evidently the
committee is of opinion that the name of a person, after
whom a species is named, should first be latinized, and then
put in the genitive. This was formerly practised by many,
and perhaps by most writers, but it has been given up long
ago. Article 14 c of the International Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature reads as follows : — " If the name is a modern
patronymic, the genitive is always formed by adding, to the
exact and complete name, an i if the person is a man, or
an ffi if the person is a woman, even if the name has a latin
form ; it is placed in the plural if the dedication involves
several persons of the same name. Examples : Cuvieri,
Mobiusi, Nunezi, Meriance, Sarasinorum, Bosi (not Bovis),
Salmoni (not Salmonis)."

So it is clear, that — if it was permitted to alter the spelling
of any specific name — sharpii should rather be altered to

SER. X. — VOL. III. 3 B

36.2 Dr. E. Hartert on the new

sharpei, not the opposite, as has been done in the List.
The committee has not been consistent either, for dougallii
has been altered by them into dougalli. The reason for the
decision of the International Commission and Congresses
is clear. It was felt to be desirable that the name of the
person, after whom a species is called, should be obvious.
If the name is latinized, the original spelling is often
obliterated. Take, for instance, sharpei : it is clear that this
name can only have been Sharpe, while sharpii leaves it
doubtful whether he was called Sharp or Sharpe, as both
names would be latinized into Sharpius. In the case of
Sterna beryii the spelling has been altered into S. beryei,
under the supposition that the man's name was Berge ; but
it has been suggested that he may have been called Berg,
which is an equally common name, though it has finally
become known that his name was Bergius.

The same remark applies to other names : rayi has been
altered to raii, but rayi is correct.

The name of the Black-headed Wagtail is feldegg and not
'"'' feldeggi," given in honour of Freiherr von Feldegg who lived
at Spalato, not " Spalatro.'^ Michalielles wrote " Feldegg "
and " Neumayer," not putting his dedication names in the
genitive. This is perfectly permissible and has often been
done. Humming-birds have been cAled fanny , guy , edward,
Julie, alice, claudia, eva, cora, etc., and we have no right to
alter these names to famiyce or fannice, guyi, edwardi, julice,
alicice, claudicB, eva, cores.

The committee found fault with the name rufitergum for
the British Jay ; according to the reviewer's recollections of
classical Latin, which he was once supposed to have mastered,
the name is correct, meaning the red-back, and standing on
a par with the frequently used rufipes, Jlavipes, albifrons^
albifacies, albigula, albinucha, etc., etc.

It is, in the reviewer's opinion, regrettable that the
" practice now common of repeating the specific name," viz.
for "typical" subspecies, has not been adopted, and thus
another discrepancy between the B. O. U. and the Hand-list
and other modern works has been created.

B. 0. U. List of British Birds. 363

The case of Loxia pytyopsittacus, which the committee
does not consider distinct, has not been correctly stated. It
not only differs from L. curvirostra in the ^' enlarged size o£
the bill/' but it is a larger bird altogether and exceeds the
Common Crossbill in all dimensious. It occurs only in
some parts of the range of the latter.

In the quotatious of the original descriptions of species
there is a serious fault, viz., instead o£ quoting the original
locality as given by the author, only a restricted " terra
typica," often not mentioned in the description, is quoted.
For instance, p. 169 : —

" Anas querquedula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758, p. 126 :
Sweden." Linnteus, hovrever, says : '' Habitat in Europse
aquis dulcibus.^' Since the importance of a restricted
typical locality has become evident, in consequence of the
study of local races, often different in various parts of
Europe, ornithologists have begun to fix a restricted place,
where the author gave only a general idea. Therefore, in
the case of Linnean species, Sweden has been fixed as the re-
stricted " terra ty pica," as Linnaeus quoted the ' Fauna Suecica '
and took his diagnosis from the fuller description in that
work ; therefore the only correct quotation is as follows : —
Anas Querquedula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i. p. 126
(1758 — "Europa.^' Restricted typical locality Sweden!).
It is also desirable to quote the original spelling rigidly
exact, including capitals ; it becomes then evident, whether
the name was used as a substantive or an adjective, which
influences the eventual stability or altering of the gender.
Tlie A. O. U. Check-list and Mr. Mathews in his books
have unfortunately adopted the shorter, but inexact method,
while the 'Hand-list of British Birds' has employed the
more exact one.

The distribution of the species in the ' List of British
Birds ' has been most carefully compiled, both that within
the British Isles as well that abroad. As reference has
frequently been made to forms occurring outside the British
Isles, these statements are bound to vary according to the

o « o

«w i> <v

364 On the neio B. 0. U. List of British Birds.

views about those subspecies, and pitfalls have not always
been avoided, though the compilers can only be congratu-
lated on the results. A few instances may be mentioned to
illustrate this. Under Corvus monedula (p. 3) it is not
quite correct to say that it " has occurred " in the " Canary
Isles, Morocco, and Algeria " ; it has been observed on the
Canary Islands only once or twice^ while in north Algeria
there are large breeding colonies, the birds there being
resident, and a very diflFerent subspecies, Colceus monedula
cirtensis.

Serinus serinus : It might have been mentioned that the
German Serin has recently been separated subspecifically.

Fringilla coelebs : It would have been interesting to know
that the British form has been separated^ though not
recognized, in which the reviewer fully agrees. The same
applies to Alauda arvensis and other species.

Galerida cristata : The expression " If these {i. e. the
subspecies from Africa and Asia) are admitted^' is mis-
leading, because there can be no question as to the admittance
of most of tliem^ though one or two are doubtful and
uncertain.

Calandrella brachydactyla : The south Algerian form has
recently been separated.

Sitta ccBsia : The Spanish form is obviously different, and
the records from Africa are almost certainly erroneous.

Lanius excubitor and meridionalis : These two Shrikes
would more properly have been treated as subspecies. If
they are separated as species, then the expression under
L. excubitor, that " allied forms " inhabit southern Europe,
is easily misunderstood.

Aquila chrysaHtus : " Various races have been recog-
nized " is a very vague term, and one would have liked more
information.

Branta bernicia glaucogaster : It has been explained
and is clear from the original description that glauco-
gaster is a synonym of bernicia, and that, therefore^ the
name cannot be used for the American form, if that is
distinct.

Obituary. 365

Buteo desertorum : The distribution is not well explained ;
it is only a migrant to Africa and India, and never breeds
there.

But it is unnecessary to continue these instances ; they
are only a few, and there are of course debatable points,
which cannot be discussed in this place, as they require
further investigation.

Notwithstanding the inconsistency in nomenclature and
non-recognition of certain subspecies, the ' List of British
Birds ' is a great forward step in British ornithology. It
must be welcomed by everyone interested in the progress
of our beloved science as one of the last stepping stones
enabling us to reach the highest possible level.

^IK.— Obituary.

Philip Savile Grey Reid.

It is with great regret that we have to announce the death,
at the age of 69, of Capt. Savile Beid, which took place at
his home, " The Elms/' Yalding, Kent, on March the 1st
last. Though he had of late lost some of his interest in
ornithology, owing probably to his lameness, from which
he suffered during the last ten years, he was at one time
much engrossed in the subject, and was often seen at our
gatherings and at the British Museum.

Reid was born at Welwyn, Herts, August 12, 1845, and
was educated at Burney's Naval School at Gosport as he
was intended for the Navy, but he passed into the Royal
Academy at Woolwich, whence he obtained a Commission
in the Royal Engineers in 1865.

During his service at Gibraltar in 1871-3, he made the
acquaintance of Col. Irby and was associated with him on
many ornithological expeditions. Subsequently, as a result
of a stay in Bermuda, he prepared a list of the birds of that
group, which was published in the ' Zoologist ' for 1877 and
was afterwards republished, with additional notes, by the

366 Obituary.

United States National Museum (Ball. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 25, 1885, pp. 163-279).

In 1881 he was stationed at Newcastle, in the upper part
of Natal, and while there, in conjiinctiou with Capt. (now
Lt.-Col.) E. A. Butler and Capt. (now Col.) H. W. Feilden,
he made considerable collections and a number of observa-
tions which were embodied in a paper, " Ornithological
Notes from Natal/' published in the 'Zoologist ' for 1882.

A second paper by the same three authors, " On the
Plumage-changes of Saxicola monticola," published in ^The
Ibis ' for 1883 (pp. 331-337), is of special interest, as this
Chat, which is common on the high veld of southern Africa,
goes through a most remarkable series of changes of
plumage, which even now are far from being satisfactorily-
elucidated.

Reid sent in his papers in 1884, when still a Captain, and
settled down in England. He made two other contributions
to 'The Ibis '— " Winter Notes from Morocco " (Ibis, 1885,
pp. 241-255) and " Notes on the Birds of Teneriffe " (Ibis,
1887, pp. 424-435 and 1888, pp. 73-83)— as a result of two
winter trips.

When Oates was unable through illness to continue the
' Catalogue of the Birds' Eggs in the British Museum/ Reid
undertook to carry on the work, and completed and saw
through the press the third and fourth volumes.

Reid was elected a Member of the Union in 1877, and only
resigned at the end of last year.

The following notes are communicated by one of his
oldest friends and companions in ornithology : —

'' Savile Reid was an all-round good sportsman, a sound
naturalist, and a most accurate observer of all things animal
and vegetable ; deeply interested in all branches of Zoology
and Botany, and with a very special knowledge of our native
fauna and flora, especially of its ornithology, entomology, and
plants. Add to these advantages a charming personality,
always blithe and good-tempered, ready to accept the rough
with the smooth with equal equanimity, and a more

Obituary. 367

delightful companion, either at home or in the field, it
would be difficult to find.

" When I first knew him, many years ago, he was living
at Froyle House, near Alton, Hants, and I well remember
his excitement at seeing a female Cuckoo fly up from the
ground with an egg in her bill and make for a Pied Wag-
tail's nest built in the ivy on the house. A hasty journey
was made to inspect the Wagtail's nest, and there, sure
enough, besides the three eggs it was known to contain,
was a Cuckoo's egg still warm !

" For many years Reid was in the habit of making annual
expeditions in summer to the north of Scotland to obtain
nesting-groups of British birds for the series in the British
Museum, at first with the late Colonel L. H. Irby, and. then
for many successive years with Mr. Ogilvie-Graut. Thus
many groups of the most interesting species which are now
exhibited in the Bird Gallery were procured. Among the
more notable of these may be mentioned those of the
Snow-Bunting and Dotterel taken in the Cairngorms, when
Mr. r. D. God man rented Inchrory Forest from the late
Duke of Richmond. Reid and Grant always considered
that occasion as the red-letter day of their many expeditions,
the nests of both these special desiderata, each with a full
clutch of eggs, being discovered before 2 o'clock p.m. on the
first day of their visit. Reid was an artist of considerable
talent, and his excellent water-colour drawings and plans of
the various nests taken, greatly facilitated their subsequent
reproduction with their natural surroundings.

" Always a keen gardener, when repeated attacks of
rheumatism rendered expeditions in the field more and more
difficult," Reid devoted most of his time to his garden at
" The Elms," Yalding, many of his rare plants, especially his
lilies, attracting special attention at the Horticultural
shows."

338 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Kenneth Forbes Meiklejohn.

Through an oversight, the death of Lieut. Meiklejohn, of
the 1st Cameron Highlanders, has not been recorded in our
pages. He was killed in action at the battle of the Aisne,
September 25, 1914.

Lieut. Meiklejohn, who was born in 1885, was a son of
Lt.-Colonel J. F. Meiklejohn, late R.H. A. He was educated
at Rugby and entered the Army in 1901.. He was appointed
Adjutant of his regiment, the 1st Batt. Cameron Highlanders,
in March 1913.

He was elected to the Union in 1913, and is the first of
our fellow-members who has fallen in the present war.

XX. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

B. 0. C. Migration Report.

[Report on the immigrations of summer residents in the spring of
1913 bv the Committee appointed by the British Ornithologists' Club.
Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxxiv. pp. 1-344. London, Dec. 1914.]

This is the ninth of the series of reports as originally
planned. A tenth will be issued this year, after which it is
proposed to summarize and digest the whole of the results
of the enquiry in a single volume. The present report
follows closely the lines of its predecessors and deals with
the autumn migration of 1912 and the spring migration
of 1913. In one respect the committee have been fortunate
owing to the appointment of Mr. R. E. Wilson to the
Caskets Lighthouse, so that they have at last been able
to obtain adequate returns from this station, which is
situated in the English Channel about eight mile's west of
Alderney. It is a most important point oq the line of
migration from England to the Continent, and the annual
mortality there is enormous. Efforts, we understand, have
recently been made to mitigate this by the supplying of
perches around the lighthouse on which the birds rest.

The warm winter of 1912-13 appears to have induced a
good many of our summer residents to spend the winter in
the south and west of our islands, and this accounts perhaps

Recently published Ornithological Works. 369

for some o£ the very early records of arrivals in the first
three months of the year.

We are much indebted to the committee and especially
to the secretary, Dr. N. F. Ticehurst, for the unflagging
energy displayed in compiling this report. Few who have
not taken part in the work realize what an enormous amount
of time and labour is required to reduce and codify the
observations sent in by about 300 observers on land and
from over 90 light-stations.

Chapman on new Neotropical Birds.

[Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian Birds. — III, By Frank M.
Chapman. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. xxxiii. 1914, pp. 603-637.]

This paper contains diagnoses of twenty-four new sub-
species, and two new species [Pachyrhamphus magdalence
and Cistothorus apoliaari) obtained by the various collectors
sent out by the American Museum of recent years to
Colombia. Mr. Chapman states that he hopes eventually
to embody these and previous descriptions in a final report
on the Museum's work in Colombia. Most of the species
come apparently from the less explored western part of the
republic lying between Bogota and the Pacific. Further
expeditions are now woricing in this country as well as in
Panama, and when the final report is completed our know-
ledge of the extraordinarily rich bird-life of northern South
America will undoubtedly be very greatly extended.

Miss Havilatid on the Yenesei.

[A summer on the Yenesei (1914). By Maud D. Haviland. Pp. xii
+ 328 ; many photos. London (Arnold), 1915. 8vo. 10s. 6^.]

Last summer Miss Haviland with Miss Czaplicka, the
well-known Polish anthropologist of Oxford University,
Miss Dora Curtis, and Mr. H. V. Hall, made an adven-
turous journey down the Yenesei. Leaving London on
May 28, the party travelled overland to Krasnoyarsk, where
the Trans-Siberian railway crosses the Yenesei. Thence
they descended the Yenesei in a steamer to Golchika,
arriving there on June 28. This dreary spot, which is about
1500 miles down the river from Krasnoyarsk, lies well
within the Arctic Circle and is surrounded by the eternally

370 Recently published Ornitliolugical Works.

frozen tundra ; here the part}^ remained until August 28,
when they returned to England through the Kara Sea and
by the North Cape. Miss Haviland made good use of the
two months at Golchika. She explored the river-banks and
the tundra, and took the eggs of many rare Waders. Among
these, perhaps the most interesting was the Curlew Sandpiper,
which had only previously been obtained by Mr. Popham
at the mouth of the Yenesei, while Miss Haviland found it
nesting a long way farther south. Other interesting birds,
whose nesting habits are described and whose photographs
were taken, are the Grey and Red-necked Phalaropes, the
Eastern Golden Plover, the Little and Temminck's Stints,
the Bar-tailed Godwit, the Dotterel, the Siberian Herring-
Gull {Larus fuscus antelius), the Black and Red-throated
Divers, and the Long-tailed Duck.

Miss Haviland has much to tell us of all these and many
other birds, of their migrations, their nesting and other
habits, and we hope to give our readers a short paper on
some of her observations in a forthcoming number of ' The
Ibis.' In the meantime we can only recommend all who are
interested in the life of many of our familiar migrants, when,
they leave us for their northern breeding places, to read this
charming account of Miss Haviland's, on whom some of
Seebohm's enthusiasm and energy seems to have fallen.

Herring's Report on Birds at Danish Lights.

[Fuglene ved de danske Fyr i 1913. Site Aarsberetning om danske
Fugle ved R. Horring. Vidensk. Meddel. fra Dansk naturh. Foren.
vol. 66, 1914, pp. 85-173 ; map.]

This report, formerly prepared by Mr. H. Winge, is now
drawn up by Mr. Hc^rring and follows much the same lines
as in former years. It contains (1) a list of the lighthouses
and lightships, the position of each of which can be very
easily fixed by the map wdiich accompanies the report;
(2) a list of the species of birds sent in to the Zoological
Museum at Copenhagen, with the dates and places where
they were taken; (3) a chronological list of birds observed

Recently published Ornithological Works. 371

from January 1 to December 31^ 1913, with a note on tlie
weather and of those secured each day ; (4) a list arranged
according to the " lights " where the birds were taken. No
summary or conclusions appear to be drawn up, but the facts
are very lucidly arranged and easily accessible to any inquirer.

Howard on British Warblers.

[The British Warblers. A History with problems of their lives.
By H. Eliot Howard. Part IX. October 1914. London (Porter), 8vo.]

We have now before us the concluding part of Mr.
Howard's interesting book on a well-known family of
British Birds, and wish to congratulate him on the success
with which he has marshalled his observations and eluci-
dated his theories connected with the lives of the various
species.

Moreover, we wish to draw attention to the general
summary with which the work concludes. This im-
presses us with the idea that the most important factor
tending towards reproduction is the securing by each male
of a " suitable territory " which he holds against all invaders
of his own sex, so that the first arrivals stand a better
chance than those that come later. Fights for a territory
are common, in which even the female has been known to
participate. The Darwinian theory of Natural Selection
is here evidently involved.

Under the head of each species we find descriptions of the
manner of fighting, and, beyond this, of the expression of
the emotions during the whole of the breeding-season, while
the extent of the vocal powers for which the family is justly
celebrated, the construction of the nest, and the care of the
young also come under consideration.

Tables of measurements, with the localities where the
eggs figured were taken, add to the usefulness of the work,
which concludes with the Orphean, Dartford, and Icterine
Warblers.

Two coloured plates, delayed on account of the war, will
be issued to subscribers shortly.

372 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Huxley on the Courtship of the Great Crested Grebe.

[The courtship-habits of the Great Crested Grebe {Podiceps cristatus) ;
with an addition to the theory of sexual selection. By Julian S.
Huxley, B.A. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, pp. 491-562 ; 2 plates.]

Prof. Huxley, who is, we understand^, a grandson of the
great Prof. Thomas Huxley of Victorian days^ has given
us a long and elaborate account of the courtship of the
Great Crested Grebe, and has illustrated with his pencil
some of the more remarkable of the attitudes assumed by
the birds on these occasions.

Not only has he spent much time in observation, but he
has endeavoured to give a rational explanation of these
actions. In the first place, he points out that in the case
of the Great Crested Grebe the movements and attitudes
assumed are always mutual. It is a joint action of the two
sexes in which each takes part. Among most birds the
courtship movements and attitudes are confined to the
male sex. But in this case the joint action is doubtless
correlated with the fact that the crest and rufi", although
only assumed in the breeding-season, are common to both
sexes. Another point is that the courtship movements
do not appear to have anything to do with actual coition,
as while the former goes on in the open spaces of the lake
and in the water, the latter takes place on a nest pro-
bably specially built for the purpose and in a retired spot
among the rushes. The assumption of the. sexual characters
in this case can, therefore, in Prof. Huxley's opinion, not be
due to the action of sexual selection as ordinarily under-
stood, but to a modified form of selection, which is explained
at length by the author and termed mutual selection.

The paper is a very interesting one, and we can strongly
recommend its perusal to all interested in the courtship and
display of birds.

Montague on the Birds of the Monte Bello Islands.

[A report on the fauna of the Monte Bello Islands. By P. D.
Montague, B.A., Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1914, pp. 625-652 ; 4 plates.]

Mr. IVIontague spent three months in 1912 on the IMonte

Recently published Ornithological Works. 373

Bello Islands which lie off the coast of Western Australia,
between North-West Cape and Point AValcott. They are
desert-like, lowlying islands, separated from the mainland
by only a shallow sea and by no means attractive.

In this paper, with reports on other groups, is one on the
birds, containing the names of twenty-five species, two
of which are sufficiently distinct in the author's and Mr,
Mathew's opinion to warraut subspecific distinction. These
were described in the 'Austral Avian Record' in 1913. The
present paper contains the field-notes, and is illustrated by
two photographic plates of the nest of Halia'etus leucogaster
and the young of Pandion halia'etus melvillensis.

North on the Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds.

[Nests and Eggs of Birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania.
By A. J. North, C.M.Z.S. Vol. iv., pts. ii.-v. Australian Museum,
Sydney. Special Catalogue No. I. Pp. 97-472 & i-viii, pis. A 18-20,
B xix-xxv. Sydney, 1913-1914. 4to.]

This important work, which has been in progress since
June 1901, appearing at irregular intervals, is now complete.
The last part contains an appendix in which the nesting-
habits and eggs of twenty-two additional species are described,
all of which have been recorded since the issue of the earlier
parts of the work. The title-page and contents of the
fourth volume as well as indices to the whole work are also
included in this issue. Parts ii.-iv. deal with the Orders
Columbae, Gallinse, Hemipodii, Sub-order Pedionomi,
Fulicarise, Alectorides, Limicolae, Gaviae, Tubinares, Pygo-
podes, Impenues, and Casuarii. The treatmeut is similar
to that of the preceding volumes, the nomenclature being
but little changed from that of the British Museum
' Catalogue of Birds,' and the results of Messrs. Mathews
and Iredale's researches being ignored. We think that in
the later parts references might well have been given to
Mathews's ' Birds of Australia/ while it would also have
added to the convenience of readers if references had been
given to A. J. Campbell's book on ' Nests and Eggs of
Australian Birds.' We miss also the useful lists of earlier
descriptions of eggs given by Mr. Campbell.

374 Recently published Ornithological Works.

The notes on nesting-habits, derived from various sources,
are full and interesting, and well brought up to date.
Mr. North, however, confines the scope of his work strictly
to those species which breed in Australia and Tasmania^
while Mr. Campbell included all species on the Australian
list. The plates of nests and nesting birds from photo-
graphs (Series A) are excellent, but the heliotype figures of
eggs (Series B), which are uncoloured in the copy sent
to us, give little more than a rough idea of the size of the
egg and character of the markings. Now that the intro-
duction of the three-colour process has revolutionized the
art of colour-printing and reduced the cost so materially,
it seems a pity that these photographic illustrations could
not have been replaced by a set of three-colour plates. The
text-figures of birds by the late Mr. N. Cayley are somewhat
crude and conventional.

In the article on Rnllina tricolor (p. 206) we notice that
Mr. North definitely rejects the supposition that this species
lays spotted eggs. It will be remembered that there was
some correspondence on the subject in 'The Ibis' for 1912
(pp. 198, 552 & 684) in which all the evidence pointed to
this conclusion. Mr. E. C. Stuart-Baker informs us that
the eggs of all the three species of this genus on the Indian
list {R. super ciliar is, R. fasciata, and R. (Castanolimnas)
cannincji) are also white. The eggs of R. canningi described
in Hume & Gates, ' Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds,^ iii.
p. 398, and ' Catalogue of Eggs in the British Museum,' i.
p. 115, are erroneously ascribed to this species, as are also
the eggs mentioned in the second edition of Nehrkorn's
' Katalog' p. 36, under the heading o^ R. fasciata, and pro-
bably also those of R. minahassa. The eggs of R. fasciata
are, however, correctly described in the ' Nachtrage,' 1914,
p. 47*.

In the article on the Sooty Tern [Sterna fuliginosa),
p. 326, Mr. North shows that in all the Australian breeding
places the clutch consists almost invariably of a single egg,

* This is not tlie only genus of the Rallidae in which the eggs are
white, for it is apparently also the case in Corethntra {Sarvf/trura).

Recently published Ornithological Works. 375

tlie rare instances in which two ej?gs are found together
being probably due either to two birds laying together or
to eggs accidentally rolling together. But he proceeds to
add that it is impossible to lay down a hard and fast rule
that a species only lays one egg, and quotes Audubon's
extraordinary dictum that on Bird Key (one of the Tortugas)
the Sooty Tern " always lays three eggs/' This statement
has been copied and repeated time after time, Seebohm
{' History of British Birds/ iii. p. 294) also quotes A. O.
Hume as his authority for stating that three is the full
clutch in the Laccadives, and proceeds to enunciate a theory
that when a bird is found sitting on a single egg the power
of reproduction has been almost exhausted by continual
robbery !

A careful study of A. O. Hume's account of his visit to
the Cherbaniani Beef Q Stray Feathers/ iv. p. 429) shows
that he arrived there late in the nesting season, when the
young were already hatched and were running about the
reef in great numbers. It was with the greatest difficulty
that he obtained some thirty eggs, of which only twenty-three
could be preserved. He certainly states that of the Sooty
Tern, "\ye. found two and three together," but the eggs were
dropped promiscuously on the reef without any nest and
probably were in most cases second layings, so that Hume
was hardly in a position to state anything definite as to the
number of eggs in the clutch. Mr. Stuart Baker informs us
that all the eggs of this species in his collection from Indian
sources were found singly.

But to return to the colony on Bird Key. Here we have
Audubon's definite statement that three eggs are always
laid. We can hardly believe that the birds have changed
their habits so radically since his days; yet in 1907, when
Mr. J, B. Watson visited the Dry Tortugas from May 4 to
July 18 to study the nesting habits of the Noddies and
Sooty Terns, he found both species laying only a single egg !
The Rev, H. K. Job had a precisely similar experience in
1903, only two nests out of thousands inspected containing
more than one e^^. As this agrees exactly with what has

376 Recently published Ornithological Works.

been recorded not only by all Australian ornitbologists,
but also by Messrs. Chapman & Bonhote (Bahamas),
J. J. Lister (Phoenix Isles), Pickering (Rosa Island),
R. M. Sperling, F. G. Penrose, and C. Coliingwood
(Ascension), S. St. J. Farquhar (Farquhar Isles), W. M.
Crowfoot (Norfolk Island), A, W. Anthony (Revillagigedo
Isles), and others, the fact may be considered as established
that the normal clutch of this species is one egg in all parts
of its breeding range, though occasionally (as in all large
colonies of birds breeding close together) cases occur in
which tvro eggs or perhaps even three may be found in one
depression. Thus one may see nests of the Common Tern
with four and even five eggs, but from internal evidence they
are not to be regarded as genuine clutches. Probably
Audubon was told that the Sooty Terns would lay three
times if robbed, and in writing the article subsequently
from notes made on the spot, while stating that he never
saw more than three eggs in any nest, omitted to mention
the fact that the vast majority of nests contained only
one egg.

We wish that Mr. North had made use of millimetres
instead of decimals of the inch for his egg-measurements,
as the latter system is quite unsuited to scientific work.
Even where fractions of the inch are convenient for rough
field-work, the more simple and accurate metric equivalent
should always be added. But, taken as a whole, the work is
a valuable contribution to oological literature and has been
brought up to date. We heartily congratulate the author
on the completion of his task, and on the production of a
work which must be regarded as the standard for many
years to come. F. C. R. J.

Wetmore on the tail of Rhinoplax.

[A peculiarity in the growth of the tail-feathers of the Giant Hombill
{Rhinoplax vigil). By Alex. Wetmore. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 47,
1914, pp. 497-500.]

The two central tail-feathers of the Giant Hornbill are
twice as long as the other eight, and Mr. Wetmore finds

Recently published Ornithological Works. ^77

tliat these two are never of the same age or length, and
concludes that they are developed alternately instead of
synchronously. He believes that each feather remains in
position for two years, and that only one feather is moulted
each year, so that the central tail-foathers are never equally
developed at any one time. So far as we are aware this
curious anomaly has never been commented on previously.

Bird-Lore.

[Bird-Lore. An iUustrated bi-monthly magazine devoted to the
study and protection of birds. Edited by Frank M. Chapman.
Yol.'xiv. for 1914.]

This is a magazine which has no exact counterpart in
England. Perhaps it may be likened to a combination of
* British Birds ' and the Journal of the Royal Society for
the Protection of Birds. It deals to a large extent, though
not exclusivel}', with the life-history of North American
birds and is copiously illustrated with the results of
American bird-lovers' cameras. It is also in addition
the official organ of the Audubon Societies, a very powerful
and widespread organization with branches in every State,
as well as a strong and wealthy central controlling body,
whose object is the protection and conservation of bird-life
throughout the United States.

Thus much as an introduction to the present volume, as
it appears to have very little circulation on this side of tlie
Atlantic, and last year the writer of this notice had the very
greatest difficulty in borrowing a complete set of the volume
for 1913.

As to the contents of the present volume, perhaps the
most original and useful paper is one on the voices and
habits of neotropical l)irds by Mr, Louis Agassiz Fuertes,
the well-known bird artist, who has accompanied many of
the recent expeditions to Colombia and elsewhere in tropical
America, and has had great opportunities for studying this
little-known subject. There are four papers scattered
through the present volume illustrated by drawings from
the author's pencil, and containing most vivid descriptions
of bird-life and bird-music in the tropical forest,

SKB. X, — VOL. HI, 2 c

378 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Eacli number of the present volume also contains a
coloured jilate of the species of the North American Finches
and Sparrows, with descriptive articles on their plumages by
Mr. Chapman and of their migrations by Mr. W. W. Cooke.
Other coloured plates o£ well-known North American birds
by Fucrtes, Bruce Horsfall, and Allan Brooks, are found in
the portion of the magazine devoted to the activities of the
Audubon Societies.

An interesting annual feature of *^ Bird-Lore' is the
Christmas Census. Readers of the magazine are asked to
make a list of all birds observed by^them on Christmas-day,
and the number of lists sent in from every corner of the
States and Canada make a very useful contribution to our
knowledge of the distribution of American birds in winter.

In the November-December number is published the
annual reports of the various branches of the Audubon
Society, and the income of the central body of the Asso-
ciation amounts to nearly j620,000 and the investments to
over £70,000.

finish Naturalist.

[The Irish Naturalist. Vol. xxiii. nos. 1-12, Jan. to Dec. 1914.]

There are not very many articles of great ornithological
interest in the last volume of the ' Irish Naturalist.'
Mr. G. B. Humphreys has recently found a nesting-place of
the Roseate Tern, a bird not previously known to nest on
the Irish coast. Mr. Humphreys wisely does not mention
the exact locality, but he gives an account of what he saw
aiul states that he examined from twenty to twenty-five
undoubted nests of this rare species.

Miss Best and Miss Haviland spent a few weeks in the
autumn of 1913 watching migration on Rathlin Island, off
the coast of Antrim, but were a little disappointed at the
results. They obtained, however, an example of a Green-
land Redpoll (Acanthis linaria rostrata), which had hitherto
only been recorded from Achill and Tearaght Islands off
the Irish coasts.

Mr. F. M. Barrington reports that the Fulmars are again

Recently published Ornithological Works. 379

nesting on the Skelligs of Co. Kenyj and that the colony-
has (in 1914) increased to about seventy pairs. He also
states on the authority o£ Mr. McGiuley, the light-keeper,
that the Gannets on Little Skellig are very rapidly in-
creasing. Their numbers are estimated at 15,000 to 20,000,
and it is probably the largest colony in western Europe.

A sympathetic memoir on Major Barrett Hamilton,
accompanied by a portrait and a full bibliography, is
contributed from the pen of Mr. C. B. Moffat.

Scottish Naturalist.

[The Scottisli Naturalist. Nos. 25-36, Jan.-Dec. 1914.]

Under the able editorship of Messrs. Eagle Clarke,
William Evans, and Percy H. Grimshaw, the ' Scottish
Naturalist ' continues to supply its readers with numerous
articles on various branches of the natural history of Scot-
land. Most of the ornithological papers deal with migration
and are either written or inspired by Mr. Eagle Clarke ; he
has found a new " Heligoland '' at Auskerry, one of the
most easterly of the Orkneys. It is lowlying, uninhabited,
and only about 260 acres in extent, and has hardly any
cover ; in spite of this it is largely resorted to by migrating
birds. Mr. Eagle Clarke spent some five weeks there in
the autumn of 1913 and had very good results, observing
altogether some 104 species ; among them tiie Scarlet Gros-
beak, Short-toed Lark, Ked-throated Pipit, Dusky Willow-
warbler, Yellow-browed Warbler, are all new to the Orkney
Islands. Mr. Clarke also paid a visit to Fair Isle, and from
his observations and those of the Duchess of Bedford and
Mr. Wilson, seven additional species, iu eluding Lanius minor
and (Edicnemus osdicnemus, have been added to the list of
migrants passing that tiny islet.

Mr. C. G. Cash reprints with additions and corrections his
history of the Ospreys at Loch an Eilein, in Inverness-shire.
It is a sad story of ruthless persecution continued over a
long series of years and has resulted in the final extermina-
tion of the Osprey as a British breeding-bird. The last year
in which the Ospreys hatched out successfully was apparently

380 Recently published Ornithological Works.

1896, and since 1902 no Osprey has been seen in the
neighbourhood.

Mr. S. E, Brock contributes an interesting article on the
display of the Mallard, supplementing the accounts pre-
viously given by Millais and Wormald. He believes that
the female is influenced by the action of the male and does
make some kind of choice in the matter of a mate, and that
sexual selection does therefore occur in this species.

A series of interesting photographs of the rock " Stack
arid Skerry," one of the great breeding resorts of the
Gannets, is contributed by the Duchess of Bedford, who
visited this remote spot in her yacht last June. " Stack
and Skerry " lies 27 miles north of the coast of Sutherland-
shire and 40 miles west of Orkney, and is believed by the
Duchess of Bedford to afford a nesting-place to over
5000 Gannets, as well as large numbers of Kittiwakes
and Guillemots. During this trip Fair Isle, N, Rona, and
St. Kilda were also visited, and a pleasant account of the
various species of birds met with is given.

The Isle of May, lying at the mouth of the Firth of Forth
off the coast of Fife, is regularly visited by Miss Rentoul
and Miss Baxter, in order to observe migrating birds. In
two trips in May and September-October 1913, they added
ten new records to the list of the birds visiting the island,
of which two, Hypolais pohjglotta and Sa.vicola indica, were
new to Scotland. The same authors also contribute an
interesting paper on the moult of Passerine birds at the
time of migration. An examination of a large series of
skins taken at Fair Isle during this period has revealed
the fact, not apparently generally realized, that Passerine
birds, as well as many Waders, do migrate in a state of
partial moult, this being usually confined to the body-
feathers.

The capture of a fine male example of the so-called '^ Blue
Fulmar" at St. Kilda by the Duchess of Bedford, gives
Mr. Eagle Clarke an opportunity of more exactly describing
its plumage and distribution. He comes to the conclusion
that thouffh this form is chieflv found far to the north

Recently published Ornithological Works. 381

within the Arctic zoue^ that it is uot a subspecific race, but
that the Fulmar is a dimorphic form like Richardson's
Skua.

Transactions of the Norfolk Naturalists' Society.

[Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society.
Vol. ix., part v., 1913-14. Norwich, 1914.]

Of all the English counties Norfolk perhaps is the one
where there is most local enthusiasm for ornithology, and
the Transactions of the Naturalists' Society bear witness
to this. The list of members contains the names of seven
Buxtons and six Gurneys, besides those of many other
well-known ornithologists. In the present volume we have
an interesting account of the courtship postures and move-
ments of the Ducks by Mr. H. Wormald, with outline
drawings of the attitudes adopted.

A short note on the autumn migration movements of
1913 on the north coast of Norfolk by Mr, B. B. Riviere is
followed by a notice by Mr. J. H. Gurney of the irruption of
Waxwings which took place during the winter of 1913-14; he
believes that the numbers in Norfolk and Suffolk exceeded
anything since the winter of 1866-7, though they do uot
appear to have been so numerous as in 1849-50.

Messrs. S. H. Long and B. B. Riviere have compiled a
useful list of additions and rare occurrences among the birds
of Norfolk for the years 1909-1913. The number recorded
up to the end of 1908 was 317 and only one species has
since been added — the "Willow Titmouse {Parus atricapillus
kleinschmidti).

As is well known to most of our readers, a tract of land,
including a headland with sand-dunes and salt-marshes,
near Wells, on the north coast of Norfolk, has recently
been made a Nature Reservation under the "National
Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty.''
To the ornithologist Blakeney is specially interesting as
the breeding-place of the Common and Little Tern, the
Ringed Plover, Redshank, and Sheld-DucU. The first annual
report of the Trust is printed in this volume, together with

382 Recently published Ornithological Works.

the regulations for the use o£ visitors, and other matters of
interest, A research laboratory has recently been erected
and several investigations of considerable importance, chiefly
botanical, have been initiated. The committee in their
report regret to have to state that although the Terns
arrived in the colony in their usual numbers in 1913, the
number of young birds was much smaller than usual, owing,
it is believed, to the late arrival of the whitebait on which
the young are fed.

Lid of other Ornithological Publications received.

Mathews, G. M. The Birds of Australia. (Vol. iv. pt. 2. London,

1915.)
MouLTON, J. 0. Hand List of the Birds of Borneo. Jnl. Straits Br. 11.

Asiatic See. No. 67, 1911.
EoBiNsoN, PI. W. Report on the Results of ringing Black-headed

Gulls. ' British Birds,' viii. 1915.
Shufeldt, R. W. Anatomical and other Notes on the Passenger

Pigeon. 'Auk,' xxxii. 1915.

The Last Passenger Pigeon. A unique Photograph. ' Blue-
Bird,' vii. No. 4, 1915.
The Auk. (Vol. xxxii. No. 1. Cambridge, Mass., 1915.)
Austral Avian Record. (Vol. ii. No. 7. London, 1915.)
Avicultural Magazine. (Third Series, Vol. vi. Nos. 3-5. London,

1915.)
Bird Notes. (New Series, Vol. vi. Nos. 1-3. Ashbourne, 1915.)
British Birds. (Vol. viii. Nos. 8-10. London, 1915.)
California Fish and Game. (Vol. i. No. 2. San Francisco, 1915.)
Canada, Geol. Survey. Dept. of Mines. (Summary Report for 1913,

Memoir 54. Ottawa, 1914.)
Club van Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen. ( Jaarbericht, No. 4. Deventer,

1914.)
The Condor. (Vol. xvi. No. 6; vol. xvii. No. 1. Hollywood, Cal.,

1914-15.)
The Emu. (Vol. xiv. pt. 3. Melbourne, 1915.)
The Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxiv. Nos. 1-3. Dublin, 1915.)
Messager Ornithologique. (No. 1. Moscow, 1915.)
The Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 37-39. Edinburgh, 1915.)
The South Australiau Ornithologist. (VoL ii. pt. 1. Adelaide, 1915.)

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 383

XXI. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
The following letters have been received : —
BoRNEAN Birds.
Sir, — You may be interested to hear of an addition to
the Bornean list, which now numbers some 550 odd species.
In a collecting expedition up the Barani River, Sarawak,
this year, the Museum collectors secured five little Phala-
ropes, which I have identified as Phalaropus hyperboreus.
They were shot about 150 to 200 miles up the river from
October 20 to 27. Count Salvadori in his book on the
Birds of Borneo, published in 1874, mentioned this species
as likely to occur in Borneo, but there appear to be no
records of it nearer than Celebes.

Yours truly,

J. C. MOULTON,

Sarawak Museum, Curator, Sarawak Museum.

December 29, 1914.

JNToDERN Nomenclature.
Sir, — "What's in a name." In the last number of
'The Ibis' we find on page 58 the Common Sandpiper
designated as " Tringoides hypoleucos,^' on page 114 it is
called " Totanus hypoleucus,''^ while turning to page 168 it
appears as '^' Tringa hypoteuca,'^ the three authors of the
papers agreeing neither in generic nor specific names ;
so that had there been necessity for more authors of papers
to write the latin name for this bird, we might reasonably
have expected a few more variations ! We have heard a
good deal lately about strict priority, 10th edition of
Linnseus, and uniformity, but if this is a sample of what
we may expect in uniformity, it seems we are no better
oflF than before : in fact, the going back to 10th edition
names appears to simply add an additional alternative in
nomenclature.

I am. Sir,

Yours &c.,
Lowestoft, Claud B. Ticehurst.

January 18, 1915.

384 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

The New B. O. U. List: some corrections.

Sir, — May I first be permitted to congratulate the Com-
mittee of the B. O. U. on the very excellent working List
of Britisli Birds Avhich they have compiled. I wish to state
at once tliat the motive of this letter is not to pick small
holes in a big work upon Avhich so much trouble and
thought have been expended.

The new " List," however, contains a number of refer-
ences to the Canary Islands which are evidently based on
inaccurate information ; as this is not by any means the
first time that these same statements have appeared in
print, I consider that the present is a favourable oppor-
tunity to rectify the mistakes which have occurred.

Having made a special study of the Avifauna of the
Canary Islands for the past seven years, especially of the
literature, I can speak with a certain amount of authority.

In a list of British Birds only a general distribution is
necessary, and it is obviously impossible for a committee
to check every reference when drawing up the exotic dis-
tribution of each species : the statements of local orni-
ihologists have usually to be taken on trust, and it is
very difficult, and often quite impossible, to verify their
assertions. Unless mistakes in distribution, however small,
are corrected by one who has made a special study of the
district, they are apt to be copied and repeated ad infinitum.

This is my excuse for trespassing so much on your space :
the following comments may seem worthy of consideration
bv the committee, whose duty it Avill be to bring out the
next edition of the B. O. U. List of British Birds.

The species mentioned are arranged under the names used
in the " List," with a reference to the page on Avhich they
occur in that work. When a sentence is quoted direct from
the List, the entire sentence is put in italics.

CoRVUS CORAX (p. 1). It is very doubtful whether the Raven of
the Canary Iblands is distinct, vide Ibis, 1912, p. (525 ; 1914,
p. 235.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. S85

Oriolus oriolus (p. 10). "/< has strayed as far as the Faeroes,
Azores, and Madeira." The Golden Oriole has been recorded
many times from the Canary Islands, where it is sometimes
numei'ous in spring, when I have seen it myself. See also
Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p, 191. It is i-ecorded also by
Cabrera, Polatzek, and von Thanner. The Canary Islands
are about 300 miles farther south than Madeira.

MoTACiLiiA ALBA (p. 40). "... is jilentiful in the Canary Islands
. . . in ivinterj' This is not the case now. It is an irregular
winter visitor in small numbers, but regular bird of passage in
earl)^ spring. It has never been numerous since 1889-1891,
Avhen a phenomenal migration occurred.

MoTACiLLA BOARULA (p. 41). " . . . rt resident race, M. b. schmitzi,
has been described from the Atlantic Islands." This is not the
form found in the Canary Islands, which has been named
M. h. canariensis Hartert. Opinions vary as to whether
M, b, caiiariensis can be separated from M. b. boarula.

Sylvia communis (p. 65). "/f winters in Africa south to
Bamaraland, and in the Canary Islands." There is only
one authentic record of the Common Whitethroat having
been obtained in the Canary Islands : a bird having been
shot by von Thanner in Fuerteventura on the 1st of April,
1912, and recorded as Sylvia communis communis. The
explanation of this mistake, which has been copied by many
authors, is as follows : — Webb & Berthelot in ' Ornithologie
Canarienne ' (1810) recorded Sylvia cinerea Lath, as breeding
in the islands. This is obviously founded on the female of
the Oanarian Spectacled Warbler {Sylvia conspicillata bella),
as can be seen by comparing their description with that bird.
If this mistake had not been obvious, the bird should have
been included under the Lesser Whitethroat, as Sylvia
cinerea Lath, is a synonym of *S'. curruca Linn, and not of
*S'. commu7iis. It may be argued that Webb &, Berthelot
referred to the Spectacled Warbler under the name
»S'. passerina. This is certainly the case : Webb & Berthelot
referred to the male Spectacled Warbler as S. passerina,
considering it to be a different species from the female,
which, as already shown, they called S. cinerea Lath. It is
worth noting that the name S. passerina is absolutely in-
determinable. It has been fixed by certain authors on to the

386 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

Garden Warbler {Sylvia simjylex Lath.), but in Latham's
description the bird is said not to occur in England !

Sylvia atricapilla (p. 67). " Birds from Madeira and the
Canary Islands have been separated as a distinct race^
This is true in so far as it goes, but the fact that Sylvia
a. atricajnlla visits the Canary Islands regulax-ly on migra-
tion, sometimes in large numbers, is ignored. The European
Blackcap does not remain to breed, but passes through the
Archipelago. It can be distinguished from the resident
race, S. a. obscura, by having invaiiably a thick layer of fat
surrounding the body, which is absent in the subspecies ;
moreover, the resident race, which never migrates, is
slightly darker. For accounts of migratory movements of
the European Blackcap in the Canary Islands, see Meade-
Waldo (Ibis, 1893, p. 189), von Thanner (Orn. Jahrb.
1910).

Sylvia melanocephala (p. 68). " The Sardinian WarbW is a
partial resident in the countries and islands of the Mediter-
7'anean, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. ... In the western
Canary Islands it is represented by S. m. leucogastra, ..."
From the above it certainly appears that two distinct races
of the Sardinian Warbler occur as resident forms in the
Archipelago. The type locality of ^S*. m. leucogastra is cer-
tainly in the western group, i. e. Tenerife, but if this insular
race is to be ' kept up ' we must certainly include the Sar-
dinian Wai'blers of Fuerteventui-a and Lanzarote under the
same subspecific name (vide Ibis, 1914, p. 247).

■TuRDUS PILARIS (p. 88). " It tvioiters . . . i7i small numbers . . . in
the Canary Islands" In reality the Fieldfare is one of the
rarest irregular migrants to the Archijjelago. Meade- Waldo
saw one bird in three years, 1889-91. The next record is in
1903, when some birds came to Lanzarote on the 20th of
October, stayed about a month and then all departed. This
is the last record to date.

Flammea flammea (p. 128). " The Barji-Otol ranges from the
Azores, . . . to Greece^ The exceedingly interesting fact
that the Barn-Owl of Tenerife is quite indistinguishable
from the typical European examples, and therefore that its
southern range is considerably extended, is not noted. It is
remarked (correctly) that a distinct race inhabits the Canary

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 387

Islands, but it might be added that it is confined to certain
islands {vide Ibis, 1914, p. 231),
ToTANUS HYPOLEUCUS (p. 230). Proof that the Common Sand-
piper breeds in the Canary Islands is still wanting. There
is no reason why it should not do so.

NUMENIUS ARQUATA (p. 237),
NUMENIUS PH^OPUS (p. 238).

Both the Curlew and Whimbrel are repoi"ted by the same
authority, Herr von Thanner, to have bred in the Canary
Islands. It mny be of interest to give references to
von Thanner's statements {vide (1) Orn. Jahrb. 1908, p. 213,
et (2) 1913, p. 190). I certainly wish to prove this for
myself.

^GiALiTis HiATicuLA (j). 244). The fact that two races of the
Common Ringed Plover occur in Great Britain is now
absolutely proved {vide Lowe, Ibis, 1914, p. 39.5).

^GiALiTis DUBiA (p. 246). The Little Ringed Plover is known
to breed in the Canary Islands — a fact worth recording
{vide Ibis, 1912, p. 582).

Sterna sandvicexsis (p. 268). " The Sandvnch Tern breeds . . .
occasionally . . . in the eastern Canary Islands." There is abso-
lutely no proof of this. If it bred in the eastern group in
1841, it certainly has ceased to do so long since. It must be
remembered that Bolle in 1857 did not distinguish between
this and the Common Tei-n, which latter used to breed in
enormous numbers in the islands, but which has now
practically been exterminated by egg-hunters.

Uria troile (p. 277). The Common Guillemot has been known
to reach the shores of the Canary Islands. It is recorded
by Webb & Berthelot in 1841 and Bolle in 1857, who saw a
stuffed specimen in the Leon collection in Gran Canaria.
This is an additional proof that it sometimes wanders
south to about 30° N. in the Atlantic, as stated in the
B. O. U. List.

Thalassidroma pelagica (p. 281). Has bred in Madeira, vide
" Distribution and Nidification of the Tubinares in the
North Atlantic Islands" (Ibis, 1914, p. 448).

Oceanodroma CASTRO (p. 283). The Madeiran Petrel undoubtedly!
breeds in St. Helena {vide Ibis, 1914, p. 452).

388 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

Rallus aquaticus (p. 3U0). " It occurs occasionally in Madeira
and the Canary Islands." The statements of Serra and
Mompo who are, I believe, the only authorities for saying
that the Water- Rail has ever occurred in the Canary Islands,
are most vmreliable.

Gallinula chloropus (p. 305). Oiu' Common Moorhen does not
migrate south of the Palsearctic Region. The bird found
over the greater part of Africa to the Cape is a perfectly
distinct small race — i. e. Gallinula chloropus meridionalis
Brehm. The form found in the Canary Islands is, I believe,
typical G. c. chloropus, and this is probably the southern
extent of its range.

CoLUMBA LiviA (p. 308). The Rock-Dove of the Canary Islands
is distinct from the typical form. It has recently been
separated as G. I. canariensis on account of its smaller size
grey rump, and darker coloration {vide Ibis, 1914, p. 270).

I am, Sir,

Yours, &c.,
6 More's Garden, David A. Bannerman.

Cbeyne Walk, S.W.
March 1, 191-5.

The New B. O. U. List : moke courections.

Sir, — I hope, in the next number of 'The Ibis,' to make
some comments upou the List of British Birds recently
published by the British Ornithologists' Union. I only
wish here to draw attention to four errors which should be
at once corrected. Before doing so, I would state that,
to me, the List is a great advance upon any previous British
List, and predict that the third edition, which must appear
before thirty years again elapse, will be comparatively
blameless.

Aquila fusca (p. 142). This name cannot be used for the
Spotted Eagle, as of Brehm 1823, because in the Diet.
Sci. Nat. vol. i. ISOI, p. 344, Dumont appropriated
that name for a bird which appears to be a stage of
the Golden Eagle. According to the B. 0. U. List,
Appendix, p. 379, the name to be used would be

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 389

Aquila clanga Pallas, Zoogr. Ilosso-Asiat. vol. i. 1827,
p. 351 : Russia.

A curious error has slipped in, the meaning of the
specific name given namely " maculata = spotted/'
instead of ^^fiisca =■ brown."

Glaucion Kaup, 1829 (p. 178). This name cannot be used,
as it is invalidated by Glaucion Oken, Lehrb. der Natur.
vol. iii. pt. 1, 1815, p. ix, used for a Mollusc.

As the Committee consider Anas clangula Linne and
Anas albeola Linne to be congeneric, the name to be
used is, to me, at present problematical. By American
ornithologists these species are refeiTcd to different
genera, and therefore the question of priority of publi-
cation of the two available names has not been discussed.
Stejneger introduced both names in two different
publications at practically the same time; so I give the
references to both. In my opinion these two Ducks
represent different genera.

The names are : —

Glaucionetta Stejneger^ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. viii.
p. 409 (published September 14, 1885). Type (by
orig. design.) : Anas clangula Linne.

Chahitonetta Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 29,
p. 163, 1885 (Advt. dated August 20). Type (by orig.
design.) : Anas albeola Linne.

The latter Avould seem to have priority, as it was
probably published within a week of August 20.

I would accept some blame for these two errors as
the facts were known to me, but I apparently over-
looked their transmission to Mr. W. L. Sclater. I
would here mention that though the Committee have
acknowledged my aid, for which acknowledgment I
sincerely thank them, such was quite unofficially
rendered to Mr. W. L. Sclater, who undertook the
nomenclatural work, and to whom is due the thanks
of all British and extra-limital ornithologists for the
accuracy seen in this List.

390 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

Thinga maculata Vieillot (p. 219). This name is in-
validated by the earlier use of the same combination by
Linne, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, p. 249. This correction
was published by Mathews (Birds Austr. vol. iii. p. 261,
August 1913), who showed the next name to be Tringa
pectoralis Say in Long, Exped. to Rocky Mts. vol. i.
1823, p. 171, footnote : Engineer Cantonment, near
Rocky Mts., U.S.A.

Sterna fuliginosa Gmelin (p. 269). This name is retained,
not as a nomen conservandum, but because, according
to the Committee, Sterna fuscata Linne " is based on
a young bird, and the identification with the Sooty
Tern is uncertain." This statement is incorrect, as
I have indicated in 'The Ibis' for July 1914, and I
cannot appreciate the reason for the promulgation of
such a remark. Extra-limital workers would conclude
from the Committee's statement that my article has been
criticised by them and that I had erred. This is not so,
as in this case there is no matter of opinion concerned,
but simply facts, and these are absolutely conclusive.

The correct name is Sterna fuscata Linne, Syst. Nat.
12th ed. 1766, p. 228 : Domingo.

I can understand any reason being sufficient in the
case of a nomen conservandum, but an erroneous state-
ment cannot achieve any good but only cause trouble.

I am, Sir,

Yours, &c..
Natural History Museum, ToM Iredale.

Cromwell Road, S.W.,

March 6, 1915.

The Annual General Meeting of the British Ornithologists'
Union. — The Annual General Meeting of the B. O. U. for
1915 was held on March 10 at the Offices of the Zoological
Society of London, the President, Col. R. G. Wardlaw-
Ramsay, being in the Chair. There were sixty-two members
present.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 391

The Minutes of tlie last Annual General Meeting were
read and confirmed.

The Secretary read the following^ Report of the Committee
for the past j'ear : —

''The Committee regret that they have to report a further
decrease in the funds of the Union during the past year.
The accounts, which have been audited in detail by Mr. D.
Seth-Smith, show that the total receipts in 1914 were
£731 4iS. \Qd. as compared with £608 G*. 7d. in the
previous year, and the total payments amounted to £811
13s. 7d. as against £634 9^. 8c?, in 1913. The balance
carried forward to 1915 was £32 10s. 7d.

" The great increase in receipts is chiefly due to the sales
of ' The Ibis' for the final quarter of 1913 not having been
received until too late for inclusion in the balance-sheet for
that year ; consequently the sales receipts ior five quarters
appear in 191 1< and only three in the previous year, and the
increase thus caused amounted to £92 13s. 9c?.

" On the payments side, for the same reason, there is
included the payments for the cost of distribution of ' The
Ibis ' for five quarters in 1914, as against three only in
1913, but the outstanding expenditure, amounting to nearly
£200, was on account of the new List of British Birds,
and the General Index now in course of publication. The
greater part of the cost of these two works, however, has
yet to be paid, and will place the finances of the Union
in a very critical position.

"The increase in the cost of ' The Ibis ' volume for 1914
is only apparent, as the cost of distribution in 1913, as stated
above, only represented three of the four quarterly parts.

"The Annual Volume of 'The Ibis' for 1914, edited by
Mr. W. L. Sclater, is the fifty-sixth, and the second of the
tenth series. It contains Q77 pages, and is illustrated with
8 coloured and 18 black-and-white plates and 8 text-figures.

" With regret the Committee report the deaths of Mr. C.
A. Ball and Lieut. K. Y. Meiklejohn since the last Annual
General Meeting.

:41

433

425

420

419

424

1

1

2

3

3

3

9

7

8

9

9

9

0

0

0

6

4

—

10

9

9

9

10

9

20

19

20

20

19

20

393 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

"^The following gentlemen have resigned: — A.. J. Cholmley,
Col. A. H. Cowie, A. R. Gillman, Lt.-Col. R. N. Harvey,
J. H. Leigh, Capt. P. S. G. Reid, Stephen Venour,
A. S. Verey, Charles Whymper, W. Strang- Watkins, and
C. W. de Vis.

"The name of Mr. R. A. Crowley has been removed from
the List of Members under Rule 6.

"The membership of the Union, and comparison with the
previous five years, is as follows : —

1915. 1914. 1913. 1912. 191L 1910-

Ordinary Members... 441
Extraordinary ,,
Honorary „

Hon. Lady „

Colonial ,,

Foreign ,.

" There are 9 candidates for Ordinary and 1 for Honorary
Membership, and 2 for Hon. Lady Membership.

*' The new edition of the B. O. U. List of British Birds
was published early in February, and the Committee hope
tliat every Member will purchase a copy.

" The compilation of the new General Index for the years
1895 to 1912 is completed, and the first sheets are now
in type."

The statement of accounts for the year 1914, previously
circulated to Members, was submitted and approved, and a
vote of thanks was accorded to the Auditor, Mr. D. Seth-
Smith.

Dr. C. B. Ticehurst and Mr. G. M, Mathews were
appointed Scrutineers to superintend the Ballots, and the
Meeting then proceeded to elect the Officers for the ensuing
year. It was announced that Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker had
been re-elected Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, and that
Mr. D.. Seth-S.mith had been elected a Member of the

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 393

Committee in the place of Dr. E. Hartert, who retired by-
rotation.

The following nine gentlemen were elected Ordinary
Members of the Union : — Edwin Ashby ; Arthur D. Brad-
ford ; R. C. Staples Browne, B.A., F.Z.S.; Robert A.
Carrie; George H. Dawson; Sir Henry J. Johnson, F.Z.S.;
Eustace B. Maton ; William N. May; and Oliver H. Wild.

Mr. C. W. 'Richmond, a Foreign Member of the Union,
was transferred to the list of Honorary Members ; and Dr.
Emilie Snethlage and Miss Annie C. Jackson were elected
Honorary Lady Members.

The Chairman then asked the Meeting to formally confirm
the Committee's resolution, that the Annual Subscription to
the Union be raised from £1 to £1 5s. He announced that
as a result of the circular-letter sent to all Members on
May 1, 1914, 222 replies had been received, and of these
only 18 were against the increase. He also drew attention
to the present low state of the fnnds of the Union and the
greatly increased expenditure which had to be met.

After a short discussion of the Accounts, in which
Messrs. Witherby, Iredale, Forbes, and Chase took part,
the resolution was put to the Meeting and confirmed.

[Note. — A formal notice of the increased subscription
will be sent to all Members in due course, together
with a new Banker's Order form for the use of
those who prefer this means of payment.]

A vote of thanks to the Zoological Society for the use
of their Offices and Rooms during the past year was
unanimously carried.

A vote of thanks to the Chair closed the Meeting, and
the Members adjourned to attend the Annual Dinner,
which was held in conjunction with the monthly dinner
of the British Ornithologists" Club,

si;r. \. — \ OL. Ill,

2d

394 Letteis, Extracts, and Notes.

The new B. O. U. List of British Birds, — The volume is
now ready, and it is hoped that all Members who have not
vet done so "will send the subscription price (including
postage, 5^. 6c?. a copy) to the Hon. Secretary, B. 0. U.,
c/o the Zoological Society, Regent's Park, N.W.

Some copies of the first edition, published in 1883, still
remain unsold. Any Member wishing to have one can
do so on applying to Messrs. W. Wesley & Son, and
enclosing a remittance of 2*. 10c?. The remaining stock
of the first edition will shortly be destroyed.

THE IBIS.

TENTH SERIES.

Vol. III. No. 3. JULY 1915.

XXII. — Notes on Bird-Migration at the Mouth of the Yenesei
River, Siberia, as observed in the Autumn of 1914. By
Maud D. IIaviland.

During tlie summer and part of the autumn of 1914, as a
member of the party of Miss Czaplicka of Oxford, I spent
some weeks on the estuary of the Yenesei River. July and
August were passed at Golchika ; part of September I spent
at Nosonovsky Ostrov, one of the islands of the Breokoffsky
Group, about two hundred versts higher up the river. At
Golchika I was able to keep regular records of the departure
of the different species of birds ; at Nosonovsky, where I
was living on board ship, it was not possible to make obser-
vations on shore every day, and my notes are incomplete.

Apart from the obvious drawbacks of making observations
in such an immense and uniform country as the Yenesei
tundra, where at any time bird-life tends to be scattered
and diffused, there is great difficulty in obtaining anything
like a just idea of the direction and magnitude of any
migratory movement. In England it is possible to judge the
trend and scope of such movement by the species or sub-
species that are observed to pass ; but at the mouth of the
Yenesei this often cannot be done, because, being itself so

SEK. X. — VOL. III. 2 E

396 Miss M. D. Havilaud on Bird-Migration

far north, the species seen are all represented locally, and
it is impossible to say whether they have been reared in the
district or are passengers from yet higher latitudes.

Por the purposes of this paper, the birds that I observed
at Golchika can be divided into two groups : those whose
return migration appeared to take place at the heyday of
the summer, quite independently of weather-conditions or
food-supply ; and those whose southAvard movement was
put off until the winter storms drove them away. Certain
interesting s^pecies, such as the Red-breasted Goose (Bj-anta
ruficollis). Long-tailed Skua {Stercorarius longicauda) , and
Bar- tailed God wit (Limosa lapponica), were too scarce to
allow of any observations being made of their movements.

The first group included the Turnstone [Arenaria in-
terpj-es), Grey Phalarope (^Phalaropus fulicarius), Shore-Lark
{Otocorys a(2)estris), Red-throated Pipit [Anthus cervhus),
Curlew-Sandpiper [Tringa ferruginea) , Arctic Tern {Sterna
paradisea), and possibly the Red-necked Phalarope [Phu-
laropus lohatus) and Wheatear [CEnanthe cenanthe).

Of these, the Turnstone was the only species that I did
not find bi ceding in the district ; in fact, it did not occur
there at all until August 12, when I shot a bird from a
little flock of four on the western shores of the river. The
specimen was a female, and did not appear to have bred.
For the subsequent two days several of such little parties
passed Golchika, but after that I saw no more until Sep-
tember 5, when I flushed a solitary bird from a swamp at
Nosonovsky.

The Grey Phalarope was the earliest of all the birds
to leave Golchika. This species bied rather late, for it
nested in the low-lying marshes wliich were under water
during the thaw ; but the young fledged with great rapidity,
and by August 5 there was not a bird to be seen.

The next departure was that of the Shore-Lark, which
I last recorded on August 10. This bird nested on the
crests of the dry hills of the tundra, which were among
the first spots to be freed from snow, and consequently the
eggs were laid early.

at the Mouth of the Yenesei River. 397

The Curlew-Sandpipers departed about August 15. Tlicy
did not come down to the riverside fiats and marshes
before migration, as did the Stints and Plovers, which bred
with them on the tundra.

The Red-throated Pipits also had all disappeared by
August 15. This Pipit breeds rather late, but at Golchika
the young are fed by the parents long after they have left
the nest. I saw a bird with its bill full of mosquitoes on
August 7, and therefore the fledglings must have been
tended almost until the date of departure.

The Arctic Tern and the Ked-necked Phalarope dis-
appeared (approximately) about August 18 ; but I saw
a solitary bird of the latter species swimming in the Yenesei
on August 26. The White Wagtail {Motacilla alba) and
Vv'^heatear were not observed at Golchika after August 20,
though two young birds of the former species were seen on
September 3 at Pustoy, seventy versts to the south.

The departure of the second group of birds was, I think,
entirely due to the weather-conditions. On August 27
severe south-easterly gales set in and blew for six days,
\^ith frequent squalls of rain. During this time I con-
stantly saw small flights of Plovers and Stints passing
up the Yenesei. This storm drove away the Lapland
Buntings {Calcarius lopponicus), Snow-Buntiigs {Plectro-
phena.v nivalis), Buff's [Machetes pvgnax), Grey Plovers
{Squatarola squatarola), and Temminck^s Stints (Iritiffa
temminckii). It also disposed of the bulk of the Little
Stints [Tringa minuta) and Dunlins (Tj-inga alpina), thougli
I saw a few of these two species on September 2. Kinged
Plovers {^gialitis hiaticula) and Asiatic Golden Plovers
(Charadrius dominicus fulvus) were common until Sep-
tember 3, on which date I left the district.

From the above notes it is obvious that, although food-
supply undoubtedly influenced the movements ot such species
as the Bed-throated Pipit, whose young are reared almost
entirely on mosquitoes, and possibly those of the Arctic
Tern (although on the Yenesei this tern does not live only
upon live food, but scavenges for offal round the fish-

2e2

398 Miss M. D. Haviland on Bird-Mlyration

stations like any g^iH). yet in certain cases the mainspring
of the southward migration cannot be referred to this
cause. For instance, the Grey Phalarope disappeared more
than a fortnight before the Red-necked Phalarope, although,
to a human observer, the two species seem identical in the
matter of food, haunts, and habits. Again, the Shore-Lark
and the Wheatear inhabit the same ground and are appar-
ently very similar in their feeding-habits, and yet one leaves
many days before the other. The Curlew-Sandpiper and the
Golden Plover breed at the same time, and frequent the
same parts of the tundra, and yet the former species migrates
much earlier than the latter; and so on.

The ducks [Clangula hyemalis) and the geese and divers
do not leave Golchika until mid-September. In the case of
the divers this is owing to the lateness of the breeding-
season, for the birds are obliged to wait until the ice has
thawed on the little lakes, and consequently the young
cannot fly before the end of August. The White-billed
Diver (Culymbus adamsi) breeds out on the tundra, some
liundreds of miles east of the Yenesei. I did not meet
with this species, but the Siberians recognized it from
descriptions and pictures and said that it was sometimes
seen at Golchika in the spring, but they did not remember
having seen it in the autumn. Mr. A. Trevor-Battye
records that he saw one of these birds at Kolguev towards
the end of June ; so that it is just possible that in the
spring migration the birds move eastwards across the
mouths of the great estuaries. In the autumn they may
travel by a more direct and slightly different route to the
south — possibly up the valleys of the Pyasina and Khatanga
Rivers.

There is one record of some little interest at Golchika,
and that is the occurrence of the Bluethroat {Cyanusylvia
suecica). So far as I could ascertain, this species does not
breed within a hundred miles of the district, but during the
first week in August a few small parties of immature birds
appeared along the riverside and haunted tlie driftwood -
strewn beaches for two or three weeks. Mr, H. L. Popham

al the Muuth of Iha Yenesci River. 399

(Ibis, 1897, p. 93) meutious that Le also saw young Blue-
throats at Golchika in August,

My observations at Nosonovsky Ostrov vveie very dis-
connected, and are consequently of little value. On
September 5 I saw numbers of Wheatears on the fore-
shore, also some Lapland Buntings and a few Mountain
Accentors (^Accentor montanelhis Dresser). I believe that
Breokoffsky is the most northerly point of the range of
this bird on the Yenesei. Four days later all the Accentors
and most of the Buntings and Wheatears had gone ; and in
subsequent visits ashore I saw no small birds at all, except
a few Ringed Plovers and two Wheatears on the 12th. The
absence of Waders surprised me a good deal, for the broad
sandy beaches looked like an ideal feeding-ground ; but
I saw none but one BufF, which flew past the ship on
the 14th. Geese continually flew southward in small
parties, and occasionally I saw Swans and Divers. On
shore the Willow-Grouse {Lagopus albus) was frequent.
The Siberians said that it often lingered until October.
Gulls [Larus fuscus untelius) remained common until my
departure on September 19, and a few accompanied the
ship as far north as Dickson Island.

With regard to the direction of migration on the Yenesei,
tliere can be little doubt that on the lower reaches, at any
rate, both for geographical and also for climatic reasons, the
principal movement is from north to south along the coasts
of the great river. However, I do not think that, even if
we knew as much of the bird-movements in those regions as
Ave do of those in our own country, that we could write of
them otherwise than with reserve, for the reason that in
those latitudes life of all kinds is dependent on climatic
conditions to a degree unknown in the south. Any acce-
leration or delay in the annual shrinkage of the Polar
ice-cap must react temporarily on the distribution of the
birds of the country, to the extent of two or three hundred
miles perhaps in the restriction or extension of the summer
range of a species, and consequently produce an effect on
its miirratorv movements for that season.

400 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

XXIII. — On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa
and Uganda, inesented to the British Museum by Capt. G.
P. Cosens. — Part III, Colii — Pici. By Claude H. B.
Grant, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. JVith Field Notes hy the
Collector, Willoughbv P. Lowe, M.B.O.U.*

(Plate V. and Text-figure 6.)

Introduction.
The third part of tliis paper deals with 41 species and
subspecies, making a total of 212 to the end of the Wood-
peckers. The new subspecies, all of which have recently
been described in the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists'
Club, are eleven in number, as follows : —

Centropus grillii ivahlbergi, C. superciliosus loandce, C. s.
sokotrce, Indicator minor alexanderi, I. exilis leona, I. e.
ansorgei, Pogoniulus chrysoconus rhodesice, Dendropicos
fuscescens cosensi, D. lafresnayi loandce, Thripias naniaqims
intermedials, Jyn.v ruficollis cosensi.

Systematic List.
171. Colius striatus aflSnis. East African Striated Coly.
Colius leucotis affiais Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 312 : Dar-es-
Salaam.

a,b.^^ ad. Kikuyu. Sept. 21.

c. (J ad. Annamuget, 3700 f t. Feb. 1.

d. S ad. Gubba, Pader Dist., 3100 ft. Feb. 18.

Total length in flesh: S 14.^, 12|, & 11 inc hes;
? 14 inches. Wing: (? 101, 99, & 96 mm.; ^ 98 mm.

The September female is in new dress and the male is
completing the moult. Both the February specimens are
showing signs of wear.

[Irides brown, the male from Gubba is marked as having
yellow irides ; bill bluish or bluish black, lower mandible
white or bluish pink; legs and toes red. Common.]

In naming these specimens I have had to examine all the

* For Part I., with map of route, see pp. 1-76, Part 11. pp. 23u-316.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 401

named races of C. leucntis, and in working them out I find
tiiat this group and the '' striatus " group fall naturally in
together and do not appear to overlap in any part of their
extreme limits. Therefore I agree with Zedlitz (cf Journ.
fiir Orn. 1910, p. 755), that C. leucotis and its subspecies
should in future be placed under C. striatus ; thus making
Colius striatus the parent species and all the others geogra-
phical races of it, though I do not agree that C. castauolus
should be included also,

COLIUS STKIATUS STRIATUS.

Colius striatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i. part 2, 1789,
p. 843 : Cape of Good Hope.

Of this, Colius striatus intermedins Shelley (Ibis^ 1885,
p. 311 : Cape Colony) is a synonym.

The cheeks are of the same colour as the top of the head ;
there is no black on the forehead ; and the legs and toes are
dark crimson. Wing: ^ (three) 94-90; ? (two) 97-92;
no sex (five) 97-92 mm. King William's Town, (J (one)
98 mm.

Range. Cape Town district eastward to the Knysua and
King William's Town.

Colius striatus nigricollis.

Colius nigricoilis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol. vii.
1817, p. 378 : jNIalimbe, Portugaese Congo.

Of this, Colius nigriscapalis Rchw. (Journ. fur Orn. 1892,
p. 180 : Buea, Cameroon Mt., cf. p. 218) becomes a synonym.

This race differs from C. s. striatus in having the forehead
black ; the cheeks are the same colour as the top of the head^
which is rather lighter in colour than the mantle; and
from C s. cinerascens in lacking the white cheeks and in
having the under sides of the wings richer in colour. The
legs and toes are red as in C. .<?. cinerascens, and thus differ
from those in C. s. striatus. Wing-measurements : Congo,
? (one) 96, no sex (three) 100-88 ; Shari, Ubanghi, and
Welle Rivers and Nadouma, Niam Niam, ^ (three) 93,
? (two) 97-95, no sex 95-91 ; Cameroon, coast, S (one,

40.2 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Buea) 93, ? (two) 97-96, inland, S (four) 96-91, ? (three)
95-91 mm.

Range. Kabinda or Portuguese Congo, to Cameroon and
eastwards to the Sliari, Ubanghi, and Welle Rivers and Niam
Niam.

COLIUS STRIATUS LKUCOTIS.

Colius leucotis Riipp. Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 4,2, pi. 2 :
Province of Temben, Abyssinia.

Of this, Colius striatus hitgerti Zedl. (Orn. Monatsb. 1910,
p. 58 : Harar) and Colius striatus erlangeri Zedl. (op. cit. :
Djam Djam, Abyssinia, cf. also Journ. fiir Orn. 1910, p. 755,
pi. X,), become synonyms.

Rather paler generally and less black on the throat than
C. s. cinei-ascens, mantle very distinctly barred, cheeks white,
legs and toes red. Wing-measurements : Abyssinia, (^ (four)
100-94, ? (seven) 102-95; Somaliland, ^ (one) 93; Sudan
and White Nile, ^ (three) 94-92, ? (two) 95-93 mm.

Range. Upper White Nile and Egyptian Sudan to
Abyssinia and British Somaliland.

Colius striatus minor.

Colius minor Cab. Journ. fiir Orn. 1876, p. 94 : Natal.

Of this, Colius hirhyi Sharpe (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxi. 1907,
p. 32 : Lydenburg, E. Transvaal) must become a synonym,
inasmuch as the type (a male) now before me is nothing but
a semi-albino, and is not therefore a species at all. The
size, wing 93 mm., agrees perfectly with normally coloured
specimens.

Similar to C. s. striatus, but throat distinctly more
blackish. Wing-measurements : Natal and Zululand, ^
(three) 96-94, ? (three) 93-87, no sex (five) 96-90 ; Trans-
vaal and Swaziland, S (three) 93-83, ? (four) 92-91 ;
Portuguese East Africa, (^ (one) 90, ? (one) 92 ; south-
east Rhodesia and Zambesi, S (ei^ht) 93-88, ? (four) 91 ;
Shire River (no sex) 82 ; Zomba, south Nyasaland, (one)
90 mm.

Range. Natal and Zululand northwards to the Transvaal,
Portuguese East Africa, south-east Rhodesia and the Zambesi,
also to Zomba in south Nvasulaud.

Birds from British East Africa and Uyaiida. 403

COLIUS STKIATUS BERLEPSCHI.

Colius leucotis berlepschi Hartert in Ansorge, Under tlie
African Sun, App. 1899, p. 333 : New Heligolaudj north-
east shores of Lake Nyasa, German East Africa,

Cheeks greyish white ; mantle no more distinctly barred
than in C. s. minor. Differs from C. s. cineruscens in
practically lacking the barring on the chest, throat and lores
more dusky, no white tips to throat-feathers, rest of under-
parts on the average rather darker ; legs red. Wing-
measurements: north Nyasaland, (^ (six) 98-94, (one) 102,
? (three) 97-93 ; North-east Rhodesia and south-east
Belgian Congo, ^ (two) 101-99 mm.

Range. Country east and west of northern Lake Nyasa to
North-eastern Rhodesia and south-east Belgian Congo.

Colius striatus affinis.

Culius leucotis ajjinis Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 312 : Dar-es-
Salaam.

It appears to me that Colius leucotis cinerascens Neum.
(Journ. fiir Orn. 1900, p. 190 : Irangi, north German East
Africa) and Colius kiwuensis Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1908,
p. 191 : Lake Kiwu) are synonyms.

Differs from C. s. berlepschi in having whiter ear-coverts,
the black throat distinctly tipped with white, and the chest
clearly barred; the mantle shows the barring, but nothing
like so clearly as in C. s. leucotis. Legs red. Wing-measure-
ments : north German East Africa, (J (three) 97-95, ? (one)
89, no sex (four) 96-86 ; British East Africa, S (ten) 105-96,
? (eight) 101-92 ; Uganda, c? (nine) 102-62, one measures
only 92, ? (four) 99-92 mm.

Range. Northern German East Africa, the greater part of
British East Africa and Uganda, including Ruwenzori.

Nine specimens from Mombasa have rather less black on
the throat than the generality of British East African
specimens, they have the wing : ^ 95-90, ? 92-90, no sex
(lour) 89-87 mm. One specimen from Zanzibar is generally
rather rufous, especially below, has very little black on the
throat, and has a wing of 87 mm. ; no sex.

404 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

To sum up, the wing-raeasurements given show that appar-
ently no great reliance can be placed on this as a diagnostic
character, but other characters prove that this group of Colics
divides itself naturally into six well defined races. The
southernmost forms have dark-coloured legs ; these become
red or coral-pink in all the races to the northward, the
western race retaining the brownish ear-coverts of the parent
species, whereas the eastern forms assume greyish-white or
Avhite ear-coverts, and at its most northern limits assumes a
distinctly barred mantle.

Since the above has been put into print I have seen the
description of Colius striatus jebt^lensis Mearns (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xlviii. 1915, p. 394: Gondokoro). The
wing-measurement given is, in males 93-92, and in females
95-93 mm. These measurements agree so well with those
of the specimens from the Sudan and White Nile men-
tioned above under C. s. leucotis, that I consider a seventh
race can be recognised under Mearns^ name, having a range
of the Upper White Nile and Sudan.

All the measurements given by me point to the males
always being somewhat larger than the females, though the
reverse (except for the type specimen) is the case with
Mearns' measurements.

Mr. Mearns remarks that " Zedlitz has given excellent
coloured figures," cf. Journ. f iir Orn. 1910, plate 10 ; with
this I do not altogether agree, as the good series in the
British Museum collection does not bear out the tone of
coloration as depicted on that plate, and this has compelled
me to sink Zedlitz' two subspecies.

172. Colius macrourus pulcher. East African Crested Coly.
Colius maa'ourus pulc/ie?- Neum. Journ. fiir Orn. 1900,
p. 190 : Teita, German East Africa.

fl. c? ad. Amala River, 5300 ft. Oct. 21.

h. S ad. 20 miles S. of Baringo, 3800 It. Dec. 24.

c. ? ad. Kozibiri River, 1800 ft. Jan. 16.

d. ? ad. Annamuget, 3700 ft. Feb. 1.

Total length in flesh; <;? 14 & 13 inches; ? 14 & \^
inches.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 405

Wing : (^ 92 & 91 mm. ; ? 92 & 89 mm.

These four specimens are fully adult, are showing signs of
wear, and are beginning to moult.

[Irides red, reddish brown, or brown ; bare skin rouml eyes
red; bill red, apical point black ; legs and toes red, dull red,
or light claret-colour. Only a small flock seen on the
Amala River, which were very wild. More plentiful in
Uganda.]

Through the kindness of Mr. Rothschild and Dr. Hartert,
I have been enabled to examine three specimens of C
macrourus macrourus from the type locality. These show
that the Abyssinian bird is similar to the Senegal race, and
therefore that only two races are recognisable as follows :

CoLIUS MACROURUS MACROURUS.

Lanius macrourus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766_, p. 134 :
Senegal.

Colius scnega/ensis Gmel. (Syst. Nat. i. part 2, 1789,
p. 842 : Senegal River) is a synonym and cannot be raised
to the rank of a race (cf. Colius macrourus senegalensis Gm.,
Neumann, Journ. fiir Orn. 1900, p. 190), as has already
been pointed out by Oberholser in theProc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
vol. xxviii. 1905, p. 862.

As the Abyssinian birds agree perfectly with those from
Senegal, UrocoUus macrourus syntactus Oberh. (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xxviii. 1905, p. 863: Abyssinia) becomes a
synonym. Apparently neither Neumann nor Oberholser
were able to examine specimens from Senegal.

Generally much paler throughout than C. m. pulcher,
lacking the deep ashy tint of the upper surface, especially
on the head. Wing-measurements : Senegal, ? (three)
90-88 ; Lake Chad and Shari River, S (two) 89 & 88, ?
(three) 89-85 ; Kordofan and White Nile, S (three) , 90-89,
? (one) 95, no sex (two) 91 & 86 ; Abyssinia, ^ (four)
88-86, one measures 93, no sex (three) 91-87 ; Somaliland,
S (six) 92-89, 9 (four) 93-86 mm.

Range. Senegal and Lake Chad district, eastward to
Abyssinia and Somaliland, including Kordofan and Kaka
on the White Nile.

403 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

COLIUS MACllOURUS PULCHER Ncum. Op. cit.

Generally much darker throughout thau C. m. macrourux
especially on the upper surface, which is of a deep ashy tint,
the under surface of the wings is also rather richer in colour
Wing-measurements: Baro River, cT (one) 95, $ (one) 91
Lado, (J 95 ; Uganda, S (three) 97-92, ? (six) 93-87
British East Africa, ^ (three) 97-91, ? (three) 89-87
northern Lake Nyasa, no sex, 99 mm.

Range. From the Baro River south to the Lado Enclave,
Uganda (including Ruweuzori), greater part of British East
Africa, German E:ist Africa to north of Lake Nyasa.

This race is also somewhat larger, having in males a M'ing-
measurement of 97-92 and in females 93-87 mm. ; as against
a wing-measurement in males of 93-86 and in females
95-85 in C. m. macrowus, though this is a character on
which little reliance can be placed.

173. Apaloderma narina narina. Narina Trogon.
Troc/on narina Stepli. Shaw's Gen. Zool, vol. ix. 1815, p. 14 :
Auteniquoi, Kuysna District, Cape Colony, ex Levaillaut.

a. ? ad. Amala River, 5600 ft. Oct. 21.

b. ? ad. 12 miles east of Amala River, 5600 ft. Oct. 25.
c,d. S ad. Mt. M-aroto, 4300 ft. Jan. 28.

Total length in flesh : (? 13 & 12^ inches ; ? 12^ &
12i inches. AViug : S 134 & 130 mm.; ? 139 &
131 mm.

These four specimens are all adult, are in quite good
dress, and agree perfectly with four specimens before me
from the type locality, which have the wing in three males
135, 134, and 132, and in one female 128 mm.

This single female has the brown of the chest and throat
deeper in tone than most specimens from east Africa, but
some south African females agree perfectly with the east
African birds.

[Irides brown: bare skin around eye blue above and blue
and yellow below, mixed green and yellow in female ; bill
green, base yellow ; legs and toes brownish flesh-colour,
female rather paler. In the localities Avhcrc this bird was

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 407

observed, it was only seen singly or in pairs. Stomach
contained locusts.]

I am inclined to agree with Sharpe that his Hapaloderma
(Eqiiatoriale (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1901, p. 3 : J]£ulen,
Cameroon) is not really separable from A. n.narina (cf. ' Ibis/
1901, p. 613). Four of the six adult males in the British
Museum collection have broad markings on the wing-coverts,
but the other two agree with males of A. n. narina, and the
one adult female is practically indistinguishable. Three
fully fledged young birds appear to show two distinct stages
of plumage : one, a male, is moulting from tbe nestling
plumage, which is " green above, much as in the adult, but
has a number of conspicuous white spots on the coverts and
inner secondaries ; below, the breast is buffy, mottled and
irregularly barred with green and dusky" {cf. Sclater, ' Ibis,'
1911, p. 721) ; the belly and under tail-coverts being also a
mixture of white, dusky and buff, with no sign of the red
coloration. This example is assuming a dress which is similar
to the adult above, as the wing-coverts, except the outer-
most, have buff spots and the secondaries are mottled with
buff, each feather having a broad buff tip ; below, the belly and
under coverts are as in the adult, but the breast and throat
are deep buff, finely and regularly barred with dark green.
This plumage is represented by a male and a female from
Efulen. Thus there appears to be an intermediate dress
between the first and the adult plumages in both sexes.
The same thing is observable in south African specimens,
though the green barring is not so well defined, and this
character, when specimens in full second dress are available
from the south, may prove sufficient to separate the Came-
roon race.

The four adult males from the Gold Coast Colony show
that Sharpe and Ussher's Hapaloderma constantia (' Ibis,^
1872, p. 181 : Denkera, Fantee) is quite a good subsj)ecies
of A. n. narina ; females, when obtained, may also show
some distinctive character.

Hapaloderma rufiventre Dubois (P. Z. S. 1896, p. 999 :
Lake Tanganyika District) was undoubtedly described

408 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

from a spirit specimen, and this accounts for tlie pale
coloration of the underparts. A specimen of A. n. con-
stantia in the British Museum that has been skinned from
spirit agrees perfectly in tlie coloration of the underparts
with Dubois' figure in the ' Synopsis Avium,' 1902, pi. ii,
and convinces me that preservation in spirit of wine has
been the cause of 'j'emoving the always evanescent red pig-
ment and turned it to the colour described and figured by
Dubois. Therefore H. rufirentre becomes a synonym of
A. n. narina.

174. Turacus schalowi marungensis. Mannigu Long-
crested Plantain-eater.

Turacus livingstonii marunr/ensis Reich w. Vog. Afr. vol.ii.
1902, p. 52 : Marungu, west of Lake Tanganyika.

a, 6. (J ? ad. Amala River, 5300 & 5500 ft. Oct. 13
&21.

Total length in flesh : (^ 15^ inches; ? 16^ inches.
Wing : c? 178 mm. ; $ 169 mm.

Both are in quite good dress ; the female having much
more blue on the long feathers of the crest than has the
male ; the latter is in moult in the wings and tail, and shows
that the tail fades slightly into a purpUsh tone.

[Irides brown ; eyelids red; bill red ; legs and toes black.
Common and nesting.]

In naming these two birds I have had to examine the
large series in the British Museum, combined with the mono-
graph by Prof. Neumann of Turacus Uvingstonii livingstonii
and allies in the Nov. Zool. vol. xv. 1908, pp. 376-378, and
through the kindness of Mr. Rothschild and Dr. Hartert I
have had the loan of their specimens from Tring, including
the type of T. I. loitanus.

On laying out the series it becomes at once apparent that
these birds can be divided into two well defined groups by
the form of the crest, one group having the crest compara-
tively short and graduated from the poll to the tip (text-
fio-. 6 A), and the other having the crest comparatively

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 409

lonpf and not graduated from tlie poll to the tip (text-
fig. 6 B). Also the shorter crested group has the longest

Text-figure 6.

A. Head of Turacus limngdomi livmt/stotiii aud ally.

B. Head of Turacus schalowi schalowi and allies.

crest-feathers comparatively broad, whereas the longer
crested group has the longest crest-feathers comparatively
narrow.

These two groups would therefore stand as follows with
their subspecies : —

I. Crest short and graduated from poll to tip ; tail greenish.

Turacus livingstonii livingstonii.

Turacus livinffstonii Gray, Yroc. Zool. Soc. 186-1, p. 44 :
jNIanganja highlands, Nyasaland.

Tail green, or but faintly washed with blue towards the tip.
Range. Gorongoza district of Portuguese East Africa,

410 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

south-eastern Rhodesia and the lower Zambesi Valley to
Nyasaland. I can find no evidence in support of the
occurrence of this Turaco in Zululand, and do not think it
can occur so far south.

TURACUS LIVINGSTONII CABANISI.

Turacus cabanisi Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1883. p. 221 :
Bagamojo, German East Africa.

A careful comparison of specimens from throughout
German East Africa shows that no tangible difference exists
between birds from the south and north, and therefore
Turacus hjbridus Reichw. (Journ. fiir Orn. 1898, p. 314 :
northern end of Lake Nyasa) must become a synonym.

Similar to T. I. livingstonn, but tail more strongly washed
with blue, especially towards the base.

Range. German East Africa.

II. Crest longer and not graduated from the poll to the tip ;
tail purplish.

Turacus schalowi schalowi.

Turacus schalowi Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1891, p. 148 :
Novo Redondo, Angola.

Long feathers of crest green before the white tips, short
feathers on poll green with white tips, white line uiider eye.

Range. Angola.

Turacus schalowi chalcolophus.

Turacus chalcolophus Neum. Orn. Monatsb. 1895, p. 87 :
Mt. Gurui, Irangi, German East Africa.

Long feathers of crest blue before the white tips, short
feathers on poll blue with scarcely any white tips, Avhite line
under eye absent or only faintly indicated.

Range. Apparently confined to Mt. Gurui.

Turacus schalowi marungensis.

Turacus livingstonii marungensis Reichw. op. cit.

On comparing the type of Turacus livingstonei loitanus
Neum. (Nov. Zool. vol. xv. 1908, p. 378 : Loita Mts., British
East Africa) with specimens of T. s. marungensis^ I find that

Birds from British East Africa and U(janda. 411

they agree perfectly in every detail. The first-named cer-
tainly differs from T. I. chalcolophus, with which Prof.
Neumann compared his specimen, but is exactly similar to
T. s. marungensis, even to the colour of the tail. Neumann's
name must, therefore, become a synonym.

Long feathers of crest blue before the white tips, short
feathers on poll green with white tips, white line under eye.

Range. North-eastern Ehodesia and Nyasaland, north-
wards to southern British East Africa.

Prof. Neumann in the Nov. Zool. 1908, p. 377, suggested
the possibility of Turacus reichenoivi being a distinct speciex,
and I think this should be established.

Turacus reichenowi.

Corythaix reichenowi Fischer, Orn. Centralb. 1880, p. 174 :
Nguru-Berge, German East Africa.

Form and coloration of crest as in T. I. livingstonii (see
also Journ. fiir Orn. 1885, pi. v. fig. 5, though apparently
no great reliance can be placed on these figures, as the head
of C livingstonii figured, on this plate does not agree with the
type and a large series in the British Museum collection) ;
median, greater coverts, and secondaries of wings, rump, and
tail deep blue.

Range. Nguru and Dar-es-Salaam in German East
Africa, southwards to Beira, Portuguese East Africa.

By dividing these Turacos into two separate groups and
reinstating T. reichenowi with the rank of a species, the
muddle that has hitherto existed is elucidated, and the geo-
graphical races are more clearly defined ; also by adopting
this arrangement two subspecies do not occupy the same
area, as would be the case if T. cabanisi and T. marungensis
were placed under T. livingstonii, instead of being made
subspecies of two distinct species as here proposed.

175. Turacus leucolophus. Heuglin's White - crested
Plantain-eater.

Corythaix leucolophus Ileugl. Journ. fiir Orn. 1855, p. Go :
Bahr-el-Abiad, i. e. Upper White Nile.

SER. X. — VOL. III. 2 F

412 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

a-e. S ? ad. Mt. Maroto, 4300 & 6000 ft. Jan. 27-
28 & 30.

/. $ ad. Pader, 3200 ft. Feb. 18.

Totallength in flesh: (5* 16^-16 inches ; ? 16^-15 inches.
Wing: S 173-165 mm. ; ? 169-166 mm.

All these six specimens are in moult and show strikingly
the difference between faded and new feathering.

[Irides brown, eyelids red ; bill yellow, base green ; legs
and toes black. This species was first met with in the
Maroto Mts. ; it was common wherever sufficient vegetation
suited to its habits was found.]

The original description of this species by Heuglin appears
to have been entirely overlooked ; it is contained in a letter
sent to L. Buvry, by whom it was communicated to the
' Journal fiir Ornithologie.' The description reads as
follows : — '■' Corythaix mit langera weissen Federbusche und
gezahntem Schnabel : daher C leucolojjhus mihi."

176. Turacus hartlaubi. Hartlaub^s Plantain-eater.

Corijthaix hartlaubi Fischer & Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn.
1884, p. 52 : Meru Mt., nr. Kilimanjaro, German East
Africa.

a. S ad. Hills south of Narossura, 7200 ft. Nov. 4.

Total length in flesh : 15^ inches. Wing: 170 mm.

This single specimen is in good dress, but slightly worn
and moulting in the tail.

Fischer and Reichenow give the wing-measurement of
their type as 152 mm., which seems to point to its being a
young bird, as a young bird in the British Museum collection
has a wing of only 157 mm., whereas all the adults exceed
160 mm.

The range of this species appears to be from northern
German East Africa to central British East Africa east of
Lake Victoria Nyanza.

[Irides brown; bill dull red; legs and toes greyish
black. Quite common, four or five often being seen
together.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 413

177. Musophaga violacea rossae. Ross's Violet Plautaiii-
eater.

Musophaga rossa J. Gould, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 93 : said to
have come from the western coast of Africa = Loanda,
Angola.

a, h. S ad. Amala River, 5500 & 5300 ft. Oct. 11
&23.

Total length in flesh : 21 & 20 inches. Wing: 229 &
228 mm. Weight 1 lb.

These two specimens are in good dress and show but
slight sig-ns of wear.

[Irides brown, bare skin around eyes yellow ; bill yellow,
red at base of upper mandible, base of lower dirty red ; legs
and toes black. Several pairs seen.]

In the British Museum collection besides the type, which
is a worn and faded caged bird, there is only one other west
coast bird, an adult specimen from Loanda.

A series from the west coast may show that the east coast
bird will be separable, as the two west coast birds mentioned
above appear to be more violel on the upper surface than
the majority of eastern specimens.

The type has a wing of 225 mm., and the Loanda bird a
wing of 221 mm., neither are sexed.

178. Chizaerhis africana zonura. Abyssinian Plantain-
eater.

Chizaerhis zonurus lliipp. Neue Wirb. 184-0, p. 9, pi. 4 :
Province of Temben, Abyssinia.

G, h. cJ ad. Nakwai Hills, 3950 ft. Feb. 5.

c. ? ad. Pader District, 3100 ft. Feb. 17.

Total length in flesh : 22, 21^, & 21 inches. Wing : S
246 & 245 mm. ; no sex 249 mm.

These three specimens are in good dress and but slightly
worn.

[Irides brown ; bill greenish yellow, slight red stripe at
base of upper mandible; legs and toes blackish or dark
grey. This species was first noticed in some dense bushes

2f2

414 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

near water in the Nakwai Hills, wliere its loud cries
attracted my attention. In the Pader District it was much
more plentiful.]

The range of tliis race appears to be from Abyssinai, to
British East Africa, Uganda, and the Bahr-el-Ghazal.
The typical form of the subspecies is : —

Chizaerhis africana africana.

Phasianus africana Lath. Index Orn. vol. ii. 1790, p. 631 :
Africa = Senegal, of. Levaill. Hist. Nat. Prom. 1806, p. 37,
pi. 20.

This form ranges from Senegal and Gambia, through
Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast Colony, and Nigeria to the
Shari River, French Congo.

Latham says in the Syn. of Birds, Suppl. vol. i. 1787,
p. 210, that his specimen was in the British Museum, but
apparently it no longer exists in that collection. Levaillant
was the first to give a particular type locality for this race,
and this locality I suj)port.

179. Corythaixoides leucogaster. White-bellied Plantain-
eater.

Chisdrhis leucogaster- Riipp. Mus. Seiick. iii. 1842, p. 127 :
Southern Abyssinia.

a. S ad. S. Guaso Nyiro, 2950 ft. Nov. 23.

b. (J ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream. Jan. 26.
Total length in flesh : 20^ & 19 inches. Wing : 223 &

213 mm.

These two specimens are fully adult and are showing
signs of fading and wear. They have black bills ; some in
the British Museum collection have greenish bills, these
being taken in February, March, April, June, and October ;
the black-billed birds being dated January, February, June,
October, and November. One young bird, dated July, has
a black bill.

Three of the four sexed green-billed birds are females,
which seems to point to this being the character of the hen
bird, the one marked a male probably being wrongly sexed.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 415

The range of this bird appears to be as follows : — Somali-
land, Abyssinia, British East Africa, and northern German
East Africa.

[Irides brown ; bill, legs and toes black. The " Go
away bird^' was not observed until we reached the southern
Guaso Nyiro Kiver, where it was tolerably common. It was
much more plentiful in the Maroto Mountains.]

180. Gymnoschizorhis personata leopoldi. King Leopold's
Plantain-eater.

Schizorhis leopoldi Shelley, Ibis, 1881, p. 117 : Ugogo,
German East Africa.

a. ? ad. Lemek Valley, 6600 ft. Oct. 6.

h, c. ^ ^ ad. & imm. Amala River, 6500 ft. Oct. 11,

Total length in flesh: (J & ? 19 inches. Wing <$
204mm. ; $ ad. 201 mm.; imm. 206 mm.

Both the two adults are worn and moulting ; the im-
mature bird is in first dress and is moulting into the adult
plumage.

[Irides broAvn, bare skin of face black ; bill, legs and
toes black. This bird was common and was observed
feeding on seeds. ]

The range of this race appears to be as follows : — Uganda
and Ruwenzori, southern British East Africa, German East
Africa to north Nyasaland ; whereas Chiziirhis personata
Riipp. (Mus. Senck. iii. 1842, p. 127 : Southern Abyssinia)
is confined to Abyssinia.

In the Bull. B. 0. C. vol. xxi. 1908, p. 94, Neumann has
described a subspecies under the name Gymrwschizurhis per-
sonata centralis, the type locality being Kitengule, Kagera
River, west of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and states that it has
the forehead and crest feathers and the whole upperside
darker than in G. p. leopoldi.

Specimens before me from the country between Lake
Victoria Nyanza and Lake Albert Nyanza do not differ
from those taken at Ll^gogo and the Amala River. Therefore
I prefer to place Neumann's name as a synonym.

Certainly specimens from northern Nyasaland are slightly

416 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

darker especially on the breast, but the difference being so
slight, and not altogether constant, does not warrant
separation.

181. Clamator glandarius. Great Spotted Cuckoo.

Cuculus glandariuslAun. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. Ill:
Northern Africa.

a. ? ad. 30 miles N.W. of Baringo, 2800 ft. Dec. 29.

Total length in flesh : 14^ inches. Wing: 187 mm.

This specimen is fully adult, is in rather worn dress and
is starting to moult.

[Trides brown ; bill black, lower half of lower mandible
bluish ; legs and toes plumbeous. Only two or three of
this Cuckoo were seen in British East Africa.]

The small wing-measnrement of this bird has induced
me to measure the whole series of this Cuckoo in the
British Museum collection, to see whether or no the south
African bird which is reported to breed there (c/. Sclater, •
Fauna of S. Afr. vol. iii. 1903, p. 194) is not really a
separable race, wintering, as suggested by Sclater, in central
Africa. The appended measurements show that the bird
that breeds in southern Europe and Asia runs in the maxi-
mum larger than the maximum of south African specimens,
but in the minimum runs well into the southern bird, thus
precluding any separation into two subspecies. The months
of capture also show that this Cuckoo occurs usually in
southern Africa during the northern winter, so that the
somewhat questionable theory of double breeding must be
for the present accepted.

The wing-measurements and months, as recorded in the
comparatively few specimens that are dated, are as follows: —

South Africa (King William's Town, Orange E-iver
Colony, Transvaal, and Damaralaud).
cJad. 208-180, juv. 189; ? ad. 202-181, juv. 196-188 mm.
October, November, December, January, and March.

West Africa (Gambia, Liberia, Gold Coast Colony, and
Nigeria) .
J ad. 207-198, juv. 195; ? juv. 207-189 mm.
September, December, February, April, and June.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 417

Central, East, and North-east Africa (Suakim, Abys-
sinia, Bahr-el-Grhazal, Somaliland, Uganda, Upper
Congo, and British East Africa).
S ad. 205-191, juv. 198-196 ; ? ad. 203-182, jav. 192-

183 ; one adult not sexed reaches 216 mm.
November, December, January, February, March, and
April.

Tangier and Egypt,

<S ad. 213-208, juv. 213-207; ? ad. 201, juv. 197 mm.
March, one nearly fledged young bird in the same month.

Europe and Asia (Spain, Asia Minor, Persian Gulf, and
Cyprus).

S ad. 217-196, juv. 203 ; ? ad. 201-197, juv. 202 mm.

January, March, April, and May. One April female
taken at Seville is breeding, and one nearly fledged young
from the same locality in June.

The evidence appears to point to the southern African
bird eventually becoming a smaller and specialized form.

182. Chrysococcyx caprius. Golden Cuckoo.

Cuculus caprius Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enlum. 1783, p. 40 :
Cape of Good Hope ; cf. Moutbcillard, Hist. Nat. vol. vi.
1779, p. 385.

a. S imm. Loita, 6300 ft. Nov. 27.

Total length in flesh : 7| inches. Wing : 111 mm.

This single specimen is in fresh new dress and still retains
some of the secondaries and wing-coverts of the first
plumage, showing that the full adult dress is assumed at
the first moult.

[Irides brown, eyelids red ; bill dark brown, lower
mandible whitish at base; legs and toes black. The Golden
Cuckoo was only twice seen in British East Africa.]

In checking the nomenclature, I find that Boddaert's
spelling of the name founded on D'Aubenton^s plate (which
is an excellent representation of the Golden Cuckoo) is
"caprius," and therefore the ''cMprews" Bodd. of authors
is non-existent. Sherborn, in his 'Index Animalium,' 1902,
p. 174, also quotes Boddaert's name as Cuculus caprius.

418 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

To be quite sure that a possible printer's error in Teget-
meier's reprint of Boddaert's Table and Sherborn's Index
Anira. would account for the fact that all works, including
the 'Catalogue of Birds/ 189 1 , p. 285, and Reichenow's Vogel
Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 94, quote Boddaert's name as CucuJus
cuprens, I have examined the original copy of Boddaert's
Table in the Banksian Library, now in the British Museum,
and find that the name is spelt as in Tegetmeier's reprint,
i. e. Cuculus capt'ius.

The " Cuculus cupreus Bodd." of authors being non-
existent, the name can no longer be confounded with the
Golden Cuckoo, and has to be disposed of elsewhere.

Investigation shows that the first time the name '^ cuj)reus"
occurs is in G. Shaw's ' Museum Leverianum,' 1792, p. 157,
under the generic term Cuculus ; see also Sherborn's Index
Anim. p. 272.

The description and plate given by Shaw undoubtedly
refers to the Emerald. Cuckoo, and moreover to the bird
that has the under tail-coverts uniformly coloured with the
abdomen.

Mr. Bannerman, in 'The Ibis,' 1912, pp. 244-247, has
not only gone thoroughly into the synonymy of the Emerald
Cuckoo, but has shown that two distinct races exist : i. e.,
Chrysococcyx smaragdineus Swains., confined to the north
and ranging from Senegal across to Abyssinia, and C. s.
intermedius {Chrysococcyx interniedius) Hartl. (Birds W. Afr.
1857, p. 191 : Gaboon), which breeds in South Africa and
winters as far north as Gaboon and perhaps Uganda [cf.
Bannerman, op. cit.). It is unfortunate that Hartlaub
should have given his type locality so far north, but it will
probably be found that in its winter quarters the South
African race overlaps the northern form. The birds found
on the islands of Principe and San Thome belong to the
northern form (cf. Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 616, & 1915,
p. 107).

Shaw gives the comprehensive locality of Africa, but as
his name undoubtedly refers to the bird with the yellow
under tail-coverts, it applies to the west coast form (cf.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 419

Bannerman, Ibis, 1912, p. 244), and therefore preoccupies
the Chalcites smaragdineus Swains. (Birds W. Afr. vol. ii.
1837, p. 191) : Gambia ; which locality I designate for
Shaw's name.

^y adopting Boddaert's name as spelt, and thus allowing
Shaw's name to stand for the Emerald Cuckoo, the whole
nomenclature of these two Cuckoos is in my opinion simpli-
fied, and the only real alteration that takes place is in placing
C. smaragdineus Swains, as a synonym of C. cupreus Shaw.

Mr. W. L. Sclater, whom I have consulted on the point,
thinks with me that this change to strict priority places the
names and original descriptions on a better basis.

I agree with Bannerman that Reichenow's Metalococcyx is
synonymous with Boie's Chrysococcyx (cf. Ibis, 1912, p. 245).

183. Centropus grillii grillii. Black-and-rufous Laik-
heeled Cuckoo.

Centropus grillii Hartl. Journ. fiir Orn. 1861, p. 13 :
Gaboon.

G. c?jnv. Lengototo, 62C0 ft. Nov. 11.

Total length in flesh : 13| inches. Wing : 154 mm.

This specimen is in first dress and has assumed some of
the adult feathering in the wings and tail.

[Irides yellowish biown ; bill : upper mandible brown,
lower flesh-colour ; legs and toes dark plumbeous.]

Prof. Neumann, in the Bull. B.O. C. vol. xii. 1902, p. 75,
records that be has examined the type of Cuculus nigrorufus
Cuv. (Reg. Anim. vol. i. 1817, p. 426, which was founded on
plate 220 of Levaillant, Ois. d'Afrique, vol. v. 1806, p. 78 :
Swart River, Cape Colony), and that " the species proved to
be not an African bird, but the bird afterwards called
Centropus purpureus" which was described by Shelley in
the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, vol. xix. 1891,
p. 348, from Sumatra.

Levaillant's plate certainly agrees better with the Suma-
tran bird than it does with the African, and I therefore,
under the circumstances, support this re-distribution of
names ; this re-arrangement was apparently first proposed

420 Mr. C. H, B. Grant on a Collection of

by Finscli [cf. Notes Leyden Museum, vol. xxiii. 1901,
p. 156).

Since Neumann's remarks were publislied a young speci-
men has been taken by Bates in Cameroon, and two
young birds by Boyd Alexander near Lake Chad ; this
places the occurrence of this bird on the west side of Africa
beyond question.

Two races of this Cuckoo have been described, Centi'opus
thierryi Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1899, p. 190 : Mangu, Togo-
land), and Centropus grillii cceruleiceps Neura. (Journ. fiir Orn.
1901', p. 380: Gandjule See, i.e. Lake Abaya). The former
is said to differ from C. g, (/rillii in having the lesser under
wing-coverts black, but this character is observable in a speci-
men from Nyasaland, taken with others having wholly brown
under wing-coverts. Through the l<indness of Mr. Rotli-
schild and Dr. Hartert I have been enabled to examine and
compare the type of C. g. ceeruleiceps with the series in the
British Museum collection, and find that it certainly differs
in the coloration of the head from birds taken in German
East Africa and Nyasaland, which Neumann for purposes of
comparison has taken as Hartlaub's C. grillii, but is very
closely matched by a bird from Port Natal. This Port
Natal bird differs from Nyasaland specimens in having the
whole head, except for the ear-coverts, glossy blue-black,
without the green sheeu, but not quite so deep a blue as
shown in the type of C. g. ca-ruleiceps ; the mantle is chest-
nut, rather darker than the wing-coverts, but altogether
lacks the dark blackish coloration of the Nyasaland bird.
The blue head is sharply defined and does not grade into
the coloration of the back as in Nyasaland birds. These
characters seem to me worthy of subspecific differentiation,
and I have therefore proposed the following name : —

Centropus grillii wahlbergi.

Centropus grillii wahlbergi Claude Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
x\xv. 1915, p. 99: Umslango, Port Natal.

Type in the British Museum. ? not quite adult. Um-
slango, Port Natal. 28,11.49. Wahlberg Coll. Wing
173 ; culmen 27 ; tail 189; tarsus 38 mm.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 421

Until, however, adults are available from Gaboon, the
position of the north-eastern, eastern, and south-eastern
forms cannot be accurately determined.

Attention must be drawn to the fact that Mr. Austin
Roberts recently recorded a pair of C. g. cceruleiceps from
Sabi, eastern Transvaal {cf. Ann. Trans v. Mus. vol. iv.
1914, p. 175) ; considerable confusion is entailed by taking
a name, and that only a subspecific (geographical) one,
from north-east Africa, and fixing it on to a south African
bird, thus defeating the laws governing geographical forms,
and creating unnecessary synonyms.

Mr. Roberts has also remarked that the female differs
from the male in being banded ; this is of course the
character of the young and immature birds. When adult,
the sexes can only be distinguisbed by the female being
slightly larger and not by the markings, as is shown by nine
sexed birds in the British Museum collection from Natal
and Nyasaland in biack and rufous plumage, six of which
are females and three males.

184. Centropus monachus monachus. Pui'ple-headed Lark-
heeled Cuckoo.

Centrojms monachus Riipp. Neue Wirb. 1835, p. 57, pi. 21.
fig. 2 : Kulla, North Abyssinia.

a. ? ad. Kikuyu, 6000 ft. Sept. 23.

Total length in flesh : 18 inches. Wing : 191 mm.

[Irides red ; bill, legs and toes black. Quite common.]

In naming this specimen I have had to examine the whole
of this group, and cannot uphold more than two races of
this Cuckoo : —

Centropus monachus monachus.

Centropus monachus Riipp. op. cit.

Back uniformly chestnut-brown, dusky on the ends of
the inner secondaries and flight-feathers.

Range. Abyssinia southwards to Kikuyu, British East
Africa ; not occurring near Victoria Nyanza or in the Nile
Valley, where its place is taken by the following.

423 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Centropus monachus fischeri.

Centrojms fischeri Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1887, p. 57 :
Niakatschi, N.E. Victoria Nyanza (Kavirondo Country).

Back chestnut-brown, mixed with or entirely washed with
dark olive or blackish brown, including also the ends of the
inner secondaries and flight-feathers.

Range. Eastwards of a line through the Sobat River to
the east shore of Victoria Nyanza, throughout the Upper
Nile Valley, Egyptian Sudan, to north Angola and Gold
Coast Colony.

The large series in the British Museum collection shows
that specimens from Uganda, the Upper Nile Valley, north
Angola, and the mainland along tiie Gulf of Guinea are in-
distinguishable both in size and coloration, and therefore
the following names become synonyms : —

Centropus monachus occidentalis Neum. Bull. B. O. C.
vol. xxi. 1908, p. 77 : Ogowe River, Gaboon.

Centropus monachus angolensis Neum. op. cit. : Canho(ja,
north Angola.

Centropus heuglini Neum. Verb. V. Intern. Ornitli. Kongr.
for 1910, 1911, p. 504, pi. i. : Bahr-el-Gliazal.

Shelley, in the ' Catalogue of Birds Brit. Mus.^ vol. xix.
1891, p. 359, says that he considers the C. fischeri of Keichw.
to be applicable to the young of C. anselli Sharpe (P. Z. S.
1874, p. 204, pi. xxxiii. fig. 1 : Danger river, Galjoon), but
the description and measurements agree well with the dark
race of C. monachus, and I have therefore adopted Reichenow^s
name for it.

It is worthy of note that in worn specimens the tail fades
to a coppery brown, approaching somewhat the coloration
of Centropus cupreicaudatus Reich w. (Orn. Monatsb. 1896,
p. 53 : Angola), though that species is at once distinguished
by its much larger size, and by having the rump as Avell as
the tail always clear coppery brown, the former being
barred. The range of this bird is from Angola to Lake
Ngami and the Zambesi Valley to Angoniland, Nyasa-
land.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 423

185. Centropus seneg-alensis senegalensis. Senegal Lark-
heeled Cuckoo.

Cuculus senegalensis Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766,
p. 169 : Senegal.

a. ? ad. Kamchuru, 3250 ft. Feb. 12.

Total length in flesh : 16 inches. Wing : 168 mm.

[Irides red; bill black ; legs and toes plumbeous, middle
claw white. Four only were seen at Kamchuru.]

The large series in the British Museum collection shows
that this bird ranges from Senegal to the mouth of the
Congo River, eastwards across the Niger, upper Nile,
upper Congo, and Uganda to Somaliland ; its place in
Egypt being taken by a larger race : —

Centropus senegalensis ^gyptius.

Cuculus (egyptius Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 420 :
Egypt.

