Ichnographia Rujlica :

OR, THE

Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener’s

RECREATION.

CONTAINING

Directions for the general Di-
ftribution of a Country Seat, into Rural and
Extenfive Gardens, Parts, Paddocks, &c.

And a General

Syftem of Agriculture,

I L LUSTRATED

With great Variety of COPPER - PL ATES,
done by the bell Hands, from the AUTHORS
Drawings.

VOL. I.

By Stefhen SwirzrF, Gardener,

Several Years Servant to Mr. London and Mr. Wife .

iKCeptumq] una. decurre lab'jrem :

Odecus! 0 famal merito pars maxima noftra,

Mtrenas pelagoq^yolam da vela pstenti. Virg. Georg. 1.

L ONDO Ar, Printed for 11 Browne without
Temple-Bar, B BaiTcrmd C. King in Weftmin
fier-Hall , Ur Meats without Temple-Bar , and
j?. Go fang in Fleet ftreet , 1718.

s*\ # ~*v \v ^ v. , >?.

©

•, J

To the Moft Noble the

Marques of LINDSEY,

Lord Great-Chamberlain of

ENGLAND,

And one of the L o R d s of his Ma-
jefty’s Moft Honourable PRIVY-
COUNCIL, &c.

This TREATISE of

GARDENING

Is humbly Dedicated

By his Lordship’s
Mofi obedient ,

Humble Servant,

Stephen Switzer.

1

HAT the Politure and Be-
nignity of Apollo (the Patron
of Refined Pleafure) was
more eligible than the furly
Afpefts and tragical Attri-
butes of Mars , the tempeftu-
ous Surges of Neptune , or the amazing Thun-
ders of Imperial Jove 3 and (as Phoebus') by
his benign Beams, took Gard’ning into
his Protection more immediately than any of
the reft, not excepting the Delightful Mufes ,
otherwife the darling Favourites of his Em-
pire.

That Minerva flione brighter in her Paci-
fick and Emolumental Drefs, than in her
moft polifh’d Habiliments of War 3 and the
beautiful and chafte Diana was eclips'd by
the more dazling Rays of (her own felf) in
Cynthia and Phoebe, by whofe Monthly Re-
volution the whole Scene of Nature, and
V o L. I. a Vege*

The PREFACE.

Vegetation in particular, was by them fuppo-
fed to be direded.

That Ceres and Pomona prefided o’er the
Deities of their refpedive Countries 3 and
that Flora (before the Attradion of thofe in-
delible Spots of Proftitution, with which (he
is fince tainted) was more amiable than Venus
herfelf 3 is not rational, but delightful to fup-
pofe, from the Benefit and Happinefs that
accrued to Mankind from thofe benign Pow-
ers, more than many of that numberlefs
train of Deities (many of them the imperious
ValTals of Ambition, Cruelty, and Revenge,)
and rather ador’d out of Fear fhan Love byr
thofe deluded Heathens.

The Medicinal and Salutajiy Virtues 0 f
Kitchen-Vegetables are fo univfcrfally known,
that all Mankind daily receive bounteous
Afiiftance therefrom 3 being Tuch as mix
themfelves with, and qualifie the violent
Ferment of the Blood, purifying and fweet-
ning the Chylous Spirits of the Body, &c.
But the happy (I had almoft faid Supernatu-
ral ) Power of the Vine, and the Ambrofial
Juices of Fruits, are fuch, that all, both
Ancient and Modern, feem very ready to
confefs its Virtue, how Reviving to the
drooping Spirits of the fatigued Statefman
and Senator, how Quickning to the Studious
and Learned, and Refrelhing to the laborious
Artizan and Mechanick : The fovereign
Qualities of this is fo great, that all feem
willing to join in Wreathing the Temples of

that

The PREFACE.

that cheerful Deity with his beauteous Pro-
duce, and in elevating his Statue above the
gabble of thofe fiftitious and bloody Damons,
rather than Deities, common amongft the
Antients.

But that Agriculture and Gard’ning, ab-
ftrafted from the Profits of it, was fo very
folid, durable, and delightful an Employ,
plac’d aboye the mod refined Pleafures of An-
tiquity (nfit inferior to the Seraphick Enter-
tainments of Mufick and Poetry) ancient
Hiftory undeniably proves j and that the
ancienteft and politeft Heathens form’d the
greateft Conceptions, and the mod elevated
Notions they had of Heaven and a Future
State, from the incomparable Beauties of the
Garden 5 the Writings of their Poets and
Hiftorians do every-where declare $ their
Elj/zium being no other than the happy and
regular Diftribution, and cheerful Afpedl
of pleafant Gardens, Meadows, and Fields,
and had its Original and Etymological Deri-
vation from the feveral Roots out of the Ori-
ental Languages, implying the exalted No-
tions of Joy, Happinefs, and Pleafure, and
the other unbounded Felicities of Nature,
in her greateft Glory, the fublimeft Height
thofe adumbrated Minds could at that time
pofiibly amount to.

Of the like Import doubtlefs was Paradife,
which properly fignifies Gardens of Pleafure ,
the Refidence of Angelick and Ha ppy Souls,
unfullied with Guilt, and of Duration equal

a 2 with

The PREFACE.

with Time : And tho’ the Original Compaft
between God and Man was after that inva-
lidated and broke, yet we may gather from
After-Hiftory, how great a Share Gardening,
and the Pleafures of the Country, had in the
Minds andr„Praftice of the moft Virtuous in
all the fucceflive Centuries of the World.

The ancient Attick and Roman Worthies
erefted magnificent Statues, and decreed
Annual Honours to be paid to their Rural
and Hortenftal Deities 5 and the Great Au-
cruflus, after that long Scene of Mifery, and
the difmal Devaftation of his Country,
thought it a Matter worthy of a Publick
Infcription :

Redilt Cultus in Agris.

And as he worthily efteemed it, fo he order-
ed it to be placed amongft the greateft Glories

of his Reign. .

But that Eternal Honour ( Gardmng ) has
receiv'd from the peculiar Aft, the foie and
manual Operation and Contrivance of Omni-
potence, in the beautiful Portraiture and har-
monious Diftribution of PaiadiJo7 carries
with it fuch a kind of Divine Revelation, as
is fufficient to filence its Enemies (were it
poflibly that fo innocent an Employ cou’d
have anv) and to raife Idea’s far above, and
never to be raz’d out of the Minds of that
parj of Mankind who purfue Pleafures, and
expend their Time and Treafure in Matters

ol a lefs refined Nature.

And

V

The PREFACE.

And indeed, Gard’ning, and the other Bu-
finefs and Pleafures of a Country Life, being
Subjeds of fo noble and fublime a Tafte, be-
yond any one Art (I might fay the col-
lective Body of Arts) carries with it its own
Recommendation, were there no Examples
or Precepts of this kind either in Sacred or
Civil Writ.

Tis in the quiet Enjoyment of Rural De-
lights, the refrelhing and odoriferous Breezes
of Garden Air, that That Deluge of Vapours
and thofe Terrors of Hypocondraifm, which
croud and opprefs the Head, are difpell’d, and
that divine kind of Halitus there drawn, perfpi-
ring the Organs of the Body, which regulates
the precipitate Palpitation of the Heart, and
the irregular Pulfation of the whole Machine ;
’Tis there Reafon, Judgment, and Hands are
fo bufily employed, as to leave no room for
any vain or trifling Thoughts to interrupt
their fweet Retirement : And ’tis from the
Admiration of thefe that the Soul is elevated
to unlimited Heights above, and modell’d
and prepar’d for the fweet Reception and
happy Enjoyment of Felicities, the durableft
as well as happieft that Omnifcience has
created. And confidering to what a pitch
the Practice and Efteem of Gard’ning is with-
in thefe thirty Years laft part arriv’d, it may
not improbably be matter of fome Obferva-
tion in the Nobility and Gentry of Great-
Britain, the Encouragers and Promoters ot
it, that fo few Books have been originally

a 3 pub-

T he preface:.

publish'd in their own Native Language, for
the Illuftration of the prefent Methods, and
making fuch farther Additions and Improve-
ments, as upon mature Confideration may
appear to be neceflary.

There feems nothing, certainly, fo much
wanting to compleat its clear and folid Foun-
dations, as a fuccinft Colleftion of the feve-
ral Rules made ufe of in our prefent Pradice,
fo methodically and intelligibly difpos d,
that all Learners may not be to feek at Noon-
day, and wander at a time when this Art
is in its higheft Meridian. _

And not only this, but likewife Agricul-
ture (with which Gard ning is inextricably
wove) and alfo all the Bufinefs and Pleafures
of a Country Life (fcatter’d up and down as
they are in loofe irregular Papers and Books 5)
I fay, if thefe were all collected together into
Order and Method, ’twould pofiibly be a
Work not unworthy fome laborious Pen : And
lince ’twould make too large a V olume in one,
it might be better to divide them into feveral
Parts, into Books of this Size, which would
not only make a handfome Sett in the Study,
but would likewife be compleat Pocket Com-
panions in the Field, eafily pulld^out and
read on any Occafion. 1 owards this I have
collated fome Materials, but their Publica-
tion will entirely depend on the Succefs this
meets with in the World.

But to return nearer to our prefent Pur-
pofe : Whatever helps it may be thought
1 that

The PREFACE.

that Books of. this kind already publifhed may
afford, (the greateft part of them being Tran-
slations from other Languages, and calcula-
ted for Soils and Regions quite different from
ours) they have been complain’d of as very
deficient 5 and what Succefs thofe Gentlemen
have had, after all their Care and Pains in
Abridging, ffc. they themfelves beft know.

And perhaps it might have been more
eafy for them, as well as more inftructive
to the World, if they had begun de novo, if
on a Rafa Tabula, and an original Bafis of
their own laying, they had fuperftru&ed the
pleafing Rules of Gard’ning $ for tho’ Inven-
tion may not be put fo much to the Stretch
in compofing, yet ’tis certain. Labour and
Judgment are much more fo, by extricating
the effential parts of thofe circumlocutory and
confus’d Rules that abound in one, and by
making fuch Remarks as would be of any
great Ufe in the other. The Theory and Pra-
ctice of Gard’ning, lately Tranilated by Mr.
James of Greenwich, is e (teemed, in its way,
the beft that has appeared in this or any other
Language, and feems to be the beft- laid De-
fign, and carried on with the moft Judg-
ment ; but that being writ in a Country much
differing, and very far inferior to this, in re-
fpeft of the Natural Embellifhments of our
Gardens, as good Grafs, Gravel, &c. makes
a great Alteration in point of Defign. Be-
fides, there are fome confiderable Defe&s in
that way of Gard’ning, as well as in the
a 4 Dejigns

Vlll

The PREFACE.

Defigns themfelves, which I (hall take more
notice of in due Time and- Place.

As for feveral other Books that have been
printed in our own Language, I have neither
the Vanity nor Ill-will of cenfuring or con-
demning any thing that is contained in them ;
but rather pay a great deal of Refpeft to the
Memory of their Editors, and fhall make ufe
of thofe Writings where-ever they agree with
our prefent Method : But many of them be-
ing writ fome Years ago, before Gard’ning
was fo well known as ’tis now j and others
being df fo mean a Tafte as fcarce to bear Read-
ing at all 3 I cann’t but after much Thought
be of an humble Opinion, that the prefent
Undertaking will be of fome Ufe to the
World.

The Reafon of this Omiffion I have been
hinting at, I mean the want of more and
better Garden Originals, feems to be that
great Hurry which thofe (a) Gentlemen have
been always in, to whofe Share the chief
Practice (as well as Profit) of Gard’ning has
fallen ^ fince had their Leifure been equal to
their Experience, the World might from
them have reafonably expeded the compleat-
eft Syftem of Gard’ning that any Age or
Country has produc’d : ’Tis to them we owe
many of thofe valuable Precepts in Gard’ning
now in ufe, and their Memory ought to be
tranfmitted to Pofterity with the fame Care

(4) My, London and Wife,

as

IX

The PREFACE.

as thofe of the greateft and moft laborious
Philofophers and Heroes, who by their Writ-
ing and Praflice have deferv’d fo well of the
World.

But fince they have not been pleafed (or
indeed, as their Bufinefs may not yet have
permitted them) to anfwer the juft Expecta-
tions of the World (b), and fuch as they have
given Hopes of themfelves, and which may
now probably be farther off than before, by
the Lois Gard’ning has fuftain’d in the Death
of one of the greateft Members of that Un-
dertaking $ it will, I hope, excufe the Pre-
fumption of this Defign, and of any other
that may tend to the Recording and Impro-
ving this truly Innocent, Noble, and Emolu-
mental Employ.

Every Man is at liberty, or rather he is
indifpenfably oblig’d to make what Advances
he can in the Art he is brought up to, and
in the Age he lives 5 and whoever does not
this, anfwers not one End of his Creation,
and but little exceeds the Beaft that perilhes.
And in this refped, as no one’s Meannefs of
State can excufe him for his NegleCt, fo it
can be no caufe for others in a more flourilh-
ing Condition to malign or envy his Labours
or Endeavours, much lefs to ufe them with
that fcurvy Treatment that too often attends
fuch Works.

( b ) VH% Preface to the Retir’d Gard’ner*

I muft

X

The PREFA C E.

I muft copfefs, the Undertaking and Well-
managing this Matter is a very arduous and
difficult Point, not to be attain’d to without
Diligence, Application, and tolerable Expe-
rience, and a full Refolution of purfuing it
with Vigour 3 fince this is an Age abounding
with Wit, Learning, and Judgment too pe-
netrating to be any-way impofed on 3 and that
Perfon who dare affume it without thofe
Qualifications and Refolves, is certainly guil-
ty of an unpardonable Folly.

I hope I fhall not be altogether unfit for
this Work, by the Happinefs I have had in
an Education none of the meaneft for one of
my Profeflion, and of having a confiderable
Share in all parts of the greateft Works of
this Kingdom, and under the greateft Ma-
ilers, and even that which fome may proba-
bly reckon otherwife, I mean fome fmall Re-
volutions and Meannefs of Fortune, as it has
fometimes thrown me upon the greateft Sla-
very, fo it has at other times amongft the beft
Men and Books 3 by which means, and I hope
an allowable Induftry and Ambition, and an
eager Defire of being acquainted with all parts
of this Nation, as well as all the ufeful parts
of Gardening, I have tailed both rough and
fmooth (as we plainly call it) from the beft
Bufinefs and Books, to the meaneft Labours
of the Scythe, Spade, and Wheel-barrow.

The Misfortune that moft of my Profeflion
are under, in not having been Abroad, is cer-
tainly great 3 that noble Tafte with which

Gardens

XI

The PREFACE.

Gardens in France and other Countries a-
bound, is in fome meafure difcoverable from
thofe Plans and Perfpedives that are brought
over from thence 5 but this 1 hope amply to
fupply in fome Ihort time, and to draw the
magnificent Idea's of thofe Nations into a Vo-
lume by it felf.

In the mean time, I proceed on a kind of
Extenfive Gard’ning, not yet much us’d
with us, to which I fuppofe thofe Obferva-
tions I {hall there make will be very proper
Addenda's , the chief Benefit accruing from
thence being in Water-works and Statues,
Fruits, &c.

This being premis’d, I proceed to the
Book itfelf : And that I might the better in-
troduce what I had to fay in Gard’ning, I
have commenc’d my Difcourfe from its Ori-
ginal, from the Beginning of the World, and
the firft Date of Time itfelf, and by a fuc-
cinft Deduction brought it down to this pre-
fent Time, a Time very memorable for the
Figure Gard’ning makes amongft other Arts
and Sciences.

In the Bufinefs of Gard’ning, to proceed
methodically. I have laid down plainly the
Nature of Earth, Water, the Sun and Air,
(the Operative, Meteorological Powers of
Nature) and the Method by which they con-
fpire together in the Growth of Trees, and
the ftupendous Arcana of Vegetation : This
is intermixt with Directions for making Ma-
gazines for the Improvement of thofe two

• •
0C11

the PREFACE.

kinds of Earth in which we generally a-
bound, (viz.) Heavy and Light, or Cold and
Hot Lands 5 and alfo the manner of impreg-
nating Water, and how to aflift Nature in
the Extremities either of Cold or Heat.

When thefe things are well known, I have
fuppos'd the Practice of Railing Trees might
be the eafier and better attained to : But per-
haps it may be thought that Mr. Evelyn , in
his Philofophical Difcourfe on Earth, has
abundantly provided for this Matter, and con-
fequently there is no occafion of wr iting more
on this Subjed.

And indeed it mull be own’d, that among
all the elaborate Works of that Author, none
is more charming or fuller of good Philofo-
phy than that is 3 but it is withal fo nicely
drawn, that ’twould be hard for an honeft plain
Country Planter to extrad Rules for the compo-
fing of Earths proper for his Ample Purpofe :
So exquifitely fine are his Compofitions, fit
chiefly for Flowres and choice Exotics, ra-
ther than the more Ruftical and Plain Ways
of Tilling and Improving Country Lands.

I have therefore followed a more Ample
and plain Method : Having firfl divided the
Earths I would improve, into two Parts,
Light and Heavy, and the Materials for Im-
provement of a very few kinds, fuch as are
proper for thefe two forts of Land, and eafy
to be got at every Husbandman’s Door $ to
which I have added a third Advice, in rela-
tion to Earth exhaufted and worn out $ and

thus

the PREFACE.

thus 1 have (I hope) fully provided my Rea-
der with Magazines of Earth fit for the Pur-
pofe of Railing Trees.

My next, is the Railing Wood and Foreft-
Trees in Nurferies, or other wife more pro-
mifcuoufly in Coppices, &c. This likewife
has been already handled by Mr. Evelyn in
his Sylva, and Others. But betides that
we have now much better Methods of Rai-
ling Trees than they had then, at leaft they
are more univerfally known 3 ( the Rules
there deliver’d, being chiefly extra&ed out
of the ancient Writings of Pliny, Columella ,
8tc. ) Neither is his Method fo Inftru&ive
to a young Country Beginner as could be
wilh’d 3 fince the Courfe of his Direction is
often broke off by Digreflions concerning the
Mechanical, and very often the Medicinal Ufes
of the Plant he is teaching to raife 3 and has
alfo taught the Propagation of every kind of
Tree feparately : Whereas one and the fame
Method raifes a great many kinds of Plants 3
an Oak is rais’d of Mall or Seed, like the
Chefnut, Beach, Hornbeam, &c.

On the contrary, I have follow’d and
enlarg’d on the Method laid down by Virgil
in his 2d Georgick, who has reduced all that
are rais’d by Seed into one Clafs, and thofe
that are rais’d by Arcuation or Laying into
another 3 which avoids a great deal of Re-
petition, and makes the railing Trees much
more ealie and intelligible. I have likewife,
as it were, chain’d all my Directions one to

another 3

xui

xiv The PREFACE.

another 5 fo that a Learner leaving off, may
have a quick recourfe to his Inftru&ions
again $ which is not fo eafie to be done in
Voluminous Works: but this is fo difpos’d,
that the Thread is never broke ’till he 13 gof
quite through the whole Proeefs. In fine*
thefe plain Directions, how compendious foeyej*
they may at hrft fight feem to be, ooqtain
the moft material Things to be- learn’d in
that Matter,

And it muff be obferv’d, whatever Value
we put upon the Works of that great Author
juft mention’d, that his Writings abound
rather with the Marks of an excellent Scho*
lar, than an intelligible and practical Gar-
dener. But to proceed :

Having thus provided the Country Gen*
tleman with Directions for Railing of Wood,
the great Beauty and Security of his Villa s
I go on, next of all, to fpeak of Water 5 by
which I mean, not altogether that defign’d
for Ufe, but Beauty, and without which
the belt Country-Seat is very deficient $
wherein I have enlarg’d on the Original of
Springs, the manner of bringing them home,
and the beft Way of ufing them in Fountains,
Cafcades, and the like.

Then follow Statues , one of the nobleft Or-
naments ol our beft Gardens and Plantations,
which not only make a magnificent Appear-
ance 5 but ’tis there alfo we hieroglyphically
read the great Idea’s of Valour and Renown,
that particularly diftinguilhed thofe Antients

above

The PREFACE.

above the reft of their fellow-Creatures
and is of continual Ufe and Amufement to
the ferious Beholders : Tis there, befides
the Lineaments and Portraitures of Rational
Beings, we read the true Lineaments of
Heroifin and Virtue, and other Attributes
which deify d thofe never-dying Hero’s.

And that they might the more effe&ually
Itrike the Imagination, I have endeavour’d
to promote their proper Magnitude, Dimen-
lions, and Diftribution in the feveral Quar-
ters. Centres, Lawns, and Receffes of our
Vejigns: To all which is added alhortAd-
dition on Grafs , Gravel , See.

This being a Ihort Abftraft of the Con-
tents of this Volume 5 I fhall, for the Satif-
faction of my Readers, give fome Account of
the next I intend to publilh, (if Providence
permits, and this find Acceptance in the
World) which I couch under the general
iltle of IcHNOGRAPHlA RuSTICA i by
Which is meant, the general Defigning’ and
and Diftributing of Country-Seats into Gar-
dens, Woods, Parks, Paddocks, &c. which
I therefore call For eft , or, in a more eafie
otile. Rural Gardening.

. 1 ^alJ not mention the particular Method
in which I intend to handle that Subjed
but proceed to fay fomething of Defign in
General, and the Reafons that have induc’d
me to that way of thinking, which is, in
inort, from that Magnificence that is eafily
diiGOverable from the French Defigns, which

certainly

XVI

The PREFACE.

certainly yet very much excel Ours, not-
withftanding thofe confiderable Advantages;
we have by Nature beyond what they

have. ^ .

But becaufe Perfons differ in their Opi-
nions about Dejign , it may be requifite I
fhould lay down thofe Rules that are the
Standard of my Judgment and Procedure in
this Mattery fince whoever endeavours to
enforce a Belief of thofe Things he can give
no Reafon for, icnpofes on the World, ana
inftead of Inftiuding, highly Affronts his

Reader. ... r

The Precepts, of the Cultivating part of
Gardening, depend on Obfervation and Ex-
perience $ but this of Defigning, on a noble and
correft Judgment andTafle of Things: And
where-ever Rules drawn from One s own
Knowledge, or, the Writings of indubitable An-
tiquity, are wanting, ’tis then one mufl have
recourfe to parallel Cafes for the Informa-
tion and indeed the Determination of Judg-
ment, to Architecture Civil and Military,
to Nature, nay foiuetimes to Divinity, Mo-
rality, Poetry, and the like.

This is the Method 1 have taken in the
purfuit of Defign h and the Thefes I have
drawn for my Diredions therein, are fumm d
up in this Ruftick V erfe,

Utile qui dulci ?nifcevs, mgentin Rura,
Simplex Munditns ornat,punclum bic tuht cmne.

And

xvii

The PREFACE.

And for that no body has yet enlarg’d on
this Matter, but every one makes what
Judgment he pleafes, and thereby leaves
Defign in Confufion, I fhall take thefe three
Motto’s in their Courfe, being fuch as have
in other Cafes had the Approbation of all
Mankind, and may not improperly be applied
to this.

Utile dulci is what may not be thought a
proper Theme for Princes, whofe Riches and
Powers are very great; but there feems to
be a fecret Pleafure in the very Words, and
I believe there are few of the greateft Nobi-
lity, whofe Wealth overflows fo much as to
have no regard to them : By this is not im-
probably meant a judicious Mixture and Incor-
poration of the Pleafures of the Country, with
the Profits ; this 1 fhall itudioufly endeavour
to follow, and for the prefent fhall only obferve,
that all my Defigns tend that Way : And by
mixing the ufeful and profitable Parts of Gar-
dening with the pleafurable in the Interior
Parts of my Defigns, and Paddocks, obfcure
Enclofures, &c. in the Outward : My De-
figns are thereby vaftly enlarged, and both
Profit and Pleafure may be faid to be agree-
ably mix’d together : For 1 cann't but think
the Perfon that barters the firft for the
lake of the fineft Garden in the World, makes
a very bad Exchange; but if they can be
well thrown one amongft another, it muff
be very fatisfaftory. And if under this Head
be under flood a Frugality in the Manage-

Vo L. I. b ment

XVUI

The PREFACE.

ment and Performance, this will appear in
the Direction that will be found in this Trea-
tife, and in the other much morefo.

By Ingentia Rura (apply ’d to Gard’ning)
we may underhand that Extenfive Way of
Gard’ning that I have already hinted at, and
(hall more fully handle * this the French call
La Grand Manier , and is oppos’d tothofe
crimping, diminutive, and wretched Perfor-
mances we every-where meet with, fo bad,
and withal fo expenlive, that other Parts of
a Gentleman’s Care is often, by unavoidable
Neceffity, left undone ^ the Top of . thefe
Defigns being in Clipt Plants, Flowers, and
other trifling Decorations (which Ifhall fpeak
more of by and by) fit only for little Town-
Gardens, and not for the expanfive Trafts of
the Country.

This then confifts rightly in large pro-
lated Gardens and Plantations, adorn'd with-
magnificent Statues and Water-works, full
of long extended, fhady Walks and Groves 5
neither does it altogether exclude the Ufe of
private Receffes, and fome little retired Ca-
binets $ this feems to be the general Idea of
the Plan or Ichnography of a well-contrived
Seat 5 but when we confider the Elevation,
ic requires that every thing appears tall,
ftately, and bold, and all of it contrary to
that narrow and mean- fpiritednefs with which
Defigns generally abound.

it alfo direfts, that all the adjacent Country
be laid open to View, and that the Eye

fhould

XIX

The PREFACE.

fhould not be bounded with high Walls,
Woods mifplac’d, and feveral Obftrucfions
that are feen in too many Places, by which
the Eye is at it were imprifoned, and the
Feet fetter’d in the midft of the extenfive
Charms of Nature, and the voluminous Tra<Xs
of a pleafant Country.

Simplex Munditiis is well known to be a
comprehenfive as well as compendious Theme.;,
and is, if well underftood, of Ufe in all
the Material Aftions and Bufinefs of human
Life 3 and as it denotes an unaffe&ed Sim-
plicity and Neatnefs in the Words, A&ions,
and Drefs of a Man or Woman 3 fo in Gar-
dening, and all the whole Cycle of Arts, it
fignifies a noble Elegance and Decency, a
due Proportion and clear Majeftick Mien in
the feveral correfponding Parts thereof 3 and
without draining it too hard, may very well
demonftrate the beautiful and harmonious
Rules of Symmetry and Variety. However,
’tis a well-govern’d purfuit of Nature, whofe
Rules, tho’ often fortuitous, are not the lefs
beauteous, but rather the more admirable.
And if this was more followed, if the Beau-
ties of Nature were not corrupted by x\rt.
Gardens would be much more valuable.

But above all, it calhiers thofe Interfa-
cings of Box-work, and fuch-like trifling
Ornaments, and fubftitutes the plain but no-
bler Embellifhments of Grafs, Gravel, and
the like, in which we fo much excel other
Countries. In fhort, ’tis the ufefulleft Mark

b 2 any

XX

T he PREFACE.

any Deftgner can fleer by, both for Frugali-
ty in the Execution, and Noblenefs of Gar- '
dens when they are a&ually accomplilhed.

I cann’t better take my leave of this im-
perfetl Eflay on Beftgn, than by Quotations
out of thole celebrated Authors, the Right
Honourable the Earl of Rofcommon , in his
Tranflation of Horace's Art of Poetry $ and
Mr. Pope, in his inimitable Effay on Criti-
cifm. Thefe Authors probably had no
Thoughts of applying them to Gard’ning ;
but from them are deducible forne of the beft
Strokes conceivable for our prefent Purpofe ;
the firft, inculcating the Grounds of true De-
figns in Poetry, and the Faults generally
committed for want of a thorough Under-
ftanding and folid Judgment in that Art;
contrary to a mean-fpirited and trifling man-
ner, common enough in Poetry as well as
Gard’ning, fays.

The meaneft Workman in th' ALmilian Square
May grave the Nails , and imitate the Hair ,

But cannot finift) what he has begun.

What is there more ridiculous than he ?

For one or two good Features in a Face ,

Where all the reft, are fcandalovfty ill ,

Make it but more remarkably deform’d.

E. of Rofcommon.

And the other moft excellent Critick :

Firft follow Nature , and your Judgment frame
By her juft Standard , which isjiill the fame ;

Unerring

XXI

The PREFACE.

Unerring Nature Jlill divinely bright ,

One clear , unchang’d, and universal Light *

Life, Force, and Beauty mujl to all impart
At once the Source, and End , andTeft of Art.
that Art is befi which rnofi refembles her ,

And Jlill prejides,yet never does appear.

And in the 13th Page gives us the moft
inimitable and general Ideas of good Defign ,
drawn both from Nature and Art.

In Gard’ns, as Nature, what affech our Hearts The ongu
Is not th’ ExaSnefs of peculiar Parts : In

ais not a Lip or Eye we Beauty call.

But the joint Force and full Refult of all.

Thus when we view fome well-proportion d Dome,

C The World’s juji Wonder, and ev'n thine, 0
Rome ! )

No fmgle Parts unequally fur prize.

All comes united to th’ admiring Eyes 3
No monjlrous Height, or Breadth , or Length
appear.

The whole at once is bold and regular.

Pope’s Eflay on Criticifm.

But I leave the farther purfuit of this to
fome better Pen : And indeed the Pleafures
of Gard’ning in all its Parts are fuch, that
were it poffible to dive into and difplay the
utmoft Recedes of its Beauty, one would not
do itj but leave it amongft the delightful
b 3 Amufe-

xxu

The PREFACE.

Amufements of Providence, for the continu-
al Entertainment of the Ingenious in this as
well as fucceeding Generations. Field-room
there is enough : Co on and profper, ye
illuftrious Lovers of Gard’ning^ Exercife
there will be enough, till this and all other
Arts (hall be fwallowed up in the Ruins of
this tottering World, and Nature herfelf
{hall breathe out her laft Gafp ^ till you,
happy Souls, {hall every one have received
the Reward of your Virtuous Labour. And
this which has been the utmoft of your Am-
bition Here, {hall be fully compleated in the
more durable and unbounded Felicities of a
joyful Hereafter.

But however diverting and noble a Subject
Gard’ning is, like all fublunary Affairs, it is
not free from feveral Misfortunes that tire
fome in Performance, and deterr others from
ever meddling with : Thefe Mifliaps I
fhall next trace from their Original Source,
and endeavour to give fuch general Advice
as will help to reform them.

And the firft is, the too great Hafte we
often obferve Gentlemen to be in ^ and fome-
times, on a miflaken Notion of their own
judgment, lay hold of the firft Opportunity
that offers in making their Gardens, with-
out confulting fome experienc’d Workman,
whofe Judgment may be depended on 5 and
to make the Matter yet worfe, there is too
often fome awkard, ignorant, I might add
diflioneft Perfon and Pretender to a great deal

The PREFACE.

of Knowledge in this Matter at hand, and
ready to offer their Advice, tho’ never fo
weak and falfe.

Of which Perfons,amongft others, are fome
who call themfelves Gardeners , who having
wrought a little while at fome or other of the
great Works of this Kingdom, immediately
put on an Apron, get a Rule and pair ofCom-
paffes, with other things belonging to this
Work 3 thus equipt, what Wonders are we
not to exped from fo profound a Set of Ma-
thematicians and Dejigners /

However, by the Help and Recommenda-
tion of fome as knowing as themfelves, they
are introduced into a Service with an Affu-
rance of doing mighty Things.

If the Gardens are to make, the firft thing
they fall on is probably fome little Court-
yard, or other fmall Divifion of the Garden 5
for by the Largenefs of their Scale, and the
Narrownefs of their Genius, their Sheet of
Demy and Heads are both fo wonderfully
fill’d with the Contrivance of thofe minute
Parts, that ’tis impoflible they fhould lay
fuch a general Scheme, as that the Part now
making, may any-way correfpond or agree
with what may follow after : In fhort, when
their Defigns come to their intended Perfe-
dion, they are often full of an indigefted
heap of Abfurdities, fcarce ever reducible
(without a total Revolution) into any tole-
rable Figure, tho’ they happen afterwards

b 4 to

xxiii

XXIV

The PREFACE.

to fall under the Direction of the moft Skil-
ful in this Way.

Add to this the Round-about Ways, and
confequently Expences, Gentlemen, in this
unhappy Method, are put to ; for thefe Per-
fons being fhrewd Calculators of Line and
Level, have perhaps as much Earth to bring in,
or carry out, as, befides the Expences, has no
other Effeft but to make the Matter yet worfe.

By this time the Gentleman may fee the
Errors into which he is infenfibly drawn 5 but
the Mifery of it is, ’tis perhaps fo late, that
he thanks neither his Fortune nor his Friend
for making him thus dear and experimentally
wife $ and the farther purfuit of Gard’ning
is entirely laid afide.

To compleat this Matter, there are like-
wife feveral Artizans or Mechanicks that e-
lope their own Province, and by pretending
to give Defigns in Gard’ning, are guilty of
a great Crime ^ Gard’ning being in all its
Circumftances the moft extenfive Art of any,
and therefore not fo eafily to be meddled with
as they think.

There are likewife feveral Northern Lads,
which whether they have ferv’d any time in
this Art, or not, very few of us know any
thing of$ yet by the help of a little Learn-
ing, and a great deal of Impudence, they in-
vade thefe Southern Provinces $ and the na-
tural Benignity of this Warmer Climate has
fuch a wonderful Influence on them, that
one of them knows (or at leaft pretends to

know)

XXV

the PREFACE.

know) more in one Twelve-month, than a
laborious, honeft South Countryman does in
feven Years. And indeed, however polite and
gallant Perfons of the firlt Rank, whofe II-
luftrious Birth and Virtues give them place
amongfl: the greateft of the Quality, and
whofe Knowledge in thofe Matters is very
'good ; the meaner fort of that People, by a
canting Artifice, aflifted with a little Learning,
make them an Over-match with their Tongues
for any honeft, induftrious Gardener amongfl:
us, how skilful foever he be : And in fhort,
this Perfon, among others, is one that helps
to compleat what I have been complaining of.
Thefe might have been included in my firft
Divifion $ but I could not but beftow a Pa-
ragraph on purpofe to paint out the Poifon of
thefe audacious Empiricks in this Way.

I with it poffible for me to excufe fome o-
thers that pretend to Dejigning and Laying out
Gardens, which are, by their ferving Ap-
prenticeships, better entitled to thefe Matters :
But Gard’ning is known to be very extenfive
in its Nature 5 and tho’ a Man may probably
be a good Kitchen or Flower Gardner, he
may yet mils of this and other Parts, by ei-
ther not being furnifhed with proper Talents,
or having had no Advantage of improving
himfelf : Thefe, by undertaking this of De-
Jign, &ic. commit an Error they cannot eafily
atone for, are very much concern’d in the
Charge I am here bringing againft Pretenders^
but 1 fpare them, for the fake of their being

of

xxvi

Be PREFACE.

of my own Profeffion, and only wifh them
to examine well, before they begin on this
difficult Province.

1 {hall finiffi this Subject with that ferious
Advice of Rapin'" s, it being perhaps not in
the Hands of all that begin Gard’ning.

Villa’s and Gardens you will left command, ,
If timely you engage a Mafter’s Hand ,

Whofe artful Pencil /ball on Paper trace
The whole Defign, and figure out the Place .
Review the Planyourfelf , you may defcry
Errors efcaping the Defigner's Eye.

With Eafe reliev"d,whileyet to each newThougbt
Theftighteft Touch reforms th ’ obedient Draught .

Mr. Gardiner.

It may be thought I have dwelt too long,
and been too fevere on this Subject $ but the
Cafe is fo very bad, that I hope to be excus’d,
if I have , the Difeafe feems to be Lethar-
gick, -and for want of Caution, and fo re-
quires the {harper Medicines for its Prevention
and Cure.

And fince I have been juft fpeaking of
Draughts, 1 cann’t but throw in a Caution
againft the too much depending on them 5 in-
afmuch as they may appear very fine, and yet
be no-way fuitable to the Place. And 1 will
be bold to affirm, that regular fine Schemes
have ipoiled as many Gardens, as any other
Fault, except there be a great deal of Judg-
ment and Confideration with it.

Thus

xxvii

The PREFACE.

Thus do we often fee many a noble Oak,
or fometimes whole Lines of thefe and other
umbragious Trees, fell’d, to humour the re-
gular and delufive Schemes of fome Paper
Engineers $ and fuch a Medley of Clipt Plants,
Embroidery, &c. introduced in their room,
that ’tis hard how to think of it, whether
with Pity or Difdain. ’Tis alfo to them ow-
ing, that all Eminences or Pits are levelled,
tho’ at never-fo-great an Expence, when with
good Management they might prove the great-
eft Beauties in Gard’ning.

But perhaps, and 1 know it is very often
urged by fome Gentlemen, when they firft
enter upon Gard'ning 5 We intend (fay they)
to lay out but a little Money 5 and our Gar-
dens are not fo much for Pleafure as Profit.
To which I anfwer, That in this whole Mat-
ter there feems to be the more Reafon for
Advice 5 for if the Room be but Email, there
requires the more Judgment in laying it out
weil 5 but if Saving Money is the Cafe, they
may affure themfelves it will coft them rather
ten times more than any thing elfe : And even
in the leaft and meaneft Defign there is fome
Judgmenr, Thought, Frugality, and Contri-
vance. But if any fhould think I prefs this
becaufe it is my Bufinefs, and that they are
refolved to lay out their Money as they pleafe $
I have done, and muft only take leave to de-
clare the contrary, and that ’tis nothing but
an honeft Meaning 5 and confefs ’tis the great-
eft Grief in the World for me to fee Buli-

nefs

i The PREFACE.

nefs ill defigtied, and really afterwards worfe
managed.

I am fure *tis not Vanity nor Ill-will that
makes me thus expofe thefe wrong Methods,
having had too great a Share in the Frowns
of an ill-natur’d World, to take pleafure in the
publifhing and triumphing in the Faults and
Miftakes of any Part of Mankind, much Iefs
Men of my own Profeffion. And I hope the
whole Courfe of my Life, and the unguard-
ed Opennefs and Freedom with which I fhall
deliver my following Undertakings, will make
the contrary appear 5 and tho’ it be my Pro-
feffion, I fhall endeavour to acquit myfelf
faithfully, and without Mercenarinefs or Re-
ferve. But an officious Advifer is one of the
unwelcomeft Guefts that can come to many
Perfons (what Occafion foever they may have
of it $ ) for which Reafon I fhall be the (hott-
er to them.

And to Gentlemen of a more lenitive and
ingenious Nature, who are pleafed to pardon
the Unworthinefs as well as officious Boldnefs
of a well-meaning Man, how contrary foever
it may be to any former Miftakes, I hope the
foregoing Remarks may be of ufe ^ and to make
them have the more Effed, 1 beg leave to
add the following Advice.

Firft then, After the Defign is well laid
and confider’d by the Gentleman, and fome ho-
neft and experienc’d Workman, that fuch a
Perfon be chofe for a Servant, as is Sober, In-
gen ous, and Good-natur’d, ( I may call him

a Fel-

XXIX

Th e PREFACE.

a Fellow-Companion in this delightful Em-
ploy) the more he knows is certainly the
better 5 but of the two, the firft is the beft
Qualification 3 becaufe if he abounds in the
one, a little Experience and good Ufage will
foon make him capable of the other : but an
ignorant, conceited Perfon is one of the moft
incorrigible of Mortals 3 and God knows there
are too many of thefe that ftrole about with
this unhappy Mark 3 and the greateft Mif-
fortune of all is, the older they grow, the
worfe they are.

He ought to be one that has fome Senfe of
Religion, Virtue and good Manners $ this, if
well encouraged, will in time be of great
Ufe to the Matter 5 and from fuch a Servant
he may expeft all reafonable Duty. To this
End his Stipend ought to be equal to that of
the beft Servant, and above all, that he be
well paid 3 fo that he may have no Reafon
to take indirect Means to maintain his pri-
vate Affairs, (free from the Domineering of
fuch haughty, imperious Fellow-Servants as
are too often found in great Families.) All
thefe put together, cann’t but be of excellent
Ufe towards the fettling him eafily and qui-
etly in his Service, and encouraging him in
the purfuit of that which he has an honou-
rable Alfurance of long enjoy mg, in fome
meafure, as well as his Lord and Matter.

I have obferv’d the contrary Ufage to have
the contrary Effects 3 and the tolling of Gar-
deners about from one Place to another, is

the

XXX

The PREFACE.

the greateft Blemilh that is charg’d upon the
Memory of one of our greateft Mafter-Gar-
deners 5 for thofe Perfons, fuppofing they are
to be going away, and to hold their Places by
a precarious Tenure, care not what they do :
And tho’ this holds good in all Cafes, yet
in Gardening ’tis attended with Confequences
more pernicious than in any other Bufinefs.

The Author and Abridger of The Corn-
pleat Gardener wou’d have him not to be
too Old, nor too Young. In this every
Gentleman’s own Cafe is his belt Diredor.
But this wou’d be hard upon a great part
of this Profeffion, whofe Misfortune ’twou’d
be to live too Jong.

That after they have fpent the Vigour of
their Lives in Service, (and perhaps fuch
as were not profitable enough to lay up
much Money in) to be turn’d out to beg
in their Old Age, and after a long Scene of
Bufinefs and Slavery, that has brought them
to a more helplefs State than any other
People, are miserable Thoughts. But the
farther profecution of this I leave to the
Management of thofe pious and charitable
Divines, whofe Difcourfes on Subjeds of
this kind will appear very bright in the
Hiftory of thefe Times.

I ne<d fay'little of other Qualifications, as
to Learning , &c. it being what is not fo
generally miftaken as other T hings are$ but
lhall only remark cn this Head, That too
many Gentlemen are very fparing to thefe

Servants,

The PREFACE. xxxi

Servants, and think that Fifteen or Twenty
Pounds per Annum is extraordinary, or too
much to give a Gardener 3 when in truth
their very Livery-Servants are as great or a
greater Charge 3 tho’ both their Learning
and Pains is or ought to be equal to the beft
Servant in their Families 3 and what with
Books, Mathematical Inftruments, and the
like, their Rewards ought to be the more.

To make a good Ingenious Gardener, as
much Learning is required, perhaps, as the
Steward, or any other Artizan or Servant
which Perfons of Quality or Others have
attending them : And were this more en-
couraged, what might not be expected in a

Country whole known Character is,

Inventis addere.

And how much to the Advantage of Gar-
dening it might be, if Young Perfons, de-
igned for this Employ, were not only in-
ftruded in Mathematical and Grammatical,
but alfo in Philosophical Knowledge, I leave
to the Determination of the Ingenious in
that way.

My next Advice is, To fet apart fuch a
portion out of the Revenue as can be con-
veniently fpar’d, and that the fame be Week-
ly applied to the Difcharge of the Expence 5
for that Labourers Unpaid, are of courfe the
molt Impertinent, Troubiefome Perfons that
may be 3 and by their Clamour, Noife and
Thievery, occafion a very large Alloy in
and Difcount from the Pleafures of a Coun-
try Life. Two,

XXX11

The PREFACE.

Two, Three, or Four Hundred Pounds
per Annum will do great Things in ftnall Un-
dertakings 3 and Six, Seven, or Eight Hun-
dred will be fufficient in the greateft of all,
in this Manner and Method 1 am advancing.
Befides, the Pleafure of Gardening is not in
Finilhing them in too great Hafte 5 but after
a general Scheme is laid, to make Annual Ad-
vances, ’till the Whole is compleated. Nei-
ther can this be call’d Money altogether ex-
pended 5 becaufe the Kitchen-Garden, Filh-
Ponds, &c. about a Seat, are not only a great
Ornament, but will make a great Abatement
in the Expences of Houfe-keeping.

The laft, and which is the Refult, or ra-
ther the Subftance of the former Advices,
is, That Gentlemen Confider well before
they Begin, and Proceed Leifurely 5 That
the Motives that induce them to thefe Un-
dertakings be Solid and Virtuous, and not
the fudden ftart of an impetuous Fancy,
which too often finks and vanilhes immedi-
ately, and leaves a Mark of Infamy and
Difgrace on the Undertaker, rather than a
Credit and Repute. ’Tis to this, in a great
degree, is owing the many Unfinifh’d and
Confus’d Defigvs to be feen in many Places
of thefe Kingdoms.

Gardening is doubtlefs in itfelf very Di-
verting ^ but when it has is commencement
from Ralhnefs, or any other unwarrantable
Temper, and irrational Sally, no wonder if
its End be Difcontent, and thofe unhappy

Reflexions

The PREFACE. s

flexions on paft Things, that are the natural
Confequences of the moft innocent Pleafures,
as well as the moft guilty and flagrant Vices
now reigning in the World.

But when carried on in a .well-regulated
Manner, what folid Pleafure is there that is
not to be found therein ? Its Purfuit is eafy,
quiet, and fuch as put neither the Body
nor Mind into thofe violent Agitation or pre-
cipitate and imminent Dangers that many
other Exercifes (in themfelves very warrant-
able) do. The End of this is Health, Peace,
and Plenty, and the happy Profpect of Feli-
cities more durable than any thing in thefe
fublunary Regions, and to which this is (next
to the Duties of Religion) the fureft Path.

Twas the Encouragement and Pradice of
thefe and fuch-like Virtuous and Emolumen-
tal Employs, that in a great meafure raisU
the Splendor, and ftill helps to maintain the
Brightnefs of the Hiftories of thofe Ancient
and Univerfal Monarchies of Ferfa, Greece,
and Rome : And the Negled, that, amongft
fome other Reafons, portended their fatal and
unhappy Diffolutions. And the innumerable
Plans, Profpedives, and Iliftorical Account
of the magnificent Gardens of France and Italy ,
as they draw the Eyes of all Europe upon
them, lb they will hereafter make as com-
pleat a Sett, and appear as glorious as the mi-
litary Ichnographies of thofe auguft Nations.

But to return, that I might the better per-
form my Duty in thefe Undertakings, and
V o L. I. c corred

XXXiV

The PREFACE.

cor re ft what has been obferv’d to be amifs in
Gard’ning, I have in that Treatife firft fet
down the Errors that have occur’d to me ei-
ther in Books or Praftice 5 and from the Me-
thods I havepropofed to my felf, and from
the Praftice of the beft in thefe Matters, I
have put in their room fuch things as I thought
would be more proper.

With the .fame Care I have trac’d the
Round-about Ways and Needlefs Expences
which I have obferv’d in the Making and
Planting of Gardens, in which there is gene-
rally twice as much as is neceftary, and (hall
reduce it into fuch a Method, as that any Per-
fon, upon common Confideration, may know
if he is well or ill ufed.

The laft, and no lefs momentous piece of
Advice, (hall be, to fix fuch Meafures for the
Extent of Gardens, as will, I hope, very
much reduce the Expence of Keeping as well
as Making. And ’tis here to be obferv’d, that
for want of fixing at firft on a general Scheme,
and drawing all the Pleafures of the Situation
into one Table, Gardens have gradually, in-
fenlibly, and at laft even neceftarily fwell’d
to a greater Extent than the Owner at firft
defigned them, fo great indeed as to fink un-
der their own Weight, and to be a Burden
too heavy for the greateft Eftates 5 by which
means they came often to be neglefted, and
to be rather a Vexation and a Trouble, than
any real Pleafure and Satisfaftion to the
Owner : And this I take to be another great

Hindrance

XXXV

The PREFACE.

Hindrance and Difcount from the true Plea-
fures of Gardening.

I am veryfar, by this, from limiting the
Extent of Outer Plantations, which, as the
Prices now are, and by the Methods hereaf-
ter to be delivered, will be no great Charge.
Thefe might reach as far as Liberty of Plant-
ing will allow, an Employ fo diverting that it
ought to terminate but with Life itfelf, and
to be plac’d amongft the greateft Diverfions
of it 3 all others are fubject to Difappoint-
ments, but in this, not a Day, Hour, or
Minute in the whole Year but what courts
our Admiration , or requires our Care.
What I have been fpeaking of is in relation to
what may properly be called Gardening, I
mean thofe Interior Parts, that ought by
feme means or other to be fenc’d from the
Trampling and Croppings of Cattle, and re-
quire our more immediate Care in Keeping
and Dreffing.

And fince all agree, that the Pleafures of
a Country Life cann’t poflibly be contained
within the narrow Limits of the greateft
Garden 3 Woods, Fields, and diftant Inclo-
fures Ihould have the Care of the induftrious
and laborious Planter : Neither would I (as
I have already hinted) advife the immuring,
or, as it were, the imprifoning by Walls,
(however expenfive they are in making) too
much us'd of late 3 but where-ever Liberty
will allow, would throw my Garden open to
all View, to the unbounded Felicities ef Ji-

c 3 ftant

The PREFACE.

ftant Profped, and the expanfive Volumes of
Nature herfelf.

In the mean time I preferve fome private
Walks and Cabinets of Retirement, fome feleft
Places of Recefs for Reading and Contemplati-
on, where the Mind may privately exult and
breathe out thofe Seraphick Thoughts arid
Strains, by which Man is known and diftin*
guifh’d as an Intelligent Being, and elevated
above the common Level of Irrational Crea-
tures.

And that I might the better effed my De-
fign, I have promoted, as is already pra&is’d
(tho’ not well) in feveral Places, the lowing
of Coppices and Woods, it being much more
Rural and Beautiful in Country-Seats than
new fine Gard’ning, (too much run into by
fome) fince from this Procefs, in four or five
Years time, one may expect to find Woods or
Coppices eight or ten Foot high. Befides,
thofe Exterior Lines are kept by a Scythe fix-
ed into a ftrong Handle or a long Pole, as
there is occafion to ufe it, without the Ex-
pence and tinkling Noife of Sheers in Clip-
ping.

And I have purfu’d this Method yet far-
ther, by Directions in this Book for a more
fpeedy Railing Woods, than I have any-where
feen $ and in the other, the manner of cut-
ting Gardens and Interior Plantations out
of the infide 5 and laying the Exterior Parts
ranging and correfponding with them in fuch
a manner, as that they may appear as a part.

The PREFACE. xxxvii

and add to the Beauty and Magnificence of
the Garden in the View, tho’ not in the Ex-
pence of Keeping 5 fince I would never advife
above twenty Acres of Ground in the inner-
moft parts of the largeft Gardens, Jet the
Exterior be what they will, to appear, if
pollible, two or three hundred. The man-
ner that I have taken in doing this, will, I
dare allure my felf, appear pleafing, if not
furprizing, to naoft that have not been fo great
Drudges to Thoughts of this kind as I have
been.

This Method I have propos’d, well ma-
nag’d, will, I hope, very much abridge the
Expence of Making and Keeping Gardens, and
will yet add very much to their Magnificence,
when, for the Enlargement of their View, all
the neighbouring Fields, Paddocks, &c. fhall
make an additional Beauty to the Garden, and
by an eafy, unaffeded manner of Fencing,
lhall appear to be a part of it, and look as if
the adjacent Country were all a Garden.

It may probably be fuppofed, by this Pre-
face, that I am fetting up new Schemes in
Gard’ning, which may, ’till the Prints come
out, caufe divers Reflections, as the Readers
are difpos’d to think 5 but, on the contrary, I
can affirm, that ’tis much the fame as has
been us’d already in fome parts of this King-
dom, tho’ I hope to make confiderable Im-
provements 3 and for Antiquity, ’tis above
2 500 Years, fince it appears to be of the fame
kind as the Gardens of Epicurus in the Su-

c 3 burbs

xxxviii The PREFACE.

burbs of Athens $ a Perfon (if Pliny fpeaks
right) that firft us’d this Extenlive way of
Gard’ning, and of bringing the Pleafures and
Produce of the Woods and Fields under the
general Title of Hortus , of which 1 {hall fay
more by and by.

This may likewife be fuppos’d was and is
the manner of Gard’ning amongft the Cbinefe,
who, as an ingenious Author of our own
Country obferves, ridicule the Europeans on
account of that Mathematical Exadnefs and
crimping Stiffnefs that appears in our Way of
Gard’ning. And the Defigns that tend the
Way I am fpeaking are certainly the raoft va-
luable :> fuch is that incomparable Wood ot
my Lord Carlifles at Cafile-hoveard , the
Wood at New- Park belonging to the Right
Honourable the Earl of Rochejier, the Woods
at Cafiiobury, the Dejign of Bujby-Park, &c.

The Romans had doubtlefs the fame Exten-
live kind of Gardens ^ and till of late Years
it has not been the Cuftom to immure and
wall them in, except in fuch Places where the
Owner is circumfcrib’d and bounded in by
contentious Neighbours \ this being, befides
the Expence, a great Confinement, and be-
reaves One of the greateft Pleafures of a Gar-
den, I mean ProfpeB .

Nor would 1 be underftood to condemn
all Enciofed and Flower-Gardens, fince they
are abfoluteiy neceliary in Cities, Towns, and
other bounded Places, where the Owner is
hemm’d in on each Side : But ■ what I am

fpeaking

The PREFACE. xxxix

fpeaking of, is in large Country-Seats, where
the Owner has 2, 3, or 400 Acres of Land,
more or lefs, in Pafture, Park, or other
Lands, 3tis here fuppos’d that the Extent
furniflies him with Bufinefs enough in plant-
ing and improving of his Eftate, and more,
than to fpend his Time in the more triflng
and fading Beauties of Flowers =, whilft, on
the other hand, he could not poflibly employ
himfelf in the narrow Limits of a City-Gar-
den, without fuch little bufy Employs.

Befides, Gentlemens Affairs commonly di-
viding their Time between the Town and
Country, they {pending the latter part of
the Winter, and the Spring, and fometimes
longer in Town, and the reft of their Time in
the Country : The firft anfwers by the
Beauty of Flowers in the Spring, which is
over by the latter end of May ^ whilft in the
latter part of the Year the nobler Diver, (ions
of the Country take place, at which time, in
truth, the Beauty of Flowers is gone, and
Borders are like Graves, and rather a Blemifn
than a Beauty to our fineft Gardens.

In the aforefaid Cafes then this Extenfive
Way of Dejign will be of Ufe : The manner
of doing which, will, I hope, appear delight-
ful, befides the Cheapnefs in Performance
will ( I doubt not) but be very agreeable to
the frugal Planter.

And for the latter, I mean Town-Gardens,
compos’d of Flowers, Greens, and choice
Exoticks, ’tis hop’d fome future Time will

c 4 give

xl

The PREFACE.

give an Opportunity of humbly publifhing
more Thoughts to the World on that Subje&,
and reducing that into a correder Method
than has yet appear’d. But when Town -
Gardens are mention’d, ’tis not thereby meant
Gardens in or very near London, but thofe
that are four, five, fix, or feven Miles out
out of Town, whither the Fatigues of the
Court and Senate often force the iiluftrious
Patriots of their Country to retreat, and
breathe the fweet and fragrant Air of Gar-
dens ^ and thefe are generally too much
pent up.

By which means Gardening may be fup-
pos’d to be divided into two kinds, viz. City,
and Country 5 the fil'd: for Flowers, d'r.
and the laft, Woods, Coppices, Groves, and
the bufie and laborious Employs of Agri-
culture, with which Gardening is unavoidably
as well as pleafantly mix’d.

I am apprehenlive this will meet with
different Acceptation in the World, as it
fuits with the Humours or Interefts of many
of my own Profeflion, who ( amongft other
Reafons too long here to name) not being
willing to take fo much Pains themfelves,
or being, perhaps, naturally averfe to fuch
Publications, 'tis no wonder if they malign
both the Work and its Author. But as on
the one hand, I have tallied too feverely of
the Lalhes of Fortune, to take any great
Satisfaction in any thing but doing my Duty 5
fo, on the other, 1 am' prepar’d to contemn

any

The PREFACE.

any 111 Ufage 1 may poffibly receive on this
account, being very Cure that I have not any-
way betray’d a Truft that is incumbent on
Perfons of all Profeilions 5 and that tho’
there is a Frugality propofed in the Making
and Planting Gardens, yet the Gardener and
and Nurfery-man will find their Account as
much in the Extent, as they did before in the
elaborate Exactnefs and Expenfive way of
Making Gardens.

And ’tis the happinefs of prefent Authors,
to write in an Age wherein Virtue and
honeft Induftry are very much countenanc’d
and encourag’d, and Perfons of too great
Sagacity to be any-ways impos’d on, Perfons
who fee through the Artifices of Defign-
ing People, fo much indeed, that I Ihould
have had no occafion to mention this, but
that thofe I luppos’d to be concerned have
too much Power, and are too much ufed
to things of this kind, to efcape this No-
tice 5 and they will, without doubt, foon
apply it to themfelves.

However, if after all the Care taken of
giving any reafonable Offence, it Ihould be
my misfortune to meet with any 111 Ufage,
’tis what was long fince the fate of one of
the greateft Gardeners, as well as Poets, I
mean Virgil, in whofe company I fhall (were
I but worthy) be content to fuffer 5 and fhall
give the fame Anfwer as that learned and
ingenious Author did, when he was told how
bafely he had been treated, (as follows : )

An,

The PREFA C E.

An, inquit, Hefiodi fententis non minifiri,
ubi ait, Architeclum ArchiteBo invidere, &
Poetam Poets, ? De malis, inquit, Grscus Hie
intellexit , nam boni eruditiores amant : fed
magna cum mea Laude & Gloria vindi&am in
manu babeo : Majore enim cura virtuti hiten-
dam, atque quo elegantior ego fiam, eo vebe-
mentius invidia rumpeter.

And a little farther :

Kam qui contendit , & an contentions finis
utilis fit non novit, fiultis ilium inmmerandum
fapientes putant.

Ruajusr

Which I leave them to Englifih, and to make
fueh Ufe of as is molt proper.

Without doubt, the Circumftances of an
Author, how immaterial foever, will by thefe
Wits be immediately brought on the Stage.
And indeed, it would be too idle and im-
pertinent for me, or any One in fuch a Cafe,
to recriminate on Fortune or 111 Ufage,
much lefs on Perfons and Things 5 for which
reafon I fhall fubmit to the Ill-will of fome,
and the Miftake of a great many in this
Affair.

To what is already faid, there feems to be
little occafion to add more of the Ufefulnefs
of this Subject, or to vindicate the Reafon-
ablenefs and Advantage it may be to fo Polite

The PREFACE.

and Ingenious a Nobility and Gentry as at
prefent Great-Britain abounds with.

The Performance itfelf is what’s of more
Concern, and for which, I am now too fure,
I ought to Apologize. I muft confefs my felf
at prefent, upon fome accounts, fomewhat
unequal to the Management of fo weighty
and ufeful a Province : But the favourable
Reception of this, will, I hope, difpell thofe
Clouds that may any-ways hinder my next
Performance, as well as purchafe that Cou-
rage that all young Authors want.

In general 5 I ought to addrefs the No-
bility and Gentry, efpecially that Noble and
Ufeful Society Incorporated for the Advance-
ment of Natural Knowledge, as Tibullus did
Apollo , ( Eleg. 5 . Lib. 2.) Let me quote
him in his own Words, without any other
Verfification :

Phoebe, fave , novus ingreditur tua Templa

facerdos.

But more particularly $ The Gentlemen
des Belles Lettres, ( colle&ed as they are out
of the feveral Clalfes and Degrees amongft
Mankind ) who will, I dare hope, fee fome
reafonable Caufe of Excufing the Deficiency
of this Work, when I alfure them. That the
Nobienefs of the Subjeft, rather than any
opinion of my own Performance, infenfibly
carry ’d me into Lengths in which I could
hope for little Succeis : But this being an
Introduction

xliii

The PREFACE.

Introduction to one of the Nobleft as well
as Ufefulleft Subjedsin the World, it feem’d
abfolutely requifite I Ihou’d begin with fome-
thing of this nature.

True it is, that t hat Author’s Works are
moft acceptable, who undertakes it rather
out of Choice than Necefjity.

Some judge of Authors Names, not Works 5
and then

Nor praife nor damn the Writings, but the

Men,

are the Lines of one of our greateft Judges
of modern Criticifm. Yet as this was not
altogether my Cafe, it being done, the great-
eft part of it, Nobilis Otii , (as the Poet
phrafes it ) during the Leilure I enjoy’d in
a very Indulgent as well as Noble Family 5
I hope there is nothing fo culpable in it, as
the putting it together, which I mull own
was done in fome Hafte.

But what’s moft afflicting, is, that it was
not begun fooner. If the great Roman Em-
peror ( whofe continual Care of his People
in general, might be thought to be a fuffi-
cient Difcharge of his Duty ) lamented the
Jofs of one Day, wherein he did not fome
particular Ad of Service and Good : How
much more ought a great part of Mankind,
(who have no fuch Charge, and can do no-
thing that is of Ufe in the Age they live
in, but by fuch ways as thefe ) and my felf

xlv

the PREFACE.

In particular, how unworthy foever I may
feem to be, that we have loft fo many
If ears!

’Tis therefore Time ( tho’ I hope not too
late) for every Perfon, in thefe Cafes, tore-
pair to their Polls, and to make the bell Ufe
poflible of thofe Talents Providence has
intrufted them with $ feeing daily and difmal
Experience, as well as the Authority of the
Wifeft of Kings in Sacred Writ, affures us,
that as to this material Part of us. There is Ecckf. is.
no Work, nor Device , nor Knowledge , norWif- IO"
dom in the Grave whither we are going.

Therefore I {ball endeavour to acquit my
felf with the Temper and Satisfaction of an
Honeft Man, at leaft, in the Words of the
aforefaid Ingenious Gentleman :

£ view.

Content , if hence th' Unlearn d their Wants may
The Learn' d refleB on what before they knew ,

Carelefs of Cenfure, nor too fond of Fame $

Still pleas'd to Praife, yet not afraid to Blame .*

Averfe alike to Flatter or Offend $

Kor free from Faults, nor yet too vain to Mend.

Mr. Pope.

■W

sw? W?

THE

THE

CONTENTS.

CHAP. I.

TH E Hiflory of Gardening, from its
Original : With Memoirs of the greatefi
Virtuofo's , both Ancient and Modern ,

Page i

CHAP. II.

An Effay concerning Earth 5 and the Improve-
ment of Land defign'd to raife Forejl-Trees
in , p. 98

CHAP. III. •

An Effay concerning Water, Rain, Snow, &c.
and their Efficacy in Vegetation , p. 1 14

CHAP. IV.

An Effay concerning the Povcer of the Sun, and
his EffeB in Vegetation , p. 133

C HAP.

The Contents.

CHAP. V.

An Ejfay concerning the Power of the Air, and
its EffeCl in Vegetation , p. 144

CHAP. VI.

An Bffay concerning the EffeCl ofthofe Co-ejficient
Powers in the work of Vegetation , p. 1 53

CHAP. VII.

"Directions for Raijing Forejl-Trees.

Sett. 1. The Introduction , p. 191

Sed. 2. Of the Spontaneous Production of
Trees , p. 204

Sed. 3. Of the Method of Raijlng Trees by
Seed , p. 20 6

Sed. 4. Of Raijing Trees from the Exuberances
of the Mother-Roots , p. 219

Sed. 5. Of the Raijing Trees by Artificial Me-
thods of Avulfion, Ar citation. Sec. p. 221

Sed. 6, Of Raying Trees by Layers , p. 224

Sed. 7. Of Raying Trees by Cuttings and Sets,

p. 228

Sed. 8. The Summary of all that has been de-
liver'd concerning Raijing Trees, p. 230

Sed. 9. Directions for Planting in Open Nur-
feries, P-231

Sed. 10. Directions for Pruning and Dr effing of
Forejl-Trees in Open Nurferies, p. 234

Sed. 11. Of Planting Trees in the Open Park,

• . . P- 239

Sed. 12. Directions for the fever al forts of Soil

on

The ContFX’TS.

on which Trees thrive heft, p. 248

Sect. 13. Tabular DireHions for every Soil ,

p.255

Sect. 14. General Aphorifms or Maxims of
Planting , drawn from the foregoing Chap-
ters, p. 258

CHAP. VIII.

DireBions for Raifing Woods and Coppices,

p. 264

Addenda, P- 271

CHAP. IX.

0/ Springs, their Original, and the Method of
bringing them home , for the Ufe and Beauty
of Gardens, p. 288

C H A P. X.

Of Statues, and other Ornaments of Decorations
of noble Gardens , P-3 10

C H A P. XI.

Of Grafs and Gravel, the natural Embellip-
ments of our Englifli Gardens, P-3 1 9

CHAP. XII.

The General Conclufion of this Book , p. 3 2 5

THE

I

T HE

HISTORY

O F

G ARD’NI N G, &c.

CHAP. I.

T does not, at firft fight, feem Introfa-
necefiary to write an Introdu- Sion,
ft ion to a Hiftory which is
but an Introduftion itfelf : But
confidering that it is the firft
that has appear’d in this kind, it may not be
improper to give a ihort Account of its Ufes
to the World.

’Tis certain, there is no kind of Hiftory fo
eagerly catch’d at, as the valiant Atchieve-
ments, Heroick Examples and Lives of
Great Soldiers, and the folemn Debates and
Councils of Learned Statefmen and Senators :

Yet the Lives of thofe that have been emi-

B nent

2

The Hi S TO RY Chap. I.

nent for their Proficiency in other Parts of
Learning and Bufinefs, are or ought to be
read with a peculiar Delight.

In the firft we meet with great Examples,
which *tis poffible but for few to reach 5 and
Schemes of Government, which Perfons of a
lower Sphere may never be likely to have
any Share in 5 whereas in this there is a ge-
neral Entertainment to every bufy and intel-
ligent Perfon ^ and an Imitation of the Pra-
ctices of thofe great Virtuofo’s, is in fome
meafure or other in the Power of every Rank
or Degree of Mankind: In their Writings
we, read the intricate and amazing Laws of
Eternal Providence prefiding over thefe fub-
lunary Regions, far more entertaining than
all the Volumes of Zeno the Law-giver, or
Plutarch the Hiftorian.

So that the Hiltory as well as the Practice
of Gardening may not be an unwelcome
SubjeCt 5 and we are allured the Romans
(whole judgment thefe modern Ages are de-
servedly fond of copying) had as great a va-
lue for the Memoirs of Men of Wit, Lite-
rature, or any other private Accomplilh-
ments, as they had for the greateft Politici-
ans and Captains.

Pliny, no doubt, made as great a Figure in
the Quality of a Phiiofopher and Gardner,
as he did at the Head of the Roman Legions 5
and the Natural Hiftory he has left, is of as
much Value as that of all the Germanick
Wars.

Tis

Chap. i. of GARDENING., &e. 3

Tis certain, one is too often, inftead of true
Heroifm, the unwarrantable Sallies of Am-
bition, Cruelty, and Bloodlhed 5 whilft the
other is an innocent Amufement, and a Com-
panion for Humility, Moderation, and other
commendable Virtues.

Since then the earlieft and belt Accounts
we have of Gard’ning are colletfed from 0)

Holy Writ, there is no room left to doubt of
its Antiquity, as being very near coeval with
the World, and Beginning of Time itfelf.

That God Almighty was not only the Firft Piter om-
Author and Founder, but alfo the Regulator nipote,ls'
^nd Planter of Gardens and Gard'ning, is no
Jefs evident from the (F) Text, which faith,

The Lord God planted a Garden Eajlward in
Eden, and there he put the Man 'whom he had
form'd.

And if (as (c) fome think) that the Icno-
graphy or Plan of this Garden, or, to fpeak
more plainly, the Garden itfelf, was the Work
of the Third Day $ it may from thence be fup-
pos’d, that Gardens were before Gardeners,

(and therefore the immediate Work of God)
and that Horofcopy had not been ufed.

.That it commences its Date but a few Adam,
Hours after the Formation of the World, and
before the Accounts receiv’d of any other Art,
is evident from the latter end of the afore-
mention d Chapter (<i), where that Opera'ti-

(a) Gen. i. (b) Gen. 2. 8.
V Cyrus. ( dy Gen. 2, 22 ,i£rc.

(c) Sir T- Brown V

B a

Gardens

on

4 The Histo ry Chap, i .

on is recorded of taking the Rib from Adam,
wherewith the Woman was made $ yet tho’
from this, Chirurgery may plead high, yet the
very Current of the Scripture determines in
favour of Gard’ning.

What was the Mathematical Diftribution,
or how Geographically lituated Paradife was,
is fomething uncertain, tho’ fome affirm it to
be (V) near the Mountains of Armenia, where
the Ark relied after the Univerfal Deluge,
where Gard’ning probably took its fecond
Rife. Others pretend it to be elevated above
the common Level of the Earth, and to have
been a Pattern to the fo-much-celebrated Gar-
dens of Babylon.

The Advances Gard’ning made, from A-
dam's Expulfion to the General Deluge, is
dubious, there being little left of it, only
that he was a (f) Tiller of the Ground :
And tho’ fome of our Divines have pioufly
believ’d that Adam was, upon his lincere Re-
pentance, re-admitted into Paradife 3 yet fince
the Scriptures mention no fuch thing, we
may more reafonably conclude that the unal-
terable Decree of Heaven lay heavy upon him :
And ’tis more than probable the Reflexion on
his unhappy Lapfe might deterr him from
any Purfuits of this kind, any more than the
Neceflaries of Life, which he was, by the
direful Command of his Maker, deltin’d by
the Sweat of his Brow to provide for^ npr

"(Y) sir T. Brown’ s Gardens of Cyru'. (/) Gen. 3. 23.

does

Chap. r. of GARD NING, &c. 5

does the Sacred Text mention any otherwife
of his Sons.

But affoon as that great Inundation was a-Noali.
bared, and Noab and the reft of his Family
were brought out of the Ark, (g) they began
to Colonize themfelves 5 and the fame Sacred
Text relates, that Noab began to be an Huf-
bandman, and he planted a Vineyard.

And doubtlefs from that Time Gard’ning
began to flourilh, efpecially thofe Parts which
ferv’d either for the Nourilhment or Luxury
of their refpedive Times j and if Zoroajler r . n.
were either Ham, Chua, or Mizraim, they were Ham,chus,
early Proficients in Gard’ning, and. as Pliny or.Miz-
relates, left a Treatife of it. raim'

Tho’ Abraham is recorded to have planted Abraham,
a Grove (h) at Beer-jbeba for his more par-
ticular Worlhip, yet molt of his fucceeding
Generations, as well as himfelf, living a Pa-
ftoral Life in open Fields and moveable Tents,
befides their Sojourn in Egypt „ and long Jour-
ney thro tfie Wildernefs, Gard’ning was
doubtlefs little known or practis’d by them,
till the Time that they were fix'd in the Pro-
mis’d Land, and not perhaps till David, or
rather Solomon, was anointed over them to
raife the Puiflance and Splendor of that Na-
tion.

Which laft being, by Divine Appointment
chofen for the Eftablilhment and Quiet of
the Jews , and to ered their fo-much-defired

Solomon.

(g) Gen. 9. 20. (h) Gen. 21. 32.

. B3

Temple,

6

Semiramis,

Nebuchid-

onozof.

Egyptians.

The History Chap, v.

Temple, together with a Royal Palace, it
may rationally be fuppofed ( however filent
the Hiflorical part of the Scriptures are)
that Gard’ning had a great lhare in his
Thoughts, fince he is reprefented for fo emi-
nent a Botamck 3 and this is confirm’d by
his own Words on another Occafion, (i)
J made me great Works , I planted me Vine-
yards, I made me Gardens and Orchards , and
I planted Trees in them of all kinds of Fruity
I made me Pools of Water, to water therewith
the Wood that bringeth forth Trees.