Size much larger than in C. s. senegalensis ; top of: head
and nape much duller and more sooty in colour ; mantle
and inner secondaries olive-brown, contrasting with the
chestnut flight-feathers.

Range. Egypt only.

And to the south its place is taken by : —

Centropus senegalensis flecki.

Centropus flecki Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1893, p. 84 :
Nukana, in northern Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Very similar to C. s. senegalensis, but mantle and inner
secondaries generally clear chestnut, as are the flight-
feathers ; in C. 3. senegalensis the mantle and inner secon-
daries are more or less washed with olivaceous, contrasting
slightly with the flight-feathers ; size on the average perhaps
rather larger than C. s. senegalensis, but not approaching
anywhere near to the size of C. s. (Egyptius.

Range. North of Lake Nyasa and North-eastern Rhodesia,
to Mashonaland, Matabeleland, Lake Ngami, Zambesi
River, and the Transvaal.

The ETood series in the British Museum collection shows

424 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

that a wholly blacl\ bill is assumed by this bird, but whether
this is due to age or season is not clear.

186. Centropus superciliosus superciliosus. White- eye -
browed Lark-heeled Cuckoo.

Centropus superciliosus Hempr. & Ehr. Syrab. Phys. 1823,
fol. r : Southern Arabia.

a. cJ imm. Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 18.

b. ? imm. Narossura River, 5000 ft. Nov. 14.

c. ($ imra. Weiwei River, 3000 £t. Jan. 8.

</. ? imm. Slopes of Nakwai Hills, 3600 ft. Feb. 8.

Total length in flesh: (J lo^ & 14^ inches; ? 15^ &
15 inches. Wing : (^ 160 & 152 mm. ; ? 154 & 147 mm.

These four specimens still retain the barred wings and tail
of the immature dress, the rest of the plumage being similar
to the adults. All are worn, the October and January birds
are assuming by a moult the adult feathering of the wings
and tail.

[Irides red ; bill black ; legs and toes bluish ; the
February bird having the bill bluish-horn with the culmen
black. Quite common.]

Whilst naming these specimens I have taken the oppor-
tunity to examine the large series in the British Museum,
both of this species and of Centropus burchellii Sw. (Anim.
Menag. 1838, p. 321 : South Africa, ex Burchell, Cape
Colony), with the immature of which C. superciliosus appears
always to have been confounded, at least as regards its
occurrence south of the Zambesi. Mr. W. L. Sclater, in
Fauna of S. Afr. vol. iii. 1903, p. 208, has questioned
previous references to the occurrence of C. superciliosus in
southern Africa.

That C. superciliosus comes within the South African
limit is shown by specimens taken on the Zambesi, but I can
find no evidence of its occurrence farther south. The birds
named C superciliosus in the British Museum collection
from southern Africa are undoubtedly the immature of
C burchellii, which has in this stage a distinct eye-streak ;
a good example being the female obtained by myself at

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 425

Coguno, Port. East Africa, which has been named C super-
ciliosm, cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1911, p. 735, but which, as shown
by two blue feathers ou the nape, I take to be the immature
of C. burchellii.

Although the immature C. burchellii can and has been
confounded with C. supercHiosus, a series shows that charac-
ters are present by which the species can be separated. In
the immature of C. burchellii the eye-stripe is nearly always
present, but only in exceptional instances is it as broad as
in C. superciliosus ; where streaks are present on the nape
and mantle, they do not usually extend so far down the
back as in C. superciliosus, also the uuderparts are not
streaked and banded ; in specimens where the underparts
are more or less streaked and banded, thus approaching
C superciliosus in this respect, it will usually be found that
the streaks on the nape and mantle are altogether lacking
or only few in number.

On comparing young birds in first dress of C. burchellii
from southern Africa with young birds in first dress of
C. superciliosus from Nyasaland and Uganda, no distin-
guishing characters can be noted, both having the head and
nape mottled and streaked, more or less uniform with the
back, though certainly some young C. burchellii have blackish
on the head and nape, and the difficulty would appear to
arise as to how birds in this dress can be separated in
localities where they occur together ; but young birds of
C. burchellii from the northernmost limits of its range have
the top of the head, the ear-coverts, and the nape black,
with a more or less distinct eye-streak and some streaks ou
the nape, thus being clearly separable from the young of
C. superciliosus from the southernmost limits of its range.

The races and ranges of the two species appear to be as
follows : —

Centropus superciliosus superciliosus.
Centropus superciliosus Hempr. & Ehr. op. cit.
Mantle and inner secondaries earthy brown, top of head
and ear-coverts a little darker than the mantle.

426 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Range. South Arabia, Somaliland, Egypt, Abyssinia,
British East Africa, Uganda, German East Africa, island of
Zanzibar, south to Nyasaland and the Zambesi, where it
appears to be scarce.

Centropus superciliosus loand^.

Centropus superciliosus loandee Claude Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1915, p. 54 ; nr. Dalla Taudo, northern Angola.

Generally much darker than C s. superciliosus ; top of
head and ear-coverts almost black, nape of neck also almost
black, the white streaks thus appearing much more distinct,
mantle and inner secondaries chestnut-brown, the latter
washed vrith olive.

Type in British Museum : (J ad. Nr. Dalla Tando,
north Angola. 21. viii. 1908. Dr. W. J. Ansorge coll.

Range. Angola to mouth of Congo River, eastwards to
eastern Belgian Congo and North-eastern Rhodesia.

Many of the British East African, German East African,
and Uganda specimens are somewhat intermediate between
typical south Arabian birds and this race, as also are one
or two North-eastern Rhodesian specimens, though the
majority from this latter locality agree with the typical
west coast form. Thus, when the whole series is laid out, it
can be seen that a more or less gradual change takes place
from the east to the west, so that it does not appear that
any intermediate forms can be separated, but only the two
extremes, which differ markedly from each other in the
characters given.

Centropus superciliosus sokotr^.

Centropus superciliosus sokotra Claude Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1915, p. 55 : Adho Dimellus, Sokotra.

Nape, sides of neck, and all the underparts much paler
than in C. s. superciliosus, almost lacking the strong buff
coloration of the typical form, which thus gives the Sokotra
bird a very grey appearance.

Type in British Museum : c^" ad. Adho Dimellus, Sokotra.
5. ii. 1899. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant & H. O. Forbes coll.

Range. Confined to the Island of Sokotra.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 427

Therefore three well-marked forms of C. s. superciliosus
are recognisable ; the two forms of Centropus burcJiellii are
as follows : —

Centropus burchellii burchellii.

Centropus burchellii Swains, op. cit.

Of this Centropus natalensis Shelley (Ibis, 1882, p. 246 :
Natal) is a synonym.

Young in first dress have the head, ear-coverts, and nape
mottled and streaked as the mantle, wing-feathers banded.

Judging by the specimens collected by myself, the sexing
of which I think I can rely on, the adult female has the
head, ear-coverts, and nape dullish sooty-black ; the adult
male, on the other hand, has these parts metallic blue or
greenish black ; also the female is somewhat larger than the
male.

More than one stage of dress is assumed before the full
adult is reached, two of which seem to be recognisable as
follows, though many more, especially carefully sexed speci-
mens, are required before any definite conchisions can be
arrived at.

From the first young dress a second pluinage appears to
be assumed, haviug a more or less distinct eye-streak, head,
ear-coverts and nape blackish, the nape and upper back
streaked and the wing-feathers banded.

From this dress apparently a third plumage is donned : —
Eye-streak very imperfect, more confined to between the
eye and the base of the bill, nape and upper back generally
less streaked than in the second plumage, the wing-feathers
being as in the adult. After this the bird appears to assume
the full adult dress.

Range. Cape Colony, Natal, north to the Transvaal and
the Inhambane district of Portuguese East Africa.

Should the female of C. b. burchellii prove to be con-
stantly different in the coloration of the head from the female
of C. b. fasciipygialis, then the immature female from
Coguno, Inhambane district, would belong to the northern
race, as the two blue feathers on the nape appear to be
metallic and not sooty-black.

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 a

4.28 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Centropus burchellii fasciipygialis.

Ceniropus fasciipygialis Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1898,
p. 23 : Quilimane, Portuguese East Africa.

In his original description Prof. Reichenow lias compared
this bird with C. senegalensis, but in the Vog. Afrikas, vol. ii.
1902, p. 61, he has placed it as a race of C. burchellii; in
this I agree with him.

Young in first dress have the head, ear-coverts and nape
black., and the wing-feathers rather less banded than the
young of C. b. burchellii.

The adult female has the head metallic blue-black, as in
the male ; the adult male not being distinguishable from
the adult male of C. b. burchellii.

This race appears to go through the same stages of
plumage as does C. b. burchellii.

Range. Beira and Zambesi Valley, northwards to southern
German East Africa and southern Nyasaland.

Centropus superciliosus super ciliosus and its two races
appear to assume only one intermediate stage of dress
before the adult is reached ; this being identical with the
full adult but having the wing-feathers banded.

Since the above has been written, my attention has been
drawn to Mr. Roberts' paper in the- Ann. Transv. Mus.
vol. iv. 1914, where on page 175 he has also come to the
conclusion that the records of C. superciliosus in southern
Africa are referable to the immature of C. burchellii.

He has also described a new form allied to C. superciliosus
under the name Centropus pymi, the type-locality of which
is apparently given as Draaibosch, Kaftraria, though the
type is not designated. Burchell's specimen was probably
also secured very near this locality.

On page 175 the bird is merely said to be larger than
C. superciliosus, but on page 177 a fuller description is given;
without seeing Mr. Roberts' specimens it would appear
from this description that C. pymi is one of the immature
dresses of C. burchellii ; also, the measurements given
in the table do nat differ appreciably from those of
C. burchellii.

Birds fi'om British East Africa and Uganda. 429

187. Ceuthmochares aereus australis. South Africau
Coucal.

Ceuthmochares australis Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 609 :
Natal.

a. ? ad. Nakwai Hills, 3500 ft. Feb. 7.

Total length in flesh : 13|^ inches. Wing : 123 mm.

This single specimen agrees perfectly with birds from
Natal, and is in somewhat worn dress.

[Irides red ; bill yellow, base of culmen black; legs and
toes black. Appears to be rare, as this was the only speci-
men seen during the whole trip.]

In naming this bird I have examined all the specimens of
this group in the British Museum, and can recognise four
distinct races as follows : —

Ceuthmochares ^.reus .^reus.

Cuculns (2reus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. vol. viii.
1817, p. 229 : Malimbe, Portuguese Congo.

Head dark grey, not washed with violet; back, wings, and
tail steel-blue, the tail in some specimens having a w^ash of
greenish ; tail below washed with violet, but not so deep as
in C. (P. f/avirostris ; rest of uuderparts somewhat paler than
in C. (S. flavirostris.

Range. Cameroon and Gaboon, French Congo to Bembe
in northern Angola ; also the island of Fernando Po.

Ceuthmochares ^reus flavirostris.

Zanclostomus flavirostris Swains. Birds W. Afr. vol. ii.
1837, p. 183 ; West Africa = Senegal.

Head dark grey, washed with violet ; back, wings, and tail
deep violet-blue, tail below washed with purple ; rest of
uuderparts grey, faintly washed with violet.

Range. From Senegal to the Gold Coast Colony.

Ceuthmochares ^reus australis.

Ceuthmochares australis Sharpe, op. cit.

Head olive-grey ; back, wings, and tail clear bronze-green,
tail below bronze-green ; rest of uuderparts buff or
ochraceous.

Range. Natal, Zambesi, Portuguese East Africa, Nyasa-
laud, British East Africa to Nakwai Hills in Uganda.

2g2

430 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Colleclton of

Ceuthmochares ^reus intermedius.

Ce)ithmochares iniermedius Sharpe^ Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.
xvii. ISS^, p. 432 : Semmio, Bahr-el-Ghazal.

Head much paler grey than in C. <£. <Breus ; back, wings,
and tail dark, but distinctly washed with bronzy green ; tail
below more washed with steel-blue ; rest o£ underparts as
in C. (S. cereus.

Banffe. Uganda (Entebbe, Mabira, Msozi and Fort Portal)
to Semliki Valley, Bahr-el-Ghazal, and Welle and Shari
Rivers.

188. Indicator indicator. Black-throated Honey-Guide.

Cuculus indicator Gmelin, Syst. Nat. vol. i. 1788, p. 418 :
Interior of Africa. " A quelque distance du Cap de Bonne
Esperance,'' cf. BufPon, vol. vi. 1779, p. 392.

a. ? juv. 12 miles E. of Amala River, 5900 ft. Oct. 26.

b. S ad. West of Mt. Leganisho, 5600 ft. Oct. 28.

c. ? juv. Mt. Maroto, 4300 ft. Jan. 28.

Total length in flesh : S ^h inches ; ^ 7h ^7\ inches.
Wing : S 114 mm. ; ? 110 & lOi mm.

The male is fully adult and shows slight signs of wear ;
the two females are in the dress of Indicate?' major, are
somewhat worn, the yellow colour having faded from the
breast and abdomen_, and are starting the moult in the wings
and tail.

[ 3* • Irides light brown ; bill pink, with white tip ; legs
and toes greyish brown ; in the females the bill is black,
the irides brown. Tolerably common and very noisy ;
several were seen in young dress both in Uganda and
British East Africa.]

A careful examination and comparison of the large series
in the British Museum collection, both oi Indicator indicator
and Indicator major Steph. (Gen. Zool. vol. ix. 1815, p. 139,
pi. 27 : Auteniquoi, Knysna Dist.,Cape Colony), shows that
the latter is merely the first plumage birds of the former,
and that the names are therefore synonymous, as was first
pointed out by Boyd Alexander (Bull. B, O. C. vol. xxi.
1908, p. 91).

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 431

The evidence of this is that all the birds having olive
backs and yellow underparts (/. major^ are always in fresh
plumage and have a young appearance ; when the dress
shows signs of wear the birds are moulting and are assuming
feathering in the wings^ tail and back exactly resembling
the coloration of these parts in /. indicator. In the males
at this stage black is replacing the yellow on the throat,
and a yellow patch is appearing on the shoulders ; in more
advanced specimens the dress is identical with that of
/. indicator, except for the remains of the feathering of
/. major on the top of the head, wing-coverts, throat, and
chest.

The same sequence of plumages is to be found with the
female.

Moreover, in the whole series of /. indicator I cannot find
one specimen that could be called a first plumage bird;
this is quite a striking point. In every case, too, where
worn specimens of /. major are examined the birds are
assuming the darker dress of /. indicator, so that the logical
conclusion is that /. major is nothing but the young bird of
/. indicator.

I can see no characters on which races of this bird can be
separated, so that the following names will have to become
synonyms : —

Indicator flavicollis Swains. Birds W. Africa, vol. ii. 1837,
p. 198 : Senegal.

Indicator harianus Hartl. Orn. Westafr. 1857, p. 274 :
Bari country, Upper White Nile, cf. Heugl. Sitzb. Ak. Wicn,
1856, p. 300 (nom. nud.), also J. f. O. 1864, p. 33 (descrip.).

Indicator bohmi Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1891, p. 39 :
East Africa.

189. Indicator minor teitensis. East African Little Honey-
Guide.

Indicator minor teitensis Neum. Journ. fiir Orn. 1900
p. 195 : Bura, Teita, British East Africa.

a. ? ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 25

Total length in flesh : 6^ inciies. Wing : 90 mm.

432 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

This single specimen, though not sexed, is apparently a
male, judging by the white feathers at the base of the
upper mandible and the moustachial streak. It is in good
plumage.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes plumbeous.]

In naming this bird I have examined the whole series in
the British Museum collection of these small, thick-billed
Honey-Guides, and I find that they fall naturally into three
groups ; these groups with their races and distribution being
as follows : —

Indicator minor minor.

Indicator mmor '&ie\)\\. Gqw.ZooX. vol. ix. 1815, p. 140:
Cape of Good Hope, ex Levaillant.

Of this. Indicator minimus Temm. PI. Col. 1822, pi. 542 :
South Africa, ex Levaillant ; Indicator buphagoides Leadb.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. 1829, p. 91 : Interior oF Africa ;
and Indicator apivorus Licht. Nom. Av. 1854, p. 78 :
Kaffirland (nom. nud.), are synonyms.

Top of head washed with olivaceous ; underparts pale
grey washed with olive. Wing in males 95-89 mm. ; in
females 86-83 mm.

The males are always larger than the females, the latter
lacking the white feathering at the base of the upper
mandible, or having it only faintly indicated, and the
moustachial streak is by no means so clearly defined.

Ranye. Cape Colony and Natal northwards to southern
Nyasaland and northern Angola.

The pair before me from Angola agree very well with
Cape Colony specimens, being perhaps slightly darker on
the chest, and the three from Damaraland are slightly paler
on the top of the head than specimens from further south ;
however, as slight individual variation occurs in Cape
Colony and Natal birds, these differences do not appear to
be geographical.

Indicator minor diadematus.

Indicator diadematus Kiipp. Neue Wirb. 1835, p. 61 :
Abyssinia.

Kitppeirs description agrees well with the Abysfsinian

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 433

form of /. minor, which lias been named Indicator lovati
O.-Grant (Bull. B. O. C. vol. x. 1900, p. 39 : Gelongol,
Abyssinia). Therefore /. lovati, the type of which is in the
British Museum^ becomes a synonym.

This form differs from /. m. minor in having the top of the
head and the whole of the underparts much darker grey
and with little or no olive wash. Wing : cJ 88 & 86 mm. ;
? 89-86-84 mm. ; the two males are undoubtedly immature.

Range. Abyssinia and Somaliland.

The Somaliland bird differs slightly from the two
Abyssinian specimens in having the upper parts rather
paler olive-green ; and a much larger series may show that
Indicator exilis erlangeri Zedl. (Orn. Monatsb. 1913, p. 59 :
S. Somaliland ; compared to /. m. teitensis, and wing given
as 83-81 mm.) can be upheld, though the evidence before
me points to this name becoming a synonym.

Indicator minor teitensis.

Indicator minor teitensis Neum. op. cit.

Differs but very slightly from /. m. minor, being slightly
darker on the upper surface and rather darker grey beneath.
Wing : (J 91 & 90 mm. ; ? 87-82-81 mm.

Neumann gives the Aving of his type as 79 mm., which
points to an immature bird and comes within the wing-
measurement of the /. exilis group ; there are, however,
two specimens in the British Museum collection bearing in
Neumann's handwriting the name of his new subspecies.

Range. Nyasaland and German East Africa to British
East Africa and Uganda, across to Lake Chad and Benue
E-iver.

Southern specimens run very close to the Cape form and
northern specimens very close to the Abyssinian form,
and a larger series may show that the dividing line will be
found somewhere across Uganda and British East Africa,
and that /. m. teitensis should be placed as a synonym and
not upheld as a race.

Indicator minor alexanderi.

Indicator minor alexanderi C. Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. xxxv
1915, p. 99 : Gambaga, Gold Coast Colony.

434 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Size as in /. m. minor, from which it differs in having the
top of the head and nape clearer grey without the olive
■wash, the whole of the underparts clear grey without any
olive tinge, and the markings on the wings and back rather
more clearly defined and brighter in colour.

Type in British Museum : (J ad. Gambaga, Gold Coast
Hinterland. 28. xii. 1900. Boyd Alexander coll. Wing 95,
culmen 12, tail 64, tarsus 11 mm. Named in honour of the
late Lieut. Boyd Alexander.

Wing : ^ 95 mm. ; ? 90 mm.

Range. Gold Coast Colony.

Indicator conirostris conirostris.

Melignothes conirostris Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856,
p. 156; Moonda River, Gaboon ; id. 1859, p.). ii.

Of this, Indicator occidentalis Hartl. (Birds W.-Afr. 1857,
p. 185) is a synonym.

Head and nape dark grey, faintly washed with olive.
Wing : ^ 93-88 mm. ; ? 88-79 mm.

Hange. Gaboon north of Ogowe River, and Cameroon.

Indicator conirostris ussheri.

Indicator ussheri Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1902,
p. 80 : Fantee.

Head and nape dark olive-green, similar to back. Wing
93 & 92 mm., in two examples ; neither is sexed, the first
being the type.

Range, Gold Coast Colony.

Indicator exilis exilis.

Melignothes exilis Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad, 1856, p. 157:
Moonda River, Gaboon ; id. 1859, pi. i. fig, 1.

Of this, ludicator pygmeeus Reichw, (Journ, fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 132 : Bukoba, Victoria N^anza ; compared with /. minor
and wing given as 80 mm.) appears to be a synonym.

Top of head dark grey, strongly washed with olive, rest
of upper parts having the markings broad and strongly
defined ; below, chin white with black specks ; rest of under-
parts, except abdomen and under tail-coverts, dark olive.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 435

The male differs from the female in having a well-defined
white band at the base of the upper mandible and a black
moustachial streak.

Wing : ^ 80-74 mm. ; ? 70-65 mm.

Cassin gives the wing-measurement of his type as
2\ inches = 63 mm.

Range. North Angola to Cameroon, eastwards to Uganda
(Ruwenzori and Ankole).

Indicator exilis willcockst.

Indicator willcocksi Alex. Hull. B. O. C. vol. xii. 1901,
p. 11 : Prahou, Gold Coast Colony.

Differs from /. e. exilis in being much greener on the top
of the head and in having the underparts paler olive^ and
indistinctly streaked. Wing : ? (the type) 69 mm.

Range. Gold Coast Colony.

Indicator exilis poensis.

Indicator poensis Alex. Bull. B. O. C. vol. xiii. 1903,
p. 33 ; Bakaki, Fernando Po.

Differs from /. e. exilis in being considerably smaller;
top of head grey, rest of upper plumage less bright and
mai'kmgs not strongly defined, and the under surface greyer
and paler. Wing : (^ (the type) 66 mm.

Indicator exilis leona.

Indicator exilis leona C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxxv. 1915,
p. 100 : Sierra Leone.

Differs from /. e. exilis in being smaller and having the
mantle more uniform olive, the markings being only faintly
indicated, top of head slightly darker, and under surface
of a deeper tone especially on the chest ; fiom /. e. will-
cocksi (which cuts this new race off geographically from
/. e. exilis) it differs in the more uniform back and con-
siderably darker underparts without any streaking.

Type in British Museum : (J ad. Sierra Leone. 7. iii. 11.
W. P. Lowe coll. Wing 70, culmen 10, tail 43, tarsus
irS mm.

Range. Sierra Leone.

436 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Indicator exilis ansorgei.

Indicator exilis ansorgei C. Grant, Bull. B. 0. C. xxxv. 1915,
p. 100 : Gunnal, Portuguese Guinea.

Differs from /. e. exilis in having the upper parts less
strongly marked, the head paler grey without the olive wash,
and the whole under surface greyer and paler. The male
shows no black specks on the chin and there are but one or
two in the female. Very similar to /. e.poensis^ from which it
differs in its much larger size. Wing : ^ 80 mm.; ? 71 mm.

Type in British Museum : J ad. Gunnal, Portuguese
Guinea. 4. vi. 09. W. J. Ansorge coll. Wing 80, cul-
men 10*5, tail 48, tarsus 1.2"5 mm. Named in honour
of the late Dr. W. J. Ansorge.

Range. Portuguese Guinea.

I am quite unable to fix satisfactorily Heuglin^s Melig-
nothes j)acJiyrhynchus (Journ. fiir Orn. 1864, p. 266 : Bongo,
Bahr-el-Ghazalj. In the Orn. N.O.-Afrika, 1871, p. 773,
Heuglin considers it to be a synonym of /. minor and
mentions that the original type is no longer in the Stuttgart
Museum.

Shelley in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum,
vol. xix. 1891, p. 9, also places this name as a synonym of
/. minor ; but Reichenow in the Vog. Afrikas, vol. ii. 1902,
p. 112, puts it as a doubtful synonym of his /. jjygmceus.
The description certainly fits /. minor, and Heuglin's name
might well remain a synonym of that species, if it was not
for the apparently small size of Heuglin's specimen, the
wing being given as 2" 11'" (German inches) =7Q mm.,
and that of a male.

190. Prodotiscns regulus. Brown Honey-Guide.

Prodotiscus regulus Sund. ffifv. Ak. Forh. 1850, p. 109 :
Caffraria inferior et superior ; ex Wahlberg.

a. S ad. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 2900 ft. Nov. 23.

Total length in flesh 5| inches. Wing 80 mm., which
exactly equals the wing-measurement given by Sundevall
for his type,

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes dark grey.
This specimen was the only one seen.]

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 437

A somewhat worn specimen, and moulting on the head;
the white outer tail-feathers are broadly tipped.

The series in the British Museum collection shows that
some variation occurs in the markings of the tail, some
specimens having pure white under tail-feathers, others
having broad tips and even having the dark colour running
up the edge of the inner webs, these variations being found
in the same locality.

It would therefore appear that one of the characters
given by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant for his Prodotiscus peasii (Bull.
B. O. C. vol. xi. 1901, p. 67 : Unji, Abyssinia) is of little or
no value, and the central tail-feathers are not lighter than
some specimens of P. refjulus ; but as the wing measures
in the single type-specimen 83 mm. against 80-75 mm. in
P. regulus, P. peasii may prove to be a somewhat larger
race confined to north-east Africa.

Prodotiscus zambesi<2 Shelley (Ibis, 1894, p. 8 : Zomba,
Nyasaland), the type of which is in the British Museum,
has an olive-green back and wings, and has nothing to
do with P. regulus, and cannot therefore be placed as a
synonym {cf. Reich w. Vog. Afrikas, vol. ii. 1902, p. 114).
It is undoubtedly allied to Prodotiscus (Hetarodes)
insignis Cass. (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856, p. 157 : Moonda
Kiver, Gaboon ; id. 1859, pi. i. fig. 2) ; as are also Indi-
cator emini Shelley (P. Z. S. 1888, p. 43, pi. iii. : Wadelai),
the type of which is in the British Museum, Prodotiscus
ellenhecki ErL (Orn. Monatsbr. 1901, p. 182: Daroli
(Arrussi), Abyssinia), and Prodotiscus reichenowi Madarasz
(Ann. Mus. Hung. vol. ii. 1904, p. 206: Moschi, German
"East Africa) ; but the insufficient series before me does not
allow me to discuss these forms.

191. Lybius leucocephalus. White-headed Barbet.
Laimodon teucocephalus Defil. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853,
p. 291 : White Nile, between 3° & 4° N. latitude.

a. S • N.E. slopes of Nakwai Hills, 3600 ft. Feb. 8.

b. S • Pader District, 3100 ft. Feb. 18.

Total length in flesh 8| & 7\ inches. Wing 91 & 90 mm.
Both these specimens have the appearance of young birds.

438 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

[Irides brown ; bill black, one having the base mottled
■with white ; legs and toes greyish black or dark grey. Two
or three pairs seen.]

Reichenow in the ' Vog. Af rikas,' vol. ii. 1902, p. 123,
has suggested that Pogonorhynchus albicauda Shelley (Ibis,
1881, p. 117: Ugogo, German East Africa) and Melano-
hucco abbotti Richm. (Auk, 1897, p. 164 : Taveta, British East
Africa) are merely stages of plumage of Po^onor Ay wcAMj?se/2«.«
Beicliw. (Journ. fiir Orn. 1887, p. 59 : Ikanga in Ukamba),
the last-named being the full adult. I agree that the evidence
points to that conclusion being correct, and moreover con-
sider that a much larger series will show that L. leucocephalus
is L. senex in its first dress. Should this prove correct,
L. leucocephalus as the oldest name would stand for the
species. Until this question is finally settled, the status of
Lybius leucocephalus usukuma Neum, (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxi.
1908, p. 46 : Kagehi, Usukuma, north-west German East
Africa) cannot be defined. Pogonorhynchus leucogaster
Bocage (.lorn. Acad. Real Lisboa, 1877, p. 63 : Quillen-
gues, Benguela) is allied to the above and appears to
differ only in having the under wing-coverts pure white;
but I have not been able to examine specimens from
Angola.

192. Lybius tridactylus. Red-headed Barbet.

Loxia tridactyla Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, 1789, p. 866:
Abyssinia.

a, b. S ad. Kamchuru, 3200 & 3250 ft. Feb. 10 & 12.

Total length in flesh : 7 inches. Wing : 85 & 82 mm.

Both these specimens are showing signs of wear.

[Irides brown ; bill, legs, and toes black. This con-
spicuous bird is tolerably common.]

Phytotoma abyssinica Lath. (lud. Orn. Suppl. i. 1801,
p. xlix : Abyssinia) is a synonym, and I also place as a
synonym Lybius tridactylus ugandce. (Berger, Orn. Mouatsb.
1907, p. 201 : Nimule, Uganda, wing given as 78 mm.),
as the characters given do not appear to be substantiated
by the good series in the British Museum collection.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 439

193. Tricholsema melanocephala stigmatothorax. Bi-own-
throated Barbet.

Tricholcema stigmatothorax Cab. Journ. fur Orn. 1878,
p. 205 : Ndi, Taita, cf. p. 240.

a,h. $ % ad. Kozibiri River, 2400 ft. Jan. 20.

Total length in flesh : $ 5^ inches ; ? 5^ inches. Wing:
$ 68 mm. ; ? 65 ram.

These two specimens are rather worn, but agree with
others in the British Museum collection from the type
locality.

[Irides brown; bill black; legs and toes dark plumbeous.
Two or three seea in the stunted bushes.]

The following races of this Barbet can be recog-
nised : —

Trichol^ma melanocephala melanocephala.

Pogonias melanocephala Cretz. Atlas in Riipp. Reise nord.
Afr., Zool. 1826, p. 41, pi. 28 : Kordofan.

Of this, Pogonias bifrenatus Herapr. & Ehr. (Symb. Pliys.
1828, pi. 8. figs. 1 & 2 : Abyssinia) is a synonym.

Top of head, ear-coverts, and throat glossy black.

Range. Egyptian Sudan, Abyssinia, and western Somali-
land.

Trichol^ma melanocephala stigmatothorax.
Tricholcema stigmatothorax Cab. op. cit.
Top of head, ear-coverts, and throat brown.
Range. Northern German East Africa, through British
East Africa to Uganda.

TRICHOLiEMA MELANOCEPHALA BLANDI.

Tricholcema blandi Lort Fhillipps, Bull. B. O. C. vol. vi.
1897, p. xlvii : Goolis Mts., Somaliland.

Top of head, ear-coverts, and throat brown ; feathers of
forehead and throat distinctly tipped with whitish.

Range. Central and eastern Somaliland.

I am by no means sure that the following species should
not also be considered as a subspecies of T. melanocephala.

440 Mr. C. 11. B. Grant on a Collection of

Trichol^ma affims.

Pogonorhynchus affinis Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879,
p. 680 : Weenen, Natal.

Size much larger, streak over eye yellow, the hinder part
being white ; in T. m. melanocephala the eye-streak is white
for the whole of its length.

Range. Griqu aland East and Natal.

T am unable through lack of material to place a form of
T. affinis, described by Reichenow in the Orn. Monatsb.
1893, p. 30, from the Wembere Steppe, East Africa, under
the name Tricholama flavibiiccale ; it appears to differ in
its smaller size, wang 70 against 79 mm., and in having
the anterior part of the white cheek-stripe, as well as the
anterior part of the eye-streak, yellow.

194. Tricholsema lacrymosa. Spotted-flanlted Barbet.

Ti'ichuldenui lacrymosa Cab. Journ. fiir Orn. 1878, p. 205 :
Adi River, British East Africa - German East Africa
boundary.

a.b.S'i ad. Amala River, 5300 & 5500 ft. Oct. 11
&21.

c. ? ad. Mt. Maroto, Maroto Stream, 3700 ft. Jan. 25.

d. ? ad. Nakwai Hills, 3800 ft. Feb. 6.

Total length in flesh : ^ 6 inches ; $ 6, 5|, 5| inches.
Wing : c? 72 mm. ; ? 69-66 mm.

These four specimens are showing signs of wear, the
male perhaps having the head and throat brighter than
the females.

[cJ. Irides bright yellow; bill black; legs and toes dark
plumbeous. ?. Irides red, reddish brown, or brown; bill
black ; legs and toes black, greyish black, or very dark
brown. Common. On October 21 a pair were seen at a
nest containing young, which was situated iu a dead branch
overhanging our tents.]

The pair from Amala River can be taken as typical
specimens of this species, and have the underparts washed
with yellow and the spots rounded. These are the characters
given by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant for Tricholcema radcliffei (Bull.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 441

B. O. C. vol. XV. 1904j p. 29 : Mulema, Uganda)^ which must
therefore become a synonym.

Some more northern specimens show the pear-shaped
spot on the under surface ; but as specimens with both
rounded and pear-shaped spots are found iu the same
locality, I do not think that this character is of any sub-
specific value.

In the Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxi. 1908^ p. 47, Neumann has
described a race of this bird under the name TrtcholoRma
lacrijmosum ruahce ; tlie characters on which it is founded
are the rounded spots of the underside, which, as I have
shown above, appear to be of little subspecific value, and
the ground-colour is nearly pure white ; but specimens from
the southern parts of German East Africa are not available
for comparison, so I am unable to give an authoritative
opinion on the validity of this form.

195. Tricholaema diademata diademata. Red - fronted
Barbet.

Pogonorhijnchus diadematus Heugl. Ibis, 1861, p. 126,
pi. V. fig. 3 : Steppes of Kitsch-Negroes, Bahr-el-Abiad,
i. e., Upper White Nile, cf. p. 124.

G, $ ad. Turkwel River, 2100 ft. Jan. 11.

Total length in flesh : 6^ inches, Wing : 82 mm.

This specimen is entirely unspotted below, except for a
few on the lower flanks, thus agreeing with Heuglin's plate.
It is in somewhat worn dress.

[Irides brown; bill black, bluish at base; legs and toes
greyish brown.]

196. TricholaBma diademata massaica. Masailand Red-
fronted Barbet.

Pogonorhynchus massaicus Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1887,
p. 59 : Loeru, Masailand, German East Africa.

a. $ ad. Mt. Suswa. Sept. 26.

b. cJ ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 4.

c. c?. c? ? ad. Amala River, 5300 & 5500 ft. Oct. 14
&21.

442 Mr. C. H. B. Grant ow a Collection of

Total length in flesh : ^ 6^ inches ; ? 6 inches. Wing :
c? 85 & 81 mm. ; ? 80 & 78 mm.

These four specimens are all somewhat worn ; they are
all spotted on the underparts, but not so thickly as four
specimens from Lake Naivasha in the British Museum
collection.

[Irides brown ; bill black, dark brown, or dark plum-
beous ; legs and toes black, blackish grey, or dark grey.]

Specimens in the British Museum collection from near
the type locality of T. d. diademata have only a few
spots on the lower flanks; tbcse increase and spread to the
abdomen and breast in specimens from further to the south,
where they become T. d. massaica, which appears to be
quite a good subspecies, though no decided geographical
limit can be assigned to them.

Further to the southwards, in Nyasaland, a much more
spotted form exists, having also a strong wash of bright
yellow across the chest. Tiiis has been named Tricholtema
alexandri by Shelley (Bull. B. O. C. vol. xiii. 1903, p. 61 :
Namwewe, Nyasaland) ; it would appear, however, to be a
synonym of PogonorhyncJms froyitalus Cab. (Journ. fiir Orn.
1880, p. 351, pi. ii. fig. 1 : Angola), as the specimens before
me agree perfectly with the plate, and on the back of the
label of one of them I find in Prof. Neumann's hand-
writing, " compared with typical specimen from north
Angola."

197. Pogoniulus "^ pusillus affinis. Reichenow's Little
Barbet.

Barbatnla affinis Reichw. Orn. Centr. 1879, p. 114 :
Kipini, mouth of Tana River, British East Africa.

a, b. S ad. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 13.

c. $ ad. 12 miles east of Amala River, 5700 ft. Oct. 26.

* Mr. Tom Iredale informs me that Richmond (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
vol. XXXV. 1908, p. 634) has pointed out tliat Poyoniulus Lat'resnaje
(Diet. Univers. d'Hist. Nat. vol. ii. 184.3, p. 463 : type Bucco jmi-vus
Gmel.) should take the place of Jiylobucco Bonaparte, as used by Ober-
holser (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxviii. 1905, p. 867), in place of
Barbatula Lesson also preoccupied.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda, 443

d. S ad. West of Mt. Leganislio, 5850 ft. Oct. 29.

€. S ad. Narossura Eiver, 5000 ft. Nov. 18.

/. ? ad. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 2900 £t. Nov. 22.

g. ? ?ad. Turkwel River, 1900 ft. Jan. 14.

Total length in flesh : ^ 4|-4^ inches ; ? 4^-4| inches.
Wing: ($ 57 ram.; ? 58-51 ram.

All these speciraens are in good dress and show little
signs of wear.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes black, greenish
black, or dark plumbeous. Quite common.]

The races and nomenclature of these Barbets appear to be
as follows : —

POGONIULUS PUSILLUS PUSILLUS.

Biicco pusillus Dumont, Diet. Sc. Nat. vol. iv. 1806, p. 50 :
Sandag = Sunday River, Cape Colony ; founded on Levail-
lant, Hist. Nat. Ois. Parad. et Barbus, vol. ii. 1806, p. 73,
pi. 32 ; as are also Bucco rubrifrons Vieill. Nouv. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat. vol. iv. 1816, p. 497, and Bucco harbatula
Temm. PL Col. vol. iii. 1831, sp. 18 k 19.

Bucco nanus Vig. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 93 : Algoa
IJay) and Bucco chrysoptera Swains. (Anim.in IMenag. 1838,
p. 322 : South Africa, ex Burchell) are also synonyms.

A large race. Wing 60 mm. and over. Streaks on back
of head yellow ; below pale olive-green ; throat clearer
green .

Range. Eastern Cape Colony, Natal, and Zululand.

POGONIULUS PUSILLUS UROPYGIALIS.

Barbatula uropygialis Heugl. Journ. fiir Orn. 1862, p. 37:
Ain Saba, Eritrea.

A smaller race. Wing under 60 and more than 55 mm.
Streaks on back of head whitish ; below similar to P. p.
pusillus, but paler.

Range. Somaliland, Abyssinia, and Eritrea.

Shelley in the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum,
vol. xix. 1891, p. 41, says that this bird has '^ patch on
rump fiery red," which is also quoted by Reichw. Vog.
Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 152; whereas Heuglin in his original

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 H

444 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

description gives it as follows : " uropygio late aurantiaco"
■= rump broadly orange.

Although I have not been enabled to examine specimens
from Heugliu's type locality, Abyssinian and Somaliland
birds agree with his description, and I have therefore placed
them under his name.

PoGONIULUS PUSILLUS AFFINIS.

Barbaiula affinis Reichw. op. cit.

A smaller race. Wing 60 mm. Streaks on back of head
whitish ; below, throat as in P. p. uropygialis ; breast and
flanks isabelline, fading to pale olive-green in centre of
abdomen and under tail-coverts.

Range. German East Africa^ British East Africa, and
Manda Island.

The name Barbatula minuta must go to the Senegal bird,
and until specimens are available from that locality for
comparison with north-eastern birds, it must stand for a
bird which apparently up to tlie present is unknown.

The reason for this is that both Bonaparte's names of
B. minuta in the Consp. Av. vol. i. 1850, p. 144; Sennaar,
and in the Consp. Vol. Zyg. 1854, p. 12, are nomina nuda,
and therefore for the first description of B. minuta we must
go to Hartlaub, Orn. Westafr. 1857, p. 173 : Senegal.

198. Pogoniulus chrysoconus centralis. Uganda Yellow-
fronted Barbet.

Barbatula centralis Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1900, p. 40:
Njangubo in Ndussuma, west of Lake Albert.

tt. ? ad. Kamchuru, 3200 ft. Feb. 11.

Total length in flesh : 4f inches. Wing : 61 mm.

In good clean dress.

[Irides brown ; bill black ; legs and toes greyish black.
Several seen.]

In naming this single specimen I have had to examine the
whole series in the British Museum collection, and through
the kindness of Mr. Rothschild and Dr. Hartert I have had
the loan of five typical specimens from Senegal.

Eight forms are recognisable as follows : —

Birds from British East Africa and Vyanda. 445

POGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS CHRYSOCONUS.

Bucco chrysoconus Temm. PI. Col. 1832, pi. 53G : Galam,
Senegal.

Of this, Barbatida chrysocoma guineensis Reichw. (Vog.
Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 149: Togo) must become a synonym.

Forehead-patch pale orange-yellow ; light streaks on
mantle white, tinged with lemon-yellow ; wing- coverts
broadly edged with deep yellowish buff ; rump lemon-yellow;
throat lemon-yellow ; breast and abdomen lemon-yellow
strongly washed with chrome.

Wing-measurements give the following result : Senegal
(five) 58-56 ; Portuguese Guinea (onej 55 ; Gold Coast
(one) 56 ; Ubanghi River (two) 57 & 56 mm.

Range. Senegal to the Gold Coast and the River Ubanghi.

POGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS EXTONI.

Barhatula extoni Layard, Ibis, 1871, p. 226: Kanye,
Bechuanaland.

Forehead-patch deep orange, but not quite so deep as in
P. schoanus ; streaks on mantle white ; rump more greenish
yellow ; below, throat pale whitish green, breast and abdomen
greyish buff tinged with olive, looking very grey when
compared to the northern races.

Wing- measurements are as follows : Bechuanaland (two)
64 & 63; Transvaal (nine) 67-61; Zambesi (one) 60;
southern Angola (Caconda) (one) G2 mm.

Range. South Africa generally, north to the Zambesi and.
southern Angola.

POGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS XANTHOSTICTUS.

Bnrbatula xanthosticta Blund. & Lovat, Bull. B, O. C.
vol. X. 1899, p. 21 : Chellia, Abyssinia.

Forehead-patch palish orange-yellow : light streaks on
occiput narrower, showing more black; streaks on mantle
deeper in colour than in P. c. chrysoconus, but paler than
in P. schoanus ; rump greenish yellow ; below pale whitish
green throughout.

Wing-measurement gives the following result : Chellia

(two) 61 & 60 mm.

Range. Central Abvssinia,

2h2

446 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

POGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS CENTRALIS.

Barbatula centralis Reichw. op. cit.

Forehead-patch more lemon-yellow ; streaks on mantle
broader and more lemon-yellow ; rump more olive-yellow ;
wing-coverts more yellow, less buff ; throat more greenish
lemon-yellow; breast and abdomen lemon-yellow, faintly
washed with chrome.

Wing-measurement gives the following result : Uganda
(twelve) 61-57 mm.

Range. Uganda.

PoGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS ZEDLITZI.

Barbatula clirysoconia zedlitzi Neum. Bull. B. O. C.
vol. xxiii. 1909, p. 30 : Sennaar, Blue Nile.

Forehead-patch orange ; mantle and wing-coverts very
broadly edged yellowish buff, showing very little or no dark
markings; below, throat and rest of underparts tinged with
pale golden-yellow.

Win^-measureraents are as follows : Nubia (one) 57 mm.
This specimen bears the name of this race in Prof. Neu-
mann's handwriting. In the original description in the
Bull. B, O. C. the wing-measurement of the type is given
as 27 mm.; this is obviously a misprint and should read
57 mm.

Range. Egyptian Sudan.

POGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS SCHUBOTZI.

Barbatula chrysocoma schubotzi Reichw. Orn. Monatsb.
1912, p. 28 : Fort Archambault, French Sudan,

Forehead-patch pale orange-yellow, streaks on mantle
broader and whiter than in the typical form ; below, uniform
lemon-yellow (pale sulphur-yellow, Reichw.).

Wing-measurement gives the following result : Lake Chad
and Shari River (three) 60-58 mm.

Range. French Sudan eastward to Lake Chad and Shari
River. Apparently an inland form, running more or less
parallel with the typical form.-

POGONIULUS CHRYSOCONUS RHODESIA.

Pogoniulus chrysoconus rhodesice C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1915, p. 100: Chambezi valley, N.E. Rhodesia.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 447

Forehead-patch similar in colour to P. c. extoni, but
perhaps on the average rather larger ; rest of upper parts
similar ; below, throat deeper whitish green, breast and
abdomen as iu P. c. extorii, but distinctly washed with
yellow, much warmer and richer in tone on comparison,
but not in any way approaching the underparts of P. c.
centralis.

Type in the British Museum : ^ ad. Chambezi Valley,
north-eastern Rhodesia, 6. v. 08. S. A. Neave coll. Wing
61, culmen 13, tail 33, tarsus 14 mm.

Wing-measurements give the following result : Nyasaland
(five) 63-60; N.E. Rhodesia and eastern Belgian Congo
(five) 64-59; west of Lake Tanganyika (one) 60; northern
Angola (Melange) (one) 63 mm.

Range. Northern British Nyasaland, west to North-east
Rhodesia, eastern Belgian Congo, and northern Angola,
north to west of Lake Tanganyika.

POGONIULUS SCHOANUS.

Barbatula schoana Neum, Journ. fiir Orn. 1904, p. 391 :
Dodgit, Province of Metscha, Abyssinia,

Forehead-patch orange-red; streaks of mantle and wings
much more golden yellow ; rump and underparts as in P. c.
centralis.

Wing-measurement gives the following result : Dodgit
(two) 61 & 59-5 mm.

Range. Central Abyssinia.

As the type localities of this race and P. c. xanthostictns
almost coincide and the present evidence points to the
probability of their occurring together, they cannot be
placed as subspecies of each other. As P. schoanus differs in
many ways more markedly from the typical forms than does.
P. c. xanthostictus, I have upheld it as a distinct species.

199. Viridibucco simplex leucomystax. Little Green
Barbet.

Barbatula leucomystax Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 310 : Sotik,
British East Africa.

fl. ? ? ad. Hills south of Narossura, 7200 ft. Nov. 4.

Total length in flesh: 3| inches. Wing : 54 mm.

448 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

A rather badly shot specimen, which appears to have been
in good clean dress.

[Irides brown; bill, legs and toes black.]

I have placed tliis bird as a subspecies of Barbatula
simplex Fisch. & Reichw. (Journ. fiir Orn. 1884, p. 180 :
Massailand, German East Africa), as there is at present no
evidence to show that they occur together.

I uphold this new genus proposed by Oberholser (Proc.
U.S. Nat, Mus. vol. xxviii. 1905, p. 865), as I agree with
him that these Barbets differ markedly from the typical
Pogoniulus.

200. Trachyphonus erythrocephalus erythrocephalus. Red-
and-\ellow Barbet.

Trachyphonus erythrocephalus Cab. Journ. fiir Orn. 1878,
p. 206, pi. ii. figs, 1 & 2 : Zanzibar, Mombasa, and further
inland. Zanzibar is probably incorrect.

o, Z>, (? ? ad. Narossura, 5000 ft. Nov. 17.

c. ? imm, S, Guaso Nyiro, 2950 ft. Nov. 23.

d. cJ imm. Weiwei River, 3200 ft. Jan. 6,

Total length in flesh : ^ ad, 9^^, imm, S)^ inches ; ? 8 j,
imm. 9g inches. Wing: S ad. 98, imm. 94 mm.; $ ad,
97, imm. 100 mm.

The two adults are in good dress and are but slightly
worn; the immature male is in the dress of Trachyphonus
versicolor Hartl. (Orn. Centr. 1882, p. 91 : Central Africa,
ex Emin Bey), having " red on the head much less extensive
and the under tail-coverts yellow,'' which character, in my
opinion, is that of the young bird, seeing that some speci-
mens before me, of both sexes, have pure yellow under and
upper tail-coverts whilst others have a slight admixture of
red feathers, pointing to these ultimately assuming the dress
of T. e. erythrocephalus.

The immature female is similar to the adult, but has more
yellow than red on the upper and under tail-coverts.

[Irides brown ; bill reddish horn; legs and toes plumbeous,
bluish, or dirty plumbeous. Several seen frequenting dry
stony hillsides, wherever there are scattered bushes,]

Ibis. " 1915. PI. V.

MENPES PRESS. WATFORD.

TACHYPHONUS EMINI. S and $

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 449

Assuming that Trachyphonus versicolor is tlie young, and
therefore synonymous with T. e. erythrocephalus, there will
be but two races of this Barbet as follows : —

Trachyphonus erythrocephalus erythhocephalus.
Trachyphonus erythrocephalus Cab. op. cit.
Size larger, wing in males 100-94, in females 100-94 mm.
Range. Northern German East Africa, British East
Africa, and Uganda.

Trachyphonus erythrocephalus shelleyi.
Trachyphonus shelleyi Hartl. Ibis, 1886, p. 105, pi. v. :
Somalilaud, ex Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 394.

Size smaller, Aving in males 84-78, in females 81-76 mm.
Range. Somaliland.

201. Trachyphonus emini. Emin Pasha's Barbet. (Pl.V.)
Trachyphonus emini Reichw. Journ. flir Orn. 1891, p. 209:
Tabora, central German East Africa.

a. ? ad. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 6000 ft. Oct. 4.

b. ? ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Oct. 5.

Total length in flesh : 8 inches. Wing : 85 mm.

Both are in good clean dress.

[Irides brown or reddish brown ; bill black ; legs and
toes bluish or dark plumbeous. The specimen from Loita
was shot from a flock of six.]

The female of this species, which appears to be unknown^
may be described as follows : —

Differs from the male in having the black feathers of the
top of the head subterminally tipped with yellow ; rest of
upper parts as in male ; below, chin white, upper throat
yellow tipped with black, black patch confined to centre of
lower throat, yellow feathers below patch edged with carmine;
pectoral band perhaps not quite so broad, rest of underparts
as in the male.

There are two males in the British Museum collection,
one from north of Lake Nyasa and the other from Amja,
German East Africa ; these are alike and agree with
Reichenow's description ; they measure respectively in the
wine; 84 and 83 mm.

450 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

202. Trachyphonus darnaudii darnaudii. Darnaud's Barbet.
Micropogon darnaudii Des Murs, Lefebv. Abyss. 1850,
p. 133 : Kordofan.

a. c? ad. Baringo. Dec. 27.

b. (^ ad. Kito, 60 miles N.W. of Baringo, 4100 ft.
Jan. 2.

c. S ad. Hills 10 miles N. o£ Maroto, 4000 ft. Jan. 23.

d. ? ad. Bakora Plains, 3500 ft. Feb. 4.

Total length in flesh : ^ 7^ k, 7^ inches ; $ 7 inches.
AVing : ^ 77-74 mm. ; ? 72 mm.

Tliese four specimens agree well Avith others in the
British Museum collection from Lado and the Bahr-el-
Ghazal, which agree with Des Murs' description in the
markings of the head, etc. They are showing signs of wear,
especially the February specimen.

[Irides brown ; bill dark or brownish horn, base of lower
mandible lighter ; legs and toes plumbeous, blue, or brownish
flesh. Plentiful and common in dry bush country.]

Apparently three races of this Barbet are recognisable as
follows : —

Trachyphonus darnaudii darnaudii.

Micropogon darnaudii Des Murs, op. cit.

Above, feathers of top of head with subterminal reddish
yellow bars ; below, chest pale sulphur-yellow.

Range. Bift Valley, west and north to Uganda, Lado,
Bahr-el-Ghazal, and Kordofan.

Trachyphonus darnaudii bohmi.

Trachyphonus bohmi Fischer & Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn.
1884, p. 179: Pare-Gebirge, north-east German East Africa.

Of this, Trachyphonus uropj/gialis Salvad. (Mem. Accad.
Torino, vol. xliv. 1894, p. 551 : Somaliland, wing given as
70 mm.) becomes a synonym.

Above, feathers of top of head wholly blue-black ; below,
chest richer yellow, the feathers more or less edged with
carmine.

Range. North-east German East Africa, British East
Africa east of Rift Valley, Jubaland, south-east Abyssinia,
and Somaliland.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 451

Trachyphonus darnaudii usambiro.

Trachyphonus darnaudi usambiro Neum. Bull. B. O. C.
vol. xxiii. 1908, p. 30 : Usambiro, southern Victoria Nyanza,
German East Africa.

The characters given of the markings appear to be those
of typical T. d. darnaudii, but the size is certainly larger,
85-81 mm. in the wing as against 77-71 mm. in T. d. dar-
naudii. No specimens are available from that part of
German East Africa for comparison.

Range. Probably confined to north-western German East
Africa.

203. Campethera nubica nubica. Nubian Woodpecker.
Ficus nubicus Bodd. Tabl. PL Eulum. 1783, p. 41 : Nubia,
founded on PL Enlum. no. 667.

Mt. Suswa. Sept. 26.

30 miles N.W. of Baringo, 2800 ft. Dec. 31.
Turkwel River, 1900 ft. Jan. 14.
Kozibiri River, 1800 ft. Jan. 16.
Mt. Maroto, 3700 ft. Jan. 26.
Nakwai Hills, 3500 ft. Feb, 17.
Total length in flesh : S 8^-8 inches ; ? 9-8^ inches.
Wing: S 111-109 mm.; ? 112 mm.

All these specimens are in good dress ; and all are banded
on the mantle, except the male from Mt. Suswa, which has
this part distinctly spotted. The male from near Baringo
is almost white below as opposed to the strong buff coloration
of the other five specimens.

[Irides red ; bill, upper mandible black, blackish horn, or
greyish horn, lower lighter ; legs and toes dirty yellow,
dirty green, greenish yellow, or greenish grey. Common.]
A careful examination of the series of over one hundred
specimens in the British Museum collection shows that
great individual variation exists in this Woodpecker, some
being more spotted and others more barred on the upper
parts, and some being more yellow and others more white on
the underparts; so that great difficulty is found in selecting
characters for geographical forms, which must necessarily
be separated on general features only.

a.

S

ad.

b.

s

ad,

c.

?

ad.

d.

s

ad.

e.

?

ad.

/• ?

ad.

452 Mr. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

Dr. Sharpe also comments (Ibis, 1902, p. 637) on the
variation of this bird, and remarks " that tlie barring of
the flanks is more or less a sign of immaturity." With
this I do not altogether agree ; though it appears that
the majority of young birds aie more spotted on the mantle
than barrel 1.

Throughout its range this AVoodpeeker does not vary
in size ; but a pale form and a white-eyebrowed form
can l)e recognised ; thus allowing only three races as
follows : —

Campetiiera nubica nubica.

Picus nubicus Bodd. op. cit.

Of this 1 consider the following must become synonyms: —

Picus nubicus Gnielin, Syst. Nat. vol. i. pt. 1, p. 439, 1788 :
Nubia, founded on PI. Enlum. no. CG7.

Dendromus eethiopicus llUpp. Vog. N.O.-Afr. 1815, p. 90 :
Nubia, cf. p. 95.

Dsmlronms so'iptoricauda Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1896,
p. 131 : Lamu), the type of which is in the British Museum,
agrees well with individual specimens of C. n. nubica in
general characters; the throat is certainly very clearly
spotted, though indications of this can be seen in one or two
specimens of the Abyssinian and Sonialiland forms ; the dark
tip to the tail is certainly very clear in this specimen, but
indications of this are to be found in many specimens of
the Abyssinian form and is therefore not perhaps of any
subspecific value. In the spotted throat and dark tail-tip
this bird agrees with the Nyasaland form, though it lacks
the very distinct white eyebrow. It is not smaller than
many Abyssinian females. I consider that it is merely an
aberration of C. n. 7iubica and must for the present become
synonymous with that race. Hargitt in ' Ibis,' 1883, p. 456,
says that Kirk's s])ecimen came from '' Lamo, south of
Zanzibar/' and this has been quoted since that date; this is,
however, quite wrong, as Lamu is north of Mombasa and was
so given in the original record of this specimen by Shelley,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881. p. 561, where he says "A collection

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 453

from Larao in 2° S. lat.'^ With regard to Dendromus neu-
manni Reicliw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1896, p. 132 ; Naivasha), the
diagnostic characters given are : upper parts darker with
very small and sparse white spots, underparts spotted up to
cliin, excepting that part lying between the rami of the
lower mandibles. Dendrumus n'lger Neum. (Orn. Monatsb.
1902, p. 9 : Buka BcrgeUj southern Kalfa, Abyssinia) has
diagnostic characters very similar to those of the last-
named, and I consider them synonyms. These characters
are found in some examples of this form throughout East
Africa, Abyssinia, and Somaliland, and must therefore be
due to individual variation ; the pure black forepart of the
head is undoubtedly due to immaturity.

Upper parts vary from spotted to barred, underparts
usually yellow, sometimes more white; young in first dress
usually have the forepart of the head .black and without
white specks, though this is not constant.

Range. Abyssinia, Sudan, Uganda, British East Africa,
and northern German East Africa.

Campethera nubica pallida.

Dendromus pallidus Sharpe, Ibis, 1902, p. 638: Lamu.

A much paler form ; in the female the spots on the
forepart of the head are bigger than in C. n. nubica and
pure white.

Range. British Somaliland to the Tana River and Lamu,
where it meets with the typical form.

Campethera nubica albifacies.

Dendromus albifacies Gunn. & Rob. Ann. Transv. Mus.
vol. iii. 1911, p. 112: Villa Pereira, Boror, Port. East
Africa.

Very similar to C. n. nubica., but differs from that race in
having a well-developed superciliary stripe extending back-
wards to the nape. In the four specimens before me the
throat is spotted, this character being given in tlie original
description.

Range. Southern British Nyasaland and Boror district of
Portuguese East Africa.

454 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

204. Campethera cailliautii nyansae. Cailliaut^s Wood-
pecker.

Dendromus malherbei nyanscB Neum. Journ. fiir Orn. 1900,
p. 204 : Muansa, south Victoria Nyauza. Wing given as
101 mm.

fir, 6. c? ? ad. Amala River, 5300 & 5500 ft. Oct. 15
&22.

Total length in flesh: ^ 7 inches; ? 7\ inches. Wing:
c? 101 mm.; ? 103 mm.

This pair is in good dress, the male showing signs of wear
and having the spots on the mantle less distinct.

[Irides hrown; bill black, lower mandible bluish horn;
legs and toes green. Stomach of female contained small
ants. Common.]

Three races of this Woodpecker are easily recognisable as
follows : —

Campethera cailliautii cailliautii.

Chrysopicus cailliautii INIalh. Rev. et ]\Iag. Zool. 1849,
p. 540 : Africa (I designate Mombasa, British East Africa).
Wing given as 99 mm.

Of this, Chrysopicos malherbei Cass. (Proc. Acad. Pliilad.
vol. XV. 1863, p. 198 : Zanzibar ; cf. also Journ. Acad.
Philad. 1863, p. 459, pi. li. fig. 3; wing given as 3| inches
= 95 mm.) must for the present become a synonym; Picas
imherbis Sund. Consp. Av. Pic. 1866, p. 68, is a substitute
name for C. malherbei Cass.

Size small, matitle darkish olive-green, spots paler olive-
green, below washed with yellow.

Wing-measurements give the following result : Dar-es-
Salaam, ? (one) 95 ; Mombasa, ^ (one) 96, ? (one) 97 ;
Mazeras, nr. Mombasa, S (one) 99 mm.

Range. Island of Zanzibar and mainland adjacent (Dar-
es-Salaam to Mombasa).

I have been unable to examine specimens from Zanzibar,
but the three specimens from Dar-es-Salaam and Mombasa
agree well with the description and plate of C. mal-
herbei, and may therefore for the present be taken as
typical.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 455

The Mazeras specimen agrees in coloration very well with
the Amala River birds ; therefore a larger series may show
that C. c. cailliautii and C. c. nyansce will have to be
united.

Reichenow in the Orn. Monatsb. 1896, p. 131, under the
description of Dendromus scripioricauda (type from Lamu in
the British Museum), has drawn attention to Chi'ysopicos cail-
liautii Malli. (Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 540 : Africa) being
equal to Chrysopicos malherbel Cass. ; but for some unknown
reason he has not adopted this view in his Vog. Afrikas,
vol. ii. 190.2, p. 172.

Malherbe's excellent description undoubtedly refers to
this bird and must be adopted for it ; and as only Africa is
designated as the type locality, I fix it on to the mainland
coastal form and designate the particular type locality as
Mombasa, thus leaving Cas>.in^s name available for the
Zanzibar bird, should it hereafter prove to be separable.

CaMPETHERA cailliautii NYANSiE.

Dendromus malherbei nyansce Neum. op. cit.

Size large ; mantle more grass-green, spots white tinged
with green ; below similar to C. c. cailliautii.

Wing-measurements give the following result : Amala
River, <? 101, ? 103 ; North-east Rhodesia, ^ (one)
104 mm.

Range. Inland southern British East Africa to Noi'th-
east Rhodesia.

Campethera cailliautii fulleborni.

Dendromus malherbei fulleborni Neum. Journ. fiir Orn.
1900, p. 204 : Langenburg, north-east of Lake Nyasa.

Similar in size to C. c. cailliautii, but upper surface grass-
green, the spots large and almost white, below rather less
yellow.

Wing-measurements give the following result : Nyasa-
laud, (^ (one) 94, ? (three) 95-93; south-eastern Rhodesia,
S (one) 97 ; Beira, ^ (one) 94, ? (one) 95 mm.

Range. Nyasaland south to south-eastern Rhodesia and
the Beira district of Portuguese East Africa.

456 Mr. C. II. B. Grant o» a Collection of

The genus Dendromns Swains. Classif. Birds, vol. ii.
1837, p. 307, which has been used both by Neumann and
Reichenow for this group of woodpeckers, is inadmissible, as
it is preoccupied in mammals by Dendromus Smith, Zooh
Journ. vol. iv. 1829, p. 438. Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. vol. xxviii. 1905, p. 874, has already drawn attention to
this.

205. Dendropicos fuscescens massaicus. Masailand Little
Woodpecker.

Dendropicos guineensis massaicus Neum. Journ. fiir Orn.
1900, p. 206 : Ndulalani, Lake Nguruman, north of Lake
Victoria.

a,b. S ad. Turkwel River, 1900 ft. Jan. 14.

c. ? ad. Kozibiri River, 2200 ft. Jan. 19.

d. ? ad. Bakora Country, 3600 ft. Feb. 3.

Total length in flesh : (J 5^ & 5^ inches; ? 6 & 5f inches.
Wing : c? 81 & 80 mm. ; ? 85 & 84 mm.

Three are in rather worn dress and one female was
nesting.

[Irides red or reddish brown ; bill bluish or blackish
horn ; legs and toes in male greenish blue; in female dirty
green. Plentiful.]

In naming these birds I have had to examine all the
Woodpeckers belonging to this group.

To begin with, the names Picus guineensis Scop. (Del. Fl.
F. Insubr. ii. 1786, p. 89) a.n([ Picus cardinalis Gmelin (Syst.
Nat. vol. i. pt. i. 1788, p. 438), both founded on plate 35 in
Sonnerat's Voy. Nouv. Guinee, 1776, p. 72, locality given
as Island of Luzon, must be cast out of the nomenclature of
the African Woodpeckers. The reasons for this are, that
the plate agrees only superficially with the small Cape
Woodpecker, to which these names have always been attached,
and the descriptions given by all three authors does not
tally in any single detail, i. e., the size is given as equal to
that of the European Green Woodpecker, the feathers of the
mantle are stated to be black, bordered with white, and the

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 457

wing- feathers and tail as black. Scopoli, moreover, says
that the tail is not acuminate, but this statement was un-
doubtedly founded on the plate, which certainly shows the
tail rounded; though this is not borne out in Sonnerat's
description. 1 suggest that Sonnerat's bird originally came
from America and was accidentally mixed up with his New
Guinea collection, as both the size and markings agree more
with Colaptes or ChrysoptUus ; Sonnerat's bird appears,
however, at the moment to be indeterminate.

The elimination of these two names, which should never
have found their way into the African list at all, really
simplifies the situation, and fixes the Cape bird on to
Levaillant^s excellent plate.

Prof. Neumann in the Journ. fiir Orn. 1900, p. 206, has
created a race under the name Dendropicus yuineensis car-
dinalis, which is of course absurd.

This group is admittedly difficult, inasmuch as the forms
resemble each other very closely, and a certain amount of
individual variation occurs; so that only comprehensive
general characters can be taken as diagnostic features, either
of colour, pattern, or size. Hitherto several of the names
have been hopelessly misused, as, for instance, hartlaubii,
zanzibari, and lafresnayi, especially the first, which has been
recorded far to the south of the Zambesi, where it certainly
does not exist.

The very large series in the British Museum collection
shows that the following species and subspecies are recog-
nisable : —

I. Barring of mantle and wings on the surface, clear and
well defined. Appearance of upper surface more black
and white.

Dendropicos fuscescens fuscescens.

Picus fuscescens Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vol.xxvi.
1818, p. 86 : ex Levaillant, forests of the Cape, cf. Ois.
d'Afr. vol. vi. 1808, p. 25, pi. 253. figs. 1 & 2.

Oi t\x\9,, Picus fulviscapusljicht. (Verz.Doubl. 1823, p. 1] :
Terra Caffrorum), Colaptes cajjensis Steph. (Gen.Zool. vol. xiv.

458 Mr. C. II. B. Grant on a Collection of

1826, p. 171, ex Levaillant), Picus chrysopterus Less. (Traite
d'Orn. 1831, p. 220 : Cap), Picus flaviscapus Monteiro
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 96 : Mossamedes^ nom. nud. and
apparently a misprint for fulviscapus), are synonyms.

Size large ; back and wings blackish, distinctly barred
with green or greenish white ; lesser wing-coverts in male
greenish, in female blackish. Upper tail-coverts golden
green, more or less tinged with red.

Wing-measurements give the following result: — Cape, ^7
(one) 99: GriqualandEast, ^ (five) 96-93, ? (two) 96 & 92;
Natal and Zululand, ^ (eight) 96-90, ? (ten) 96-89 ;
Orange River Colony, J" (four) 99-94 ; Transvaal and Swazi-
land, c? (six) 99-95, ? (three) 97-93 ; luhambane and Beira,
Portuguese East Africa, ^ (five), 92-90, ? (three) 95-88;
Bechuanaland, S (five) 98-92, ? (four) 96-93; Mashona-
land, (J (three) 95-94, ? (two) 95 & 93 ; south-eastern
Rhodesia, S (seven) 99-92, ? (two) 92 & 90 ; Zambesi, ^
(seven) 97-90, ? (five) 95-89 ; Daniaraland, ^ (six) 95-88,
? (six) 95-89; southern Angola, ^ (two) 95; Nyasaland
and Angoniland, S (ten) 94-87, ? (seven) 95-87 ; North-
east Rhodesia, (^ (one) 94, ? (three) 98-91 ; eastern
Belgian Congo, ^ (one) 94 mm.

Taking into consideration the individual variation that
occurs, even in a series from one locality, both in the colora-
tion and the measurement, it must be admitted that only
one form should be recognised in South Africa.

Range. Cape Colony and Natal northwards to Damara-
laud and southern Angola (Caconda and Benguella) on the
west, and Nyasaland, North-east Rhodesia, and eastern
Belgian Congo on the east.

Dendropicos fuscescens hemfrichii.

Picus hemprichii Hemp. & Ehr. Symb. Phys. 1828,
fol. ?'. 2 : Akiko, Abyssinia.

Size smaller and general appearance much lighter than
D. f. fuscescens, hsick and wings more sooty, distinctly barred
with white, lesser wing-coverts in male blackish as in the
female, upper tail-coverts red.

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 459

Wiug-measurements give the following result : — Abys-
sinia, ^ (seven) 85-78, ? (nine) 82-78; British Somali-
land, S (eleven) 85-78, ? (eight) 83-79 mm.

Range. Abyssinia, Soraaliland, and probably Jubaland.

Erlauger in the Jouin. fiir Orn. 1902, p. 258, has described
a race from Djuba Kiver, Jubaland, under the name Dendru-
picus hemprichi albicans, and gives as characters : size smaller
and uppeiside much whiter, white bands much broader,
wing 80-76 mm. A male from the Tana River, in the
British Museum collection, agrees perfectly with a large
series of D. f. massaicus, and has a wing of 7Q ram. ;'there-
fore it would appear that the characters, especially of the
wing-measurement, do not substantiate this race.

One adult female collected by E. Lort Phillips in Somali-
land (Brit. Mus. Reg. No. 89.3.20.1) has the upper tail-
coverts clear mouse-grey, without a. trace of red. As it
otherwise agrees with normal females of D. f. hemprichii,
I should put this down to merely individual aberration.

Dendropicos fuscescens massaicus.

Dendropicos guineensis massaicus Neum. op. cit.

Wing given as 85-82 mm.

Of this I consider Dendropicos guineensis centralis Neum.
(op. cit. p. 206 : Iringa, German East Africa, wing given as
93-90 mm.) is a synonym.

General appearance very similar to D. f. fuscescens, but
size always smaller.

Wing-measurements give the following result : — British
East Africa, S (ten) 87-81, ? (eight) 85-76; Manda
Island, cJ (two) 86 & 82 ; German East Africa, Ugogo,
$ 89, Rovuma River, ? 85 mm.

Range. German East Africa, British East Africa, and
Manda Island.

Dendropicos fuscescens cosensi.
, Detidropicos fuscescens cosensi C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1915, p. 101 : Senegal.

Size similar to D. f. massaicus or D. f. hemprichii, but
differing from both in the general isabelline coloration of

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 I

460 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

the dark markings, both above and below ; white barring of
mantle and wings tinged with isabelline, upper tail-coverts
golden isabelline, the apical half red.

Type in British Museum : ^ ad., Senegal. R. B. Sharpe
coll. Wing 81, culraen 19, tail 36, tarsus 15 mm.

Named in honour of Capt. G. P. Cosens.

This specimen, though a single one, differs so markedly
in general appearance from D.f.fuscescens and its two races,
and comes from so remote a locality, that I have been
compelled to recognise it as a distinct subspecies.

Range. Senegal.

II. Barring of mantle and wings either absent or submerged,
not clear and well defined. Appearance of upper
surface more green and olive, not black and white.

Dendropicos abvssijvicus abyssinicus.

Picus abyssinicus Stanley, Salt's Voy. Abyss. 1814, p. Ivi :
Abyssinia.

Through the kindness of Dr. Clubb of the Liverpool
Museum I have been enabled to examine Stanley's type,
which is a male and has a wing of 95 mm. It agrees
exactly with the five specimens in the British Museum
collection.

Size large, mantle without any appearance of barring,
rump and upper tail-coverts red.

The wing-measurement gives the following result :
^ (five) 98-93 mm.

Range. Abyssinia.

Dendropicos abyssinicus hartlaubii.

Dendropicos hartlaubii Alalli. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849,
p. 532 : Zanzibar. Wing given as 91 and 87 mm.

Of this Dendropicos zanzibari Malh. (Pic. vol. i. 1861,
p. 201 : Zanzibar) becomes a synonym.

Size large ; above clear green, light bars of mantle arul
wings narrow and submerged, rump green ; below strongly
tinged with yellow, streaks rather narrow.

Wing-measurements are as follows : — Zanzibar, J (two)

Birds from BrUlsli East Africa and Uganda. 461

91 & 88, ? (one) 86 ; Pangani River, S (two) 90 & 87 ;
Dar-es-Salaara, ^ (one) 90; llovuma River, ^ (one) 90;
Sena, (^ (one) 93 mm.

Range. Island of Zanzibar and mainland immediately
adjacent (Pangani River and Dar-es-Salaam), ranging south
to the Rovuraa and Zambesi Rivers (Sena).

This race cannot be confounded with D. f. fuscescens, and
the records of it occurring in South Afiica, except on the
lower Zambesi River, are quite erroneous, and have un-
doubtedly arisen through not comparing specimens from
the actual type locality.

Dendropicos lafresnayi lafresnayi.

Dendropicus lafresnayi Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849,
p. 533: Africa = Gaboon, cf. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855,
p. 872. Wing given as 85 mm.

Of this, Dendropicos sharpii Oust. (N. Arch. Mus. (2) vol. ii.
1879, p. 62 : Doume, Ogooue, wing given as 85 mm.) ;
Dendropicus tropicalis Rcichw. (Journ. fiir Orn. 1887, p. 302 :
Leopoldville, wing given as 79 mm.) ; and Dendropicus
cameranensis Sharpe (Ibis, 1907, p. 443: River Ja, Cameroon),
must for the present become synonyms.

Size small ; above olive-green, either with the barring on
the mantle absent or only very indistinct and submerged,
rump without or only slightly tinged with red; below
strongly tinged with yellow, with the streaks clear and dark ;
black wing-bars below broader.

Wing-measurements are as follows : — Cameroon, ^
(one) 82 (the $ type of D. camerunensis is in moult, and
therefore cannot be measured), ? (three) 80-75 ; nr. Congo
mouth, (J (five) 84-79, ? (five) 83-75 ; River Ubanghi, ?
(one) 81 mm.

Range. Congo mouth to Cameroon, eastward to the
Ubanghi River.

The five specimens before me from the River Ja and
Efulen in Cameroon, including the type of D. camerun-
ensis, are certainly darker than the Congo birds, and
should perhaps be kept separate ; but until a series is

2i2

462 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

available actually from the Gaboon River, it is quite im-
possible to say whether the Cameroon or the Congo bird
will pro\e to be the true D. lafresnayi, and I therefore
prefer to unite them under the oldest name pending the
settlement of this question.

DeNDKOPICOS LAFRESNAYl LEPIDUS.

Ipoctonus lepidus Cab. & Heine, j\Ius. Hein. vol. iv. pt. 2,
1863, p. 118 : Abj^ssinia. Wing given as 3" 1"' = 70 mm.

Of this, Dendropicos simoni O. -Grant (Bull. B. O. C. vol.x.
1900, p. 38: Kouduro, Abyssinia; wing given as 3" 2'"
= 80 mm.) becomes a synonym.

Size small ; above darker olive-green thanX). /. lafresnayi,
either with the barring on the mantle absent or distinctly
submerged, rump slightly tinged with red; below darker
yellow than in D. I. lafresnayi, streaks broader, giving the
underside a rather more dirty appearance.

Wing-measurements give the following result : — Abys-
sinia, cJ (one, type of D. simoni) 80 ; Sudan, ^ (one) 86,
? (one) 84; Uganda, S (eleven) 87-81, ? (six) 86-81;
British East Africa, S (three) 92-87, ? (seven) 88-82;
East Belgian Congo, cJ (one) 83, ? (one) 85 ; German
East Africa (Pangani River), ^ (one) 85, ? (one) 84 mm.

Range. Abyssinia to German East Africa, westward to
the Egyptian Sudan and eastern Belgian Congo.

This race can always be separated from D. f. massaicus by
having the appearance of the upperside green, the bars
being submerged and the lesser wing -coverts being green in
both sexes.

Dendropicos lafresnayi zechi.

Dendropicos guineensis zechi Neum. Journ. fiir Orn. 1904,
p. 400 : Kete-Kretschi, Togoland.

Size small; differs from D. I. lafresnayi in having the
green of the mantle clearer and the bars even more sub-
merged and less distinct; rump but slightly tinged with red;
below paler yellow, with the streaks much narrower and
not so distinct.

The wing-measurements give the following result: —

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 463

Nigeria, ? (tvv^o) 84 & 79; Gold Coast, S (four) 88-82;
Sierra Leone, ^ (two) 81 & 80 ; Gambia, ? (one) 81 ;
Portuguese Guinea, ^ (one) 79, ? (one) 81 mm.
Range. Nigeria to Gambia.

Dendropicos lakresnayi loand^.

Dendropicos lafresnayi loandce C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
vol. XXXV. 1913, p. 101 : Loanda, Angola.

Differs from D. I. lafresnayi by having the green of tlie
back very similar to D. a. Iiartlaubii ; the mantle always
barred, the barring being rather less submerged tlian in
either D. I. lafresnayi or D. a. Iiartlaubii ; rump tinged with
red ; below, streaks narrower and the abdomen clearer
(less streaked).

Type in the British Museum : $ ad. Loanda, Angola,
May 1869. J. J. Monteiro coll. Wing 85, culmen 19,
tail 43, tarsus 14 mm.

The wing-measurements give the following result : —
Loanda and north Angola^ (J (six) 89-85, ? (six) 89-
87 mm.

A female from Malange has a wing of 93 mm., and though
having the underparts of this race, in size and the markings
of the upper parts agrees more with D. f. fuscescens; and it
would therefore appear that the two forms grade into each
other in that district, and that there is a link between the
D. fuscescens group and D. lafresnayi group, as pointed out
further on.

Range. Loanda district, Angola.

This race differs from D. f fuscescens in being greener
above, having the barring of the mantle more submerged
and the streaks on the breast much less broad. It might
almost, with equal truth, be placed as a subspecies of that
group, but its semi-submerged barring and greener appear-
ance brings it nearer to the D. lafresnayi group.

The division of these streak-breasted Woodpeckers under
two headings and into three groups appears to simplify the
nomenclature and races, causing them to work out in a
geographically correct manner^

464 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Dendropicus popxiloleemus Eeichw. (Orn. Monatsb. 1893,
p. 30 : Sconga^ west of Lake Albert ; wing given as 86 mm.),
which Reichenow compared with D. I. lafresnayi, has nothing
to do with this s/re«A-breasted group, and should be placed
under the spoiied-hreasted Picus minutus (Teram. PL Col.
1823, pi. 197 : Senegal).

206. Dendropicos lafresnayi lepidus. Abyssinian Little
Woodpecker.

Ipoctonus lepidus Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. vol. iv. pt. 2,
1863, p. 118: Abyssinia.

a. S ad- Top of Man Escarpment, 7200 ft. Sept. 29.

h. ? ad. Southern Guaso Nyiro, 6000 ft. Oct. 4.

c. ^ ad. Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 15.

Total length in flesh : ^ 6 inches ; ? 6 inches. Wing :
S 93 mm.; ? 90 mm.

These three specimens are in good dress and but slightly
worn.

[ ^ . Irides red ; bill, upper mandible black, lower bluish
horn ; legs and toes dirty green. $ . Irides brown ; bill
bluish black ; legs and toes dirty green.]

207. Thripias namaquus schoensis. Abyssinian Bearded
Woodpecker.

Picas (^Dendrobaptes) schuensis Riijjp. j\Ius. Senck. vol. iii.
1842, p. 120 : Schoa, Abyssinia.

a. S imm- Amala River, 5500 ft. Oct. 14.

b. ? ad. Kito, 60 miles N.W. of Baringo, 4100 ft.
Jan. 2.

c. ? ad. Annamuget, 3700 ft. Feb. 1.

Total length in flesh : S 8| inches ; ? 9| & 8| inches.
Wing: S 126 mm.; ? 131 & 128 mm.

The two females are showing signs of wear, and the male
is in new first dress, has the red confined to the back half
of the head, the forehead being black, tipped with white,
and the bill is short, being only 81 mm. long.

[cJ. Irides dark brown ; bill, upper mandible dark horn,
lower bluish horn ; legs and toes plumbeous. ? . Irides
red; bill dark bluish horn; legs and toes dirty green.]

B'rds from British East Africa and Uganda. 465

Four, and probably fivCj races of this Woodpecker are
recognisable, as follows : —

Thripias namaquus namaquus.

Pirns namaquus Liclit. Cat. Rer. Nat. Hamb. 1793, p. 17 :
Interior of South Africa.

The following three names have been founded on Levail-
laut (Ois. d'Afr. vol. vi. 1808, p. 22, pis. 251 & 252) and are
synonyms : Picus mystaceus Vieill. Nouv, Diet. d^Hist.
Nat. vol. xxvi. 1818, p. 73; Picus biarmicus Val. Diet. Sc.
Nat, vol. xl. 1826, p. 176 : Cafferland; and Picus diophrys
Steph. Gen. Zool. vol. xiv. 1826, p. 161 ; South Africa.

Above, mantle washed with green ; below, chest olive-
green, barred with whitish ; wing-quills stained golden,
auricular patch not extending beyond ear-coverts.

Range. South Africa generally, northwards to Nyasaland,
and Angola (Rio Chiraba and Huilla).

Thripias namaquus sctioensis.

Picus (JDendrohaptes) schoensis Riipp. op. cit.

Above and below darker, chest brownish black, washed
with dark olive; wing-quills not so strongly stained with
golden, auricular patch extending beyond ear-coverts and
more or less joined to throat-stripe.

Range. British East Africa to Abyssinia and Somaliland.

An adult female in the British Museum collection from
Mulema, Uganda, and two males from Ugogo, German East
Africa, agree with T. n. namaquus in tiie colour of the chest,
but have the auricular patch as in T. n. schoensis ; to this
intermediate race I propose to give the following name : —

Thripias namaquus intermedius.

Thripias namaquus intermedius C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C.
XXXV. 1915, p. 101 : Ugogo, German East Africa.

Characters as stated above.

Type in British Museum: S ad. Ugogo, German East
Africa. Kirk coll. Wing 137, culmen 35, tail 69, tarsus
22 mm.

Range. Northern German East Africa and southern
Uganda.

466 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

Thripias namaquus decipiens.

Mesopicus decipiens Sliarpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.
vol. xvii. 1884, p. 430 : Zanzibar.

The only specimen available is the tj^pe, and this is a
young male. It however differs from young males of T. n.
namaquus and T. n. schoensis in having the mantle and rump
grey, without any green ; the chest is darker tlian in T. n.
namaquus, but much paler than in 7'. n. schoL^nsis ; the
wing-quills entirely lack any golden stain; the auricular
streak is as in T. n. namaquus. Until further material
comes to hand to disprove tlicse characters, I consider that
this race should be upheld.

Range. Island of Zanzibar.

Two specimens in the British Museum collection, a male
and a female respectively from Ugogo and Tete, bear in
Hargitt's handwriting " Type of Mesopicus decipiens Sharpe.^*
This is not correct, as Sharpe gives his locality as Zanzibar,
and states that the type-specimen is in the Hargitt collection,
which is now in the British Museum.

The characters given by Reichenow for his var. angoJensis
(V^og. Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 190: Malancije, Kuanza River,
northern Angola) appear to point to a distinct race,
especially the dark brown tail ; but I have no specimens
from northern Angola to compare with those from the
southern part of the colony.

208. Yungipicus obsoletus ingens. Little Plain-backed
Woodpecker.

lyngipicus obsoletus ingens Hart. Nov. Zool. 1900, p. 33 :
Nairobi, British East Africa.

a. ? ? juv. Kamchuru, 3300 ft. Feb. 12.

Total length in flesh (tail not fully grown) : 4| inches.
Wing (not fully grown) : 71 ram.

This single specimen, though marked as " ? ? juv.,^' is a
male, as is shown by the red on the occiput. It is quite
young, and has not apparently long left the nest, as the
wings and tail are barely three-quarters grown. It appears

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 467

to diflPer from the full adult only in having the primary
quills tipped with whitish.

[hides brown ; bill blackish horn, base of lower mandible
whitish ; legs and toes plumbeous.]

The small number of examples of this Woodpecker in the
British Museum collection from British East Africa and.
Uganda does not allow me to speak with confidence as to the
geographical value and range of this subspecies; but I append
the wing-measurements of the series before me, both of this
race and the true Picus obsuletus Wagl. (Isis, 1829, p. 510 :
Senegambia, wing given as 2| (German inches) = 74 mm.),
viz. : — Gambia, ^ (two) 81-80, $ 82 : Portuguese Guinea
to Welle River, $ (ten) 82-78, ? (ten) 82-75 ; Sudan,
J (three) 81-77, ? (three) 82-77 ; Uganda, ? 81 ; British
East Africa, P'ort Hall, ^ 86, Nairobi, S 9f mm.

It will thus be seen that the only specimen that actually
reaches the wing-measurement given by Hartert (90 mm.)
is the one from Nairobi, and I therefore may be wrong in
placing the Kamchuru young bird under this race, though
the mantle is distinctly darker than west coast birds, and
agrees in this respect with the Nairobi specimen.

Two other forms have been described — Jynxiijncus obsoletus
nigricans Neum. ( Journ. fur Orn. 1904, p. 402 : Uma Fluss,
Abyssinia, wing given as 82) and Jynyipicus ohsoletus heugliui
Neum. (op. cit. : Eritrea, wing given as 89-85 mm.) ; but the
status of the four supposed races cannot be decided, with the
material before me.

209. Mesopicus goertae centralis. East African Grey
Woodpecker.

Mesopicus goertae centralis Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1900,
p. 59 : Ndussuma, west of Lake Albert.

a. ? ad. 70 miles N.W. of Baringo, 3100 ft. Jan. 3.

b. ? ad. Turkwel River, 2100 ft. Jan. 11.

Total length in flesh : 8 & 7f inches. Wing : 106 mm.
Both these specimens are rather worn, and the one from
the Turkwel River is much darker on the mantle than the

468 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

other and lias a distinct red and yellow streak on the belly,
as opposed to the plain belly of the other specimen.

[Irides brown ; bill black, base of lower mandible bluish;
legs and toes grey or dirty plumbeous.]

An examination of the large series in the British Museum
shows that a certain amount of individual variation occurs
among birds from the same locality, so that only general
features can be taken as diagnostic characters ; this allows
of only two forms being recognised, a western and an
eastern, as follows : —

MeSOPICUS GOERT^ GOERTiE.

Picus goertce S. Miill. Linn. Syst. Nat. Suppl, 1776,
p. 91 : Senegal ; founded on pi. 320, PL enlum. & Buffon,
Hist. Nat. vol. vii. 1780, p. 25.

Of this, the following must become a synonym :
Dendrohates poicephalus Swains. Birds W.Afr. vol. ii. 1837,
p. 154 : Western Africa == Gambia, wing given as ^-^q" =
109 mm, The description agrees perfectly with M. g. goerta.
In the ' Ibis,' 1902, pp. 4.25 & 641, Mr. Ogilvie-Grant and
Dr. Sharjjc remark that the differences given by Reichenow
for the subspecies do not hold good. With this I agree in
some of the cases, but all of these authors have overlooked
the fact that M. goer tec and D. poicephalus are synonymous.

Below paler, washed with yellowish or olive.

Range. Senegal to the Congo mouth, eastward to the
Ubanghi and Welle Rivers.

MeSOPICUS GOERTiE CENTRALIS.

Mesopicus goert(B centralis Reich w. op. cit.

Of this I consider the following must become a synonym :
Mesopicus goerta konigi'Nenm. (Orn. Monatsb. 1903, p. 181 :
Mutmir, River Nile below Khartum); the characters given
being apparently only individual ; any way, specimens before
me from the tributaries of the Nile do not difier from the
rest of the series.

Below darker, washed with ashy.

Range. Uganda to the Sudan and River Nile, westwards
to Niam Niam and the Bahr el Ghazal.

Mesopicus goertfp abessinicus Reichw. (Orn. Monatsb.

Birds from British East Africa and Uyanda. 469

1900, p. 58 : Abyssinia), judging by the description, has
nothing to do with M. g. goertce and its ally, but is obviously
applicable to M. s. spodocephalus and its ally. Rcichenow
says that M. spodocephalus and M. rhodeogaster are synony-
mous, but with this I do not agree, and consider, despite
the fact that he has examined the type of M. spodocephalus,
that the, presumably, western Abyssinian bird will not prove
separable from the central Abyssinian typical form, seeing
that slight individual variation has to be taken into account.
As for Dendruhates immaculatus Svvains. (Birds West
Africa, vol. ii. 1837, p. 152 : type locality unknown),
which has been placed by Hargitt (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
vol. xviii. 1890, p. 368) as a synonym of M. guertce, and by
Reichenow (Vog. Afr. vol. ii. 1902, p. 184) as a doubtful
synonym of M. griseocephalus ^{Picus griseocephalus Bodd.
Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, no. 49, ex BufPon : Cap de Bonne Es-
perance), the description fits in every detail the latter species,
and should in future without question be placed as a
synonym of it.

210. Mesopicus spodocephalus rhodeogaster. Eastern Green-
backed Woodpecker.

Picus (Mesopicus) rhodeogaster Fischer & Reich w. Journ.
fiir Orn. 1884, p. 180 : Massailand, northern German East
Africa. Wing given as 105 mm.

a. S ad. Loita, 6300 ft. Nov. 28.

Total length in flesh : 8 inches. Wing : 106 mm.

This specimen is in good dress, but rather faded, especially
on the flight- feathers.

[Irides brown; bill, upper mandible black, lower greyish
horn J legs and toes dark plumbeous. Rare in Loita plains,
but tolerably common elsewhere. — W. P. L. This field-note
probably also refers to M. g. centralis. — C. H. B. G.]

Two races of this Woodpecker are recognisable, as
follows : —

Mesopicus spodocephalus spodocephalus.

Dendrohates spodocephalus spodocephalus Bonap. Consp.
Av. vol. i. 1850, p. 125 : Afr. occ. = Afr. or. This name was
founded on plate 34 in Riippell, Vog. Nord-Ost-Afr. 1845,

470 Mr. C. H. B. Grant on a Collection of

p. 86, the locality for which is given as Shoa, cf. p. 95 ;
therefore that locality must stand for the type, and there
is no doubt that Afr. occ. of Bonaparte is a printer's error
for Africa orientalis.

Chest and flanks washed with olive-green.

Range. Abyssinia.

Mesopicus spodocephalus rhodeogaster.

Picus {Mesopicus) rhodeogaster Fischer & Reichw. op. cit.

Chest and flanks distinctly greyer.

Range. British East Africa and northern German East
Africa.

In the original description the authors say that the " red
belly-streak extends to the breast " ; this character is, how-
ever, equally noticeable in Abyssinian birds ; also that
*' the grey of the head and underside is somewhat darker."
The underside is certainly greyer than Abyssinian birds, Ijut
whether this would be considered darker as compared to
the olive-green wash of the otlier bird, is an arguable point;
the mantle is not appreciably " intensiver goldgelb,'"' and
the mixed red on the mantle is an individual character.

Tills race, though but slightly difterentiated from the
typical foi'm, can stand because of the somewhat greyer
underparts.

211, Jynx torquilla torquilla. European Wryneck.

Jynx torquilla Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 112:
Sweden. See also pi. i. fig. 78 of the Faun. Svec.

a. ? ad. Falabek, 2600 ft. Feb. 24.

Total length in flesh : 7h inches. Wing : 86 mm.

This specimen is moulting into new dress.

[I rides brown ; bill greyish horn ; legs and toes greyish
flesh. Scarce.]

Dr. Hartert, in his Vog. palaarkt. Fauna, vol. ii. 1912,
pp. 937-941, has discussed the following forms of the
Common Wryneck : — Jynx torquilla tschusii Kleins. Falco,
1907, part 6, p. 103 : Sardinia (Kleinschmidt has given no
measurements, nor has he designated a type in his original
description, he gives the wing as 85-82 mm.) ; Ji/nx

Birds from British East Africa and Uganda. 471

torquilla mauretanica Roths. Bull. B. O. C. vol. xxiii. 1909,
p. 103 : Algeria, wing given as 82*5-76 mm. ; and Jtjnx tor-
quilla japonica Bonap. Consp. Av. vol. i. 1850, p. 112 :
Japan ; all these appear to he well suhstantiated. Since
Hartert^s work was puhlished, another form has heen
described — Jynx torquilla sarudmji Loud. Orn. Monatsb.
1912, p. 44 : Transcaspia, wing given as 85 mm. I have
not gone into these races very thoroughly, but I am satisfied
that the specimen enumerated above belongs to the typical
form.

212. Jynx ruficollis cosensi. Capt. Cosen's Red-breasted
Wryneck.

Jynx ruficollis cosensi C. Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxxv. 1915,
p. 102 : Amaia River, British East Africa.

Similar in coloration to the typical form, hut always
larger, wing 101-94 mm. as against 95-90 mm. in /. r.
rvficoUis ; differs from J. r. pulchricollis in having the
throat red-ln"own, uniform with the neck.

Type in the British Museum : (^ ad. Amala River, British
East Africa, 18. x. 12. G. P. Cosens coll. Wing 97,
culmcn 19, tail 73, tarsus 21 mm.

Named in honour of Capt. G. P. Cosens.

a. S ^^' Amala River, 5400 ft. Oct. 18 (the type).

Total length in flesh : 8g inches. Wing : 97 mm.

[Irides reddish brown ; bill brownish horn ; legs and toes
brownish flesh. This, the only specimen seen, was shot in
some tall trees.]

The resident African Wrynecks do not appear to overlap
in their geographical range, and can therefore be arranged
subspecificaily as follows : —

Jynx ruficollis ruficollis.

Jynx ruficollis Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amph. 1830^ p. 118;
Kaffirland.

As shown by Richmond, Auk, vol. xvii. 1900, p. 179, and
subsequently drawn attention to by Hellmayr, Journ. fiir
Orn. 1904, p. 307, Wagler's name preoccupies Yunx pccturalis
Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 93: Algoa Bay.

Of this, Yunx indica Gould (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1819, p. 112 :

472 Birds from British East Africa and Uganda.

type locality incorrectly given as Afghanistan, seeing that
the description fits the South African bird exactly) also
becomes a synonym.

Size smaller, wing 95-90 mm.

Range. South Africa generally as far north as the north-
eastern Transvaal and west to the Congo mouth, winch
probably constitutes its most nortliern range.

The dated specimens in the British Museum collection
give the following months : April, May, June, August,
November, and December, which does not altogether point
to this race only wintering in South Africa (c/. Ibis, 1911,
p. 727, wliere my notes refer to one district only, viz. the
north-eastern Transvaal).

JyNX RUFICOLLIS .EQUATORIALIS.

Ii/nx (Bquatorialis Riipp. Mus. Senck. vol. iii. 1842, p. 121 :
southern province of Abyssinia.

Size smaller ; red-brown extends down the flanks and
joins up with the under tail-coverts. Wing 9i-90 mm.

Range. Abyssinia.

JyNX RUFICOLLIS PULCHRICOLLIS.

lynw pulchricollis Hartl. Ibis, 1884-, p. 28, pi. iii. : Barbira :
Upper White Nile.

Size smaller ; throat barred and not red-brown. Wing
given as 94 mm. This race is not represented in the British
Museum collection.

Range. Upper Nile and Bahr-el-Ghazal.

JyNX RUFICOLLIS THORBECKI.

lynx thorbecki Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1912, p. 126 :
Kamerun.

No measurements given, but is said to differ from J. r.
pulchricollis by its larger bill, ground-colour of upperside
more red-brown ; below, broader stripes, and there is also
some difference in the red-brown of the neck. This race is
not represented in the British Museum collection.

Range. Cameroon.

Jynx RUFICOLLIS cosENsi C. Grant, op. cit.
Size larger; wing 101-94 mm. Characters as given above
in the description.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 473

Range. British East Africa and Uganda.

One or two apparently yo\ing birds of this race show
banded feathers on the throat intermixed with red-brown
feathers. As, however, Hartlaub's description and plate
give a distinctly clear throat and upper neck, without a
trace of red-brown, I am compelled, with the evidence before
me, to give the British East- African bird a new name.
[To be continued.]

XXIV. — Report on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boi/d
Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part lY. llie Birds of Cameroon Mountain. By
David A. Bannebman, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.

(Plates VI. & VII.*)

The fourth report on the Alexander Collection, which is
here issued, deals with the birds obtained on Cameroon
Mountain only, where, as will be seen by the following
pages, an exceptionally fine series of sknis was obtained f-

General Features of Cameroon Mountain.

By glancing at the map (Plate VI.) it will be seen that
the western slopes of the mountain rise almost from the
sea-shore.

The following brief description appears in the 'Afi'ica
Pilot ' : — " The base of Cameroon Mountain is nearly
twenty miles in diameter, and the highest Peak, named
Mongo-ma-loba, is 12,992 feet | above high water; the
mountain is covered with trees of luxuriant growth nearly
to the summit, but one bare brown ridge extending from
the eastern side towards the sea, when seen from a distance,
appears to be composed of lava. The Peak of Cameroon

* Lagonosticta dyhowskii the second species figured on plate vii. will
be de<alt with in Part. V. of this Report.

t I am much indebted to Mr. Ogilvie-Grant for allowing me to work
out this valuable collection and for looking over the pi'oof-sheets of
my paper.

\ The height of Cameroon Mt. has i*ecently been ascertained to be
13,353 feet.

474

Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

stands so boldly above the snrrounding pinnacles that the
descent seems unbroken, giving to the whole the appearance
of one vast mountain rising from a single base^ although a
peak, about two miles inland and seven miles N.W. of
Ambas Bay, named Little Cameroon, rises to a height of
5728 feet."

As might be expected, the avifauna of Cameroon Moun-
tain is closely allied to that of the highlands of Fernando
Po, but many species are peculiar to each locality. The
number of forms which have been described as new from
Cameroon Mountain is remarkable, and of these no less than
33 are represented in the present collection, e.g. : —

19. Bradypterus camerunensis.

20. Poliolais alexaiideri.

21. Prinia epichlora.

22. Laniarius atroflavus.

23. Dryoscopus angolensia
o-risescens.

1. Francolinus camerunensis.

2. Columba arquatrix sjostedti.

3. Haplopelia simplex inornata.

4. Mesopicus jolinstoni.

5. Campothera tullbergi.

6. Psalidoprocne fiilijrinosa.

7. Alseonax mm-iuus olscurus.

8. Trochocercus albiventris.

9. Cryptolopha" camerunensis.

10. Graiicaliis caesius preussi.

11. Bleda poliocephala.

12. Bleda tephrolifima.

13. Turdinus monachus.

14. Turdus nigrilorum.

15. Turdus crossleyi.

16. Oossypha isabellae.

17. Saxicola salax pallidigula.

18. Cisticola discolor.

24. Zosterops stenocricota.

25. Speirops melanocepbala.

26. Cinnyris oritis.

27. Cinuyris preussi.

28. Antbus camaroonensis.

29. Poliospiza burtoiii.

30. Pyromelana xantbomelas

pboenicomera.

31. Sycobrotus tepbronotus.

32. Heterbypbantes melanogaster.

33. Onycbognalbus preussi.

Of these the majority appear to be restricted to the type
locality and the immediate neighbourhood.

Zones of Vegetation.
Unfortunately Alexander does not give a very clear
account of the vegetation zones, which in a mountain of
over 13,000 feet must be very marked. I have, however,
found a short description, written by Sir Joseph Hooker *,
from which some idea may be formed, and from which I

* Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. vii. 1864, p. 175.

Birds of Cameroon Alouniain. 475

quote the following: — '^This noble group attains 13,100
feet o£ elevation, and consists of many peaks, all of volcanic
origin, crowning an irregular short littoral range. From
Mr, Mann's* descriptions, the Cameroons Mountains pre-
sent a dense forest region up to about 7000 feet, when, open
grassy fields succeed, with bushes of Hypericum, Pittosporum,
Adenocarpus, Pygeum, Leucotho'e, Eincinella, Myrica, and
various herbaceous plants. The many peaks Avhich rise
above this elevation are either stony and barren (being all
formed of lava, scoriae, and basalt), or are dotted with tufts
of grass and a few other herbaceous plants.'^

Sir Joseph Hooker adopted the altitude of 5000 feet as
the lower limit of the temperate flora, because both on the
Cameroon and Fernando Po Mountains the temperate forms
preponderated at that elevation ; he goes on to say : — " In
these mountains, however, as in all other tropical ones, on
the one hand tropical genera and species ascend to this and
to much greater elevations, and on the other some temperate
forms descend considerably lower than their respective
temperatures would lead us to expect. This is partly owing
to the very varied conditions of exposure, humidity, and
temperature which may be found at the same elevation in
a mountain region traversed by gorges and ridges, and still
more to the equable annual temperature favouring both
the ascent of the tropical forms and the descent of the
temperate.'^

How far this state of things affects the bird population of
Cameroon Mountain it is hard to say, but it is certain that
many forms which are dealt with in the following pages
are confined to one of the three main belts of vegetation : —
The forest, the tree-fern, or the grass-country.

The main features of Cameroon Mountain may be described
as follows : —

1. Sea-level to 3000 ft. : apparently well wooded ; but a
certain amount of clearing has taken place.

2. 3000 to 7000 ft. : dense forest.

* A renowned botanical collector.
SER. X. VOL. III. 2k

476 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

3. 7000 to 7500 ft. : tree-fern belt.

4. Above 7500 ft. the forest begins to give way to grass-
country.

5. 8000 ft. and upwards.

{a) The first ridge of the Peak is reached, grass-grown
and scarred by deep channels and cavernous
fissures.

(6) Above the grass-country the lava-beds commence
covered with a diminutive species of broom and
"with small heath-like plants.

(c) The summit of the Peak, 13,353 ft., is perfectly
barren except for tnfts of dark spongy moss, and
is composed of fresh-looking ashes.

The forest region naturally claims the largest number of
species, as it also covers the greater area ; many more
inhabit the grass-land and plateau above the forest, while
several remarkable forms were discovered at the Peak itself,
amongst which Anthus camaroonensis may be noted.

Amongst the English explorers who have made known the
wealth of Cameroon Mountain, the names of Sir Richard
Burton and Sir Harry Johnston, whose collections were
described by Gray * and Shelley f, and in later years of Boyd
Alexander, will stand out as the most prominent. In the
magnificent collection which Alexander bequeathed to the
British Museum almost all the rarer species are represented.

Swedish, Austrian, and German naturalists have been busy
during recent years in Cameroon, and two notable scientific
expeditions have been at work. The first complete ornitho-
logical work of importance is that of the Swede, Yngve
Sjostedt, who has written an excellent article entitled "Zur
Ornithologie Kameruns^' (Kong. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad.
Handlingar, 1895, pp. 1-120).

Dr. Reichenow has published many short papers in the
' Ornithologische Monatsberichte,^ but the most important
contribution is the Report on the Ornithological Results of

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. 1862, pp. 443-445.
+ P.Z. S. 1887, pp. 122-120.

Birds of ('anieroo)i Mouiilain. 477

the Germau Cameroon Zoological-Botanical Expedition of
1908-9, publislied in Berlin (Mitt. Zool. Mas. v. 1911,
pp. 205-258).

The explorers Dr. Freuss and Zenker have also sent fine
collections from the Cameroon highlands to Europe.

A paper on a collection of birds is exceedingly dull
reading unless some knowledge of the character of the
country, from which the birds were obtained, is gained.
I therefore make no apology for including extracts from
Alexander's account of his explorations, by the kind per-
mission of his brother, Mr. Herbert Alexander.

My thanks are due to ]\Ir. Tom Iredale for his iielp in
finding many references for nie, to Mr. Claude. Grant for
allowing me to use the unpublished sheets of his MS., and
to Mr. Wells for kindly putting the paper in systematic
order.

At the end of this paper I have given a list of all the
species known to have been obtained on or at the base of
Cameroon Mountain.

As part of Cameroon jNIountain I include for this purpose
the shore-line from Victoria to Bibundi and inland as far
north as south Barambi Lake (Richards), where the spurs of
the mountain end {vide Map, PI. VI.).

Boyd Alexander'' s account of Cameroon Mountain.

On March 26th we struck camp and went on board the
'Annobon,' which left for Victoria, where we arrived about

8 A.M The next day we made an early start and

arrived at Buea about 11 o'clock. Altogether from Victoria
the trek is about five hours along a good road, which ascends
by gentle gradients. The altitude of Buea is 3000 feet. . . .
I made a camp in the best place I could find among some
rather rank grass just above the station proper.

I left for the mountain on March 28th. Except where the
Germans have cleared the ground above Buea for their cattle,
the forest begins about a mile above the station. A two
hours' strenuous pull through the forest in a north-westerly
direction brought us to a clearing where a good bungalow

2k2

478 Mr. D. A. Bannerraau on the

has been built .... I decided to work the forest from here,
and made a camp just above the house. . . . Since arriving
at Victoria it has rained every day, which is unusual here
at this time of year. The rainy season does not commence
till the end of June. We scarcely see anything of the sun
up here. Depressing mists come over in great waves . . .
blurring the trees to phantoms, and the shaggy tresses of
lichen which stream from the boughs add to the weird
effect. It is difficult under these conditions to get the skins
to dry, and we have had to put the mammal skins over a
wood-fire. The forest, which ascends to a height of some-
thing like 7000 feet, is very dense, and consequently I find
the collecting work very difficult. I lose on the average
half of what I shoot. I am now employing the men in
catting paths in all directions, which I think will give me
better chances. ... I shall not make a daily record of my
work at Mlissarka, one day is so very like another, . . .
While I have been collecting the men have made a road to
the top of the first ridge, the most difficult part of the
ascent, being the steepest. This took eight days.

Ttie mountain is divided into three ridges ; the first, above
the forest, is grass-grown and scarred by deep channels and
cavernous fissures. Between the first and second ridges
the course lies over old lava-beds interspersed with grass
and a species of broom, a decorative shrub with small dark

green leaves On the top of the second ridge a small

plateau, about three-quarters of a mile in width^ runs up to
the base of the Peak itself.

On April 15th, the road being completed, we made an
early start for the mountain with the intention of making a
camp on the first ridge. ... It is generally towards evening
and the early morning that the hill is visible^ and then it is
that a fine panoramic view of the land below can be obtained ;
the Cameroon River and its many creeks intersecting a
well-wooded country show out sharp and clear. . . . The
ascent was successfully accomplished to the first ridge, which
is about 8000 feet. Here I made a camp. The actual time
taken from Miissarka was an hour and twenty-five minutes.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 479

.... The western portion of the mountain has much less of
lava-beds and more of grass-land. Looking due west from
the camp, about three miles distant, one sees the wood
creeping up to a small peak, and directly behind this the
small Cameroon Peak, which is also thickly wooded.

On April 17th I left to ascend the Peak, and reached the
summit at two o'clock, the actual ascent taking one hour
and fifty minutes. At the base of the Peak there are old
lava-beds, where the stones are now thickly coated with a
greenish lichen. A pretty red heather also is to be found
growing in thick bunches. In the last portion of the ascent
one sinks ankle-deep in fine ashes. The summit is a most
forbidding-looking place, nothing more than a series of deep
craters, or vast ash-pits would better describe them. There
are at least five of these, and they are so fresh-looking that
the ash might have been thrown up but yesterday. There
are no weeds nor grass to tell their age, but here and there
grow large tufts of a spongy, dark green moss. It was
pretty cold, with a maximum temperature of 55° and mini-
mum 50° at 2.30 P.M. Continual mists kept jaassing over
us, but now and again the sun would part them and disclose
to view the mountain below us, and even the blurr of
distant forest-land beyond.

We succeeded in creeping up to the highest point, which
terminates in a kind of promontory, and is actually the rim
of a very deep crater where the lava has made its exit.
I . . . had to lie down to take a photograph of the land
below, which showed a picturesque group of grass-covered
mounds, or rather, extinct craters, lying to the west.

On the 18th of April Jose and I left to try and gain the
small Cameroon Peak by following the first ridge in a due
westerly direction, but it turned out to be farther ofl^ than
it looked. After two hours we gained a wooded ravine. On
the other side of this the forest-growth crept up the hill
to cover the first small Peak, which I have already men-
tioned. The trees in this ravine were of scarecrow appear-
ance, which was accentuated by the long tresses of lichen
streamiu"' from their limbs.

480 Mr. D, A. Bannerman on the

On April 23rd one of the Buea hunters arrived to help
me finish the collecting here, especially to try and obtain a
rare Francolin which seems to keep entirely to the forest
growth above our camp. Often towards sundown we hear
its loud ci'y in some steep valley above us. I feel convinced
the bird is different from that found above Buea.

April 24th. — The hunter left early .... and came back
about midday with the bush-fowl I wanted. It is a remark-
able species, and I think will be new to science*. In the
meantime the men are making a path with the idea of
reaching the small Cameroon Peak. The path runs along
the edge of the forest-growth before the grass is reached.

The collecting is going on well. Several of the Fernando
Po species, or, I hope, their near allies, have turned up ... .
and within the last day or two I have, as it were, struck a
new vein in bird-life here, and that is in the forest at an
altitude of about 4000 feet. As soon as the road to the
small hill is made, I shall leave Miissarka and make a camp
in the forest to work the ground at this altitude.

On April 26th, the road having been finished, Jose and I
started for the small hill, which we reached after a climb
of an hour and forty minutes. I shall have to give up the
idea of exploring the smaller Cameroon Peak ; it is too far.

At the top of the hill we obtained a fine view of the
Fernando Po Peak — my aneroid registered 8000 feet.

[Here follows an account of the great eruption of Came-
roon Mountain in April 1909, which has already been
published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.]
Alexander continues : —

It was extremely fortunate that our work was practically
finished when the earthquake happened, and I mean to
leave now for Bituti, a small village about two hours from
Victoria, so that Jose can go down and send off the collections
by an English steamer.

On May 7th left for Buea, and on the 9th shifted our
camp close to the edge of the forest. ... To the south

* This proved to be the case. It has been named Francolinus came-
runensis Alex. See p. 481.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 481

there is always a fine panoramic view to be obtained, the
whole country mapped out below one, and then the sea
beyond. . . . JNIy chief object is to work the lowest portion
of the forest, and then start for the Maneuguba Range*.

Systematic List.

1. Francolinus camerunensis.

Francoliniis camerunensis Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xxv.
1909, p. 12 : Cameroon Mt. ; id. p. 125.

a. ? . Cameroon Mt., 7030 ft. 24. iv.09. (Type of the
species.)

h-d. S ? ad. et ? [? c? imm.] Cameroon Mt. 8. v. 09.

This interesting Francolin was described several years
ago by Mr. Ogilvie-Grant on behalf of Boyd Alexander. A
very full description of the type (a female) appeared in the
Bulletin of the British Ornithologists^ Club, p. 12. Later,
on p. 125 of the same volume, Mr. Ogilvie-Grant gave a
description of the adult male and wliat he considered to be
the immature male, and remarks : — ''At first sight one is
led to believe that the male of F. camerunensis represents a
quite distinct species, for the plumage is very different from
that of the female type ; but along with the adult male
Mr. Alexander procured a second adult female similar to
the type, as well as an immature male bird (which has been
marked " ? ,'' obviously an error). This latter specimen,
which is in partially adult male plumage, clearly proves the
relationship between the two adult birds. A parallel in-
stance of this difference in the sexes among African Fran-
colins is to be found in F. hildebrandti and F.johnstoni,"

When first I examined the four birds mentioned, and
before I had read Mr. Ogilvie-Grant's remarks in the
' Bulletin/ I had certainly formed a different opinion as to
the relationships of the birds in question to that at which
he had arrived, believing the females to be young birds,
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, who is well known as an authority on
the game birds of the world, assures me that the opinion

* This he did on the 21st of May, 1909 ; the narrative of that part of
his j<nirney will be continued in Part V.

482 Mr. D. A. Banuerman on the

I had formed was erroneous and I therefore bow to his
superior knowledge on this subject. The point seems worth
mentioning so that others may avoid falling into the same
error, as I apparently had done myself.

Concerning this species Alexander writes from his camp
on Cameroon Mountain as follows : —

''April 23rd. — Herr Martens .... has kindly sent me up
one of the Buea hunters to help me to finish the collecting
here, especially to try and obtain a rare Francolin, which
seems to keep entirely to the forest-growth above our camp.
Often towards sundown we hear its loud cry in some valley
above us. I feel convinced the bird is different from that
found above Buea. The hunter, who knows a good deal
about the animals and birds of these parts, is of the same
opinion.

''April 24th. — The hunter left camp early with one of ray
12-bores, and came back about midday with tbe busli-fowl
I wanted. It is a remarkable species and I think will be
new to science."

In a later note Alexander accentuates the fact that this
Francolin is very rare, has a very loud cry, and frequents
the thick forest around and below Buea, but is not found
above.

2. Vinago calva.

Columha calva Temm. & Knip, Pig. 1811, p. 35, pi. vii.:
Loango (French Congo).

a. S ad. Cameroon Mt. 10. v. 09.

h. S ad. „ „ 15.V.09.

Much confusion appears to have arisen over the West
African Fruit-Pigeons. The typical locality from which
Temminck described V. calva is Loango in the French
Congo, and I may state at once that this is the only form
of V. calva which I recognise, I cannot distinguish Vinago
calva nudirostris, which Swainson described from Senegal,
neither can I recognise Vinago calva sharpei described by
Beichenow. On this question I have come to the same
conclusion as Mr. Claude Grant, who has given his reasons

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 483

for rejecting these two subspecies in the 'Ibis,' 1915, p. 37.
I shall not therefore discuss the matter further.

[Found sparingly distributed in the forest above Buea. —
B. A.]

3. Columba arquatrix sjostedti.

Columba sjostedti Reichw. Journ. fiir Oru. 1898, p. 138 :
Cameroon Mt.

a-f. (^ ? ad. et ? imm. (Nos. 1-5, 10). Cameroon Mt.
29th March-31st April, '09.

C a. sjostedti is distinguished from typical C. arquatrix hy
its smaller size and by having the crown of the head uniform
grey. Moreover, it is much more closely spotted on the
under parts.

[Not common, found in the high altitudes above
6000 feet.— B. A.]

4. Haplopelia simplex inornata.

Haplopelia inornata Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 189,2, p. 221 :
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a. c? ad. (No. 4). Cameroon Mt. 12. iv. 09.

b. ? ad. (No. 1). „ „ 22.iv.09.

c. ? ad. (No. 3). „ „ 23. iv. 09.

d. ? ad. (No. 2). „ „ 25.iv. 09.

Since wiiting on the birds of Prince's Island, St. Thomas,
and Anuobon, I have spent a considerable time in working
at the members of the genus Haplopelia. I have had to
practically monograph the entire group, and the results
"will be published in a separate paper in the next number of
the ' Ibis.^ I have there gone very fully into the question
of the validity of each species, and shall not therefore touch
on the matter here.

As the male has never apparently been described I append
the following : —

Adult male. Forehead white, becoming greyer towards
the crown. Occiput darker grey than the crown, and
viewed in certain lights appearing brilliant green and in
others shining amethystine, which colour extends on to the
hind-neck, sides of the neck, and upper part of the mantle.

484 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

On the lower part of the mantle the feathers are brown
at the base followed by a wide band of deep purplish-
blue and broadly margined with shining peacock-green.
Rest of the upperparts, iucluding the wings and middle
pair of tail-featherSj purplish-brown glossed with ame-
thystine. Outer pairs of tail-feathers blackish, very broadly
tipped with dove-grey on both webs. Throat white. Entire
underparts grey including the under tail-coverts, becoming
whitish on the belly. Breast glossed with pinkish or greenish
according to the angle in which the light falls upon the
plumage. Scapulars and under wing-coverts sooty-brown.

Culmen 13 mm.; wing 147; tail 125 ; tarsus 28.

[Specimen described : No. 4. (^ ad. Cameroon Mt.
12. iv.09. Boyd Alexander Coll.]

Adult female. Forehead grey, the feathers of the crown,
occiput, sides of the neck, and upper part of mantle
tipped with shining amethystine or emerald-green. The
feathers of the lower part of the mantle brown at the base
followed by a band of shining emerald-green and tipped
with amethystine. Rest of the upperparts olive-brown,
including the middle pair of tail-feathers. Outer tail-
feathers blackish broadly tipped on the inner web only with
dusky-grey. Chin Avhitish ; cheeks grey-brown. Entire
underparts cinnamon-brown, becoming pale cinnamon on
the under tail-coverts and whitish on the middle of the
belly. Underside of the wing grey-brown ; under wing-
coverts sooty-brown.

Culmen 13 mm.; wing 148; tail 122; tarsus 27.

[Specimen described : No. 3. ? ad. Cameroon Mt.
23. iv. 09. Boyd Alexander Coll.]

From the above descriptions it will be seen that the
Cameroon Pigeon is only subspecifically distinct from
Haplopelia simplex.

[Rare, found in the forest above Miissarka. — B. A.]

5. Strix nuchale.

Syrnium michale Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 487 : Fantee
Country, Gold Coast.

a, b. S ^ • Cameroon Mt. 24, iv. 09.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 485

5. nuchale takes the place of S. ivoodfordi in West Africa.

Sharpe described the type of S. nuchale out of a collec-
tion of birds from the Fantee Country, but does not give
any particulars of the specimen which first came into his
hands.

[Found in the forest near Buea. — B. A.]

6. Colius striatus nigricoUis.

Co/ius nigricoUis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii.
1817, p. 378 : Malimbc"^ (Portuguese Congo).

Colius 7iigriscapalis Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892, p. 180 :
Buea.

«. c? ad. (No. 3). Buea. 18. v. 09.

h. ? ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 23.iv.09.

Mr. Claude Grant, in his paper in the present number of
the ' Ibis,' has monographed the races of Colius striatus.

Dr. Reichenow [vide supra) described a Mouse-bird from
the actual locality in which Alexander obtained his speci-
mens, but this subspecies cannot be upheld. I agree with
Mr. C. Grant in uniting the birds from Cameroon jNIountain
with Colius striatus nigricoUis, which subspecies ranges
from Cameroon to Angola and eastwards to Niam Niam.

[Found at Buea and up to Miissarka, where it is not
common. — B. A.]

7. Hapaloderma vittatum camerTmense.

Apaloderma vittatum camerunense Reichw. Vog. Afr. ii.
1902, p. 216: Cameroon.

* There appear to be three places of this name -svhich can be spelt in
various ways, i. e., Malimba, Malimbe, or Malemba, etc. :

1. At the mouth of the Sanaga River in Cameroon.

2. On the Sankuro River in the Lualaba District of the Belgian
Congo.

3. On the coast of Kabinda or Portuguese Congo, lying between
Gaboon and the mouth of the Congo River.

The latter is almost certainly the place from which the type of
C. s. nigricoUis was obtained. A Mons. Perrin, of Bordeaux, collected
there in the early part of the 19th Century, and his birds were described
by Levaillant and Vieillot.

486 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

«. c? ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 12. v. 09.

b. S ad. (No. 2). „ „ 18. v. 09.

Hapalodenna vittatum (Shelley) was described from spe-
cimens collected at Mamboio^ German East Africa. Dr.
Reichenow distinguishes the form found in Cameroon as a
subspecies, on account of its smaller size, Aving 110-120 mm.
as against 123-130 mm. in H. vittatum.

The examples of H. v. camerunense obtained by Alexander
have wing-measurements of 113 and 114 mm. respectively,
whereas specimens of typical H. vittatum in the British
Museum bear out, and even exceed. Dr. Reichenow's measure-
ments ; the wing of a bird from Nyasaland measuring as
much as 133 mm.

[Found in the forest above and to the east of Buea, not
found to the west. — B. A.]

8. Cuculus solitarius.

Cuculus solitarius Stepli. Shawns Gen. Zool. vol. ix. p. 84 :
Camdeboo Mts. (Cape Colony).

a,h. S S ad. (Nos. 1, 2). Cameroon Mt. 25. iv. 09.

Stephen founded his description of Cuculus solitarius on
Levaillant's " Oiseaux d'Afrique, p. 35, pi. ^," in which the
type locality is given as " . . . le pays des Caffres jusqu'a
I'entree du Camdeboo/' e. g. the Camdeboo or Compass
Mountains in Cape Colony.

The two specimens obtained by Alexander dift'er in no
way from typical examples.

[Found in the forest just above Buea. — B. A.]

9. Centropus monachus fischeri.

Centropus Jischeri Reich w. Journ. fiir Qrn, 1887^ p. 517 :
Niaktaschi (N.E. Victoria Nyanza).

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Buea. 9. v. 09.

I have recently had the opportunity of looking over the
large series of Centropus monachus in the British Museum
with Mr. Claude Grant, who is engaged in working out the
very important collection obtained by Mr. Willoughby Lowe
in East Africa. Mr. Grant is carefully determining the
geographical range of almost every species contained in this

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 487

enormous collection, together with its various subspecies,
and I have to thank him for allowing me to look through
his valuable manuscript.

Centropus monachus was described by Riippell (Neue
Wirb. p. 57, pi. 21. fig. 2, 18i5) from KuUa, Abyssinia
(see Map, 'Ibis/ 1913, pi. xii.), and is confined to north-
east Africa.

Westward of the Nile Valley its place is taken by Cen-
tropus m. fischeri Reichw., distinguished from the typical
race by its darker colouring.

Two subspecies have been described by Neumann from
West Africa, i. e. Centropus monachus angolensis, from north
Angola, and Centropus monachus occidentalis, from the Ogowe
River, both of which Mr. Claude Grant considers are
synonymous with C. m. fischeri. The birds obtained by
Alexander must therefore be referred to this subspecies.

10. Turacus persa.

Cuculus persa Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, p. 171 :
Guinea.

a. (J ad. Buea, Cameroon !Mt. 12. v. 09.

In my opinion T. persa ranges from Senegambia south to
the mouth of the Congo River, Dr. Reichenow has divided
this Turaco into two races, and considers that the range of
typical T. persa extends from Cameroon to Landana. The
bird from " Upper Guinea," i. e. Senegambia to Cameroon, he
calls T. p. bilttneri, and separates it from T. persa on the
grounds that the violet-blue back and tail are a little
" purer " in colour and that the "wiug-coverts are less
copper-brown. An examination of over twenty specimens
in the British Museum from the two localities has convinced
me that Dr. Reichenow formed his conclusions too hastily,
and that there is not the slightest excuse for sepai'ating the
forms from " Upper and Lower Guinea."

11. Turacus meriani.

Turacus meriani Riipp. Arch. Nat. 1851, p. 319 : Gaboon
(c/. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 257); Schleg.
Western!. Toerako's, pi. 8.

488 Mr. D. A. Baniierman on the

a,h. $ % ad. Cameroon Mt. 30. iii. 09.

Riippell originally described this bii'd '^from an unknown
locality." The brothers Verreaux appear to have been the
first to assign a habitat to this species, when in the Rev.
et Mag. Zool. (op. cit.) they describe under the name
T. persa what must undoubtedly have been an example of
Turacus meriani; this specimen was obtained in Gaboon.

In the British Museum there are sixteen examples of this
species from the following localities : — Gaboon, Cameroon,
Fernando Po_, and Southern Nigeria.

[Common. — B. A.]

12. Corythaeola cristata.

Musophaga cristata Vieill. Analyse, 1816, p. 68 : Africa.
a,b. ^ ^ ad. Cameroon Mt. 26. iv. 09.

13. Gymnobucco calvus.

Bucco calvus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 241 : West
Africa.

a, 6. c? ? ad. (Nos. 1,2). Cameroon Mt. 28. iii. 09.

c. ¥ ad. (No. 3). „ „ 29. iii. 09.

d. ? ad. (No. 4). „ „ 10. V.09.
When Shelley wrote the Catalogiie of Birds, vol. xix.,

he believed that G.peli and G. calvus were one and the same
species.

G. calvus has been kept distinct by recent writers, and I
think this is the more correct view. G. peli has a very
prominent frontal tuft of bristles and a smaller bill. Mr. G.
L. Bates gives excellent reason for considering the two
forms to be distinct {vide Ibis, 1909, p. 17).

[Pound in the forest near Buea. — B. A.]

11'. Barbatula leucolaima.

Barbatula leucolaima Verr. Rev, et Mag. Zool. 1851,
p. 263: West Africa.

a. S (No. 1). Buea, Cameroon Mt. 18. v. 09.

This specimen is rather larger than usual and has a
wing-measurement of 53 mm., thereby approaching examples

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 489

of B. I. mfimibiri Ogilvie-Grant, which have wing-measure-
ments of 55-59 mm.

15. Indicator couirostris.

Melignothes couirostris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856,
p. 156 : Moonda River (Gaboon).

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 19.iv. 09.

b. ? ad. (No. 2). „ „ 25.iv.09.

c. ? ad. (No. 3). „ „ ll.v. 09.

This Honej^-guide is met witli in Cameroon and in
Gaboon north of the Ogowe River, but does not occur in
any of the islands in the Gulf of Guinea.

[Rare.— B. A.]

16. Prodotiscus insignis.

Hetarodes insiynis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856,
p. 157 ; id. 1859, pi. i. fig. 2 : Moonda River (Gaboon).

a. c? ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 23.iv.09.

This remarkable little bird was first discovered on tlie
Moonda River by Du Chaillu, and the type is preserved in
the Philadelphia Museum. It is evidently a very rare
species, and the example obtained by Alexander is the only
specimen from West Africa in the British Museum.

Three allied species have been described from various
districts in East Africa which, when more material is
available, will probably turn out to be subspecies of P. in-
signis, which is the oldest name.

P. insignis Cassin, is the only form described from West
Africa up to the present time. Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant
has kindly permitted me to look through a fine collection of
birds (not yet the property of the British Museum) recently
obtained by Mr. G. L. Bates from southern Cameroon. In
this collection I have found another example of P. insignis^
which Mr. Bates procured on the River Ja.

Thanks to Mr. Alexander and Mr. Bates, there is now in
the British Museum a very fine working collection from
Cameroon.

[In the forest above Buea; rare. — B. A.]

490 Mr. D. A. Bamiermau on the

17. Dendropicus lafresnayei.

Dendropicos lafresnayi iMalb. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849,
p. 533 : ? Africa.

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Buea, Caineroon Mt. 10. v. 09.

Sharpe has separated the Cameroon bird as D. canieru-
nensis. So far as I can see from an examination o£ the
specimens in the British Museum, the Cameroon race is
indistinguishable from typical D. lafresnayei. I notice that
Mr. G. L. Bates, who is well acquainted with the birds
of southern Cameroon (the type of D. camerunensis was
described from the River Ja and obtained by Mr. Bates),
does not keep up the name in his paper, ' Ibis,' 1909, p. 21.
Mr. Claude Grant was likewise unable to separate the
Cameroon bird [vide Ibis, 1915, p. 461).

[Obtained at Buea, but not found above. — B. A.]

18. Mesopicus jolinstoni.

PoRopicus johnstoni Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 122:
Cameroon Mt. (6000 ft.).

a. S ad. (No. 2). Cameroon Mt. 11. iv. 09.

b. ? ad. (No. 1). „ „ 29.iii.09.

c. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 31.iii.09.
<f. c? ad. (No. 5). „ „ l.iv.09.
e. ? ad. (No. 4). „ „ 9. iv. 09.
/. S imm. (No. 6) „ „ 6. v. 09.
^, /i. cJ c? ad. (Nos. 7, 9). .,, „ 11. v. 09.
k. ? ad. (No. 8) „ „ 16. v. 09.

This species was only represented in the British Museum
by two specimens, the types collected by Sir Harry Johnston
and described by Shelley in 1887. Shelley pointed out that
the species is remarkable for having the underparts uniform
in colour without any indication of stripes. The large
series which Alexander has now procured bear out the
original description.

The bird is evidently confined to the high forest of the
Cameroon Range.

[Rare in the forest. — B. A.]

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 491

19. Campothera tullbergi.

Campcthera tullbergi Sjostedt, Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 313 : Itoki Na N'Golo (Cameroon).

a. $ ad. (No. 2). Cameroon Mt. 11. v. 09.
A. c? ad. (No. 1).' „ „ 12.V.09.

This fine Campothera was discovered by Sjostedt at Itoki,
which is sitnated north of Ekundu. (See Map, PI. VI.)

It is new to the British Museum Collection, and is pro-
bably confined to the Cameroon Mountain district.

The bird is figured by Sjostedt in the Sv. Ak. Handl. xxvii.
189), pi. iv. fig. 1, but the plate is not by any meajis a good
one. It shows, however, the red patch at the bend of the
wing, which is almost concealed when the wings are folded.

[Rare; found in the forest above Buea. — B. A.]

20. Psalidoprocne fuliginosa.

Psaliduprocne fuliginosa Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,
p. 123 : Cameroon Mt.

fl. (^ (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 6.iv. 09.

b. ? (No. 2). „ „ 13.iv.09.

c. S (No. 3). Buea, Cameroon Mt. 12. v. 09.

This species appears to be confined to the Cameroon
Mountain district, where it has been obtained at Buea,
Victoria, Mann's Spring, and Bibundi, the last-mentioned
place situated on the coast. (See Map, PI. VI.)

[Found on the mountain and also around Buea. — B. A.]

21. Alseonax murinus obscurus.

Aheonax obscura Sjostedt, Orn. Monatsber. 1893, p. 43 :
Cameroon Mt.

a,b.S^ ad. (Nos. 1, 2). Cameroon Mt. 31. iv. 09.

c. ? (No. 3). Buea. 10. v. 09.

This is another of the many forms which are apparently
confined to the Cameroon and Manenguba Mountains.
Although described as a species, it can certainly only be
considered subspecifically distinct from A. murinus from east
Africa. The underparts are slightly less brown and the
upperside greyer in the Cameroon bird.

[Common up to 8000 feet in the forest. — B. A.]

SER. X. VOL. III. 2l

492 Mr. D. A. Banuerman on the

22. Trochocercus alWventris.

Trochocercus albiventris Sjostedt, Orn. Monatsber. 1893,
p. 43 : Cameroon Mt.

a. ? ad. (No. 6). Cameroon Mt. 2. iv. 09.

b. c. S 6 ad. (Nos. 4, 5). „ „ 3. iv. 09.
d,e. S ^ ad. (Nos. 1,3). „ „ 7.iv.09.
f. c? ad. (No. 2). „ „ 12.iv.09.

T. albiventris is closely allied to T. albonotatus Sliarpe,
but may at once be recognised by having the tail uniformly
coloured.

This adds another species to the already very large
number of forms of which Cameroon Mountain is the type
locality.

[Common in the forest from Buea upwards. — B. A.]

23. Elminia teresita.

Elminia teresita Autiuori, Catalog©, 1861, p. 50 : Djur,
Bahr el Ghazal.

a. ? . (No. 1). Buea, Cameroon Mt. 10. v. 09.

Reichenow includes E. teresita in the synonymy of
E. Zon^icflWf/a (Swains.), but I do not agree with him in
this ; the very much whiter belly of E. teresita is alone suffi-
cient reason for separating the two forms. Dr. Reichenow
indiscriminately " lumps ^' species and snbspecies which he
has not had an opportunity of examining, under one heading,
and has thus caused endless confusion for Avorkers on African
birds. Antinori obtained the type of E. teresita at Djur,
Bahr el Gliazal, in 1861. The species ranges over the
greater part of central Africa.

24. Platystira cyanea.

Muscicapa cyanea Miill. L. N. S. Suppl. \77&, p. 170 :
Senegal.

a, 6. S ad. et ? iram. (Nos. 3, 1) . Cameroon Mt. 13. iv. 09.

c. S ad. (No. 2). „ „ 19.iv.09.
[Not common. — B. A.]

25. Cryptolopha earner unensis.

Cryptolopha cumerunensis Ale.\ander, Bull. B. O. C. xxv,
1909, p. 13 : Peak of Cameroon.

Birds of Cameruon Mountain. 493

a. S ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 23.iv.09. Type

o£ the species.

b. S ^^- (Xo. 3). ,, ,, ll.v. 09.

c. </. (? ? ad. (Nos. 2, 4). „ „ 12. v. 09.
e. ? ad. (No. 5). „ „ 16. v. 09.

In the original description ot" this interesting species it is
said to be " Nearly allied to C. herberti Alex, from Fernando
Po, but the eyebi'ow-s tripe and cheeks are dull soiled white,
and the throat is white slightly tinged with rufous, whereas
in the latter these parts are pale rust-colour."

[Fouud in the forest just above Buea. — B. A.]

26. Smithornis earner uneusis.

Smitkornis cainerunensls Sharpe, Ibis, 190.5, p. 469 :
River Ja, S. Cameroon.

a. S imm. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 12. v. 09.

Mr. Ogilvie-Grant has already cleared up the confusion
which existed over this species {vide Trans. Zool. Soc. xix.
1910, p. 400).

The specimen which Alexander has now obtained is par-
ticularly interesting for two reasons. First, it is the only
example from the Cameroon highlands ; secondly, it is the
first young bird to be collected.

Compared with an adult male, it differs in having the
underparts more creamy-white and the wide black shaft-
streaks on the breast and sides duller and so less con-
spicuous ; the under tail-coverts are not streaked. The
most remarkable difference is exhibited on the upperparts,
which are uniform olive, washed with rufous and not
streaked in any way. Moreover, the Avhite patch in the
middle of the back is absent, only a single white feather
showing when the feathers of the back are raised. The
bill, which is blackish, is tipped with yellow on both the
upper and under mandible.

I am not at all certain that S. camerunensis should not be
considered only a subspecies of S. capensis.

[Found in the forest above and to the east of Buea, not
found to the west. — B. A.]

2l2

494 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

27. Graucalus caesius preussi.

Graucalus preussi Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 183 : Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a. ^ ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 24.iv.09.

6, c. c? ? ad. (Nos. 2, 3). „ „ 11. v. 09.

d. ? ad. (No. 4). „ „ 12. v. 39.

This interesting Cuckoo-Shrike is very similar in appear-
ance to G. ccBsius and G. c. pnrus. It is distinguished from
eacli by its smaller size ; the wings o£ the two males obtained
by Alexander measure 113 and 1 14 mm., and of the females
111 and 116 mm. respectively.

Mr. W. L. Sclater (Shelley, Birds of Africa, vol. v.
pp. 221-2.24) gives the range of these three Cuckoo-Shrikes
as follows : —

Graucalus ccesius : type loc. Kaffraria. Ranges from
Cape Colony into Pondoland, Natal, and Zuhdand.

Graucalus ccesius purus : type loc. iMt. Elgon. Ranges
over central and eastern Africa from the Nyasa-
Tanganyika plateau to Abyssinia.

Graucalus ccesius jjreussi : type loc. Buea: "inhabits
Cameroon.^'

The female specimen of G. c. preussi, which Mr. Sclater
mentions as having been obtained by Alexander in Fernando
Po, is possibly correctly referred to tliis species, but appears
to be of a lighter grey colour throughout. It must be
renjarked, however, that the bird was obtained in Fernando
Po in November, whereas the series with which I have
compared it was secured in May.

The wing of the Fernando Po bird is slightly larger than
the largest female from the mainland and measures 118 mm.
When a series is available it may therefore prove to be
distinct on the grounds that it is larger and paler.

[Found in the forest above Buea, not in the higher alti-
tudes.—B. A.J

28. Bleda poliocephala.

Xeriocichla poliocephala Reicliw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 189 : Buea, Cameroon Mt.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 495

a-d. fT ? ad. (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4). Cameroon Mt. 11. v. 09.

B. poliocephala is a very beautiful species, with the throat
white and rest of the underparts golden yellow. The head
is grey forming a distinct cap, and the rest of the upperside
olive-green. As is usual with this genus, the male is very
much larger than the female, and has a wing-measurement
of 107 mm. as against 91'5 in the female. The species is
apparently confined to Cameroon Mountain.

[Found in the forest above Buea ; not common, — B. A.]

29- Bleda tephrolsema.

Trichophorus tephrolama Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,
vol. X 1862, p. 414 : Cameroon Mt.

«-^. c? ? ad. (Nos. 1,2, 3, 5). Cameroon Mt. 28.iii.09.

€,f. cJ c? ad. (Nos. 4, 6). „ „ 31.iii.09.

I have been unable to separate specimens of B. tephro-
Icema from Fernando Po from typical examples from the
Cameroon Mts. ; the latter are, however, on an average
slightly larger and possibly a little lighter on the underside.
The difference is so slight that the island form is best united
with that of the mainland.

[Very common in the forest. — B. A.]

30. Bleda poensis.

PhyllostropJms poensis Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1903,
p. 35 : Fernando Po.

a. [ ? ] (? ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 23.iv.09.

b. ? ad. (No. 3). „ „ 9.V. 09.

c. H ad. (No, 2). „ „ 12. V. 09.

This is the first occasion upon which B. poensis has been
obtained on the mainland.

Considerable differences in size exist between the two
sexes, the males being larger in every way than tlie
females. Specimen (No. 1), although said by the collector
to be a female, is obviously a male bird, with the wing
measuring 87 mm. as against 73 and 79 in the hens.

[Found in the forest near Buea, but not in the higher
altitudes. — B. A.]

496 Mr. D. A. Bauuerman on the

31. Turdinus monachus.

Tiirdiniis monachus Reicliw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 193 : Buea, Cameroon Mt.

«-/. c? ? ad. (Nos. 1-12). Cameroon Mt. 30. iii.-12. v.09.

A large series of this interesting species was obtained,
but two only were females.

The wing-measurements of the ten males vary from 63—
70 mm., and the two females measure 67-68 mui.

In the ^ Vogel Afrikas/ vol. iii. p. 741, Dr. Reichenow
includes T. claudei Alexander in the synonymy of
T. monachus. I have compared a series of the two forms
(including the type of T. claudei) and agree with Alexander
in considering that the Fernando Po bird is distinct, although
at the time when he named this species he was evidently
unaware of the existence of T. monachus.

The bird from Fernando Po may be distinguished by
having the grey of the head and mantle extending much
further down the back, these feathers are also longer and
'looser '^ than in T. monachus. On the underside the
feathers of the flanks and thighs are of a duller rufous-
brown. I consider the Fernando Po bird a subspecies of
7\ monachus, and it should therefore be known as Turdinus
monachus claudei.

[Common in the high altitudes in the forest 70C0-8000 ft.
The male has a pretty warbler-like song which is loud for
the size of the bird. — B.A.]

32. Turdus nigrilorum.

Turdus nigrilorum Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892, p. 194 :
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a-h. rf' V ad. (Nos. 1-8). Cameroon Mt. 28. iii.-24. iv. 09,

The above series of beautifully made skins of this Thrush
is a most welcome addition to the national collection.

T. nigrilorum was described by Dr. Reichenow from the
Cameroon Mountain, and appears to be confined to this
district and the surrounding country. Specimens have been
recorded from Buea on the lower slopes of the mountain
and from Junge, It has also been obtained in the Manen-
}>;uba Range,

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 497

Turdus nigrilorum has been kept as a species by Dr.
Reichenow, while T. lugubris Bodd. (=T. chiguancoides
Seebohm), which it so closely resembles^ is reckoned to be a
subspecies of T, pelios. This I do not agree with, and when
the African forms of the genus Turdus have been worked
out, Turdus nigrilorum will most certainly be relegated
to subspecific rank. It appears to be only a representative
race in Cameroon of the Senegambian Thrush, figured in
Seebohm^s Monograph of the Turdidse, vol. i. pi. Ixxviii.

[Widely distributed in the forest. — B. A.]

33. Turdus crossleyi.

Turdus crossleyi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 607,
pi. 47 : Cameroon Mt.

a. S ad- (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 18. v. 09.

The rediscovery of this very rare Thrush on Cameroon
Mountain is one of the most interesting results of the
expedition. An adult specimen of Turdus crossleyi was
obtained by Crossley in 1871, and since that date has re-
mained the only example known. It is very curious that
Sir Harry Johnston, Zenker, Sjostedt, and other less famous
collectors should have failed to obtain the bird again. The
example now secured by Alexander is a fine adult male,
similar in every way to the type, of which the sex was not
ascertained. T. crossleyi has been very well figured in
Seebohm's Monograph of the Turdidae (vol. i. pi. xii. p. 37).

34. Cossypha isabellae.

Cossypha Isabella Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) vol. x.
1862, p. 443 : Cameroon Mts.

a. ? imm. (No. 7). Cameroon Mt. 28.iii.09.

b, c. S ad. et c? imm. (Nos. 8, 9). „ „ 29. iii. 09.
c?, e. cJ ad. et ? imm. (Nos. 2, 5). „ „ 30. iii. 09.
/. (J imm. (No. 3). „ ,, 3. iv. 09.
g,h. cJad.et c^imm. (Nos.6(«),6(6)). „ „ 4.iv.09.
k. S ad. (No. 1). „ „ 7.iv.09.
I. ^ ad. (No. 10). „ „ 9. v. 09.
The birds in the above list marked "immature" differ

from the adults in having the heads greyer and the general

498 Mr. D. A. Banuerman on the

colour of tlie upperparts lighter. They do not show any
other signs of immaturitv. The series obtained bv Alexander
is a very fine one. C. isabel/a was named by Gray in honour
of Lady Isabel Burton, who first brought examples of the
species to this country.

[ Found from above Buea to the limits of forest-growth. —
B. A.]

35. Alethe poliothorax.

Alethe poliothorax Reichw. Orn. Monatsber. 1900, p. 6 :
Bangwa, in N.W. Cameroon.

«. c? ad. (No. 2). Cameroon Mt. 14.iv.09.

b. ? ad. (No. 1). „ „ 24.iv.09.

c. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 12.V.09.

d. S ad. (No. 4). „ „ 16. v. 09.

This rare Robin-Cliat was described from Bangwa, a
district in north-west Cameroon situated about 125 miles
north of Cameroon Mountain.

Its range is peculiar. It next turned up, as might
be expected, in Fernando Po, where Alexander obtained a
single bird (the type of A. mouri Alex.), which has since
been shown by Mr. Ogilvie-Graut and Dr. Reichenow to
be synonymous.

Two examples obtained in the Mubuku Valley at 7000-
8000 ft. by the Ruwenzori Expedition undoubtedly belong
to this species. It was not met with in the Congo Forests,

Until Alexander obtained the bird on Cameroon Moun-
tain, it had not previously been recorded from there.

[Rare, distributed from Buea upwards. Most difficult to
obtain, keeping always to the thick undergrowth, where it
greeps about in a mouse-like fashion, uttering at intervals a
series of loud notes. It was found breeding. — B. A.]

36. Saxicola salax pallidigula,

Praiincola pallidigula Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 194 ; Buea, Cameroon Mt.

«. c? ad. (No. 8). Cameroon Peak. 28.iii.09,

h,c. S 6 imm. (Nos. 3, 7). „ „ 16. iv.09,

d. ? ad. (No. 1). „ „ 16. iv.09,

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 499

e. ? ad. (No. 6). Cameroon Peak. 17. iv.09.

/. ? ad. (No. 2). „ „ 21. iv.09.

g. S ad. (No. 5). „ „ 27. iv. 09.

h. S ad. (No. 4). „ „ 31. iv.09.

This slightly larger race of iS. salax was described by
Dr. Reichenow from specimens obtained by Dr. Preuss
on Cameroon Mt., from 2200-2700 metres.

It appears to be confined to Cameroon, but is said to
have been obtained by Burton in Fertiaudo Po.

In the Report on the Ruwenzori Collection (Trans. Zool.
Soc. six. 1910, p. 376), Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant writing
under Pratincola salax Verr. says : — " Prom typical P. salax
from Gaboon Dr. Reichenow has separated the bird found
at Buea, Cameroon Peak, under the name of P. pallidiffula,
disregarding the fact that Captain Shelley's name P. axillaris
was given to the bird from the same locality (Cameroon,
70C0 ft.) and has many years^ piiority." In a paper ''On
Birds from Cameroon " published by Shelley in the Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 125, he certainly records P. axillaris from
Cameroon Mt. (8000 ft.), but this is not the type locality
of the species, which was described from Mt. Kilimanjaro
(7000 ft.), vide P. Z. S. 1884, p. 556. Reichenow's name
P. pallidigula must therefore stand for the Cameroon Chat.

The immature birds have the feathers of the upperparts
tipped with brown and of the throat tipped with black.

In the series obtained by Alexander the chief difference
between it and typical S. salax is in size.

The wing-measurements of the three adult males from
Cameroon Mountain are as follows : 80, 78, 76 mm.; and
of the females, 77, 75, 72 mm.

It is also noticeable that the chestnut breast-band is duller
chestnut in colour and somewhat wider in S. s. pallidiyula
than in S. s. salax. The width of the chest-patch is always
a somewhat variable character in Chats of the same species,
but in S. s. pallidiffula the narrowest band is 17 mm. wide,
while in ten examples of S. s. salax in the British Museum
the widest chest-band measures only 10 mm. In two male
examples from the Mauenguba Mountains, which will be

500 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

treated of in ray next paper, the birds are sliglitly smaller
and have the breasts of a paler chestnut colour.

[Found on the Peak and as far as Miissarka, alt. 6800 ft.
— B. A.]

37. Cisticola discolor.

Cisticola discolor, Sjostedt, Orn. Monatsber. 1893, p. 8i :
Cameroon Mt.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 28.iii.09.

b-e. (? J (? ? ad. (Nos. 2, S, 5, 6). „ „ 13. iv. 09.

/. ? ad. (No. 4). „ „ 22. iv. 09.

ff. ^ ad. „ „ 17.V.09.

This fine Grass-Warbler appears to be confined to
Cameroon Mountain, where the type was obtained at Mann's
Spring, 7000 ft., and described by Sjostedt. Two examples
in tbe British Museum collected by Sir Harry Johnston in
1886 had been wrongly referred to Cisticola rvficapilla
Fraser. The series obtained by Alexander is a very valu-
able one.

[Found at an altitude of 7000 ft. Breeding. It has a
loud penetrating song. — B. A.]

38. Cisticola rufopileata.

Cisticola rufopileata Reichw. Journ. fur Orn. 1891, p. 69 :
Niin River (Cameroon).

a. (^ ad. Buea, Cameroon Mt. 17. v. 09.

The range of C. rufopileata is said by Reichenow to extend
from the Niger to Angola. It appears that Reichenow
renamed the bird obtained by Fraser on the " River Nun,
western Africa '' which Fraser called '^ Drymoica rujicapilla"
(Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 16). Fraser^sname was, however,
preoccupied for the South African D. ruficapilla Sm., but
his type locality " Niin River '^ must stand, as Reichenow
did not describe the same bird from a different locality but
only renamed Fraser's bird.

39. Bradypterns camerunensis.

Bradypteriis camerunensis Alexander, Bull. B. O. (*. xxv.
1909, p. 19 : Peak of Cameroon.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 501

a. S. (No. 1). Caaieroou Mt, 7000 ft. 5.iv. 09. Type

of the species.

6. c? imni. (No. 4). „ „ 10. iv. 09.

c. S ad. ^No. 2). „ „ ll.iv.09.

c?. c? imm. (No. 3). „ „ 24. iv. 09.

The type-specimen of this fine new form was sent from
Cameroon by Boyd Alexander to Ogilvie-Grant, who ex-
hibited the bird on his behalf at tlie November meeting
of the British Ornithologists' Club in 1909.

In the original description B. camerunensis is compared
with B. hrachypterus (Vieill.) and with B. sylvaticus. It
most nearly resembles the former, " but the upperparts
are much darker brown, with but little trace of rufous, and
the spotting on the upper chest is much fainter.'^ A
notable distinction is that B. camerunensis has only ten tail-
feathers, whereas in B. braclnjpterus and B. sylvaticus there
are twelve.

Specimens No. 3 and 4 are not fully adult and are each in
a different stage of jolumage.

No. 3 is almost similar to the type-specimen, but has not
entirely lost the spotting on the breast which is almost
obsolete in the fully adult bird. Moreover, it is a shade
darker on the underside. It has, however, practically-
assumed the adult plumage which is perfectly fresh, and in
consequence the bird is more richly coloured than the type,
which is a little worn. The wing of this bird is fully
grown.

Specimen No. 4 is quite a young bird and is so different
from the adult that I shall describe it : —

Immature. Differs from the adult in having the upper-
parts of a darker brown. Chin and throat greenish-buff, the
feathers on the npper breast tipped with earth-brown which
gives to it a somewhat spotted appearance ; lower breast,
flanks, and thighs earth-brown, belly yellowish-buff.

The measurements of the two adult birds are : bill
12"5 mm. ; wing 57-59; tail 56; tarsus 23.

[Rare, breeding, shy, extremely difficult to observe,
always threading its way through the thick growth. The

502 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

male utters a loud penetrating note. It is found from 3000
to 8000 feet.— B A.]

40. Calamocichla plebeia.

Calamocichla plebeia Reichw. Orn. Monatsber. 1893,
p. 178 : Yaunde, Cameroon.

«, 6. (J c? (Nos. 1, 3). Buea. 3. v. 09.

c, d. S ^ (Nos. 2,4). „ 4. V.09.

This rare bird had hitherto only been obtained from the
type locality, i. e. Yaunde, which is situated about 150 miles
east of Cameroon Mountain.

C. plffheia very closely resembles C. poensis from the
island of Fernando Po, but appears to have the upperparts
grey without the rufous tinge of the Fernando Po bird. The
tail-feathers iu C. pltbeia have only a faint indication of the
white tips which is one of the chaiacters of C. poensis. The
Fernando Po bird can certainly only be distinguislied as a
subspecies, although it has hitherto been assigned specific
rank.

[Found in the long elephant-grass below Buea. — B. A.]

41. Euprinodes cinereus.

Euprinodes cinereus Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 130 :
Mt. Elgon.

a. ? ad. (No. 2). Cameroon Mt. 10.iv.09.

b. S imra. (No. 1). „ „ 10.iv.09.

c. c? imm. (No. 4). „ „ 24.iv.09.
</. (^ imra. (No. 3). „ „ 31.iii.09.

A close comparison of the specimens from Cameroon
with the series of E. cinereus and E. c. sclateri in the British
Museum has induced me to unite the bird from Cameroon
with typical examples of E. cinei'eus of Sharpe.

The adult bird (No. 1) from Cameroon Mountain agrees
in every way with the type-specimen of E. cinereus except
that the tail in the type-specimen measures 9 mm. longer
than in any specimen from Cameroon. It must he remarked,
however, that the type-specimen of E, cinereus has an
exceptionally long tail, and that the tail in the other ten

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 503

specimens from east Africa is of the same length as that of
birds from the west coast. The four examples obtained on
Cameroon Mountain are all in different stages of plumage.

Specimen No. 1, the youngest bird, has the entire under-
parts from the chin to the vent strongly washed with dirty
olive-yellow, and the lower mandible whitish horn-colour
except at the tip.

Specimen No. 3 is losing the olive-yellow underparts
and beginning to assume the cinereous band across the
chest. The lower mandible is becoming darker in colour.

Specimen No. 4 has entirely lost the yellowish belly
and throat of No. 3 and has the underparts washed with
cinereous ; the bill is similar to No. 3.

Specimen No. 2 is fully adult, and has the whitish belly
of typical E. cinereus when fully mature, and retains the
cinereous chest-band, the throat and belly are whitish, aiul
the bill has become entirely black.

I very much doubt whether E. c. sclateri Alexander
described from Fernando Po (Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1903,
p. 36) can stand. If further investigation shows it to be
a good subspecies, it will probably be found to be confined
to Fernando Po. The specimens of E. cinereus here de-
scribed from Cameroon Mountain greatly extend the known
range of this species westward.

Dr. Reichenow (Vogel Afrikas, iii. p. 904) believes the
Euprinodes from Cameroon Mountain to be referable to
E. c. sclateri, in which case it will probably be found that
E. cinereus and E. c. sclateri are synonymous.

The following are the variations in wing-measurements of
twenty specimens in the British Museum of E. cinereus and
E c. sclateri.

E. cinereus (typical examples from East Africa) 51-58 mm.,
(type 56 mm.).

E. cinereus (Cameroon Mt.) 52-55 mm.

E. c. sclateri (Fernando Po) 52-56 mm. (type 55 mm.).
[Found in the forest from 3000 ft. inhabiting the tops of
the tall trees. ~B. A.]

504 Mr. D, A. Bannerman u7i the

42. Poliolais alexanderi.

Poliolais alexanderi Baunerman, Bull. B. O. C.xxxv. 1915,
p. 53 : Cameroon Mt.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 6. v. 09. Type of
the species.

This is the first member of the genus to be discovered on
the mainland. The genus Poliolais was created by Alexander
in the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club^ xiii. 1903,
p. 36, and was represented by a single species, P. helenorce
Alexander from Fernando Po.

Alexander characterised the genus as follows : ^' Genus
inter genera Sylviella et Camaroptera dicta intermedium,
pedibus caudam longe superantibus et rectricibus externis
pure albis distinguendum.'^

Curiously enough Boyd Alexander discovered, not only
the type of the genus, which he described from Fernando
Po, but also the only other member of the genus known to
science. The latter was shot by him on Cameroon Mountain
in 1909 and had been overlooked until I came to work on
this important collection.

I have already described in detail this species in tlie
Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Clul). P. alexanderi
is distinguished at a glance from the other member of the
genus by its uniform olive-green upperparts, grey throat
and forehead, and by lacking the pale chestimt sides of the
head and rufous-brown crown of P. helenora. The type o^
P. alexanderi is in the British Museum.

[Rare, found in the forest above Buea. — B. A.]

43. Poliolais sp. ?

a. ? (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 16. v. 09.

In the fine collection which Alexander obtained on
Cameroon Mountain are two birds which unquestionably
belong to the genus Poliolais. One, I have named P. alex-
anderi. The other, with which we have now to deal, is
likewise represented by a single female example only, and
for this reason I have refrained from giving it a name.
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant and Dr. Hartert, who have kindly

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 505

examined the bird, are of opinion that it is the young of my
P. alexanderi. I was at first inclined to believe that this
could not be the case and that it was therefore a new form,
but until we have more specimens of P. alexanderi with
which to compare it, this cannot be proved. It would
certainly be very extraordinary to find two species on Came-
roon Mountain. The following is a description of the bird
in question.

Female. Forehead, crown, and back of the neck rufous-
brown ; lores, cheeks, and a narrow stripe over the eye pale
chestnut ; rest of upperparts dark olive washed with rufous;
primaries and two middle pairs of tail-feathers dark brown ;
under wing-coverts white tipped with pale yellow towards
the bend of the wing ; throat whitish ash-colour ; breast
and flanks pale olive washed with rufous towards the thighs,
thighs dark rufous-brown; middle of the breast and belly
pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale chestnut. Bill dark
horn-colour; legs dark. Culmen (exposed portion) 12 ram.;
wing 51 ; tail 28-5 ; tarsus 23 mm.

This specimen, at first sight, most nearly resembles P.
helenora Alexander, from which it differs in having the upper-
parts dark olive washed with rufous (which in the Fernando
Po bird are dusky olive-brown) and in having the underparts
olivaceous strongly washed with greenish-yellow instead of
being grey.

It is worthy of note that according to Alexander and
Seimund the sexes in P. helenora are alike in plumage.
If the specimen from Cameroon Mountain described above
is not a new species it must be the young of P. alexanderi.
It has the yellowish belly characteristic of the young of
P. helenorce, but it certainly has not the appearance of a
very young bird in other respects.

[Rare, found in the forest above Buea. — B. A.]

44). Prinia epichlora.

Burnesia epichlora Reichw. Journ, fiir Orn. 1892, j). 193:
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

506- Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

a. S ad. (No. 4). Cameroon Mt. 3. iv.09.

b. S ad. (No. 2). „ „ 6. iv.09.

c. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 12. iv.09.

d. e. S ad. (Nos. 1 & 5). „ „ 24. iv. 09.
/. S ad. (No. 6). „ „ 10. V. 09.

Priiiia epichlora is almost exactly similar in size and
colouring to Prinia niarice Alexander^ with the exception
that the tail is less than half the length, nieasnriug only
58 mm. instead of 129 mm. Alexander placed P. marice in
a new genus, Urolais, which he characterised in the Bull.

B. O. C. xiii. 1903, p. 35. As the length of the tail is the
only character given, I prefer to unite the genus Urolais
with Prinia.

A good figure of P. marice is given in the ' Ibis/ 1903,
pi. viii.

[Found in the forest above 3000 ft. inhabiting the tops
of the high trees. — B. A.]

45. Camaroptera griseoviridis tincta.

Syncopta tincta Cassin, Proc. Piiilad. Acad. 1855, p. 325 :
Moonda River (Gaboon).

a. c? ad. (No. 1). Below Buea,. Cameroon Mt. 10. v. 09.
I have referred the specimen procured by Alexander to

C. g. tincta, as I consider Cassin's name must stand for the
race found on the Guinea coast from Cameroon to Gaboon.
The type locality of C. g. tincta is the Moonda River, which
is situated in French Gaboon close to the boundary of the
Rio Muni Province. The typical species Camaroptera g.
griseoviridis was described from Kordofan (Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan). A review of the genus Camaroptera is given by
Zedlitz in the Journ. fiir Orn. 1911, pp. 328-345, where
several new forms are described. The paper should be
consulted by anyone working on this difficult group, but
it must be noted that the list of species and subspecies
enumerated on p. 314 is not, in the light of recent dis-
coveries, by any means complete.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 507

46. Laniarius atroflavus.

Laniarius atroflavus Shelley, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 124, pi. 13 :
Cameroon Mt. (7300 ft.).

a-d. (?(??? ad. (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5). Cameroon Mt.
28. iii. 09.

e. ? ad. (No. 6). Cameroon Mt. 29. iii. 09.

/. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 30. iii. 09.

In this fine Yellow-breasted Boubou the sexes are alike.
The bird has been obtained by collectors on several occa-
sions in Cameroon, notably on Cameroon Mountain, where
the majority of specimens were secured, and from Bamenda,
and the Genderu Mountains in the interior.

[Common in the high forest. — B. A.]

47. Dryoscopus holomelas.

Dryoscopus holomelas Jackson, Bull. B. O. C. xvi. 1906,
p. 90 : Ruwenzori.

a. c? ad. (No. 2). Cameroon Mt. 12. iv.09.

b. S ad. (No. 1). „ „ 20. iv.09.

c. cJ imm. (No. 3). „ „ 16. v. 09.

This is an interesting extension of the range of this
species, which was hitherto recorded only from the country
surrounding the Ruwenzori Range.

[Rare ; specimens 1, 2, were found above Miissarka,
specimen No. 3 in the forest below Miissarka. — B. A.]

48. Dryoscopus angolensis grisescens.

Dryoscopus seyiegalensis, var. grisescens Reichw. Vog. Afr.
ii. 1903, p. 592 : Victoria (Cameroon) .

Dryoscopus angolensis cameroonensis Bannerman, Bull.
B. O. C. XXXV. 1915, p. 105.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Above Buea, Cameroon Mt. 11. v. 09.

A single example of this interesting Shrike was obtained
by Alexander on Cameroon Mountain. It was unfortunately
described by me in the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists'
Club as a new bird as I overlooked the fact that Reichenow
had already named it. His name therefore has priority over
mine, which becomes a synonym of D. a. grisescens.

SEll. X. — VOL. III. 2 M

508 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

This bird is distinguished from D. angolensis by having
the blue of the head and nape extending on to the mantle
as in D. a. nandensis, and in not being sharply defined from
the mantle. The blue colour of the head and nape is not so
intense as in D. angolensis. In size it is about the same.

From D. a. nandensis it differs in having the general colour
of the upper parts greyer, particularly the mantle, wiugs, and
tail. The head and nape are darker blue and lack the grey
wash of Z). a. nandensis. Moreover, this colour extends further
on to the mantle than in either of the specimens of D. a.
nandensis which I have examined, i. e. the type from Nandi
and the Congo Forest bird, obtained by the Ruwenzori
Expedition. The sides of the body and flanks are strongly
washed with french grey, of a more intense colour than
even in D. angolensis, which character is practically absent
in D. a. najulensis.

In size D. a. grisescens is decidedly smaller than D. a.
nandensis, the wing measuring 82 mm., as compared with
87-90 mm. in the east African race. Reichenow considered
it a subspecies of D. senegalensis, but it has nothing to do
with this species.

Culmen (exposed portion) 13 mm. ; wing 82; tail 61 (from
base of the middle tail-feathers) ; tarsus 24. Iris bright
blue.

[Obtained in the forest above Buea. — B, A.]

49. Zosterops stenocricota.

Zosterops stenocricota Reich w. Journ. fiir Orn. 1 892, p. 191 :
Buea (Cameroon Mt,).

«. c? ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 10. v. 09.

b. S ad. rNo. 2). „ „ 11. v. 09.

c-e. ^ (J ? ad. (Nos. 4, 5,&3). Cameroon Mt. 16. v. 09.

When Shelley wrote volume ii. of the ' Birds of Africa/
Zosterops stenocricota was known only from the type speci-
men, which had been procured by Dr. Preuss at Buea on the
lower slopes of Cameroon Mountain. Since then it had not
been obtained in that locality until Alexander procured the
small series enumerated above.

Birds of Cameroon Moantain. 509

Both Dr. Reichenow and Alexander referred the Olive
White-eye from Fernando Po to Z. slenoci'icota, but in this
they were wrong, as the two forms are perfectly distinct.
T have named tlie Fernando Po bird Zosterops stenocricota
poensis {vide Bull. B. O. C. xxxv. 1915, p. 54), but it may be
as well to give a summary of the differences which dis-
tinguish these two closely allied forms.

Zosterops s. poensis differs from Zosterops stenocricota in
its brighter, more golden-yellow and less olive upperparts ;
the yellow on the forehead and cheeks is deeper in colour
(less canary-yellow) and extends a little further back over the
forehead. Lores less distinctly black. Underparts deeper
yellow throughout, strongly washed with olive-green, less
distinctly on the belly. In Z. stenocricota the belly is pure
canary-yellow, only the breast and flanks being washed with
olive-green.

Size (on an average) larger. In a series of twelve birds,
the bill (exposed part of culmen) varies from 10-11 mm.;
the wing varies from 54-59 mm.

The measurements of the type-specimen in the British
Museum : S ad- Banterbari, Fernando Po, 7. iii, 04, E.
Seimund coll., are : — Culmen (exposed portion) 11, wing 58,
tail 37, tarsus 165 ram.

The principal measurements of Zosterops stenocricota,
obtained by Alexander, are as follows : — Bill (exposed
portion of culmen) 8-9, wing 53-56 mm.

Dr. Beichenow has recently (Orn. Monatsber. xviii. 1910,
p. 192) described two new species of Zosterops from
Cameroon, i. e., Zosterops genderuensis^ from the Genderu
Mountains, and Zosterops phyllicus, from Kufum in northern
Cameroon. I have not been able to examine either of these
forms.

In the same paper Dr. Reichenow describes as new
Zosterops strilmpelli, from Kangala (? Kangalua in N.E.
Northern Nigeria).

The annoying way which certain ornithologists have of
giving as the type-locality of a bird the name of some

3m2

510 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

utterly obscure native village, in the heart of Africa, with
no further details, is very greatly to be deplored. There
are generally some half-dozen ways, all more or less correct,
of spelling African names, and it would save hours of time
and research if collectors or systematic workers would state
the district in which the place they mention is situated.
[Found in the forest above Buea. — B. A.]

50. Speirops melanocephala.

Zoderops {Speirops) melanocephalus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (3) vol. X. 1862, p. 444 : Cameroon Mountains.

a. (^ ad. (No. 7). Cameroon Peak. 2. iv. 09.

b. ^ ad. (No. 2). „ „ 6.iv.09.

c. ? ad. (No. 6). „ „ 14.iv.09.

d. $ ad. (No. 5). „ „ 16.iv.09.
e,/. c? ? ad. (Nos. 3 & 4). „ „ 19. iv. 09.
y. ? ad. (No.l). „ „ 21.iv.09.
This is another of the numerous species which appears to

be confined to the high forests of the Cameroon Mountains.
Shelley (' Birds of Africa,' ii. p. 202), on the authority of
Sjostedt, says that " the male has the undersurface paler
than the female, and more white on the throat.'' This is not
the case in the small series obtained by Alexander, the two
sexes being absolutely indistinguishable.

[Not found in the forest below 8000 ft., but close to the
grass-land of the Peak. Seen in small flocks. — B. A.]

51. Cinnyris oritis.

Cinnijris oritis Reichw. Journ. fUr Orn. 1892, p. 190 :
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a. [ $ ] (^ ad. (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 14.iv.09.

b. S ad. (No. 2). „ „ 25.iv.09.

c. d. S S ad. (Nos. 3, 4).' „ „ 10. v. 09.

This is a rare Sunbird, confined to the Cameroon and
perhaps the Manenguba Mountains. It is very closely
allied to Cinnyris poensis, and when the African Sunbirds
are worked out according to modern ideas, C. 07'itis will
certainly become a subspecies.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 511

It differs from C. poensis in having the metallic feathers
of the throat and head purplish-blue instead of dull steel-
green. I cannot detect any other distinction.

[Rare in the forest. — B. A.]

52. Cinnyris preussi.

Cimiyris preussi Reichw. Journ. fur Orn. 1892, p. 190 :
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a, b. S ? ad. (Nos. 1, 3). Cameroon Mt. 3.iv. 09.

c, d. ? ? ad. (Nos. 5, 6). „ „ 3.iv.09.

e. c? imm. (No. 2). „ „ 12.iv.09.

/. ? (No. 4). „ „ 13.iv.09.

ff. (? ad. (No. 7). „ „ 20.iv.09.

h. (^ jnv. (No. la). „ „ 9. v. 09.

i. ? ad. (No. 2 a). „ „ 11. v. 09.

The above is a fine series showing the birds in every
stage of plumage.

Preuss's Suubird is confined to the highlands of Cameroon
and Manenguba Mountains.

[Common. — B. A.]

53. Cinnyris super bus.

Certhia superha Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. 1812, p. 193 :
Malimba (Portuguese Congo*).

a. (? ad. (No. 1). Buea, Cameroon Mt. 20. v. 09.

A single example of the Superb Sunbird was obtained on
Cameroon Mountain.

54. Anthus camaroonensis.

Anthus rufulus camaroonensis Shelley, Birds of Africa, ii.
1900, p. 320 : Camaroon Mt. (10,000 ft.).

Anthus camermiensis Alexander, Bull. B. 0. C. xxv. 1909,
p. 12 : Cameroon Mt. (7000 ft.).

a-d. S ? ad. et ? juv. (Nos. 3, 4, 7, 10). Cameroon
Peak. 15. iv. 09.

e. (J ad. (No. 1) [Type of A. camerunensis Alex.].
Cameroon Peak. 1 6. iv. 09.

* See note on p. 485.

512 Mr. D, A. Bannerman on the

f-i. S ? ad. (Nos. 2, 5, 6, 9). Cameroon Peak. 16. iv.09.

k. S ad. (No. 8). „ „ 17. iv.09.

When, on behalf of Mr. Alexander, Mr. Ogilvie-Grant
described the Cameroon Pipit as a new species he overlooked
the fact that Shelley had already described the same bird
from the same locality, and, by a curious coincidence, under
the same name. Shelley must therefore stand as the author
of the name, to which A. camerunensis Alex, must be added
as a synonym.

As the Cameroon Pipit has already been fully described,
tlie series before me does not call for any special remark.
[Only found on the Peak itself ; breeding. — B. A.]

55. Poliospiza burtoni.

Strobilophaga burtoni Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)
vol. X. 1862, p. 445 : Cameroon Mts.

a. c? ad. (No. 5). Cameroon Mt. 30. iii.09.

b. S ad. (No. 2). „ „ 6. iv.09.

c. S ad. (No. 1). „ „ 10. iv.09.
d,e. (J imm., ? ad. (Nos. 3,4). „ „ 13. iv.09.
f-h. (? c? ? ad. (Nos. 6, 7, 8). „ „ 19. iv.09.
i. ? ad. (No. 9). „ „ 22. iv.09.
The type of P. burtoni is in the British Museum. It was

procured by Burton in the highlands of Cameroon Moun-
tain; later it was obtained at 9000 ft. in the same locality
by Sir Harry Johnston. The present fine series shows that
the sexes are alike in plumage. Considerable variation is
shown in the feathers of the forehead and crown. The
amount of white on the forehead is apparently a sign of age :
for instance, in Nos. 1, 6, and 9 the forehead is pure white,
while in No. 2 the white extends backwards to the crown,
the white feathers of the crown being tipped with brown.
No. 7, which appears to be fully adult, has a broad white
forehead, but most of the feathers of the crown are brown,
fringed with yellow.

An immature bird (No. 3) shows hardly any sign of white
on the forehead, which is mottled brown.

[Only found in the higli forest; seen in small parties.
7000 ft.— B. A.]

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 513

56. Linurgus olivaceus.

Coccothraustes olivaceus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18J<2,
p. 144 : Fernando Po.

o. c?(No. la). Cameroon Mt. 28.iii.09.

b. S (No. 2 a). „ „ l.iv.09.

c. ? (No. 2Z)). Cameroon Peak. 17. iv. 09.

d. ? (No. \b). „ „ 20.iv.09.
Alexander formerly separated the bird from Cameroon

from L. olivaceus under the name Linurgus camerunensis
(Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1903, p. 38), but in his paper on the
Birds of Fernando Po (Ibis, 1903, p. 347), he stated that
the characters which he gave to the Cameroon bird were not
constant, and therefore united it with L. olivaceus'. In this
decision I quite agree with him.
[Found on the Peak. — B. A.]

57. Pyromelana xanthomelas phoenicomera.

Euplectes phienicomera Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)
vol. X. 1862, p. 444 : Cameroon.

a-f. ^ imm. (Nos. 1, 2, Cameroon Peak. 31.iii.09.
3, 4, 6, 8).

g. S ii^m- (No. 7). „ „ ll.iv. 09,

h. ? ad. (No. 5). „ „ 16.iv.09.

This is a local form of P. xanthomelas, and is apparently
confined to the highest parts of the Cameroon Range.

Alexander did not obtain the adult male, but examples
obtained by Sir Richard Burton and Sir Harry Johnston
show that it closely resembles the male of P. xanthomelas.
The Cameroon form is distinguished by having the bill
somewhat more slender than in the typical species.

[Found in large flocks on the grass-laud beyond the forest
limit up to the Peak itself. — B. A.]

58. Estrilda nonnula.

Astrilda nonnula Hartlaub, Journ. fur Orn. 1883, p. 435 :
Kudurma (Bahr-el-Ghazal).

a, 6. c? ? ad. (Nos. 1, 2). Cameroon Mt. 27. iv. 09.

Hartlaub's Black-crowned Waxbill appears to replace
E. atricapilla in the highlands of Cameroon. Specimens had

514 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

previously been obtained from Buea by Dr. Preuss. It
ranges right across Africa.

The type locality " Kudurma" is situated on the boundary
of the Balii-el-Gliazal country and the Belgian Congo.

[Found below Buea and on the Peak itself. — B. A.]

59. Nesocharis shelleyi. (PI. VII. fig. 1.)

Nesocharis shelleyi Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1903,
p. 48 [ ? ] : Fernando Po ; Bannerman, Bull. B. O. C. xxxv.
1915, p. 106 [c?] : Cameroon Mt.

«. c? juv. (No. 2). Cameroon Mt. 28.iii.09.

b,c. S (^ ad. {Nos. 1,4). „ „ . 10.iv.09.

d. ? ad. (No. 3). „ „ 10.iv.09.

An adult male obtained at Ninong, Manenguba Mts., will
be dealt with in the next paper (Part V.).

The occurrence of this rare bird on Cameroon Mountain
and at Ninong is one of the most iuteresting discoveries of
Alexander's last expedition. The type of this peculiar species
was a female specimen obtained in company with another
female in the highlands of Fernando Po by Alexander, who
created the genus Nesocharis in which to place it.

The characters of the genus Nesocharis are given as
follows : — Similar to the genus Spermestes, but with the
bill much weaker and more compressed, tail very short
and rounded, not extending beyond the outstretched feet,
wing rounded.

Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant has already cleared up the con-
fusion which existed in the genus in the Report on the
Ruwenzori Expedition (Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1910, p. 295).

The following are the three species assigned to this
genus : —

1. Nesocharis shelleyi Alexander.

Type loc, Fernando Po.

Range. Fernando Po, Cameroon Mt., and Manen-
guba Mts. (Cameroon).

2. Nesocharis ansorgei (Hartert).

Type loc, Luimi River, Toro.
R(i}i(je. Uganda.

Ibis. 1915. PI. VII.

MENPES PRESS. WATFOKC.

1. NESOCHARIS SHELLEYl. S and ?

2. LAGONOSTICTA DYBOWSKIl. $ and 2

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 515

3. Nesocharis capistrata (Hartl.).
= A^. sharpii (Nicholson).
Type loc, West Africa.
Range. Senegambia to Dahomey.

It should be remarked that the tail in N. ansorgei and
N. capistrata is very much longer than that of N. shelleyi
and extends beyond the outstretched feet.

The birds obtained by Alexander in Cameroon I have
unquestionably referred to Nesocharis shelleyi^ although
that species has hitherto been represented in collections by
females only.

A comparison between female examples of N. shelleyi and
N. ansorgei in the British Museum and Jackson collections
shows that in each species the female differs from the male
bird in a similar manner, viz. : —

The female of N. ansorgei lacks the wide band of golden-
olive which extends across the entire chest of the male, and
has the underparts from the narrow white collar to the
under tail-coverts uniformly grey.

The female of iV. shelleyi resembles the female of N. an-
sorgei in having the underparts grey and in having no
golden-olive on the chest. In N. shelleyi the female has the
grey of the underparts a shade lighter than in the male bird,
but this is not noticeable *in the specimens of N. ansorgei
which I have examined.

The male of N. shelleyi I have already described in the
Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club as follows : —

Entire head and upper part of the throat jet-black; a wide
grey band on the nape dividing the black head from the rest
of the upperparts, which are golden-olive becoming brighter
on the rump ; upper tail-coverts, which extend over two-
thirds of the tail, golden-yellow ; tail black. Primaries very
dark brown, margined on the outer web with golden-olive ;
under wing-coverts white. Lower part of the throat and
breast golden-olive ; belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts
dark french grey, darker than in the female. Bill bluish-
horn-colour.

516 Mr. D. A. Bannermaii on the

The female o£ N. shelleyi, which has been fully described
by Alexander (Ibis, 1903, p. 352), differs from the male in
lacking the golden-olive on the breast and in having the
underparts uniform grey throughout, considerably paler
than that on the belly of the male. The upperparts are
like those of the male, but the grey on the nape is paler.

A young bird (No. 2) has the golden-olive of the back
much duller, and the grey band on the nape wider and
extending on to the mantle. The head, cheeks, and throat
are a much duller black and lack the gloss of the adult bird.

Both the adult male and female are here figured for the
first time.

[Rare ; found in the forest above 7000 feet. — B. A.]

GO. Sycobrotns tephronotus.

Symplectes tephronotus Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 184: Buea (Cameroon Mt.).

a. (^ ad, (No. 2) . Cameroon Mt. 23.iv.09.

b. S ad. (No. 1). „ „ 24.iv.09.

c. ? ad. (No. 3). „ „ 25.iv.09.

d. S ad. (No. 4). „ „ 12. v. 09.

e. ? ad. (No. 5). „ „ 17. v. 09.

The Cameroon Dark-backed Weaver-bii'd has been recorded
from Buea and Yaunde, and is almost certainly synonymous
with Sycobrotus poensis Alexander. As Alexander compared
his bird from Fernando Po with S. nandensis Jackson instead
of with S. tephronotus, it is not surprising that he came to
the conclusion that he had discovered a new Weaver-bird.

[Found below MUssarka ; not common. — B. A.]

61. Heterhyphantes insignis.

Heterhyphantes insignis Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 117, pi. 6.
fig. 1 (?) : Mt. Elgon.

fl. ? imm. (No. 2). Cameroon Peak. 2. iv. 09.

b, c. c? ? ad. (Nos.3, 4). Cameroon Mt. 12.iv.09.

d. ? ad. (No. 1). „ „ 23.iv.09.

After a very careful examination of the specimens ob-
tained on Cameroon Mt., together with the material in the

Bii'ds of Cameroon Mountain. 517

British Museum of typical H. insignis, I have come to the
same conclusion as Shelley and Dr. Reichenow, i. e., that
it is impossible to separate the Cameroon and Mount Elgon
birds.

The bird from Cameroon has already received two or
three names, and was first described by Dr. Reichenow^ from a
not quite adult specimen procured by Preuss on Cameroon
Mt. as Sympledes croconotus (J. f. O. 1892, p. 185 : Buea).
Subsequently an adult was obtained by Sjostedt and figured
(Sv. Ak. Handl. Stockh. vol. xxvii. 1895, pi. ix.). Ac-
cording to Reichenow, Sij^vplestes preussi Reichw. and
<S. castanicapillus Sjost. are also synonyms of H. insignis.
I have not the material to decide whether S. castanicapillus
is synonymous, but S. preussi certainly is not and must be
kept separate, as this bird does not obtain the deep
chestnut cap.

The wing-measurements of H. insignis from east Africa
and from Cameroon show very slight differences : —

E. Africa. Cameroon Mt.

c? , 82-88 mm. S , ^0 mm.

? , 79-82 mm. ? , 81-82 mm.

[Pound in the forest above 7000 ft. ; rare. — B. A.]

62. Heterhyphantes melanogaster.

Ploceus melanogaster Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,

p. 126, pi. xiv. fig. 2 : Cameroon Mt.

a-c. $ S ad. et ? juv.~) ^ ,^, ... „„

/^T -. ^ 0 as ^Cameroon Mt. in. 09.

(Nos. 1, 5, &6). J

d. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 29. iii. 09.

e. c? imm. (No. 4). „ „ 6.iv. 09.
/. S ad. (No. 2). „ „ 10.iv.09.
g.S^^- (No. 7). . ., „ 21.iv.09.
/i. ? imm. (No. 8). „ „ 22.iv.09.

A fine series of this beautiful Weaver-finch was secured.

Cameroon Mountain is the type locality of this species,
but it apparently ranges across Africa as far as Naudi.
Specimens have been obtained in Fernando Po.

518 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

The female of this Weaver-bird is distinguished from
the male by lacking the black throat. The bird described
and figured by Shelley as an adult male is iu reality a
female.

An immature female (No. 8) has already assumed the
yellow throat, and the underparts are mottled black and
yellow.

No. 4 is a younger bird, and the underparts have not
commenced to change from the olive to the black.

No. 6 is even younger than No. 4, and is practically
indistinguishable from the young of H. stejjhanophorus from
Ruwenzori.

The series which Alexander has obtained is particularly
instructive.

[Found in the forest. — B. A.]

63. Oriolus nigripennis.

Oriolus niyripennis Verr. Journ. fiir Orn. 1855, p. 105 :
Gaboon.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Buea, Cameroon Mt. 9. v. 09.

b. (J ad. (No. 2). „ „ „ 11. v. 09.

The Black-winged Black-headed Oriole ranges from Sierra
Leone to Loango. It has been obtained more than once- on
Cameroon Mountain.

[Common around Buea and in the forest below Mils-
sarka. — B. A.]

64. Dicrunis coraciims.

Dicrurus coracinus Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 311 :
Gaboon.

a. S (No. 1). Cameroon Mt. 12. v. 09.

A specimen of this Drongo, which ranges from Cameroon
southward to Loango and eastward to the Ituri River
(Shelley, vol. v. p. 177), was obtained on Cameroon Moun-
tain by Alexander. It is an adult bird with the tail in full
moult.

[Found in the forest above Buea. — B. A.]

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 519

65. Onychognathus preussi.

Onychognathus preussi Reichw. Jourii. fiir Orn. 1892,

p. 184: Buea, Cameroon j\lt.

0-, b. ^ ^ ad. et imm.l _, -^r . ^ ^

° , ^, ^Cameroon Mt. 10. v. 09.

(JNos. 1, 2). J

c. S ad. (No. 3). „ „ 17.V.09.

Cameroon Mountain is the type locality of this species,
which is also found in Fernando Po.

It is hard to understand how Alexander referred the
specimens which he obtained in Fernando Po to 0. elgun-
ensis Sharpe, from British East Africa ! Apart from the
astonishing distribution which a jump from Mt. Elgon to
the Gulf of Guinea would entail, the island bird has a
much narrower and longer bill than the East African form.
The quite young bird, as shown by examples in the British
Museum, has a grey head and throat.

[Not common; found about Buea and in the forest below
Miissarka. — B. A.]

The following is a list of species known to have been
obtained on, or around the foot of, Cameroon Mountain.
The limit of the spurs of Cameroon Mt. extend from Victoria
to Bibundi and north to South Barombi Lake (Richards),
as has been indicated by a line in the Map, PI. VI. The
majority of species are given on the authority of Dr.
Eeichenow t, who is responsible for the localities mentioned,
except where a species is marked with an asterisk.
Species obtained by Alexander are so marked, together with
the locality given on his authority.

Phasianid^.

Francolinus squamatus Cass. — Victoria.
* ,, camerunensis Alex. — Cameroon Mt.

t Compiled from his Report on the Ornithological results of the
German Cameroon Expedition, 1908-9 (vide Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin,
V. 1911, pp. 239-258).

520 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

CoLTJMBIDJi;.
*Vinago calva (Temm.). — Buea, Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.
*Columha arquatrix sjostedti Reich w. — Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.

Streptopelia semitorqttata (Riipp.). — Victoria, Bibundi.
'* Haflojpelia simplex inomata Reichw. — Victoria, Buea, Cameroon Mt.

Calopelia jniella (Schl.). — Victoria. Cameroon Mt.

Tympanistria tympanistria (Temm.). —Bibundi, Buea.

Chalcopelia afra (Linn.). — Victoria.

Himanfornis hcematopus Hartl. — Victoria.
Canira/lus oculeus (Hartl.). — Victoria.
Crex egregia Peters. — Bibundi.
Sarothnira elegans (Sm.). — Buea.
Gallinula angulata Sund. — Bibnndi.
Podica sencgalensis (Vieill.). — Victoria.
„ camei-unensis Sjost. — Victoria.

Larib.i:.

Sterna hergei Licht. — Bibundi.

„ maxima Bodd. — Bibundi.

,, hirundo Linn. — Victoria.
Anrnis stolidus (Linn.). — Victoria.
Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.). — Bibundi, Victoria.

SCOLOPACJDJE.

Totanns nchidariiis (Gunn.). — Victoria.
„ toianus (Linn.). — Bibundi.
„ glareola (Linn.). — Bibundi.

Akdeid^.
Tigrornis leiicolopha Jard. — Victoria.
Butorides atricapillus (Afz.). — Victoria.
Ardea purptirea Linn. — Bibundi.
Lepterodius gularis (Bosc). — Victoria.

Falconid^.

Polyhorvides iypicus Sm. — Victoria, Mann's Spring.
Asturinula monogrammica (Temm.). — Victoria.
Astur castanilius (Bonap.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
Accipiter sharpei Reichw. — Cameroon Mt.
Urotriorchis maerurus (Hartl.). — Victoria.
Dryotriorchis batesi Sharpe. — Victoria.
Lophoa'etus occipitalis (Daud.). — Cameroon Mt.
Gypohierax avgolensis (Gniel.). — Victoria.
Halia'etus vocifer (Daud.).— Cameroon Mt.
*Milvus (Bgyptius parasitus (Daud.). — Mann's Spring.
Pcrnis opivorus (Linn.). — Victoria.
Falco cuvieri Sm. — Victoria.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 521

Bubo poensis Fras. — Victoria.
„ letti (Biitt.). — Victoria.
*Sfrix michale (Sharpe).— Victoria, Buea.
Glaucidium ydstedtl Eeichw. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
Flammea maculata (Brehtn). — Victoria, Mann's Spring.

PsiTTACID^.

Psitiacus erithacus Linn. — Victoria.

Poicephalus atcbryanits Souance. — Mann's Spring.

Alcedinid^e.

Halcyon forhesi Sharpe. — Victoria, Buea.

„ seiiegalensis fuscopilealus Reichw. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

„ ,, cyanoleucus (Vieill.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.t

Ispidina ficta (Bodd.).— Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
Corythornis cyanostigmxi. (Riipp.). — Victoria.
Alcedo gilntheri Sharpe. — Cameroon Mt.
Ceryle rudis (Linn.). — Cameroon Mt.

MkKOPIDjE.

Melittophagus gidaris ausiralis Reicliw. — Victuria.
Merops albicoUis Vieill. — Victoria.

BOCEROTID.E.

Ceratogymna elata (Temm.).— Bibundi, Victoria.

„ atrata (Temm.). — Victoria.

Bycanistes albotibialis (Eeichw.). — V^ictoria.

,, sharpei (Elliot). — Victoria.

Lophoceros fasciatus (Shaw). — Victoria.

„ camtirus (Cass.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

OrtholopJius cassini Finsch. — Victoria.

MA.CROPTERTGID.i:.
Tachornis brachypterus Reichw. — Bibundi.

CoLIID^.
*Colius s(ria(us nigricollis Vieill.— Victoria, Buea, Cameroon Mt.

TROGONiD.a;.

Hapaloderma narina isquaforiale Sharpe. — Victoria.
* „ vittatum camerunense Reichw. — Buea.

t Doubtfully distinct from the foregoing.

532 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on the

CUCUIID^.

*Centropus monachus fischeri Reichw. — -Bibundi, Victoria, Biiea,
„ leuwgaster (Leach). — Victoria.

Ceuthmochares aereiis (Vieill.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
*C'ucuhis solitarius Steph. — Cameroon Mt.
„ gabonensis Lafr. — Victoria, Buea.
Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.). — Victoria, Buea.
„ klaasi (Steph.). — Victoria, Buea.

„ smaragdincus (Sw.). — Bibundi, Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

MuSOPHAGIDiE.

* CortjthcEola cristata (Vieill.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

* Turacus meriani Eiipp. — -Victoria, Buea, Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.

* „ persa (Linn.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt., Buea.

Capitokid^.

Lyhius bidentatus (Shaw). — Victoria, Buea.
Tricholwma Jlavipunctatuin Verr. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
*Gymnobucco calvus (Lafr.). — Victoria, Buea, Cameroon Mt.
„ pcli Hartl. — Cameroon Mt.

Buccanodon dicchaillui (Cass.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
Barbatula stellata (Jard. & Fras.).^ — Victoria.

* „ Icucolaima Verr. — Buea.
,, coryphcea Reichw. — Buea,

TruchylcBrmis pmyuratus (Verr.). — Victoria, Buea, Mann's Spring.

Indicatorid^.

*Indicator conirostris (Cass.). — Cameroon Mt.
*Frodotiscus insignis (Cass.). — Cameroon Mt.

Bendromus nivosus Swains. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

„ permistus (Reichw.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

Mcsoinciis pyrrhogaster (Malh.). — Victoria, Mann's Spring.

* „ johnstoni (Shell.). — Buea, Cameroon Mt.
,, ellioti (Cass.). — Victoria.

„ xantholophus (Harg.). — Victoria.
* Be7idropicus lafresnayd Malli. — Bibundi, Buea.

„ gabonensis (Verr.). — Victoria.

*Campothera tullbergi Sjost. — Cameroon Mt.

PlTTlD.E.
Fitta angoicnsis Vieill. — Victoria.

Birds of Cameroon Mountain. 523

HiRuyDiNiB.i:.

Riparia cincfa (Bodd.). — Victoria.
PsaUdoprocne iiifens (Cass.)- — Cameroon Mt.
* I fidiaiiioi'a Shell.— Bibundi. Victoria, Btiea, Mann'?

Spring, Cameroon Mt.
„ chalyhea Reichw. — Victoria.

MuSCICAPID^E,

Fraseria ocreata (Strickl.;. — Victoria.
,, cinerascens Hartl. — Victoria.
*Alseonax nuirinus obscurus Sjost. — Mann's Spring, Buea, Cameroon IVtt.
Pedilorhynchus comitatus (Cass.). — Victoria, Buea.
Artomyias fuliginosa Verr. — Victoria.
Stizorhina fraseri (Strickl.). — Victoria.
„ zenkeri (Reic-hw.). — Victoria.

Megahias atrialatus (Cass.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
*riatystira cyanea (Miill.). — Victoria, Bibundi, Cameroon Mt.

Diaphorophyia castanea (Fras.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
* Trochocerctis albiventris Sjost. — Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.
*Elminia teresita Antinori. — Buea.
Terpsiphone tricolor (Fras.). — Ekundii, Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
„ viridis (Miill.). — Victoria.

„ rufocinerea (Cab.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

*Smithorms camerunensis Sharpe. — Cameroon Mt.
*Cryptolopha camerunensis Alex. — Cameroon Mt.

C'AilPEPlIAGIU.E.

* Graucalus ccBsius 2»'eussi Reichw.— Victoria, Buea, Cameroon Mt.
,, azurea (Cass.). — Mann's Spring.

Campephaga quiscalina Fiusch. — Victoria.

PrCXONOTID^..

Criniger cJdoronotus (Cass.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

„ calurus (Cass.). — Bibundi, Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
Bleda notata (Cass.). — Victoria.

,, syndactyla (Swains.). — Victoria.

* „ poliocephala (Reichw.). — Buea, Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.

* ,, tephrolcema (Gray). — Buea, Mann's Spring.
,, fiavicollis flavigula (Cab.). — Bibundi.

,, Icitcophrys (Cass.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
„ iderina (Bonap.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
* „ poensis (Alexander). — Cameroon Mt.
Andropadus montanu^ Reichw.— Buea.

,, gracilimstris Strickl. — Victoria.

,, virevs Cass. — Victoria, Buea.

,, curvirosfris Cass. — Victoria.

Ixonotus guttatus Verr. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
Fycnonotus harbatui< gabonensis Sharpe. — Victoria.
SEll. X. VOL. III. 2.\

524 Mr. D. A. Bannerman 07i the

* Titrdus crossleyi Sharpe. — Cameroon Mt.

* „ nigrilortim Eeichw. — Buea, Ciimeroon Mt.

„ saturatus Cab. — Victoria, Mann's Spring, Buea.
*Saxicola salax pallidigula (Reicliw.) — Buea, Cameroon Mt.
*Turdmus monachiis Reichw. — Mann's Spring, Buea, Cameroon ilt.
Alethe poliocephala (Bonap.).— Victoria, Buea.
„ casfanea (Cass.). — Cameroon Mt.

* ,, poliothorax Reichw. — Cameroon Mt.

*Cossypha isahellte Gray. — Mann's Spring, Buea, Cameroon Mt.

„ periculosa Sharpe. — Victoria, Buea.
*Bradypferus camerunensis Alexander. — Cameroon Mt.

* Calamocichla pleheia Reichw. — Buea.

Neocossyphtis poensis (Strickl.). — Ekundu, Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

Sylviid-t;.

*Cisticola nifopileata Reichw. — Bibundi, Cameroon Mt., Buea.

* „ discolor Sjost. — Cameroon Ml.
Prinia bairdi (Cass.). — Buea.

* „ epichlora (Reichw.). — Buea, Cameroon Mt.
Apalis sclateri Alex. — Mann's Spring.

*Euprinodes cinereus Sharpe. — Cameroon Mt.

Eremomela badiceps (Fras.). — Bibundi.
* Camaroj)tera griseoviridis tincta (CasB.). — Buea.
*Poliolais alexanderi Bannerman. — Cameroon Mt.
*Poliolais sp. — Cameroon Mt.

Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). — Mann's Sjjriug.

L.\NIID^.

Nicaior chloris (Less.) — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

Chlorophoneus melamprosopus (Reichw.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

,, jyreussi (Neum.). — Victoria.

Laniarius leucorhyncJncs (Hartl.). — Victoria, Buea.
,, luhderi (Reichw.). — Victoria.

* „ airojlavus Shell.— Buea, Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.
Bryoscopus angolensis Hartl. — Victoria.

* „ a. grisescens Reichw.— -Victoria, Buea.

* ,, holomelas Jackson. — Cameroon Mt.
,, senegalensis (Hartl.). — Victoria.

Chaunonotus melanoleucus (Verr.). — Victoria,
Malaconotus gladiator (Reichw.). — Buea.

„ olivacetts (Vieill.). — Buea.

„ gahonensis Shell. — Victoria, Buea.

Lanius mackinnoni Sharpe. — Buea.

PARlDiE.
Pholidorms rittshite (Cass.). — Bibundi.

B'lrda of Cameroon Mountain. 525

ZoSTEROl'IDJi:,

*Zosferops sfeiiocricofa Reicbw. — Buea. Caiueroon Mt.

*Sj:eii'ops melanocephala (Gray). — Mann's Spring, Cameroon Peak.

Nectariniid.e.

Anthreptes gahonicus (Hartl.). — Victoria.
„ fraseri Jard. — Victoria.

,, hypodilus (Jard.). — Buea.

„ tcphrolcema (Jard.). — Victoria, Buea.

„ aurantium Verr. — Victoria.

Chalconiitra obscura (Jard.). — Bibundi.

,, verticalis (Lath.). — Victoria, Buea.

*Cinnyris oritis Reicbw. — Buea.

,, cyanolcBina (Jard.). — Victoria.

,, fuliginosus (Sbaw). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

,, avgolensis (Less.). — Victoria, Buea.

,, cupreus (Sbaw). — Buea.

* ,, superbus (Sbaw). — Bibuudi, Victoria, Buea.
,, luhderi Reicbw. — Bibundi, Buea.

* ,, preussi Reicbw. — Bibuudi, Cameroon Mt.
Cyanomilra rcichenbachi (Hartl.). — Bibundi.

MoTACILLIDiE.

Motacilla longicmida Riipp. — Victoria.
*Anthus camaroonensis Sbell. — Cameroon Mt.
„ sordidus, Riipp. — Mann's Spring.

Feingillidjs.

*Poliospiza hurfoni (Gray). — Mann's Spring. Cameroon Mt.
*Linurgus oHvaceus (Fras.). — Bibundi, Buea, Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

Ploceid^.

Malimhus nitens (Gray). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

„ rubricollis (Swains.). —Victoria.

„ vialimbicus (Daud.). — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

,, scutatus scutopartiius Reicbw. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
*Sycohrotus tephronotus (Reicbw.). — Buea, Cameroon Mt.
* Heterhyphantes insignis Sbarpe. — Cameroon Mt.

* ,, melanogaster {^heW.). — Buea,Manu's Spring, Cameroon Mt.
Hypha.nturgus brachypterus Swains. — Victoria, Bibundi, Buea.
Melanopteryx nigerrimus Vieill. — Victoria, Bibundi, Buea.
Hyphantornis cucuUatus (Miill.). — Victoria, Buea.

„ monachus (Sbarpe). — Bibundi.

Spermospiza guttata (Vieill.). — Victoria, Bibundi.
Quelea erythrops (Hartl.). — Bibundi.
*Pyromelana xanthomelas ph(xnicomera (Gray). — Buea, Mann's Spring,

Cameroon Mt.

.2n.2

526 Ernst Hartert and Annie C. Jackson :

Spermestes punctata Heugl. — Bibundi.

,, poensis (Fras.). — Buea.

Nigrita hrunnescens Reicliw. — Victoria, Buea.
,, fusconota Fras. — Buea.
„ luteifrons Verr. — Victoria, Buea.
„ canicapilla (Strickl.). — Victoria, Bibundi, Buea.
Cryptospiza reichenoivi (Hartl.). — Victoria, Buea.
*Nesocharis shelleyi Alexander. — Cameroon Mt.
*E!itrilda nonnula Hartl. — Bibundi, Buea, Cameroou Mt.
Vidua Serena (Linn.). — Bibundi.

Oriolid^.

Oriolm la-tior Sliarpe, — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
* ,, W2^r?/9c«?<2s Verr. —Buea, Mann's Spring.

DicEumnjE.

*I)icTurus coracinus Verr. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.
,, atriperinh Swains. — Victoria.

SxTJENIDJi;.

Lamprvcolius purpitreicepa Verr. — Victoria, Cameroon Mt.

,, splendidus (VieilL). — Victoria,

Onychognathus hartlaubi (Gray). — Victoria.
* ,, preussi Reicliw. — Buea, Mann's Spring, Cameroon Mt.

Pmopfera Ivguhrif. Bonap. — Victoria.

CoHVID^.

Corvus xcapn/afus Daud. — Victoria.
Picathartes areas Reicliw. — Victoria.

XXV. — Notes on some ]Vade7's. By Ernst Hartkrt,
M.B.O.U., and Annie C. Jackson, H.M.B.O.U.

(Text-figure 7.)

i. On the genera Charadrius^ ^Egialitis,
and EuDROMiAS.
We cannot find any satisfactory characters by which to
separate the genera Charadrins, yEfjiaUtis, and Eudrornias.
In the new B. 0. U. List of British Birds all three have
been kept separate^, in the Hand-list of British Birds all
were united. Blanford (B. India, iv. })p. .236, 237) separated
j^yialitis from Charadrius, but united Eudrointns with the

Notes on some Waders. 527

latter ! He says : " It appears best to class together the
Sand-Plovers, Dotterels, and Ringed Plovers/' and admits
that: ''Structurally there is no difference between the
present genus (i. e. jEgialitis) and Charadrius. The only
distinction, except in size, is in plumage/' by which he
means coloration. We do not see ho\r size can decide the
question, as the Dotterel is just about halfway in size
between the Golden and Ringed Plovers, and we cannot
admit the different coloration as of taxonomic value, least
of all if the Dotterel is united with the Ringed Plovers !

ii. On Charadrius alexandrinus.

In the Hand-list of British Birds, p. 167, the distribution
of C. alexandrinus ale.vandrinus, during the breeding-season,
lias been given as "Europe from south Sweden to Mediter-
ranean and north Africa, Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde
Islands and Azores, apparently to east Siberia and Corea,''
and it has been said that it is replaced by allied forms in
China, America, and " apparently also Ceylon/'

In the B. O. U. List (p. 245) apparently only one form is
recognised, as the distribution covers the whole area, in-
cluding China and Ceylon, though it is added : " Various
races have been recognised/'

We find the view of the Hand-list correct, and Seebohm
in his ' Geogr, Distr. of the Charadriidse ' has first correctly
separated the races, which are as follows : —

1. Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus L.

Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i.
p. 150 (1758— Egypt).

Charadrius canlianus Latham, Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixvi
(1801— Kent).

For further synonyms see Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv.
pp. 275-276.

Wing in both sexes about 106-115 and not rarely even
118 and (once) 119 mm. Bill generally about 14-15 mm.,
hardly ever longer.

Breeds from the southern coasts of England, south Sweden,

528 Ernst Hartert and Annie C. Jackson :

Denmark and Riigen, to the Mediterranean, Canary Islands,
Madeira, Cape Verde Islands and Azores, in North Africa
as far as the salt-swamps of the northern Sahara (Bledet-
Ahmar, south o£ Touggourt), absent from north Russia, but
throughout central Asia to Korea. — On migration to tropical
Africa and Cape Colony, in India, as far as Ceylon, Japan,
southern China and Formosa, the Natunas islands, the
Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.

Text-figure 7.

A. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus.

B. C. a. ale.vandrinus. C. C. a. seehohmi.

2. Charadrius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinhoe,
yEffialites dealbatus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1870, p. 138 ("south coast of China, including Formosa
and Hainan'^).

Differs from C. a. alexandrinus in its considerably stouter
and longer bill. According to Swinhoe and Seebohm the
legs are of a pale flesh-colour, but the labels written by Alan
Owston's Japanese collectors do not bear this out, as they
describe the legs and feet as blackish slate and mouse-grey,
i.e., the same as in the European form. Robert Hall says:
'♦ Pale bluish slate, front of tarsus pale fleshy cream-
colour."

Notes on some Waders. 529

Wing about 109-115, exceptionally as long as 123 mm.
Bill generally 16-17*5 mm.

This form is resident in south China, Hainan, Formosa,
the Riukiu (Loo-Choo) Islands, and Japan, at least as far
north as Yokohama, where in winter C. a. alexandrinus
occurs as well. In the British Museum is a specimen from
Amherst in Burma; also a female from Zaidam in central
Asia belongs to this race.

Sharpe (Cat. B. Brit. j\Ius. xxiv. p. 279) refused to
recognise this form, because some Chinese birds had as dark
legs as European ones, but he overlooked the one dis-
tinguishing character, i.e., the huge bill, and apparently also
the fact that C. a. alexandrinus migrates in winter into the
area of C. a. dealbatus.

3. Charadrius alexandrinus seebohmi, noui. no v.
Charadrius cantianus minutus (nee Charadrius minutus

Pallas, 1827 I) Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadriidae, p. 169
(1887 — " Southern shores of the Red Sea, and island of
Ceylon").

Considerably smaller than C. a. alexandrinus and C. a.
dealbatus. Wing only 101-105, bill 12-13-5 mm. Un-
fortunately Seebohm^s name is antedated by Pallas' Chara-
drius minutus, and we therefore propose a new name for
the smallest race of the Kentish Plover, the type-specimen
being an adult male in the Tring Museum from Aripo in
north Ceylon, collected March 4, 1869_, by E. Holdsworth.

The distribution of this race is not yet clear to us. It is
resident in Ceylon, where it nests. Besides Ceylonese birds,
some from Massaua (Red Sea) and Somaliland in the
British Museum undoubtedly belong to the small race. A
female from Sokotra, considered by Sharpe to belong to it
(Cat, B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 282), appears to be doubtful
(wing 108), and we do not admit the west African specimen
to be of this race.

4. Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus (Cass.).

jEgialitis nivosus Cassin, Baird's B. N. America, p. 696
(1858— California).

530 Ernst Hartert and Aunie C. Jackson :

This form appears to agree in all essential characters with
C. alexandrinus, except in the complete absence of the black
loral line. We agree therefore -with Seebohm in treating it
as a subspecies o£ the latter.

It inhabits the western United States of North America
and migrates far south into South America.

iii. What is " ^Egialitts homeyeri'' Brehm?
In 1855, Vogelfang, p. 283, C. L. Brehm described

A. homeijeri, saying that it had a long black beak, the size
oiA. hiaticula, the markings of A. dubius, hnt a greyish rust-
vellow crown. The description has not been quoted in Cat.

B. Brit. Mus xxiv. p. 259, but only the nomen nudum in
the Naumannia, 1855, with a query. Examining the type
of ^. homeyeri, now in the Tring Museum, we find it is a
Charadrius hiaticula with the head of a C. alexandrinus
skilfully sown on. It is labelled as coming from the island
of RUgeu in the Baltic.

iv. On Charadrius collaris.

In looking over the series of this species in the Tring
Museum, we were struck by the different sizes of the various
specimens, and it became clear that all the northern ex-
amples, i. e., from Central America, Bonaire Island, Vene-
zuela, British Guiana, and the Rio Madeira in Brazil, formed
the small race, while those from southern Brazil to the
Argentine Republic were considerably larger. Therefore
the two races should be separated.

The larger race was first named by Vieillot in 1817 from
Azara, who described it from Paraguay. C. azarce Temm.
is based on the same description and, therefore, a pure
svnonytri. C larvatus appears to be also a synonym, being
based on a specimen brought home by Delalande, who seems
to have collected in south-east Brazil only ; moreover, it is
said to be of the size of the Little Ringed Plover, Avhich
applies certainly better to the big race than the small one.
Tiie first description of the small form is that by Cabanis,
who in 1872 named it JEt/ialitis yrarilis. The northern

Notes on some Waders. 531

form must therefore be called Charudrius collaris yracUis,
and the synonymy of the two forms is as follows : —

1. Charadrius collaris collaris Vieill.

Charudrius collaris VieiJlot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.
xxvii. p. 136 (1817 — Based on the " Mbatuitui collar negro ^'
of Azara from Paraguay).

Charadrius azarai Teraminck, PI. Col. 184 (1823— based
ou the same bird, no. 392 of Azara from Paraguay).

Charadrius larvatus Lesson, Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 318 (1828
— Brazil, Delalande coll.).

The wing measures 102 (once 101) to 105 mm.

This form inhabits southern South America from Ai'gen-
tina to Paraguay, also the province of Rio de Janeiro
(Marami)aya, batterer coll. in the British jNIuscum) and
the Rio Pilcomayo, and extends to Cosnipata in Peru.

2. Charadrius collaris gracilis (Cab.).

jEgialitis gracilis Cab;inis, Journ. f. Orn. 1872, p. 158
( Tehuantepec).

Wing: 87-.5-97 mm.

Inhabits Central America and northern South America,
where the two forms appear to overlap, though further
evidence is required whether this takes place in the breeding-
season. There are, however, in the British Museum
specimens from as far south as Iquitos and Chamicuros in
Pern, and one from Cosnipata a{)pears also to belong to it,
others from Kio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil, and from
Matto Grosso. In the whole of north Brazil only the small
race occurs, as well as in Guiana.

V. On Charadrius dubius.
As in the case of C. alexandrinus there are several races,
which cannot be overlooked, but they are closely allied and
obscured in collections by the northern migrants, which
often stray into the areas inhabited by their tropical allies.
While the former ones are mighty ^vanderers, the latter are
resident, as is evidently the case with C. alexandrinus., and
indeed most tropical birds.

532 Ernst Hartert and Annie C. Jackson :

The small " tropical " race (not a good name, because
C. duhius dubius is also tropical) is very close to C. dubius
curojiicus and not easy to recognise in skins, though
apparently better in life, but the large-billed C. d. dubius is
easily separable from (7. dubius cwonicus, though it seems
that nobody has called attention to it.

1. Charadrius dubius dubius Scop,

Petit Pluvier a collier dc I' Isle de Lucon Sonnerat, Voyage
Nouv. Guin. p. 84, pi. 46 (1776— Luzon. The plate
clearly shows the large bill).

Charadrius {dubius) Scopoli, Del. Faunse et Flora; Insubr.
ii. p. 93 (1786 — ex Sonnerat, 1. c, Luzon).

Charadrius ])hilipjnnus Latham, Index Orn. ii. p. 745
(1790 — ex Sonnerat, 1. c, Philippine Is.).

Hecognisable at a glance, when series are compared, by
the long and strong bill. The culmen, from the end of the
feathering, measures 14-15*6, the wing 109-116 and even
118 mm.

This race breeds and is resident on the Philippine Islands,
in Hainan, Formosa, and appai'ently parts of south China,
and it occurs sometimes on the Japanese Islands.

2. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gm.

Ein Regcnpfeifer Beseke, Schriften d. Ges. naturf. Freunde
Berlin, vii. p. 463 (1776 — Kurland = " Courland ^' ; the
description is reproduced in Beseke, Vogel Kurlands, p. 66,
1792).

Charadrius curonicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. 2, p. 692
(1789 — "Habitat in Curonia." Ex Beseke, I.e.).

Charadrius minor Wolf & Meyer, Vog. Deutschl. Heft xv.
(1805 — New name for C. curonicus and fluviutilis : cf. Meyer
& Wolf, Taschenb. d. deutsch. Vogelk. p. 324).

Charadrius fluviatilis Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg.
Deutschl. iv. p. 422 (1809 — Also new name for C. cwonicus).

Charadrius minutus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 145
(1827 — " In aquosis deserti Barabeusis rarius occurrit," i. e.,
Barabinski Steppes, Tomsk Gouvernement, W. Siberia).

Notes on some Waders. 533

Charadrius pusillus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,
xiii. p. 187 (1821 — Java. The type, a female, is evidently a
migrant of the palsearctic race).

? Charadrius hiaticuloides Franklin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1831, p. 125 (Ganges).

Charadrius intermedins Menetries, Cat. E-ais. Caucasus,
p. 53 (1832— Lenkoran).

Charadrius zonatus Swainson, B. W. Afr. ii. p. 235, pi. xxv.
(1837 — Senegal or Gambia).

t HiaticuJa simplex Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus.
Berolin. p. 94 (1854 — E. India ! Nomen nudum !).

(For other synonyms see Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiv. pp. 266,
267.)

Quite like A. d.dubius, but the bill smaller, less powerful,
about 11"8-14"5 mm. ; wing 111-119 and even 123 mm.

Nesting in the greater portion of Europe, in north-west
Africa north of the Sahara, on the North Atlantic Islands,
and through northern and central Asia appai'ently to east
Siberia and Japan. Winters in Africa, India, and on the
Sunda Islands.

3. Charadrius dubius jerdoni (Legge).

? Charadrius hiaticuloides Franklin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1831, p. 125 (Ganges).

1 Hiaticula simplex Lichtenstein, Nomencl. A v. Mus.
Berolin. p. 94 (1854 — E. India ! Nomen nudnm !)

jEgialitis jerdoni Legge, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880,
p. 39 (Ceylon and Central India).

This form, though recognised by Legge, Seebohm, Sal-
vadori, Hume, and others, is not easy to separate from
C. d. curonicus, but it cannot be ignored. It is generally
smaller, the wings measuring from 103-112 and even 114 or
115 mm., the black frontal line is narrower and sometimes
quite absent, and — according to most authors — the base of
the lower mandible, which is only pale brown or yellow in
C. d. curonicus, is invariably bright yellow in adult birds ; it
is also said that the eyelid is more developed and of a bright
yellow. The distribution is not easy to define, but it seems

53 i Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

that this form inhabits India and is also found ia Borneo
and New Guinea. Specimens with larger dimensions from
India are apparently migrants from the north, but in view
of the great individual variation in size of these Little
Plovers, one cannot always be sure about single winter birds
from tropical India.

vi. On Tringa ochropus.

It has recently been suggested that the eastern and
western forms of the Green Sandpiper are separable, the
latter being lighter and smaller. We cannot confirm this;
neither can we see the slightest difference in colour, nor
is the supposed eastern form larger; on the contrary, we
find more large specimens among western .birds — apart from
a giant from the Amambara Creek, Niger, W. Africa — than
among the eastern ones, but the majority show the same
dimensions.

We must therefore regard Tringa ochropus assami Mathews
(Austral. Av. Rec. i. p. 188, 1913, Assam, and B. Austr. iii.
]). 203) as a synonym of T. ochropus.

XXVI. — Notes on the Ornithologij of the Matopo District,
Southern Rhodesia. Part II. * By L. Beresford
Mouritz, M.B.O.U., M.S.A.O.U.

(Text-figure 8.)

118. j Eiparia cincta. Banded Sand-Martin.

An uncommon summer visitor, and very local in its
distribution. I first met with tliis Sand-Martin in the
district on November 30, 1910, when four or five were
flitting about some old shafts and trenches between the
Northern Star and Kimono Mines. In 1912 I saw one,
flying in company with two Rufous-breasted Swallows, close
to the Terminus Hotel, on January 21, and again met with
it in this locality on March 10, whilst at the end of January
I met with the species again on Lucydale farm. These
* For Part I. see ' Ibis,' 1915. pp. 18.5-216.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 535

latter birds I had under observation throughout February
and March, and have no doubt they nested in the vicinity.
One was invariably to be found perclied on a bare thorn-
bush close to a sandy patch, where there were innumerable
springhaas' and ant-bears' holes. I think this bird must
have been a male watching over his sitting mate, but in
spite of very careful searchings and continual watching, the
bird refused to give away the site of its nest. It would
simply flit lazily about, to and fro, uttering very occasionally
a soft " zwit" and returning promptly each time to its perch
upon my retreat. The latest date which I have of this
migrant's occurrence is April 27, when I noticed a small
party, including two or three Hirundo puella, flying in a
north-westerly direction at sunset.

119. Riparia fuligula anderssoni. Damaraland Rock-
Martin.

Ptyonoprogne anderssoni (Sharpe & Wyatt) ; Scl. ii.
p. 288.

Within the hills, common in certain localities and often
breeding in large colonies ; also sometimes found in lesser
numbers in more or less isolated spots. Only occurring to
my knowledge at Matjanyoni and the contiguous kopjes on
the surrounding veld. Whether it is a resident with us or
not I am unable to say, but in 1912 I met with it from
February to August ; after the middle of June, however, their
numbers appeared to be greatly diminished. At any rate,
there is little doubt that it is subject to considerable local
movement. The birds nesting beyond the hills proper {e.g.,
the colony on La Concord farm) probably leave their exposed
nesting localities to winter in the more sheltered valleys
within the hills. According to my observations, by far the
majority of the birds which nested around Matjanyoni left
on or about March 24 ; although for two months after-
wards there were a few stragglers there raising belated
broods, but my notes from then until August are confined
to the hills proper. Eventually, this Rock-Martin will
probably prove to be found throughout the year in the

536 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

Matopos, as was noted to be tlie case in Damaraland by
Andersson. A breeding female sbot on the 7th of February
was infested with small ticks on the crown, and, although
referable to the present species (the underside immediately
distinguishing it from the southern darker form), it differed
materially from Sclater's description. The upperside was
hardly "pale mouse-colour/' but intermediate in this respect
between R. fuligula and R. anderssoni. Another important
difference was in the tail ; the four centre rectrices
and the two outermost were immaculate, leaving only six
feathers with white on the inner webs. The under tail-
coverts were darker than the breast and edged with greyish,
and the longest reached within 3 mm. of the end of the
central rectrices. Upper mandible black ; lower black also,
but lighter at the base ; iris brown ; legs and feet light
brown. This specimen measured 121*5 mm. in length ;
wing lirS ; tail 50'25 ; tarsus 11*5, and culmen 7.

In the case of the nesting colony, on ]\Iatjanyoni kopje,
visited in February, the nests seemed to be all placed in
precipitous and inaccessible places. In one case they were
situated on ledges of rock inside a large cavity ; and in
another, on a ledge beneath a huge mass of overhanging
granite and above a steep wall of rock, whilst there were
also nests in smaller cavities on the other side of the kopje.
Nesting colonies within the hills are situated on Makalan-
yoni, Mshingili, Pomomwi, Inengwe Ranges, etc. During
the nesting-season these Martins seem to hang around
their chosen spots very much, and may be seen flying
round and round, up and down and over the kopje (in
well-defined routes), snapping up insect-life on their way ;
or they may be observed flitting lazily about higher in
the air over the top of the kopje ; at other times they
love to rest secure in some small irregularity of surface ou
the faces of the larger masses of granite, basking in the rays
of the rising or setting sun — every now and again taking
a short circuitous flight only to return to the same spot.
Later in the year this Martin frequents the streams more,
and may often be noted over reaped and other lands.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 537

120. J Hirundo griseopyga. Grej'-rumped Swallow.

I observed a pair of these rare Swallows on January 2b,
1912, oil Lucy dale farm.

121. J Hirundo dimidiata. Pearl-breasted Swallow.

The little Pearl-breasted Swallow is also rare ; but I
noticed it at Fortusher in 1908, at the World's View in
June 1911, and twice in August 1912, on Mineral King-
farm and close to Bedza.

122. J Hirundo rustica. European Swallow.

Sind. ^^nkonjani,'^ a terra also apjdicable to Bee-eaters,
as well as other species of Swallows.

A very common summer visitor, which in 1912 occurred
as late as April 24, when a small party journeying north-
wards passed over Lucydale. In February, there were
movements going on amongst our Swallows. On the
morning of the 7th, I noticed scores at dawn all perched on
mealie stalks in an old cultivation, and, from their lassitude,
evidently travellers — our full complement of birds being
scattered about the country as usual. On the 21st, I noticed
again several small parties of fifty or sixty which were
evidently on migration. The main body of our local birds
left for northern climes between the 12th and 15th of
March.

123. X Hirundo cucullata. Larger Stripe-breasted Swallow.
I noticed this large Swallow in January and March 1912

on Lonsdale farm, but later looked elsewhere for it in
vain.

124. X Hirundo puella. Smaller Stripe-breasted Swallow.
The peregrinations of this Swallow call for some comment.

The Smaller Stripe-breasted Swallow is a migrant, which,
after breeding with us in great numbers, departs towards
the end of February, and although many remain after the
main body have gone, these latter also appear to leave before
the end of March. It would appear, however, that a few
individuals must winter in specially sheltered spots, as the

4 March.

28 „

31 „

27 April.

2 June.

18 August.

22 „

538 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

promptitude with wliicli this Swallow will appear in winter,
directly we get some mild weather, is marvellous. The
natives say that they hibernate in holes, but of course this
cannot be taken seriously. The following excerpts from
my 1912 diary bearing upon occurrences after the breeding
season are of interest : —

Although the great majority liave left, there are still a few

remaining here and there.
Several still aljout.
One.
A small party of these Swallows and RIparia ciiicta flying

N.W. at sunset.
A solitary one in Matondo's valley.

Solitary one flitting about lethargically on Makalanyoni.
A party of ten at Inengwe flying in company with two or

three Rock-Martins. It is curious to remark the sudden

advent of these Swallows directly the hot weather

starts
28 ,, A pair round Inungii.

1 Sept. Two close to the Terminus Hotel.

3 „ Two round Njongi, flitting lazily about.

Unfortunately I left the district three days later ; but
there seems little doubt that the concluding notes herald
the arrival of the breeding birds. In the nesting season
this Swallow is practically confined to the kopje-country,
and therein they affix their tunnel-entranced, mud-con-
structed nests to some overhanging rock or to the roof of a
cave. Usually gregarious, single pairs not infrequently nest
away from the main bodies, and I have found solitary nests
in most unexpected places — in fact, practically anywhere,
from the top of a kopje to its base, some being placed out of
reach, whilst others were only a few inches or feet from the
ground. The main bodies, however, almost invariably nest
in inaccessible situations. The nest itself, in addition to
its smaller size, may readily be distinguished from that of
H. cucullata by the diminutiveness of the "dagga" pellets,
and the consequent smoother general appearance. In
common with those of its congeners, the nests are lined
with feathers. The inaccessibility of the nesting-'sites

Ornltholvgy of the Maiopo District. 539

favoured by this Swallow ensure successful rearing' of
broods, and the number of young and old birds ready
for migration in February is astounding. On such occasions
I have noticed many H. rustlca flying in their company,
but observed tliat, whereas on resting, these resorted
to trees, H. puella evidently preferred rocks.

125. Hirundo semirufa. Rufous-breasted Swallow.

The Red-breasted Swallow, unlike the last species, prefers
the open country to the hills, and is a plentiful summer
visitor with us. I noticed it on November 30, 1910,
August 6, 1911, and from January 16 to May 27, 1912.
The migrations of this Swallow seem to coincide with those
of H. puella, and one has the same difficulty in accounting
for their appearances during the dry season. In 1912, the
majority left on or aboiit February 28, but there were
stragglers present up to tlie 29th of the following month,
and I even took fresh eggs as late as the 1st of March. The
occurrence of one at Bedza in May was exceptional. I found
no less than seven nests of this Swallow, and all were iu
aut-bears' holes. The following are the data : —

Locality: Liicydale farm.

Alt. 4350 feet.

8 February

, 1912.

C/.3

Incubation advanced.

9

c/3

Ditto.

11

c/3

Fresh.

15

c/3

Hatched.

16

c/3

Fresh.

20

c/3

Incubation very advanced,

1 March, 1912.

c/2 .

Fresh. (2nd laying.)

The eggs were in every case pure white, and showed
a minimum length of 22 x l(r5 mm. and a maximum of
24'5 X 15*5 mm. over the series.

The nest of this Swallow is attached to the roof of the
hole, and is usually beyond reaching distance from the
surface — every nest which [ found had to be dug out.
Although the nest is usually attached to a flat surface, it is
nevertheless built to fit inequalities upon occasion. A nest

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 o

540 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

which I measured up, gave the following dimensions and

weighed several pounds : —

inches.

Length over all 16

Entrance neck, inside 1| X H

„ „ above, length 5^

„ „ helow, „ 3i

Bottom of entrance neck to roof of hole 3i

Average thickness of the clay 1|

Except that of the neck, which was f

And that of the nest bottom, which was . . 1
Greatest thickness of clay (at entrance rear of

nest) 3

Distance from surface to entrance of nest .... 36

These particulars give some idea of the birds' industry.
Amongst the clay there were numerous small bits of stone,
and a lot of silicious black " dagga.^' The entrance neck
was stained throughout with the birds' droppings, and the
nest itself was very dirty beneath the feather lining — this is
confined to the rear half of the chamber, the bare space in
front probably being used for roosting purposes by one of the
birds. Eight at the bottom of the nest, between the featlier
lining and clay shell, a few strips of coarse grass are usually
laid. On the 25th of January I shot a female, dug up and
destroyed a nest close to the river, but found it incom-
plete, the birds being still engaged in the finishing touches
of the feather lining. On Mcirch 1, I noticed Swallows at
this hole again, and found a new nest built and two eggs
already laid. The surviving cock had evidently procured
another mate, and the birds had built the second nest just
behind the remains of the destroyed one. From this I
deduce that the male Swallow is responsible for the selection
of the nesting site. 1 watched these birds some time before
approaching the nest, and noticed that when not seeking
food, the cock spends a lot of time perched on a convenient
spray, twitting to his sitting mate. Later, both birds went
oif together, but soon returned, bringing feathers to add
to the lining ; and this I noticed with other pairs^ they

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 541

evidently like to add fresh supplies as the original becomes
dirty and downtrodden. On arriving at their particular
hole, only one of the Swallows will enter at the time, and it
is pretty to watch the other remaining with flapping, quiver-
ing wings overhead, and keeping almost stationary even
against a strong wind.

If intruded upon at this juncture, the watchful bird will
utter a querulous alarm-note (totally different from their
usual twittering), but as a rule the bird below will remain
sitting. Generally speaking, especially after the young have
flown, Hirundo semirufa is more sluggish than the majority of
Swallows, and is usually to be found in pairs, keeping much
to themselves (a trait also shared by H, cucullata), except
perhaps sometimes in the evening, when couples may
occasionally be found congregated at a termite-feast or the
like. At other times, noticeably during the heat of the
early afternoon, 1 have noticed them perched on a sprig of
'^mimosa" — often a long way from water — remaining per-
fectly quiet and still, beyond preening a refractory feather
or two as occasion demands. A female shot on February 8
measured 203 mm. ; wing 123, tail 118, tarsus 15, and
culmen 16 mm. Iris dusky brown ; bill black ; legs and
feet dark lilac-brown. The four centre rectrices were
immaculate, leaving only eight with the large white spots
on the inner webs. Another female caught on the nest in
February had the two centre rectrices only immaculate, the
next two with very small white spots, and the rest with large
spots. These variations are probably due to age, and the
same may possibly be found to be the case also with Rij)aria
fuligula anderssoni {vide supra).