From thefe People, and their unhappy Ca-
taftrophe of being carried into ftrange Coun-
tries, Gard’ning might be remov’d likewife.
For- tho’ fome attribute the Horn Penfiles of
.Babylon to Semiramis (k') the third or fourth
from ddimod 3 yet others, with more Proba-
bility of Truth, to Nebuchadonozor the fa-
mous King of Diodorm, upon which walking
and viewing his great Metropolis, and other
diftant Regions of his Monarchy, elevated
his unbounded, ambitious Soul above his Ma-
ker, and, by forgetting he was a Man, in-
curr’d the Stroke of Divine Vengeance, which
droye him amongft the Beafts into the con-
trary Habitations of Deferted Wilderneffes
and Uncultivated Fields.

The Egytians were certainly very early in
Gardening, as may be collected from their

(i) Ecctef. 27 4, (IJ'SJr T. Brown’/ Gardens of Cyrus.

Writings 3

7

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c.

Writings 5. but how judicious, is not cer-
tain.

Whether the Gardens of Adonis and the Adonis.
Hefperides be fabulous or not, or what was
the Time they were fuppofed to be in their
Glory, I fhall not examine 5 they were how-
ever Subjects for the loftieft Strains in
Poetry, a Theme from which they have
drawn the beautiful Idea’s they had of the
Pleafures of Gard’ning.

From the . firffc is deduc’d an additional
Name to none of the mean.eft of Floras (/)

Train, and a Royal Stamp to the Name of
( m ) Gardens themfelves.

From thefecond, the Hiftory of thofebeau- The Hefpe-
tiful Ladies,who (together with their Gardens rides>
of Golden Apples, were under the Care of a
watchful Dragon) perhaps an Intimation,
that Innocence, Vertue, and Veffal Honour
could be no-where fo well preferv’d as there 5
and that the Beauty of thofe Abodes would
make a fuffieient Compenfation for the Lofs
of all other enlarged Pleafures. This G^r-t
Mr. Rowe has elegantly defcrib’d :

pgear ti,e Tritonian Lake,

Where, bji the watchful Dragon kept of old,

Hefperian Plants grew rich with living Gold 5
Long [nice the Fruit was from the Branches torn.

And now the Gardens their loft Honours mourn.

CO Flos Adonidis, the Anemone. (m) Horti Adonidis,
Cm dens 0/ Pteafure.

B4

Such

8 The History Chap. i.

Such was , in ancient Time , the Tale receiv'd.
Such hy our good Forefathers were believ'd.

Is or let Enquirers the Tradition wrong ,

Or dare to queftion now the f acred Poet’s Song.
Then take it for a Truth, The wealthy Wood
Here, under Golden Boughs low bending, flood ;
On fome large Tree his Folds the Serpent ivoundQ
The fair Hefperian Virgin watch' d around, >

Andjoind’d to guard the rich Forbidden Ground, j
But Great Alcydes came to end their Care,

Strip the gay Grove, and left the Branches bare .
Then back returning fought the Argive Shore,
And the bright Spoil to proud Eryftheus bore.

Rowe Luc.

Homer. It is not material whether Homer or Hefiod
Hefiod. preceded each other } they were both fup-
pos’d to be near Cotemporaries with Elias the
Prophet ’■) and the Grecians were not the laft
in this delightful Employ, but both of them
left Marks of the Efteem they had for our
Subject ; one, by a Treatife on Agriculture,
&c. from which Virgil is fuppos’d to have
copied the Marrow of his ( jeorgicks 5 and
the other, by a Defcription of the Gardens
Akinous. of Alcinom (?/), which he reprefents to the
View of the Wandring Prince UlyJJes. Thus
Englifli’d by Mr. Eufden :

Clofe by the Gates a fpacious Garden lies.
From Storms defended, and inclement Skies 3

,1 ■ " -■'■■■■' ' T

(n) Homer. Od vlT. 7.

Four

/

9

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c.

Four Acres was tV allotted Space of Ground^
Fenc'd with a Green Enclofure all around.
Tail-thriving Trees confefs'd the thriving Mold \
The Redoing Apple ripens here to Gold.

Here the Blue Figs with lufcious Juice overflows 5
With deeper Red the full Fomegranate grows:
The Branch here bends beneath the weighty Fear ,
And verdant Olives flourijh all the Year.

The balmy Spirit of the Wefiern Gale
Eternal breaths on Flowers untaught to fail 5
Each dropping Fear a following Fear fupplies ,
On Apples , Apples 5 Figs on Figs arife.

The Jame mild Seafon gives the Blooms to btow9
The Buds to harden , and the Fruit to grow .
Here 9 order'd Vines in equal Ranks appear
With all tk united Labours of the Year.

Some to unload the fertile Branches run ,

Some dry the black ning Clufters in the Sun :
Others to tread the liquid Harvefi join $

The groaning Prejfes foam with Floods of Wine.
Here are the Vines in early Flowrs defcry'd. ,
Here Grapes dif colour d on the Sunny-fide:

Beds of all various Herbs for ever Greeny
In beauteous Order , terminate the Scene.

Two plenteous Fountains the whole Prof pell crown d^i
This thro * the Garden leads its Streams the round, >
Vi/its each Plant, and waters all the Ground ; 3

While That in Pipes beneath the Palace flows 9
And thence in Current on the Town bejlows ,

To various Ufe the various Streams they brings
the People one , and one fupplies the King.

But

fo The History Chap. i.

But to follow the Words of Sir Thomas
Brown , in his Gardens of Cyrus :

“ The Perfian Gallants who deftroy’d the
“ Babylonijb Monarchy, maintain’d their Bo-
“ tanical Bravery, and unto them we owe
the very Name of Paradife, wherewith we
“ meet not in Scripture ’till the very Time
“ of Solomon, and conceived originally Per-
“ fan : The Word for that difputed Garden,
“ exprefling in the Hebrew no more than
“ an Inclos’d Field, which, from the fame
“ Root, is content to derive a Garden and a
“■•Buckler.

Cyrus. ft- Cyrus die Elder, brought up in Woods
“ and Mountains, when Time and Power en-
“ abled, purfu’d. the Didates of his Edu-
“ cation, and brought the Treafures of the
“ Field into Rule and Circumfcription $ fo
“ nobly beautifying the Hanging-Gardens of
“ Babylon , that he was by dome thought the
“ Author thereof.

Ahafuerus, “ Ahafuerus, ( whom many conceive fo
Aruxerx- u ]lave been Artaxerxes Longimanus ) in the
manus!8'" “ Country and City of Flowers, and in
4 an Open Garden, Entertain’d his Prince
and People, whilft his Royal Bride Treated
* the Ladies in the Palace.

“ But if (as others think) King Ahafuerus
u was Artaxerxes Memnon, that found a Life
** and Reign equal to his great Memory, our
“ magnify’d Cyrus was his Second Brother,
“ who gave the Occafion to that memorable
“ Work, and almoft miraculous Retrait of

“ Jena-

Chap- 1* °f GARD’NINGj &>c. i 1

“ Xenophon, a Perfon of high Spirit and
“ Honour, naturally a King, tho' fatally
“ prevented by the harmlefs Chance of Pofl>

“ geniture ; not only a Lord of Gardens, but
“ a manual Planter thereof, difpofing his
“ Trees, like his Armies, in regular Ordinati-
“ on : So that while Old La&rtes has found a King her~
“ Name in Homer for pruning of Hedges/65,

“ and clearing away Thorns and Briars 5
“ while King Attains lives in his poifonous
“ Plantations of Aconite and Henbane, &c.

“ while many of the Ancients do poorly
“ live in the Angle Names of Vegetables;

“ all Stories agree that Cyrus was the firfi
“ fplendid and regular Planter.” Thus fa t
this Authour, whofe elaborate and ingenious
Pen has not a little added to the Noble-
nefs of our Subjeft.

The Gardens of Epicurus were, without
doubt, the moft famous of any in the Gre-
cian Empire. He was born, as may be col-
lected out of (0) Laertius, in the 109th
Olympiad (and fo not much before Arijlotle ,
and confequently Alexander , Arijlotle' s Pu-
pil : ) T he Place of his Birth is fomewhat
difputed ; Conjlantinus Porphyrogeneta , and
Others* that he was born at Samos j, and (p~)

Strabo, that he was born at Lampfacene,
Whether thefe different Opinions might pro-
ceed from his living fome part of his young-

00 Diogenes Laertius Yiti-s Dog. & Philofophorura, lib. 10.
(j>) Strabo, lib. io.

cr

The History Chap. i.

er Years in both thofe Places, is uncertain 5
for Epicurus indeed was an Athenian as ( q )
Laertius, (r) Suidas, and infinite other
Writers affirm.

But be the Place of his Nativity as it
will, he purchafed a very pleafant Garden
in Athens for Fourfcore Mina,, (every Mina
being with us Three Pounds two Shillings and
fix Pence, which make Two hundred and
fifty Pounds, a good Sum, doubtlefs, in thofe
Times) where he lived with his Friends
and Difciples, and taught Philofophy. And
(r) Pliny writes, that he was the firft that
brought into Athens the Cuftom of having,
under the Name of Hortus , a Garden, the
Delights of Fields and Country Mao lions
within the City itfelf, or rather Suburbs of
the City $ whereas until his Time ’twas not
the Faffion to have thofe kind of Manfions
( Rura' ) in Towns, and probably they might
have no other Gardens but in their Balco"
nies, as the Hanging-Gardens were.

And indeed, all that I can colledl from
the Life of Cyrus (already mention’d) is,
that his Regular and Quincuncial Planta-
tions were no other than Walks, Plattoons,
and Avenues, or perhaps the Columnial
Difpofition of the Pillars that fupported

(q) Laertius, lib. 6. (r) Suidas in voce Epicuri. (j) Jam

quidem Hortorum nomine in ipfa urbe delicias, Argas,
Vilfafq-, poffident *, primus hoc inftituit Epicurus otii magifter
wfque ad eum, moris non iuerat in oppidis habdtari rura.
Plin. lib. 1 9. cap. 4.

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c. 13

the Hanging-Gardens we have been fpeak-
ing of.

But to proceed : “ Hence we may con-
“ jedure (fays Mr. Stanley, in the Life of
“ Epicurus') that this was the Place which
“ (f) Paujanias reports to have been called,

“ even in his Time, the Gardens of Philofo-
“ pby ^ adding, that there was in it a Statue
made by Alcemenes , one of the greateft
Curiofities in Athens (as may be gather'd
from (u) Lucian) and that the Temple of
V emus did join to it.

This Garden is often mentioned (fays the
fame Author) in the Plural Number by (*)
Cicero, (y ) Juvenal, and Others, and fome-
times diminutively Hortulus, as Virgil $ and
this gave name to his Sed of Philofophers,
as well as it fignified a Garden : For Sextus
Empiricus call’d the Epicureans the Philofo-
phers of the Garden, (as the Stoicks the Phi-
lofophers of the Stoa or Cloijler -f) and Apollo-
dorus being in his Time the Matter of the
Garden, was (as Laertius affirms) call’d the
Garden King .

Befides this City-Garden he had at Athens ,
with Houles belonging to it, and joining
upon the City, Epicurus had an Houfe in
Melite a Town in the Cecropian Tribe, as
Suidas affirms, inhabited by Philms, one of
his Anceftorsj thither he fometimes retir’d

(t) Paufanias in Attic. («) Lucian in Imag,

(x) Cicero ad Attic. (y) Juvenal. Sa:, 4.

with

24 The History Chap, i .

with his Difciples, and doubtlefs implanted
and made him Gardens there likewife.

I (hall pafs by feveral Circumftances of his
Life, and alfo his Writings, as they relate
not to our prefent Purpofe, and fhall only
obferve, that he was not that Perfon, which
by the Name now common among us, one
would take him to be 5 but, on the contrary,
as Seneca obferves, a fober, virtuous Perfon,
and a great Lover of Learning 5 only, in Op-
pofition to the Stoicks (who were his profefs'd
Enemies) he allow’d the chearful Ufe and
Enjoyment of the Benefits of Life, whilft
the Others in join’d a great deal of Abftinence
and Severity.

He bellowed his Garden on Hermachus ,
and died in the 2d Year of the 127th Olym-
piad ^ he is reported by Laertius to have went
inro a warm Bath, and drinking off a Glafs
of Wine, exhorted his Friends to be mindful
of his Docirme 5 dpon which that Author
has this Epigram :

Farewell , and bear my Do Urine in your Minds,
Said dying Epicurus to his Friends.

Into a warm Bath going. Wine he quaft.

And then from Pluto took a colder Draft.

Stanly’s Lives of the Philofojthers.

Pliny, in his Catalogue of the Grecian
Pifiarato ^rlters» froai whom he extracted part of
Rege^PHn. his Works, enumerates no lefs than Twenty,
Jib. 1. and amongft them one Pifijlratus a noble

Athenian,

Chap, i • of GARDENING, &r. 1 5

Athenian , (and call’d by him a King 5 ) this
Great Perfon is, in other Hiftories, faid, by his
Eloquence, to have charm’d that State into a
Refignation of their Liberties to his entire
Subjedion, and to have ruled them with all
imaginable Juftice and Clemency 3 tho’ Others
call him a Tyrant t This wife State (the Glo-
ry of the World) have in all their Writings
left the moft affedionate Marks of Efteem
they had for our prefent Subjed.

TheopbraJIus, another of the Grecian Philo- Tte»p!aa.
fophers, ought not to be left out of this Cata-^ '
logue of Garden-Virtuofo’s 5 he was bornatEn?-
JIus a Sea-Town of Lesbos, near Sigrium, now
call’d Metyline $ the Time of his flour idling
is fuppos’d to be about 440 Years from the
building of Rome , and, as Salmafius obferves,

390 Years before the Time that Pliny wrote
his "Natural Hifiory. His Life is writ by
Diogenes Laertius , and from him copied by
Heinfnis in the Dutch Edition of his Works,

Printed in Greek and Latin at Leyden , and
Dedicated to the States of Holland: What
he wrote relating to Gard’ning, was chiefly
of Botany j and indeed, it may be fuppofed to
be the Ground-work and Foundation of all
that has been writ fince on that Subjed.

He fucceeded Ariftotle, and liv’d in his Gar*
den $ and we may guefs at the great Vene-
ration he had for Gard’ning, by the Care he
took in his Will (as cited by the forementi-
oned Laertius') of bequeathing it to his par^
ticular Friends to Study in, and for the Re-
... pofe

1 6 the History Chap. i.

pofe of his own Bones $ he gave particular
Orders therein for repairing the Walks, and
for a Continuation of Pompylus, whom we
may fuppofe to be his Gard’ner, for whom
and Hippias he had before made a good
Provifion* and at laft, the Manumiffion and
Enfranchifement of the reft of his Slaves
or Under-Officers, after a Time then limit-
ed, provided they behav’d themfelves Well.

Laertius fays he lived to be Eighty-
five Years of Age. (a) As he lay on his
Death-bed, he blam’d Nature for giving
Harts and Crows fo long Life, that could
do no good thereby j and to Men, who do
moft good, fo ffiort} whereas, if Man had
been allowed longer Time, his Life might
have been adorn’d with the Perfection of
Arts and Learning. But to return to the
Hiftory of Gardening.

This appearing to be the State of Gar-
d’ning amongft the Grecians , I (hall finiffi
this part of my Hiftory with that memo-
rable Account given of Abdolonymus, as we
have it from Quintus Curtius.

He is reprefented (by that eminent Hifto-
rian and Rhetorician) as a Perfon, tho’ of
a Royal Oft-fpring, yet by fome fort of
Chance, and by a rigid kind of (V) Ho-
nefty, very Poor $ and therefore no doubt
fubjeft to thofe violent Concuflions and

(a) Cicero Tufculum, lib. 4. (fi) Caufa ei paupertatis,
ficut pleriquc, Honeflas erat» £cc. Quint, lib. 4.

Per-

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c.

Perturbations that too much difquiet and
difturb the Mind in that State.

Yet is this Royal Perfon found fo virtu-
oufly and bufily employ’d in the Cultivation
of a few Pot-herbs, that neither the Ter-
ror of Alexander's Arms on the one hand
could affright him, nor the Glory of ’em
on the other allure him, to take a part in the
Conteft: And tho’ Ajla was at that time
in a Flame, he purfued the Pleafures of his
little Spot undifturbed and free from Care,
which Leffon one would think he had
learnt of the Divine Virgil: (c)

Happy the Man , who, fludying Nature's Laws ,
Thro’ known Effe&s can trace the fecret Caufe 3
His Mind pojj'efling in a quiet State ,

Fearlefs of Fortune , and reflgn'd to Fate 3
And happy too is he who decks the Bow’rs
Of Sy Ivans, and adores the Rural Pow'rs 3
Whofe Mindunmov' d, the Bribes of Courts can fee ,
Their glittering Baits , and purple Slavery 3
Nor hopes the P copies Praife, nor fears the Frown O
Nor, when contending Parties tear the CrownS.
Will fet up one, or pull another down. 3

Without Concern he hears, but hears from far.
Of Tumults, and Defcents, and diftant War :
Nor with a fuperflitious Fear is aw'd.

For what befalls at Home , or what Abroad,

(c) Felix qui pocuic rerum cognofcere Caufss, &c. Vir.
Gcsrg. 2.

The History Chap. i.

Nor envies he the Rich their happy Store ,

Nor his oven Reace diflurbs veith Pity for the Poor.
He feeds on Fruits which of their own accord
The willing Ground and laden Trees afford:
From his loifd Home no Lucre can him drawfl)
The Senate0 s mad Decrees he never faw , >

Is or heard at bawling Barrs corrupted Law. 3
Dryden’-f Tranjlat. of Virgil. Geor. 2.

And how awkardly he receiv’d the Royal
Veftments from Alexander's Officers, is pa-
thetically defcrib’d in that Hiftory : It ffiall
fuffice to add here, that when Alexander had
beheld his Royal Countenance with Surprize,
he ask’d him, How he could poflfibly bear flo in-
glorious and mean a State of Life .<? To which.
Would to God, lays he, I could bear thefe
Regal Ornaments with the fame Equality of
Mind thefe Hands have fupply'd my Necefli-
ties ^ and tho' I have had no Superfluity , I
have fuffer d no Want. £A pregnant Inftance
how fubfervient the Pleafures of a Garden
are towards a virtuous Life, ev’n tho’ under
the molt defpicable and meaneft Circum-
ftances thereof.] But thus far this noble
Pattern of Refignation,

The Grecian Empire being tranflated to
Rome, no doubt Gard’ning as well as Archi-
tecture followed feveral of the Roman Kings,
(d) as Pliny relates, having a great Vene-
ration for Gard'ning, Agriculture, fflc. For

(dj Romani, quidemReges ipficoluere. Piin. lib. 19. cap. 4.

if

Chap. r. of GARDENING, &c. 1 9

if the Latin Word cohere be render’d for
Drefling and Tilling, which it fignifies as
well as Honouring, Refpeding, or Efteeming,

’tis more than probable that they were manu- Their Kings
al Tillers and Drefiers of their Garden's and ailua{ Wir-
Villa’s ; and this feems to be very much con- addins.
firm’d by the emphatical Interpofition of the
Word ipji : And thus I fuppofe the Englip
Editions of Pliny tranllate it, for I have not
lately feen any of them.

Thefe ancient Romans , as (e) Delecampius The Cm-
in his Annotations on Pliny has it, liv’d to-
gether in Gardens 5 which does in no-wife in .their
feem improbable, confidering the Temperature GarUens‘
of that Climate 3 and the fame Editor ob-
ferves, that they efteem’d it the neareft Re-
femblance to Heaven that could poflibly be
found on Earth, if not Heaven itfelf : Thus
JLneas is reprefented by (q) Virgil (an Author
very little tainted with the Heathen Super-
ftition) after he had pafs’d the Stygian Lake,
and preffing on towards the happy Abodes
of his reverend Father Anchifes, in Company
with the Sybil:

— :~rJhey iook thfir Way

vr here long-extended Plains of Pleafure lay 5 tm of their

The verdant Fields with thofe of Heaven may vie ,

With JE ther kind 3 and with a purple Say.

~ - — — — — ■ — — — —

(e) Delecampius on Pliny, lib. 1 9. cap. 4.

(q) Devenere locos lascos & amoena Vireta,

Forcunatorum nemorui^ fedefcjue beacas,

Largior hie campos >ijther & lumine veftit
Furpurec. \ Vir*. &neid. 6. v. 617.

~ G 2 And

£0 The H i s T o R Y Chap. i.

And when they had arriv’d fomething near-
er the blifsful Place of his Habitation (/)

• upon a folicitous Enquiry where it was feated :

. \

Jo this the J acred Poet thus reply d,

Iniw fix'd Place the happy Souls abide $

In Groves we live , and lie on moffie Beds ,
ByChryJlal Streams that murmur thro' theMeads.

Dryden.

In fine, I can’t but obferve thro’ the whole
Courfe of Poetry, how extenfive they have
carried their Thoughts, not content with
the fmall and diminutive Scenes of Flowers,
Greens, &c. but {till carrying and prolating
them to diftant Woods and Meadows.

But to confirm the Value thofe ancient
Thrafeas. Heathens had for Gard’ning, &c. (g) Thra-
feas, as the fame Editor of Pliny affirms from
Tacitus, was found labouring hard in his
Garden, when one of the Qu&Jlors was fent
to him about Bufitiefs of great Moment.
Tarquinius Even the proud (fit) Tarquinius, one of the
Superbus. jaq t|-,e \{oman Kings, (at leaft of that

Name) is reported by Livy to have given Au-
dience (if I may give it fo tender a Title)

(/) Atquehuic refponfum paucis ica reddidit heros,

Nulli cerca domus ; lucis habicamus opacis
Riparumque toros & prata recentia rivis,

Inolimus. — Virg. Mneid. 6. v. 6 72.

(g) Vid. DelecampiusV Notes on Pliny,, lib. 14 .prtdic.

(fe) Capite Papaverum baculo dicitur decidHHe, Iav, lib. 1.

f°l • 1 3*

to

Chap, i . of GARDENING, &c. 2 1

to his Son Tarquinius Sextus's Ambaffador 5
and there walking in his fuperb, furly Hu-
mour, he is particularly defcrib’d as ftriking ^

the Heads of his Poppy-flowers with his
Cane or Staff $ which (hews that Pleafure-
Gardens were in ufe among the Romans, and
not altogether thole for Ufe, which fome
Books of Gard’ning have fome time lince
feem’d to intimate. _

Hiftory indeed is very filent in this Point,

(of which (i) Rimy complains) the fame Li-
vy mentioning only feveral Gardens, which,
by his way of exprefling, one would inter-
pret no other than Kitchen- Gardens ; he adds,
that they lay adjoining to a Hill without the
City, which Hill had its Name from thence
Co llis Hortulorum, or the Hill of Gardens. Coifi&Hor-
Here, fays one of their (&) Authors, was the tulorum'
Cirque or the Shew-place of their Strumpet
Flora, who made the Pecple of Rome Heir to
thofe Goods Jbe had gotten by proflituting her-
felf to the Gentlemen of Rome, leaving alfo a The Fable
certain Sum of Money to procure a Celebration 4 flora.
of her Birth- day $ which, becaufe of her Infa-
my, the People flaming to do, they feign'd her
to be the Goddefs of Flowers. But to return
from this Digreflion, to which I have been
infenfibly carried.

The Silence of thofe Hiftorians can’t de-
termine againft this, fince we may obferve the
Hiftorians of thefe Times are altogether as

(/) Plin. lib, 1 4. ( k ) Barthol. Latomus in Varri Orac. 7.

C 3 omiffive

32 Tide Hi s to r y Chap. i.

omiflive in this, as they were then 3 and indeed
it is hard to colled out of any of our Englijh
Records any thing of Moment concerning
Gard’ning.

Yet I have feen fome Maps of ancient Rome ,
which have giv’n fome Marks of Gard’ning,
amongft which was that of Martial, and fome
others i do not at prefent remember.

Agriculture without doubt flourifh’d migh-
tily in this Monarchical State, fince (/) Pli-
ny leaves a large Catalogue of Authors, from
. which he tranfcrib’d his Works (m) Quin-
cinomu- S tus Cn.anvatus was by the Republick of Rome
tus canful (afterwards eftabi ifh’d) chofe from the Plough-
of Rome. ,paj| t0 be one 0f the Governours and Con-
fuls of that Democratical State : How great
his Valour and Atchievements were, the Hi-
ftorians of thofe Times make particular Ob-
fervations.

But when that fick’ning and divided Scheme
of Government was reduc’d to the entire O-
Julius and bedience and Subjedion of Julius and Augufi-
c.Tfar*US us Cajar, by the Overthrow of the Pompeian
Fadion, the Arts began to flourilh, ana no
doubt but Gard’ning amongft the reft.

Virgil. Virgil, amongft the Poets, has left us the
greateft Tafte that they had at that time of
Gard’ning 3 recommending, as to the Defign-

(/) Plin. lib. 1 . (m) (Quintus Cincinnatus, fpes una Im-

perii Populi Romani, quatuor jugerum colens agrum, a Legatis
ad Dittaturam vocatur ^ inventus feu fodam fodiens, bipalo in-
nixus, ceu cum araret,operi certe, id quod cpnftac aperti inten-

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &>c.

ing Part, the (ii) Quadrate and Quincuncial
Form of ranging Trees, in that incomparable
piece of Work the 2d Georgick , of which,
as well as in his Life, 1 fhall take occafion to
fay as much as the Room I propofe to myfelf
in this Hiftory will allow.

(0) He was born at Mantua, in the Con-
fullhip of Pompeius Magnus and Licinius Craf-
fus 5 and if any thing be to be attributed to
Dreams, that of his Mother's being deliver'd
of a Laurel Branch, might not improbably
portend the great Proficiency he was to make
in Hortenfial and Rural Studies.

Not to mention that part of his Hiftory
that brought him into the Court and intimate
Favour of the great Auguftus (as being fo-
reign to the prefent Purpofe) he is related to
have liv’d near the Gardens of his dear Friend
Mecanas, where doubtlefs he made feveral cu-
rious Observations in Gard’ning.

But the Occafion of expatiating his Genius
fo much in the writing his Georgicks, was
fuppos’d to be from the Defolation that Italy
was brought to by the continual fucceffive
Wars that were between the Cafars and the
Pompeys , by which means the Ground was un-
cultivated and unftock'd 5 and there is little
reafon to hope that Gardening had not a fhare
in this common Calamity, which ended in
fo great a Famine, that Auguftus hardly e-

00 Virg. Geo. 2. (0) Vid. Virg. Vit. Ruaso Societat. Je-

lu, ad ufum Delphini.

C 4 fcap’d

23

The History Chap. i.

fcap’d being fton’d, being fuppos’d by the Po-
pulace to be the Occafion of it.

That Prince therefore fet himfelf to wo rk,
by all imaginable Methods, to retrieve the
Miferies of his Country, by Improvement in
Agriculture, and the like 3 in which Virgil
was not a little afiifting. It was thought by
fome, that he had begun them long before,
and that they were finifh’d in his Travels
round Italy, or at Mantua 3 it being obferv’d
that his Precepts agreed rather with the Man-
tuan than Roman Soil.

But however that be, he has in a few
Words excell’d all that ever wrote before, or
indeed fince him 5 and confidering the Nature
of Poetry, how much it forces an Author out
of the direct Road of delivering Precepts, he
is very intelligible 5 Brevity was (if it may
be fo called) his only Fault : How great his
Labour muft have been, is obvious to any that
confiders the Strength, I may fay the eternal
Duration of his Works.

The Subfiance of his 2d Georgick, which
chiefly relates to Gard'ning (the Theme of
the enfuing Subjed) is, firft, Diredions for
the Railing of T rees, by the feveral Methods
then inufe 3 then a Description of their Va-
riety, and Rules for the Management of each
of them in particular 3 he points out the Soils
in which they thrive bell, and takes occafion
to run out into that of Italy 3 after which
he gives Diredions for the difcovering the
Nature of every Soil 3 prefcribes Rules for

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c. 2$

the dreffing Vines, Olives, &c. and concludes
this Georgick with a Panegyrick on the Hap-
pinefs of a Country Life.

In all which he admirably mixes the Poet ,
Philofopher, and Gard'ner together. There
is indeed fome fuperftitious Tenets of theAn-
tients, relating to the Moon, Winds, fflc.
but this is excufable in a Poet $ and Pliny , who
wrote a confiderable time after him, and in
Profe too, had much more of that kind in
his Works.

I have faid, the Nearnefs of his Abode to
the Gardens of his dear Friend Mecanas
might be the Occafion of many a ufeful
Obfervation in Gard’ning ^ and to him he ad-
drefles himfelfin the 2d Georgick , after he
had gone thro’ the Method of Railing Trees,
in this manner :

Mecasnas, now thy needful Succour bring ,

Oh thou, the Better Part of my Renown ,

Infpire thy Poet, and thy Poem crown 5
Embark with me, whilft I new TraBs explore ,

With flying Sails , and Breezes from the Shore.

It will be impoffible for me, in the little
Compafs I can allow in the Hiftory of Gar-
dening, to make any farther Comment on his
Works $ but it mull be obferv’d, that he feems
in his higheft Raptures in this Georgick, when
he goes about to defcribe the Pleafures of A-
griculture and Gard’ning : Thus, after he has
run thro’ his main Bufinefs, he breaks out :

O for-

The H i S T O Pv Y Chap. i.

O fortunatos nimium, bona fi fua norint,
Agricolas !

Engli&’d by Mr. Dry den:

0 happy, if he knew his State ,

The Swain, who, free from Bufinefs and Debate,
Receives his eajy Food from Nature's Hand,
And juft Returns of cultivated Land:

No Palace with a lofty Gate he wants
T admit the Tides of early Vifitants .

And a little after :

But eajy Quiet, and a fafe Retreat 3
A harmlefs Life , that knows not how to cheat 3
With Home-bred Plenty the rich Owner blefs ,
And rural Pleafures crown his Happinefs :
Unvex d with Quarrels , uridifturvd with Noife ,
The Country King his peaceful Realm enjoys :
Cool Grot ts, and Living Lakes , the flow' ring Pride
Of Meads and Streams that thro theV alleys glide 3
And ftjady Groves that eajy Sleep invite ,

And after toilfome Days , afoft Repofe at Night .
Wild Beafts of Nature in his Woods abound ,

And Youth of Labour patient plough the Ground,
Inurd to Hardfhip, and to homely Fare :

No venerable Age is wanting there
In great Examples to the iifeful Train 3
Nor are the Gods ador d with Rites prophane .
From hence Aftra^a took her Flight , and here
The Prints of her departing Steps appear.

Chap. i. of GARD’NINGj (fNc.

By this time one would have thought the
Poet was quite out of Breath } but as if di-
vinely infpir’d, he renews his Verfe :

Te [acred Mufes, with whofe Beauty fir'd.
My Soul is ravijb'd , and my Brain infpir’d.

But tir’d, after a little farther Flight, feems
to be gently finking his lofty Plumes, and ho-
vering down to his defir’d Abode, concludes :

But if my heavy Blood refrain the Flight )
Of my free Soul , afpiring to the Height >
Of Nature, and unclouded Fields of Light ; j
My next Defire is, void of Care and Strife ,

To lead a foft, fecure, inglorious Life 5
A Country Cottage, near a Gryftal Flood ,

A winding Valley , and a lofty Wood:

Some God conduct me to the [acred Shades ,
Where Bacchanals are fung by Spartan Maids ,
Or lift me high to Hemus hilly Crown,

Or in the Plains of Tempe lay me down j
Or lead me to fome folitary Place,

And cover my Retreat from human Race.

Dryden.

I might purfue him yet farther, but muft
haften to the farther Profecution of my Hi-
ftory. Virgil died at Brundufium, and has left
the following Epigram, written with his
own Hand, thus Eglilh’d by Mr. Dryden:

I fung

The History Chap. i.

28

1 fung Flocks , Tillage, Heroes : Mantua gave
Me Life , Brundufium Death, Naples a Grave.

’Twould be a great piece of Injuftice to o-
Vitruvius. Vitruvius, the celebrated Architect a-
mongft the Romans about this Time, who,
in his Treatife on Architecture, has left us
excellent Directions relating to Situations:
Thefe are quoted by molt Authors that treat
of Gar Tiling, at the Beginning of their Books j
for which Reafon I fhall content myfelf, after
I have paid this fhort, but willing. Tribute
to the Memory of this great Architect and
Gard’ner, and proceed to

Horace. Horace , the next of my Lift of Garden-

Heroes, tho’ there remains nothing of his,
direCtly relating to our prefent Subject, as to
Precepts in Gard’ning and Husbandry 3 yet
he was, doubtlefs, a paffionate Admirer, as
well as an intelligent Practitioner in thefe Sci-
ences, his Life being chiefly fpent in the Plea-
fures of the Country. He was born at Ve~
nufius, a City of Apulia, and fpent the great-
eft Part of his Time in his Country Grange,
fituate between Sabinum and Tiburtinum 3
from which Places the Virtuofo’s of that Time
reforted to him : And when he was led by his
Affairs at any time to the Capitol, his Thoughts
were never the Jefs drawn from his Rural
Delights, taking all the Opportunities of writ-
ing to, and hearing from his delightful Villa.

It

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c.

It would take up too much time to enu-
merate all the Strokes he has left, in his in-
comparable Poems on the Happinefs and De-
light of the Country, which he feems to ex-
prefs in Raptures not common 3 but I lhall
content myfelf with giving a Ihort Quotation
out of his Letter, directed to his Steward,
which livelily expreifes his Love of the
Country :

Thou Steward of my Woods andpleafant Plain,
Which when I reach, I am myfelf again 3
Contemn d by thee , tho' it hath kept alone V
Five ancient Dwellers 3 and is often known p
To fend Five Senators to Baria’j Town : >

Come, now ‘tis time 3 let’s fee which of the two,

I from my Mind, or from my Pajluresyou,

Can pluck Thorns befi, and which is better till’d.
And which is better, Horace or bis Field.

And after he had examin’d the Reafons
why he preferr’d (contrary to the Opinion of
his Servant) the Country before the City,
concludes,

My Neighbours fmile

To fee me bufy in my little Toil:

But you had rather be remov’d to Town 3
That way your Mind and eager Wifbes run.

The City jlave, the while the Country love.

And envy thee thy Garden and thy Grove ,

The

2 9

30 The History Chap. i.

The Ox the Saddle asks, the Afs the Plough $
Let all (that's hejT) purfue the Arts they knoxv.

Creech’* Horace, Epift. 14. Lib. 1.

Claudius Claudius the Emperor, of no great Cha-
thiEm- rader as to his Government, is by (f) Sueto-
teror' nius recorded to hive fpent his leifure Hours
fometimes in his Gardens 5 and at other
times in the Plealures of the Field ^ and (q)
Columella , when he wrote his Trad De Re
Rujlica, confirms the fame, inafmuch as that
Prince, whilft he was yet young, was a fre-
quent Auditor of their Rural Ledures, and
particularly commanded him to compofe an
Oration on thofe delightful Subjeds.

Cato , Varro , Columella , and Palladius (as
I have faid) wrote excellent Rules in Huf-
bandry, which are bound up together, and
printed in 15.29, with Notes by Beroaldus
and others.

Cato and Cato and Varro are the firfl 5 of whofe
Lives there is little that I' have feen extant,
as to this point 5 their Writings were very
concife and full, but mix’d, like all the an-
cient Writers, with too many fuperftitious
Columella. Conceits. Columella is in that Work plac’d
the third 5 he was born at Gaditanus, and
writ Twelve Books de Re Rujlica , and ano-
ther, by way of Addenda , concerning Trees,
but that is doubted whether genuine or not.

( p) Sueton in Vica Ciaudii. (9) Columella de Re
Rujfhca. Lib. n. cap. 1 .

He

Chap, i . of GARDENING, &c. 3 1

He liv d in the Time of Claudius , and writ
in Obedience to his Command, as may be
feen in the 1 ith Book, Cap. 1.

Palladius is the laft in that Lift: Befides p^Iladius.
the other part of his Treatife, he publilh’d
a Kalendarium RuJHcum (from which Mr. E-
velyn feems to take his Method in his Kalenda-
num Hontenfe) full of excellent Rules to be
performed every Month in the Year 3 and al-
fo Tables of the Increafe and Decreafe of
Time. Thofe four Authors contain the
Subftance of the Roman Pradice in the Field
and Garden.

i??di- finifllin§ Part was left to Pliny, iw
call d rlinius Secimdus Novocofticnjis ^ he was

an Author in Vefpafiaris Time, as appears by
his Preface to that Prince.

He writ his Natural Hijlory at leifure
times, having feveral great Employs under
Pejpajian, to whom he dedicated it. This
Hiftory confifted of Thirty feven Books, of
which thofe concerning Gardening, &c.
were not the leaft elaborate and valuable.

By his placing the Names of Authors, out
of which he colleded his Precepts, in the

rder he has, it may be fuppos’d he was no
manual and pradical Gardener, but rather
a Collater out of other Men’s Works : How-
ever a gieat deal is due to that laborious Au-
thor 3 for befides, the many Philofophical
• enets of Horti and Agriculture, he reduc’d

!n pIS7Tlmer. the Praaice of it, efpecially
n Ra,fin§ ptees, into a few compendious

Rules,

32 The History Chap. i.

Rules, (r) Brevity being what is moft ad-
mirable in him.

And ’tis by his Works, and thofe of Ca-
to, Varro, Columella , and Palladius, already
mentioned, that the Pra&ice of Gard'ning,
&c. has been ever lince conducted. Pliny
is faid to have been ftifled by the Allies of
Mount Vesuvius, as he was advancing too near,
to feek into the fecret Caufes of its violent
Eruptions 5 tho’ others infinuate, that he
was kill’d by one of his own Servants 3 con-
concerning which, fee Suetonius in Vita Caii
Plinii, or more at large by his Sifter’s Son,
commonly call’d, The Younger Pliny.

Seneca. Seneca, that moft excellent Philofopher
(as we have it from Juflus Lip feus') muft not
efcape the Series of this Hiftory 3 the Gran-
deur of his Gardens, Granges, and Villas ,
drew upon him the Hate of many of his
Cotemporaries: For tho’ the Truth of it
was, that his Eftates were either left him by
his Father, or, that they fell to him by the
Royal Munificence of his Princes, rather
than by an eager Purfuit after, or any other
Acquifition of his own 3 yet he was calum-
niated as one given to Extortion, Ufury,
and what not 3 and that he had accumulated
his Wealth out of the Ruins of his Coun-
try, (fo much does Envy blaft the Reputa-

(v) Arbores aut femine, plantato Radice, aut Propagine,
aut Avulfione, aut Surcuio, aut infuo & conjetto Arboris
Trunco. Plin. lib. 17. cap, 10.

tion

Chap, i: of GARD NING, &c.

tion of the moft Virtuous, and thofe that,
apply themfelves to the moft innocent and
laudable Recreations.) However this be, he
had feveral Houfes and Gardens, where he
us’d to fpend his leifure time 3 fome of which
he himfelf mentions, viz. at Nomentanum,
Albamm , and Bianium, which Juvenal terms
the Gardens of the wealthy Seneca : And
tho’ his Philofophy feems to be that of
the Stoicks , yet, in Pradice, he led a more
affluential Life (efpecially in this relped,) and
came up to that of Epicurus himfelf. Sup-
pofing, as it may be judg’d, that he might
give a Loofe to his Inclinations in this
Cafe ; that fince Providence had blefs’d him
with innumerable Riches, he could not bet-
ter beftow thetn than in charitably Em-
ploying of numerous poor Souls, that, doubt-
lefs, abounded in that Empire, as well as
they do in this.

It may not be improper to make here
a Stand, to take a Retrofped upon our
prefent Subjed, and fee in what State the
Rules of Husbandry and Gardening were in
general 5 then ’tis to be obferv’d, that Defign
was not fo well underftood as ’tis now, at
leaft we have no Plans, &c. remaining of the
exad Figure, Decuffation, or Diftributi-
on, and the Account of them lives only
in Defcription 3 on which thus the inge-
nious Waller ;

D Of

33

The History Chap. i.

Of the fir ft Paradife there's nothing found 3
Plants fetbyHeavn are vanifli'd, and the Ground 3
Yet the Defcription lafts : Who knows the Pate
Of Lines , that Jball this Paradife relate ? (/)

And indeed, of all the Gardens heretofore
mentioned, we don't find any fuch Remains 3
and very little befides the Names, not only of
Paradife, but alfo the Hanging-Gardens of
Babylon, or the Gardens of Cyrus, or of the
fabulous ones of Adonis, the Hefperides, Al-
cinous, or even of the fo-much-fam’d Gardens
of Theophrajles and Epicurus.

But for promifcuous Planting, Cyrus is
reported, even in his Youth, to have planted
all the Lejfer Afia: Certainly a great Un-
dertaking, and worthy fo great a King 3 and
had his Ambition ftopt here, had not the
Thoughts of Univerfal Empire prompted
him farther, he might not have fallen a
Vidim to Female Rage 3 and after his great
Succeffes, the Preludes of his difmal Trage-
dy, fubmitted his Head to the fatal Stroke
of the furious Amazonian Queen, wi th this
reproachful Speech, Satia te fanguine , quern
fatifti, fuch as will ever be a Blot on his
Name, as long as any of the Hiftories of
thofe Time fhall be extant. To fuch a fatal
Cataflrophe does Ambition very often bring
the greatefl of her Votaries.

(/) See Waller V Mifcellaneous Poems, under the Title of
St. ]ames/ Park.

And

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, <&c. 35

And when we come nearer the Times of
Pliny, as little Account is given, none of the
Gardens of Rome , or any other part of that
Empire, being yet extant in Tables, by which
’tis poffible to colled any thing 3 tho’ there
are imperfeCt Sketches of the Gardens of Cx-
far, Domitian, Mecanae, Sergius , Galba, Sal-
lufi, and Martial in the ancient Maps of
Rome, as well as the Hiftories of thofe
Times.

Columella , indeed, has fome plain Wooden
Cuts 5 but they aim at no more than the Ma-
thematical Decuffation or Boundary of a Field
in general 3 of which as much may be found
in any of our Books of Geometry : And I
remember to have feen the Plan of a Garden,
in a Tranflation of one of the Roman Archi-
tects 3 but the fame was very mean, and fuch
as has been out of ufe with us fome time.

But in the Country adjoining to Rome, the
Monuments of Agriculture, Planting, and
Hortenfial Care, were very fplendid 3 fuch
were the Villa's of Quintus Hortenjius, Pifo, Quintus
Marius Cxfar, and Pompey 5 fuch was the HorcenfiHS*
Retirement of Servilius, when Tiberius Cafar Pll°;
afflicted the Roman Nobles 3 and fuch was the c*[ar!
voluntary Exile of Scipio Africanus, from the pompey.
Ingratitude of the Roman State 3 and fuch,
in particular, was the Tufculum or Villa Aca-
demica of the incomparable Orator Cicero, Cicero,
(of all which Pliny has given fome Account
in feveral Chapters of his Natural Hifiory,
and fome imperfect Remains are or have been

D 2 of

%6 The H i S T o R Y Chap. i.

of them, even in this newer State of Rome .)
’Twas there, according to the Cuftom of the
Grecian Orators and Philofophers, that he
compos’d his learned Orations ; and ’twas
from them he drew his Plans $ and, perhaps,
from that of the great Epicurus himfelf,
whofe Life has already had a Place in this
Hiftory.

As for the Philofophical Part, the miftaken
and fuperftitious Opinions of the Antients,
and which appear every-where in Pliny, are
of late very much exploded, or at lead little
regarded, as is the Defcenfion of the Sap, the
alternate Government and Motion of Lunar
Afpects, &c.

The Practice, indeed, as to the Tilling,
Manuring, and Dreffing of Lands, Raifing
of Trees, &c. was by them much farther
advanced than any other Part 5 and ’tis with
a great deal of Pleafure that one reads the
Works of Cato , Varro, Columella, Palladium
and Pliny, befides the incomparable Virgil 5
in them is contained as brief a Method as pof-
fible, the greateft part of the Rules now in
ufe, and fuch as have not till this Age been
much improved : But this will more appear
in the Series of the following Hiftory, which
I now purfue again.

Several fucceeding Emperors are related to
The Empe- have fpent their Time in their Gardens : The
H.uiri- Difcoud'e between Hadrian and F.lius Verus
Verus^Ca- ^afar their Gardens, is fomething remark-
fir. " ‘ able: The great Love (even to Excefs)

that

Chap. i. of GARD’NINGj &c. g7

that Clodm Albinus had for Fruit, is almoftQodius Al-
in credible 5 but the more modeft Accounts of bmus*
him, are, that he underftood Husbandry
very well, and writ a Book of Georgicks.

The Emperor Gadianus is, by Julius Capita- GadiiUlns
linus , reported to have fpent his Time be-
twixt his Gardens, his Baths, and delightful
Groves.

The next I lhall mention, is the Great
Dioclefian the 18th Emperor of Rome , (Great Dioclefian.
in every thing but in his miftaken Zealagainft
Chriftianity) who having reigned 22 Years,
and atchiev’d many noble Exploits, together
with Maximianus refigned the Governmet, for
the Pleafure and Satisfa&ion of a Country
Fife ^ and at Salonia in the Province of
Dalmatia fpent the refidue of his Days in
Planting, &c.

And when the Affairs of the Empire again
requir’d his Care, he was very hard prefs’d
by Maximianus , to no Purpofe, to reaffume his
his Government, then in Diforder. In Anfwer
to which, he defired him to come and fee his
Gardens, how fweetly they profper’d, and
what a Grace, Shade, and Pleafure his long-
extended Walks afforded him 5 from whence
he inferr’d, that he would no more defire any
fuch thing as his return to the painful, trou-
blefome, and fortuitous State of Empire : Of
whom Cowley thus :

Methinks I fee Great Dioclefian walk
In the Salonian Garden s noble Shade,

D 3

Which

38 The History Chap. 1.

Which by bis own Imperial Hands was made .*

I fee him Smile (methinks) as be does talk
With the Ambajfadors, who came in vain
T’ entice him to a Throne again.

If I, my Friends (faid he) fioud to you flow
AH the Delights which in thefe Gardens grow ,
’Tis likelier much that you woud with me flay.
Than ’tis that you woud carry me away.

And., trull me not , my Friends, if ev'ry Day
I walk not here with more Delight,

Than after the mofi happy Fight
In Triumph to the Capitol I rode.

To thank the Gods, and to be thought
My felf almofi a God.

cardinal The Gardens of Cardinal Ferrara at Tivoli
Ferrara, have fome Time fince exercis’d the Pens of
our mod curious Travellers, ( and fome of
The Beive- the fir ft 5 ) as well as thofe of Belvedere, be-
G‘;'~ longing to the great Pontiff, are next : Be-
fides fome others, which, for Brevity, I
fhall pafs over. But the more ufeful part of
my Subject, 1 mean Agriculture, Planting, &c.
have not appear’d with that Luftre as it had
formerly done in thofe Countries 5 and the
Reafons of it, are drawn from the Defpotick
Power and Pride of the Roman Church, who
are for amaffing all that they poflibly can
into St. Peter's Funds, and leave this whole-
fome Employ. This the Learned Hifto-
rians of our own Country have already
difcufs’d.

To

Chap. t. of GARD’NINGj &c. 39

To return back : There remains but very
little of the State of Gard’ning for a long
Time $ and the Imperial Seat being divided,
and fettled chiefly at Conftantinople , we may
fuppofe that Gard’ning and other Arts fol-
lowed there, or declin’d in the Metropolis of
Rom, and was afterwards totally deftroyed
by that great Inundation of Barbarity which
overfpread Italy , and molt of the other civi-
lized Nations of Europe, by the Goths and
Vandals : Rome in particular felt their Fury,
by the Devaftation of her glorious Piles of
Building 5 and, without doubt, Gardening
and all other Arts had their Ihare in that
fatal Deluge of Barbarifm.

And altho’ Gardening might in fome mea-
fure, like the Phoenix, arife again out of the
Allies of Italy 5 yet the Completion of it
feem’d for France , and the other Northerly
European Kingdoms of Great-Britain, which
at prefent much out-doe Italy itfelf, whofe
Gardens I lhall pafs over, having as yet feen
nothing in comparifon to the Nations juft be-
fore named.

France then feems to be the firft Stage on
which Gardening began to appear in fuch great
Luftre : And therein we lhall meet with one
of the greateft Charafters yet produc’d, 1
mean the late King Lewis XIV. of France ^Lewisxiv.
which great Perfon, whether by an innate <’fFrance*
Love or virtuous Difpofition to the Glory
and Pleafures of Gard’ning, or that by the En-
couragement of Arts and Sciences, (and a-

D 4 mongft

^.o The History Chap. i.

mongft them, of Gardening ) he might allure
and dazle the Eyes of Europe , and thereby
the eafier carry on the Scheme of Univerfal
Monarchy he had all along been aiming at,
is not my BuGnefs, neither do I pretend to
determine.

But be that as it will, ’tis certain that
f&ard'ning was by his means brought to the
moft magnificent Height and Splendour ima-
ginable 5, and it is hard to judge in which
Character he appear’d the greateft, whether
in his publick one of a King or a Statefman,
or in the private one of an Artizan or
Gard’ner.

For tho’ his Royal Father had made fome
fmall Beginnings, at his little Houle call’d
Trianon , near Verfailles 5 yet all the Build-
ings and magnificent Gardens of Verfailles,
Marli, and Fontainbleau are owing to that
mighty Monarch , Works fo ftupendoufly great
(as is very apparent by all the Draughts we
have from thence, as well as by the Reports
of aimoft every body) as became only the
Pocket and Ambition of one of the greateft
and moft afpiring Genius’s in the World.

And this Example of their Prince, fet
all the great Men of the Kingdom to- follow
Vuhe of him, particularly the Duke of Orleans at
Orleans. St. Clou, c\'c. fo that France, now, may well
be call’d, in this refped, the Garden of the
World, and which no Nation is likely to
equal, but thofe, the Terror of whofe Arms
he had often experienc’d.

Whg

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c. 41

Who it was that particularly Defign’d and
Laid out the Gardens, &c. belonging to that
Auguft Monarch, is not known to me 5 but I
fuppofe it to be his Architects and Chief
Builders, who, both There as well as Here,
are extremely well skill’d in thofe Affairs ;
and I muft confefs, ’tis to them I owe a
great part of that Knowledge I have in the
Defigning part of Gard’ning 5 their Tafte
being, generally fpeaking, greater than Gar-
dners are $ and only want a concurring part
of Culture, to render them the bell in this
Point.

But to return : Whoever laid out the french
King’s Gardens, there were three Men very
eminent for their love of Gard’ning and
Poetry, which are all that I lhall take notice
of in this Hiftory $ I mean Monfieur de la
Quintinye, Rapin, and Boileau, which I place
under this General Head, as they did all of
them, either more or lefs, by their Writings
and PraClice, adorn and recommend Gard’ning
to the World.

John de la Quintinye was born at PoiBiers Mmfiem
in the Year 1626, and was put to School tdiny*^uin'
with the Jefuits of that City. Aifoon as he
had finilh’d his Courfe of Phiiofophy, and
taken fome Lelfons of the Law, he came to
Paris to be call’d to the Bar 5 but Monfieur
Tambonneau hearing of his Merit, procur’d
him to travel with his Son into Italy 5 and
having a natural Love to Agriculture and
Gard’ning , he fet himfelf at all leifure Times

before

42 The H i S T O Pw Y Chap. i.

before he went, to read Columella , Varro,
Virgil , and all the other ancient Authors
that had treated on that Subjed.

By which means he was prepar’d to make
fuch Obfervations in his Travels, as were
likely afterwards to be of ufe to him. After
his Return, Monfieur Tambonneau left the
making of his Gardens entirely to him : He
was very curious in his Experiments, and
thereby correded feveral Faults that had
crept in, or rather had been ab origine in
the ancient Philofophy.

To mention the whole Courfe of his Im-
provements, would be a Work of itfelf 3 but,
in Ihort, he argued from Experience, That
the Sap never dejcended into the Roots , but is
only congealed , and its Motion Jlopt by the
Coldnefs and Frigidity of the Air 3 about which,
he tells us, he had great War with the Phi-
lofophers of his Time.

He found (what was unknown before)
That a Tree tranfplanted does not take Nourijb-
ment, but by the Roots it has /truck after its
being tranfplanted, which are as fo many Mouths ,
whereby it attraSls the Nutritive Moi/ure of
the Earth , and in no-wife by the fnall hairy
Roots that were remaining to it : From hence
he has taught us, that inftead of preferving
thefe old fmall Roots, (as was heretofore
pradis’d with great Care) that ’tis better
to cut them off, for that they commonly
grow dry and moulder, which hurts the
Tree inftead of helping it.

Indeed,

Chap. i. of GARD’NING; &>c.

Indeed, his Direttions thro’ the whole Bu-
finefs of a Fruit-Tree, is fo fully handled in
his Compleat Gardner, tranflated by Mr. Eve-
lyn, and in the Abridgment by Mr. London
and Wife , that ’twould be fuperfluous to fay
any more of this incomparable Perfon $ and
the only Exception againft his Works, is a
Quality very peculiar to the French Nation,
I mean too much Circumlocution.

To proceed in his Life : The French King
(as we have it from Monfieur Fer vault') like
feveral other Great Perfonages, joining the
peaceable Love of Agriculture to the tumultu-
ous Fajfions of War, took an extreme Plea-
fure in hearing him Difcourfe of his Art 5
and the late King of England, as the fame
Author has it, gave him a great many Marks
of his Efteem, in the two Voyages he made
into England 5 and made him a Propofal of
a very confiderable Penfion to retain him in
his Service.

In thefe Voyages he gain’d confiderable
Friendfhip with feveral Lords (fome few of
whom I fhall hereafter mention) with whom
he kept Correfpondence by Letters till his
Death : And thefe Letters (fays Perrault )
are all printed at London $ which I have not
yet feen.

T he King his Matter, as I have before hin-
ted, made him Diredor-General of the Fruit
and Kitchen-Gardens of all hisRoyal Houfes 5
and in this Employ he made confiderable
Augmentations in the old Fruit- Gardens at

Ver failles j

45

The Histor y Chap. I.

Verf allies 3 the Beautifulnefs of the Fruit, and
the Excellence of the Pulfe and Herbage he
made it produce, was fuch as caus’d the King
to make the new Potagery, which appears fo
very furprizing to all Strangers.

There is an excellent Poem addrefs’d to
him by ( 1 think ) Monfieur Perrault , which
I have not feen neither : In fine, he was the
Perfon that refin’d the Bufinefs and Pleafure
of Kitchen and Fruit-Gardens, to a Pitch
beyond what what was ever, till that Time,
feen, and more than was thought polfible
for one Man to be able ever to do : And (till
the Succeffion of two eminent Perfons in
thefe Kingdoms, who have very much out-
ftript him) has not had his Fellow in any
Century that Hiftory gives us Account of.

’Twill be needlefs here to fay much of his
Family : He died much lamented by all inge-
nious Men 3 and the King was pleafed to
exprefs his Sorrow to his furviving Widow,
faying, That he was as great a Sufferer by it
as Jlie 3 and that he defpair'd of ever repairing
the Lofs of him, by any other Perfon.

I Ihall but juft mention Monfieur Rapin ,
his incomparable Latin Poem being tranflated
by an ingenious and worthily-dignified Cler-
gyman of the Church of England, and a great
Lover of Gardening, Mr. Gardiner Sub-Dean
of Lincoln. In this Poem is contained the
whole Body of Gardening, and, by the addi-
tional Help of Notes, would be of excellent
ufe to the World.

Monfieur

Chap. i. of GARD’NINGj &c. 45

Monfieur Boileau is another who has ho* Bo'kau.
noured this Employ both by his Pen and
Pradice $ feveral Parts of his Mifcellaneous
Poems being Glances at it, I lhall only beg
leave to tranfcribe part of his Epiftle to his
Gardner, which being fomething Jocofe, may
may help to alleviate this tirefome Courfe
of Hiftory. He begins :

Thou, as Laborious , as thy Majler Kind
Whofeems to blefs thy Toil , by Heavn defim’d-
Tbou daily do ft thy grateful Task renew ,

To guide the W ood-bind^ and the ruder Tewftgc.

And running thro’ the Bufinefs and Toil
of his Man Anthony , with fome merry Obfer-
vations on his laborious Innocence, draws
towards a Conclusion, by obferving, that pof-
libly he had detain d him too long from his
neceflary Bufinefs, in this manner ;

T is time for me to endh befides, I fee
Ton Melons with Impatience wait for thee :

The Flow’rs, methinks , to one another fay.

Where’s Anthony, that he’s not here to day <?

Is it the Wake, or for fome new-made Saint
Do we our Drink fo long , tho’ thirfiy, want §
something s fall’n out, or why has he forgot
To handle, as he's wont , the Wat ring-pot.

Mr. OzeJI.

His Thoughts on the Happinefs of a Coun-
try Life, addrefs d to Lamoignon, are per-
haps

4 6 The History Chap. i.

haps as beautiful as any of the Poets, not ex-
cepting Virgil and Horace themfelves. He
begins :

Yes, Yes, Lamoignon, with the town Vm tir'd.
And hate the Follies that 1 once admir'd:

1 to the Shades , my only Refuge, fiie.

And thus prefent its Landskip to your Eye.

I cann’t poffibly follow him, without fwell-
ing this Hiftory beyond its Bulk : Befides,
his Poems being in Print, I referr my Reader
to them, with a Quotation out of the middle
of that Poem $

Give me the Shades, the For efts, and the Fields,
And the foft Sweets which Rural Quiet yields 5
Oh, leave me to the frejh, the fragrant Breeze,
And let me here awhile enjoy my Eafe :

Let me Pomona 's plenteous Bleftings crop.

And fee rich AutumV ripen'd Burthen drop 5
'Jill Bacchus with full Clufters crowns the Year,
And gladdens with bis Load the Vintager.

Mr. Ozell.

More might be faid but I hafte home to
Great-Britain, after this Search into the Ac-
count of Horticulture : And if it be thought
I have been too Ihort in thofe of the modern
Italian and Gal lick Virtuofo’s in Gardening,
I promife (by the a ill dance of Providence)
to make amends in time to come.

And

Chap, i . of GARD NING, &>c.

And as for Great-Britain and Ireland , why
may we not think that the ancient Druids
and fince them the Inhabitants of thefe’
Iflands, were always Lovers of Planting, &c
at leaft fuch as were for the more immediate
Ufe of the Laboratory and Kitchin, and alfo
of Foreft-Work, fince the Oak is known bv
all, to have been facred to them > 7

Tis not improbable to fuppofe that the
Romans, upon their Conqueft of thefe Iflands
introduc’d (amongft other Arts) that of
Husbandry and Gardening to a great Per-
fe&on 3 feeing it was always a Maxim of
Policy amongft them, to amufe the People
they conquer’d, by this means 5 and not only
lo, but for this Reafon (as well as upon the
Account of the Terror of their Arms) the
Unconquer’d very often admir’d and fubmit-
ted to their Government 5 of which Speci-
mens may befeen in moft of the Roman HiQo-
nes, but efpecially in Julius Cafar’s Com-
mentaries where the Reafons made ufe for
their Submiffion to the Roman Yoke (as fome

ft • n1^ Was t^le P°Iitenefs and Bravery of
their People, in Peace as well as War : And
that the fucceffive Governments of Great-
Britain encouraged the Planting and Prefer-
vmg of Wood, Husbandry, and the like, the

Laws by them made is a fufficient Demon-

itration.

Af 4^ when we come nearer to the Hiftory
2 r T™es> a,ld Perufe the Writings of
the Botamcks, we lhaJi find the fame forts of

Trees.

47

Oreat-Bri-

taitt.

TbeDxmdu

48 The History Chap. 1.

Trees, and feveral kinds of Flowers, have
been cultivated a hundred Years ago, as now,
tho’ perhaps not in fo great abundance.
giieenEli- About the Reign of Queen Elizabeth of
zabeth. immortal Memory, we may fuppofe fome
of the Old Avenues and Walks adjoining to
Noblemens Houfes, were planted ; and of
that Date feems to be the Old Walks at Hat-
field (and at feveral other Places,) planted,
LordTrea- no doubt, by that great Minifter of State
furerBut- tbe Lord Treafurer Burleigh.
leigh' What was particularly done by her Royal
King Succelfor King James 1. is not certain $ but
James i. that That Ingenious Prince (the Glory of
all Crown’d Heads, for Learning) Ihould mifs
this, amongft other his refined Amufements
and Speculations, wou’d be irrational to
fuppofe.

And (to {Lengthen this Suppofition) it
mull be obferv'd, that in the Reign of this
Learned Prince, flourilh’d fome of the great-
eft Philofophers, and fome of them great
Lovers of Gard’ning, (viz.) the Right Ho-
Lord ve- nourable the Lord Verulam, Sir Henry W ootton ,
ruiam. Sir Hugh Plat, Sic. The Writings of this
Noble and Ingenious Lord are extant ftili
amongft us ^ and Gard’ning may be remark’d
to have a great fhare in his Thoughts.

Sir Henry And by the Account given by Sir Henry
wootcon. IfocttcH, Gard'ning had as early au Original
in England as any -where 5 the fame worthy
Perfon intimating, that a Garden of my Lord
Verulam' s, as I remember, (for I have not

lately

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c. 49

lately feen that (a) Book) was one of the beft
he had feen either at Home or Abroad $ and
the polite Writings of that Gentleman (who
had fpent moft part of his Time in Italy , be-
ing Ambaflador .at Venice fome Years) are
fure Pledges of the Knowledge he had in
that Matter : The Love to Architecture,
and other of the Liberal Sciences, the Ele-
ments he drew out of Vitruvius , (of whom
mention is already made) feem to convince
us of the Truth of both his Obfervation and
Judgment : And indeed, this worthy Perfon
appears to be one of the firft that had any
Thoughts of that Rule, Proportion, and De-
fign which has fince took place in Gar-
dening.

It was about this Time that Sir Hugh Plat sir Hugh
writ his Treatife (as one may judge from thePIlc-
Style) tinder the Title of The Garden of Eden,
wherein is found many nice Experiments in
Gardening 5 but, like thofe of my Lord Ve-
ru lam's, and all the Antients, full of the old
Philofophical Tenets, now exploded ^ none
of the Authors of thofe Times having that
noble Reliflt and Guft of Gardening (nor of
the true Depths of Philofophy) that has of
late (hone fo bright in thefe European Coun-
tries.

In the moft fatal and unhappy Reign of
King Charles I. it is too much to be fear'd Kine
there were left Advances made in Gard’ning, charks 1

00 Sir Henry Wootcon’s Elements of Architeflure.

VoL. I. E

and

5 o The History Chap. i.

and other parts of Natural Philofophy, than
before ^ the Divine, Philofopher, and all
Ranks laying afide their Books, and taking
a {hare in thofe inteftine Troubles $ and in
the Ufurpation of the pretended Protedor, it
was more the Cuftom to cut down, than to
plant and repair Plantations : Nor could it
otherwife be expeded in that difmal Interval,
ficce both the Laws of Nature and Govern-
ment too were in continual Convulfions 3
and under the facred Name of Religion, all
the Depradations and Wafte imaginable com-
mitted,

But altho’ Things were in this terrible
Combuftion, we mu ft not omit the famous
Milton. Mr. John Milton one of Cromwell's Secreta-
taries, who, by his excellent and never-to-
be-parallel‘d Poem of Paradife LoJI , has par-
ticularly diftinguifh’d Gardening , by taking
that for his Theme 5 and {hews, that tho’ his
Eyes depriv’d him of the benefit of Seeing,
yet his Mind was wonderfully mov’d with
the Philofophy, Innocence, and Beauty of
this Employ 5 his Books, tho’ mix’d with
other Subjeds, being a kind of Philofophicai
Body of Gardening , as well as Divinity.
What more beautiful than that where he
defcribes our Primogenial Parents in their
untainted State of Innocence ; a lively Re-
prcfentation of a Vertuous Couple in the
fweet Enjoyment of their Garden ! Book 4.
line 299.

For

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c.

For Softnefs She, and fweet attractive Grace $
He for God only. She for God in him.

And a little after :

Under a Tuft of Shade, that on a. Green
Stood whiff ring foft, by a frejh Fountain fide.
They fate them down $ and after no more Toil
Of their fweet Gardening Labour than fuffc'd
To recommend Cool Zephyre, and made Eafe
More Eafie, wholfomeThirft and Appetite
More grateful, to their Supper-Fruits they fell,
NeCtarine Fruits, which the compliant Boughs
Yielded them fide-long, as they fate recline
On the foft Downy Bank damask'd with Flow'rs 5
The fav’ry Pulp they chew 5 and in the Rind,
Still as they thirfted,fcoop the brimming Stream ,

Thefe delicious Fruits, as they lull’d them
to Repofe, fo they fill’d them with the moft
Exalted Thoughts 5 and thus we find them
(as our ingenious Author defcribes) fill’d
with Adoration, for the innumerable Benefits
of their Maker, in their Evening Hymn ;

f lists 4 7 £■ },

Thus at their fiady Lodge both food.

Both turn'd, and under open Sky ador'd
The God that made both Sky, Air, Earth, and

C Heaven,

Which they beheld, the Moons refplendent

£ Globe,

And Starry Pole : Thou alfo mad'Jl the Night,
Maker Omnipotent 5 and Thou the Day,

E 2 Which

the History Chap. i.

Which we, in our appointed Work employ’d.

Have finijlfd happy in our mutual Help,

And mutual Love, the Crown of all our Blifs ,
Ordain’d by Thee : And this delicious Place,

Lor us too large, where thy Abundance wants
Partakers , and uncropt, falls to the Ground.

And line 771, deferring their blefs’d Repofe :

Thefe, lull’d by Nightingale s. embracing, flept.
And on their naked Limbs the Flow’ry Roof
Shourd Rofes, which the Morn repair’d.

f Sleep on,

Blefs’d Pair : And Oh, yet happiejl, if ye feek
No happier State, and Know to Know no more.

Thus fweetly did this great Poet paint the
Innocence and Beauty of a Country Life,
in the happy Pofleffion of Paradife by our
Fir ft Parents. Happy, thrice happy Man, had
his Pen been employ’d on no other Subjed.

Upon the happy Reftitution of the Royal
IL Family, anno 1660. Planting began again
to raiie its dejeded Head ; and in this Reign
it was, that thofe preliminary Foundations
of Gard’ning were laid, that have fince been
rais’d to fuch a ftupendous Height.

’Tjs certain that Prince, whofe Thoughts
and Expreflions of Things were allowed by
all to be Juft, did plant the large Semi-circle
before the Palace at Hamptcn-Court , die. in
rurfuance of feme great Delign he had form d

in

Chap, i . of GARD’NING, &c. 5 3

in Gard'ning, befides what he did at Windfor,
and in other Places : And Sir William Temple
relates, that in Honour of his own Country,
and contrary to the Boaftings of the French ,
and other foreign Minifters, the King, in his
mild and ingenious manner of expreffing him-
felf, faid. He lik'd thofe Gardens , or that a worthy
Country bejl , which might he enjoy'd the mojl ExPnII‘°'i
Hours in the Day , and the mofi Days in the^bK’
Tear, which he was pure was to be done in
England, more than in any Country whatfoever.

A Phrafe worthy a King of Great- Britain,
and a Lover of his Kingdoms.

The Royal Garden in St. James's Park, part The Royal
of which is now in the Pofleffion of the Right Gxrden »»
Honourable the Lord Carlton , and the upper pj'r^mesf
part belonging to Marlborough-Houfe, was of *
that King’s Planting 3 which were, in the Re-
membrance of moft People, the fineft Lines of
Dwarfs, perhaps, in the Univerfe. Mr .London,
of whom I fhall fay more at the latter end
of my Hiftory, prefuming before Monfieur
de la Quintinye the famous French Gardener,

(whofe Works are both tranllated and a-
bridg’d) to challenge all France with the
like : And if France, why not the whole
World >

To this Prince is likewife owing the Plant-
ing and Repairing the Walks in St. James's
Park, on which the ingenious Mr. Waller Mr. waller
writ a Poetical Eflay 3 and having it now in the root.
my Hands, I fhall tranfcribe a part of it,

E 3 tho5

54 Be History Chap. i.

tho’ I know Mr. Evelyn has done it before
me:

Hear this , my Mufe, what mofl delights her, fees
A living Gallery of aged Trees :

Bold Sons of Earth, that thrufi their Arms fo high.
As if once more they would invade the Sky.

In fuch green Palaces the firfi Kings reign'd.
Slept in their Shades, and Angels entertain’d :
With fuch old Counfellors they did advife.

And by frequenting facred Groves, grew wife.
Free from th' Impediments of Light and TSoife -
Man thus retir'd , his nobler Thoughts employs.
Here Charles contrives th e or d' ring of his States j
Here he refolves his neighb'ring Princes Fates 5
What Hatton \fball have Peace, wbereWar be made,
Determin’d is in this Orac’lous Shade.

The World, from India to the Frozen North,
Concern’d in what this Solitude brings forth.

And running through the adjacent Beau-
ties of Whitehall, &c. finifhes his Poem :

■ Here, free from Court Compliances, he walks.
And with himfelf, the bejl Advifer, talks
How peaceful Olive may his Temple fhade.

For mending Laws, and for refloring Trade 5
Or how his Brows may be with Lawrel charg’d.
For Nations conquer’d, and her Bounds enlarg'd.
Of ancient Prudence here he ruminates.

Of rifmg Kingdoms , and of falling States 5

What

Chap. f. of GARD NING, &c. 5$

What ruling Arts gave great Auguftus Fame,

And how Alcides purchas’d fuch a Flame.

His Eyes upon his native Palace bent
Clofe by, fuggeft a greater Argument 5
His Thoughts rife higher when he does re feel
On what the World may from that Star expeEt
Which at his Birth appear'd $ to let us fee
Day , for his fake, could with the Flight agree.

A Prince on whom fuch diff 'rent Lights did fmile.

Born the divided World to reconcile.

Whatever Heavn , or high extracted Blood
Could promxfe or for et el, he'll make it good.

Reform thefe Flations, and improve them more
Than this fair Park, from what It was before.

How far the Luftre of Gardens and Plant-
ing might have been carried by this Royal
Planter, is uncertain 5 his Affairs being much
unfettled, and feveral other great Expences,
which exhaufted his Finances, were certain-
ly a great Obftru&ion to it.

There does not remain much of what King King
James did, or defigned to do : This unhappy ■' imes
Prince purfuing Meafures of another nature,
and having quite different Defigns in his Head,
no lefs than that of Arbitrary and Defpotick
Power 5 whatever Halcyon Days might feem
to fhine at the Beginning of his Reign, yet
afterwards Planting was at a Stand, and never
purfued in fo good Earneft as in his Succeffor King
King William's time : And indeed, the Comple-
tion of Gardening feems to be referv’d, amongft
many other great A&ions and Qualifications

E 4 of

The History Chap. t.

of that Prince, to eternize his Memory, and
make him appear to the World as great a
Gard’ner as he was a Soldier. But I return
to the Nobility and Gentry in King Charles
the lid’s and King James the lid’s time, and
take a View of what they have done herein.

And firft, I fhall make fome Remarks on
the Botanick Part of Gard’ning, and therein
of the Phyfick-Garden at Oxford, Sic.

The Pitch to which Botanick Knowledge
was, even before this Time, arrived, mull
not efcape our Notice. The laborious Works
of Gerard and his Commentator Johnfon, of
Mr. Parkinjon and Ray, deferve our utmoft
Tribute of Thanks ^ as likewife to Mr. Rea ,
the Author of Flora, Ceres and Pomona, the
practical and plain Method in which he has
deliver’d his Precepts, are admirable 5 but
all is crown’d in the Phyfick-Garden at Ox-
ford, (as it is fet down in The Prefent State
of Great- Britain.')

“ Among the feveral noble Strudures and
<c great Conveniences of Learning (fays that
“ Author) wherewith this famous Univerfity
“ is adorned, this of the Phy fick-Garden , plac’d
“ by the River Charwel, claims not the leaft
“ Place, founded, built, and the Donation
“ thereof made to the Univerfity, in the
“ Year 1632, by the munificent Benefadion
“ of Henry Danvers Earl of Danby, then li-
“ ving at his Houfe in Cornbury, who pur*
“ chas’d five Acres of Ground South of
“ St. Mary Magdalen's , and thereon ereded

“ about

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &-c. 57

“ about the Square thereof moft ftately Walls
“ and Gates $ which Walls are 14 Foot
“ high, of the belt fquar’d and polilh’d
“ Stone, the like not to be dfewhere feen 5
“ and one Gate thereof at the Expence1
“ of 5 or 600/. on the Front of which
“ this Infcription is to be feen,

Gloria Dei optimi Maximi Honori Caroli Regis ,

In Ufum Academia & Reipublica, 1632.

Henricus Com Danby j

“ and endowed the fame with an annual Re-
“ venue to Perpetuity, for the Maintenance
“ and Keeping of the fame, and its great va-
“ riety of Plants, whereof it now contains
“ many Thoufands, for the Ufe and Honour
“ of the Univerfity $ ferving not only for
“ Ornament and Delight, and the pleafant
“ Walking and Diverfion of the Academical
“ Students, and of all Strangers and Travel-
“ lers, but of great Ufe alfo, as is eafily
“ found, among all Perfons defirous to im-
“ prove their Botanical Inclinations and
“ Studies 5 and for the pleafant Contempla-
“ tion and Experience of Vegetative Philofo-
“ phy, for which here is fuppos’d to be as
“ good Convenience as in any Place in Europe
“ (if not the belt) as alfo for the Service of
“ all Medicinal Praftitioners, fupplying the
“ Phyficians and Apothecaries, and who elfe
“ fhall have occafion for Things of that
‘‘ Nature, with what is right and true,

“ frefh

58 The H i s T O R Y Chap. i.

“ frefh and good, for the Service and Life
“ of Man.

This Garden was firft made by Mr. Bob art.
Father to the prefent Mr. Jacob Bobart, to
whofe Care it is now committed, who being
an excellent Scholar as well as a Gard’ner,
has carried on that Univerfal Hiftory, begun
by the learned Dr. Morrifan deceafed, and is
entitled Botanick Profejjor in that famous
Univerfity.

The many Gardens and Walks that are in
and near this Univerfity, add not a little to
its Luftre 5 fuch are the Walks of Magdalen-
College, See. But the Walks that are in the
Fields, to which every Student is to pay a
Moiety, ought not to be forgot 5 which put
together, may not, improbably, be Ihort of
the glorious Academies of Athens , Corinth , or
any other to be found in Hiftory. Cambridge
has likewife attempted the fame, but not
with fo good Succefs.

Virtuoso's The Right Honourable the Earl of Ejfex ,
in Kw& and the Lord Capel , amongft the Nobles 5
fheiiK and John Evelyn Efq^ and Sir William Temple,
Time. amongft the Gentlemen $ Cowley amongft the
Poets, and Rofe amongft the Gard’ners, made
up a great part of the Virtuofo’s of that
Reign.

Mr. Eve- I lhall begin with John Evelyn Efq$ one of
Jyn. the greateft Writers we have had in Gar-
dening, as well as in feveral other Matters 5
and fhall take the reft in their Order, with
what Remarks may be made on their Wri-
tings Or Praftice. This

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c.

This Ingenious and Learned Perfon, like
another Virgil , was appointed for the Retrie-
ving the Calamities of England, and re-
animating the Spirit of his Country-men,
for their Planting and Sowing of Woods, as
that wherein confifted their Strength and
Security, in the Continuance of their Wooden
Walls, and thofe floating Caftles that were
by Nature defigned to fecure their Com-
merce, to vifit diftant Nations to fetch home
their Riches, and in fhort, to make them
(without inteftine Divifions) the moft for-
midable Nation in the World. How he has
acquitted himfelf, is very well known at
prefent, his Books being in the Hands of
moft of the Learned ; and ’tis to be hoped
they will be continued down to the lateft
Pofterity amongft the moft ingenious and
ufeful Writings.

Neither was his Labour lefs in Matters
nearer relating to Gardening, in his Tranfla-
tions, and in his Kalendarium Hortenfe, (of
which, as I have before intimated, he took
the Pattern from Ralladius.') He tranflated
Quint inye's Compleat Gardener , with another
fmaller Trad, from the French, was in his
time the beft Linguift, and to him it is
owing that Gard’ning can fpeak proper Eng-
lijh. His Philofophical Difcourfe of Earth,
is accounted amongft the beft Writings of
the Royal Society.

As he begun, fo he continued ’till his
Peath, a great Lover and Obferver of Gar-
dening ;

5 9

6o The History Chap. i.

dening, tho’ not at his own Expence j yet in
his readinefs to give Advice, he merited
general Thanks. In Ihort, if he was not the
greateft Matter in Praftice, ’tis to him is due
the Theorical part of Gard'ning. But I need
fay no more, his own Works, which are pub-
Jick, are a clearer Demonftration of the
Greatnefs of his Genius, than any Monument
I can raife to his Memory.

Sir wa- Sir William Temple being the next in my

ham i cm- Account that has honoured Gardening with
his Pen, I (hall place him here, and leave
thofe two Nobles to bring up the Rear, and
compleat this Clafs of Garden Worthies.

He was the Son of Sir John Temple , born
at Sheen, the Place where he always fpent his
fweet Hours of Retirement 5 by the natural
Propenfity of his Genius toward all ufeful
Knowledge, and particularly Gard’ning, and
by his Converfation Abroad with Minifters
fent from all the European Courts to the Ge-
neral Congrefs in Hollarid, where he was
more than once Ambattador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary, he hit upon a noble
tafte of Gard’ning, and was the Author of
one of the politeft ElTays, under the Title of
The Garden of Epicurus, that has yet ap-
peared : For albeit he might be miftaken in
his Opinion concerning the planting Peaches
Northward $ yet it is undeniably true, that
they have Peaches an hundred Miles off
London, within ten or fifteen Days as foon
as they have there 3 and that ’tis not alto-
gether

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c. 6\

gether the Heat of the Sun, but the Clearnefs
of the Soil, that accelerates the Growth of
Fruit, to which a Gravelly Bottom is a help :
and in all other refpeds he came up to that
pitch as was expeded from his ingenious
Pen. That he had a great love to Garden-
ing, appears by his own Writings, and feve-
ral kinds of Fruit brought over by him out
of Holland, &c. as well as by the Teftimony
of his Neighbours yet living, the greateft
Confolation of his whole Life being, in the
lucid Intervals he had from Publick Employs,
in his beloved Gardens at Sheen 5 in which
’tis faid, he order’d his Heart to be inter-
red, after his death. His works are gene-
rally well known 5 but left by any means
Pofterity Ihou’d want better Information, he
was one of the Plenipotentiaries for the
King of Great-Britain at the Peace of Ni-
meguen.

The Plantations of the Right Honourable
the Lord Cape l are ftill to be feen at Kevo t^Capel
over-againft Brentford: The greateft advance at Kw-
made by him herein, was the bringing over
feveral forts of Fruit from France 3 and this
Noble Lord we may fuppofe to be one that
held for may Years a Correfpondence with
Monfieur de la Quintxnye , (as has been before
obferved.) The Earlinefs in which this
Lord appear’d in Gard’ning, merits a very
great place in this Hiftory, and a better Pen
than mine to draw it.

It

6 $ The History Chap, r.

Earl of EC- It muft not be pafs'd by, that Cajbiobury,

Caftiio*-* Seat t^e Right Honourable the Earls
bury. of Ejfex0 was one of the firft Places in Eng-
land where the ingenious fpirit of Gard’ning
made the greateft Figure $ for altho’ great
Additions have been made there within a few
Years laft paft, the main Foundation was
laid by that Worthy and Honourable Patriot
of his Country, under the more immediate
Condud of Mr. Cook his Gardener, yet li-
ving 5 who has likewife oblig’d the World
with a Difcourfe concerning the Raifing of
Forefi Trees, <3cc. which is ftill extant. 1
mull confefs, I never fee that truly-delight-
ful Place, without being more than ordina-
rily ravifh’d with its Natural Beauty.

To enumerate what is due to the Ingenious
Virtuofo’s of this Age, the Members of the
Royal Society, would fill a Volume much
larger than this I am writing 5 I fhall only
therefore give a fhort Account of them, as
they are diftinguilh’d in thofe Works, and
in other Writings of that kind.

Seig. Mai- To Seignior Malpighius an Italian we owe
pighius. the molt accurate Anatomization of Plants
that have yet appeared. Much is likewife
Dr. Grew, due to the Labours of of Dr. Grew on that
Subjed.

Mr. Boyle. From the Learned and Ingenious Mr. Boyle
we have received many valuable Experiments
Beale. in Vegetative fhilofophy : To Dr. Beale 5
That the Fibres of a Tree reach from Top to
Bottom , from tbe Roots up to the extremefi

Parts

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &>c. 6%

Parts of Fruit and Wood-Branches 5 by which
means there is a conjlant Paffage for the Lym-
phatic Juices , as well as for the Air , which is
as necejfary in the Vegetable as Animal Life.

From Dr. Woodward $ That there abounds Dr. Wood-
in all Water, more or lefs, Terrejlrial or Ni - ward-
trous Particles, which infenfibly afcend the
Pajfages of all Plants , and are fure Helps in
their FruSifcation and Growth. This he has
very accurately recorded in the TranfaSlions
of that Society, drawn from Experiments on
all forts of Water, of which Rain and Pond-
Water abounds the molt.

What Praife is. there not due to the very
great Labours of Mr, Mortimer , and to Mr. Mor-
other Ruftic Authors that went before him, timer’Crc’
as Meffieprs Hartlib, Blythe , and Plat, Shar-
rock, Nourfe, and innumerable Others 5 and
laft of all, to thofe ingenious Observations
lately publilh’d by the Reverend Mr. Law-
rence, who, am id 11 the morefeverer Studies
of a Clergyman, for his innocent Amufement,
deigns to look into the Garden, to Ihew the
World that in truth it is an Exercife that
not only becomes the Greateft, but alfo the
Belt of Men ^ an Employ not unbecoming
that facred Function they are initiated in,
but of the greateft Advantage to refrelh
them, amidft the more folemn Duties of
God and Religion.

But when we come to the Ingenious Mr .Ray, Mr. Ray.
the admirable Trails that we have in all
parts of Experimental Philofophy, efpecially

in

64 the H 1 s T 0 R Y Chap. 1.

in Vegetables, are fo very full and nume-
rous, that I mull pafs them over with this
general Acknowledgment, inafmuch as they
will many of them be found in the enfuing
Work 5 and his Wonders of the Creation ought
to be read by all.

Doubtlefs thefe Gentlemen had the fub-
limeft tafte of Gard’ning that ever any had :
They were not content with Fertur, ’tis
reported, (as was my Lord Bacon 3 ) but
Experientia docet, we are taught by Expe-
rience fo and fo : And when they came to
make thofe Inferences, which are or ought
to be the Refult of every virtuous Man’s
Labour and Pra&ice, as they ftudied it on
purpofe to demonftrate the Being of a God
infinitely Wife, Powerful, and Good 5 fo
they always concluded their Speculations in
pfal. civ. this or the like Phrafe, 0 Lord, how manifold
24- are thy Works ! in wifdom haft thou made them
all: the earth is full of thy riches.

And altho’ Vegetation is in fome refpeds
accounted the meaneft part of the Creation,
yet from thence the pooreft Perfon may
argue, If this Tree or Plant cannt be made by
the moft curious Artift amongft us $ how is it
poflible that Chance, or the fortuitous con -
courfe of Atoms, Jbould jump together in its
Formation, or form the Earth on which it
germinates and flourijbes ? And from thence
will revolve, that there muft be an Almighty
Power, that not only made, but alfo ftill go-
verns thefe creeping Vegetables, as well as the

procereft

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c. 65

procerefi Cedars in Libanus : And concludes,
in the words of the Pfalmifi , All thy Works pfai. cxiv.
Pi all praife thee , 0 Lord, and thy Saints 10>
fall blefs thee : they pall [peak of thy King- I2, i?’
dom, and talk of thy Power. To make known
to the Sons of Men his mighty Alts, and the
glorious majejly of his Kingdom. Thy Kingdom
is an everlajling Kingdom, and thy Dominion
endureth throughout all Generations.

To return from this beautiful Digreffion :

I cann’t but recommend to Perfons of my own
Profeffion, the Study of Vegetative Philofo-
phy ^ for their Practice being confiderably
more than any Gentleman’s can poffibly be,
what Advances may they not foon make>

The only Difficulty is, the Abftrufenefs of
its Terms 5 ‘ which I fhall, fome time or
other, take an Opportunity of Explaining,
and of reducing the Opinions of the Antients
and Moderns, on the Arcana of Vegeta-
tion.

But I muft not pafs over the Character of
one of the beft of Mafters as well as Garden-
ers, I mean the Right Honourable the Lord
William Puff el. Son to the then Earl of Bed- Lord Ruf-
ford, which I chufe to place next to the Jaft fel'
Lord mention’d, on account of their Suffer-
ings in the fame Caufe. I fhall not pretend
to touch upon the Matter of their unhappy
Fall, that being fet in a true Light by other
Hands $ it fhall fuffice me to fay, as I had it.-
from a near and dear Relation, That by the
Lofs of that zealous Affertor of the Liberties
Vol. I. F of

66 The History Chap. i.

of bis Country , befides thofe, and the more
natural Properties of a tender Husband and
and Father , a Character he was very well
known to deferve by all that had any Ac-
quaintance of him, the World was deprived of
one of the befi of Majlers and Encouragers of
Arts and Sciences ( particularly Gard’ning)
which that Age produc’d. As for his Works
in Gard’ning, they were none of the fmalleft 5
for being poilefs’d of a plentiful Fortune, by
the Marriage of his Vertuous Lady, who is
ftill living, he made Stratton, about feven
Miles from Wincbefter, his Seat ^ and his
Gardens there fome of the belt that were
made at that time, fuch indeed as have
mock’d fome that have been fince done : But
the Untimely Fall of that true Lover of his
Country, prevented his farther purfuit of
that Matter, in which, I am well inform’d,
he defigned more. The Gardens at South-
ampton-Houfe in Bloomsbury-Square were alfo
of his making, and are as well as any of that
Model. I have been more particular in this,
on occafion of the Lofs I may have fuftain’d
in fo great a Friend, (being brought up in
that Place where he us’d to fpend his happy
Days) whofe Memory I beg leave to Ad-
mire, and whofe Death I, with all true
Lovers of their Country’s Liberty, do heartily
bewail He was Beheaded the a 2d of July,
Anno 1 683.

Gard’ning

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c.

Gard'ning ftiJl advancing to a higher and
higher pitch all that Reign, (viz. King
Charles lid's) there feem'd to be nothing
wanting fo much as the Recommendation
of it by the Mufes 5 for which Province
Mr. Cowley was certainly the fitteft : The
firft he wrote, was Four Books in Latin
Verfe, upon Herbs, Plants, Trees, &c.
wherein he followed the Dodtrine of the
Antients in the fpecificlc Divifion of their
Plants, and all other Things that were ne-
ceffary for fuch a Work. Thefe were
writ, as Bifhop Sprat obferves in his Life,
during the Time of the Unhappy Rebel-
lion and Ufurpation of Oliver Cromwell •
for, coming to England in Difguife, and that
he might the better correfpond with the
Royal Party here, and fend Intelligence of
the State of Things, he furnilh’d himfeif with
Books 5 and under pretence of ftudying
Phyfick, he retir’d into Kent, where he
compos’d thofe excellent Lines afore-men-
tion d. But that which he then made ufe of
ss a Vizor, grew afterwards familiar, and fo
iroke through the cloudy Shades of a do-
meftick Exile. His Delight in Gard'nittg ,
ind the other Diverfions of a Country Life,
ifterwards encreafing with his Liberty, he
urpafs’d ( if poflible) the Divine Virgil
limfelf. Of the feveral Themes he chofe to
lifplay the Livelinefs of his Fancy, and the
ieraphick Idea's he had of Gard'mng, I Ihali
>nly chufe this which follows :

F 2

Where

<58 The History Chap. i.

Where does the Wifdom and the Porv'r Divine
In a more bright and flweet Reflexion Jlnne ?
Where do we finer Strokes and Colours flee
Ofl the Creator's real Poetry ,

Than when we with Attention look
Upon the Third Day s Volume ofl the Book?

If we could open and intend our Eye, ")

We all like Mofes jbould eflpy, ^

Ev'n in a Bufl), the radiant Deity. j

But we defpifle thofle his inferior Ways,

( Tho not lefls full of Miracle and Praifle )

Upon the Flow’rs ofl Heavn we gaze.

The Stars ofl Earth no Wonder in us raifle,
■Tho' thefle perhaps do more than they
The Lifle of Mankind flway.

Cowley to Mr. Evelyn.

He is obferved to have writ thefe Effays
towards the latter part of his Life $ amongft
which, this to -Mr. Evelyn is extremely fine,
and the whole is allowed to be of the lubli-
meft Tafte of any thing that has appear’d on
it his Subject. He died the gd of Augufi,
Anno Do?/i. 1667. and is buried in Wejbninfter-
• Abbey, whofe Monument and Books will, I
hope, excufe my giving any farther Account
.of him, and preserve the Memory of this
Jdnghjb Maro to Futurity.

.Hofe. Mr. Rofle, of which I am in this lafl place
to /peak, was firlt Gardener to the Lord Ejflex
at-Effeac-Houfe. in. the Strand, and afterwards
.to his Royal Majcfiy, King Charles II. at the
Royal Garden, m. Sr. James's Park : He was
i'lii efteemed

Chap. i. of GARD’NINGj &c. 69

efteemed to be the beft of his Profeffion in
thofe Days, and ought to be remembred, for
the Encouragement he gave to a Servant of
his, who has fince made the greateft Figure
that ever yet any Gardener did, I mean Mr.

London , of whom I Ihall take occafion to fpeak
more by and by. Mr. Rofe writ a Treatife
of Fines, and alfo fomething, as I remember,
of Fruit-Trees, which I have not lately feen.

'Tis true the firft has not the defired Effect
in England, nor fo much as he feem’d to af-
fure the World it would : However, he may
be well rank’d amongft the great Virtuofo’s
of that time (now dead ) who were all well
pleas’d to accept of his Company while li-
ving.

In this Century flourilh’d Sir Thomas Brown, •SfrThomas
who wrote feveral excellent Trails, almoftBrown'
in all Hands. The Sepulchral Urns found
in Norfolk, and the Gardens of Cyrus, were
fome of the firft of his Productions. He
was bred up at WincheJler-Schodi 5 then at
Pembroke- College in Oxford $■ and afterwards
praftis’d Phyfick in Norwich. The noble E-
legance of his Style has fince induc’d many to
read his Works (of which that of Cyrus s
Gardens is fome of the brighteft) tho’ they
have had little Inclination to the Practice of
Gard’ning itfelf. There remains nothing, that
I have heard, of his putting Gardening actual-
ly into Practice himfelf : But fome of his laft
Works being Obfervations on feveral Plants
mentioned in Scripture, and of Garlands and

F 3 Coronary

jo The History Chap. i.

Coronary Garden Plants and Flowers, *tis
reafonable to fuppofe he did ^ and that the
Love he had fo early and late difcover’d to-
ward it, was compleated in the delightful
Practice thereof.

Dr. Henry I had almoft forgot to mention a Right

Compton, Reverend Father, whofe Love towards Gar-

Bi(h'>p°of d'ning ought by no means to be omitted, inaf-

London. much as he may be faid to be not only a Fa-
ther of the Church, but likewife of Gar dining.
He was of the Loyal and Noble Family of the
Comptons , Earls of Northampton, whofe Cha-
racters, in other refpefts, are recorded by the
Hiftorians of other kinds ^ tho’ concerning
his Gardens (which took up a great part of
his leifure Time) nothing has been yet made
publick. He was a great Encourager of Mr.
London, hereafter to be mentioned, and pro-
bably very much a {lifted him in his great De-
figns. This Reverend Father was one of the
fir ft that encouraged the Importation, Rai-
ling, and Increafe of Exoticks, in which he
was the molt curious Man in that Time, or
perhaps will be in any Age ^ and by the Re-
commendation of Chaplains into foreign Parts,
had likewife greater Advantages of improving
it than any other Gentleman could. He had
above icoo Species of Exotick Plants in his
Stoves and Gardens, in which laft place he
had endenizon’d a great many that have been
formerly thought too tender for this cold Cli-
mate. There were few Days in the Year,
till towards the latter part of his Life, but he

Chap./, of GARD’NING, &c. 71

was actually in his Garden ordering and di-
recting the Removal and Replacing of his
Trees and Plants. A virtuous and laudable
Pattern, and a Perfon by whom Gardening
has not a little been recommended to the
World.

It would be an unpardonable Omiffion, not
to mention thofe Virtuous and Honourable
Perfons amongft the Ladies, who have likewife
£hewn a particular Veneration and Efteem for
the Subject we are upon.

To fay little of the Floralia or Flower-Roman
Feafts, obferv’d annually on the four laft Lld,es-
Days of April, on account of the ignominious
part of that Hiftory$ tho’ 'tis probable the
Diverfion of thofe Ladies was more in Ho-
nour of Flowers than Flora herfelf : Their
Cuftom was on thofe Days to bind Chaplets
of Flowers on each other’s Heads, and to
compofe and ling Verfes fuitable to the Oc-
cafion 5 perhaps not much unlike our own
Country Milk-Maids, who (inftead of Plate,
as in London) have, in fome Countries Weft-
ward, Garlands made of Flowers, which
feem much properer in this Cafe. How far,
and from whence the original Rife of this
was, is uncertain, but perhaps from the an-
cient Floralia of the Romans.

But to continue our Antique Hiftory :

The inextricable Mazes and Foreft-work
Hangings wrought by the Phrygian and Ty-
rian Dames, &c. defcribe the particular De-
light they took in the Woody and Flow’ry

F 4 Scenes 5

j2 The History Chap. i.

Scenes^ and that Flowers were not only in
ufe, but were the Ornaments and Delights
of the Roman Ladies, is deducible from the
Cleopatra. Example of Cleopatra , who in the midft of
that Rage and Confufion fhe was in, chofe
them for the Covert of her expiring Tra-
gedy.

And to come nearer Home, befides one of
nut chefs o/the Bedford Family mentioned by Sir Willi-
Bedford. am femp\e\ we have fince had Ladies of the
greateft Quality that have honour’d and ad-
mir’d Gard’ning and Planting in a peculiar
manner.

vmckrfs of Amongft many that might be nam’d, the
Beaufort. Dutchefs-Dowager of Beaufort (lately de-
ceas’d) deferves our mention, not only on
account of her own Virtues, but alfo for
her near Relation to the Capels, that have
already had a Place in this Hiftory. Bad-
mington in Glocefierfnre was the Seat where
this noble Lady us’d to fpend thofe Moments
that many other Ladies devote to the tire-
fome Pleafures of the Town. What a Pro-
grefs fhe made in Exoticks, and how much
of her Time fhe virtuoufly and bufily employ*
ed in her Garden, is eafily obfervable from
the Thoufands of thofe foreign Plants (by
her as it were made familiar to this Clime)
there regimented together, and kept in a won-
derful' deal of Health, Order, and Decency,
if they are now the lame as about eight or
nine Years ago, when I had the Happinefs,
with fome others, of feeing them.

• Befides,

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c. 73

Betides, her Servants affured us that ex-
cepting the times of her Devotion, at which
the was a conftant Attendant, Gardening took
up two thirds of her time : The great Fa-
vour the held towards Virtuofo’s in her own
way, I have in feveral great Inftances heard
from Meffieurs the Bobarts, both very emi-
nent in Botanick Amufements.

Of a lefs exaCt, but yet to a more ufeful
Account, was the Employ of one of the Coun-
teffes of Lindfey, of the Wharton Family, coyntefs °f
who by her Induftry has left confiderable Lmd ey‘
Monuments of her Care and Pains, very grate-
ful to this and all future Times, for the Um-
brage and Safety it affords, in lefs than 40
Years, to her prefent Survivors, and the great
Advantages it may make to immemorial Po-
fterity. Thefe Plantations are feen at the
Seats belonging to this Noble Family in Lin-
colvjhire, fome of which have been fince cut
out into Gardens, &c.

This Lady was reputed to be a continual
Attendant and Super vifor of her Works,
without any regard to the rigid Inclemency
of the Winter-feafon^ and not only fo, but
alfo in the Meafuring and Laying out the Di-
flances of her Rows of Trees, Ihe was actual-
ly employed with Rule, Line, &c.

When Men are obferv’d to bufie themfelves in
this diverting and ufeful Employ, ’tis no more
than what is from them expefted 3 but when by
the Fair and Delicate Sex, it has fomething in
it that looks fupernatural, fomething fo much

above

74 The History Chap. i.

above the trifling Amufements of Ladies, that
it is apt to fill the Minds of the Virtuous with
Admiration, and may very well retort on the
dull, una&ive part of Mankind, the Silug-
gilhnefs of whofe Lives denote a forry, mean,
and bafe-fpiritednefs of Mind 3 while thefe
illuftrious Heroins Ihine with unufal Splen-
dor, and by their Actions perpetuate their
Memories to the lateft Date of Time.

And what thoughtful and rational Being is
there whofe Reafon can be fo mightily adum-
brated as to neglect this, a Bufinefs that car-
ries with it all the Motives imaginable t Yet
how much is it forgot, or at leaft how much
more of it might be done, did not a Lethar-
gick kind of Infatuation lie upon the Spirits
of a great part of the World ?

Neither does the Fame of thefe Female
Virtuofo’s end here, fince from one of them
the World has fome Poetical Remains con-
cerning the Beauty, Innocence, and harmlefs
Enjoyment of a Country Life and Bufinefs,
equal to the higheft Raptures either of Pin-
dar, Flaccuf, or Maro, I mean the incompa-
• thii- rable Mrs. Catherine Phillips, in two Eflays,
one diredly under the Title of a Country
Life 5 and the other in an Invitation to a La-
dy, under the borrowed Name of Rofania, to
come and live with her in the Country $
wherein after a Ihort Introdudion, fhe ar-
gues as if her Soul was more than ordinarily
affe&ed with that way of Living :

Chap. i. of GARD’NINGj dVc. 75

For a Retirement from the Noife of Towns ,

Is that for which fome Kings have left their Crowns -,

And Conqueror s,whofeLawr els prej, s' d the Brow,

Have chang'd it for a quiet Myrtle-Bough.

And then, upon an enumeration of the falfe
Gloffes of Worldly Pomp, fums up all :

Thus all the glitt'ring World is but a Cheat,

Obtruding on our Senfe things Grofs for Great
But he that can enquire and undifguife.

Will Joon perceive the Sting that hidden lies $

And find no Joys merit Efieem , but thofe
Whofe Scene lies only at our own difpofe.

Man , unconcern'd without himfelf, may be
. His own, both ProfpeS and Security. [ hurl'd *

Kings may be Slaves themf elves , by their own Paffions
But who commands himfelf, commands the World.

A Country Life affifis this Study heft.

Where no Difir aBions do the Soul arrefi :

There Heav'n and Earth lie open to our View ;

There we fearch Nature, and its Author too 5
Pojfefs’d with Freedom, and a Real Eftate,

Look down on Vice, and Vanity, and Fate :

There (my Rofania) will we, mingling Souls,

Pity the Folly which the World controuls :

And all thofe Grandeurs which the World does prize.

We either can enjoy, or will defpije.

And now I come to that Crifis wherein KJ wi!_
Gardening advanc’d to its higheft Meridian, liamin.'o/
by the Encouragement of Ring William III. Great-Bri-
ef glorious Memory, and his Royal Confort^'^y"

and

y6 The History Chap. I.

and may be brought, amongft other Things,
to help to eternize the Memory of thofe
Great Princes.

The Foundation of great Defigns being laid
at Hampton-Court (as is before obferv’d) by
their Royal Uncle King Charles II. it was
thought to be one great Inducement to thofe
Princes to take up their chief Refidence
there, and Gardening foon felt the happy Ef-
fed of it. The Great Garden, that Garden
next the River, call’d now the Privy Garden,
and Wildernefs, and Kitchen- Gardens, were
made with great Difpatch 5 the only Fault
was, the Pleafure-Gardens being fluffed too
thick with Box, a Falhion brought over out
of Holland by the Dutch Gardeners, who
us’d it to a fault, efpecially in England,
where we abound in fo good Grafs and Gra-
vel : But upon all other Accounts the Gar-
dens were noble, and Their Majefties Defigns
yet nobler. Upon the Death of that Illuftri-
ous Princefs, Gard’ning and all other Plea-
fures were under an eclipfe with that Prince $
and the beloved Hampton-Court lay for fome
time unregarded : But that Sorrow being dif-
pelled, His Majefty reaffumed his farther pur-
fuit of Gard’ning, in altering and making a
confiderable Improvement to the Gardens,
and making that great Terrafs next the
Thames, the nobleft Work of that kind
m Europe. This was done in the Reign
( too Ihort) of a Prince always at War
in Defence of the .^Liberties of Europe 5

yet

Chap. i. of GARD’NING,, &C. 77

yet in the lead Interval of Eafe, Gard’ning
took up a great part of his Time, in which
he was not only a Delighter, but likewife
a great Judge 5 as was likewife that excellent
Princefs, of whom He and the Nation were
too early bereft : This adive Princefs loft no
time, but was either Meafuring, Diredirig,
or Ordering her Buildings $ but in Gard’ning,
efpecially Exoticks, fee was particularly
skill’d, and allowed Dr. Pluknet 200 /. per Dr. piuk-
Ann. for his Afliftance therein. She wasnet-
fo remarkable in this, that Arch-Bifeop 717-
lotfon, in her Funeral Sermon , takes particular-
notice of it in Words to this Purpofe, for I
have not lately feen the Sermon it felf :0
how good, how happy a Life was this, not of
vain unprofitable Eafe, but of true Honour and
Ufefulnefs to her Country l How innocent
were her Diverfions , juch as Building,
Gard’ning, and all other Improvements i
How does her Life upbraid theirs, that are
at the end of it, without doing any Solid
or Virtuous ABion!

But the Queen being dead, this Lofs was
followed by another in a few Years, of the
Death of the King himfelf. The Gardens at
•Kenfington were part of them made likewife
by that Prince } but the finifeing of .them was
left a Work for the pious and immortal Me-
mory of our late Gracious Queen Anne, of
which we feall fee more hereafter, and return
to the Nobility and. Gentry of Great- Britain,
who were all this while very bufie in Imita-

78 The History Chap, r.

tion of the Royal Examples of the then King
and Queen.

And here it may not be improper to begin
with that Nurfery and Fund of Gard’ning
and Plants, with which the Nation was af-
Brumpton- terwards flock’d, I mean Brumpton-Park,
Vjr ' which, from the ingenious Mr. Evelyn, we
may place above the greateft Works of that
kind ever feen or heard of either in Books or
Travels.

This vaft Defign was begun fome Years be-
fore the Revolution, by four of the Head-
Gardeners of England, Mr. London , Gardener
to the aforefaid Bifhop of London * Mr. Cook,
Gardener to the Earl of Ejfex at Cajbiobury 3
Mr. Lucre, Gardener to Queen-Dowager at
Smerfet- Houfe 3 and Mr. Field, Gardener to
the Earl of Bedford, at the then Bedford-
Houfe in the Strand, and appear’d to all that
heard of it a Work worthy of the greateft
Encouragement.

One of their firft Undertakings was at the
Lord wey- Right Honourable the Lord Vifcount Wey-
Longieac! mouth's, at Long-Leat in Wiltjbire , where
thefe four Partners abode every one his
Month, and in the Intervals attended their
own Bufinefs 3 of which the new Nurfery
before-named was not the leaft 3 but fome
time after Mr. Lucre and Mr. Field dying,
and Mr. Cook felling his Share, it was divided
into two Shares only, under Mr. London and
Mr. Wife, who were the Perfons that have
fince carried it to its higheft pitch, which,

fome

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c. 79

fome Years ago, was, by a Perfon of Judg-
ment, and no great Friend to that Under-
taking, valu'd at between 30 and 40000 1.

( perhaps as much as all the Nurferies of
France put together.)

But now let us look, as I have already
hinted, amongft the Nobility and Gentry,
which at this Time were every-where bulled
in Making and Adorning their Gardens and
Plantations. To enumerate and fet down
the Hiftory of Gard’ning in its feveral Parti-
culars in this Reign, would require a Volume
of itfelf, but will be for the mod part
fumm’d up in the Perfon and Character of
George London Efq$ Superintendent of Their Mr. Laa-
Majefties Gardens, and Diredor- General of don-
moft of the Gardens and Plantations of
Great- Britain.

I am not well enough inform’d, neither is
it material I Ihould go back to the Birth and
Education of this eminent Gard'ner 5 his
Induftry and Natural Parts Toon and Effi-
ciently recommended him to the Nobility
and Gentry, that he was courted and carefs'd
by all } fo true it is. That the Gifts of Nature
are much more valuable than thofe of Original
Birth and Fortune , or even Learning itfelf ;

And to the eternal Honour of the prefent Age
be it fpoken, never was Vertue, laudable In-
duftry, nor Art more encouraged, of which
the Perfon we are here fpeaking of is an un-
deniable Inftance.

I lhall

8o The H I S T O R Y Chap. i.

I fhall cotent my felf therefore to find him
under the Care and Inftruction of Mr. Rofe
(whofe Charade? has been already drawn.)
The early and vigorous Appearances he made
in Bufinefs were foon difcover’d by his Matter,
who fpar’d no Pains, nor hinder’d him of any
Liberty, whereby he might improve himfelf.
After he had been with him about four or
five Years, he fent him (if I am rightly
inform’d) into France , the greateft Seat of
Learning at that time in the World, efpecial-
ly in the Errand he went about. Scon after
he returned, he was preferr’d to the Bifhop
of Londons Service before- mention’d 3 and
in a few Years more, he (with his Affociates)
eutred on that great Undertaking of Brnmp-
ton-Park 3 and upon the Revolution , was
made Superintendent of all Their Majefties
Gardens, for .which he had 200 /. a Year,
and a Page of the Back-Stairs to Qjieen Ma-
ry 3 and it was particularly obferved, that he
afiifted at the Revolution , in carrying the
then Princefs Anne to Nottingham, from the
Fury of the Papifts.

Mr. London and Mr. Wife being Joint-
Partners, and thus, as it were, both polfefs’d
of the Royal Favour, and the Purfes of the
King, Queen, and Nobility, left no Stone
unturn'd to carry on their Defigns. Soon
after the Peace of Ryfwick, Mr. London took
another Journey into France with the Right
Honourable the Earl of Portland, who was
fent by King William Ambaflador-Extraordi-

nary

Chap. I. of GARD’NlNGj &c. 8

nary on that Occafion $ and then it was that
he made thofe Obfervations on the Fruit-
Gardens at Verfdilles , which are pubiifh'd in
the Preface to their Abridgment.

After the Death of the Queen, and not
many Years after her, the King, their Royal
Succeflor Queen Arne (of pious Memory)
committed the Care of her Gardens in
chief to Mr. Wife, Mr. London ftill purfuing
his Bufinefs in the Country. It will perhaps
be hardly believed, in Time to come, that
this one Perfon adually faw and gave Di-
rections, once or twice a Year, in moft of
the Noblemens and Gentlemens Gardens in
England. And fince it was Common for him to
ride 50 or 60 Miles in a Day, he made his
Northern Circuit in five or fix Weeks, and
fometimes lefs 5 and his Weftern in as little
Time : As for the South and Eaft, they were
but three or four Days Work for him 5 moft
times twice a Year vifiting all the Country-
Seats, converfing with Gentlemen, and for-
warding the Bufinefs of Gardening in fuch a
degree as is almoft impoffible to defcribe.

In the mean time, his Collegue manag’d Mat-
ters nearer home with a Dexterity and Care
equal to his Character : And in truth, they
have deferv’d fo much of the World, that ’tis
but common Juftice to tranfmit their Memory
unto Ages to come. ♦

But to fpeak more particularly of the
Knowledge Mr. London was fuppos’d to be
Mafter of in this Matter, the little Opportu-
V o L. I. G nity

The Hi S' TO RY Chap. i.

nity he had in laying a foundation of Learn-
ing, was, without doubt, a great obftruftion
to his progrefs in Vegetative Philofophy,
which is involv’d in fo many hard Terms 5
this, neverthelefs, he overcame purely by
lnduftry 5 and what he wanted in one, he
abounded with in the other. He was perfect-
ly well skill’d in Fruit, which feem’d to be
his Mafter-piece : As for other parts, as
Greens, Trees, Flowers, Exoticks, and the
like, he certainly had as much Knowledge as
any one Man living : And tho’ he might not
always come up to the higheft pitch of Defign,
yet that might be attributed to the Hafte he
was generally in $ and it can be no great
Blemilh to his Character, that he was not
the greateft Perlon in every thing, when ’tis
furprizing to find he could poffibly know fo
much $ fo great a Surprize indeed, that we
mult hardly ever expeCt his equal, much lefs
any, one that will exceed him. The Planting
and Railing of all forts of Trees, is fo much
due to this Undertaking, that ’twill be hard
for any of Polierity to lay their Hands on a
Tree„ in any of thefe Kingdoms, that have
mot been a part of their Care.

Mr. London, by his great Fatigues in Heat
and Cold, notwithftanding naturally of a
healthy, ftrong Conflitution, was at lalt feiz’d
With an lllnefs which carry ’d him off, after a
few Months Languishing- I lhall take no
farther notice of him, than what relates to
my Purpofe in Gard'qing^ in which he has

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &-c. 83

left a laudable Example to all that fhall
have the Encouragement to enter, and the
Courage and Strength to perform what he
did. He died towards Cbrijlmas, in the
Year 1713.

G “ ' ! J j() 7} ■ > > t ■■ ? . - [

Before I conclude the Hiftorical part of
this Work, I muft remark fomething of our
late pious Queen, whofe love' to Gardening
was not a little. Her firft Works were the Alinc*
Rooting up the Box, and giving an EngliJI)
Model to the Old-made Gardens at Kenjingr
ton j and in 1704 made that New Garden
behind the Gree'n-houfe, which is efteem’d
among!! the moft valuable Pieces of Work
that has been done any-where.

The Place where that beautiful Hollow
now is, was a large irregular Gravel-pit,
which, according to feveral Defigns given in,
was to have been fill’d 5 but that Mr. Wife
prevail’d, and has given it that furprizing
Model it now appears in. As great a Piece
of Work as that whole Ground is, ’twas
near all compleated in one Seafon, viz. be-
tween Michaelmas and Lady-Day 5 which
demonftrates to what a pitch Gard'ning is
arriv’d within thefe twenty or thirty
Years.

The Box-work at Hampton-Court was alfo
pull’d up fome time after, and the Gardens
laid into that plain but noble manner they
now appear in.

84 Tk History Chap. i.

c!»”*n/ra 4^ the Bufinefs done by Mr. Wife, of

be' Sin Moment, for any of the Nobility, was for
1704- his Grace the Duke of Marlborough at Blen-
heim :■ This ftupendous Work ( begun and
moft part nnilh’d in three Years time) may
be reckon’d amongft the greateft of thefe two
Gentlemens Undertakings.

•Sir Rich. Sir Richard. Child s at Wanfted in Ejfex is
Wa rifted f fhe next, and in fome refpeds the the beft
in Effex. of the two : This was begun in 1 706, a
Defign worthy of an En&lijb Baronet, and
equal to the greateft French Peer j and this
was one of Mr. Londons laft Undertakings 5
and I believe the very laft was, that noble
Defign of the Right Honourable the prefent
The Earl Earl of Carnarvan, at Edger in Hertford-
xuSSt before the finilhing of which he died:

Edger in And this I take occafion to mention, that I
Her riord- at fame tjme perpetuate one of the

moft Illuftrious and moft Noble-fpirited Ge-
nius’s of this Age, who, notwithftanding his
familiarity in all other Arts and Sciences,
feems to have made Gard’ning, and the au-
guft Imbellilhments of his Country-Seat, his
Darling and Favourite-Employ ; and where
this Noble Perfon ought to receive as great
Encomiums as ever Iyfander bellow’d on
Cyrua, or the EaJlern Queen on the facred
and wife Botanic and Gardner in Holy
Writ.

And {hall we not, becaufe not of fo late
a date, celebrate, at leaft juft mention
( tho' it be promifeuoufly) the Right Ho-
nourable

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &c. 8$

nourable the Earls of Scarborough , Sunder- Sevcral
land, Rochefter, and Cbefter field $ the Dukes
of Montague , Bolton, and Kent 3 not to omit. Admirers
and that for many weighty Reafons, the fnf'fLfn~
late, and, no lefs eminent in his love to Gar c‘
dening and Agriculture, the prefent llluftri-
ous and mod Noble Dukes of DevonJInre ,
with many Others, amongft fome of the
greateft Ornaments of Arts and Sciences,
efpecially Gardening, that Hiftory has pro-
duc'd, in their feveral Chateau’s and Seats of
Stanjiead , Altborp, New Park , Sec. in thofe
of Bowden, Hackwood, and Wrejl, and laft
of all, in that ftupendous Performance of
Cbatfworth ^ in the Condud: of which, thefe
Great Perfonages have baffled the Defigns and
efcap'd the Cenfures of their mod inveterate
Enemies, as well as they have thofe that are
Enemies to true Religion and Liberty.

Thefe, and fuch-like auguft Defigns as thefe,
which are to be feen in many Places now, de-
note that Greatnefs of Mind that reigns in
the EnglijJ) Nobility and Gentry. And it cann’t
but argue a true Guft and Relilh of Things
they have at prefent, and what may reafona-
bly be expefted from futurity 5 and indeed,

I cann't but be of the Opinion, that it is an
undeniable Argument of the virtuous as well
as polite Difpofition of this Age, and that
both Religious and Rural Thoughts highly
poflefs and illuftrate the Minds of the great-
eft Nobility.

G 3

'Tis

The > H I S t o R: Y ' Chap, i .

’Tis certain', no Nation in the World is*
blefs’d with more natural Conveniences than
we are : The Atheift has no reafon to argue
againft the Hills, or other Excrefcences of the
Earth, as a Biemilh of the Creation • fince ’tis1
from them we have thofe Springs that refrelh
the Valleys, the Beauty Of which adds fuch
a Magnificence to our Gardens, and fuch
as few Countries (efpecially thofe adjoining
to us) enjoy fo well as ourfelves.

’Tis true, we do not abound fo much as
they do with Oranges, and fome other deli-
cious Fruits, but in their room we have the’
more durable and ferviceable BlefTmg of Oak,
be fides fruftifefous Trees, proper enough for
our Ufe, and that which abundantly com-
mands them allpTmean our Ships, and the
Balance of Trade.

If our Seafons 'arefomething more uncertain
than they are in other Countries, we have no
occafion to repine, fince the general Tem-
perature of our Climate makes a fufficient
amends ^ and that Royal Ferfon afore-men-
tion’d has worthily obferv’d, We can longer
' and better enjoy our Gardens , than they can
either in the more Frigid or Torrid Clime.

In fine. The confideration of our Happi-
nefs is fuch, that I cannot but exult with a
late Geographer, 0 happy and bleffed Britain,
didfi thou but know thy own Happinefs ! Thy
Gardens are /zfe:Paradi(b,t#y Valleys like Eden,
thy Hills like Lebanon, thy Springs like Shi-
loh, thy Rivers like Jordan / Abundantly JloFd

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &>c. 87

thou art with all the BleJJings both of Heaven
and Earth .

After mention of fome Foreft-works done Lord Ru-
by the Right Honourable the Earl of Ranelagh nelaSh-
at Cranborne , and the Right Honourable the
Earl of Halifax at Bujby-Bark, I dial I con- Earl of
elude, this Hiftory with that truly Ingenious HaIllfax’
Lover of Architecture and Gard’ning, the
Right Honourable the Earl of Carlijle , in his Earl of
Wood at Cajlle-hovoard , the higheft pitch CarIifle-
that Natural and Polite Gard'ning can pof-
libly ever arrive to : Tis There that Nature
is truly imitated, if not ex cell’d, and from
which the Ingenious may draw the belt of
their Schemes in Natural and Rural Gar-
dening: ’Tis There that Ihe is by a kind of
fortuitous Conduft purfued through all her
moll intricate Mazes, and taught even to
exceed her own felf in the Natur a- Linear,
and much more Natural and Promifcuous
Difpolition of all her Beauties.

From this imperfeCt Survey of the Writings
and Practice of the molt Eminent and Illu-
strious Virtuofo’s in Horticulture, &c. one
may colleCt how dear the Pleafures of
Gard’ning, Planting, and Agriculture were.

There is, doubtlefs, much more of this Sub-
ject that has efcap’d my narrow Knowledge
of Hiftory and Letters 5 and fome I have
purpofely omitted, as fabulous, at leaft as too
much ftrain’d by Poets, fuch as the Oracu-
lar Grove of Dodona, Delphos, and the like 5

G 4 ^

88 The History Chap. i.

as alfo the difmal Fate of Ereficbthon, or the
other uncertain Stories of the Hamadryades ,
to whofe peculiar Care the Vegetative In-
habitants of thofe Nemorous Abodes were
committed.

For the Imbellilhment of this Hiftory, I
might have fummon’d the Panegyricks of
Xenophon , Maximus Tyrius, of Plato and
Cicero, of Petrarch , of Cato and Seneca, of
Tibullus and Politianus, and alfo have pro-
duc’d the Political Jnftitutions of Romulus and
Ehima Pompilius, and of thofe Laws that
confirm’d the Encouragement of Agriculture
and Planting by the Emperor Jufiinian and
Others, but that I find it already done to
my hand by feveral Ruftic Authors. To
Quintus Aricinatus, I might have added Man-
lius Curius Denatus, who after he had con-
quer'd Pyrrhus, and expell'd him out of
Italy, had feveral times triumph’d with
Glory and Renown, and had very much
enlarg’d the Roman Empire by his noble
Achievements, return’d with infinite Af-
fection to his former Rural Exercifes, and
there concluded the refidue of his Days
with the greateft Tranquillity, Reft, and
Satisfaction of Mind. To Manlius , might
be added Attilius Catalinus, who for his An-
gular Virtue, was call’d from the Plough,
to be Dictator alfo $ and yet afterwards, for
the great love he bore to Agriculture, chofe
rather to live privately in the Country, and
to weary Jiimfelf v/ith Rigging and Plough-
ing

Chap. i. of GARD’NING, &c. %9

ing his Land, than to be a Prince of the
Romans, and poffefs the higheft Place amongft
the Senators.

I might have defcanted upon the Venera-
tion the Ancient Egyptians had for Onions,

Leeks, and other Culinary Food, and the
Pretences that They, the Perftans , Greeks ,
and Romans have to the Original and Deri-
vation of Agriculture and Gard’ningj but
I leave thofe uncertain Accounts, and draw
towards a Conclufion, after fome Reflexions
on this Hiftory, and the Delights of thefe
Retirements.

The Ingenious Author of the Spectators,
whofe Lucubrations are fo much admir’d in
this Age, has painted and defcribed the
Beauty and Pleafure of thefe Rural Delights
in the moft moving Terms : “ If we fup- Speftator,
“ pofe (fays he) that there are Spirits orvfj£‘6
“ Angels that look into the Ways of Men,

“ as it is highly probable there are, both
“ from Reafon and Revelation $ how differ-
“ ent are the Notions they entertain of us,

“ from thofe we are apt to form of one an-
“ other ? Were they to give us in their
“ Catalogues of fuch Worthies as are now
“ living, how different would it be from
“ that which our own Species would draw
“ up? We are dazled with the Splendor
-c of Titles, the (Mentation of Learning,

“ the Noife of Vittory : They, on the con-
“ trary, fee the Philofopher in the Cottage,

“ under the Preffures of what little Minds

“ call

9®

The H l s T O R Y Chap. i.

“ call Poverty and Diftrefs r They-don’t look
“ for Great Men at the Head of Armies,
“ or atnongfl the Pomps of a Court $ but
“ often find them out in the Shades and
“ Solitudes, and in the By-paths of Life :

The Evening’s Walk of a Wife Man is
“ more illuftrious in their Sight, than the
“ March of a General at the Head of
“ a Hundred thoufand Men : A Contem-
“ plation on God’s Works, a voluntary Aft
“ of Juftice to our own Detriment, a gene-
“ rous Concern for the Good of Mankind,
“ Tears fhed in filence for the Mifery of
“ Others, a private Defire of Refentment
“ broken and fubdu’d, in fhort, an unfeign-
“ ed Exercife of Humility or any other
“ Virtue, are fuch Aftions as are Glorious
“ in their Sight, and denominate Men Great
“ and Reputable.

Neither can it be fuppos’d that thefe Di-
vine Thoughts and Aftions tend to enervate
or enfeeble the Mind, or (as it is by the
fame Author exprefs’d ) “ to footh it into
“ a deep Melancholy, and deprefs it from
“ Aftions truly Glorious, fince (as he adds)
“ Titles and Honours are the Rewards of
“ the Virtuous $ on the contrary, it cools
“ the Head, and fir eng the ns the Heart and
“ Hands of the Valiant, and makes Conduft
“ and Courage triumph over the irregular
“ Pafiions and Aftions of Mankind $ gives
“ them fo true a relifh of Heroifm and
“ Valour, that upon all emergent Occafions

“ they

Chap. i. of GARDENING, &jc. 9

“ they have appear’d the moft Illuftrious
“ and Heroick Examples of Hiftory 3 no
“ laudable Ambition tranfgrefles its Rules,

“ nor no defperate Attack furmounts its
“ Courage.

Quintus Cincinnati is, already quoted, is an ad-
mirable Inftance of Courage and Conduft,who,
notwithftanding the Rufticity of his Birth and
Education, was call’d to be Diftator, an Employ
that the Romans never conferr’d on any but
on very great Occafions, and lafted no longer
than fix Months 3 and Cato, Cicero, and Pliny,
the beloved Heroes of the Roman State, fhine
as remarkably in Hiftory for this, as any of
their matchlefs Accomplilhments of Elo*
quence. Zeal and Courage.

Cyrus had not been blameable, had his
Ambition been regular, fince he is one of the
firft that violated that facred Maxim that
JuJiin record's to have reign’d in thofe early
and halcion Days of the World, and at
that Time when, as he obferves, the manner
was, rather to defend than enlarge their Ter-
ritories.

Neither does the Arms of Dioclefian detraft
from his Innocence 3 but thofe Pleafures are
oppos’d to the extravagant Sallies of Ambi-
tion, Cruelty, and Revenge which have then
and fince taken place in the World, to the
utter Deftru&ion of the Peace, Quiet, and
Safety of Mankind 3 it Ihews that Goodnefs
is much more valuable than Greatnefs. But
to clofe this, the fame Ingenious Author

92 The H 1 s T O R Y Chap. i.

adds the Example of Aglaus, a very poor,
but pious and obfcure Perfon.

Mr. Steele. “ The Oracle being ask’d by Gyges (a
“ rich King of Lydia ) Who was the Wifeft
“ Man? Reply’d, Aglaus. Gyges, who ex-
“ peeled to have heard himfelf nam’d on this
“ Occafion, was very much furpriz'd, and
“ curious to know who this Aglaus fiiould
“ be 5 and after much enquiry, he was found
“ to be an obfcure Countryman, who employ’d
“ all his Time in cultivating a Garden and
“ a few Acres of Land about his Houfe 5 on
“ which Subjed the admirable and feraphick
“ Cowley has poetiz’d and concluded :

After long Search and vain Enquiry , pafi
In an obfcure Arcadian Vale, at laft
Th' Arcadian Life has always jhady been,
Near Sopho’j Town (which he but once hadfeen)
This Aglaus, who Monarchs Envy drew ,

Whofe Happinefs the Gods food Witnefts to 5
This mighty Aglaus he was lab'ring found
With his own Hands in his own little Ground.

So, Gracious God ! ( if it may lawful be.
Among ft thofe foolift) Gods, to mention Thee )

5b let me a cl on fuch a private Stage
The laft dull Scene of my declining Age -•

After long Toiles and Voyages in vain.

This quiet Fort let my tofts' dVeffel gain
Of Heavnly Reft $ this Earneft to ?ne lend 4
Let my Life fteep, and learn to love her End.

And

Chap. i. of GARDNING, &c.

And the Moral which that Ingenious Au-
thor ( the Spectator ) raifes from thence, is,
“ That we fhould not be led away by the
“ Cenfures and Applaufes of Men, but con-
“ fider the Figure that every Man will make
“ at that Day when Wifdom fall be jujlified
‘c of her Children 5 and nothing pafs for Great
“ or Illuftrious, which is not an Ornament
“ to Human Nature.

And as the refult of reading Hiftory ought
to be a Contemplation of the Virtues of the
Heroes therein contain’d, and forming fuch
Rules for the Condud of Man’s Life and
Pradice, fome have recommended it as a
Moral Virtue, or at leaf! an Incentive to Re-
ligion, Morality, Affability, and Good Man-
ners. But this Point having been fo well
difcufs’d by that celebrated Author juft quo-
ted, there is little need (were I able) to
purfue this Point any farther.

I fhall therefore particularly mention it
with the Regard it has to the feveral Cir-
cumftances and Degrees of Life that abound
in the World 5 and indeed ’tis fo univerfal,
that even the Vitious as well as Virtuous find
a fafe Retreat, under the greateft Preffures of
their tumultuous Paffions.

The Proud Tar quin found a Retreat for his
Ambition and Grandeur, as well as the
Humble Abdolonyma a Refuge for his Poverty.
The meaneft Labourer and the hardeft
Drudge tafte the Sweets of their Labour,
tho’ it be by the Sweat of their Brows.

Tis

93

The History Chap, u

’Tis here that Love and Innocence, Virtue
and Good Manners fport promifcuoufly with
their Contrarieties 3 and the greateft Emperor
finds an allowable Gratification of his Ambi-
tion, when mix’d with any due Regard to
his Maker. ‘Twas not the Grandeur of Ne-
buchadnezzar's Gardens, but the vain Exalta-
tion of his Heart, that forc’d him to that
unwelcome Exile and terrible Doom men-
tioned in Scripture.

But for the truly Virtuous, let them de-
fcribe, if poffible, that Eafe, Indolence, and
Tranquillity of Mind, thofe pious Thoughts
and feraphick Trani'ports that flow from the
quiet, eaiie, uninterrupted Enjoyment they
meet with in their Gardens, or other their
Country Amufemertts, in the afcending
Gradations of a gay frelh Morning, or
the expiring Moments of a cool Summer’s
Evening.

And within doors, how many fweet and
friendly Converfations, how many bufie and
delightful Minutes this divine Relifh, we
may fuppofe our Firft Parents enjoyed in
their State of Innocence, ev’n in the laborious
and toilfome part of their Lives, and how
terrible their Apprehenfions were, upon the
News of their Departure from Paradife, is
excellently defcrib’d by Milton, in his Para-
dife Loft. “ We fee them (fays a late In-
“ gemous Author, in his Comment on that
“ admirable Poem) gradually palling from the
“ Triumph of their Guilt, through Remorfe,
. , “ Fear,

Chap, i . of GARD’NING, &c.

“ Fear, Shame, Contrition and Prayer, to a
“ perfeff afid compleat Repentance.

Had they been buffer’d to have remain’d
there, ’twould have in fome meafure alle-
viated the difmal Thoughts of Mortality, and
that uncertain future State to which they
were by their Difohedience deftin’d. That
of Eve is of an effeminate nature, as lament-
ing for the Lofs of her Bower, &c.

Mufi I then leave thee , Paradife ? Thus leave
Thee, native Soil ? thofe happy Walks & Shades ,
Fit Haunt of Gods, where 1 had hope to fpend
Quiet , t ho fad, the Refpite of that Day
That mufi be mortal to us both ? 0 Flowers ,

That never will in other Climate grow !

My early Vifitation , and my loft
At Evn, which l bred up with tender Hand
From the fir Jl Op' rang Bud, and gave you Names!
Who now full rear you to the Sun, or rank
Tour Tribes .<? Or Water from theAmbrofial Font?

Thee, lafily, Nuptial Bewr, by me adorn'd.
With what to Sight or Smell was fweet from thee
How Jb all I part ! and whither wander down
Into a lower World to this obfcure
And wild ! How fhall we breathe in other Air
Lefs pure, accnfiomed to Immortal Fruits !

That of Adam was of a more Manlike Na-
ture, being Reflexions on his Deprivation
From the Beatiflek Prefence of his God 5 as
follows :

9 5

This

p 6 The H I s t O RY Chap, t>

This moft affliEts me, that departing hence ,

As from his Face, I frail he hid, depriv'd
His blefled Countenance : Here I could frequent
With Worflnp, Place hyPlace, where he vouchfaf'd
Prefence Divine, and to my Sons relate.

On this Mount he appear’d 3 Under this Tree
Stood viflble 3 Amongft thefe Pines his Voice
I heard 3 Here with him at this Fountain talk'd:
So many grateful Altars I wou'd rear
Of grafly Turf, and pile up ev’ry Stone
Of Lujlre from the Brook, in Memory
Or Monument to Ages, and thereon
Offer fveeet-fmelling Gums, & Fruits and Flow'rs.
In yonder nether World, where frail l feek
His bright Appearances, or Footjleps trace ?
For tho’ I fled him, angry 3 yet recall'd
To Life prolong'd, and promts' d Race , I now
Gladly behold, tho ’ but his utmoft Skirts
Of Glory, and far off his Steps adore.

Milton 's Paradife Lofl.

But if this may be fuppos’d to be a higher
pitch of Thought than we in this imperfeft
State can arrive to, let us turn to that Royal
(tho’ indigent) Example befote-nam’d, as we
have it from Mr. Cowley :

Thus his wife Life Abdolonymus fpent :
Th'Ambaffadors which the great Emperor fent
To offer him a Crown, with Wonder found
The Rev’rend Gard'ner hoeing of his Ground.
Unwillingly, and flow, and difcontent,

From his lov'd Cottage, to a Throne he went 3

And

Chap. r. of GARDENING, &c.

And oft he ftopt in his triumphant Way ,

And oft look'd back, and oft was heard to fay ,
Not without Sighs, Alas ! I there forfake
A happier Kingdom than I go to take.

If I had not already touch’d upon it, I
might have urg’d farther (from the Example
of Aglaya, that follows in this Poem) the
Happinefs of thefe Employs 5 but I end, by
obferving, That thofe who have no love nor
tafte for this Subjed, may certainly conclude
themfelves of bafe, ungenerous Thoughts j I
had almoft faid, they may fufped and dread
themfelves in danger in other refpeds that
very nearly concern them.

In fhort, (next to the more immediate Du-
ties of Religion) ’tis in the Innocency of
thefe Employs, thus doing, thus Planting,
Dreffing, and bufying themfelves, that all
wife and intelligent Perfons wou’d be found,
when Death, that King of Terrors, Ihali
clofe their Eyes, and they themfelves be
obliged to bid an eternal Farewel to thefe
and all other fublunary Pieafures.

Vol. L H AN

97

9%

Chap. 2

^l^pppp^l jMSmmMm

jgOJCgUJC/gyJJt/Jt

A N

ESSAY

CONCERNING

EARTH, <fe

CHAP. II.

Jntroiu-

Bion.

THAT the unhappy Lapfe of our
Firft Parents was the Occafion of
that permanent Curfe entailed on
their Pofterity, by which they were deftin’d
to the laborious Tenure and Drudgery of
Tilling and Dreffing the Ground 3 and that
Paradtfe itfelf could no longer maintain its
Glory and Splendour, than whilft it was
under the immediate Care and Direction of
Providence 3 is evident from Holy Writ, and
fo wants no more Demonfiration.

It

Chap. 2. An ESSAY., &c. pp

It has been therefore the chief and lau-
dable Undertakings of the Wife and Virtuous
in all Ages, to endeavour at a Reparation of
that Lots, by a ftudious and laborious Appli-
cation towards the Redrefs of thofe Maligni-
ties contain’d within the fcope of that difmal
Imprecation, Thorns and ThiJUes Jhall it bring Gen. iii
forth. Sic, and fo to manure, cultivate, drefs, l8'
and improve it, as belt to anfwer the End of
their Labour, a bountiful Encreafe and repa-
rative Reward to their former Lodes, as well
as to their prefent fedulous and virtuous
Employs.

This then is the Subject of the enfuing
E s s A y 5 a Subjeft, I muff confefs, dull
enough, it being no other than Earth,
the Earth we every day trample under Foot :

But how vile foever it may appear, it is that
from which we gather the Refrefhment and
Support of Nature, without which the Ra-
tional and Animal part of the Creation could
not poffibly fubfift 5 for which reafon, we
mull fubmit to enquire into its Nature, and
aflift her in all her Deficiences.

There are, I doubt not, who will except
againft the Plainnefs of thefe following Di-
reftions, and will be ready to fay, We know
thefe things already.

To which I here anfwer. That my
Intent in Writing, is chiefly for the Inftru-
61ion of the Unlearned : And as for thofe
that Know already, it may put them in
mind of their Bufinefs, and confirm them in

H 2 their

100

Earth,
what
meant by
it in this

Way-

How few
Kinds are
ufeful in
Gard’ning

An E S SAY Chap. 2.

their Opinion : And altho’ a great many
Gardeners love Obfcurity, and that their
Bufinefs and Comports fhould appear ab-
ftrufe and extraordinary, when there is no
fuch thing 5 yet I cann’t follow their Me-
thod, fince ’tis certain, even in Flowers, that
the mod Knowing of them make ufe of much
plainer Mixtures than formerly, fo well
refined are the Judgments of Men in this
Matter.

Therefore, when I fpeak of Earth, I don’t
thereby mean in general that Globe fo call’d,
much lefs its Geometrical Circumference or
Magnitude ; or pretend to adjuft the differ-
ing Hypothefis of the Philofophers, whether
it be Fix’d or Moveable ; nor yet of thofe
Magnetical, Mineral, or other Bodies and
Qualities of which ’tis compos’d ; but only of
the Superficies or Surface thereof, on which
we daily walk, and from which we gather all
that is neceffary for the Support and Sufte-
nance of Life.

And as this alfo is compos’d of almoft an
innumerable quantity of Species or Kinds of
. Soil differing from each other in Contexture,
Colour, or Site; 1'have (as I propofe, for
the Delivery of all that I have to fay in
Gard’ning') reduced them into a few Sorts,
let them be of what Colour or Specifick
Diftinft ion foever, and they are Earths either
Light, Sandy, or Loofe ; or otherwife. Earths
of Stiff, Clayey, or Cloje Contexture : Either
of thefe have their refpedive good Quali-
ties j

Chap. 2 . concerning E A R T H3 &c. i o i

ties ; and all of them, when they are in their
Extremes, have need of fome artful Hand to
render them of Ufe and Benefit in the Pro-
duction and Growth of Plants.

I know that good Efquire, already men- The Defen
tion’d, the King of Gardners, has handled fnA^°TS
this SubjeCt with a great deal of Nicety and subjetf.
Judgment 5 but yet after all his elaborate Rea-
fonings, and exaCt Difpofure of thefe Mate-
rials, I cann’t guefs that he has ft ruck home
to the main Point, I mean, the bringing
them home to their particular Ufe; which
thou Id be, as it were, laid down at the Place
where they ought to beufed, in Writing, as
in Fad they are or ought to be in the open
Garden, and particularly referr’d to in the
Manner and for the Ufe they are to be
appropriated to. But this I have mentioned
elfewhere.

My Defign therefore in this Chapter, is oftbetm
to give fome fmall Account of the two Qua rgensral.
lities, or rather Specifick Parts, there is inj^Emh.
all Earths ; and afterwards, Diredions for
fuch Compofitions, numbred 1, 2, 3, 4, &c.
as may fuit the two divided Kinds of Earth
above-mention’d, ( viz. ) Light Land, , or
Heavy , to be applied, as I Iball afterwards
dired, in the Railing Forejl Trees.

For the better underftanding of the Speci- Animate
lick Parts of which Earth is compos’d, I am Mcl Inani~
to premife. That there are (limply) two ’uties^m'
Parts ; one, the Body, Bed, or Couch, where- Earth,
in lies latent and is contain’d the other, I

H 3 mean

102 An ESSAY Chap. 2.

mean thofe nitrous and prolifick Salts, being
the Spiritus Mundi, which by the Co-opera-
tion of Rain or Water, Sun and Air, fets, or
is rather by them fet, to haften forward the
great Work of Vegetation, whilft the other
Part is only a lifelefs, inanimate, dead Lump,
probably the Epitome and Refemblance of
Chaos, before it received the Divine Com-
mand of Extenfion, and that Spiritual Flatus
that has furnifh’d it with the Salifick Gems,
which (by other co-operating Powers) work
the Effeds that will be found in thefe Eflays.
Earth I fay, it being underftood and eftablilh’d,
TmL’tTl'e t^at the Earth itfelf, (imply confidered and
renewed, abftraded from, and, as it very often is,
ftript of thofe Heterogeneous Parts, and is
only the Bed, Couch, and Recepticle for
the other , an Obfervation will alfo foon fol-
low from Common Experience, in the quick
Difpatch and Growth of Plants in one
Ground, and from the flow Procefs of the
fame Plants in others, That thefe nitrous
Particles not only abound more or lefs in all
Grounds, but are alfo ex traded from all,
tho’ more eafily from fome than others, and
confequently that fome Methods ought to be
taken for renewing the exhaufted Vigour of
that lifelefs, inanimate Lump we commonly
underhand by the Name of Earth $ the Im-
provement of which is fo very material, be-
ing, by Analogy, the Female Parent of Ve-
getation $ fo material, that if that laborious
Roman Ruftick (whofe inviduous Accufations,

before

Chap. 2. concerning Earth, &c. 103

before his Superiors, tended no lefs than to
make him guilty of Magical Arts ) had with
the Spade and Knife (worn bright with Ufe)
brought alfo his Baskets of Com poll, they
might juftly have been arraigned as fome of
the guiltieft Accomplices in this ironically
enormous, tho’ rather virtuous and laudable
Crime. This is fo very precious to the in-
duftrious Planter, that I have often thought
thofe Gentlemen which have writ concerning
Gard’ning, have not either rightly under-
ftood the piadical Ufe of it, or that they
have dilingenuoufly concealed it from the
World $ elfe they would, as it were, lay it
at every Garden-door, before ever they fet
forward one Step in Gard'ning, of which
this is the Vital Principle.

The firft Thing therefore to be done in
Gardening, is to conlider where to get Mate- prwWne
rials for making large Heaps or Leftals, or. Earth for
as we now call them. Magazines, (probably ^ Fltr'
in Allufion to thofe belonging to an Army,
and without which indeed the moft couragi-
ous General may as well fight, as the indu-
fttious Botanic plant.) And as thofe Maga-
zines are to be adapted for the Improvement
of the Soil the Gardner is to work upon,
they ought to be mix’d accordingly, as they
are either for light, fandy, and loofe, or heavy ,
clayey, and cloddy Land 5 fince ’tis certain
that light , loofe Land, requiring a proper Li-
gature, ought to have Compoft of a more
heavy Nature, fuch as the Scouring of deep

H 4 Ditches,

104 E S S A Y Chap. 2.

Ditches, Ponds, &c. So alfo the other kind
of Land requires Compoft of a more fiery
and fprightly Nature, fuch as will invade
thofe heavy, lumpy, and indigefted Clods,
that without fuch Management very much
obftrud the Bufinefs of Vegetation.
in what Our Bufinefs being then to make Compoft
n'bepro- for a lumpy, heavy Land, let us proceed, in
wed. the firft place, to fleece off all the upper Turf-
Mould we can, which we have already fup-
pos’d to be ftiff, and mix it at Difcretion in
the following Manner, having always a par-
ticular Regard to the Natural Soil, I mean in
what degree of Stiffnefs one may rank it.
But, generally fpeaking, thefe Directions
following will ferve.

A Magazine of Compoft for Cold
Clayey Land.

The Maga- Three Load of the Natural Mould, two
VnjfcTtf Load of good rotten Dung, one Load of Sand,
Ijf 'if to be had in Plenty, the Sea-kind, or o-
therwife a Load of Sandy Ground or (harp
Sand, two Load of the Top Spit-Turf in Mea-
dows or other kind of rich Turf-Land, and
half a Load of Cole-afhes or the Sweeping of
Streets, a fmall Sprinkling of Pidgeon, Sheep,
or other hot Dungs.

Thefe feveral Simples being brought and
laid down at the Place or Places where they
are to be mix’d, and an open Circle clear’d in
the middle, let there be the fame number of

-C;:U Men

Chap. 2 . concerning EARTH., <&c. 105

Men and Boys fet to every Heap as there are
unequal Quantities of each 3 thus to the Na-
tural Soil three, to the Sand one, and lo
proportionably to the reft, taking heed that
they caft and fpread every particular with
Care, and not all together in Lumps, as they
will do without a continual Supervifal.

The proper Time for this is in May, the The proper
Weather being then dry, and alfo a leifure Se^m-
Time for Carts from Husbandry, and other
necelfary Bufinefs, tho’ any other Time will
do in refped of the Work itfelf.

About a Month after this Mixture is made, Turning the
it will do well to turn it over again, and fo Earth once
Monthly repeating it till Michaelmas ; and “ Mmt '
that being as much Precaution as ’tis poffible,
or at leaft common for any one to take, one
muft begin to skreen, feparate, and divide the
feveral Kinds we intend to ufe, in order to
be ready upon any occalion required in the
Nurfery, for which this Procefs is defign’d.

The Skreen being made according to the The man-
beft manner of Wire or fine Laths $ it muft
be fet higher or lower, according as one fees
it for Finenefs 5 and whatever comes through,
ought to be mixed with a quarter part of
Melon Earth, and this being near as fine as
Flower, is what 1 call N° 1.

The Skreen being fet more (looping af- N‘ **
fords a fecond coarfer kind, and this is what I _ ,
call N° 2. Sf

The Remainder is N° 3. which being the Earth
rougheft, cloddy Earth, Dung, &c. is yet n» 3.’

an

io& An ESSAY Chap. 2.

an extraordinary Manure to dig in, and im-
prove any barren or poor Land ; but if it
remain in an Heap all the Year, ’twill be as
good when skreen’d the next Year as any of
the Kinds above-mentioned.