126. X Delichon urbica. House-Martin.

Chelidon urbica (Linn.) ; Scl. ii. p. 278.

The House-Martin occurs on its migrations, bat I have
only notes of its occurrence from March 12 to April 2.
On one occasion I saw several in company with many
Hirundo rustica and Riparia cincta.

2o2

542 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

127. Bradornis pallidus nmrinus. JNIouse-coloured Fly-
catcher.

Bradyornis murinus Finscli & Hartl. ; Scl. ii. p. 239.
Uncommon ; and, I think, more often seen during the
cold months than at any other time.

128. Bradornis griseus. Reichenow's Flycatcher.

There is a specimen in the Albany Museum collected by
R. Williams in the Matopos (Annals Transvaal Mus. vol. ii.
1910, p. 150).

129. Sigelus silens. Fiscal Flycatcher.
Tarsiger silens (Shaw); Scl. ii, p. 219.

This species is a rare bird with us, but I have seen or
procured specimens at Pomomwi, Njonga, Situku, and
Gwenu ranges within the hills, and it is probable that it will
eventually be found in other localities.

130. X Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher.

This migrant from Europe is an uncommon summer
visitor with us.

131. Hyliota rhodesise. Rhodesia Flycatcher.

Hylioia rhodesm llaagncr, Journ. S. Afr. Orn. Union,
vi. 1910, p. 14.

The type from the Matopos is in the Albany Museum,
and was collected by R. Williams.

This Flycatcher has the distinct characteristic of a broad
white bar across the outer tail-feathers (Annals Transvaal
Mus. vol. ii. 1910, p. 150).

132. Batis sp.

On June 24, 1912, and subsequently I met with a species
of this genus which at first sight appeared, on account of
its rufous flanks and wing-coverts, referable to the Cape
bird — B. capensis. It was, however, considerably smaller
than the common B. molitor ; because of this, and also on
account of its orange-red irides, I am led to believe that it
may eventually prove to be identical with Mr. Swynnerton's
B. erythropfdhalma (Ibis, 1908, p. 93.) These Flycatchers

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 543

used to frequent daily a large '^'umkuna^^ which was
growing at the entrance of our cave, and were always
very tame.

133. t Batis molitor. White-flanked Flycatcher.
Pachi/prora molitor (Hahn & Kiist.) ; Scl. ii. p. 255.

A more or less common species throughout the district.

134. I Campephaga nigra. Black Cuckoo-Shrike.

The Black Cuckoo-Shrike is but seldom seen, but I
noticed an individual on September 1, which at first
I mistook for Dicrurus ludwigi ; but the extreme squareness
of the tail, different note, and unapproachable manner at
length led to its correct identification.

135. X Prionops talacoma. South African Helmet- Shrike.
Fairly common, but hardly numerous. These peculiar

birds procure a considerable amount of their food on the
ground, but when flushed, invariably resort to trees with
a soft " clicking " sound — evidently produced by the
mandibles. At other times they may be found fluttering
through the scrub from bush to bush, and allowing a close
approach. In the evening, however, they resort to the
larger timber, and I have found them roosting in such trees
as the " umkamba," " umpumpu," "■ umngawe,'^ etc. I once
noticed a party of seven in open grassland flying a yard or
so, settling for a few seconds, flying forward again, and
they repeated these curious gambols for some hundreds
of yards.

136. Sigmodus retzii. Black Helmet-Shrike.

The Black Helmet-Shrike is not uncommon, but never
occurs other than in small parties of four or five, and the
species is practically confined to the hills. These birds ai-e
much shyer than Prionops, and are not readily noticeable
during the summer months on account of the screening
foliage, but from May onwards they are more in evidence.

137. } Nilaus brubrn. Brubru Bush- Shrike.
Uncommon and somewhat local. 1 noticed several in

June 1912 ; I also saw one close to Fortusher in 1908.

544 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

138. t Pomatorhynchus australis. Three- streaked Busli-
Shrike.

Telephonus australis (Smith) ; Scl. ii. p. 22.
Uncommon, except within the hills where it is more
plentiful.

139. X Pomatorhynchus senegalus. Black-crowned Bush-
Shrike.

Telephonus senegalus (Linn.) ; Scl. ii. p. 19.

Sind. " umgabane " or *' ukupane/' also applied to the
previous species.

More numerous within the hills than on the surround-
ing veld, and often found in kopjes ; it also delights
in frequenting the larger ''dwalas." A male shot
February 7 measured 223 mm. in length ; wing 82'5, tail
113'5, tarsus 29, and culmen 20 mm. Irides light bluish-
grey ; bill blackish, merging into pale bluish-horn at tip and
gonys ; legs and feet bluish-grey.

140. Chlorophonus sp.

On several occasions in August 1912 I met with some
Bush-Shrikes round the base of Mshingili and Mawa in
" isiqwalapa,'^ but I did not succeed in procuring a specimen.
They were about seven or eight inches in length and were
greenish-yellow above, including head and tail, and bright
yellow below, merging into deep orange on the breast and
throat, I noticed particularly that there was no yellow on
the forehead. These Shrikes appeared to be C. olivaceus or
a closely allied species ; but the Olive Bush-Shrike, although
recently recorded as far north as Chirinda in southein
Melsetter by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, has not yet been
found at any distance westward.

141. Laniaritis major. Large Puff-back Shrike.
Dryoscopus guttatus Hartl. ; Scl, ii. p. 28.

These Shrikes are by no means rare birds within the hills,
where they love to frequent such situations as the
bush-covered banks of the Malemi River — below the
Msliingili-Malamba Gorge. All the adult examples which I
have examined have had the underparts well shaded with

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 545

pink. The varied notes of tliis bird, together with its better
known " duet-calls," are among the more familiar of our
avian sounds.

142. J Laniarius atrococcineus. Crimson-breasted Bush-
Shrike.

Sind. " isikwe ^' (vide post. Euplectes ocanthomelas) or
" ibilibomvu.*'

I have frequently heard of the occurrence of this Shrike,
but have not noticed it personally. It will probably be
found on the southern and western slopes of the hills if
anywhere, as it is a common bird in the Mangwe district.

143. X Malaconotus olivaceus starki. Southern Grey-
headed Bush-Shrike.

Laniarius starki Scl. ; Scl. ii. p. 41.

The '"' Spookvogel," as this Shrike is called by the Dutch,
is a rare bird ; I have only noticed it close to the Terminus
Hotel, June 11, 1911, and August 13, 1912.

144. I Lanius coUaris. Fiscal Shrike.
Sind. '' iquola."

Resident and not uncommon. I think this Shrike is,
however, addicted to local movements at times. A nest
found on the 26th of January contained three eggs of the
closely-freckled pinkish type, which measured from 23 to
25 mm. in length, and 17"75 to 18*25 mm. in width The
pink ground-colour of these eggs, when fresh, soon fades to
a buffy-cream colour. The site chosen was in a low stunted
"ilipana^' tree in open mimosa-strewn country, and was
placed about three feet from the ground. The nest was a
somewhat flimsy structure of various coarse grasses, lined
with very fine grass, but " white-ants " had got into the
structure, so that the eggs had been pushed up by their
workings until the cup had almost disappeared. The female,
as is the wont of this, at other times, bold bird, slunk off,
dropping down the tree for about two feet, and then flying
off low to perch in the top of a tree about sixty yards away,
where it remained a long time before venturing back. The
undulating flight of this Shrike is usually low, and only

546 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

from busli to bush, but occasionally I have noticed it
mount up in the air to a considerable height. Drongos
are arch-enemies of the Fiscal, and I have seen one steal
an impaled caterpillar from a Shrike's larder ; it was
immediately given chase to^ but, after dodging about through
several trees, the Drongo succeeded in eluding further
pursuit, whilst the Fiscal mounted up into the air to some
height before returning to its perch on a neighbouring tree,
where, with a good view over its remaining delicacies, it could
incidentally regain its ruffled temper.

145. t Lanius minor. Lesser Grey Shrike.

A summer visitor and not uncommon. Latest date on
which seen, April 24.

146. ^ Lanius collurio. Red -backed Shrike.

A numerous summer visitor, usually departing for
northern climes about the middle of April, but in 1908 I
noticed it at Fortusher as late as May 28.

147. t Urolestes melanoleucus. Long-tailed Shrike.
Sind, " itjilobe/'

I have not met with this Shrike personally, but am
informed that it occurs in the mopani-tracts on the
surrounding veld to the south.

148. Corvus scapulatus. Pied Crow.

Whilst at Fortusher I found this Crow present in small
numbers between May and September, and 1 also noticed it
in August 1911, but I do not appear to have any notes of
its occurrence during 1912. The Pied Crow is addicted to
local movements however, and, I think, the birds occurring
in this district spend the greater part of the year around
the abbatoirs and streets of Bulawayo.

149. Heterocorax capensis. African Rook.
Corvus capensis Licht. ; Scl. i. p. 14.

A not uncommon resident of the surrounding veld, but
only occasionally seen within the hills, and then confining
its attentions to the cultivated valleys. 1 have seen as many
as twenty together in old mealie^lands, but it is usually seen
onlv in threes or fours,

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 54<7

150. Corvultur albicoUis. White-necked Raven,,
Sind. " lihwabai" or " ingwababa."

The White-necked Raven is resident and common, and at
the same time one of our most noticeable birds. Although
usually found in pairs, it is often gregarious when feeding
on a carcase or other food, whilst parties may sometimes be
noticed flying at a good height towards sunset, evidently, from
their direction, returning from feeding grounds beyond the
hills — reminding cue forcibly of Rooks coming home to
roost in the Old Country.

This Raven spends a lot of its time early in the wet
season, whnn the crops are sprouting, on the lands of the
neighbouring farmers; but, although certainly guilty of
some harm, it is not nearly so destructive in this respect as
the francolins, ducks and doves, whilst it often mitigates
its crimes by devouring countless grubs, harmful to the crops.

151. t Dicrurus afer. Fork-tailed Drongo.
Sind. " sontengu " (Chubb).

This Drongo was quite numerous in the " isiqwalapa "
around Fortusher from May to September 1908 ; but in
1912 1 did not notice this usually plentiful species until after
the middle of March. Later in the year however it was
common enough within the hills.

152. t Oriolus notatus. Andersson's Oriole.

This Oriole is a rare bird with us, and I have only seen it
on one or two occasions during the wet season. It shoidd
be looked for in the larger timber, within the thick foliage
of which it is an adept at hiding ; it is very hard to observe
satisfactorily.

153. + Oriolus larvatus. Black -headed Oriole.

Rather common on the surrounding veld, but more
plentiful in the hills.

154. Creatophora carunculatus. Wattled Starling.
Dilophus caruiiculatus (Gmel.) ; Scl. i. p. 23.

An immature specimen noticed on May 6, in company
with the " Makwezi,'^ Lamprocolius sycobius, on Vriegevicht
farm is my only record.

548 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

155. I Cinnyricinclus verreauxi. Plum-coloured Starling.
Pholidavges leucogaster verreauxi Boc. ; Scl. i. p. 44.

A not nncommon visitor, departing for its nesting-grounds
about the middle of May. The old birds are generally
rather sliy, but at the same time I have noticed them
greedily devouring pepper-berries in the immediate vicinity
of habitations. The sexes rarely consort together during
their stay with us, although towards the end of March, or in
the first week of April, those flocks which have not departed,
appear to break up, and I think in many cases pairing takes
place before they set out for their breeding haunts.

A young male shot on February 7 was in rather an interest-
ing stage of transitional plumage. All but the first three
primaries on each wing showed traces of metallic colora-
tion ; outer greater wing-coverts metallic throughout and
the inner brown ; median wing-coverts brown except where
the moulted ones had given place to semi-grown metallic
feathers ; lesser wing-coverts mostly mottled except for a
few on each wing ; scapulars — some metallic on the left wing
only ; a patch of seven or eight metallic feathers on the
back (where present in the adult female) ; two or three higher
up at side ; a good many metallic feathers amid upper tad-
coverts ; one of the centre rectrices wholly metallic ; two
or three metallic feathers on each side of the neck ; one on
the throat ; several outer under wing-coverts metallic at
bases and mottled brown and white at tips. On March yO,
1912, I shot a male in full plumage, which, in lacking the
three-quarter white outer web to the outermost feathers of
the tail, was evidently referable to the northern Cinnyricinclus
leucogaster — not previously recorded from southern Africa.

156. :j: Lamprocolius phoenicopterus bispecularis. Lesser
Ked-shouldered Glossy Starling.

Common, and evidently resident.

157. J Lamprocolius chalybeus sycobius. Peters' Glossy
Starling.

Lamprocolius sycobius Licht. ; Scl. i. p. 41.

Siud. " ikvvczi/' a term also applied to the last species.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 549

Apparently resident and common, but owing to the
similarity and consequent confusion between this and the
last species, I have been unable to succeed in working out
the correct status of either.

158. Amydrus morio. Red-winged Starling.

This Starling, although essentially a hill bird, invariably
roosting therein, is constantly met with in foraging
parties on the surrounding veld and foot-hills. These birds
seem to feed principally in the early morning and late
afternoon, and during the heat of the day are usually to be
found round the higher kopjes, either perched on the top of a
rock, or flying backwards and forwards in parties along the
ranges, making the air ring with their peculiar musical
whistle. The Red-winged Starling is a great pest where
fruit is grown, but on the other hand devours large quantities
of insects and their larvae. For a nesting site, a small ledge
or cranny on a krantz is chosen, and the eggs are therefore
in many cases extremely hard to procure.

159, X Sporopipes squamifrons. Scaly-feathered Weaver.
Sind. " isoiihlaga.'^

Undoubtedly our commonest bird in the open veld, but
not found within the hills proper, although it occasionally
wanders into some of the valleys on the fringes. It
delights in the thorn-veld however, and in many cases is
so plentiful that dozens of nests may be found within a very
small radius. This Weaver is undoubtedly double-brooded,
and, roughly speaking, laying commences in October
and continues until May, while the second brood starts
in February. In 1912 large numbers had flocked by
March 21, but many others were still tied down by the cares
of nidification, and I noticed them collecting nesting
material as late as the 12th of May. The height at which
nests are placed varies considerably, but a site about five or
six feet from the ground is chosen in most cases ; excep-
tionally, however, nests may be found as liigh as twelve to
fifteen feet and as low as a foot. The eggs vary considerably,
from the faintly marked grey and greenish type to the dark

550 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

brown, whilst an unusual variety has the dark brown
markings principally at the obtuse end — thus showing white
ground-colour. Eggs in my possession measure from 17*75
X 11-50 mm. (17-50 x 12*00 mm.) to 150 x 11-25 mm.

Immediately previous to the flocking noticed in March, I
found one or two nests containing young birds which had
evidently been left to starve. The nestling is covered with
greyish down.

160. } Anaplectes rubriceps. Red-headed Weaver.

The Red-headed Weaver is decidedly uncommon, but
nests in small numbers throughout the hills, and I have
only seen it during the summer. The rough, and apparently
loosely, but really strongly, constructed retort-shaped nests
may be found suspended from some drooping twig of the
majestic " umkamba," or other large tree, but I have never
seen more than two or three in any one locality. Occa-
sionally, new nests are built on to the previous year's
habitation, but this is unusual. This Weaver, in company
with the next, often breeds before attaining the adult
plumage.

161. J Ploceus velatus. Masked Weaver.
Hi/phanto7'ms velatus (Vieill.) ; Scl. i. p. 58.

Fairly common and presumably resident, but somewhat
locally distributed. I found colonies in January and March
(birds sitting) on the surrounding veld, while it must also
nest within the hills.

162. J Pyromelana orix sundevalli. Northern Red Bishop-
Bird.

This is a plentiful breeding species in all localities suited
to its habits. During a visit I made to the Dam in April
191 1, I noticed that a large colony, which had built their
nests amid the easily accessible bulrushes, had had them
ransacked by native herd-bojs, but, learning by experience,
the birds had built their second nests in an aquatic plant
growing in shallow water, which was at that time flowering,
and I saw a lot of nests placed within a few inches of the
Mater. On Lucydale I found these birds building " cock '■'

OrnithuJoyij of the Matupo District. 551

nests ill January, but tliey set about serious business early in
February, and on tlie 21st of that month I found a clutch of
four eggs among the rushes overhanging the water. There
were also several other nests in the vicinity. On the 29th I
found another colony, which had built in rushes over a dried-
up mud-hole at the head of a valley. These Finks are double-
brooded, and the old nests are perhaps used by some of the
first brood for roosting purposes, as I know they often stay
in the neighbourhood whilst their parents are rearing their
second brood, and, I fancy, not infrequently lend a hand in
feeding them. The second-brood nests are placed close at
hand. When one approaches a colony, all the birds (males
first) get very excited and move off a ievf yards, but they
soon return and show great uneasiness anent their eggs.
On one occasion, upon re-visiting a solitary nest — which
I had noticed five days previously, containing two eggs —
I found it deserted, and the eggs practically covered up with
mud and little stones. Within a few yards the birds were
busy with a fresh nest, which was, however, as yet in an
unfinished state. On previous occasions I have noticed that
both this species and Euplectes xanthomelas very quickly
forsake their nest and eggs, if interfered with. The eggs
vary considerably in size, and my series show a maximum of
22"50 mm. and a minimum of 17*25 mm. in length. Average
width 14 mm. Typical nests are strongly constructed of
coarse green grass lined with very fine grass, but very
exceptionally, feathers are also utilized for this purpose.
The nests are placed as a rule close to, or overhanging
water, and are usually built in aquatic vegetation, but on
one occasion I noticed an unfinished nest in a bush close to
a dry watercourse running between a kopje and " dwala."
In 1912 I first noticed young birds hatched on March 29,
and these showed white down on the neck, dorsal, and forearm
tracts. The breeding plumage of the male begins to change
in some cases by the 1st of April, but the majority are later.
The Red Bishop-Birds, as well as the Black-thighed species,
are very fond of green mealies and "^"^ amabele,^' and I have
noticed them, two or three on a cob at once, lustily pulling

552 Mr, L. B. Mmiritz on the

and rending it to pieces, keeping up the while a constant
chatter, and unless they are continually molested, they will
carry their depredations to an incredible extent.

163. J Euplectes xanthomelas. Black-thighed Bishop-Bird.
Pyromelana capensis xaathomelcena (Hiipp.) ; Scl. i. p. 133.
Sind. " isikwe."

Fairly common throughout, and even found on the ranges
well within the hills, where they are, if anything, more
numerous. Uncommon at Fortusher in 1908. Although
sometimes nesting along the rivers with, or close to the
colonies of the Red Bishop-Bird, I have noticed that this
species is more frequently found breeding away from water
in this district. In March I found it nesting in t;ill grasses
near the top of Mtaba mnyama. On November 30, 1910, I
noticed several males in full breeding plumage and others
in transitional ; whilst I have found them changing back
to their winter plumage as early as the 8th of March — the
majority, however, begin to show brown plumage about the
middle of April. This Bishop-Bird flocks in March or April,
and then resorts to the cultivated lands and, in company
with Kaffir Finks, Doves, etc., seems to devote as much time
as possible to the general assault on tiie mealies and corn,

164. Amadina erythrocephala. Red-headed Weaver-Finch.
This Weaver-Finch is a bird which I have seldom seen

here, and it will probably prove uncommon. Its ally —
A. fasciata, which occurs at Bulawayo — may also be found,
as I believe I saw an individual at the Kimono Mine in
November 1910.

165. J Pytelia melba. Southern Red-faced Weaver-Finch.

Common within the hills and fairly numerous on the sur-
rounding veld. On February 7, I found a pair gathering
nesting material and carrying it to an old scherm at an
uninhabited kraal, and later noticed it frequently gathering
feathers round onr kitchen.

166. X Estrilda astrild. Common Waxbill.

The Common Waxbill is a plentiful resident in the open
country — where it delights in the open grassland bordering

Orn}f/iolo(/y of the Mafopo District. 553

streams where there are rush-beds in which to roost at
nij;ht — hut I fouiul it a much rarer bird in the hills. I
have noticed it feeding in the meahe-lands in company with
the next species, and the quantity of noxious weed-seeds
which these little birds consume is incalculable.

167. Estrilda subflava. Orange-breasted VVaxbill.

The Orange-breasted Waxbill is common, but somewhat
locally distributed. Like so many of our smaller birds it is
evidently double-brooded, as I shot young birds in February,
when this Waxbill was found in the willow bushes along the
streams in small family parties, and towards the end of
March I noticed them in pairs ; but it was not until the
19th and 20th of April that I found nests. Altogether I
saw five nests with clutches of five eggs, two of four, and
many others incomplete. A clutch of three eggs found oti
the 19th was on the point of hatching. All these nests
were placed in rushes close to the water, except one
which was built in " black jack " and ten or fifteen yards
from water. This Waxbill favours the same situations as
the Red Fink for nesting purposes, and builds nests of
very much the same design and construction outwardly.
The nest is usually attached in four separate places, and
in each case is firmly bound to three or four rushes. The
domed nest is composed of fairly coarse grass and lined
with finer grass, and with a more or less copious addition
of feathers. One which I measured was 5 x 2| inches,
with a round entrance li inch in diameter; whilst a second
was 4^ X 3 inches with a 1 j inch entrance. In several nests
examined, the primary lining of fine grass was left pro-
truduig from the roof of the nest through the entrance, thus
forming a good porch.

When flushed, the sitting bird, almost invariably quickly
followed by its mate (which is somewhere hidden close at
hand, skulking in the rushes), flies away a short distance
uttering a soft plaintive twitter. Some nestlings examined
were very dark-skinned, and had three little patches of white
down on the head, spine, and rump. It is interesting to
compare this species with Pijromelana orisc in this respect.

554 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

the Bishop-Birds havings at practically the same age,
developed down as already remarked. The mouths of these
nestling Waxbills are peculiarly spotted, somewhat in the
same manner as those of Ortygospiza poJyzona, except that
the spots on the beak are hardly visible externally, and con-
sist of two black, with a central white one both on the upper
and lower mandible. The palate is also marked with seven
blackish spots arranged three on either side with the seventh
in between.

168. X Lagonosticta hrunneiceps. Little Ruddy Waxbill.
This is a rare Waxbill with us, but I obtained one of

several on Febi'uary 3, 1912, on Lonsdale Farm.

169. Lagonosticta rubricata. South- African Ruddy Wax-
bill.

Another rarity, and one which I have not noticed.
Mr. Chubb, however, records it from Mt. Silozi (Proc.
Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 1908, p. 62) with the remark : —
"This example is quite young, and judging from this it
seems probable that this species breeds here.''

170. I Lagonosticta jamesoni. Jameson's Ruddy Waxbill.
Common within the hills, frequenting the bases of kopjes,

but far less numerous in the open country. On the 24th of
March I shot one — an adult male — which had the bill
suffused with pinkish.

171. Ortygospiza polyzona. Quail-Finch.

This little bird is common on the open grasslands adjoining
the north end of the hills, but is less numerous in other
localities. Sometimes it is found amid rocks in the stream-
beds, but it does not occur within the hills. I found nests
towards the end of March and throughout April, and four
eggs seem to be the usual clutch, although five are not
uncommon. The eggs are pure white, and my series show a
maximum of 14'50 and a minimum of 13'75 X 10"50 ram.
The nest is placed in a tuft of grass, is slightly domed, con-
structed of very coarse dry grass and copiously lined with
feathers. Some nests examined were made of similar

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 555

materials; though not nearly so substantially built, but
occasionally a lot of trouble is taken, and a complete dome
is added. The sitting bird leaves the nest at the last
moment, and the native " piccanins'' sometimes catch the
bird with their hands on account of this. Nestlings
examined had greyish down on the dorsal tract and head
only, and were peculiarly spotted along the commissure just
in front of the gape. These markings consisted of a black
line with two most conspicuous pure white spots along the
side of the maxilla, and two black spots below on the edge of
the mandible. An idiosyncrasy noted is that, whereas equal
facilities are offered in the neighbourhood in the way of red
and black soil, it is almost invariably the latter which is
chosen for the site of the nest. Out of some dozens of nests
found, only one was placed on red soil, and in one case I
noticed two nests close together in a very restricted, isolated
piece of black ground ! Late in May I found this Weaver-
Finch flocked with Smith's Lark in great numbers.

172. ^ Uraeginthus angolensis. Blue-breasted Waxbill.
Estrilda atiffolensis (Linn.) ; Scl. i. p. 10.2.

Not uncommon on the surrounding veld, and more
numerous within the hills. lu February, I found a nest
about seven feet from the ground in an "umqogolo" tree,
but as a rule the site usually chosen is an "isinga."

173. t Urseginthus granatimis. Violet-eared Waxbill.
Esti'ilda granatina (Linn.) ; Scl. i. p. 104.

Somewhat uncommon, and I noticed it principally in the
" maqaqa''' country and foot-hills.

174. Hypochera funerea. Black Widow-Finch.

This is a rare bird with us, but I obtained a male (lacking
white patches on the back) in breeding-plumage on the 4th of
March, 1912, close to Matjanoyoni kopje. This bird, so far
as I could determine, was unattended by any little brown
mates. From the very glossy plumage it was evidently
referable to H. nigerrima Sharpe. On the other hand, birds
which I have shot on the Bulavvayo commonage were duller
and decidedly of the present species.

SER. X. VOL. III. 2p

556 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on ike

175. Vidua serena. Pin-tailed Widow-Bird.
Vidua py'inc'qjalis (Liun.) ; Scl. i. p. 145.

Not uncommon during the breeding season, and usually
to be found in the vicinity of cattle kraals and native
villages. I have noticed males in breeding plumage as
early as November 30, and as late as the first week in
April, 1912.

176. :}: Tetraenura regia. Shaft-tailed Widow-Bird.
Vidua regia (Linn.) ; Scl. i. p. 148.

Sind. ^^intiga"; a term also applied to other small
birds.

Rather uncommon and local. A male with some ten or
twelve dusky followers frequented the homestead for some
weeks in February and March, but in spite of diligent
searches their nests remained undiscovered. It is possible,
however, that this species shares the parasitical habits of the
last named.

177. + Steganura paradisea. Paradise Widow-Bird.
Vidua paradisea (Linn.) ; Scl. i. p. 149.

Sind. "isapunda" ; "isagubuli" is also sometimes used,
but this term is really the Zulu name for Coliopasser procne,
which does not occur here.

Uncommon, and locally distributed. It is very common
in Bulawayo and often seen with as many as fifty brown
mates, but in the Matopos I have only noticed the cock
followed by two or three wives. I have seen males which
have lost their longest rectrices at the end of March, but
the majority generally shed these feathers about a month
later.

178. t I*asser motitensis. Greater South- African Sparrow.
A rare and shy bird. I met with several in trees on the

top of Matjanoyoni on February 7, 191,2.

179. JPoliospiza angolensis. Black-throated Seed-eater.
Serinus angolensis (Gmel.) ; Scl. i. p. 178.

Fairly common and resident throughout.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 557

180. X Poliospiza gularis. Streaky-headed Seed-eater.
Very common throughout ; it is almost as destructive as

the Bishop- Birds to " amabele." At other times this Seed-
eater frequents the open grasslands in the morning and
evening, but retires to the shelter of trees during the heat
of the day.

181. Serinus sulphuratiis. Large Yellow Seed-eater.
Not uncommon, and frequently to be seen in either the

Dam or Terminus Hotel gardens. In winter they congregate
with other species in the stubbles.

182. Serinus marshalli. Golden Seed-eater.

Serinus mai'slialli SlicUey ; Sclater, Annals S. A. Mus. iii.
1905, p. 313.

The Golden Seed-eater is a rare bird, but I obtained a
male and female on the cleared ground in front of a hut in
January 1912.

183. X Serinus icterus. Icterine Seed-eater,

Sind. " iutaga" (also applied to Tetraenura regia and other
small birds).

Common and resident throughout. These little Seed-
eaters are found in numbers in the open country, where they
frequent the natives' lands and vicinage of kraals; at other
times they are to be fonnd at the tops of kopjes, swinging
in the uppermost branches of small trees, and uttering their
pretty song. In winter they commonly intermingle with
Waxbills^ Bishop-Birds, and Finches, and are then to be
found in the stubbles, diligently hunting for small seeds,
which form their principal food. I found nests in March
and April (flocks of the species being noticed at the same
time), and the site chosen generally is the fork of an
^'isinga/' but exceptionally the nest is placed in an "^ umqo-
golo,'' " umkomatsana," or even an '' mtokwe.^' One nest
examined was made of dry grass, fine twigs, grass seeds, and
a few small green leaves ; the whole spun round and matted
along the edge with vegetable down and spiders' webs ; it was
lined with shredded fibre and an extra lining of very fine

2 p 2

558 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

grass in the bottom. The nest was circular and cup-shaped;
over-all diameter 2^ inches ; over-all depth 2 inches, and
inside depth \\ inches. This nest was placed in an Olax
dissitiflora and the surrounding leaves Avere attached to the
exterior.making the whole structure extremely hard to detect.
Other nests were very similar and protectively decorated with
lichen and spiders' webs, and as a rule situated nine or ten
feet from the ground, but occasionally as low as three feet
six inches. The nestlings, at first covered with yellowish
down, are fed on insects; and by the time they are fledged
their home becomes very dirty. The eggs are two or three
in number and are of a very pale bluish ground-colour
spotted with pale brown.

184. Anomalospiza imberbis. Rendall's Seed-eater.
Serinus imberbis rendalli (Cab.) ; Scl. i. p. 172.

I shot a male on January 15, 1911, in the Terminus
Hotel grounds. Iris brown ; bill dusky ; legs and feet
dusky-brown. The stomach contained small seeds and
remains of insects.

185. X Einberiza flaviventris. Golden-breasted Bunting.
The Golden-breasted Bunting is not uncommon in the

open country, but is far more numerous within the hills.

186. Fringillaria capensis media, Deelfontein Bunting.
Fringilluria capensis media (Sharpe) ; Sclater, Annals

S. A. Mus. iii. 1905, p. 314.

A common species during the summer, frequenting the
kopjes and foothills, but, in common with the next species,
evidently partially migratory, as I seldom noticed it during
the dry season,

187. + Fringillaria tahapisi. Bock-Bunting.

Very common in the hills, open veld, and " maqaqa "
country during the wet season, but far rarer later. I found
a nest on April 1 containing three nestlings with tufts of
dark grey down on the head, dorsal and forearm tracts;
the nest was made of coarse grass, copiously lined with finer,
and placed under a tussock of grass on the top of a liigh
river-bank.

OrmtholGgy of the Maiopo District. 559

188. X Motacilla capensis. Cape Wagtail.

Ilesiflent in small numbers and frequenting all suitable
localities, being most numerous in the valleys within the
hills.

189. X Motacilla vidua. African Pied Wagtail.

On November 20, 1910, 1 saw a couple on the Umzingwani
lliver, between Fortusher and the Northern Star Mine.

190. Bndytes sp.

I have twice noticed Yellow Wagtails during the autumn,
and they were jirobably referable to B.jiava Liuu.

191. Anthus trivialis. Tree-Pipit.

The Tree-Pipit occurred in small numbers during the
summer of 1912, and it will probably eventually prove a
regular visitant at this season.

192. X Anthus rufulus cinnamoineus. Tawny Pipit.
Anthus rufulus Vieill. ; Scl. i. p. 251.

Not uncommon, and resident. Within the hills it is
confined to the larger valleys.

193. Anthus leucophrys. Plain-backed Pipit.
Anthus pyrrlionotus (Vieill.) ; Scl. i. p. 250.

This Pipit, although I have not noticed it a great deal, is
probably not uncommou. I did not, however, observe it
within the hills.

194. Macronyx capensis. Cape Longclaw.
Sind. " ligwenshi.^'

Common in the open country to the north of the hills, but
I have not noticed it elsewhere. This Longclaw perches on
bushes, trees, or rocks indiscriminately ; in flight, the white-
tipped rectrices are very conspicuous. The female sits closely,
and I have known bird, nest, and eggs cut to pieces when
hay is being cut. A male shot on the 6th of February
measured: length 183 mm. ; wing 95; tail 69; tarsus 30'5 ;
culmen 16-5. This bird, apparently fully adult, differed
from the typical form insomuch that in the outer rectrices
the outer web was not wholly white (see text-figure 8).

560

Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

The bill in this specimen, and all others whicli I have
exaniinefl, was not dark brown, as described by Sclater, but
had the upper mandible blackish-lioru and the lower bluish-

Text-figure 8.

' %

' 'I-

Outer tail-feather of Mucronyx capcnsu.

liorn merging into blackish brown towards the tip ; com-
missure aiul gape bluish-horu also. The underparts of the
feet are dirty orange-yellow. These Longclaws are
generally infested with ticks around their auditory orifices.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 561

195. Mirafra sabota. Sabota Lark.

This Lark is a rare bird with us, but I have obtained
specimens at the Dam Hotel, whilst I have also noticed it
close to Figtree.

196. X Mirafra africana. Rufous-naped Lark.
Siud. " inewelo.^'

Fairly common, but I did not notice it within the hills.
On January 19 I found a nest containing two eggs ; the
nest was typical and placed in a natural hollow under a
tussock of grass.

197. Pinarocorys nigricans. Dusky Lark.
Mirafra mnricans (Sund.) ; Scl. i. p. 207.

I saw this Pipit-like Lark in small numbers on the
fringes of the Matopos in 1912, but it is decidedly a rare
bird and does not seem to penetrate the hills to any extent.

198. X Pyri'hulauda leucotis smithi. Smith's Lark.
Pyrrhulauda smithi (Bp.) ; Scl. i. p. 196.

Common and resident throughout the open country from
Bulawayo, through the Dam and across to Figtree, but not
occurring in the hills. At times this Lark is subject to con-
siderable movements. In January I noticed them in pairs,
and they breed in March and April, whilst they flock about
tbe middle of May, and are then sometimes to be found in
the company of Quail-Finches and other small birds on the
open grasslands. At other times they love to frequent
dusty roads, and in towns they resembled the Sparrow
{Passer domesticus) in this respect, except that they do
not resort to buildings. On the 20th of March, whilst
breaking up an area on the open gi^asslands, I found a
nest containing two eggs. The nest was situated in a hollow
to the sheltered side of a tuft of grass, and, owing to the
irregular shape of the nest and close assimilation of the
materials and eggs to the surroundings, was an excellent
example of protective coloration in this direction. The male
participates in sitting. When flushed, the bird was silent
and simply circled round at some height and settled on the

562 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

ploughed lanl in the vicinitj^ The nest was composed of
dry grass-blades and was fairly substantial. The eggs were
fresh, of a greyish-white freckled all over with brown, and
measured 20xl4'5 mm. Another nest, found on the 17th
of April, also contained two similar eggs, at an advanced stage
of incubation, but measuring 19'5 X 15 mm. The nest,
however, was made of coarse dry grass at the bottom and
built up with brown vegetable fibre, with a little finer grass
in the cup. The male (sitting) bird in this case was also
undemonstrative. This Lark does not nest in the thick
grass, preferring the barer situations.

199. Calandrella cinerea. Red-capped Lark.

Tephrocori/s cinerea (Gmel.); Scl. i. p. 222.

Sind. "toli.''

The Lark in question, which I am almost sure is referable
to this species, occurs commonly in flocks during the
summer montiis on the surrounding veld, but does not
penetrate within the hills. It is to be found in small flocks
of about twenty, which frequent the more open lands (more
or less free from grass) and are generally to be found in old
mealie-lands. This Lark runs fast, and very closely agrees
in coloration with the red soil, which it seems to prefer to the
black. I have, however, noticed it on freshly ploughed
black soil; but it is amongst the stubbles that it is usually
to be found : here, owing to the remarkably close assimila-
tion of their plumage to the surroundings, they are exceed-
ingly difficult to detect until they fly — when one^s attention
is immediately drawn by the invariable call. On April 15
I met with a very large flock, probably of several thousands,
on open ground in the neighbourhood of Ross's Huts, but
about a month later the flock appeared to break up, and
towards the end of May I noticed the birds pairing and
evidently about to nest. These Larks often drink at midday
during the hot and close weather. It is rather a pugnacious
species, and I have seen individuals darting up and chasing
Swallows, when the latter flew by skimming the ground. A

Ornithology of the Matojw District. 563

male shot on February 5 tallies with Sclater's description of
the present species with the exception of its tail ; tliis was
blackish with the two central rectrices emarginated with
huffish and the two outermost feathers (outer webs huffish)
shading to white at their extreme edges. The median
wing-coverts were also blackish with broad rufous tips.
These Larks appear almost referable to Tepkrocorys anders-
soni (Scl, i. p. 224), but the under tail-coverts were white.
Iris hazel ; bill pinkish-horn, lighter below ; feet pinkish-
brown. Length 145 mm.; wing 85 ; tail 55; tarsus 20;
culmen 12" 5.

200. Phyllastrephus strepitans. Reichenow^s Bristle-
necked Bulbul.

This Bulbul is an uncommon species and confined to the
hills, where I first noticed it on the Mawa Range in June
1912. Later I came across it on several occasions whilst
stalking fugitive klipspringer, and on such occasions, the
rustling noise whicli these birds make when turning over
leaves in a thrush-like manner, has more than once deceived
me as to the proximity of the buck. In their habits they
closely resemble Thrushes, but are silent to a great degree,
although when startled they resort to the trees uttering a
loud note somewhat resembling tliat of Craterojms jardinei.
There is also another species which I have failed to identify.
It differs from P. strepitans in having the underside,
including the under tail-coverts, white throughout, with
the exception of the sides of the under tail-coverts or base
of the rectrices, which are rufescent.

201. J Pycnonotus barhatus layardi. Black-cap Bulbul.
Pycnonotus layardi Gurn. ; Scl. ii, p. 63.

Sind. 'Mpoti" or '' igiko.''

This species is common throughout and extremely
numerous within the hills, where it is also probably one of
the most noticeable of birds. Whilst at Fortusher I found
this Bulbul plentiful and very tame, coming on to the
verandas morniu"; and evening.

564 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

20.2. Zosterops anderssoni. Andersson's White-eye.

I only met with this White- eye during June 1912, when
parties were to be found in the " isiqwalapa.'^ On one
occasion (I did not procure a , specimen), from a short
distance the eye-ring ajapeared to me to be distinctly yellow !

203. X Chalcomitra gutturalis. Scarlet-breasted Sunbird.
Cinnyris gutturalis (Linn.) ; Scl. i. p. 286.

Sind. (?) " matungasweswi/'' a term also applied, to other
species.

Common at times ; but, except in such places as the
Hotel gai'dens, never numerous. On the open veld it is
practically always found in the " mimosa*' scrub, or where
there is flowering vegetation. Both sexes have a very
sparrow-like chirp.

204. J Cinnyris leucogaster. White-breasted. Sunbird.
The White-breasted Sunbird is very rare, and I have only

met with it on one or two occasions. According to my
notes, its occurrence is confined to the hills between
Fortusher and the Mission Station.

205. X Cinnyris mariquensis. Southern Bifasciated Sun-
bird.

Not uncommon; but in common with all other Sunbirds,
subject to a great deal of local movement and but rarely
met with during the colder mouths.

203. X Cinnyris chalybeus. Lesser Double-collared Sun-
bird.

This is probably the commonest of the Sunbirds within
the hills, and is especially in evidence amongst the "isiqwa-
lapa." I have noticed it feeding in company with White-
eyes.

207. :j: Parus cinerascens. Grey Titmouse.

Parus afer Gmel. ; Scl. i. p. 305.

The Grey Tit (grey above and below) is uncommon, but
I met with it on Lucydale in January and May. This
species was included in my Mangwe notes under the
misnomer P. afer.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 565

208. X Parisoma subcaeruleum. Tit-Babbler.

The little Red-vented Tit-Babbler is at times quite plen-
tiful. On March 1, a sudden incursion of these birds was
perceptible (I had not seen them earlier), and they remained
throughout June.

209. JAnthoscopus caroli. Andersson's Penduliue Tit-
mouse.

On January 17, I noticed a party in the gardens of the
Terminus Hotel.

210. Cisticola suhruficapilla. Grey-backed Grass-Warbler.
Not uncommon but local. On February 12, I found a

nest containing three eggs placed about two inches from the
ground in a small shrub amid grass — "white-ants^' had
practically enveloped the structure. On the 16th, two eggs
had hatched out, but on the 24th there was only one young
one and an addled e^^^ whilst the nest had been opened at
the top — evidently to facilitate the feeding of the young
ones. Eggs white, with a few red spots all over, but denser
at the obtuse end.

211. Cisticola natalensis. Natal Grass-Warbler.

This is a rare bird with us, but I have occasionally noticed
it in the rank herbage and long grass along the Malenii and
elsewhere, Avhilst it may sometimes be seen perched on a
tree or rock uttering its jerky call. It has been recorded
by Chubb from Mt. Silozi, and there is little doubt that it
will ultimately be proved a resident with us.

212. Cisticola terrestris. Wren Grass-Warbler.
Common in places, but inclined to be local.

213. Cisticola sp.

On February 8, 1912, I shot a Grass-Warbler which had
the crown and nape rufescent brown, deepest on the fore-
head, lores white which was continued over the eyes and
above the ear-coverts, where, however, it was tinged with
reddish; ear-coverts like the crown; the feathers on the
back dark brown with bluish-grey edges, the brown centres
becoming less distinct on the rump ; upper tail-coverts

566 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

sandy-brown ; tail, with the exception of the central rectrices,
rufous with broad black bands (7 mm.) towards the tips, and
tipped Avith rufous fading to buS ; central rectrices — very-
much frayed in the specimen — a duller brown with only
traces of the black bands at extreme end. Wings brown with
lighter edges most noticeable on the secondaries and inner
greater coverts; edge of wing whitish; lesser wing-coverts
and scapulars showing traces of the bluish-grey edging
present on the back. Chin, throat, and cheeks white ;
breast, flanks, and abdomen white, with a faint wash of
sandy-buff; thighs pale rufous; under tail-coverts sandy-
buff ; under wing-coverts pale brown, becoming slightly
rufous lower ; upper axillaries white, and lower pale brown.
Irides brownish yellow; bill black (bluish-horn on gouys,
commissure black) ; legs and feet flesh-coloured. Length
136 mm.; wing 55 ; tail 52"75 ; tarsus 19"50 ; culmen 12.

I believe ScJuenicola upicalis Cab. occurs, but have been
unable to procure specimens.

214. Acrocephalus palustris. Marsh-Warbler.

During the summer of 1912 I obtained two examples of
the Marsh-Warbler, but they were both in much abraded
plumage. These birds occurred in a thick crop of "amabele"
growing alongside water on Lucydale, but whether the
species is a regular annual visitor I cannot say.

215. Acrocephalus haeticatus. African Reed-Warbler.
Common on Lucydale during the summer, and also

noticed on the Malemi River within the hills in August. A
male shot on February 5 measured 126 mm. ; wing 63 ;
tail 49; tarsus 23'5 ; culmen 13. The stomach contained
minute Coleoptera and Culicidse.

216. Prinia mystacea. Tawny-flanked Wren-Warbler.
Fairly common, but inclined to be local.

217. J Prinia flavicans. Black-chested Wren-Warblcr.
Common, especially on the surrounding veld. A nest

examined on March 1, was placed in a " Milk-bush '■" situated

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 567

on the open stony ground, and contained three eggs. The
nest was typically shaped and suspended from leaves into a
fork of bush, and was held to the stem in two places ; in the
case of the leaves it was attached by ribbons passing through
the leaves — the necessary holes having been evidently made
by the bird^s bill. The nest Avas composed of fine grass,
twisted and woven together and lined with very fine grass
and vegetable down. Later in the year, I saw several family
parties of young and old, evidently of this species, but all
with pectoral bands (normally the young lack the dark
chest-bands), but unfortunately I was not in a position to
obtain a specimen.

218. Apalis thoracica. Bar-throated Wren- Warbler.
This little Wren- Warbler is, according to my observations,

confined to the hills, where it is rather numerous. As a
ride they frequent the larger trees, such as the '' um-
kuna," but are often found assiduously examining "isiqwa-
lapa " and " isinga/^ Our birds are of a smaller race than
the southern ones, but I do not think sub-specifically
distinct.

219. Camaroptera griseoviridis sundevalli. Grey-backed
Bush-Warbler.

Camaroytera sundevalli Sharpe ; Scl. ii. p. 113.

Uncommon and local, but I obtained specimens in March
and April in the '^maqaqa^' country on Lonsdale farm,
whilst I believe I have also seen it at Figtree Camp.

220. + Sylvietta rufescens. Crombec.

Resident and fairly common throughout. These little
Warblers have a peculiar habit of stiffening their necks and
bobbing their heads up and down when uttering their some-
what plaintive call. A nest found on March 24 was placed
in an "isinga'' and the young had just flown.

221. Eremomela flaviventris. Yellow-bellied Bush -
Warbler.

This little Warbler is rare M'ith us, but may be looked for

568 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

in the uppermost branches of the Larger timber close to
water. A locality where I noticed the species several times,
is on the Malemi River below the Mshingili-Malaraba
Gorge.

222. $Phylloscopus trocMlus. Willow- Wren.

An uncommon summer visitor, but I have noticed it here
and there practically throughout the district. The Willow-
Wren leaves for northern climes towards the middle of
March. In November (shortly after their arrival), I have
heard them singing — albeit half-heartedly.

223. Sylvia sylvia. Common Whitethroat.
Sylvia cinerea Bechst. ; Scl. ii. p. 81.

Noticed in the "mimosa" scrub throughout February
and March on the slopes rising to the Zambesi-Limpopo
watershed. They are evidently annual vis;itors, as I found
to be the case at Bulawavo, but are subject to some local
movement. On March 24, I noticed larger numbers than
usual — possible arrivals from the south on migration — and
they were evidently fatigued, as they were exceedingly tame,
and I even touched one with the barrel of my collecting
gun, as it sat crouching ridiculously against a branch near
tlie top of a low stunted '^isiuga.'^ The latest date on which
I met with the Whitethroat was March 30.

224. Sylvia nisoria. Barred Warbler.

The Barred W'arbler occurred again in 1912 (vide Annals
Transvaal Museum, iii. 1911, p. 109 — specimen shot at
Bulawayo, 191 J) in January and February, and it would
therefore seem that there is a probability that it is a regular
annual visitor to Southern Rhodesia. Seebohra (Cat. Brit.
Mus.) states that it probably winters in central Africa, but,
as now it has been recorded from Rhodesia, and the Trans-
vaal Museum possesses a specimen from Potchefstroom,
southern Africa should be included within its range. All
three specimens Avhich I procured (including the Bulawayo
bird) were in immature plumage.

Ornithology of the Matopo District. 569

225. X Crateropus jardinei. Jardine's Babbler.

I am not sure whether Kirk's Babbler {C. jardinei kirki)
occurs or not, but some of these Babblers which I have seen
have appeared to be too small for the present species.
Jardine's Babbler in the Matopo District is confined to the
hills, where it delights in thickly wooded kloofs and kopje-
sides.

226. Pinarornis rhodesiae. Rhodesian Chat- Warbler.
Pinarornis rhodesia E. C. Chubb, Bull. B. O. C. xxi.

1008, p. 110.

Although occurring on Mtaba mhlope and Mtaba
mnyama, the Bhodesian Chat-Warbler is essentially a bird of
the hills and remote ranges, where it is very common, and
in fact one of the most striking of our birds. I have
watched these Chats for hours at periods over several months,
but have failed in the attempt to find out anything about
their nidification, and can only assurne that they nest in clefts
and crannies in very inaccessible places. They are almost
invariably found in pairs, and they are equally at home on
the ground (where a great deal of their insectivorous food is
obtained), on trees, or on rocks ; but all the same, they are
never found at any distance from rocky situations, as it is
amid such surroundings that they love to skulk and hide.
Their flight is fairly strong but not generally protracted,
whilst the loose and fluffy plumage imparts a singular
gracefulness to their every movement. Although these
Chats are often noticeably silent, they have a variety of
notes, some of which are quite musical. The female appears
to me to be browner than her mate, and is readily distin-
guishable at some distance.

227. I Geocichla litsipsirupa. Ground-scraper Thrush.
Turdus litsipsiru/ja (Smith) ; Scl. ii. p. 173.

Strange to say I only met with this Thrush once — on
March 30, when I saw several in tall trees close to a
" dwala."

570 Mr. L. B. Mouritz on the

228. Turdus libonyanus. Kurrichane Tlirusli.

Only seen within the hills^ where I noticed several in
May, June, and August, at Mawa and other ranges.

229. X Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris. White-shouldered
Bush-Chat.

Very common on, and in the neighbourhood of, the larger
kopjes, and found throughout the hills. These birds often
feed on the ground, but when disturbed invariably repair to
rocks, on which they are greatly at home. When perched
on bald boulders the wings are often partially extended and
used as a prop, in the same manner as the Woodpecker uses
its tail. The male is by no means a bad songster, and may
frequently be heard pouring forth its melody, from the top
of some rock, whilst it is also a clever mimic.

I have on more than one occasion taken ticks from the
auditory orifices of specimens shot.

230. X Saxicola pileata. Capped Wheatear.
Sind. " inqawana.'''

Noticed rather commonly at Fortusher in 1908, and later
I found it occurring on the surrounding veld all round the
hills. Specimens which I shot, in common with all the
birds which I have handled in Matabeleland, measured under
150 mm. The young bird, besides being duller in tone, has
the chest-band represented by a few dark mottlings. These
AVheatears are usually infested with ticks.

231. X Pratincola torquata. South-African Stonechat.

The Stonechat is rather a local species, but occurs com-
monly in the larger valleys of the hills. I found it principally
along the Malemi River and in Matondo's Valley.

232. Cossypha humeralis. White-shouldered Robin-Chat.
On June 21, 1912, I obtained a specimen of this rare

greyish Chat on Makalanyoni, but I did not meet with it
elsewhere. Iris hazel ; bill blackish ; legs and feet dark
brown.

Orrdthology of the Matopo District. 571

233. Cossypha caflFra. Cape Robiii-Cliat.

The Cape Robin-Chat occurred in August, but I only
noticed it in one locality — a densely wooded kloof on the
Inengwi Range. It is a shy species, and very apt to be
overlooked, aud possibly, in common Avitli the last named,
may prove more numerous than anticipated upon further
research.

234. Cossypha heuglini. Heuglin's Robin-Chat.

These Robin-Chats are easily our best songsters, but one
must be up early in the morning to hear their melodious
babbling notes and modulated song ; shortly after sun-
rise they become silent, and spend the remainder of the
day skulking through the denser bush around the kopje-
bases.

235. Erythropygia leucophrys. White-browed Ground-
Robin.

This Ground-Robin is an uncommon species, occurring
principally in the open country and foot-hills. As I have
already remarked, I found this bird the host of the South
African Cuckoo.

236. Erythropygia psena. Smith's Ground-Robin.

On January 21 I met with this species in the gardens of
the Terminus Hotel, but I never saw it again.

I believe Tarsigcr stellatus Vieill. occurs within the hills,
but have been unable to procure specimens of the bird in
question.

237. Phcenicurus familiaris. Familiar Chat.
Saxicula familiaris Steph. ; Scl. ii. p. 201.

The Familiar Chat is resident aud plentiful throughout.
Wliilst at Fortusher, these birds, in company with Bulbuls,
used to frequent the verandas and sometimes even venture
inside the huts. Three eggs, taken from a nest under the
roof of a hut, were a beautiful bright blue, with a confluent
zone of reddish towards the obtuse end.

SER. X. — VOL. III. 2 Q

572 Messrs. G. M. Matliews and T. Iredale on some

XXVII. On some Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean.
By Gregory M. Mathews^ M.B.O.U., and Tom Iredale,

M.B.O.U.

(Text-figure 9.)

While the senior author was dealing with the Petrels of
Australia in the 'Birds of Australia^ (vol. ii. 1912) he
received a small collection of these birds from Mr. Alan
Owston. The few skins received were of such great interest
that more material was demanded. A second small lot
arrived, but repeated requests have met with no further
response. We now feel compelled to put on record the
facts in connection with these few birds, as they indicate
great discoveries and confirm our anticipations as to the
home of some of our supposed wandering birds.

In the work quoted Mathews wrote (p. 1): "I also
anticipate that, when this group is studied by means ot
breeding birds, it will be found that they are not the great
wanderers they have hitherto been considered, but that
the majority pass their time quite close to the breeding
ground."

This statement was made in opposition to t\iQ views put
forward by God man in the ' Monograph of Petrels,* which
may be crystallised in such a statement as appears on
p. 28 : "It would not be surprising to learn that a species
of Petrel wiiich summers in Japan should be found in winter
off the coasts of Peru." That Godman's views were upheld
by British ornithologists generally is easily seen by the
admission into the British list of a bird breeding at the
Kermadec Islands. Though one of us has denied the
identity of the '^ British ^^ specimen, this view has not been
upheld by some British workers. The discoveries recorded
in this paper would amply confirm Iredale's suggestion as to
the occurrence of such biids in the Atlantic Ocean.

The most amazing result of our investigation is our proved
inability to accurately name such a small collection as here
discussed Mithout practically re-monographing the genera
represented. When we undertook the task it seemed simple,

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 573

as we had so recently thoroughly dealt with all the species
inhabiting Australia and New Zealand, and little trouble
was anticipated. Oar experience has convinced us that the
usual method of reporting upon large collections is com-
paratively valueless, and the paper by Claude Grant in the
January ' Ibis' is a good instance of the new method neces-
sary. That worker finds that a monograph of each species
must be prepared ; had he only tackled the genera as well as
the species it would have been a perfect example of up-to-date
work. This latter detail has up to the present been ignored,
yet, in our opinion, it is as necessary as the determination
of subspecies. As a matter of fact we consider it the more
important, and we anticipate in the future it Avill occupy a
more prominent place than it does at present.

It would seem most profitable to systematically deal with
the specimens under notice and then review the additional
knowledge and indicate our conclusions.

Since the ' Birds of Australia ' was published a very useful
summary of the distribution of the Tubinares in the North
Atlantic Ocean by D. A. Bannerman has appeared in the
'Ibis' for July 1914, pp. 438-494. Bannerman has con-
firmed the suggestion that these birds were local in their
distribution and has observed (p. 442) : "In all the com-
prehensive works dealing with ' Petrels' which have appeared,
I can find no attempt at an explanation of the present geo-
graphical distribution which many species enjoy." In this
paper we will show that our knowledge is much too imper-
fect to admit of conjecture in this direction, and it is well
that such has been up to the present withheld.

In the ' Birds of Australia ' the four families recognised
by Salvin in the twenty-fifth volume of the ' Catalogue of
Birds in the British Museum,' and upheld by Godman in
the ' Monograph of Petrels,' were maintained, though the
constitution of some of the subfamilies was questioned. We
herewith discuss these in view of the fuller knowledge of the
group we now possess.

*> n '^

li \i M

571 Messrs. G. ]M. Mathews and T. Ircdalc on some

Family IIYDPtOBATID.^.

This name was used for the family Procellariidse of the
* Monograph/ as the oldest genus name in the family was
Hydrobates, which was not considered invalidated by the
prior introduction of Hydrobata. Up to the present time
no recognition of unanimity with regard to such a question
is possible, as though American ornithologists consistently
reject such similarly constituted names, British w'orkers are
divided in their methods : some consistently accepting such
names as different and valid in each case, while others, and
these are in the majority, consistently decide as to the
acce))tance or rejection of these disputed names, according
to sentimental conclnsions. Under tlie present conditions
Hydrobates would be rejected by American workers and
some British ones, while other British writers would use
Hi/drobaia. Personally, the endings -es and -a do not seem
sutiiciently distinct for acceptance, but as we have not to
nNC the name save in a family sense, we make no alteration.
This is a question, however, which should be definitely
settled, and then the ruling rigidly carried out one way or
the other. At the present time a large number of names
persist in this unsettled state, and this is not good for
general workers as it causes much confusion.

This family was divided into two subfamilies, Procellari-
'ince = Hydrobatince, and Oceanit'ma. Only members of the
latter occur in Austral waters, and consequently the species
of the former have not previously been individually studied
by us. The attempt to name one member has shown that
there is much confusion, and we put on record our residts
for the benefit of iuture workers in this group.

Genus Cymochouea Coues.

Cymochorea Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864,
p. 75.

Type by original designation : Procellaria leucorhua
Vieillot.

The acceptance of this generic name has been made

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 575

necessary by a study of tlie family^ and we hope the
following points will receive careful attention.

In the classification given in the ' Monograph of Petrels/
which is copied from the Cat. Birds Brit, Mus. vol. xxv., as
there acknowledged, p. xxxiv, the subfamily is divided as
follows : —

" a. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw ;
tail not distinctly forked.

a . Tail rounded or neai'ly even. . , , Procellaria.

h' . Tail wedge-shaped Halocyptena.

b. Tarsus not distinctly longer than the middle

toe and claw ; tail perceptibly forked .... Oceanodroma.''''

As a synonym of " Oceanodroma Reichenbach (Syst. Av,
p. iv^ 1852. Type, 0. furcata)'' was included " Cymochorea
Cones, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 75. Type,
O. leucorrlioar

The species included under the generic diagnoses given
do not agree with those as regards Procellaria and Oceano-
droma ; details will be given later. As long ago as 1899^
dealing with the Birds of the Galapagos Islands in the
Nov. Zool. vol. vi. p. 199, Messrs. Rothschild and Hartert

wrote :

" Genus Procellaria L.

(The genera Procellaria, Halocyptena, and Oceanodroma
are so closely allied that they hardly require generic separa-
tion, but the characters mentioned in Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
xxv. p. 343, can serve to distinguish them).^^

This was followed by the record of ''Procellaria tethys
Bp.^' On the preceding page they bad admitted " Oceano-
droma Reichb. ^' with a species " Oceanodroma cryptoleucura
(Ridgw.)."

In the same journal, vol. ix. pp. 415/416, the same nomi-
nation was adiiered to and an additional species, Oceanodroma
kaedingi Anthony, catalogued.

Before criticising this classification we would note that
in the ' Hand-list of British Birds,' by Hartert, Jourdain,
Ticehurst, and Witherby, 1912, pp. 149-150, Hydrohates
pelayicus (L.), Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieill.), and

576 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt) ( = c?*yjo^o/eMCMrfl Ridgway),
appear, so that \\q are uot exactly dealing with ancient
history.

We are emphasizing this as we contend that " lumping "
of genera induces carelessness in the critical examination of
birds as well as obscures alliances and confuses convergence
with relationship, and we are here furnished with a beautiful
example. We will discuss it in detail further on, but we
would here justify our remarks by stating that Procellaria
tethys has the tail " distinctly forked,'''' while Oceanodroma
castro or cryptoleucura has the tail not perceptibly forked.
Yet Rothschild and Hartert, after examining both these
birds, deliberately wrote that the characters given as above
in the Catalogue of Birds " can serve to distinguish them.'^
Had these workers been genus-splitters such a statement
would not have been made, as careful examination of the
birds to ascertain if ditferences existed would have enabled
them to detect the inaccuracies present in the key.

The whole of the members of the subfamily admitted in
the ' Monograph ' read : —

Procellaria pelagica Linn., P. tethys Bp.
Halocyptena microsoma Coues.

Oceanodroma leucorrhoa (Vieill.), O. beali Emerson,
0. beldingi Emerson, O. kaedingi Anthony, 0. castro (Har-
court), O. macrodactyla Bryant, 0. tristrami Stejneger,
O. melania (Bp.), O, markhami (Salvin), 0. homochroa
(Coues), 0. monorhis (Swinhoe), O. hornbyi (Gray), and
O.furcata (Gm,).

In the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list,
3rd ed. 1910, pp. 56-57, we have the following improve-
ment as regards Oceanodroma : — Oceanodroma, subgen. s. s.,
sole species farcata Gm. ; subgen. Cymochorea Coues, with
s})ecies 0. kaedingi Anthony, leucorhoa (Vieillot), macro-
dactyla Bryant, castro (Harcourt), melania (Bonaparte)^
homochroa (Coues), and socorroensis Townsend.

It will be seen that the only American species left in the
typical subgenus of Oceanodroma is the type, all the others
being classed under Cymochorea, but only subgenericaliy.

Petrels from the Nor(h-East Pacific Ocean. 577

Our examination of all these birds causes us to differ both
as regards the genera and subspecies to be recognised.
Neither of the two works quoted admit subspecies at all,
the * Monograph ' doubting the validity of some of the
forms which in the ' Check-list ' are admitted as species.

To deal with the genera first. In the ' Monograph '
Procellaria = Hyclruhates=Thalassidroma of the American
* Check-list ' is diagnosed as above by means of the pro-
portion of the tarsus to the middle claw and toe and
presence or absence of a fork in the tail-feathers. Neither
of these characters holds good in the species assembled under
the genus, for the second species, tethys Bp., has the tail
forked. This species is small like H. pelayica,hv\t other-
wise is a somewhat typical Cymochorea. Its removal would
leave pelagica as the sole representative of Procellaria auct.
= Hydrobates = T/talassidroma.

Oceanodroma should be restricted to the typical species
O. furcata Gmelin, as though structurally there is little
differentiation between the genotype and other species of
Cymochorea, yet, as Cones pointed out, it possesses a radically
different style of coloration. There is practically no difference
in the coloration of species of Hydrobates, Halocyptena,
and Cymochorea, though structurally there is considerable
variation. The first-named is a very small bird, with a
square tail and very short legs and feet; the second is even
smaller, with more delicate legs and feet, but has developed a
wedge=shaped tail. The last-named has, if casiro be included,
evolved from a somewhat small bird with a tail emarginate
only, to a rather large one with a long- forked tail, while it
has only diminished in size though also showing a fork in
the tail in the case of tethys Bp. The only break in the
uniform darkness of the coloration of all these species is the
presence of a white rump in some cases.

In the four genera here indicated the wing formula is the
same, viz., the second primary longest, the third very little
shorter, the first and fourth subequal, Tiie tarsus is covered
with reticulate scales throughout, and the toes have sharp
narrow, not flattened, claws.

578 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

It should be observed tliat the figure of Procellaria tethys
Bp. in the Monograph shows a square tail ; this is wrong,
and though the specimen from which the plate was prepared
is in poor condition and there is a good excuse for the
artist so drawing it, Salvin wrote, from examination of the
same skin, that the tail was forked.

The tail in '' Oceanodroma" castro is not '''perceptibly"
or, as written in the ' Catalogue,' "distinctly" forked. At
the best it would be described as ''emarginate," while some
specimens show little emargiuation even. Further, the
tarsus is distinctly longer than the middle toe and claw, so
that if the definitions in the ' Monograph ' or ' Catalogue '
were of any value it ivould be a typical Procellaria = Hydro-
hates = Thalassidroma.

Nevertheless we conclude that phylogenetically it is a
Cymochorea.

When Cones separated Cymochorea and restricted Oceano-
droma to f areata he included with that species hornhyi Gray.
This bird was unknown to him save by description, and he
followed Bonaparte, though remarking upon the different
coloration. The type-specimen is still unique and is one of
the most puzzling Petrels we have seen. It differs absolutely
in coloration from Oceanodroma or the dusky Petrels of the
Hydrubatee-Halucyptena-Cymochorea-^rovi-^. It recalls to us
a similar anomalous form from the ^o\xi\\, Pelagodroma marina
Latham. In this case structural difi'crences are co-existent
Avith the strange coloration, and consequently the genus
Pelagodroma is recognised by all workers. The species
hornbyi has just as distinctive coloration, and as it does not
correlate at all with any of the other members of the
family, we propose for it the generic name

Bannermania, gen. nov.
We would point out that the unique specimen differs in
wing formula, having the second primary noticeably the
longest, the first equal to the third and much longer than
the fourth. The value of this from one specimen alone we
cannot exactly gauge : tlie skin has been unmounted, and

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 579

we cannot exactly determine the proportion of the tarsus
to the middle toe and claWj but the tarsus seems longest.

We would then recognise five genera, Hydrobates, Halo-
cyptena, CyinocJiorea, Oceanodroma, and Banuermania. The
first three agree in coloration and structure and are closely
allied, the last two resemble these in structure but show a
great discord in coloration and have probably little direct
relationship. To put it iu other words, we would give the
difference in coloration present more value than the differ-
ence in structure observed, or we would consider Halocyptena
more closely allied to Cymochorea than Oceanodroma is to
that genus.

We would then recognise : —

Genus Hydrobates

Sole species Hydrobates jJelugica (L.).
Genus Halocyptena Cones.

Sole sjjecies Halocyptena microsoma Cones.
Genus Cymochorea Cones.

Species CymocJtorea leucorhoa (Vieillot) & subsp.
„ castro (Harcourt) & subsp.

,, monorliis (Swinhoe) & subsp.

,, liomochroa (Coues).

„ macrodactyla (Bryant).

,. melania (Bonaparte).

„ markhami (Salvin).

„ owstoni, n. sp.

Genus Oceanodroma Reichenbach.

Sole species Oceanodroma furcata (Gmelin).
Genus Bannermania Mathews & Iredale.

Sole species Bannermania hornbyi (Gray).

The names missing from the above list are 0. beali Emerson,
O. beldinyi Emerson, 0. kaedingi Anthony, and O. tristrami
Salvin. All these have been referred to Cymochorea, but Ave
are quite unable to determine the first three, while the last
is specially dealt with later.

When Emerson (Condor, viii. 1906, pp. 53-55) intro-
duced his two forms he gave us numerals indicating the

580 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

differences. If bis forms are no better than bis numbers
then they must be poor indeed^ for bis data are too con-
fused to be at all intelligible. When a writer gives as
his average measurements figures larger than his largest
example, and then, to show there is no prejudice, in the
next case gives as an average a figure smaller than bis least,
nothing can be done. We thought simply a misplacement
had taken place, and this is observed to be the case in one
instance, but altogether it is impossible to determine the
truth. Consequently no reliance can be placed upon any
measurements given in this paper, and until confirmation by
some one able to exactly record measurements accurately
taken, and see that they are j^rinted correctly, Emerson's forms
must remain obscure to the worker unable to examine topo-
types. Emerson has in the same place brought into this
confusion Anthony's 0. kaedinqi, so that we have left it alone.
We do not mean to disparage Anthony's species, but we fear
to add to the confusion.

O. socorroensis Townsend we should class as a subspecies
of Swinhoe's monorhis. It is difficult to separate them, aud
they were lumped in the ' Monograph.'

In that work C. homochroa Coues is called the Ashy Petrel
and this vernacular name is used in the A. O. U. Check-List.
We are unable to see any reason for this, as the bird is no
different in coloration to any other. In the 'Monograph^
it is stated to be lighter than C. monorhis, but we are
quite unable to appreciate this distinction. To our eyes
the specimens seem darker than the type of C. monorhis
Swinhoe.

The generic character of Oceanudroma of the ' Monograph '
has been above given, and we have already indicated that
0. castro does not well agree with the tail character, the
fork being almost imperceptible, while the tarsus is certainly
distinctly longer than the middle toe and claw.

In one of the large species, O. meUmia Bonaparte, the feet

are strong and large and the tarsus is distinctly longer than

the middle toe and claw, though the tail is long and forked.

It may be noted that in some of the species of Cyniochorea

the legs anJ feet arc comparatively strong and in others they

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean.. 581

are delicate and weak, and this discrepancy is seen in birds of
similar size.

Since writing the preceding we have referred to the
' Water Birds of North America,' by Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway. This work seems to us to reach the highwater-
maik of excellence as regards the systematic portion. In it
we find the genera HalocyjAena, Procellaria ( = Hydrobates),
Cymochorea, and Oceanodroma recognised, with beautiful
coloured figures of the heads and sketches of the bills, tails,
and legs, together with careful diagnoses of the genera.
The few errors apparent are due to lack of material. The
species hornhji is placed in Oceanodroma, as no specimen was
accessible. We feel sure, had such been available, we would
have been anticipated in its generic separation.

We will now describe as new a Petrel from the north-east
Pacific.

Cymochorea owstoni, n. sp.

Adult male. Head, throat, and neck all round dark
plumbeous ashy, a small ante-ocular patch darker; the
back, scapulars, and rump are practically the same shade.
A paler brownish patch is seen on the upper tail-coverts,
due to the exposure of these feathers, the tips only being
dark, the remainder pale brownish, the concealed bases
being quite light. The tail-featliers and primaries are
brownish black, the inner webs of the latter being paler
brownish. The greater wing-coverts are very pale brownish,
forming a distinct bar which is continued on to the bend of
the wing, the lesser coverts being also very pale. From the
lower neck to the under tail-coverts a uniform sooty-brown
coloration prevails, the inner wing-liniug being of this
colour. The axillaries apparently are dark ashy grey. No
soft parts are noted ; but the bill is black and the legs
dark brown, judging from the skin. Culmen 19 mm. ;
wing 184 : outer tail-feathers 100 ; central tail-feathers
68*5 ; tarsus 28"5 ; midclle toe 27.

Type, with data "1/5/02, c?, Okinose, Sagami Sea,"
= Yokohama bay, Japan, in Coll. G. M. Mathews.

A second specimen, with data " Okinose, Sagami Sea, c?.

58.2 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

May '02, Oceanodroma tristranii Salvin ?/' measures : —
Culmen 19 mm. ; wing 182; outer tail-feathers 103; middle
tail-feathers 70; tarsus 29*5 ; middle toe 26. In this bird
the coloration of the head, \\ec\, and back is darker (? due to
oil), while the upper tail-covert patch of brown is lighter and
more noticeable and the light wing-bar more pronounced.

This bird agrees very well in coloration and size with
O. markhami Salvin, but is at once separated by the
difference in the structure of the feer. In our bird the
tarsus is heavy and the toes stout and long, Avhile 0. mark-
hami has proportionately small and delicate legs and feet.

In the ' Monograph of Petrels' O. tristram,i Stejneger is
maintained, though the type was stated to be lost. This
species was described by Salvin in the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
vol. XXV. 189G, p. 354, the name used being a manuscript
one of Stejneger. The description given is generally appli-
cable to any of this group, but the measurements read :
''Wing 6-20; tail 3-78, forked for 1-60; culmen 0-70,
depth of bill through middle 0*2() ; tarsus 1*10; middle
toe with claw i*]2 in.'' The locality was " Sendai Bay,
Japan " ; and Salvin notes it may have been immature, as
the primaries were not fully grown.

In view of the discoveries of American ornithologists
with regard to birds of this genus, the discrepancies in the
measurements are too great to be minimised. This, in con-
nection with the fact that the type is lost, necessitates the
rejection of the name in this connection; and after studying
this group, we suggest that the only method of identifying
0. tristrami will be by means of specimens from Sendai Bay
itself. Until a series from that locality is procured, the
name should be regarded as indeterminable.

Family PUFFINID^.
In the 'Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. 1912, p. 130, Mathews
drew attention to the great distinction between the bills
of the downy young of birds of the genera Puffinus and
Pterodroma, and illustrated the diflferences with a figure.
He continued the subfamily separation made in the ' Mono-
graph,' and suggested that Prucellai'ia { = Majaqueus auct.)

Petrels from the Nurth-East Pacific Occdn. 583

iiiiylit prove to be a Puffiuoid bird. Examination of a series
of juvenile Petrels from New Zealand in the Vienna Museum
collected by Keischek, enabled Iredale (Austral Av. Rec.
vol. ii. 1913, pp. 17-24) to record some interesting data,
and we now incorporate our most recent investigations in
connection with these birds in the present review.

Mathews (loc. cit. p. 45) included Pufflnus as used in the
'Monograph^ and Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vol. xxv. ; on
p. 129 Pterodronia displaced yEstrelata on the score of
priority, the association of species being preserved.

Since then both of us have broken up these genera, and we
add a further separation in this place. Now we would
indicate the genera admitted and the species allotted to
them, dealing with the old genus Piifflnus first.

This genus, founded upon Prucellaria jnifftnus Brunnich,
has been enlarged to include all species having a similar or
dissimilar bill which had '' the look of a Puffinus." Neither
structure nor colour-pattern has been adhered to, but a some-
what quaint rule-of-thumb process has become universal.
If the bill of P. piijfinus be compared with that of P. kuhlii,
the difference observed is immense. If P. kuhlii be now
contrasted with Procellaria aquinoctialis Linne, a much
greater resemblance will be seen ; yet these are placed
in different genera. Mathews pointed out that the
subfamilies recognised in the ' Monograph ' were un-
tenable ; and we now emphasize the fact that the generic
diagnoses provided in tliat work are as incorrect in con-
nection with this group as we have shown them to be in
connection with the preceding. Thus (p. xxxix) in the
generic key we get • —

" a. Tarsi distinctly compressed, the anterior edge sharp.

a . Nasal tube flat, both apertures visible from above,

directed forwards and slightly upwards; rectrices

twelve in number Puffinus.

h. Tarsi not compressed, more rounded on the anterior
edge ; rectrices twelve in number,
c". Bill long, stout, mostly yellow in colour; unguis
large ; nasal tube directed forwards ; claw of
hallux small Mojdqucus.'"

584 Messrs, G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

If the typical species of Puffinus be corapai'ed with typical
3Iojagueus=Procellcma, the differences will be seen to be
very great and not emphasized sufficiently by the diagnoses
given, though the compression of the tarsus is almost as
much in Majaqueus = Procellaria as in Pujjinus. If Puffinus
kuhlii be now placed between these two, in the main features
it will be seen to be much closer to Procellaria than to
Puffinus : the bill is longer but agrees closely with that of
Procellaria ; the tarsus is, however, not so compressed
as in Procellai'ia and obviously differs from the flattened
tarsus of Puffinus s. str., while the anterior edge is not
sharp.

If Puffinus leuconielas be examined, discord with typical
Puffinus is also seen as elaborated below. The species
Puffinus carneipes Gould differs at sight in its peculiar bill,
and from a study of the nestling stage Iredale separated it
under the generic name Hemipuffinus.

Consideration of the other species of " Puffinus " caused
Mathews, in the ' Birds of Australia,' to list the Australian
forms in this manner : —

Genus Puffinus Brisson.

Puffinus assimilis Gould,

Genus Reinholdia Mathews.

ReinJioldia reinholdi (Mathews).
Genus Thyellodroma Stejneger.

Thyellodroma pacijica (Gmelin) .
Genus Hemipuffinus Iredale.

Hemipuffinus carneipes (Gould).
Genus Neonectris Mathews.

Neonectris griseus (Gmelin).

„ tenuirostris (Temmiuck).

Genus Ardenna Reiohenbach.

Ardenna leuconielas (Temminck).

In the present collection there are representatives of the
genera Puffinus, Thyellodroma, Neonectris, and Puffinus
leuconielas. This necessitated the reconsideration of the

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 585

genera utilised by Matliews, and we now go more into
detail with regard to the relationships of the species. All
the species are uniform above and below or white below,
save P. leucomelas Avhieh has the head curiously streaked.
For this species we are providing a new generic name.
Colour considerations alone would suggest its separation
from the remainder of the group. It will be discussed in
detail later, so we would generally note the distribution of
these genera and species and draw attention to some
interesting facts.

Beebe has recently divided the Pheasants into many
genera, concluding that no two species of the same genus
inhabit the same territory. We welcome such a revolutionary
conclusion with gratitude, as the study of sea-birds has en-
forced this fact upon us, but we should not have dared to put
this before the ornithological world in the deliberate manner
Beebe has done. Now that Beebe has opened this matter,
we put forward our proposals with contidence. We will
use the name " Pufjinus " in the sense of the ' Monograph/
and note that it is really what Beebe calls a supergenus.
We are, and have been, continuing investigations with
regard to the supergenera of birds, and would scarcely
regard " Pi/^WMS " of the 'Monograph^ as a homogeneous
supergenus, but for the present it can be so considered.
We will only use species-names here.

On the Kermadecs live :

Puffinus pacificvs. Genus Thyellodroma.

assimilis. Alphapuffinus.

On Lord Howe Island live :

Paffi,7ius pacificus. Genus Thyellodroma.

carneipes, Hemipiiffinus.

assioiilis. AIphapt(,ffi?ms.

On Norfolk Island live :

Puffinus pacifcus. Genus Thyellodroma.

assimilis. Alphapvffinus.

583 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

In New Zealand live :

Puffinus griseus. Genus Neonectrift.

carneipes. Hemipt(ffi,nus.

assimilis. Alpha pxiffiniis.

reinholdi. Reinholdia.

In East Australia live :

Puffinus pacificus. Genus Thyellodroma.

reinholdi. Reinholdia.

In West Australia live :

Puffinus pacijicus. Genus Thyellodroma
carneipes. Hemipuffinus.

assimilis. Alphapuffinus.

From Bannermau's paper (Ibis, 1914) we find a similar
distribution of birds in the North Atlantic. From the
table on p. 413 we note that from the Azores, Madeira,
Desertas, Porto Santo, Salvages, and Canary Islands
breeding-records cover

Puffinus kuhli. Genus Calonech'is.

jmffinus. Puffinus.

assimilis. Alphapuffinus.

While from the Cape Verde Islands are recorded
Pvffinus kuhli. Genus Calonectris.

Iherminieri . Alphapuffin us.

In the present collection Ave have breeding at the
Pescadores Islands, between Formosa and the mainland :
Puffinus leucomelas. Genus Calonectris.
griseus. Neonectris.

cuneatus. Thyellodroma.

AVhile from the Bonin Group we have :

Puffinus cuneatus. Genus Thyellodroma.

bannermani. Puffinus.

It might be argued that what we have here considered
genera are only species ; we would note, however, that there
are other species belonging to most of the genera, and where

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 587

there are none at present known it would Ipe very unwise to
dogmatise, as the few birds here studied upset most of the
theories advanced by previous workers while enlarging
our ignorance (we had nearly written knowledge) of the
breeding-habits of these birds beyond previous anticipation.
Before going any further, we might indicate the greatest
discovery in connection with this collection. In the
American Ornithologists' Union Check-List, 3rd ed. 1910,
p. 53, we have given as the range of

Pujfinus griseus (Gmelin) :
" Oceans of Southern Hemisphere : occurs in summer on
the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to Lower California,
and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to
South Carolina : accidental in Alabama : probably breeds in
the South Pacific.'''

And on p. 54 : — ■

PuJfiMUs tenuirostr-is (Temminck) :

" Breeds in Southern Hemisphere : migrates north along
both coasts of the North Pacific to Kotzebue Sound,
Alaska.''

Pufjinus cuneatus Salviu :
" North Pacific Ocean. Breeds on Hawaiian Islands, and
islands ofi' the coast of western Mexico : occurs in migration
north to Bonin Islands, and Lower California."

In the ' Birds of Australia,' vol. ii. p. 98, Mathews noted :
"This name {chilensis Bonaparte) must be accepted at the
present time in preference of N. amaurosoma Coues (1864,
p. 124), though later this latter name may have to be used
for a north Pacific breeding-form (of P. griseus), the types
of Coues's species having been obtained at Cape St. Lucas,
Lower California. I am not at all certain that the birds
met with in such numbers at the extremity of South America
are the same as those which occur off" the coast of California.
There always seem to be discrepancies in the dates that need
adjustment, and the recent discoveries of Petrels breeding
in the north Pacific seem to point to many yet to be made."

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 K

588 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

On p. 103, with regard to P. tenuirostris brevicaudus, this
point of view was again empliasized.

At that time ]Mathews was in receipt of the first con-
signment from Owston; but the second amply confirmed
his conclnsion, for it contained a form of Pvffirais griseus
breeding on the Pescadores Islands — a new record for
the east Pacific Ocean, and a new breeding record for the
north Pacific Ocean, because previously the only breeding
places known of this species were in the south of New
Zealand.

On the same group, the Pescadores, P. leiicomelas and
P. cuneatus were procured ; while P. cuneatus was proved to
breed on tiie Bonin group, and another form of P. griseus
was received from the Kuril Islands.

Consequently it must now be admitted that all the species
recorded from the north Pacific Ocean brted there, and
thus a field for investigation is indicated, the fruits of which
cannot be anticipated.

The next most important discovery is the receipt from the
Bonin Islands of a new species of Puffinus, intermediate
between P. opisthomelas Cones { = auricular is Townsend)
from the coast of California and P. newelli Henshaw from the
Hawaiian group. It is a distinct species, but these are its
nearest allies, and as P. newelli Henshaw is almost extinct,
it is a most interesting addition to the group of the true
Pujjinus. These discoveries suggest that a careful search of
every rocky islet in the north Pacific may bring to light just
as unexpected forms, and that no dogmatic conclusions
regarding the distribution of Petrels can yet be attempted.

We would emphasize how coloration may be a generic
character, or even supergeneric, in connection with Puffinus
and Pterodroma.

These two genera were long distinguished by their appear-
ance, there being little structural difference to grasp ; yet
when once one of the species of the former genus was
examined and compared with one of those of the latter,
all the species could be easily separated into these two
groups, though variation in coloration, form, and size was

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 589

commonly observed. It was almost impossible to write down
the differences, and practically no one has attempted to
do so. Neither Cones nor Ridgway were as happy in their
diagnoses in connection with these as with most groups,
yet their association of the species was correct.

Neither Salvin nor Godman attempted any generic dia-
gnosis, the keys given being inaccurate when the species were
examined. Yet by means of colour and form these groups
can be separated, and that they are very distinct groups is
proved by study of the nestlings, as was first shown by
Mathews.

Pterodroma always has a black bill ; Puffinus never has,
though sometimes almost a unicolorous bill. The main
difference, and one which is quite diagnostic, is in the
colour of the legs and feet.

In Pterodroma the feet may be black : we note this first,
as it is a very rare occurrence and principally when the bird
is very dark and unicolor. Even then, the majority of birds
show bicoloured feet. The distribution of colour in the feet
forms a generic or super generic feature. The tarsus and the
proximal joint of the toes is wholly light -coloured, the remainder
being dark. This is easily seen in skins, and most figures
show it.

Puffinus never has the legs and feet black, but always more
or less bicoloured. The distribution of colour in the feet forms
a generic or subgeneric feature. The outside of the tarsus and
the outer toe are always dark when compared with the inside
and innei' toes. In the majority of cases this is very promi-
nently seen, the outside being blue-black and the inside
yellow. In both cases nestlings in down show these diverse
styles of leg and feet coloration.

The genus Puffinus covers, in the 'Monograph of Petrels,'
twenty-five species, as follows : — P. leucomelas (Temm.),
cuneatus Salvin, bulleri Salvin, chlororhynchus Less.
[=pacificus (Gmelin)), gravis (O^Reilly), kuhli (Boie),
edivardsi Oustalet, creatopus Cones, anglorum (Kuhl) ( =
puffinus Briinnich), yelkouanus Acerbi, opisthomelas Coues
(= couesi Mathews), auriciilaris Townsend { = opisthomelas

2h2

590 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

Coues), newelli Heiishaw, suhalaris Ridgway, gavia
Forster ( = reinholdi Mathews), persicus Hume, obscurus
Gm. (= Ihermmieri Lesson), auduboni Fiusch, nssimilis
Gould, elegans Gigiioli & Salvadori, bailloni Bp. { = baroli
Bp.), carneipes Gould, griseus Gmel., tenuirostris Temni.,
and nativitatis Streets. The first-named has a peculiar
style of coloration j but all the rest are either uniform
above and white below, or uniform above and below.

Our classification would read : —

Genus Calonectris, no v.

leucomelas (Temminck).

kuhli (Boie).
Genus Ardenna Reichenbach.

gravis (O^Reilly).

creatopa (Coues).
Genus Pvffinus Brisson.

puffinus (Briinnich).

couesi Mathews.

opisthomelas Coues.

newelli Henshaw.

nativitatis Streets.
Reinholdia Mathews.

reinholdi (Mathews).
Alphapvffinus Mathews.

assimilis (Gould).

Iherminiei'i (Lesson).

persicus (Hume).
Hemipuffinus Iredale.

carneipes (Gould).
Thyellodroma Stejneger.

pacijica (Gmeliu).

cuneata (Salvin).

bulleri (Salvin).
Neonectris Mathews.

tenuirostris (Temminck).

griseus (Gmeliu).

Petrels from the Nortli-East Pacific Ocean. 591

We consider edivards Oustalet a subspecies of kii/i/l,
yetJcouun Acerbi a subspecies of pvffinus, subalaris Ridgvvay
and audaboni Finsch subspecies of Iherminieri, and elegans
G. & S. and bailloni Bp. subspecies of assimilis Gould.

The relations of the genera seem to be ill-defined : Calo-
nectris and Ardenna stand quite apart from all the rest with
regard to size and form and to some extent coloration also ;
while though the lateral compression of the tarsus of species
of Ardenna is as much as in any other member of the group,
and this lateral compression of the tarsus is almost a
supergeneric character, Calonectrts differs in this feature.
Consequently we cannot state that these two genera are as
closely allied as a superficial examination suggests. Neither
would we be justified in allving them to any other genus.
There is a huge gap between them and Puffinus, and they
approach Proceltaria {■= Majaqueus) more nearly. Perhaps
they are nearest to Priofinus, which they resemble closely in
coloration and with which genus the species have sometimes
been confounded. In considering this genus we have noted
that Cones observed that it was very close to Pu^nus, and
Mathews went so far as to lump it with Procellaria, noting
it only differed in coloration. Procellaria is, so far as at
present known, a Puffinoid form, but it is wholly black and
does not show the supergeneric character of the peculiar
coloration of the legs and feet. We now see that Priofnus
does show this character, and that therefore it must be
placed alongside Ardenna. Still, this does not help us with
the affinities of the species, but only adds another problem.

Pvffinus s. str. is homogeneous, and we trace it into
Reinholdia, which differs in the very diminished tail, and
into Alphapu^nus, which contains the smallest members of the
group with small bills but average tails. We are here again
at a loss as, unless we work through the species cuneaius, we
cannot account for the dark long-tailed Thyellodroma. All
the species of Pirffinus, save nativitatis Streets, Reinholdia
and Alphapvffitius are bicolor ; while in Thyellodroma,
cuneata and bul/eri are bicolor, the former perhaps di-
morphic, and pacificus unicolor. Contrasted with these

592 Messrs. G, M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

is the genus Neonectris with unicolorous, short-tailed forms,
one weak-billed and the other strong-billed, and the genns
Hemij)vffiniis, a heavy-billed bird, whose bill is abnormally
unlike any other speeies in the supergenus.

The coloration of juveniles does not help us in this group
as the downy young passes into the colour-feathering of the
adult. Geographical distribution cannot be utilised at
present, as we do not know where the birds breed with
sufficient exactness to theorise at all.

Genus Calonectris, nov.

We propose this genus-name for Puffinus leucomelas
Temminck, which differs in coloration from every other
member of the group. In its large size it comes near the
genus Ardenna, and was placed under this genus by
Mathews in his List of the Birds of Australia. Though
agreeing fairly well in bill-characters with Ardenna, it
differs in the structure of the legs and feet. Ardenna
agrees, in having the tarsus very much compressed,
■with Pvjffinus sensu lat. Calonectris has the tarsus com-
paratively little compressed, and this feature is only
shared with it by the species luhli^ which we temporarily
associate with it. When it is recalled that of the twenty-
live species included under the genus Puffinus in the
' Monograph of Petrels/ ranging from very large to quite
small birds, twenty-three show the great lateral compres-
sion and only these two do not, it must be conceded that
this is quite a valuable character. In the adult the bill
differs obviously from that of Puffinus in the position and
structure of the nasal tubes, and at once suggests Procel-
laria. The relationship of that genus is, however, with
Ardenna through Priofinus, so that the bill formation
becomes secondary to the feet formation.

In this connection the danger of genus lumping as
regai'ds anatomical study should be noted. Anatomists are
notoriously careless of the nomenclature of the material they
handle, and if any of the species of Puffinus (sensu latissimo)
were handed to an anatomist for study, it would sooner or

Petrels from the North- East Pacific Ocean.

-)93

later be utilised as typical of the genus. In tlic present
case, the peeuliar tarsal structure suggests coincident
anatomical variation. Another peculiarity of the tarsus is

Text-figure 9.

A. Top view of bill of Puffinus bminermani.

C. Side view of ditto.

B. Top view of bill of Calonectris leucomelas.

D. Side view of ditto.

that it is shorter than the chord of the culmen, a feature
not shared by any other Puffin-like birds, save P. kiihli.
The more we study that species the more resemblances we

594 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

perceive to C. leucomelas, so that with our present knowledge
it seems strictly congeneric. A further examination of
Priofinus suggests that this is related to kuhli rather tlian
Ardenna, and that it would bear the same relation to hihli
as Priocella does to Fuhnarus. If only nestlings were
available we would be able to state definite relationships,
whereas at present we can only suggest them, though we
consider our suggestions are w'cU-founded and will later
prove correct.

Calonectris leucomelas.

Procellaria leucomelas Temminck and Laugier, Planch.
Color. d'Ois, vol. v. livr. 99, pi. 587, 1835 : Seas of Japan.

Two specimens labelled : —

" Pescadores Is., May 1909. Ptifinus leucomelas (Temm.).''

Measurements : —

Culmen 54, wing 326, tail 151, tarsus 51, mid-toe 58 ram.
„ 55, „ 327, „ 148, „ 51, „ 58 „

These are both adult breeding birds in good plumage;
this would appear to be the first record of breeding birds, all
the previous notes and specimens referring to sea-killed
birds or migrants.

In coloration these birds agree well with the description
given in the ' Monograph,'' but not with the figure, which
represents a difi'erent bird as is there stated ; our birds,
however, have the throat streaked as well as the malar
region.

Genus Puffinus.

Pvffinus Brisson, Ornith. vol. vi. 1760, p. 130.

Type (by tautonymy) : Procellaria puffinus Briinnich.

To this genus, as restricted to birds agreeing with the
type in the structure of the bill, legs and feet, and in general
proportions, we have the pleasure of adding a new species.

Puffinus 'bannermani, sp. n.

Adult. General coloration above sooty-black, the head
and neck bluish black washed with ashy, the hind neck
noticeably so ; the interscapular region shows feathers

Petrels from the North- East Pacific Ocean. 595

having a broad lighter tip giving a scallopped appearance.
The remiges and rectrices sooty-black, the inner webs of
the primaries brown. A white streak under the eye. All
the under surface from chin to under tail-coverts pure white :
lores ashy ; under the eyes and sides of neck the feathers
tipped with white, while there is a patch extending on to
the sides of the breast, where the dark and white are about
equal, having a mottled appearance. The shorter tail-
coverts are white with brown spots near tips, while the
longer ones are all black with scant white tips. All the
edges of the under wing-coverts brown, succeeding row half
white, centre pure white : i. e. the marginal coverts brown,
the lower primary coverts and under secondary coverts
pure white. Axillaries pure white. The bill is blue-black ;
legs and feet distinctly particoloured in the typical puffinoid
manner, judging by the dried skin.

Type. '* North Iwojima, Bonin Is., Feb. 1910. (Estre-
lata longirostins (Stejneger) " is the label with full data in
Japanese.

Culmen 32, wing 211, tail 81, tarsus 42, mid-toe 40 mm.

Others measure : —

Culmen 31, wing 21 6'5,tail 79, tarsus 40, mid-toe 39*5 mm.
„ 31, „ 214, „ 80, „ 41, „ 40 „

This is a most interesting addition to the genus Pufflims
s. str., its nearest relatives being Pufjinus neiveUi Henshaw
and P. auricularis Townsend, the correct name of which
Mathews has shown to be P. opisthomelas Cones. It cannot
be confused with either, though we know the former only from
description and it is said now to be extinct or nearly so.
It is separable at once from P. newelli in the difference of
the coloration of the upper surface and the under tail-
coverts, and from P. opisthomelas Cones (nee auct.) in the
different upper coloration and size. It has the wholly white
malar region of P. newelli, but the sides of the neck are
mottled like P. opisthomelas Coues.

Mathews (Birds Austr. vol. ii. 1912, p. 67) wrote : —

" The acquisition of material from the Pacific points to
the fact that Procellaria obscura Gnieliu mav after all have

596 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

been procured at Christmas Island, but I purpose to deal in
detail with this most interesting collection at a later period
when I have obtained more material.- In this case we might
have : —

" Puffinus ubscurus obscurus Gmelin. Christmas Island.
„ ,, opisthomelas Coues. Revillagigedo

Group.
„ „ newelli Henshaw. Sandwich Island."

This was written when the first consignment with a
solitary specimen of this bird was available. Study of the
three specimens in connection with P. opisthomelas Coues
and the description of P. newelli Henshaw suggests the
absolute rejection of P. obscurus Gmelin until topotypes are
available. We further do not feel inclined to consiiler the
present form as subspccifically related to the others in view
of the difference in general coloration, while the difference in
size between P. opisthomelas Coues and P. neivelli Henshaw
is too great to treat them in this way, especially as they
differ in the somewhat important character of the mottling
of the side of the neck, to say nothing of the difference in
the colouring of the malar region, under tail-coverts, etc.

Genus Thyellodroma Stejneger.

Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. xi.
1888, p. 93.

Type (by original designation) : Procellaria pacijica
Gmelin.

The species-name paciflca is almost characteristic of tliis
genus, as it would appear to be confined to the Indo-Pacific
Oceans and not to range into the Atlantic. Hemipuffinus
has also a restricted range, while Reinholdia is only very
locally known at present.

We have placed the species nativitatis under Pvffimis, but
it may be that it should be placed in conjunction with this
genus ; wherever it is classed it is quite an aberrant form.
Probably the wisest course would be to designate it with a

retreh from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 597

new subgeneric name and tlius attract attention to it. A\ e
would tberefore propose

Sub-genus MiCRozALiAs, nov.

for Puffinus nativitatis Streets.

The genus Thyelludroma is composed of bicolor and
unicolor species, and these are large, but not the largest,
pufiinoid birds with long wedge-tails. Whether there are
two or three species is not yet decided, and though Mathews
regarded two only as specifically distinct, we here revert to
the treatment in the ' Monograph,' where three were
admitted.

The genus covers the only case in the puffinoid group
where dimorphism or interbreeding is suggested, and pro-
bably later information will once more radically change our
conclusions.

Thyellodroma cnneata cuneata (Salvin).

Puffinus cuneuius Salvia, Ibis, 1888, p. 353 ; Krusenstern
Island, Marshall Group.

This species was described from a couple of skins from
the Marshall Group, and the further history of its discovery
is retailed in the ' Monograph,' p. 7Q. In the ' Birds of
Australia,' vol, i. 1912, pp„ 82-84, Mathews discussed the
phases and lumped all the birds previously named Pufflims
cuneatus under Pvffinus pacificus, distinguishing several
subspecies. In the present collection six specimens occur,
and a re-investigation of the group was necessary. We now
differentiate two species, T. cuneata and T. pacifica, and note
that the subspecies as regards general coloration are constant
save in two localities.

An example from Owston's collection is labelled as
follows : —

" Bonin Is., May 1910. Pvffinus cuneatus Salv."

Culmen 41, wing 280, tail 137-5, tarsus 47, mid-toe 48 mm.

General coloration above brownish ; below pure white with
a slight freckling of grey on sides of body ; under tail-
coverts brown. Compared with the type of Pufiuus cuneatus

598 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

Salvin tliere is practically no difference to be observed, the
latter having the head slightly darker as also the wing-
coverts, but this may be due to age ; there is slightly more
freckling on the sides of the breast^ and the axillaries are
darker and the under wing-coverts more splashed with grey.
The measurements of Salvin's type are : — Culmen 42,
■wing 300, tail 135, tarsus 49, mid-toe 50 mm.

The Bonin Island bird in the skin has the bill light horn,
the tip darker, while the legs and feet are dirty-yellow,
almost uniform, but slightly darker on the outside.

Another specimen is labelled : — "■ Iwojima, Boniu Island,
15th July, 1911. Puffinus tenuirostris Temm."

Culmen 39, wing 294, tail 137'5, tarsus 49, mid-toe 52 mm.

This example agrees even more closely than the preceding
with the type of Pufinus cuneatus Salvin.

A third labelled " Iwojima, Boniu Island, 15/7/11, J
Pufinus tenuirostris,^' has the culmen 41, wing 296, tail 135,
tarsus 47, mid-toe 52 mm., and is very similar to the others,
but has less freckling of grey on the sides of the body, an
almost pure white uuder-wing and grey axillaries with white
tips.

These two have verj pale legs, scarcely darker on the out-
side of the tarsus, while the outer toe shows distinct dark
spots on the joints, otherwise little difference in colour.

One labelled '^ Iwojima, Bonin Is., Aug. 1910, Puffinus
tenuirostris (Temm.) " is a most interesting specimen as it
is a fully-grown immature bird. It measures : culmen 41,
"vving 280, tail 131, tarsus 47, mid-toe 50 mm. The upper
coloration is of a greyer tinge throughout, and the feathers
of the upper back and under wing-coverts have broadish
■white tips ; all the under parts are faintly but fairly regu-
larly freckled with ashy ; the under-wiiigs are white with
ashy markings predominating, the shafts of many feathers
dark ; the axillaries are dark ashy splashed with lighter
ashy ; the bill is dark horn throughout, and the legs and feet
are pallid, the outside faintly darker.

An example marked " Muko Is., of Bonin Group,
5/11/1911, Puffinus leucomelas (Temm.),^^ is a young in
down; the forehead bare of down, showing greyish brown

Petrels from the North- East Pacific Ocean. 599

as in the preceding specimen, and chin wliitish with ashy
freckling and the breast regularly freckled ; all the rest of
the under-surfaee down-covered save the under tail-coverts,
which have whitish tips showing ; the down is ashy, and of
a paler shade in the centre of the abdomen ; the back and
wing-coverts are exactly of the same colour as the above-
mentioned bird with similar broad white tips ; wings very
short and dark; feet showing dark edf>es and joints; the
bill long and very thin, sides dark yellow-horn, rest very
dark ; nostrils distinctly on each side of culmen ridge,
which is clearly separated from the laterals. Chord of culmen
o9'5 mm.

An example from '' Pescadores Island, 15th May, 1909,
Pvjfjinus cuneatus," has the culmen 39, wing 287, tail 136,
tarsus 148, mid-toe 50 mm. It agrees very closely with
the first-mentioned specimens.

In the British Museum is a specimen with the data " $ ,
5th June, 1890, P. A. Hoist, Sulphur I., Bonins," and the
soft parts are given in detail thus : " Bill light grey, except
upper part from groove and hooked tip black, also upper part
(edges) and hook of lower mandible black. Tarsi and feet
whitish pink, somewhat dusky at the joints on the outer
side. Irides faint brown."

This series is practically typical, and it is noteworthy that
no dark birds occur. The downy young with the freckled
under surface and the fully grown immature show the same
feature, while all the adults are pure M'hite below : this is
very interesting, but gives no clue to the dimorphism
apparently found on San Benedicto Island, but suggests
further inquiry at that place. It might be observed that
the Benin Island form has a very slender tarsus. We
would again emphasize our ignorance of Pacific Ocean
breeding Petrels by stating that no white-breasted " cuneata. "
is known from the south Pacific Ocean, but a white-
breasted species called Puffinus bulleri Salvin is rarely known
from New Zealand waters, its breeding place being unknown.
A similar form has recently occurred off the Califoruian
coast, but its breeding-place is also unknown. The New

600 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on so7ne

Zealand bird does not wander to California : such a state-
ment would seem absurd. All birds from the Indian Ocean,
western and eastern Australia, and southern Pacific are uni-
formly dark. From Laysan comes a white-bellied form with
a few uniform birds intermingled, while on San Benedicto
Island, oflF the Mexican coast, a uniform bird occurs with a
light-breasted one, the dark bird predominating. From the
Pescadores Islands a single light-breasted bird has been
received, almost certainly a breeding individual, and it is
very probable that only white-breasted birds of this group
occur on the Islands, as dark birds received prove to belong
to Neonectris griseus (Gmelin) subsp.

The apparent variation in coloration observed at San
Benedicto Island and Laysan is quite unparalleled in this
family, and is more puzzling than in the case of ^strelata
neglecta Schlegel, with whose phases one of us is very
familiar. In that case we have a variable species at three
or four different localities with nothing very similar other-
wise known. In the present case we have two very distinct
species, quite constant, found in many localities, and then a
commingling of the two on one or two groups of islands in
different ratios. This strongly suggests hybridism and the
separation of the two as distinct species. Adopting this view
we would therefore restrict Pvffinus pacificus alleni Mathews
(Birds Austr. vol. ii. 1912, p. 83) to the dark birdj and note
the forms of T. cuneaia as follows : —

Thyelludroma cuneata cuneuta Salvin.

Marshall group, Vulcan group, Bonin Island,

Pescadores Islands.

T. c. laysani Mathews. Laysan, Hawaiian Group.

T. c. subsp. San Benedicto Island, Mexico.

Genus Neonectris.
Neonectris Mathews, Austral Av. Rec. vol. ii. 1913, p. 12.
Type (by original designation) : Puiffinus brevicaudus
Gould.

This name was proposed by Mathews as the names used

Petrels fi'om the North-East Pacific Ocean. 601

previously for this genus all proved untenable. It differs
from the preceding genus in its short tail, though agreeing
in its dark coloration throughout. That it should be
generically separated rather tiian subgenerically is a point
upon which we anticipate criticism, mainly from workers
who glance at the small superficial differences, without
considering the lessons to be deduced from such small
discrepancies.

We have indicated that Thyellodroma has a distribution
confined to the Indo-Pacific Oceans. It is found breeding
probably throughout the tropical and temperate Pacific
Ocean, north and south of the Equator, and in the Indian
Ocean among the Mascarene Islands and West Australia.

Neonectris breeds in southern-east Australia and south
ISIew Zealand, in both cases in more southerly regions than
species of Thyellodroma. It occurs abundantly in southern
South America, suggesting a southern breeding-place : it
has occurred in the north Atlantic as a straggler, and has
always been thought to breed only in the southern Hemi-
sphere. It ranges along eastern North America, and these
birds were also relegated to southern breeding-places.

Mathews (Birds Austr. vol. ii. 1913, p. 103) was probably
the first to suggest that this conclusion was incorrect, as
though Stejneger had previously noted that the birds found
on the Commander Islands were " probably breeding/^ he
laid no stress upon this, and his statement was consequently
ignored.

We now record breeding birds from the north Pacific
Ocean, and emphasize the fact that all statements as to
northern birds breeding in the south are mere unconfirmed
suggestions and with the present knowledge worthless.

The fact that Neonectris breeds in the north Pacific
Ocean and the south Pacific Ocean, while Thyellodroma
breeds in the mid-Pacific Ocean, leads us to give generic
value to the slight difference which can hardly be superficially
observed. Though Thyellodroma and Neonectris are appa-
rently so alike, in life they present different appearances.

60.2 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

so that they can be recognised at sijjht : their habits are
different, and their notes differ essentially so that even in the
dark they can be distinguished.

Neonectris griseus pescadoresi, subsp. n.

Two specimens, labelled " Pescadores Is., May 1909,
Pu^nus carneipes Gould /^ are the first record of this species
from the western Pacific Ocean and also the first record of
the species as a breeding bird north of the Equator. These
two birds were taken from breeding-burrows, and have tlie
base of the bill somewhat denuded of feathers through
digging. The fact that Owston labelled them " Pvffinus
curneipes^^ indicates the nature of the bill, as that species
has a heavy bill and flesh-coloured legs : these specimens
have not flesh-coloured legs but have stout bills, which
characterise the subspecies.

The birds are brownish above, the head black ; there are
brownish tips to the scapulars and greater wing-coverts ;
chin ashy ; under surface ashy brown, paler on the breast;
axillaries brown ; the under-wing feathers ashy with dark
shafts. There is practically no diffierence whatever in the
two specimens, the paler breast being rather more pro-
nounced in one bird, which has also the under wing-coverts
lighter.

Measurements : —

Culmen 42, wing 292, tail 8G, tarsus 55, mid-toe 54 mm.

(Type of the species.)
Culmen 43, wing 291, tail 96, tarsus 56, mid-toe 56 mm.

The type-locality of Neonedris griseus (Gmelin) is New
Zealand, where in the extreme south it is an extremely
abundant breeder. One of the writers has seen them in
countless numbers passing to the breeding-ground so often
written about. Neozelanic specimens show little difference
in the measurements save in the bill, which is short and
more slender, an average example measuring : — Culmen 39,
wing 290, tail 87, tarsus 56, mid-toe 54 mm.

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 603

Neonectris griseus missus, subsp. n.

Two specimens, labelled '' Kuril Island, Puffinus grisem
(Gmelin)," differ at siglit from the preceding in their
different coloration, being purer ashy throughout, lacking
the brown coloration so noticeable in the form above de-
scribed. We at first thought these might be more freshly
plumaged birds, but we note that the base of the bill is
also denuded of feathers, indicating digging and breeding
birds. As the difference in coloration is also accotnpanied
by a slight variation in the bill measurement, as given below,
we have to diflfereutiate the form by name.

The under- wing coloration varies, one being more ashy,
the other more white, otherwise the two birds are very
similar in every way. They measure : —

Culmen 44, wing 296, tail 86, tarsus 57, mid-toe 53 mm.

(Type of the species.)

Culmen 45, wing 301, tail 87, tarsus 57, mid-toe 55 mm.

In this race the bill is longer than in the preceding, but it
is pi'oj)ortionately more slender.

Mathews (Birds Austr. vol. ii. 1912, p. 98) wrote : —
" This name {chilensis Bonaparte) must be accepted at
the present time in preference of N. amaurosoma Cones,
though later this latter name may have to be used
for a north PaciHc breeding form, the types of Coues's
species having been obtained at Cape St. Lucas, Lower
California. I am not at all certain that the birds met with
in such numbers at the extremity of South America are the
same as those which occur off the coast of California. There
always seem to be discrepancies in the dates that need adjust-
ment, and the recent discoveries of Petrels breeding in the
north Pacific seem to point to many yet to be made."

Examination of the specimens available of N. griseus
suggests confirmation of this statement, as Monterey birds
all agree in having longer bills, legs, and toes than Chilian
specimens. From the fact that N. griseus breeds on the
Pescadores Islands, it would be almost a certain guess that
a form breeds somewhere oft' western North America

SEU. X. VOL. III. 2 s

604 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

which is quite distinct from the bird breeding in southern
South America.

It should be observed that instead of '^ P/' carneipes and
" P." ienuirostris, the two anticipated breeding " Pnffinus"
in Japanese seas, Owston sent two forms of " P." yriseus,
a new bird for the locality in every sense. What else may
still be hidden ?

Genus Cookilaria.

Cookilaria Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris,
vol. xliii. 185(5, p. 994.

Type (by original designation) : Procellaria cookii Gray.

In the 'Birds of Australia/ vol. ii, 1912, pp. 129-132,
Mathews showed that Pterodroma must be used instead of
yEsfi'elata on the score of priority, if the association of
species brought together in the 'Monograph^ be maintained.

Later, in the 'Ibis,' 1913, p. 233, the present writers
differentiated the genus Cookilana for the type species,
leaving all the rest in the genus Pterodroma. The group is
very difficult to segregate, as Cones experienced; but it is
just as certainly polyphyletic. At present the one fact
certain is that Cookilaria is easily recognisable.

Mathews {loc. cit. p. 168) wrote : —

" The group of small Petrels ranged round Pterodroma
cookii is well marked, and the subspecies are easily recog-
nisable. At present the subspecies known are ; —

Pterodroma cookii cookii Gray. New Zealand.

„ „ leucoptera Gould. East Australia.

„ ,, nigripennis Roth- Kermadec Group.

schild.
„ „ axillaris Salvin. Chatham Islands,

New Zealand.
„ „ defilippiana Gigl. Western South

& Salvad. America.

„ ,, longirostris Stejneger. Japanese Isles.

The receipt of specimens of (Estrelata hypoleuca Salvin
(Ibis, 1888, p. 359, Krusensteru Is.) shows this species

Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 605

to belong to CooJcilaria, though in tlie ' Monograph ' it was
associated with mollis and torquata, with which it was
compared when described many years previously."

The characters of the forms are so slight that subspecific
value seeras most suitable, but upon close examination we
find the differences so peculiarly ranged that we are perhaps
dealing with species. Thus, while all are certainly very
closely allied and congeneric, the two forms most exactly
alike as to upper coloration, viz., nigripennis and defilippiana,
have very differently coloured primaries. This would be less
remarkable were it not that another couple almost exactly
agreeing in upper coloration, viz., leucoptera and hypoleiica,
differ in the same respect. The two pairs differ very de-
cidedly, the former being the palest, the latter the darkest
of the series.

The two forms that have dark primaries, viz., hypoleuca
and nigripennis, are the darkest and lightest of the lot ;
while the two darkest, viz. leucoptera and hii]poleuca^ and the
two lightest, viz. defilippiana and nigripennis, differ most in
the coloration of the primaries. Species of Cookilaria have
different habits, flight, and notes from species of Pterodroma
or ^strelata, and can be recognised at sight ot in the dark.
Pterodroma and y^sfrelata are difficult to separate, as so
little is known about the species at present. • At the
Kermadec Islands three species of the genus Pterodroma
sensu lato breed together, viz. P. cervicalis Salvin,
P. neglecta Schlegel, and P. nigripennis Rothschild. If it
were true of this group that no two birds of the same genus
breed together, then we would know that P. cervicalis
Salvin and P. neglecta Schlegel should be referred to
different genera. As a matter of fact, though these two
birds differ very little in structure or coloration, so that
from skins it might seem impossible to allot them to
different genera, the birds are very different in nature,
having dissimilar habits (P. neglecta breeding above ground,
P. cervicalis in burrows) and very distinct notes. The
downy young of P. cervicalis is like a macromorph of that of
P. nigripennis, and differs in down colour-patter. i from the

3s2

606 Messrs. G. M. Mathews and T. Iredale on some

youDg of P. neglecta. In coloration P. cervicalis is absolutely
constant, while P. neglecta shows remarkable variation in
coloration. Again, the egg-shell of P. cervicalis is peculiar
when contrasted with that of P. neglecta. Such details may
not impress the genus-lumper, but it is as well that they
should be recorded in this connection with the suggestion
that P. cervicalis and P. neglecta are representatives of
distinct genera. We have already noted that Cookilaria is
very distinct in all the above factors.

Cookilaria cookii hypoleuca.

(Estrelata hypoleuca Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 359: Krusen-
stern Island, Marshall Group.

''North Iwojima, Bonin Is., February 1910. (Estrelata
hypoleuca Salv.^^ Full data in Japanese.

Culmen 26, wing 230, tail 120, tarsus 32, mid-toe 32 mm.

Differs from the type of (E. hypoleuca Salvin, which
measures : culmen 26, wing 228, tail 120, tarsus 29, mid-
toe 29 mm., only in having the feathers of the rump darker.

" Sagalien Is., April 1909. (Estrelata hypoleuca Salv.'^
Also data in Japanese.

Culmen 25 5, wing 236, tail 114, tarsus 30, mid-toe
30 mm. Agrees absolutely with the preceding.

These are practically typical specimens, so that it is almost
certain that the Sandwich Island birds require a new name:
no form of this genus is known to inhabit different localities,
those from east Australia, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand,
and Chatham Islands respectively being all well characterised.

Genus Bilweria.

Bulweria Bonaparte, Nuov. Annal. Sci. Nat. Bologna,
vol. viii, for 18J2, Jan. 1843, p. 426.

Type (by mouotypy): Procellaria bulweri Jardine &
Selby.

So much has been written abont this very distinct genus
that we can add nothing. In the ' Monograph ' it is placed
after Pagodroma nivea (Gmelin), as anatomical study has
proved it to be very aberrant in some features considered

Ti. Petrels from the North-East Pacific Ocean. 607

of importance. The formation of the bill and skull recall
Piujodruma to us, and the opposition of coloration is very
remarkable if these two should prove closely allied. It
seems, as does Pagodroma, to be related to Pterodroma more
nearly than to any other genus.

Bulweria bulweri pacifica, subsp. n.

Type, labelled "Iwojima, Bonin I. ,$ , 15/7/11. Bulweria
buhceri."

Culmen 23, wing 210, tail 119, tarsus 27*5, mid-toe
27'5 mm.

We separate the Pacific-breediug Bulwer's Petrel on
account of its stronger bill, no other difference being
apparent : the coloration agrees very closely with Atlantic
specimens, and there is very little variation in size. Two
other birds received measure : —

" Iwojima, Bonin Is. r^ , 15/7/11. Bulweria bulweri."

Culmen 23, wing 206, tail 105, tarsus 27, mid-toe 27 mm.

"Iwojima, Bonin Is. ?, 15/7/11. Bulweria bulweri."

Culmen 22'5, wing 206, tail 109"5, tarsus 27, mid-toe
27 mm.

We made our comparisons with specimens from Madeira,
the type-locality of P. bulweri Jardiue & Selby, and noted
that Atlantic Island birds generally agreed with these,
while other Bonin Island birds and birds from Foochow,
China, agreed with our Pacific birds. We now note that in
the ' Ibis,' 1914, p. 268, Bannerman gives measurements of
Canary Island series thus :

22 males — Culmen 20*5-23, wing 187-205 (average
196-5), tarsus 25-5-28 mm.

4 females — Culmen 20-5-21, wing 191-200 (average
195-5), tarsus 26*5-27-5 mm.

It will be noticed that our three specimens are all larger
in the culmen and wing than the Canary Island birds.
Bannerman, in the 'Ibis,^ 1914, pp. 488-494, remarks on
the discontinuous distribution of this species, occurring in
the eastern Atlantic and then recurring in the north Pacific,
and comments upon it. The most peculiar fact, however.

608 Petrels from the Norlh-East Pacific Ocean.

to us, is the difficulty in separating these breeding colonies
subspecifically, while from the Fiji group in the middle
Pacific a distinct species of Bulweria is known.

General Remarks.

The imperfection of our knowledge of the breeding places
of Petrels is emphasized by the preceding collection. The
recognition of a breeding form of Neonectris griseus
(Gmelin) on the Pescadores Islands is quite a novel fact.
We were confident that breeding places of " P." tenuirostris,
carneipes, and griseus would be found in the north Pacific
Ocean, but we would have suggested for the griseus form a
far north breeding place as it is the furthest southern
breeding " Pvffinus.'^

The acquisition of an entirely new species of Piiffinus
was much less unexpected, but it is none the less welcome,
while a new species of Cymuchorea was not anticipated.
We might draw attention to the treatment of " Oceanodroma
hornbyi (Gray)'^ by the American Ornithologists^ Union.
In the Check-List, 3rd ed. 1910, p. 370, it has been placed
on the Hypothetical List, as since it was described in 1854
from the north-west coast of America it has not been again
met with. In the Birds Austr. vol. ii. 1912, p. 141 et seq.,
under the name Fterodroma melanopus, is detailed the
history of a bird which was described in 1844 and was not
rediscovered until 1911, yet it is a common bird at the new
locality, which is not inaccessible to visitors. We further
note that in 1884 Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway (Water
Birds N. Amer. vol. ii. p. 411) commented on Cymochorea
melania (Bonaparte) thus: — "That it should not since
(1854) have been met with is a strong indication that it
does not belong to our fauna." The breeding-place of this
bird is now known, so that of 0. hornbyi (Gray) may be
just as near. If this bird were re- transferred to the
Check-List proper, we think it would become a source of
greater interest and research than it is while retained in its
present position. We have thus digressed to emphasize
our views once more that forms of Puffinus tenuirostris,
griseus, and bulleri will all be found breeding oflF the west

On the Systematic Position of the Raff. 609

coast of North America, and suggest that the isLmds off
tlie coast north of Vancouver to Alaska may hide these and
otlier breeding forms.

As this paper deals only with Petrels we may perhaps be
allowed to add a note o£ interest foreign to the preceding.
We would like to point out that the names proposed by us
are arbitrary combinations of letters without any meaning
whatever, unless we definitely give such. We consider it
often impossible to guess the meaning of a word, and we
would here cite the curious case of Daption, Stephens gave
this name to a genus of Petrels and many workers have
studied Greek dictionaries, attempting to extort a meaning.
Daptrion, Daptiuni and Daptes have been suggested, the last
mentioned now appearing as the meaning in the recent
B. 0. U. List of British Birds. It has recently occurred to us
that Daption is simply an anagram or metathesis of Pintado,
a seamen^s name for the bird, and that our predecessors'
labours for a derivation from the Greek have been in vain.

XX VIIT. — Studies on the Charadriiformes. — I. On the
Systematic Position of the Ruff (Machetes pugnax) and
the Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus), together
ivith a Revieiv of some Osteological characters which
differentiate the EroliincB {Dunlin grouj)) from the Trinyince
{^Redshank group) . By Percy 11. Lowe, M.B., M.B.O.U.
(Text-figures 10& 11.)

In the British Museum Catalogue of Birds (vol, xxiv.) ; in
the British Museum Hand-list of Birds ; in Seebohm's
'Geographical Distribution of the Charadriidae ^ ; in the
recent *B. O.U. List of British Birds,' 1915, and in fact,
so far as I am aware, in every systematic treatise or book
in which a distinction is made between the subfamilies
Tringinse (Totaninae olhn) and Eroliinse (Tringinse olim),
the Buff is included in the subfamily Tringinse or the
Redshank group of Waders, as opposed to the Eroliinse oi*
the Dunlin association.

In some works, such as the A. O. U. Check-List of North
American Birds, no distinction is drawn between these two

610 Mr. P. E,. Lowe on the

subfamilies, and the Ruff is included under tlie Scolopacinae;
in other works it is still more comprehensively sheltered under
the wide-spreading wings of the Charadriidse ; while in the
' British Bird Book' one notes that the species which make
up the Redshank subfamily are grouped indifferently along
with the Dunlin association under a division which purports
to be the subfamily Tringinse.

It is not my intention to traverse the reasons which have
led to this somewhat astonishing treatment of a bird which
has been familiar to ornithologists for centuries, the object
of this note being simply to demonstrate that there seems to
be no possible sort of question whatever that the Ruff is not
a Tringine form, that it is a somewhat specialised Dunlin,
and that its proper systematic position is with the Dunlin
association or the Eroliinse.

So far as this note is concerned, the proof of this will
rest solely on osteological grounds ; but it may be pointed
out that in a paper by the author which recently appeared
in 'The Ibis' (April 1915, p. 339) on "Coloration as a
factor in Family and Generic Differentiation," it was pointed
out that the colour-pattern characteristic of the downy
nestling of the Ruff, as well as of immature and female
examples, was undoubtedly Eroliine in type. I refer to this
here, as being a distinct point to the good in favour of
colour-pattern as a guide or clue to subfamily or generic
affinities, borne out as it is, in this instance, in the most
complete and definite way, by an appeal to osteological
characters.

In any attempt to decide upon osteological grounds as to
which of the aforementioned subfamilies the Ruff ought
to be referred, it is obviously necessary to have gained some
clear and definite knowledge as to the osteological features
which characterise these two subfamilies.

So far as I am aware, these characters have never yet
been set forth. I have lately been through all the available
material in the British Museum and in the Royal College of
Surgeons bearing on this question, and although, unfor-
tunately, it is not so complete as one could have desired, it

Systematic Position of the Ruff.

fill

seems amply sufFicient for my immediate purpose. In tlu;
iolloAviiif^- lines, therefore, I propose to make a comparative
examination of the osteological features eharacteristic of
tlie two subfamilies, at the same time pointing out in what
particulars the lluif agrees or disagrees with either one

Text-figure 10.

Anterior portion of the skull from above showing the structure of
the premaxillfe in: — A. Ereuneten pusillus; B. Eroha alpinu;
C. Machetes pugnax; D. Tringa calidris ; E. Tringa nebularia.

or the other. Owing to want of space this comparative
examination will be limited to the skull.

(1) Premaxilla. — In the Eroliinse, in the properly mace-
rated skeleton, the distal end of the premaxillse is seen to be

612 Mr. P. R. LoAve on the

flattened and slightly spatulate. In a vertical section it
would be found to be thin^ so that this part of the bill
bends easily upwards or downwards when pressure is
applied. The foveated or "pitted'^ region at the anterior
end of the premaxillse is very restricted and has a bifid
appearance (c/, text-fig. 10 A, B, C). When examined
under a magnifying glass these '•' fovese " are seen to be
either circular or oval cell-like structures. They have a
honeycomb-like appearance and they are sculptured in relief
on the surface of the premaxillse. In the Scolopacinse
these sculptured honeycomb-like cells are reproduced in
a much more perfect and specialised form, and they also
occupy a more extensive surface of the premaxillse.

In the Tringinse (Redshank group) the distal ends of the
premaxillse are more elongate or pointed. They are stiffer
and less elastic, deeper in vertical section, and the circular
"fovese^' so characteristic of the Eroliinse are replaced
by slit-like or elongate depressions. In the Tringinse the
foveated extremity occupies a much longer space both
actually and relatively (c/. text-fig. 10 D, E).

In respect of these characters the Ruff is undoubtedly
Eroliine (c/. text-fig. 10 C).

(2) In both the Eroliinse and the Tringinse the maxillary
process of the premaxilla originates on either side as a free-
running bar immediately caudad of the posterior limits of
the foveated region of that bone ; but corresponding to the
restricted area of the foveated region in the Ei'oliinae the
maxillary process has a free and independent existence at a
point very conspicuously nearer to the anterior end of the
bill than is the case with the Tringinse (c/. text-fig. 10).

In respect of these characters the Ruff is undoubtedly
Eroliine.

(3) The Palatines. — In the Eroliinse the external and
posterior margins of the palatal plates form at their junction
almost a right angle, the actual angle being somewhat
rounded off {cf. text-fig. 11 B). In the Tringinse this
postero-external angle of the palatal plate is obtuse {cf. text-
fig. 11 A). In the Eroliinae the pterygoid processes of the
palatal plates are shorty thick, and conspicuously divergent.

Systematic Position of the Ruff.

613

In the Tringinse they are long and ribbon-shaped, and towards
the pterygoid articulation tend to be more parallel.

In the Eroliinse the palatal plates are M'ider posteriorly
than anteriorly. In the Tringinse the external and internal

Text -figure 11.

TTtX f> p.

B

Palatal structure of tlie skulls of: — A. Tringn nebiilaria ; B. Erolia
alpina ; C. Machetes pugnax. fe. = fenestration of the maxillary
plate ; mx.p.p. = maxillo-palatine process ; pa. = palatines ; vo. =
vomer.

borders are parallel. In the Eroliinse the palatal groove is
shallower than in the Tringinae, the inner and outer lamina
of the latter being deeper and projecting downwards in a
more conspicuous manner. By a reference to the figures

614 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

sliowiij the palatal plates of the Ruff will be seen to be in
respect of all these characters obviously Eroliine.

(4) The Maxillo-palatine process in tlie Eroliinse is seen
to have completely fused with the pre-palatal portion of the
palatal plate of either side as a thin elongate plate with
parallel internal borders devoid of sculpturing.

In the Tringinre the maxillo-palatine process is observed
to extend backwards on either side of the vomer as a very
attenuated pear-shaped or sac-like process, which is free
throughout the greater part of its course.

In the Ruff the maxillo-palatine process is slightly
specialised and, curiously euough, its inner margin is slightly
crenated, but, as will be evident from the figure, it is
undoubtedly Eroliine rather than Tringine.

(5) In the Eroliinse the inwardly-projecting plate of the
maxillary is fenestrated (cf. text-fig. 11 B, /e.) as it is in
the Ruft'. In the Tringinse this fenestration is conspicuous
by its absence, although there are indications of it.

The above characters would appear to be sufficient not
only to differentiate between the Eroliinse and the Tringinse,
constant as such characters are in all the genera and species
of either subfamily which I have examined {cf. list below),
but also to demonstrate the fact that there is no longer
any possible excuse for grouping the Ruff with the
Tringinse.

There are, however, other characters serving to distinguish
the Eroliinse from the Tringinse, and incidentally to clear up
the misconception as to the position of the Ruff. These,
owing to want of space, we can only refer to very briefly.
They are as follows: —

(6) In the Eroliinse the line of the culmen of the bill
nLakes an obtuse angle (roughly 140°) with the basi-
sphenoidal rostrum. In the Tringinse the angle made by
these two lines is much more obtuse or nearly non-existent.
It thus comes about that in the Eroliinse the line of the
culmen forms a slope which is all but identical and con-
tinuous with the slope of the line representing the inter-
orbital depression. In the Tringinse the slope of this

Systematic Position of the Ruff. 615

gradually ascending line is rather abruptly interrupted by
the much sharper slope of the nasal region.

In respect of this feature the Ruff agrees with the Eroliinse.

(7) In the Eroliinte the zygomatic arch or quadrato-jugal
rod makes a very distinct angle with the maxillary process
of the premaxillae. In the Triuginse this angle is hardly
observable. In the Eroliinse the zygomatic rod is relatively
as well as actually shorter than in the IVinginse, aud it
makes an obtuse angle with the outer process of the nasal.
In the Tringinae this angle is acute. These characters, so
far as 1 have been able to observe with the material to hand,
are coustaut and conspicuous.

In respect of them, however^ it is to be noted that the
RufE is more Tringine than Eroliine.

In both the Eruliiute aud the Rutf the outer or descending
processes of the nasal bones are very slender and round.
In the Tringinae they are ribbon-shaped or flattened.

(8) The laciymalsj especially as regards their descending
processes, differ in the two subfamilies. Want of space
forbids a detailed description, but the characters exhibited
serve as useful distinguishing factors. The lacrymals of the
Ruff are slightly specialised, but agree in their main features
with the Eroliinse, especially as regards the Knot (^Canutus
canutus).

(9) The antorbital plates are differentiated in the two
subfamilies, a wider space being apparent in the Triuginse
between their upper margins and the lower surfaces uf tlie
lacrymals. In Hetaropyijia this plate practically fuses with
the lacrymal.

(10) In the Triuginse the grooves for the supra-orbital
glands in the interorbital space are marginal aud quite con-
spicuous. In the Eroliinse they are very difficult to make out.

In respect of these alternate characters the Ruff" agrees
with the Triuginse.

(11) In the Eroliinse the post-articular process of the man-
dible is directed upwards in an abruptly hook-shaped fashion.

In respect of this character the Ruff agrees with the
Eroliinse.

616 On the Systematic Position of the Ruff.

(12) In the Tringinse, the supra-occipital region, when
the skull is viewed from above, forms a somewhat con-
spicuous and conical projection backwards. In the Eroliinse
the outline of the skull in this region when viewed from
above forms an arc of an almost perfect circle. This
distinguishing character is a useful ana constant one.

Finally, it may be shortly stated that in regard to the
systematic position of the Semipalmated Sandpiper {Ereu-
netes pusillus), everything that has been written above
bearing on the proper position of the Ruff applies to this
form, except that there are no such Tringine deviations such
as are given as applying to the Ruff under paragraphs (7)
and (10).

It is a most remarkable fact that all the authorities
quoted in the opening paragraph of this article include
Ej^eunetes with the Tringinae, whereas it is without question
a typical Eroliine form.

Tested by the osteological characters given above, there
seems to be no room for doubt that the following forms,
whose skulls and other skeletal features I have been able to
examine, must be included in the subfamily Eroliinse : —

Erolia alpina alpina ; Erolia minuta ; Arquatella mari-
time ; Ereunetes * (? Erolia) pusillus ; Ancyluchilus
subarquatus ; Calidris arenaria-, Heteropygia macu-
lata ; Micropalama himantupus ; Canutus canutus ;
Eurynorhynchus pygmaus ; and Machetes pvgnax.

On the other hand, so far as the material which I have at
present been able to examine is concerned, the following
forms must be included in the subfamily Tringinse : —

Tringa ochropus ; Tringa solitaria ; Tringoides hypo-
leucos; Tringoides macularius ; Rhyacophilus glareola;
Tringa calidris ; T. flavipjes ; T. nebularia ; and
T. stagnatilis.

* I can discover no osteological features either in the skull or else-
where which would seem to justify the creation of a separate genus
{Ereunetes) for this form.

Obituary. 617

XXIX. — Obituary.

Lord Brabourne.

"We regret to have to record the death of Lord Brabourne,
who had of late years interested himself so much in the
study of Neotropical birds.

Wyndham Wentworth KnatchbiiU-Hugessen, third Baron
Brabourne, was born September 21, 1885, and was the only
son of the second Baron and Amy Virginia, daughter of the
first Baron Allendale. His grandfather, the first Lord
Brabourne, was a well-known politician in the Victorian
era, and was raised to the peerage by Lord Beaconsfield.

Lord Brabourne succeeded to the title on the death of his
father in 1909, and entered the Grenadier Guards in tlie
following year, passing into the Special Reserve in 1911.
Soon after the outbreak of the war he rejoined his regiment,
and met his death at Neuve Chapelle on March 12 last.

During his early life, before his father's death. Lord
Brabourne spent some years in Paraguay, where he amassed
a considerable collection of birds, which he presented to the
British Museum on his return in 1908. In 1910 he was
elected a Member of the Union, and in the same year he
induced Mr. Chubb to join him in the planning and
organization of a general work on the Birds of South
America. A " List/^ which was to form Vol. I. of the
Series, was completed and published in December 1912
(see ' Ibis.' 1913, p. 315).

In July 1912 Lord Brabourne again left England for
South America, where he remained in Peru collecting
material for his great undertaking. On the outbreak of
the war in August last, he hurried home to rejoin his
regiment.

In addition to the " List " already mentioned. Lord
Brabourne was the author, conjointly with Mr. Chubb, of
the following papers : —

The Nomenclature of the Rheas of South America. Ann, & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (8) viii. 1911, pp. 273-275.

618 Obituary.

A Synopsis ot the Genus Tinamus. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)

xii. 1913, pp. 577-579.
A Key to the Species of the Genus Crypturus, with Descriptions of

some new Forms. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. 1915,

pp. 319-322.

We must all deplore the loss of this young and enthusi-
astic brother-member, and sympathise also with his fellow-
worker, Mr. C. Chubb. It is very doubtful, we fear, whetlier
it will be possible for the latter to continue unaided the
great work which was planned by him and his young and
energetic colleague.

Lord Brabourne was unmarried, and the title passes to his
uncle, the Hon. Cecil Marcus KnatchbuU-Hugessen.

Cecil Macmtllan Dyer.

C. M. Dyer, M.B.O.U., Second Lieutenant 4th Battalion
Rifle Brigade, was killed in Flanders, while on duty in the
trenches, on April 8. Mr. Dyer, the second son of the late
Louis Dyer, M.A., of Balliol College, Oxford, and grandson
of the late Alexander Macmillan, publisher, was born in
Oxford on January 17, 1894. He was educated at Clifton
College and at Clirist's College, Cambridge, where, at the
end of last summer, he had just completed his second year.
He had served in the O.T.C. at Clifton and at Cambridge,
and when war broke out at once volunteered for the Special
Reserve. He obtained early in August a commission in the
6th Battalion Rifle Brigade, and served with his Battalion
at Sheerness until the middle of September, when he was
transferred to the 4th Battalion, just home from India, and
went out to the front with the 27th Division just before
Christmas. Though invalided for a time with frozen feet he
saw much severe fighting, especially at Neuve Chapelle and
St. Eloi, and his senior officers bure warm testimony to his
courage and capacity. Mr. Dyer, who was elected a member
of the B. O. U. in 1914, had interested himself in the
study of birds from his boyhood, and corresponded on the
subject with his friend Mr. Warde Fowler. While at Clifton
he showed an active interest in ornithology, and when he
came up to Cambridge he carried his studies further, and

Obituary. 619

there is no doubt that he would have made his mark as an
observer. Mr. A, H. Evans writes : — " He was one o£ the
two leading spirits in ornithology during the time he was in
Cambridge, and did a great deal of work in the neighbour-
hood, chiefly in estimating the number of each species of
bird in the various districts and finding out in which spots
they bred. He kept careful lists of the results, and his work

was most accurate He added a good deal to our

knowledge of the birds of remote villages to the west of
Cambridge." G. A. M.

Richard Lydekker.

It is with great regret that we record the death of Mr. R.
Lydekker, F.R.S., which took place at Harpenden, Herts,
on April 16 last. Though never a member of the Union,
Mr. Lydekker has been a most active worker for over thirty
years in the services of zoology and palseontology.

Born in 1849 of Dutch descent, he was educated at Cam-
bridge, where he took the second place in the first class of
the Natural Science tripos of 1871. Joining the Geological
Survey of India in 187-4, he remained eight years in India,
exploring Kashmir, and arranging and cataloguing the large
series of vertebrate tertiary fossils obtained by the Survey
chiefly in the Siwalik beds ; these had then been recently
transferred to the Indian Museum in Calcutta.

Soon after his return to this country he became a regular
worker in the Natural History Museum, with which institu-
tion he remained connected for the rest of his life, though
he never sought an official appointment.

Mr. Lydekker^s work in zoology naturally falls into two
categories — his researches in vertebrate palseontology and
his more popular books written chiefly for sportsmen and
from the sporting point of view ; these last are mostly con-
cerned with the larger Mammals. He also co-operated with
Sir William Flower in 'An Introduction to the Study of
Mammals,' an admirable work, and contributed the volume
on vertebrates to the third edition of Nicholson's ' Manual
of Palseontology.''

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 T

620 Obituary.

His work in ornithology was almost all palseontological.
He prepared a catalogue of the fossil birds in the British
Museum in 1891, and another of the birds of the Siwalik
beds of India (Mem. Geol. Surv. India) in 1885. To 'The
Ibis' (1891, pp. 381-410) he contributed a most useful
summary of our knowledge of British fossil birds, and later
{' Ibis,' 1892, p. 530) a criticism on some work of de Vis
on the fossil birds of Queensland and (' Ibis.' 1893, pp. 40-
47) on Ameghiao's discoveries of the giant Phororhacos of
the Argentine. In 1909 he issued his ' Sportsman's British
Bird Book.'

Mr. Lydekker was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
in 1894, and was awarded the Lyell Medal by the Geological
Society in 1902.

Hans Graf von Beklepsch.

The news has only recently reached us of the death of
Graf von Berlepsch, one of the oldest Honorary Members
of our Union, and notwithstanding the present sad state of
our relations with Germany we cannot pass it over in silence.
It was with the avifauna of the Neotropical region that
von Berlepsch chiefly concerned himself. In his ancestral
castle, Schloss Berlepsch, near Cassel, he had amassed a
very fine and complete collection of South American birds,
rivalling most of those contained in the larger national
museums. He also had a very complete collection of
Humming-birds, with examples of nearly every species
mounted in a most artistic manner.

His contributions to ornithology were nearly all con-
cerned with the systematic study of South American birds,
and commenced as long ago as the early seventies. A list
of them would fill several pages.

He had been a member of the German Ornithological
Society for the last forty-five years, and several times served
as President. He was elected a Foreign Member of the
B. 0. U. in 1875, and an Honorary Member in 1890.
He died on February 37 last, when in his 64ith year.

Recently published Ornithological Works. G21

XXX. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

Eaton on the Birds of New York.

[New York State Museum. Memoir 12. Birds of New York. Ey
Elon Howard Eaton. Part 2. Pp. 1-719, pis. 43-106. Albany
(University of the State of New York), 1914. 4to.]

This massive volume is the second and concluding portion
of a work, the first portion of which, published in 1910,
contained an account of the Water-, Shore-, and Game-birds
of the State of New York (see ' Ibis,' 1910, p. 740).

The first sixty pages of the present volume are occupied
with chapters on ecology, economics, and bird-protection,
including the provision of nesting-boxes and of special plan-
tations for sheltering and attracting birds. The rest of the
volume is taken up with the systematic descriptions, com-
mencing with the Accipitres, or Raptores as they are
commonly called in the United States, and completing the
Passeres. No complete synonymy is given beyond a
reference to the first description, to Dekay's ' Zoology of
New York ' (published in 1844), and the A. O. U. Check-list,
which is followed throughout as regards classification and
nomenclature. It is noticeable that, although descriptions
of the species and subspecies as well as diagnoses of the
orders and families are given, no attempt has been made to
deal with the genera in the same way. The distribution
within the State is given at some length, and a paragraph on
haunts and habits is in very many cases illustrated by a
'^ half-tone " of the nest and eggs or in some cases of the
young bird, which greatly adds to the attractiveness of the
volume, though it has unfortunately necessitated the use of
a heavily loaded paper, which greatly adds to its weight.

Every species is illustrated on the series of sixty-four
coloured plates prepared by the well-known American bird-
artist Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and these are perhaps the most
attractive feature of the volume. Among them we would
specially commend those of the Arctic Three-toed Wood-

2t2

622 Recently published Ornithological Works.

pecker, the Ruby-throated Humming-bird, and a group of
Warblers (pi. 94). The duller-coloured birds, such as the
Sparrows on plate 83, do not appear to us to be so satis-
factory. Whether this is due to the method of reproduction
or not it is difficult to say, but on this particular plate, at
any rate, the browns are far too rufous ; but, on the whole,
the plates are certainly one of the most attractive series of
bird-illustrations we have seen for a long time, and we must
congratulate the author and the artist on having produced a
remarkably handsome volume, which will doubtless serve its
purpose as the standard work on the birds of the "Empire
State ^' for many years to come.

Festa on his Collectifig Expedition to South Italy.

[Escursioni zoologiche nei monti della Vallata del Sangro (Abruzzi).
Dott. Enrico Festa. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat., Torino, xxx. no. 692, 1915,
pp. 1-12. 8 photos.]

In the summer of last year Dr. Festa, who has for some
time been making zoological excursions in various countries
on behalf of the Turin Museum, proceeded to the rough
and high country of the Abruzzi in southern Italy, and
made collections of birds and other animals, as well as of
plants. In the present paper he gives an account of his
travels and of the birds he observed. It is illustrated with
some interesting photographs of scenery,

Ghidini on the Waxwing in Italy.

[La comparsa dei Beccofrosoni e di altri uccelli settentrionali nell'
inverno 1913-14 nella regione dei tre laghi. Angelo Ghidini. Boll,
soc. ticinese sci. nat. Lugano, vols, ix.-x. 1916, pp. 1-8.]

In the winter of 1913-14, as is well known, the Waxwing
spread over the greater part of western and southern Europe
in unusual abundance. It very seldom comes as far south
as Italy, but in this paper Signor Ghidini gives a list of its
recorded occurrences in the Italian Lake-districts, as well as
some records of other northern birds which also but rarely
come so far south.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 623

Grinnell on a new Screech Owl.

[A new Subspecies of Screech Owl from California. By J. Grinnell.
Auk, xxxii. 1915, pp. 59-60.]

Mr. Grinnell here describes a new subspecies of Owl under
the name Otus asio quercinus from the southern and more
arid districts of California ; it differs from 0. a. bendirei
from the more humid districts north of San Francisco in its
paler coloration.

Guj'ney's Ornithological Report for 1914.

[Ornithological Report for Norfolk (1914). By J. H. Gurney.
Zoologist, 1915, pp. 121-146.]

So far as the occurrence of rare birds was concerned,
1914 seems to have been a disappointing year in Norfolk ;
the only events worthy of special notice, according to
]\Ir. Gurney, were a Blucthroat in June, a Grey-headed
Wagtail in September, and a Little Bustard in October.
The Waxwing invasion of the winter 1913-4 soon spent
itself, and none were observed later than April 5.

Cormorants, which Mr. Gurney tells us have not nested
in Norfolk since Sir Thomas Browne wrote in the seventeenth
century, have recently taken up their quarters on Lord
Hastings^ lake at Melton, and a pair have brought up a
family in an old Heron's nest. We may recall some
beautiful slides exhibited at a recent Meeting of the B. O. C.
by Miss E. J. Turner illustrating this interesting event.

Although the Spoonbills continue to visit the Bveydon
mud-flats, they have not yet been induced to follow the
example of the Cormorants and breed there. Let us hope
that this may come about before long, and that we shall
hear that a pair or two of these splendid birds have availed
themselves of the opportunities aiEorded them.

Haagner on South African Birds.

[South African Ornithologists' Union. Bulletin Series. No. 3. A
Descriptive List of South African Bii-ds. Part i. (Families Struthionidaj
to Scolopacidae). By Alwin Haagner, F.Z.S. Pretoria, 1914. 8vo.]

This is the first instalment of a list of South African birds

G24 Recently published Ornithological Works.

with very short condensed descriptions, which it is hoped will
enable students of bird-life in South Africa to identify any
strange specimens they may meet with. The list is founded
partly on Keichenow's ' Vogel Afrikas ' and partly on Stark
and Sclater's volumes, to both of which works references
are given. The present part deals with the Waders, Ducks,
and Sea-birds, and will no doubt be fouad very useful by
all South African ornithologists.

Mathews on Australian Birds.

[The Birds of Australia. By G. M. Mathews. Vol. iv. part 2,
pp. 81-192, pis. 210-223. London (Witherby & Co.) : Feb. 1915.]

This part of Mr. Mathews's work continues the Anseri-
formes with the genera Anas, Virago, Querquedula, Spatula,
Malacorhynchus, Stictonetta, Ni/roca, Erismatura, a.nd Biziura,
and then proceeds to the Pelecaniformes, as far as the
Cormorants are concerned. The author appeals for further
particulars of the life-histories of the birds, even of the
commoner forms, where the information leaves much to be
desired.

He now uses Anas superciliosa rogersi for both the
eastern and western Australian forms of the Black Duck,
and upholds the subspecies against Messrs. Rothschild and
Hartert, while he takes the opportunity (pp. 91-93) to
animadvert upon what he considers inaccuracies in several
other points of their work.

He holds to Virago of Newton for Nettion castaneum and
N. gibberifrons, and suggests that the solution of the puzzling
question of these two species may be solved by admitting
that both sexes of the former, when fully adult, have the
metallic green head and chestnut breast, though immature
birds probably resemble V. gibberifrons, here denominated
rogersi to distinguish it from the extralimital forms.
Querquedula querquedula and Spatula clypeata are recorded
for Australia with great doubt.

The generic name Erismatura is used in place of his former
choice of Owyura, on account of the priority of Oxyurus,

Recently published Ornithological Works. 625

and the typical locality of Biziura lobata is corrected to
West Australia.

The Pelecaniformes are prefaced by a lon^ and thoroujifh
discussion of families and genera. Mr. Mathews tells us
that he is a great genus-splitter, and his views are well
worthy of consideration ; but the majority of ornithologists
may possibly not proceed to such extremes. In this part,
however, we are only concerned with the Cormorants, Avhich
are placed under the genera Phalacrocorax, Stictocarbo (not
Australian), Mesocarbo, Hypoleucus, and Microcarbo. The
author considers P. filamentosus of China and Japan,
= P. capillutus, equivalent to Pelecanus sinensis of Sliavv
and Nodder ; he gives his ideas of the subspecies of Phala-
crocorax carbo, proposing therewith a new form — P. c. indicus.
We hope Mr. Mathews will make liis printer spell Phaiithon
properly in the next part ; no one would recognize our
mythological friend as Phcethon, nor did our fathers drive in
pheethons.

Miller on the Bird's Wing.

[Notes on Ptilosis, with special reference to the Feathering of the
Wing. By W. De W. Miller. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. New York,
xxxiv. 1915, pp. 129-140.]

Mr. Miller during recent years has had the opportunity of
examining many specimens of birds in the flesh which have
reached the American Museum from the New York Zoo-
logical Park and elsewhere, and in this paper he records his
observations on various points of external anatomy, especially
in those cases where he has found himself in disagreement
with previously published statements.

A useful list is given of those birds which possess or do
not possess the fifth secondary, a condition for which the
somewhat cumbrous terms of eutaxy and diastataxy or
quintocubitalism and aquintocubitalism have been used. He
finds that Philohela, the American Woodcock, differs from
Scolopax and all other members of the Gull-Plover group
in being eutaxic {i. e. having the 5th secondary present).

626 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Finally, a list is given of those groups of birds whicli are
universally eutaxic or diastataxic, and those such as the
Pigeons and Kingfishers which contain birds with both
forms of wing.

Another point dealt with is the number of metacarpal
primaries, which are six in all groups except the Grebes,
Storks, Flamingoes, and Rheas, all of which possess seven.

The condition of the first primary covert, which is reduced
in size in many forms, the presence of the vestigial eleventh
primary, the alula, the outermost primary covert, the number
of rectrices, and the presence or absence of the tuft on tlie
oil-gland are all discussed. Finally, an interesting cor-
rection is made in regard to the Osprey {Pandion). It has
always been stated that in this bird the feathers are without
an aftershaft, and on this account they have been placed
in a family distinct from the other Accipitrine birds. If
Mr. Miller is correct in his observations that a distinct
aftershaft is present, this matter will have to be reconsidered.

Moulton on the Birds of Borneo.

[Hand-List of the Birds of Borneo. By J. C. Moulton, Curator of
the Sarawak Museum. Journ. Straits Branch E. Asiatic Soc, No. G7,
1914, pp. 125-191.]

Mr. Moulton has compiled a useful list of the birds of
Borneo, which now number 555. The classification and
general arrangement follow Sharpe's ' Hand-List,' but sub-
species are indicated where necessary, and the subspecific
names are printed in italics with the " authorities " for both
the specific and subspecific names. This makes five words
necessary to indicate a single item, thus: — Caloperdix oculea
Temm. borneensis Grant, a rather cumbersome addition to
an already overloaded system of nomenclature.

No distributional notes are given, but so far as it is
possible the name and date of the first collector and recorder
are mentioned, the latter referring to an ample bibliography
of 231 titles.

The list is prefaced with a short account of the ornitho-
logical history of Borneo. The earliest collectors were the

Recently published Ornithological Works. 627

Dutchmen Diard (1826) and Salomon Muller (1836), wliile
the north of the island remained quite unexplored until the
arrival of Sir James Brooke in 1839 and his installation as
Kajah in 1842. The earliest list of Bornean hirds is that of
Hugh Low, which forms an appendix to his book ' Sarawak :
its Inhabitants and Productions/ published in 1848. This
list contains the names of only 59 species of birds.

Robinson on Ringing Larus ridibundus.

[Report on the results of Ringing Black-headed Gulls. By H. "W.
Robinson. British Birds, viii. 1915, pp. 209-218.]

During the five years 1909-1913 Mr. Robinson lias
marked large numbers of nestlings of the Black-headed
Gull, in order to trace their movements after leaving their
parents' care. The greatest numbers have been ringed at
the well-known gullery at Ravenglass, in Cumberland.
Here 8096 were marked, and 345 have been recovered. On
the whole, the movement of the birds may be described as a
general scattering with a decided southward tendency along
both our west and east coasts. Outside the home quarters,
which are reckoned as from Solway to Dee, the largest
percentage of recoveries were made on the corresponding
portion of the east coast between Berwick and Humber. A
few birds strayed to the north and west coasts of France,
and three as far as the coast of Portugal.

Salvadori on the History of the Turin Museum.

[Notizie storiche intorno alia collezione ornitologica del Museo di
Torino raccolte da Tommaso Salvadori. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino
(2), Ixv. no. 5, 1915, pp. 1-49.]

for fifty years since 1864 Count Salvadori has had charge
of the collection of birds in the Turin IMuseum. Since that
date the number of specimens in the IMuseum has increased
from 5398 to over 21,000. Among these are the types or
cotypes of 297 species, and examples of four extinct species,
Alca impennis, Convropsis carolinensis, Ectopistes migratorius,
and Fregilupus varius, while two others, Dromceus ater and
Heteralocha acutirostris, are marked as doubtfully so.

In the present memoir Salvadori gives a historical survey

G28 Recently published Ornithological Works.

of the growth of the Museum, commencing at 1811, when
Bonelli became the Director. He was succeeded by Giuseppe
Gene in 1832, who remained in charge until Salvadori him-
self succeeded him in the care of the collection of birds in
1864. Since tliat date the number of specimens has been
augmented not only by acquisitions from special expeditions,
but by gifts and judicious exchanges with other Museums,
and it is in this manner that the large numbers of types and
cotypes have been acquired.

This memoir will be of great value to all who are occupied
in the monographs of special groups, and who wish to find
out where certain of the older types are preserved.

Salvadori's recent minor Notices.

[11 Podidpes infuscattis Salvad. T. Salvadori. Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat,
Torino, xxx. no. 694, 1915, pp. 1-3.]

[Un' Aquila dell" Africa Settentrionale. Id. ibid. no. 700, 1915,
pp. 1-2.]

[lutorno ad alcuni uccelli del Kasai. Breve nota di T, Salvador!.
Ann. Mus. Oiv. Stor. Nat. Geneva, xlvi. 1915, pp. 279-280.]

In the first of these short notes Count Salvadori draws
attention to the fact that the Great Crested Grebe of the
Ethiopian region differs from that of Europe in certain well-
marked characters, and that it must be known in future as
Podidpes infuscatus Salvadori. This name was first given to
an example from southern Abyssinia by Salvadori himself
in 1884, though he did not at that time realize that this
distinct form extended to southern Africa.

In the second note an Eagle obtained in Tripoli, now in
the Turin Museum, is identified with Aquila occidentalis
Olphe-Galliard. This is a form of the Golden Eagle found
in Spain and northern Africa. In the recently issued
number of Hartert's ' Palaearctic Birds,' which has not yet
reached us, this is shown to be identical with that described
by Brehm (in Hit.), and which was subsequently published
by Olphe-Galliard (Faune orn. Eur. occ, ii. fasc. 18, 1889,
p. 23: Spain).

Recently published Ornithological Works. G29

The third paper coataius the names o£ twenty-four spcoit's
of birds collected in the Kasai Province of the Belgian
Congo by a mining engineer, A. Crida, and sent to the
Genoa Museum. No new species are described.

Miss Sherman on Feeding Humming-birds,

[Experiments in feeding Hiimmiug-birds during seven summers. By
Althea II. Siierman. Smithsonian lleport, Washington, for 1913-1914,
pp. 469-468.]

In this paper Miss Sherman gives a most interesting
account of a long series of feeding experiments with
wild uncaged Ruby-throated Humming-birds (Archilochus
colubris) at her home in Iowa.

Artificial flowers, such as nasturtiums or tiger lilies, with
a bottle attached filled with granulated sugar dissolved in
water, were fixed at different positions in the garden or
" yard," and were for many successive summers visited by
the Humming-birds,

Among the many interesting results noticed was that the
birds, when they had learnt about the artificial flowers and
their supply of syrup, neglected all the real flowers in the
garden. It is believed that the birds which did occasionally
visit the real flowers w^ere all migrants, and that the same
breeding individuals returned to the garden year after year.
The birds usually arrived in May but did not become
" regular boarders " until July. Miss Sherman believes
that during June they were busy with their incubation
duties, some two or three miles away in the woods. Only-
females came to the bottles, and the males appear to be very
much scarcer than the females. By a careful series of
measurements and weighings it was deduced that one of
these little birds consumed in one day twice its own weight
of sugar.

The paper, which is of very considerable value, is well
worth perusal. It was first read at the Annual Meeting of
the A. O. U. in New York, and has also been published in
the Wilson Bulletin, published at Oberlein, Ohio.

630 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Shufeldt on the Passenger Pigeon.

[A unique photograph — The last Passenger Pigeon, By R. W. Shu-
feldt, M.D. The Blue-Bird Magazine, vol. vii. 1915, pp. 85-86.]

[Anatomical and other notes on the Passenger Pigeon [Ectopistes
migrator ills), lately living in the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens. By
Dr. Pt. W. Shufeldt. Auk, xxxii. 1915, pp. 29-41, pis. iv.-vi.]

As has already been noticed in our pages, the last known
living Passenger Pigeon died from old age on Sept. 7, 1914,
at the Cincinnati Zoological Gardens. It had been bred in
the Gardens, and was about 29 years old when it died. The
body was immediately dispatched to the National Museum
at Washington, and to Dr. Shufeldt was entrusted the task
of making an examination of its anatomy, after it had been
carefully skinned by Mr. Wm. Palmer. In the second of
the papers listed Dr. Shufeldt writes an account of the
results of the dissections which he made. These seem to
confirm what was previously known of the bird's anatomy,
an account of which had previously been written by William
Macgillivray, and published in Audubon's great work on
American birds.

In the first paper quoted will be found a reproduction of
a photograph in colours of the same bird, taken by
Dr. Shufeldt after its death. The magazine in which it
appears is the organ of the Audubon Educational Board
for Ohio cooperating with the National Association of
Audubon Societies for the study and protection of North
American bird-life,

Thorburn's British Birds.

[British Birds, written and illustrated by A. Thorburn, F.Z.S., with
eighty plates in colour, showing over four hundred species. In four
volumes. Vol. i, pp. viii+143, 20 pis, London (Longmans), 1915.
4to, £6 6s, for 4 vols,]

This is the first of four volumes in which Mr. Thorburn
proposes to give us a collection of pictures of our British
birds, and as the plates are admittedly the most important
part of the work we will deal with them first.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 031

Eacli plate contains representations of from three in the
case of the larger, to eight or nine in the case of the smaller
species ; as far as possible allied species appear on the same
plate, and all the birds on the plate are drawn to scale, two-
thirds life-size for the smaller to one-third life-size for the
larger species. Most of the birds are depicted with appro-
priate backgrounds or surroundings, so that there appears
to be some little confusion to our eye on some of the
plates. The reproduction of the original drawings, which
has been carried out by some form of three-colour process,
certainly seems very perfect, though it is difficult to judge
of this without a comparison with the original sketches.
As for the pictures themselves, they combine great artistic
merit with a most accurate representation of the birds, not
only as to form and colouring, but as to attitude and
general characteristics, and we believe that this work will
certainly enhance Mr. Thorburn's reputation as our leading
bird-artist. Our only criticism is that the plumage of every
bird is in such a pink of perfection as is seldom seen in
real life.

The letterpress is designedly subordinate to the pictures.
It consists of short notes on the distribution and habits of
each species, supplemented by such observations as have
been made by Mr. Thorburn himself during his many years
of bird-painting. The classification and nomenclature of
Howard Sauuders^s ' Manual ' is generally followed, and the
present volume contains the descriptions and figures of all
the Passerine birds except the Larks.

We congratulate Mr. Thorburn on the completion of his
first volume, and shall look forward eagerly to the appear-
ance of the other three. The only work which can in the
least compare with the present one is Lord Lilford's
' Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Isles,'
which was published many years ago ; the last part was
i.ssued in 1897 ; two editions were, we believe, exhausted
before the final part was issued. We wish Mr. Thorburn.
equal success.

63.2 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Wetmore on a new Hawk from Porto Rico.

[A new Accijjiter from Porto Rico, with notes on the allied forms of
Cuba and San Domingo. By Alex. Wetmore. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, xxvii. 1914, pp. 119-122.]

The title of this paper sufficiently shows its contents.
The new form described is Accipiter striatus venator, and is
closely allied to A. s. striatus of San Domingo, formerly
known as A. fringilloides Vigors. Perhaps we may be
allowed to add that it seems somewhat rash to distinguish a
new subspecies of Hawk from the examination of a single
example.

White on Birds from Central Australia.

[Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the Interior of Australia,
carried out by Capt. S. A. White, M.B.O.U., from July to October 1913.
Trans. R. Soc. S. Australia, xxxviii. 1914, pp. 407-474, pis. xxi.-xxxix.
and maps.]

Capt. S. A. White has recently made a very interesting
journey to the desert centre of Australia, rendered classical
by the anthropological researches of Prof. Spencer and
M-V. Gillen. Leaving Adelaide in July 1913, accompanied
by his wife, he travelled from rail-head 1300 miles on camel-
back, exploring the MacDonnel ranges and the country
round Alice Springs. His primary object was to obtain
birds and assist Mr. G. M.. IVIathews in his work on Australian
birds, but he also collected in other branches of zoology.
The present report contains a narrative and an account of
the birds by Capt. White himself, together with that of the
other groups and on the botany by other specialists.

About a hundred species of birds were met with and are
duly listed in. this report with interesting field-notes ; the
nomenclature followed is that of Mr. Mathews, but no new
forms are here described, nor are there any critical or
taxonomic notes. These will no doubt appear when the
collection is examined by Mr. Mathews.

Capt. White is to be congratulated on having performed
a most successful expedition into what is undoubtedly
one of the most arid and forbidding tracts of country on
the face of the globe.

Recentl]/ published Ornithological Works. 633

Cassinia.

[Cassinia. A Bird Annual. Proceedings of tlie Delaware Valley
Ornitliological Club of Philadelphia. No. xviii. for 1914, 1915, pp. 1-80.]

There is always a scholarly and literary flavour about
' Cassinia ' which makes it quite the pleasantest of the
American bird-magazines. This is perhaps due to the fact
that at Philadelphia the foundations and early traditions of
American scientific culture centre. We believe that the
American Philosophical Society is the oldest scientific body
on the western continent, while the Academy of Natural
Sciences possesses the finest scientific library ; both these
institutions are located at Philadelphia.

The present number of ' Cassinia ' opens with interesting
reminiscences of some old Pliiladelphian collectors and
taxidermists by Mr, Spencer Trotter; this is followed by
an article on bird-observation on the lower reaches of the
great Delaware river and some speculations on the causes
of the movements and habits of Gulls by Mr. John Carter,
while Mr. G. S. Morris sends a somewhat similar con-
tribution on the birds of Tacony creek, which lies only
just beyond the suburbs of the city. Mr. Henry Oldys
points out in an interesting paper what an infinite variety
there is in the song of individual birds, and gives, reduced
to musical notation, eleven difl'erent variations — out of 118
others recorded in his notebooks — of that of the Meadow-
Lark {Sturnella tnagna). The usual '^ Report on the Spring
Migration,'^ compiled by Mr. Witmer Stone, forms the
concluding article of this excellent volume, which should
certainly be much more widely known on this side of the
Atlantic than it appears to be.

The Condor.

[The Condor. A Magazine of Western Ornithology. Vol. xvi.
nos. 1-6, 1914.]

The volume of ' The Condor ' for last year contains a large
number of articles dealing with subjects chiefly of local
interest to the ornithologists of the western United States.

634 Recently published Ornithological Works.

As is usual, it is illustrated almost entirely by photographs
taken by the writers of the articles, and many of these are
of very high merit. It is impossible to do much more than
mention some of the more important contributions in a
short review of this nature.

Dealing with single species, Mr. H. J. Rust writes on the
nesting of the Sharp-shiuned Hawk {Accipiter velox) in.
Idaho, illustrating his notes with a very good series of
photographs showing the gradual development of the young
birds up to the age of 23 days, when they are already able
to fly and have lost most of their original downy covering.
Similar papers by Mr. J. B. Dixon on the history of a pair
of Pacific Horned Owls [Bubo virginianus padficus) in San
Diego Co., California, by Mr. D. R. Dickey on the nesting
of the Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalism in Ventura Co.,
California, and by the Treganza brothers on the Snowy
Heron (^Ardea candidissima^ in Utah are also well illustrated.

Of local lists Mr. G. Willett writes on the birds of Sitka,
Alaska, Mr. S. G. Jewett on birds from Netarts Bay,
Oregon, Mr. A. A. Saunders on the birds of Teton Co.,
north Montana, and Mr. H. A. Edwards on birds from the
Sierra Madre in southern California.

The only article dealing with birds outside the Nearctic
region is that o£ Mr. A. van Rossem on the life-history and
breeding-habits of the Derby Flycatcher [Pitangus sulplmra-
tus derbianus) in San Salvador, Central America. During a
short excursion to Fryppe, at an elevation of 3700 ft. in the
Sierras of California, Mr. M. S. Ray was fortunate enough
to find the nest and eggs of the Hermit Warbler (JDendroica
occidentalis), one of the rarest of all the western Warblers,
as well as those of the Sierran Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla
guttata sequoiensis) and the Saw-whet Owl i^Cryptoglaux
acadica).

Mr. J. E. Thayer gives us some information about the
nest and eggs, probably the first authentic ones taken, of
the Kittlitz Murrelet [Brachyramphus brevirostris), which
he obtained from Pavloff Bay in the Alaska Peninsula.

Recently published Ornithological Works. 635

An interesting study of the Rock-wren (Salpmctes obso-
letiis) is contributed by Mr. H. S. Swarth. The typical
form is a wide-spread type^ ranging from the Great Plains
region east o£ the Rockies to the Pacific, and from the floor
of the hottest desert to the summit of the coldest mountain-
top without appreciable variation ; when we come to the
islands oflF the coast of southern and lower California,
though the birds on most of the islands conform to the
mainland types, we find that one subspecies is distinguish-
able— Salpinctes o. pulveriiis from San Nicolas and San
Clemente Islands. Another new subspecies is liere de-
scribed, ;S^. guadelovpensis proximus, from the Island of San
Martin, off the coast of Lower California.

Of papers of economic interest, Mr. II. C. Bryant con-
tributes an important one dealing with a survey of the
breeding-grounds of Ducks in California, Mr. A. 13. Howell
one on the destruction of small birds caused by the fumi-
gation process to which the trees in the citrus orchards of
California are subjected to clean off black scale, and Mr. C.
H. Kennedy one on the effects of irrigation on bird-life in
the Yukima Valley in Washington State.

Journal of the S. Afr. Orn. Union.

[The Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union. Edited by
A. K. Ilaagner, F.Z.S. Vol. x. no. 1, Dec. 1914, pp. 1-46.]

Doubtless on account of the war the annual volume
of the South African Ornitliologists' Union is somewhat
diminished, and consists of one thin number only. There
are included in it field-notes on birds of the Zimliti district
near Beira and of the Sabi district of the Transvaal by
Mr. P. A. Sheppard and Capt. C. Ingle respectively, while
tbe editor, Mr. Ilaagner, contributes some notes on tlie
Game- and Water-Birds of the Pretoria bush-veld made
during a recent hunting-tiip of only eight days' duration,
when he found evidence of the breeding of the White-
faced Duck (Dendrocygna vidanta), a species previously
unknown to nest in South Africa. He met with the Knob-
billed Duck (Sarkidiornis melanotus) breeding in the pools

SER. X.— VOL. III. 2 U

636 Recently published Ornithological Works.

o£ tlie Crocodile River. This Duck's most southerly
breeding-ground was previously believed to be Lake Ngami.
Other articles are by Mr. B. C. II. Langford on a curious
plumage-variation in a Lanner (Falco hiarmicus^, and on the
breeding of the Kurrichaiue Button-Quail {Turnix lepurana)
by Mr. Mors. Finally, we must congratulate Mr. Haaguer
on his promotion to the post of Director of the Zoological
Gardens in Pretoria.

Yearbook of the Dutch Bird-Club.

[Club van Nederlandsclie Vogelkuudigen. Jaiirbericht, no. 4.
Deventer, 1914.]

Under its energetic President, Baron Snouckaert van
Schauburg, the Dutch bird-club occupies itself chiefly with
matters of local importance in Holland. The President
himself gives us his usual report on the occurrence of rare
birds in the Netherlands betw^een Oct. 1913 and Sept. 1914.
It does not seem yet certain whether the British Song-
Thrush occurs in Holland or not. In another short note
lie discusses the identification of the Little Owl of Palestine,
and comes to the conclusion that two examples in his collec-
tion obtained near Jerusalem should be referred to Athene
nodua glaux, the Egyptian subspecies, rather than to
Hartert's A. n. lilith, which is said by the last-named author
to inhabit Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia. Another
article l)y Baron Snouckart deals with a pleasant five weeks
ramble through Italy with notes on the birds observed.

The only other contribution of any length is one by M. A.
Cr^vecoeur on the avifauna of the Hague and its neighbour-
hood, accompanied by a map and topographical information.
The number of species recorded is 146.

List of other Ornithological Publications received.

BuTERLiN, S. A. Birds of the Ussuri-land. And other papers from

Russian periodicals.
MouLTON, J. C. Thirteenth Report on the Sarawak Museum, 1914.

(Sarawak, 191.").)

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 637

The Auk. (Vol. xxxii. No. 2. Cambridge, Mass., 1915.)

Avicultural Magazioe. (Third Series, Vol. \i. Nos. 6-8. London,

1915.)
Bird Notes. (New Series, Vol. vi. Nos. 4-6. Ashbourne, 1915.)
British Birds. (Vol. viii. Nos. 11-12. London, 1915.)
California Fish and Game. (Vol. i. No. 3. San Francisco, 1915.)
The Condor. (Vol xvii. Nos. 2, 3. Hollywood, Cal., 1915.)
The Emu. (Vol. xiv. pt. 4. Melbourne, 1915.)
The Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxiv. Nos. 4-6. Dublin, 1915.)
Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums. (Vols. v. No. 3 ;

vi. No. 1. Kuala Lumpur, 1915.)
Messager Ornithologique. (1915, No. 2. Moscow, 1915.)
Beport of the Poultry Expert (South Australia) for the Year 1913-14.

(Adelaide, 1915.)
The Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 40-42. Edinburgh, 1915.)
The South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. ii. pt. 2. Adelaide, 1915.)

XXXI. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
The following letters have been received : —

Messrs. Cockerell and Thorpe.

Sir, — My attention has been called to a paper by
Mr. G. M. Mathews, "A recent Ornithological Discovery
in Australia/' published in 'The Ibis' for January 1915.
On p. 80 Mr. INIathews, in recoi'ding the names of the
collectors who " have touched at Cape York/' mentions
those of Messrs. Cockerell and Thorpe. He says : — ''These
collectors, who must stand in the forefront of careful and
accurate workers as regards the acquisition and preparation
of bird-skins, thought that by the falsification of localities
they might obtain better prices for their goods ; they there-
fore made an expedition to some islands to the north of
Australia, probably the Aru group, where they made a
magnificent collection, and then palmed these off mixed
with true Cape York birds as having been all procured at
Cape York. This collection, purchased by IMessrs, Godman
and Salvin, and later presented to the British Museum, has

638 Letters, Extracts, and Notes,

been a source of endless trouble, and the only scientific
course would have been to have rejected it entirely/'

"With Mr. Cockerell I have nothing to do, I knew him
not, but of Mr. J, A. Tiiorpe, late taxidermist to this
Museum, I necessarily knew a good deal ; he was not only
a true and faithful servant of the Trustees for thirty-eight
years, but, so far as his history is known to a very wide
circle of friends here, was never at or near the Aru Islands.
As a matter of fact, Mr. Thorpe's collecting was, at the
period in question, confined to the Cape York Peninsula.
In the second place, a large portion of his collection was
purchased by the Australian Museum Trustees of the daj'^,
through the then Curator, Mr. Gerard Krefi't, and the skins
forming this collection are still in evidence here.

Now, in Mr. Mathews's remarks there is, to put it
mildly, a distinct libel on the memory of a dead man, who,
I know, from my association with him, would have been
the last to perpetrate, or assist in perpetrating, what would
have been nothing more or less than a common swindle.

It is not to be supposed for a moment that a keen
naturalist, like Mr. Krefft, v»ould have neglected the oppor-
tunity of acquiring, for his Trustees, such valuable material,
at that time, as bird-skins from the Aiu Islands. As a
matter of fact, all the skins purchased from Mr. Thorpe on
his return from Cape Yoik, and before he became officially
connected with this Institution, are true local species.

For the honour of my late friend, and the good name o£
the Australian Museum, I cannot allow Mr. Mathews's
statement to go fortli without uttering this protest.

I am, Sir,

Yours faithfully,

E/. Etheridge, Jun.

The Australian Museum,

Sydney.

March IG, 1915.

Letters, Extracts:, and Notes. 639

The Black-thkoated and Black-eared Wheatears.

Sir,— In tlie Bulletin of the B. O. C. for the March
meeting, p. 89, I notice that Dr. Hartert invites a dis-
cussion on the question of the sjiecific distinctness of the
Black-throated and Black-eared Wheatear, giving five main
reasons why they should be considered as one species having
a dimorphic phase in the males. The facts as he states them
are obviously correct, and hence, presuming there is no
further evidence at hand, the subject becomes merely one
of opinion. The main question of importance in this case
seems to me to be not so much whether they are or are not
the same species, but how a certain group of birds showing
in the males very obvious and well-maiked differences,
n)ay be most conveniently distinguished. The chief object
of all systematic work should be to so arrange and name the
various varieties and forms of animal life that they may
be conveniently classified and recognised without having
recourse to long and verbose descriptions. To consider
these two forms as one species is therefore simply to prove
a very plain and obvious fact, so that if I was only to find
Black-throated males in one locality, I should not be able
to convey the fact without going into a description. That
being so, it becomes necessary to consider by what accepted
means of classification they can be named. They cannot be
designated by simple trinomials as (save in very exceptional
cases) a trinomial implies a geographical vai^iety, and two
geographical varieties cannot have the same breeding area.
If they are considered as the same species, we have to fall
back on the cumbersome quadrinomial, viz., (Enanthe h.

Mspanica var , which is the only logical solution

if they are considered as the same species ; if, however,
we consider them as two different species, all difficulties
disappear.

Is there any absolute proof that they are one species ?
Before we can answer that, we must, I think, try and define
a species. We all know, or think we know, what a species
is, but I have met nobodv vet who could give an accurate

G40 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

definition which would cover all cases, aud that for tlie A'ery
simple reason that '^ species'^ is merely a very convenient
term founded by systematists to enable us to arrange and
classify animal and plant life, but it is not a natural
division. Some forms are so far differentiated that it is
easy to call them different species ; others are in process of
differentiation, and to recognise these we fall back on the
term " subspecies." Others, again, as in the case of these
Wheatears, are perhaps evolving by what is known as
discontinuous variation, and oar system has no recognised
means of dealing with it.

If we go down to derivations we find that the word
" species " in the zoological sense is probably cognate to
the old word, which referred to " money paid by the tale,''
and we read in Skeat that this was " probably by confusion
with the Latin al)lative specie, as if paid in specie = equals
paid in visible coin." (Tlie italics are mine.) We have
therefore considerable evidence to show that " species "
referred to forms that were visibly different, as for example
in the case of these two Wheatears,

Dr. Hartert has not given us any instance of these two
forms interbreeding, and I doubt if any evidence exists
as yet, for it would be necessary to take the young alive
from various nests of which the parents were known and
see if both forms of male were found in the same nest
and the proportions of each form ; Avhen this has been done
Ave shall be in a better position to understand the true
meanings of these forms, and a steady advance in our know-
ledge will have been made. Till then there may be much to
be said on both sides, but nothing that can prevent it
remaining a matter of convenience and opinion.

I am. Sir,

Yours faithfully,

J. Lewis Bonhote.
Government Zoological Gardens, Giza,
Nr. Cairo, Egypt.

May 27, ]9iri.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 64<1

Conserve the Collector. — ^\i\ Josepli Grinnell, of the
California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley,
California, has sent us a copy of an article recently con-
tributed by him to ' Science ' (vol. xli, pp. 229-232) under
the above title. He states that in America the type of
field observer who depends solely on long range identi-
fication is becoming more and more prevalent, but that the
opera-glass student even if experienced cannot be depended
upon to take the place of the collector. Accuracy of
identification of species and especially of subspecies rests for
final appeal upon the actual capture and comparison of
specimens. Ornithology as a science is threatened, and it
should not be allowed to lapse wholly into the status of a
recreation or a hobby to be indulged in only in a superficial
way by amateurs or dilettantes.

The movement against collecting and collectors and the
restrictions in regard to obtaining permits for collecting for
scientific purposes have perhaps become more acute in the
TInited States than they have in England. Here game-laws
and the possession of large tracts of land by single owners
have prevented the great destruction of bird-life, and espe-
cially of game-birds, which has taken place to so great an
extent of late years in America. Still one notices a strong
tendency in the same direction in England. There can be
no doubt that observation with glasses and camera- work
must be combined with collecting and skinning to form a
good field ornithologist, and we would strongly endorse
Mr. GrinnelTs plea for the "conservation of the col-
lector.''

Notice to Members. — It is proposed to publish a list of all
the Members of the Union who have been or are serving in
any branch of His Majesty's Forces during the present war.

G42 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

Tlie Editor will he much obliged if Memhers will forward
their names, as well as those of any of their friends who
are Members, with details of rank and regiment or ship and
where serving, to him at ]0 Sloane Court, London, S.W.
It is hoped to print a preliminary list, at any rate, in the
October number of ' The Ibis.'

Notice to Memhers. — Many Members of the Union have
not yet returned the new Banker's Order Form for the
increased subscription which was recently circulated, and
the Secretary will be much obliged if they will kindly do so
at their earliest convenience, as the work of registering and
forwarding the forms to their I'espective banks is being
greatly delayed.

THE IBIS.

TENTH SERIES.

Vol. III. No. 4. OCTOBER 1915.

XXXII. — Report 071 the Birds cullected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander {Rijie Brigade) daring his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part V. List of the Birds obtained in the
Manenguba Mountains [Cameroon). By David A.
Bannerman, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S.

Part V. concludes the Reports on the collections made by
Boyd Alexander during his last journey. Many interesting
species are dealt with, and the collections, both from the
islands and mainland, have proved of immense value.

I should like to take this opportunity of thanking
Mr. Ogilvie-Grant for allowing me to describe these
valuable collections — a labour which has taken me the best
part of a year to accomplish — and for much help and advice
which he has given me.

A perusal of Boyd Alexander's diary of his last journey
throws a certain amount of light on the character of the
country through which he passed between Cameroon
Mountain to the Manenguba Range (see map, PL VI.).
From it one gathers that, after leaving Euea, the road,
passes first through cacao-plantations ; then, from Ediki to
Malende and on to Kumba, a track leads through mag-
nificent forest, where some very fine timber is to be seen ;
and finally, as one nears Ninong, the enclosed country gives
way to undulating and hilly grass-land with little clusters

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 X

644 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on Birds

of trees in the hollows. Ninong is a large town, situated
at the north-western base of the Manenguba Mountains.

A two and a half hours' trek from Ninong brings one
to Poala, and an hour's walk from that village to the
Manenguba Crater Lakes. Concerning these Alexander
writes : — " They are close to one another and are called
'Edip' by the natives, i. e. "the two Sisters' — the lai'ger
is about a kilometre in diameter, the smaller about
half that size and almost emerald-green in colour. Unlike
the crater-lake at Kumba, the sides of these are not wooded,
but have steep grass-slopes reaching to the water's edge.
These two lakes lie at the south-east end of a remarkable
natural arena, formed by picturesque grass-hills, 300 to
400 feet in height. The centre is flat, covered with long
grass, and about two miles in diameter. The lakes lie at an
altitude of 6300 feet."

In the wood near the village of Poala, Alexander met with
three or four species hitherto supposed to be confined to
Cameroon Mountain or Fernando Po, where he had already
procured them. These were Nesocharis shelleyi, Linurgus
olivaceus, Cinnyris preussi, and Saxicola salax pallidigula.

A specially interesting species is the Weaver-Finch,
Sitagra anocJilorus, described by Dr. Reichenow from a female
obtained at Yakoma on the Welle River. This species is
new to the British Museum collection, and the series
includes an example of the adult male, hitherto unknown.

Alexander notes that a well-wooded range of hills about
4000 feet in height connects the Manenguba Range with
the Cameroon Mountain, commencing about two miles from
Ninong and running in a south-westerly direction. This
ridge no doubt accounts for the similarity of the highland
fauna in the two districts.

The Manenguba Range, with the birds of which this paper
deals, lies some distance from the coast of Cameroon and
about 84 miles north-east of Victoria (vide map, Plate VI.,
July number).

Having completed his explorations on Cameroon
Mountain, Alexander left Buea on the 21st of May, 1909,

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 645

and began his long journey into the interior whicli termi-
nated so fatally with his murder on the 2nd of April,
1910, at Ilanie, French Equatorial Africa.

During his journey from Buea to Manenguba, Alexander
does not appear to have done any collecting — at any rate, no
birds were sent home from tiiere, and his diary shows no
entry of any having been obtained. The collection from
Manenguba comprises 80 specimens referable to 43 species
and subspecies, almost all of which were procured in the
neighbourhood of Niriong.

After leaving this district only one bird appears to have
been obtained, namely Layonosticta di/hoivskii, an example
of which was shot at Bafum Bum. If any other specimens
were secured, they were sul)sequently lost, but none are
recorded in Alexander's diary, which contains an accurate"
account of every bird obtained.

Systematic List.

1. Francolinus bicalcaratus.

Francoliniis bicalcaratus Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th cd. 17G6,
i. p. 277 : Senegal.

a,h. S ^ ad. (Nos. 1, 2). Manenguba Mts. 28. v. 09.

F. bicalcaratus is a well-known AVest African species.
Specimens in the British Museum are from Casa Blanco,
Senegal, Gambia, Gold Coast (Accra), Northern Nigeria
(llorin and Shonga), as well as the two birds now recorded
from Cameroon.

The birds obtained in the Manenguba district are not the
first specimens obtained from south of the Niger River,
Reichenow having recorded the species from eastern
Cameroon in the districts of Bannso, Banjo, and Garua.

2. Gallinula chloropus meridionalis.

Gallinula c. meridionalis Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, p. 331 ;
Bannerman, Ibis, 1915, p. 116.

a. c? ad. (No. 1). Manenguba Lake. 2. vi. 09.

This is an example of the small African Moorhen, which

has, for so long, been confused with the typical European

form.

2x2

646 Mr, D. A. Baunermau on Birds

3. Podiceps ruficollis capensis.

Podiceps capensis Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i.
1884, p. 252: South Africa.

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Manenguba Lake. 29. v. 09.

A single specimen of the African Little Grebe was
obtained.

4. Colius striatus nigricollis.

CoHus nigricollis Yieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. vii. 1817,
p. 378 : Malimbe ^.

a. ? arl. (No. 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 28. v. 09.

I have remarked in my previous paper (Ibis, 1915,
p. 485) that C. s. nigriscapalis Beichenow cannot be upheld.
The bird from the Cameroon highlands must be united with
P. s. nigricollis.

5. Centropus monachus fischeri.

Centropus fischeri Ueichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1887, p. 517 :
Niaktaschi, N.E. Victoria Nyanza.

a. ? ad. (No. 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 28. v. 09.

See my remarks on the bird of this species obtained by
Alexander on Cameroon Mt. (Ibis, 1915, p. 486).

6. Buccanodon duchaillui.

Barbatula duchaillui Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855,
p. 324 : Moonda River, Gaboon.

a. ? ad. (No. 1;. Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 9. vi. 09.
This species has a wide distribution on the West Coast.

7. Barbatula coryphaea.

Barbatula coryphcea Keichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892, p. 181,
pi. ii. fig. 2: Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a. 'i ad. (No. 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 2. vi. 09.

b. c? ad. (No. 1). „ „ „ ll.vi.09.
This little Barbet was described from specimens obtained

on Cameroon Mountain by Dr. Preuss.

Apparently it has not hitherto been met with except in
the type-locality.

* See note ou p. 485.

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 647

The plate of this species in J. f. O. 1892 is exceedingly
poor, the shade of every colour in the figure being
incorrect.

8. Barbatula leucolaima.

Barbatula leucolaima Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851,
p. 263 : West Africa.

a. S ad. (No. 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 3. v. 09.

This species had already been obtained on Cameroon
Mountain.

Tlie wing-measurement of tise bird from Ninong is
56 ram.

B. leucolaima is a smaller species than B. I. mfumbiri
Ogilvie-Graut, and lacks the greenish wash on the under-
parts.

y. Dendropicus lafresnayi.

Dendropicus lafresnayi Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849,
p. 533 : Africa.

a-c. S ? ad. (Nos. 1-3). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
3-12. vi. 09.

I have already stated in my paper on the Birds of
Cameroon Mt. (Ibis, 1915, p. 490) that D. camerunensis
Sharpe seems to be a synonym of D. lafresnayi. Three
examples were obtained in the Manenguba Mts. and one,
already recorded, on Cameroon Mountain.

10. Petrochelidon rufignla.

Collie rufigula (Bocage) ; Fischer & Reichw. Journ.
fiir Orn. 1884, p. 53 : Lake Naivasha, Briiish East
■ Africa.

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Manenguba Mts. 29. v. 09.

The type of this species came from Lake Naivasha, but it
extends its range right across Africa. The present is, how-
ever, the first record from Cameroon, as Dr. Reichenow dots
not include it in his exhaustive list of the birds which have
been procured there up to 1911 (Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin,
1911, pp. 239-258).

648 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on Birds

11. Alseonax mnrimis obscurus.

Alseonax ohscurus Sjost. Orn. Monatsb. 1893, p. 43 :
Cameroon Mt.

a-c. (^ ? ad. (Nos. 1-3). Ninong, Maneiiguba Mts.
]l-12.vi.09.

This is another form found on Cameroon Mountain and
closely allied to the typical East African species Alseonax
murinus [vide Ibis, 1915, p. 491),

12. Platystira cyaiiea.

Muscicapa cyanea 2\lull. L. N. S. Suppl. 1776, p. 170 :
Senegal.

a. ?ad. (No. 4). Ninong, Maneuguba Mts. 20. v. 09.

b. ? ad. (No. 5). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 3. vi. 09.

13. Elminia teresita.

Ehniuia teresita Antinori, Catalogo, 1861', p. 50 : Djur,
Bahr-el-Ghazal.

a. ? (No. 1). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 3. iv. 09.

I have already given my reasons for upholding tiiis species
(Ibis, 1915, p. 492), which Reichenow includes in the
synonymy of E. longicuuda.

A single example was obtained in this district.

14. Pycnonotus barbatus gabonensis.

Pycnonotus gaboneusis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871,
p. 132, pi. vii. fig. 1 : Gaboon.

a. cJ ad. (No. 1). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 28. v. 09.

This is the representative race in Gaboon and Cameroon
of P. harbatus, which latter ranges from Senegal to Southern
Nigeria.

Although it is known as the Gaboon White-vented Bulbul,
the under tail-coverts have a distinct pale yellowisii tinge.

15. Bleda flavicollis flavigula.

Trichophorvs jiaviyula Cabanis, Orn. Centralb. 1880,
p. 174 : Angola.

a, b. S ad. (No. 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 5-9. vi.09.

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 649

This species inhabits the West African Coast from
Cameroon to Loaugo. It must be regarded as a subspecies
of B. flavicoUis.

16. Turdus nigrilonim.

Turdus nigrilorum Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892, p. 194 :
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a, b. S 'i imra- (Nos. 1 & 2). Ninong, Manenguba
Mts. 3&12. vi. 09.

As I have already mentioned (Ibis, 1915, p. 497), I con-
sider T. nigrilorum to be only a subspecies, probably of
T. lugubris Bodd., confined to the Cameroon highlands.

The immature specimen (No. 1) has the upperparts a
shade darker throughout than the adult, and the primary-
coverts tipped with rufous. The breast is mottled and the
flanks spotted with brown and rufous, and the belly white.

17. Saxicola salax pallidigula.

Pratincola pallidigula Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892,
p. 194 : Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a. [ (^ ] ad. (No. 10). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 28. v. 09.

6. > ad. (No. 9). „ „ „ 2. vi. 09.

These two specimens are particularly interesting, as up
to the present no examples of this subspecies had been
taken except on the Cameroon Peak.

Moreover, they differ in small points from the series which
we now possess from Cameroon Mt. In the first place,
one of the birds has a wing-measurement of only 69 mm.,
which is well within the measurements of typical S. salax;
the other specimen, however, has a wing of 74 mm.
A second small difference is that the chestnut breast-band
is paler in colour than in birds from Cameroon Peak, but
retains the character which separates S. s. pallidigula from
S. salax in being very wide.

I have already written at some length concerning this
Chat in my report on the birds from Cameroon Mountain
{vide Ibis, 1915, pp. 498-500).

Undoubtedly, birds from the Manenguba and Cameroon

650 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on Birds

Range must belong to the same species, but the slight
differences shown in the series in the British Museum seem
to be worth mentioning.

18. Cisticola rufa.

Drymoica rufa Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 17: "^ River
Quorra, opposite Iddah/' West Africa.

fl. ^ ad. (No. 1). Ninong, ManengubaMts. 10. vi. 09.

h. ? imm. (No. 2). „ „ „ 29. vi. 09.

The specimens are both referable to C. rufa. As I was at
first somewhat doubtful as to whether this was the case,
I referred them to ]\Ir. W. L. Sclater, who kindly examined
them and pronounced them to be adult and immature
examples of the species stated.

19. Schcenicola apicalis.

Catriscus apicalis Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 43 :
Kafferland.

a-c. S ad. (Nos. 1-3). Manenguba Mts. 28. v. 09.

The three specimens of S. apicalis obtained by Alexander
at Manenguba extend the known range of this Fan-tailed
Warbler very considerably.

An examination of the series in the British Museum
shows that the bird is found in Natal, Transvaal, Southern
Rhodesia, Nyasaland, south-east Belgian Congo, British
East Africa, and Uganda (where it was obtained by the
naturalists of the Ruwenzori Expedition), and north to the
Bahr-el-Ghazal country, where it was procured, according
to Dr. Reichenow, by Heuglin. Until quite recently no
example of Schosnicola had been obtained from any part
of West Africa. Now, however, there is a bird in the
British Museum from near Ndalla Tando (northern Anp^olal,
procured in 1908 by Ansorge. This remained the only
record from western Africa until Alexander obtained
examples in Cameroon.

Dr. Reichenow has described as a new species the form
from northern Uganda (type-loc, Asholi, vide Orn. Monatsb.
XV. 1907, p. 172), and alleges that it can be distinguished
from typical S. apicalis from South Africa.

obtained in the Manenyuba Mountains. 651

I have examined a considerable number of specimens
from Uganda and south-east Africa, and do not consider
that the characters said to distinguish this new race are
constant.

Considerable variation takes place in the plumage of the
typical form and the feathers wear many shades lighter.
Birds from Uganda certainly appear to be generally darker
on the upperparts, but when the two series are mixed up it
is practically impossible to distinguish the northern from
the southern birds.

The two birds from the Manenguba Mountains are
particularly interesting, as they do not belong to the
dark-backed race, if such can be recognised, but are quite
indistinguishable from specimens from Pinetown in Natal.
I have therefore referred the Cameroon birds to S. apicalis.
The single example from Angola is similar to the darkest
specimens of so-called S. a. brunneiceps, and is much more
likely to deserve a subspecific name than any race from
East Africa.

20. Calamocichla plebeia.

Calamocichla plebeia Reichw. Orn. Monatsb. 1893, p. 178 :
Yaunde, Cameroon.

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Near Ruko, Manenguba Mts. 18. vi. 09.

Examples of this rare species were oljtained by Alexander
on the lower slopes of the Cameroon M ountain. Remarks on
this form will be found in my previous paper (Ibis, 1915,
p. 502).

21. Apalis hinotata.

Apalis binotata Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1896, p. 41,
pi. V. fig. 2 : Yaunde. Cameroon.

a, b. (S ^ ad. (Nos. 1, 2). JNinong, Manenguba Mts.
3. vi. 09.

Examples of this species in the British Museum have been
obtained from the River Ja, Cameroon, Mpanga Forest,
Uganda, and Ndalla Tando, northern Angola.

Reichenow records it from Yaunde (the type-localitj) and
Dscha, both in Cameroon.

65.2 Mr. D. A. Banuerman on Birds

22. Camaroptera griseoviridis tincta.

Syncopta tincta Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1855^ p. 325 :
Moonda River, Gaboon.

a, b. S ad. (Nos. 1 & 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
3&ll.vi.09.

I have already given (p. 506) my reasons for considering
Cameroon and Gaboon examples of Camaroptera to be
referable to this race and not to typical C. griseoviridis.

23. Bumesia leucopogon.

Drymceca leucopogon Cab. Journ. fvir Oru. 1875^ p. 235 :
Chinchoncho, Loango.

a, b. ^ ^ ad. (Nos. 1 & 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
2 & 3. vi. 09.

This species ranges from Cameroon to Angola.

21. Laniarius major.

Telephonus major Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 108 : Elmina,
Gold Coast.

a. ? ad. (No. 3). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 9. vi. 09.

A single example of the West African Boubou was
obtained. This species ranges from Sierra Leone to
Cameroon, and, according to Mr. W. L. Sclater (Shelley,
Birds of Africa, v. pt. 2, p. 306), eastwards as far as the
Bahr-el-Ghazal.

25. Fiscus smithi.

Cullurio smithi Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 16 : Cape
Coast Castle.

a, b. S ^ ad. (Nos. 1 & 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
10&12.vi.09.

Dr. Reiclienow has described a Fiscal Shrike f^'om
Adamawa, Cameroon, under the name Fiscus humeralis
camerunensis, which is said to differ from F. smithi in having
the upper tail-coverts entirely grey like the rump, and the
outer tail-feathers with a very broad white outer margin.
One would expect the Manenguba bird to belong to this
race, but the upper tail-coverts are not entirely grey, being
tipped with black as in F. smithi. Moreover, in the two

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 653

specimens obtained from the same locality, the white onter
margin of the outer tail-feathers is narrow in one specimen
and broad in the other. It is probable that little reliance
can be placed on this latter character.

F. smithi camerunensis may be a perfectly distinct sub-
species, as Adamawa is in the north of Cameroon and a
considerable distance from Manenguba.

The examples from Manenguba must undoubtedly be
referred to typical F. smithi. I have not seen any specimens
from Adamawa.

26. Cinnyris splendida.

Certhia splendida Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. 1811, p. 191,
pi. xxvi. : Africa.

a-e. c? ? ad. Ninong, Manenguba Mis. 9&12. vi.09.

In 1900, when Shelley wrote vol. ii. of the ' Birds of
Africa/ the Splendid Sun-bird had never been procured in
Cameroon. It has since, however, been recorded from
several localities by Dr. Reichenow before the present small
series was obtained.

C. splendida ranges from Senegal to southern Gaboon.

27. Cinnyris preussi.

Cinnyris preussi Reichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1892, p. 190 :
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a-e. (^ ? ad. et (J imm. (Nos. 1-5). Ninong, Manen-
guba Mts. 3-11. vi.09.

Alexander had already obtained a large series of this
Sun-bird on Cameroon Mountain [vide Ibis, 1915, p. 511).

28. Cinnyris bouvieri.

Cinnyris bouvieri Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 1877, p. 277,
pi. Ixx. : Landana.

a-c. S ad. (Nos. 1-3). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
2-12. vi.09.

A fine adult male of this beautiful Sun-bird was procured.
The type was obtained at Landana, north of the mouth of
the River Congo. The species is very nearly allied to
C. osea and C. bifasciata, but can at once be distinguished

654 Mr. D. A. Baunerman on Birds

by Laving the forehead purple, instead of the same colour
as the rest of the head and neck.

29. Cinnyris oritis?

Cinnyris oriiis Reichw. Journ. fiir Oru. 1892, p. 190:
Buea, Cameroon Mt.

a. S (No. 1). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 9. vi. 09.

The only example obtained from the Mauenguba Moun-
tains diffei's slightly from the four male examples which
Alexander shot on Cameroon Mountain.

It appears to be adult, but has a shorter bill, 265 mm.
instead of 30 mm., and the underparts brighter, becoming
quite yellow towards the middle of the belly. Moreover,
the metallic feathers of the throat and breast are steel-blue
instead of purplish-blue, while the head and cheeks are
metallic-green. 1 can only assume that, despite its adult
appearance, it is a younger bird than the specimens obtained
on Cameroon Mountain.

80. Cinnyris verticalis.

Cinnyris verticalis Latham, Ind. Orn. i. 1790, p. 298 :
Africa.

a. ? ad. (No. 1). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. ll.vi. 09.

Said by Shelley to range from the Gambia River to
Angola and east to Masailand.

31. Macronyx croceus.

Alauda crocea Vieill. Nouv. Diet. i. 1816, p. 365: Java!

a-e. c? ? ad. et imm. (Nos. 1-5). Ninong, Manenguba
Mts. 3-9. vi. 09.

When Shelley wrote vol. iii. of the 'Birds of Africa'
(1902), M. croceus had not been recorded from Cameroon.
It is, however, a widely distributed species and has been
recorded from as far north as the Senegal River.

32, Passer diffusus.

Pyrgita diffusa Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped. 1836, App.
p. 50: north of Orange River.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. ll.vi. 09.
The only example of a Sparrow obtained by Alexander has

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 655

caused me a considerable amount of trouble to identify^ and
even now I am imcertain whether it is rightly referred to
this species, as only one specimen was obtained, and this
is a particularly pale-coloured bird. Dr. Hartert (Nov. Zool.
1900, p. 44) has recognised six forms of Passer diffusus.
The wing-measurement of the Ninong bird is 85 mm. ; it is
therefore too large to be P. d. ihierryi, which Dr. Hartert
considered synonymous with P. d. gularis. Shelley, ' Birds
of Africa,' iii. pp. 253-4, gives his reasons for not accepting
any of Hartert's subspecies, but it is more than likely that
P. d. occidentalis, the rather darker bird inhabiting the
forest-region of West Africa, will have to be recognised.
The whole group requires very careful revision.

Reichenow (Vogel Afr. iii. p. 230) revives the name
Passer griseus Yie'iW. ior tliis Si)arrow, l)ut there seems to
be considerable doubt as to which bird Vieillot's description
refers. Apart from the habitat, which is given as ''Etats-
unis " (!), the description does not tally with specimens
of the Grey-headed African Sparrow which I have examined
(vide FringiUa grisea Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xii. 1817, p. 198,
and remarks by Ogilvie-Grant, Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1910,
pp. 304-5).

33. Seriiius hartlauhi.

Crithagra hartlaubi BoUe, Journ. fiir Orii. 1858, p. 355 :
\V. Africa.

«. c? inim. (No. 1). Manenguba Mts. ll.vi.09.

The single male example recorded above has not quite
assumed adult plumage. The chin is white and the breast
and throat are marked with large black spots. It closely
resembles the type of S. pallidigula Reichw., which, as
Shelley has pointed out, is founded on the young of
S. hartlaubi. In fully adult specimens of S. hartlaubi the
head and back of the neck appear to become grey. In my
paper on the " Birds of St. Thomas' Island," I correctly
referred two specimens obtained there to this species, but
specimen No. 89 is not quite adult, as the head is not
grey. It appears to lose the white chin (which is likewise
a sign of immaturity) before assuming the grey head.

656 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on Birds

34. Linurgxis olivaceus.

Cnccotliraustes olivaceus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1842,
p. 144 : Fernando Po.

Linurgus camerimensis Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xiii.
1903, p. 38 : (Cameroon.

a. ? ad. (No. 3). Ninon^^, Manenguba Mts. 2. vi. 09.

As already noted (p. 513), I agree with Alexander that
his L. cmyiernnensis is indistinguishable from L. olivaceus
Fraser, and it therefore becomes a synonym of this bird.

35. Coliuspasser ardens concolor.

Vidua concolor Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. QQ :
Sierra Leone.

a. S i»^na. (No. 1). Manenguba Mts. 29. v. 09.

6. [ ? ] c? imm. (No. 2). „ „ 2. vi.09.

The specimen shot on the 2nd of June is undoubtedly a
young male, although it has been labelled a female. Too
much reliance cannot be placed on the determination of the
sex of birds in tiie Alexander collection.

Shelley and Dr. Reichenow both believe C. a. concolor to
be distinct from C. ardens. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, however,
considers C. a. concolor a melanistic variation of C. ardens
{vide Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1910, p. 289).

36. Nigrita canicapilla.

jEthiops canicapilla Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30 : Fer-
nando Fo.

a. cJ ad. (No. I). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 9. vi,09.

A single example of this Negro-Finch was obtained.
Nigrita canicapilla is the type of the genus Nigrita ; it
appears to range from Southern Nigeria to north Angola,
its place being taken in central and eastern Equatorial
Africa by N. schistacea.

37. Cryptospiza reichenowi.

Pytelia reichenoivi Hartl. Ibis, 1874, p. 166 : Bondongo,
Cameroon.

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 657

Cryptospiza eliza Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xiii. 1902,
p. 38 : Fernando Po.

a, b. c? ad. (Nos. 1 & 2). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
9 & 12. vi. 09.

The type of this species was obtained in the Cameroon
Mountains by Dr. Reichenow and figured, J. f. O. 1875,
pi. ii. fig. 1, and a second specimen was later secured at
Buea by Dr. Preuss.

In 1902 Sharpe described (Bull. B. O. C. xiii. p. 8) C. ocu-
laris from Buwenzori, and in the same year Alexander shot
three examples in Fernando Po which he named Cryptospiza
elizee. Alexander described C. elizce as differing from
C. reichenoivi and C. ocularis in having the top of the
head and collar dull olivaceous-fuscous and in having the
under tail-coverts black. These do not appear to be dis-
tinctive characters, and C. elizce should probably be placed
in the synonymy of G. reichenoivi, as both Shelley and
Reichenow have already done.

There seems to be more doubt as to the validity of
C. ocularis Sharpe. Mr, Ogilvie-Grant considers that
C reichenoivi and C ocularis are distinct {vide Ibis, 1908,
p. 270). The males are certainly indistinguishable, and the
females from Ruwenzori differ only from the description
given by Hartlaub and the female as figured by Reichenow
in having the feathers on the lores and the area sur-
rounding the eye pale olive-bufF, while in C. reichenowi
only the patch in frotit of the eye is said to be fulvous.

Unfortunately Alexander did not secure a single female
bird from either Cameroon or Fernando Po, and it is
therefore impossible to go further into the question.

There are, therefore, seven species in the genus as
follows : —

1. Cryptospiza reichenowi Hartl.

Type-locality : Bondongo, Cameroon. H

? Synonym, C. elizce Alex. [Fernando Po]. '

2. Cryptospiza ocularis Sharpe.

Type-locality : Ruwenzori.

658 Mr. D. A. Bauuermau on Birds

3. Cryptospiza salvadorii Reich w.

Type-locality : Siotalit, Slioa.

4. Cryptoftpiza borealis Percival.

Type-locality : Mt. Urgaess, British E. Africa.

5. Cryptospiza jacksuni Sharpe.

Type-locality : Ruwenzori.

6. Cryptospiza australis Shelley.

Type-locality : Milanji, Nyasalaud.

7. Cryptospiza shelleyi Sharpe.

Ty[je-locality : Kiiweuzori.

Boyd Alexander named a bird Cryptospiza sharpei, which,
as shown below, lis synonymous with Lagonosticta dybuwskii.

38. Lagonosticta dyhowskii.

Lagonosticta dybowskii Oust. Le Naturaliste, 1892,
p. 231 : Upper Kemo River.

Cryptospiza sharpei Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xix. 1907,
p. 46 : Kemo River.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Manenguba Mts. 11. vi. 09.

b. ? ad. (No. 2). Bafum Bum. 2. vii.09.

The type of L. dybowskii was obtained by Dybovvski on
the upper Kemo River, which, as Shelley remarks, is almost
on lat. 5° S'., long. 25° E.

It was next obtained on the Kemo River in 1905 by
Alexander, who described it as Cryptospiza sharpei, over-
looking the fact that it had already received a name and
that he had secured his bird in the actual type-locality of
L. dyboivskii Oust. Alexander next obtained a specimen
of this rare species in July 1906, which is labelled
" Camp IV. Alexander-Gosling Expedition,^' while he s^hot
one of the present specimens at Bafum Bum.

The sexes are not alike, and I have therefore thought it
worth while to figure (Part iv. PI. VII. fig. 2) both the male
and the female. It wiil be seen that the female differs from
the male in being much greyer throughout ; moreover, tlie
spots on the breast and flanks in the female are whitish

obtained in the Manenguha Mountains. 659

grey, larger and much more numerous than in tbe male.
The male has the belly blackish in contrast to the chest,
while the female has tbe entire underparts of a uniform
g^vey. In tbe male the spots on the breast and flanks are
pure white and smaller than in the female. The carmine-
red back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are slightly darker
in the male than in the female.

Tlie locality Bafiim Bum, where the hen bird was shot,
should not be included in tbe Manenguba District and is
not marked on the map (Part iv. PL vi.) ; it is, however, the
only place at which Alexander obtained any specimens after
leaving the Manenguba Range, and the single example of
L. dyboivskii was the only bird secured there. Bafum Bum
lies about fifty miles from Manenguba in a north-westerly
direction and is marked on most recent maps.

39. Nesocharis shelleyi.

Nesoc/iaris shelleyi Alexander, Bull. B. O. C. xiii, 1903,
p. 48: Fernando Po ; Bannerman, Ibis, 1915, p. 514, pi. vii.
fig. 1 ; id. Bull. B. O. C. XXXV. 1915, p. 106.

a. c? ad. (No. 5). Ninong, Manenguba Mts. 9.vi. 09.

This makes the third locality from which this little
Weaver-Finch has now been recorded.

Alexander had previously obtained four examples on
Cameroon Mt. (vide Ibis, 1915, p. 514), and two, including
the type, in the island of Fernando Po [vide Ibis, 1903,
p. 352).

In the former paper I have described and figured the
male for the first time.

In the male specimen from Manenguba the grey of the
belly is noticeably darker, and the rump and breast are
darker and less washed with orange-yellow, than in the three
males from Cameroon Mt.

40. Spermestes cucullatus.

Sperniesfes cucullatus Swains. Birds West Africa, i. 1837,
p. 201 : Senegambia.

a. S ad. (No. 1). Manenguba Mts. ll.vi.09.

SER. X. VOL. III. 2 Y

660 Mr. D. A. Bannerman on Birds

Swainson's Bronze Mannikiii i-anges over West Africa
from Senegarabia to Angola and eastwards to Victoria
Nyanza. I liave also recorded it from Princes Island
(Ibis, 1914, p. 606) and the Island of St. Thomas (Ibis,
1915, p. 98), where Alexander procured it.

41 , Heterhyphantes insignis.

Heterhyphantes insignis Sliarpe, Ihis, 1891, p. 117, pi. vi.
fig. 1 : Mt. Elgon.

«, b. cj ad. (Nos. 6 & 7). Ninong, Manenguba Mts.
2&20.vi.09.

I have already (pp. 516-517) given my reasons for not
considering Cameroon examples of this Weaver distinct from
the East African species H. insignis.

Tlie two following species have been identified for me by
j\Ir. Ogilvic-Orant, who has kindly given me the following
notes : —

42. Sitagra anochlorus.

Ploceus anochlorus Beichw. Journ. fiir Orn. 1912, p. 321 :
W' elle River.

a. [c?] ?. Ninong, Manenguba Mts. ll.vi.09.

b,c. ?. „ „ „ 12.vi.09.

This species was described by Dr. Beichenow from a
female example obtained at Yakoma on the Welle Biver.
His description agrees so closely with the two female
examples procured by Alexander at Ninong that I have
no hesitation in referring them to -S. anochlorus. The male
was hitherto unknown, and as the original description of
the female is brief, I have thought it advisable to •add
somewhat fuller details. There can be no reasonable doubt
that the bird here described as the adult male is really such,
and is the male of S. anochlorus, for it Avas procured in the
same locality as the two females, but a day earlier.

Adult male in full plmnage (marked ? by Boyd Alexander's
collector). Lores, feathers surrounding the eye, cheeks,
ear-coverts, chin, and upper throat deep black : top of the

obtained in the Manenguba Mountains. 6G1

head, sides of the neck, and rest of the underparts bright
goklen-yellow, inclining to orange on the forehead, the
black upper throat meeting the yellow lower throat in a
concave line ; rest of the upperparts from the nape to the
npper tail-coverts yellowish-olive ; tail similar, but rather
darker; primaries and secondaries dark brown, yellowish-
olive on the outer webs ; wing-coverts very similar, most
of t)ie outer webs being yellowish-olive ; the wings when
closed appear nearly uniform in colour with the back;
under wing-coverts pale yellow, marginal coverts bright
yellow. Bill black in dry skin ; feet brownish. AVing
75 mm. ; tail 54.

In general appearance the male most nearly resembles
Sitagra bertrandi (Shelley) from Nyasaland, but this latter
has the forehead and crown orange- chestnut, a black band
across the nape, and the quills and wing-coverts with
narrower, paler yellow edges to the outer webs.

The male is also nearly allied to S. heuglini (Reichenow)
(= Plocens heuglini negledus Neumann), but in that species
the black on the npper throat is prolonged down the middle
of the lower throat.

Adult female. Top of the head, lores, and a band through
the eye to the occiput black, the feathers of the crown more
or less mixed with olive ; a narrow frontal and wide super-
ciliary band bright golden-yellow like the rest of the under-
parts, but the cheeks and upperpart of the chest tinged
"with dark rufous-orange. The upperparts, from the nape
to the upper tail-coverts, olive, darker than in the male.
Wings and tail as in the male. Bill black in dry skin ; feet
brownish. Wing 75 mm. ; tail 53.

The female reminds one of the immature female of
Heterhyphantes nigricolUs (Vieill.) in tirst plumage, with
the upperparts olive-green ; but in the latter the blackish-
olive mantle is assumed before the crown becomes black.

This species is new to the British Museum collection and
is a very valuable addition.

As the male had not been described, the specimen here
characterised is the male type of the species.

662 Mr. C. B. Ticeluirst on the

43. Hyphantornis cncuUatus.

Oriolus cucuUatus P. L. S. Milller, Syst. Nat. Suppl.
1776, p. 87: Senegal.

a, b. S afl. et ? imm. Ninong, Manenguha Mts. 28. v. 09.

The immature female shows no trace of yellow eyebrow-
stripes ; the upperparts are unusually grey, the plumage of
the back being worn and faded, but the new feathers which
are moulting in on the neck are brownish-olive, dark brown
along the shaft. Wing 80 mm.

The male is in full breeding-plumage ; the wing measures
86 mm.

XXXIIT. — On the Plumages of the Male Crossbill (Loxia
curvirostra). By Claude B. Ticehurst, M.A., M.R.C.S.,
M.B.O.U.

As T have had occasion recently to study the plumages of
the Crossbill, I thought that perhaps the results of my
endeavours might be of use if put on record. As is well
known, the males o^ Loxia curvirostra exhibit a great variation
in plumage, and it has always been a puzzle to me to know
what this variation might mean. On looking up various
authors who have gone into the subject, one does not
find any great unanimity of opinion, and this I fancy was
largely due to their not having any reliable guide to the
age of their specimens. For example, to cite a few authors :
Macgillivray (British Birds, vol. i. p. 428) quotes Temminck
as saying that the males after the first moult become " dull
red, yellowish red, greenish yellow or dull yellow shaded with
reddish." Commenting on this, he goes on to say that he was
unable to directly trace the changes, but judging from analogy
they are not of this miscellaneous character, but are regular,
and remarks that he is confident that ihe greenish yellow is
the first winter plumage, followed at the next moult by a red
and then by a brighter red plumage. Such a succession

Plumages of the Male Crossbill. 663

of changes as Macgillivray tlioiiglit took place would in
a Palsearctic passerine bird be most reaiarkal)Ie, ii: not
unique.

Wheelwright (A Spi'ing and Summer in Lapland, 1864,
pp. 302-304)^ who had excellent opportunities during his so-
journ in Sweden and Lapland, paid a good deal of attention to
this subject, and the summary of his ideas is as follows. The
males in the first winter assume the yellow-orange plumage,
and in no case had he ever shot a male which, retaining any
of the striped juvenile feathers, showed any sign that it
would become red before the next moult; during the next
summer he thought this plumage reddened without a moult;
at the next (/. e. 2nd) autumn moult the plumage became
the normal red, though perhaps some became orange-red.
Occasionally, but very rarely, very old birds assumed a
yellow-green dress. He felt convinced tliat the young never
become red in the first autumn: he significantly says,
however, that red birds are far the commonest, which would
be very remarkable if no birds became red in their first
year. He goes on to say that he has found males breeding
in the same woods (1) in the striped plumage of youth*,
(2) in the orange-red dress, (3) in the deep red dress.

The late Prof. Collett (Mindre Medd. vedr. Norges
Fuglef. 1881-92, pp. 76-78) has some interesting remarks
on this subject. He says : ''An autumn nesting is found every
year but in no great quantities, some hatching as late as
October. In males of the autumn broods the plumage is, after
moulting from the nest-feathering, always yellow-green, never
red, and in such males traces of the striped juvenile plumage
may yet be seen in February. These males I have found
amongst the red ones the whole summer, and early in July
I have shot a young male in which new red feathers were
appearing amongst the yellow ones.

" Young males in the first winter are partly dark red, partly
more or less yellow-red (confirmed also in this by Tschusi zu
Schmidhoffen, Monatsch. D. Ver. Sch. Vogelw. 1888, p. 368],

* Surely an error.— C. B. T.

664 Mr. C. B. Ticeliurst on the

thougli it appears that young males as a rule are yellow-red;
yet in those individuals which still carry a trace of the
striped feathers o£ youth over the winter, the colour is
always yellowish. Those individuals^ which do not seem to
be sexually mature by the beginning o£ the breeding season,
are seldom found in the breeding quarters, but probably keep
apart in flocks ; perhaps these individuals only reach sexual
maturity later in the summer, and the abnormal simimer
and autumn breeding which now and then takes place
perhaps belongs in part to these. The colour in breeding
males is always red."

The late Prof. Newton in Yarrell ed. iv. p. 200, says that
in the juvenile plumage the males may be distinguished, as
noted by Blyth, by the striations being considerably more
distinct and more vividly contrasted than in the females.
By September the young males have lost much of the
striped dress and begin to assume the red plumage of
maturity : some do this at once, and this seems to be the
normal mode, though thsy do not so early develope their
most brilliant hues ; otiiers, possibly less vigorous in
constitution, have the red feathers mixed with yellow or
become dull orange, the effect of red and yellow combined;
others put on a yellowish or yellowislHgrccn dress, and these
are probably birds in which development is for some cause
still further retarded. Absolute proof that this yellowisii-
green dress is ultimately replaced by red is wanting, but^
thougli the wearers of it may not unfrequently be found
breeding in it, there is good reason to believe that this
change takes place.

With these rather conflicting opinions before me I started
to work out the subject de novo, with no preconceived ideas,
and I may say that it is only in this way and by the
examination of birds in moult that one can arrive at the
truth in such questions of obscurity. In order to get some
definite basis to work on, the first thing to do was to examine
juvenile birds in moult. Of these I was able to get together
ft very fair scries, and was able to pick out au invaluable

Plumages of the Mule Crossbill. 665

character by which the males after the first autumn moult
was completed could be distinguished from males of at least
one year older. It Avill be fouud that the three or four (in
some individuals more) outer feathers of the greater coverts,
the whole of which series iu the juvenile plumage have paler
tips forming a slight wing-band, are not moulted with the
rest of the series and body-feathers. Here, then, one has
an absolute guide, which holds good until these pale tips are
worn oif some time iu the next summer, as to which biids
ai'e less than a year old and which are more, for the latter
have no pale tips to any of the greater coverts. Hence in
two ways, by this guide, and by the examination of juvenile
specimens in moult, I was able to arrive at what dress was
attained iu the first autumn. The conclusion that I came
to was that such birds cannot be differentiated by the
general coloration of the plumage from those of greater
age : that is^ it is possible to find among both first year and
older birdsj bright red individuals, dull red ones, others red
with a little yellow, red Avith a fair amount of yellow,
orange-red birds, yellow, and green-yellow ones. Of the two
brightest red birds in the series (of some 200) one was a bird
of the year, the other older. Almost every variety between
a red bird and a yellow one may be found ; and I may here
point out that a bird showing distinctly red and yellow in its
plumage is not necessarily moulting from red to yellow
or vice versa, but the feathers may be part of the one plumage,
and it is even possible to find feathers which are partly
yellow and partly red. In one extremely handsome variety
the whole plumage is bright lemon-yellow interspersed
with bright scarlet feathers ; two specimens only, neither
of them moulting, were of this variety, so it is probably
rare : one was a bird of the year, the other older. The
yellow or green-yellow birds are nearly invariably birds
of the year, though this plumage does very rarely occur in
birds of greater age.

Since there are so many variations in dress in male Cross-
bills of the first autumn, one would not expect to find any

666 Mr. C. B. Ticelmrst on the

remarkable differences at the second autumn. To solve this
question with certainty is a difficult matter, since our only
guide as to which birds are only a year old and which
are two years or more, is frequently lost: that is to say, that
by the time the one-year-old bird moults, the pale edges to
the juvenile coverts are often worn off. However^ I have
been able to examine four birds at the second autumn moult,
showing such traces of the juvenile wing-bar that there could
be no doubt that they had certainly only just completed the
first year. Of these, one is a yellow bird moulting into a
red plumage but mixed with new yellow and red feathers iu
the rump ; two are orange-yellow birds with here and there a
red tinge, both are moulting into a rich rose-red plumage;
the fourth is a dull red bird worn to coppery red and is
moulting on the flanks, chin, and cheeks to lemon-yellow.

I have been able to examine about a dozen birds at the
post-nuptial moult in which there was no trace of the
juvenile coverts remaining ; however, of course some of these
may yet have been birds of the previous year in which the
pale edges had been worn off. Of these, two rather resemble
the last bird described : they are both red birds, one acquir-
ing new lemon-yellow feathers almost everywhere, the other
new yellow feathers on the neck and yellow-green feathers
on the back. Three others are moulting more or less from
red to red. As so many birds show when in full feather a
mixture of red and yellow feathers in their plumage, it is im-
possible to say that those which are in moult, and show some
yellow feathers coming through, will not also, when moult is
complete, show some red feathers ; and from an examina-
tion of a large series of fully adult birds, I find that it is very
rare to meet with any which do not show some red in the
plumage, the lemon-yellow or green-yellow birds being
nearly always birds of theiyear. Birds moulting from yellow
to } ellow so far I have not met with, though Dr. Hartert
implies (Vogel pal. Fauna, p. 118) that this occurs. That
these yellow birds are not always at any rate birds of the
year of autumn broods is, I think, certain, for I have seen two

Plumages of the Male Crossbill. 667

such birds, obtained in June and July, in whicli onl}^ a trace
of the juvenile feathers remained. Some of these yellow
males are approached in colour by some of the brightest
females, but the latter appear never to be so bright ou the
crown and mantle.

The striped juvenile plumage is moulted in the first
autumn entirely except for the wings, tail, primary coverts,
and the outermost three or four greater coverts ; at each sub-
sequent autumn every feather is moulted ; I cannot find any
evidence of any spring moult. The changes which take piaffe
as the breeding season advances is variable : some red birds
become duller or coppery-red and some yellow birds become
bronzy yellow, otlier red birds become a rather brighter red,
others again seem to show little change. Some colour
change, due to abrasion, in parts or the plumage, especially
ou the crown, is I think possible, as in some the red of the
feathers is confined to the tips, and when these are worn off,
the bron25e-yellow of the bases of the featliers would become
visible. The brightest red males in first plumage are tinged
with red on the scapulars and wing-coverts and even on the
bend of the wing (the so-called ^^ rubrifasciata '').

The period of moult in the Crossbill has long been a puzzle
to me, as being such an early breeder one might suppose
that, like a Rook, it would moult earlier than do most passerine
birds, but this does not appear to be the case. Naturally, the
period of moult is a rather variable one according to the
earliness or lateness of the broods, but generally speaking
it is much the same as in the other finches. Of the juvenile
birds, I find the earliest to have finished its post-juvenile
moult is one on June 23, but this and another on the 30th
are the earliest which showed any moult at all. July and
August appear to be the months in which this plumage is
cast, but I find several in these months, and one even as late
as September 28, in which no moult had begun. The latest
bird in whicli moult was not complete was an odd one killed
on Nov. 30. Of birds one or more years old, the earliest
in moult was one on July 16, and the earliest completed

668 Mr. C, B. Ticelmrst on the

moult was shown in one on Sept. 23; the latest date by
which no monlt had begun was Aug. 20, though one on
Sept. 19 had only jusc started, and the latest in uncom-
pleted moult was on Oct. 26; so that one may say that
September and a week or two on each side of it covers
most of the adult moulting. October birds, whether young
or old, are usually through the moult,

Tiie meaning of this yellow plumage occurring in Crossbills
has long been the subject of speculation; it was formerly put
down to old age, but this theory has long been discarded. It
is, however, a well known fact that red Crossbills as well as
red males of Carpodacus^ Haniatosjnza, and Linota invariably
lose their red plumage after moulting in captivity, yellow
replacing the red. This has been attributed to lack of proper
food, air and exercise, or a combination of all three. Curious
and interesting as this coincidence is, it is very difficult to
see where it helps us in elucidation of this problem of
dichromatism in wild birds. Another theory put forward
to explain these yellow birds was that they were diseased
or weakly individuals. This theory has been rather widely
accepted, but will not, I think, bear investigation for a moment.
To begin with, these yellow birds are far too numerous for
them all to be diseased, weakly, or lacking in vigour; more-
over, many of them are in very good condition. Jf, too, this
change in colour is brought about by such conditions, why
is it to be seen often in Crossbills and very rarely in other
species ? Then, again, we have Newton's and Wheelwright's
assurance that these yellow birds breed in that dress, which
does not look as if they were less vigorous than the red birds.

That the yellow i'eathers are not due to lack of pigment
I have satisfied myself ; microscopically, the red and the
yellow pigments are confined to and evenly distributed
throughout the rami except at the extreme tips, and it seems
to me that there is in each an equal amount of a different
pigment. There undoubtedly is, however, an interesting
relationship between red and yellow occurring in birds.
In the case of Loxia, Curpodaciis, and Piuicula, generally

Plumages of the Male Crossbill. (569

speaking, the males are red and tlie females yellow ; we also
find the same thing in some jNlinivets, while in the Scarlet
Tanager and Orchard Oriole the red of the male in summer
is replaced hy yellow in winter and iu females at all times of
the year. Then, again, we find a yellow-headed variety, as
Mr. Seth Smith informs me, of the Red-headed Gouldiau
Finch (Poephila miraJnlis) occurring in nature, and I have
seen red feathers occurring among the bright yellow feathers
of the Green Woodpecker. ]Many other such instances of
correlation between red and yellow could doubtless be given.

It has been suggested by vonTschusi that this yellow dress
of the Crossbill is atavistic, a reversion to an ancestral
plumage, — a theory which it is well-nigh impossible to prove,
and which appears to me little better than admitting one's
ignorance of the explanation of the phenomenon. Seeing how
very much more common this yellow dress is in males of the
first year than in older birds, it is tempting to suggest that
this plumage is the normal one for first-year birds, and is
being gradually skipped over for the commoner red plumage;
in slight support of this it may be remarked that the yellow
plumage iu the Pine Grosbeak males is the usual plumage
of the first year, though red birds do also occur. However
feasible this sounds, it will not explain the as-sumption of the
yellow plumage in part or iu whole by birds , of more than
one year.

From the lesson of the behaviour of birds in captivitv
towards coloration, it does seem probable that food has an
influence on coloration and that some particular food is
necessary to produce the red eolour. Is it possible that at
the period of moult, in any given area inhabited by Cross-
bills, there is not enough of this food to go round, and
that as a consequence some birds do not get enough red-
producing food and therefore moult into a yellow-green
di-ess? This is of course only a theory, and proof for or
against it, is, I am afraid, very difficult to obtain.

670 Mr. C. B. Ilorsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

XXXIV. — Ornithologicul Notes from the Alix and Buffalo
Lake Districts, Province of Alberta, Canada, 1914. By
Charles B. Horsbrugh.

The following notes concerning the birds of tliis particular
part of the province of Alberta relate to those whose identity
I am certain of. The list might have contained a few others,
but I hesitated to include uncertainties, which another season
will unfold. This district, wherein I have resided since April,
is well wooded and is fairly hilly, with numerous small and
large sloughs. To paraphrase a well-known song, it can be
stated that " every little homestead has a snipe-marsh of its
own,'' and bird-life, except in tlie winter, is abundant.

Buffalo Lake, which lies about seven miles north-east of
Alix, is a huge expanse of water, roughly about twenty-one
miles long by eight miles broad, with a coast-line, so report
says, of about two hundred miles. Bird-life there is also
abundant and interesting, but the advance of civilization
lias caused many of the larger birds, such as pelicans, cor-
morants, gulls, etc., which frequented the lake in olden days,
to depart elsewhere. Of late years the ducks are following
the examjile of the pelicans and cranes, owing to ruthless
slaughter and slack or inefficient preservation, though good
sport is obtained still by the local sportsmen. This last
season was an excellent one for Buffed Grouse and Prairie
chicken, but I believe a poor one for geese.

The village of Alix is situated on rolling well-wooded
country, about halfway between the well-known towns of
Edmonton and Calgary. It is an important railway centre,
and the Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk, and Canadian
jNorthern railways cross each other at this point. For the
last seven years the average rainfall has been 17'52 inches,

I have follovred the nomenclature and classification of the
A. 0. U. Check-list.