I fhall have occafion hereafter to ufe fome
Dw. Dung juft , rotten, or, as we commonly fay,
N. 4.' that fpits like Butter, and this I call N° 4
Care in In moft Cafes in Gard’ning we commonly
keefmg take care to keep fome of the fineft of our
Mould in a Houfe, or fome other Covering,
by which means ’tis always dry and ready for
any Ufe 5 tho’ the turning it out fometimes
to get fome Rain will benefit it much.

I have done with this Article relating to the
preparing Magazines for Cold Heavy Land $
1 fhall only add, that the fame Procefs ought
to be us’d every Year, if you continue Rai-
ling young Trees, and your other Compoft
is expended.

A Magazine of Compoft for a Loofe5
Sandy Ground.

A Maga- Three Load of the Natural Soil, three Load
cmpli Pond Earth, or the Scouring of Ditches,
for Light three Load of ftrong Loamy Earth, and two
Und. Load of Dung.

Method of The fame Method being us’d in Skreening

sheening as was us’d before, we have likewife Maga-
ringlt zme hiQ i. Magazine N° 2. and what we
call the Skreening Magazine N° 3. as was be-
fore, and the Dung N° 4.

I think

Chap. 2. concerning EARTH, &c. 107

I think I need not remember my Reader, confidera-
that the Number of Loads above-mentioned, aufn-
are (imply condder’d as the Proportions of a tit).
proper Mixture 5 but that Quantity ought to
be repeated till one has a fufficient Magazine.

An hundred Load is a condderable Quantity
for a fmall Garden, tho’ I (hall advife rather
Two hundred, inafmuch as the Earth will
take no Hurt, but rather improve by lying.

It ought to be remembred to clear this 7-0 & turn'd
Mould once or twice in a Winter, and once three orf our
or twice in a Summer 3 and to take care that m 41
the Weeds do not grow too much on it, which
they are very apt to do, and -will confequent-
ly condderably eradicate and exhauft the Sali-
fick and Vital part of the Earth.

It may probably be expefted 1 (hould have
added a third and fourth kind of Earth 3 but
this I have purpofely avoided, fince thofe that
condder the Reafons of making thefe, cann't
fail of making a third, <&c. according as the
Nature of their Land requires.

I am not willing to mifs this Opportunity Advice to
of advifing the Country Farmer and Grader theFarmer ,
to the preparing of their Dung-heaps after
this manner. Cnee the common way of fpread-
ing Dung over Land, be it either Arable or
Pafture, can by no means anfwer the End 3
for all Dungs being of a volatile Nature, the
nitrous Parts are the eader exhal'd by the
attra&ive Power of the Sun, and the Dung
itfelf of confequence rendred dry, husky,
and of little ufe.

In

108 A ESSAY Chap. 2.

Farther jn the firft place then, they ought to carry
ire ums. QUt ajj tjie|r Dung, and lay it in great Heaps,
as ufual 3 and then fcour all fuch Ditches and
Ponds, and fleece and pick up all the Dirt,
Mould, or other Improvements they can lay
hands on 3 and if it be cold Land, mix as
much Chalk, Pidgeon’s Dung, Coal-afhes,
Sand, or other hot Dungs, or fuch-like Mate-
rials, and carry them into the Field likewife 3
and at leifure proper times mix and blend
them well together : This I dare affitre
them, will be of much more ufe than the fame
Qpantity of Dung alone, by which means the
Leftal will be confiderably encreas’d both in
Largenefs and Goodnefs. This, however, I
fhall more fully handle in fome enfuing Sub-
jeds, and 1 fhall only obferve, that in hot
and dry Lands this is much more neceffary
than in others.

Concerning Before I quit this Chapter, it will be pro-
1 enewing per t0 add fomething concerning the renew-
out Ground, Mg old, cankry worn-out Ground, common-
ly attended with another Inconvenience as
bad as the former, which is, That it is poi-
foned with Weeds in fuch a manner, as one
can hardly give it room, but attempt at the
carrying it quite(away, and beginning entire-
ly de novo to fill the Space up with better.

An objetli- ’Tis true, this is not much the Cafe in the
on anfwer’ct. Subjed of this Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees 3 but
becaufe the Improvement of Ground in gene-
ral, is what I am at prefent upon, I fhall
lay down the beft Rules I caq : Ic may by

chance

Chap. 2. concerning EARTH., 109

chance happen likewife that there is no great
Choice for the Nurfery, which we are to
dired hereafter, but in fuch Land 3 fo that
we muft take up with this or none.

Having therefore prepar’d a large Maga- The pmefs.
zine, according to the laft Directions, for
that I have always obferv’d there is no Land
fo foon worn-out as Light Sandy Lands,
though Clayey Land be much more intrad-
able 3 yet being of a heavier, clofer Con-
texture, the Saline Particles are not fo vola-
tile as they are in a more Sandy Ground 3
for which reafon ’tis by fome preferr’d before
it, efpecially if dug, or rather trench’d, every
Year at Michaelmas, and laid in Ridges all
the Winter to meliorate 3 which makes it
more than probable that the Sun, which has
its attrading as well as diffufive Power, ( and
this is what Philofophers affirm in Plants,
tho' I don’t remember to have feen it in
this of Earth ) may, and without doubt does,
exhale this Vital Principle of the Earth, and
confequently enervates the Heart of Sandy
Land quicker, becaufe ’tis a loofer and more
arenaceous Body than the other is.

But to return from this long Parenthefis : Farther
Clear away as much as you poffibly can of the ^ep^fefs
Weeds and other Trumpery which have in ;
fome meafure occafion’d this Poverty in the
Soil 3 begin as you do in common Trench-
ing, by opening a large Trench three if not
four Foot wide, and eight or nine Inches
deep.

The

I IO

A farther
Method of
Procefs,

Why fo lit-
tle / aid of
Vun&.

An ESSAY Chap. i.

The Trench being open’d, and the Com-
poft ready at hand, fill the bottom of the
Trench eight or nine Inches thick of it 5
then take up the whole Ground in the next
Trench that is undug in the Natural Ground,
about eight, nine, or ten Inches thick, ( as
has been before advis’d) this fpread hand-
fomly over the Compoft that is laid at the
bottom of the Trench, picking the Weeds
clean out, as alfo Stones, Roots, and other
Incumbrances : Which done, cover that bad
Earth over again with the fame thicknefs
of Compoft, by which means you have three
Beds or Strata's , two of Dung, with the
bad Earth in the middle. And this being
done at the latter end of the Year, viz. a-
bout Michaelmas, there let it remain ’till the
Spring, at which time you may dig the
Ground over .beating, mixing, and working the
Compoft and the other old Mould together,
which by the wafhings of the Rains and
Snows in Winter, is by this time probably
very much improv’d.

It may perhaps be wondred that I have
not faid any thing of Dung, that being gene-
rally efteemed the only Improvement for all
Lands 5 and indeed ’tis what moft People
are fond of, fince if they have Dung enough
they think all is well, and the bufinefs of
Vegetation cann’t poflibly fail of going on,
and efpecially in the repairing of worn-out
Ground.

But

J

Chap. 2. concerning E A R T H_, &C. 1 1 1

But to this I can by no means agree, and
efteem it no otherwife than a good Ingredient
to mix with Earth and other forts of Com-
poft, and to be well blended, mix’d, and
incorporated with them, which being all
confum’d together, makes an excellent Com-
port, fit to receive the beft of Trees, or to
repair the worft of Ground j and this I have
hinted at juft now.

As for the other way, of improving worn-
out Land by Dung only, ( if I dare borrow
the Similitude) tis like the feven Years of
rank good Corn mentioned in Sacred Writ,
which were greedily devoured by the feven
thin and blafted, and they poflibly never
the fuller nor better fed 5 fo thefe forts of
canker’d Earths, tho' they voracioufly and
greedily receive the prolifick Salts of the
Dung into their analogous, vitiated, and
corrupted Stomach and Conftitution, do
not long retain them, but by a kind of
vicious Corrofivenefs foon eat or fpew out
the virtual Qualities of the other 5 whereas
had it been mix’d and incorporated well with
uncorrupted Land, that would have been
the proper Bed and Couch wherein thofe
Salts would have lodg’d themfelves, ’till
the other, by Improvement, fhou’d as it
were leave and forget its own vitiated Na-
ture, and join in concert with the improved

1 xt- ^0r ^le DunS being almoft
all Nitre, it has little or no Retainder to

prevent the Exhalation or Evaporation of

. thofe

112 An ESSAY Chap. 2.

thofe prolifick Spirits, were that the Cafe,
and not the other, as before hinted.

The forego- If the Land be either heavy and worn-out ,

inf estate or and worn-out, the two Magazines
ufed in this which I have recommended will fuit them,
Cafe- from which they may eafily form one of a '
middle quality.

The reafon I have (as may be obferved in the whole
awiLh/Ve Account of Earth , avoided running into
treat num- many Divifions, fince that rather confounds
bers of than inftruds Men in their Bufinefs and
Earths. pr0grefs . an(j having brought it Home, and
particularly applied it to the defigned Spot,

I hope ’twill be of confiderable Ufe.
where to If the Houfe is to be new built upon good
feln at* Turfy Land, ’tis there may be collected very
Quantities great quantities of Earth ^ the like of all
of Mould. Grafs and Gravel-Walks, which Ihould be
fleec’d and laid up ^ and if this be frelh,
good Land, and not very heavy, mixing with
a little Dung will make it excellently good 5
tho’ for Foreft-Trees, I mean when planted
in the open Park, there does not feem to be
much occafion, befides the impofiibility of
getting fuch quantities of Dung as will make
a fufficient Mixture 5 but for Kitchen-Gar-
dens, and if there be any Flowers and Greens,
there ought to be a particular and careful
Provifion, as well as when we raife young
Plants in a Nurfery : But this ’tis probable
I may at fome other time enlarge upon.

I have been the plainer on this, on ac-
count of the Ufe it is to the Country Planter 5

and 1

Chap. 2. concerning EARTH, &fc. I 1 3

and the nice Speculations of this Earthy Pro-
vince are fo brightly handled by Mr. Evelyn ,
that there is fcarce room to fay any more on
this Subjed.

The Reader may perhaps wonder 1 have
not been more particular, lince there are
many forts of Earth, and much more might be
faid on this Subjed. The Truth of which
I confefs : But it mull be obferv’d, that this
is only for the common Ufes of Railing Forell:-
Trees ; and that when I come to the nicer
parts of Gard’ning, there fhall be at the
commencement of every fuch Treatife Di-
redions for the compofing of Earths fuitable
thereto.

Vol, I. t AN

37

A: N

E S S A Y

CONCERNING

Water, Rain, Snow, See.

—

CHAP. III.

water a “IT TjT TAT E R being alfo another ve-
Coejjicient \/\J ry great Agent, or rather Co-
'tiJf *" ; ^ efficient in the bufinefs of Vege-

tation, I have found my felfy oblig’d (in
purfuance of the Method I have propos’d
to follow) to give fome General Account
of it.

Rain-wa- Rain-Water is certainly the belt to be
1% the preferr’d 5 and that not only on account
of the Eafe by which we en joy this Bleffing,
but alfo on the very inherent Nature of it,
and the Manner in which it falls down upon
the Earth $ but I ffiall remark fotnething of

the

Chap. 3 . An E S. S. A Y., &-c. 1 1 5

the Original and Generation of Raw, before
I launch' into its Nature.

And this is generally underfrood to be how Rain
the crude Vapours of the Earth, but efpecial-'J' tenier’tl>
1 y of the Sea, elevated by the attractive
Power of the Sun, and wafted by the Winds
into the Aerial Regions 5 by which Sublima-
tion, and the Rarefying and Virtual Quali-
ties of the Sun and Air, the Crudities are
expeli’d, and thefe. Waters conferv’d in the
Celeftial Treafuries of the Clouds, ’till by
Providence appointed to defcend upon the
Earth for the Good of Mankind.

In one of the following Chapters rela-
ting to the Virtual and attractive Power
of the Sun, I {hall have occafion to fay more
of the Generation of Rain 3 fo that I lhall
be the fhorter in this, and only endeavour
to give a particular Account how thefe Clouds ,
are fufpended 5 fince by their own Weight
and Preffure it may be thought impoffible
they Ihould obferve or be guided by fuch
. admirable Laws that Providence has prefcribed
them.

The Generation of Rain being then from
the Vapours of the Sea, and the Humidities
of the Land, &c. and being wafted by the
Air, by Pulfion or Attraction, as will here-
after be more particularly defcribed $ ’twill
be very eafie to conceive how they are eleva-
ted higher and higher, and in what manner
they fufpend and hang in the Air.

I 2

When

ii 6 An ESSAY Chap. 3.

When they are drawn up a confiderable
height, the Strength of the Air that is under,
and which is ftill greater and greater, and
undulating by its Motion this way, that way,
and the other, ( they rife gradually through
the Air $ ) and this is very plainly demonftra-
ble, from the Paper-Kites that School-Boys
ufe in their Diverfions, which being elevated
fixteen or eighteen Yards, rife eafier, and with
greater celerity 5 and the longer their Line
is, ftill the better ^ fince the higher they ad-
vance, the ftronger and better they fly. But
to thefe Vapours :

When they arrive into the higher Regions
of the Air, the Frigidity thereof foon aggre-
gates and condenfes them into Bodies and
Clouds, which are blown here and there,
but are ftill fufpended, ‘till the genial Difpo-
fition of the Sun, or the natural Warmth,
Humidity, and Rarefaction of the Air re-
leafes them from their Imprifonment.

There is a Difpute between the Philofo-
phers, whether Nubis or Nebula be of the
fame ’Difpofition ? By the firft, I under-
hand that general Cloud of Darknefs that
very often intercepts the Sun from our
View ^ and by the other, thofe fmaller fly-
ing Clouds that are difcoverable in a Sun-
fhiny Day.

Some of them affirm, that That general ■
Cloud we underhand by the Word Nubis, is
of a heavier, thicker, and clofer Difpofition,
not unlike a large Body compos’d of Flakes

ol

Chap. 3. concerning WATER, &c. 1 1 7

of Snow, while the other is only compos’d of
Aqueous or Watry Particles 3 but be it which
it will. Clouds are by moft Naturalifts not
improperly call’d the Mother of Rain, Bo-
dies wherein are gendered that ufeful and re-
frelhing Meteor.

There is fome room to difpute whether of Dews.
Dews ever congregate together into thofe
Bodies, but only as they are elevated by the
Sun 3 fo when that Power is gone, as is the
Cafe after Sun-fet, then they immediately
defcend 3 and this is more obfervable in warm
Weather, and in very hot Countries.

From whence Pliny (a) remarks, that Jfri- A Remark
ca is memorable for the great Dews that fall ^ Pim> s'
in the middle of the Summer : But in other
colder Countries, where Rains are more com-
mon, Dews are not. But to quit thefe Enqui-
ries, which will infenfibly draw me beyond
my Purpofe, I proceed to Rains, <&c.

In this lucid and watry Body (be it either The nature
Rain or Pond-Water) ’tis certain there are °f water.
two diftind Properties or Species 3 the one
ferving for the Diffolution of the Salts
of the Earth 3 and the other a Terreft ri-
al Matter it meets with in its Sublimation,
which may not improperly be called Salt or
Nitre itfelf, both which are of excellent Ufe
in the Bufinefs I am upon.

And it has been the Obfervation of fome An obfer-
Ingenious Perfons, that the Fertility of ihev‘tt,on'

(a) Plin.Nat. Hid. lib. 2. cap. 6 2.

1 3

Land

1 1 8 An ESSAY Chap. 3.

Land in and about London is npt altogether
owing to the Nature of the Soil, and what
Improvements they add by fpread in g Manure
oyer it, but to the Sulphureous Particles that
afcend from this great Metropolis into the
Air 3 after which Sublimation and Incorpora-
tion with the Aqueous Bodies, there they are
flript of their fiery Nature, and defcend and
fertilize the Lands that lie underneath 3 and
this, fay they, feems to be the reafon that the
Lands Eaftward of the City are richer than
thofe YVeftward, inafmuch as the Weft Winds
being more general in that Pofition, bear them
Eaftward, where being wafh'd down by the
Rain, they fertilize the Earth in a very won-
derful manner.

Different There appears to have been fome Difputes
‘to’thTna- among Naturaiifts, from what it is that Plants
tare and particularly receive their Nutriment 3 the
v[e of v/a- Antients feem to opine, that the Earth only
was the Matter that conftituted all Vegetables
as well as Animal Bodies 3 and that Water,
&c. ferv’d only for the Conveyance and Di-
ftribution of that Matter, in order to the
forming and compoGng of them.

But fome of the Moderns have aferibed it
(perhaps with too much Hafte) all to Water 3
My Lord and my Lord Bacon is of the Opinion, (B)
Of Bhat for the Nourifiment of Vt egetahles, the Wa-
ter u all in all 3 and that Earth doth hut keep

{b) Lord BaconV Nat.- H\ ft. Cent. 5. -§. 41 r.

the

Chap. 3. concerning Wa TER, &c. 1 19

the Plant upright, and Jave it from the Extre-
mities either of Heat or Cold : And others
will have it to be the Principle and Ingredi-
ent of all Natural Things, and run into
innumerable Arguments to that Purpofe.

Thefe I fliall pafs over $ and from the correct
Experiments of Dr .Woodward, in the I rafts of
the Royal Society (fi), Ihall lay down the true
Nature of Water 5 and fince his Arguments
are almoft beyond Difpute,and his Works fuch
as would otherwife lie buried among the Vo-
luminous Works of that Society, I Ihall here
lay them before my Reader.

Anno 1691, (fays this Ingenious Author) I The manner
chofe feveral Glafs Vials, that were all,
near as poffible, of the fame Shape and Big- perimunt.
jiefs. After I had put what Water I thought
fit into every one of them, and taken an Ac-
count of the Weight of it, I {train’d and tied
over the Orifice of each Vial a piece of Parch-
ment, having an Hole in the middle of it,
lage enough to admit the Stem of the Plant I
defigned to fet in the Vial, without confining
or Jlraightning it fo as to impede its Growth,

My Intention in this, was to prevent the en-
clofed Water from evaporating or afcending
any other Way than only through the Plant
to be fet therein. Then I made choice of fe-
veral Sprigs of Mint, and other Plants, that
were, as near as I could poflibly judge, alike

(c) Fbilofoph.Tranf. for June 1699. N° 259.

1 4 frefi>

J20 An ESSAY Chap, g,

frejh, found, and lively. Having taken the
Weight of each, I plac'd it in a Vial, ordered
as above j and as the Plant imbibed and drew
off the Water, I took care to add more of the
fame from time to time, keeping an Account
of the Weight of all I added. Each of the
Glades, were for better DiJlinBion, and the
more eafie keeping a Regifier of all Circum-
ftances, noted with a different Mark or Let-
ter, A, B, C, &c. and all fet in a Row in the
the fame Window, in fuch manner that all
might partake alike of Air, Light, and Sun.
Thus they continued from July the Twenti-
eth to OBober the Fifth, which was juft Se-
venty-feven Days. Then I took them out,
weighed the Water in each Vial, and the
Plant likewife, adding to its Weight that of
all the Leaves that had fallen off during the
Time it ftood thus. And laftly, I computed
how much each Plant had gain'd, and how
much Water was fpent upon it. The Parti-
culars are as follow.

Spear-Mint A. Common Spear -Mint fet it Spring-Water.
The Plant weighed, when put in July 27,

water, juft 27 Grains 5 when taken forth OBob. 5.
42 Grains. So that in this Space of 77 Days
it had gained in weight 1 5 Grains.

The whole Quantity of Water expended,
during thefe 77 Days, amounted to 2558
Grains. Confequently the Weight of the
Water taken up was 1 70r-f. times as much as
the Plant had got in Weight.

The

12 I

Chap. 3. concerning WATER, &c.

The Weighti The Wt. of
of the Plant the Pl.when
when firft Itak’n again t
fet in Water, out o t thi
lWater,

The Wt.jThe Wt. ofjThe proportion of

Kain'd by .the War. ex- the Increafe of the
le Plant'pended upon Plant to the Ex-
ejduring th’^the Plant, pence of the Wa-

77 Days, I 'ter.

gr- gr. gr. gr.

27 42 15 2558 As 1 to

l7°rV.

B. Common Spear-Mint : Rain-Water. The Speir-Minc
Mint weigh’d, when put in, gr. 281-5 when ft* in Ram*
taken out gr. 454, having gain’d in 77 Days Water'
gr. *74-.

The Difpendium of the Water gr. 3004,
which was 17144 times as much as the Plant
had received in Weight.

gr. gr. gr. gr.

28? 454 174 3004 As 1 to

1 7 iff.

C. Common Spear-Mint : Thames Water. Spear-Mint
The Plant when put in gr. 28. when taken

forth gr. 54. So that in 77 Days it had
gain’d gr. 26.

The Water expended amounted to gr. 2493,
which was 9544 times as much as the additio-
nal Weight of the Mint.

gT- gr- gr. gr.

28 54 2 6 2493 As 1 to

9544-*

D. Common Solanum, or Kigbt-jhade : Spring- Night-
vcater. The Plant weighed when put in, fjgpring-

gr. 49 3 water.

122 4n ESSAY Chap. 5.

gr. 4 9$ when taken out 106, having gain’d
in 77 Days 57 gr.

The Water expended during the faid time
was 3708 gr. which was 65-4 times as much
as the Augment of the Plant.

This Specimen had feveral Buds upon it,
when firft fet in the Water. Thefe, in fome
Days, became fair Flowers , which were at
length fucceeded by Bernes.

The WeightThe Wt. ofiThe Wt.]The Wt. of
©f the Plant the Pl.when gain’d by the Wat. ex-
when firft tak’n againjthe Plantjpended upon
in Wa- out of the during th’ithc Plant,
ter. Water, I77 Days,

The Proportion of
the Increafeofthe
Plant to the Ex-
pence of the Wa-
ter,

gr. gr. gr. gr.

49 106 57 3708 As 1 to

654.

Lathyris E. Lathy ris, feu Cataputia Gerh. Spring-
ry :n Water. It weighed, when put in, gr. 98.

Water, when taken forth, gr. 1014. The additional

Weight for this whole 77 Days being but
gr- 34-

The Quantity of Water fpent upon it du-
ring that time, gr. 2501, which is 714* times
as much as the Plant was augmented.

gr.

ioi4

gr. gr.

3I 2501 As 1 to
7i 4r-

Several other Plants were tried, that did not
thrive in Water , or fucceed any better than

the

Chap. 3. concerning Wa T E R, &c.

the Cataputia foregoing : But ’tis befide
my Purpofe to give a particular Account
of them here.

F,G. Thefe two Vials were till’d, the former
(F) with Rain, the other with Spring-water ,
at the fame time as thofe above-mentioned
were, and flood as long as they did. But
they had neither of them any Plant 3 my De-
fign in thefe being only to inform myfelf
whether any Water exhaled out of the Glaffes
otherwife than thro ' the Bodies of the Plants.
The Orifices of thefe two Glaffes were cover’d
with Parchment, each piece of it being per-
forated with an Hole of the fame Bignefs with
thofe of the Vials above. In this I fufpended
a bit of Stick about the Thicknefs of the
Stem of one of the aforefaid Plants, but not
reaching down to the Surface of the inclu-
ded Water. I put them in thus, that the
Water in thefe might not have more Scope to
evaporate than that in the other Vials. Thus
they flood the whole 77 Days in the fame
Window with the reft 3 when, upon Exami-
nation, I found none of the Water in thefe
wafted or gone off, tho' I obferV’d both in
thefe and the reft, efpecially after hot Wea-
ther, fmall Drops of Water, not unlike Dew,
adhering to the Infides of the Glaffes , that
part of them I mean that was above the Sur-
face of the enclofed Water.

The Water in thefe two Glaffes that had no
Plants in them, at the end of the Experiment

exhibited

124 ESSAY Chap. 3.

exhibited a larger Quantity of Terrefirial
Matter than that in any of thofe that had the
Plants in them did. The Sediment at the
Bottom of the Vials was greater ^ and the
Nubecula diffus’d thro’ the Body of the Water
thicker. And of that which was in the others ,
fome of it proceeded from certain fmall heaves
that had fallen from that part of the Stems of
the Plants that was within the Water, where-
in they rotted and dijfolved. The Terrejlri-
al Matter in the Rain-Water was finer than
that in the Spring-Water.

Anno 1692. The Glaffes made ufe of in
this were of the fame fort of thofe in the
former Experiment , and cover’d over with
Parchment in like manner. The Plants here
were all Spear-mint, the mod kindly, frelh,
fprightly Shoots I could chufe. The Water and
Plants were weighed, as above ^ and the Vials
fet in a line in a South Window , where they
Hood from June the 2d to July the 28th,
which was juft 5 6 Days.

Mint in H. Hyde-Park Conduit-Water alone. The
Hyde-Park Mint weighed, when put in, 127 gr. when
water!'" taken out, 255 gr. The whole Quantity of
Water expended upon this Plant amounted to
14190 gr.

This was all along a very kindly Plant ,
and had run up to above two Foot in Height.
It had fnot but one confiderable Collateral
Branch $ but had fent forth many long Roots ,
from which fprung very numerous tho’ fmall

and

Chap. 3. concerning WATER, &c. 125

and (hort letter Fibres : Thefe lefler Roots came
out of the larger on two oppofite fides, for
the rnofl part ^ fo that each Root, with its
Fib nil appear’d not unlike a fmall Feather.

To thefe Fibrill a adher’d pretty much Ter-
reftrial Matter. In the Water, which was
at laft thick and turbid, was a Green Sub-
fiance refembling a fine thin Conferva.

The Weight|The Wt. of
of the Plant thePl. when g
when firft (taken again
fet in Wa-out of the
ter, IWater,

The Wt. The Wt. of
gain’d by the Wat. ex-
the Plantjpended upon
during th*lthe Plant,

$6 Days, |

The Proportion of
the Increafe of the
Plant to the ex-
pence of the Wa-
ter,

gr-

127

gr.

255

gr.

128

gr-

14190

As 1 to
1104-14

I. The fame Water alone. The Mint
weighed, when putin, no gr. when taken
out 249. Water expended 13 140 gr.

This Plant was as kindly as the former, but
had Ihot no Collateral Branches. Its Roots,
the Water, and the Green Subfiance all as
much as in the former.

gr.

no

gr-

249

gr- gr.

13 9 13140 As 1 to

K. FFyde-Park Conduit-Water, in which Hyde-Park
was diffolved an Ounce and half of Common
Garden Earth. The Mint weighed, when mixed with
put in, 76 gr. when taken out 244 gr. Wa- harden
ter expended gr. 1072 1.

This

Mould .

1 16

An ESSAY Chap 3.

This Plant, tho’ it had the misfortune to
be annoyed with many finall InfeSts that hap-
pen’d to fix upon it, yet had (hot very con-
fiderable Collateral Branches, and at leaft as
many Roots as that in H, or I, which had
a much greater Quantity of Terrefirial Mat-
ter adhering to the Extremities of them.
The fame Green Subfiance here, that was in
the two preceding.

The Weight
of the Plant
when firft
fet in Wa-
ter,

The Wt. ofiThe
the Pl.when
t^ken again
out of the
Water,

Wt
gain’d by
the Plant
during the
f6 Days,

The Wt. of
the Water
expend ed
upon the
Plant,

The Proportion
of the Increafe of
the Plant to the
Expence of the
Water,

gr. gr.

76 244

gr. gr.

1 68 10731

gr..

As 1 to

63 44i.

L. Hy de-Park Water , with the fame
Quantity of Garden Mould as in the former.
The Mint weigh’d, when put in, 92 gr.
when taken out 376 gr. The Water ex-
pended 149 50 gr.

This Plant was far more flourifinng than
any of the preceding, had feveral very con-
fiderable Collateral Branches , and very nu-
merous Root's, to which Terrefirial Matter
adher’d very copioully.

The Earth in both thefe Gaffes was very
fenfibly and confiderably wafied, and lefs than
when firft put in. The, fame fort of Green
Subfiance here, as in thofe above.

The

12?

Chap. 3. concerning Wa T E R, &c.

The Weight The Wr. of
of the Plant thePl.when
when firft taken again
fet in Wa- out of the
ter, Water,

[The Wt.
gain’d by
the PJ.du-
ring the
Days,

The Weight
©f the Water
expended
upon the
Plant,

The Propertion
of the Increafc of
the Plant to the
Expence of the
Water,

gr. gr. gr. gr.

92 376 284 14950 As 1 to

M. Hyde-Park Water, dijlill'd off with a Hyde-r^rs
gentle Stiff. The Mint weigh’d, when put in,

114 gr. when taken out 155. The Water
expended 8803 gr.

This Plant was pretty kindly, had two fmall
Collateral Branches, and feveral Roots, tho*
not fo many as that in H, or I, but as much
Terreftrial Matter adhering to them as thofe
had. The Water was pretty thick, having
very numerous fmall Jerrefirial Particles
fwimming in it, and fome Sediment at the
bottom of the Glafs. This Glafs had none
of the Green Matter above-mentioned in it.

gr-

gr.

gr.

gr.

ill

1 5 5

4i

8803

As 1 to

2I4tt.

N.

The Refidue of

the Water which re

main’d in the Still after that in M was
diftili’d off. It was very turbid, and as
high-colour’d ( reddifh ) as ordinary Beer.
The Mint weigh’d, when put in, 81 gr.
when taken out 175 gr. Water expended

+344

128 An ESSAY Chap. 3*

4544 gr. This Plant was very lively, and
had fent out fix Collateral Branches , and
feveral Roots.

[ The Weight of the Plant, the Weight of the Water, and
the Proportion of the Increafe, ( according to the pre-
ceding Method ) ftands thus : 3 *

gr. gr. gr. gr.

81 175 9 4 4344 As 1 to

4^4-

nyde-Park O. Hyde-Park Conduit-water, in which
Conduit- yrjjg diffolv’d a Drain of Nitre. The
ZlZtT' Mint fet in this, luddenly began to wither
Nitre. and decay, and died in a few Days $ as
likewife did two more Sprigs, that were fet
in it, fucceflively. In another Glafs I dif-
folved an Ounce of good Garden Mould and
a Dram of Nitre ^ and in a third, half an
Ounce of Wood- Apes, and a Dram of Nitre :
but the Plants in thefe fucceeded no better
than in the j owner. In other Glafles I dif-
folved feveral other forts of Earths, Clays,
Maries, and variety of Manures, &c. I fet
Mint in diftill'd Mint-water, and other Ex-
periments I made of feveral kinds, in order
to get Light and Information what hajtend
or retarded, pro?noted or impeded Vegetation : 1
But thefe do not belong to the Head J am i

now upon. .

Hyde-Park p Hyde-Park Conduit-water. In this I

wZteTmix- fix’d a Glafs -Tube about ten Inches long, the
ed with the Bore about one fixth of an Inch in Dia-

Sand in a niCtCr.

Tubs.

1

Chap. 3. concerning Water, &t. 129

meter, fill’d with very fine and white Sand ',
which I kept from falling down out of the
Tube into the Vial, by tying a thin piece of
Silk over that end of the Tube that was
downwards. Upon Immerfion of the lower
end of it into the Water, this by little and
little afcended quite to the upper Orifice of
the Tube. And yet, in all the fifty-fix Days
which it flood thus, a very inconfider-
able quantity of Water had gone off, viz.
fcarcely twenty Grains, tho’ the Sand con-
tinued moifi up to the Top ’till the very laft.

The Water had imparted a Green Tincture
to the Sand, quite to the very Top . of the
Tube, and in the Vial it had precipitated a
Greenip Sediment, mix’d with Black. To the
bottom and fides of the Tube, as far as ’twas
immerfed in the Water, adher’d pretty much
of the Green Subjlance defcrib’d above. Other-
like Tubes I fill’d with Cotton, Lint, Pith of
Elder, and feveral other porous Vegetable Sub-
fiances,^ fetting fome of them in clear Water 3
others in Water ting’d with Saffron, Cochineal ,

&c. And feveral other Trials were made,
in order to give a Mechanical Reprefentation of
the Motion and Difinbution of the Juices in
Plants $ and of fome other Phenomena ob-
fervable in Vegetation, which I lhall not give
the Particulars of here, as being not of Ufe
to my ^refent Dejign,

Q_, R, S, &c. Several Plants fet in Vials,
order d in like manner as thofe above, in
October, and the following colder Months ;

Vo 1, I. K thefe

130 An ESSAY Chap. 3.

thefe throve not near fo much , nor did the
Water afcend in nigh the Quantity it did in
the hotter Seafo7is in which the before-recited
Trials were made.

Thus far this Ingenious Author. I now
proceed to demonftrate,

The fever al That this Lucid Body of Rain (and other
virtues of Water) does Mot only dilfolve the Salts that
are in the Earth, but likewife (as common
Experience {hews) cools, and, as it were,
balneates and bathes the Cortex or Skin of all
Plants and Vegitables, and by a kind of Re-
laxation caufes the Sap to prefs more freely
up, and confequently the Tree to grow and
{hoot the better : And this directs us in the
common Praftice of that Method of fprinkling
our Trees with an Engine, which has this
Effect, as well as the walhing Caterpillars and
other Vermin from the Leaves and Bodies
thereof.

vlteTwa' "-^he fame that is fa id of Rain, may in fome
te/. " meafure be faid of Water impregnated with
Dungs, and warm’d by the Genial Rays of
the Sun, I mean as to its EfFefts in the
Ground in the Diffolution of the Salts, as
well as the Salts that defcend down with
them, but is not indeed to be ufed in fprink-
ling, but rather clear warm Water.

Tke'Belt. If one would chufe the firft, it ought to be

fome Pond, the bottom whereof is fill’d with
all forts of Dung $ but Pidgeon and Sheep-
Dung is very excellent, provided there be not

too

Chap, g . concerning WATER, &ct i 3 1

too much : If to this be added the Walking of
Horfes, &c. ’tis ftill the better 5 but of this
one fhould only take the Top, leaving the
Dregs Hill remaining at the Bottom : And to
make this Pond the better, it ought to be
plac’d fo as the Walhing of the Hills may
defcend down into it.

If the other 3 let it be an open clear YVa- Water for
ter, lying juft in the Face of the South and s?rink!if,&
Eafl Suns, which exhilarate and warm it 5
and if it be at the Foot or Conflux of fome
Hills, it is ftill the better, fince Rain-water
is efteem’d more proper for thefe Purpofes
than any other fort of Water.

Snow may not improperly be rank’d with of Snow,
Rain, it being indeed no other than Rain'PA^**
congeal’d by the Frigidity of the Air, but is
fuppos’d to abound with falifick and fertile
Particles as much or more than Rain 3 how-
ever, ’tis reckon’^ more ponderous, and fo
finks deeper into the Ground than Rain, and
therefore of more benefit, in fome Cafes to
Planting, (which will by and by follow)

I mean Foreft-Trees, than any thing yet
mention’d 3 on which account fome are fo
careful as to lay Heaps of Snow round the
Foot of their Foreft-Trees, efpecialiy in hot
burning Lands 3 but this is what cann’t be
expefted in great Plantations.

Thefe Meteors, as they are of univerfal Ufe
to the World, do in many refpefts require our
Thoughts. One of our greateft Poets (peaks
of them after the pleafing manner following :

K 2 Eove,

An ESSAY., &>c. Chap. 3.

Now, like a healing Balm, difiilling Rains
Cement t If Earth's (founds, and cure the gaping

[Plains :

With all their fibrous Mouths the Riant s &Trees
Drink their fweet Juices, & their Thirfi appeafe:

1 he rifing Sap thrufls forth her tender Bud,

And crowns with verdant Honours all the Wood.

And fuch did God Almighty efteem the
Benefit of it to us, that he made it one of the
Covenants of our Obedience 5 If ( fays he.
Lev. xxvi. 4. ) ye walk in my Statutes, and
keep my Commandments, and do them 3 then l
will give you Rain in due feafon, and the Lands
fit all yield her encreafie, and the Trees of the
Field fit all yield their Fruit, and your Thrafbing
fiball be unto the Vintage, and the Vintage Jhall
reach unto the Sowing-time, and ye Jhall eat
your Bread to the full, and dwell in your Land
J'afely.

In fhort. Where does the divine Goodnefs of
Providence appear more than here } And what
is there of all his Works that calls for a more
grateful tribute of Thanks ? Befides, we are
allured, That this Negled was one thing that
drew down the Vengeance of God upon the
Jews, as Jeremiah teififieth, ch. v. 24. Neither
jay they in their hearts, Let us now fear the Lord
our God, thatgiveth Rain, both the former and
latter in his feafon ; he referveth unto us the
appointed Weeks oJ Harvefi. To him therefore
that gives Rain on the Earth, and fendeth Wa-
ters upon the Fields , be everlafting Praife.

A N

Chap. 4.

*33

A N

ESS

Concerning the P 0 W E R of the

SUN, AIR, &c.

CHAP. IV.

THE SUN, (fays Pliny, lib.r. cap.5.) of the
Eft Animus & Mens Munch, with feve- Sun-
ral other general allufive Terms dif-
covering the wonderful Attributes of this Sa-
lutary Planet : And indeed, of all the Powers
that co-operate together in Vegetation, this
may be worthily affirm’d the Chief, the Pa-
rens Natures, and the Pnmum Mobile of all
Vegetative Motion.

Amongft the variety of Accounts given by
Philofophers concerning this Luminary, as its
Diftance, Magnitude, &c. 1 fhall only chufe
to fpeak of two things, as properly relating

to

1^4 An ESSAY concerning the Chap, 4.

to our prefent Purpofe ^ I mean, its Attractive
and Diffulive Power, in regard to Man, to
Plants and Trees, and the Earth on which
they germinate, flourish and grow.

Toe Aura- As for the Attractive Virtue of the Sun,
f/YbeSan. h is n»where more confpicuous and intel-
ligible, than in the Exhalation of thofe crude
and unwholfome Vapours with which the
Earth is fometimes in felted which if fuf-
fer’d to remain long, wou'd of courfe fuffo-
cate all that is upon the face of it, and leave
it a molt miferable Defart : Befides, that by
the Sublimation of thofe crude and noxious
Vapours, (as has before been obferv’d) and
their Rarefaction preliminary to their Deten-
tion and Dillribution, a fecond Agent is form’d
for the refrefhing the Earth } I mean Rain ,
of which I have already fpoke ; an Afiiltant,
which tho’ of lei’s account, is of great con-
fequence in Vegetation : To this may be ad-
ded the Attraction of Plants, which in them
creates a kind of Emulation which lhall
afpire the falteft, and as it were touch the
Aereal Region firlt.

Attraction, But ^nce J am uPon Attraction, it may be
whqt, requilite I (hould fay fomething of the Word
itfelf, and the Nature and EffeCts of it 5 fince
Attraction, properly fo fpeaking, is a Quellion
that hath been much debated amongft the
Philofophers ^ and perhaps moft of thofe
EffeCts, which the Antients, not knowing fo
well the Caufes of, did ufe to attribute to
Attraction, may now be very well folv’d by

Pulfion,

Chap. 4. Power of the Slltt, &c.

Pulfion. Of this Bernouli, in his Book
De Gravitate JEtheris, Printed at Amfterdam
in Sm in the Year 1683, gives a particular
Account.

However, the word is {till us’d by good.
Naturalifts, and in particular by the Inge-
nious Sir ifaac Newton , in his Principia, &cc.
Tho’ in all his Writings he ufes it in a Ma-
thematical, rather than a Phyfical Sence.

But to apply particularly to the Cafe in
hand : When the Surface of the Sea, &c.
is divided by the Heat of the Sun, and the
Power of the Air, their Afcenfion through
the Atmofphere either through the Rarefadion
of the Air by the Sun, (as is the Cafe in a
warm ferene Day) by which means thofe
Particles mount, probably, by the attradive
Power of the Sun, ( in the fame manner as
the inconceivable Power of the Load (tone
attrads Bodies to it felf) or otherwife by the
Refpiration of this Terraqueous Globe,
which in this cafe may be fupposd to ad like
the Body Natural 5 or elfe that the Air being
rarefied by the Beams of the Sun, as above
mention’d, does by the Gravitation of its
pwn Body in general, ( fince Quantity will
over-balance Quality) by Pulfion, force
thofe humid Vapours upwards through thofe
Beams or Rays of Light, which are as fo
many Tubes or Pipes for their eafie Palfage,
Afcefion, and Conveyance : Or otherwife,
if thefe Vapours are conveyed by the Undu.
latiofl of the Air, in a Perpendicular rather

K 4 than

*35

An ESSAY concerning the Chap. 4.

than Radiant manner, through the Rays and
Beams of Light, as before mention'd. Be
it which it will, I fay, the Sun is the Prime
Agent in this Affair -y and the whole Procefs
•is either Attraction, Pulfion, or Refpiration,
forwarded by its Virtual Power.

That the Rarefaftion of Air by Heat, is a
great help to A tt raft ion, or Pulfion, is dif-
coverable by Mr. Savory's Fire-Engine, where
the Heat cannot be faid either to force or
attraft the Water ^ but by its Rarefying
Quality lightens the Air that is in the Bipe
to fuch a degree, that the ./Equilibrium is
loft, and the Impulfe or Prelfure of the Air
Without, forces the Water to that great Height
that is obferved in the Operation.

In like manner a common Drinking-Glafs,
with a little fcrip of Paper burning and fuming
put into it, turn’d up immediately and put
upon a Plate of Water, will, as one wou’d
think, fuck it up into the Glafs $ when in-
deed 'tis only the Outward Prelfure, and the
Inward Weaknefs of the Air to refill, ( being
purified by Heat ) that is the truth of this
Experiment : For, on the contrary, if the
fame Drinking-Glafs were to be plung’d into
a Bafon of Water as high as the very Foot
of it, yet the Water that is in the Bafon fhall
not enter into the Glafs, ’till the Air, lofing
its own ftrength, or rather infinuating and
incorporating itfelf with the Water, lofes its
own force : So forcible is Air $ which yet
the Unthinking part of Mankind fcarce ever

Chap. 4. Power of the SUN, &c. 137

fpend a thought about, except it blow fo ve-
hemently that they cann’t poffibly Hand on
their Feet, or that their Houfes are likely
to tumble down upon their Heads. But thus
much of what the Antients call Attraction,
which is in many Cafes folv’d by Pulfion, or
the Preffure and Elaftick Power of the Air,
rather than by the Attractive Power of the
Sun.

That the Vapours of the Seas, Rivers, Heat, the
Lakes, and all the Humidities of the Ground, ^traSion.
are thus drawn up, there is fufficient Ocu-
lar Demonftration : And that Heat is an A-
gent therein, is deducible from the Experi-
ment of one of our greateft Modern Natu-
ral ills, (a) who taking a Vefiel full of Wa-
ter four Inches deep, and feven and -A in
diameter, and having warm’d the Water to
fuch a degree as he fuppos’d the Air might
do it in fome of the hotteft Months, by
weighing, he found that in about two Hour’s
time there was almoft half an Ounce eva-
porated, altho’ there was no appearance of
any Reek or Smoke, neither did the Water,
upon the dipping in of the Finger, feem
warm 5 from which it may be collected,
that in twenty four Hours there would be
fix Ounces out of that fmall Superficies of
Water.

The Oxford Society have carried this Ex-
periment yet farther j for they fuppofing that

(V) Mr, Halley, in Fhilofoph. Tranf. Olf.&i Sept. 16SS.

a Foot

1 3$ An ESSAY concerning the Chap. 4,

a Foot Cubical of Water weighs 76 lb. which
Foot containing 1728 Cubick Inches, and
divided in the 76 lb. gives 4 an Ounce and
13 4. Grains, which is the weight of an Inch
Cubick in Water : The Weight therefore of
the 233 Grains is 4yf, or 35 Parts of a Cu-
bick Inch divided by 38. The Area then of
a Cirple wjiofe Diameter is 7 Inches and up-
wards, is above 49 Square Inches 3 by which
if you divide the Quantity of Water carry ’d
off jn Vapours ji Parts of an Inch, the Pro-
duct is tt4"4> or 77: From whence it appears
t^at there was 53 Parts of an Inch wafted
in that Experiment. A plain Proof how
great a Quantity may be carried off in great-
er Dimen fions of Water, even enough to fup-
ply all Rains, Dews, &c.

The Viffu- Rut when one comes to fpeak of the Dif-

^ the Sun ^u^ve Power of the San, befides the Light
it conveys to thefe Sublunary Regions, (with-
out which Mankind would grovel and wan-
der in the Dark, and all the Joy and Pleafure
of this Life be dull and difmal) how does
it by its Genial and Chearful Rays exhila-
rate the Vegetable part of the Creation, and
make Nature itfelf to fmile !

It influences deep Grounds, by warming
and chearing the Pores of the Earth, when
dilated and fodden by too much Wet 3 and
gladdens it, putting the emulgent Fibre on
feeking its Food : The Surface it helps, by
difpelling or attrafting the Vapours that
Would othervvife make it noxious, darts it’s

Beams

Chap. 4. Power of the Sun., &*c. i 39

Beams on the Rofcid, Creeping Vegetable,
and its Wings over the top of the exalted Ce-
dar. This, among other Contemplations of
the Divine Pfalmift, probably drew that Se-
raphick Exultation, How wonderful are thy
Works, O Lord l in Wifdom hajl thou form'd
them all 3 thou haft, made Sun and Moon, &c.

To be more particular: TheS«« warms ne Method
and heats the Ground, and by his power- 0fe~
ful Influence helps to diflolve the latent Salts,
and prepare them for the Inhibition or Su-
dion of the Fibres, which, by the fame
Genial Force are in action to look out their
Food, exhales all fuperfluous Moifture, and
by its Vital Heat comforts the dilated Pores
thereof. The early Dews, which would o-
therwife have a difmal Effect in rotting, ra-
ther than refrelhing the Plant, is by this
means diffus’d and prefs'd into the very
Nerves and other analogous Parts of it, (and
all Superfluities, as before mentioned) or
exhal’d from it 3 the Boughs, Branches,

Leaves, and Fruit have the Benefit of this
Influential Power, and by it the Air is qua-
lified, which would otherwife flop the very
Courfe of Nature by its Frigidity 3 and in-?
deed ’tis hard to find any thing in the whole
Cycle of Botanology that has not an im-
mediate Share of this virtual and diffufive
Good.

It is plain almoft to a Demonftration, that The 0c'*-
the Strength of Heat that is found in Val -^Zengtl^f
leys and Low Grounds, proceeds not only Heat in low

from Qromds-

140 An ESSAY concerning the Chap. 4.

from the little Quantity of Air that lies
therein, but alfo from the Refra&ion of the
Sun’s Rays from neighbouring Hills, which
being penn’d up, as it is in fome Places, in
a perfect Circle, can find no Vent for its In-
tenfenefs, efpecially if to that be added a
Gravelly Bottom, which reflexes the Heat
with more Violence ftill: But this will be
more fully fpoke to when we come to Fruit,
Fruit-Walls, &c.

Generalise- The Benefits of the Sun is what is daily

Mfa«>fthefetn an(j feit by every Animal and Vegetable,
as well as Rational $ but whether the Sun
has any Afliftance as to its own Nature, I
have not yet feen plainly demonftrated, tho’
1 take it to have fome Nourifhment, or,
which is a more proper Expreffion, has its
Vital- Flame and Heat maintain’d by the

Fed by An-. Ajr, as is Fire } and this may in fome mea-
fure be difcoverable from the alternate Dif-
pofition and Afpect of the Sun in a drying
Air, when it generally looks red and angry 5
and in a moift, humid Air, when it looks
pale, weak, and watry.

But I leave this Scrutiny, and conclude
this Chapter with fome ferious Reflexions
on the Wifdom of Providence in this Bright,
Influential, and Celeftial Planet. This the
greateft and bell of our Poets have fung a-
midft their moft elevated Strains, while o-
thers (vile enough) have been employed in
ranfacking Hell and the Stews for luxurious
Themes.

And

Chap. 4. Tower of the S II Nj &c.

And indeed 'tis admirable that this Planet
fhould, thro’ fo many Ages of the World,
maintain an uninterrupted Courfe, that in fo
many Thoufands of revolving Years, it Ihould
retain the fame Light, Heat, and Vigour,
and every Morning renew its wonted Ala-
crity, and dart its cherifhing Beams on
thefe dull and -gloomy Scenes of Melancho-
ly and Mifery, and yet that fo few of us right-
ly confider its Power, or are thankful to Di-
vine Omnipotence fot it.

The Great Rofcommon (not Greater than
Good) fpeaks of it with Divine Tranfport,
and exhorts Mankind to admire it, from the
Benefits and Celeftial Beams it difplays on
the World.

Great Eye of All, whofe glorious Ray
Rules the bright Empire of the Day :

O praife his Name , without whofe purer Light
Thou had' ft been hid in an Abyfs of Night.

Earl of Rofcommon.

And Lucretius , tho’ his Judgment was
milled in the Formation of the World in
general, yet his Mind was full of the Sun’s
Beneficence to thofe Sublunary Regions 3 and
in a general Enumeration of its benign Qua-
lities, goes on , as follows:

141

Thus

iq.2 An ESSAY concerning tht Chap. 4.

Thus Motion, Light, and Heat combin’d in one.
Make up the glor ious Effence of the Sun $

The Sun, who from above his Vigour yields
To us below, and cherijbes our Fields.

Creech's Lucretius.

Ben. Johnfon, amongft the reft of the Po-
ets, celebrates the alternate Appearances of
this bright Luminary in very moving Terms :

So when the JVeftern Hills the Burning Sun
Defcends , and leaves his Empire to the Moon,
Falfe Meteors glare, with fc alter'd Drops of Eight, ■
With Glow-worms Spangle drefs the Gloom of Night.
But as the radiant God remounts his Carr ,

The borrow’d Vapours fwiftly dif appear :

They fly the Force of his Celeflial Ray,

Or their pale Fires are lofi in Floods of Day.

Johnfon Vid.

But the Seraphick Pen of Blackmoxe, whofe
Talents have been employed in the Divine
Themes of the Creation, and other pious
and valuable Works, merits the greateft Praife.

Behold(fays he)th’ Indulgent Father of the Day,
Ne’er covetous of Reft 5 behold the Sun,

His Courfe diurnal, and his annual Run :

Gay as a Bridegroom, as a Giant Jlrong,

How his unwearied Courfe he fill repeats.
Returns at Adorning, and at Eve retreats.

And by the Diflribution of his Light,

Now gives to Man the Day, and now the Night.

Blackmore Creat.

In

Chap. 4. Tower of the Sun, dj'r.

In fine, the Thoughts of this Celeftial
Good can’t but raife the Thoughts of every
virtuous Perfon to fay with the Pfalmift, The
Day is thine , the Night alfo is thine 5 thou
haft prepar'd the Light and the Sun 5 thou
haft Jet all the Borders of the Earth 5 thou
haft made Summer and Winter , Pfalm 74. 17,18.
Worthy is thy Name, O God, of Praifethro’
all the fucceflive Ages of the World.

*43

*44

Chap.

: no •’ i A. i ■ u'-> ■ ■

Concerning the POWER of the

A I R> ^

CHAP. V.

Introdufti- ■'O omit the Tenets of the Philofo-
en- I phers concerning the Region of the

^ Air, and its Diftance fr om the Earth,
and other Enquiries of no great Moment in
this Effay, I defcend to the Virtual Affluence
it has upon this Lower Habitable part of the
World, and particularly on the Ground,
Plants, &c.

Pacuvm , fpeaking of the Air, fays,

- — Is omnia format , animat , alit,

ferit, fepelit , recepitque in fe omnia , omniumque
idem eft Pater, die.

This

Chap. 5. An E S S A Y5 &c. 145

This Account of Pacuvius may feem fome-
thing ftrange at firft, being, as I fuppofe,
founded on the Doftrine of Epicurus and
Lucretius , who argued, that the World was
at firft form’d or made of Air. But when we
examine a little nearer into it, we lhall find
it fo extenfive, that nothing in Nature is
able to fubfift without it.

I lhall hereafter be more particular in its The fever at
Benefits on Plants and Vegetables, and at Bf?fts ^
prefent lhall obferve, that without it, the very
Fire that we make ufe of would expire ; not
only for that it blows up and kindles Wood
and Coals, but alfo from a Natural Sulphur
that feeds and maintains it -y fo that if one
take a Candle and put it into a VelTel out of
which the Air is pumpt by a Pneumatick En-
gine or Air-Pump, it would foon go out:

And if, in like manner, a Moufe or any other
Animal, it would quickly be thrown into the
greateft Convulfions, and foon ( in lefs than
three Hours ) to Death itfelf. But the molt
remarkable, is that of Sound 5 fince a Bell
put into one of thefe Glals-Veffels, may be
perceived to lhake, but not to ring 5 but upon
the letting of Air in, makes its ufual Sound :

By which ’tis plain, that Sound is only the
Perculfion of and oecafion’d by Air 5 of
fo great an Ufe is this Aery Meteor.

I lhall not trouble my Reader with the
nice Diftin&ions of Meteorologifts as to the
Specifick Properties of Air, nor of its
Weight, &c. that being not much to my
Vol.1, L Pur-

146 An ESSAY Chap. 5.

Purpofe 5 but (hall confider it in refpeft of
Refpirative Life, but more particularly as it
relates to Vegetables, the Theme I am now
upon. And firft, as to the Animal Life :

’Tis when the Air is quiet, ferene, and
warm, that the Body and Mind are in their
greateft Eafe, Temper, and Laflitude $ and
when ’tis thick, foggy, cold, or otherwife
unwholfome, that the Head and the Organical
Parts are difturb’d and opprefs’d, and which is
more fatal, creates what we commonly call
Colds, and fuch a violent Agitation and Fer-
ment in the Blood, which very often forces
Nature beyond her Bounds, and terminates
even in Death itfelf. But let us pafs to the
Vegitable Tribe.

The Benefit The Reverend and Ingenious Mr. Deer bam,
of Air in jn hjg Notes on his P hyfico-Theology , confirms
1'e&etatlcn' from Borelli and Mr. Ray, that the Air is
the principal Caufe of the Vegetation of
Plants. Borelli (fays he, cap. 1. p. 9. )
proves it, in his excellent Book De Mot.
Animal. .Vol. 2. Prop. 181. And in the
next Prop, he alferteth, In plantis quoque
peragi aeris refpirationem quondam imperfeffam,
a qua earum vita pendet & conjervatur. And
Mr. Ray, in the Philofophical TranjaBions,
N° 23. fays from Experience, “ That Let-
“ tuce-Seed being fown upon fome Earth in
“ the open Air, and fome of the fame Seed
“ at the fame time upon other Earth in a
“ Glafs'Receiver of the Pneumatick Engine,
“ afterwards exhaufted or clear’d of all Air,
... “ (as

Chap. 5. concerning Ai R; &c.

“ (as the Air-Pump eafily effe&s:) The
“ Seed that was expos’d to the Air was grown
“ up an Inch and an half in 8 Days time 5
5‘ but that in the exhaufted Veffel or Re-
“ ceiver that was clear’d of Air, ( as before-
“ mention’d ) grew not at all } but the Air
“ being afterwards led into the fame empty
“ Receiver, the Seed in the fpace of one
“ Week grew up to the height of two or
“ three Inches.

By which it appears very plain, that Air
is a very great Agent in this Work $ and
that it does not only infinuate itfelf into the
Earth, and amongft the Liquids thereof, and
by its own Elaftick Quality, and by the
Genial Force of the Sun, caufe that Afcend*
ant Motion or Fermentation, (call it which
you will) but alfo that there is a Nitrous Ali-
ment that enters the Pores of the Tree or
Plant, whereby it is wonderfully nourifh’d
and encreas’d 5 and this is demonftrable from
what is rais’d in Hot Beds or Stoves, where,
notwithftanding that fubterraneai Heat and
other Care, without this their Productions
are all very deficient, if not entirely abortive 5
but this will farther appear in the following
Account : And front this we may be allured,
that nothing will grow without Air ; the
fame indeed may be faid of Water, the Sun,
Earth, &c. tho’ this feems to be the moft
material : So wifely has God Almighty dif-
pos’d of thefe Agents, that the more we con-
fider the Caufes and Methods of their Opera-

L 2 tions,

*47

1 48

An ESSAY Chap. 5.

tions, the more reafon we have to be ama-
zed at them. But to proceed :

Thus we fee in Vegetation, it mixes and
infinuates its Aerial Subftance into the Liquid
Sap : And as all the Agitations in Nature are
caus’d by the contrariety of Parts inhabit-
ing together , fo in this, the Aerial and
Liquid Subftances, being mix’d, caufe this
Agitation and Motion, or, more properly,
fet it all into a Ferment, ( be it either in the
Roots or in the Stem,) and rifes (by the
Co-operation of the Sun, which is the third
Agent in this Work) up to the top of the
Tree, as Milk, or any other Liquid rifes by
Fire to the top of any Tube, or other kind of
Veil'd.

And to {hew the Predominancy of Air in
this Point : As the deprivation of it from a
living Creature, is attended with immediate
Death ; fo, no doubt, were the Experiment
made, were a tender Plant or Tree put into
a Glafs-Veifel, and the Air pumpt out, we
fhould fee it fall proftrate, tho’ perhaps not
fo foon as Animals, neither would they {hew
thofe dreadful Convulfions, nor yet aifume
their firft State fo foon again.

On the other hand ^ As the unwholfome
Concuffions of Air oft throw the Body into
great Colds, and after that into the moil vio-
lent Fevers $ fo, in Vegetation, it often makes
its Procefs abortive, and attended with the
d-ifmal Calamities of Bialls, &c.

This i

Chap. 5 • concerning Air., &*c. 149

This both {hews the ill Tendency of Ex-
tremes in Aerial Subftances, and that without
a temperate Air all things are in Confufion 5
and the truth is, could we fpare any of the
Agents Providence has appointed in the bufi-
nefs of Vegetation, this of Air could be the
leaft 5 we could certainly better fpare the Ab-
fence, or at leaft the immoderate Strength of
the Sun, than this : Sure I am, if we were
to have no Air, Nature would foon breathe
her laft.

I would therefore, from what I have been The Ca»fe
laying down, eftablifc this as a Principle,

That there is in Nature always two Oppofite
Principles that occafion Agitation, and in this
cafe fermentation 5 and in this it is, fir ft, the
Sap which is liquid, and, fecondly, the Air
perfpiring through the Pores of the Earth and
all Plants, and infmuating itfelf into the Sub-
fiance of the Sap that is the fir ft Caufe of
this Ferment , efpecially when agitated by the
additional Power of the Sun. And this in-
deed is the firft Principle or Motion of
Growth, in which Air is a very great Co-
efficient : And if this be well underftood,
the fucceeding Accounts of the Rife and
Afcenfian of Sap in Trees, and, in ffiort,
the whole Scheme of Vegetation will eafily
be accounted for.

But to be more particular in the Operation
of Air upon the Earth, and to omit any more
Parallels thereon.

L 3

Befides

it|o An ESSAY Chap. 5.

The feverai Befides the feveral Virtual Qualities of the

o/l>. XA ir, in relation to the Bodies both of Man
and Beall, and Plants, we lhall find it of
large Extent in the Creation in general,
without whole Animation nothing in Nature
can'poflibly fubfift.

Differ fes I lhall firfb reckon it as it helps to difperfe,

or, as may be faid more properly, to waft

Earth. away the foggy humid Vapours that arife
from the Ground , and would inevitably,
without it, ftagnate and poifon the whole
Face of the Earth : But the Air, by the
afliftance of the Sun, alfumes and fublimates
thefe into the Upper Regions ^ by which
Sublimation, and the coercive Power of the
Sun and Air, they are rarefied, and made of
fecond Ufe in Vegitation.

Cxufes of if t0 this be accounted, that the Cloudy
Treafures of Rain are blown up and broke
open by this Agent, it will Hill add to the
Matter I have been fpeaking of : But this
I have already handled.

Searches But it has a much more imperceptible, and
yet no advantageous Operation within the
>oun ' Earth, by its Subtility perfpiring through the
Pores, there affifting it; the Rarefaction of the
Crudities of the Earth, difpelling all Super-
fluities of Moifture, and entring into the very
Roots and Veins of the Tree, Herb, &c.
So that, farther than Philofophers contend
for it, ( as an Inabitant of all Vacuities) the
Air infenfibly alfumes the Nature, and mixes
itfelf with the Bodies of Trees themfelves 5

and

Chap. concerning A 1 R5 &c. 1 $ 1

and in fhort, there is no Operation nor Pro-
cefs but what this is adually and vitally affift-
ing, tho’ it be of forae Diftance below thefe
Aerial and Luminous Divifions of the World.

It has alfo no lefs Effed upon the Branches/^
Leaves, and Flowers of Herbs and Trees 5
there, by the fame kind of Subtility, entring Boughs,
and perfpiring through the Bark, ( and with Eeaves°f
fome) through the very Body of. the Tree, >wx’ c'
by its refrefhing Breezes moderating the too
intenfe Beams of the Sun, and cooling and
cheering, blowing open and extending all
Nature’s Off-fpring.

But how fubfervient foever Air be in its be-
nign Qyality, it is at fome times and upon fome
accounts very pernicious to the Produce of the
Earth, to the Latent Roots and Fibres there,
as well as to the Herbacious, Lignous, or
Flowry Parts above it, which requires the Gar-
dener's Care and Diligence in aflifting Nature
in the preventing the firft Motion of it, and
thereby the difmal Effeds that attend it.

I fhall not here mention Blafts, &c. which
do very little harm to Foreft-Trees, tho’ very
much to Fruit, referving that for another Sub-
jed : Neither does the Evil I am going to com-
plain of happen above Ground, but below.

It having been before hinted, that the Air
penetrates into the Earth 5 it may be fuppofed
that a dry, husky, fearching Air may be perni-
cious to the tender Fibres of Trees newly
planted $ and this I may venture to carry far-
ther than a meer Suppofition, and to affirm

L 4 that

^wESSAYj &c; Chap. 5.

that the dry, husky Winds in March are hurt-
ful and often-times very fatal to the young
Roots of all new-planted Trees, and is fo
much the more fatal, inafmuch as ’tis what
every one is not aware of, tho’ it be really, in
effed, much worfe than Frofty Air that is
common in the midft of Winter.

New-planted Trees ought therefore not on-
ly to be well flak’d and fecur’d from the Winds
that {hake them above, but alfo from that
dry, parching Quality of the Air below, by
covering the Roots very deep with Earth,
and treading it clofe round about, or, as the
common Method is, by mulfliing with long
Dung, watering, and the like, (if they are
not covered deep, as I {hall by and by dired 3 )
all thefe excluding the Force, at leaft the per-
nicious Force, of that husky Quality in Air:
For ( fay the Ignorant in this Matter ) What
Occafion can there be of Watering in the
Month of March , when the Sun is not Hot ?
And from thence they gather, that ’tis little
or no matter whether their Trees are Water’d, .
or no : But perhaps they may find the ill
Effeds of this Negled, when it is too late 3
fince I dare affirm, that there are more Plan-
tations mifcarry on account of this Negled,
than by any other Caufe whatfoever 3 of
which more in the enfuing Diredions.

A N

Chap. 6.

*53

A N

ESSAY

Concerning the E F F E C T of thefe

Co-efficient Powers

In the WORK of

VEGETATION.

CHAP. VI.

HE foregoing Chapters being pre- m intro-
mis’d, it will be eafie from thence, diittm.

and from what follows, to judge of
the whole Procefs of Nature in the Bufi-
nefs of Vegetation. I don’t think it necef-
fary in this Place to run over a Courfe of
Anatomization of Plants, that being already

done

1 54 An ESS AY on the Process Chap. 6,

done in two learned Trails written by Dr.
Grew, and the great Malpighius 5 fo that the
old received Maxim, Homo eft Plant a Reverfa,
and the Articulate Divifions of Pliny, of Plants
into Nerves, Sinews, &c. will not come
within the Limits of this Effay, it being
my plain Purpofe (however fimple it may
appear) rather to inftruft, than to amufe
my Readers with abundance of Particulars.
Anatomy of 1° purfuance of which, I (hall only have
Plants, regard to four or five Parts, (viz.) the Roots,
Stock, Branches, and Leaves, and the Seat
and Principle of Life, from which all Plants
do, as it were, receive their Vital Juice and
Sustenance, and work the Efifedts defign'd by
Nature.

The Prind- This Principle of Life is differently feated,
pie of Life, in fome ’tis in the Roots only $ fo that cut
hm P^ted. them into as many Pieces as reafonable one
can, yet do but plant thofe Pieces in the
Ground, and they quickly rife : This is in
abundance of Edible Roots and Flowers, and
amongft the Woody kinds the Elm, &c.
viffennt ln others it is feated both in the Roots,
puces of and all over the Trunk and Branches, as in
Situation, jjjg Vitnineous or Willow Kinds, which, if
cut into a thoufand Pieces, ’tis yet impof-
lible, morally fpeaking, to kill or deftroy
them, except they are fplit in the middle,
and even hardly then 3 for take but three
or four Inches in length and plant in the
Earth, either the Roots or Branches will
afluredly root and grow again.

In

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 155

In others, ’tis feated entirely in the Bo- other pu-
dy. Branches, or Leaves $ and this is thecw‘

Cafe of many of our Exoticks, which being
of a fucculent Nature, and by putting the
Trunk or Branches, or the Leaves and Stems,
as in the Ficus's, Cereus's, ficc. into the Ground,
they immediately ftrike root, and grow 5
nay fo ftrong is the Principle of Life in thofe,
that take them and hang them up a confidera-
ble Time without any Earth, Water, &c.
they’ll maintain their Natural Verdure, and,
by their fucculent Quality, this Principle
of Life itfelf in the moft admirable man-
ner.

But, generally fpeaking, this Principle of Where £e~
Life is feated exadly between the Trunk
and the Root, and this we obferve to be the “

Place of its Pofition in all or moft of the Se-
miniferous Tribe $ for if we reckon the Oak
under that general Title, and cut the Body
down near that Place, ’tis odds if ever it
(hoots again, at lead to no great purpofe.

The Ufe of this Principle is taken to be The v/e of
for the Concodion of the indigefted Salts that
afcend through the Roots, 'tis here fuppos’d 4 m"
that they aflimilate the Nature of the Tree
they are helping to form, though perhaps
the Root may aflift in this Work likewife.

This being eftablifh’d, we may now learn, The firfl
that in the Spring, as foon as the Sun begins pff‘e
to warm the Earth, and the Rains melt the
latent Salt9, the whole Work of Vegetation
is fet on foot ^ ’tis then the Emulgent Fi-
bres

i ^6 An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

bres feek for Food, which is ready prepared
by theCeleftial Diftillations juft mention’d.
Concerning There have been fome who have afcrib’d
subtena- much to Subterraneous Fires, as if that was
neons hres, Qne 0f chief Agents in this Work, or

at leaft confpir’d with the Sun, &c. But this
feems to be a Notion too far fetch’d 5 for
whoever perceiv’d any Heat to afcend from
thence, what Effedt it may have on Foffiles
or Minerals, I fhall not pretend to determine 5
or in what Stratum or Bed its firft Caufe is
fix’d, I have not iearn’d ; but if deep, it may
be reafonably thought to have little Effed
above, or fuch as is vifible to the Eye or to
Reafon.

frm^Arti ^ ^ Motion deduc’d from thofe Arti-
ficiai ones' ficial Heats and Fires we make in Hot Beds
and Stoves, upon a fmall Examination ’twill
appear to be ill grounded : In the firft place,
it not appearing by any vifible Obfervation,
that thefe Subterraneous Fires have the like
Effect in the Ground, as to heat it in any de-
gree adequate to the meaneft Fire or Hot Bed
we make 5 if that was the Cafe, we Ihould
have fome, though perhaps but imperfed Pro-
dudions of Plants in the Winter : But
this we are not to expedl ’till the Genial
Pays of the Sun are difplay’d, and ’tis there
that we muft undoubtedly fix our Hypo-
thefis. And this would be ftill more demon-
ftrable ( and indeed ’tis eafie to conceive the
Event) on the one hand, by an Experiment
of vaulting or covering a Tree over, that the

Rays

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 157

Rays of the Sun cann’t poffibly penetrate thro’
upon it 5 and on the contrary, by an Ele-
vation into a Balcony or other Building far
enough from the reach of thofe Subterra-
neous Fires, if any fuch there be : But of
this I (hall fay more hereafter.

Others may argue againft the Sun’s being
the only Agent in this Cafe, by an Obferva-
tion drawn from the Snows that melt fooner
in low Lands than on the higheft Hills,
which they attribute to Subterrany Fires 5
if the Sun be fuch an Agent as has been all
this while defcribing, why are Snows in the
Valleys (fay they) melted fooner away, tho’
fo much more diftant from the Sun, than
thofe that fall on high Grounds, and on the
tops of Hills > But this is to be attributed to
the Height thofe Hills are, and the nearnefs
of their Tops to the fuppos’d Local Situa-
tion of the Atmofphere or Region of Cold,
where the Sun has lefs Power than Below 3
to which may be added, the help that the
Springs afford in this Matter, by whofe Hu-
midity they are more eafily difl'olv’d.

Tis rational to fuppofe, as I (hall elfewhere Any Tree
endeavour to prove, that a great part of th q forms its
Roots are form’d under Ground during theR5rf''
Winter Seafon, there being always an Innate
Heat in all Lands, (which perhaps fome may
(till attribute to Subterraneous Fires) but 1
rather take it to be a Natural V ital Quality,
or Nitrous Fermentation 3 fince, were the
fame Mould elevated confiderably above the

ordinary

158 An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

ordinary Level of the Ground, out of the
reach of any fuppos’d Subterraneous Fires,
’twould certainly work the fame Effe&s, had
it a Covering from exceflive Cold, and the
Natural though weak Glances of the Sun in
the Hybernial Quarter ^ neither will it much
avail the Dodtrine of Sublatent Fires, when
it is confider’d, that Plants grow in the moft
Northernly Regions, as well as our North-
Walls here, where the Sun-Beams never come,
and confequently, as fome may think, the
Plants receive no benefit by it $ but this is
effeded, though not immediately in ic felf,
yet by its warming the Air, which difperfeth
it felf into all, even the moll: Northernly
Climates.

Farther But to return to our firft Pofition : The

Mature ^00ts’ by feeking out and affuming thofe Salts,
they are immediately, by the Courfe of Na-
ture, and the Attractive Virtue of the Sun,
drawn upwards to the Vital Principle 5 and
after Conco&ion, afcend {till higher into the
Stem, and break out firft in the Buds, the
Shelly and tendereft part of the whole Ma-
chine, and they afterwards diffufe themfelves
into the Leaves, Flowers and Fruits, &c.
that lie invelop’d therein, according to their
Natural Frame, and the Direftion of that
Divine and Superior Being which at firft
form’d, and ever fince wifely (by thefe his
Agents) conducted the whole Courfe of their
Operation.

There

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation.

There be Thofe who carry the Matter yet °f the
farther, and affirm, That there are three
kinds of Sap that afcend from the Root, (dif- ofsap.
fering from each other in Rarefadion and
Purity) being the feveral forts of which is
compos’d the Branches, Leaves, Flowers,
and confquent to them the Fruit, that they
pafs in different Channels : But this, I con-
fefs, is not obvious to me.

1 rather fuppofe ’tis all of one kind, and Suppos’d to
that it affumes its proper Office by a hidden be but on!'
Inftind in Nature, juft as it enters the
Boughs or Branches whereon the Fruit is to
be, they being already formed for that Pur-
pofe by fome cafual Sprouts of the laft Year 5
or probably, that it is rarefied by the Paffage
through the Stem : And what confirms me in
the Opinion of the latter, is, that Standard
Trees generally bear better and fooner than
Dwarfs 5 and this is very plain in Cherries,
to mention no more.

For by the near fituation of the Stem to VmmoS-
the Root, and the Sap being grofs and uncon-
coded, it runs more into Wood and Branches 5
and by its violent Effufion, renders fome of
thofe Trees, whilft young, fo rampant and
vigorous, that ’tis a hard, matter to deal with
and keep them in any tolerable Order :

Whilft the other, by its long Paffage through
the Stem, is, by the Virtual Influence and
Co-operation of the Sun and Air, robb’d
of its Crudities, and thereby the better dis-
pos’d to frudiferous Produdions. And I

cann’t

i do An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

cann’t but be of the opinion, that the
Leaves, Flowers, and Fruits are by Nature
involv’d in the Bud, and that the Sap is only
a fubfervient, and not a commanding, felf-
efficient Agent in this Caufe, and that the
Paflages into the Fruit-Branches are fo ftraight
as not receive any more Sap than is perfectly
neceflary for the Work. But this may be more
certainly prov’d by a Microfcopial Obferva-
tion on the Contexture of the Fruit.

The Sum- More might be faid of Fruit 3 but that not

miry. being to my prefent Purpofe, 1 omit it 3 but
Shall fum up together all that has been faid in
this Eflay, (viz.) That upon the belt Observa-
tion that hath been made, none can pretend to
have difcover’d any Heat or Fumigation to
ilTue either from the Surface or Bowels of the
Earth, adequate to the meaneft artificial Fire,
and that confequently ’tis not fubterraneous
Fires that are any- ways concerned in Vegeta-
tion or the Growth of Plants 3 but that the
Sun is the Principle, and therefore, by way
of Analogy, call’d the Father , and the Earth
the Mother, while the Rain and Air are necef-
fary Co-efficients in this furprizing Work.

The vfes of And from this plain Eflay, maybegather-
thf Effay. e(j t^e Times and Seafons when Nature wants
our Afliftance 3 for ’tis in Gard’ning, doubt-
lefs, as in any other cafe where Perfons never
execute a Precept willingly, without they
know the Reafon why, and the immediate
Danger, that attend the Negleft.

To

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 1 6 1

To apply it particularly to this : The
'Gardener that does not know that if he Gu
covers not the Foot of his new-planted Tree
very deep, in March , or in the Extremity
of Winter, he endangers the Lofs of it by
the piercing Winds, is doubtlefsnot very feli-
citous about the doing it, let his Commands
be what they will. And indeed, this is what
is riot much confider'd or known amongft too
many, to the great Difadvantage of all new-
planted Plantations. And with this I fhall
conclude what 1 had to fay as to the Progrefs
of Roots in the Ground, and the Afcenfion
of Sap in the Growth, Procerity, and Ferti-
lity of Trees.

What becomes of this Sap in the Winter, Concerning
and how the Tree is difpos’d for its mxtfffcsef
Year’s Work, (hall next be enquir’d into. into the

It has been the common, and, without Roots'
doubt, the erroneous Opinion of the ancient,
as well as feme modern Philofophers, That at
the Termination of the Year, the Sap dfjfcends
into the Roots, and there lies dormant all the
Winter, ’till the Heat of the Spring draws it
up again ^ while others maintain a Circula-
tion of Sap in Trees, as of the Blood in the
Bodies of Animals.

Againft the firft, it has been obferv’d, That vu. Quin-
taking a Limb or Bough in the depth of Win- A-1';
ter, at a time when one wou d think the Sap his com-
was in its grand Repofe, and cutting off any p|cat G‘ir-
part of the Tree, commit it but to the Fire, dener’

V o L. I. M and

1 62 -An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

and the Sap will run out at both ends, by
the force of the Heat 5 which plainly de- *
monftrates that the Sap is not gone down into
the Roots : Or, fuppofing that not plain e-
nough, Where, in the Roots, is to be found
a Receiver capable to contain the defcending
Sap, full enough ’tis probable already of the
Sap that belongs to themfelves >

But perhaps it may be ask’d how this Pro-
cefs is ftopt > To which I anfwer. By the
Coldnefs and Frigidity of the Air ; for the
Sap in mod Trees being a thin Fluid, accord-
ing to the Courfe of N ature, by the leaf! De-
clenfion of the Sun, is eafily affail’d and ftopt :
And what makes Holly, Yew, and all other
Greens the contrary, is the ftrength of the
Vifcous and other Glutinous and Gummy
Qualities of their Sap, by which they retain
their Leaves all the Winter ^ and if a little
fhelter’d, will make a fmall appearance of
fhooting, tho’ not to much purpofe : Be-
sides, the Wood is more tough in its Nature 5
fo that the Leaves adhere the firmer, being
tied, as it were, by Strings to the Boughs :
While the other kinds of Trees are more
fragile and brittle, the Sap thin, and confe-
quently the Leaves delidious upon the leall
approach of Cold in Winter.

Concerning To the other, I mean Circulation, as in
thecircu- Animals, I am as much to feek, in the parity
tbe°sitf in Reafon, why it fhould be, as the Method
Trees. by which ’tis effected. ’Tis certain, the Na-
tural Mechanifm of the Body requires Exten-
v fion.

Chap, 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 1 6 3

fion, (under which may be well accounted
that fmall Height to which the tailed: of
Animals advance) and fo confequently the
Blood is employ’d about no other fervice.

But a Tree requires an unlimitted Procera-
tion 3 and ’tis reafonable to fuppofe that Na-
ture employs all her Force to that End.

And as for the Swelling or Extenfion of Extenfion.
Trees, it is obvious to proceed from the EfFu-
fion of the Sap from the Heart of the Tree
through the Pores, which infenfibly dilates
and fwells the whole, by the accumulation
of Circle upon Circle, which are the annual
Gradations, plain enough to be feen by any
one that cuts the Branch, Bough, or Trunk
of a Tree a-crofs.

And here it is to be obferv’d, that the Sun a particu-
has a very great Influence, fince the Annual
Circles which are on that fide next the Sun ‘ttesmi
are much larger than thofe on the North 3
and ’tis reported, that a foreign Prince having
once loft himfelf a Hunting in a great Foreft,
was fet right by that Obfervation.

I hope I have now fufficiently prov’d that Cmchfm,
there is no Defcenfion or Circulation in Sap,
notwithftanding what has been faid by Others
on that Subjeft.

Yet how plain foever it may appear againft An 0bie-
the Defcenfion of the Sap, I have feen an
Inftance in Bucking bamjlrire, urhich helps to
confirm that Opinion 3 which I {hall there-
fore Anfwer, and then have done : It is of

M a a JeJIa '

1*4 An ESSAY on the Process Chap. 6.

a Jeffamine that was grafted with a Strip'd
one of the fame fort about two or three Foot
above the Ground and fome Years after, the
fame Stripes did not only appear above, but
alfo in many Branches that were a confider-
able deal under the grafting place : But this I
rather fuppofe to be by a recoiling or retiring
of the Sap, which in this Tree is thinner
than in any other : And that it does thus re-
tire or fink towards the Vital Principle, as
the Blood in the Body of a frighted Animal
retires towards the Heart, is plain 5 for that
the Tops of this Tree die more than other
Trees do, by being left deftitute of Sap in
the Hybernial Quarters.

And in all the Obfervations that I have
made, 1 have not feen the like in any other
Tree, but in fome Strip’d Hollies that were
budded dole to the Ground $ but this was
not plain enough to call this Opinion, be-
caufe they were not Strip’d, but Yellow,
which may be by fome Defect or rather Sport
in Nature, and fo likewife might the firft
Example be.

To what has been faid already on Vege-
tation, 1 fhall fubjoin fome of the remaining
part of ihe Obfervation of that Ingenious Au-
thor before mention’d , which has more
weight in it than any thing a private Perfon
can fay, and will fpread thofe ingenious
Thoughts more univerfally among Gardeners
which is at prefenr very much wanted $ for
which reafon, I hope J fliall be excus’d of

Plagiarifm,

' I

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 165

Plagiarifm, fince the Ads of that Society are
defign’d for Publick Ufe 3 his Theme was
indeed at firft concerning Water, but his
Conclufions are of a mix’d nature, and
may not improperly be brought under this
Head.

In Hants of the fame kind , the lefs they obferv. 1
are in Bulk , the [mailer the Quantity of the
Fluid Mafs in which they are fet is drawn of 3
the Difpendium of it, where the Mafs is of
equal Thicknefs , beini pretty nearly propor-
tion'd to the Bulk of the Plant. Thus that
in the Glafs marked A, p. 120, the which
weighed only 27 grains, drew off but 2558
grains of the Fluid 3 and that in B, which
weighed only 28 4, took up but 3004 grains 3
whereas that in H, which weighed 127
grains, fpent 14190 grains of the Liquid
Mafs.

The Water feems to alcend up the Veffels
of Plants in much the fame manner as up a
Filter 3 and 3tis no great wonder that a larger
Filter Ihould draw off more Water than a
lejjer 5 or that a Plant that has more and
larger Veffels Ihould take up a greater lhare
of the Fluid in which ’tis fet, than one that
has fewer and J mailer ones can. Nor do I
note this as a thing very confiderable in itfelf,
but chiefly in regard to what I am about to
offer beneath 3 and that it may be feen that
in my other Collations of Things , I made due
Allowance for this Difference.

M 3 2. The

1 66 An E S S A Y on the Frocefs Chap. 6.

Obferv. 2. 2. The much greateji part of the Fluid Mafs

that is thus drawn off, and conveyed into the
Plants, does not fettle or abide there, but paf-
fes thro ’ the Fores of them, and exhales up into
the Atmofphere. That the Water, in thefe
Experiments, afcended only through the VeJJ'els
of the Plants, is certain. The Glajfes F and G,
that had no Plants in them, though difpos’d
of in like manner as the rejl, remain’d, at the
end of the Experiment, as at firft, and none
of the Water was gone off : And that the
greateft part of it flies off from the Plant into
the Atmofphere is as certain. The leaf! Pro -
portion of the Water expended was to the
Aiigment of the Plant, as 46 or 50 to 1 . And
in fome the Weight of the Water drawn off
was ipo, 200, nay, in one above 700 times
as nnfch as the Plant had received of Addi-
tion.

This fo continual an Emiffion and Detach-
meat of Water, in fo great Plenty from the
Parts of Plants, affords us a manifold Reafon
why Countries that abound with Trees and the
larger Vegetables efpecially, fhonld be very
obnoxious to Damps, great Humidity in the
Air, and more frequent Rains, than others
that are more open and free. The great Moi-
flure in the Air was a mighty Inconvenience
and Annoyance to thofe who firft fettled in
America $ which at that time was much over-
grown with Woods and Groves : But as thefe
were burnt and defiroyed, to make way for
Habitation and Culture of the Earth, the Air

mended

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 157

mended and cleared up apace, changing into a
Temper much more dry and ferene than before.

Nor does this Humidity go off pure and
alone , but ufually bears forth with it
many Parts of the fame Nature with thofe
whereof the Plant through which it palfes
confifts. The Craffer indeed are not fo ea-
fily borne up into the Atmofphere , but are ufu-
ally depofited on the Surface of the Flowers ,
Leaves, and other Parts of the Plants. Hence
coroe our Manna's , our Homes, and other
Gummous Exudations of Vegetables : But the
finer and lighter Parts are with greater Eafe
fent up into the Atmofphere. Thence they
are conveyed to our Organs of Smell, by the
Air we draw in Refpiration, and are pleafant
or offenfive, beneficent or injurious to us, ac-
cording to the Nature of the Plants from
whence they arife. And fince thefe owe
their Rife to the Water that afcends out of
the Earth through the Bodies of Plants, we
cannot but be far to feek for the Caufe why
they are more numerous in the Air, and we
find a greater Quantity of Odours exhaling
from Vt egetables in warm, humid Seafons, than
in any other whatever.

3. A great Part of the Terrefirial Matter obferv.
that is mix'd with the Water, afcends up into
the Plant, as well as the Water. There was
much more Terreftrial Matter at the end of
the Experiment, in the Water of the Glalfes F
and G, p. 123, that had no Plants in them,
than in thofe that had Plants, The Garden

M 4 Mould

^ v ’ ' /

1 68 An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

Mould diffolved in the daffies K and L, p. 1 2 5,
126, was confiderably diminif/d and carried off:
Nay, the Terrejlrial and Vegetable Matter
was borne up in the Tubes filled with Sand ,
Cotton , &c. and in that Quantity as to be
evident even to Senfe. And the Bodies in the
Cavities of the other Tubes that had their
lower Ends immers’d in Water wherein Saf-
fron, Cochineal, &c. had been infus’d, were
ting'd with Yellow, Purple, Sic.

Sex-Plants W I may be permitted to look Abroad a
txkeupMi- while, towards our Shores and Parts within
the Verge of the Sea, thefe will prefent us
with a large Scene of Plants, that, along
with the Vegetable, take up into them meer
Mineral Matter alfo in great Abundance:
Such are our Sea-Purflains, the feveral forts
of Alga's, of Sampires, and other Marine
Plants. Thefe contain Common Sea-Salt,
which is all one with the Fojffil, in fuch Plenty ,
as not only to be plainly diftinguilh'd on the
Palate, but may be drawn forth of them in
confiderable Quantity. Nay, there want not
thofe who affirm there are Plants found that
will yield Nitre and other Mineral Salts ^ of
which indeed 1 am not fo far fatisfied that I
can depend on the Thing, and therefore give
this only as an Hint for Enquiry.

To go on with the Vegetable Matter : How
apt and how much difpofed this, being fo very
fine and light , is to attend Water in all its
Motions, and follow it into each of its Recejfes,
is manifeft, not only from the Injlances above

alledged,

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation.

alledged, but many others. Percolate it with
ail the Care imaginable 3 filter it with ne-
ver fo many Filtrations, yet fome Terreftrial
Matter will remain. ’Tis true, the Fluid will
be thinner every time than other, and more
difengag’d of the faid Matter, but never
wholly free and clear. I have filtred Water
through feveral wholly free and clear Sheets
of thick Paper 3 and after that, through very
clofe fine Cloth twelve times doubled 3 nay, I
have done this over and over, and yet a con-
fiderable Quantity of this Matter difcover’d
itfelf in the Water, after all. Now if it
thus pafs Interfiices , that are fo very fmall and
fine, along with the Water, ’tis the lefs ftrange
it Ihould attend it in its PafTage through the
DuSs anft Vejfels of Plants. ’Tis true, fil-
tering and difiilling of Water intercepts and
makes it quit fome of the Earthy Matter it
was before impregnated withal 3 but then
that which continues with theater after this,
is fine and light, and fuch confequently as is in
a peculiar manner fit for the Growth and Nou-
rijbment of Vegetables. And this is the Cafe
of Rain-Water. The Quantity of Terreftrial
Matter it bears up into the Atmofphere is not
great 3 but that which it does bear up is main-
ly of that light kind of Vegetable Matter, and
that too perfedly dijjolved, and reduced to
Angle Corpufcles , all fit to enter the Tubules
and Veffels of Plants. On which account
?tis that this Water is fo ver

y fertile and proli-

An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

The Reafon why, in this Prepofltion, I fay,
only a great part of the Terreftrial Matter
that is mix’d with the Water afcends up with
it into the Plant , is, becaufe all of it cannot.
The Mineral Matter is a great deal of it not
only grofs and ponderous , but fcabrous and
inflexible } and fo not difpos’d to enter the
Pores of the Roots : And a great many of
the fimple Vegetable Particles, by degrees, unite
and form feme of them final! Clods or Molecu-
le, fuch as thofe mentioned in H, K, and L,
p. 124, 125, 126, flicking to the Extremities
of the Roots of thofe Plants.

Others of them intangle in a loofer manner ,
and form the Nubecula and green Bodies, fo
commonly obferved in Jlagnant Water. Thefe ,
when thus conjoin'd, are too big to enter the
Pores, or afcend up the Vejjels of Plants,
which fingly they might have done. They
who are converfant in Agriculture will eafily
fubfcribe to this. They are well aware, that,
be their Earth never fo rich, fo good, and fo
fit for the Produ&ion of Corn or other Vege-
tables, little will come of it, unlefs the Parts
of it be feparated and loofe. ’Tis on this ac-
count they beftow the Pains they do in Cul-
ture of it, in Digging, Ploughing, Harrowing ,
and Breaking of the Clodded Lumps of Earth.
• Tis the fame way that Sea-Salt, Nitre, and
other Salts, promote Vegetation. I am forry
I cannot fubfcribe to the Opinion of thofe
Learned Gentlemen , who imagine Nitre to be
ejfential to Plants, and that nothing in the

Chap- 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 1 7

Vegetable Kingdom is tranfafted without it.

By all the Trials 1 have been able to make,
the Thing is quite other wife $ and when con-
tiguous to the Plant, it rather deftroys than
nourilhes it : But this, Nitre and other Salts
certainly do ; they loofen the Earth, and fe-
parate the concreted Parts of it, by that means
fitting and difpofing them to be a/fumed by
the Water , and carried tip into the Seed or
Plant for its Formation and Augment. There’s
no Man but muft obferve how apt all forts of
Salts are to be wrought upon by Moijlure
how eafily they liquate and run with it
and when thefe are drawn, off, and have
defer ted the Lumps wherewith' they were
incorporated, thofe muft 'moulder imme-
diately, and fall afunder of courfe. The
hardeft Stone we meet with, if it happen,
as frequently it does, to have any fort of
Salt intermix’d with the Sand of which it
confifts, upon being expos’d to an humid Air,
in a Ihort time diffolves and crumbles all to
pieces 3 and much more will Clodded Earth or
Clay, which is not of near fo comp aft and
folid a Confiitution as Stone is. The fame way
likewife is Lime fervieeable in this Affair.

The Husbandmen fay of it, that it does not
fatten , but only mellows the Ground. By
which they mean, that it does not contain
any thing in itfelf that is of the fame Nature
with the Vegetable Mould , or afford any Mat-
ter fit for the Formation of Plants , but meerly
foftens and relaxes the Earthy by that means

ren~

J* VJ •

ij2 An E S SAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

rendering it more capable of entring the
Seeds and Vegetables fet in it, in order to
their Nouri/bment , than otherwife it would
have been. The Properties of Lime are well
known, and how apt it is to be put into
Ferment and Commotion by Water. Nor can
fuch Commotion ever happpen when Lime is
mix'd with Earth , however hard and clodded
that may be, without opening and loofening
of it.

obferv. 4. 4. The Plant is more or lefs nourijh'd and

punts grow augmented, in Proportion as the Water in which
the f after, it hands contains a greater or [mailer quantity
more or lefs °J proper Terrejmal Matter in it. The T ruth
Terreflriai of this Proportion is fo eminently difcernible
them!* ,n through the whole Procefs of thefe Trials ,
that I think no doubt can be made of it The
Mint in the Glafs G was of much the fame
Bulk and Weight with thofe in A and B. But
the Water , in which that was, being River-
Water , which was apparently ftored more co-
piouily with Terrejlrial Matter than the
Spring or Rain-Water, wherein they flood,
were 3 it had thriven to almoft double the Bulk
that either of them had 3 and with a lefs Ex-
pence of Water too. So likewife the Mint
in L ,p. 12 6, in whofe Water was diifolved a
fmall quantity of good Garden Mould, tho’
it had the Difadvantage (a) to be lefs when
firft fet, than either of the Mints in H, or 1,
p. 124, 125, whofe Water was the very fame

(a) Confer , Prop, i . Jupra.

with

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetatioft.

with this in L, p. 12 6, but had none of that
Earth mix’d with it 5 yet, in a fhort time the
Plant not only overtook, but much out-Jlript
thofe, and at the end of the Experiment was
very confiderably bigger and heavier than ei-
ther of them. In like manner, the Mint
in N, p. 127, tho’ lefs at the beginning than
that in M, being fet in that thick, turbid, fe-
culent Water, that remained behind, after
that wherein M, p. 127, was placed, was
dijlill'd off, had in fine more than doubl'd its
Original Weight and Bulk, and received a-
bove twice the additional Encreafe than that in
M, which flood in the thinner dijlill'd W. iter,
had done $ and, which is not lefs confidera-
ble, had not drawn off half the Quantity of
Water that that had.

Why, in the beginning of this Article, I
limit the Proportion of the Augment of the
Plant to the Quantity of proper Terreftrial
Matter in the Water, is, becaufe all, even
the Vegetable Matter, to fay nothing of the
Mineral, is not proper for the Nourilhment
of every Plant. There may be, and doubtlefs
are, fome Parts in different Species of Plants,
that may be much alike, and fo owe their
fupply to the fame common Matter: But 'tis
plain all cannot. And there are other Parts
fo differing, that ’tis no-ways credible they
Ihonld be form’d all out of the fame fort of
Corpufcles. So far from it, that there want
not good Indications, as we fliall fee by and
by, that every Kind of Vegetable requires a
peculiar

*73

1 74 Att ESSAY <?« the Procefs Chap. 6.

peculiar and fpecifick Matter for its Formation
and FSouriJhment. Yea, each Fart of the fame
Vegetable does fo : And there are very many
and different Ingredients go to the Compofition
of the fame individual FI ant. If therefore
the Soil , wherein any Vegetable or Seed is
planted, contains all or 7noJl of thefe Ingredi-
ents, and thofe in due quantity , ’twill grow
and thrive there : Otherwife 'twill not . If
there be not as many forts of Corpufcles as
are requifite for the Confiitution of the main
and more effential Parts of the Plant , ’twill
not profper at all. If there be thefe, and
not in fufficient Plenty , ’twill ftarve, and ne-
ver arrive to its Natural Stature ; Or if there
be any the lefs necejfary and effential Corpu-
fcles wanting, there will be fome Failure in
the Plant : "Twill be defective in Tajle, in
Smell, in Colour, or fome other way. But
tho’ a TraS of Land may happen not to con-
tain Matter proper for the Confiitution of
fome one peculiar kind of Plant 3 yet it may
for feveral others, and thofe much differing
amongft rhemfelves. The Vegetative Parti-
cles are commix’d and blended in the Earth ,
with all the diverfity and variety, as well as
ail the uncertainty conceivable. I have given
fome Intimations of this elfewhere, ( a ) and
fhall not repeat them here 3 but hope in due
time to put them into a much better light
than that they there Hand in.

(.1) Hat. Hift. Earth , p. 228, & feq.

It

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation.

It is not poffible to imagine how one , uni-
form, homogeneous Matter , having its Princi -
ciples or Original Parts of all the fame Sub-
ftance, Conflitution , Magnitude, Figure , and
Gravity , Ihould ever conflitute Bodies fo e-
gregioufly unlike , in all thofe refpeBs as Ve-
getables of different Kinds are 5 nay, even as
the different Parts of the fame Vegetable.
That one Ihould carry a Ref nous , another a
Milky , a third a Yellow, a fourth a Red Juice,
in its Veins : One afford a Fragrant , another
an Offenfve Smell : One be Sweet to the Ta/te,
another Bitter, Acid, Acerb, Aufiere, See. that
one Ihould be N our fling, another Poifonous 5
one Purging, another Aftringent: In brief,
that there Ihould be that vaft Difference in
them in their feveral Conftitutions , Makes ,
Properties, and EffeBs, and yet all arife from
the very fame fort of Matter ; would be
very ftrange. And, to note that by and by,
this Argument makes equally ftrong againft
thofe whofuppofe meer Water the Matter out
of which all Bodies are form'd.

The Cataputia in the Glafs E, p. 122, re-
ceived but very little Encreafe, only Three
Grains and a half all the while it flood,
tho’ 2501 Grains of Water were fpent up-
on it. I will not fay the Reafon was be-
caufe that Water did not contain in it Mat-
ter fit and proper for the Nourilhment of
that peculiar and remarkable Plant : No, it
may be the Water was not a proper Medium
for it to grow in 5 and we know there are

very

*7$

j6 An ESSAY on the Proofs Chap. 6*

very many Plants that will not thrive in it.
Too much of that Liquor, in fome Plants,
may probably hurry the terrefirial Matter
thorough their Vejfels too fall for them to
arreft and lay hold of it. Be that as it will,
*tis moft certain there are peculiar Soils that
fuit particular Plants. In England , Cherries
are obferv’d to fucceed beft in Kent, Apples
in Herefordjbire, Saffron in Cambridgejhire,
Woad in two or three of our Midland Coun-
ties, and Teazles in Somerfetjbire. This is an
Obfervation that hath held in all Parts , and
indeed in all Ages of the World. The moft
ancient Writers of Husbandry (a) took no- ,
tice of it ^ and are not wanting in their Rules
for making choice of Soils fuited to the Na-
ture of each kind of Vegetable they thought
valuable or worth propagating.

But, which is a farther Proof of what I am
here endeavouring to advance, That Soil that
is once proper and fit for the Production of
fome one fort of Vegetable , does not ever con-
tinue to be fo. No, in tract of Time itlofes
that Property but fooner in fome Lands ,
and later in other. This is what all who
are converfant in thefe Things know very
well. If Wheat , for Example, be fown upon
a Traft of Land that is proper for that Grain ,
the firft Crop will fucceed very well, and per-
haps the fecond , and the third, as long as the

’ (a) Vid. Varrenem , CoJumellam , reliqiios Ret Ruflic &
Script ores.

Ground

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 177

Ground is in Heart, ( as the farmers fpeak : )

But in a few Tears ’twill produce no more, if
fowed with that Corn. Some other Grain indeed
it may, as Barley : And after this has beenfown
fo often that the Land can bring forth no more
of the fame 5 it may afterwards yield good
Oats , and perhaps Peafe after them. At
length ’twill become barren ■■> the Vegetative
Matter that at firft it abounded withal, being
educed forth of it by thofe fuccejfroe Crops ,
and moft of it borne off. Each Jort of Grain
takes forth that peculiar Matter that is proper
for its oven Nouriflment. Firft, the Wheat
draws off thofe Particles that fuit the Body
of that Plant 5 the reft lying all quiet and
nndiflurb’d the while. And when the Earth
has yielded up all them, thofe that are pro-
per for Barley , a different Grain, remain
fill behind, ’till the fucceffive Crops of that
Corn fetch them forth too. And fo the Oats,
and Peafe, in their turn $ ’till, in fine, all is
carried off, and the Earth, in great meafure,
drain d of that fort of Matter.

After all which, that very TraB of Land
may be brought to produce another Series of
the fame Vegetables 3 but never ’till ’tis ap-
plied with a new Fund of Matter, of like fort
with that it at firft contain'd. This Supply
is made fever al ways 5 by the Ground’s lying
Fallow for fome time, ’till the Rain has
pour’d down a frejb Stock upon it, or by the
Tiller’ s Care in Manuring of it. And for
farther Evidence that this Supply is in reality
Vol. I. N of

78 An ESSAY on the Frocefs Chap. 6.

of like fort , we need only reflex a-while upon
thofe Manures that are found by conftant
Experience beft to promote Vegitation , and
the Fruitfulnefs of the Earth. Thefe are
chiefly either parts of Vegetables, or of Ani-
mals , which indeed either derive their own
Nourifiment immediately from Vegitable Bo-
dies, or from other Animals that do fo. In
particular, the Blood, Urine , and Excrements
of Animals , Shavings of Horns and of Hoofs,
Hair, Wooll, feathers. Calcin'd Shells, Lees
of Wine, and of Beer, Afies of all forts of
Vegetable Bodies, Leaves, Straw, Roots , and
Stubble, turn’d into the Earth by ploughing or
otherwife, to rot and dijfolve there : Thefe,
I fay, are our beft Manures j and being Vege-
table Subfiances, when refunded back again
into the Earth, ferve for the Formation of
other like Bodies.

Not wholly to confine our Thoughts to
the Fields, let us look a-while into our
Gardens, where we lhall meet with ftiil far-
ther Confirmations of the fame thing. The
Trees , Shrubs, and Herbs cultivated in thefe,
after they have continued in one Station ’till
they have derived thence the greater part of
the Matter fit for their Augment, will decay
and degenerate, unlefs either frejl) Earth , or
fome fit Manure, be applied unto them. ’Tis
true, they may maintain themfelves there for
fome time, by fending forth Roots farther and
farther to a great extent all round, to fetch in
more remote Provifion ; but at laft all will fail.

Chap. 6 . of Nature in V egetation. 1 7 9

and they muff either have a frefi fupply
brought to them, or they themfelves be re-
moved and tranfplanted to fome Place better
furnified with Matter for their Subfijlence.

And accordingly Gardeners obferve , That
Plants that have food a great while in a Place,
have longer Roots than ufual 3 part of which
they cut off whenvthey tranfplant them to a
frejh Soil, as now not of any farther ufe to
them. All thefe Infiances, to pafs over a
great many others that might be alledg’d,
point forth a particular Terrejlrial Matter ,
and not Water, for the Subject to which
Plants owe their Encreafe. Were it Water
only, there would be no need of Manures, or
of tranfplanting them from Place to Place.

The Rain falls in all Places alike 5 in this
Field, and in that indifferently 3 on one fide
of an Orchard or Garden as well as another .

Nor could there be any reafon why a Trabf
of Land fhould yield Wheat one Year, and
not the next 3 fince the Rain (howrs down
alike in each. But I am fenfible I have car-
ried on this Article to too great a length 3
which yet, on fo ample and extenfive a Sub-
ject. ’twas not eafie to avoid.

5. Vegetables are not form’ d of Water, but obferv. 5.
of a certain peculiar Terrefrial Matter. It Ve&* tyk*

hath been (hewn, That there is a confderable
Quantity of this Matter contain’d both in Water, by
Rain, Spring, and River Water : That
the the much greateft part of the Fluid '

Mafs that afcends Up into Plants does

N 2 not

i8o An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

■not fettle or abide there, but paffes through
the Pores of them, and exhales up into the
Atmofphere : That a great part of the Ter-
rejlrial Matter mix’d with the Water, paffes
up info the Plant along with it 3 and that
the Plant is* more or lefs augmented, in pro-
portion as the Water contains a greater or
fmaller Quantity of that Matter. From all
which we may very- reasonably infer. That
Earth l and not Water, is the Matter that
c'onjhtutes Vegetables. The Plant E drew
up into it 2501 Grains of the Fluid Mafs $
and yet had receiv'd but gr. 3 4* of Encreaje
from all that. 'The. Mint \a L, p. 1 26, thos
it had at firfl the disadvantage to be much
lefs than that in 1 5 yet being fet in Water
wherewith Earth was plentifully mix’d, and
that in I only in Water without any fuch
additional Earth, it had vaftly outgrown the
bther, weighing at leaf! 145 gr. more than
that did, and fo having1 gain’d above twice as
much as that had. In like manner that in K,
tho’ ’twas a great deal lefs when put in
than that in I, and alfo was impair'd and
offended by bifebls 5 .yet being planted in
Water wherein Earth was diffolved, whereas
the Water in which I flood had none, it not
only overtook, but confiderably furpafs'd the
other , weighing at leaf!: 29 gr. more than
that in I, p. 125, and yet had not expended
jo much Water as that by above 2400 gr.
The Plant in N-, tho’ at firfl a great deal
lefs than that in M, yet being fet in the

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. i 8 1

foul crafs Water that was left in the Still,
after that in which M, p. 127, was fet,
was drawn off, in conclufion had gain’d in
weight above double what that in the finer
and thinner Water had. The Proportion of
the Augment of that Plant that throve mofl,
was, to the Fluid Mafs fpent upon it, but
as 1 to 46. In others it was but as 1 to 60 ,

100, 200 5 nay, in the Cataputia ’twas but
as 1 to 714. The Mint in B, p. 12 r, took
up 39 gr. of Water a Day, one Day with
another ; which was much more than the
whole Weight of the Plant originally : And
yet with all this it gain’d not one fourth of
a Grain a Day in Weight. Nay, that in H
took up 253 Grains a Day of the Fluid,
which was near twice as much as its original
Weight, it weighing when firft fet in the
Water but 127 Grains. And after all the
daily Encreafe of the Plant, was no more than
gr. 2i4.

6. Spring and Rain-Water contain pretty obferv. 6.
near an equal Charge of Vegetable Matter \ spring and
River-Water more than either of them. The Kd,n ' lVa~
Plants in the Glaffes A,B,C,/. 120, 12 j, were Iff1
at firft of much the fame Size and Weight. Quantity:
At the End of the Experiment, the Mint in p'0fwffr
A ,p. 120, had gain’d 15 gr. out of 2558 gr. more than
of Spring-Water : That in B , p. 121, gr. 17 either-
and an half, out of 3004 gr. of Rain-Water :

But that in C had got 26 gr. out of only 2493
gr. of River-Water. I do not found this Pro-
pofition folely upon thefe Trials 5 having made

N 3 fome

An ESSAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

fame more, which I do not relate here, that
agree well enough with thefe. So that the
Proportions here delivered will hold for the
main j but a flnEl and juft Comparison is
hardly to be expeded. So far from it, that
I make no doubt but the Water that falls in
Rain at fome times, contains a greater Jbare
of Ferre/irial Matter than that which falls at
others. A more powerful and intenfe Heat
mud needs hurry up a larger Quantity of
that Matter along with the humid Vapours
that form Rain , than one more feeble and re-
mifs ever poflibly can. The Water of one
Spring may flow Forth with an higher Charge
of this Matter, than that of another •• This
depending partly upon the quicknefs of the
Ebullition of the Water 5 and partly upon the
Quantity of that Matter latent in the Strata
through which the Fluid pafles, and the
greater or lefs laxity of thofe Strata. For
the fame Beafon the Water of one River may
abound with it more than that of another.
Nay, the fame River, when much agitated
and in Commotion , muft bear up more of it,
than when it moves with lefs Rapidity and
Violence. That there is a great quantity of
this Matter in Rivers, and that it contributes
vaitly to the ordinary Fertility of the Earth ,
we have an illuftrious Inftance in the Nile,
the Ganges, and other Rivers that yearly over-
flow the Neighbouring Plains. Their Banks
fhew the fairefl and large fl Crops of any in
the whole World ; They are even loaded with

the

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation. 183

the multitude of their ProduRions : And thofe
who have not feen them will hardly be in-
duced to believe the mighty Returns thofe
TraRs make, in Comparifon of others that
have not the Benefit of like Inundations.

7. Water ferves only for a V chicle to the obferv. 7
Terrejlrial Matter which foms Vegetables j Water only
and does not itfelf make any Addition unto them. *

Where the proper Terrejlrial Matter is want- fyui
ing, the Plant is not augmented , tho’ never fo Matter.
much Water afcend into it. The Cataputia in
E took up more Water than the Mint in C,
p. 1 2 1, and yet had grown but very little,
having received only three Grains and an half
of additional Weight : Whereas the other
had received no lefs than twenty fix Grains.

The Mint in I was planted in the fame fort of
Water as that in K,p. 125, was 5 only the lat-
ter had Earth diffolved in the Water 3 and
yet that drew off 1 3140 gr. of the Water,
gaining itfelf no mote than 139 gr. in Weight :
Whereas the other took up hut 10731 gr.
of Water, and was augmented 168 gr. in
Weight. Confequently that fpent 2409 gr.
more of the Water than this inK ,p. 12 5, did,
and yet was not fomuch encreafed in Weight
as this by 29 gr. The Mint in M ,p. 127, flood
in the very fame kind of Water as that in N
did. But the Water in M, having much lefs
Terreftrial Matter in it than that in N,j>.i27,
the Plant bore up 8803 gr* of it, gaining
itfelf only 41 gr. the while : Whereas that
in N, p. 127, drew off no more than 4344 gr.

N 4 and

84 dn E S S A Y on the Proeefs Chap. <5.

and yet was augmented 94 gr. So that it fpent
4459 §r> °f Water more than that did 3 and
yet was not itfelf fo much encreafed in
Weight as that was by 53 gr. This is both
a very fair and a very conclufive Inftance :
On which Account ’tis that I make oftner ufe
of it. Indeed they are all fo : And to add
any thing farther on this Head will not be
needful.

’Tis evident therefore Water is not theMat-
ter that compofes Vegetable Bodies 3 ’tis on-
ly the Agent that conveys that Matter to them,
that introduces and distributes it to their fe-
veral Parts for their ElouriJJment. That Mat-
ter is fluggifh and inactive , and would lie
eternally confin’d to its Beds of Earth, with-
out ever advancing up into Plants , did not
Water or f^me like Injlrument fetch it forth
and carry it unto them. That therefore there
is that plentiful Provifton and vaft Abundance
of it fupplied to all Parts of the Earth, is
a Mark of a natural Providence fuperintending
over the Globe we inhabit 3 and ordaining a
due Bifpenfion of that Fluid , without the
minijlry of which, the noble Succeffion of Bo-
dies we behold. Animals, Vegetables, and Mi-
nerals would be all at a hand (a). But to
keep to Plants :■ ’Tis manifeft. Water , as
well cri this as upon the other Hypothecs, is
absolutely neceffary in the Affair of Vegetati-
on, and it will not fucceed without it. Which

/.*) Corf, kat.fiijl. of Earth* p, 47, & feq. & p. 128, &c.

indeed

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation.

indeed gave occafion to the Opinion, that
Water itfelf nourifhed, and was changed in-
to Vegetable Bodies. They faw, though thefe
were planted in a Soil never fo rich, fo happy,
fo advantageous , nothing came of it, unlefs
there was Water too in conliderable quantity.
And it mud be allowed, Vegetables will not
come on or profper where that is wanting :
But yet what thofe Gentlemen inferr’d thence ,
was not, we fee, well grounded.

This Fluid is capacitated for the Office here
aflign’d it, feveral ways. By the Figure of
its Parts, which, as appears from many Ex-
periments, is exa&ly and Mathematically
Spherical 5 their Surfaces being perfectly po-
lite, and without any the lead Inequalities.
’Tis evident, Corpufcles of fuch a Figure are
eafily fufceptible of Motion, yea far above any
others whatever 3 and consequently the mod
capable of moving and conveying other Matter
that is not fo aFtive and voluble. Then the
Intervals of Bodies of that Figure, are, with
refpeft to their Bulk, of all others the largefi 3
and fo the mod fitted to receive and entertain
foreign Matter in them. Befides, as far as
the Irials hitherto made inform us, the Con-
fident Corpufcles of Water, are, each fingly
confider’d, abfolutely folid, and do not yield to
the greated external Force. This fecures their
Figure againd any Alteration : And the In-
tervals of the Corpufcles mud be always alike.
By the latter, ’twill be ever difpofed to re-
ceive Matter into it 3 and by the former,

when

i8 6 Att ESSAY on the Frocefs Chap. 6,

when once received, to bear it on along with
it. Water is farther capacitated to be a Ve-
hicle to this Matter by the tenuity and fine-
ness of the Corpufcles of which it confifts.
We hardly know any Fluid in all Nature , ex-
cept Fire, whofe confiituent Farts are fo ex-
ceeding fubtile and [mail as thofe of Water
are. They’ll pafs Fores and Interjlices that
neither Air nor any other Fluid will. This
enables them to enter the finefi Tubes and Vef-
fels of Plants, and to introduce the Terreflrial
Matter, conveying it to all Parts of them 3
whilft each, by means of Organs ’tis endow-
ed with for that purpofe, intercepts and af-
fumes into itfelf fuch Particles as are fuitable
to its own Nature, letting the refi pafs on
through the common Duffs. Nay, we have
aimoft every- where Mechanical Inftances of
much the fame Tenor. ’Tis obvious to every
one how eafily and fuddenly Humidity, or the
Corpufcles of Water fuftained in the Air,
pervade and infinuate themfelves into Cords,
however tightly twilled, into Leather, Parch-
ment, Vegetable Bodies, Wood, and the like.
This it is that fits them for Hydrometers, and
to meafure and determine the different quanti-
ties of Moifiure in the Air, in different Places
and Seafons. How freely Water palfes and
carries with it Terreflrial Matter, through
Filtres, Colatures, Difii'latiojis, Sic. hath been
intimated already. v

S.Water

Chap. 6. of Nature in Ve getation. 187

8. Water is not capable of performing this obferv. 8,
Office to Plants, unlejs affified by a due jQuan- Watcr not
tity of Heat 5 and this mitfi concur, or Vegeta-Cffffe jv
tion will not fucceed. The Plants that we regood mth-
fet in the Glalfcs Q., R, S, &c. p. 129, in MtheSim,
October and the following colder Months, had
not near the quantity of Water fent up into
them, or fo great an additional Encreafe, by
much, as thofe that were fet in June, July,
and the hotter. ’Tis plain, Water has no
Power of moving itfelf, or riling to the vaft
height it doe£ in the more tall and lofty
Plants. So far from this, that it does not ap-
pear from any Difcovery yet made, that even
its own Fluidity confifts in the intejline Mo-
tion of its Parts t, whatever fome, otherwife
very Learned and Knowing Perfons, may have
thought. There’s no need of any thing more,
for folving all the Ph&nomena of Fluidity , than
fuch a Figure and Difpofition of the Parts , as
Water has. Ccrpufcles of that make , and that
are all abfolutely Spherical, mull ftand fo ve-
ry tickly and nicely upon each other, as to be
fufceptible of every Impreffion 5 and, though
not perpetually in Motion, yet muft be ever
ready and liable to be put into it, by any the
flightejl Force imaginable. It is true, the
Parts of Fire or Heat are not capable of
moving themfelves, any more than thofe of
Water but they are more fubtile, light and
aSive than thofe are, and fo more eafily put
into Motion. In fine, ’tis evident and Matter
of Fad, that Heat does operate upon and move

the

88 An E S SAY on the Procefs Chap. 6.

the Water , in order to its carrying on the
Work of V \ getation : But how ’tis agitated
itfelf, and where the Motion firft begins , this
is no fit Place to enquire.

That the Concourfe of Heat in this Work
is really neceffary , appears, not only from the
Experiments before us, but from all Nature ■:
From our Fields and Forefis, our Gardens and
Orchards. Vie fee in Autumn, as the Sun’s
Power grows gradually lefs and lefs, fo its
Effect s on Plants is remitted , and their Vegeta-
tion Jlackens by little and little. Its failure
is firft difcernible in Trees. Thefe are raifed
higheft above the Earth , and require a more
intenfe Heat to elevate the Water , charg’d
with their NouriJIment, to the Tops and Ex-
tremities of them 5 fo that for want of frejb
Support and Nutriment they lhed their Leaves ,
unlefs fecur’d by a very firm and hardy ConJH-
tution indeed, as our Ever-greens are. Next
the Shrubs part with theirs 5 and then the
Fieri s and lower Tribes 5 the Heat being at
length not fufficient to fupply .ev'n thefe, tho’
fo near the Earth, the Fund of their Nourijb-
ment. As the Heat returns the fucceeding
Spring, they - all recruit again 5 and are fur-
mlh’d with frefi) Supplies and Verdure. But
firft thole which are iowefi and nearefi the
Earth , Herbs, and they that require a lefs
degree of Heat to raife the Water with its
Earthly Charge into then:. Then the Shrubs
and higher Vegetables in their Turns 5 and
daftly the Trees. As the Heat encreales it

grows

Chap. 6. of Nature in Vegetation.

grows too powerful, and hurries the Matter
with too great Rapidity through the finer and
more tender Plants. Thefe therefore^ off and
decay, and others that are more hardy and
vigorous , and require a greater fitare of Heat ,
fucceed in their Order. By which Mecha-
nifm provident Nature furnilhes us with a very
various and differing Entertainment , and
what is beft Jidted to each Seafon , all the Tear
round.

As the Heat of the fever al Seafons affords
us a different Face of Things 5 fo the feveral
diftant Climates fhew different Scenes of Na-
ture, and Productions of the Earth The
Hotter Countries yield ordinarily the largeft
and talleft Trees , and thofe too in much
greater Variety than the colder ever do. E-
ven thofe Plants which are common to both,
attain to a much greater Bulk in the Southern
than in the Northern Climes. Nay, there are
iomc Regions fo bleak and chill, that they raife
no Vegetables at all to any confiderable fize.
This we learn from Groenland , from If eland,
and other Places of like cold Site and Conditi-
on. In thefe no Tree ever appears, and the
very Shrubs they afford are few, little , and low.

1 might have followed this Author farther,
but this I have copied is the moft material 3
and from what has been faid, are difcovera-
ble thofe innumerable Momenta’s that are in

all

i8p

(a) Conf.Nat . Hift. Earth , p. 267, &feq.

ipo An ESSAY, &c. Chap. 6.

all parts of this Vegetative Syftem, fuch as
have not till of late been difcovered. Much
more doubtlefs remains of this kind, that de-
clare the hidden Secrets of Nature, and the
eternal Laws of the Supreme Being, by
whofe peculiar Care they are governed.

I’falm 40. Many., O Lord , are thy wondrous Works
v 5* which thou haft done, and thy Thoughts which
are to us-war d : they cannot he reckoned up in
order to thee : if I would declare and J peak
them, they are more than can be numbred.

DIREC-

DIRECTIONS

For the RAISING

Foreft Trees.

CHAP. VII.

Sect. I.

R. Evelyn , in his Sylva, having in a Mndk-

jvl particular Chapter, intituled The
Sacrednefs and Ufe of Groves, &C.
run thro* the Proemial Part of this Treatife
of Wood in the moft inimitable manner, there
will be the lefs Occafion for me to purfue
that Matter far $ that Gentleman having
from an inexhauftible Fund of Rhetorick
(peculiar to his great Genius) fo beautifully
defcribed the Sacred, Civil, and Seraphick
Ufe of thofe Nemorous Amenities, and in
fuch pathetick Terms, as are fufticient to
charm the moft profound Drone (would he
but give himfelf the liberty of reading it) in-
to

ipa Directions for Raiftng Chap, fs

to an Admiration thereof. And indeed,
whoever (efpecially of our Profeflion) at-
tempts to foar the Heights of that bright Pet-
fon, to hold the Reins, and govern thefe
fublime Subjetts with a Dexterity equal
to him, may juftly expect the Fate of Phaeton ,
to be tumbled'from thofe Sublimities his Am'
bition has carried him.

To epitomize then what has been faid by
him and others on this Subjeft : 'Tis here the
wearied Traveller and laborious Ruftick feek
for Shelter and Refre/bment $ and (Tub dio,
as the h,mm term it) to Jlretch their weari-
ed Limbs, and enjoy that fweet Repofe, and
thofe meridian Naps, appointed for the Recruit
cf Nature in the recejfive Intervals of a fultry
t)ay: ’ Tis here the indefatigable Statefman
reads over and confiders the feveral Govern-
ments of the World, and makes fuch Obfer-
fervations as are for the Service of his Prince
and Country: ’ Tis here the learned Divine
oft forms his elegant and pathetick Orations ,
and the Poet his never-dying Poems.

Virgil begins his Paftorals, Sub tegmine fa-
gi 5 and in his Second Georgick, as if fainting
under the intenfe Heat of Heaven, breaks
out :

— 0 quis me gelidis in Vallibus Hemi

Sijlat, & ingenti ramorum protegit Umbra.

And thro’ the whole Courfe of his Works,
is often Ihrouding himfelf under the Covert

of

Se& i. of Foreft Trees. 1 93'

of fome umbragious Tree. Scarce had he
reach’d the middle of his JLneids, before he
makes thefe the happy Abodes of his departed
Heroes : Says he,

(a) Devenere locos Ixtns & amcena vireta,
Fortunatorum nemorum fedefque beatas.

And a little after :

• V f\Y ' 1 »\ • ,»* w An, • . - . . L. v

(b) Lucis habit amus opacis,

Riparumque toros & prata ricentia rtvis
lncohmus.

And Juvenal, amidft his Sarcafms, is found,

— — — Cupidus Sylvarum aptufque b'lbordh
Fontibm Aonidum.

But if thefe Ihould be thought the Strains
of Poets born in Countries much hotter than
ours, let us turn to the fublime Thoughts of
our Northernly Bards on this Subjeft, who
all of them harmonioully paint the Beau-
ties of thefe Rural Shades, Groves, and Re-
cedes. Thus Mr. Otway i

We wandring thro' a Grove ,

Trees green beneath us, and all Shade above ,

Mild as our Friendjhip,fpringing as our Love :

(a) .Eneid. 6 . 63 7.

V o L. I.

(6) Eneid. 6. 572.

O Hundreds

*94

Directions for Raifmg Chap. 7.

Hundreds ofchearful Birds fill ev'ry Tree ,

And fing their joyful Songs of Liberty.

And Dry den, in his Bocc. Theod. & Hon .
defcribes his Lover :

Within a lonely Lawn that flood ,

On ev'ry fide furroundded by a Wood,

Alone he walk'd , to plea fe his penfive Mind,
And fought the deepefi: Solitude to find:

5 Twas in a Grove of pleafant Bines he firay'd , J
TheWinds within the quiv’rivgBranches play'd, >
And dancing Trees a mournful Mufick made, y
The Place itfelf was fuiting to his Care,

Ifncouth and favage as the Cruel Fair :

He wander'd on, unknowing where he went,
Lofi in the Wood, and all on Love intent.

And the incomparable Boileau, in feveral
Parts of his Epiftle to Lamoignon (which I
fhall colled together) fpeaks of it in the high-
eft Raptures $ for tho‘ his Theme be that of
a Country Life in general, yet the Woods
engrofs’d the beautifulieft of his Thoughts :
Speaking to Lamoignon, he fays,

There [olid Pleafures at an eafie Rate
J pur chafe, and am there, content with Fate :

I take my Book , and in the- Meadows fir ay.
Read as I walk-, and mufing, lofe my Way:

So faft the fweet Ideas croud my Mind,

To Books the Fields , the Shades to Thought fo
kind :

Se&. i. of Foreft Trees. 19$

Oft at the Corner of a Wood I meet

The Word I wanted , and my Verfe compleat.

And in another Place,

There , dear Lamoignon, in an eafie Mind ,

That Peace, in Cities never found, I find 3
My lonely Hours 1 to my Profit turn,

Nor wafte the Time, whoje Lofs in Town we

[mourn.

And again, in recounting the Benefits of
them to Poetry :

The Sylvan Shade and Silence I require
To animate my Voice, and feed my Fire.

But here, as if he intended to make the
Shades his everlafting Afylum:

O hlefs'd Abodes ! 0 dear delicious Shade !

Had I for you, or you for me, been made.

How gladly would l fix my wandring Courfe
With you ! How willing bear tbeWorld'sDivorce !

And only blefs’d in your s, her Charms forget j
Renounce her Pleafures, and to your' s retreat.

Mr. OzelL

Indeed, I cann’t but think I may, with the
univerfal Confent of Mankind, fuppofe, that
nothing on this fide Heav’n is comparable to
it : And this is moft excellently defcrib’d by
Milton , in that memorable Paflage of his,

O 2 where

Directions for Raiftng Chap. y.

where he reprefents Adam juft entring upon
his Exiftence :

As new waked from foundefl Sleep,

Soft on the flow’ry Mead 1 laid me down
In Balmy Sweat, which with its Beams the Sun
Soon dry’d , and on the reeking Moijlure fed:
Streight towards Heaven my wandring Eyes I
[turn'd.

And gaz'd a while the ample Sky 5 till rais’d
By quick, inJlinBive Motion, up I fprung.

As thitherward endeavouring, and upright
Stood on my Feet : About me round I faw
Hill, Dale, and Jbady Woods, and funny Plains,
And liquid Lapfe of murmring Streams by thefe.
Creatures that liv'd, and mov'd, and walk'd,

[and flew.

Birds on theBranches warbling 3 all things fmil'd:
WitbFragrance and with Joy my Heart o’er flow’d.

No wonder if this forc’d the greateft Admi-
ration imaginable in this New Perfon $ fince,
fhould any Man living, after a long Annihi-
lation, or even an Imprifonment in a dark and
melancholy Dungeon, be immediately tranf-
ported into fuch blifsful Shades, into the
View of fuch gay and beautiful Landskips,
and into the midft of fuch innumerable Choirs
of Birds, how agreeably furpriz’d would that
Perfon be ! and cry out with Adam, in that
incomparable Poem,

Se&. i. of Foreft Trees.

Thou Sun , [aid I, fair Light,

And thou enlighten d Earth fofrejb and gay,

Te Hills and Dales, ye Rivers, Woods, andPlainsi
And ye that live and move, fair Creatures, tell.
Tell, if you faw , how came l thus ! how here !

Thefe indeed are the Flights of a Poetick
Fancy 3 but upon a Ihort Examen we fhall
find the Account that is made of thefe Ame-
nities by the ferious and religious part of
Mankind : And certain it is, there is no Place
fo proper for divine Purpofes as thefe Nemo-
rous Abodes: ’Twas under a Tree,*Mr.£w-
lyn obferves, that St. Aujlin's folemn Conver-
fion was wrought, after all his importunate
Reludances ^ and he gives the Reafon of it
himfelf, Solitudo enim mihi ad negotium flendi
aptior fuggerabatur. And we may reafonably
fuppofe (from that Example) that the Air of
fuch retired Places may be affiftant and influ-
ential for the Incitement of Penitential Ex-
preflions and Affedions, efpecially wherf
thereto is added folitary Grotts, murmuring
Streams, and defolate Profpeds. Thefe are
fo very material, that I fhall in my Defigns
make ufe of them in feveral Recedes of my
Woody Plantations, rather than the moft
elaborate Architecture 5 for as there is no
Paflion of the Soul more noble than that of
Pity, we may fee it here invited by fuch
gloomy and melancholy Subjeds as would,
if one gives liberty to Thought, melt down
the moft obdurate Heart.

O 3

Thus

198 Directions for Raifwg Chap. 7,

Thus to Noble and Ingenuous Natures,
a Piece of Ruin is more entertaining than the
moft beautiful Edifice $ and the forrowful
Reflexions they draw, are of the fofteft Tem-
parament imaginable. There may be read
the Inftability of all Sublunary Affairs, and
will remind us of the Frailty of thefe our
Earthly Tabernacles 5 for if thofe magnifi-
cent Piles, compos’d of the hardeft and moft
durable Materials of Wood and Stooe, are
fubjed to fuch Cafualties $ how much eafier
is it for Providence to deftroy this tottering
Frame of Nature, compos’d only of Flefh and
Blood ! In thefe gloomy and beautiful Abodes
’tis poflible for a judicious Contriver fo to or-
der his Defign, as that all the Paflions of the
Mind may be mov’d in a very wonderful
manner. How furprizing would it be to a
Stranger to fall accidentally on the Ruins of
Rome, (tho’ ’twas in Epitome) at the End of
a noble Walk ! How would a Man’s Mind be
infenfibly carried to reflex on the Lives and
gallant Adions of thofe ancient Romans that
were once the Inhabitants of thofe miferable
Deflations ! In truth, in all the beautiful
Scenes of a Country Seat, one paifes thro’ the
feveral Gradations of Joy, Love, Fear, Con-
trition, and Repentance $ every melodious
Note of a Bird, and every gay Flower elevate
the Mind, and all fuch defolate Scenes would
create (dare I call it fo) an agreeable Hor-
ror.

Every

Se£t i. of Foreft Trees.

Every gentle Breeze of Air, a virtuous Man
will readily efteem the immediate Breathing
of his Maker 5 and every awful Bend of a
Tree, the Premonitions of his approaching
End 5 every Green Walk will remind him of
the very Steps he is taking toward Happi-
nefs, the whole Defign of no lefs than Heaven
itfelf. The Sum of all is, Paradife itfelf
was but a kind of Nemorous Temple or Sa-
cred Grove 5 and beautiful Scenes of Garden-
ing, (as the often cited Ingenious Author
Mr. Evelyn obferves) Places confecrated for
fober Difcipline, and to contemplate thofe
myfterious and facramental Trees, which
they were not to touch with their Hands.

’Twas in a Grove that Abraham entertain’d
the Angels, and pioufly invok’d the Bleflings
of Heaven ^ and the Ancient and Primitive
Fathers of our Church, Sr. Jerom , St. Chry-
fofiom , St. Cyprian, the Divine Auguftine be-
fore mention’d, and other ancient Fathers,
greatly magnified thefe pious Adumbrages.
In fuch Places were the Monuments of their
Saints, and the Bones of their Heroes depo-
fited 5 for which David celebrated the Huma-
nity of the Galadites in Nemora Jabes, (as the
fame Author obferves : ) In fuch a Place did
the Angel appear to Gideon : And in others
Princes were inaugurated 5 fo Abimelech,
Judg. 9. And the Rabbins ( fays he ) add a
reafon why they were reputed fo venerable , As
being very apt to compofe the Soul, and fit it for
divine Aftions. And ’tis very remarkable,

O 4 . that

1 99

200

Directions for ILaifing Chap, y,

that our Saviour chofe thofe Abodes fome-,
times for his Oratory while he was alive, as
he did them for his Sepulchre when dead’
And we do avouch, (fays Mr. Evelyn)
for many weighty Caufes, That there is no
Place more fit to bury our dead in, than Groves
and Gardens, where our Beds may be deck'd
and carpetted with verdant and fragrant Flow-
ers, Trees, and perennial Plants, the mofi na-
tural and infiruHive Hieroglyphicks of our Re-
furreclion and Immortality.

But 1 mull quit thefe entertaining Thoughts,
left they Ihould draw me too far out of my
Road, by obferving the great deficiency of
Shade in many of our modern Gardens : For
tho’ our Seafons of Heat are not fo violent as
they are in other Countries yet ^he greateft
Pleafure of a Garden being in the Summer, it
calls for our firft and principal Care in furnilh-
ing our Villa's and Gardens therewith.

And indeed, however thofe Perfons may
conlider it, who have great Quantities of
Greens in their Plantations, 1 cann’t but
efteem a Foreft-Tree very much beyond it 5
fo chearful is their Livery in Summer, in
comparifon of Hardy Greens. I hope there-
fore they will pardon me, if I cann’t fubfcribe
to their Opinion and Practice 5 and Ihall im-
mediately purfue what I have all this while
been aiming at, I mean, the Railing of Foreft-
Trees in Nurferies 5 leaving Greens for Win-
ter-Gardens, and the more contracted Scenes
of the Town, . ..1

l' v ; ! . The

201

Se& i. of Foreft Trees.

The Method of Railing Foreft-Trees in
Nurferies, is fo diverting as well as ufeful,
that I have often wonder’d there has been fo
little profeffedly writ on that Subjed. As for
what Mr. Evelyn and Mr. Cook have left, it
feems to have relation rather to the Sowing
and Railing promifcuous Woods, Groves, &c.
and not the exader Method of Seminary and
Nurfery Plantations.

Cato, Varro , Columella, and Palladium, but
particularly the induftrious Pliny, have indeed,
in their Ruftick Difcourfes, left extraordinary
Rules in this Matter 5 but thofe, as well as
the Authors of our own Country above men-
tion’d, have not pointed out that Method
now made ufe of by our Nurfery Gardeners,
who have, doubtlefs, very much improv’d
this part of Gardening, lince the Time thofe
Books were writ.

It would indeed be a needlefs piece of Ser-
vice, to any that live within 20 or 30, or
indeed 40 Miles of London, ( or any-where
where there be good Nurferies in the Coun-
try ) to advife them to Raife Trees 5 lince
they are bought much cheaper than ’tis polli-
ble they can raife them : Belides, their being
ready grown, and the choice of what Size
and Kinds they pleafe, are all undeniable
Arguments of the Truth of this Paragraph.

Yet, to the more remote Parts of this
Kingdom, the Conlideration of the Expence
in Carriage, and the Accidents and Damages
they receive thereby, are great Motives to

induce

202 Directions for Raifing Chap. 7.

induce all true Lovers of Gardening to a Pro-
fecution of this delightful Employ : When,
to what has been faid, it be alfo added, the
Pleafure and Satisfadion Perfons of Quality
and Gentlemen have in railing and viewing
their own Trees, the Produce of their parti-
cular Care and Labour $ and, which is a
Confideration of no lefs Moment than the
former, that having their Seats prepared for
Planting out in the open Park early in the
Seafon, by moving them with a little Earth,
they have the Satisfadion of apprehending
little Lofs $ and, by taking thole Methods
I (hall hereafter direct, no occafion of Water-
ing the next Summer.

I lhall not pretend, in this, to fhew the
whole Art of what we call a Is hrfery-Man j
my Bufinefs being only to teach the Method
of Railing Foreft-Trees, and of them only
that are moft remarkable 5 purpoling in this,
as well as all the other Parts of Gardening,
to avoid Multiplicity, and to confine my felf
to a few the belt, obvious, and moft eafie
Rules and Kinds, both in the P radical as
well as Specifick Part of Gardening, rather
than to confound my felf, and my Readers
too, with a numerous Colledion of Plants,
fome of them of little Ufe $ but lhall leave
that to the laborious Botanick, whofe Bulinefs
’tis to difcover and multiply a Number of
Species in Plants, in order to amufe, I
might add, amaze, rather than inftrud, Man-
kind.

Se&. i. of Forefi: Trees.

Thus in Fruits 3 two or three kinds of
Cherries, and four or five of Plums at the
molt, three or four kinds of Apricots, of the
belt kinds of Peaches and Pears not above half
a dozen each, and of Apples not above three
or four 3 thefe being well manag'd, will fuf-
ficiently fupply any Table communis menfibua
ami.

The like do I obferve in Foreft-Trees^ out
of the many Sorts whereof, I fhail only colled
a few of the nobleft and freeft- growing
Kinds.

I fhail not follow the Method taken by any
of the preceding Writers, in the Delivery of
their Precepts, which are either alphabetically
or cafually, as the Trees they have treated of
have found a priority in their Affection and
Efteem 3 but 1 fhail take that hinted at by
Virgil , who has claflically reduc’d all the
Species into one Article, according to the
Method of their Propagation. Thus he
ranks the Genifia among the Spontaneous 3 the
Oak, Chefnut, and all the other Kinds, whe-
ther Glandiferous, Bacciferous, dec. to his
Seed-Beds 3 the Elm to the Exuberances of
the Mother-Roots 3 and the reft to the feveral
more artificial Methods of Avulfion, Infoflion,
Arcuation, &c. This Order will, 1 hope,
take away that Repetition that one often finds
in thofe Authors, there being one and the
fame Culture and Management again and
again repeated.

Sect.

303

204

The Intro-
duction.

DireSiions for Raifing Chap j.
Sect. II.

; ' ' " 3r '

Of the Spontaneous Production of Trees.

1 ff : , • ‘ ‘ ■ * j •*- - % ' ‘ j

Thus Virgil, Geo. 2.

Principio arboribus varia eft natura creandis
VJamque alia, nullis hominum cogentibus , ipfa
Sponte fua veniunt, campofque & flumina late
Arva tsnent , ut molle filer, lentaque genifia,
Populuz & Glauca canentia fronde falicta.

Engliih’d by Mr. Dry den :

Some Trees their Birth to bounteous Nature owe,
For fome without the Pains of Planting grow :

With Ofiers thus the Banks of Brooks abound.
Sprung from the Watry Genius of the Ground.

From the lame Principles Green Willows come,
Herculean Poplar, and the tender Broom.

BEfore I enter upon the Method of Raifing
Trees, it may probably be expected I
Ihould fay fomething concerning the Sponta-
neous Production of Plants, with which Vir-
gil introduces his Works : To this I fhall
be very Ihort, confidering it is of no great
Moment ^ and the feveral Opinions of this
being only Guefs-work, in my Render Opi-
nion are fome of the difficulteft Pb&nomena's
in Nature (efpecially in this part of Natural
Philofophy) to folve : And after all, my weak

Thoughts

Se& 2. of Foreft Trees. 205

Thoughts on this Subject feem to terminate
in the unbounded Laws of God Almighty,
who doubt lefs refer ves a great many of thefe
Things as grand Arcana's in the Sacred Depo-
fitariesof Providence.

There be who deny all Spontaneous Pro- Some deny a
ductions in Plants $ but that they are rais’d spontaneous
by Seeds wafted from one Region to another Pro ,on‘
in the Air 3 which afterwards fall down, and
alfoon as the Ground is dug or plough’d,
fpring up in great Abundance. And to con-
firm this, they have produced a great many
Inftances.

But when we confider that there are many confiderati-
kinds of Plants which have no Seeds at all, ons a&amfi
and yet rife up and increafe in great Abun- Ne£it~
dance 5 to what can that be referr’d, but the
latent Juices of the Earth, which give them
Origin and Birth at firft, and afterwards main-
tain them in Splendour, and often grow to an
exceeding great Height > Befides, how comes
it to pafs, (for their delapfe out of the Air is
doubtlefs fortuitous) that it happens to fall
juft upon fuch and fuch Lands, as Gorze or
Furze upon wet, foure Land ^ Genifta and
other kinds on a more mild and tradable ? I
fay, how comes it to pafs that thefe Seeds
don’t fall upon one Ground as well as another,
where they would grow in fome degree, tho'
not perhaps fo fall as they would in their
own Natural Soil ? Befides, all forts of Earths
tranfported from Place to Place carry with
them their particular kinds of Vegetables,

which

20 6

DireSlions for Raifwg Chap, 7.

which fpring certainly from the Juices in-
herent in their Natures, and imperceptible to
the moft curious Examen, (as well as from
Seeds that are fuppos’d to be fhed thereon)
and there flourilh fo long as there remains any
Tindure of their Natural Soil : And this I
have obferv’d in Ground dug very deep out of
the Foundations where Houfes have flood a
long Time, yet upon an expofure to the Sun
and Air, the Weeds, &c. have fprung up 3
tho’ ’tis certain that this Ground could have
no way to receive any Seeds, either by the
Wind or by lhedding 3 and therefore they
muft be without doubt derived from the la-
tent Qualites of the Earth. How this is
effeded, and how thefe Juices give Original
to Plants, 1 muft confefs myl'elf at a lofs to
account for : So leaving thefe curious En-
quiries, I fliall proceed to teach the Method of
Railing Foreft Trees by Seed.

Sect. III.

Of the Method of Raifwg of Trees by Seed.

• — Pars autem furgunt de Semine, ut alts,
Cafanes , nemorumq^ Jovi qua maxima frondes.

Virgil.

But fome from Seeds inclos’d in Earth arife.
For thus the maft-full Chefnut mates the Skies:

Hence

Se& 3* <>f Foreft Trees. 207

Hence rife the branching Beech, and vocal Oak,
Where Jove of old oraculoufly fpoke.

THere are very many Kinds of Trees re- °fthe
ducible to this Clafs 3 but fome of them
being of little Ufe in refpect to the Forefts
and Woods I am treating of, I fliali pafs them
by, and enumerate only thofe that are the
fitteft for this Purpofe, which are the Oak,

Ajl), Beech, Hornbeam, Sycamore, Maple, the
Horfe and common Cbefnut, the Walnut 3 and
of the Greens, the Scotch and Silver Firr 3
and for Hedges, the Holly, Tew, and White
Thorn. Thefe are all very well known, for
which reafon I have got over them as foon
as poffible, and proceed to the Method to be
obferv’d in Railing them, as they hand col-
lected together under this Head 3 and indeed,
as to the General, one Management will do
for them all, though there may be fome
fmall Exceptions, as in all other Cafes there
are.

It were almoft a needlefs Matter to direct of the
the Choice of Seed, which every one knows Seect ’*
ought to be gathered from the molt healthy
Trees in their feveral kinds. I (hall not there-
fore multiply the Obfervations and Rules
which the Antients have left in this Point,
much lefs their Lunar and fuch-like ex-
ploded Directions.

’Tis fufficient for my Purpofe, to advife,
that it be not gather’d too early nor too late 3
the one being pernicious in refpeCt to its

fhrinking 3

2o8 DireStions for Kaifing Chap. 7.

fhrinking 5 and the other, the Damage they
may fuftain by too much Rain or Froft : But,
for more particular Direction, it fhould be
when we find the Pulp or Kernel of the Seed,
Acorn, or Berry appear dryifh, and approach-
ing the Nature of Peafe when commonly
threfh’d, if you do not fow them immediate-
ly. You Ihould alfo get the Seed, and lay it
up as dry as you can, otherwife ’twill moulder
or rot : The cleaning of thofe Seeds are fo
well known to every Ruftick, that I fhall fay-
nothing of it ^ but proceed to the manner of
Chufing and Preparing the Earth, and the
Time and Manner of Sowing.
viretlions We ought firft to chufe a good, light, clean
to chuff ths Earth, or light, loamy Land for this Pur-
Gromd. p0fe . ancj that ought to be done for the more
indifferent as well as choice Kinds to be
fown, inafmuch as if they will do well in
indifferent Soil, they will do better in good,
and will be more expeditious in their Growth,
and fooner repay the Labour. In Ground
thus chofe, and not too much or too little
fhaded, let it be prepar’d, if poffible, alto-
gether in one Piece, for the more conveni-
ently vifiting and taking care of them, in the
following manner.

Manner of Let it be trench'd or dug clean, and in thin

fheGro^i/ '^PIts 2 f°ol: deep, picking out all Clods,
te * Stones, Roots, or any other Incumbrances or
Obftruftions, efpecially Weeds, which will
afterwards appear to the Shame and Perplexi-
ty of the Drelfer, and will fo hamper them-

felves

Se&. 3. of Foreft Trees. 209

felves among the tender Plants, that ’twill be
a hard matter to clear one, without eradica-
ting the other.

The next Thing in Courfe is, the Raking D ifpfitm
it level and clear at top of all Stones, W eeds, ’nt0 Beds'
or other Incumbrances of all forts, and divi-
ding the Ground into Beds of three and a half
or four Foot wide, and Allies between them,
for the convenience of Weeding, about two
Foot;

This done, fow your Seed at a difcretionary Seed, the
Diftance and Depth, with refpeft had toth e^"”^
Groflnefs of the Tree you fow 5 as Alh, Ma- Sowing.
pie, and Sycamore thinner than Beech, Horn-
beam, and other Plants that are weak and
fmall when young. This Ihould be done af-
foon as the Seed is ripe, which is about the
middle of OElober.

The Seed being fowed in this manner, D;’ eBim
ought to be firft gently trod over, as we fnf Sow'
commonly tread Carrots, in order to fallen
the Seed in the Earth, which is of fome con-
fiderable Advantage. This done, cover it
with fome Mould, if it be good, one, two,
three, or four Inches thick, according as the
Tree you cover is bell able to bear , an Oak
four Inches 3 Beech and Hornbeam two or
three 3 Alh, Maple, and other fmall Seeds,
one or two at moil .

Having committed the Seed to the Ground, Seeur'me,
and covered it with a proper Thicknefs of
Earth, N° 1. p. 105. the next Care is covering
and fecuring them from the Scratching of Poul-
V o L. I, P try.

2 10

Covering
with Dung,

The Time.
Autumn
th: befl .

Directions for Raifing Chap. 7.

try, and other Accidents that are apt to hap-
pen to thefe unfeen, and, as yet, unfprouted
Plants ^ which is done by flicking of Sticks
and Furze-Bulhes by the Sides and a-crofs the
Beds.