.ffichmophorus occidentalis. Western Grebe.
At Haunted Lakes, on May 17, two pairs of Western
Grebes were swimming about side by side, repeatedly lowering

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 071

tlicir beaks to lightly touch their shoulders for a second's
duration. A few more pairs arrived by the 24th, and yet
more towards the end of the month, when they then began
to buihl their nests.

On June 1, 1 went for ten days to Buffalo Lake, and
counted six pairs ; but towards the end of my visit, from
one spot I observed thirty-two pairs and there must have
been manv more in other parts of this huge expanse of water.
I preserved a dead specimen presented me by a farmer, and
found its gizzard full of the bird's own feathers and water-
weeds. Nesting had just begun when I arrived at the lake,
and I found many nests, the majority containing from one
to three eggs. These were usually concealed under the
rotting vegetation used in the construction of their nests,
and were placed amongst the reeds bordering the edge of the
lake. Close to this colony we found numerous nests of the
Pied-billed Grebes, but no full clutches were seen — the Crows
probably accounting for many a despoiled nest.

On November 19 I received a fine male Western Grebe
from a friend in Alix which, for the time of year, surprised
me, although 1 have heard reports about these birds being
frozen into the ice, so late have they delayed migration.

Colynihus holboelli. Holboell's Grebe.

The loud queerysome wail of this species during the mating
season seems to be uttered at all times of the day and night.
On a small lake opposite our house, in which we dwelt for
our first three months in Alix, a pair appeared on May 7,
and I observed them closely during this period. As soon as
the hen bird began to sit (about May 25) they were fairly
quiet and became so tame that I could approach close to the
nest, but the moment I was discovered, the female would
at once start to rapidly and thoroughly cover her eggs.
Although I found a number of nests of this bird in the
neighbourhood of our village, I never observed more than
five eggs in a clutch. jNIr. F. INI. Chapman states the clutcli
to consist of from three to eight eggs.

HolboelTs Grebe seemed to be rare on Buffalo Lake.

073 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugli : Ornitholo(jical Notes

It is a curious sight to witness the courting antics of these
hirds. A pair may be swimming about within a short distance
of one another, when the m;ile, on nearer approach to the
female, suddenly raises liis body at right angles to the water
and vigorously pursues her for a yard or two. The latter
also progresses in this curious fashion, and both birds always
Avail at the top of their voices. This weird performance is
gone through several times in the cours^e of the day, and
possibly night.

Colymlms auritus. Horned Grebe.

On another small lake close to our house I noticed a
single l)ird of the above species on May 3, and three more on.
tlie following day. A few days later, whilst watching a pair
of Golden-eye and Canvas-backed Ducks on this same spot,
I saw a female Grebe dive and viciously nip the male Canvas-
back on the belly. The latter, after being thus " torpedoed,"
flew off to more peaceful waters.

These Grebes also assume quaint courting attitudes : one
of the most usual is that the male bird lays his head and
neck parallel with the water, at other times hunching-up
his back aud keeping head and neck in-drawn to the body.
I do not remember ever seeing these birds take flight. They
were common everywhere as the nesting-season approached,
and as a rule were remarkably tame. On May 13 a pair
Avere busy nest-building, and by the i8th had made a bulky
structure, which had its base on the bottom of the lake in
about two feet of water. The birds swam right up to me
whilst immersed to my knees, but Avere voiceless. By the
30th of the month another nest on a small pond contained
four fresh eggs, whilst the pair previously mentioned had
two eggs.

Podilymhus podiceps. Pied-billed Grebe.

On June 2, at Buffalo Lake, I obtained an excellent
photograph of a nest containing seven eggs, and at Spotted
Lake found a fairly large colony on June 19 (see note
under Franklin's Gull) . These birds appeared much more
warv than the Western and Holboell's Grebes.

from the AUx and Buffalo Lake Districts. 073

Gavia immer. Great Northern Diver or Loon.

Badly-mounted specimens of this liandsome bird are
generally exhibited in most taxidermists"' shops in this
country% It does not appear to be as common as I expected
to find it, and my notes are therefore scanty. It was
re[)orted to me that a specimen was to be seen on the
lake at Alix village on May 20, and I saw this bird and
its mate there on June 7. I could find no trace of a
nest. Their weird cries reminded me of the time when my
friend Dr. Bowdler Sharpe and I nsed to watch them on
the Sundalsoren fiord, Norway, in May and June, 1899.
I have reason to believe that another pair reared one young
on a lake ai)out four miles south of Alix. On Buffalo Lake
they appear to be very^ rare. !Mr. George Cook informed
me he ])icked up a dead specimen in June of the present year
on the shore, and ]Mr. James Brindle told me he saw one
on June 3. I saw no specimens during my visit there.

Larns marinus. Greater Black-backed Gull.
On entering Halifax Harbour, ]March 28, a few of these
Gulls Mere observed.

Lams franklini. Franklin's Gull.

On April 24 three Franklin's Gulls were seen near
Alix, and on May 4 six in the same locality. From this date
onwards they were one of the commonest birds over a wide
tract of countr3\ On Buffalo Lake and many small lakes
during June and July they congregated by the thousand,
and were always particularly noisy. This species does
not appear to nest on the lake, although feeding there
extensively ; but on a fair-sized expanse of water within a
mile or two of the village of Mirror they do so abundantly.
This swamp is called Spotted Lake, on account of the
numerous and isolated, clumps of reeds of varying sizes,
I visited this colony with my friend Mr. George Cook,
of Buffalo Lake, on June 19. My notes for this day^s
trip read as follows: — ^' To enter tlie lake we had haul

674 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugb : Ornithological Notes

Avork towing a ])unt against the stream of a narrow canal,
which was one of tlie exits for the overflow of water, for
about two miles. During our progress we flushed several
Spotted Sandpipers and a Short-eared Owl from the banks.
We also discovered a Scaup's nest at the bottom of the bank,
containing ten eggs, which were almost a-wash, the nest being
hardly worthy of the name. Entering the lake we soon found
quantities of Gulls' nests and young in downy plumage
everywhere. Their nests somewhat resemble Coots', being
fairly bulky affairs made entirely of dead reeds. We found
them in colonies amidst the reedy patches, and the majority
of the nests contained two eggs, all of Avhich seemed on the
point of hatching out. We computed the number of Gulls
in this spot to approach four thousand. Their noisy clamour
could be heard for a considerable distance. A fair-sized
colony of Pied-billed Grebes also nest amongst the reeds, and
altliough numerous nests were found none contained more
than three eggs. A nest of the Canvas-backed Duck w^ith
six eggs of the Common Pochard was found completely
submerged, doubtless on account of the heavy rains during
the early part of the month. We noticed one Common
Tern and only a few pairs of ducks (sp. ?). Dr. Henry
George of Red Deer took two eggs of the Sand-hill Crane
on this lake in 1895, but I believe these birds have long
since ceased to nest hereabouts.'^

My wife and I managed to rear a young Franklin's Gull
to maturity, feeding it at first on hard-boiled eggs and bread,
and at the present time of writing we hear it is doing well
in the Zoological Gardens at A^ancouver, B.C. The bulk of
the Gulls appear to migrate south about the beginning
of August, but a few were observed at Alix on September 1 7,
and a little later at Buffalo Lake.

Lams argentatus, Herring-Gull,

This seems to be a rare bird and, I am informed, used to
nest on the islands in Buffalo Lake. I only observed a
pair there on June 2 and another on the 7th.

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 675

Sterna hirundo. Common Tern.

I first observed this species at Haunted Lakes, outside
the village of Alix, on May \7 , where a few were diving for
fish at the narrows of the lake. On a small neighbouring
lake I found these birds breeding. On the point of a small
island they had laid their eggs in the dried sandy mud, and
I fouud about six or seven nests, each containing two eggs.
This Tern is far less numerous than the Black Tern in this
part of the country.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis. Black Tern.

I found this a very common bird during the spring and
summer mouths, nesting in small colonies on many a little
slough and backwater. The nests, composed of water-weeds
and decayed grasses and reeds, are often fairly bulky struc-
tures about four to five inches high. Considerable variation
exists in regard to size and colour among the eggs of this
species. The young soon after hatching are very difficult to
discover amongst the long grass on the sloughs. At Buffalo
Lake, on June 2, I found several completed nests but only
one egg. I was informed that hundreds roost in the reeds
around this lake.

Anas platyrhynchos. Wild Duck.

Together with the Greater Scaup this is the commonest
species here. It arrived about April 7. I found many
nests, the first, containing eleven eggs, being at Haunted
Lakes on May 17. This species frequently has its nest far
from water, and a favourite situation is in the growing corn.

Chaulelasmus streperus. Gad wall.

On a small slough in the vicinity of Buffalo Lake I saw
a pair of Gad wall on May 16, but I feel sure this species
must have arrived here a week or two prior to this. I
would say that they were not particularly abundant here-
abouts.

Mr. Atkinson, who also visited Buffalo Lake at the same
time as I did, found a nest with eight eggs on June 5.

SER. X. — VOL. III. 2z

676 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

Mareca americana. American Widgeon.

Usually known as the Baldpate in this country. No-
where very common. The first pair was observed near our
house on May 4.

Nettion carolinense. Green-winged Teal.

Fairly abundant. One specimen was observed on April 24
on a small pond near our house, and two pairs on May 4.
They nest in the long grassy tussocks bordering the sloughs.

Guerquedula discors. Blue-winged Teal.

Decidedly more abundant than the former species. My
first sight of this bird here occurred on May 7, when
I flushed five pairs from a flooded meadow close to Alix,
where they feed on very minute water-snails, also water-
weeds. On August 13 I noticed a small brood of rather
young ducklings of this species close to Alix.

Spatula clypeata. Shoveller.

First pair seen here on May 7. A fairly abundant
species. Mr. Atkinson found eggs on June 8 at Buffalo
Lake, and we frequently saw parties of ducklings with the
female every day during our stay. On July 3 a Shoveller
duck was swimming about with eight quite small young
on a small pond near our new home. On August 18 I saw
some well-grown ducklings close to our house^ almost ready
to fly.

Dafila acuta. Pintail.

Several birds seen on May 4. Fairly numerous and
quite as shy as at home.

Mareca americana. Redhead.

Known here as the Redhead. According to my notes this
species appears to be a late arrival as I have no record of it
until May 27, when a pair was seen close to our home,
on one of the smaller ponds. This bird shares its incubation
duties with the Canvas-back Duck, and both Atkinson and
myself often found nests containing eggs of the two species.

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 677

One such uest which 1 found near Buffalo Lake on June 5
held sixteen eggs. So overcrowded was it that two eggs lay
under water outside the nest. I flushed a Canvas-back,
the bulk of the eggs belonging to the other species. It is
only fairly common in these parts.

Marila vallisneria. Canvas-back.

April 7 is ray earliest record for its advent here. During
the mating season these ducks become very tame, and I have
often called them close to me, lying concealed in the bushes.
By moving a hand slowly they evince curiosity and approach
gradually to investigate. They are quite at home in
company of other ducks, as my notes for May 17 read that a
pair \vere feeding on a small lake together with pairs of
Scaup, Mallard, Buffel-head, Widgeon, Green-winged and
Blue-winged Teal, as well as a noisy pair of Holboell's Grebes.
I found a uest of the Canvas-back containing eleven eggs
on Haunted Lakes, near Alix, on May 24. This was a bulky
structure, much like a Coot's, as it was made entirely of
decayed reeds. The eggs were covered with a little down
and partially hidden under cover of the same nesting
materials. This same patch of reeds also held several nests
of Holboell's Grebe. Old residents inform me that this
species is yearly decreasing in numbers.

Marila marila. Greater Scaup.

A single pair was first noticed here on May 5. Excepting
the Mallard, this species seems to be the commonest in this
locality. During my trip to Buffalo Lake I must have seen
hundreds. Atkinson, on June 5, found a nest containing
eight eggs hidden amongst the branches of a small bush. A
local name for this bird is " Bluebill."

Clangula clangula americana. American Golden-eye.

In pairs and fairly numerous about April 7. They seemed
to become rarer towards the nesting-season, and I did not
find any trace of nests or young birds,

2z2

678 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

Charitonetta albeola. Buffle-head,

My notes for April 24 state that these ducks were to be
seen in small numbers on all the ponds hereabouts, and in
pairs. They feed at this season on a small red worm-like
larva (mosquito?), minute stones, and water-weeds. On
May 16 I was giving some horses their morning hay,
when I suddenly saw a pair of Buffel-heads fly round the
barn a few times and the duck dive like an arrow straight
into an old decayed poplar-tree. The nesting-site was an
ancient Golden-winged Woodpecker's, about eighteen feet
above the ground, and with the aid of a thin twig I could
feel a large clutch of eggs. On the lake just below the
barn I saw a hen bird on June 18, followed by five young
ducklings, which I watched for many days. The feet of the
ducklings are dark slate, and I should like to know when
they assume the striking flesh-coloured tint of the adult.
Whilst driving a few miles south of Alix with my wife, on
June 21, we almost ran over a duck with five young. She
was leading them through the long grass towards water
(some considerable distance from the trail) and was a most
devoted parent, flying around very close to us until we
passed on. These birds are excellent eating, but if wounded
are almost impossible to retrieve on account of their diving
powers. The local name given them is " Butter-balls."
This species seems to be fairly plentiful in this part of the
province, but so shy are they in the vicinity of their nesting-
sites that the latter are rarely betrayed. I located two
other nests, but could not find the exact spots. These birds
are reported to nest in holes in the ground if suitable trees
are scarce.

Oidemia deglandi. White-winged Scoter.

At Haunted Lakes, on May 10, my notes record "many
pairs of these ducks.^' Whilst staying at Buffalo Lake in
June I saw many hundreds, and they were quite the
commonest species. They nest round the lake, inland
amongst the bushes, much later than other species. Mr.
George Cook informed me that he had found nests in late
July.

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 679

Erisniatura jamaicensis. Ruddy Duck.

I came across several pairs of this handsome species at
Buffalo Lake in June, but had no success iu discovering a
nest. Mr. George Cook showed me eggs he had taken
a year or two ago. On Parlby Lake, Alix, I observed
a pair which were fairly tame. The curious position of the
tail — at right angles to the body — determines the species at
a considerable distance.

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. Lesser Snow Goose.

Mr. James Briudle sent me a pair of these birds — a lucky
shot having secured five specimens at once — from Buffalo
Lake on September 26. They were excellent eating. On
October 8 I received another male from the same locality.

Almost a thousand, or even more, were noisily migrating
south over Alix on October 26 during day and night.

Branta canadensis canadensis. Canada Goose.

I have only seen a single bird on a small pond a few miles
north of our house on May 19, and a pair at Buffalo Lake
on June 3. My host, Mr. Brindle, owned a pair of tame
ones which quickly lured the wild visitors to their deaths.
These birds are not protected on account of the damage they
cause to the crops ; as a result, persecution yearly diminishes
their numbers.

Olor sp. ? Swans.

Mr. Walter Parlby reported three swans on his lake, about
2^ miles west of Alix, for a few days, and I also heard of a
flock of seven, on Haunted Lakes, during the last week in
April.

Botanrus lentiginosns. American Bittern.

A fairly common summer resident. I first observed
a pair at Haunted Lakes on May 10, and flushed a bird
off a nest with two eggs at Buffalo Lake on June 5, and
Mr. Atkinson found another with four eggs on the 6th.
The call of this bird is certainly one of the weirdest I have
ever heard, and at first I failed to determine what caused
it. The bird which Mr. Atkinson flushed, he said, sat on

680 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

its nest during a heavy shower, with its bill pointing
heavenwards.

Ardea herodias herodias. Great Blue Heron.

For a little while a heron of this species frequented
Haunted Lakes, and another, Parlby Lake, during the late
summer, but I did not personally see any specimens.

Porzana Carolina, Sora.

This species seems to frequent every marsh in the neigh-
bourhood of Alix. Mr. Atkinson found a nest with three
eggs at Buffalo Lake on June 1, and at the same locality I
also found a nest with nine eggs and another containing
thirteen, on the 3rd and 9th of June respectively. These
nests were very cunningly concealed in dead rushes. On
July 8 I picked up a dead Sora which had flown against
the telegraph-wires in the main street of Alix.

Fulica americana. American Coot.

Quite the commonest bird on Buffalo Lake, where I found
many nests. The average clutch contained ten eggs. I saw
two nests with twelve and thirteen eggs respectively.
I found eggs in all stages of incubation on June 1. A pair
of birds attempted to build near our house, close to a pair
of Holboell's Grebes, on a small lake. Some nests were
built with landing stages.

Steganopus tricolor. Wilson's Phalarope.

I saw a pair of these birds at Buffalo Lake on June 3,
and later found them fairly common. I flushed a pair on
June 5 out of some dried grass^ where I feel sure tliey
intended nesting.

Eecurvirostra americana. American Avocet.

On a small lake near Buffalo Lake I saw a single bird on
June 3, where the previous year Mr. George Cook had
found several clutches.

Gallinago delicata. Wilson^s Snipe,

I found this species plentiful on Buffalo Lake and also
around Alix, where I flushed a bird off four eggs on July 18.

p'om the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 681

Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper.

Not uncommon in this district. On June 21, within a
few miles of Alix, my wife and I found three newly hatched
young on the roadside, after a close search for a quarter
of an hour.

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus. Killdeer.

Two or three pairs were observed during my visit to
Buffalo Lake in June. Mr. Atkinson found a handsome
clutch of four eggs at this locality early the same month.
Another clutch had been destroyed by crows.

Bonasa mnbellus togata. Canada Ruffed Grouse.

This last season was an excellent one for grouse, as coveys
were large and numerous. A nest with ten eggs was found
near the house on May 25. These birds are quite fearless
and afford poor sport, as they are not easily flushed, even
with a dog. They are very bold in defence of their young,
and endeavour to lure one away from the vicinity of their
brood or nest by feigning a broken wing.

Perdix perdix var. Hungarian Partridge.

Mr. Walter Parlby informed me that fifteen brace of
these birds, received from New York, were turned down in
April 1909 close to Alix. Unfortunately a snow-storm,
which doubtless caused many deaths, occurred next day.
Various reports stated that a few birds were seen the
following year, but since then they seem to have disappeared.
The annual report of the Department of Agriculture for
Alberta for 1913 states that " the Hungarian or European
Partridge (no scientific name given), which was imported
and distributed in the Calgary district some few years ago,
has increased to such an extent that it has been deemed
advisable to declare an open season.^' The bag limit was
placed at twenty-five birds for the season, and five per
day, the open season being during the months of October
and November.

682 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

Tympanuchus americanus americaniis. Prairie Chicken.

A fairly common species and very tame during the nesting-
season, but wild enough soon after the shooting-season
opens.

Zenaidura macroura macronra. Mourning Dove,

I received a specimen from Mr. George Cook, which he

shot at Buffalo Lake on November 9. He states that it is

very rare and this was the only one seen.

Circus hudsonius. Marsh Hawk.

May 13 is my first record for this species, which later
in the season may daily be seen flying over the sloughs in
search of prey. I received a young male in the flesh on
September 17.

Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
I received an immature male bird on October 6 which was
shot near Alix. The species seems rare in this district.

Astur atricapillus atricapillus. Goshawk.

I first observed this species on May 15, flying over a lake
near our house. A fine specimen boldly flew into our poultry-
yard on October 15, but did no damage to the chickens.
I shot an immature bird on the 28th which also came to
worry the poultry. A nice male specimen, shot at Alix,
was presented to me on November 26.

Buteo borealis borealis. Red-tailed Hawk.

In a small copse bordering a large grassy slough I found
a nest of this species on May 9. It was placed in a
straight poplar about 35 feet from the ground and contained
three eggs, dullish white slightly blotched with pale red
markings, and well incubated. The birds were very noisy,
and kept in the vicinity until we left.

On June 21, shortly after my wife and I almost drove
over a brood of young Buffel-headed Ducks (see notes under
that species), we saw a Red-tailed Hawk evidently searching
for them. A pair were flying round the house on August 17,

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 683

mewing like European Buzzards. I shot a male, heavy
in moult, on September 26. The crop contained a partly
digested squirrel.

Aquila chrysaetos. Golden Eagle.

This bird seems to be fairly common, as I saw a good
many in various taxidermists' shops and hotels at Calgary and
Edmonton. At Mirror a youth has a magnificent specimen
which was wounded at Spotted Lake about a year ago.
I observed a Golden Eagle feeding on a rabbit within a few
hundred yards of the house on October 20.

Haliaetus leucocephalus leucocephalus. Bald Eagle.

Whilst at Bufialo Lake, on May 19, a farmer showed me
a very fine specimen of this species he had picked up from
a nest which a gale had blown down, together with the
whole tree, four years ago. During the present year it has
assumed the white head and tail, which even yet are not so
pure as is attained by more adult specimens.

Mr. George Cook brought me an immature female shot
at Buffalo Lake on September 28. The spread of wings
measured seven feet two incheSj and the crop was filled with
fish.

Falco sparverins sparverius. Sparrow-Hawk.

A common summer visitant. I saw one investigating the
nesting-site of the Buffel-headed Duck I found close to the
barn (see note re Buffel-head). A single bird first seen
near Alix on May 6.

Asio wilsonianus. Long-eared Owl.

On May 24; I went to Haunted Lakes, where Mr. H.
Hickling showed me an old hawk's nest tenanted by a pair
of Great Horned Owls. Below this nest I found the legs of
a Loiig-eared Owl which had been picked by a young well-
fledged youngster of the larger species.

I received a male bird on September 26 and another on
the 13th of following month.

684 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

Asio flammeus. Short-eared Owl.

At Buffalo Lake on June 5, Mr. Atkinson found a nest
in the long grass close to the water, with five eggs on the
point of hatching. Near the same locality Mr. George
Cook found another with four eggs on June 9. A specimen
in the flesh was shot near Alix and presented to me on
October 15.

Cryptoglanx acadica acadica. Saw-whet Owl.
I received a specimen on December 5, which was shot
a few miles south of Alix.

Bubo virginianus pallescens. Western Great Horned Owl.

Near Buffalo Lake on May 16, I found a pair of young
Owls of this species sitting in an old hawk's nest which was
placed in a high and leafless poplar. Mr. George Cook
ascended the tree with climbing-irons and brought me the
birds, which were well grown. The remains of a Shoveller
Duck and Blue-Avinged Teal lay in the nest and a few small
bones of various birds.

At the present date they are full-grown and thriving
in my barn, and are quite tame. Whilst Cook was looting
the nest the female frequently sat just above his head
uttering croaks sounding like " werk/' "werk," but the
male kept at a distance.

I caught a fine bird in a gin-trap on October 21 close
to the house, and received a living specimen on November 2
caught near Alix. Both these birds are now in the barn,
and feed readily on rabbits, musk-rats, etc. This species
is fairly common in this locality and can often be heard
calling at night.

Nyctea nyctea. Snowy Owl.

I heard lately that a pair of birds had been seen near
Mirror in November, and believe it is a regular, though rare,
winter migrant to this locality. I have seen two mounted
specimens which were probably obtained locally, but they

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 685

possess no data. Mr. George Cook presented me with a
fine living specimen on December 13^ whicli is still with me.

Surnia ulula caparoch. Hawk-Owl.

I received a pair in the flesh on September 17, shot near
Alix. I have also a living specimen which had damaged its
wing against the telephone-wires and up to the present time
(December) has quite recovered in captivity. This species
I believe to be common here. Fisher states that the note is
a shrill cry^ which is uttered while the bird is on the wing.
My specimen gives voice to a melodious " wheup^ oop, oop,
oop, oop, oop/' generally at dusk.

Ceryle alcyon. Belted Kingfisher.

I have only seen a single specimen, which was sitting on
the telegraph-wires close to Alix on August 5.

Dryobates villosus leucomelas. Northern Hairy Wood-
pecker.

A fairly common resident throughout the year.

Sphyrapicus varius varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.

In the early spring this species is a quiet migrant, but
towards the nesting-season is the reverse of silent. It
is fairly plentiful in this locality, and I found numerous
nests, which are usually situated from twenty or more feet
up the tree-trunk. I was presented on July 15 with four
young birds, which my wife and I reared on house-flies,
wasp-grubs, and hard-boiled eggs. We also found, as their
name gave us to expect, that they were very partial to
syrup and water, which they greedily swallowed. Insecti-
vorous food arriving from home enabled our pets to get
through a successful moult, and by October 28 we could see
a few red feathers on the beads of the two male specimens.
Unfortunately we lost three of these birds, due chiefly to the
sudden cold weather, but my remaining specimen continues
to do well. A female flew into my shack on July 27, which
I released later.

686 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

Colaptes auratus luteus. Northern Flicker or Golden-
winged Woodpecker.

I noticed a specimen feeding on an ant-heap on April 21,
and after this date they became quite common. Through-
out the nesting- season I found many borings for nest-holes.
They seem to migrate early in the autumn.

Tyrannus tyrannus. Kingbird.

I observed a pair near Alix on April 4. Eggs were
found on June 10 near Alix by a friend, and on the village
lake I found a nest with four eggs and two others with
well-fledged young. This species is a common summer
resident.

Corvns brachyrhynchus hesperis. Western Crow.

This was almost the only bird observed during our run
from Halifax to Calgary, flying about singly or in small
flocks, generally close to the towns and villages en route.

It is one of the commonest birds in this locality and is
most destructive to game. I noticed many nests of ducks
and other birds destroyed by crows. Several nests were
observed placed in low bushes about six or eight feet from
the ground. I found three crows' nests on May 21 close to
Alix, all containing five eggs highly incubated. The birds
were very tame, and fiercely mobbed me until I shot three.

Pica pica hudsonia. Magpie.

I observed a pair of Magpies close to the house on
September 12, and another pair on October 20 in the same
locality.

Molothrus ater ater. Cowbird.

At Alix a few of these birds arrived on April 17, where
they are common summer visitants. A friend found an egg
in the nest of a Clay-coloured Sparrow with three of the
rightful owner's, near Alix on June 10, and I found two
eggs in a Song-Sparrow's nest, which held five of the latter's,
in the same locality on June 14.

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 687

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Yellow-headed Blackbird.
This species nests commonly around Buffalo Lake in the
reeds. I first noticed nests with eggs on June 3.

Agelseus phceniceus fortis. Thick- billed Red-winged Black-
bird.

In company with the Yellow-headed Blackbird this species
also nested abundantly in the district and in almost every
slough around Alix. I found eggs on June 2 at the former
place, and many more elsewhere subsequently.

Sturnella neglecta. Western Meadowlark.

A very common summer resident everywhere. I did not
succeed in finding any nests of this species.

It has a most striking and musical song, and prefers to
sing from a telegraph-pole or fence-post.

Quiscalus quiscala quiscala. Purple Grackle.

I observed this species in fair numbers at Buffalo Lake
and Alix. At the former place I found several nests on
June 2 ready for eggs, and on June 10 two clutches of
three eggs.

Passer doinesticus domesticus. House-Sparrow,
At Haunted Lakes on April 17 I saw three or four
pairs of this species and a few in Alix, but on December 2
this number had increased to over thirty. I did not observe
any at Bufi'alo Lake.

Astragalinus tristis tristis. Goldfinch.
Not a very common summer visitant. I first observed a
pair on July 3 at Alix.

Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. Snow-Bunting.
A flock of ten appeared near the house on November 16
and they have since been numerous throughout the district.

688 Mr. C. B. Horsbrugh : Ornithological Notes

Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus. Western Savannah
Sparrow.

Fairly comnaon around Buffalo Lake, Avhere I found a
clutch of four eggs, cleverly concealed in the grass, on
June 3, and on June 14 another clutch of five eggs with
two Cowbirds' eggs near Alix. This bird is rather shy, and
on this account may be more abundant than would appear
to be the case. .

Spizella pallida. Clay-coloured Sparrow.

I was shown a nest with three eggs and one of a Cowbird
near Alix on June 10, and another on the 14th with young
just hatched.

Jiinco hyemalis hyemalis. Slate-coloured Junko.
I did not observe this species until September 23, when
there were many flying about close to the house.

Zamelodia ludoviciana. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Rare. I only saw three specimens early in May near
Alix. I was surprised at the sweetness of the song.

Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. Cliflf-S wallow.
Under the eaves of a barn at Dartmoor (about 2^ miles
west of Alix) a number yearly build their nests in June.

Iridoprocne bicolor. Tree-Swallow.

Mr. George C^ook showed me several coflFee-pots with the
spouts removed, in which these swallows nested every year
in front of his house at Buffalo Lake. These birds also nest
in old woodpeckers' nests of the smaller species, and I saw
the Swallow at Alix in May hunting" round the woods near
the house for nesting-holes. Mr. Atkinson and I found a
nest by the roadside, near Buffalo Lake, in a hole in an old
burnt poplar stump on June 3. It was plentifully lined
with feathers, but had no eggs. I also found a nest at
Haunted Lakes too high up to examine.

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts. 689

Riparia riparia. Bank-Swallow.

A few pairs nested in a railway-cutting near Haunted
Lakes in June.

Bombycilla garrula. Bohemian Waxwing.

Dr. Henry George informed me that a pair of these birds
nested this year in a garden at Red Deer, and Mr. George
Cook has a skin which was obtained near Buffalo Lake
on January 19 this year; he had also found a nest on
June 8, with tour young birds, in same locality. One was
dead in the nest, but the rest were ready to fly. He further
stated that these birds were plentiful during January and
September.

Troglodytes aedon parkmani. Western House- Wren.

Fairly abundant. On June 23 I was shown a nest which
had been built in the string-box attached to a reaping
machine. It was a very bulky structure made of small twigs,
plentifully lined with fowls' feathers and horse-hair. It
contained six eggs. I found another nest, near Alix, which
was merely a collection of a few feathers and horse-hairs
built in a hole in a small decayed poplar-tree, and another in
June in a large stump which held young birds.

Telmatodytes palustris iliacus. Prairie Marsh- Wren.

Mr. Atkinson and 1 found numerous nests of this species
in the reeds around Buffalo Lake, but none held eggs. The
birds, nevertheless, were always very noisy but shy.

Penthestes hudsonius hudsonius. Hudsonian Chickadee.

A common resident. Except in the nesting-season tliey
keep in small flocks and are very tame. I found a nest with
young in a hole in a dead poplar, about three feet from the
ground, near the house on May 30.

Planesticus migratorius propinquus. Western Robin.
Plentiful around Alix, but I failed to observe any at
Buffalo Lake. I saw many young birds but no nests.

690 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

XXXV. — Studies on the Charachiiformes. — II. On the
Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe (Coenocorypha
pusilla Buller). By Percy R. Lowe, M.B., M.B.O.U.

(Plate VIII. ; Text-figures 12-14.)

The ultimate objects which ornithologists have in view
are, I take it, first, to acquire as complete a knowledge of
present existing birds as is possible; secondly, to co-relate
this knowledge with what we know o£ the birds of past
geological ages ; and, finally, out o£ the sum of knowledge
thus obtained, to construct an ideal genealogical tree, which
shall demonstrate in as vivid a way as possible the phylo-
geuetic relationships and history of the whole class under
consideration. In attempting to do this, ornithologists
are, perhaps, handicapped to a greater extent than any
other class of zoologists, chiefly owing to the gaps in the
geological record. Imperfect as this record is in every
branch of the animal kingdom, it is, I think, an admitted
fact that in the class Aves the record is more imperfect than
in any other. As a compensating factor to set against this
undoubted handicap we have, however, an asset which I am
inclined to think is sometimes overlooked. I refer, of course,
to the extraordinary persistency of bird-types. As a result
of this persistency, we not only find that certain birds of
to-day present the most surprising likeness to the birds of,
let us say, a geological age as far back as the Pliocene or
Miocene, but that in the present age we meet with many
types which are for all practical purposes " living fossils."

Of these " living fossils " we must, in lieu of fossils proper,
make the most we can. So far as one has been able to
gather from an examination of a complete skeleton in the
British Museum, the Chatham Island Snipe might be said
with very little exaggeration to be one of these 'Miving
fossils," — there is little doubt, at any rate, that it is an
ancient and generalised Snipe, which from the point of view
of the pliylogeny of the Scolopacinae is of great interest.

Ibis. 1915. Pi. VIII.

H. GRONVOLD, DEL.

MENPES PRESS, WATFORD.

SKULLS OF SCOLOPACINE AND ALLIED FORMS.

1. Rhynchea bengalensis. 2. Homoptilura gigantea. 3. Erolia alpina.

4. Coenocorypha pusilla. 5. Lymnocryptes gallinula. 6 Gallinago gallinago.

7. Scolopax rusticola. 7a. S. rusticola ; tarso-metatarsus, posterior view. §

4a. C. pusilla ; tarso-metatarsus, posterior view, f

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 691

The Chatham Island Suipe is resident in the extreme
south, and, like many other types of Waders found in
southern or ultra-southern latitudes, its characters present
us with a picture in interesting contrast with those proper
to more northern types.

Taking, for instance, Waders whose present distribution
is confined roughly to regions south of the equator, and
excluding certain migratory types or types with a world-
wide range, Ave find in this southern half of the globe
many Waders whose characters seem to present a general
picture which can only be taken to correspond to a geo-
logical era anterior to the present one. The impression
which we get, and the conclusion Avhich it seems difficult to
escape, appears to be, that this peculiar southern Wader-
fauna has been forced southwards towards the southern
extremities of the great land-masses of the world by adverse
conditions, either climatic, physical, or faunal, which obtained
in the north ; and that it represents to a great extent the
relics of a fauna which had at one time a more extensive
northerly distribution or origin.

Examples among the southern Waders of such an old-
time fauna which occur to one at once are the following : —
The Jacanas (Jacanidse), the Painted Snipe (Rhynchaeidse),
the Stone-Curlews (ffidicnemidse), the Seed-Snipes (Atta-
gidse), and the Sheathbills (Chionidse), together with such
peculiar types as the Slender-billed Plover (Oreophilus),
the Chilian Sandpiper {Phegornis), the Magellanic Plover
(Pluvianellus) , the New Zealand Plover [Thinornis), the
Black-fronted Dotterel of Australia (.E/seyorms), and, finally,
that group in which the Chatham Island Snipe may itself be
included, viz., Seebohm's "semi- Woodcocks." These "semi-
Woodcocks'' of Seebohm comprise, in addition to the genus
Coenocorypha, such highly interesting South American forms
as Gallinago stricklandi Gray of the Chilian Andes, G.jame-
soni Bonaparte of the Peruvian Andes, G. imperialis Sclater of
Colombia, Homopfilura undulata (Bodd.) of the mountains of
Guiana, and H. undulata gigantea (Natterer) of Brazil. These
last are found in very elevated forested mountains, sometimes

SER. X. — VOL. 111. 3 A

692 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

as high as 7000 feet, and, judging from a skull of the last-
mentioned form, to be noticed hereafter, they are more
Rusticoline than Gallinagine. Seebohm coined his terra
" serai- Woodcock " after examination of skins only. He
found, however, that the colour-pattern characteristic of the
South American forras was much more Gallinagine than
Rusticoline, although it is interesting to note that without
the aid of osteology he practically summed up the correct
nature of these birds, viz., that they were generalised
Snipe-like forms — neither true Woodcocks nor true Snipe.
Unfortunately, with the exception of the skull of Homo-
ptilura, there is no available material in the British Museum
wherewith to examine the osteological secrets of this ex-
tremely interesting and generalised group, which might throw
so much light on the past history of the Scolopacine sub-
faraily. Speciraens in the flesh of all such forras are badly
wanted.

The more one studies these and the other southern forras
mentioned above, the more impressed one becomes with the
fact that in them we have what it is hardly an exaggeration
to call a series of " living fossils." They are persistent relics
of diverging branches which shot frora the old ancestral
trunk — branches which, although they seem to have ai-rived
at a blind alley of evolution, reflect in some of their peculi-
arities a greater or lesser number of the features which must
have characterised the original ancestral stock. They would
appear to represent disconnected stages in the gradual (or
sudden) evolutionary unfoldings of the Limicoline germinal
plasm, and tlie question is — Do they furnish us with any
hints which will put us on the right track in attempting to
retrace the evolutionary path pursued by their more modern
congeners? There are points in the osteological features
presented by Cmnocorypha pusilla of the Chatham Islands
which might be interpreted in this sense, and, since the
skeletal features of this form have never, so far as I am
aware, been previously described, I propose to consider them
in this paper.

There are, however, one or two preliminary points to

Osteology cf the Chatham Island Snipe. €93

which I should like to refer before commencing this account.
I have said that there is good reason to regard the Chatham
Island Snipe as an ancient and generalised form — apparently
the most generalised Snipe-like form of which we have any
evidence — and that its present habitat is ultra-southern.
Have we any right to assume, as is invariably done in other
like cases, that the present-day habitat of this the most
generalised Scolopacine form represents the centre of dis-
persal (or part of the original focus of dispersal) of the
Scolopacine race? In a recent and most interesting paper
on ''Climate and Evolution," Dr. W. D. Matthew (Annals
N.Y. Acad. Sci. vol. xxiv. 1915, pp. 171-318) has stated as
his opinion that such an assumption as regards generalised
members of other groups is " wholly illogical." " Whatever
agencies/' he says (p. 180)^ " may be assigned as the cause
of evolution of a race, it should be at first most progressive
at its point of original dispersal, and it will continue this
progress at that point in response to whatever stimulus
originally caused it and spread out in successive waves of

migration At any one time, therefore, the most

advanced stages should be nearest the centre of dispersal,
the most conservative stages farthest from it. In the same
way, in considering the evidence from extinct species as to
the centre of dispersal of a race, it has frequently been
assumed tliat the region where the most primitive member
of a race has been found should be regarded as the source
of the race, although in some instances more advanced
species of the same race were living at the same time in
other regions. The discovery of very primitive Sirenians
in Egypt, while at the same time much more advanced
' Sirenians were living in Europe, has been regarded as evidence
that Africa was the centre of dispersal of this order. It is
to my mind (food evidence that it was not (italics mine).
.... it is much more correct to say that the modern
African fauna is of Tertiary aspect, and is in large part
the late Tertiary fauna of the nortliern world, driven
southward by climatic change and the competition of
higher types.-'^

3a2

694 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

With the evidence which we shall shortly give of the
generalised nature of the species comprising the genus
Ccenocorypha of the ultra-south, and of those peculiar South
American forms comprising the group of gigantic Scolopacine
species which are neither wholly Rusticoline nor \\ holly
Gallinagine, and which Seebohm called semi-Woodcocks,
the views put forward by Matthew are of great interest.
If we agree, for instance, with his conclusions and for the
present ignore all consideration of the ancient Antarctica,
it is evident that the original centre of dispersal and
evolution of the Snipes was in the north.

But it might conduce to the interest of this aspect of
the past history of the genus Ccenocorypha if we add the few
following remarks which are ancillary to the subject.

The Chatham Islands comprise a small isolated group
some five hundred miles to the east of New Zealand. At
the present day, the only island of the group inhabited by
C. pusilla is a small outlier named Maugare ; but we may
feel certain that this present-day restriction is simply due to
extermination of the species on the other islands subsequent
to the arrival of man and of carnivorous animals * introduced
by him f.

Allied forms of C. pusilla are found on the Auckland
Islands (C aucklandica Gray) and on Snares Island
(C heuyeli Tristram). I have not had the opportunity of
examining the osteological features of these two species,
but we may, I think, take it for granted that in all
essential points they are similar to those of C. pusilla.
There is no reliable record of any species of Ccenocorypha
ever having been taken in New Zealand, nor have any fossil
relics been obtained there. Nevertheless, it appears not
improbable that some form of this genus must have originally
inhabited New Zealand, but that since the advent of man
all traces of it have disappeared. In connection with this
curious absence it is interesting to reflect that no other

* Cotnocorypha is on the way to become flightless.

t Since this was written I have found sub-fossil forms of C. pusilla
from Wharekauri (Chathams) in the collections of Lord Rothschild and
Dr. H. 0. Forbes.

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 695

resident species of Snipe (Gallinago) is known from either
New Zealand or Australia — or^ for that matter, from India
(excluding high mountainous regions of the north) or the
Malay Archipelago,

This allusion to the absence of Ccenocorypha from New
Zealand introduces us, however, to a very brief notice of the
geological and other evidence bearing on the question
whether the Chathams (and the other islands mentioned)
were or were not connected in Tertiary times with Australia
or New Zealand,, for it is obvious that this question is
one which bears on the past history of Ccsnocorypha, and
through that genus on the whole history of the Scolopacine
subfamily.

Hutton (Index Faunae Novse Zeland.), after stating that
the Chathams consist of fossiliferous limestones (and clay
slates) of early Miocene age resting on a low platform of
ancient schistose rocks, mentions the presence of fresh-water
species of Galaxias * which are similar to those of New
Zealand and " which do not appear to go down to the sea."
On Pitt Island (one of the Chathams) there is a lizard closely
related to Lygosoma moko f of New Zealand. The Chathams
and Aucklauds have also small forest-birds, as well as slugs
and beetles, " none of which could cross over a sea-barrier."
Hutton concludes, therefore, that the Chathams and the
other neighbouring islands were once connected with Ne\7
Zealand, and derived the main part of their fauna overland.
He thinks that the number of endemic species and even
genera among the land-animals of all these islands proves that
they have been long separated, and altogether precludes the
idea of a comparatively recent Antarctic continent connected
with New Zealand. They also preclude the idea of a very
cold climate having existed in the Southern Hemisphere
since the islands were separated from New Zealand — that is,
since the Pliocene.

Andrews {' Novitates Zoologicae,' vol. iii. 1896, pp. 73, 260)
believes that there is nothing in the present fauna of the

* It is now known that the Galaxiidae breed in the sea.
t Lygosoma is a genus of wide distribution in the Pacific and else-
where and is obviously capable of transporting itself over sea.

696 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

Chathams to show that since their last emergence (Pliocene)
they have been connected Avith any land-area whatever.
" On the contrary," he says, " it seems clear that since that
period they have never been united even with New Zealand,
for not a trace of any of the Dinornithidse, Apteryx, Cnemi-
ornis, Aptornis, or any of the flightless bii'ds characteristic
of those islands, have been found on them. Moreover, as
Dr. H. O. Forbes himself has pointed out, no fragments of
the skeleton of Diaphorapteryx are recorded from the ancient
laud-mass of New Zealand.^^ It seems clear, therefore,
that the Chathams and Aucklands have been separated
for a very considerable period from New Zealand, but
that, nevertheless, the species of the genus Coenocorypha
have been derived from a stock which originally hailed
from that land-mass. But it is also obvious that this
stock did not arise de novo in the ancient antipodes, and
that it must have been derived from a still more ancient
and more northerly living stock — in other words, these
ultra-southern Sni2)e came originally " radiating from the
north."

On the other hand, there are those who would hold that
the great likeness which Strickland's Snipe [Gallinago strick-
landi) of the Straits of Magellan and Chile (as well as the
other generalised antipodean Snipe previously mentioned)
bears to these Chatham Island Snipe points to the supposi-
tion that they all came '^radiating from the south." Behind
tlie striking similarity of form which exists in the resident
Snipe of these isolated and widely separated southern ex-
tremities of the Old and New World, looms, they would hold,
the ancient Antarctic continent.

Dr. H. O. Forbes, in an interesting paper read before the
Royal Geographical Society in 1893 on the relation of the
Chatham Islands to a former southern continent, held, for
instance, much the same views.

Except in its greater size and more Snipe-like colouring,
Strickland's Snipe in all superficial (and, for all we know,
in all deeper-lying) characters is astonishingly similar to the
Chatham and Auckland Snipes. Its tarsus is Rusticoline
(scutellate in front, reticulate behind), its legs and toes are

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 697

Rusticoline (short and thick with a pad under claw of
hind toe), its bill is Rusticoline, its tail and wings are
Gallinagine. But that these forms are relics of an ancient
and cosmopolitan common ancestor hailing from the north,
or that they are instances of parallelism, seems easier to
believe than that they owe any thing of their similarity to
an ancient Antarctic connecting-bridge. Moreover^ in a
review of the fishes obtained in the ' Terra Nova ' Expeilition,
together with a critical examination of the evidence derived
from the supposed relationships of Thylucinus of Tasmania
and the Sparassodonts of the Patagonian Miocene strata,
Mr. Tate Regan has lately dealt the hypothesis of an ancient
Antarctic bridge connecting the Australian continent with
South America in Tertiary times a severe blow (c/. Brit.
Mus. Eep. 'Terra Nova' Exp., Fishes, 1914).

On the largest island of the Chatham group (Wharekauri
— thirty-six miles by twenty-seven) fossil remains of the
genus Coenocorypha were discovered by H. O. Forbes in
Pleistocene de])Osits, and received from him the specific name
of GaUinago chathamica. In his original description Forbes
simply states that this fossil form is " a very much larger
species than G. pusilla. The bill is three inches in length "
{cf. 'Ibis/ 1893, p. 545).

While studying the skeletal features of C. ■pusilla, Miss D.
M. A. Bate kindly called my attention to the fact tliat there
was a large collection oi fossil bird-remains from Chatham
Island in the British Museum collection, and among them
we found specimens of the skulls of this fossil Snipe,
C. chathamica. Except that their measurements are larger,
the skulls of all the specimens of C. chathamica which I
have examined agree in every particular with the skull of
C. pusilla. It is interesting, however, to note that the
prsemaxillae of these fossil specimens vary greatly in length,
even if we allow for differences in the measurements due to
sex. Thus in C. chathamica the following represent measure-
ments from the tip of the prsemaxillae to a line forming tiie
proximal ends of the outer processes of the nasals : — 77 mm.
and 75 mm. (in the two types contained in the Brit. Mus.

G98 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

Coll.), 76 mm., 71 mm., 71 mm., 69 mm., 68 mm., and
63 mm. in six examples contained in Lord Rothschild's
collection^; whereas the same measurements in the skull
of the present existing C. pusilla works out at 54 mm.

Practically similar measurements to this last (51 mm.
and 54'5 mm.) were noted in the skulls of two examples of
C. pusilla found subfossil in the same sand-bank as con-
tained the above subfossil remains of C chathamica.
Variation, as is well known, is very prone to run amok in
the case of flightless birds on isolated islands where enemies
are few, so that the varying measurements in C. chathamica
might be taken to indicate toleration on the part of natural
selection. On the other hand, it is just possible that they
might be taken as indicative of a gradual grading of the one
form into the other, so that in C. pusilla of the present day
we have a direct lineal descendant of C. chathamica — or, in a
word, that the two forms represent in reality one species,
exhibiting a diminishing and continuous series of gradations.
Such, however, does not necessarily follow, and it may be
pointed out that in the Chatham group two distinct species
of Cabalus are known to have existed, not to mention other
forms.

The point seems to me to be worth consideration in con-
nection with the question whether the normal process of
evolution is a gradual or a discontinuous process.

At the present day C. pusilla has so far lost the power of
flight that it can be easily knocked down by a stick, although
when it first rises it is said to exhibit a feeble imitation of
the twists and turns of its more northern congeners before
it sinks to the ground some twenty yards from the spot
where it rose. Other points in connection with the peculi-
arities of this interesting '' Snipe " are as follows : — its eggs
are not Gallinagine in either shape or colouring, the shape
being a compromise between the typical Gallinagine and the
typical Rusticoline form and the colouring being reminiscent

* For permission to examine these fossil remains from the Chatham
Islands now preserved in the Tring Museum I am greatly indebted to
Lord Rothschild.

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 699

of the Rail's e^gs. The appearance of the nestling young
is also aberrant in virtue of the absence of all markings
whatever, the downy plumage above being of a uniform
umber-brown coloration. The nestling young of Chionis
minor of the Antarctic islands also exhibits this same uniform
brown coloration, but it is to be noted that both birds seem
to nest in as protected and as dark situations as they can
find.

So far as one can gather from accounts of its habits, the
Chatham Island Snipe seems to be more than usually
nocturnal, for it is said to hide in the daytime in hollow
trunks or tree-stumps, or iu any scrap of cover protected
from the light.

Description oj the skull o/Coenocorypha as seen from above.

(a) If the skull of C. pusilla is examined from above
and compared with similar aspects of the skulls of the
Woodcock, Common Snipe, Jack-Snipe, and Dunlin (cf.
PI. VIII. figs. 3-7), we are at once struck with the fact that,
as regards its general configuration and outline, the skull
of the Chatham Island Snipe approaches the skull of the
Dunlin much nearer than is the case with regard to either
the Woodcock, the Common Snipe, or the Jack-Snipe. In
C. pusilla, for instance, we miss the peculiar oval outline
of the hinder part of the skull (that part caudad of the pre-
maxillse, nasals, etc.) so characteristic of the true Scolopacine
type. In figs. 5-7 we see this oval or ovate configuration
of the Scolopacine skull well depicted. In them, too, one
notes that the outer margins of the lacrymals and the
superior and inferior orbital rims merge one into the other
in one continuous and smoothly curved outline. If this
contrast between the two types of skull depicted in figures
3-7 is appreciated, it will be still more apparent iu the
case of the skull of the Painted Snipe [Rhynchaea) seen in
fig. 1.

(b) The backward position of the orbital cavity, so
characteristic of the true Snipe (Scolopacinse), more espe-
cially of the Woodcocks, is also conspicuous by its absence

700 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

in the Chatham Island Snipe, in which we have an approach
to the Eroliine condition (c/. fig. 3). The same may he said
in regard to the Painted Snipe (fig. 1).

(c) In the Chatham Island Snipe the outer edges of the
orbital processes of the lacrymals make an angle with the
orbital rims, instead of gradually merging with tliem in a
continuous and uninterrupted curve, so characteristic of the
typical Scolopacine form. A reference to the figures already
indicated should make this point clear. In figures 5-7, for
instance, the lacrymals are observed to be very typical ear-
shaped processes gradually curving forwards, inwards, and
downwards to a pointed extremity, v/hile in fig. 4 the
lacrymals of C. pusilla are projected laterally in a more
abrupt and conspicuous way. Anteriorly (but this cannot
be seen in the figure) the lacrymals of C. pusilla are noted
to be Scolopacine in general shape, but they are aberrant in
tlieir narrow elongate form and in their more intimate
contact with the outer nasal processes.

In respect of the lacrymals of the Painted Snipe these
(in an actual specimen) are seen to come nearer the Vanelline
form and shape than to any other form with which I am
acquainted. In the true Scolopacine type, as we shall later
see, the entire posterior surface of the descending lacrymals
fuses with the antorbital plate, this part of the lacrymal
almost losing its identity in the process. In Rhynchaa the
descending lacrymal is free and independent throughout
most of its extent. Its distal extremity merely fuses with
the extero-inferior angle of the antorbital plate, and the
Avhole lacrymal has, as I have said, very nearly the same form
and shape as in Vanellus. Attention is also directed to the
sharp outwardly projecting process formed by the orbital
portion of the lacrymal in Rhynchaa and its un-Snipe-like
appearance.

{d) If an imaginary line be drawn at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the skulls of the Chatham Island Snipe,
Dunlin, and Painted Snipe from the hinder margins of
the orbit of either side, we are at once struck Avith the much

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 701

greater relative dimensions of the brain-pan caudad of this
line, both in coronal and sagittal section, than obtains in
the case of the Woodcock, Common Snipe, and Jack-Snipe,
the comparative disproportion in dimensions being most
noticeable in the case of the Woodcock and less so in the
Jack-Snipe (cf. figures).

The same Snipe-like contrast is noted in the case of
figure 2, which depicts the skull of Homoptilura.

(e) Another comparative point of distinction which may
be observed by a reference to these figures is the con-
spicuous visibility of the quadrates in the case of the skulls
of C. pusilla, Erolia, and Rhynchcea^ as observed from this
dorsal aspect, and the degree in wliich they project laterad
of the lacrymals. In comparison with what obtains in the
case of figs. 5-7 detailed description seems unnecessary ; but
attention is called to the conspicuousuess of the mandibular
process in Homoptilura in comparison with that noted in
Scolopax. The relative forward or backward position of the
quadrates in all seven forms shown should be noted.

(f) It is, however, when we come to compare the inter-
orbital region of all these forms that we are perhaps most
struck with the anomalous appearance of the skull of the
Chatham Island Snipe when viewed from this dorsal aspect.
In Scolopax, Gallinayo, Lymnocryptes, and Homoptilura this
interorbital region is deeply grooved or furrowed, while its
margins are raised, arched, moulded, corniced, and somewhat
falcate. In Ccenocorypha, on the other hand, this same region
appears narrow, smooth, and flat (the shallow furrow being
only obvious on minute examination), its borders are more
nearly parallel and its rims are neither raised, moulded, nor
arched. A curious fact to be noted in the actual specimen
is that the grooves for the supraorbital glands are situated
on the very outer edge of the orbital rim — that is to say, that
they look directly outwards. They can only be seen from a
lateral aspect of the skull. In the genera above mentioned
there are no supra-orbital glandular grooves. The general
similarity of the interorbital region in Coenocorypha to those

702 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

of Erolia and Rhynchcpa is to be noted. The interorbital
region of Ccenocorypha is, however^ suggestively Eroliine,
that of RhynchcEa Tringine.

Narrow as the interorbital region is seen to be in the
present-day skull of C. pusilla (fig. 4), it is still narrower
in two subfossil examples dug up with other fossil bird-
remains on the Chathams. The comparative measurements,
for example, are as follows: — In C. pusilla the width was
4 mm. ; whereas in the two subfossil forms of C. pusilla it
was 3*5 mm. and 3*0 mm. respectively. Tlie last-mentioned
measurement represents roughly the width of the inter-
orbital region in Erolia alpina (fig. 3).

Transferring our scrutiny to the anterior portion of the
skull, it is obvious that in the Chatham Island Snipe the
premaxilise and associated processes are very distinctly more
Rusticoline in form and structure than Gallinagine. The
premaxillic and premaxillary processes of a typical Woodcock
and a typical Snipe are easily to be distinguished. Want
of space forbids a detailed description of the differences, but
in PI. V^III. figs. 4-7 the four preraaxillse easily group them-
selves into two categories — Rusticoline and Gallinagine.
We woidd draw attention, however, to the spatulate and
flattened condition of the foveated ends of the premaxillse
in the Gallinagine type, to their thin flexible nature, to the
flattening out of the cul men-ridge at the foveated extremity,
to the way in which the more rounded and slender maxillary
processes of the preraaxillae underlie the culmen-ridge in
Gullinugo (not, I think, due to elastic tension in the dried
skeleton), and to the different detailed character and extent
of the sculpturing, in relief, of the honeycomb-like circular
or oval cells so characteristic of the foveated end of the
bills in the Scolopacinee and Eroliinae (c/. also ' Ibis,' 1915,
p. 612).

The premaxillje of the Rusticoline type present exactly
opposite conditions in regard to nearly all these points,
but perhaps the most noticeable is the wide, flattened, and

Osteology of the ChutJtuin hlund Sn'q^e. 703

divaricate form of their maxillary processes (see figs. 5 and 7).
As regards this last point, and others, the Jack-Snipe is an
aberrant Gallinagine form.

Attention is here directed to the totally different nature
of the premaxilla of the Painted Snipe {cf. fig. 1). It is
quite unlike that of any other form of Wader. It is neither
Kusticoline nor Gallinagine nor Eroliine, but might be
looked upon as aberrantly Tringine. I can see in it no
Ralline similarity. In Homoptilura the premaxilla is more
Gallinagine than llusticoline.

Finally, there is another point, viz., one in connection with
the slope of the outer processes of the nasals. In the
Woodcock and Chatham Island Snipe these slope gently
forwards, making a very obtuse angle with the horizon. In
Gallinago and Lrjmno cry pies the slope is more violent and the
angle made with the horizon much less obtuse. In the actual
specimens this point is more striking than it might appear
from a description, so that in this respect the four forms
group themselves into a Rusticoline pair and a Gallinagine
pair.

In Rhynchcea the outer nasal processes proceed forwards
in the same plane with and also virtually parallel with the
inner nasal processes — which is an anomalous condition,
quite peculiar in itself. The angle made with the horizon
is very obtuse indeed.

Skull viewed from the lateral aspect.

Viewed from this aspect the skull of the Chatham Island
Snipe presents a feature which at once arrests our attention
and marks this form as a particularly interesting one. In
the Snipes of the genera Scolopax, Gallinago, and Lymno-
cryptes, an examination of the skulls reveals the fact that the
descending process of the lacrymal, after almost losing its
identity by fusion with the antorbital plate, is apparently
continued as a thin ribbon-like plate of bone downwards and
backwards, to eventually meet and fuse with the post-orbital
process of the squamosal, so as to make the orbital rim as

^Oi

^Ir. P. R. Lowe on the

complete in front and below as it is above and behind {cf.
text-figures 12, A, C, D).

In the Chatham Island Snipe, on the other hand — and this
is perhaps its most interesting feature, — the descending
process of the lacrymal after fusing with the extero-anterior
surface of the antorbital plate is abruptly arrested in its

Text-figure 12.

5^n.

C Vert. / 5'-' 71, ^

Cj/m.c.

Lateral view of tlie skulls of: — A. Lymnocryptes gallinida ;
B. Ccenocorypha pusilla; C. Gallinago gnUinayo; L), Scolopax rusticoln.

fen., fenestra ; lacr., lacrymal ; na.yr., nasal groove ; n.p., nasal process ;
■op./., optic foramen; q-j.h., quadratoj iigal bar; q., quadrate; p.orb.p.,
postorbital processes ; si/./j., squamosal process; <y?«;j.c., tympanic cavity ;
•oi/i «., foramen of oth nerve.

course, and neither it nor the antorbital plate is continued
downwards and backwards to join witii the squamosal
processes. As a result, this antero-inferior portion of the
orbital rim is dejicient.

We therefore get a very similar condition of things
to that which obtains in the rest of the Waders, in

Osteology of the ('hut hum Islund Snipe. 705

"which we get no orbital rim below and in wliicli we
obtain an uninterrupted view of the whole of the quadrate
{cf. text-figure 12, B).

This deficiency of the antero-inferior portion of the
orbital rim, in a form which is undoubtedly Scolopacine,
might very naturally be thought to be due to its having
been lost in the specimen examined, or to its having broken
away in the preparation of the skull, especially as there was
only one skull available for examination. That this is not
the case is rendered certain by the comparative examination
carried out on seven or eight fossil examples of C. cha-
thamica, and two of C. pusilla, in which exactly the same
anatomical peculiarities are observable.

While the orbital rim in C. pusilla is deficient to this
extent, it is to be noted, however, that the postorbital and
squamosal processes, although preserving their identity, have
been pushed or rotated forwards as if foreshadowing a
complete union with the lacrymal or antorbital plate {cf.
text-fig. 12, B). In this rotation forwards the quadrate,
tympanic cavity, pterygoids, and palatines have shared.
The amount of rotation forwards may be appreciated by
noting the position of the quadrate in comparison with its
position in a type like Erolia. Attention is also called to
the large squamosal process in C. pusilla, and its gradual
diminution in the Common and Jack-Snipe until its identity
is practically lost in the Woodcock {cf. figures). In the
Woodcock the postorbital and squamosal processes will be
noticed to have been carried forwards to a greater extent
than in the other thi'ee forms depicted in the text-figure.

The consideration of this rotation forwards of the inferior
portions of the skull (in conjunction with the rotation
backwards of other p^rts) brings us to a consideration of
the relative position of the quadrate in the forms we have
under consideration: —

(1) In the Woodcock the quadrate may be said to be
extraorbital, since it has been pushed so far forward as to
occupy a position below and in front of the orbital rim of
bone forming the antero-inferior margin of the orbital

706 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

vacuity. Its aseeuding or orbital process lies parallel with
and in the same plane as the descending lacrymal, by which
it is very nearly completely hidden.

(2) In the Jack-Snipe the position of the quadrate is
further back, and, shortly put, its ascending process may
be said to lie neither inside nor outside the orbital space.

(3) In the Common Snipe the ascending process of the
quadrate is intraorbital. It is seen projecting upwards
ciiudad oF the descending process of the lacrymal. The
quadrate of the Common Snipe occupies, therefore, a position
which is relatively further back than is the case with either
tlie Woodcock or the Jack-Snipe.

(4) In the Chatham Island Snipe the quadrate lies
further back still than it does iu the Common Snipe.

(5) Finally, in the case of the Dunlin and its allies,
as well as in Jlhynchcea, the quadrate occupies a position
which may be said to be normal for the Sandpipers, viz.,
one which is (;audad of any of the above forms (c/. PI. VIII.
figs. 1 and 3j.

On Plate VIII. the relative positions of the quadrate may
be further studied from the dorsal aspect, and here we may
observe that, as compared with the condition of things to be
noted in the Dunlin and Painted Snipe, the more distad
position of the quadrate and other neighbouring structures
in the Chatham Island Snipe is well seen.

Associated with the forward [)osition of the quadrate and
other neighbouring structures, iu the forms represented in
text-figure 12, A, B, C, D, we may also call attention to the
forward position of the foramina for the exit of the lower
branches of the 5th nerve. The presence of fenestra in
the alisphenoid, so well seen in figs. 5 and 6 on PI. VIII.,
appears to be a Gallinagine character rather than a Rusti-
coline, although in some Woodcock skulls the presence of
these is very faintly indicated. In one specimen examined
it was indicated only on one side. The fenestra are potential

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 707

rather than actual, being covered with a transparent film.
They are also indicated in Homoptilura. Other points to be
noticed from a lateral view of the skulls under consideration
are as follows : —

(1) The relative length of the quadrato-jugal bar, as
compared with the outer process of the nasal of either side,
and their relative shapes.

In the Rusticoliiie type these processes are as nearly as
possible equal, and if an imaginary line be drawn, so as to
join their proximal extremities, an equilateral triangle is
produced. In the Rusticoline type both these processes are,
moreover, flattened or ribbon-shaped, and their angle of
junction is acute. In respect of both these characters the
Chatham Island Snipe is Rusticoline, although these points
in text-figure 12, B are not quite clearly shown. Homoptilura
is also Rusticoline in this respect.

In the typical Gallinagiue form the quadrato-jugal bar is
distinctly longer than the outer nasal process, and makes
a right angle with it. Both processes are thin and rounded,
instead of flattened. In the Jack-Snipe much the same
condition as regards relative length of these bones and the
angle formed at their junction is to be noticed, but in
this form there is a considerable amount of abnormality
in the form and shape of the maxilla and jugal. In the
Painted Snipe the condition observed is Tringine, in the
Dunlin Eroliine (for differences, compare ' Ibis,' 1915,
p. 615).

(2) In the Chatham Island Snipe and in the Jack-Snipe
the internasal septum is markedly deficient, as compared
with the conditions noticed in the Woodcock and Common
Snipe (and its allies^ so far as ray investigations have
extended) .

In both these latter forms the groove for the nasal branch
of the 5th nerve is a prominent feature (c/. text-figures 12,
C and D). In the Chatham Island Snipe and the Jack-
Snipe the lower end of the nasal groove is notched or
deficient.

SER. X. VOL. III. 3 B

708 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

(3) In both the Chatham Island Snipe and the Jack-
Snipe the high culmen-ridge is a noticeable character. In
C. pusilla the slope formed by the nasal processes of the
premaxillse is identical with a line representing the inter-
orbital slope, and this condition is also noted in the Dunlin.
The flattened edge of the orbital margin is to be noted in
C. pusilla.

(4) Another very striking feature common to both the
Woodcock and the Chatham Island Snipe is the flat,
somewhat quadrilateral, and slightly roughened plane
immediately posterior to the tympanic cavity. This is most
highly developed in the Woodcock, and, so far as I am aware,
has not previously been remarked upon. For want o£ a
better term I have called it the squamosal plane. It is well
marked in HomoptAlura.

(5) Diff'erences in the form and shape of the orbital rim
are also to be noted : — In the Chatham Island Snipe this
may be described as taking the form of an incompleted
rhomboid with its angles rounded off" — that is to say, it is
reminiscerit of the shape of the orbital rim in Erolia.

In the Woodcock the orbital rim is nearly circular, in
the Common Snipe it is more nearly oval ; while in the
Jack-Snipe the rim is somewhat more circular than is the
case with the Common Snipe.

7%e ventral aspect of the skull.

Transferring our attention from the lateral to the inferior
aspect of the skull, we may direct attention more especially
to the palatal region. In text-figure 13 the palatal region
in the Chatham Island Snipe, Woodcock, Common Snipe, and
Jack-Snipe is depicted, and the first thing which strikes one
in a comparative examination of this region in the forms
under consideration is the fact that, in as far as the several
structures composing this region are concerned, the Chatham
Island Snipe is neither Gallinagine nor quite typically
Eusticoline. It may be said, however, to be much more

Osteoloyy of the Chatham Island Snipe, 709

Tcxt-fio-ure 13.

■7n:x.fx

^ml la.

A

\J}-J-^'

it J3r.ba2.h.

ja.p.jjf.

-«'<^__

^pr.f:>a,2. 6.

"-^irtt.la..

Palatal region of : — A . Lymnocryptes ; B. Gallinago ;
C. Cosnoconjpha ; I). Scolopax.

Int.la., inner lamina of the palatine; »H.r., maxilla ; mx.p., maxillo-
palatine process; ma.p.pr., maxillary process of premaxilla; na., outer
nasal process of nasal bone ; pa., palatal plate ; pr.pal.b., prepalatal bar ;
pt.pa., pterygoid process of palatine ; q.j.b., quadrato-jugal bar ; uo.,
vomer.

3b2

710 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

Rustlcoline than Gallinagine. Leaving out of consideration
for the present the palatal region of the Jack-Snipe,
attention is directed to the following points as regards the
palatal region of the other three forms : —

(a) In all three forms the postero-external angle of the
palatal plate is prolonged backwards in a hook-shaped or
falcate process, and this appears to be a special Scolopacine
character (cf. Ibis, 1915, p. 612).

{b) In the Woodcock and Chatham Island Snipe the
palatal plates are relatively shorter and wider than in the
Common Snipe. The pterygoid processes of these structures
in the two former types are, on the other hand, longer and
more specialised at the expense of the palatal plate.

(c) In the Common Snipe the palatal portions of the
maxillo- palatines are well developed, projecting inwards on
either side to such an extent that they just fail to touch the
outer margins of tlie vomer. They are long, narrow, and
only slightly scroll-like structures, which have fused with
the pre-palatal processes of the palatines throughout their
whole extent.

In the Chatham Island Snipe the maxillo-palatines have
also fused with the pre-palatal processes of the palatines,
but their identity is not nearly so evident as in the Common
Snipe. Their inner borders are slightly inverted or directed
downwards, and they similarly just fail to touch the outer
margin of the vomer of either side.

In the Woodcock the identity of the maxillo-palatines as
viewed from this aspect is practically lost, and the free end
of the vomer occupies an isolated position.

[d) In both the Chatham Island Snipe and the Woodcock
the inner laminae of the palatal plates are thickened and
specialised, in contrast to those of the Common Snipe.

The forwardly projecting spur in which the inner laminae
of the palatal plate ends at its upper and anterior angle
seems to be a Rusticoline character. It is present in
Scolopax and Ccenocorypha (and was seen in fossil examples

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 711

of the latter) but is not present in Gallinago. In this latter
the distal end o£ the lamina glides away into and merges
with the pre-palatine bar, on which it is lost.

Attention is also called to the following points : —

(e) The diflFerent form and structural features of the vomer
in all three types, and especially to its diminutive proportions
in the Woodcock. The reader will also note the different
structural details in the bifid posterior extremities of the
three vomers.

(/) The relative position of the maxillary in all three
forms, its fenestration in the Common Snipe, and the Rusti-
coline character of this bone in the Chatham Island
Snipe.

(jg) The much thicker, wider, and flatter nasals in the
Woodcock and Chatham Island Snipe and the more massive
maxillary processes of their premaxillse.

As regards the palatal region of the Jack-Snipe, it will be
noticed tiiat this has been so highly specialised as to present
features which seem to be absolutely unique. So far as I am
aware, this region in the Jack-Snipe has never been previously
described. In stating the case for the generic differentiation
of this form under the name Lymyiocryptes, previous authors
have confined their attention to the double notching of
the posterior margin of the sternum (a very unreliable cha-
racter), to the distinctive features of the syrinx, or to the
aberrant nature of the coloration and colour-pattern of the
plumage. Appaiently they have quite overlooked the highly
interesting morphology of the palatal region, which ought
to justify or settle for ever the claim of the Jack-Snipe
to distinctive generic rank.

In a way of speaking, the only part of the palatines of the
Jack-Snipe which are '^ visible " are their pterygoid processes
and the internal laminae (interpalatiue lamina?), which appear
to have been pushed considerably backwards and to termi-
nate anteriorly in conspicuous, forwardly projecting, and
rounded processes. All the rest of the palatal plates, maxillo-
palatines, and pre-palatal bars of either side, together

712 Mr. P. it. Lowe on the

Avitli most of the maxillary and the maxillary process of the
preraaxilia, are involved or enwrapped in an elongate bony
mass which forms a kind of pneumatic casing to these
structures (cf. text-iig. 13, A). This peculiar pneumatic
casing has the form of a very attenuated cone with its apex
directed forwards. Distad it gradually merges with and
is lost on the maxillary process of the premaxilla of either
side (cf. text-fig. 13, A), proximad its base gradually merges
Avith the pterygoid process of the palatal plate. It is to be
noted that the outer nasal processes are not visible in this
ventral view of the palatal region of Lymnocryples, since they
are hidden in the actual skeleton by a forwardly projecting
plate of bone given off from the mesethmoid.

As regards other characters of the ventral aspect of the
skull, it may be shortly stated that the form, structure,
and disposition of the occipitals, basioccipital, precondylar
fossa, foramen magnum, foramina for cranial nerves, basi-
sphenoid, basitcrnporal, and ptervgoids in C. pusi/Ia are all
Kusticoline, rather than Gallinagine. The lanibdoidal ridge
is not so well marked as in Scolopax.

A feature possessed by Coenocorypha, and which is very
characteristic of the Scolopacinse, is the manner in which
the basisphenoidal rostrum together with the basisphenoids
and basitemporal are bent sharply upwards so as to make
an obvious angle with the basiocci])ital. This Scolopacine
character is rendered very obvious if the base of the skull
of an Eroliine or a Tringine Wader is compared with that of
a true Snipe. In the Jack-Snipe, however, the condition is
not so marked. In Rhynchcca the condition is Tringine.

Other skeletal characters of Ccenocorypha.

As regards the rest of the skeletal structures of C pusilla,
I shall simply refer to a few points which seem worthy of
notice : —

Sternum. — Although the arrangement of the notching at the
hinder end of the sternal plate seems — at any rate, in regard
to the Waders — to help us very little from a taxonomic
standpoint, and. indeed, to be at times more misleading

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe.

713

than useful, yet it may be pointed out that in C. pusilla
the notching of this part of the sternum is typically Galli-
nagiiie in character (that is to say, that it agrees exactly with
the condition found in the Common Snipe). How unreliable
this character is, may be gathered from the fact that the
hinder margin of the sternum in the Painted Snipe presents
the same Gallinagine^ features, while, on the other hand,

Anterior view of the sterna of: — A. Ccenocoriipha ; B. Lymtiocryptes ;
0. GuUinago ; D. Scolopax.

a.l.p., anterior lateral process ; c.f,, coracoidal facet ;
sp.st., spina sterni.

in regard to its skull, there is practically not a single
Gallinagine character which I can discover. In the Jack-
Snipe, too, this part of the sternum is four-notched, while
in the Woodcock a fenestrated condition is to be noted in
the region of the inner notch.

With regard to the forward end of the sternum, an exami-
nation of text-figure 14 reveals the fact that in Scolopax,
Gallinago, Lymnocryptes, and Ccenocorypha the structural
peculiarities of the coracoidal facets and the spina sterni
have their own distinctive features.

In C. pusilla however the spina sterni is worth noting. It
is bifid and wide from side to side, is seated directly between

* Taking the sum of the characters presented by the sternum of
RhyncTuea, it would seem to be a nice point to decide whether they leant
towards a Gallinagine, a Ealline, or a Jacanidine picture.

714 Mr. P. R. Lowe on the

the coracoidal articulating facets, and looks directly upwards
and slightly forwards. It is to be noted that the spina sterni
of the Jack-Snipe has also a tendency to be bifid.

The coracoidal facets of the Woodcock are somewhat
specialised. In all four forms the shape of the anterior
lateral process is distinctively peculiar. This is especially
evident in the Woodcock, but C. pusilla, in respect of the
form of this process, agrees with the Woodcock rather than
with the Snipe. The hypocleideum in C. pusilla is Galli-
nagine rather than Rusticoline. In the latter form it is
very long and narrow. The carina of C. pusilla shows no
evidence of degeneration.

Pelvis. — In C. pusilla it may be shortly said that the
characters presented by the pelvis are, on the whole, more
Gallinagine than Rusticoline. It is to be noted, however,
that the upper margins of the preacetabular ilia are separated
from one another and from the line of the vertebral spines
by a considerable distance, and in this respect they present
a Rusticoline character. It may also be pointed out that in
Scolopax rusticola the iliac recesses for the lodgement of the
kidneys present posteriorly the form of deep and conspicuous
angular pouches, triangular in section and with flattened
sides, converging to a sharp apex. The iliac ridges which
mark the commencement of these pouch-like recesses are
sharp, thin, and conspicuous. These sharply marked renal
fossse are apparently peculiar to the purely Rusticoline form,
but there is a suggestion of them in C. pusilla, which is
quite absent in the Common Snipe.

In Rhynchcea the pelvis presents features which, in respect
of the blunt or square-ended preacetabular ilia and the
somewhat pocket-like renal fossse, are reminiscent of the
Scolopacinse ; the pectineal processes are conspicuous by
their absence, however, and there is not the slightest hint
of Ralline factors in the configuration of the whole pelvis.

As regards the arm and leg bones of C. pusilla, I do not
propose to ofter any remarks, beyond pointing out, that
in the matter of length, the humerus, ulna, and middle
metacarpus ( + phalanges) are all equal ; whereas in Gallinago

Osteology of the Chatham Island Snipe. 715

and Lymnocryptes the ulna is longer than the humerus, and
the metacarpus ( + phalanges) than the ulna. The ectepi-
condylar process in C pusilla is ill developed.

Conclusions and Queries.

(1) Coenocorypha pusilla is neither a typical Woodcock nor
a typical Snipe, although it is much more Rusticoline than
Gallinagine. It appears to be a generalised or primitive
Scolopaciue form. It may possibly be regarded as a relic of
an ancient stock which at one time had a more northerly or
a more general distribution, and from which stock the
present-day Woodcocks and Snipes arose by still further
specialisation.

(2) The status of the genus Coenocorypha, originated by
Gray and re-instated by Mr. G. M. Mathews (Ibis, 1913,
p. 261), is amply confirmed by osteological examination.
It is interesting to note that neither Gray, Seebohm, nor
Mathews had studied the skeletal features of this form, but
that, nevertheless, by the examination of what are generally
held to be superficial characters, they arrived at a near
appreciation of the peculiarities of this interesting Snipe-
like form.

(3) Judging merely by the only form [Homoptilura
undulata giganten) whose skull I have been able to examine,
the South American " semi- Woodcocks " have no close
affinity with the " semi-Woodcocks " of the New Zealand sub-
region. It appears probaljle that they represent relics of
ancient disconnected stages in the evolution of the true
Woodcocks from a primitive Snipe-like form.

(4) The exact relationships of the Eroliinse (the Dunlin
association) to the Scolopacinse would form an interesting
subject of debate. Do the former represent a more direct
and jjrogressive line of descent from some common ancestral
stock ? Are the latter merely specialised and indirect offsets
from this same stock ? Does Coenocoi'ypha represent one of
the first stages in the gradual process of evolution of the

716 Miss M. D. Havilaud on the

true Soipe-form from the Eroliine stirp, or do the Wood-
cocksj the Snipes, the Jack-Snipe, and the Chatham Island
Snipe merely represent so many sudden mutational forms
derived from a common but independent Scolopacine stock ?

(5) The so-called Painted Snipe (Rhynchaa) is neither
Scolopacine nor Ralline. It is, however, Limicoline, possibly
a surviving relic of a primitive Limicoline stock.

(6) Judging from the slight change in the relative pro-
portions of the constituent bones of the pectoral limb and
the absence of any signs of degeneration in the carina of
the sternum, the diminishing powers of flight in C. pusilla
is not a matter of long standing,

(7) Ccenocorypha pusilla and its antipodean allies are
" living fossils." They belong, strictly speaking, not to the
present, but to a past geological period. The fact that they
still exist and that we are still privileged to see them
" in tlie flesh " is an ' accident,' the result of the isolation
of the Chathams, Aucklands, and Snares, and their con-
sequent freedom until recent times from carnivorous animals.
They have persisted in this their last ultra-southern retreat
beyond, so to speak, the allotted span of their race, and we
may reasonably regard this generalised genus of " Snipes "
as having formerly a much more extended distribution.

XXXVI. — Note on the Nestling Plumage of the Asiatic
Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicanus fulvus). By
Maud D. IIaviland.

The young of this species was first described by Mr. H.
L. Popham (Ibis, 1898, p. 512} from specimens that he
obtained on the lower Yenesei. He describes it as being
more spotted, with white about the sides of the head and
neck, than are the young of Charadrius apricarius.

On July 20, 1914, I obtained four newly-hatched chicks
from an identified nest on the tundra near Golchika, lower

Nestling Plumage of the Asiatic Golden Plover. 717

Yeaesei. In coraparinnj them with such specimens of the
common Golden Phn'er as I have been able to obtain^ it is
apparent that in both species the raarkin,^s follow the same
pattern, but in different proportions. In this they differ
from the chick of Sqnatarula squatarola, whose markings
follow no definite pattern. In the young C. apricarius there
is a yellow tract immediately above and behind the eye.
Above this and following the same curve there is a more or
less well-defined black streak. Upon the latter and much
constricted at the centre over the eye, is a whitish streak.
This white streak varies much in different individuals.
Sometimes it is hardly marked ; at other times it is quite
distinct. In the latter case it seems to occur together with
a white spot at the base of the upper mandible, and with a
certain proportion of grey mingled with the mottling of the
nape. Under the eye is a very well-defined pale patch
bounded below by a broad black stripe margined with yellow,
which distinguishes the down of the cheek from that of the
throat.

In C. fulvus the white patch above the orbit has greatly
increased in width until the black and yellow bands below
it have been, as it were, crowded together on to the eyelid,
and instead of l>ing parallel to one another, they have
broken alternately to dovetail, like two cogs, to use a
mechanic's simile, which have meshed together. Below the
eye the black and yellow band has shrunk to a broken
streak, and there is no division between the white down of
the throat and that of the cheek. The body-down is more
mixed with grey than in the western species, but the
longitudinal dorsal bands are not well defined.

The yellow of the down is of a different tint in the two
species, being ochre in C. apricarius and gamboge in
C. fulvus. The suggestion has been made to me that the
head of C apricarius is stouter and broader than that of
C. fulvus, but that appearance would depend much on after-
treatment of the skin.

718 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

XXXVII.— 0/z Birds collected hy Mr. C. Boden Kloss,
F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U., on the Coast and Islands of South-
eastern Siam. By H. C. Robinson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S.
With Field-Notes by the Collector.

The collection of birds made by Mr. Kloss on the coast
of south-eastern Siam, bordering the French possession of
Cambodia, and on the adjacent islands appears worthy of
record in detail, on account of the poverty of the literature
on, and specimens from, this region.

With the exception of the series collected by the French
traveller Mouhot in much the same area as that covered by
Mr. Kloss, I am aware of no specimens in English Museums.
Mouhot's birds, moreover, were never listed, though the
reptiles and mammals secured by him formed the subject of
reports by Drs. Gray and Griinther in the ' Proceedings of
the Zoological Society of London,' while one or two of his
birds were cursorily described by the Marquis of Tweeddale.

Owing to the fact that the collection of birds was only
a secondary object of Mr. Kloss's expedition, the series
obtained is not very large either in numbers of specimens
or in species ; but, nevertheless, several specimens of consid-
erable interest as bearing on zoogeographical problems were
secured. Amongst these may be mentioned Zoothera
marginata, Anthocincla phayrii, and Myiuphoneus eugenii,
species characteristic of the evergreen iorests of the Salwin
and Tenasserim, which are unknown in the alluvial plain of
Siam proper, but which have, neverthless, circled the head-
waters of the Menam and reappeared on its eastern border.
Myiophoneus klossii and Pijrotrogon erythrocephalus tdossii
are both distinct and interesting new forms, while Setaria
rvfifrons adds another to the small group of species known
from Siam, Java, and occasionally Borneo, but unrepresented
in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

Cyornis palUdipes hainana is an unexpected addition to the
fauna, while it is surprising to find that the local Dial Bird
belongs to the Malayan race, Copsychus saularis musicus

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 719

(Raffles), and not to the typical Indian form, which is the
one met with in Siam proper.

I have reduced the synonymy to the narrowest limits
possible, in most cases merely giving the reference to the
' British Museum Catalogue ' (quoted as Cat.) ; to Count
Nils Gyldenstolpe^s paper, " Birds collected by the Swedish
Zoological Expedition to Siam, 1911-1912," published in the
Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Band
50, No. 8, 1913 (quoted as Gyldeustolpe) ; and to Stuart
Baker's work on ' Indian Pigeons and Doves,' 1913 (quoted
as Stuart Baker). The classification and nomenclature are
those of Sharpe's Hand-list, unless otherwise stated.

Note on the localities visited, by Mr. Boden Kloss.

Towards the end of 1914 I spent a coui)le of months'
vacation-leave in making a collection of vertebrates in
Siam.

After a few days in Bangkok T proceeded by steamer with
three Dyak collectors to Chantabun, and there, hiring a
native sailing-boat, passed six weeks in cruising and camping
on the coast and islands to the south-east, getting in alto-
gether about 33 working days ashore.

Island races of mammals were the principal object of the
excursion, as the bird population of the smaller islands, on
which a good deal of the time was passed, was, as usual in
similar situations, of the poorest. The ornithological results
are therefore not as complete as they might have been, had
attention been paid to birds primarily, but they serve to show
that our knowledge of the avifauna of this part of Indo-
China is, as pointed out by Mr. Robinson, who has kindly
taken the account of the birds off my hands, by no means
final. The mainland specimens were the result often days'
collecting at four stations along a fifty-mile strip of coast,
each of the camps being situated near a village surrounded
by clearings with forest near at hand, so that the scrub and
the jungle fauna are both represented.

Koh Chang, an island on which I camped for eigiit days,

720 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

is about 15 miles long and 7 wide. It is very hilly, and its
liighest peakj one of a number, rises to 2446 feet. Wherever
possible the coastal area has been cleared and planted with
cocoa-nuts, rice, and vegetables ; there exists also a certain
amount of old cultivated land which has lapsed into scrub
or forms grazing fields for buti'alo. The strait which
separates it from the mainland is only four fathoms deep,
and the western entrance narrows to a breadth of three miles,
though, as much of the Chantal)un province is an alluvial
plain of recent formation, the island was once ranch more
isolated and probably stood in deeper water. It is northern-
most of the little archipelago.

Koh''^ Kut (where a week was spent), 15 miles S.S.E. of
this and about 18 miles from the land to the eastwards, is
the southern island of the group and stands just within the
ten-fathom contour line ; it is some 13 miles long by 5 wide,
elevated, and has a peak of 1171 feet. It is uninhabited,
but swarms with ticks, which made our week's sojourn on it
a most uncomfortable experience, and is covered with forest
to the water^s edge, as are the islands between it and Koh
Chang, with the exception of Koh Mak, which is about
4 miles long; this is low, and is being turned into a cocoa-
nut plantation.

The remaining five islands visited, none of them more
than a couple of miles in length, are all hilly and, other
than Koh Rang, which is the most seaward of the group and
stands in 12 or 13 fathoms of water, rise from depths of
four to eight fathoms only. Only a day or two was given
to each of these.

On the mainland, Lem Ngop lies within the Koh Chang
strait and Ok Yam (or Jam) is eastward of the centre of
Koh Kut; it is just within French territory, as the present
boundary between Siam and Cambodia comes out on the
coast half a mile to the west of it. Klong Yai and Klong
Menao are places to the north of Ok Yam.

* Ko, Koh, Kaw ( Siamese) = Island.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 721

Systematic List.

Tropicoperdix chloropus.

Arboiicola chloropus Tickell ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. xxii.
1893, p. 219.

Tropicoperdix chloropus Gyldenstolpe, p. 66.

a. ? . Klong Menao *, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.

" Bill olive ; feet pale dull yellowish green. The only
specimen obtained was caught by the head in a rat-trap
baited with cocoa-nut.^' — C. B. K.

Gallus gallns.

Gallus gallus (Linn.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. xxii. 1893,
p. 344.

Gallus ferrugineus Gm.; Gyldenstolpe, p. 67.

a,b. \S iiura., 1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam., 11 Jan.,
1915.

Male. "" Iris hazel ; bare head-skin deep fleshy pink, a
blue-white neck-patch; bill horny, lower mandible paler;
feet dark stone-grey. Female. Iris hazel ; bare iiead-skin
deep fleshy ; bill horny ; feet dark stone-grey.

"A third example, a young cock-bird, which was bought
freshly trapped, became perfectly tame in two or three days.
It was taken alive to Bangkok, where it attached itself to a
flock of domestic fowls." — C. B. K.

Turnix blanfordi.

Turnix blanfordi Blyth; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. xxii. 1893,
p. 542.

a. ? imm. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 2 Jan., 1915.

'^ Upper mandible liorny, lower dull yellow ; tarsi yellow,
toes brown."— C. B. K.

Treron curvirostra nipalensis.

Treron nipalensis (Hodgs.) ; Salvad. Cat. xxi. 1893, p. 34;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 65 ; Stuart Baker, 1914, p. 66, pi. v.

* This name is not shown on Admiralty charts, but it refers to the
river-mouth two miles north ot Kao Hua Maew (Cat's Head Hill).

722 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

fl. ] ? . Koli Kut L*, S.E. Siam. 30 Dec, 1914.

b. 1^. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
2 Jan., 1915.

"Male. Iris light yellow; orbital skin pale apple-green ;
bill pale greenish ivory, nostrils and gape crimson ; feet
carmine. Female. Iris orange; bill pale greenish ivory, cere
and base of lower mandible crimson ; feet carmine, soles
yellowish.

" Found at Ok Yam in association with the common green
pigeon, but in much smaller numbers." — C. B. K.

Stuart Baker states tliat the bird from the northern parts
of the Malay Peninsula belongs to this continental race,
while that from the southern portions is to be referred to
the typical form 1 . curvirostra curvirostro, whose type
locality appears to be Sumatra. The series in the F. M. 8.
Museums bears out his contention in the main, though it is
to be noted that while skins from Pelarit in Perlis and
from Bandon, collected in October and IMay, belong to the
northern form, others from Trang, to the north of the
former locality, dated December and January, are of the
southern race.

It is perhaps not generally recognised that species both
of the 7reroni?ia iUM\ Ptilopodince yier^orm local migrations,
sometimes apparently of considerable extent. The present
species is noteworthy in this respect, and is often found at
some distance out to sea in the Straits of Malacca. On
Feb. 15, 1915, we picked up at sea, in the middle of the
straits about 30 miles from the Selangor coast and about 40
from Sumatra, a male which had dropped into the water
so recently that its plumage was practically dry. Both this
species and Ptilinopus jambu frequently alight on ships at
sea in the Straits of Malacca, while Ducula badia, normally
an inhabitant of the high mountains only, sometimes fre-
quents the mangroves on the coast, in order, as the Malays

* I have given all the localities of my iusular specimens as "Island"
on the labels. Thoucrh the word " Koh " has that meaning, few people
are familiar with tlie Siamese language and I have preferred rather to be
redundant than obscure. — C. B. K.

Coast 071(1 Islands of South-eaateryi Siam. 723

say, to drink the salt water. Until more, therefore, is known
of local migrations and the routes followed, it is dangerous
to dogmatise on apparent differences in the races inhabiting
adjacent land areas separated only by narrow belts of sea.

Osmotreron bicincta domvilii.

Osinotrcron domvilii Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 354.

Osmotreron bicincta (Jerd.) ; Salvad. (part.) Cat. xxi.
1893, p. 57.

Treron bicincta domvilii Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910,
p. 193.

Osmotreron bicincta domvilii Stuart Baker, p. 48.

a. \ $ . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

The single specimen noted appears to belong to this form ;
the grey nuchal patch is decidedly less extensive than is
the case in a small series from the Malay Peninsula with
which I have compared it. Wing 149 mm.

" Shot in company with 0. vernans." — C. B. K.

Osmotreron vernans.

Osmotreron vernans (Linn.) ; Salvad. Cat. xxi. 1893, p. GO;
Stuart Baker, p. 59.

a,b. Ic?, 1 $ . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-11 Dec,
1914.

<■'-/• 3cJ, 1 ? . Ok Yam, Franco- Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 1-3 Jan., 1915.

^. 1 ? . Lem Ngop, S.E. Siam. 15 Jan., 1915.

"Male : Iris yellow, reddish yellow, or inner ring blue,
outer lilac ; feet pale plumbeous, cere greenish, feet maroon.
Female : Iris pale purple (mauve) ; bill, tip pale plumbeous,
base yellowish green; leet maroon.

''Extremely common at Ok Yam, where it frequented the
single, and small clumps of, trees dotted about the common
land surrounding the village."' — C. B. K.

Differs neither in size nor colour from Malayan specimens.

Carpophaga aenea.

Carpophaga cEnea (Linn.) ; Salvad. Cat. xxi. 1893, p. 190 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 66 ; Stuart Baker, p. 91, pi. vii.

SER. X. VOL. III. 3 c

724 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

a,b.lS,l^. Ko}iKiitI.,S.E. Siam. 26-27Dec., 1914.
c,d. 1 (^ , 1 ? . Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec, 193 4.

e. ? Koh Mehsi, East I.*, S.E. Siam. 13 Dec, 1914.

f, g. 1 c?, 1 ? • Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 17-18 Dec,
1914.

" Iris crimson, eyelids dull red ; bill plumbeous blue, base
of culmen and nostrils plum-red; feet plum-coloured.

"Very common on all the islands visited, where the loud
booming note was heard all day long.'' — C. B. K.

The dimensions of this series, compared with that of
specimens from the Malay Peninsula, are rather small ;
the bird from Koh Klum (wing 209 mm.) is especially so
and is more richly coloured^ the top of the head being more
vinaceous.

Streptopelia suratensis tigrina.

Turtur tigrimis (Temm. & Knip) ; Salvad. Cat. xxi. 1893,
p. 440 ; Gyldenstolpe_, p. 66.

Streptopelia suratensis tigrina Stuart Baker, p. 210, pi. xxi.

G. 1 ? . Koh Mak I., S.E. Siam. 20 Dec, 1914.

b. IJ. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
5 Jan., 1915.

'^ Iris flesh or yellow ; bill black ; feet plnra-coloured.

'' Probably introduced on Koh Mak, which is inhabited
and being turned into a cocoa-nut plantation." — C. B. K.

Chalcophaps indica.

Chalcophaps indica (Linn.); Salvad. Cat. xxi. 1893, p. 515;
Gyldenstolpe, p. Q(y ; Stuart Baker, p. 121, pi. xi.

a. 1 ? . Koh Mehsi, West I., S.E. Siam. 14 Dec, 1914.

" Orbital skin grey, the edges of the eyelids plum-colour;
bill coral-red, base plum-coloured j feet livid plum.*' —
C. B. K.

Stuart Baker's figure of the female is decidedly in-
accurate, as the forehead is never so devoid of grey as is
shown in the drawing.

* The two islands of Koh Mehsi, West and East, are shown respec-
tively on Admiralty charts as "He du Pic " and " Le Chameau," but I
have preferred to use the names by which they are known locally.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 725

Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis.

Amaurornis phcBnicura (Forst.); Sharpe^ Cat. xxiii. 1894,
p. 156 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 68.

Amaurornis j)hmnicura chinensis (Bodd.); Stresemann, Nov.
Zool. XX. 1913, p. 30 i.

a. \ $ . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915.

" Bill dull green, the cere brownish ; feet olive-brown,
tarsi tinged yellow." — C. B. K.

Rallina super ciliaris.

Rallina superciliaris (Eyton) ; Sharpe, Cat. xxiii. 1894,
p. 7Q.

a. \ (^ . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

"^Iris ochraceous; bill brownish black, base of lower man-
dible yellowish ; feet brownish black." — C. B. K.

Sarcogrammns indicus atrinuchalis.

Sarcogrammns atrinuchalis Blyth ; Sharpe, Cat. xxiv. 1890,
p. 15.2 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 68.

a. 1 ? . Ok Yam, Franco- Siamese Boundary (on coast j.
2 Jan., 1915.

6. 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 5 Jan. 1915.

" Iris crimson ; orbital skin and wattles carmine ; bill,
proximal half carmine, distal half black ; feet olive-yellow,
tarsi dull yellow.

" Freqtiently seen stalking about on the buffalo grazing
ground."— C. B. K.

Totanus calidris.

Tetanus calidris (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. xxiv. 1896, p. 414.
a,b. IcJ, 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 5 Jan., 1915.
"Iris dark; bill sooty, base of lower mandible orange-
brown ; feet dull orange." — C. B. K.

Tringoides hypolencus.

Tringoides hypolencus (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. xxiv. 1896,
p. 456; Gyldenstolpe, p. 69.

a. \S ' Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915.
''Bill brown; feet stone-grey." — C. B. K.

3 c 2

726 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

Glottis nebularius.

Glottis nebularius (Gunner) ; Sliarpe, Cat. xxiv. 1896,
p. 480 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 70.

a.lS. Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 5 Jan., 1915.

^'Iris dark ; bill, proximal half plumbeous, distal black ;
feet stone-grey.^' — C. B. K.

A rather small specimen, having the tarsus 2"25 and the
culmen 2*0 inches.

Ardea siimatrana.

Ardea siimatrana Raffles ; Sharpe, Cat. xxvi. 1898, p. 68.

a. 1. Koh Mehsi, West I., S.E. Siam. 15 Dec. 1914.

"Iris yelloAV ; bill black, tip of lower mandible yellow,
the base fleshy ; feet and lower tarsi brownish black, legs
and upper tarsi brownish black and yellow, the front part
darkest."— C. B. K.

Demiegretta sacra.

Demiegretta sacra (Gm.) ; Sliarpe, Cat. xxvi. 1898, p. 136.

a. 1 c? . Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

*. 1 ? . Koh Kra L, S.E. Siam. 15 Dec, 1914.

*' Iris yellow ; upper mandible brownish black, lower
greyish brown, tip dull yellowish; feet olive-yellow, front
of tarsi and tibiae black, soles bright yellow." — C. B. K.

Both these Reef-Herons are in the grey phase, which along
the shores of the Malay Peninsula and Indo-China is by far
the commonest.

Ardeola bacchus.

Ardeola bacchus (Bp.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xxvi. 1898, p. 211 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p, 73.

a. 1 c? . Koh Mak I., S.E. Siam. 20 Dec, 1914.

" Iris yellow ; orbital skin bright yellow-green ; upper
mandible black, lower dull greenish yellow, tip black ; feet
bright yellow-green.^' — C. B. K.

In winter plumage this species is rather difficult to
distinguish from its near a\ly, A. ffraiji (Sykes), which is
found more or less in the same regions ; the present species
is, however, rather the larger of the two, appearing to have
the wing always rather more than 9"0 inches.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 727

Accipiter gularis.

Astur gularis Temm. & Schleg. in Siebold's Faun. Japon.,
Aves, 184.4, p, 5, pi. ii.

Accipiter gularis Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 211.

a. ? ad. Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 4 Jan., 1915.

b. ^ ad. Ok Yam^ Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

" Male. Iris orange, bill plumbeous horny ; feet yellowish,
■ tarsi olive-tinged. Female. Iris yellow ; bill horny grey,
cere yellowish green ; feet greenish yellow." — C. B. K.

Partly from their migratory habits and partly from the
fact that adult birds form only a small proportion of the
skins available in collections, the sparrow-hawks of this
group are some of the most difficult of birds to identify
satisfactorily.

A recent study of Malayan and Sumatran-Malayan
material has led me independently to the same conclusions
as those come to by Hartert in the article above quoted on
the Birds of Hainan (Nov. Zool. xvii. pp. 208-212).

Of the pair listed the female has the wing 192 mni.,
the upper surface brownish grey, the head darker and greyer
with the feathers of the nape white at the base. The
throat is white, unbarred, with a fine dark median hair-line.
The whole under surface from the throat down, including
the thighs, is regularly barred white and pinkish liver-brown.
The under tail-coverts are pure white. The fourth primary
is longest, the third nearly equal to it, and the fifth con-
siderably shorter. The male has the wing 163 mm., the
upper surface pure grey, darker on the head, the tail with
three not very distinct dark bands and a terminal band ;
middle of the throat with a broad ashy-grey median stripe ;
throat and upper breast pinkish brown, with ill-defined
greyish longitudinal stripes on the sides. Lower breast and
abdomen barred white and pinkish brown, the thigh barred
with wdiite and greyish brown, the under tail-coverts pure
white. Fourth primary longest, not much exceeding the
third and fifth, which are subequal.

728 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

Accipiter aflBnis.

Accipiter virgatus, suhsp. affinis, Gurney, List of Diurn.
Birds of Prey, 1884, pp. 39, 168-73.

Accipiter affinis Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 211.

a. S imm. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 30 Dec, 1914..

b. c? imm. Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec., 1914.

a. " Iris ochraceous, eyelid edge greenish yellow ; bill
slaty horn, cere and gonys yellowish green; feet dull yellow.

b. ''Iris yellow, orbital skin greenish; bill bluish horn,
cere apple-green ; feet greenish yellow.^' — C. B. K.

These birds are both immature, as is shown by the pale
edgings to the feathers of the upper surface, which is dark
brown, with a greyish tinge, the head much darker. Three
rather broad clearly defined dark bars on the tail and a dark
tip. Throat white, with a somewhat broad dark median
streak. Croj)-region with broad longitudinal stripes of dark
brown. Rest of the under surface broadly barred with reddish
brown, the bars more marked on the Hanks. Thighs
regularly barred with white and reddish brown. Under tail-
coverts white or slightly flecked with reddish brown. Fourth
primary longest, third nearly equal to it, fifth rather shorter.
Wing 165, 166 mm.

There is little doubt that these two specimens represent
the Himalayan A. affinis hi winter quarter.s. Specimens
precisely agreeing with them except in size have been shot
in considerable numbers on small islands in the Straits of
Malacca, in company, however, with adult birds Avith little
or no barring on the under surface, that can with difficulty
be separated from the true Sundaic A. viryatus.

Pernis cristatus.

Pernis cristatus Cnxier, Regne Anim. i. 1829, p. 335.

Pternis ptilonorhynchus (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. i. 1874,
p. 347.

a. \ (^ . Lem Ngop, S.E. Siam. 14 Jan., 1915.

"Iris hazel; bill plumbeous horny; feet dull yellow/'
— C, B, K,

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 729

This appears to be a fully adult male, the crest being
black, about an inch long, the feathers white at the bases.
Colour above brownish black, darker on the head ; sides of
the head grey, paler on the lores, chin dark grey, throat
black ; rest of under surface dark brown, the bases of the
feathers white. Tail with three greyish-white bars and a
narrow tip, the two upper bars narrow. Wing 16"9 in.

Spilornis cheela nitherfordi.

Spilomis rutherfordi Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 85.

Spilornis cheela (part.), Sharpe, Cat. i. 1874, p. 287 ;
Blanford, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, iii. 1895, p. 357.

Spilornis cheela rutherfurdi Gyldenstolpe, p. 62.

a. ? vix ad. Koh Mak 1., S.E. Siam. 19 Dec, 1914.

"Iris lemon; orbital skin and cere lemon; bill plumbeous
horny; feet lemon, claws black." — C. B. K.

This bird is somewhat immature, having the ends of the
secondaries broadly and the feathers of the upper wing-
coverts and back narrowly tipped with white. Chin and
throat brown, and breast obscurely undulated, but not
distinctly barred. Wing about 16*5 inches, decidedly
larger than specimens from the south of the Malay Peninsula,
but about the same size as those from Trang and Bandon.
S. c. rutherfordi and S. c. pallidus Walden grade into each
other.

Ketupa ketupa.

Ketupa ketupa (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, Hand-1. i. 1899, p. 281.

Ketvpa javanensis Less. ; Sharpe, Cat. ii. 1875, p. 8 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 61.

a, Z>. 1 ^ , 1 ? . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary
(on coast). 1-3 Jan., 1915.

"Iris yellow; bill plumbeous horny; feet dirty white.^'
— C. B. K.

The male is somewhat richly coloured, with the stripes on
the breast rather broad, but can be matched in both these
respects by specimens from the Malay Peninsula.

730 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

PalsBornis fasciata.

PaldBornis fasciata (P. L. S. Miill.); Salvad. Cat. xx. 1891,
p, 464 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 60.

a, b. 2S ■ Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast) .
3 Jan., 1915.

c. 1 S imm. Lem Ngop, S.E. Siara. 14 Jan., 1915.

^' Adult male. Iris lemon; bill, upper mandible blood-red
with yellow tip, lower mandible sooty black; feet olive.
Immature male. Iris yellowish white ; bill sooty, the base
of the upper mandible red ; feet olive.

*' Common in open country dotted with trees and on the
outskirts of woodland, where it flew about in noisy flocks.
Also observed in the groves of Casuarinas fringing the
shore.''— C. B. K.

Loriculns vernalis.

Loiicuhs vernalis (Sparrm.) ; Salvad. Cat. xx. 1891,
p. 517 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 60.

a-d. 3 (J, 1 ? . Lem Ngop, S.E. Siam. 14 Jan., 1915.
*' Iris white; feet orange; bill blood-red." — C. B. K.

Eurystomus orientalis orientalis.

Eurijstomiis orientalis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892,
p. 33 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 52.

«. 1 cJ . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

"Iris dark; bill and foot orange-red.'^ — C. B. K.

This specimen, with a culmeu of about 28 mm. round the
curve and a wing of 196, with but little suff^usion of deep
blue on the black of the tail and inner secondaries, appears
to belong to the southern resident race E. o. orientalis, and
not to the northern migratorj' form, E. o. calonyx Sharpe,
whicli also occurs in the same districts.

Alcedo ispida bengalensis.

Alcedo ispida hengalensis (Gm.); Gyldenstolpe, p. 54c
Alcedo ispida (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892, p. 141.
a, 6. \S, 1?, Koh Klum L, S.E. Siam. 17 Dec,
1914.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 731

c. 1 ? iinm. Koh Melisi, East I., S.E. Siam. 13 Dec,
1914.

" Male. Iris dark ; bill, black ; feet coral-red. Female.
Iris dark; bill sooty, gape and base of lower mandible red-
brown ; feet red, washed with brown." — C. B. K.

Pelargopsis gurial burmanica.

Pelargopsis burmanica Sharpe ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892,
p. 104 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 54.

Ramphalcyun capensis burmanica Oberholser, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. XXXV. 1911, p. 670.

a. S • Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915

b,c. S "i ■ Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 4-6 Dec, 1914.

"Iris dark, edge of eyelids red; bill blood-red, tip and
part of culmeu brownish black; feet coral-red, claws horn.

" Lives in the mangroves fringing the coast and river-
estuaries. A wary bird with a loud alarm-note." — C. 15. K.

These specimens, none of which is very old, as is shown
by the dark edgings to the feathers of the breast, appear to
belong to this race, which is separated from the Malayan form
by its slightly larger size and by the greenish-blue tint of
the wings and back, and by the paler clay-coloured pileum
slightly washed with a greenish suffusion. The colour of
the under surface does not differ. Specimens from Koh
Pennan, off Bandon, are intermediate between this race and
P. y. malaccensis, but are nearer the latter.

Halcyon chloris.

Halcyon chloris (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892, p. 273,
pi. vii. tig. 3.

Halcyon chloris, subsp. armstrongi Sharpe, tom. cit. p. 277,
pi. vii. fig. 1.

Halcyon humii Sharpe, tom. cit. p. 281, pi. viii.

a,h. 1 c? , 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 4-6 Jan., 1915.

"■ Iris dark ; basal two-thirds of lower mandible fleshy
white; feet pale blackish purple or blackish olive.'' — C. B. K.

The larger the series of these blue and white Kingfishers

732 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

from the Indo-Malayan region that are examined, the more
it is borne in on one that no more than one species can be
maintained. Of the above two specimens one is an almost
typical H. armstrongi^ while the other is typical H. humii.

Thongh the species in a wide sense covers a very large
area, it must be remembered that it is with hardly any ex-
ceptions a purely coastal form which is rarely found at any
distance from the sea. The whole area of distribution may
therefore be regarded as practically continuous, in that no
barrier of even so much as a hundred miles of sea intervenes
between the most widely separated localities inhabited by the
species. It is, therefore, quite illogical to divide the species
into several local races, and then call in the theory of
migration to explain the undoubted fact that two or more
of the forms are frequently found existing side by side.

Halcyon smyrnensis fusca.

Halcyon siuyrnensis fusca (Bodd.) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool.
xvii. 1910, p. 215 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 54.

Halcyon smyrnensis (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892,
p. 222.

a. 1 ? . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 6 Dec, 1914.

"Iris dark; bill blood-red; feet blood-red, washed with
brown." — C. B .K.

Halcyon pileata.

Halcyon pileata (Bodd.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892, p. 229;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 55.

a. S ^^- Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915.

b. J ad. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
2 Jan., 1915.

"Iris dark; bill blood-red; feet brownish red.^' — C. B. K.

Carcineutes pulchellus.

Carcineutes pulchellus (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892,
p. 198.

fl. 1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dirty white ; bill sealing-wax red ; feet dull greenish
vellow.' — C. B. K.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 733

This specimen is niucli more rufous orange above than a
series of specimens from the Malay Peninsula, though it is
a[)proached in this respect In' one skin from Langkawi. The
irregular black markings on the breast are also more spare,
and tlie size is very slightly larger.

The species does not appear to have been previously
recorded from east of the Salwin watershed.

Dichoceros bicornis.

Dichoceros bicornis (Linn.) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. xvii.
1892, p. 355 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 55.

a,b. 2S- Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 7-10 Dec, 1914.

c,d. Ic?, 1 ? . Koh Kra I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

" Male. Iris, inner ring silver-white, outer mottled with
brown ; orbital skin })ale brownish yellow. Bill, upper man-
dible gamboge, wa.>hed with red at the tip, back end of casque
blood-red ; lower mandible ivory-white, tip tinged with
yellow, base black. Feet olive, tarsi and soles washed with
yellowish. Culmen and top of casque washed with pale red.

'■^Female. Similar to the male, but the base and front of the
casque and a line on the culmen reaching lialf way to the
tip black.

" In life the casque and bill of this Hornbill are coated
with a bright yellow oil, and the neck and the white bars on
the wings are stained with the same secretion which, with
its colour, entirely disappears after death wherever exposed
to light.

"' Pairs of small flocks of this bird were frequently seen
flying between the islands and the mainland— a journey
involving a sea-crossing of five or six miles.

" The flesh of this species, like that of all eastern Horn-
bills, provides excellent food.^' — C. B. K.

Ehytidoceros midulatus.

Rlujtidoceros undulatus (Shaw) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat, xvii.
1892, p. 382.

a. \S . Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 24 Dec, 1914.
b,c. 1 c?, 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 7 Jan., 1915.
^^ Male. Iris pale hazel-red; orbital skin dull fleshy pink.

734) Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

Bill pale olive ivoiy, corrugations ivory brown, base dull
red. Feet black. Gular skin Indian yellow, gular band
black.

^'Female. Iris hazel-yellow, inner ring lemon ; orbital skin
deep dull pink. Bill ivory, concavities of corrugations
brown, base of casque brown, base of bill olive. Feet black,
back of tarsi and toes grey. Gular skiu turquoise and violet
mottled, gular band black.

" Also observed on Koh Chang, but nowhere as common
as the previous species.^' — C. B. K.

Anthracoceros albirostris.

Anthracoceros malabaricus (Gm.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
xvii. 1892, p. 366 ; Ilobinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 35.

Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw& Nodder); Gyldenstolpe,
p. 55.

Anthracoceros fraterculus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)
i. 1878, p. 85.

a. 1 ? . Koh Mehsi, West I., S.E. Siam. 14 Dec,
1914.

A. 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 4 Jan., 1915.

"Iris brown; orbital skin bluish in front, pinkish white
behind, cheek-skin white, post-orbital skin blue. Bill
yellowish ivory and black, a patch on the sides Vandyke
brown. Feet leaden.

" A noisy little Hornbill, its cries sounding like the
yapping of an angry puppy. Only single individuals were
met with."— C. B. K.

Both these specimens are very small, but are matched by
specimens from Trang and Langkawi in the north of the
Malay Peninsula.

MelittophagTis swinhoii.

Melittophagus swinhoii (Hume) ; Sharpe, Cat. xvii. 1892,
p. 56; Gyldenstolpe, p. 53.

a-c. 2(?, 1?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-6 Dec,
1914.

d-f. 2 ? , \ S • 01^ Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary
(on coast). 2-3 Jan., 1915.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 735

ff. I (^ . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.
"Iris crimson; bill black; feet leadea brown. C/ommon
in open country/' — C. B. K.

Caprimulgns macrurus ambiguns.

Capriniuigusmacrurus ambiyuus Hartert, Ibis, 1896^ p. 373;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 57.

a. ? vix ad. Ok Yam, nr. Franco-Siamese Boundary
(on coast). 1 Jan., 1915.

"Iris dark; bill, fleshy, tip black; feet fleshy brown.
Observed also on Koh Chang, but nowhere common.'^
— C. B. K.

Not differing from Malay Peninsula specimens.

Lyncornis cerviniceps.

Lyncornis cerviniceps (Gould) ; Hartert, Cat. svi. 1892,
p. 604; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 38.

a-c. 1 (J , 2 ? . Klohg Yai, S.E. Siam. 7 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill horny pink ; feet dull blackish purple.

"Appears in this part of Siam largely to replace the
smaller Caprimulgi ; about Klong Yai village it was very
common at dusk, but I never remember hearing it utter any
kind of cry.''— C. B. K.

Not hitherto recorded eastward of the Sal win watershed.

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus.

Harpactes erytlirocephalus Gould ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat.
xvii. 1892, p. 488; Gyldenstolpe, p. 57.

a. 1 ? . Kloug Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; orbits and cheek-skin violet ; bill cobalt ;
culmen, tips, and edges black ; feet purplish fleshy."
— C. B. K.