But before this be done, if the Earth be
poor, and not covered, as above, it will be
of no fmall Advantage to the fprouting of the
Seed, as well as to its future Growth, that an
Inch of fine, clean, rotten Dung, from Maga-
zine N°4.p. 106. and nearconfumed to Mould,
be laid on 5 but this ought not to be an addi-
tional Inch, but a part of that already defcri-
bed$ upon which let there be an Inch or two
of Mofs fpread neatly over, and then you
may flick on the Sticks as above- directed 3
this Mofs will be of excellent Ufe in pre-
venting the Extremity of Cold, and will at
the fame time receive fuch a due Perfpiration
of Air, as is convenient for the Germination
of thefe tender Seedlings.

There are fome that prefer the Spring be-
fore the Time I have been now advifing, but
this I am againft 5 for the Seed thus early
committed to the Ground, is not only, as it
were, directed by Nature for fowing in the,
Dropping from the Trees, but alfo Experi-
ence and Reafon will farther inform us, that
Seed takes up fome time in fwelling, extend-
ing, and extricating itfelf out of thofe tefta-
ceous Shells and Prifons in which they are
by Nature inveioped.

That

Se&. 3. of Foreft Trees. 211

That thisProcefs being flow, requires fome Reafons to
Months of the Winter to effe<ft it y befides*>m,f,f‘
(as I (hall hereafter make appear) ’tis necefla-
ry all Plants Ihould well root and fix them-
felves before the approaching Spring, when
Nature haftens out all her OfF-fpring 3 and
’tis certain* thofe that are the readieft, will
make the greateft Progrefs in their Summer’s
Growth.

I know this Reafon does not hold good in
all Herbacious Matters 3 but in thefe I have
been mentioning, I hope it has and will ap-
pear unconteftably true.

Thefe are the general Diredions I think Exceptions
moil proper for the preparing the Ground, lafkuieof
fowing and fecuring fuch Plants and Foreft Sowing.
Trees are rais’d by Seeds 5 which meet with
few Exceptions from the general Rule, fave
that Oaks and Ghefnuts are rais’d with more °fs-
Eafe 5 for having chofe clear, good Ground, c s mtu
the Chefnuts may be planted at five or fix
Inches afunder, and the Oaks fow’d in a Drill
made with a Hoe, like Garden Peafe, as the
other are planted like Garden Beans $ but
for the other, tho’ fome will do with lefs
Care, yet ’tis feldom known any one fuffers
on that fide the Queftion.

Thefe Acorns and Chefnuts ought to be
planted in the belt Land you can, which will Acorns.
be fufficiently repaid by the Quicknefs of
Shooting, as well as Beauty.

It muft be obferv’d, that the Seed of Yew, Holly ani
Holly, and White Thorn, which I bring in-

P 3 tO Ground-

2 1 2 Directions for Raifing Chap. 7.

to this Account, for that they make good
Hedges, lie in the Ground a whole Year and
never fprout, which may make fome unwari-
ly fuppofe that they are either rotten or
dead.

ferv*°mi ^he Pra(^ce hi that Cafe is to pot or box
aid rew- them up for the lirft Year in fine Sand or
Berries all Mould 5 whilft others, after a more carelefs
Tean ^ manner, dig a deep Hole in fome neglefted
Corner of their Gardens, and bury them,
taking them up the Michaelmas following, at
which Time they begin to germinate and
fprout ^ and indeed I have feen this laft fuc-
ceed as well as the firft } but Care fhould be
taken to bury them at leaft four Foot deep.

What I would recommend more as to the
fowing thefe Foreft Seeds, is, the covering
thofe you fow, either in Drills or Beds, with
Coal-allies that have lain fome time, (or Pid-
geons Dung is very good) provided they
don’t touch the Seed 5 thefe Coverings will
fend down fuch vaft Quantities of Salt, as will
wonderfully impregnate the Seed, and fet the
Ground into a very quick and proper Fer-
ment $ and any of the Seedlings will, I durft
fay from Experience, flioot as large again as
if there had been nothing laid over them, and
is indeed much better than common Dung,
elfewhere recommended.

The care The next thing we are to inform ourfelves
krtakn9 a^out> *s t^le Care that is to be taken the firft
the firif Year. In the Winter they are apt to be in-
rear after fefted with Mice and other Vermin, and

r therefore

Se&. 3. of Foreft Trees. 213

therefore great Care fhould be taken to keep
the Traps going $ and about the beginning
of April the Mofs fhould be pull’d off, (the
Earth gently Hir’d, the Rains in the YVinter
having doubtlefs made it Cloddy) and then the
Bufhes laid on again, to prevent the Fowls, &c.

(as before 3) and if the Weather be dry, re-
frefh them well with Water : But ’twill be
beft to lay a Mat or Cloth on as you water,
left the Rapidity of the Water difcompofe
thefe young and as yet tender Beauties ; for
thereby the Force is ftopt, and the YVater
runs gently through the Holes or Threads of
the Cloth, &c.

’Tis neceffary that we fhould keep the weeding.
great Weeds all pull'd up as they grow 5 but
as for the fmall ones, fuch as Chickweed, a
little rather nourilhes the Plants, and keeps
the Ground cool : To effect which yet more,
if a little Straw, Brachen or Fern were like-
wife laid gently over the Bufhes, fo as to ad-
mit but of a glimmering Light, it might be
of confiderable Ufe, but this only in the Ex-
tremity of Heat.

About Michaelmas fcratch off the Mould MwmohM-
that lies on the top very gently, and then 'birthing
earth the Plants again with the ffneft Melon them at
Mould,, and it win be of great ufe, for theMichael‘
Rains to wafh them in and exhilerate and re- nus'
frelh the Fibres, and make them ftrike frelh
Roots. Fetch this Earth from Magazine
Nq 1. p. 105, if you have not fine Mould
enough.

P3

In

214 Dire&ions for Raifmg Chap. 7.

in this manner I advife their Handing till
Zxt V/n-^6 ^pril following, at which time begin to
tp. plant them out fingly in Beds prepared and
mark’d out as before directed. To be fure
clear from it all Stones, Clods, Roots, or
other Things that may any-way hinder or ob-
ftruft the Fibres 5 and if not naturally fo,
fhould be Skreen’d, and well mix’d with
Dung and Earth well moulder'd and incorpo-
rated together, fetch’d from Magazine N° 2.
p. 105. -But this fhould by no means be burir
ed, but rather fpread on the Ground about
two, three, four, or five Inches thick, at
the Difcretion of the Planter, and the Good-
nefs or Badnefs of the Natural Soil.

After this Preparation is made, and the
Beds and Allies mark’d out, as before direded,
for the fowing the Seed, ’twill be proper to
rake the Beds, and gently tread and beat
them even with a Spade ; that your proceed-
ing in the Planting may be the more regular
and exad, and confequently the fafer for the
reception of your Plants.

The Method Setting your Line then a-crofs the Bed four
fngmfinta Foot wide, as before direded, cut out a
oiler Beds. Trench as when you plant Dutch Box, (for
the Dibber commonly us’d is a clumfie way
for this and Box;) the Trench being thus
nicely cut out about two or three Inches deep,
place your Plants about three or four Inches
afunder ; which done, clofe up your Roots,-
and fatten the Earth as before, and then re-
move the Line three or four Inches more off.

Se£L 3. of Foreft Trees. 2 15

and cut a new Trench, and fo proceed ’till
you have fill’d the whole Bed: After which,
take a round Stick about two Inches diame-
ter, and tread it down between every Row 5
and this will fatten the Earth yet more to the
Roots, which is of no fmall Confequence.

Being thus planted, you may mullh or lay
fome Straw over the Roots, in the Trenches them'
or Furrows made by that Stick, which will
keep the Ground moift : And one ought of-
ten to examine and prefs the Mould down
either with the Hand or with the aforefaid
Stick 5 elfe the Worms will throw out the
young Plants, as w ill alfo the natural Heaving
of the Ground.

It will be of the greateft fervice to thefe Cwerint
Plants, if you make low Arbours over the^f*//y
Beds, in order to throw Mats over them to are new-
fecure them from the Heat of the fcorchingftof‘/‘
Sun, which are apt to be fatal to thefe and
all other tender Seedlings, and that the Seed-
lings be refrelh’d three or four times a Week,
in the Heat of Summer, with a fine fmall Wa-
ter-pot 5 it fhould be in the Mornings in the
Months of April , May, and Augufi , but in
the Evenings in June and July.

Here let them remain (watering and clean-
fing them of Weeds as you lhall fee occafion)

’till the beginning of Augufi come Twelve-
month after they are fow’d, if not to the
Spring following, according as you fee them
either weaker or ftronger 5 during which
time, you ought once in a Month or two to

P 4 to

TT 6 Directions for Raifwg Chap. 7.

ftir the Mould ^ and if the Ground is poor,
earth them up with thejCompoft from Maga-
zine N° 2. (p. 105.) in extreme dry Weather,
watering and refrefhing them as foon as you
have done.

TheEffcn By this time we may hope to fee fome Beds
u-.foo.Hf. of fjne y0ung thriving Plants ready for the
Open Nurfery 5 and the Kinds that merit
this Care, are Beech, Hornbeam, White
Thorn, Holly, and Yew. As for Oak, Afh,
and Sycatnore, they are quick of growth, and
fo may be planted out in Rows in the open
Nurfery. But if the Ground be Poor Or
Coarfe, open fome Holes about eight or ten
Inches fquare, and fill them up with an equal
mixture of Mould, from N° 2 and 3, (p. 105.)
But if the Alh or Sycamore be weak, put
them in Beds likewife, but thinner.
r.trtjfuUr The Chefnuts and Walnuts all this while
f^oaUnd ftar?d as they were, becaufe thofe Trees are
chefmts. not lovers of often tranfplanting j they fhould
therefore not be planted out, till they have
flood two, if not three Years, in the Seed-
bed.

Concerning 1 have diligently perus’d what the Antients
the Anti- have wrote concerning the Railing of Trees,
but don’t find their Diredions amount to
this Care y and perhaps ’tis more than is com-
monly us’d by all our Nurfery- men : But this
I thought my felf oblig’d to do becaufe
where one is fo exad as to follow thefe Rules,
I doubt top many will not $ and therefore one
cann’t prefs them too much, when they may

Se&, 3. of Foreft Trees. 217

be done with fo much Eafe and Pleafure, and
fo little Expence.

A more fpeedy Method of advancing the
Growth of Plantation 3 by buying young

Stock.

But becaufe this Procefs is tedious, there
being now two or three Years, if not more,
laps’d, and yet nothing fit for the Park or
Open Plantation, which often difcourages
Gentlemen from proceeding :

I muft, in the next place, advife them how
they (hall provide themfelves, at a fmall Ex-
pence, with Plants thus forward, as I fup-
pofe to have brought them by Sowing, and
as large. In the mean time, for the next Sup-
ply, the former Method may be of confide-
rable moment, in point of fuccellion one un-
der another.

For there beingfeveral Nurfery-men about pireSms
London that raife abundance of thefe Plants Buym&-
every Year, ’tis eafie to procure them, and
that at the Expence of about Twenty or
Five and Twenty Shillings a Thoufand 5 a
Price very cheap, for the Trouble thofe Per-
fons muft be at that raife them.

Some will venture at them out of the Seed- In fak'ws
bed, but then they muft be box’d up care-
fully from the Wind, with fome Mould in
the Box to keep them frelh : Great Care
muft alfo be taken that the Carrier takes
them away the firft Return, they being foon
fpoil’d. Rut

2 1 8-

Care of
Packing
and Tranf-
prting.

Toe fame
for larger
Trees ♦

The' Ant i-
ents hold
Elm and
Lime to b
rais'd of
Seed.

Direction ^ for Raifitig Chap. 7.

But as for the other, ( I mean thofe that
have been tranfplanted) lefs Care will fuffice 5
they may be tied up in fmall Bundles, and
the Roots wrapt round with Peafe-ftraw, or,
which is better, wrapping them up in Mats 5
however, 'tis no matter how foon they are
planted, which ought to be done with all
proper Care. The Manner is fufficiently de-
liver’d, I hope, in the foregoing Directions,
fo I (hall fay no more as to that.

The larger Species of Foreft Trees, as Oak,
Elm, Lime, &c. may alfo be bought very
cheap, and planted in the Nurfery in like
manner.

I (hall quit this Sedion, with obferving.
That the Antients have fpoken of Elms and
■ Limes being rais’d of Seed 5 but this being
a Pradice not us’d with us in England , and
indeed a needlefs Nicety, we having much
better Methods of Propagation, which is the
next thing I am to fpeak to 5 only I thought
this Caution might take off thofe unnecef-
fary Amufements this chimerical Notion
might infufe into Lovers of Gard’ning, for
whofe Service this is penn’d : For who is
there that would go a round-about Way,
when they might go a nearer dired one ?

Sect.

21?

Se&. 4. of Foreft Trees,

Sect. IV.

Of the Raifing Trees from the Suckers ,
or rather the Spawn or Exuberance of
the Roots.

Pullulat ab Radice alii denfiffima Sylva,

Ut Cerafis, ulmifque : etiam Parnaffias Laurus,

Parva fub ingenti, Matris fe fubjecit Umbra.

Virg. Georg. 2.

Some from the Roots a rifing Wood difclofe 5
Ihus Elms , and this the favage Cherry groves :

Thus the green Bays,that binds the Poet’s Brows,

Shoots , and is Jhelterd by the Mother's Boughs.

Dry den.

TO pafs by tbe Cerafvs, which is our The Kinds.

common Laurel, and the Laurus Par-
najjia of Virgil, which may be fuppos’d to
be no other than our common Bay, I find
four or five Kinds of Foreft Trees reducible to
this Clafs, (viz.)

Ulmus, the Elm, of which we have three
principal forts, the Englijb, Dutch , and Witch .*

The former is fubdivided. There are other
Kinds of lefs moment, which 1 purpofely
pafs over.

Populus, the Poplar, of three Kinds: A-
mongft which we may reckon the Abeal, with
others which I {hall more largely infill on

when

220

Directions for Raifing Chap. 7.

when 1 come to fpeak of Arcuation, or raif-
ing Plants by Bowing or Bending them into
the Ground, which we call Laying.

Thefe Trees fend forth abundance of Spawn
at the Root in all uncultivated Places, Mea-
dows, &c. which, if one would preferve,
ought to be hedg’d round, that the Cattle
do not crop them.

Some fmall time before Michaelmas they
may be taken up and planted in Rows in
the Nurfery, at the Diftance which fhall be
Ipoken of by and by.

But I cann’t but obferve on this Head, in
order to cut it off the Ihorter, that all thefe
aye much better rais’d by Laying ; which
I therefore referr to SeBion VI. where that
Matter is fully and plainly handled.

But before I quit it, let me fpeak fome-
thing of what Salmafm fays concerning the
Raifing of Elms from Chips which I have
always efteem’d a fabulous Story, ’till, upon
buying a great many in Oxfordjbire for the
Plantations at Blenheim , it was confirm’d in
feveral Places, efpecially at a Place near Sir
Robert Jenkinfon’s, where there was .a very
fine Nurfery of Elms about five or fix Inches
Diameter ^ the Perfon that own’d them af-
furing me, that within Thirty Years before
there was not one Elm, or any thing like it
near them 5 but that upon hewing a great:
many Elm Trees for the Building a Lathe
or Barn, they perceiv’d them the next Year
to fpringup , and having prefervjd them from

Se&. 5. of Forefi: Trees.

the Cattle, they had come to that Stature 1
then {aw them. I fhall only add a Suppofition
of my own, that it might probably be from
thofe Knots which grow thick on Elms, ra-
ther than the common Chips, or from fome
Seminalia lodg’d in the furrow’d Coat of Elms,
and undifcoverable to common Obfervation.

Sect. V.

Of Raifing Trees by Artificial Methods 3
as Avnlfiotiy Arcnation3 &c.

Sunt alii quos ipfe via fibi reperit Ufus.

Virg. Geo. 2.

Others there are , by late Experience, found,

Dryden.

WHICH Methods he feems to divide in-
to fix Parts, tho’ the Interpreter Rita-
avs, and from him Mr. Dryden makes feven,
dividing the fecond into two againft which
I fhall not contend, feeing neither of them
are of any great Ufe, but fhall pafs them 0-
ver haftily, that I may have the more Time
on the fourth, (viz.') Arcuation, which per-
forms all the reft, and that much eafier and
better. But to proceed : His firft Method is.

Hie

221

ai2

Raifing by
Cutting or
Slips .

DireEUons for Kaifing Chap. 7.

• : j x f ^ . r . . \

Hie planities tenero abjeendens de corpore
Depofuit faith. [ 'Matrum

Virg.

Some cut the Shoots, and plant in furrow’d
Ground. Dryden.

This plainly belongs to what we call Slip-
ping or Cutting the Shoots off at a Knot, and
to planting them in the Ground to root : The
Plants rais’d by this means are the
Sallow in Woods, and in other Low Places
Willow, Sic. The Sallow is a great Furni-
ture in our Common Coppices 5 and the Wil-
low, of which the Dutch is the beft, is for
Wet Grounds, and for the Basket- makers Ufe. .
We commonly plant fhort Truncheons, about
two or three Foot long for Dwarfs in Iflands
(let the Truncheon be planted a Foot deep in j
the Ground, and as my Lord Bacon advifes,
flopewife,) but if for Standards, next the
Water-fide 5 or to make Walks or Willows,
they ought to be 9 or 10 Foot long at leaft,
fometimes 12 or 13 Foot. There be many
others that might be brought under this Head,
but being much better rais’d by the fourth
Method, I lhall leave them to that. Either
the Spring or Fall, or the Middle of the
Winter will do for thefe , and they are fo
well known to every Country Hedger, that
I lhall fay no more upon this Head, but only
advife,that the Ground in the lllands Ihould be 1

Se&. $. of Foreft Trees. 225

dug at firft, in order to clear away the Weeds,
which would otherwife choak the young Sets,
tho’ not eafily 5 and in the Digging Ihould
be laid in Beds three or four Foot wide,
for the better drawing off all Superfluities of
Water in the Channels betwixt them.

Hie Jlirpes obruit arvo

Quadrifidafque fudes, & acuto rolore Vallos. ,

Virg. Geo. 2.

Some cover rooted Stalks in deeper Mould 5
Some cover Stakes, and (wondrous to behold !)

Their Iharpen’d ends in Earth their Footing
And the dry Poles produce a living Place.Qplace,

Dry den.

Ruaus, the Author of the Dauphin’s E- F/W.Delph.
dition, divides this into two Methods, as does Edlcion-
alfo Mr. Dry den, which I might follow not- Geo' 2'
withftanding 1 have fome Reafons to the con-
trary • however, this is not a very material
Method, and fo I lhall let it flip, after hav-
ing obferv’d, that by them it relates chiefly M> f
to Willow and Sallow Stakes and Poles, which Raifmg
were mentioned in the laft Article. Willows.

I have run over thefe two Sections with
all the Brevity imaginable, referving both
Pen and Paper for the next, which is Lay-
ings I therefore advife my Reader to ufe this
en pfitfent, as a Method I have inferted rather
by way of Explanation to this Great Author,
than of any real Ufe to this prefent Purpofe.

Sect.

DireSlions for Raifing Chap. 7.

224

Sect. VI.

Of Raifwg frees by Layers .

Sylvarum alise preffos propaginis arcus
Expedant & viva fua plantaria Terd.

Virg. Georg. 2.

Some bow their Vines, which buried in the Plain,
Their Tops in dijlant Arches rife again.

Dryden.

tr Railin'’ HT ^ ^ is undoubtedly the Method of
Trees ’ tf 1 Raifing Trees by Arcuation or Laying.
Layers. Virgil mentions no more than the Vine that
is rais’d by this Method 5 and ’tis probable
he knew of no other : But now it is the gene-
ral Method of Raifing all Trees that cann’t
be rais’d from Seed, or, to fpeak more plain-
ly fever ai ly, that bear no Seed. The Trees that be-
Kinis. jong tQ our prefent pUrpofe, are the Dutch

Witch and Evglifb Elm, the Lime, Abeal,
Platanus, Alder, and all forts of Sallows and
Willows, and (as has been before obferved)
every Tree that does not bear Seed.

How to The firft thing to be done, is, the procu-
tiS-PUnts r‘n§ lar§e Rrong Mother-Plants 5 let them
or stools". *be Trees that are crooked, or any otherwife
deformed, the larger the better 5 cut them
down clofe to the Ground, and plant them
in a Border full fix Foot wide, and the

Plants

Se&. 6, of Foreft Trees. 225

Plants in a ftraight line five or fix Foot
afunder.

Of thefe moll: Gentlemen hive fbme by
them 5 but if nbt, they may eafily buy them :

Any crooked Trees will ferve, provided they
are large and ftrong 5 and all the Head and
Stem being cut down, they will be very
eafily ttanfpbrted to any Place.

As for the Quantity of Mother Plants, w/idOuati-
which I (hall henceforward call Stools, they
ought to be according to the Number one
intends to raife. A good ftrong Stool will,
one Year with another, throw out 20, or
2 5, fometimes 30, 40, 50, or 60 Plants 5 fo
that about 20 Stools of each may be fufficient,
and perhaps lefs, feeing that thefe Plants will
foon fill a fmall N urfery.

The Kinds that I would preferr the moft, the Kinds
are Etiglifi Elm and Limes $ as for the Pla-
tanus, a few of them will ferve, they being
chiefly to be ufed in Centres and Shady
Groves 5 the Abeal will profper in any fort
of Ground, therefore a good Number of
them Ought to be rais’d 5 the Alder does
well in Wet Low Lands, and the Poplar in
Clayey Ground; The Englijh Elm I preferr
for Walks, either Standards or Efpaliers the
Dutch, a few of them, for Efpaliers $ but the
Witch for Thickets and promifcuous Plant-
ing* in refped of the Quicknefs of Growth :

The Limes ought to have Clear Soil, and
are fitteft for Walks;

Vo L. I.

Q

So

2 2 6 DireB ions for Raiftng Chap. 7.

'timllT*' — at t^iere fl10U'd be ten Stools of Elm
Quantity and Lime to one of Platanus $ and the fame
of each. Quantity of Alder, if the Ground be Wet
and Moory 5 and Abeal, if the Land be
very Poor 5 And if Wet and Clayey, Afp
or Poplar ^ fince ’twould be in vain to mul-
tiply a great Number of Trees that one’s
Ground is not fit to receive, or in which
they will not thrive. However, Elm and
Alder will do tolerably well, with Poplar
and Afp, but by no means Limes.

How to p re- The Border of fix Foot (as before hinted)

border* being trench’d or dug, clear from all
Roots, Stones, Clods, or any other Obftru-
dions, let thefe Roots be planted at five or
fix foot ,af under in a ftraight line. And
about Michaelmas following, or fooner, you
Method may begin Laying y at which time you will

ihUy‘f find, if the Stools , have any care at all taken
cm own. gve or more 0y jy[ajn Branches

fltot out of the Roots, and on every one of
thefe as many Side or Collateral Branches.

How to peg You muft therefore bend the main Branches
them down. down gently to the Ground $ fome will cut
the half off, in order to bend them the eafier 5
but this (hould be done with Care, left you
cut off the whole Branch.

The Main Branches being thus laid quite
round the Stool, and pegg’d fall down, it re-
mains that you likewife cover and peg down,
if required, all the Small ones : The ;Main
Branches or Shoots will be covered all over,
except the very Top j and all the Small or

Side-

Se&. 6. of Foreft Trees. 227

Side-Branches ought to be covered over two
or three Inches thick upon the Joints.

The whole Stool being cover’d over, and
nothing appearing but the Tops, of th z stools.
fmall Branches, you may head them'- within
three or four Inches of the Ground 5 fome
give the Branches a Twift, in order to make
them root the better. .

You may Mulfh or lay fome Strawy Dung Muijhmg
over theynj ,it will . help to keep them moift j
they ought to have a large Pan made, round straw, and
them to hold the Water, which they fhould Watering.
by no means want the enfuing Summer, if
the Weather be hot and dry, three or four
times a Week.

• . > a i

About1 the middle of September enfuing, How to find
upon opening and examining, may be ealily ^t'raoud.
difcovered whether they have rooted, or
no ^ if not, let them remain ’till Spring, at
which time take them up and plant them in
the Nurfery.

But if proper Care has been taken of them
in the Summer, there is no fear of their
being well rooted 5 and there is the more
hafte to be made in taking them up then,
that the Shoots of the laft Summer may be
laid down again, in order to repeat the fame
Procefs.

Q. 2 Sect.

; iV?!uO ’ - ; ! • ■ 1 / *’ '

28 Directions for Raijing Chap. 7.

Sect. VII.

Of Kaifing Drees by Cuttings and Sets .

TH E firft of thefe Methods Virgil feems
to hint at, when he fays,

V ' '' 77/!v • :mOl 7 L '* ' ’ < *• y '

Nil Radicis egent a) ire fummumque Putator,
Hauddubitat terra referens mandare cacumen.

Virg. Georg. 2.

Others no Roots require $ the Lab'rer cuts
Toung Slifs, and in the Soil fecurely puts.

Dryden.

And the fecond, by

Quin & caudicibus fedis mirabile didu,
Truditur e Gcco radix Oleagina Ligno.

Virg. Georg. 2.

Evn Slumps of Olives, bare of Leaves, and dead.
Revive , and oft redeem their wither'd Head.

Tho’ thefe two Methods of Railing Trees,
may, in all probability, belong to the Railing
Willows 5 yet Virgil feems to have his Eye
particularly on the dry Boughs and Stumps of
Olives, which he had obferv’d to grow again

after

Se<Eh 7. of Foreft Trees. 229

after they had lain a confiderable Time out
of the Ground, by reafon hd places it amongft
the Wonders of Nature : The fame may be
faid of thofe dry Stumps of Orange-Trees that
we have from Genoa, which any unskilful
Perfon would fcarce take up on the Road ( if
poffibly one was there dropt ) upon any- other
account, than the Fire ; To this Clafs, ’tis pro-
bable, belongs our Ofiers and Willows, which
appear more plainly in the firft 3 and if ’twere
to be try’d,. dryilh Willow Stakes might take
as well as Olive $ but neither of them are of
much ufe on this account.

Et f#pe alterius ramos impune videmus, &c.

Virg. Georg. 2.

'Tis ufual now, an inmate Graft to fee,

With Infolence invade a foreign Tree.

Dryden.

Which is the laft Method of Railing Trees,
prefcribed by this eminent Author and Poet 5
under which we may couch all our Methods
of Grafting and Inoculation. But there is
another Method, left by Pliny, which he ran./. 17
calls Emplaftratio, which , is by fame con-Ci ,6'
founded with our Inoculation $ but this is a
cutting out a circular piece of the Bark with
the Eye in the centre, and placing it on the
Stock, the fame dimenfions being firft taken
out of the Stock, to make room for the other 3
but the Efcutcheon-way feems to be the beft :

OL 3 How-.

230 DireStions fdr Raifing Chap* 7.

However, we have little Ufe d>f thefe Obfer-
vations in Foreft Trees. .

>m

Sect. VIII.

The Summary of all that has been de-
livered concerning the Raifing of Trees.

• riv,' i: : flirt £>dt ni ludq * ■ -

TO recapitulate? iihen all that has been
laid as to7the Raifing of Foreft-Trees 5
and upon a Survey- of the Nurfery, firft, I
fuppofe to find fome thoufands of Oak, Alh,
Beech, Chefnut, -Hornbeam, Scotch arid Silver
Firs, for 'Walks, Avenues, and Groves, rais’d
from Seed, and to be found in the feveral Beds
and Cldlfes already rriihtion’d.

The Refuit I fuppofe to find fome Thoufands of Elfns,
»f the fore- Eimes, Abeals, Poplars, &c. rais’d from the
r/hL ‘re~ Bayers, all ready to plant-out and difpofe in
the Open Nurferf, in order to be train’d up
for- the laft and more proper End, ( viz. ) the
plantirig-out in the feveral parts of the grand
Defigrii delineated and well 'Confider’d, as
ihall be hereafter -fet forth .

In the mean time I turn to the Open Nur-
iery, and the Management of the feveral Kinds
i have before fpoken to : And firft, of
the Preparation that ought to be made for
them. ■■

S E CT.

Se&p. of Forefl: Trees. 231

Sect. IX.

Tvl ‘ \ *!C , .'I • • ' ■ ' ' < *

Directions for T l anting in Open Nnrferies.

FIRST fence in fuch a Quantity of Ground H(>w tot^-
as Ihall be thought neceflary for this Pur-
pole, be it 2, 3, or 4 Acres, more or lefs ;

6 or 8 Acres is fufficient for the greateft Plan-
tation.

This done, make fuch dired and crofs How to di-
Walks as may a little add to the Beauty, asvJ,defthe
well as be for the Conveniency of Carting in ur e°'
and out all that is wanting, as Dung, &c.

Then trench the Quarters at leaft one Foot
and a half deep 5 and if the Ground be poor, To prepare
lay at the bottom of your Trenches what
Dung, Earth, and Compoft you can get, fuch
as is mix’d up in Magazine, No. 3. p. 105.. for I
efteem Earth and Dung well mix’d and incor-
porated together, much preferable to the
fame Quantity of Earth or Dung alone, as be-
fore.

The Ground being thus trench’d or dug , After Pre-
and the Stones, Stumps, Roots, and other In-
cumbrances pick’d out, it Ihould be divided
into Lands or Quarters about twenty Foot
wide, and the Length more or lefs, as the
Natural Divifions of the Ground will al-
low.

q 3? DireEiions for Raifwg Chap, j,

Hm to The next thing in Courfe, is the Planting
Surfer}! and fecuring the Trees taken out of theNur-
fery-Beds, as before direfted from the Stools,
being the Layers of the laft Year, or Plants
out of the Seed-Beds.

The vi- Then fubdivide the Divifion or Quarter
'rows or trench’d, as before, into Rows at equal

Pittances of about three or four Foot afunder,
according as the great Growth of the Trees
require, fome Trees growing falter, and bur-
liilhing more than others do.

Viftance in And {training the Line, open the Holes at
the Rows, about the Diltance of two Foot from each
Other ^ and here one ought always to have at
hand feme of the Compolt from No. 2. p. 105,
the firft Planting out of the Trees from the
Nurfery-Beds being very material 5 for a Plant
onceftarv’d and baulk’d, fcarce ever afterwards
recovers itfelf 5 with which Compoft the Hole
(which I fuppofe to be about feven or eight
Inches wide, and eight or ten Inches deep)
Ought to be fill’d.

TbU Prefa- The Hole? Ihould be thus prepar’d before
ration be- 3 Plant is mov’d out of the Ground $ for the
^mlv'iout Air feon deltroys thofe emulgent Fibres $ and
o,f the then one’s Hopes are! doubtful, if not quite

ormJ. gone . jjje pia;itg ought to be carefully taken

put o,f the Seed-bed without cutting or
broiling the Roots, and put into a Sieve,
pr if large, a Hand-barrow with boarded
Sides, that the Sup nor Air may nqt reach
them, and fo immediately planted in the Holes
appointed and prepared as before dire&ed.

] p ‘ 6 The

Se&. 9- of Foreft Trees. 233

The Time for this Procefs is indeed when Tim<: to do
the Plants are fitteft, either the Latter end of"'

Augufi , Beginning of September , or All the
September Month, as alfo the Month of March
or' Beginning of April, are Times when Gar-
deners, without any Confideration of the
Moon, Wind, &c. (the exploded Tenets of
the Antients) go on in this Work. The main
Point to be obferv’d is a right Guefs at fome
fucceeding Rains : Happy are thofe Planters
that have it : However, I cann’t but recom-
mend the Autumn Planting as the belt $ tho’
the Roots being young and of an herbacious
Nature, foon ftrike, and the Spring may do.

There feems to be no need to advife that all About wa-
fmall Plants, a (Toon as planted, ought to be terin£-
water’d, and fo continually kept in all dry
and fcarching Weather $ and that Dung,

Straw, loole Hay, and Grafs are very proper
to lay at the Foot of the Plant, in order to
keep the Earth moift 5 the Weeds ought to be
kept clean likewife from the Roots, they ha-
ving a double ill Effed, inafmuch as they not
only rob the Roots of thofe nitrous and pro-
Jifick Salts that lie latent in the Earth, but
likewife hinder the Rains, the other Co-effi-
cient in the great Work of Vegetation, from
defcending down to and refreffiing the labori-
ous Fibres in the Earth, bufily employed as
they are in the Work Nature has affigned
them. In ffiort, whoever is negligent or idle
in his Care, will foon fee the ill Effeft, as well
as fuffer the Reproach of having ftarv’d his

Plants ;

0 34 DireBions for Raifing Chap. 7.

Plants : And this is all that I think proper
to fay as to the Management of Trees after
the firft Planting out of their Nurfery-Beds
and Spools 5 it being a thing of courfe to
plant Oaks, Alh, all in their dif-

ferent Quarters, where I hope to find them
alive, and in a flourifhing Condition, when
I come at Michaelmas following to drefs and
prune them.

Sect. X.

* • . v I Jf

Directions for the Pruning and Drejpng
of Forejl Trees in the Open Nurjery.

HAving thus conduced my Reader thro’
the feveral Parts of managing a Tree
from its utmoft Minority till eftablifh’d and
fix’d in the Open Nurfery, there remains
little more to be faid, but what relates to
the Pruning and Drdfing, conducing to their
fo-much-defired End, I mean Planting in the
Open Fields, Plantations, &c.

Pruning of Thofe then that are defign d for Standards,
Shoots 0U§^t every Year at Michaelmas, or in any
of the two or three fucceeding Months, to
have their Side-Boughs fo clofe cut off, that
they may not fpring out again : And ’tis a
reasonable Query, whether ’twould not be
better to rub them off as they break out in
the preceding Months of the Summer, inaf-
much as this fame Sap might poflibly be em-
ployed

Se&. ; v o . ,cf F oreft Trees. 23^

ployed to better Ufe in the Afirent and Proce-
rity of the Tree >>

1 know, contrary to this; it has been objed- AnObjeili-
ed. That thofe Side-lboots caufo an Hori- t0Jut
iontal Diftribution of the Sap 5 and that yoTngBuds,
withal the Tree waxes thicker ' in Proporti-
on to its Height, which would otheiwife
grow too taper and limber, ‘dnd confequent-
ly that this Method I have preftrib’d is in
this Point wrong.

To this I agree in all Trees that are full Agreed to,
of Sap, and quick of Growth ; but for
thers of a flower Advance, fuch as Oak ,Tms.
Beech, &c, ’this Method cann’t but be attend-
ed with good Effeds. But to quit this nice
Enquiry,. I proiceed to that of Digging, Ma-
nuring, and Dreffing, that is requir’d in Open
Nurferies. .d) ■ : .

So foon therefore as the Leaves are fallen, Concerning
and Nature ftript off all heir verdant Robes, the ^n^.'ns
induftrious Gaid’rier begins to nianure and dig tng. ,£r
between his young Trees.

’Tis not neceflary that Dung be laid ono«w
the firft Year after Planting; but the fecond nt^erelafi
it is unavoidably requifite : And becaufe thefe Tear after
Diredions are to terminate with this Year, Pitting:

I lhall infett what is proper to be done at
any other time on this Account.

In all Frofty Weather, or other Leifure-time, But inthe
let Dung be brought from N°. 4. p. 106, and how and
laid by Barrowfuls all over the Ground you when to be
judge requifite to be dug : This done, let the dm’
Labourers with narrow clean Spades juft

loofen

2^6 Dir eft ions for Raifmg Chap. 7.

loofen the top of the Ground, and, as we
commonly call it, prick in the Dung about
two or three Inches thick. This I take to be
the proper Manner of ufing Comport $ and,
as I faid before, a Mixture of Dung and
Earth, well incorporated together, is by
much better than Dung alone : However,
where there’s Plenty, good rotten Dung is
much us’d. • t !

* caution And this Pricking in (as we call it) of Dung,
againfl dig- js much to be preferr’d to digging it in deep,
7m de7/ which has been a Fault too much pradis’d 5
into t.h« fince, by this means, the Rains wafh down
Earth. tjje §a[tSj and help to make that Ground pro-
lifick ^ which, by the other Management of
burying Dung fo deep, would not: Befides,
Dung is apt to canker and fpoil the Fibres,
when buried deep or too near them.

An objeiti- I am very well aware there be fame
on againji wj|[ argue, That Foreft Trees don’t require
an7*vung- rich Ground, but that which is frelh and
ing Foreft hearty. Which is indeed true : But. all
T[vePiM' Grounds abate of their Fertility in two or
three Years ^ and perhaps it may be one of
the greatert: Pradoxes in Nature, to have
Ground too rich for any fort of Tree, or that
Trees can fhoot too fart $ except Fruit-Trees,
which I lhall take more notice of elfewhere.
Vung of it- Duugofitfelf is certainly not proper ; but
(df not pro- Dung and Earth mix’d and well incorporated
fer' together, and brought, by often turning, to
Mould, is as precious for the Service of a
good Planter, as the richeft Mine to the Mer-
chant,

Seft.io. tf/Foreft Trees. 237

chant. But this I advife the Ufe of no- where
but in poor Lands.

I fliall conclude thefe Diredions with ano- Trees m
ther Thing to be obferv’d, which is not only
the digging about, but often removing a be often
Tree in the Open Nurfery. remov'd.

When you dig the Ground therefore, go
round with the Spade at a proper Diftance
from the Stem, fuppofing 8, 10, 12, or 14
Inches, as the Trees advance in fize 3 and
not only fo, but once in two or three Years
ftrike quite under the Ball, and cut off all
Roots that run deep, which they are too apt
to do. This Procefs Ihould be us’d, tho’
you plant them immediately in the fame
Place.

By which means, when you come to re- The gaud
move this Tree out of the Nurfery, he will £ffeils°f
rife with a good Ball of Earth 3 and ’tis a won- 1 ‘
der if one in ten dies.

On the contrary 3 fuppofing Gentlemen The tad
have them of their own, or, to fave a little EPeSs-?L
Money, buy ’em of fome ordinary Nurfer y thereof!
man that has not taken this Care 3 in the
taking up, one finds nothing but large Roots,
which are commonly much abus’d by fuch
Mifmanagement, and portends a fufpicious
Omen to the Plantation where they are to be
planted.

Before I quit this, I mull, by all means, Advice to
advife the Country planter to be particularly CountrT
careful in railing Thorn and Holly for ?

F ences 3 becaufe I (hall hereafter (God wil-
ling)

238 Directions, for Raijing Chap. 7.

ling) in another Treatife, (hew them of what
great Ufe it will be, in the dividing and
fencing their inclos’d Lands, and with which
it may be effected without any Guard-Fences,
againft Cattle. As near the Place as poffible,
where you intend to divide your Land, fence
infuch a Quantity of Ground as you think
will fupply your Wants 5 and after the
Ground is prepar’d, as before, either by Quick-
fetsout of the Woods, or young Sets rais’d by
Seed, plant them at about three or four Foot
afunder, and give them every Year a cut
with Shears, or fomething of that kind, to
make them grow thick; but that they may
be the fitter for your purpofe of Planting, as
(hall be hereafter direfted, let them be cut up
to a Angle Stem about a Foot and half or two
Foot high, by which paeans they will be the
ealier buried deep ; a Method, which I lhall
ihew by and by, will be of excellent Ufe, not
only for their Stability, but likewife as it
will fave all Watering, which is often an
expenfive Article.

When any Gentleman is well ftor’d with
thefe, he will foon find the great ufe of them
in Fencing his Ground, without any auxilia-
ry Hedges, which, in molt Countries where
Wood is wanting, is very hard to be had like-*
wife, and very often deters Gentlemen from
making fuch Improvements as they are abfo-
lutely convinc’d are necelfary.

Sect.

23 9

Se& i i. of Foreft Trees.

Sect. XI.

Of P lanting Trees in the Open Park.

I Come now to direft the planting of Foreft- introdu-
Trees. To pafs by the Mathematical a,m'
Order or Figure in which the Trees are to
planted, (that being the Subject of the next
Book) I lhall go on to lay down Rules con-
cerning the Manner of Preparing the Earth,
and Planting the Trees, with whatever elfe
may be ufeful on this Head.

I fuppofe the Trees then {landing in the
Nurfery I have been all along diredling, and
the Place where they are to be mov’d, mark’d
out according to the Schemes following, or in
any other Defign. i

Dig the Holes (except the Ground be na- How th-
turally deep and clear from Stones, &c.)
leafl fix Foot wide, and two Foot and a half
deep, throwing in what Stones, Gravel, or The bottom
any other Rubbifh you can get at hand in- ZuhsSZ
to the bottom, fo that the Mould may be&c.
clear one Foot and a half deep : If it be a
Rock, you may fave the Pains of digging fo
deep as two Foot and a half. This will keep
the Roots from running deep.

Then throw in the Swordy, GrafTy, 0r The Turf to
Turfy Part of your Ground firft, and fill fa™ 072
up the excavated Hole with the Mould
that came out, if it be frefli, or otherwife
let it be procur'd from fome other Place.

But

246 Directions for Kaifing Chap, fs

Concerning But firft, if the Trees be mov’d with
lfCtbT‘H& Earth to them, you are to prune the Roots :
toots6. And in this all Planters are now agreed
with Monf. de la Quintkye, that in molt
Trees the Fibres ought to be cut off, being
of no Ufe, but rather a Detriment to the
well-growing of the Tree 3 and this is hr ici-
ly to be obferv’d, when [Trees are mov’d a
great way without Earth 2 This is the Me-
thod in Elm, Alh, Maple, and all forts of
Trees that have fpungy, porous Roots 3 but
when this vvhen the great Roots are of a hard Sub-
mttob* ftance, fuch as are the Roots of Yew,
tbferv’d. thofe Fibres ought to be preferv’d with all
imaginable Care, becaufe they are not apt
to ftrike from thofe large Roots, efpecially
when the Tree comes to be above 4 or 5
Years Growth : They {hould therefore be
moved with fome Earth, if poflible 3 and
this is the Reafon why all large Greens are
basketed 3 for fhould they once lofe their Fi-
bres, ’twould be a very hard Matter to make
the Tree grow. Of this kind we may reck-
on the Yew, Holly, Beech, Hornbeam,
White-thorn, and Oak, when they are ar-
riv’d to any thing of Stature or Age 3 and
this is the Reafon that Plants taken out of
Nurferies are better than thofe that are taken
out of Woods and Hedge-Rows, as I lhall
hereafter mention. This, I hope, Planters
will have a particular Regard to, inafmuch
as ’tis one of the moll material Points in
Planting : And to the above-mentioned may

Seft. ilk of Foreft Trees. 241

be added the two forts of Firs I have here
recommended, which don’t much affed to
have their Roots cut. Little Judgment is of Pruning
requir’d in this, it being only necelfary intbe He*ds'
Foreft Trees to cut off fuch Boughs as crofs
one another^ and that is only 'in regular
Walks, and not in promifcuous Plantations.

I lhall only advertife, That no Tree defign’d
for Timber ought to be headed, but Trees
that have large pithy Hearts muff not on
any account } fuch is the Horfe-Chefnut, and
feveral others, of which more anon.

But to return to Pradice : Prefent the Themamer
Tree, and if it anfwers in Range, &c. fhsfieJre,e H
it with the Bafe level with the Top of the ° m
Ground, as it naturally ufed to be : Then
cover the Roots } but inftead of covering
them five or fix Inches,' as has been the
common Pradice } fail not of Piling (as the
Country Word is) the Mould at leaft two
Foot high upon them, fpreading it likewife
round the Stool of the Tree, and tread the
Earth clofe with your Foot.

This Procefs of Burying the Roots fo deep,
will perhaps feem ftrange to thofe that never
pradis’d it, as it did at firft to myfelf } but ei-
it has two extraordinary Effeds : The firft
is the keeping the Tree fteddy, fo that it
may not be eafily Ihook with the Wind}
and the other, the Roots from being dry’d
and pierc’d either by the Sun or Wind, and
that in fuch a manner as never to want Water
after Planting, which is a con fiderable Article.

V o L. I. R I cann’t

242

Recommen-
ded again.

Mr. Chap-
lain.

Objection .

Anfwer.

Directions for Raifing Chap. y.

I cann’t but recommend this with great
Earneftnefs, becaufe I know many Gard’neis
are much wedded to their old Methods, and
are apt indeed (as I have feen) to condemn
this : But there is more in it than they think 5
and I can*afiure them I have feen large Trees,
Quick and Holly, taken out of the Woods,
fix or feven Foot high, which have all liv’d
to a Miracle, and that not in a few Inftan-
ces, but in fome Furlongs of Fences, being
in the Eftate of a worthy Gentleman in the
Wolds of Livcolfljlnre, whofe Improvements
deferve Imitation.

But if this be to be pradis’d with fuch Suc-
cefs in Plants taken out of Woods, what may
not be expected from thofe out of a Nur-
fery ?

But I mull Anfwer one Objection that I
forefee will be made againft my way of
Raifing, in relation to Planting from good
Ground to bad.

For, fay fome, (and indeed ’tis the common
Opinion) I will not plant a Tree raifed in
good Ground, becaufe mine is indifferent 5
and I cannot expect any thing, but that my
Trees will rather die than profper.

To this I anfwer, That I have, in the fe-
deral Steps and Removals I have taken, ftill
brought my Plants from good Ground to
worfe, and fo on 5 in that Cafe following the
Didates of Nature, that direds mellifluous
and dainty Food to Sucklings, while the Ro-
bufter Part of Mankind feed on meaner, coar-

Se£h ii. of Foreft Trees. 243.

fer, and more undigefted Diet. Befides, 1
do not advife the Choice of fine Earth for
a Nurfery, but a hearty, ftrong Land 5
and thofe Indulgences I grant my Plants, are
only when they are firft ftriking Root 5 and
I believe no Perfon will ftarve his Trees, in
hopes to recommend them to his Soil or his
Friend.

Again : There are others that having made obfervati.
Obfervations, how feveral of the aforemen- °ns t,K
tioned Trees grow on poor barren Ground
the Beech and Horn-beam on the fhelly, poor, of Trees.
barren, rocky Land of Bucking!) amjbire 5 the
Holly, on the contrary, on ftiff and untradable
Clays, and even the Oak on Rocks and moun-
tainous Parts, conclude that all this Care is
needlefs, and perhaps add an ill Thought,
that the Buftle and Care we pretend to make
about it, are only to amuie the World, and
to put Gentlemen to needlefs and unnecef-
fary Charges for our own Advantage.

On the contrary, thofe that have try’d this Trees that
Point, lam apt to believe, have found them-
felves much deceived, there being little to fflff
be expeded by Planting on fuch Lands ( I r»m not Jo
mean the worfer kind of Land, fuch as I ffT ^
have feen not above two or three Inches thick Urge.
of Mould, and the reft a Rubble Rock :)

For however Nature may work her Effeds
by fowing, ’tis morally impoflible to plant
large Trees with any great Hopes of Suc-
cefs j and this, I believe, difmal Experience

R 2 has

Directions for Raijing Chap. j.

has taught a great many Gentlemen who have
attempted it.

Trees out of And indeed, except it be Afh or Elm, there
Woods not are fevv Trees taken out of Woods that prof-
Zndsex. per, if they live at all : And the Trees and
cepted. Hedge-lines the aforefaid Gentleman in Lin-
cohjhire has planted, tho’ they live to Ad-
miration, 1 cann’t fay that they lhoot ftrong,
or flouriih fo much as could be wilhed ; the
Reafon being, that having few Fibres, but
only great Roots, they are hard to ftrike at
all, but much harder to make any great
Proficiency } fo that upon all Accounts Trees
rais’d in a Nurfery are much to be preferr'd
for Planting^ butlinuft always advife the
AUTrees Planting them at feven or eight Years old,
"punted ft before the Topis fo high that it is forced
of the Nur- to be cut olf, iince this unavoidably Pollards
tlt°re them for ever. And indeed, for my own
part, 1 am never fond of any Tree that gives
no hopes of future Profit as well as prefent
Beauty : 1 therefore chufe to plant a young
Englifb Elm, rais’d in a Nurfery, fuppofing
it not to be above three or four Inches Girth,
before thofe that are taken out of the Hedge-
Rows of iixteen or eighteen, which one is
commonly oblig’d to head to a determinate
Height, by which means they are pollarded
for ever.

The ancient and fome modern Planters
were, and ftiil are, very precife in marking
and placing the Tree they planted, in tho
fame Pofition as it was before they took it up :

Thus

they are
paft eight
Tears old.

A Mi ft ate
of the An-
tients j a-
iout the
Planting
of Trees.

Se&. ir. of Foreft Trees. 245

Thus by a Notch on the Bark of the Tree,
the Side that was toward the South in the
Nurfery, muft, by their Commands, be ex-
adly planted that way again : But the bell
of our Planters have very little Regard to this
Nicety : And indeed, if any thing were to be
obferv’d in this Cafe, it Ihould be the quite
contrary $ fince while the Tree is young, and The dire it
the Bark thin, the Side that was towards the le
Sun encreafes much more from the Heart or obferv’d.
Centre, than the Side that is from the Sun •
for which Reafon, in order to a flirt Nature
in this Cafe, and to bring up the Tree regu-
lar, we ought to change Sides. This we
take care to do in all our Hous’d Plants,

(chiefly indeed on account of the Regularity
of their Heads, which grow thin, by being
always plac’d from the Sun 3 ) but this feems
much more proper in all Timber and Fo-
relt Trees, than the miftaken Method of the
Antients, whofe Dodrine in this Cafe is cer-
tainly erroneous and fuperftitious.

The belt Time to begin Planting, is affoon
as the Leaves are dropt off, which is com- '
monly about Michaelmas , and fo continue the
two fort Months of that Quarter 5 the foon-
er finifh’d the better. Firft begin with Limes,
and then follow with Elm, Beech, Oak, &c.
for I have always obferv’d that Nature is the
trueft Guide, but particularly in Limes, which
ought to be planted with the greateft part
of their Leaves on 3 fince the middle of the
Winter, when the Sap is in its deep Repofe,

R 3 has.

2 4 6 DireSlims for Raifmg Chap. 7.

has, by Experience, been found not fo well 3
and perhaps a Lime will bear being planted
the earlieft and lateft of any Foreft Tree 3
the reafon of which may be refolved into the
thin Fluidnefs of the Sap, and fpungy Na-
ture of the Wood, which will not admit of
the concufiive Violence of tranfplanting in the
Depth of Winter.

and The laft Thing to be confider’d is, Fencing
Sthm'& ar)d Securing 3 and this is a very material as
well as expenfive Article, fuch as very often
deters Gentlemen from Planting at all. I ha-
ving made it my Bufinefs to fee and obferve
every thing of this kind in molt Parts of the
Nation, have found feveral Methods us’d, of
which Boxing is certainly the beft 3 butthefe
alfo differ much in their Form, as well as the
Expence, being from 3 s. to 1 s. a Box, Ma-
terials and all. What I recommend both for
Goodnefs and Cheapnefs, is three cleft Stakes
Riv'd (as they call it in molt Countries) out of
the beft Spine Oak Saplings 3 they are com-
monly triangular, three Inches and a half to
a Side is enough 3 thefe ought to be drove
clofe down round the Tree, and fo clofe that
they may be grafped almoft with one’s Hand 3
this done, nail them round in two Places
with ftrong Laths, one within fix Inches of
the top, and the other about the middle : This
fort ot Fence will laft a great while, and will
not coft above 6 d. Wood and all, nor above
i d. or 2 d. at moft Workmanlhip.

The

Se& n. of Foreft Trees. 247

The Stakes ought to be full 7 Foot 6 Inches
long, that is, 2 Foot 6 Inches in the Ground, staleffor
and 5 Foot out of the Ground : The great feeding
Danger in this Cafe is the Wounding the Trees •
Roots of the new-planted Tree, in driving the
Stakes down, of which efpecial Care ought
to be taken.

But I have feen another Method of Fencing,
fomething like this, cheaper, but not fo du-
rable 3 which is at a Perfon of Quality’s,
whofe Politenefs in Gardening I have already
made fome mention of, and fhall more in the
enfuing Difcourfe.

The Labourers there take three Oak, Ha- Another
zle, or other Stakes, of about fix Foot long, way °f
and drive them clofe down, as is above di- stak,n&'
reded, to the Stems of the Trees 3 they
notch the Top of thefe Stakes round, and tie
them and the Tree together with Tarpaulin,
as they there call it, (Tar Cord) much us’d
in Sea-Affairs 3 this, they told me, would laid
two or three Years 5 that the Expence was
very fmall, (and only required fome Care now
and then in looking them over) not above a
Peny each Tree.

I have already mentioned, that by piling the NoOccafm
Earth on fo high upon the Roots, there is no °f Wltter-
manner of Occafion for Watering 3 for if you m&‘
once begin, then you mull continue it 3 only
I have thought that once Watering at firft
Planting would be of confiderable Ufe in the
Setling the Earth about the Roots 3 but this, I
R 4 remember.

248

Pliny de
Lunari Ra-
tio, lib. 1 7.
cap. g2.1t'
De Venti-
bus Ratio,
1.17.^33.

Intredu&i-
cn.

Directions' for Raifing Chap. 7.

remember, is not practis’d neither in the Place
aforementioned.

1 have omitted feveral Niceties deliver’d by
the Antients about Planting of Trees: Pliny
has profeffedly writ two Chapters, one con-
cerning the Moon, and the other the Winds $
inafmuch as thofe things are not at prefent
much in ufe, and Ihould a Planter wait for
thofe critical Junctures, or were it of any
real Ufe 3 I don’t fee how ’tis poflible to car-
ry on fuch noble Plantations as we common'
ly fee planted at once in the feveral Parts
of this opulent Ifland, under fuch Philofo-
phical and trivial Reftridions.

Sect. XII.

Directions for the feveral Sorts of Soils
on which Trees thrive bejl.

AFTER what has been faid on this Sub-
jed, I {hall have little Occafion to add
much more on thofe Accounts, but conclude
with more general Diredions of the feveral
Soils that are mod proper for the Trees which
I have taught the Raifing of 3 wherein I {hall
obferve a different Method, not yet taken by
any Author, and {hall, inftead of defcribing
the Soil that is proper for every Tree, turn the
Terms, and dired, that when a Gentleman

lights

Se&. 12. of Foreft Trees. 249

lights on fuch and fuch Land, what Trees
are troll proper to be fown or planted thereon.

The firft thing a Gentleman does, is, to con*
fider the Nature of his Soil.

Nec vero term ferre omnes omnia pojfunt.

Virg.

And here we may obferve, that we gene-
rally meet with about fix Sorts of Land,
three of which we may call Poor, Dry, Hot
Land, and three of Poor, Cold Lands 3 as
for the Midling, Good Soils, all Trees prof-
per very well 5 only Cold, Clayey Land
(which is neverthelefs very good Pafture) is
the worft of all that can polfibly be call’d any-
thing like good Land for Trees, unlefs very
much meliorated and drain’d. I lhall there-
fore follow my Four firft Divifions.

(1.) If the Land a Gentleman is to plant General
upon be very Poor, Gravelly, and Dry, (fuch Advice'
as is the Land going to Sir Richard Child's
at Wanjlead) ’twill be in vain to plant any
thing that’s choice 3 for as there is but a
{hallow Spit of Earth at the Top, fo, to
make the Matter yet worfe, there is but a
Hungry, Gravelly,Starv’d Bottom 3. for which
Reafon a Gentleman ought to plant nothing
but Trees that are very free Growers, fuch
is the Abeal, Witch-Elm 3 and I have feen
the Witch- Hazle profper very well on fuch
Lands, tho’ it is not much rais’d by our Nur-
fery-men.

It

2^0 Directions for Raifing Chap. 7.

It cann’t be laid properly that any Tree
loves fuch barren Land ^ but being of a ra-
pacious Nature, as is the Abeal, &c. and ex-
traordinary free Growers in all tolerable
good Land, they do the bell of any thing
that ’tis poflible to plant 5 and the Poornefs
of the Earth curbs the Licentioufnefs of the
Shoots, and makes them obferve the ordina-
ry Courfe of Nature : I fay therefore, ’tis in
vain to plant any choice Trees, as Lime,
Elm, Oak, Beech, &c. unlefs the Owner is
rcfolv’d to make large, deep Holes, and be
at an Expence I doubt too great for any that
have great Plantations.

This is indeed fome of the worft Land I
ever obferv’d, there being very little Her-
bage or Grafs, but only Heath, and fuch
like ufelefs Shrubs growing thereon $ and ’tis
very much to be doubted whether Beech,
Hornbeam, or any other kind of Tree, tho*
they naturally affed dry Ground, will make
any great Progrefs here, even tho' they
Ihould be rais’d by Seed, which is the moft
natural as well as eafy Way.

(2.) The next in Courfe I have obferv’d
in dry Lands, is a Sandy, deep Soil : Thefe,
tho’ in their Natures very hungry and poor,
have produc’d very large Beeches and Horn-
beam ; the firft, tho' it grows to be a very
large Tree, is yet content with a tolerable
Soil 5 but 1 fuppofe the Trees 1 fhall here-
after mention were all of them fowed by
Nature, and not planted when very large.

Se£l:. 12. of Foreft Trees.

the Succefs of which would be doubtful,
except fome fmall Preparation was made
for them, or that they were taken out of
Nurferies well ftor’d with Fibres. This Tree
our Nurfery-men care not much to raife, be-
caufe it is a flow Grower, and never pays
them fo well as Elm, Lime, and Chefnuts do.

To return : On this Ground doubtlefs will
profper Abeal, Witch-Elm, Witch- Hazle, and
Sycamore, Beech, and Hornbeam, efpecially
when fowed. Of this fort is the Ground
in the Park of the Right Honourable the
the Earl of Carlijle , where there are very
large Beeches growing in that incomparable
Wood aforementioned. I have alfo obferv’d
the fame at Sir John Brownlow’s at Belton ,
near Grantham in Lincolnfiire , Soil that ap-
pears to be very poor, but there are fome very
line Plantations of Beech, &c.

(3 A A third fort of barren, dry Land I
have obferv’d in BuckinghamJInre, where Beech
is known to thrive in great abundance, and
is fuppofed by Cambden to give Name to the
County ^ Buchen being in Saxon the Name
of Beech, eafily converted to Bucking.

This Land, tho’ it be of very little Value, as
being very (hallow, and upon Rocks of Chalk
or loofe Stone, produces thefe Trees in a
wonderful manner j and the Accounts of
fome young thriving Trees are incredible in
forty or fifty Years. I have been (hewn fome
that are at lead two Foot Diameter, and for-
ty Foot high ^ which plainly demonftrates

that

252 DireSlions for Raijing Chap. 7.

that there are particular Juices in that Land
that feed the hairy Fibres. But I very much
doubt, after all, that were Perfons to truft
to large-planted Trees, they would be very
much deceived 5 and I have, in Lands very
much like it, tried Trees taken out of Woods,
but all to no Purpofe : For which Reafon I
would advifeno Gentleman to depend on a-
aj thing but Sowing, except he is refolved
to open large Holes, or raife good high
Banks, (as I have before directed 3) but a-
bove all, that they do not truft to Trees
taken out of the Woods, except, upon trial,
they find them full of Fibres. In this Ground
we fow (or, by great Care, may plant) Alh,
Beech, Flornbeam, Witch-Hazle, Witch-Elm,
with fome few Trees, not much to our Pur-
pofe to enumerate.

The Sum of Thus have I run through the Three Sorts

alL of Poor Dry Land I have obferved, ( viz. )
a Shallow Hearthy Land with a Gravelly
Dry Bottom $ a Barren Deep Land, on which,
generally fpeaking, there is a great deal of
Fern ^ and Poor Barren Land, upon Rocks
of Chalk or Loofe Stone. Middling Lands,
as good Pafture, Wheat and Barley-Land,
will produce any Tree : For which reafon
I fhall omit that, and come to Wet Lands,
of which I have likewife obferv’d three forts :
The firft is a Moorilh Boggy Land $ the
other a Wet Springy Land on Gravel j and
the other a Cold Clay. Upon the firft of
tfiefe we have our largeft Alders, Willows,

Se£h 12. of Foreft Trees.

and feveral other Aquaticks of lefs note j to
which I might join the Elm, as being pro-
perly of this Watry Tribe.

But if the Trees that are rais’d are defign’d
for Hedges or Dwarf-Wood, I cann’t but re-
commend a Shrub I have obferv’d to grow
in Lincoln-JJnre, in Moorilh Boggy Ground,
which they call Eller , having a large Ihining
Leaf, and the Wood looks very beautiful 5
this, I have experienc’d, has been propagated
by Layers.

(5.) The next Kind of Poor Wet Land,
I have obferv’d, is a Wet Spewy Gravel, in-
termix’d with Clay, where the Springs carry
off, by Percolation, the Vital part of the
Ground : In this I have obferv’d Abeals,
Poplar, Alder, and Elm likewife to profper
tolerably well.

(6.) The laft is a Stiff, Rank, Cold Clay,
which tho’ it produce very good Herbage,
(fome of which Land, on the account of
Pafture, I have known to yield 20 r. an Acre,
near an hundred Miles from London 5) yet
’tis a hard matter to make Trees profper to
any manner of advantage, efpecially thofe
that are planted large $ for the Untraftable-
nefs of the Earth is fuch, that it rots the
Fibres, before ever they can ftrike to fave
Life to themfelves. Whoever therefore plants
on fuch Ground, muft be very careful in
making large Holes five or fix Foot wide, and
plant the Foot of the Tree level with the
Surface of the Ground.

253

And

Directions for Raijing Chap, j*

And if it be a promifcuous Plantation that
is to be rais’d of Young .Sets, or of Seed, it
ought to be divided and thrown up into Beds
of fix, eight, or ten Foot wide, (as is elfewhere
mention’d ) and deep Furrows between them,
and upon a hanging Level, that the Water
may run off 5 it will likewife be of great
Advantage to give this Ground a Summer-
ing and Wintering, ('as we commonly call
it} that is, a Trenching about Michaelmas
into fmall thin Ridges, that the Froft may
pierce through and dilTolve thofe Lumpifh
Clods, that would otherwife obftrud the
Growth of the Roots, if not quite deftroy
them : But this I lhall fpeak more of anon 5
this Way however of proceeding will be of
excellent Ufe in the 6th Divifion I have
been upon. In this will profper, after this
manner of ordering, Oak, Alh, Elm, Alder,
and all the Vimineous Kinds, if planted fmall
or if Seed, (which is what I am now upon 5 )
but with an indifferent Care you may plant
the Abeal and Poplars, efpecially that Kind
we commonly call Arbor Tremula , or. The
Trembling Tree, all which do tolerably well
in ftiffi Clayey, as well as other Spewy
Ground ^ but ’tis not reafonable to exped
the Lime, Beech, Hornbeam, or any other
of the dry High-land Tribe fhould profper
here: And whoever makes this Obfervation,
will find this confirm’d, efpeciaily Lime and
Beech, which will by no means profper in a
heavy Cold Land : Indeed Oak, Elm, and

Afli

Se£h 13. of Foreft Trees.

Alh do thrive in a wonderful manner, if they
are fown or planted with fuch Care as has
been prefcrib’d 3 and I muft here obferve,
the Alh grows the moft univerfally in all forts
of Ground, of any other Tree, except A-
beal 3 and tho’ they are not very beautiful
Trees, yet they are very ufeful, the firft (be-
fides feveral other good Ufes) for Fire, and
the other in making Rails, Styles, Gates,
and other Conveniences about a Villa, and
faves Oak and other Timber of more Value:
But of this I fhall be more particular in ano-
ther Volume.

Sect. XIII.

TO this I fhall add, what I find already
collected to my Hands in Mr. Evelyns
laft Edition of his Sylva, from his own
Works, as well as the Works of all the Au-
thors on this Subjeft, for the Satisfaction of
the Curious in this Matter, which take as fol-
low, tho’ fhorter, and with fome Alteration.

Trees that grow in fome Barren Dry Soils :

Birch, Hornbeam, Fir, Fine, Yew, Poplar,
Beech , Abeal,

In Black Fat Land.

Oak, and all forts of Chefnuts.

255

In

2 $6 Dire&ions for Raifing Chap, y*

In Boggy Drain’d Ground :

Birch , Poplar , Alder , Af), Willow.

In Chalky Ground :

Beech, Walnut , Juniper , £7w, Ajb,
but not Poplar.

In Clayey Ground :

The toughefi Oak , Poplar 3 not Abeal.
Evel. Sylv.

In Moift Clay :

Oak, Ajl), Chefnut 5 and will ferve for Red
Willow , White Sallow , and jkfrf/e and

Elm.

In very ftrong Clay few Trees will grow.

In a Loamy Clay. See Loam.

In Corn Ground mojl Timber Trees.

Coarfe Ground ferves for moft Trees, pro-
vided it be meliorated, and expofed to
the Air by Ploughing, &c. (viz.) Chef-
nut, Beech, Hornbeam, Walnut, Oak,
Ajl), and all Kinds of Foreft, and moft
Fruit Trees.

Craggy Ground :

Af) and Fir, and even Oak if from Seed,
not elfe, as will neither of the other two.

On Ditch Banks : Female Elm, Ad).

On

Se£h 1 3. of Foreft Trees. 257

On Dry, Poor, Clear Soil :

Holly, Walnut, Maple, Abeal , Black Alder ,
Sallow , Poplar $ not Willow.

On Dry Rich Ground :

Walnut , Chefnut, Oak, Beech, Hornbeam ,
and Lime.

Dry, Sandy, Hot Ground:

Birch, Beech , Lime with a little help ; but
not Elm to any purpofe.

Fat Soil excellent for Limes, and almoft
all forts of Trees, if not mix’d with
Dung : But if Fat with Dung, neither
Holly, Yew , nor Forefl Trees, except
the Dung is well confum’d.

Flinty Ground :

Oak, AJh, Elm, Beech , if fow’d.

Gravel, provided there be any thicknefs of
Mould n

Beech, Oak, AJ1), Holly, Walnut, Elm 5
Oak better than Chefnut.

A Hungry Gravel :

Only Abeal 3 not Oak, Elm , AJb, or Wal-
nut.

Gravel mix’d with Loam :

Oak, AJ1>, Elm, and Walnut , and almoft
any Tree but the Aquaticks.

V o L. I.

S

On

2<>8 Dire&ions for Raifwg Chap. 7.

On Moift Gravel :

Cbefnut , Elm, Oak , Pine, and Fir, Green
Willow, Englip, Dutch, and French Elms.

Thefe are the moft material Advices in
thefe Cafes, and with them I lhall con-
clude thefe Tabular Directions.

Sect. XIV.

General Apborifm or Maxim o f Plant-
ings &c. drawn from the foregoing
Chapters.

FROM what has been faid on the Sub-
ject of Planting, in the foregoing Chap-
ters, ’twill not be improper if I fhould de-
duce fome Aphorifms, which may ferve for
Maxims in this truly ufeful and delightful
Employ.

(1.) We are taught. That no Tree defign’d
for l imber, ought to be planted after eight
or ten Years old, or that has not been often
mov’d, fo that there are a great Number of
fmall Roots. Since natural Experience and
Obfervation informs us, that moft Trees ta-
ken out of a Wood have but a few, andthofe
very large Roots, which if once cut off, (as

they

Sech 14. of Foreft Trees. 259

they muft in taking up) the Tree is for ever
after incapacitated to gain fuch Strength and
Nourifhment from the Ground as to become
good Timber.

(2.) The fame Reafon holds good likewife
in the Top 3 for if you cut off the Top of a
Tree, it is for ever made a Pollard of, and
confequently not fit for Timber ; no Tree in-
deed ought to be Headed, except he grows
crooked, and there be a Shoot or Bud that
points directly upward ; but there are fome
Trees that have large pithy Hearts, that ought
by no means to be Headed; fuch (I have al-
ready intimated) are all the forts of Chefnuts,
the Sycamore, Platanus ; to this I might add
on the former account, the Beech, Oak,

Elm, &c. 'Tis true, we very commonly
do, and are oblig’d to Head Lime and Elm
for our Avenues or Walks; but here we don’t
expeft Timber, and it would be much better
could we avoid it.

(3.) 1 cann’t in this place pafs over a Fault, A very
that I have often obferv’d, and faw but the great F*uli
very Day I am writing this of Heading Trees 3^
(which, in the Example, was Elm) that had in Heading
feveral large Branches at the Heading-Place.

Thefe our ignorant Planter turn’d into Forks, lovable to
whereas he ought to have Headed them into
a fingle Stem, or two Forks is the moft that
can be allow d in any Tree ; for when we
confider the great number of Buds that muft
remain on all thofe' Forks, what a Thicket of
Shoot? muft not be expeded, moft of them

S a very

2^0

Directions far Raifeng Chap. 7.

very {mall and weak, growing a-crofs one ano-
ther, and all in the utmoft ConfuGon ? Now-
had the Tree had but one Stem, we might
have expeded only Gve or Gx, feven or eight
collateral Shoots in the diredeft order of Na-
ture, Strong, Regular, Vigorous and Lively ;
whereas the other can poGibly produce no
other than a Thicket or Birds-neft 5 fo igno-
rant are many Men in this Affair.

(4.) There are Others that are not for
Heading (or, I would rather fay in this Cafe,
not Pruning off) the collateral or Gde Bran-
ches from their Trees; but this is againft
all Reafon, for if they come out of a Nurfery
or Coppice, as moft of them do, the Gde
Branches are very thin, and will make an
improper Conveyance of the Sap. BeGdes,
the Danger is, that they will require more
Sap than ’tis poflible the Root can fupply them
with ; the Gde Branches however ought to be
cut off, but if poflible fparethe Top, then we
may exped that Nature (in the open Air)
will force out thofe collateral or Gde Branches
in a more regular and fplendid Manner.

(5.) As for MonGeur de la Qiiintinjie’s Me-
thod in pruning Roots, we And it hold good
in Limes, Elms, and all other Spungy-rooted
Trees, but is as dangerous in Fir, Yew, Hol-
ly, Beech, and other Trees that are more
difficult to grow; for which Reafon, how
valuable fbever ’tis in the other Cafe, yet in
thefe it ought to be avoided ; and indeed thefe
kind of Trees, when any thing large, ought

Se&. 1 4. of Foreft Trees.

to be mov’d, Earth and all, as we commonly
phrafe it.

(6.) We may likewife hence obferve, and
eftablifh it as a Maxim, That although Na-
ture very often prefents to our View many no-
ble Beeches, &c. on poor, fhallow, barren
Land, and very large Oaks on the ftiffeft
Clay, yet ’tis not reafonable to exped the
fame by common artificial Methods of Plant-
ing, but with the utmoft Care^ and this I
particularly mention, for that I have feen
many Gentlemen deceiv’d by this miftaken
Obfervation. And it proves,

(7.) That the Pradice of the Ancient and
Modern Planters, about fixing the Tree they
plant in the fame Pofition it was when they
took it up, is a fuperftitious Nicety, not to
be regarded.

(8.) As is alfo the Time of the Moon, the
Pofition of the Winds, and feveral other Te-
nets of the Antients.

(9.) We are likewife inform’d, that, pro-
perly fpeaking, no Tree loves poor barren
Hearthy Ground, but that Abeal and other
free Growers do the bell, which will be con-
firm’d by many Nobles and Gentlemen that
have experienc’d it.

(10.) This will alfo inftrud us in a Me-
thod not yet much in Pradice amongft us here,
(tho’ I fuppofe it be in Herefordjbire, and other
Planting Countries) of laying at leaft two
Foot thicknefs of Earth upon the Roots of
new-planted Trees, which faves all Expences

S 3 in

16

in Watering, and keeps the Tree very {ta-
ble and upright $ lince ’tis the Thinnefs of
Earth (that in one common Method) we fpread
over the Roots, which expofes them to the
parching Winds and Sun. But of this more
elfewhere.

(i i.) From hence we may likewife obferve,
that there are different Juices in the Earth that
every fort of Plant fucks and imbibes $ thus
Beech will not grow fo well in Wet as Dry
Ground, as being moll agreeable to its own
Nature, and the Frame of thofe Fibres,
Dudts, and Channels that imbibe and fuck up
the latent Juices of the Earth, be they Ni-
trous, or whatever the Speculative Philofo-
phers pleafe to call them $ while others avari-
tioitfly devour all that comes in their way,
and will profper on Dry Ground, as well as
Wet, and fuch is the Abeal, fome of the Elms,
Afh, &c.

To this I add an Advice which I have
before omitted, or at lead not prefl hard
enough $ I mean the Sowing and Planting
good flore of Silver and Scotch Firs, as well
in the Nurfery before direded, as in the
Coppice hereafter to be mention’d $ fince there
is nothing that looks nobler, either in fe-
parate Squares or Walks, as well as pro-
snifcuous Plantations, where the dark and
lively Greens of each make an agreeable
Mixture and Variety,

Many

Scd. 14. of Foreft Trees.

Many indeed are the Obfervations and
Maxims that occur from Planting, but at
prefent thefe muft fuffice, till Providence
and the Encouragement of this generous
Age (hall farther prompt on thele weak
Endeavours.

DIREC-

264 Directions for Raifmg Chap, 8.

DIRECTIONS

For the RAISING

Woods and Coppices.

CHAP. VIII.

Jntroiu- TTT was my firft Intention, not to have faid
Sion, I any thing as to the Railing Woods and
Coppices, fuppoling the fame had been
eft'eftually done to my Hand by Mr. Evelyn :
But upon a fecond Revifal of that Work, I
found that in this as well as other Parts I
have been treating of, his Method was not fo
plain and proper for Inftruction, as that
which I have followed.

cbfervati- For whereas (as I have before obferv’d)
ons on thu that Treatife is taken to pieces by the parti-
Method. cu]ar Account given of every Tree, with
their Ufe, & c. this, on the contrary, is as it.
were a continual Clew to conduft my Rea-
der thro’ this painful Labyrinth to the defired
Centre, or rather End of his Buiinefs.

The

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices. 2 6$

The Perfon therefore that propofes to plant DireiHons
or fow a young Coppice, is fuppos’d to have
made choice of a proper Piece of Ground, ac- Ground for
cording as is direded before. Knifing

Some dired the Ploughing this as often and Coptnes'
in the fame manner as for Corn $ but ex-
cept the Ground be very clear, and free from
Roots and other Obftrudions, efpecially if it
be for to make into Woods, for Gardens, I
rather advife the Trenching it about 18 or 20
Inches deep. ’Tis true, every Acre of this
manner of Digging will coft 3 or 4 /. but
be that as it will, I am fure ’twill fufficiently
repay the Expence, by the quicker Advances
the Wood will make.

But Ihould the Ground be a wet ft iff Ground, A fart,!cr
any way inclinable to a Clay, then Trench- Me‘
ing and laying in Beds of 6 or 7 Foot wide,
with Allies betwixt them, or indeed they
may be call’d rather Ditches to draw off the
fuperfluous Water, is abfolutely requit’d, fince
there can be little or no Hopes without it in
a confiderable Time, but Quicknefs of Growth
is what I am very much contending for :

Happy are thofe who have good clear Land,
where Ploughing only, and Sowing with or
after Corn, may do, but otherwife 1 am in-
difpenfably obliged to prefs the following Me-
thod of Trenching.

This Bufinefs of Trenching I have like- d ireiims
wife obferv’d to be very ill managed in fome
Places, where they are apt to go too deep, Ground
fixteeii or eighteen Inches at the molt is deep well .

enough.

%66 DireSl ions for Raifwg Chap. 8.

enough, fince the deeper the Ground is dug,
the deeper and eafier the Roots will run down,
(which is a Fault}) befides, it has a worfe
Effed than any yet mentioned, and that is
the throwing upon the top of the Ground
the bottom Mould, which is always barren,
and confequently will endanger the ftarving
the Seed.

It is indeed (by lying at Top) in a way
of Improvement, but I doubt, not foon enough
to accelerate what I am always preffing, 1
mean the quick Growth and Procerity of our
Coppices.

Further The Trenchers Ihould then have a Line,
Dirctfhns and a Meafure of three Foot always by them,
\n„g '(hound and after they have open’d the firft Trench
for Woods fixteen or eighteen Inches deep, and three
oppi- p00t ^ey fhould pare into that open

Bottom all the Leaves, Tralh, &c. they have
in the next } having drain’d their Line there
likewife, and mark’d out the Ground the
Breadth of their former three Foot Stick}
which done, they Ihould fling their Spits of
Mould over it} but thefe Spits ought not to
be taken up above fix Inches thick with their
Spades, neither too confufedly. A Fault one
can hardly prevent in the Country, where
the Labourers are generally fo Itupid and o-
pinionared, that ’tis hard to bring them into
any right Method } yet about London they
are much handier } good long Steel Spades, as
t|iey are made at London , will with two Dig-
ings and Shovelings between them, go fix-

Chap. 8. of W oods and Coppices. 2 6y

teen or eighteen Inches, and this generally we
call Trenching two Spit deep, but leaving the
Crumbs (a way of Difcourfe) level enough
to the Capacities of our London Kitchen-Gar-
den Labourers, who will do twice or thrice
as much as moft Countrymen, they being ge-
nerally very lazy, and great Slovens in dig-
ing, and fhould for that reafon have a watch-
ful Eye over them, that they pick out the
Weeds and Roots, and dig their Ground level
and true.

After this Preparation, either by Digging AgM
or Ploughing, I am not for advifing the Sow-
ing of Corn, &c. which feems to be only a
delufive Pill to make the other go down the
better, or the Contrivance of fome Bailiff or
Husbandman for the fake of a little Corn.

The firft thing is to Rake or well Harrow Rating or
the Surface of the Ground, fo as to break the
Clods, and clear the Top of any Bufhy, Graffy,/^.
or other Rubbilh $ when being provided with
Acorns, Beech, and Hornbeam-Maft, and in
general with whatever Seeds the neighbour-
ing Woods produce, you are to fow them
promifcuoufly, at a difcretionary Thicknefs,
but rather too thick than too thin, making
large Allowances for bad Seed-, Mice, and 0-
ther Cafualties} then Rake or Harrow the
Ground very well over again.

One thing I muft advife, as very material f tf,'™'
for the Encouragement of thefe Seeds after fter tfc'
they are fown : If it happens to be upon seed u
light, barren Land, affoon as ever the Seed

268 Directions for Raifing Chap. 8.

is fown and harrowed in, then (having be-
fore-hand made a good Preparation^) fow
fome Mould and Dung, well rotted and blend-
ed together, over it at leaft ( of an Inch
thick, which will be a great Help to the
Ground, and to the Seed likewife : But if
the Ground be Cold and .Heavy, then fow
fome flack d Lime over it once a Week, for
this will not only kill all the Slugs and Ver-
min, but will alfo improve the Ground, and
impregnate the Seed : I do not advife to
have it fown thick, but often 3 and it may
he depended on, that the Rain and Air will
foon ftrip it of its fiery Quality in fuch a
manner, as th^it it will do no Hurt to the
Seed, but, on the contrary, will have the
defired Effect, the Impregnation of the Seed,
and the Deftrudion of all the Slugs and other
Vermin.

By this means you have laid a Foundation
for the Raifing all forts of Trees that come
from Seeds. But how you are to furnifh this
Evelyn. Wood with the reft, neither the good Efquire,
nor any Body elfe, has, that I know of, ad-
vis’d, at leaft in fuch a manner, as that the
World may be profited by it.

To fupply this Defed then, I advife. That
1 Advice .‘Uy whofoever is the Planter or Sower of this,
ought to be flock’d with fome Thoufands of
Plants of thofe forts of Woods that are Rais’d
by Arcuation or Laying, as alfo, which it
it very eafe for any one to be, with great
Quantities of Sets, or (Truncheons of Sal-

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices. 269

lows, and in fuch a cafe, of Abeal, and any
thing that will poffibly be Rais’d by
Sets 5 but above all, ( as before hinted)
there cann’t be too many Limes, Witch
and Dutch Elms , Platanus , &c. fince

thefe will not only very much enoble the
Nature of the Wood, but will alfo by their
Shooting falter away, (which will indeed be
twice the pace, or more, than thofe fow’d
of Seed) give prefent Succour from the Winds
to the tender Seedling, which one may fup-
pofe are peeping out of the Ground, and will
draw them up the fafter : And this I take to be
a very material Article, both for the Beauty
of the Wood, and the quicker Difpatch in the
Growth of it.

What Ufe ’twill be to the Oak, Beech, and
other flow Growers, which love to grow in
Confort, and exert a kind of natural Emula-
tion, I leave to the Experience and Practice
of thofe who think fit to make ufe of this
Method.

I mull not forget to admonifh, That the a second
Sets or Layers I have been mentioning lhouldCto'£’,'\
have Hills about them like Hop-Hills, that
Roots may be well cover'd without Planting
too deep, and thereby fave an Expence of
Watering, which will otherwife unavoidably
enfue, and ought to be planted llopewife,
promifcuoully, at above four or five Foot
afunder.

’Twill

Dire&tons for Kaiftng Chap. 8.
Concerning ’Twill be impoffible to attempt (and in-
anTciean- deed there feems to be little need ) any-ways
fmg. the Pruning and Regulating the promifcuous
Lump and Thicket this will make.

But if any Perfon will be fo curious, it may
not be improper to advife a large ftrong Hoe
( as we call them ) made very lharp, with
which one may the firft Year cut up both the
infulting Weeds, and thin the young Seed-
lings, where-ever there lhall be occafion, in
the manner the Turnip-Hoers do in and
about London.

Making It will be necelfary alfo that there be a
referve of Plants, to make good, at the Mi-
‘ ae"ces' chaelmas following, all the Gaps and other
thin Places to be found in the Wood, that
fo all things may come away together com-
pleat.

The loft Likewife, when upon a general Survey of
takin0 ^ fhe Coppice, one finds any fine thriving Oak,
Fir, Lime, or other valuable Tree opprefs’d
by Shrubs or Bufhes of lefs efteem ^ then
ought the careful Planter to relieve his op-
prelfed Tyro, by pruning and cutting away
the Branches that interrupt it.

The proper Having faid lo much already concerning
Time. the Time of Sowing, I think there is no Oc-
cafion to fay much more : However, if it be
a very Wet Clung Ground, (as we commonly
fay) ’tis belt to Trench it, and lay it up in
Ridges all the Winter $ by which Procefs, the
danger of Rotting in the Winter is avoided :
Befides, the Froft will fo meliorate the

Ground,

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices. 271

Ground, that ’twill fall like Dull in the
Spring, and from the moft incorrigible, be-
come a very fine and tradable Earth . I have
already advis’d Allies and Ditches lying with
a Defcent to carry off the fuperfluous Water :

The Beds, Ridges, or Lands may be fix,
eight, or ten Foot } and the Allies orTrenches
two or three Foot : But the Beds ought to
be level} fince one often fees Corn very
poor, and fometimes quite kill’d, in Lands
laid Rounding, I mean that Corn which lies
next the Furrows.

ADDENDA.

Of the fe~

I Come now to give a fhort Account

the feveral Ufes I propofe to make of the tf the fire-
foregoing Stock of Trees, and of the Woods em£ Care'
and Coppices 1 have been juft now teaching
the Manner of Railing, which is in General
for Gard’ning. The Firfl

But when I mention Gard'ning, ’tis not Vie’
not that which has been commonly us’d and
underftood by that Name } I mean, Flowring,
Parterre’s, Box-work, Clipt Plants, &c. but
Wood, Water, and and fuch-like Natural
and Rural, yet Noble and Magnificent Deco-
rations of the Country Villa,

T owards

2J2

Virettions
about the
Fencing.

"DireUions for Raiftng Chap. 8.

Towards the Advancement of this, if the
Houfe is without Coppices and Woods at a
reafonable Diftance, which is the cafe of a
great many noble Old as well as New Seats,
I would advife the Fencing in and Sowing a
Wood or Coppice of twenty or thirty Acres,
more or lefs^ the Expence is not much:
And if the Houfe is to be built, by the time
that ’tis finilh’d you may fee a great progrefs
The Refult in the advancing Coppice. In four or five
fefsinfcur Years }'°u may exped to find the Witch and
or five years Dutch Elms, Limes, &c. eight, nine, or ten
Foot high, and thofe fow’d of Seed, as it
were ftruggling which Ihall outvie each other
in Procerity and Tallnefs.

Thefe kind of Woods, as they are more
Natural and Rural than the Set Wildernefles
and Groves, fo much us’d of late amongft
us, yet are they a great deal lefs expenfive,
an Acre of this being made full five times
cheaper than the other 5 fo that if thofe coft
Fifty Pounds an Acre, which is the leaft, if
they are well made, thefe may be be fet at
Ten Pounds, and that indeed is more than
I can reckon with all the Arithmetick and
Reafon I am Mailer of.

Mon Ru- And as the Making is much Cheaper, fo
"cheaper to Nkewife is the Keeping j for being of a much
keep in or- more natural Afpeft than Set Gardens, the
d:r- lefs Keeping will fuffice. Inllead of that
prodigious deal of Clipping in Efpaliers, a
Scythe fix’d into a Pole or Handle will do
this Work, and retrench the Extravagances

of

tim

Cheaper
than any
other Me-
thod of
making
Gardens .

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices. 273

of Nature in a more expeditious and lefs ex-
penfive Method.

I don’t pretend, by this, to propofe the
entire exclufion of Efpaliers, they are noble "ffff
in their Kinds, and in fome few of the main
and principal Walks add the greateft Beauty
imaginable 3 but in all the more private and
natural Meanders that fhould intermix them-
felves in thefe kinds of Defigns, will be ftill
the better.

The Nurfery of regular and well- manag’d
Plants will repair any Defed, and make what in the Gar-
addition the Defigner pleafes to the Beauty dens-
of thefe Woods.

But when by any Methods yet taken, or
any that may be thought of, thele kinds of
Rural Gardens fhall be laid open to the ex-
tenfive Avenues all round, in an open and
unaffeded manner, ( not Wall’d round or
Immured, as has been the Pradice) when
thofe large Sums of Money that have been
buried within the narrow Limits of a high
Wall, upon the trifling and diminutive Beau-
ties of Greens and Flowers, fhall be lightly
fpread over great and extenfive Parks and
Forefis : I fay, fuch feem to be Gardens for
the Politer and Greater Genius’s of Britain ,
efpecially if to it be added Water the Spirit
and mod enchanting Beauty of Nature, and
when Parks fhall be turn’d into Gardens. ^

'Tis then we may hope to excel the fo- f/iAm-
much-boafted Gardens of France , and make bition to
that great Nation give way to the fuperiour

VoL. 1, T Beauties Fnicce,

274 Directions for Raifmg Chap. 8.

Beauties of our Gardens, as their late Prince
has to the invincible Force of the Britijb
Arms.

The vfeof But to return from this Digreffion, to
the Kutfery which the extreme Love I have to Gardening
piMta-mr has carried me ^ I fuppofe this Nurfery fuffi-
tions. ciently ftockt with all forts of Elms, Limes,
Oaks, &c. fit for planting all Exteriour
Avenues, and other regular or promifcuous
Plantations 5 how they maybe difpos’d to the
belt Advantage, fo as to add a Beauty, Grace,
and Ornament to our Country-Seat, is the
Subjed of the next Treatife.
vfe of the And before I quit this, I {hall extend the

mfery in Ufe of the Nurlery yet farther, and that is.
Plant- 1 0 the Fencing and Enclofing Large and
ingLord- Wafte Lordfhips, Commons, &c.
jhips and j>jj fupp0fe then, that our Nurfery is well
ftockt with fome Thoufands of White-Thorn,
Holly, &c. that are thick-made Plants, ( for
which reafon they fhould always be kept
fhorten’d and cut in the Nurfery ) to five
or fix Foot high.

Method of Thefe Plants may be mov’d with eafe, and
thant'it w*th good fuccefs, ( if they have had the care
into Hed&- of often Removing, &c. as before direded. )
es, &c. Taking them up with good Roots, and fome
Earth, they may be Carted away, Planted,
and a Hedge made at once.

Mr. chap- This Method I have feen pradis’d in the
LowtiTin Grounds of that worthy Gentleman before
Lincoln- mention’d, and that with White-Thorn
and Holly, and, which is worfe to move

than

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices. 275

than any of them, Black-Thorn taken
out of the Woods, Coppices, &c. which
live to Admiration, and would doubtlefs
thrive much better, had they been Rais’d in
a Nurfery, and well ftor’d with Fibrous
Roots.

’Tis true, that contrary to this Method An
(fay fome) fmall Quick is very eafily planted, onA^mr
and with lefs Charge. But thefe Perfons
ought at the fame time to confider what Ex-
pence and Trouble there is in making of
Fence-hedges, Stoop, and Rail, or other
Methods of fecuring them for a confiderable
Number of Fears, while this is an immedi-
ate Fence, and has no manner of Occafion of
thofe preliminary Cares.

But the farther Purluit of this Point 1 (half A Particu-
* leave to be the Subjeft of fome other Treatife defignTIfor
(if haply the prefent meets with any Encou- this at am-
ragement from the World) under the fame ther r,mt‘
General Title.

In the mean time I cann’t but humbly re- The-stui)
commend the Study and Practice of thefe
Things to the Nobility and Gentry of Great- mended.
Britain , with all the Earneftnefs that the
Profit as well as the Noblenefs of the Sub-
jeft requires, that by it they alfo gain ano-
ther two-fold Advantage, the Health of their
Bodies ^ and, by employing the Poor, reap Health,
another, very often delivered from the Pulpit andEmplor-
of the laborious Divine. tbe

Neither are they lefs beneficial to the Na-
tion in general, as well as to Gentlemen in

T 2 parti-

7j6 Directions for Raifmg Chap. 8.

As benefi- particular : ’Tis by the means of elegant
CHonmh,e ant^ n°ble Stru&ures, and the noble Diftri-
Grandeur , bution and Decorum of our Country Villa's ,
ofH Tw^that Foreigners will ftill more admire and
thn. court us. ’Tis by this means, of enclofing
Lands, that Eftates advance confiderably in
Value $ and the Price of Food and Sufte-
nance keeps pace with that which makes eve-
ry Nation formidable, I mean the numerous
Encreale as well as Wealth of its Inhabi-
tants.

Guards the The Planting and Sowing of Wood, and
Houfe frm gUardulg Country Houfes from the Winds,
,n‘J’ befides the other Advantages of fhady Walks,
is what cann’t be thought of too foon $ nei-
a good Le- ther can the Aged Parent leave a better Le-
£fterity. gacY t0 his Heir, than fome young Woods and
Coppices growing round his Habitation. The
Expence is very little, but attended with
great Profit and Pleafure.

Encourage- And if any former Attempts have prov’d
uTmerhm unfuccefiful, let not that deterr them from
efsfuL renewing the Charge $ it was probably from
wrong Meafures, amongft which the excef-
five Expence of Gard’ning may have been
one : But from this Method laid down, the
Decoration and Improvement of a Country-
Seat will not be that expenfive Bug-bear it
may of late have appear’d to be. And indeed,
by what Obfervations I have made in many
Parts of this Kingdom, there is generally
twice the Money expended on a bad Defign,
as w ould have made a good one , tho’ I con-

fefs

V7

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices.

fefs to have feen the contrary in fome Places
where Frugality has mix’d itfelf with Gran-
deur and good Defign : And ’tis there, and
there only, one may reafonably hope for a
good IiTue and Period from fuch our Under-
takings.

Let therefore thofe that would appear The Sum
fplendidly frugal in the Decoration and Em-
bellifhments of their Country-Seats, firft fow
twenty, thirty, or forty Acres of Wood, (as
is before directed) and begin raifing a Nur-
fery or Referve to flock and plant thefe exte-
rior Parts (which 'tis impoflible to fpare
now) in regard of the Profit it brings 3 twen-
ty, thirty, or forty Acres being what I very
much fear many Perfons will think too much
of already (efpecially Stewards and Bailiffs.)
Commit then the Management of thefe Mat-
ters to fome careful Perfon 5 and do, as it
were, forget it for four or five Years 3 in
which Time the Wood will have made fuch a
confiderable Advance, that you may carbo-
nade it into what Method or Figure you
pleafe, and that with a very little Expence.

The manner how that or the other fhall be
done, and how to make the beft Ufe of Situ-
ations, and all other natural Advantages,
fhall be the Subject of the next Volume : And
I fhall terminate this Chapter with a Recom-
mendatory Paper of an Ingenious Author,
whofe Lucubrations have diverted this pre-
fent Age 3 and will, I believe, have more

T 3 Weight

278 DireSiions for Raifmg Chap. 8.

Weight with the World, than any thing I can
fay on this Subjeft.

U Every Station of Life (fays he) has
585. ' °' “ Duties which are proper to it. Thofe
“ who are determined by Choice to any par-
“ titular kind of Bufinefs, are indeed more
“ happy than thofe who are determin’d by
“ Neceflity $ but both are under an equal
“ Obligation of fixing on Employments
“ which may be either ufeful to themfelves,
“ or beneficial to others. No one of the
M Sons of Adam ought to think himfelf ex-
“ empt from that Labour and Induftry which
“ were denounc’d to our firft Parent, and in
“ him to all his Poflerity. Thofe to whom
“ Birth or Fortune may feem to make fuch
“ an Application unneced'ary, ought to find
“ out fome Calling or Profeflion for them-
“ felves, that they may not lie as a Burden
“ on the Species, and be the only ufelefs
“ Parts of the Creation.

“ Many of our Country Gentlemen, in
“ their bufie Hours, apply themfelves whol-
ly to the Chafe, or to fome other Diver-
“ lion which they find in the Fields and
“ Woods. This gave oecafion to one of our
“ rnoft eminent Englijb Writers to reprefent
“ every one of them as lying under a kind
“ of Curfe pronounc’d to them in the Words
tc of Goliab, I mil give thee to the Fowls
“ of the Air , and to the Beajls of the Field.

Though

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices. 279

“ Though Exercifes of this kind, when in-
“ dulg’d with Moderation, may have a good
“ Influence, both on the Mind and Body,

“ the Country affords many other Amufe-
“ ments of a more noble kind.

“ Among thefe, I know none more delight-
“ ful in itfelf, and beneficial to the Publick,

“ than that of PLANTING. I could
“ mention a Nobleman whofe Fortune has
“ plac’d him in feveral Parts of England, and

who has always left thefe vifible Marks be-
“ hind him, which fhew he has been there :

“ He never hired aHoufe in his Life, with-
“ out leaving all about it the Seeds of Wealth,

“ and bellowing Legacies on the Pofterity of
“ the Owner. Had all the Gentlemen of
“ England made the fame Improvements up-
“ on their Eftates, our whole Country
“ would have been at this time as one great
“ Garden. Nor ought fuch an Employ-
“ ment to be looked upon as too inglorious
“ for Men of the higheft Rank. There have
“ been Heroes in this Art, as well as in 0-
“ thers. We are told in particular of Cyrus
“ the Great, that he planted all the Leifer
“ Afia. There is indeed fomething truly
“ magnificent in this kind of Amufement : It
“ gives a nobler Air to feveral Parts of Na-
“ ture j it fills the Earth with a Variety of
“ beautiful Scenes, and has fomething in it
“ like Creation. For this Reafon the Plea-
“ fure of one who plants, is fomething like
that of a Poet, who, as Ariflotk obferves.

Directions for Kaifwg Chap. 8.

“ is more delighted with his Produdions, than
“ any other Writer or Artift whatfoever.

“ Plantations have one Advantage in them,
“ which is not to found in moll other Works,
“ as they give a Pleafure of a more lafting
“ Date, and continually improve in the Eye
“ of the Planter. When you have finilh’d a
“ Building, or any other Undertaking of the
“ like Nature, it immediately decays upon
“ your Hands ^ you fee it brought to its ut-
“ moil Point of Perfedion, and from that
“ time haftening to its Ruin. On the con-
“ trary, when you have finiih’d your Planta-
“ tions, they areilill arriving at greater de-
“ grees of Perfedion as long as you live, and
“ appear more delightful in every fucceed-
“ ing Year, than they did in the forego-

“ ing-

“ But I do not only recommend this Art
“ to Men of Eftates, as a pleating Amufement,
“ but as it is a kind of virtuous Employment,
“ and may therefore be inculcated by moral
“ Motives j particularly from the Love

which we ought to have for our Country,
'• and the Regard which we ought to bear to
“ our Poilerity. As for the firft, I need on-
“ iy mention, what is frequently obferv’d by
“ others, that the Increal’e of Foreil-Trees
“ does by no means bear a Proportion to the
“ Deftrudion of them, infomuch that in a
ft few Ages the Nation may be at a Lofs to
“ fupply itfelf with Timber fufficient for the
“ Fleets q i England. I know, when a Man

“ talks

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices.

“ talks of Pofterity in Matters of this Nature,
“ he is look’d upon with an Eye of Ridicule
“ by the cupning and felfiffi part of Mankind.
“ Moft People are of the Humour of an
“ old Fellow of a College, who when he
“ was preffed by the Society to come into
“ fomething that might redound to the Good
“ of their Succeffors, grew very peevilh 3 We
“ are always doing (fays he) fomething for
“ Pofterity, but I would fain fee Pofterity do
“ fomething for us.

“ But 1 think Men are inexcufable, who
“ fail in a Duty of this Nature, fince it is fo
“ eafily difcharg’d. When a Man confiders,
“ that the putting a few Twigs into the
“ Ground, is doing good to one who will
“ make his Appearance in the World about
“ fifty Years hence, or that he is perhaps
“ making one of his own Defcendants eafie or
“ rich, by fo inconfiderable an Expence 5 if
“ he finds himfelf averfe to it, he muft con-
“ elude that he has a poor and bafe Heart,
“ void of all generous Principles and Love to
“ Mankind.

“ There is one Confideration which may
“ very much enforce what I have here faid.
“ Many honeft Minds that are naturally dif-
“ pofed to do Good in the World, and be-

come Beneficial to Mankind, complain
“ within themfelves that they have not Ta-
“ lents for it. This therefore is a good Office
“ which is fuited to the meaneft Capacities,

and which may be performed by Multi-

“ tudes.

281

a 8 2 Directions for Raifmg Chap. 8.

“ tudes, who have not Abilities fufficient
“ to deferve well of their Country, and to
“ recommend themfelves to their Pofterity,
“ by any other Method. It is the Phrafe of
“ a Friend of mine, when any ufeful Country
“ Neighbour dies, to fay. You may Trace him.
“ Which I look upon as a good Funeral Ora-
“ tion, at the Death of an honeft Husband-
“ man, who has left the Impreflions of his
“ Induftry behind him, in the Place where
“ he has lived.

“ Upon the foregoing Conliderations, I
“ can fcarce forbear reprefenting the Sub-
“ jeds of this Paper as a kind of Moral Vir-
“ tue ^ which, as I have already (hewn, re-
“ commends itfelf likewife by the Pleafure
“ that attends it. It mult be confefs’d, that
“ this is none of thofe turbulent Pleafures,
“ which is apt to gratifie a Man in the Heats
“ of Youth ; but if it be not fo tumultuous,
“ it is more lading. Nothing can be more
“ delightful than to entertain our felves with
“ Prolpeds of our own making, and to walk
“ under thofe Shades, which our own In-
“ duftry has rais’d. Amufements of this Na-
“ ture compofe the Mind, and lay at Reft all
“ thofe Pallions which are uneafie to the
“ Soul of Man, belides they naturally engen-
“ der good Thoughts, and difpofe us to lau-
“ dable Contemplations. Many of the old
“ Philofophers paifed away the greateft parts
“ of their Lives among their Gardens. Epi-
** curus himfelf could not think fenfual Plea-

“ fure

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices.

** fure attainable in any other Scene. Every
“ Reader who is acquainted with Homer, Vir-
“ gil, and Horace, the greateft Genius’s of
‘c all Antiquity, know very well with how
“ much Rapture they have fpoken on this
“ Subjedt 5 and that Virgil in particular
“ has written a whole Book on the Art of
“ Planting.

I lhall conclude this interwoven Difcourfe
with fome regular Heads, which in other
Cafes generally engage ev’n the frugalleft of
Mankind, i mean the Profit, Diverfion, and
natural Pleafure that attend this Noble Em-
ploy of Planting and Sowing.

And here it may be fuppos’d that I ihould
give a Pecuniary Calculation of my Obferva-
tions on this Head 5 in which I (hall be (hort,
intending to handle it more at large when 1
come to treat of large Eftates, and the man-
ner of improving them. To proceed then :
A Friend of mine has only a little Grove of
Oaks, which he very often views with Satis-
faction : It is about a hundred Yards long,
and forty wide, which multiplied together
makes i of an Acre and twelve Rood, on
which, I computed, were above 160 Oaks,
that in about 120 Years time would be worth,
at a moderate Computation, 5 /. a Tree,
which is in all 800 l. Suppofe then that
we account 20 s. per. Ann. for the Rent
of that Ground, it comes but to 1 20 l. by
which Account we perceive, that my Friend,

were

283

284 Directions for Raifing Chap. 8.

were he to fell them, would get 800 /. for
the Intereft, fuppofing the Principal 120 /.
Original, which it is not : As for the Ex-
pences in Sowing and Fencing, the Under-
wood fufficiently pays for that (and much
more than that) all the while : And I would
from this appeal to any Bank or Trade, whe-
ther any Perfon can lay out fo fmall a matter
of Money to fo great an Advantage, ' and
having betides the Pleafure of feeing thofe
bold Sons of Jove advancing their Summits
towards the Skies, in a perfefl: Emulation one
of another ? It feems to be the Glory and En-
deavour of the tnoft provident part of Men to
heap up Wealth for their Families 5 and fure
they cannot poffibly do it better than in this,
when perhaps for the laying out 100/. their
Heirs will be repaid above fixty-fold, ev’n
6 000 /. (exclufive of the Rent of the Ground)
A valuable Return for fo fmall an Ex-
pence.

My next Confideration is, that healthful, ea-
fie, and cheap Diftribution of Time it affords,
which would otherwife lie heavy on our
Hands. For as Man is an intelligent, rational
Being, and has a Mind always in Aftion, either
in that which is good or bad $ how is it pofli-
ble he can employ his Thoughts and his
Hands better than in thefe bufie, innocent,
happy, and fucceffive Toils that follow each
other in the Pruning, Drelling, and Ordering
of Nurferies, and other bur Plantations?
T(us is excellently defcribed by Milton , when

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices.

he is reprefenting our Firfl: Parents in their
State of Innocence, folicitous about their
No&urnal Repofe, and the laborious Bufinefs
of the enfuing Day ^ and as I began this Sub-
jeft with the Poetick Raptures of our greateli
Bard, 1 end them fo too :

When Adam thus to Eve : Fair Conftort , tl) Hour
Of Night , and all Things now retir'd to Reft ,

Mind us of like Repofe $ fince God has fet
Labour and Reft as Day and Night to Man ,

SucceJJive , and the timely Dew of Sleep
Now falling withftoft, flumbrous Weight , inclines
Our Eye-lids . Other Creatures all Day long
Rove idle , unemploy'd , and lefts need Reft :

Man ha s his daily Work of Body or Mind
Appointed , which declares his Dignity,

And the Regard of Heaven on all his Ways ,

While other Animals , unattive , range ,

And of their Doings God takes no Account .

Tomorrow , ercfrefh M orning ftreak the Eaft,

With firfi Approach of Light we mu ft be run.

And at our pie aftant Labour to reform
Ton flowry Arbours , yonder Allies green ,

Our Walk at Noon , with Branches overgrown ,

That mock our f cant Manure, and require
More Hands • than ours to top their wanton Growth :
Thofte Blojfoms alfto , and thfte dropping Gums,

That lie beftrown unjightly and unftmooth,
AskRiddance , if we mean to tread with Eafte.

How fweet a Theme had this unparallel’d
Poet to expatiate his Genius on ! How beau-
tiful is even the toilfome and laborious Part
of this Work ! But let us turn to one of
our modern Seraphick Poets, on the happy

In no-

085

Uire&ions for Raifwg Chap. 8#

Innocence of Adam in Paradife, during his
State of Innocence:

In all the Joys that happy Minis attain ,

Bleji Adam firjl began to live and reign .

He to fair Edeifi* Paradife reforts ,

Where every Senfe its proper Pleafure courts :

'the joyful Spring, by foft Favonius fanndi
Dij fus'd her Riches with a wanton Hand.

Prom new-born flowers luxurious Odours fly ,

And heavnly Landslips meet his ravifldd Eye .

The twining Branches weave him Jhady Bowers,

And Honey-dews fall in delicious Show'rs .

Birds wit h their Songs their Sovereign falute
Prom Boughs which bend beneath their Golden Fruit .
Pure Streams to him the cryfial Waters bring.

And the glad Pifh leap up to fee their King .

The harmlefs Beafls their humble Homage paid,

And the foie Monarch of the World obey a.
Uninterrupted Peace his Mind pojjefl ,

And Joys unutterable fill'd his Breafl .

A Day fercne flail'd on his Godlike Mind y
Free from black Clouds , and undifturFd with Wind :
Ko Guilt , no Frown from Heavn difurb'd his Soul \
Calm as deep Rivers in f ill Evnings roul ;

A o Storms of Pafjion , fuck as us molefl ,

Annoy the peaceful Region of his Breafl :

A o boiling Luft f well'd the o'er whelming Blood,

To blend cur Rcafon with the impetuous Flood .

His fpotlefl Mind knows yet no other Fire,

Than thofe pure Flames which Heavnly Minds infpire .
0 happy Man ! above Defcription blefl.

Had he maintain d the Station he pofjefl.

Blackm. P. Arthur .

In -this (or n^ar this exalted State) is eve-
ry Man that purfues thefe Pleafures : The

greateft

Chap. 8. of Woods and Coppices.

greateft Misfortune is, that Gentlemen never
fet themfelves heartily to it till ’tis commonly
very late, till Judgment and Reafon get the
Maftery of Paffion, and Death is ready to
feize us. But I muft leave thefe Rural
Thoughts, with an allufive Prologue proper to
the prefent Paragraph :

Sweet Solitude ! when Life’s gay Hours arepafi ,
Howe'er we range , in thee we fix at lajl :

Tcfi thro ’ tempefiuous Seas 5 the Voyage o’er ,
Pale, we look back, and blefs thy friendly Shore .
Our own JlriB Judges our pajf Life we fcan ,
And ask if Glory have enlarg'd the Span.

If bright the ProfpeB, we the Grace defie,

Trufi future Ages, and contented die.

Mr. Tickell.

W *8#

O F

28 7

o88

Chap. 9.

Introdutti-

on.

The Origi-
nals.

O F

,. \ . ,> . ■; -, > *, \~i\\**.\' -\ . \\0i V

SPRINGS

k X LJ , 1 '

and

WATER-WORKS.

CHAP. IX.

I Come now to treat of Water, in refpeft
of that Beauty and Decorum it furnifhes
a Country Seat or Villa withal, fome Di-
reftions for conveying it to the Place ’tis to
be us’d, the Method of making Canals, Ponds,
Cafcades, and Fountains.

As to the Original of Springs, there feem to
be different Opinions, fome believing them to

be

/<U.j

HZ#.?,##.

\

• .'V ■ ■

t

Chap. Of SPRINGS^ &c.

be deriv’d from the Rains, Snows, and Dews
that defcend upon the Ground, and after
gathering together in a Body, break out of
the Ground in the Sides of Hills, &c. In
which I obferve, that it may be poffible for
Rains, Snows, and Dews to ftrengthen the
Springs, and by their great Conflux to make
thofe violent Eruptions as we often difcover in
them, particularly after great Rains, and
what we commonly call Land-Springs or
Floods.

But this I cann’t think to be the main Ori-
gine of Springs, but rather that there is a
iubterraneous Correfpondence in all that Wa-
try Body ^ and that the Sea and Rivers are
the Grand Referve from whence they all pro-
ceed, and with which they have an immedi-
ate Communication through the Gravelly,
Rocky, and other loofe or arenaceous PalTages
of the Earth, as there is from a Grand Re-
fervoir through Pipes to Fountains, and other
Water-works.

For though one fhould be induc’d to be-
lieve, that Rains are the Original of Springs
in Bottoms and Low Grounds } yet ’tis not lb
ealie to conceive they fhould be the fame on
the Tops and Sides of Hills, from which the
Rains run down with fuch Violence, that
they fink fcarce any deeper than the Her-
bage $ and ’tis certain the fame may be faid of
Snows. And as for the Dews, nothing can
be more plain, they never entring half an
Inch into the Ground, fcarce deep enough
V o l I. U to

'

apo

Of SPRINGS and Chap. p.

to refrefh the Roots of ev’n the creeping
Herb.

Arijlotle (in his Treatife De Meteoribus ,
lib. i, cap. 13.) fuppofes that there was the
fame Original of Rivers within the Earth, as
there was of the Watry Meteors in the Air
above the Earth. For if this Air (fays he)
coming near to the Nature of a Vapour, is
by Cold turned into Water 5 then the Air,
which is in the Caverns of the Earth, may
be, by the fame Caufe, condens’d into Water
alfo. According to which Grounds, he
makes That the Original of Fountains and
Rivers, namely, that they are engendred in
the hollow Concavities of the Earth, and
derive both their Birth and continual Sufte-
nance from the Air, which piercing the open
Chinks and Chafma’s of the Earth, and con-
geal’d by the Cold of thofe Places, diflolveth
into Water, (as we fee Air in Winter Nights
to be melted into pearly Dew,) and being
grown into fome Quantity, it will either
find a Way or make a Way to vent its Su-
perfluity.

And for the continual Succeflion and Run-
ning of Rivers (fays Arijlotle') it is by a per-
petual Succeflion of new Air. But to this
Opinion ’tis not eafy to aflent 3 for although
the Air may be thus converted into Water,
yet the foie Matter of Rivers cannot come
from hence ; ’tis poflible it may be a helping,
but not a prime Caufe : For fince the Air is
a thin fubtle Body, there is neceflarily requi-

Chap. 9. WATER-WORKS.

red an abundance of Air to make a little Wa-
ter : And it may be a very reafonable Doubt,
whether the Hollows of any Rocks are large
enough to contain Quantity enough of Air
to make Water run fo continually, and in l'uch
great Quantities, as we often fee them do.

The ingenious Mr. Halley , in his DiiTer-
tation on this Subjed, in the Pbilof. Travf.
of Jan. and Feb. 1692, feems to hint they are
deriv’d from Vapours exhal’d from the Sea 5
as does Monf. le Clerc , in his Pbyjicks, quo-
ting the aforefaid Author, in Juftification of
his Opinion. Againft fuch great Authority, I
fhall not pretend abfolutely to determine j
the ftrefs of the Argument there, is, that the
quantity of Vapours drawn out of the Ocean,
by the Heat of the Sun, (efpecially amongft
the Tropicks) is fo great, that it put his
Aftronomical Inftruments in diforder } and
particularly, that his Paper was in a very
Ihort fpace of Time fo wet, that it would
not hold Ink. Thefe Obfervations were made
not only in Europe, but in the Ifland of Saint
Helen 5 to all which he adds, and inferrs from
thence, that thefe Vapours are difpers’d Qua-
quaverum by Winds) and that they lodge on
the higheft Hills, rather than below, there
finking down to the Receptacle or Fountain,
and afterwards break out in the manner we fee
them.

It would certainly very much have con-
firm’d this Experiment, if they had at the
fame time open’d the Ground with any
U a Inltru-

0.9 1

2£2

Of SPRINGS and Chap. 9.

Inftrument : For there are few but what may
have obferv’d, that Vapours drawn out of
the Earth, in a Mi fly Evening, have the
fame kind of fuperficial Effect, (tho’ perhaps,
not to fo great a degree) wetting not only
Paper, but ev’n thick Cloaths; from whence
enfue very often Sicknefs, &c.

The Obfervations there made, concerning
the Frigidity of the Air (on high Hills,) the
power and aptnefs thereof for the Condenfa-
tion and Converfion of thofe Vapours into
Water, is I believe allow’d by all Mankind 5
feeing they are by their Altitude fo much
nearer the Atmofphere, where the general
Concourfe and Reqdezvoufe of thofe Vapours
are : But it might not be amifs in this Cafe
to obferve, whether all Hills of one and the
fame Extent, afford the like quantity of
Springs. 1 fuppofe it will be found to the
contrary, fince this holds good in all the
Vh&nomena's about Springs, that there are in
many Places large Hills and trads of Land
that have no Springs, though they were as
capacious of receiving and retaining them as
others 5 yet by the clofe Contexture of fome
forts of Ground, they never break thro’, (ac-
cording to this Hypothefis I am advancing,
or otherwife) the Ground being all Gravelly,
they are fo difperft, as not to rife to any
height or ftrengch, (it being obfervable that
Springs break out mofl where the Ground is
of feveral different Kinds, and of different
perpendicular Tubes of Gravel and Clay, &c.)

neither

Chap. 9. WATER- WORKS.

neither according to theirs (as before hinted)
are they retain’d 5 it muft then ( I think)
follow, that their procedure is from the fub-
terraneous Fountains of the Earth 5 of which
more in their Courfe.

But the difficulteft Account to be given
about the Original of Springs (according to
this or any other Scheme) is, how they can
poffibly amount to the Tops of very high
Hills? Which, in my humble Opinion, is, as
will hereafter more plainly appear, by Ignous
Ebullition, or rather by that Aerial impulfe,
which the Philofophers call (as I fuppofe)
the Elaftick Power of the Air ^ of ufe in the
Body of the Earth, as well as in Vegetagion :
’Tis not hard to fuppofe that they lofe their
Saline Qualities thro’ the Veins and Paffages
of the Earth, by Percolation, tho’ this be one
of the Doubts (<*) Monfieur le Clerc makes
in that Matter.

Mr. Ray, in his Treatifes of Agriculture ,
attributes it to the attractive Power of the
Sun : But this I muft confefs is not fo plain
to me j for tho ’tis natural and eafie to appre-
hend what Power the Sun may have in Ex-
halation of Fogs, Mills and Dews, and of all
other Vapours of the Earth, and humid Parti-
cles, Herbs and Plants, (fince by placing of a wet

0*) Qy* in re du& occurrunt difficult ates, quas nm difficult er
folvi pojje Opinantur. i . Qudiritur qui fieri queat , ut aqua Marina
itdfummos attollatur Montes? ?. Qui etiam fiat ut aquaFon -
tium falfa nop fit ? Joan. Clerc. Phyfica, lib. 2. feft. 2 1 .

U 3 Cloth,

*93

2? 4

Of SPRINGS and Chap. 9.

Cloth, or any thing of that kind near the Fire,
the Heat immediately attracts the humid Par-
ticles to itfelf }) yet how that attractive Power
fhould reach into the Bowels of the Earth,
through all thofe Beds and Strata’s of Clay,
and other Bodies, that lie one upon another,
is fo'mething beyond Nature, unlefs one
fhouid refolve it into a hidden fupernatural
Power.

The moft probable Truth in this Cafe
feems to be, that the Springs (as 1 before
mention’d) have a Communication through
the Pores of the Earth, and that the Sea and
Fivers are as it were the Grand Refervoir to
them $ that the weight of Air that lies upon
thofe Watry Powers, forces on the Water
thro’ thofe Subterraneous Aqueduds, and by
their interpofition one with another, to afcend
likewife to the Tops of the higheft Hills,
and where-ever they find eafie Palfages thro’
Rocky, Gravelly, or Sandy Holes and Hol-
lows,

To help make out this Suppofition, it is no
hard matter to conceive how the violent Agi-
tations of the Sea, which generally lies above
the main Surface of the Land, may add to
this Cafe and it can be no Objedion a-
gainft the Nature of the Water, which is
doubtlefs purg’d of its Salifick Properties in its
Palfages through the Pores of the Earth.

And this feems to be the eafier effeded,
becaufe that the Chafms and Hollows in
Rocks, and the loofenefs of Gravel, which

commonly

Ghap. p. WATER- WORKS.

commonly lie in the heart and (ides of thofe
Hills, are more common in fuch Places, than
any-where elfe ; and whenever a Paffage is
broke through any Clayey or other heavy
Strata's of the Earth, and the Spring unload-
ed of its Fetters, (according to the common
Phrafe) and the violence of the Water gulh-
ing out, is a Demonftration that it muft be
Attributed to fome violent Ebullition from be-
low; which is as hard to account for, as the
other Suppofition of Attraftion : But this
is with more probability occafion’d to mount
fo high, by that load of iEther that lies upon
the Face of the Waters, and by their pref-
fures ftill running forwards, by forcing
them in alfo through thofe Channels juft
now mention’d.

Affoon as I had finilh’d the foregoing plain
Elfay, on the Original of Springs, the Book-
feller put into my Hands a Treatife of Mete-
orology, publifh’d by an Anonymous Au-
thor, and Dedicated to the Earl of Oxford ,
&c.

This Gentleman lays the Original and
Courfe of all forts of Springs on Rain, and
will not allow the Sea, or any other Con-
jefture that has fo many Years prevailed with
the learned World, to be fo much as concur-
rent Caufes in this Affair.

The whole feems to be writ with a great
deal of Spirit, and fome Obfervations taken
from Coal-Mines ; but I muft confefs, after
all he has urg’d to the contrary, that I

V 4 cann’t

2p5

Of SPRINGS and Chap. 9.

cann’t but ftill continue of the fame Opini-
on I was, as to the Sea, and the Subterra-
neous Aquedufts that correfpond with it, to
be at leaft the Ground and Foundation of all
that Watry Body, that lies as it were latent
in the Bowels of the Earth, and that thefe
Waters are agitated by fome Aerial Principle,
and made to afcend up into the higheft Hills,
in fome degree or other, according to the
Capacioufnefs of thofe Subterraneous Foun-
tains they receive their Rife from.

That the Rains help to feed and keep up
Springs, is evident enough 5 but how they
fliould be the Original thereof, is hard to
judge 5 for admitting they thus aggregate to-
gether in great Bodies, (as thatTreatife fup-
pofes) and fo break out of the Side-Hills, and
that the large Tracis of Land that lie level
with them, ihould for fome time fupply the
Current of thofe Springs, yet that has not
weight enough in it to determine this Matter *
fince thofe Fountains actuating, as he affirms,
only by downright or direft Motion, would
much fooner grow dry, than we often obferve
them to do.

But, on the contrary, by one Example, to
which, had I time, I might add a great many
more, as an ingenious Perfon of my Acquaint
ance, that was born near it, allures me that
there is a round Hill in the Shire of Aberdeen
in Scotland , call’d Penny chy or Bend-up-Higb ,
about the height of a Scotch Mile, and fo
fteep, that they are oblig’d to go round itj

Chap. 9. WATER-WORKS.

that at about three quarters of the Way up,
there is a very ftrong Spring that runs conti-
nually 5 that thegreateft Diameter of the Hill
in that Place is not above 200 Yards, if fo
much, and yet its Strength is confiderable,
ev’n in the drieftSeafons.

This certainly cann’t proceed, much lefs
, can it be maintain’d by any level Fountain,
which in fuch a Cafe ought to be as big as one
of the greateft of our Commons to have fup-
plied it in any adequate Proportion to its Con-
fumption : Befides, I cann’t think the Anfwer
there given, of four Rivers that ilfued out in
one Place in Paradife, is fufficient ; fince it
does not appear by Hiftory, that there was
any thing Supernatural in that Place, but
made on purpofe to entertain the groffeft
Faculties and Conceptions of Sublunary
Beings, whofe Perfection confifted in In-
nocence, rather than in Divine and Super-
natural Power.

As pofitive is that Piece, in Reafons con-
cerning thofe Places where there falls no
Rain, yet Springs abound plentifully ; almoft
denying there are fuch Places, tho’ the con-
trary is evident out of abundance of Hifto-
ries.

I have not time to trace this Point quite
through, it being a Work that would fwell
this Treatife beyond its due bulk ; I ihall on-
ly fum up what may be faid in a few Words;
That tho’ the Vapours (which Ariftotle fpeaks
of) may be fome part of the Caufe of Springs:

Tho’

2 97

298 Of SPRINGS and Chap. 9.

Tho’ Mr. Hally's Concourfe of Vapours on
Hills, may yet be another additional Caufe :
Tho’ Rains help to fwell and enlarge the
Springs, and to keep up thofe Fountains of
the Deep, (as they are called in Holy Writ.)
Yet their Original and Bafis muft come from
a more diftant Caufe, I mean the Sea, where,
by the Compreffion of the Air, the Height
of the Sea above the Earth (be it but a little,)
and the violent Concuflions and Agitations of
it, they mount thro’ the loofe Veins and
Chafms of Hills to that great Height we of-
ten fee them 5 when to it we add that Aerial
Refpiration and Pulfation, (not improperly
defin'd by Pulfatio Cordis ) which we may
fuppofe in this vaft Body of Earth, as well as
in the Body Natural, and with eafe to afcend
thro’ thofe Arenaceous and Cavernous parts
of the Eat th.

And tho’ we don’t allow of Attraction, or Ig-
nous Ebullition, yet ourHypothefis feems very
plain and agreeable with feveral parts of Sa-
cred Writ. The wife Man Siracides thought
very truly concerning thefe Things, ( Ecclus .
xl. 11.) That all things which are of the
Earth , fall turn to the Earth again 3 and
that which is of the Waters, doth turn again into
the Sea. Which is alfo confirm’d by a more
authentick Author, the Philofopher as well
as King of that Age, I mean Solomon , Ec-
clef. i. 7. All Rivers (fays he) run into the
Sea, yet the Sea is not full ; unto the Place from
whence the Rivers come, thither they return

Chap. 5?. WATER-WORKS.

again. Thus thofe Springs run into the
Rivers, and then return back and prefs them-
felves into the Earth, either until free leave
be given them to come abroad, or, like Han-
nibal in the Alps, to work themfelves a Way
through.

And I have wonder’d how that Author,
who has taken fo much Pains in tracing the
Origine and Motion of all other Meteors,
and has made them to aft and fubfift by fuch
a Number of intricate Principles, Ihould re-
folve this great Point into the dull and lazy
Laws of Gravitation and Natural Propenfity 3
when the whole Creation abounds with fo
many and fuch powerful Marks of an Omni-
potent Power, that alters and difpenfes with
thofe Rules 3 and indeed makes the Reafon-
ings of all Philofophers on all thefe Points,
look foolilh, or at leaft very intricate.

In fine, I may venture to fay, he has (in
my Opinion) been too quick in determining
againft the concurrent Opinion of a great ma-
ny Philofophers, both Ancient and Modern,
to whom I referr my Readers for their farther
Satisfaftion : Obferving only ( what I had
almoft forgot) that the ftrength of Springs
do doubtlefs depend on the Capacioufnefs trf
the Fountains they proceed from, out of thofe
deep Caverns of the Earth. And this may in
fome meafure folve a Miftake of the Author’s,
about the two Springs mention’d by him near
the Sea-fide 3 for it is not fuppos’d that the
Sea has fo very near a Communication with

thofe

300

Of SPRINGS and Chap. 9.

thofe Fountains, as to fill them up in a Mo-
ment 5 but that they leifurely correfpond with
them, and are the Ground-work and Support
of all, and without which the Rains would
inevitably fink to the very Centre, and be
loft in fo great a Body as the Earth is.

Agreeable to what I have been urging on
this Subjed, is the Opinion of almoft all that
have heretofore wrote on the Original of
Springs $ and that the Saline Properties of
the Water are left in its Percolation or Paf-
fage through the Veins of the Earth. My
Lord Bacon affirms, and Cafar (as that Great
Author has it) made Experiments of it, when
he was befieg'd in Alexandria , and thereby
fav’d his Army ; and that it was Sea-water, he
likewife affirms $ becaufe thofe Pits that C&far
dug, rofe and fell as the Tide did. And that
the Waters lie rounding and much higher
than the Land, has been confirm’d to me by
an Ingenious Gentleman in the lfle of Wight,
who has obferv’d the going out of a Ship,
crofs the Seas to the Coafts of France 5 that
after it had been a confiderable Time, has
vanifh’d by degrees, and has yet been part of
her vifible, even to the Main-top-Sails : And
tjiis he view’d from the Top of fome of the
higheft Hills in that Ifland. And it is af-
firm’d that Sefojtris King of /Egypt, and
after him Darius, would have cut the Earth,
and join’d the Nilus and the Red-Sea toge-
ther 5 but finding the Red-Sea higher than
the Land of ./Egypt, they gave over their En-

terprize.

Chap.p. WATERWORKS. 301

terprize, for fear of drowning the Country.

And that Rains only, or any other of our own
Phenomena’s, limply confider’d, lhould be the
Original of Springs, is very plain $ in that, ac-
cording to the late Account we have of Swit-
zerland, publilh’d, I fuppofe, by Mr. St any an,
there are four of the greateft Rivers in the
World that break out of one Hill : Which, I
think, plainly inferrs a Subterraneous Corref-
pondence, and fome very large and capacious
Referve below that furnilhes them therewith 5
unlefs it be true, that there is a conti-
nual Deluge of Rain on that Hill.

But whatever it be, Nature has difpos’d
of Springs, generally fpeaking, on the Sides
of Hills, to our great Advantage, fince by
that means they may be ealily convey’d to
what Place the Ingenious Defigner thinks
fit : And conlxdering how beautiful an Addi-
tion Water is to Gard’ning, ’tis hardly to be
purchas’d too dear, being indeed the Life
and Spirit of all Country-Seats, without
which they are dull and flat.

One of the firft things therefore that a Sur-
veyor ought to do, is to examine after them,
and confider how to bring them home for his
Ufe. Three Inches in a Mile is a proper
Fall, (if they cann’t have more) to bring
Water from any Spring- head to a Canal or
other Still Water.

Where Water is brought from a Spring- of Drains
head in a direft level Line, a rough Stone orf°r. the/.f,r'
Brick- Drain is to be preferr’d for its Cheap- 4*

nefs,

302 Of SPRINCS and Chap. 9.

nefs, efpecially rough Stone. A Drain about
fix Inches hollow is fufficient, which ought
to be clay’d round, to prevent any Wafte of
Water. However, Elm-Pipe is very reafona-
ble, and upon calling up the Expences of one
and the other, a Gentleman may in fome
Places rather chufe thefe Wooden-Pipes than
a Drain.

Wood and But where the Water is brought over Hills

and Dales, ’tis abfolutely neceflary to have
Wood or Leaden-Pipes ^ the firft are to be
preferr’d in refped of Cheapnefs, and indeed
for Goodnefs 5 tho’ the other are more dura-
ble and lading : And ’tis by this one Conve-
nience of Pipes, either of Wood or Lead,
that we can have cheaper and better Water-
works than they can in France , which has
been to them an unheard of Expence: Be-
fides, we abound as much, or more, in Hilly,
Springy Ground than they.
sms of It is certain that all Hills abound more or
string. jefg wjtjj SpringS . 5ut in fome there are
fuch great thick Beds of Clay, that they
cann’t pollibly force their Way through.
Where-ever therefore one fearches for Springs
in a Hill, and finds none, it mult be attributed
to thefe Obftruftions j and fo the contra-
ry, if the Rocky, Gravelly Beds go quite
down to the Level of the Springs.
in bufhy But where-ever Springs abound, they
and boggy Ihew themfelves by the Bulhy, Boggy
omna. (3rouncis where they break out, which, if
open’d but a fmall depth, will quickly dif-

1 cover

Chap. 9. WATER-WORKS. 303

cover their Strength 3 which the Surveyor
ought to be well inform’d of, becaufe on their
Quantity depends his good Succefs in Water-
works.

The next Care is, to draw this Spring into
fome Refervoir 3 but let it not be too near the
main Head, but rather at two or three hun-
dred Yards Diftance.

This Refervoir ought to be in Proportion of a a*
to the Quantity of Water you want, or the fervoin
Strength of the Spring, at leaft 100 Yards
but if 2, 3, or 400 Yards, ftill the better :

If they are cut out of whole Ground, they
are commonly circular, and ought to be well
clayed, except the Hill abound with Water
But it may be poffible there is fome Hollow
or Valley in the Hill 3 then a Head made
with the finking, widening, and clearing of
it will do, and fave a great deal of Money -
but there fliould be a Trench dug down in
the middle of the Head, about a Foot wide
or wider, and fome ftrong Clay well ramm’d
down, or el fe the Water will foak away thro’
the Head 3 and this Trench ought to be cut
down lower than the Bottom of the Refervoir
or Pond. J

rw PphmpD yT haJe Water enough for of F°»»-
Canals Filh-Ponds, &c. near the Houfe, tains.

then there will be lefs Occafion for fo great

Quantities 3 and the chief Ufe will be for

fedeaux or Spouts of Water in Fountains :

Jn which we mult obferve, that this Refer-

votr will throw Water thro’ a Pipe * of an

Inch

304 Of SPRINGS and Chap. p.

Inch Diameter the fame Height as it lies a-
bove the Surface of the Fountain : If there-
fore you would have it to play higher, you
muft make the Bore or Spout of your Pipe
the lefs 5 or if you would have the Body of
Water the bigger, you muft exped it will
play ftill the lower: And the better Per-
formance of this will depend on the Largenefs
of the Grand Pipe or Body of Water that
lies ready from the Grand Referve for this
Purpofe. But the farther Account of this
fhall be the Work of fome enfuing Treatife
(if Providence gives me the liberty of Going,
and a fafe Return from Abroad.)

Their Con- It has been always the Method of Stoning

Ihuiim & or Bricking, and fometimes Leading the Sides
ecm ). Fountains, Canals, and Ponds 5 but in
this refped there is fo much Money buried,
that I cann’t but advife Gentlemen to confider
if there are no nearer Methods. Thefe
Walls are generally made of Stone or Brick,
and clay’d well behind, to keep the Water
from finding its way thro’ the Sides j or by
Lead both in the Sides and Bottom, which is
very chargeable, fcarce advifeable to be us’d
any where but in DertyJIrire , or other Coun-
tries where Lead is in great plenty, and the
Carriage near. Perfons of Quality and Gen-
tlemen that have large Plantations, ought to
be well aware what Money they bury
under Ground, when they have fo great a
Space of Ground to furnilh and embellifh a-
fcove : And tho’ fuch Expences be but 100 /.

or

Chap,?. WATER-WORKS.

or the like, as is at firft generally the Efti-
tnate, tho’ perhaps it amounts afterwards to
twice or thrice the Money : Yet were it but
50, or even 20, 30, or 40, I Ihould not ad-
vile the laying out fo much on one Angle fmall
Spot.

I am not altogether againft Fountains a.
dom’d with Mafonry, and other fuperficial
Embellilhments, but cann’t advife them in
any but the moft elegant Quarters and Re-
ceives of what we efteem the fineft Parts of the
Gardens.

As for other exterior Parts '(except Stone
is very plenty and cheap) ’twould be rather
honeft to advife a Grafly, ftrong Turf round
the Edge of the Fountain, Canal, and Pond,
as being very natural, and of little Expence.
Water is not the lefs, but rather the more
beautiful by it $ and tho’ thefe Stone- Works
may be allow’d to Fountains, ’twill by no
means bear the fame Allowance to Canals, or
other larger Works*

The Method which is now ufed in this
Cafe, is to dig the Fountains, Canals, or
Ponds we have all along been fpeaking of,
in the nature of a Skimming-Dilh, which is
a Segment of a Circle 5 in the Mathematical
Conftruftion of which, there will be a great
deal more in the next Book. Five or fix
Foot is deep enough for any one of them 5
which done, if the Ground be not a Natural
Clay or Heavy Land, and full of Springs,
V O L. I. X but

UJ

. Of SPRINGS and Chap. p.

but upon a dry, fandy, deep Gravel, there
is great Danger in etttring upon this Work,

But Water is fo defirable a Beauty, that if
One is extravagant, it ought to be in that 3
in fuch a Cafe, thefe Works fhould be Clay’d
fix or eight Inches thick at leaft all over, and
great Care ought to be taken that the Clay be
very good 3 and becaufe ’tis an eafy matter to
be deceiv’d, take a Load or two, and make
a large Pan upon the drieft Ground you
can find 3 for if you make it on wet,
you may exped to be deceiv’d 3 but very-
dry Ground will prove the bell of Clay,
whilft wet Ground will make bad Clay ap-
pear to be good.

This done, if the Clay is not very good,
(I mean free from Stones, and other Veins
and Mixtures of Mould ) you ought to work
it with a little Water, that it may mix the
better 3 and after that tread it, and ram it
clofe in the Place where it’s us’d 5 and this
muft likewife be done in Clay that is fo hard
add ft iff as not to work without it.

There be fome who affirm, that there is no
need of Claying all Over, but only the Sides 3
and this doubtlefs may do, where-ever there
is any Layers of Clay or Clayey Gravel under
the Bottom of your Pond, which often-times
naturally happens, or if the Spring lies near 5
but if it be a deep, loofe Sand or Gravel, or
if it be towards the Brow of a Hill, or upon
the Ground, I doubt it ought to be Clayed all

over,

Chap. p. WATER-WORKS,

over, even tho’ the Sides were Brick, as has
been commonly ufed : • Yet ’tis certainly beft
to Clay the Bottom, and that with extraordi-
nary good Clay, fuch as has been prov’dj
and if it were twelve or fourteen Inches thick,
flill the better. But this amounts to a great
deal of Money, and ’tis the Quality rather
than the Quantity that does in this Cafe $ on-
ly there ought to be a tolerable Thicknefs,
becaufe lean Gravel or Sand will infittuate
and mix amongft, and in time corrode and
eat out that Balfamick Quality, (if I may fo
call it) as is in the beft of Clays.

However, in fome forts of Ground, Clay-
ing at the Sides is fufhcient, (viz.) where the
Springs lie near, or (as I have hinted before)
where there are naturally Layers of Clay or
Clayey Gravel : The Workmen then (after
the Canal or Pond is form’d) ought to dig a
good deep Trench down to the bottom of the
Sides, and ram it a Foot thick into the
Trench, which will keep the Water from
that Horizontal Motion which it ailumes ra-
ther than any.

In the Weftetn Part of England , where
Chalk is plenty, and Clay fcarce, they chalk
the Bottoms and Sides of their Ponds for after
having brought them to a rough Level, they
take off their fineft Chalk, and work it with
Rammers till ’tis as fine as Powder, by which
working it lies very clofe, fo that no Water
will enter, at lead: it does not foak out very
fall ; This ought to be laid a Foot thick at
X a leaft.

3°/'

3°S

Of SPRINGS and Chap. 9.

lead, and is the next to Clay of any thing.
Where their Cattle go in to drink, or for
any other Purpofe, they pitch it with Flint
Stones, to fecure the Feet of the Cattle from
prefling thro’ it into the loofe Ground.

It may very well be thought, notwith-
flanding what has been faid all this while,
that any Ground, when well drench’d, will
hold Water without all this Care j but that is
uncertain.

It will be neceflary, for the Security of the
Clay, to cover it over a good thicknefs with
Gravel, efpecially where Cattle are to go in
upon any Occafion.

’Tis eafy to obferve, from what I have
been thus advancing, that 1 have been endea-
vouring to retrench the Expence of making
Canals, Fountains, &c. which, generally
fpeaking, coft twice or thrice the Money that
this manner of making will.

For firlt of all, the Brick or Stone Walls
of each Side are very expenfive $ and to that
may be added a great Fault generally com-
mitted in making Canals too deep, fome be-
ing lb unwife as to dig them feven or eight
Foot deep, whereas four or five is enough 5
it {hews the fame Volume of Water above,
and I dare affirm it may be done for almoft
one third part of the Money the other Me-
thod confumes 5 for ev’n the digging is a con-
fiderable deal more.

This 1 mull confefs, is not a new thing 5
’tis what has been done bv feveral Gentle-
men,

Chap. p. WATER- WORKS.

men, (tho’ not many neither) but I believe
my felf the firft that has committed it to
Print, for the Publick Good. In this one Ar-
ticle I hope to have fliewn the Method of
faving Two hundred Pounds out of Three,
which is a confiderable deal 5 and there are
a great many more Articles which I fliall
hereafter obferve, where there is an infinite
deal of Money ill expended in Gardening and
Country Bufinefs.

There are feveral Engines for the forcing
Water up a Hill, for the Ufes in Gard’ning 5
but thefe belong to another fort of Trade
than to us Gard’ners, and fo I fliall fay little
of them : However, it may not be amifs to
add, that about fixty or feventy Pounds will
purchafe a very good Horfe-Engine $ a ftnall
Sum, confidering the infinite Advantages that
accrue to a Seat thereby.

There are other ways of bringing Water for
the Conveniency and Beauty of Houfes and
Gardens j and that is by Drains laid to con-
duct it from higher Land to fome well-made
Pond or Referve $ for we often fee that thofe
Ponds are kept full by Rain it felf : much bet-
ter would it be if there were condu&ing
Drains or Ditches to help it. Rapin is very
plain to this purpofe.

I lhall not trace the Bufinefs of Water-
Works thro’ its feveral Branches in this firfl:
Work, referving it for the next, when all
that remains fliall be laid down by the Pra-
ctical Parts of the Mathematicks.

X 3 OF

3° 9

Chap, i o.

O F

STATUES.

CHAP. X.

Mongft the feveral Methods made ufe
of to convey the memorable A&ions

4- 2nd great Perfonages of Antiquity to
thefe Times, this of Statues is not the leaft,
being the moft publick and durable Memoirs
of Virtue, Honour, and Valour.

For tho’ there be many fabulous Relations
of the Heathen Deities, which compofe „a
great Part of this Hiftory, as of Jupiter,
Mars, Apollo , and the reft of the Capital
Deities ; yet the moft modeft Accounts are,
that fome of them were Perfons of Heroick
and Valiant Behaviour, while others were
(Generous, Juft, and Liberal, great Encoura-

ges

Chap. io. Of STATUES.

gers of Learning, and all virtuous Amufe-
ments 5 and this drew the Eyes of the Hea-
thens upon them fo much, as to Deifie them :
And from a Contemplation of their Virtues,
’tis poffible for any Thoughtful Perfon to
extract many ufeful Things for the Conduct
of this Life. But leaving that, the Grace
and Majefty they give a Country Seat is
very great 3 the Modern as well as the An-
cient Romans , the greateft and politeft Peo-
ple of the World, have fill’d almoft every
High- way and Publick Place with the Statues
of their Patres Patriot , as a grateful Tribute
to their Merit 3 but their Gardens, as well
as thofe of France , abound fo much in them,
that ’tis in that point They are ftili likely to
out-doe Us.

1 fhall not here pretend to give an Hifto-
rical Account of thefe illuftrious Hero’s, nor
of their Virtual Attributes and Hieroglyphics!
Significations, leaving that to the skilful My-
thologift 3 nor yet of their Shape, Linea-
ment, or Articulate and Corporeal Dimen-
fions, that being the Bufinefs of the ingenious
Statuary. My Intent, in this Place, being
to reftifie fome Miftakes in their Local Di-
ftribution, Magnitude, and general Propor-
tion.

It cann’t but be an unpleafant Sight (as
common as it is) to view Jupiter, Mars ,
Neptune, and the reft of the capital Deities
of Heaven, mifplac’d, and by a raeannefs of

X 4 fpirit

Of STATUES. Chap. i o.

fpirit below a good Defigner, fet perching
upon a little Pedeftal 3 one like a Citizen 5
a fecond with a Pike in his Hand, like a
Foot-Soldier 3 and the third upon dry Land
with a Trident, like a Cart- filler. Thefe
are certainly great Diminutions to the Po-
litenefs of the Statuary, as they are to the
Noble Perfonages they hieroglyphically re-
prefent.

Others, perhaps, err in another refpeft, by
placing Pan as a Tutelar God in the Flower-
Garden, whilft Ceres and Flora are the filent
Inhabitants of Woods and Groves. To this
may be often join’d an Impropriety in the
Geiture and Habiliments of thefe Gods, which
ought to differ, as the Actions they are repre-
fenting do: Neptune in the Management of
his Sea- Affairs, embracing Ampkitrite 3 and
Mars in his Armorial Array in his Amour
with Venus 3 are fuch Incongruities as the
Statuary fhould always avoid : Since one
would be as ufelefs and troublefome a Com-
panion in the guiding and taming his Sea-
Horfes, as the Warlike Habiliments of the
other would be in the Embraces of a Fair
Lady.

Bur to return : Jupiter and Mars fhould pof-
fefs the largeft Open Centres and Lawns of a
grand Defign, elevated upon Pedeftal Colum-
nial, and other Architedtonical Works, ac-
cording to the Model of the beft Defigner,
with their immediate Servants and Vaffels

under-

Chap, i o. Of S T A T LI E S. 313

underneath 5 Jupiter with his Mercuriua ,

Mars with Fame, and the reft of their At-
tendants 5 whilft the Niches ought to be
fill'd with Dii Minores for one, or the War-
like Heroes of Antiquity, afwel as Modern,
rflr the other, every one accoutred and ready
to execute the Commands of their great
Matters.

Neptune fliould pottefs the Centre of the
greateft body of Water, (be it either Foun-
tain, Bafon, or' whatever of that kind) in
his Chariot, attended by the Naiades , Tri-
tons, and other his Sea-Attendants.

Venus ought to be placed among the Graces ,

Cupid, Sic. And in all the letter Centres of
a Polygonar Circumfcription, it would be
proper to place Apollo with the Mufes
in the Niches, Minerva with the Liberal
Sciences , Sic.

Then Vulcan .with the Cyclops in a Centre
of lefs note, and all the reft of the Deities
difpers’d in their particular Places and Order.

Flora , Ceres and Pomona , to their feveral
Charges $ and the Fames and Sylvans, to the
more remote and Rural Centres and Parts of
the Wood- work.

If fuch a Cruel Piece as Andromeda fatten’d
to a Rock, fliould be brought into a Garden,
it might be proper to place it near the Water,
where {he might always weep and lament her
fed Fate. Thus Niobe, Sic.

To

3*4

Of STATUES. Chap. io.

To be more plain : Venus , Diana, Daphne,
and Flora , with their Attendants, may be
compleat Furniture for the Flower-Garden ;
but they ought not to be too (mall, but bigger
than the Life, efpecially in large Gardens,
and elevated upon an accumulation of Archi-
tecture or Mafonry, (as I have before men-
tion’d) whilft Man and Neptune be placed
in the larger Centres * Apollo amongft the
Mufes ^ and Minerva amongft the Liberal
Sciences , ( as before. ) That noble Grace
that abundance of thefe Figures, placed all
over our Rural Gardens and Plantations,
will afford, is charming to confider. But
the farther Difquifition of this Point is de-
ferr’d ’till the next Volume.