I can detect no differences between this single female and
a series of the same sex from the hills of the Malay Peninsula.
The size is apjjarently slightly less.

Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus klossi, subsp. nov.

A race of P. erythrocephalus distinguished at a glance
from the typical form by the brilliance of its colouring, the
red parts of the plumage lacking all tinge of crimson-lake,
while the chestnut parts are clearer and less ochraceous.

736 Mr. H. C, Robinson on Birds coUecled on the

Adult male (type of the subspecies). Head, throat, and
upper breast " Spectrum red '^ (Ridgway, ' Colour Standards
and Nomenclature/ Washington, 1912, pi. i.) as against
" Egenia red'' (pi. xiii.), the belly and under tail-coverts
" scarlet red " against " Rose Doree " (pi. 1). Mantle, back,
upper tail-coverts, and middle tail-feathers decidedly lighter
than in P. eiythrocephalus.

Adult female. Differing from the typical female in the
more scarlet, less pink abdomen and in the lighter tint of
the upper surface, the head especially being more ochraceous
and less russet.

Dimensions: — Male. Total length, 290; Aving, 135; tail,
177; bill from gape, 27*5 mm.

Female. Total length, 295; wing, 131; tail, 177; bill
from gape, 27 mm.

"'Male. Iris reddish hazel; bill pale plumbeous, tip black;
gape and orbital skin violet-blue; feet pinkish plumbeous.

" Female. Iris bright hazel ; bill plumbeoiis blue, tip black ;
gape and orbital skin bright violet ; feet bluish fleshy.

'' Although Koh Chang is only three miles from the
nearest part of the mainland, I was very much surprised to
find a Trogon present. With its shade-haunting proclivities
and Aveak powers of flight it is almost the last bird one
expects to meet with on an island." — C. B. K.

a-c. IS , 2 ? . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 6 Dec,
1914.

There is little doubt that these specimens represent a
perfectly distinct race of this widespread Trogon, which can
be recognised at a glance when the fresh skins are compared
with recent skins of the allied forms, though the differences
in tint are difficult to express in words.

Pyrotrogon oreskios.

Harpactes oreskios Teram.; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. xvii. 1892,
p. 494 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 57.

a.l^. Klong Meuao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark, edge of eyelid cobalt ; bill cobalt; culmen and
edge of upper mandible black; feet dull cobalt." — C. B. K.

Exactly like Malayan specimens.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 737

Rhopodytes tristis hainanus.

Bhopodytes ti'istis iiahianns Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii, 1910,
p. 218 ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 19]], p. 42; Gyldenstolpe^
p. 58.

a, 6. 2 ? . Koh Kut I., S.E. Sinm. 29, 30 Dec, 1914.

c. (^ . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary Con coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

d. (^ . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

"Iris dark or brown; orbital skin deep crimson; bill dark
apple-gi'een ; feet sooty or dark plumbeous, tarsi greenish
slate."— C. B. K.

These specimens agree well with each other and with
specimens from various parts of the Malay Peninsula south-
wards from Trang, and are undoubtedly to be referred to
the race from Hainan described by Hartert.

Eudynamis honorata.

Eudi/namis honorata (Linn.) ; Shelley, Cat. xix. 1891,
p. 316 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 58.

a,h. \$ imm., 1 ? imm. Koh Mak I., S.E. Siam. 20 Dec,
1914.

c. Id'ad. Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec, 1914.

"Iris crimson ; bill greenish horn or dull plumbeous green ;
feet plumbeous or greenish blue. For some reason or other
a common bird on small islands." — C. B. K.

The young male is in the plumage of the adult female,
while the specimen marked as female is much more black
and white than the adult birds of that sex, having the nape
almost uniform glossy black, with the white tips and shaft-
stripes much reduced.

Thereiceryx phssostriata.

Cyanops phceostriata (Bp.) ; Shelley, Cat. xix. 1891, p. 7Q.

Cyanops Jaiostrida snigonensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, xxiii. 1908, p. 31.

a-e. 2 (J , 2 ? . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 2-3 Jan., 1915.

" Iris hazel ; upper mandible black, the base grey, the lower
mandible grey, the tip black ; feet greyish olive.

738 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

" Fairly numerous in the trees clotting the common land
surrounding Ok Yam village." — C. B. K,

These five specimens do not in any way bear out Prof.
Neumann's diagnosis, having the wing over 112 mm. and the
culraen about 38'5 mm., and I therefore do not think it
advisable to split up the species. Moreover, there is no
evidence to show that the Saigon and Cambodian form is
not the typical race.

Mesobucco duvangli orientalis, subs p. no v.

Allied to M. d. cyanotis (Blyth) from Tenasserim and the
north of the Malay Peninsula, but somewhat larger in size,
and paler in general coloration, the red subocular spot much
intermixed with pale golden or straw-yellow.

Wing, 83-84 : bill from gape, 27-0-28'5 mm.

Adult male (type of the subspecies). Collected at Ok
Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast), 1 Jan., 1915, by
C. Boden Kloss.

a-e. 2(?, 2? . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 1-2 Jan., 1915.

f,g. 1;?, 1 ? . Koh Chang T., S.E. Siara. 5-10 Dec,
1914.

" Iris dark ; orbital skin leaden ; bill black, lower mandible
pale plumbeous at the base ; feet yellowish olive, claws
black."— C. B. K.

Gecinus vittatus.

Gecinusvittatus (Vieill.) ; Hargitt, Cat. xviii. 1890, p. 46.

a, b. 1 J , 1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 8 Jan., 1915.

" Irides reddish bi'own or crimson ; orbital skin olive ; bill
black or sooty, lower mandible except the tip greenish yellow ;
feet olive."— C.B. K.

These specimens seem a little larger, wing about 5*4 inches
in the male, than any of a considerable series from the
Malay Peninsula from Pulaii Langkawi, south to the Lingga
Archipelago. The green of the lateral stripes on the feathers
of the breast and flanks is also darker and the white shaft-
area of the feathers narrower. The section of the species
inhabiting Indo-China seems ([uite cut ofl' from that found

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 739

in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java, as the species
inhabiting the north-west of the Malay Peninsula at Trang
and Junk Zeylon and the north-east at Patani and Bandon
is the allied but perfectly distinct G. viridanus (Blyth).

Gecinulus viridis.

Gecinulus viridis Blyth ; Hargitt, Cat. xviii. 1896, p. 136.

«. 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915.

"Bill pale greyish white ; feet olive-green,^' — C. B. K.

This Woodpecker, which is common in Burma and Tenas-
serim and in many parts of the Malay Peninsula, south to
Selangor, does not appear to have been recorded hitherto
east of the Salwin.

Chrysocolaptes gutticristatns indo-malayicus.

Chrysocolaptes gutticristatns (Tick.) ; Hargitt, Cat. xviii.
1898, p. 47; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 47.

Chrysocolaptes gutticristatns Indo - nialayicus Hesse ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 49.

a, h. \S, 1?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 11 Dec,
1914.

c. \S . Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 18 Dec, 1914.

d. IS. Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec, 1914.

^' Iris orange or orange-yellow ; bill sooty or leaden olive ;
feet leaden or dark olive. The only Woodpecker met with
on the islands but not observed anywhere on the mainland.
Also seen on Koh Mak."— C. B. K.

Tickell's type came from somewhere in north Tenasserim
about the centre of the range of the species, which extends
from the Sikkira Himalayas to the south of the Malay
Peninsula. As is repeatedly the case in this region, northern
birds are larger and duller and southern birds smaller and
brighter, and both have received names, viz., C. sultaneus
(Gould) for birds from Assam and C. indo-malayicus for
birds from north Malay Peninsula. The case is a curious
one of interest to trinomiaiists. Most modern ornithologists
would admit that valid subspecific differences exist between
the extremes C. sultaneus from the north and C. indo-mala-
yicus from the south-east. Owing to the f\ict that a median

SEK. X. \OL. HI. 3d

740 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

specimen has been first described, we are placed in the
awkward dilemma of having to admit either one race only of
three, in which latter case the range of subspecific variation
in each of the subspecies from the typical form is only
half of what it would have been if the type had happened
to come from either extreme. So the trinomialist is forced
either to become a lumper against his convictions, or to
split on even finer distinctions that he usually considers
sufl&cient.

lyngipicus canicapillus.

lyngipicus canicajnllus (Blyth) ; Hargitt, Cat. xviii. 1890,
p. 322 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 48.

a. \S' Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 7 Jan., 1915.

" Iris ochreous ; bill horny, lower mandible grey ; feet
dull olive.'^— C. B. K.

This specimen has the four central rectrices spotted, not
uniform, as is the case with many northern birds which
have been separated as /. pumilus (Hargitt, Ibis, 1881,
p. 599).

Cymhorhynchns macrorhynchus.

Cymborkynchus macrorhynchus (Gm.) ; Hume & Davison,
Stray Feath. vi. 1878, p. 92.

Eurylamus lemniscatus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii.
1822, p. 296.

Cymborhynchus malaccensis Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci.
Tor. ix. 1874, p. 425.

Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus lemniscatus Hartert, Nov.
Zool. ix. 1902, p. 206.

a,b. (J ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 7 Jan., 1915.

" Iris emerald ; bill turquoise-blue, tinged green on the
culmen and tomia, lower mandiljle deep yellow edged with
turquoise ; feet cobalt." — C. B. K.

Excluding the Aracan subspecies C. m. affinis Blyth, which
in its smaller size and red-tipped tertials stands apart from
the other forms, many authorities have divided the Rouge-
et-Noir Broadbills inhabiting the Indo-Malayan region into

V-. '\

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 741

two races, basing their distinction on the amount of white
on the tail-feathers.

The typical race, founded on Latham's Great Billed Tody
is supposed to have little or no white in the tail and to be
confined to Borneo, while the form inhabiting Sumatra and
the Malay Peninsula north to Tenasserim and Siam has the
outer webs of the three outer tail-feathers with white on the
inner webs. For this race the earliest name available is
E. lemniscatus Raffles, founded on sj>ecimens from " the
interior of Sumatra," probably inland from Bencoolen.

Hume {loc. cit.) has pointed out that in regard to conti-
nental specimens, these differences are not constant, there
being great variation in the amount of white on the tail in
the series examined by him. Four specimens from the west
coast of Sumatra, which are practically topotypes of E. lem-
niscatus, have in two cases practically no white on the tail,
■while in the other two it is much less than in most Malayan
specimens, though these can be matched by a specimen from
Parit, central Perak. Most Bornean specimens have traces
of white, though in the majority the white is small in extent,
often little more than a pale patch, and does not extend to
more than two pairs of feathers.

On the face of the evidence before us we should be forced
to regard the typical race C. m. macrorhynchus as occurring
in both Borneo and western Sumatra, while the continental
form, to which the name C m. malaccensis Salvad. would
have to be applied, would inhabit the mainland and east
and south Sumatra. Possibly this is really the case, as west
Sumatra, west of the main range, is much older land than
the east and south of the island, in which districts the
fauna is almost purely Malaccan with no distinctive species.
The more obvious course is to regard the differential cha-
racters as so unstable and plastic as not to justify separation
of the species into geographical races on their account.

The above Siamese specimens, which are both young, have
the white spots on the tail distinctly tinged with ochreous,
■which is apparently not due to stain.

3d2

742 Mr. H. C. llobinson on Birds collected on tJie

Pitta cyanea.

Pitta cyanea Blyth ; Sclater, Cat. xiv. 1888, p. 417.
a. \^ . Klong Menao, S.E, Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.
^aris dark ; bill black ; feet lilac fleshy.^'— C. B. K.
Not hitherto recorded east of the Salwiu River.

Anthocincla phayrii.

Anthocincla phayrii Blyth ; Bingham, Stray Feath. ix.
1880, pp. 177, 494; Sclater, Cat. xiv. 1888, p. 413.

a. \ $ . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

b-f. 4(^.1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 10-12 Jan.,
1915.

"Iris dark; bill black ; feet fleshy, tarsi washed with
brown.''— C. B. K.

The female differs from the male in having the mesial
streak on the head and the two lateral streaks from behind
the ear-coverts dull brown, not glossy jet-black.

This species again has not hitherto been recorded from
east of the Salwiu.

Hirundo rustica gutturalis.

Hirundo rustica (/utliiralis Scop. ; Sharpe, Cat. x. 1885,
p. 134.

Clielidun rustica gutturalis Gyldenstolpe, p. 41.

a. 1. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill and feet black.''— C. B. K.

Alseonax latirostris.

Alseonax latirostris (Raffles) ; Sharpe, Cat. iv. 1879^ p. 127;
Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. 1890, p. 35.

a, b. IcJ, 1 ?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 10 Dec,
1914.

c. 1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 9 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill black, base of the lower mandible dull
yellowish; feet black."— C. B, K.

A winter visitor to almost all parts of the Indo-Malayan
and Indo-Chinese regions.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 743

Mnscitrea grisola.

Pachycephala grisola (Blyth) ; Gadow, Cat. viii. 1881,
p. 220.

Muscitrea grisola Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. 1890,
p. 30; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 54; Robinson, Journ.
Fed. Malay States Mas. v. 1915, p. 148.

a. IS- Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 18 Dec., 1914.

6. 1 ? . Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec., 1914.

" Iris dark ; upper mandible sooty, lower horny ; feet
dull plumbeous."— C. B. K.

Widely distributed in the coastal zone of the Indo-
Malayan and Indo-Chinese regions but rarely, if ever, found
at any distance from the fringing mangrove belt.

Cyornis iDanyumas tickelliae.

Siphia tickellice Blyth; Sharpe, Cat. iv. 1879, p. 447.

Cyornis tickelli Gyldenstolpe, p. 37.

«.!(?. Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 18 Dec, 1914.

b,c. Ic?, 1?. Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec,
1914.

" Iris dark ; bill black ; feet bluish pink, plumbeous
brown, or dull lilac'^ — C. B. K.

These specimens have the wing about 73 mm., considerably
larger than Gyldenstolpc's specimens, which are possibly
referable to some other form.

C.sumatrensis, from the Malay Peninsula, which is smaller
again, with a pure white belly and under tail-coverts, is
only a subspecies of this species, with Avhich it evidently
intergrades.

Cyornis pallidipes hainana.

Siphia hainana Ggilvie-Grant, P. Z. S. ISOO, p. 480.

Siphia pallidipes hainana Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910,
p. 225.

a. 1 J . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark; bill black ; feet pinkish blne."^ — C. B. K.

This specimen evidently belongs to the form described
from Hainan. It has the wing 70*5 and the tail 61 mm.
and is not quite adult, though practically so.

744 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on tite

Hypothymis azurea caeruleocephala,

Hiipothijmis azurea prophaia Oberholser ; Gyldenstolpe,
p. 37.

a-e. 3c?, 2?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-8 Dec,
1914. Wing, S 71-73 ; ? 71-72 ram.

f-k, 4 J, 2?. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 24-29 Dec,

1914. Wing, $ 72-74 ; ? 71-5-73 mm.

l,m. lc?',l?. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 10 Jan.,

1915. Wing, J 72; ? 71mm.

" Iris dark ; orbital skin cobalt; bill cobalt ; feet slaty
blue."— C. B. K.

Oberholser, more americario, has divided the species
generally known as H. azurea into a multitude of races on
which, in the absence of his specimens, it is impossible to
express an opinion in the majority of cases. It may be
noted, however, that his material, though collectively very
considerable, does not often comprise large series from the
separate areas and that many of his races are founded on
very limited numbers of specimens. Distinctions founded
on dimensions are apt to break down when large scries are
accumulated.

Other features relied on, such as the extent of the black
on the crown and the size of the black neck-gorget, are much
affected by the " rnake'^ of the skin, while the tint of blue
on the upper and lower surface is very largely influenced
by the age of the plumage, as is shown by the very large
series of Malayan specimens available in the F.M.S.
Museums.

Dealing with the present series, I have referred them
to H. a. ccETuleocephala on account of the purer white tint
of the flanks and centre of the abdomen, which are more
tinged with bluish grey in Malayan specimens of A. a.
prophata Oberholser. The scries from the diff'erent islands
differ slightly inter se, those from Koh Kut having a more
distinct black gorget in the male, while the throats of the
females are brighter blue than in those from the mainland
or from Koh Chang.

I do not, however, care to add other names to the already
sufficiently extensive list of subspecies.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 745

Terpsiphone aflBnis.

Terpsiphone affinis Blyth ; Sharpe, Cat. iv. 1879, p. 349 ;
Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 53 ; Robinson, Journ. Fed.
Malay States Mus. v. 1915, pp. 99, 148.

a. 1 S ad. Koh Chang L, S.E. Siam. 11 Dec., 1914.

6. 1 ? imm. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 9 Jan., 1915.

"Adult male. Iris dark; eyelids, bill, and feet plumbeous
blue. Immature female. Iris dark ; bill pale lilac blue, tip
black, lower mandible yellow tinged with lilac ; feet slaty
blue.^'— C. B. K.

Chloropsis chlorocephala.

Chloropsis chlorocephala (Wald.) ; Sharpe, Cat. vi. 1881,
p. 28; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 55 ; Gyldenstolpe,
p. 23.

a. 1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill black, base of lower mandible plumbeous;
feet pale plumbeous.'^ — C. 13. K.

Irena puella puella.

Irena puella (Lath.) ; Sharpe, Cat. vi. 1881, p. 177 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 23.

a-c. 3 c?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-11 Dec, 1914.

d-f. 3 (J. Koh Kut L, S.E. Siam. 23-30 Dec, 1914.

g,h. 1 c? , 1 ? . Koh Mehsi, East L, S.E. Siam. 13 Dec,
1914.

i. 1 ? . Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 18 Dec, 1914.

j-l. IcJ, \S imm., 1$. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese
Boundary (on coast). 2 Jan., 1915.

m. \S ' Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

'■'Male. Iris crimson or carmine; bill and feet black.
Female. Iris hazel or brown; bill and feet black. '^ — C. B. K.

All this series shows very distinctively the characters of
the northern race of the species, having both upper and
under tail-coverts falling short of the tip of the tail by
considerably more than the length of the tarsus. Young
males which have not yet assumed the adult dress can
apparently be distinguished from the females by their deeper,
less greenish tint with a decided gloss on the edges of the
upper tail-coverts.

746 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

Criniger ochraceus.

Crinifjer ochraceus Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Comp. Mus. 18j4,
p. 252 ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. 1902, p. 559.

Criniger gutturalis (part.) Sharpe, Cat. vi. 1881, p. 80.

Criniger sordidus Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxii.
1900, p. 320; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 57.

a-d. 3c?, 1 ? . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-6 Dec,
1914.

e,f. 2S- Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 27-30 Dec., 1914.

g. IS- Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915.

h. 1$ . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

''Iris ochreous, hazel or dark brown; upper mandible
dark plumbeous, horny or sooty, lower mandible plumbeous
or plumbeous blue; feet brownish fleshy, soles yellow.'^
— C. B. K.

Both Mr. Richmond in describing and Mr. Kloss and
myself in admitting C. sordidus failed to recognise the fact
that the type of C. ochraceus was obtained by Heifer in
Tenasserim, probably in the central or southern districts,
and that consequently, if any ditference exists between the
northern race and the southern Peninsular form, it is the
latter that will have to receive a name. On comparing the
present series of eight skins and others from Trang, Perils,
and Bandon, including one of the typical specimens of
C. sordidus, with a large series from the Federated Malay
States, I find that the only differences to be noted are a
slightly richer tint of yellowish ochraceous brown on the
lower tail-coverts in the northern specimens, and a more
pronounced white throat, more clearly defined from the rest
of the luider parts, in the southern specimens. In the latter
also the sides of the breast are more ashy grey. The race is
perhaps suflSiciently distinct to merit separation, and it may,
therefore, be designated as :

Criniger ochraceus sacculatus, subsp. nov.

Range. Southwards from the north of Perak to the south
of the Malay Peninsula, generally at considerable elevations,
especially in the south of its range.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 74<7

Type. Adult female. F.M.S. Museum, No. 1172/08.
Collected at Genting Bidai, Selangor, 2300 ft., 14 May,
1908.

Pycnonotus finlaysoni.

Pijcnonotas jiiikujsnni (Strickl.) ; Sliarpe, Cat. vi. 1881,
p. 144 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 26.

a. IS . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 2 Jan., 19] 5.

6. 1 $ . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
2 Jan., 1915.

'^'Iris dark; bill black ; feet sooty. A bird of the open
country.^'— C. B. K.

Otocompsa flaviventris.

Otocompsa Jiaviventris (Tick.) ; Sharpe, Cat. vi. 1881,
p. 161 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 25.

a-e. 4c?, 1?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-6 Dec,
1914.

f-j. 4c?, 1?. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 20-29 Dec,
1914.

/:. 1 ? . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
2 Jan. ,1915.

" Iris pale lemon; bill black; feet dark brown.

"The commonest Bulhul in south-east Siam and the
islands. Where only forest existed it inhabited the tops of
the higher trees, but wherever clearings and scrub occurred
it deserted the forest for them.^^ — C. B. K.

Garmlax diardi.

Garrulox diardi (Less.) ; Sharpe, Cat. vii. 1883, p. 437 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 20.

a-d. 2 J, 2 $ . Lem Ngop, S.E. Siam. 15 Jan., 1915.

" Iris crimson or brown; bill black ; feet dark-broM'n.

" Occurring in open country, where it was common in
clumps of trees among cultivation." — C. B. K.

Pomatorhinus nuchalis.

Pomatorhinus nuchalis Tweedd. ; Sharpe, Cat. vii. 1883,
p. 411 ; Harington, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xxiii.
)914, p. 332.

748 Mr. H. C. Robiuson on Birds collected on the

a,b. 1 c? , 1 ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 6 Jan., 1915.

c. 1 ? Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 191.5.

*' Iris oclireous or pinkish yellow ; bill ivory-wliite ; cul-
men and nostril sooty ; feet leaden, soles dull yellow."
— C. B. K.

As far as can be judged without direct comjDarison, these
specimens are quite typical examples of P. nuchalis, for
which these localities form a very considerable extension of
range. The species found in south-western Siam, in Bandon
and Trang, is P. olivaceus Blyth, which differs in having the
chestnut on the sides conftned to a patch on the sides of
the neck.

Pellorneum subochraceum.

Pellornenm subochraceum Swiiih. ; Sharpe, Cat. vii. 1883,
p. 521; Eobinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 59; Gyldenstolpe,
p. 21 ; Hobinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mas. v. 1915,
pp. 103, 149.

a. 1 ? . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5 Dec, 1914.

" Iris dark ; orbital skin greenish yellow ; upper mandible
sooty, lower mandible with tbe base yellowish, the tip pale
plumbeous ; feet fleshy yellow." — C. B. K.

Somewhat darker, with the stripes on the breast rather
broader than in the majority of specimens from the
Malay Peninsula ; the differences, however, are not constant.

Setaria rufifrons.

Malacopteron rufifrons Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, p. 65.

Malacopterum lepidocephalum (Gray) ; Sharpe, Cat. vii.
1883, p. 567.

a-c. 2 c? , 1 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 10 Jan., 1915.

"Iris brown; bill blackish, the lower mandible grey;
feet pinkish grey." — C. B. K.

The occurrence of this species in Siam adds another to the
group of vertebrates which are found in Siam, Java, and
occasionally Sumatra but which do not occur in the Malay
Peninsula. Though I have not been able to compare the
above three birds with specimens from Java or Sumatra, they
conform exactly with the descriptions and agree also in
dimensions.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siani. 749

Turdiniis abbotti.

Turdinus abbotti (Blyth) ; Sliarpe, Cat. vii, 1883, p. 541;
Ogilvie-Grant, Journ. Fed. jNIalay States Mus. iii. 1908,
p. 29.

Turdinus abbotti olivaceum (Strickl.) ; Hartert, Nov. Zool.
ix. 1902, p. 562.

a-k. 4 c?, 7 ?. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 24-29 Dec,
1914.

I, m. Ic?, 1?. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam, 9-11 Jan.,
1915.

"Iris ochreous ; bill horny black, lower mandible pale
grey ; feet fleshy.

"Extremely common on Koh Kut, skulking about in the
undergrowth of the forest.^' — C. B. K.

This considerable series is very uniform, and when com-
pared with a series of over thirty specimens from various
parts of the Malay Peninsula may be said to differ on an
average in having the flanks and under tail-coverts a richer
ochraceous rufous, as is noted for northern specimens by
Hartert (Joe. cit.). A word of warning from the field-orni-
thologists to those whose only experience is with cabinet
specimens is perhaps necessary in this respect. Many species
of Timeliine birds with rufous or brown, or greyish brown,
in the plumage, change tint with unexampled rapidity when
converted into skins, greys and hrowais becoming less
greyish and more snuffy brown, while rufous browns fade
rapidh^

These skins from Siam, when laid out with the available
material from more southern localities in the Malay Peninsula,
are noticeably brighter and richer in tint and are so noted
at the present moment. I have very little doubt, however,
that, if in the course of the next two years or so a large
series from the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur was brought in
and compared with the present series, I myself, or the average
observer, would note that there was no recordable difference
between the two groups, or that, if anything, the southern
group was the brighter. It is also a significant fact that,
when a recently collected series of birds is worked out, the
average differences noted are nearly always in the direction

750 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

of brighter tints in the more recently collected birds. More
importance, therefore, than is commonly the case should be
accorded to this factor, the importance of which is by no means
realized by home workers, who, moreover, rarely deal with
the bulk of material that is often available to local students.

Myiophoneus eugenii.

Myiophoneus eugenii Hume ; Sharpe, Cat. vii. 1883, p. 9.

a. IS. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 7 Dec, 1914.

*^' Iris -dark ; bill gamboge-yellow; culmen and nostrils
sooty ; feet black."— C. B. K.

Quite typical of this species, without any pale markings
on the wing-coverts. Wing, 1G3 ; tail, 128; tarsus, 53;
bill from gape, 43 mm.

Myiophoneus klossii, sp. nov.

Related to M. evgenii, but smaller, and having the lores
and a patch on the throat pure white.

Adult male. General colour dark blue with a slight pur-
plish cast as in other species of the genus : feathers of the
upper surface with paler glistening tips. Lores, feathers
in front of the eye, and a narrow periocular ring white, the
feathers with ill-defined black tips. Beneath dark blue, the
feathers with lilac-blue glistening tips, lightest and most
pronounced on the npper breast, more bluish on the belly.
A large silky white patch in the centre of the lower throat.
All the feathers of the lower surface with pure white bases
most extensive on the flanks. Angle of the wing lighter
ultramarine blue, all the feathers with strongly marked lilac=
blue glistening tips, the median and greater wing-coverts
without light tips. Outer median under win^-coverts largely
white. Total length, 2G8; wing, 152 ; tail, 118 ; tarsus, 47;
bill from gape, 39 mm.

" Iris dark brown ; bill dull yellow ; nostrils and culmen
sooty; feet black.''— C. B. K.

Tyjie. Adult male, collected on Koh Mehsi, West I., S.E.
Siam on 14 Dec, 1914 by C. Boden Kloss.

At first sight one might be inclined to regard this bird as
a partially albinistic specimen of M. eugenii. That this is

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 751

not the case is shown by the light colonring of the angle
of the wing, by the smaller dimensions, and by the symmetry
of the white markings. From M. crassirostris of Trang and
Langkawi it is separable by the much slenderer bill and by
the much darker ground colouring, and from M. temmincki
by the absence of pale spots on the median under wing-
coverts.

Mixornis gularis rubricapilla.

Mixornis rubricapilla (Tick.) ; Sharpe, Cat. vii. 1883,
p. 578 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 21.

a-c. IS, 2?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5 Dec,
1914.

d. \S . Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec, 1914.

e. 1 c? . Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 25 Dec, 1914.
f.lS. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.

" Iris white tinged with brown, yellow-ochre, yellow, or
ochreous ; upper mandible black, sooty or leaden, lower
mandible plumbeous; feet yellowish olive. '^ — C. B. K.

As Hume has already observed, there is a perfect gradation
between the Siimatran and Malayan M. gularis, with heavily
striped throat, rich chestnut head, and the back and external
aspect of the wings brown, and the Himalayan and Burmese
M. rubricapilla with the streaks on the throat reduced to
shaft-stripes, the chestnut on the head much paler, and the
back and external aspect of the wing greenish olive. As
noted elsewhere, the meeting place of the two forms is the
southern provinces of Siam in the Malay Peninsula, speci-
mens from Bandon and the adjacent islands being exactly
intermediate.

The present series are typical M. g. rubricapilla.

Zoothera marginata.

Geocichla marginata Seebohm, Cat. v. 1881, p. 162 ; Gates,
Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii. 1890, p. 157.

a,b. 1 c? , 1 ? • Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 7 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill black, lower mandible horny ; feet
brown."— C. B. K.

752 Mr. H. C. Robiuson on Birds collected on the

Monticola gularis.

Monticola gularis (Swiiih.); Seebolim, Cat. v. 1881, p. 326;
Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. i. 1910, p. 673.

a. 1 ? imm. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 11 Jan., 1915.

''Iris dark; bill brown, base of lower mandible fleshy;
feet deep fleshy.^'— C. B. K.

This extremely rare Rock-Thrush, which breeds in northern
and eastern Siberia and northern China, appears to winter
in Indo-China, and is occasionally, though rarely, met with in
the Malay Peninsula. The present specimen is quite imma-
ture and has the upper surface earthy-browu with no tinge
of bluish-grey, but is undoubtedly referable to this species.

Tiie dimensions are : wing, 94; tail, 69 ; tarsus, 24 mm.

Monticola solitarias philippensis.

Monticola cynnus solitaria Seebohm, Cat. v. 1881, p. 318.

Monticola solitarius jihilippcnsis Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. i.
1910, p. G75 ; Gyldeustolpe, p. 40.

a. IS. Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

6. 1 ? . Koh Kra I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

c. 1 c? . Lem Ngop, S.E. Siam. 15 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill leaden black or black ; feet black or sooty.
The two island s])ecimens came from, the rocks of the shore,
that from Lem Ngop was shot on the top of the white-painted
wooden lighthouse, where it had a regular perching spot.'' —
C. B. K.

Birds from the Malay Peninsula or Indo-China are very
variable, some specimens having no chestnut whatever in the
pelage, while in others almost the entire abdomen, axillaries,
and under wing- and tail-coverts are chestnut-red. Probably
both the western form M. solitarius solitarius and the eastern
M. s. j)hilippensis yvmier m the region. Nearly all the birds
met with are more or less immature.

Geocichla innotata.

Geocichla innotata Blyth; Seebohm, Cat. v. p. 176; Robin-
son & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 63.

a-e. 4c?, 1 ? . Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 23-30 Dec,
1914.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 753

'' Iris dark ; upper mandible black, lower, tip black, base
plumbeous ; feet fleshy yellow.'' — C. B. K.

This species does not appear to have been recorded from
Siam or the more eastern countries o£ Indo-China. The
present series is perfectly typical and shows no traces of
the white wing-bar which distinguishes G. citrina from the
present bird.

At Trang in western Siam both species occurred during
the winter months, but G. citrina was in the large majority.

Turdus obscurus.

Merula obscura (Gm.); Seebohm, Cat. v. 1881, p. 273.

Turdus obscurus Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. i. 1910,
p. 656.

a. \ ^ imm. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 2 Jan., 1915.

*'Iris dark ; upper mandible brown, lower yellow, the tip
brown ; feet brownish yellow." — C. B. K.

A winter visitor to Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula,
apparently only on passage in the latter country.

Kittacincla macrurus macrurus.

Turdus macrurus Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 1789, p. 820.

Cittocincla tricolor (Vieill.) ; Sharpe, Cat. v. 1881, p. 85
(part.).

Kittacincla macrurus macrurus Hartert, Nov. Zool. ix. 1902,
p. 572.

Cittocincla macrura Gyldenstolpe, p. 39.

a. \^. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 9 Dec, 1914.

b. IS. Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

c. IS. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

d. is. Koh Kra I., S.E. Siam. 17 Dec, 1914.

e. S ' Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.
" Iris dark ; bill black ; feet fleshy."— C. B. K.

The type of this race came from Pulau Condor. The
present specimens are practically identical with birds from
the Malay Peninsula, but the chestnut of the lower surface
is very slightly paler.

754 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

Copsychus saularis musicus.

Lanius musicus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1821, p. 307.

Copsychus saularis (Linn.); Sharpe, Cat. vii. 1883, p. 61;
Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 234; Gyldenstolpe, p. 39.

a. 1 c? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siara. Jan., 1915.

Gyldenstolpe states that his specimens of the Dial Bird
from north and central Siam all belong to the Indian form
C. saularis saularis (Linn.), in which the under wing-coverts
and axillaries are almost entirely white.

Mr. Kloss' example, however, agrees perfectly with skins
from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in having the under
wing-coverts and axillaries largely black, thus agreeing
with C. s. musicus, which was originally described from
Sumatra.

Acrocephalus bistrigiceps.

Acrocephahis bistrigiceps Swinh. ; Seebohm, Cat. v. 1881,
p. 94 ; Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. i. 1909, p. 565 ; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v. 1915, p. 150.

a. \^ . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 7 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill sooty brown, lower mandible dull yellow ;
feet brownish olive." — C, B. K.

Not hitherto recorded from Siam proper, though it
is known from Tenasserim and the northern Malay
Peninsula.

Phylloscopus borealis borealis.

Phylloscopus borealis (Bias.) ; Seebohm, Cat. v. 1887,
p. 40 ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 65 ; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v. 1915, p. 150.

Phylloscopus borealis borealis Hartert, Vog. pal. Faun. i.
1909, p. 517.

a,b. 1 c?, 1 ? . Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. Dec, 1914.

"Iris dark; bill, upper mandible brown, lower yellow ; feet
brownish yellow."— C. B. K.

Specimens in fairly fresh plumage, with the pale wing-
bars well marked.

This race and the more eastern form P. b. zanthodryas
Swinh. overlap in their winter quarters in Borneo, but. with

Cuust and Islands uf South-eastern Slam. 755

one exception obtained on Koh Pennan on INFay 15th, 1913,
all of a large series from the Malay Peninsula seem to be
referable to P. b. borealis. The above specimen has a wing
of about 73 mm., which is hirger than any other specimen
before us.

Phylloscopus super ciliosus superciliosus.

Phylloscopus superciliusus (Gm.); Seebohm, Cat. y. 1881,
p. 68; Gyldenstolpe, p. 29; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911,

p. m.

Phylloscopus superciliosa superciliosa Hartert, Vog. pal.
Faun. i. 1909, p. 518 ; id. Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 239.

a. 1. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary, (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

b. 1. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 10 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill brown, low^er mandible yeUow ; tarsi
brown, toes yellow." — C. B. K.

Phylloscopus tenellipes.

Phylloscopus tenellipes Swinh. ; Seebohm, Cat. v. 1881,
]). 46; Hartert, Vcig. pal. Faun. i. 1909, p. 512 ; id. Nov.
Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 241; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 65.

«. 1 cJ . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 10 Dec, 1914.

b. 1<S- Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 30 Dec, 1914.

" Iris dark ; bill, upper mandible horny, lower pale fleshy ;
feet fleshy.'^— C. B. K.

Tills species does not appear to have been hitherto recorded
from Siam, though it is known to winter in Tenasserim, the
north of the Malay Peninsula, and in Hainan.

Dicaeum cruentatum.

Dicceum cruentatum (Linn.) ; Sliarpe, Cat. x. 1885, p. 15 ;
Gyldenstolpe, p. 46.

a-c. 3c?. Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 6-11 Dec, 1914.

d. IS . Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec, 1914.

e. \S- Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 30 Dec, 1914.

/. 1 cJ imm. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 6 Jan., 1915.

'' Iris dark ; bill and feet black."— C. B. K.

SEK. X. VOL. 111. 3 E

756 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

The male from Koh Kut has the middle of the upper
breast flecked with scarlet.

Hartert (Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, pp. 244-5) recognises three
races of this Flow^er-pecker, viz.,i)?c««fm cruentattim (Linn.)
from " India/^ with the upper wing-coverts '^ glossy steel-
b]ue " and a slender bill; D. c. ignitum (Begbie) from the
Malay Peninsula, with the wing-coverts purplish blue ; and
Z>. c. CGccineum (Scop.) from south China and Hainan,
with the wiug-coverts steel-blue rather more greenish than
purplish," with a larger bill and longer wings than the
Indian form. I am unable to recognise any constant
differences in the above series and in specimens from the
Malay Peninsula, which in some instances have the wing-
coverts with a very distinct greenish cast. The Siamese
specimens have the wing very slightly longer.

Dicaeum chrysorrhoeum,

DiccBum chri/so7'rhosum Temm . ; Sharpe, Cat. x. 1885, p. 41.

a. 1 J . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
2 Jan., 1915.

"Iris orange; upper mandible black, lower plumbeous;
feet slaty black. Associated with the following species in
the trees dotting the common land about Ok Yam village."
— C. B. K.

Apparently slightly larger and a little more yellowish
above than Malayan specimens, of which, however, not
many are available.

Piprisoma modestum modestmn.

Prionochilus modestus (Hume) ; Sharpe, Cat. x. 1885,
p. 32.

Piprisoma modestum Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, ii.
1890, p. 383 ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 79.

a-d. 4 $ . Ok Y'^am, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 2 Jan., 1915,

'*^ Iris ochreous ; upper mandible sooty, lower plumbeous;
feet slaty black."— C. B. K.

These specimens agree M'ith the typical race from Tenas-
serim and the north of the Malav Peninsula, and not with

Coast and hluiuh of South-eastern Shun. 767

the darker and duller form, Piprisoma m. remotum from
Negri Sembilan, recently described by us (Journ. Federated
Malay States Mus. vi. 1915, p. 29).

-ffithopyga siparaja car a.

JEthopyya cara liurne. Stray Feath. ii. 1874, p. 473
(note); Gyldenstolpe, p. 42 ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. v. 1915, p. 151.

^thopyga siparaja (Raffles) ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis,
1911, p. 74 (part.).

a. IS. Koh Cliang I., S.E. Siam. Dec, 1914.

b. \S. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 30 Dec, 1914.

" Iris dark ; upper mandible dark brown, lower pale
brown ; feet brownish black." — C. B. K.

These specimens, as might be expected, are quite typical
j^. s. cara, and agree well with others from the islands in
the Bight of Bandon.

Anthothreptes malaccensis.

Anthothreptes malaccensis (Scop.) ; Gadow, Cat. ix. 1884,
p. 122; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 76; Robinson,
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. v. 1915, p. 152.

a. IS- Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 29 Dec, 1914.

b. \S . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. Jan., 1915.

" Iris ochraceous brown ; bill blackish ; feet dark olive-
brown."— C.B. K.

Leptocoma hasselti.

Cinnyris hasselti (Temm.) ; Gadow, Cat. ix. 1884, p. 67.

a. \S. Koh Mehsi, East I., S.E. Siam. 13 Dec, 1914.

b. IS. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 25 Dec, 1914.
c,d. 2S • Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.

e. I S . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

"Iris dark; bill and feet black."— C. B. K.

Graculipica nigricollis.

Graculipica nigricollis (Payk.) ; Sharpe, Cat. xiii. 18S0,
p. 77 \ Gyldenstolpe, p. 35 .

a-c. 1 c?, 2 ? . Lem Ngop, S.E, Siam, 14 Jan., 1915.

3e2

758 Mr. H. C. Robinson on Birds collected on the

" Iris whitish ; orbital skin lemon ; bill black ; feet dirty
■white with a bluish tinge. Going about in flocks in fairly-
open country .^^ — C. B. K.

JEthiopsar grandis.

Acridotheres grandis (Moore); Sharpe, Cat. xiii. 1890,
p. 91.

^thiopsar grandis (j\\i\eii%to\\)e, p. 36.

u-d. 2c?, 2?. Lem Ngop, S.E. Siara. 13-14 Jan.,
1914.

"Iris brown; bill and feet yellow. Seen in flocks in
cultivated land."— C. B. K.

Graciila javana intermedia.

Eulahes intermedias (A. Hay) ; Kobinson & Kloss, Ibis,

1911, p. 67 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 34.

Gracula intermedius hainanus (Swinh.) ; Hartert, Nov.
Zool. xvii. 1910, p. 251.

Graada javana intermedia Stresemanii, Nov. Zool. xix.

1912, p. 314.

a-e. 3(?, 2 ? . Ok \am, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 1-2 Jan., 1915.

/. 1 (? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark; gular skin pale orange, lapi)ets yellow ; bill
orange-red, tip yellow ; feet yellow, lemon or Indian
yellow."— C. B. K.

These specimens are rather smaller than others from
Tenasserim and the Siamese States in the Malay Peninsula,
and have a rather smaller and lighter bill with narrower
lappets, but the differences are not very marked or very
constant. The rounded or sharp-pointed end of the bare
skin running up from the lappets towards the eye, noted by
Hartert, is a very variable character, evidently of no
importance.

Oriolus indicus.

Oriolus indicus Jerdon ; Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910,
p. 249.

Oriolus diffusus Shai'pe, Cut. iii. 1877, p. 197.

Coast and Islands of South-eastern Siam. 759

a-c. 2 (J ad., 1 ? itnm. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam.
29-30 Dec, 1914.

d~ff. Ic?, 3 ? . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-9 Dec,
1914.

h. 1 S afl. Koh Rang I., S.E. Siam. 21 Dec, 1914.

?', J. 1 ? ad., 1 ? imm. Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese
Boundary (on coast). 2 Jan., 1915.

'^ Adult. Inner ring of iris dull crimson, outer greyish;
bill deep fleshy ; feet plumbeous. Immature. Iris dark ;
bill fleshy brown ; feet plumbeous blue.

" A common bird in fairly open country and occurring less
frequently in forest. It has a harsh and very raucous note,
and one of its calls we often mistook for that of a small
Hawk."— C. B. K.

Gyldenstolpe did not meet with this species, though he
records O. melanocephatus, which is not represented in
Kloss' collection, as very common over the whole of Siam.
Both species are met with in the vicinity of Bangkok (vide
Williamson, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc Siam, i. 1914, p. 43).

Buchanga cineracea mouhoti.

Buchaiiga mouhoti Walden, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (4) v.
1870, p. 220.

Buchanga cineracea (Horsf.) ; Sharpe, Cat. iii. 1877,
p. 250.

Dicrurus cineraceus (part.) Gyldenstolpe, p. 27.

a-d. 4c? . Koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 5-6 Dec, 1914.

^}f- S ? ■ Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 2 Jan., 1915.

g. ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 5 Jan., 1915.

h. S • Koh Klum I., S.E. Siam. 18 Dec, 1914.

" Iris crimson, blood-red, orange-red or brownish red ;
bill and feet black. A common bird in open country where
isolated trees and bushes occur." — C. B. K.

The three female specimens are all decidedly darker and
less grey above, with the heads and tail more blackish, and
agree well with the description of B. nigrescens (Gates,
Faun. Brit. Ind,, Birds, i. 1889, p. 815j. They are, however,

760 On the Birds of South-eastern Siam,

in more worn plumage than the males, while the differences
they present from the specimens re;>ardeil as B. c. mouhoti
may also be partly sexual, so that in default of a larger series
it would be unsafe to regard the two races as occurring
together in the same district.

Buchanga leucogenys.

Buchanga leucogenys Walden ; Sharpe, Cat. iii. 1877,
p. 251.

Dicrurus leucogenys Robinson & Kloss, Ibis, 1911, p. 72.

a-c. \S, 2?. Koh Kut I., S.E. Siam. 23-28 Dec,
1914.

^. 1 ? . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on coast).
3 Jan., 1915.

"Iris hazel or reddish hazel; bill and feet black. Also
observed on Koh Chang." — C. B. K.

Disseimirus paradiseus paradiseus.

Dissemurus paradiseus (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. iii, 1877,
p. 258 ; Gyldenstolpe, p. 28.

a. ? . koh Chang I., S.E. Siam. 10 Dec, 1914.

h. ? . Klong Yai, S.E. Siam. 5 Jan., 1915.

c. ? imm. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 9 Jan., 1915.

" Iris crimson or brown ; bill and feet black.^' — C. B. K.

The bird from Siam is the typical race, originally described
from Siam by Brisson. Birds from the Malay Peninsula
and from Sumatra, Borneo, and Java appear to have the
feathers of the crest shorter and somewhat less recurved.

Bhringa remifer.

Bhringa remifer (Temm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. iii. 1877, p. 257.

a,h. 2 ? . Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 9-11 Jan., 1915.

'' Iris crimson ; bill and feet black.

''In the Malayan region this bird is scarcely met with
below 3000 ft., where the previous species is common. In
south-east Siam, however, I found both species living side
by side at the sea-level." — C. B. K.

With somewhat shorter shafts than is usual in fully
developed Malayan birds, but not otherwise differing.

On the Avifauna nf Central America. 761

Dicrurus annectans.

Dicrurns annectens (Hodgs.) ; Sharpe, Cat. iii. 1877,
p. 231.

a. \ ^ imm. Klong Menao, S.E. Siam. 12 Jan., 1915.

" Iris crimson l)ro\vn; bill and feet sooty black.'' — C. B. K.

The specimen is quite immature, but judging by the more
even tail it appears to be referable to this species. D. ater
(Hermann) is much the commoner bird in Siam, the present
species being probably only a winter visitor.

Corvus macrorhynchus.

Co7'viis macrorhi/nchus Wagl ; Robinson & Kloss, Ibis,
1911, p. 71 : Gyklenstolpe, p. 18.

a, b. 1 cJ , 1 ? . Ok Yam, Franco-Siamese Boundary (on
coast). 3 Jan., 1915.

" Iris dark ; bill and feet black. Occurring in moderate
numbers about the villages, but nowhere so numerous as in
Bangkok."— C. B. K.

These specimens are rather small and dull in colour, with
the throat hackles poorly developed ; they belong to this
species and not to Corvus compilator Richmond (C. enca,
auct.).

XXXVIII. — The Avifauna of Central America : a Study in
Geographical Distribution. By W. P. Pycraft, British
Museum, Natural History ^.

The composite character of the Avifauna of Central
America — the admixture of elements from the adjacent
land-areas north and south thereof — is a feature which
experience of the phenomena of geographical distribution
would lead us to expect. No less readily would it have
been possible to foretell that this region would show a
greater affinity with South than with North America. The
following review is therefore more particularly designed
to furnish an analysis of the component elements of this
Avifauna, in order, if possible, to discover the factors which
have determined its composition.

* rubli.'lied by permission of tlie Trustees of the British Museum.

762 Mr. W. P. Pycraft on the

The features to be explained are, briefiv, the presence in
(central America — which lies within the Tropics — of species
belonging; to the temperate regions to the north, and
the absence of corresponding elements from the south
Temperate Region ; the selective factors which have limited
the number of tropical South American species within its
borders ; the charac'^er of its autochthonous types ; and
the relation of the fauna, as a whole, to that of the Old
World and to past geologic times.

In the fulness of time these several aspects of the
problem will doubtless be more or less satisfactorily com-
pleted ; but at the present stage of our knowledge this is
far from accom[)lisliment.

Though the remains of extinct birds are unfortunately
rare, such as have been brought to light have shown, in the
Hrst place, that many forms now confined to the Tropics,
in earlier times occurred in western Europe, when the
climatic conditions were doubtless widely different from
those now obtaining ; and, in the second, that some of
the most characteristic New World types have been derived
from the Old World.

Thus, for example, remains of Uinturnis, an incipient
Woodpecker, and of Ctyptoniis, a primitive Hornbill, have
been found in the Eocene both of F'rance and Wyoming.
To-day the Picidse are almost cosmopolitan, being absent
only from Madagascar, Polynesia, and Australia; while
the Hornl)ilLs occur throughout Ethiopia and Indo-Malaya.
Remains of Limnator7iis, a Hoopoe, Necroinis, a Plantain-
eater, and of a Trogon have been found in the Oligocene,
and of Psittacus in the Lower Miocene of France. The
Trogons, indeed, are represented in the Eocene of France
(Phosphorites du Quercy) by three species of Arch(eotrogon.

The Hoactzin [Opisthocomus) and the Cathaitidse are
commonly regarded as autochthonous New World types ;
but their remains have also been found in the Eocene of
France.

Ornithologists hitherto, in discussing problems of dis-
tribution in space, have seldom taken into account that no

Avifauna of Central America. 7G3

less important factor, the distribution in time. But even
when the evidence from these two sources has been duly
weighed, no satisfactory conclusion can be reached without
an appeal to the evidence afforded by the genetic affinities of
the particular group under discussion. The case of the
New World Coraciiformes affords a useful illustration of
this. The Trogons may well serve as a starting-point.
The centre of dispersal of these bii'ds seems estai)lished
beyond dispute. They represent an extremely ancient and
somewhat isolated group, displaying affinities, on the one
hand, with the Caprimulgi and Cypseli (including the
Troehili) and the Colli, and, on the other, though more
remotely, with the Momotidre. The majority of living
species occur in Central and South America ; hut two
occur in Africa and ten in the Indo-AIalayan region. The
Trochilidse are exclusively New World types ; so also are
the Momotidse, which, it is to be remarked, are the most
aberrant members of the Coraciiformes. The only other
representatives of this family which have found their way
into the New World are the members of the genus Ceryle
among the Kingfishers, which have become cosmopolitan.
It is worth comment that neither Bee-eaters, Hoopoes, nor
Hornbills have found their way into the New World,
though the two last-named occur with the remains of
Trogons in the Miocene of France, Since the Trochilidse
are undoubtedly but highly-specialized Cypselidse, it is
possible that they may liave arisen within the limits of
the American continent.

That the Picidge and Capitonidse are extremely ancient
types there can be no doubt. Fossil remains of the first-
named, it has already been remarked, have been found
in the Eocene both of France and Wyoming, showing
that already in this remote era the family had spread over
an enormous area. To-day its members are encountered in
every quarter of the globe, save Madagascar, Australia, and
Polynesia. The Capitonidye are unquestionably nearly
related to the Picid?e, and must date almost, if not quite,
as far back in time. Apparently less able than the Wood-

76i Mr. W. P. Py craft on the

peckers to adapt themselves to changing environments, as
is indicated by their restriction, they are confined to the
Tropics ; yet they have contrived almost to encircle the
globe. That the American forms are the oldest seems
to be indicated by their arrival in this continent while they
were still plastic ; for there can be no doubt but that the
Rhamphastidse, Bucconidat, and Galbulidse are descendants
of some generalized, ancestral member of the Capitonidse.
An interesting confirmation of this view is that only the
American Capitonidse have the habit of turning the tail
over the back as in the Toucans.

We may, then, regard the Jacamars, Barl)ets, and Puff-
birds as autochthonous types, having, like the Humming-
birds, been developed within the confines of the American
continent. A careful study of the various genera is now
needed to discover, if possible, the distribution of the least
and most highly specialized forms. The latter should occur
must frequently north of the Isthmus of Panama.

The Passerit'ormes, which must now be considered,
supplement the evidence furnished by the Coraciiformes
as to the source of the avifauna of the New World, and
of Central America in particular, even though at present
gaps remain to be filled by further anatomical research.

The Passeriformes, it must be remembered, are divisible
into four suborders — Eui'ylaemi, Oligomyodi, Traclieo-
phones, and Diaeromyodi. Of these, the Tracheophones
are peculiar to the New World. Whence did they come?

The only clues to the solution of this question are such
as are to be furnished by structural characters. The most
striking of these is the syrinx, which has attained a high
degree of specialization, though its peculiarities are more
marked in some species than in others — a fact of no little
importance in tracing descent.

The syrinx, however, merely furnishes the measure of
agreement between the several members of the family,
which, both osteologically and myologically, shows affinities
with the Tyrannidae and Pittidse, on the one hand, and the
Eurvlfcmidpe. on the other. Thus the cxclusivelv American

Avifauna of Centred America. 765

Tracheoplionge and the Tyrannidse must be regarded as
descendants of a common stock, and probably came from
Africa. The balance of evidence is in favour of some pri-
mitive Eurylaemid ancestor, if only because the Eurylsemidse
show many striking evidences of affinity with the (lotingidse,
another family exclusively American. So far, it is true,
no Euryljemidse have been found in Africa; but there
is a possibility that Smitkornis, hitherto regarded as a
Flycatcher, may prove to belong to this primitive group.
Until comparatively recently the Pittidse were also regarded
as al)sent from Africa.

As touching the Oscinine Passeres, it is to be remarked
that the evidence, on the whole, goes to prove that
they are an Old World group. This being so, then the
New World members of this group must have entered
the New World by two very different routes. The oldest
of these was by way of the ancient land-bridge between
West Africa and Brazil ; the other by way of North
America, crossing by way of the Behring Sea on the
one side and by way of Iceland and Greenland on the
other. As a matter of fact, these two latter routes are
being used to-day.

On the whole, it will be found more expedient to analyze
the various families now under discussion seriatim, according
to the arrangement adopted in the late Dr. Bowdler Sharpens
' Hand-list of Birds," than to endeavour to arrange them
according to their relation to Central America — as species
derived from North or South America, as the case
may be.

Whether the Muscicapidse have any representatives in the
New World depends entirely upon the evidence which an
appeal to anatomy must furnish as to the position of the
genus Poliopti/a, numerous species of which range from
North America to Paraguay and Argentina. According to
some authorities, this genus is undoubtedly Muscicapine^
but according to others it belongs to the Turdidse. A
decision on this point is important, since if it belongs to
the Flycatchers then its nearest ally is the African genus.

766 Mr. ^y. P. Pycraft on the

Stenostii'a — a fact which would indicate that the genus
entered the New World by means of the now submerged
Afro-Brazilian bridge ; it has since travelled northwards.
If, on the other liand, it belongs to the Turdidse, then it
may as probably have entered from the north and travelled
southwards.

That the Troglodytidse are to be regarded as a South
American family seems to be demonstrated by the fact
that of the 302 species comprised in this family, 228 are
American. Only 33 are found in the vast area north
of Mexico, 72 in Mexico and Central America, and 123
in South America.

The Cinclidse, commonly associated with the Troglodytidse,
seem, on the other hand, to have arisen in the Old World and
to have made their way into the New World from the north,
travelling along the mountains of the west, southwards into
Central America, and beyond to the Andes of Peru.

The Mimidse, which are by almost universal consent
regarded as near allies of the Troglodytidse, are exclnsively
American, but apparently southern in origin, since only
some four-and-twenty species out of a total of over seventy
occur north of Mexico.

The Mimidse seem to form the annectant link between
the Troglodytidse and the Turdidse, and must also appa-
rently be regarded as a New and not, as some have con-
tended, as an Old W^orld group. The Myiadestinse are
confined to Central and South America and the West
Indies, no mainland species extending beyond the confines
of Mexico. Of the mure typical Thrushes, the genus
Merula presents some facts of importance from the dis-
tributional point of view. It contains about 115 species,
ranging throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, and Polynesia ;
but of the total number nearly 50 occur in Central and
South America, none passing beyond the northern confines
ol Mexico. Of the genus Tardus, but one species occurs in
Central America and Mexico and four in North America, of
which two winter in Mexico and Central America ; while
of the genus Hylocichia, represented by 15 species, no less

Avifauna of Central America. 767

thau 12 are North American — of these, six winter iu
Mexico and Central America, and one in Brazil.

So far as the facts of distribution are concerned, the
recognition of the three genera Merula, Tardus, and H'/lu-
cichla seems to be justified. But if judged by the standai'd
of anatomy, the only satisfactory basis for systematic work,
the genera Merula and Hylocichla should be merged with
Turdus, which might conveniently be subdivided into thrte
sections.

The absence of the Ruticillinae and Saxicolinaj from the
Central and South American Regions is noteworthy. These
groups are, indeed, unknown throughout the American con-
tinent, save only iu the case of the Saxicolinje, wdiich are
represented by two species of Wheatear. One of these
{(Enanthe cenanthe) breeds all over Europe, as well as in
northern and central Asia, whence it seems to have made its
way into Alaska. The other is the Greenland Wheatear
(CEnanihe leucorrhoa), a bird of passage in Great Britain,
breeding in Greenland and Labrador. Thus this genus
enters America from opposite sides of the continent, but its
range there is strictly confined to the high north, though
casual specimens may stray as far south as Louisiana and
Colorado.

Inasmuch as theTurdida? and Sylviid?e are nearly related,
it seems curious that the latter should be represented in the
New World only by four species of the genus Regulus. But
such is the case. Guatemala forms their southernmost
limit ; but only two species, as a matter of fact, pass into
and beyond Mexico — 7?.ifa/r«/>a ranges from North America
into Mexico, and R. calendula fiom Repulse Bay and Green-
land in the north to Guatemala.

Of the five genera comprising the Sialiinse, four are
peculiar to the American continent. One, Zeledonia *, is
found only in Central America ; Catharus occurs both iu
Central and South America ; Stalia, a genus containing

* Pycraft, W. P., " On the Systematic Position oi Zeledonia coronata,
with some Observatious on the Position of the Turdidas," Ibis, 1905,
p.l.

7G8 Mr. AV. P. Pycraft on the

ten species, ranges from the Lake Regions of Canada soutli-
Vvards to Guatemala and Honduras ; while Ridgivayia is
confined to the PineKegion of Mexico and Central America.
Grandala, the only extra-American genus^ is found in the
eastern Hiinalayas and Tiiibet.

The Vireouidffi is a strictly American family, ranging-
from Arctic America southwards to Brazil. By some
autliorities this family is regarded as nearly allied to the
Sylviidse, by others to the Laniida?. The evidence, on the
whole, however, seems to show, in the first place, that it is
most nearly related to the Muscicapidae, and, in the second,
that two genera — Vireolanius and Cyclorhis — are wrongly
assigned to this family. This fact has a more intimate
bearing on the present theme than might appear at first
sight ; and this because Vireolanius is, without doubt, one
of the Gymnorhines "^, a group of primicive Shrikes be-
longin<j to the Notogaeic Realm, while Cyclorhis is a germs
which belongs to the typical Shrikes and ranges from
southern Mexico southwards to Argentina.

The occurrence of Ampelidae in Mexico and Central
America is interesting. Three genera {Phainoptila, Phaino-
pepla, and Ptilogonys) occur within these areas, while a
fourth {Phlogenys) is peculiar to the Greater Antilles,
^i'he typical Waxwing (Ampelis) is represented in North
America by two species — .4. cedrorum, which winters in*
Central America, Cuba, and Jamaica, and A. r/arrulus, which
oceuis in Arctic America and the northern regions of
Europe and Asia. The evidence goes to show that the
Ampelidaj are an American group. Their nearest allies
appear to be with the Gymnorhine group, the Artamidse,
which range from the Andamans eastwards through the
Malay Archipelago to Australia. The typical Shrikes —
Laniidse — are represented in America by six species of the
genus Lanius. Only one, however (X. mexicanus), occurs
so far south as Mexico, the rest being confined to North
America,

* Pycraft, W. P., " Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.— Part IX.

TvraTitii, Hirnndities, Miiscicapi.Lanii, and Gymnorhines," P. Z, S. 1907
p. 3r>2.

Avifauna of Central Ainerica. 7G9

The Paridae is evidently an Old "World group wliicli
has but recently made its way into America, inasmuch
as of 211 species now recognized only 39 are met with
in America. Four well-marked genera are represented,
ranging from Alaska on the one hand, and Labrador on the
other, southwards to Texas and California. Six species
enter Mexico, and one (Psa/tiparus melanotls) extends
southward into the highlands of Guatemala. The Mexican
species, in like manner^ arc confinc-d to the highlands. Of
these it may be remarked that two represent the genus
Pai'vs (P. scluteri and P. woUioeberi) and three the Long-
tailed Tits, Acredula {A. helviventris, A. melanotis, and
A.julus); while Auriparus fiaviceps Ye^vQ&eni% thePenduline
Tits.

Mexico forms the southernmost limit of the Sittidse,
another Old World group which occurs throughout North
America. Three species are met within Mexico — S. nelsoni,
which occurs in the mountains of Chichuahua and ISonora,
S. mexicana of Puebla, and S. pygmaa of western Mexico.

The precise affinities of the Mniotiltidse, a group peculiar
to the New World, yet renuiin to be determined. Indeed,
the group itself is in great need of revision, for it is
certainly made up of discordant elements. Some of its
members, at any rate, seem to display affinities with the
Tanagridae. But, be this as it may, its members are
essentially northern in habitat, for out of 232 species only
82 pass into j\Iexico and but two species range beyond the
northern confines of South America, and many of these
occur only as winter visitants. Two species, Geothlypis
cucuUatus and G. leucoblepharus, range as far south as
Argentina and Paraguay ; for the rest the southernmost
limit seems to be the northern portion of South America.
Other members of this group, it may be remarked, have
wandered into the Antilles, Bermuda, and Jamaica, and
the Galapagos Archipelago, which have formed centres of
i>solation for the evolution of new species.

The Wagtails, Pipits, and Larks are but poorly repre-
sented in America; the Wagtails, indeed, only by Motacilla
a^ascensis hi wiist Alaska; while the Pipits do not number

770 Mr. W. P. Pycnift on the

more than 11 species, two of which are North American,
the rest ranging from Panama to Patagonia, the Falklands,
and South Georgia. That the Pipits should be practically
confined to South America is curious. Yet such is the case,
for but one species (Anthus parvus) enters Panama ; though
of the two northern species one {A. pennsylvanicus) winters
in Central America, while Xeocorys spraguei winters in
Mexico. Otocorys is the only American genus of the
Alaudidae, of which seven species occur in Mexico, which
marks the southernmost range of the genus.

That the Tanagridae and Fringillidte are closely related
there can be no question. The former are exclusively
American, while of the 139 genera of the latter 97 ai'e
American. Of this number, 76 (containing 390 species)
are met with only in Mexico, Central and South America.
Of the INIexican species (103 in number) the dominant types
are North American — that is to say, they are obviously more
nearly related to the northern than to the southern forms.
Central America has but 53 species, while no less than
234 are South American.

The Tanagridffi are not only, as has just been stated,
exclusively American, but they are peculiarly South
American : for of the 59 genera now generally recognized,
only 14, containing 98 species, occur in Central America,
and but 4 genera, including 11 species, in Mexico; while
North America has but one genus, including 4 species, all
o£ which winter either in Mexico or Central America.
Allowing for a few species which occur in the Antilles,
nearly 700 of the total of 824 species are confined to South
America.

The nearly related Coerebidse are, in like manner, to be
regarded as a South American group, for of 11 genera and
94 species only 3 genera, represented by as many species,
occur in Mexico, while Central America harbours 10 species,
jepresenting 5 genera. The genus Cosreba, it is inter-
esting to note, is almost confined to the Antilles, for of
23 species but six occur on the mainland, distributed
between Mexico, Central and South America,

Avifauna of Cetiiral America. 771

It would seem, however, that South America, or prohahly,
to be move exact, the ancient Brazilian land-mass, is to be
regarded as the centre of origin of tliis group. This much
at any rate is the contention of Dr. Percy Lowe, who, in a
review of this genus (Mbis,-* 1912, pp. 489-528), attempted.
to trace the probable lines of migration of the two distinct
subdivisions into which it may be split — the more primitive
migrating northwards to occupy the Lesser Antilles, while
a differentiated offshoot of the ancestral stock pursued a
course by way of the Andean chain, through Central America,
and thence into the Greater Antilles. Dr. Lowe showed
that the distribution of these two races corresponded in a
somewhat remarkable way with the ancient configuration of
the land.

The Starling-like Icteridse are also an exclusively New
"World group, and apparently arose in South America,
whence they have extended northwai'ds, for of the 186 recog-
nized species one-half (88) are South American, 31 occur in
Central America, and no less than 40 in Mexico ; but many
of these last are North-American species which come south
for the winter. Only 27 species occur north of Mexico.

The Corvidse in the New World are represented by some
14 genera, chiefly Jays. Eight species of these genera are
found in Mexico and eight in Central America, while three
are confined to South America and three do not pass beyond
the confines of North America. Three genera — Calocilta,
Cissoloj)hus, and Psilurhinus — are confined to Mexico and
Central America.

The evidence, on the whole, points to the Old World as
the centre of dispersal of the Corvidae ; but so far no
explanation is forthcoming for the dominance of the Jays
in the New World.

Huxley made a memorable contribution to the study of
the geographical distribution of animals when (P. Z. S.
1868, pp. 294-319) he published his paper, " On the
Classification and Distribution of the Alectoromorphae and
Heteromorphse." In that contribution he pointed out the
striking differences between what he termed Peristeropod

SER. X. VOL. JII. 3 F

772 Mr. W. P. Pycraft 07i the

and Alectoropod members of the Galli and the peculiarities
of tlieir distribution. But, while demoDstratiug the intimate
relationship between the Old \Yorld Megapodidse and the
New World Cracidse, he made no attempt to account for
their geographical isolation.

The clue to this problem is apparently furnished by the
African Numididae^ which are to be regarded as the nearest
living representatives of the ancestral Galline stock. About
this there can be little doubt^ for they present many features
in common with the Phasianidae and Tetraonidse, on the one
hand, and with the Cracidae and Megapodidae, on the other.

That this stock had its birth within the African conti-
nent, and that its main types were evolved and distributed
over the areas they now occupy, at least approximately,
during the Paleocene epoch, is a conclusion which seems
justified by the discovery of the remains of a small gene-
ralized form, Gallinuloides, in the Eocene Green River
formations of Wyoming — that is to say, in a later deposit
than the Paleocene, and answering to the lower Eocene of
European palaeontologists ; while the genera Palaortyx,
Taoperdix, and Tetrao occur in the upper Eocene of France.
Coiurnix, again, dates back to the Eocene, while Phasianus,
so far, has not been met with earlier than the Miocene of
France. Finally, in this connection, it is certainly signi-
ficant that one of the most aberrant members of the Galli-
formes, Opisthocumus , now confined to north-eastern South
America, should be represented by a closely-allied form,
Filholornis, in the upper Eocene of southern France.

The South-American continent contains a greater assem-
blage of primitive Gruiformes than any other region of the
world ; yet no attempt has so far been made to discover
what light these may throw on the problem of ancient land-
connections. Briefly, of five sharply-differentiated families —
Cariamidae, Psophiidae, Heliornithidae, Eurypygidae, and
Aramidse — only two are represented in Central America,
and only one (the Heliornithidse) is met with in the Old
World. The ancestors of these autochthonous types are

Avifauna of Central America. 773

obviously to be sought for in the Old World, and appar-
ently in Africa. This much is indicated, in the first place,
by the occurrence in western Africa of Heliornis, which
turns up again in Assam and Sumatra. But there are two
other families in this assemblage which have to be taken into
account. One of these is the Rhinochetidae, represented
by the Kagu of New Caledonia, the other the Mesitidse of
Madagascar.

In Mesites we probably have the nearest living repre-
sentative of the ancestral stock from which the Gruiformes,
on the one hand, and the Galliformes, on the other, were
derived. A discussion of the relative degrees of affinity
between these several types would be inadmissible here.
Suffice it to say that the relationship is universally admitted.
The inferences to be drawn therefrom are hardly less open
to dispute. The fact that the giant flightless bird Phoro-
rhacos of the Miocene of Patagonia is nearly related to the
Cariamidse, indicates the date of entry of these several types
into South America, and this accords well with what has
been adduced in regard to the Galliformes and Coracii-
formes. The presence of members of the Heliornithidae and
Aramidse in Central America is extremely interesting, for
they must be regarded as comparatively late immigrants,
forcibly demonstrating the mode of distribution along
narrow tracts linking large land-masses.

The Struthious types — Rheidse and Tinamidae — are the
only others which can now be discussed with profit, and in
the matter of their distribution they present some puzzling
features. Only one of these families — the Tiuamidae —
occurs in Central America, but they are doubtless com-
paratively late immigrants thereto. What has to be
accounted for is the presence of Struthious birds at all in
the New World, for it seems clear that these are Old World
types, of which the most primitive living members are the
Emus of the Australian Region. After these comes the
African Ostrich. The American Struthiones, it is signi-
ficant to note, present characters in common, on the one

3f2

774 Mr. W. P. Pycraft on the

hand with the ^pyornithidae o£ Madagascar, and on the
other with the Dinornithidae of New Zealand.

This interpretation is borne out by the evidence furnished
by the distal end of the tibio-tarsus of an indubitably
Struthious bird — Eremopezus eoccenus — from the upper
Eocene of Birket-el-Querun, Fay urn. This fragment,
remarks Dr. C. W. Andrews, who discovered it, bears a close
likeness to the distal end of the tibio-tarsus of the
Dromseidfe and the Rheidse, rather than to that of the
^pyornithidae or Struthionidse. Thus the Ethiopian region
has produced at least three Struthious types, members of
which seem to have passed westwards on the one hand into
South America, giving rise to the Rheidse and Tinaraidpe,
and eastwards on the other, giving rise to the Dromaeidse
and Dinornithidae. The discovery of phalangeal bones of a
Struthious l)ird apparently nearly allied to the Emus in the
Pliocene of the Siwaliks, lends further support to this inter-
pretation. It is to be hoped that remains will yet be found
of the pelvis of Eremopezus and of tlie Indian Hypselornis,
for it is to be noted that the pelvic girdle of ^pyornis,
Dinornis, and the Tinamous is of the typical broad type ;
while that of Struthio, Rhea, and Dromaus is laterally com-
pressed to a remarkable degree. This point, however, raises
questions which have but an indirect bearing on the present
problem.

Summary.

A very brief survey of the avifauna of Mexico and Central
America will show that it is composed in part of Nearctic,
and in part of Neotropical species, the latter predominating,
while some are endemic.

Examined in more detail, it will be found that the repre-
sentatives of the tropical (South-American) species are in
part the descendants of the autochthonous South-American
fauna, and in part of South-American species derived from
the Old World and apparently from Africa. These migra-
tions, it is important to note, have been performed in each
case, not by sudden and swift aerial journeys, but by means
of a slow increase of range over a continuous land-surface ;

Avifauna of Central America. 775

iu the one case by an Afro-Brazilian bridge, long since sub-
merged, and in the other by tlie still-existing Isthmus of
Panama, which has persisted without interruption since
Miocene times.

While there is evidence to show that in some cases
northern species have succeeded in extending their rauge,
not only into subtropical and tropical regions, but into the
temperate zone beyond, as in the case of the Troglodytidae,
the southern tropical types do not display similar powers of
adaptation. Species evolved within the temperate regions
rarely succeed in establishing a hold within the tropical
zone, save when they are able to seize upon elevated plateaux
or mountain-ranges. This being so, it is clear that the
character of the avifauna of the areas now to be discussed
is not merely determined by " land-bridges," but also by
matters of climate and temperature, and especially the latter.
With a low mean temperature, which is as much a matter of
altitude as of latitude, Central America would have been as
fi'ee from invasion from the south as it would have been if
the Isthmus of Panama had remained submerged.

The effectiveness of aquatic barriers being admitted, then
the existence of the Afro-Brazilian land-bridge becomes
almost a necessity to account for the presence, in South and
Central America, of types indubitably of African afiinities.
Except by means of a continuous land-surface, and an equally
continuous environment — that is to say, of tropical condi-
tions,— how are we to account for the distribution of the
Fiufoots, for example, which extend across central Africa
and eastwards into Burma, Assam, and Sumatra on the one
hand, and into Central and South America on the other.
There is not the slightest ground for supposing that these
birds were ever migratory, in the usual sense of the term.
The migratory instinct, indeed, is always associated with
strongly contrasted seasonal changes, such as are wanting
in tropical and sub-tropical regions. What applies in
the case of the Finfoots applies with equal force to the
Peristeropod Galliformes, the Capitonidee, and the Trachaeo- <
phone and Oligomyodian Passeres, If the Afro-Brazilian

776 Mr. W. P. Pycraft on the

land-bridge be disallowed, then we are left but one other
interpretation to account for their occurrence in Central
and South America^ which is to suppose that they travelled
north-eastwards through Asia, and entered the western hemi-
sphere by way of North America, whence they made their
way southwards, leaving no trace of their journey. This
seems incredible. Hence, then, the study of the avifauna
of Central America yields results of a most far-reaching
character.

Whenever the problems of Geographical Distribution are
discussed, the evidence afforded by birds is commonly ruled
out of court, or is, at any rate, relegated to a subsidiary
position, on the assumption that from their powers of flight,
and proneness to migration, they can afford no reliable data.
This assumption is by no means justified, and from its general
acceptance much valuable evidence has been missed. It has
been overlooked that migratory habits obtain only among
birds inhabiting temperate regions subject to marked
seasonal changes — that is to say, to a considerable lowering
of the temperature during the winter months. But even
here only such species are affected as require an optimum
temperature all the year round, and especially during the
winter and reproductive periods.

This view I ventured to put forward some time ago ^ in
opposition to the commonly accepted view that these periodic
movements were entirely due to the inability of the migrants
to find food during the winter months in the areas which,
during the summer, afforded an abundance. This is only
partly true, and in the case of insectivorous birds only. If
food were the only controlling factor there would be no need
for the return journey of such as were driven south, for in
so doing they are leaving a land of plenty to face possible
famine, from late frosts and innumerable perils on their
passage. That they are driven north with the awakening of
the procreative instincts can be demonstrated with some
show of certainty by the movements of the migrants of

* Pycraft, W. P., ' The Infancy of Animals,' p. 93.

Avifauna of Central America. 777

Great Britain. In the autumn our home-bred Woodcocks
and Thrushes, to take but two diverse types, leave us for
the south, when their places are at once taken by members
of the same species bred in more northern areas. That the
departing birds would have starved if they had remained is
proved to be an unfounded inference from the fact that the
incoming birds find a sufficiency. Again, the Redwing and
the Fieldfare — among a number of species — come south, to
us, for the winter, but depart north in the spring to breed.
These movements are clearly determined by temperature.
The birds bred in this country are unable to stand the
winter and must perforce move south, while those bred
further north find our comparatively mild winters tolerable.
The return journey is undertaken, in every case, though
unconsciously, for the sake of the young, which would be
unable to withstand the heat of the winter resort during the
summer months. That this is so is shown by the distress
which nestlings display during exceptionally hot days. But
this distress is shared no less by the sitting and brooding
bird. It has been observed alike in the Snipe crouched in
the sedge-grown swamp, the Norfolk Plover out on the
sandy heath, and the Razorbills and Guillemots on the
ledges of cliffs towering above the sea, where one would
suppose that a breeze, if only a light one, was always
blowing. The signs of suffering are everywhere tlie same
— the open beak, dribbling from the mouth, and every
feather raised to admit as much air as possible. Thus
affected, bow would it go with such as winter in Africa if
they stayed there to breed ?

But, apart from this, it has been overlooked that there are
certain types of birds which are unable to migrate owing to
the high degree of specialization which they have undergone
in regard to their food. The Toucans, Horubills, Touracous,
and Parrots afford instances of this. In the event of a
shortage of" food-supply, either from over-population or
from any material lessening of the normal food-supply, all
which left the normal boundaries of the tribe in search of
food would perish by starvation, even if they possessed the

778 Mr. W. P. Pycraft on the

power of long-sustained flight, wliich is commonly wanting
in birds whose lives are passed in circumscribed areas.

The Avifauna of Central and South America bears out
tliese contentions : for the stable population of these
regions, as distinct from the utterly difi'erent migratory
species, is non-migratory. Such species as have passed
from South into Central America have passed as a conse-
quence of the gradual exteusion of their range, and not a
process of colonization by migrants placing a sudden and a
wide space between themselves and their ancestral home.

These facts have a more important bearing on the subject
of the geographical distribution of birds tban is hitherto
supposed, for they demonstrate, in no uncertain way, the
important part played by temperature, as distinct from
climate. For temperature, in regard to some species, may
serve as a barrier as effectively as would a desert or a broad
belt of water ; while with others it may serve no less
efficiently as a bridge. It is temperature, not elevation,
which makes a barrier of a mountain- chain : temperature,
due to altitude, enables birds of temperate regions to enter
the zone of the tropics. By such njcans the Paridae, Ampe-
lidse, and many of the Friugillidae — for example, birds of
northern latitudes — have been able to penetrate through
Mexico and into Central America, travelling by way of
the oak and pine forests of the Alpine regions, at an
altitude of from 5000 to 10,000 feet and even higher.

Among the Fringillidse a special interest in this connec-
tion attaches to the genus Junco, which has spread from
North America southward, along the highlands of Mexico,
to Costa Rica, giving rise to new species all along the
route. Thus /. dorsalis ranges from New Mexico to
Central America, /. ph(£onotas inhabits the mountains of
central and south Mexico, /. fidvescens occurs only in the
mountains of Chiapas, in south-eastern Mexico, J. alticula is
met with only in the mountains of Guatemala, and J. vulcani
on the volcano of Irazu in Costa Rica, How these several
P-iountains became stocked is by no means apparent, but
o^e very important inference is obvious ; these several

Avifauna of Central America. 779

species have arisen by isolation, each mountain has become
an island, cut off from all intercourse with its neighbours.
These mountain-tops are as much islands as they would be
if by subsidence they were sunk beneath the sea, leaving
only their tops exposed. The isolating factor is probably
the simple restraint of contentment. The birds do not
increase beyond the limits of their food-supply, and suffer
no extremes of climate ; hence they have no incentive to
travel. The fact that so many distinct species have been
evolved here points to a far distant past, when the
ancestral stock was generally distributed along the lower
ground.

A precisely similar process of specific differentiation is
exhibited in the case of the genus Sporophila, which has
spread from Mexico, through Central America, and over the
tropical belt by means of this temperature-bridge into
South America, where, travelling along the Andes, it
has given rise to new species in Peru and Argentina.
Similarly, the genus Spinus {Chrysomitris) has contrived to
run the whole length of both Americas, from Labrador
to Tierra del Fuego and the Falklands — to say nothing of
its range outside the New World.

Instances of this kind could easily be multiplied, but
enough has been said to demonstrate the influence of the
Mexican and Central American highlands on the avifauna
of South America, and to bring out the singularly interesting
fact that with an identical highway South America has con-
tributed nothing to the avifauna of the northern portion of
the continent.

It has already been remarked that species attuned to a
temperate climate rarely develop the capacity to live within
the tropics. There are some exceptions to this rule. One
such is afforded by the American Wrens, which range from
Alaska to Patagonia, inhabiting every possible kind of
country. The Brown House- W^ren [Troglodtjtes furvus) of
South America, for example, has been described as ubiqui-
tous, being equally at home either in the tropical forests,
deserts, reed -beds, or the cold uplands of Patagonia.

780 On the Avifauna of Central America.

The dense forests of Central Americaj which at the
southern edge of the great Mexican plateau sweep north-
ward on either side along the seaboard to Mazatlan on the
west and Matamoras on the east^ have exercised a profound
selective influence on the avifauna of this region, as well as
on Mexico. The characteristic gloom and barrenness of the
interior of such forests must have proved a formidable
barrier to the northward advance of ground-dwelling
species. Certain of the Tinaraous, however, which have
become adapted to the conditions of forest-life, have con-
trived to penetrate as far as Mexico. The Rheas, however,
beinij, like most of the Tinamous, birds of the open country,
have been excluded. The real life of such forests is con-
centrated upon the tops of the trees, which teem with life.
Here is a blaze of colour and an abundance of fruit and
insect-life ; and hence may be explained the presence in
Mexico of Macaws, Penelopes, Guans, and Curassows.
But the presence of these birds makes the absence of so
many other tropical South American species the more
conspicuous.

Finally, it is to be observed that though the Isthmus of
Panama forms a bridge connecting the South American
Continent with the smaller tropical land-area of Central
America, this bridge has formed by no means an open high-
way for the intermingling of the faunas of north and south.
On the contrary, only such species as were adapted to a
tropical temperature and the conditions of a forest-life
could travel along the lowland route, while such only as
were adapted to a low temperature and the conditions of
the terrain could pass southward over the highland route.
This limited interchange of species between the two areas
has only been effected by a process of slow infiltration, not
by a rapid interchange. In the Isthmus of Panama, then,
we have, perhaps, the best actual demonstration of the limi-
tations and extent of a land-bridge as a highway between
otherwise isolated areas that the world can afford.

Ibis. 1915, PI. IX.

RICHARD BOWEN WOOSNAM.

Obituary. 781

XXXIX. — Obituary.
(Plate IX.)

Richard Bowen Woosnam.

The death of Lieut. R. B. Woosnam, killed in action in
the Gallipoli Peninsula on June 4 last^ adds another to the
increasing list of workers in zoology who have given up
their lives for their country in tiie great war.

Born at Tyn-y-Graig, Builth, Brecknockshire, on the 17th
of November, 1880, the son of Bovven Pottiuger Woosnam,
he was educated at Wellington College. On the outbreak of
the South African War he joined the 4th Welsh Militia,
and was thence gazetted to the 2ud Worcester Regiment,
with which he served throughout the South African cam-
paign. After the war his taste for natural history prevailed
against his military ardour, and he resigned his commission.
On the outbreak of the present war he joined the 4th
Battalion of his old regiment, the Worcesters, and proceeded
to the Dardanelles, where he fell on June 4 last.

One who knew Woosnam intimately writes as follows : —
" My acquaintance and subsequent warm friendship with
Woosnam dates from the termination of the South African
War, in 1903, after he had resigned his commission in the
Worcesters. I had previously heard of him in letters from
our mutual friend, the late Major Gerald Barrett-Hamilton,
who had met him during the South African campaign, and
had been much struck by his personal charm and by his
unusual ability as a field-naturalist. About the same time
I received a letter from Woosnam himself saying that he
and a retired brother officer, Mr. R. E. Dent, with a similar
taste for natural history, were anxious to make a collecting
trip in Cape Colony, and desired to offer their services to the
British Museum (Natural History), a proposal which was
readily accepted. Their subsequent wanderings resulted in
the formation of valuable collections of beautifully pre-
pared specimens of mammals and birds from the Kuruman

782 Obituary.

district of Cape Colony, Becliuanaland, the Orange River
Colony, and the Vaal River. The collection from Kurnman
was of special interest, for it included typical examples of
many of the species described by Sir Andrew Smith after
liis early explorations in 1834-6. Most of Smith's types
had been purchased by the British Museum at his sale in
1838, but the species were very imperfectly represented in
tbe national collection, and this fresh material was therefore
of special value.

" On his return to England in 1904 I met "Woosnam, and
spent many delightful days with him talking over plans for
future exploration while he was writing out his field-notes
on the birds collected in South Africa. His was, indeed,
an unusually pleasing personality, which at once attracted
all with whom he came in contact. Good to look at, tall,
rather slight, and cleanly built, full of life and energy ; add
to these physical attractions the finest character imaginable,
strong, delightfully modest and simple, transparently honest.
Altogether a man on whom one could absolutely rely on all
occasions. As a skilled field-naturalist and taxidermist he
had few equals, and few could handle a gun or rifle better,
wbile in all sports requiring" field-craft or skill he was
proficient.

" In the early part of 1905 Woosnam accompanied Colonel
A. C. Bailward on a journey from the Persian Gulf through
western Persia to Armenia and across that country^ to the
Black Sea. The fine collections of mammals and birds
formed by him were presented by Colonel Bailward to the
British Museum, and an account of the birds by Mr. H.
Witherby with Woosnam's field-notes appeared in the ' Ibis',
1907, pp. 74-111. On his return from Persia he immediately
joined me in making the final arrangements for a long con-
templated exploration of the great range of mountains in
Equatorial Africa known as Ruwenzori or the •" mountains
of the Moon,' which had long attracted the attention of
naturalists in all parts of the world. In Woosnam I found
an ideal leader. The record of this great undertaking,
which was so ably and successfully carried out in the face

Obituary. 783

of many difficulties, has been fully set forth in volume xix.
of the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
(1909-10). His companions were Mr. R. E. Dent, the Hon.
Gerald Legge, Mr. Douglas Carruthers, and Mr. A. F. R.
Wollaston, all of whom ably assisted in securing the splendid
results achieved by this famous expedition. They reached
an altitude of 16,794 ft., the highest point, 16,815 ft,, being
subsequently conquered by the Duke of the Abruzzi. At
the conclusion of their work on the mountain in November,
1906, Woosnam and Dent returned home by the Ituri and
Congo route, and added more new and interesting specimens
to the huge collections from Ruwenzori already sent home.
On his return Woosnam read an interesting paper on
Ruwenzori before the Royal Geographical Society, and in
recognition of the signal services he had rendered to science
on this and other occasions the Zoological Society of London
awarded him their silver medal, and made him a correspond-
ing member in 1910. He was elected a member of the
British Ornithologists' Union in 1909.

" Soon after his return to England Woosnam once more
accompanied Colonel Bailward on a trip to the Caspian Sea
and Elburz IMountains between February and May, 1907.
Excellent collections were made, and, as on the previous
occasion, presented to the British Museum, the birds being
recorded in the 'Ibis,' 1910, pp. 491-517. From this expe-
dition Woosnam returned in rather indifferent health ; the
sudden change from the Tropics to the high ground on the
Elburz had brought on an attack of dysentery and subsequent
colitis, from which he suffered for some time after his return
to England, and did not finally shake off till 1909, when he
returned to South Africa to explore the Kalahari Desert.
On that occasion he was accompanied by the Hon. Gerald
Legge, one of his companions on Ruwenzori. The principal
object of this journey was to make a collection of the fishes
of Lake Ngami, to which very special interest attached, as
the lake was rapidly drying up, and the extermination of
many of the peculiar species was probably only a matter of
a few years. Birds were not neglected, and an account

784 Obituary.

of this part of the collection, with an itinerary by Woosnara,
will be found in the ' Ibis,' 1912, pp. 355-404.

" In 1910 Woosnam was appointed by the Secretary of
State for the Colonies to the vacant post of game warden in
British East Africa, a position which he held till he returned
to England a few months ago and rejoined his old regiment,
the Worcesters, at Devonport. Thence he was sent to join
the 4th Battalion at the Dardanelles, where he was killed
on June 4 while gallantly leading his men in an attack on
the Turkish trenches. As his colonel wrote, ' such men are
few and far between ; his name was specially mentioned for
good and gallant conduct on June 4.'

" As game warden in British East Africa he was a great
success, and brought his department into a high state of
efficiency. He did his duty without fear or favour, but was
nevertheless one of the most popular and highly esteemed
men in the Protectorate. He has been justly described by
one of his colleagues as ' the whitest man he ever met.'
He was mainly instrumental in bringing together the Inter-
national Conference for the Protection of Wild Animals in
Africa, which met last year in London, and his carefully
thought out and thoroughly practical plans were generally
agreed to, and will no doubt come into operation when peace
lias been once more restored, but sadly will he be missed
during the carrying out of them."

Lewis Nkil Griffith Ramsay.

Although not a member of the Union, ornithology has
suffered a great loss in the death, at the early age of 25, of
Lewis N. G. Ramsay at Neuve Chapelle on March 21 last.

Born at Aberdeen on February 3, 1890, he was the second
son of Professor Sir William Ramsay, the well-known
archaeologist and classical explorer. He studied at Aberdeen
University and subsequently at Christ's College, Cambridge.
He graduated M.A. at Aberdeen in 1910 and B.Sc. in
1913.

From an early age Ramsay was a bird-lover and amassed

Recently published Ornithological Works. 785

a great amount of data regarding the avifauna of his native
Aberdeenshire. He travelled tlirough Asia Minor in the
summer of 1907, and contributed an interesting paper on his
observations there to the 'Ibis,' 1914, pp. 365-387. He also
assisted Mr. Eagle Clarke in preparing an account of the
ornithology of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
of 1902-4, himself contributing several sections.

In September of last year he joined the 4th Batt. Gordon
Highlanders, becoming a sergeant. Later on he obtained
a commission, and was sent with the 2nd Batt. of the same
resriment to the front.

XL. — Notices of recent Ornithological Publications.

Blathwayt on the Birds of Lincolnshire.

[The Birds of Lincolnshire. By the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, M.A.,
M.B.O.U. Trans. Lincoln. Nat. Union, Louth, iii. 1915, pp. 178-211.]

It is a remarkable fact that, notwithstanding its size and
its situation, which makes it the landing-place of many rare
migrants, no complete list of the birds of Lincolnshire had
yet been published until Mr. Blathwayt's, now noticed.

With the ornithology of Lincolnshire the names of John
Cordeaux and Mr. Gr. H. Caton Haigh are always associated
as well as that of the present author, but as compared, for
instance, with Norfolk, there does not appear to be nearly so
much activity among bird-lovers in Lincolnshire, although
the opportunities for noticing and recording rare species, at
migration time especially, in the narrow strip of country
along the coast known as the " marsh "" are very full of
promise.

In the present list, which follows Howard Saunders's
nomenclature and arrangement, 296 species are recorded,
but of these at least 10 are doubtful.

Among the rarer species mentioned Phylloscopus viridanus,
Lusciniola schwartzi, and Locustella lanceolata were all ob-
tained for the first time in the British Islands, at North Cotes,
by ISIr. Haigh, while the Bearded Tit, the Kite, the Bittern,

786 Recently published Ornithological Works.

Black Grouse, and Bustard are all extinct as breeding-birds
"within the county.

We notice with pleasure that a more comprehensive work
on the birds of this county is being prepared by Mr. Caton
Haigh, and we hope before long to have the pleasure of
seeing it published. In the meantime Mr. Blathwayt's
list will doubtless be of much value to all interested in the
avifauna of Lincolnshire.

Burns on the Length of the Incubation-period in Birds.

[Comparative Periods of Deposition and Incubation of some Nortli
American Birds, By Franli L. Burns. Wilson Bulletin, Chicago, 111.,
1915, pp. 275-286.]

The information contained in this paper has been collected
from various sources, both published and unpublished. A list
of the genera in which either the male only or the female only
or both sexes perform the duties of incubation is first given.
In the case of North American birds only the Phalaropes
and the Spoon-billed Sandpiper (^Eurynorhynchus pygmaus)
appear to fall in the first category. The period of deposition
does not seem to be governed by any very definite law,
though the size of the egg in relation to that of the bird
may have something to do with it, as in the case of a larger
egg a bird may require some time to recuperate. The
interval seems longest in the case of the Condor, which only
laj^s two eggs, and in which the interval between the two
layings amounts to a week or ten days. Finally, a system-
atic list of the period of incubation is given for all those
birds on the North American list about which there is any
direct evidence.

Buturlin on Russian and Eastern Palcearctic Birds.

\_IIa-inatopus ostralegiis longipes, subsp. nov. By S. A. Buturlin. Mess-
ager Ornith., Moscow, i. 1910, pp. 36-37.

Laiscopus collaris kwenlutiensis, subsp. nov. Id. ibid., pp. 188-9.

Coracias garrulus caucasicus, nov. subsp. Id. ibid., pp. 190-2.

Parus cinereus ferghanensis Buturlin. Id. ibid., iii. 1912, pp. 16.3-4.

Corvus macrorhynchus mandslniricus, subsp. nov. Id. ibid., iv. 1913,
p. 40.

Names of the Parus cinereus group. Id. ibid., p. 51.

Notes on Distribution oi Ptnthestc.s ( = Pacile). Id. ibid., pp. 116-7.

Recently jmblished Ornithological Works. 787

Cyanistes cyanus yenisseensis But. et Tugar. in Kiev. Id. ibid.,
pp. 118-9.

Birds of the LIssiiri-laud. Id. ibid., vi. 1915, pp. 89-114.

Erythropus vespertiniis transriphcsns, nora. emend. Id. ibid.,vi. 1915,
pp. 126-7.

Uragus sibiricus ussurieyisis, subsp. nov. Id. ibid., p. 128.

Pinicola enucleator sakhalinensis, subsp. nov. Id. ibid., pp. 129-130.

Nucifraya caryocatactes altaicus, subsp. nov. Id. ibid., pp. 131-2.

Struv uralensis yenisseensis, subsp. nov. Id. ibid., pp. 133-4,

Vinicola enucleator altaicus, subsp. nov. By G. I. Poljakov and S. A.
Buturlin. Ibid. pp. 139-140.

The Name of the Siberian Ilerring-GuU. By S. A. Buturlin. Ibid,
pp. 148-9.]

Our Foreign Member, Mr. Buturlin, bas recently sent us
a number of sbort papers, all extracted from the Russian
ornithological journal^ Messager Ornithologique, which shows
that activity in creating new subspecies is not confined to
English and American workers.

The papers, though written in Russian, are all provided
with a summary in English, so tliat the contents can be
easily made out without any knowledge of the Russian
tongue. It is hardly necessary to comment on them, as the
titles in nearly all the cases explain their contents.

The longest one, on the birds of Ussuri-land^ contains an
account of the collections made by Capt. V. C. Arseniev, who
obtained examples of 61 species in 1906-1910, among them
two unnamed races — Corvus macrorJujnchus mandskuricus and
Perisoreus infaustus niaritimus.

The last paper suggests that Mr. Iredale's new name
(^Larus fuscus antelius) for the Siberian Lesser Black-backed
Gull should be restricted to the western race — the eastern
race being Larus taimyrensis taimyrensis Buturl., 1911, and
the western L. t. antelius Iredale^ 1913, according to our
author.

Chapman on new Colombian and Central American Birds.

[Descriptions of proposed new birds from Central and South America.
By Frank M. Chapman. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. New York, xxxiv.
1915, pp. 363-388.]

This is a continuation of previous papers published in the
same journal, and contains the descriptions of fifteen new

SEK. X. VOL. III. 3 G

788 Recently published Ornithological Woi'ks.

subspecies mostly obtained in Colombia, and many of tliem
by Mr. Chapman himself.

In some cases a review of all the subspecific forms of a
species are given, and this undoubtedly makes a paper of
this sort of much greater value to those who have to consult
it later. This is notably the case with the Sparrow-hawk,
Cerchneis sparverius, of which seven forms are recognised
from various parts of South America.

Coale on the Trumpeter Swan.

[The Present Status of the Trumpeter Swan (Olor buccinator) . By
Henry K. Coale. Auk, xxxii. 1915, pp. 82-92, pis. vii.-x.]

The Trumpeter Swan, first made known to ornithologists
hy Dr. John Richardson " from the interior of the fur
countries ^' in 1831, seems to have become very rare of late
years; in fact, in the opinion of many members of the A.O.U.
who discussed the matter at a meeting held in New York
City in the fall of 1913, this magnificent bird is rapidly
Hearing extinction.

Mr. Coale has in this paper reviewed the literature on the
subject, and has instituted enquiries among the various
museums and institutions in the United States and Canada,
as to the numbers of examples there preserved. He finds
that in the whole of North America there are preserved in
museums only sixteen specimens which have authentic data.
These were collected between the years 1856 and 1909.

It looks as if the Trumpeter would very shortly share the
fate which has already overtaken the Passenger Pigeon,
unless some efforts are made to preserve it.

Cory on new South American Birds.

[Descriptions of new birds from South America and adjacent islands.
By Charles B. Cory. Publ. Field Mus. N. H., Chicago, Ornith. Ser. i,
1915, pp. 293-302.]

Eighteen new subspecies and three new species — Notho-
procta ambiyua from Peru, Odontophorus plumbeicollis and
Threnetes longicauda from Ceara, Brazil — are described from
Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, and some of the West India
Islands.

Recertify piib/ishcd Ornithological Works, 789

Dabbene on new Argentine Birds,

[Description d'un nouveau genre et d'une nouvelle espece cle Pic pro-
venant du nord-ouest de la Republique Argentine. Par Roberto
Dabbene. An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, xxvii. 1915, pp. 75-81 .

Una ave nueva para la Argentina. Par Roberto Dabbene. Bol. Soc.
Physis, i. 1914, pp. 435-436.

Otres especies de aves niievas para la Argentina. Bol. Soc. Plij-sis, i.
1915, pp. 532-533.]

For a rare Woodpecker^ described in 1888 by Cabanis from
the province of Cordoba under the name of Phlceotomus
schulzi, Senor Dabbene now proposes a new generic name,
Neophloeotomus. He also describes and figures, apparently
from the same province of the Argentine, a new species of
Neophloeotomus {N. shiptoni), differing from the type merely
in the presence of a white band along tlie shoulders.

It does not appear that Sefior Dabbene ha.s had an oppor-
tunity of examining the type or other examples of Cabanis's
species, and we venture to suggest that it is unlilcelv that
two distinct species of so large and well- characterised a
form would inhabit the same locality.

In the two other short notes Senor Dabbene adds to the
avifauna of the Argentine Manacus manacus gntturosns ,
Harpiprion cayennensis, Dendrocygna discolor, and SporopJdla
pileata, all Brazilian species.

Mathews on Australian Birds.

[The Birds of Australia. By Gregory M. Mathews. Vol. iv. pt. 3,
pp. 193-334, pis. 224-233. Loudon (Witherby), 1915.]

In this part the Pelecaniformes are continued with the
Darters, the Gannets, the Frigate-birds, the Tropic-birds,
and the Pelicans. The first and last of these give little
trouble, but with regard to the other three Families the
importance of the questions involved can hardly be over-
estimated. So great is it, indeed, that we hope Mr,
INIathews will at some future date re})rint his monographical
essays in a separate form, and include the Petrels and such
widely ranging birds ; for they might happen after a time
to be overlooked, if only published in a work supposed to

3g3

790 Recently published Ornitholugical Works.

be devoted to the Avifauna of Australia alone. Many
points are brought out by the author, as he traces the
history of the species from Linnaeus downwards, checks or
corrects their synonymy, and discusses their distribution in
the world generally.

With regard to the Gannets Mr. Mathews adopts the
generic title Piscatrix of Reichenbach for the Linnean
Pelecanus sula; Sula of Brisson for Boddaert's P. leucogaster\
his own two genera Parasula aiid Sulita for S. dactylatra
of Lesson [^cyanops auct.) and S. bassana of Linnaeus
respectively. These genera differ in the number of rectrices,
size, colour-changes, and adult plumage, while the curious
difference in the scutellation of the feet is shown by wood-
cuts for Piscatrix and Sula. No new subspecies are
proposed, but the author's leucogaster rogersi is dropped,
i^nd piscator of Linnaeus is shown to be too doubtful for
acceptance.

Under the Frigate-birds, which are given even fuller
treatment than the Gannets, the first point is that Fregata
is considered by Mr. Mathews a very doubtful member of
the Pelecaniformes ( = Steganopodes), and it may be as well
to state here that he totally denies the claim of Phaethon
to be included in the order, for he looks upon it as an
aberrant Lariform genus. The next point is that Fregata
aquila L. is not the wide-spread species that has been sup-
posed; this is F. minor (Gm.) of the tropical and subtropical
seas, whereas F. aquila occurs only around Ascension Island
in the Atlantic. Frigate-birds are now stated to be " no
wanderers," but to inhabit very definite areas. Other
species recognised are F. ariel and F. andrewsi Mathews.
An article from the Austral Avian Record, vol. ii., is
reprinted to show the subspecies proposed.

With regard to the Tropic-birds, Phaethon is preserved
■with the type P. (Ethereus L.; Scoiopjhaethon Mathews is once
more used for P. rubricauda; and Leptopha'ethon Mathews
for P. lepturus : the division of the original genus being
warranted in the author's opinion by size and colour of
plumage. The species and subspecies are noted on pp. 303,

Recently published Ornithological Works. 791

310, and among the latter three are new, namely S. rubri-
cauda rothschildi from the Sandwich Islands area, S. r.
brevirostris from the Bonin Islands, and Leptopha'ethon
lepturus ascensionis from Ascension and Fernando Noronha
Islands.

The generic term Catoptropelican7is (sic !) Rchb. is used
for the Australian Pelican, on account of its feathered lores.

Murphy on the Penguins of South Georgia.

[The Penguins of South Georgia. By Robert Cushman Murphy.
Science Bull. Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci. vol. 2, 1915, pp. 103-133,
25 plates.]

Mr. R. C. Murphy, of the Brooklyn Museum, recently made
an expedition to the Antarctic in the sailing brig, 'Daisy,' and
spent five months, November 1911 to March 1912, at South
Georgia, where he had plenty of opportunities of watching
and studying the Penguins and other birds and animals of
that unhappy island, Avhere of late years so much of the
animal life has been ruthlessly destroyed. It is to be hoped
that now that the island has been made a dependency of the
Falkland Islands, and some sort of rule and order introduced,
the animals and birds will be able to recover themselves,
and to restock the island and adjacent seas.

There are only two species of Penguins at all common
at South Georgia — The King [Aptenodytes patachunica), and
the Johnny or Gentoo {Pygoscelis papud). Of these two
Mr. Murphy gives a most fascinating account, illustrated by
a very large number of photographs taken by himself.

As is well known, the King Penguin incubates its single
egg between its thighs and insteps, so to speak, and is able
to shift about slowly in spite of the egg in this jjosition.
Many of Mr. Murphy's photographs show the birds when
thus holding their eggs.

The King Penguin has suffered very severely from sealers,
and is now much less common than the Gentoo Penguin,
which, however, does not seem to have the fearless and
courageous disposition of its Antarctic congener the Adelie,
nor is it able to jump and dive so freely.

792 Becefitly published Ornithological Works.

Mr. Murpliy is able to refute a few errors and settle a few
uncertainties in his concluding paragraphs regarding these
remarkable birds, about which so much has been written
of late years.

Robinson and Kloss on Collections of Malayan Birds.

[On a Collection of BirJs from tlie Siamese Province of Baudon, N.E,
Malay Peninsula. By II. C. llobiuaon. J. Fed. Malay States Mus. Kuala
Lumpur, v. Vdlb, pp. 83-110.

The Zoology of Koh Samui and Koh Pennan— Birds. Id. ibid.
pp. 139-152.

List of a small Collection of Mammals and Birds from the Krau liiver,
Western Pahang. By H, C, Kobinsou and C. Boden Kloss. Ibid.
pp. 169-175.

On Two new Species of Birds from the Southern Portion of the Malay
Peninsula. ltd. ibid. vi. 1915, pp. 29-30.

On the Species of Minivets [Pericrocotus) occurring- in the Malay
Peninsula. By II. C. Itobinson. Ibid. pp. 31-38.]

As our own pages and those of the ' Journal of the
Federated Malay States Museum ' show, the activity and
industry of Mr. Robinson and his colleague Mr. Boden Kloss
show no abatement, and the fauna of the Malay Peninsula
must now be one of the best-known of all tropical regions.
The first of these papers deals with the avifauna of an obscure
district of the Malayan Peninsula, -which politically forms
part of Siam and through which the new Bangkok-Singapore
Hallway runs. The fauna of this area is intermediate
between that of the southern i)arts of the Malay Peninsula
and Tenasserim, and about eight species are added to the
list of Malayan birds.

Koh Samui and Koh Pennan are two islands lying off the
coast of ]3andon, the province which was dealt with in the
preceding paper. Here the main object of the visits of
Messrs. Robinson and Kloss was the acquisition of a series of
local mammals, but a number of birds were also obtained,
though nothing of very great interest, except the little
Swift {Colloca/ia inerguiensis) , which was extraordinarily
abundant, and whose nests are regularly collected by the
Chinese for eating purposes. This species is new to the
Malay Peninsula,

Becently published Ornithological Works. 793

The collection from the Krau River in western Pahang
contains nothing of very special interest, except a rare
Trogon (^Pyrotrogon orrophcsus^ not hitherto represented
in any of the local Malayan collections. The object of the
expedition was to search for the little-known Argus Pheasant
(BJieinardius ocellatus nigrescens), but bad weather spoiled
the ch mces of obtaining this rare bird.

The new birds described in the fourth paper are a Flower-
pecker, Piprisoma modestum remotum, subsp. n., from Negri
Sembilan, and Rhinomyias tardus, sp. n., also from the same
state.

The last paper reviews the Malayan Minivets, among which
there has been a good deal of confusion. Four species are
recognised and described at length, and one of these is divided
into two races. A clear key enables anyone to identify
the various forms.

Stevens on the Birds of Assam.

[Notes on the Birds of Upper Assam, By H. Stevens, M.B.O.U.
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. 1914-5, pp. 234-268, 547-570, 721-
736, map and 4 plates.]

This paper contains the results of observations made by
Mr. H. Stevens during the last thirteen years in the upper
portion of Assam, chietiy in the district of Lakhimpur, where
lie has long been a resident.

This part of Assam consists chiefly of the alluvial flats on
either side of the Brahmapootra and its main affluents, where
the great tea-growing industry is carried on, while north and
south of the valley there is a heavily forested hill-country,
inhabited by wild tribes such as the Mishmis and Abors,
very difficult of access, though Mr. Stevens managed during
one " cold weather " to make an excursion into these hills
along the valley of the Subansiri.

The number of species listed is 464, and each is
accompanied by notes on the habits and distribution in
Assam.

Mr. Stevens claims that the rules of strict priority have been
followed, and trinomials used whenever available, perhaps a

794 Recently published Ornitholngical Works.

rather dangerous proceediug for one wlio is working so far
from the larger museums and libraries ; for it is certainly
necessary to consult these if the claims ot* forms to be
adjudicated as subspecies or species is to be satisfactorily
determined. As, however, he gives references to Oates
and Jilanford^s 'Fauna of British India,' it is easy to identify
any species mentioned.

On four plates are reproduced photographs of the typical
scenery of the districts treated of, and a good map is given
drawn by Mr. Stevens himself, to whom we may well give
our congratulations on having completed so useful a bit
of work.

Stuart Baker on the Silver Pheasant.

[A lievision of the Genus Gennaus. 'By E. C. Stuart Baker, F.Z.S,,
F.L.S., M.B.O.U. Jouru. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. 1915, pp. 658-
689, 3 pis., 2 maps.]

One of the most difficult and confusing genera of birds
at the present time is that containing the Kalij and Silver
Pheasants, whose range extends from Kashmir to Formosa
and Hainan. It is among the forms of Silver Pheasant
found in Burma and the adjoining districts that the greatest
amount of variation seems to occur, audit was here that the
late Mr. E. W. Oates found material for the recognition of
no less than 36 distinct species.

Mr. Stuart-Baker has now gone very carefully tlirough
the extensive collections in the British Museum, and in the
present paper gives us a very thorough resume of the results
of this examination. He recognises eight species only and
an additional eight subspecies, and in addition to keys,
synonymy, and description, he relegates the very niimerous
forms described by Oates, the types of which are all in the
British Museum, to their proper places.

The Pheasants of this genus naturally fall into three dis-
tinct groups: the true Kalij, in which the prevailing tint on
the backs of the males is black ; the Burmese Silver Pheasant
{G. lincatus), in which the back is grey formed by fine ver-
miculations of white and black ; and, linally, the Chinese

Recently published Ornithological Works. 795

Silver Pheasant (6r. nycthemerus), in which the wliite greatly
preponderates over the black. The Kalij group inhabits
areas of dense forest, low elevation and heavy rainfall; the
grey birds higher but moderate elevations, mixed forest and
grass-lands ; the white birds the highest plateaus, chiefly
grass-covered, where the rainfall is light or scanty.

It is the interaction of these factors — temperature,
humidity, elevation, and vegetable growth — that has brought
about the great differentiation of forms in the genus Genncens
which we find in Burma ; and. in this paper, which is
illustrated with two maps and three plates, the course of
evolution is clearly traced in the introductory portion, which
is followed by a thorough systematic revision.

Taverner on the Canadian Cormorant and the Salmon.

[Tlie Double-crested Cormorant {Phalacrocorax auritus) and its relation
to tlie Salmon Industries on the Gulf of St. La^Yrenc■e. By P. A. Tav-
erner. Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Surv. Mus. Bull. no. 13, 19lo,
pp. 1-24.]

Many complaints have recently reached the Geological
Survey of Canada, which also concerns itself with
questions and investigations of a biological nature, of the
depredations of the Cormorant {Phalacrocorax auritus) in
the salmon-rivers running into the St. Lawrence, along the
Gaspo Coast near its mouth. The Director of the Survey
accordingly deputed Mr. Taverner, accompanied by Messrs.
Young & Hennesey, to investigate this question.

As a result of their enquiries and of the examination of
the stomachs of 3,2 Cormorants, they came to the conclusion
that there was little or no foundation for the complaints in
regard to the Salmon parr and smolts — the older Salmon
would certainly be immune from the attacks of the birds.

The stomachs of the Cormorants examined contained
scul])in, herring, and other fish, but in no cases smolt or
2)arr, Avhich are both quick and agile fish and would be
unlikely to be caught by fishing bii'ds.

Incidentally some account is given of the numbers and
life-history of the Cormorants.

796 Jlecently published Ornithological Works.

The Austral Avian Record.
[The Austral Avian Record. Vol. ii., Aug. 1913-Aujv. 1915.]

The completion of the second volume o£ Mr. Mathews's
journal demands a short notice from us, though, doubtless,
it is in the hands of all who are interested in Australian
ornithology. In addition to a large number of descriptions
of new genera and species, and discussions of some of those
already proposed, there are some useful bibliographical notes
on Billberg's ' Synopsis Faunae Scandinavice ' and on the
date of publication of the plates illustrating the ornithology
of the voyage of the '^ Coquille ' between 1822-25, and of
Vieillot's ' Galerie des Oiseaux.'

We have already commented on Mr. Mathews's methods
in the matter of describing new subspecies, and we fear the
later numbers of this journal show very little change for the
better. As a rule, no definite type is mentioned, and the
descriptions are without measurements, and consist of one
short comparative sentence, as, for instance (p. 126), Meso-
phoijx intermedia terrltori is described as differing from M. i.
plumifera in its shorter tarsus and bill — no further infor-
mation is given. As regards genera much the same com-
plaints are necessary. As we have before stated, there may
be ample justification for many of these new genera and
subspecies, but in very few cases is sufficient evidence given
of the grounds on which they are created.

British Birds.

[British Birds : an Illustrated Magazine. Edited by II. F. Witherby,
r.Z.S., M.B.O.U. Vol. viii., June 1914-May 1915.]

There are a number of interesting articles in the last
volume of ' British Birds,' but the exigencies of space will
only allow us to refer to the more important ones. The
volume opens with an article on bird-song by Drs. Stadler
and Schmidt, wiio have contributed much to our knowledge of
this subject to various German ornithological journals, and
Avho have invented a number of special methods of recording

lie cently published Ornithological Works. 797

in print " shalte," timbre, and rhythm, Avhich liave so much
importnuce in bird-music. 'British Birds' has alwaj's made a
special feature of photographs of birds and their nests, and in
the present volume will be found some beautiful reproductions
of photograplis of the Red-necked Phalarope in the Hebrides
by the Misses Best and. Haviland, the Avocet in Holland by the
first-named, and of Cormorants in Norfolk by Miss Turner;
while Miss Haviland, as a result of her travels to theYenesei,
describes and figures the breeding-habits of the Little Stint
and Curlew-Sandpiper.

Last year an enquiry was set up in regard to the alleged
disappearance of the Land-Rail. A report on this subject
l)y Mr. H. G. Alexander confirms the increasing- rarity of
this bird, which has practically disappeared from all the
soutliern and eastern counties of England as a breeder. It
is difficult to give a satisfactory explanation of this, but
Mr. Alexander seems to think that it may be due to the
use of corn-cutting machines.

Other reports are offered orr the increase or decrease of
our " summer residents " — a bad term this latter, summer
visitors, in our opinion, being much better. Mr. M. Vaughan
is unable to come to any very decided opinions, owing to the
scanty answers to the enquiries, but he does state that tiie
Whinchat and Redstart undoubtedly are decreasing.

The bird-ringing report shows that there is no decrease in
the enthusiasm with which this enquiry is conducted. Some
13,000 birds were ringed during 1914, and about 3-3 per
cent, were recovered. Among the more interesting recoveries
is that of a Sandwich Tern, ringed as a nestling on the
Fame Islands, July 9, 1913, and recovered on the Ivory
Coast of West Africa, Feb. 9, 1914.

Only one new British bird is recorded. Mr. Ford
Lindsay writes that two examples of Riippell's Warbler
[Sylvia rueppelli) were taken near Hastings on May 6, 1914.
This is an eastern palsearctic bird, occurring in Greece and
western Asia, and has never before been obtained in the
British Islands.

798 Recently published Ornithological Works.

A review — on the whole, kindly — of the new B.O.U. List
forms the chief article of tiie last number of the volume
now noticed.

The Emu.

[The Emu. Official Organ of the Royal Australian Ornithologis-ts'
Union. Vol, xiv. July 1914-April 1916."]

Our Australian contemporary continues to flourish, and
the four numbers forming the last complete volume bear
witness to the interest taken in ornithology in the Anti-
podes. The volume opens with a coloured plate of two new
Parrots, recently discovered by the efforts of Dr. Mac-
gillivray in northern Queensland — Geoffroyus geoffroyi
maclennani and Eclectus pectoralis macgiUlvrayi. No Parrots
of either of these genera have previously been obtained on
the Australian continent.

The January number contains an account of the Annual
Meeting of the R.A.O.U., which took place at Melbourne
in November. The retiring President, Mr. A. E. H. Mat-
tingley, gave an address on the much-debated subject of the
nomenclature of Australian birds, which between the views
of the more conservative party of Australian ornithologists,
as represented in the Official R.A.O.U. Check-list, and
those of Mr. G. M. Mathews, as expounded in his ' List of
the Birds of Australia/ 1913, have been in some considerable
confusion of late. Mr Mattingley's conclusions are some-
Avhat non-committal, but he apparently looks forward to
the time when strict priority and trinomialisra will be
adopted by all Australian ornithologists. Mr. Mattingley
is succeeded as President of the Union by Capt. S. A. White,
and Mr. A. J. Campbell as co-editor of the 'Emu^ by Dr. J.
A. Leach. The five days' Meeting of the Union con-
cluded with an excursion to Mallacoota Island, where several
days were spent and a number of interesting birds were
identified, a list of which is given by Capt. White.

An important paper on the myology and other points in
the anatomy of Strepera, a peculiar Australian type of rather

Recently published Ornithological Works. 799

uncertain affinities, occupies the great part of the July
number. This investigation was undertaken by Dr. Leech.
He comes to the conclusion that Strepera, together with
Gi/mnorhina and Cracticus, should be grouped together in one
family, and separated from theCorvidse as well as the Laniidoe,
with which these genera have been hitherto associated.

Of faunal papers with field-notes and photographs, Mr.
H. G. Barnard sends a contribution on the birds of Northern
Territory, Messrs. Howe and Tregellas on the birds of the
Mallee district, on the borders of Victoria and South
Australia, while Capt. S. A. White has continued his
exploration of the barren regions of central Australia, and
has rediscovered the long-lost Ajihelocephala pectoralis during
his exploration of the Musgrave and Everard Ranges. Other
papers of a somewhat similar nature are on north Queens-
land birds by Mr. Le Souef and by Miss Cheney on the
Wangaratta district of Victoria.

Finally, we would like to draw special attention to a short
note by Mr. A. J. Campbell, in which he points out the great
danger of the total extinction of three species of Parrot —
Psej)hotus pulcherrimus, Euphema jJulcheUa, and Geopsittacus
occidentalis, all of which, formerly fairly common, have of
recent years become exceedingly rare, if they are not already
extinct. Mr. Campbell believes that the disappearance of
these birds is due primarily to " the existence of a fierce
breed of wild domestic cats,"*^ and that steps should be taken
to exterminate or reduce these. We hope our Australian
brethren may be able to bring this about.

List of other Ornithological Publications received.

Blaauw, F. E. Ornithologische waarnemingen in Let zuiden der

Kaapkolome. (Tijd. Ned. Orn. Vereen., 1915.)
Cory, C. B. Notes on South American Birds, with Descriptions of new

Subspecies. (Field Mus. N. H. Puhl. 183. Chicago, 1915.)
The Auk. (Vol. xxxii. No. 3. Cambridge, Mass., 1915.)
Austral Avian Record. (Vol. iii. No. 1. London, 1915.)
Avicultural Magazine. (Third Series, Vol. vi. Nos. 9-12. London,

1915.)

800 Letleis, Extracts, and Notes.

Bird Notes, (New Series, Vol. vi. Nos. 7-9. Ashbourne, 1915.)
British Birds. (Vol. ix. Nos. 1-5. London, 1915.)
California Pish and Game. (Vol. i. No. 4. San Francisco, 1915.)
Canada, Geological Survey. L)ept. of Mines. Summary Report for

1914. (Ottawa, 1915.)
The Condor. (Vol. xvii. No. 4. Hollywood, Cal., 1915.)
The Emu. (Vol. xv. pt. 1. Melbourne, 1915.)
Field Museum Nat. Hist. Ann, Report of the Director for 1914,

(Chicago, 1915.)
The Irish Naturalist. (Vol. xxiv. Nos. 7-9. Dublin, 1915.)
The Scottish Naturalist. (Nos. 43-45. Edinburgh, 1915.)
The South Australian Ornithologist. (Vol. ii. pt. 3. Adelaide, 1915.)
South Australia Dept, Agriculture. Paraheld Egg-laying Competition.

Final Report. (Adelaide, 1915.)

XLI. — Letters, Extracts, and Notes.
To THE Editor of ' The Ibis.'

Sir,— Ta the last 'Ibis' (pp. 637-8) is a letter from
Mr. R. Etheridge, Junr., in regard to Messrs. Cockerell
and Thorpe ; in this he suggests that my remarks regarding
these collectors libelled Thorpe^ who was personally known
to Mr, Etheridge, though of Cockerell Mr. Etheridge does
not offer any defence, I am quite willing, at Mr, Ethe-
ridge's wish, to absolve Mr. Thorpe from complication in
the dishonest practices of which I accused Messrs. Cockerell
and Thorpe, and it is then open for some friend of
Mr, Cockerell to take up the cudgels on his behalf. The fact
is, however, that the collection in question was purchased as
made by " Messrs, Cockerell and Thorpe,'^ and under these
circumstances I can only allude to this collection under their
joint names and am unable to fix the blame for the decep-
tion practised. It is quite pleasing to read Mr. Etheridge's
defence, and personally I accept his vindication of Mr.
Thorpe, but my remarks were only such as were demanded
by the facts, which are not altered by Mr. Etheridge's
protest. In the collection were many true Cape York

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 801

species ; some of these were labelled Victoria, some West
Australia, and some even New Zealand.

Notwithstanding Mr. Etheridge^s explanation, I am afraid
this scandalous collection will he remembered as the
" Cockerell and Thorpe^' collection, which seems a pity
in view of Mr. Etheridge's assertions.

Yours,
8 Sept. 1915. Gregory M. Mathews.

Foulis Court,

Fair Oak, Hants.

List of M.B.O.U. serving with H.M. Forces. — The
response to the paragraph in the July number of ' Tlie
Ibis,' asking Members of the Union now serving in a Naval
or Military capacity to send their names to the Editor for
publication, has not been very great. There are only
49 names in the present list, though there must be many
more Members of the Union serving. It is hoped to
publish an additional list in the January number, if
Members will send their names to the Editor.

The following is a summary of the present list : —

Serving in the Navy 4

France 6

Egypt 3

India 5

British East Africa 2

Gallipoli 1

the British Islands 22

Killed in action 5

Prisoner in Germany 1

49

Blackwood, G. G. 2nd Lieut., 10th (Service) Bat. Seaforth

Highlanders.
Brabourne, Lord. Lieut. Grenadier Guards, in France. Ifv

(see ' Ibis,' 1915, p. 617).

Buxton, P. A. Private, 88th Field Ambulance R.A.M.C.
in France.

Cheesman, R. E. Private, 5th (Weald of Kent — Territorial)
Bat. The Buffs, in India,

802 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

*Clarke, G. van H., D.S.O. Major, Ctty of London Rough

Riders, in Egypt.
Cochrane, H. L. Capt. R.N., at first Commdr. H.M.S.
' Yarmouth/ now Asst.-Director Naval Equipment
at the Admiralty.
Congreve, W. M. Capt. R.G.A. (Special Reserve), Milford

Haven Coast Defences.
Dyer, C. M. 2nd Lieut., 4th Bat. Rifle Brigade, in Flanders.
"E (see 'Ibis,' 1915, p. 618).
*Flower, S. S. Major, Commanding Camel Transport Corps,
Canal Defences, Egypt.
Gladstone, H. S. Capt., 2/5 K.O.S.B. Attached General
Staff at War Office.
■^Godman, E. S. Capt., Reserve of Officers, now Staff-Captain

No. 8 District, Exeter.
*Grant, C. H. B. 2nd Lieut., 6th Bat. Rifle Brigade.
Hamerton, A. E. Major, D.S.O., R.A.M.C, with 2nd
Cavalry Division in France.
■^Harington, H. H. Lt.-Col., Commanding 84th Punjabis, at
Rawalpindi, India.
Hasluck, P. P. H. Private, 2nd Bat. Hon. Artillery Com-
pany (Infantry), in England.
Hills, J. W. Capt., 4th Bat. (Extra Reserve) Durham
Light Infantry.
"^Hony, G. B. Lieut., 4th Dragoon Guards, in France.
■^Horshrugh, B. R. Lt.-Col., Commanding 24th DivL Train,

Army Service Corps.
^Ingram, C. Capt., 2/1 Kent Cyclist Bat.
Kennedy, J. N. Lieut., 130th Heavy Battery, 29th Brigade,
R.A.
■^Kinnear, N. B. Lieut, and Adjutant, Bombay Volunteer
Rifles, in India.
Legge, Hon. G. Capt. 7th (Service) Bat. S. Staff'ordshire
Regt. I& at Gallipoli (notice in January ' Ibis ').

^Lodge, G. E. Private, City of London National Guard.
* Ali^o Member of the British Ornithologists' Club.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 803

Lynes, II. Capt. R.N., H.M.S. ' Penelope/

Meiklejohn, K. F. Lieut., 1st Bat, Cameron Highlanders,

in France. iB, (see ' Ibis,' 1915, p. 368).
Meiklejohn, R. F., D.S.O. Major, 1st Bat. R. Warwickshire

Regt. (Wounded, and a prisoner in Germany.)
Meinertzhagen, R. Capt., Royal Fusiliers, on tlie General

Staff, Indian Expeditionary Foi'ce in British East

Africa.
Moulton, J. C. Lieut., 4th Bat. (Territorial) Wiltshire

itegt., in India.

Mouritz, L. B. Trooper, Australian Light Horse, at the
Dardanelles (reported missing, Aug. 12).
*Miinii, P. W. Lieut., 13th Bat. Hampshire Regt.
-Murray, E. M. Capt., Scottish Horse.
Murray, H. W. Capt., Scottish Horse.
■^Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. Private, 1st Bat. Central London
Regt., in England.
Pitman, C. R. S. Lieut., 27th Punjabi Regt., in Egypt.
*Price, A. E. Lieut., Welsh Guards.

*Proctor, F. W. Major, Recruiting Officer, Northern Com-
mand.
Eobinson, H. W. 2ud Lieut., late 2/4 Bat. King's Own
Royal Ijancaster Regt.
*Selous, F. C. Lieut. 25th Bat. Royal Fusiliers (Frontiers-
men), in British East Africa.
*Sparrow, R. Lt.-Col. 7th Dragoon Guards, in France.
Stanford, H. M. 2nd Lieut., Royal Artillery.
Stanford, J. K. 2ud Lieut., 10th (Service) Battalion

Suffolk Reyt.
Thomson, A. Landsborough. 2nd Lieut. 13th (Service Bat.)
Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders (attached 4tli
Extra Res. Bat.).
*rreatt, C. C. 2nd Lieut. 1st Bat. Loyal N. Lancashire
Regt., attached No. 1 Squadron K. Flying Corps, in
France.

SEK. X. VOL. 111. 3 H

804 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

*Vaughan, R. E. Commander R.N, ; 11. Naval Barracks,
Chatham.

Venning, F. E. W. Capt., 31st Punjabis, in Baluchistan.

*Wardlaw-Ramsay, R. G. Col. Commanding No. 3 Section
Forth Defences.

*Wollaston, A. F. R. Surgeon, H.M.S. 'Agincourt.'
Woosnam, R, B. Lieut., Worcester Regt., at the Darda-
nelles. !& (see ' Ibis,' 1915, p. 781.)

*Wynne, R. O. Lieut., 2nd Bat. Bedfordshire Regt., in
France.

Discovery in New Zealand. — Mr. Louis T. Griffin, of the
Auckland Museum, New Zealand, sends us the following
extract from the ' Auckland Herald ' of June 21 last : —

"A remarkable discovery of bird-life has been made by
Mr. R. E. Clouston, mining engineer, of Rockville, in
CoUingwood, Nelson district. Mr. Clouston knows a great
deal about bird-life in New Zealand, and, while exploring the
Gouland Downs — a block of Crown land, some 26 miles
from Rockville, — he discovered an entire colony of birds of
rare species.

" First, there was a rookery of Great Kiwi (Apteryx
haasti) — not a few stray families, but thousands of them —
grubbing about in patches of tussock land, which alternated
with clumps of virgin bush. There were not only Kiwis,
but thousands of Kakapos, which are so rare that an adver-
tisement appeared in an Auckland paper a few months ago
offering £8 for a pair of them. Mr. Clouston arrived here
with twenty-five of the big Kiwis.

" 'I've been a bird man all my life,' said Mr. Clouston,
' and have travelled all over New Zealand, and have never
seen anything like it. It is a really wonderful discovery
from a scientific point of view, and it will mean the preser-
vation of the various species. The birds I have with me are

Letters, Extracts, and Notes. 805

to be liberated on Little Barrier Island, which, of course, is
a sanctuary. Not only are there Kiwis and Kakapos on the
block, but there are Blue Mountain Duck by the dozen,
Saddlebacks (worth £10 each). New Zealand Robins, Wrens,
Owls, Cook^s Petrels (rain bird), Keas, Kakas, Tui, Mako-
makos. Warblers, Riflemen, Creepers (very rare), Maori
Hens, Fantails, Tomtits, and Pigeons. It was a harvest of
rarities. Kiwis are there because the feed is good. We
found great worms from 4 to 5 feet in length. The longest
one I measured was i feet 10 inches long. As soon as I
found them, I communicated with Sir Francis Bell and
asked him to have the block declared a sanctuary, and that
has been done. It was gazetted some days ago.' ''

Mr. Griffin writes further as follows in regard to this
discovery: — "This district is so far removed from Auckland
that I lament I am not able to go and see for myself such a
number of our rare native birds. We have every reason to
believe that the facts, as here stated, are quite true, and
some of the Kiwis arrived in Auckland last week, en mute
for the Little Barrier Island, which is situated at the
entrance to the Hauraki Gulf.

" Sir Francis Bell's brother is my next-door neighbour,
and he also considers the statement not at all improbable,
as tiie district is one that is very little known to either
white man or natives.

" Some New Zealand birds are getting very rare, owing
to the burning of the bush for one reason, and stoats,
weasels, rats, and cats are responsible for the destruction
of many. On the mainland of the Auckland district there
are, however, still plenty of Apteryx mantelli, Hemiphaga
nova-zsalandicp , Ninox nova-zealandia, Nestor, Cyanorham-
phus, Halcyon vagans (one of our very commonest birds),
Urodynamis, Chalcococcyx, Acanthidositta, Fseudogerygune,
Rhipidura, Botudteria, Prosthemadera, Zosterops, Glaucopis,
and Anthornis, not counting the Waders and Sea-birds,
which, with one or two exceptions, are very plentiful.
Last October, in the ranges at tlie back of Auckland, I saw
many Kiwis in one day, and 1 know where there ai-e a lino

3 II 2

8C6 Letters, Extracts, and Notes.

lot of tlie beautiful Anthornis melanwa witliin vw lionr of
Auckland City, hut they are all on an island. I do not
helieve there is one of this species on tlie mainland
throughout the Auckland provincial district/'

Honour for a M.B.O.U. — At the University of Leeds,
on Degree Day, July 3rd, the Duke of Devonshire, as
Chancellor, conferred the degree of Master of (Science,
honoris causa, upon Mr. Thos. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U.,
J.P. of Sealield, liedcar, in recognition of his labours in
connection with Yorkshire natural history, and especially
his work on the ' Birds of Yorkshire.'

INDEX.

Abdiraia abdimi, 07, 192.
Acantbis linaria rostrata,

378.
Accentor montanellus,

399.
Accipiter affinis, 728.

gularis, 727.

marouriis, 239.

niinuUus, 4, 200,

242.

nisiis jDunicus, 158.

■ rufiventris, 242.

striatus yenator,

632.

velox. 634. 682.

virgatus afEnis, 728.

Acrediila helviveutris,

769.

juliis, 769.

uielanotis, 769.

Acridotheres grandis,

758.
Acrocephaliis arundina-

ceus aruiidinaceus,

14.1.

bjeticatus, 566.

bistrigicops, 754.

■ palustris, 566.

scboenobreuus, 145.

streperus streperus,

145.
Actitis macularia, 681.
Aftopbihis africaiuis, 59.
jEchmopborus occiden-
tal is, 670.
./Egialitis, .338, 526.

dealbatus, 528.

diibia, 387.

gracilis, 531.

hiaticula, 387, 397.

boiueyeri, 530.

jerdoni, 5153.

nivusiis, 529.

jEstrelata, cliioiiophara,

176.
^tbiops canicapilla, 656.

^tbiopsar grandis, 758.
^Etbopjga cura, 757.
— — siparaja, 757.

cara, 757.

Afribyx senegaUus, 55.
Atrox^ecbus tricollaris,

57.
Agapornis pullarius, 109,

260.

iigaudre, 261.

• I'oseicollis, 131.

Ageljeiis pboeniceiis fortis,

687.

nevadensis,

171.

Agrobates galactodes

galactudes, 147.
Alauda arvensis barterti,

142.

crocea, 654.

Alaudo cbeliciiti, 269.
Alcedo cristata, 263.

cyanoleiica, 267.

ispida, 220, 730.

bengalensis,

730.

leucocephala, 265.

semicienilea, 265.

— — senegaleii.sis, 268.
Aletbe poliotborax, 498.
Alopoclien a'gyptiacus,

73.
Alpbapufriniis, 590.
Alseonax latirostris, 742.
murinus obscunis,

491, 648.

obscura, 491. 648.

subadiista, 352.

Amadina erytbrocepbala,

552.

fasojata, 552.

Amaurocichla bocagei,

90, 105.
Ainaurornis pboeniciira,

725.
cbinensis, 725.

Amniomaues deserti al-

geriensis, 140.
Ampelis cedrorum, 768.

garrubis, 76'S.

Aiuydrus niorio, 549.
Anaplectes rubrioeps,

550.
Anas acuta, 74.

agyptiaca, 73.

angustirostris, 162.

clypeata, 74.

crecca, 162.

erytiiroriiyncba, 74,

189.

platyrbyncba, 162,

675.

punctata, 73.

sparsa. 189.

strepera, 162.

superciliosa rogersi,

624.

undulata, 73, 189.

Ancylocbilus subarqiia-

tus, 616.
Anoiiialospiza iinberbis,

558.
Auou8 leiicocapilliis, 233.

stolid us, 115, 233.

Antbocincla pbavrii, 718,

742.
Antlioriiis melanura, 805.
Antboscopus c-aroli, 665.
Antbotbreptes malac-

ceusis, 757.
Antbracuceros albirostris,
734.

fratercuhis, 73+.

niulabaricus, 734.

Anthreptes bypodilus,

352.
Antluis camaroonensis,
476,511.

canipestria, li2,

220.

cervinus. 396.

leucopbrys, 559.

808

INDEX OF

Anthus parvus, 770.

Ardea cinerea, 194.

Earbatula minuta, 444.

pennsylvauicus,

cinerea, 70,

scboana, 4-i7.

770. .

160.

uropygialis, 443.

pratensis, 142.

fusca, 69.

santbosticta, 445. .

pyrrboDotus, 559.

garzetta, 71.

Batis sp., 542.

rufulus, 559.

gularis, 113, 232.

capensis erythroph-

camaroonensis,

herodias herodias,

tbalma, 351.

511.

680.

molitor, 352, 543.

cinnamomeus,

ibis, 71.

Bbringa remifer, 760.

559.

melanocepbala, 69.

Biziura lobata, 625.

trivialis, 559.

purpurea, 69, 194.

Bleda flavicoUis flavigula.

trivialis, 142.

purpurea, 161.

648.

Apalis binotata, 651.

sumatraiia, 726.

poensis, 495.

chirindensis, SSO.

Ardenna, 59f.

poliocepbala, 494.

thoracica, 352, 567.

Ardeola baccbus, 726.

tepbrolajma, 495.

Apaloderma narina

ibis ibis, 161.

Bombycilla garrula, 689.

iiarina, 406.

Ardetta payesi, 194.

Bonasa umbellus togata,

vittatuin cameru-

Arenaria interpres, 114,

681.

nense, 485.

396.

Botaurus lentiginosus.

Aphanapterj'x broekii.

Arquatella maritima,

679.

318.

616.

stellaris stellaris,

Aphelocepliala pecto-

Asio capensis, 207.

162.

ralis, 799.

flaninieus, 684.

Bracbyrampbus brevi-

Aptenody tes patachoiiica,

leucotis, 208.

rostris, 634.

791.

erlangeri, 208.

Bradornis griseus, 542.

Apteryx haasti, 803.

maculosus ameri-

paUidus murinus,

Diantplli,8U5.

canus, 252.

542.

Apus afBiiis, 216.

uisuella, 207.

Bradyornis ater, 352.

apus, 154, 216.

otus, 221.

uHirinus, 352, 542.

brebmorum,

wilsonianus, 683.

Bradypterus cainerun-

316.

Astra galinustrististristis.

ensis, 5C0.

carlo, 312.

687.

Branta bernicla glauco-

kalaliaricus,

Astrilda nonnula, 513.

gaster, 364.

313.

Astur atricapillus

canadensis canaden-

marwitzi, 312.

atricapillus, 682.

sis, 679.

melba nielba, 153.

gularis, 727.

ruficollis, 396.

ranrinus, 154.

polyzonoides, 200.

Bubo africanus cineras-

reiciienowi, 311.

sphenurus, 241.

cens, 252.

Aquila cbrysaiJtus, 157,

Asturinula ruonogram-

ascalapbus, 251.

683.

mica, 200.

bubo ascalapbus,

clanga, 389.

Atbene leucopsis, 110.

155,251.

fulva, 170.

noctua glaux, 156,

cinerascens, 252.

fusca, 388.

636.

lacteus, 207, 252.

maculata, 221.

Auriparus flaviceps, 769.

maculosus, 207.

occidentalis, 628.

virginianus pacifi-

rapax, 204, 244.

cus, 634.

belis:irius, 157.

Bannermania, 578.

pallescens,

verreausi, 6, 203.

Earbatula afBius,442,444.

684.

walilbergi, 203.

bilineata, 352.

Bubulcus ibis, 71, 113.

Arboricola cliloropus.

centralis, 444, 446.

lucid us, 113.

721.

cbryaocoma guine-

Buccanodon duchaillui,

Archasotrogon, 762.

ensis, 445.

646.

Arcliibuteo ferrugineus.

schubotzi, 446.

Bucco barbatula, 443.

179.

zedlitzi, 446.

calvus, 488.

Arcbilocbus colubris.

corypba;a, 646.

cbrysoconus, 445.

629.

duchaillui, 646.

chrysoptera, 443.

Ardea alba, 222.

extoni, 211, 352,

nanus, 443.

arnensis flaviros-

445.

pusillus, 443.

tris, 172.

leucolaiina, 488,

rubritrons, 443.

— — - alriciipilla, 71.

647.

Buceros abvssinicus.

caiididissiuia, 634.

leucoiuystax. 447.

270.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

809

Buceros erytliro-

rh}'nchus, -72.
, vai'. caffer,

273.

flavirostris, 273.

leucomelas, 274.

leucopareus, 273.

nasutus, 270.

rufirostris, 273.

(Lophoceros) hem-

prichii, 270.
(Rhyncliaceros)

deckeni, 274.
Buchaaga ciiieracoa,

759.
mouhoti,

759.

leucogenys, 760.

mouhoti, 759.

Bucorax cafer, 213, 353.
Bucorvus abyssinicua,

270.

cafer, 213.

Budytes sp., 559.

Bulweria, ()06.

faulweri pacifica,

607.
Burliinus magnirostris,

331.

oedicnemus, 331.

saliara3, 1()6.

Burnesia epichlora, 505.

leucopogon, 652.

Biiteo augur, 204, 243.
borealis borealis,

682.
desertoruni, 204,

244, 365.

ferox, 221.

cirteiisis, 157.

jakal, 204.

Butorides atricapilla, 71,

113, 232.

Caccabis petrosa petrosa,

164.

spatzi, 164.

Calaraocichla plebeia,

502, 651.
Calandrella brachydac-

tyla, 364.
rubiginosa,

140.

cinerea, 562.

minor miiiur, 140.

Oalcarius lapponieus,

397.
Calidris arenaria, 616.
Calocilta, 771.
Calonectri.s, 59J.

Caloncctris leucomelas,

694.
Caniaroptera griseoviri-

dis sundevalli, 667.
tiucta, 506,

652.

sundevalli, 567.

Campepiiaga nigra, 352,

543.
Campothera abingdoni,

351.
bennetti, 212, 352.

cailliautii cail-

liautii, 454.

fiilleborni,455.

nyansaj, 454.

nubica albifacies,

453.

nubica, 451.

pallida, 453.

tuUbergi, 49 1 .

Canutiis cauutus, 616.
Caprimulgus accrue, 304.

chadensis, 303.

climacLirus, 301.

eleanorye, 179, 181.

europaius europaeus,

308.

unwini, 308.

fervidus, 215.

fossei, 215.

fraiuatus, 308.

fuiviventrisi, 304.

gabonensis, 305.

gosling], 3o6.

lentiginosus, 306.

longipenuis, 302.

macrurusambiguus,

735.
natalensis accrse,

304.
chadensis,

303.

fulviventris,

gabonensis,

natalensis,

303.

palmquisti, 305.

poliocepbalus, 305.

ruticoUis de?er-

torum, 154.

■ rnfigena, 215.

sharpei, 306.

triuiaculatus, 215.

lentiginosus,

307.

sharpei, 307.

■ triuiaculatus,

307.

Caprimulgus trimacu-

latus tristigma, 307.

tristigma, 306.

Carcineutes pulehellus,

732.
Carduelis cannabina

moditerranea, 137.
carduelis africanus,

137.
Carpophaga ajuea, 723.
CatarrhactescbryaOcume,

86.
Cathitrtes moiiacbus,

238.
Catharus, 7<^>7.
Oatoptropelicanus, 791.
Catriscus apicalis, 650.
Centropus burchellii

burchellii, 427.
lasciipj'gialia,

428.
ttscberi, 422, 486,

616.

llecki, 423.

grillii grillii, 419.

walilbergi,

420.

heuglini, 422.

7uonachus, 421,

487.

angolensis,

422, 487.

fischeri, 422,

486, 646.

monachus,

421.

Oi'cidentalis,

422, 487.

pynd,428.

senegidensis, 210,

aigvptius, 423.

• tlecki, 423.

senegalensis,

423.

superciliosua

loandffi, 426.

sukotra;, 426.

supei'ciiiosus,

424.
Oepphus seopus, 69.
Cercbneis naumanni,

251.

rupicola, 206.

rupicoluides, 206.

arthuri, 250.

sparverius, 788.

tinnun(,'ulus carlo,

250,
Certhia bradiydactyla

mauritanica, 143.
splendida, 653.

810

INDEX OF

Certhia superba, 511.
Ceryle, 763.

alcyon, 685.

maxima, 121, 214.

rudis, 214.

Cettia cetti cetti, 145.
Ceutlimocliares rereus
ffireus, 429.

. australis, 429.

flavirostris,

429.

intermedius,

430.

australis, 429.

inteniiediuB, 430.

Chfetiira tLomensis, 90,

107.
Cbaluites siiiaragdineus,

419.
Cbaleomitra gutturalie,

564.
Cbalcopelia afra, 121,

196,352.
Cbab'opbaps indica, 724.
Cbaradrius, 526.

alexandriiius, 167,

527.
— — - alexandrinus,

528.

dealbatus.

nivosus, .529.

seebobiui,

529.
apricarius, 167.

armatus, 65.

asiaticus, 57.

azarai, 531.

cantianus, 527.

mimitus, 529.

coUaris, 530.

collaris, 531.

gracilis, 531.

coronatus, 56.

curonicus, 532.

dominicauus fulvus,

397, 716.

dubius, 167, 531.

curonicus,

532.

dubius, 532.

jerdoiii, 533.

fluviatilis, 532.

. geoffroyi, 224.

biaticuloides, 533.

bimautoi)Us, 58.

intermedius, 533.

larvatus, 531.

lugubris, 56.

Cbaradrius melaiio-
j>tcrus, 56.

Cbaradrius minor, 532.

minutus, 529, 532.

moriuellus, 224.

pbilippinus, 532.

pusillus, 633.

spiuosus, 66.

tectus, 64.

tricollaris, 57.

zonatus, 533.

Cbaritonetta, 389.

albeola, 678.

Cbaulelasmus streperus,

675.
Cbelidon rustica guttu-

ralis, 742.

■ rustica, 153.

urbiea, 541.

Cben byperboreus byper-

boreus, 679.
Cbiza'rbis africana afri-

cana, 414.

zonura, 413.

concolor, 209.

leueogaster, 414.

zonuius, 413.

Cbloris cbloris aurantii-

ventris, 130.
Cblorodyta neglecta,

351.
Cbloi'ouboneus olivaceus,

120."

sulpbureopectua,

120.

Cbloropbonus sp., 544.
Cbloropsis cbloro-

cepbala, 745.
Cbrysococcyx caprius,

417.

cupreus, 210.

siiiaragdineus, 107.

Obrysocolaptes gutti-

cristatus, 739.

indo-malayi-

cus, 739.

Cbrysomitris, 779.

Cbrysopicos cailliautii,
454.

malberbei, 454.

Ciconia abdimii, 67.

alba, 113, 193.

ciconia, 193.

ciconia, 161.

crumenifera, 68.

nigra, 193.

Cinnyj'icinclus leueo-
gaster, 548.

verreauxi, 548.

Cinnyris bouvieri, 653.

cbalybeus, 352, 564.

gutluralis, 564.

basselti, 757.

Cinnyris leueogaster, 564.

mariquensis, 564.

nevvtoni, 90, 102.

niassaj, 352.

olivacinus, 350.

oritis, 510, 654.

prenssi, 511, 653.

splendida, 653.

superbus, 511.

Tenustus niass£e,

352.

vertical is, 654.

Circaetus cinereus, 246.

gallicus, 169.

pectoralis, 246.

Circus a;ruginosus, 239.

barterti, 158.

cineraceus, 199.

budsonius, 682.

macrourus, 158,

199, 239.

pygargus, 158, 199,

238.

ranivorus, 199.

Cissolopbus, 771.
Cistieola sp., 565.
cistieola arquata,

147.

discolor, 500.

natalensis, 665.

rufa, 650.

rufopileata, 500.

subrulicapilla, 565.

terrestris, 565.

Cistotborus apolinari,

369.
Cittocincla macrura,

753.

tricolor, 753.

Clamator cal'er, 210.

glandarius, 230,

416.

jacobinus, 210.

Clangula elangula

aniericana, 677.

byemalis, 398.

Coccotbraustes cocco-

tbraustes buvryi, 136.

olivaceus, 513, 656.

Coccystes cafer, 210.

glandarius, 230.

jacobinus, 210.

Coenocorypba cbatbam-

ica, 697.

pusilla, 690.

Ccereba, 329, 770.
Colaptes auratus luteus,

686.

capensis, 457.

Colius castimotus, 401.
ervtbromelon, 212.

SCIENTIFIC NAJIES.

811

Colius iudicus, 212.

kirbyi, 402.

kiwuensis, 403.

leucotis, 401.

affinis, 400,

403.
■ berlepschi,

403.
cinerascens,

403.
macroux'us macrou-

ru8, 405.
pulcher, 404,

406.

minor, 402.

nigricoUis, 401,485,

646.
nigriscapalis, 401,

485.

• seiiegalensis, 405.

striatus, 401.

affinis, 400,

403.
berlepsclii,

403.

erlangeri,402.

hilgerr.i, 402.

interuiedius,

401.

jebelensi.s,404.

leucotis, 402.

minor, 352,

402.
nigricoUis,

401, 485, 646.

striatus, 401.

Coliuspasser ardens con-
color, 656.
CoUocalia merguiensis,

792.
Collnrio smithi, 652.
Coloeus monedula cir-

tensis, 135.
Columba jEgyptiaca, 44.

afra, 41.

arquatrix, 39,

. sjostedti, 483.

calva, 482.

capensis, 45.

chalcospilos, 39, 41.

guinea guinea, 38.

longipennis,

37, 38.

l-ivia, 388.

livia, 163.

lugens, 43.

palumbus excelsa,

163.

phseonota, 195.

semitorquata, 41.

senegalensis, 43.

Columbti sjostedti, 483.

testaceo-incarnata,

44.

thomensis, 90, 118.

tympani stria, 46.

waalia, 36.

Colymbus adamsi, 398.

auritns, 672.

capensis, 188.

cristatus cristatus,

169.

bolboelli, 671.

nigricoUis, 223.

nigricoUis,

169.

ruficoUis, 169.

Coniatibis olivacea, 112.
Cookilaria, 604.

cookii hj'poleuca,

606.

Copsychus saulavis, 754.
musicus, 718,

754.
Coracias abyssinus abys-

siniis, 261.

candatus, 212.

caudatus, 261.

suuhelicus,

262.

gan-iilus, 107, 212.

caucasicus,

786.

garrulus, 154.

mosainbicus, 212,

262.
nteTia mosambicus,

262.

naevia, 262.

sbarpei, 262.

• olivaceiceps, 2(52.

Corvultur albicoUis,

647.
Corvus bracbyrhynchus

besperis, 686.

capensis, 546.

corax, 384.

tingitanus,

134.
macrorbyncbus,

761.
maudsburicus,

786.

monedula, 364.

scapulatus, 546.

Corythteola cristata, 488.
Corytbaix bartlaubi,

412.

leucolopluis, 411.

reichenovvi, 411.

Corytbaixoides leuco-

gaster, 414.

Corytbornis cristata,

263.

cyanostigma, 214.

tboinensis, 90, 108.

Cosmetornis vexillarius,

216.
Cossypba caffra, 571.

beiiglini, 571.

bnmeralis, 570.

isabellae, 497.

Cotile rufigula, 647.
Coturnix, 772.

coturnix africana,

22.

coturnix, 165.

delegorguei, 22,

120, 198,
vulgaris africana,

22.
Cracticus, 799.
Crateropus fulvus f'ulvus,

147.

jardinei, 569.

kirki, 352.

Creatopbora carunculata,

353, 547.
Crecopsis egregia, 116.
Crex crex crex, 165.
Criniger gutturalis, 746.

ocbraceus, 746.

• sacculat.us,

746.

sordidus, 746.

Critbagra bartlaubi,

655.
Cryptoglaux acadica,

634.

■ acadica, 684.

Cryptolopba camerunen-

sis, 492.

■ ruficapilla, 351.

CryiJtorn's, 762.
Cryptospiza australis,

658.

borealis, 658.

elizae, 656.

jacksoni, 658.

ocularis, 657.

reicbenowi, 656.

salvadorii, 657.

sbarpei, 658.

sbelleyi, 658.

Ctenanas, 171.
Cuculns jegyptius, 423.
a;reus, 429.

canorus, 121, 155.'

muior, 155.

caprius, 417.

glaudarius, 416.

gularis, 210.

indicator, 430.

812

INDEX OF

Cuciilns persa, 4S7.

senegalensis, 423.

solitarius, 486.

Cursorius africanus, 60.

bicinctus, 60.

bisignatus, 61.

cinctus, 62.

gracilis, 60, 61.

grallat(>r, 61.

temminckii, 60,

190.
Cyanecula wolfi, 219.
Cyanistea cyamis yenis-

seensis, 787.
Cyanomitra newtoui,

102.
Cyanops faio?tricta sai-
goneiisis, 737.

pl)seostriata, 737.

Cyanosylvia suecica,

398.
Cyclorhis, 768.
Cyiiiborhynclius macro-
rhyncluis, 740.

leiiniiscatus,

740.

malaccensis, 740.

Cymocliorea, 574.

owstoni, 581.

Cyornis banyiunas tick-
ellia;, 743.

pallidipes hainana,

718, 743.

tickelli, 743.

Cypselus aequatorialis,
311.

affinis, 107, 216.

apiis, 216.

barbatus, 316.

gracilis, 309.

imiriniis, 315.

myochi-ous, 310.

pallidas, 315.

parvus, 309.

pekinensis, 312.

shelleyi, 314.

Dafila acuta, 74, 676.
Dandalus rubeciila,

152.
Delichon urbica, 541.
Deiiiiegretta sacra, 726.
Dendrobates iuiuiacu-

latus, 469.
poiceplialus, 468.

spoclocepbalus

spodocepiialus, 469.

Deiidrocygna discolor,
789.

yiduata, 636.

Dendroioa occidentalis,

634.
Dendromus, 456.

tethiopiciis, 452.

albifacies, 453.

bennetti, 212.

malherbei fiille-

borni, 455.

nyansre, 454.

neumanni, 453.

niger, 4.53.

pallidus, 453.

scriptoricauda, 452.

Dendropicus abysinniciis
abyssinicus, 460.

bartlaubi,

4()0.

camerunensis, 461.

cardinalis, 212.

fuscescens cosansi,

459.
fuscescens,

457.

heiuprichii,

458.

massaicus, 456,

459.
guineensis, 212.

cardinalis,

457.

centralis, 456.

massaicus, 456,

459.

-— zechi, 462.

hartlaubii, 460.

bempriclii albicans,

459.

lafresnayi, 490,

647.

lafresnayi,

461.
lepidus, 462,

464.

loandfe, 463.

zecbi, 462.

poecilolaimus, 464.

sharpii, 461.

sinioiii, 462.

trf»picalis, 461.

zanzibari, 352.

Dicffium cbrysorrbceuui,

756.

cruetitatum, 755. '

DicboceroB bicornis,

733.
DiiTocercus fiu'catus,

121.
hirundin3us, 214.

chrysolainius,

293.

— I- heuglini, 292.

Dicrocercus hiruudincus

hirundineus, 292.

omoensis, 293.

Dicrurus af'er, 352, 547.

annectens, 761.

cineraceus, 759.

coracinus, 518.

leucogenys, 760.

ludwigi, 349.

Dilopbus carunculatus,

547.
Diplootocus inoussieri,

151.
Dissemurus paradiseus

paradiseus, 760.
Dryinoeca leiicopogon,

652.

rufa, 650.

Dryobates niHJor numi-

dus, 154.
villosus leucomelas,

685.
Dryoscopus angolensis

camerooneusis, 507.

grisesceiis,

607.

cubla, 351.

guttatus, 544.

holomelas, 507.

senegalen.sis, var.

grisescens, 5U7.

Eclectiis pectoralis mac-
giliivrayi, 81, 798.

Ectopistea migralorius,
183, 630.

Egretta alba, 222.

garzetta, 113.

garzetta, 71,

161.

Elfeocertbia thomensis,

90, 102.
Elanus cseruleus, 159,

206, 248.
Elminia teresita, 492,

648.
Elseyornis melanops,

339.
Emberiza, 333.

calandra, 139.

cia at'ricana, 139.

cirlus, 139.

flaviventris, 558.

bortulana, 220.

major crientalis,

352.

striolala 8aliari,139.

Epbippiorbyiiclms sene-
galensis, 67.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

813

Eremomela flaviventris,

567.

scotops, 352.

Eremopezus eoctenus,

774.
Ereunetes pusillus, 609.
Erismatura, 624.

jaiiiaicensis,

679.

leucocephala, 163.

EriLhacus svvynnertoni,

351.
Erolia alpina, 168, 611,

613, 702.

alpina, 616.

ferrufjiuea, 225.

minuta, 616.

Erytbropus vespertinus,

transriphffius, 787.
Ervthropygia leucophrys,

571.

paeua, 571.

Erytlirospiza githaginea,

zedlitzi, 137.
Erythrura triuhroa, 82.
Estriicla angolensis,

555.

astrild, 99, 354,

552.

sousse, 99.

astrilda, 99.

granatiiia, 555.

kiliiiiensis; 352.

nonnula, 513.

occidentalis sousce,

99.

perreini thomensis,

98.

subflava, 553.

Eudroiuias, 526.

morinellus, 224.

Eudyuamis honorata,

. 737.

Eudyptes pacbyrbyncbus,

88.
Eulabes intermedius,

758.
Eiiphema pulcbella, 799.
Euphomia sclateri, 178.
Eiiplecte3 pboenicomera,

513.

xantbomelas, 551,

552.

Eupoda asiatica, 57.
Euprinodes cinereus,

502.

sclateri, 503.

Eurvlffitnus leainiscatus,

740.
Euryuorbyiichus pyg-

maeus, 616, 786.

Eury stomas oriental is

orientalis, 730.
Eutolmaetus bellicosus,

201.
fasciatus fasciatus,

157.

pennatus, 157, 202.

spilogaster, 201.

Falcinellus cyanomelas.

290.

senegalensis, 284.

Falco aruginosus, 239.

bellicosus, 245.

biarmicus, 206, 249,

636.

erlangeri,

160.

feldeggi, 222.

cseruleus, 248.

cberrug, 222.

columbariusregulus,

159.

cuvieri, 249.

desertorum, 244.

ecaudatus, 247.

gabar, 240.

minor, 206.

minullus, 242.

naumanni, 251.

naumanni,

159.

occipitalis, 246.

parasitua, 231, 248.

ppregrinus, 222.

pelegrinoides,

159.

pygargua, 238.

rapax, 244.

semitorquata, 249.

serpentarius, 235.

sparverius sparve-

rius, 683.

subbuteo, 206, 222.

tinnuuculus, 159.

(Nisus) polyzonus,

240.

( ) spbenurus,

241.

Filbolornis, 772.
Fiscus newtonii, 104.

smitbi, 652.

Flammea flammea, 386.

tbomensis, 90,

110.
Francolinus afer, 197.

altumi, 16.

bicalcaratus, 645.

cameruncnsis,

481.

Francolinus clappertoni

gedgei, 14.

coqui, 197.

hubbardi, 10.

gedgei, 14.

graiitii, 10, 11.

bildebrandti altumi,

16, 18.

bildebrandti,

17.

jobnstoni, 18.

bubbardi, 10.

icteropus, 12.

icterorbyncbus

emini, 15.

jacksoui, 19.

— — kikuyuensis, 14.

— scbuetti miirauensis,

19.

schuetti, 18,

19.

tetraoninus,

19.

zappeyi, 19.

sepboena granlii,

10, 11.

icteropus, 12.

sepba;na, 11.

sbelleyi, 197.

uluensis, 7, 13.

Fregata, 790.

aquila, 790.

minor, 790.

Fringilla coelebs, 364.

africana, 138.

grisea, 654.

Fringillaria capensia
media, 558.

tabapisi, 558.

Fulica americana, 680.

atra atra, 165.

ciiloropus, 47.

cristata, 49, 165,

191.

Galerida cristata, 364.

arenicola,

141.

theklai deicbleri,

141.

harterti, 141.

bilgerti, 141.

Gallinago chatbamica,

697.

delieata, 680.

gallinago, 59, 704,

709, 713.

gallinago,

167.

nigripennis, 59.

814.

INDEX OF

Gallimila aiigulata, 117,

191.

burnesi, 47.

chloropus, 116, 233,

388.
chloropus, 47,

165.

meridionalis,

47, 48, 116, 233, 645.

oi-ientalis, 48.

pai'vifrons, 47.

48.

minor, 47.

orieii talis, 48.

paryifrons, 47.

])yrrhorlioa, 48.

Gallinuloides, 772.
Gallirex porphyreolo-

phus, 209, 352.
Gallus fernigineus, 721.

gallus, 721.

Garrulax diardi, 747.
Garrulus ulandarius

cervicalis, 135.
Gavia iniuier, 673.
Gecinulus viridis, 739.
Gecinus vittatus, 738.
Gelocrhelidon nilotica

nilotica, 53.
Genniviua, 794.
Geocichla innotata,

752.

litsipsirupa, 569.

marginata, 751.

Geoffroyus geoffroyi

maclennani, 81, 798.
Geopsittacus occidentalis,

799.
Geospiza, 343.
Geotlilypi.i cucuUatus,

769.

leucoblepharus,

769.

Glareola pratincola, 223.

pratincola,

167.

Glaucidium capense, 208.

kiliraense, 257.

perlatum, 208, 256.

Glaucion, 389.
Glaucionetta, 389.
Glottis nebularius, 726.
Gracula iiiteruiedius
hainanus, 758.

javana intermedia,

758. _

Graculipica nigricollis,

757.
Grandala, 768.
Graucalus cresius, 351.

Grauealus ca^sius preussi,

494.

pectoralis, 352.

Gymnobucco calvus, 488.
Gymnorbina, 799.
Gymnoschizorhis per-

sonata leopoldi, 415.
Gypaetus barbatus, 170.

atlantis, 156.

Gyps afrieanus, 237.
fulvus fulvus, 156.

Hajraatojjus ostralegus,
331.

longipes, 786.

palliatus, 331.

B.alcyon albivenlris, 213.

cancropbaga, 121.

ehelicuti, i:69.

cbloris, 731.

armstrongi,

731.

dryas, 108.

erytlirorbyncbus,

266.

humii, 731.

leucocepbala acteon,

266.

centralis, 26.5.

hyaciutbina,

266.

leucocepbala,

265.

ogilviei, 266.

semic^rulea,

265.

swainsoni, 266.

pallidiventris, 266.

pileata, 732.

rufiventer, 265.

seuiicterulea byacin-

tbina, 266.
senegalensifi cinerei-

capillus, 269.

cyanoleuca,

267, 268.

fuscopileus,

268.

senegaleusis,

268.

superflua, 268.

sinyrnensis, 7j2.

i'usea, 732.

swainsoni, 213.

vagaus. 805.

Haliaetus albicilla, 158,

221.

leucocephalus leuco-

cepbabis, 683.

vocifer, 206.

Halieus lucidus, 75.
Halocyptena, 579.
Hapaloderma tequa-

toriale, 407.

constantia, 407.

rufiventre, 407.

vittatuin cameru-

nense, 485.
Haplopelia bypoleiica,

227. 234.

inornata, 483.

simples, 90, 119.

inornata, 483.

Harpactes erytbro-

cepbalus, 735.

oreskios. 736.

Harpiprion cayennensis,

789.
Heliolais erytbroptera,

352.
Heliornis, 773.
Helotarsus ecaudatus,

205.
Hemigarzetta, 171.
Hemignatbus leptorbvn-

ebus, 180.
Heinipbaga nov.T-zea-

landiaj, 805.
Hemipuffinus, 590.
Herociias alba, 194.

braobyrbvnclmSj

70.

garzetta, 113.

Hetasrodes insigiiis, 489.
Heterbypbantes insignis,

616, 660.
melanogasier, 517.

sancti-tbomas, 90,

99.

Ileterocorax capensis,

546.
Heteropygia niaculata,

616.
Hiaticula simplex, 533.
Himantopus candidus,

225.
bimantopus, 58,

225.
biiTiautopue,

167.
Hiraaetus pennatus, 202.

spilogaster, 201.

■ • wablbergi, 203.

Hirundo cucullata, 537.

dimidiata, 537.

griseopyga, 537.

puella, 537.

rustica, 106, 537.

guttunilis,

742.

semirufa, 539.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

815

Hirundo urbica meri-

dionalis, 153.
Horaoptilura undulata,

gigaiitea, 701, 715.
Hoploterus aruiatus, 55.

spinosus, 55, 2-4.

Houbara undulata mac-

queenii, 225.

undulata, 166.

Hydrobates, 570.

pelagicus, 169.

Hydrochelidon leiico-

pareia leucopareia,

168.

leucootera, 168,

226.

leucoptera, 52.

■ nigra, 52.

• nigra, 168.

surinauiensis,

675.
HyliC^a rhodesisE, 542.
Hylocichla, 766.
guttata sequoiensis,

634.
Hyphantornis capitalis,

lUO.

cucullatus, 662.

grandis, 90, 100.

nigriceps, 352.

Telatus, 550.

Ilypochera f unera, 555.

nigerrima, 555,

Hypolais icterina, 146.

pallida reiseri, 146.

polyglotta, 146,

380.
Hypothymisazureacaeru-

leocepbala, 744.
prophata, 744.

Ibis ibis, 67.

Indicator apivorus, 432.

barianus, 431.

bobnii, 431.

bupbagoides, 432.

conirostris, 489.

conirostris,

434.

ussberi, 434.

diadeuaatus, 432.

exilis ansorgei, 436.

erlangeri, 433.

exilis, 434.

leona, 435.

poensis, 435.

willcocksi,

435.

fiaTicollis, 431.

indicator, 211, 430.

Indicator lovati, 433.

major, 211, 430.

- — — minimus, 432.

minor alexanderi,

433.

diadematus,

432.

minor, 432.

teilensis, 431,

433.

occidentalis, 434.

poensis, 435.

pygmiEus, 434.

sparmanui, 211.

ussberi, 434.

willcocksi, 435.

Ipoctonus lepidus, 462,

464.
Irena puella puella,

745.
Iridoprocne bicolor, 688.
Irrisor hlytbii, 288.

bollei bollei, 287.

jacksoni, 287,

289.

cabanisi, 291.

capensis, 283.

damarensis damar-

ensis, 287.

granli, 287,

289.

erytlirorbyncbus,

215, 352.

angolensis,

284.

breTirostris,

285.
erytbrorbyn-

cbus, 282.

guineensis,

•284.

marwitzi, 281,

285.

neglectus, 285.

niloticus, 284.

ruwenzorae,

286.
senegalensis,

284.

jacksoni, 287.

sbarpei, 288.

somaliensis, 288.

tbeopbilei, 288.

Ispidina picta, 264.
Itbagenes, 122.

cruentus afEuis,

124.

kuseri, 122.

tibetanus, 122.

lyugipicus eanicapillus,
'740.

lyngipicus obsoletus

ingens, 466.
lynx. See Jynx.

Junco, 778.

liyemalis byemalis,

688.
Jynx aequatorialis, 472.

pulcbricoliis, 472.

ruficollis lequatori-

alis, 472.
eosensi, 471,

472.

pidchricollis,

472.

■ ■ ruficollis, 471.

tliorbecki,

472.

torqnilla mauri-

tanica, 155.

torquilla, 470.

Kaupifalco monogram-
mi cus, 200.

Ketupa javanensis, 729.

ketupa, 729.

Kittacincla macruius
macrurus, 753.

Lagonosticta brunnei-

ceps, 554..

dybowskii, 658.

jamesoni, 554.

perreini thomensis,

90, 98.

lubricata, 554.

tbomensis, 98.

Lagopus albus, 399.
Laiinodon leucocepbalus,

437.
Laiscopus collaris kwen-

lunensis, 786.
Lampribis olivacea, 112.
Lamprocolius cbalybeus

sycobius, 548.
ignitus, 120.

phoenicopterus bi-

specularis, 548.

sycobius, 548.

Laniarius atrococciueus,
545.

atroflavus, 507.

bertrandi, 351.

major, 544, 652.

manningi, 351.

- olivaceus, 351.

starki, 352, 545.

Lanius collaris, 545.

816

INDEX OF

Lanius collurio, 546.

excubitor, 304.

elegans, 144.

macrourus, 40.5.

meridioualis, 304.

iiiexicanus, 768.

minor, 379, 646.

mnsicus, 754.

newtoni, 90, 104.

senator senator,

144.

Lams argentatiis, 179,
074.

cachinnans,

169.

cirrhocephalus, 53.

frankliui. 073.

fuscu8, 109.

aut^lius, 370,

399, 787.

gelastps, 220.

niariiiiis, 220, 673.

melauocepbalus,

168.

ridibuncius, 027.

taimyrensis ante-

lins, 787'.

taimyrensis,

787.
T.eptoc^oina basselti, 757.
LeptophaL'thon lepturus,

I'M.
■ ascensionis,

791.
Lcptoptiius crunieni-

ferus, (>8.
Lepturus candidus,

Liumatornis, 762.
Liimioeorax uiger, 46.
Liumocryptes gallinula,

107.
Litnosa lapponica, 396.
Liniirgus eamerunensis,

656.

olivaceus, 513, 656.

• rutbbriinneus tbom-

ensis, 90. 101.

thoiuensis, 101.

Lobivauellus lateralis,

190.
Loeustella lanceolata,

785.
Lophoaetus occipitalis,

246.
Lopboceros damarensis,

273.

■ deekeni, 274.

epirbiiius, 213.

erytbrorbyucbus

caffer, 273.

Lo))hoceros erj-tbrorbyn-
cbus fcrytUrorhyuclius,
272.

flavirostris elegans,

274. ^

flavirostris,

273.

• leucomelas,

274.
bempricliii, 270.

jacksoni, 275.

mediai-iiis, 273.

nielanoleucus, 213,

352.

nasutus epirbinus,

213.

forskallii, 271.

maraiei, 271.

nasutu?, 270.

sibbensis, 275.

Lopbogyps occipitalis,

238.
Lopliotriorchis lucani,

245.
Loriculus vernalis, 730.
Loxia curvirostra, 662.

curvirostra,

357.

poliogyna,

136.

scotica, 357.

pytyopsittaeus, 355.

tridactyla, 438.

Lullula arborea barterti,

141.
Luseinia megarbvncba,

152.
svecica cyanecula,

219.
Lusciniola scbwartzi, 785.
Lybius leucocepbalus,

437.

torquatus, 211.

tridactylus, 438.

ugandjE, 438.

Lvmnocrvptes gallinula,

"704, 709, 713.
Lyncornis cerviniceps,

735.

Macgillivrayornis claudi,

82.
Machetes pugnax, 224,

397, 009.
Macrodipteryx longi-

pennis, 302.

vesillarius, 216.

Macronyx capensis, 559.

croceus, 654.

Malaconotus olivaceus

fctarki, 545.

Malacopterura lepidoce-

pbaluui, 748.

rufifrons, 748.

Manacus manacus guttu-

rosus, 789.
Mareca americana, 676.
Murila marila, 677.

vallisneria, 677.

Marmaronctta angusti-

rostris, 223.
Megalornis grus grus,

160.
Melainornis edulioides,

120.
Melanobucco abbotti,

438.
Melanocorypba calandra

calandra, 140.
Melierax gabar, 200, 240.

mecbowi, 199.

— metabates, 240.

niger, 200.

(Sparvius) niger,

241.

Melignothes couirostris,

434, 489.
exilis, 434.

pacbyrbyncbus,

430.

Melittopbagus bullocki,
bullooki, 298.

frenatus, 298,

bullockoides, 298.

cyaiiostictus, 294.

lafre.suavii lafres-

nayii, 296. "

oreobates, 296.

meridionalis, 214,

295.

oreobates, 296.

pusillus, 121.

cyanosticfcus,

294.

meridionalis,

295.

pusillus, 294.

swinboii, 734.

variegatusbangweo-

lensis, 297.

loringi, 297.

variegatus,

297.

Merop3 angolensis, 296.

apiaster, 154, 214,

299.

bullockoides, 298.

bulocki, 298.

clu-ysolaimus, 293.

erytbropterus, 121.

fremitus, 298.

furcatus, 292.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

817

Merops liirundlnaceus,
292.

birundineus, 121.

latVesnayii, 2'.)8.

mibicoides, 214.

nubicus nubicoides,

30J.

nubicus, 299.

persicus chrjsoeer-

ciis, 154.

pusiUus, 294.

3 nithii, 299.

superoiliosus, 121.

varie;Taius, 297.

Merubi, 763.

obscura, 753.

Mesiles, 773.
Mi'sohucon duvaugli

oriental is, 738.
Mesoplioys intermedius

bPHcliyrlijnchus, 70.
Mesopicus decipiens,

•4(W.

g'jertae abessinicus,

488.

centralis, 467,

4«8.

goertsB, 408.

konigi, 468.

johnstoni, 49U.

spodocephalus rho-

diM)gaster, 469, 470.
spodocepha-

lus, 4f,9.
Micranous leucocapillus,

233.
Microcarbo africanus, 75.
Mierohierax melanuleu-

ciis, 181.
Micronisus gabar, 200.

niger, 200.

Micropalama Jiimanto-

pus, 616.
Mi'-ropogon darnaudii.

4.^0.
Micropus jequatorialis,

311.

affinis, 107.

apus apus, 312.

■ kalaharicus,

pekinen.sis, 312.

sbelleyi, 314.

barbalus, 316.

nnirinus brehmo-

nini, 315.

murinu.i, 315.

MicTozalias, 597.
]VIic-teria seuegalensis, 67.
Milviis a;gyptius, 111,

206.

Milvus a>gypliu3 para-
situs, 231*, 248.

lujo'raua migrans,

153.

inilrus, 1.58.

Mirafra africana, 551.

nigricans, 561.

saljota, 561.

Mixoriiis gularis rubri-

capilli, 751.

rubricapilla, 751.

Molotbrus ater ater, 686.

Monticola eyanus soli-
tar i a, 752.

gularis, 752.

s.ixatilis, 149.

solitarius, 219.

pbilippensis,

752.

solitarius,

149:

Motacilla alascensis, 769.

alba, 385, 397.

alba, 143.

boarula boarula,

143.

cauariensis,

385.

scbraitzi, 385.

capensis, 559.

Ilava cinereocapilla,

142.

flava, 143.

vidua, 559.

Muscicapa cvanea, 492,

648.

grisola, 542,

hypoleuca, 144.

striata striata, 144.

Mnscitrea grisola, 743.
Musophaga cristata, 488.

rossce, 413.

violacea rossse, 413.

MTJophoneus eugenii,

718,750.
klossii, 750.

Neorornis, 762.
Kectariuia melanoryn-

chos, 284.
Neocorys spragnei, 770.
Neonectris, 59U, 600.

griseus missns, 603.

Pescadores!,

602.
Neophloeotomus schulzi,

789.

shiptoni, 789.

Neophron monachus,

238.

Ncopjiron percnopterus,

238.
percnopterus,

15(').

pileatiis, 120.

Neospiza concolor, 90,

102.
Neoiis cafra, 64.
Nesocharis ansorgei, 514.

caj^istrata, 515.

sbelleyi, 514, 659.

Nettion carolinense, 676.

punctatuin, 73

Nigrita canipapira, 656.
Nilaus brubru, 352, 543.
Ninox novae-zealandite,

805.
Noctua woodfordi. 255.
Nothoprocta ambigua,

788.
Nucifraga caryocatactes

altaicus, 787.
Nuinenius arquata, 168,

387.
phseopus, 114, 232,

387.
Nuinida coronata, 196.

major, 24.

' meleagris, 234.

ptilorbyncha barin-

goensis, 25, 28.
macroceras,

26.

major, 24, 26.

neumanni, 26.

oinoensis, 26.

26.

28, 29.
27.

ptilorliyncha,
rend ills, 25,
sonialieusis.

toruensis, 27.

reichenowi, 23.

strasseni, 30.

Nyctea nyctea, 684.
Nycticorax nycticorax

nycticorax, 161.
Nyroca capensis, 189.
erythrophthaliua,

189.

ferina ferina, 162.

fuligula fuligula,

162.
nyroca, 162.

Oceanodroma, 576.

beali, 579.

bcldirigi, 579.

castro, 115, 387.

818

INDEX OF

Oceanodroina hornbyi,

608.

kaediiigi, 579.

socorroensis, 5S0.

tristrami, 579.

Odontophorus pliimbei-

coUis, 788.
ffideinia, 177.
CEdicnemus capensis,

190.

afRnis, 63.

capensis, 62.

dodsoni, 63.

oedicnpuius, 379.

senegalensis, 62.

CEna capensi?, 45, 196.
Q^nanthe deserti lioino-

cliroa, 149.
hispauicaliispauica,

149.

leucorrhoa, 767.

leucura syenitica,

150.
• lugens halophila,

149.
oenantlie, 149, 396,

767.
ffistrelata Lypoleuca,

608.

longirostris, 595.

Oideinia deglaudi, 678.
Olor sp., 679.

■ buccinator, 788.

OnycliOgnathus fuigidus,

90, 94.

preussi, 619.

Opisthocomus, 762, 772.
Oreoinystes, 334.
Oreophilus ruficoUis,

339.
Oriolus crassii'ostris, 90,

95.

cucuUatus, 662.

diffiisus, 758.

indicus, 758.

■ larvatus, 352, 547.

nigripennis, 518.

notatus, 547.

oriolus, 385.

oriolus, 136.

Ortygis lepurana, 30.
Ortvgouietra egregia,

116.
Ortygospiza polyzona,

5'54.
Osmotreron biciucta,

723.

donivilii, 723.

domvilii, 723.

veriians, 723.

Otis eafra, 64.

Otis canicoUis, 65.

bartlaubi, 64.

kori, 191.

strutbiuncu-

lus, 65.

ruficrista, 191.

senegalensis cani-

collis, 65.

erlangeri, 65.

• ■ somaiiensis,

65.
Otocompsa flaviventris,

747.
Otocorys, 770.

alpestris, 396.

Otus asio quereinus, 623.

capeusis, 253.

fere, 227, 231.

leucopsis, 110.

leucotis granti, 255.

leucotis, 254.

nigrovertex,

255.

scops scops, 156.

Oxyeclius vociferus voci-

ferus, 681.
Oxylophus glandarius,

230.

Pachvcepiiala grisola,

743.
Pacbyprora inolitor, 543.
Pachyrbampbus uiagda-

leiiffi, 369.
Paljeornis fasciata, 730.
Palaeortyx, 772.
Pan d ion, 626.

baliaetus baliaetus,

160.

Panurus biarmicus, 143.
Parasula dactylatra, 790.
Parisouia subcix^ruleura,

565.
Parra africana, 59.

■ Senegal lus, 55.

Parns nfer, 564.

ater ledouci, 143.

atricapillus klein-

scbmidti, 381.

cinerascens, 564.

cinereus. 786.

fergbanensis,

786.

cceruleus ultra-

marinus, 143.

mait>r excelsus,

143.

niger, 352.

sclateri, 769.

■ wolhveberi, 769.

Passer diffusua, 654.

doiuesticus che-

pbreni, 182.

domesticus,

687.

tingitanus,

138.

grisens, 655.

bispaniolensis, 220.

• bispaniolensis,

138.

motitensis, 556.

simplex, 120.

Passerculus sandwicb-

eusis alaudinus, 688.
Pelargopsis burmanica,

731.
gurial burmanica,

731.
Pelecanus africanus, 75.

onocrotalus, 75.

Pellorneum subochra-

eeum, 748.
Pentbestes, 786.

budsonius hudso-

)iius, 689.

Perdix perdix, var., 681.

sepba'na, 1 1.

Pericrocotus, 792.
Perisoreus infaustus

maritimus, 787.
Pernis cristatus, 728.
Petrochelidon lunifrons

lunitVons, 688.

rufigula, 647.

Petronia petrouia bar-

bara, 138.
Pbaetiion, 790.

candidus, 111.

lepturus, 111,232.

Pbainopepla, 768.
Pbainoptila, 768.
Pbalacrocoras sp., ICO.
africanus, 112, 188.

auritus, 795.

carbo indicus, 625.

lucid us, 75.

Pbalaropus fulicarius,

396.

byperboreus, 225,

383.

lobatus, 225, 396.

Pbasianus, 772.

africana, 414.

Pbilobela, 625.
Pbloeotomus scbulzi,

789.
Pblogenys, 768.
Piioebetria palpebrata

auduboni, 177.
Pbcenicoiiaias minor, 72.

SCIENTIFIC N'AMES.

819

Phoenieopterus ery-

Picus (Deudrobaptes)

Pogonias bifrenatus,

thraus, 1113.

scboeusis, 464.

439.

minor, 72.

(Mesopicus) rbodeo-

melanocepbala,

roseus, 112, 162.

gaster, 469.

439.

Phoenicurus familiaris,

Pinarocorys nigricans,

Pogoniwlus chrysoconus

571.

561.

centralis, 444, 446.

ochriirus gibral-

Pinarornis rhodesiaj,

chrysoconus.

tariensis, \')l.

569.

445.

■ phoenicuriis, 151.

Pinicola enucleator

• extoni, 445.

algeriensis,

altaicus, 787.

rhodesiae, 446.

151.

sakhalinensis.

schubotzi, 44(5.

phoenicurus,

787.

xantbostictus.

151.

Piprisoma modestum

445.

Phoeocepbalus xantho-

modesLum, 756.

zedlitzi, 446.

ptei-us, 259.

remotura,

pusillus alfinis, 442,

Pholidauges lencogaster

793.

444.

verreauxi, 548.

Piscatrix sula, 790.

pusillus, 443.

Pliororhacos, 773.

Pisobia niinuta, 59.

uropygialis,

Phoyx purpurea, 69.

Pisorhina capensis, 208.

443.

Phvllastrephus capensis,

grisea, 253.

schoanus, 447.

348.

intermedia,

Pogonorhynchus aiHnis,

flavistriatu3, 348.

253.

440.

milanjensis, 351.

pusiila, 253-

albicauda, 4.38.

■ strepitans, 563.

leucopsis, 110.

diadeniafciis, 441.

PLiyllopezus africanus,

ieucotis granti, 255.

leucogaster, 438.

121.

scapulatus, 110.

massaicns, 441.

Piivlloscopus borealis.

Pitangus sulphuratus

senex, 438.

754.

derbianus, 634.

Poicephalus nieyeri, 209.

borealis, 754.

Pitta oyanea, 742.

abebsinicus.

collvbita coUybita,

Planesticus raigratorius

259.

145.

propinquus, 639.

damarensis.

superciliosus, 7.55.

Platalea alba, 192.

259.

superciliosus,

• leucorodia, 222.

erythreag, 259.

755.

leucorodia,

raatscbiei, 259.

tenellipes, 755.

161.

meyeri, 259.

troehilus. 351, 568.

Platystira cyanea, 492,

neavei, 260.

viridauus, 785.

648.

nyans£e, 260.

Phyllostrophus poensis,

Plectrophenax nivalis,

reichenowi,

495.

397.

259.

Phytotoma abvssinica.

nivalis, 687.

saturatu8,258,

438.

Plegadis falcinellus, 67.

260.

Pica pica hudsonia,

Ploceus anocblorus,

transvaalien-

686.

660.

sis, 259.

mauritanica.

melanogaster, 517,

virescens, 260.

13.5.

veiatus, 550.

Poliocephalus rulicollis

Picus abyssinicus, 460.

Podiceps capensis, 49,

cajiensi.s, 49.

biarmicus, 465.

188,646.

Poliohierax semitor-

cardinalis, 456.

cristatus, 372.

HUJitus, 249.

chrysnpterus, 458.

cristatus, 51.

Poliolais sp., 594.

diophrys, 465.

infuscatus, 51.

alfixauderi, 504.

-■ flaviscapus, 458.

infuscatus, 51, 628.

Poliopicus johnstoni,

fulviseapus, 457.

nigricollis, 223.

490.

fuscescens, 457.

ruficollis capensis.

Polioptila, 765.

goertaB, 468.

646.

Poliosoiza angoleusis,

guineensis, 456.

Podilyrabus podiceps,

556.'

heinprichii, 458.

672.

bxirtoni, 512.

iraberbis, 454.

Poecile, 786.

gularis, 557.

mystaceus, 465.

Poecilodryas capito. 341.

Polvboroides typicus,

nauiaquus, 465.

Poei'ilonetta erythro-

198.

nubicus, 451.

rhyncha, 74, 189.

Pomatorbinus nuclialis.

vaillantii, 154.

Poephila mirabilis, 669.

747.

SER. X. — VOL. III.

3i

820

INDEX OF

Poniatorhyncbus aus-
tral is, 544.

senegalus, 544.

Porphyrio alien i, 117.

cseriilea, 166.

Porzana Carolina, 680.
PratiiU'ola pallidigula,

498, 649.

torquata, 570.

Prinia epichlora, 505.

flavicans. 666.

molleri, 90, 104.

mystacea, 352, 566.

Prionocbilus modestus,

756.
Priouops talacoma, 352,

543.
Procellaria, 575.

leucomelas, 594.

pacifica, 596.

Prodotiscus insiguis, 489.

regulus, 436.

Zambesi ae, 437.

Protnerops purpureus,

283.
Primeila modiilaris, 152,
Psalidoprocne fiiliginosa,

491.

orientalis, 353.

Psaltiparus inelauotis,

769.
Psepbotus, pulcberrimus,

799.
Pseudogyps africanus

africainis, 237.
Psilorbinus, 771.
Psittaciis, 762.
— — eritbacus, 121.

meyeri, 259.

puUaviiis, 260.

Pterins ptilonorbyncbus,

728.
Pternistes infuscatus,

20.
leucoscepus bolte-

mulleri, 21.
infuscatus, 4,

20.

20.

keniensis. 21.
kiliniensis, 21,
leucoscepus.

inuhamed-
ben-abduUab, 21.

swainsoni, 197.

Pterocles alcbata alciiata,
164.

arenarius, 163.

decoratusdecoratus,

32.

ellioti, 31.

Pterocles lichteusteiuii

arabicus, 33.
byperythrus,

33.
— — licbteosteinii,

33.
sukensis, 32,

34.
quadricinctuslowei,

34, 36.
quadricinctuB,

35.
senegallus sene-

gallus, 164.
PterocUirus exustus el-
lioti, 31.

exustus, 31.

orientalis, 32.

soiualicus, 31.

Pterodrouia, 588.
Piilogonys, 768.
Ptilopacbus fuscus flor-

eutiaj, 22.

keniensis, 22.

Ptilopacbys florentise, 22.
Ptyonoprogne anders-

s-oni, 535
PuiEnus, .583, 590.

bannerniani, 594.

carneipes, 602.

cuneatus, 587, 597-

griseus, 233, 587.

kublii kulilii, 169.

leucomelas, 588.

nativitatis, 597.

obscurus, 596.

pacificusalleni, 600.

puffinus yelkouan,

169.
tenuirostris, 587,

-.598.
Pycnonotus barbatus bar-

batus, 144.
gabonensis,

648.

layardi, 563.

finlaysoni, 747.

gabonensis, 648.

layardi, 352, 563.

Pygoscelis papua, 791.
P](rgita diffusa, 654.
Pyromelana aurea, 97.
capeusis xautbo-

meloeua, 354, 552.

flammiceps, 96.

orix suudevalli,

550,
xantbomelas pboeni-

comera, 51.3.
Pyrotrogon erythro-

cepbalus, 735,

Pyrotrogon erytbro-
cepbalus klofsi, 735.

oreskios, 730.

orropbaeus, '• 93.

Pyrrhocorax pyrrbo-
corax, 135.

Pyrrhulauda leucotis
smitbi, 561 .

smithi, 561.

Pytelia mell a, 552.

reicbcuowi, 656.

Quelea erytbrops, 97.
Querquedula discors,

676.

Ibrmosa, 170.

Quisealus quiscala quis-

cala, 687.

Rallina superciliaris,

725.

tricolor, 374.

Rallus aquaticus, 388.

• aquaticus, 165.

cseridcscens, 116,

■ niger, 46.

Rampbaleyon capensis

burmanica, 731.
Eecurvirostra americana,

680.
Regulus, 767.

regulus interni, 220.

Reinboldia, 590.
Rliampbocorys clot-bey,

139.
Rbinoniyias tardus, 793.
Rbinoplax vigil, 376.
Rbinopomasstus cabanisi,

291.
cyanomelas, 215,

352.
cyanomelas,

290.

schalowi, 289.

sebalbwi, 289.

Rhinoptilus africanus

africanus, 60.

bisignatus, 61.

gracilis, 60,

61.

hartingi, 62.

sharpei, 61.

ductus cinctus, 62.

bartingi, 62.

Rliopoclytes tristis bain-
anus, 737.
Ehyacophilus glareola,

6"16.
Rbyncluca, 699, 712.716.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

821

E.liyncodon biarmicus

biaiiuicus, 249.
Rliviidoceros imdulatus,

?■;«.

Kidgwayia, 7(>8.
Riparia cincta, 534.

t'liliguJa anderssOni,

535.

riparia, 689.

riparia, 153.

■ rupesti-is, 153.

Salpinctes guadelou-

pensis proximiis, 635.
obsuletus, 635.

■ pulverius,635.

Sarciopliorus tectns, 54.
Sarfogramiiius atrinu-

chalis, 725.

indieus atrinu-

chalis, 72r>.

Sarkidioniis africanus,

72.

■ melanotns,189,635.

africanus, 72.

Saxicola familiaris, 571.

indiea, 380.

pileata, 570.

rubetra, 151.

salax pallidigula,

498, 649.
torqnata rubieola,

151.
SciKophaethon rubri-

caiida, 790.
brevirostris,

791.
rothschildi,

791.
Scbizorhis concolor, 209.

■ leopoldi, 4] 5.

Sclioenicola apicalis, 566,

650.
Scolopax gallinago, 59.

rusticola, 167, 704,

709, 713.

Scops capensis, 253.

■ feiE, 227.

erlangeri, 255.

fese, 231.

leueopsis, 110.

scapuiatus, 110.

Scopus umbretia, 194.
bannermani,

68.
Scotocerca inquieta sa-

harse, 147.
Scotoriiis climacurus,

301.

triiuaculatus, 307-

Serinus angolensis, 556.

canarius serinus,

137.

hartlaubi, 101, 655.

icterus, 101, 557.

imberbis rendalli,

5.58.

marslialli, 557.

serinus, 364.

suljjburatus, 557.

Serpcntarius serpen-

tarius, 198, 235.
Setaria ruflfrons, 718,

748.
Sharpia sancti-thomae,

99.
Sialia, 767.
Sigelus si lens, 542.
Sigmodus retzii, 543.

tricolor, 352.

Siphia hainana, 743.

pallidipes hainana,

743.

tickellise, 743.

Sitagra anochlorus, 660.

ocularia, 362.

Sitta casia, 864.

niexicana, 769.

nelsoni, 769.

p.vgmsea, 769.

Smitbornis, 765.

■ cauierunensis, 493.

capensis, 351.

Soniateria mollissima,

173.
Spatula clypeata, 74,

162, 676.
Speirops lugubris. 90,
104.

melanocephala,

510.
Spermestes cucullatu.s,

98, 659.
Spheconax albiirons. 299.
Sphyrapicus varius

varius, 685.
Spilornis cheela, 181,
729.

— rutherfordi,

729.

rutherfordi, 729.

Spinus, 779.

Spizaetus bellicosus, 4,

201,245.
Spizella pallida, 688.
Sporophila, 779.

pileata, 789.

Sporopipes squamifrons,

■549. ..
Squatarola squatavola,
397.

Staguicola brachyptera,
48.

nieridionalis, 47,

116.
Steganopus tricolor, 680.
Steganura paradisea, 96,

556.
Stepera, 798.
Stepluinibyx coronatus,
56, 190.

uielanopterus, 56.

minor, 56.

Stereorarius longicauda,

396.
Sterna antestheta, 114.
— — angliea, 226.

cinerea, 53.

fissipes, 53.

fuliginosa, 114, 374,

390.

hirundo, 168, 675.

leucoptera, 52.

- — nilotica, 53, 226.

paradisea, 396.

sandvicensis, 387.

Stigmatopelia senegal-
ensis Eegyptiaca, 44.

seuegalensis,

43, 44.

sokotrffi, 45.

Strepsilas interpres, 114.
Streptopelia capicula
damarensis, 42.

lugens, 43.

seinitorquata ery-

thropbrys, 42.

semitorquata,

41, 42.

shelleyi, 42.

senegalensis, 118.

fegyptiaca,

163.

• sokotrffi, 45.

suratensis tigrina,

724.

turiur arenicola,

163.
Strix affiris, 258.

aluco mauritaiiica,

155.

flammea, 208.

niaculata, 208.

■ lactea, 2.52.

leucotis, 254.

niaculata, 258.

nuchale, 484.

occidentalis, 634.

perlata, 256.

-^ — thoniensis, 110. 'T.
-— ; — nralensis yenisse--
ensis, 787.

822

INDEX OF

Strix woodfordi, 255.
Strobilophaga burtoni,

612.
Struthio massaicus, 10.
Stuvnella magna, 633.

neglecta, 687.

Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris

136.
Sula. bassana, 160.

. fiber, 232.

leucogastra, 111,

232, 790.
Sulita bassana, 790.
Surnia ulula caparocb

685.
Sj'cobrotus stictifrons,

351.

tepbronotiis, 51(>.

Sylvia atricapilla, 386.
atricapilla,

146.

cantillans, 146.

cinerea, 6G8.

communis, 385.

■ CJuimuais,

146.

conspicillata con-

spicillata, 147.

deserticola, 147.

bortensis hortensis,

146. •
melanocephala,386.

melano-

cepbala, 146.

— melanotborax, 219.

nisoria, 568.

orjjliea, 146.

■ rueppelli, 797.

■ Sylvia, 568.

Sylviella whvtei, 362.
Sylvietta rufescens, 667.
Sjuiplectes castani-
capillus, 517.

■ croconotus, 617.

preussi, 517.

tepbron(jtus, 516.

Syncopta tincta, 506,

'652.
Syrnium nucbale, 484.

Tacbornis parvus brachy-

pterus, 3lO.

■ gracilis, 309.

griseus, 310.

laemostigma,

310.
myocbrous,

310.

parvus, 309.

Tacbydromuscollaris,61.
Tantalus athiopicus, 66.

Tantalus falcinellus, 67.

ibis, 67.

Taoperdix, 772.
Tar^iger silens, 542.

stellatus, 351, 571.

Telepbonus australis,544.
major, 652.

senegalus, 352, 544.

Telmatcidytes paluslris

iliacus, 689.
Tepbrocoi-ys cinerea,

562.
Teratbopius ecaudatus,

247.
Terpsiphone affinls, 745.

atrocbalybea, 90,

106.

newtoni, 227, 230.

Tetr^nura regia, 556.
Tetrao, 772.

erassirostris, 129.

major, 129.

urogallus, 128.

aquitanicus,

132.

taczanowskii,

130.

uralensis, 130.

urogallus, 130,

133.

volgensis, 130.

Thalassidroma pelagica,

387.
Tbamnolrea cinnamomei-

veutris, 570.

snbrufipennis, 7-

Thereiceryx pbseostriata,

737.
Tbrenetes longicauda,

788.
Tbreskiornis ^tbiopica,

66.
Tbripias namaquus de-

cipiens, 466.
intermedius,

466.

namaquns,466.

scboensis, 464.

Thyellodroma, 590, 596.

cuneata cuneata,

597.

laysani, 600.

Tiniiunculus artburi,
250.

rupicoloides, 206.

rupicolus, 206.

Toburides, 172.
Toccus elegans, 274.
Todus pictus, 264.
Tetanus calidns, 225,

725.

Totanus glareola, 114.

190, 225.
bypoleucus, 114,

225, 387.

ochropus, 22.5.

stagnatilis, 58.

Tracliyphonus bohmi,

450'.

cafer, 212.

darnaudii bobmi,

450.

darnaudii,

450.

usambiro, 461.

eniini, 449.

erytbrocepbalus

erytbrocepbalus, 448.
sbelleyi, 449.

uropygialis, 450.

versicolor, 448.

Treron bicincta domvilii,

723.

erassirostris, 117.

curvirostra nipal-

ensis, 721.

nipalensis, 721.

Tricbolfema affinis, 440.

alexandri, 442.

blandi, 439.

diademata dia-

deraata, 441.

massaica, 441.

flavibuccale, 440.

lacryniosa, 440.

leucomelau, 211.

melanocepbala

blandi, 439.

melano-
cepbala, 439.

stigmato-

tborax, 439.
radcliffei, 440.

stigmatotborax,

439.

Tricbophorus flavigula,
648.

tepbrolsema, 495.

Tringa alpina, 397.

calidris, 611.

ferruginea, 396.

flavipes, 616.

glareola, 225.

bypoleuca, 58, 114,

168,225.

maculata, 390.

minuta, 59, 397.

nebularia, 611, 613.

ocbropus, 68, 168,

226, 534, 616.

ochropus assami,

534.

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

823

Triiiga solitaria, 616.

sUiguiiiih^, .>8, 616.

• subarquiita, 2"_'o.

. teiiHiiiiifkii, 397.

totainis, 168, 225.

Tringoicles hypoleiieos,
58, 114, 191,616, 725.

. macularius, 616.

Trochocerciis albiventris,
492.

albonotatus swyn-

nertoni, .'iol.

bivittatus, 351.

Troglodytes aedon park-
man i, 689.

furvus, 779.

troglodytes kaby-

loruni, lo.'l
Trogon nuriiia, 406.
Tropicoperdix chloropus,

721.
Tui-aciis cabauisi. 410.

chalcoliipluis, 410.

bartlaubi, 412.

. hybridus, 410.

■ leuculopluis, 411.

livingstoniicabanisi,

410.

• livingstonii,

409.

• marimgensis, 408,

410.

nieriani, 487.

persa, 487.

— biittneri, 487.

• reichenowi, 4] 1.

■ scliahnvi clialeo-

lophus, 410.

• marungensis,

408, 410.

8chalowi,410.

Turdinus abbotti, 749.

. olivaceinii,749.

monacbus, 496.

- — clandei, 496.

Turdus, 766.

cross) eyi, 497.

iliacus, 218.

libonyanns, 570.

litsipsirupa, 569.

— — macriirus, 753.
merula alginis, 148.

mauritanicus,

148.

musicus, 148, 218.

nigrilorutn, 496,

649.

obscurus. 753.

olivaceofuscus, 90,

105.

Turdus pbilomelus pliilo-
meliis, 1-48.

pilaris, 148, 386.

— — torquatns, 148.

tropic.ilis, 352.

visciTorus deicbleri,

148.
Turaixblanfordi,721.

lepiirana, 30, 191,

636.
Turtur afra delicatula,
39.

capicoladamareusis,

195.

cbalcospilos, 39,

121.

daiiiarensis, 42.

semitorquatus, 121,

195.

intermedins,

42.

minor, 42.

seiiegalensis, 118,

195.

tigrinus, 724.

Turturcenia malherbei,

118, 121,233.
Tyrapaiiistria tympanis-

tria, 46.
Tynipaniiclui.s america-

niis aniericanus, 682.
Tyranniis tyrannus, 686.
Tyto alba affinis, 258.

alba, 156.

ealei, 82.

Uintornif.-, 762.
Upiipa africana, 215,
279.

maior, 280.

butleri, 277.

■ capensis, 281.

oristatella, 280.

— — decorata, 280.

epops butleri, 277.

— — epops, 154,

277.

major, 277.

• erythrorhynchus,

282.

intermedia, 278.

major, 277.

minor, 280.

senegalensis, 276.

somalensis, 278.

viridis, 283.

Urfegiuthus angolensis,

555.
granatinus, 555.

Uragus sibiricus ussuri-

eusis, 787.
Uria troile, 387.
Urocolius niacrourus

syntactus, 405.
Urolestes melanoleucus,

546.

Vanelliis inornatiis, 56.

vanelliis, 107.

Vidua ccmcolor, 656.

. paradisea, 96. 556.

principalis, 95, 556.

regia, 556.

Serena, 95, 556.

Vinago calva, 482.
■ calva, 37.

salyadorii,

36, 37.

sharpei, 37.

delalandei, 194.

sancti-thomie, 90,

117.

waalia, 36.

Vireolanius, 768.
Viridibucco simplex

leucomystax, 447.
Vultur occipitalis, 238.

perenopterus, 2.38.

Xantliocephalus xantbo-

cepluilut-, 687.
Xenocichla poliocepLala,

494.

Yungipicus obsoletus

ingens, 466.
Yunx indica, 471.
pectoralis, 471.

Zamelodia ludoviciana,

688.
Zanclostomus flavi-

rostris, 429.
Zeledonia, 767.
Zenaidura macroura

macroura, 682.
Zootliera marginata, 718,

751.
Zosterops anderssoni,

351, 564.

fea3, 103.

licedulina fe^, 90,

103.
griseovirescens, 227,

229.

lugubris, 104.

stenocricota, 508.

poensis, 509.

(Speirops) melano-

cephalus, 610,

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

1915.

Afrioa, Bannerman on the Birds
colleoted b.y Mr. Boyd Alexandei- on
his last expedition to, 89, 227, 473,
643 ; Grant on Birds from Uganda
and British East, 1, 235, 400;
Haagner's descriptive list of Birds of
South, noticed, 623.
Alberta, Canada, Horsbrngh on Birds
of the Alix and Buffalo Lake Districts
of. G70.
Alexander, Boyd, Bannerman on Birds
collected bv, on his last expedition to
Africa, 89,' 227, 473, 643.
Algeria, Jonrdain on the Bird-Life of

Eastern, 133.
America, Chapnian on new Birds from
Central and Soutli, noticed, 787; Cory
on new Birds from South, noticed,
788 ; Pycraft on the Geographical
Dibtributioa of the Avifauna of
Central, 761 .
Annobon Island, Bannerman on the

Birds of, 227.
Argentina, Dabbene on new Birds from,

noticed, 789.
Arizona, Swarth's list of the Birds of,

noticed, 175.
Assam, Stevens on the Birds of L'pper,

noticed, 793.
'Auk,' noticed, 176.
' Austral Avian Record,' noticed, 796.
Australia, Dove on the Crested Penguin
in. 86 ; Mathews on a recent ornith-
ological discovery in, 76 ; Mathews
on the Birds of, noticed, 171, 624,
789; North on the Nests and Eggs
of Birds of, noticed, 373; White on
Birds from Central, noticed, 632.

' Australian Zoologist,' noticed, 179.
' Avicultural Magazine,' noticed, 180.

Baker, E. C. Stuart, Note on the Genus
Ithagenes, 122 ; A revision of the
genus Gennaus, noticed, 794.

Bannerman, D. A., Report on the Birds
collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Rifle Brigade) duri\ig
his last. Expedition to Africa, 80, 227,
473, 643; Letter from, containing
some corrections to the B. 0. U. List
of British Birds, 384.

Baxendale, F. R. S., Notes on the
Ornitliolofjy of Cypru.s, 217.

Berlepscl], Hans Graf von, Obituarial
notice of, 620.

'Bird-Lore.' noticed, 377.

Bird-parties, Swynnerton on mixed,
346.

Blatliwayt, F.L., The Birds of Lincoln-
shire, noticed, 785.

Bonhote, J. L., Letter from, on tlie
Black-throated and Black-eared
Wheatears, 639.

Borneo, Moulton's addition to the Birds
of, 383; Moulton on the Birds of,
noticed, 626.

Brabourne, Lord, Obituarial notice of,
617.

' British Birds,' noticed, 796.

British Ornithologists' Club Migration
Report, noticed, 368.

British Ornithologists' Union : List of
British Birds, Second Edition com-
pleted, 184, 394 ; Hartert on the new
List, 358 ; Some corrections, 384, 388 ;
Proceedings at the Annual General

I

826

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

Meeting 1915, 390; Notices to

Mftinbers, r»42; List of Members

serving with H.M. Forces, 801 ;

Honour for Mr. T. H. Nelson, 805.
' British Warblers,' Howard on the,

noticed, 371.
Burns, F. L., On the Length of the

Incubation-period in Birds, noticed,

786.
Butler, A. L., Letter on new species of

African Birds, 182.
Buturlin,>S. A., On Russian and eastern

palcearctic Birds, noticed, 786.

Cameroon, Bannerman on the Birds of

the Manenguba Mountains, 643.
Cameroon Mountain, Bannerman on

the Birds of, 473.
Capercaillie, Ingram on the, 128.
' Cdssinia,' noticed, 633.
Chapman, F. M., Diagnoses of new

Colombian Birds, noticed, 369; On

new Birds from Central and South

America, noticed, 787.
Club van NederlaudscheVogelkundigen.

' Jaarbericht,' noticed, 636.
Coale, H. K., The present status of the

Trumpeter Swan, noticed, 788.
Colombia, Chapman on new Birds from,

noticed, 369.
Coloration, Lowe on, as a Factor in

Family and Generic Differentiation,

320.
' Condor,' noticed, 633.
Cormorant, Taverner on the Canadian,

and the Salmon, noticed, 795.
Cory, C. B., On new Birds from South

America, noticed, 788.
Cozens, G. P., Grant on African Birds

presented to the British Museum by,

1, 235, 400
Crossbill, C. B. Ticehurst on the

Parrot, 355 ; 0. B. Ticehurst on the

Plumages of the Male, 662.
Cyprus, Baxendale on the Ornithology

of, 217.

Dutch Bird Club Yearbook, noticed,

636.
Dyer, C. M., Obituarial notice of, 618.

Eaton, E. H., ' Birds of New York,'

Vol. II., noticed, 621.
Eggs, North on Australian Birds' Nests

and, noticed, 373; Sliufeldt on

Humming-birds, noticed. 174.
Eider-Duck, Schi0ler on the Races of

tiie, noticed, 173.
' Emu,' noticed, 798.
Etheridge, B., Junr., Letter from, with

reference to Messrs. Cockerell and

Thorpe. 637.

Festa, E., Collecting Expedition to
S. Italy, noticed, 622.

Ghidini, A., On rare Alpine Birds,
noticed, 170 ; On the Waxwiag in
Italy, noticed, 622.

Goeldi, E. A., ' Tierwelt der Schweiz,'
noticed, 170.

Grant, C. H. B., On a collection of
Birds from B.E. Africa and Uganda,
presented to the British Museum by
Capt. G. P. Cozens. With Field-
Notes l)y the Collector, Willoughby
P. Lowe, 1, 235, 400.

Grebe, Huxley on the Courtship of the
Great Cre.sted, noticed, 372,

Griffin, L. T., Letter from, on a remark-
able discovery of Bird-life in New
Zealand, 803.

Grinnel], J., A new red-winged Black-
bird, noticed, 171 ; On a new Si'reech
Owl from California, noticed, 623;
On Conserving collectors, noticed,
641.

Gulls, Robinson on i-inging Black-
headed, noticed, 627.

Gurney, J. H., Ornithological Report
for Norfolk (1914), noticed, 623.

Dabbene, R., On new Argentine Birds,
noticed, 789.

Denmark, Hpiring on Birds at Light-
houses in, noticed, 370.

Distribution : Pycraft on the Avifauna
of Central America ; a Study in
Geographical, 761.

Dove, H. S., The Crested Penguin in
Australian Waters, 86.

Dunlins, Lowe on some Osteological
Characters of the, 609.

Haagner, A., De.«criptive list of
S. African birds, noticed, 623.

Hartert, E., The new B. O. U. List of
Briti.sh Birds, 358.

and Jackson, Annie C, Notes on

some Waders, 526.

Hnviland, Maud' D., Notes on Bird-
Migration at the month of the
Yenesei River, Siberia, as observed in
the Autumn of 1914, 395 ; Note on
the Nestling Plumage of the Asiatic

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

827

Golden Plover {Charadritts domini-

canus fulvus), 716 ; ' A Summer on

the Yenesei,' noticed, 369.
Hawk, Wetmore on a new Porto-Rican,

noticed, f)32.
H0rring, il.. On Birds at Danish

Lighthouses, noticed, 370.
Hornbill, Wetmore on tlie tail of the

Giant, noticed, 376.
Horsbrugh, C. B., Ornithological Notes

from the Alix and Buffalo Lake

Districts, Province of Alberta,

Canada, 670.
Howard, H. E., 'British Warblers,'

noticed, 371.
Humming-birds, Miss Sherman on

Feeding, noticed, 629 ; Shufeldt on

the Eggs of, noticed, 174.
Huxley, J. S., On the Courtship of the

Great Crested Grebe, noticed, 372.

Incubation, Bnrtis on the length of the

period of, in birds, noticed, 786.
Ingram, Collingwood, A few Notes on

Tetrao urogallusi and its Allies, 128.
Iredale, Tom, Letter from, containing

some corrections to the B. O. U. List

of British Birds, 388. See also

Mathews, G. M.
' Irish Naturalist,' noticed, 378.
Italy, Festa on his collecting ex])edition

to South, noticed, 622 ; Ghidini on

theWaxwingin, 622.

Jackson, Annie C. See Hartert, E.

Jourdain, F. C. R., Notes on the Bird-
Life of Eastern Algeria, with contri-
butions by H. M. Wallis and F. R.
Ratcliff, 133.

' Journal of the S. African Ornitholo-
gists' L^nion,' noticed, 635.

Kloss, C. Boden, Field-Note.s on Birds
collected on the Coast and Islands of
South-eastern Siam, 718; Ou col-
lections of Malayan Birds, noticed,
792.

Letters, Extracts, and Notes, 181, 383,
637, 801.

Lincolnshire, Blathwayt on the Birds
of, noticed, 785.

Lowe, P. R., Coloration as a Factor in
Family and Generic Differentiation,
320 ; Studies on the Charadrii-
formes. — I. On the Systematic Posi-
tion of the Ruff {Machetes ■pugnax)

SER. X. VOL. ir.

and the Semipalniated ,Sandpi|)cr
{Ereunetes puslllus), together with a
Review of some Osteological Charac-
ters which differentiate the Eroliinte
(Dunlin group) from the Tringinje
(Redshank group), 609 ; II. On the
Osteology of the Chatham Lsland
Snipe {Coenocorypha pusilla BuUer),
690.

Lowe, W. P. See Grant, C. H. B.

Lydekker, Richard, Obituarial notice of,
619.

Malay Peninsula, Robinson and Kloss

on Birds from the, noticed, 792.
Mallard, Seligmann and Shattock on
Spermatogenesis in the, noticed, 174.
Manenguba Mountains (Cameroon),
Bannerman ou the Birds of the, 643.
Mathews, G. M., A recent ornitholo-
gical discovery in Australia, 76 ;
'Birds of Australia,' noticed, 171,
624, 789 ; Letter from, with reference
to Messrs. Cockerell and Thorpe,
800.
and Iredale, Tom, On some Pe-
trels from the North-East Pacific
Ocean, 572.
Matopo, Mouritz on the Ornithology

of, 185, 534.
" Mauritius Hen," Sclater on Peter

Mundy's, 316.
Meiklejohn, Lieut. K. F., Obituarial

notice of, 368.
Migration : B. O. C. Report on, noticed,
308 ; Miss Haviland on Bird-, at the
mouth of the Yenesei River, Siberia,
395 ; Robinson on results of ringing
Black-headed Gulls, noticed, 627.
Miller, W. de W., Notes on Ptilosisand
the Feathering of the Bird's wing,
noticed, ()25.
Montague, P. D., On the Birds of the

Monte Bello Islands, noticed, 372.
Monte Bello Islands, Montague on the

Birds of the, noticed, 372.
Moulton, J. C, Letter from, on an
addition to the Birds of Borneo, 383;
The Birds of Borneo, noticed, 626.
Mouritz, L. B., Notes on the Ornitho-
logy of the Matopo District, Southern
Rhodesia, 185, 534.
Murphy, R. C., The Penguins of South
Georgia, noticed, 791.

Nelson, T. H., Honour for, 805.
New South Wales, North on the Birds
of, noticed, 172.

3 K

828

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

New York, Eaton on tlie Birds of, no-
ticed, 621.

New Zealii\id, A remarkable discoTery
of Bird-life in, 803.

Nomenclature, C. B. Ticehurst's letter
on modern 384.

Norf<ilk, Gurney's Ornitliological lie-
port. (11)14) for, noticed, 623.

and Norwich Natnralists' Society,

' Trnnsactions," noticed, 381.

Nortli, A. J., Birds of New South Wales,
noticed, 172 ; On the Nests and Eggs
of Australian Birds, noticed, 373.

Notices of Ornithological Publications,
170, 368, 621, 785.

Obituary : Capt. P. S. G. Eeid, 36.^) ;
Lient. K. F. Meikle.iohn, 3(i8 ; Lord
Br.ibourr.e, 617 ; 0. M. Dyer, 618 ;
R. Lydekker, 610; Hans Graf von
Berlepscli, 620; R. B. Woosnam,
781 ; L. N. G. Ramsay, 784.

Osleology: Lowe on O.-teological Cha-
racters which differentiate the Ero-
liiniE from the Triiigiuic. 609; Lowe
on the Osteology of the Chatham
Island Snipe, 690.

Owl, Grinnell on a new Californi.in
Screech, noticed, 623.

Pacific, Mathews and Tredale on Petrels
from [he North-East, 572.

P.issenger Pigeon, Extinction of the,
183 ; SImfeldt on the, noticed, 630.

Penguin, Dove on the Crested, in Aus-
tralian Waters, 86.

Penguins, Murphy on the Sonth Georgia,
noticed. 791.

Petrels, Mathews and Iredale on N.-E.
Pacific, 672.

Pheasants, Stuart Baker on Blood-,
122; Stuart Baker on the Silver, no-
ticed, 794.

Plover, Haviland on tlie Nestling Plu-
mage of the Asiatic Golden, 716.

Plumage, C. B. Ticehurst on the, of
the Male Crossbill, 662; Haviland
on the Nestling, of the Asiatic Golden
Plover, 716.

Ptilosis, Miller's Notes on, noticed, 625.

Publications, Notices of Ornithological,
170,368,621,785.

Pycraft, W. P., The Avifauna of Cen-
tral America: a Stiuly in Geogra-
phical Dit'tribution, 761.

Ramsay, L. N. G., Obituarial notice of.
784.

Ratcliff, F. R. See Jonrdain, F. C. R.
Redshanks, Lowe on some Osteological

Cliaracters of the, 609.
Riid, Capt. P. S. G., Obituarial notice

of, 365.
Rhodesia. Mouritz on the Ornithology

of the Matopo District, 185, 534.
Roberts, A., On Birds in the Transvaal

Museum, noticed, 173.
Robinson, H. C, On Birds collected by

Mr. C. Boden Kloss on the Coast

and Islands of South-eiistern Siam,

718 ; On collections of Malayan

Birds, noticed. 792.
Robinson, H. W., On the results of

ringing Black-headed Gulls, noticed,

627.
Ruff, Lowe on the Systematic Position

of the, 609.

St. Tliomas' Island, Bannerman on the
Birds of, 89.

Salvadori, T., On the History of the
Turin Museum, noticed, ()27 ; Recent
papers noticed, 628.

Sandpiper, Lowe on the Systeinntic
Position of the Semipalmated, 609.

Sarawak, AVilliams on the Birds of, no-
ticed, 175.

Schi(7)ler, E. L., On the Races of the
Eider-Duek, 173.

Sclater, W. L., The " Mauritius Hen"
of Peter Mundy, 316.

' Scottish Naturalist,' noticed, 370.

Seligniann, C. G., and Shattock, S. G.,
On Spermatogenesis in the Mallard,
noticed, 174.

Shattock, S. G. See Seligmann, C. G.

Sheruian, Althea R.. Experiments in
feeding Humming-birds, noticed,
629.

Shufeldt. R. W., On the Eggs of
Hunnning-birds, noticed, 174; On
the Passenger Pigeon, noticed, 6.30.

Siam, Robinson on Birds collected by
Mr. C. Boden Kloss on the Coast
and Isliiuds of South-eastern, 718.

Siberia, Haviland on Bird-Migration
at the mouth of the Yenesei River,
395; Haviland's ' A Summer on the
Yenesei,' noticed, 369.

Snipe, Lowe on the Osteology of the
Chatham Island, 690.

South African Ornithologists' Union,
Journal, noticed, 635.

South Georgia, Murpliy on the Pen-
guins of, noticed, 791.

Stevens, H., Notes on the Birds of
Upper Assam, noticed. 793.

INDEX OF CONTENTS.

829

Swartli, II. P., List of tlie Birds of
Arizona, noticed, 17.">.

Switzerland. Goeldi on tlie Birds of,
noticed, 170.

Swjnnerlon, C. F. M., Mixed Bird-
parties, 346.

Tasmania, North on the Nests and
Egojs of Birds of Australia and, no-
ticed, 373.

Taverner, P. A., On the Canadian Cor-
morant and the Salmon, noticed,
79.-..

Thorburu, A.. 'British Birds,' noticed,
630.

Thorpe, J. A., Letter from R. Etheridge,
Jun., with reference to, 637 ; Reply
from G. M. Mathews, 800.

Ticehurst, C. B., A Note on Loxiapytyo-
psittacus Bork., 355; Letter from,
on Modern Nomenclature, 383 ; On
the Plumages of tlie Male Crossbill
(Lox'ia curvirosfra), 662.

' Transactions of the Norfolk and Nor-
wich Naturalists' Society,' noticed,
381.

Transvaal Museum, Roberts on Birds
in the, noticed, 173.

Trumpeter-Swan, Coale on the present
status of the, noticed, 788.

Turin, Salvador! on the History of the
Museum at, noticed, 627.

Uganda, Grant on Birds from B.E.

Africa and, 1, 235, 400.
LTssuri-land, Buturlin on the Birds of,

noticed, 787.

Wallis, H. M. See Jourdain,F. C. R.

Wetmore, A., On the Tail of the Giant
Hornbill, noticed, 376; Kwevi Acci-
piter from Porto Rico, noticed, 632.

Wheatears, Letter from J. L. Bonbote
on the Black-throated and Black-
eared, 639.

White, S. A., On Birds from Central
Australia, noticed, 632.

Williams, R. B., Notes on Birds of
Sarawak, noticed, 175.

Wing, Miller on Ptilosis and theFeat.her-
ing of the Bird's, noticed, 625.

Woosnam, R. B., Obituarial notice of,
781.

Yenesei, Haviland on Bird-Migration
at the moutli of the, 395 ; Haviland'a
A Summer on the, noticed, 369.

' Zoological Record ' for 1913, ' Aves,'
noticed, 183.

END OF VOL. 111.

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A HISTORY OF

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About 300 Pages. Demy 8vo. Cloth, 10s. net.

BRITISH BIRDS.

AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE

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Edited by H. F. WITHER BY. F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,

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CONTENTS.

Page

XXII. Notes on Bird Migration at the Mouth of the Yenesei
Eiver, Siberia, as observed in the Autumn of 1914. By
Maud D. Haviland , 395

XXIII. On a Collection of Birds from British East Africa and
Uganda, presented to the British Museum by Capt. G. P.
Cozens. — Part III. Colii-Pici. By Claude H. B. Gkant,
F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. With Field Notes by the Collector,
WiLLouGHBr P. Lowe, M.B.O.U. (Plate V. and Text-
figure «.) *. ... 400

XXIV. Eeport on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Boyd
Alexander (Rifle Brigade) during his last Expedition to
Africa. — Part IV. The Birds of Cameroon Mountain.
By David A. Bannekman, B.A.. M.B.O.U., E.R.G.S.
(Plates VI. & VII.) . . . . ' 473

XXV. Notes on some Waders. By Ernst Haetert, M.B.O.U.,

and Annie C. Jackson, H.M.B.O.U. (Text-figure 7.) . 526

XXVI. Notes on the Ornithology of the Matopo District, Southern
Rhodesia. — Part II. By L. Beresf ord Mouritz,
M.B.O.U., M.S.A.O.U. (Text-figure 8.) . . . . .534

XXVII. On some Petrels from the North-east Pacific Ocean. By
Gregory M. Mathews, M.B.O.U., and Tom Iredale,
M.B.O.U. (Text-figure 9.) 572

XXVIII. Studies on the Charadriiformes. — I. On the Systematic
Position of the Buff {Machetes 2nigncix) and the Semi-
palmated Sandpiper {Ereunetes pusillus), together with
a Review of some Osteological characters which differ-
entiate the Eroliinre (Dunlin group) from the Tringinte
CRedshank group). By Percy R. Lowe, M.B., M.B.O.U.
(Text-figures 10 & 11.) 009

XXIX. Obituary : Lord Brabourne ; Cecil M. Dyer ; R. Lydekker ;

Hans Graf Ton Berlepsch 617

XXX. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

Eaton on the Birds of New York ; Festa on his Col-
lecting Expedition to South Italy ; Ghidiui on the
WaxAving in Italy ; Grinnell on a new Screech-OwI ;
Gurney's Ornithological lieport for 1914 ; Haagner on
South African Birds ; Mathews on Australian Birds ;
Miller on the Bird's Wing ; Moulton on the Birds of
Borneo ; Robinson on Ringing Lams ridibundus ; Salvador!
on the History of the Turin Museum ; Salvadori's recent
minor Notices ; Miss Sherman on Feeding' Humming-Iiirds ;
Shufeldt on the Passenger Pigeon ; Thorburn's British
Birds ; Wetmore on a new Hawk from Porto Rice ; White
on Birds from Central Australia ; Ca-ssinia ; The Condor ;
Journal of the South African Ornitliologists' Union ; Year-
hook of the Dutch Bird-Club ; and List of other Ornitho-
logical Publications received 621

XXXI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letters from R. Etheridge, Junr., and J. Lewis Bonhote;
Conserve the Collector ; Notices to Members 637

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HUME (A.) and C. MARSHALL. THE GAME BIRDS

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A HISTORY OP

THi: BIRDS OF COLORADO.

By WILLIAM LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A. (Oxon.), M.B.O.U.,
Hon. M.A.O.U. {Lately Director of the Colorado College Museum).

With a portrait of General William J. Palmer, and Sixteen Full-page
Plates from Photographs, and a Map.

Published Price for Great Britain, 21s. net ; for United States, $.5.

WITHERBY & Co., 326 HIGH HOLBOEN, LONDON, W.C. ,

THE BIRDS OF AFRICA,

COMPRISING ALL THE SPECIES WHICH OCCUR IN THE
ETHIOPIAN REGION.

BY THE I.ATE

GEORGE ERNEST SHELLEY, F.Z.S., E.R.G.S., Etc.

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A Scientific Periodical dealing with the
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Author of " The ^irds of Jlustralia."

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AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
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ARTICLES. NOTES. LETTERS. REVIEWS.

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Prospectus and Specimen on Application.
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CONTENTS.

Page

XXXII. Eeport on the Birds collected by the late Mr. Bpyd
xilexander (RiHe JJrij>;arle) flniing his last Expedition
to Africa. — Part V. List of the Birds obtained in the
Manenguba Mountains (Cataeroon). By David
A. Bannerman, B.A., M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S. 643

XXXIII. On the Plumages of the iMale Crossbill (Lo.vki curvi-
rostra). By Claude B. Ticeuukst, M.A., M.R.C.S.,
M.B.O.U 6(52

XXXIV. Ornithological Xotes from the Alix and BuiFalo Lake
Districts, Province of Alberta, Canada, 1914. By
Chakles B. Horsbrugh 670

XXXV. Studies on the Charadriiformes. — II. On the Osteology

of the Chatham Island Snipe {Ccenocon/pha pusilla
Puller). By Percy 11. Lowe, M.B., M.B.O.U.
(Plate VIII. ; Text-figures 12-14.) 690

XXXVI. Note on the Nestling Plumage of the Asiatic Golden

Plover {Charadrius doniinicanus fulvus). By Maud

D. Haviland 716

XXXVII. On Birds collected by Mr. C. Boden Kloss, F.R.G.S.,
M.B.O.U., on the Coast and Islands of South-eastern
Siam. By H. C. Eobjnson, M.B.O.U., C.M.Z.S. With
Field-Xotes by the Collector 718

XXXVIII. The Avifauna of Central America : a Study in
Geographical Distribution. By W. P. Pycraft, British
Museum, Natural History 761

XXXIX. Obituary: R. B. Woosnam (Plate IX.) ; L. N. G. Ramsay 781
XL. Notices of recent Ornithological Publications : —

I'Uithwayt on the Birds of Lincolnshire ; Burns on the
Length of the Incubation-period in Birds; Buturlin on
Russian and Eastern Pala-arctic Birds ; Chapman on new
Colombian and Central American Birds ; Coale on the
Trumpeter Swan ; Cory on new Soutli American Birds ; ^
Dabbene on new Argentine Birds ; Mathews on Australian
]}irds; Murphy on the Penguins of South Georgia: Robinson
and Kloss on Collections of JNIalayan Birds ; Stevens on the
Birds of Assam; Stuart BaUer on the Silver Pheasant;
Taverner on tlie Canadian Cormorant and the Salmon ;
The Austral Avian Record ; l^ritish Birds ; The Emu ; and
List of other Ornithological Publications received . . . 78o

XLI. Letters, Extracts, and Notes : —

Letter from G. M. Mathews; List of M.B.O.U. serving
with 11. M. Forces; Discovery in New ZeaLaud : llonuiir for

a M.B.O.U ' 800

Judex of Scientific Names 807

Index of Contents 825

TitlepagP, Dates of Issue of Ibis for 19 IT), List of Members, Contents,
List of Plates, and List of Text-figures.

k

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