Before I conclude this Chapter, I cann’t
but fay a word or two concerning the farther
Encouragement of Statuary , which feems at
prefent as much or more neglected than any
other Art whatfoever.

I cann’t but think it a Work worthy of the
Royal Munificence, to ered: an Acamedy, as is
common in other Countries, efpecially Italy
and France , for its Improvement, and for a
Nurfery for young ingenious Men $ which
when they have learnt to Draw and Carve
well, might be diftributed amongft the No-
bility and Gentry, who moft of them ftand
in great need of thefe noble Decorations of
Statues about their Country-Seats.

And

Chap. io. Of STATUES. 315

And how unufual a thing foever it may be
to them, ’tis certain there can be no better
Method to furnifh themfelves with Statues
and other Ornamental Works in Stone, than
by continually employing four or five Mafons,
and as many or more Carvers in that Work}

’tis inconceivable what a Show fuch a num-
ber of Men will make in four or five Years
time }• and the Expence in keeping, no more
than that of other common Servants, Wages
excepted.

But methinks in this Cafe, they .ought to
have, as it were, a little Acamedy to them-
felves, and fuch a handfome Preparation of
Meat, Drink, and Lodging, as is convenient,
with fuch an Allowance of found Country
Food as may refrelh their Labours 5 but this
ought to be asfar as poflible from all Tipling-
Houfes, the Bane of all Ingenuity } with fuch
an Encouragement given to the lnduftrious,
and fuch Difcouragement to the contrary, as
may make them ftrive to out-doe each other in
Ingenuity and Performance : And being un-
der the Care of fome folid, fober Man, what
may not be expefted from them in a few
Years ?

Thither may the Owner, in all his leifure
Intervals, retreat and confider their Works
and Improvements, and give them fuch far-
ther Encouragement as he fhall fee is molt
convenient for them } and there, what by
Drawings, Workmanlhip, and the like, he

may

31 6 Of STATUES. Chap, i o.

may find a great deal of noble Diverfion, and
that, amongft the reft, that will perpetuate
his Name a great deal more than many Di-
verfions very much in ufe, which are very
tranfitory $ and like the dainty Bit of the
Glutton, pleafes fcarce any longer than they
are upon the tip of the Tongue, if they
don’t too often prove Bitter, even in that
point too.

’Tis without difpute, that Mafonry is now
in its higheft Perfection : And if Statuary
were fo too, what {landing Monuments might
not the prefent Age ereft for Pofterity to
know them by ?

Tis this, among a few other things, that
has drawn the great Concourfe of Nobility
and Gentry to admire and court that darling
Miftrefs of the World, Italy, where the
High-ways and Publick Places are faid to be
crouded with Statues and Monuments in me-
mory of their deceafed Hero’s and Great Men,
and their Gardens with all the Magnificence
which that Art can furnilh.

But fuch is our Misfortune in England ,
that we have not only very few Inftances
of this Publick and Noble Good in the Open
Roads j but likewife our Gardens are very
deftitute of any thing that is Good in that,
kind, at leaft very diminutively, only in
a few Leaden lame Copies, abounding with
all the Incongruities I have before men-
tion’d.

I might.

Chap. io. Of STATUES. 317

I might, under this Head, enlarge con-
fiderably on Urns, Obelisks, Pieces of Ruin,
or other Lapidary Ornaments of a Country-
Seat 3 but the Defign in the next Volume
will make thefe Matters much plainer than
many Words can. I (hall therefore add no
more on this Subjeft, when 1 have recom-
mended the Ere&ion of all Lodges, Granges,
and other Buildings that Gentlemen are
obliged to build, for Conveniency, in the
Form of fome Antiquated Place, which will
be more beautiful than the moft curious Ar-
chitecture : There feems to be a much more
inexprellible Entertainment to a Virtuous and
Thoughtful Mind, in Defolate Profpe&s,

Cool murmuring Streams, and Grots, and
in feveral other Cheap and Natural Embel-
lilhments, than in what many of our mo-
dern Defigners have recommended, in them-
felves very Expenfive.

Tis certain, our Buildings excel for
Plainnefs, Strength, and good Architecture,
all that is to be feen Abroad, efpecially in
Trance , our great Competitor ^ " and there
feems to be nothing now fo much wanting to
compleat the Grandeur of the Britifi Nation,
as noble and magnificent Gardens, Statues,
Water-works, and the like 5 in all which,

’tis to be fear’d, we arc much inferiour to
thofe other great Nations. Inventis addere ,
has been always our Englijl' Motto 5 let us
drive to keep it.

But

3 18 Of STATUES. Chap, i o'.

But I muft finilh this Chapter, having
I doubt already trefpafs’d upon my Reader's
Patience, and laid more than may be thought
confiftent with one of my Profeffion. But
I hope Truth will find never the worfe Ac-
ceptance, for coming from an unworthy
Author. And that what I have faid, relating
to the deficiency of Statues , is too true, I
believe rood ingenious Mert are fenfible
enough of, to fecond me : But if I have
us’d too much Tautology, or elop’d my own
Province too much, 1 humbly beg Pardon,
and fubmit my felf to the juft Cenfure of
all good-natur’d Readers.

0 F

Chap. 1 1

O F

GRASS

AND

GRAVEL.

CHAP. XL

THere feems to be little Occafion to fay Intr^.
much to this Point, they being what
are fo well known and underftood
by all that profefs any thing of Gardening
and Country Bufinefs^ however, I could not,
without Injuftice and Deficiency to my pre-
fent Subjeft, pafs them over, they being thofe
natural Ornaments of our Country-Seats, by
which we much excel all other Nations, and
are indeed the Glory of all our Gardens.

The

Failure

Turf.

Land pro-
per to Lay
it on.

320 O/GRASS Chap. 1 1 «’

sheep-wait: The firft is well known to be cut oft from
Tmf' Commons and Sheep-Pafture Lands, being
there the fineft 5 but in order to fave Ex-
pence, I have known it cut in the ranked:
Failure Ground adjoining to Gardens, about
March, when ’tis Ihort : And this, as coarfe
as it feem’d to be at firft, came afterwards,
with often Rowling, Mowing, and Clean-
fing, to be as fine as the bell Sheep-walk
Turf, and not fo apt to grow Moflie, and
abound with Dafies, Plantane, Moufe-ear,
and other large growing Herbs, that una-
voidably fpoil the finenefs of the Carpet.

I know ’tis generally thought, that the
Sheep-walk Turf coming off from poorer
Land, and laying it on that which is richer, is
the beft and moft regular way of proceeding.
Again!! which I lhall not much contend, but
(hall obferve, That ’tis a great Fault to lay
that and any fort of Grafs on rich Land;
which is always apt to be full of Worm-calls,
and fo a continual Burden and Trouble to the
Green-keeper.

How to help If the Ground is therefore naturally rank
that which and good, there Ihould be a Coat three or
k ‘■'nP,0P-1- four inciles thick of more indifferent Mould
upon it, or elfe remove that whole Bed away,
as fhali be thought moft proper : And if it
be a hot burning Land, lay on the fame
7 hicknefs, (or if it be five or fix Inches
thick, ftiil the better ) of good ftrong hold-
ing Loam, or heavy Clayey Land : This will
wonderfully preferve your Grafs in the Sum-
mer

Chap. 1 1. and GRAVEL. 321

mer Seafon, and always keep an agreeable
Verdure upon all your Carpet Walks : But
particularly all Sloops on Hot Lands fhould
be lin’d with it, becaufe they cann’t poffibly
retain the Rains to refrelh the Turf 5 befides, delate
they lie more diredly againft the intenfe Heat chiefly to fine
of the Sun than the Flats. Neverthelefs,
what I have been direfting, relates chiefly to Wa s"
the interior Parts of a Garden. As for the
other exterior Parts, the Ground cann’t be
well too good for Feeding, for the Verdure
and noble Sight of the Grafs 5 a good Green
being one of the pleafanteft Colours in Na-
ture.

The Method of Cutting it is fo well known The Method
amongft us, that there is as little need to
mention it as any thing $ a Foot wide, and “ '
a Yard long, is the common fize of our Turf,
tho’ it may be cut larger or fmaller, accord-
ding as there is room for the Turf-cutters,
or as the Turf- layers (hall require it $ becaufe
in fome Verges of Grafs a lefs Dimenfion is
the beft, there being not fo much Wafte in
it as in larger. After the Ground is fcor’d out
with a Line and Racer into Parallels a Foot
wide, they then fet their Line acrofs, and
cut them into Yard Lengths, tho’ fome there
be fo dexterous as not to want any Line at
all, but will cut it very ftrait without : After
’tis thus rac’d out, they flip the Turfing-Iron
made like a Spade, but the Handle very
crooked, that the Iron may lie the flatter on
the Ground 5 an Inch is commonly the
V o l. I. Y Thicknefs,

322

Of lowing
/fay -feed.

A great
Caution .

Of CRASS Chap. 1 1 .

Thicknefs, tho’ there be thofe which fome-
times in a late Seafon cut it an Inch and a half,
or two Inches thick $ this Turf will not lay
fo clever and true as the firft.

The cheapeft way of procuring Grafs
Walks, is certainly by fowing Hay-Seed,
which will doubtlefs equal, if not exceed any
of the Turf in France 5 but if Turf is to be
had near at hand, I would always advife that,
for there is fome Trouble as well as Uncer-
tainty in the firft by Weeding, and after all
its coming thin and in Gaps, and indeed it
will never be fo fine as Turf : However, to
apply myfelf to all Methods, let it be fow’d
about Michaelmas , (fome do it in the Spring,
but not to that good Effect) and let the Seed
be chofe from thofe Paftures where the Grafs is
naturally fine and clear, otherwife you will
entail a prodigious Trouble on the keeping by
Spiry and Benty Grafs, as we commonly call
it, which cuts extremely bad, and fcarce ever
looks handfome.

Before I quit this Part relating to Grafs,
I camft but obferve the needlefs and extraor-
dinary Expence many Gentlemen put them-
felves to, in fetching Turf very often two,
three, or four Miles, and fometimes more 5
when, in truth, the coarfeft Turf they can
lay their Hands on, by a little good keep-
ing, will come fine, and be in fome degree
better than the fine Turf itfelf, as I have be-
fore obferv’d. The Owner Ihould therefore
think with himfelf whether he has no Pafture

Land

Chap, i f. and GRAVEL.

Land at hand he intends to plough 3 or if he
borrows fome from off thofe Paftures he
does not intend to plough, by fowing Hay-
Seed, his Lofs is not comparable to that Ex-
pence he is otherwife at. In this one Article
I have feen above 60 per Cent, fav’d, which is
no fmall Matter in a great Defign.

0/ Gra vel.

The main Directions that I can give in
this Matter, is, in relation to fuch a Compo-
fitionas will make the Walks lie firm and
hard, in cafe the Gravel is not naturally
good 3 fince there be many kinds of Gravel
that will not bind, and thereby a continual
trouble in Rowling to no Purpofe, befides the
Unpleafantnefs in walking upon them.

If it be a loofe, fandy Gravel, take then
one Load of ftrong Loam, to two Load of
Gravel 3 let them be well mix’d and caft to-
gether, 3 if the Walk be old, and fo wants
only Coating over, two or three Inches thick
will be enough 3 except you have great quan-
tities of this ftrong reddifh Loam, then ‘twill
be better to lay the Walk the full Depth of
this. And it muft be efteem’d a great Fault
when Gravel is skreen d too fine, the calling
upon a round Heap, and raking off the lar-
geft Stones, is much the better Way 3 and in
the laying the Gravel-Walk, a gentle calling
the Stones back again over the Walk, which
one is obliged to rake pretty fine, that it

Y 2 may

Of GRASS Chap. 1 1.

may lie true, and not in Hills and Holes : • I
fay, this makes the Walk the firmer, and looks
much the better. But I need not fay much
on this Head $ all our Evglifi Gard’ners are
very expert in it, and poflibly out-doe all o-
ther Countries.

A V'** h I lhall therefore do no more than remark

UyingOrZ one great Fault committed in the laying Gra-

vei Waits, vel Walks too round, which makes them look
narrow, befides they are not fo pleafant to
walk on. An Inch in five Foot Crown is full
enough $ fo that if a Walk be 20 Foot wide,
it ought to lie four Inches higher in the mid-
dle than it does on each fide, and no more.
A Foot Thicknefs is fufficient in all Gravel
Walks ^ but where the Gravel is hard to
come at, fix or eight Inches may fuffice.

THE

Chap. 12,

THE

CONCLUSION.

CHAP. XII.

BEING unwilling that this, or any o-
ther Volume I Ihall write on this
Subject, (hould fuffer by any new and
large Additions^ I have, in this Conclusion,
added what I perceive at prefent to be molt
wanting to compleat this Defign, and to give
my Reader the better Tafte of what he may
expeft in the next : And all this appears to be
couch’d under Three General Heads 5 I mean.
The Nature and Procefs of Vegetation : The
heji Method of furnijlmg a Seat with Wood ,
Water, die. And the laji, the Method of De-
fining and Dijlrihuting t&~~the-defi Advantage
Y 3 a ny

T be Conclusion. Chap. 1 2*.

any Country Seat, both in rcfpeH to Profit and
Pleafure.

As to the Firft, I prefume I have been as
copious as the Subject requires,' at leaft as far
as I can at prefent difcern. The Second Head
has been likewife as fully handled as that
concife Method will allow 3 tho’ what I have
to add is chiefly on that Account, in relation
to the Nature of Trees that are the moft ma-
terial for the Ufe, Beauty, and Profit of the
laborious Planter. I begin firft with the Oak,
as it is the nobleft ajid moft ufeful Tree we
have.

I Shall not need to run into the Etymolo-
gical Derivation of this or any other Tree,
their Medicinal Vertues, or Mechanical Ufes,
much lefs of thofe Oracular Attributes, or
any other blind and fuperftitious Story of the
Antients j but Shall confine myfelf purely to
the Nature of the Tree in Rooting, Shooting,
and Growing. The only way of Railing an
Oak, is by Acorns low’d as Soon as they fall
from the Trees j and be it either in Nurferies
or Coppices, the foregoing Directions are, I
hope. Sufficient : But I muft obferve ’tis the
moft untoward Tree we have to train up 5
for which Reafon our Nurfery-men care not
much to meddle with it. The belt Direftions
I can lay down in this Cafe, take as follow :
When the Oak is taken out of the Seed-bed,
and you defign to plant it in a Nurfery or
Coppice, cut it clofe down within a Bud or
two of the Ground, by which means it will

Shoot

Chap. 1 2. The Conclufion.

(hoot much the ftronger 3 for a young Seed-
ling Oak is in its own Nature too weak to be-
gin a Foundation for fo ftrong a Tree 3 at leaft,
*tis much more pleafing to fee a good ftrong
Shoot of one Year, than a bufhy Bottom, or a
few weak, irregular, and confus’d Shoots.
In Nurferies, People fliould be at the Trouble
of tying them up to ftrait Stakes, otherwife
they will be apt to grow crooked,

In teneris ajjuejcere multum efly

was a modeft Affertion of Vir&il’ s, and is ne-
ver more feen than in this Tree 5 for altho’
we every Day fee whole Groves of Oaks, that
doubtlefs had none of this Care ever bellow’d
on them 5 yet, when we come to aflift Na-
ture in this cafe, we are indifpenfably oblig’d
to follow it 3 and we may obferve, That in
a promifcuous Thicket, Nature works her
own Effeds 3 the Thicket in the firft place
draws up the Oak, keeps it from burnifhing
and breaking out into fuch Bufhes as other-
wife they would do, naturally ftifles and
prunes off the the Horizontal, Collateral, or
Side-Branches, call it which you will, and
forces the Current of the Sap diredly per-
pendicular 3 this therefore we ought by all
means to do. I have already mention’d fome-
thing of pruning the Side-Shoots of a Tree:
When the young Oaks are therefore tied to a
Stake, by no means fuffer the Shoots of each
Side to open large and knotty 3 but if you
do not rub them off as they come out in the
Y 4 Summer,

The Conclufion. Chap. 12.

Summer, be fure fail not of doing it at the
Michaelmas following : I have likewifetoldmy
Reafons for rubbing off the Side-Buds, inaf-
much as it will turn all that Sap (that is fpent
in the Sides of the Tree to no purpofe) up-
wards, towards the forwarding the Afcent
and Procerity of the Tree. But tho’ this be
to be obferv’d in Oak or Beech, it may well
be omitted in all free Growers, fuch as the
Elm, Lime, Abeal, &c. and indeed moil of
thefe forts of Trees are more eafily govern’d
than Oak and Beech are. In fome Places
where the Ground is poor, I advife the cut-
ting down Oaks twice or thrice after the firft
Year’s planting, which will make the Roots ftiil
gather more and more Strength, till they will
(notwithftanding they fland upon poor Land)
make a fine Shoot, and a lovely Foundation
to build the nobleft Oak on : To this a little
good Mould would be a great Help, apply ’d
at any time of the Year ; fince the Rains will
thereby walh the Salt* down, and invigorate
the Earth below, make the Roots fend forth
new Fibres, and conlequently the Tree fiioot
the ftronger.

Let me always advife the Planting of Oaks
and Beech in confert, if we ever defire to
have Timber, which is, or indeed ought to
be, the chief Aim of every Planter $ becaufe
v e may obferve where-ever they Hand Angle,
and are expos’d to Winds, they grow crook-
ed, and into large, fpreading Heads 5 and tho’
we do fometimes fee fingle Trees tall and

ftately,

Chap. 12. The Conclufion.

{lately, yet we may reafonably fuppofe they
were firft of all fhrouded and brought up in
other Company, that had been feme time or
other cut away 5 for which Reafon one fhould
rarely plant them for Walks in open, bleak
Places.

’Tis certain an Oak will grow almoft in
any Ground, if it be not too poor, if it be
train’d up ab Origine from Seed in that Place 5
the wetteft Clays are not too cold for it, nor
thedrieft Banks unnatural : Tho’ if we fhould
expeft to have the fame Succefs when we
plant large Trees, I doubt we fhould be
much miftaken $ but as I have already been
very plain on this Subjeft, I fhall have no
Occafion to profecute it any farther here.

That there are particular Juices which every
Plant imbibes to itfelf in all Lands, has been
before hinted at 5 and this might be made
more apparent by fome Chymical Operations
of Earth ^ where, without doubt, we fhould
find thofe lymphatick Juices liquate and di-
flribute themfelves into their feveral Species
of Vifcous, Glutinous, Refinous, &c. This,

I fay, would be a curious Examen, worthy
of fome elaborate and skilful Chymift $ thefe
Juices we have generally underftood by the
Name of Nitre j but. from the aforemention’d
Effay of Dr. Woodward’s, we find him of tha
quite contrary Opinion, and that what is
properly call’d Nitre, is only a fiery, fpirituous
Subfiance, by which the lumpy, heavy Clods of
Earth are djvded, and that Nitre is not only

not

3 2 9

the Conclufion. Chap. 12.

not an Effential in Vegetation, but, on the
contrary, directly oppofite to it. To clear
up this would indeed lead us farther than the
Nature and Compafs of this Chapter. ]
mult therefore quit it for the prefent toa
more convenient Opportunity, and finifh what
more remains concerning the Nature of our
belt forts of Foreft-Trees.

All that has been faid of the Training up
an Oak, is likewife to be practis’d in Beech,
that being next to Oak, very hard to bring
up by artificial Methods ^ this Tree when
train’d up ab Origine from Seed fowed in the
Place where they are always to {land, will
profper in very poor Land, and is of the
nobleft Shade and Shelter for Beafts. If to
this be added the great Advantages that Mr.
Hill has propos’d in relation to Beech-Oil, or
indeed were it only Mali for Deer, &c. this
Tree will appear to deferve our Care in a par-
ticular manner ^ and instead of planting fo
many ufelefs Limes, Beech Ihould have our
greateft Care in Sowing, Planting, and all
other Methods of Propagation and Improve-
ment. The Nature ofthis Tree I have fpoke
of at large already, and lhall only obferve the
immeafurable Arcana’s that are in the Syftem
of Vegetation ; fome Trees profpering in a
very wonderful manner, where others will
nor grow at all, and cann’t by any human
Art be compell’d to ail'ume any other Order
but that which Providence aflign’d to them
from the Foundation of the World.

I have

Chap.il. The Conclufion. 331

I have very little more to add concerning °f Elm
Elm, Lime, Sycamore, But by all means
I muft again and again advife the plant-
ing all open Avenues with Englijh Elm 5
fince there is no Tree grows more regular
than that does, that produces a Wood that
fells better, or indeed that carries a more
noble Shade and Verdure with it 3 the Um-
brage it calls is noble, the Leaves are of a
dark, holding Green, and not fo apt as Litne
to be affected by Heat, or gravelly hot
Ground, and to turn Yellow, and Ihed its
Leaves in the middle of Summer 5 finally,

’tis one of the moll hofpitable Plants of all,
fince whatever grows under it will profper 5
"which Alh, Yew, and feveral other Trees will
not fuffer.

Lime, altho’ we find it the only Furni- L,m°‘
ture of all our Country Seats, is, in my
Opinion, one of the worft Trees a Man can
plant, in hopes of ever receiving future Pro-
fit by it 3 and the only Reafon 1 can fee why
fo many of them have been planted, is, that
they grow away pretty quick, are eafy to pro-
pagate, and Hill eafier to train up $ no Trees
growing handfomer, or making a more noble
Appearance $ but the little Ufe *tis of, ought
to calhier the Planting fo very many of them,
and ev’n only of a few for Variety’s fake 3
fo likewife of Sycamore, as ufelefs as the °f S)'ca~
former.

Abeal, Poplar, &c. ought by no means to0/ Abe-
be rais’d on good Ground, or in our View, d/> &c'

except

The Conclufion. Chap. 1 2

except the Ground be of fuch a Nature
(as before I have largely defcribed) as to ad-
mit of nothing befides, or that nothing elfe
will grow upon it ; however, in Bye-Cor-
ners, where the Ground is but indifferent,
they may be planted, even in Lands that will
bear better Trejs, for their Quicknefs of
Growth fake, and to fave the Wafte of bet-
ter Timber for Stiles, Stoop, Rail - Gates,
&c. that are the neceifary Furniture of a
Villa, (as has already been, and fhall be much
more handled in another Volume.)

The Noblenefs and Ufefulnefs of thefe
Trees, of which we generally advife two
Rinds, the Scotch and Silver , is fuch, that,
upon good Land, no Perfon can have too ma-
ny 5 tho’ if the Land be (hallow or barren,
1 doubt it will not be worth any Gentle-
man's while^ but where it is ftrong, loamy,
hearty Earth, they thrive exceedingly; fuch
I have formerly obferv’d at a Place call’d
i'arleigh near Bafingftoke in Hampjbire, where,
unlefs I am very much mifinform’d, there
were three Firs that were valued at 100 /.
each; befides, the Noblenefs of that Grove
is fuch, that a Stranger would juftly Hand
amaz’d to fee it, if it be the fame as ’twas
about fifteen or fixteen Years ago : Upon
fuch Land ’tis certain no Tree can be plant-
ed to greater Advantage, even beyond Oak or
Elm, or any thing elfe : What Ufe it may be
to the Druggift in the Extraction of the Sap,
(hall be considered fome other time.

There

Chap. 1 2 . The Conclufion. 333

There are feveral other Kinds of Foreft-0/ fnerai
Trees, all of them very eafily rais’d from
what has been already delivered 3 the chief Trees.
of them Birch, Maple, Sallows, and Alh$
they may be mix’d promifcuoufly with other
Wood, and ’twill be no eafy matter to im-
pede or hinder their Growth.

I have one thing more to add, in relation
to the Railing Wood 3 for befides the Length
of Time before Wood comes to its Per-
fection, and to make any Returns, the Huf-
bandman and fome felfilh Perfons objed a-
gainft Planting or Railing Wood, on account
of the Lofs of Land for many Years. I
mull: confefs, in Yorkjbire , and fome other
Coal-Countries, the Under-wood is of very
little Value 3 but in others, where Coals are
hard to come by, the Under- wood will in
a great meafure, pay the Rent of the Ground 3
and where Land will not yield above 18 d.
or 2 s. an Acre, which is the Price in many
Places of England , ’tis very certain that Wood
is as profitable a Commodity as any they can
fow 3 but Oak and Beech, Alh and Elm, are
in all Countries of excellent Ufe : And I
cann't but recommend to all Husbandmen,
how frugal foever they are, to plough up
and fow fifteen or fixteen Foot of Ground
round all their Enclofures 3 for this will not
only be a great Shelter to their Cattle, but
likewife to their Corn and Grafs, ( efpecially
if it be on bleak cold Grounds) befides the
extreme Beauty which Wood adds to thofe

enclos d.

034 T/?e Conclufion . Chap. 1 2.

enclos'd, the Ufe and the happy Profpeft of
noble Timber of Lawns for Pofterity.

From what has here and elfewhere been
advanc’d on this Subjed, we fhall find that
the Account will Hand thus, (viz.) for all
Avenues, regular Walks, P latoons, &c. ino-
pen expos’d Ground, Englijb Eltp is or ought to
be preferr’d ; and Lime, too much us’d by
fome, ought to be call out every- where, as of
no manner of Ufe. Fir will likewife make
a handfome Walk.

For promifcous Plantations , Thickets,
Woods, and Coppices j Oak, Beech, Horn-
beam, Maple, Witch and Dutch Elm, &c.
a Mixture of Fir, &c. This, if the Ground
be dry and ftrong 5 but if wet, Abeal, Al-
der, Willow, and Oak, if fow’d naturally,
and according as has been before taught, is
better.

Afh is what mod People chufe to plant
in Hedges 5 but this I carm’t but mightily
condemn, for ’tis a very inhofpitable Plant,
and whenever the Hedge comes to be a little
old and thin (which Alh, being fet therein,
forwards very much) there is nothing but
Gaps, and ’tis a hard matter ever to recover
it ^ fo pernicious is Afh, or indeed (tho' not
in fo great a degree) are all forts of Trees $
I therefore rather advife in this cafe to plant
what Trees the Owner defigns for the Shelter
of his Ground, ten or fifteen Foot diftance from
the Hedge, it will be a good Shade for his
Cattle, and will not fpoil his Hedge.

By

Chap. ia. The Conclufion. 535

By this fliort Supplement, I have added
what I had more to fay on the Subjed of
Bailing Trees: It remains, that 1 lhould il-
luftrate as much as I can by Words, what I
mean by the next Defign of Rural and Ex-
tenfive Gardening, and how far the fame may-
be ferviceable to the World.

And firft, it is neceflary that Gardens ought
to appear as large as poffible , if they were a
hundred Acres or more, ftill the nobler 5 but
how this lhould be done without the Lois
of too much Ground, or how any Gentle-
man lhould be contented to be at fo great an
Expence, is not obvious to all that perhaps
may read this Book, at firft fight.

The Method of Sowing and Railing Wood
is certainly much cheaper than planting Exo-
ticks, &c. the Way that has been followed
in all our Modern WildernelTesj befides, it
is of confiderable more Ufe and Advantage 5
and that nothing is more noble than our En-
glijb Woods, is as undeniably true. But that
there lhould not be too much Ground taken
up in thefe fort of Rural Gardens, I have
propos’d. That in the Heart of all Quarters and
Divifions of Wood I have been lpeaking of,
there fhall be a large Lawn or open Square, or
other Polygonar or Natural Plot, which may
be turn’d into Kitchen-Gardens, Fruit-Gar-
dens, Orchards, &c. all of them of confide-
rable Ufe ^ and while the Whole Defign ap-
pears grand, thefe ufeful Beauties are in
fome meafure hid, tho’ they help to make

out

33^

The Conclufion. Chap. 1 1]

out the Bulk of the Defign. By this 1 make
good my Motto,

Omne tulit punBum, qui mifcuit utile dulci.

That thofe Extenfive Plantations I have
been fpeaking of, adorn’d with Water and
Statues, add as great a Grace to our Country '
Seats as the moft elaborate Gardens of the
'French, will, I believe, not be denied, when
’tis confider’d that our Grafs and Gravel is
fo much handfomer than theirs, in which
refped our Parks and common Ridings excel
them by Nature } but if to that be. added
Rowling and Levelling the Mould Hills, and
a little more Exaditude near the Bounds of
the inner Parts of our Gardens } how much
better may it not be than the beft of their
Turf and Carpet Walks and Gardens in France
or Holland $

And when our Lines of Wood are conti-
nued a quarter or half a Mile long, and the
Garden, as it were, laid open to it, which 1
fliall make more plain in the Defigns, I cann’t
but think it will add a prodigious Magnificence
to them.

It may be ask’d, how thofe Outer Lines
are to be kept > To which 1 anfwer : That
the Cattle (hall*be the Mowers } and for Rowl-
ing, a Boy and Horfe will do a great deal}
and ’tis not incredible to affirm, that igo A-
cres will not coft above 50 l. per annum the
keeping, fince there is no occalion of keeping
thofe Outer Plantations very fine} a Paddle

to

Chap. 1 2. The Conclufion.

to cut up any flaring Thirties and other
things of that kind, and a Scythe fix’d into
a long Handle, are the chief Inftruments in
this Rural way of Gard’ning.

And when I am fpeaking of a Scythe fix’d
in a long Handle, 1 muft advife, That this
ftripping up or cutting be done when the
Shoots are young and tender $ for it feems
to be a Fault both in this and Clipping to let
them be old and hard, efpecialiy it would
be in this, where fo much Strength is re-
quir’d to manage this Inftrument.

I muft then, in this Place, advife my Rea-
der, that the Lines I fpeak of, are to be cut
up in the Infide, otherwife *tis no more than
what is in many other Parks, where the Gar-
den-lines are too foon terminated, as well by
that as the immediate Appearance of fome
Grill of Iron, Iron-Gate, or other fuch-like
Termination, which is very common in the
beft Defigns 5 fo that if the Garden be an
Efpalier Hedge, the fame lhall be continued
quite thro’ the Woods and Parks, let them
go as far as they will, and no Appearance
where the Bounds of the Garden is.

And if they are Standards in the Garden,
they (hall likewife continue in the fame man-
ner 3 as alfo, if it be a Grafs Walk, Gravel,
Water or the like, they are by thefe Defigns to
go, as it were ad infinitum without changing the
Scene : And this I take to be the effential part
of thefe and all other Defigns of this kind,
in which other Countries out-doe Us 5 and
Vol. I. Z it

337

The Conclufion. - Chap. 1 2. ;

it muft be added, that the beft of our Gar- *
dens difcover the Slendernefs of their View
by a Termination moft Defigners are fond of,

1 mean fine Iron Gates, a kind of Artifice not
good, and a very great Expence in the
Bargain.

I beg leave here to infert the ingenious
Thoughts of a late Author ( SpeBator , Vol.
6. N°. 414.) where, after he had elegantly
defcrib'd the general and pleafing Idea’s that
exterior Objefts convey to the Imagination,
he proceeds to this of Gardens.

“ If we confider (fays he) the Works of
“ "Nature and Art, as they are qualify ’d to
“ entertain the Imagination, we fhall find the
“ laft very defeftive, in comparifon of the
“ former $ for tho’ they may fometimes ap-
“ pear as Beautiful or Strange, they can have
“ nothingfin them of that Vaftnefs and Im-
“ menfity, which afford fo great an Enter-
“ tainment to the Mind of the Beholder.

“ The one may be as Polite and Delicate as
“ the other, but can never fhew herfelf fo
“ Auguft and Magnificent in the Defign.

“ There is fomething more bold and maflerly
“ in the rough, carelefs Strokes of Nature,

“ than in the nice Touches and Embellifh-
“ ments of Art. The Beauties of the moft
“ ftately Garden or Palace lie in a narrow
“ Compafs, the Imagination immediately
“ runs them over, and requires fomething

“ elfe

Chap. 12. The Conclufion.

“ elfe to gratifie her 5 but in the wide
“ Fields of Nature, the Sight wanders up
“ and down without Confinement, and is
« fed with an infinite variety of Images,
“ without any certain Stint or Number. For
** this Reafon we always find the Poet in love
“ with a Country Life, where Nature ap~
“ pears in the greateft Perfection, and fur-
“ nilhes out all thofe Scenes that are mod
apt to delight the Imagination.

Scriptorum chorus omnis amat nemus &fugil
tfrbes.

Hor.

Hie fecura quies, & nefeia fallere vita ,
Dives opum variarum 5 hie latis otiafundis ,
Spelunca, vivique lacus , hiefrigida Tempe,
Mugitufque bourn, - mllefque fub arbor e fomm.

Virg.

“ But tho’ there are feveral of thefe wild
“ Scenes, that are more delightful than any
“ artificial Shows 5 yet we find the Works
“ of Nature {till more pleafant, the more
“ they referable thofe of Art : For in this
“ cafe, our Pleafure rifes from a double Prin-
“ ciple ; from the Agreeablenefs of the Ob-
“ jeft to the Eye, and from their Similitude
“ to other Objcfts : We are pleafed as well
“ with comparing their Beauties as with
“ furveying them, and can reprefent them
“ to our Minds, either as Copies or

Z 2 “ Origi-

33 9

34o

The Conclufion. Chap. 12.

“ Originals. Hence it is that we take de-
“ light in a Profped which is well laid out,
“ and diverfify’d with Fields and Meadows,
“ Woods and Rivers 3 in thofe accidental
“ Landskips of Trees, Clouds, and Cities,
“ that are fometimes found in the Veins of
“ Marble ^ in the curious Fret-work of
“■ Rocks and Grotto’s $ and, in a word, in
c‘ any thing that hath fuch a V ariety or Re-
“ gularity as may feem the Effect of Defign,
in what we call the Works of Chance.

“ If the Produdsof Nature rife in Value,
“ according as they more or lefs refemble
14 thofe of Art, we may be fure that Artifi-
cial Works receive a greater Advantage
“ from their Refemblance of fuch as are Na-
c‘ tural 5 becaufe here the Similitude is not
“ only pleafant, but the Pattern more per-
“ fed. The prettieft Landskip I ever faw,
*' was one drawn on the Walls of a dark
“ Room, which flood oppofite on one fide
“ to a navigable River, and on the other to
“ a Park. The Experiment is very common
41 in Opticks. Here you might dilcover the
Waves and Fluduations of the Water in
“ flrong and proper Colours, with the Pi-
“ dure of a Ship entring at one end, and
“ failing by degrees thro' the whole Piece.
“ On another there appear’d the green Sha-
“ dows of Trees, waving to and fro with
“ Wind, and Herds of Deer among them
“ in Miniature, leaping about upon the
41 Wall. 1 muft corfefs, the Novelty of fuch

“ a Sight

Chap. 1 2. The Cancliilion.

“ a Sight may be one occafion of its Pleafant-
“ nefs to the Imagination $ but certainly the
“ chief Reafon is, its near Refemblance to
“ Nature, as it does not only, like other
“ Pictures, give the Colour and Figure, but
“ the Motion of the Things it reprefents.

“ We have before obferv’d, that there is
“ generally in Nature fomething more Grand
“ and Auguft, than what we meet with in
“ the Curiofities of Art. When therefore
“ we fee this imitated in any meafure, it
gives us a nobler and more exalted kind
“ of Pleafure than what we receive from
“ the nicer and more accurate Produdions
“ of Art. On this account our Englip
tc Gardens are not fo entertaining to the
“ Fancy, asthofe in France and Italy , where
we fee a large Extent of Ground covered
“ over with an agreeable Mixture of Garden
“ and Foreft, which reprefent every- where
“ an artificial Rudenefs, much more charming
tc than that Neatnefs and Elegancy which we
“ meet with in thofe of our own Country.
“ It might indeed be of ill Confequence to
“ the Publick, as well as unprofitable to pri-
“ vate Perfons, to alienate fo much Ground
“ from Pafturage and the Plough, in many
“ Parts of a Country that is fo well Peopled,
“ and cultivated to a far greater Advantage.
“ But why may not a whole Eftate be throum
“ into a kind of Garden, by frequent Planta-
“ tions, that may turn as much to the Profit
‘‘ as the Pleafure of the Owner ? A Marfh
Z 3 “ over-

34i

Thi Conclusion. Chap. 12.

“ overgrown with Willows, or a Mountain
“ fhaded with Oaks, are not only more beau-
“ tiful, but more beneficial, than when they
“ lie bare and unadorn’d. Fields of Corn
“ make a pleafant Profped $ and if the Walks
“ were a little taken care of that lie between
“ them, if the natural Embroidery of the
“ Meadows were help’d and improv’d by
“ fome fmali Additions of Art, and the fe-
“ veral Rows of Hedges fet off by Trees and
“ Flowers that the Soil was capable of re-
“ ceiving, a Man might make a pretty Land-
“ skip of his own Poifeflions.

“ Writers, who have given us an Account
“ of China , tell us, the Inhabitants of that.
“ Country laugh at the Plantations of our
“ Europeans, which are laid out by the Rule
“ and Line 5 becaufe, they fay, any one may
“ place Trees in equal Rows and uniform
“ Figures. They chufe rather to Ihew a
“ Genius in Works of this Nature, and
“ therefore always conceal the Art by which
“ they dired themfelves. They have a
“ Word, it feems, in their Language, by
“ which they exprefs the particular Beauty
“ of a Plantation, that thus ftrikes the Imagi-
“ nation at firft fight, without difcovering
“ what it is that has fo Agreeable an EfFed.
“ Our Britijh Gardeners, on the contrary,
“ indead of humouring Nature, love to devi-
“ ate from it as much as poflible. Our
“ Trees rife in Cones, Globes, and Pyra-
“ mids. We fee the Marks of the Sciffars

‘‘ upon

Chap. 1 2. The Conclufion.

“ upon every Plant and Buffi. I do not
“.know whether I am Angular in my Opi-
“ nion i, but for my own part, I would ra-
“ ther look upon a Tree in all its Luxurian-
“ cy and Diffufion of Boughs and Branches,
“ than when it is thus cut and trimm’d in-
“ to a Mathematical Figure ^ and cannot but
“ fancy that an Orchard in Flower looks in-
“ finitely more delightful, than all the little
“ Labyrinths of the moft finiffi’d Parterre.

' But I (hall not copy this Paper any far-
ther, left it ffiould appear invidious and in-
deed *tis a more proper Subjed for any other
Perfon to ufe than me : However, this I dare
affirm. That had there been as great a num-
ber of Oak and Beech Trees rais’d in our Lon-
don Nurferies, as there have been Greens,
Pofterity would have reap’d more Benefit by
it than by them, and perhaps thefe King-
doms would have been fome Millions the
richer on that account, befides the Noble-
nefs and Grace that would have accrued to
our Country Seats thereby. This natural
Wildnefs of our Gardens is every-where de-
fcribed by the Ingenious Bards of our Coun-
try, a few of which Ilhall quote, and then
conclude this Volume.

The firft is Mr. Lope’ s Defcription of
Windfor-Foreji, which is admirably fine,
and is as follows:

Z4

343

The

344

The Conclufion. Chap, i T.

The Groves of Eden, vanift'd novo fo long*
Live n i Defcription , and look Green in Song ;
Thefe, were myBreaft infpird with equal Flame*
Like them in Beauty , ftoud be like in Fame :
Here Hills and Dales , the Woodland and the
Plain 5

Here Earth and Water feem to Jlrive again $
Hot Chaos-like , together cruft* d and bruis dy
But , as the Worlds harmonioufly confusd 3
Where Order in Variety we fee $

And where , tho ’ all Things differ , all agree.
Here waving Groves a chequer'd Scene difplay ,
/wf admit , and part exclude the Day.

As fome coy Nymph her Lover s warm Addrefs
Nor quite indulges , 720r cdw quite reprefs.

There inter fper s' d in Lawns and opening Glades ,
Then Trees arife that ftun each other s Shades .
Here in full Light the Ruffet Plains extend 5
There, wrapt in Clouds ? the Blueift Hills afcend .
Lv n the wild Heath difplay s her Purple Dyes ,

’ midfi the Defart fruitful Fields arife 5
That crown d with tufted Trees* and jpringing
Corn ,

Like verdant Ijles , the fable Wajle adorn.

Let India boajt her Plants , Tzar
■ The weeping Amber of the Balmy Tree 5
. V\ bile by our Oaks the precious Load is born9
And Realms commanded which thofe Trees adorn .

That inimitable Defcription of Paradife ,
by Milton , likewife worthily deferves a Place
amonglt tilde Rural Landskips :

Southward

Ghap. 1 2. The Conclufion.

Southward through Eden went a River large 5
j for chang’d his Courfe , te thro’ a jhaggy Hill
Pafs’d underneath ingulf’d : For God had
thrown

That Mountain , as his Garden Mould high
raudy

Upon the rapid Current , which through Veins
Of Porous Earthy with kindly Tkirft up drawny
Rofe a freji. ) FountaiUy and with many a Rill
Water'd the Garden 5 thence unitedy fell
Down the JleepGladey and met the nether Floody
Which from the darkfome PaJJage now appears ,
And now divided into four Streams ,

Runs diver Sy wandring many a famous Realm
And Country y whereof here needs no Account •
But rather to tell howy if Art could telly
Flow from that Saphire Font the crifped Brooks
Rowling on Orient Pearly and Sands of Goldy
With mazy Error under pendant Shade s.

Ran Neftary vifiting each Plant , and fed
Flow'rs worthy of Paradife, which no nice Art
In Beds and curious KnotSy but Nature3 s Boon ,
Pour'd forth profufe on FFilly and Dale7 and
Plainy

Both where the Morning Sun firfi warmly Jmote
The open Field 5 and the unpierced Shade
Imbound the Noon-tide Bowers . Thus was this
Place

A happy Rural Seat of various View •

GroveSy whofe rich Trees wept odorous Gums
and Balm 5

Other Sy whofe Fruit bur nip' d with golden Rind9
Hung amiable0 Hefperian Fables truey

34*

The Conclufion. Chap. 1 2,

Of true, here only , and delicious Tafle.

Betwixt them Lawns or level Downs, and Flocks
Grafng the tender Herb , were interpos’d,
of Palmy Hillock, or the Flow’ry Lap
Of fome irriguous Valley fpread her Shore 5
Flow’rs of all hue, and without them the Rofe.
Another fide umbragious Grots and Caves
Of cool Recefs, o'er which the mantling Vine
Lays forth her purple Grape, and gently creeps
Luxuriant. Mean while murm'ringV/atersfall
Down the fope Hill, difpers’d, or in a Lake ,
That to the fringed Bank with Myrtles crown'd.
Her chryfalMirrour holds, unite their Streams.

Milton’ i Paradife Loft.

What a Variety of Natural Thought is
here found ? as much beyond the trifling di-
minutive Beauties of fome of our modern
Gardens, as the Poem is fuperior to the
meaneft Ballad. In thofe Scenes, ’tis hard
to turn One’s Head any way without Wonder
and Surprize ^ whilft in our modern Gardens
a few dipt Plants and Hedges is the utmoft of
our Variety.

I lhall no longer detain the Reader, than to
remark fome Mifapplications of Money in
thefe Rural Works.

In this it is often feen, that Perfons who
have Ponds to make forFilh, which are cer-
tainly beautiful as well as ufeful, yet it’s
ten to one but they are in fome cunning Hole
or other where ’tis impoflible to fee them,
or that they Ihould add any Grace to the

Seat

Chap. 12. The Conclufion.

Seat in general 3 whereas, had it been rightly
managed, there fliould be Walks planted to
and round about them : And if they cann’t
be contain’d within the Limits of the Gar-
dens, or in View of the Houfe • yet One
wou’d carry fome Arm of the Garden to view
them, or, if poflible, correfponding or pro-
jecting over them. I, for my own part, who
have been all my Time, fince I had any
Thought this Way, obferving it , have
griev’d to fee Money thrown away in Holes
and Corners, which might have been laid
out fo much to the Advantage and Beauty
of a Seat.

And altho’ thefe Dilemma’s be too true,
it is yet a very hard matter to undeceive
Gentlemen of their Error. This I have
fpoke to already in the Preface, and
Ihall not make much more Repetition of it :
And indeed, the only Objection that I find
rais’d againft Writing and Printing Schemes
and Books of Gardening, is the bafe Ufe and
abfurd Imitation that many Gard’ners make
of them : For as Situation and Soils do very
much differ, ’tis hard for any Perfon to pre-
fcribe Rules that may be fuitable to every
particular one 3 fo that thefe dull Imitators,
like Quacks and Plagiaries, healing fome-
thing out of one Book, and fomething out of
another, make fuch a Medly, that a judi-
cious Perfon cann’t but be forry to fee it.

347

Mr. Pope

The Conclusion. Chap. 12.

Mr. Tope feems to hint at fuch Perfons as
thefe, in his afore-raention’d inimitable EJfay
on Criticifm.

A little Learning is a dangerous thing :
Drink deep , or tajle not the Pierian Spring.
There J!) allow Draughts intoxicate the Brainy
And drinking largely , fchers us again.

This is certainly too much the Cafe of
many that pretend to give Defigns in Gar-
dening, as it is of many other Artizans 5 and
I have, not long fince, feen one of them with
a Defign like a Butter-Print, taken out of one
of our old Books of Gard'ning, in as great
Ecftafy as Pythagoras was faid to be, when he
offer’d the Hecatomb to the Gods, for the
happy Invention of a very ufeful Problem in
the Mathematicks.

Gentlemen therefore, in fuch Cafes, ought
not to depend on the Angle Judgment of
Themfelves, or a Gardener, ( perhaps very
ingenious in many refpedts ) yet in this may
be entirely ignorant. If he is at the Expence
of three or four good Defigns, it is certainly
the better, out of which he may chufe the
belt ; which is all that I fhall fay as to
this Point. And as this Introductory Volume
is interfpers’d with the Happinefs, Ufe, and
Beauty of this Employ 5 it may not, Ihope,
be improper to clofe it with that harmonious
and beautiful Portraiture of a Country Life,
by Horace , and in imitation of him, by our

often-

Chap- 1 2. The Conclufion.

often-mention’d Seraphick Cowley 5 which,
tho’ - it be in fome Hands already, is a
Work that may not be feen by many of
my Profeflion, for whofe fake this is in a
great meafure calculated 5 fince there is no-
thing that will, more enlarge and fweeten the
Minds of Man, than fuch Poems as thefe :
And how much of that kind is wanting to
thofe Perfons, every ingenious Man will
readily own.

The worthy Mr. Cowley afore- named de
ferves a greater Encomium than can poffibly
be given him by fo mean a Pen, for his
fweet Thought on thefe Amufements. Thus
he begins:

Happy the Man whom bounteous Gods allow
With his own Hands Paternal Ground to plough :
Like the firft Mortals , happy he.

From Bus'nefs and the Cares of Money free.
Not human Storms at Land break off his Sleep ,
Nor loud Alarms of Nature on the Deep.

From all the Cheats of Law he lives Jecure,

Nor does tV Affront of Palaces endure.

Sometimes the beauteous mar rige able Vine
Into the lujly Bridegroom-Elm does joy n :
Sometimes the barren Trees around.

And grafts new Life into the fruitful Wound.
Sometimes he pears his Flock , and Jcmetimes he
Stirs up the golden Jreafures of the Tree.

He fees the Lowing Herds walk e'er the Plain,
Whilft neighb'ring Hills Low back the fame
again. And

34 9

The Conclufion. Chap, i a.

And when the Seafon, rich as well as gay ,

All her Autumnal Beauty does difplay,

How is be pleas’d th'.encreafing Ufe to fee
Of his well-trufied Labour bend tbeTree !

Of which large Shares on the glad facred Days
He gives to Friends , and to the Gods repays.
With how much Joy does he beneath fome Shade,
By aged Trees rev’rend Embraces made ,

His carelefs Head on the f rep Green recline ,
His Heart uncharg'd with Fear or with Defign l
By him a River confiantly complains ;

The Birds above rejoyce with various Strains ,
And in the folemn Scene the Orgies keep.

Like Dreams mix'd with the Gravity of Sleep,
Sleep, which does always there for Entrance wait.
And nought within againft it puts the Gate. ■

Thus charm’d was he with thefe blefled
Solitudes : And in a few Pages following,
refolves,

Nor by me e'er full you

Tou of all Names the furefi and the befl.

Ton Mufes, Books, and Liberty, and Ref,

Tou Gardens, Fields, and Woods, forfaken be.
So long as Life itfelf forfakes not me.

With Man, in the happy Enjoyment of
thefe Shades, methinks I hear every one,
not only during the Vigour and Gaiety
of Life, but alfo in his laft departing

Moinens,

Chap. 12. The Conclufion. 35c

Moments, when the invincible Force of
Truth prevails, ready to fay,

0 cruel Fate ! whofe unrelenting Pow’r
Gives Man his fatal Stroke 5 but then the Hour
To him uncertain is $ here let me mufing be ,

With Mind unfpotted , and from Mij chief free.

From thefe blefi Shades in Triumph let me fiy%

And learn to live in Heavn before I die .

Til welcome Deaths nor fear his gloomy End 5
But daily die , and learn my State to mend .

Tet , oh! dear Shades , how from you fall 1 part?

*Tis you’ve engr oj s’ d the Treafures of my Heart :

In you Vve learnt what's the fupremejl Goody
And Heav’n Vve found , amidfi a [dent Wood :

Their we view Nature in her gay Attire 5
And there its Author we with Joy admire ,

When firjl great Plato did the World pojfefs
With a true Tafie of its own Happinefsy
In thefe exterior Scenes aright he plac'd
His beauteous Thoughts , and them he alfo grac’d
With elevated Views to Heav’n above ;

And fix’d his Footjleps in apleafant Grove.

Great Epicurus could not cure his Mind
Without thofe Pleafures. Tully could not find
A Place more fuiting to his learned Themes ,

Than the fweet Beauties of thefe Nemrous Scenes .

Virgil and Horace fill the pleafing L\ney
One in his Writings , t'other his Sabine ,

But both their Songs in this were full fublime .

Here let me now my former Wifi) renew ,

And as I've hv’d} Jo let me die in you.

But ,

3^a The Conclufion. Chap. 1 i.

But , lo ! alternate Thoughts that Peace does curb.
And the fweet Mufing of the Mind difturb.

How Hope exalts it from infulting Pain,

But ponderous Fear deprejfes it again.

How Joys dilate ev’n to a fweet Excefs,

But gloomy Horrors do the fame comprefs 5
Like fome tofs'd Veffel in the ruffling Main,

Up to the Skies , but quickly down again ,

Like rowling Billows, drove by furious- Wind ,
So row! the broke Idea’s of the Mind.

Sweet Shades, adieu! herelet my Dufi remain ,
Cover'd with Flow’rs, free from Hoife and Pain.
Let winged Birds my Epicedium fing.

And murm’ring Echoes diftant Tidings ring.

Let Ever-Greens the turfy Tomb adorn.

And rofcid Dews, the Glory of the Morn,

My Carpet deck ^ then let my Soul pof/efs
The hup pier Scenes of an Eternal Bhfs.

&

A N

An Alphabetical

INDEX.

A.

ABdolonymus, his pious Refignation in his
little Garden , Page 16. His Anfwer
to Alexander, 18. His Unwillingnefs
to leave bis Quiet Employ , defcribd by
Mr, Cowley, 96.

Abeal raifed by Suckers , 219. Better by Laying ,
224, & feq.

Abraham planted a Grove at Berfheba, y.

Adam the Fir ft Man , 3. The innocent Employ of
Eve amd bim in Paradiie, defer itfd by Milton, 28 7.
by Blackmore,286. Their Fall, and terrible Lamen-
tation for tbeir Expulfion from Paradile, 95, 96.
Adonis a Royal Garaner , 7.

Aglaus a pious obfeure Arcadian, bufily employ d in
bis little Garden, 92.

Agriculture, Gardening, and Planting, the Koble-
nefs and Ufefulnefs of them, 16 1, &c. Its An-
tiquity, 3.

Ahafuerus’x Entertainment in the Open Garden , 10.
Air, anEJfay concerning it, 144. The general Benefit
of it, 14 5 v The particular Benefits of it in Vege-
tation, 146. Of the Elafiick Power of Air in
Vegetation, 147.

Vol. L A a Albanum

T be INDEX.

Albanum one of Seneca’* Country Villa's, 33.

Alcinous, his Garden defcr'tbi from Homer, by
Mr. Eufden, 8.

Alders raifed of Layers, 224.

Anchiles the Lather of iEneas, defcritfd by Virgil, in
the happy Abodes of a-Grove and Garden, 19,192,

Antients, their Mjffakes in the Defcenfon of Sap, 16.

Anne ( Queen ) an Encourager of Gardening •, finjftid
that at Kenfingron, 77.

Anthony (Monfeur Boileau’* Gardener ) his Letter
to him, 45?.

Apollodorus, Gardener to Epicurus, 13.

Arcuation, the Method of RaifngTrees by it, 224.’

AriftotleV Opinion, 290.

Arraxerxes Memnon, or Artaxerxes Longimanus :
vid. Ahafuerus.

Afcenfion, Defcenfion, and Circulation of Sap ’en-
quired into, 161, &c.

Afh raifed from Seed, 207. Its Management, from
207, to 238.

Attraction, what, 134. Solvd by Pulfion, ibid.

Auguflus Cscfar, his Endeavours to retrieve Agricul-
ture in Italy, 23.

Auflin (St.) his Jolemh Gouverfon wrought under a
Tree, 1 97.

Avulfion, 221.

B.

BAcon, or Verulam (Lord) Memoirs of him, 48.
His mi (taken Opinion concerning the great Ef
fell of Water in Vegetation, p. 118.

Beale (Dr.) a curious P oft ion of his in the Growth

of Trees, 62 .

Beaufort Duckcfs of) a great Lover of Botany and
Exotics, 7 2. Her bufie and conffant Employ
therein, ibid.

Bedford (Ducbefs of) quoted from Sir William
Temple, 72.

Belvedere,

Th e INDEX.

Belvedere, the Gardens of the great Pontiff at
Rome, 38.

Bianura, one of Seneca’s Country Villa’s, 33.
Blackfnore (Sir Richard) his Defer ip ion of the
Sun , 142. His Defer iption of Adam in his State
of Innocence, 286.

Blenheim Gardens , 84;

Bobart (Mr.) Profejjor of Botany in Oxford, 58.
Boileau (Monf) his fcoeet Thoughts on Retirement ,
45,46. part of his Tetter to his Gardener , 46.
Boggy good for Bireh , Poplar, Af, Willow , 256.

Bolton {Duke of) a great Planter , 85.

Borelli, the Air is the principal Caufe of Vegeta-
tion., 146.

Boyle (\#bv) a gre^at Natural Philofopher and Gar-
dener, 64.

Brown (5/> Thomas) Memoirs of him , 69. Author
of The Gardens of Cyrus, /to.
Brumpton-P^,/fe noblejl Nurfery of the World, 78.
Burleigh (LordTreafurer) an early Planter of Re-
gular Walks, 48.

c

CApeI(Tto J to Improvements in Gardenings 61 .
Carnarvan (Earl of ) his Gardens at Edger in
Hertfordfhire, 84.

Carlton (Lord) his Gardens at St. James’s, 5:3.
Cafhiobury, 5m of the Earl of EGex, 62.

Carter, to Gardens at Rome, 35.

Cato the Philofopher, Author of a Treatife of Agri-
culture, under the Title de Re Ruftica, 31.
Chalky Land , tocS, Walnut , Jumper , £7///, 4/S,
j to/ 00/ Poplar, 2 %6.

Chaplain (Airy ^/Lincolnlhire, his Method of Plant-
ing, 242.

Charles I. Great-Britain, ytotf Account of

him , 49.

Charles II. K?/g 0/ Great-Britain, 0 £rm L^wr of
A a 2 Planting,

The INDEX.

Planting, 5 2. A noble ExpreJJion of bis, in Fa-
vour of his Country, 73.

Chefnut (of two kinds) rais'd of Seed “ 2c8j • Hovy
manag'd, from 208 to 238.

Chefterheld(£*/7 of) delighted much in Gardening,

Child (Sir Richard ) his Gardens at Wanftead, 84,

Chus: vid. Zoroafter.

Claudius the Emperor a Lover of Agriculture and
Gardening , 30.

-Claudius Albinus the Emperor , his love of Fruity 37.
he wrote a Book of Georgicks, ibid.

Clerc ( iWonfieur h) his Opinion of Springs 9 con *
fider d, 290,292.

Cleopatra, her tragical End, 72.

Courfe Ground good for mojl Trees , meliorated by
ploughing, &c. 256.

Collis Hortulorum, or the Hill 0} Gardens at Rome,
fome Account of it, 21.

Columella (a RomanJ wrote a Treatife de Re Ru-
Itica, and dedicated it to Claudius, 3c.

Cook ( Mr.) Gardener to the Earl tf/Eflex, 78.

Compton (Henry Ld. Bifhop of London) a great Lover
of Gar dining, particularly Exotic Plants, 70.

Country Life, the Pleafures of it defcrifrd by Virgil,
2 6, Cfc. By Alonf Boileau, 4?, 4 6, 194. By
Airs. Phillips, 74. By Sir Richard Steele, 89.

' By Horace, 34 8.

Cowley (Mr.) Alemoirs cf his Life , 37. A PaJJionate
Admirer of Gardening, 38. His Defer iption of
the Great Dioclefian^ Retirement , 6 7. Of
Agiaus, 92. Of Abdolonymus, 96.

Craggy Ground will produce Afh, Fir, and evn Oak,
from Seed not elfe, as will neither of the other
two, 2 ?6.

Cyrus the Great, Alemoirs of his Birth and Educa-
tion, 10. His noble and extenfive Genius in
Planting, 34. His fatal Cat afropbe, ibid.

i

Danvers

The INDEX.

D.

D Anvers (Henry, Earl of Danby) founder of the
Phyfcf Garden at Oxford, p. ^7.

David King oflfrad, 5.

Deerham {the Reverend Mr.) affirms from Borel-
li, that Air is the principal Qaufe of Vegeta-
tion, 14&

Delecampius, a Commentator on Pliny, 19.
Devonfhire {the late and prefent Dukes of ) great
Eticouragers of Arts and Sciences , ejpecially Gar-
dening, 85.

Dews, their Original \ 1 i 7. And Ufe , ibid.
Dioclefian (the Emperor) bis voluntary Retirement ,
and noble Gardens at Salona, 37. Roe tic ally de-
fer ibd by Mr. Cowley, ibid.

Diogenes Laertius, his Account of Epicurus3! Gar-
den, See. 11, 12, 13, &c.

Domitian (the Emperor) his Gardens at Rome, 3 y,
Druids, the Oak f acred to them , 47.

Dry den (Mr.) hisDefcriprion of a fine Wood , 194.
• Several Tranflations out of Virgil, on that Sub -
jeS. 25, 26, 27, &c.

Dry, Soil, will produce Holly , Walnut ,

Maple, Abeal, Black Alder, Sallow , Roplar , 770/
Willow , 257..

Dry, Rich Ground-, Walnut, Chef nut. Oak ,
Hornbeam, and Lime , ibid.

Dry, Sandy, Hot Ground , Birch, Beech, and Lime ,
with a little Help, but not Elm to any Rur-
pofe, ibid.

E.

EArth, concerning it, 98. 1 Specif ck

Properties of it, 101. /0 ^ fometimes

renewed, 102. Earth mix'd,

than usdfimply, m, &c.

Egyptians jr/y Gardeners, 6, Tfair Veneration
for Kitchen Food, 89.

A a 3 Elm

The INDEX.

Elm (of three forts ) Rais'd by Suckers, 219. But
better by Arcuation , 224.

Elizabeth (Queen of England) fhort Memoirs of
her, 48. • j

Elyfium, its Defcription by Virgil, 19.

Emplaftratio, what * 229.

Epicurus, the noble [l Gardener of Greece, u.
The JirJi that us'd large, Extenfive Rural Gar-
dens, 12.

Eflex (Earl of) a Lover of Gardening and Plant-
ing, 6 2. .

Eve, her felicitous and happy loil in Paradife, 28 J;
Her forrowful Lamentation at her Expulfion out
of Paradife, 9?.

Evelyn (Mr.) his Lift, Labours, and incomparable
Pen in the Theory of Gardening, 58, 59.

Eufden (Mr.) his Defcription of the Gardens gf Aid-
nous, from Homer’j 7 th Odyff 8.

F.

F Errata (Cardinal) his fine Gardens at Tivoli,/?. 38.
Fat Soil excellent for Limes, and all other fort f
of Trees, 157.

Field (Air.) Gardener to the Earl ^ Bedford, 78.
Fir (of two Kinds) rais'd from Seed, 207. How ma-
nag'd, from 207 to 238.

Flinty Ground*, Oak , Ajh, Elm , Beech, if fow'd>
2 1 7;

Floralia, or Vlower-Eeafts in Honour cf Flora, cele-
brated at Rome in April and May, 71.
Fontainbleau, a Palace and Gardens of the King
^'France, 40.

bereft Trees, Direttidris to raife them, 19T.

For eRWorks, deferibed by Air. Pope, 344.
Foreft-work Hangings of the Phrygian and Tyrian
Dames, 71,

Gadia-

The INDEX.

GAdianus ( Emperor ) a great Lover of Garden -
. p. 37*

Gaditanus, the Birth-place of Columella, go.

Galba ( the Emperor) his Gardens at Rome, 3 7.
Gardening, an Employ not unbecoming the Sacred
Funflion, as publifh d by the Reverend Mr, Law-
rence, 63.

Gardens and Gardening coeval with the World \ 3.
Gardens of Eden, 3. Of Babylon, 6. Of Adonis,
ibid. The Helperides, 7, 8. Of Alcinous, 8, 9.
Of Epicurus, 11. Of Theophraftus, 1$, Of Tar-
quinius, 20. Of Mecamas, 23. Of Cz far, 37.
Of Domitian, ii/df. Of Sergius, ibid. Of Salluft,
ibid. Of Martial, ibid. Of Seneca, 3 2. Of Dio-
clefian, 37. Of Belvedere, 38. O/Verlailes 40.
Of Marli, ibid. Of Fontainbleau, ibid. Of St.
Clou, ibid. Of Hampton-Court, 72,76. QfKen-
fington, 83. Of Long-Leat, 78. Of Blenheim, 84,
Of Wanftead, ibid, &c.

Gerard an eminent Botanick, $6.

Gravel, bow to be mix3 d and laid in Walks , 323, 324.
Gravelly Ground , /for which is hungry , only Abeal
and Dutch fife ^ Tfctf Oak , 4/7;, Englifh fife, not
Walnut, Sic. 277. Moifl Gravel, Cbefnut, Elm ,
Oj/e, Ife, and Fir fireen Wallow, Englifh, Dutch,
French fifej, 276.

Groves Gardens , /&<? Delights and Ufes of them ,

192. Llyzlum of the Antients, 19,192, 193.
The habitation of innocent Love , 193. Influential
to Voetick Raptures, 194. Influential for excite-
ment of Penitential Exprejflons and Affetfions ,
1 97. life P/jo- <?f «S/. Auftinh Conversion , ibid.
Where Abraham entertained Angels , t 99. X/;^
Bur ying-P laces of the Antients , ibid. Tfo dfcfc
and Sepulchre of our BleJJed Saviour, 200.

A a 4

Hadrian

the I N D E X.

H.

H Adrian (Emperor) difcourfing in bis Garde% '
p .*6.

Hallifax ( Earl of) bis Rural way of Gardening, 87.
Halley (Mr.) his Opinion of the Original of Springs ]
doubted, , 291.

Hampton-Court Gardens , when made and alter'd,
76-

Heat, the chief Agent in AttraUion or Vulfion, , 157.
Hefiod, a Grecian Author of Agriculture , 8.
Hefperides, ( the Gardens of) defcribed by Mr]
Rowe, 7.

Holly rais'd by Seed, 207. How manag'd, from 207
to 258.

Homer, a Tranfl. from him of AlcinousJf Gardens, 8.
Horace, bis Love for Husbandry and Gardening,
28. His Epiflle to bis Steward on a Country - -
r Life , 28, 29.

Hornbeam rais'd of Sead , 207. It's Management]
from 207 to 238.

Horti Penfdes of Babylon, 6, 12.

j.

J Ames I. (King of Great Britain) Memoirs of him',
p. 48.

James II. (King of Great Britain) a fhort Account
of him,

Jelus Chrift (our Rlejfed Saviour ) bis Oratory and
Burial in a Garden, 200.

Inoculation, what, 229. Confounded with Emplaflra-
tion, ibid.

Julius Csefar his Gardens, 22.

Julius Lipfius bis Account of Seneca, 52.

Juvenal bis Account of the Gardens of Seneca, 33*

Of Solitude, 195.

Kent

Jiht INDEX.

K.

KEnt (Duke of) a great Planter , and Encoura*
ger thereof, p. 85.

Kew, a Seat of the Lord Capel^, 6 1.

L.

LAertes ( King ) a Planter and Pruner , Ho-

> mer, 1 1.

Lamoignon(A/I^^/7m’ )addrefs>d to by Boileau, 45,46.
Land (Heavy) a proper Compofl for it, 104.

Land (Light) aproper Compofl for it, 109.

Land (Worn out) how to repair it, no.

Lewis XIV. King of France, a great Admirer and
m Encourager of Gardening, 39.

Licinius Craflus, Conful of Rome, 23.

Life ( Country ) the Pleafures of it, byV irgil, 2 6, 27,
29. By Monfieur Boileau, 45,46, 194. By Mrs.
Phiflips, 74, 75*. By Sir Richard Steele, 89,

% 90. By Mr. Cowley, 349, 356.

Life (the Principle of it) in Trees, 154. The Ufe of
it in Vegetation , &c. 159.

Lime rais'd by Laying, 224. Its Management, from
224 to 238.

Lindfey (Count efs of ) aLover of Planting, 75.
Lives or Memoirs of the mofl eminent Virtuofo's in
Gardening, viz. Adam, 3. Noah, 5. Zoroalter, ib .
Abraham, ibid. Solomon, ibid. Semiramis, 6.Nebu-
chadonozor, ibid. Adonis, 7. The Hefperides, ibid.
Homer, 8. Hefiod, ibid. Alcinous, ibid. Cyrus, 10.
Ahaluerus, ibid, Laertes, 1 1. Epicurus, n, 12, 13.
Pififtratus, ibid. Theophraftus, 14, 15. Abdolony-
mus, 1 6. Thraleas, 20. Tarquinius Superbus,
2o. Quintus Cincinnatus, 22. 'Julius and Auguft-
usCarfar ,tbid. Virgil, 22 ,£fe. Vitruvius, 28. Ho-
race, ibid \ Claudius, 30. Cato, Varro, Columella,
go. Palladius, 31. Plin p, ibid. Seneca, 32. Dio-
elefian, 37. Luke of Orleans, 40. Monfieur de

la

The INDEX.

&Quintinye,4i. Rapin, 44. Monf. Boilea'u^y;
Queen Elizabeth, 48. Lord Treafurer Burleigh
ibid. Ktng James I. ibid. Lord Verulam, ibid. Sil
Henry Wootton, 49. Sir Hugh Plat, ibid. King
Charles L ibid. Milton, 90. King Charles II. 72,
Mr. Waller, 73. Mr. Evelyn, 58. Sir William
Temple, 60. Lord Capel, 6t. EarlofESkx, 62.
Malpighi u'S, ibid. Dr. Grew, ibid. Mr. Boyle, ibid.
Dr. Beale, ibid. Dr. Woodward, 63. Mr. Ray,
ibid. Lord Ruflel, 67. Mr. Cowley, 67. jJ£/\Rofe,
68. Sir T. Brown, 6 9. Compton ( Lord Bi/hop of
London) 70. Duchefsof Bedford, 72. Ducbejs of
Beaufort, ibid. Count efs of Lindfey, 75. Mrs. Phil-
lips, 74. K/;g William III. and Queen Mary, 77.
Mr. London, 7 Queen Antie, 83.

M.

TV fl Agdalen Coll, in Oxford, its noble Walks, p.58.
JLVX Malpighius (Seignior) bis excellent Anatomy
of Plants, 62.

Maple Rais'd of Seed, 207. Its Management, from
207 to 238.

Marius (a Roman Worthy) bis Villa, 39.

Marli, a Enlace and Gardens of the French Kings, 40.
Martial (the Poet) bis Gardens at Rome, 22
Mecrnas a Lover of Agriculture and Gardening, 3 7.

Addrefs d to by Virgil, 36.

Milton, Gardening Recommended by his incomparable
Poem, 50. His Defcription of Adam and Evel?
Lamentation at their Exp u (fan out of Paradife,
9^96. Of Adam juft entring on bis ExiJlence,lo6.
Of the bufy and innocent Employ of aGar diner ; 6 3.
Mizraim: vul Zorcafter.

Montague (Duke of) bis Gardens at Boudon, Nor-
thamptonlhire, 85.

Mortimer (Air.) and other Rufick Authors, 6 3.

Nebu-

The INDEX.

N.

NEbuchadonozor, Founder of the Hanging Gardens
of Babylon, p. 6. His vain Exultation and
terrible Doom , ibid.

Nebula, what, 11 6,

Nitre not effential to the Growth of Plants, 170,
Noah an early Vintager, 5^

Nomentanum one of Semcas Country Villa’s, 33.
Nubis, what, 11 6.

O.

OAK raifed of Seed, p. 207. Of the Seed , and
when td be fown , ibid. How to be manag'd
the firji Tear from the Seed, 212. How to be ma-
nagd the fecond Tear , and fo on, 214- How to be
planted out and manag'd in the Open Nurfery, 231,
The hardeji Tree of all the For eft kind to train up
by Art , 326. Ought to be planted out where he is
to ft and always, before eight Tears old, 244. Not
good to plant Oaks large, or out of the Woofs, ibid.
More Directions inRaifing this valuableTree,^ 26.
Orleans (Duke of ) his Gardens at St. Clou, 40.
Otway (Mr.) beautiful Defcription of a Grove, 193.
Oxford, its Phyfick-Garden , 76. Excelling in the
Beauty of its Walks and Groves the moji famous
Academies 0/Greece or Rome, 57.

Ozell (Mr.) his commendable Tranflations of Boi-
fcau, 45,46, 194, 195.

P.

PAcuvius bis Account of Air, p. 145. Taken from
the DoSrine cf Epicurus, ibid, iff feq.
Palladius a Husbandman, and. Author of a Book de
Re Ruftica, 31, 32.

Panegyricks might have been quoted 0/ Xenophon,
Maximus Tyrius, iff c. which would f ill have more
imbelliffd this Hifory , 88.

Paradile,

The INDEX.

Pa rad lie, its local Situation, , 4. A Pattern, ^ js
fuppofed, to the Horti Penfiles ^/Babylon, ^
An excellent Defer iption of it by Milton, 345, '
Park (St. James’j’j Mr. Waller’* Poem on it, 54.
Parkinion (Mr.) an eminent Botanick, $6.
Paufanias’* Account of Epicurus’* Gardens, 13.
Perrault (Monfieur) mote the Life of Monfieur de
la Quinrinye, 43.

Phillips (Airs. Catherine) her feraphick Description
of Retirement, 75. # : ;

Pififtratus an Author cfYlmy’s, 14.

Pilo a Noble Roman Worthy , his Villa, 35*.

Plat (Sir Hugh) Author ofThe Garden of Eden, 49,’
Platanus (of two forts) rais'd by Layers ,724.. \

Pliny Novocomenfis a laborious Philofopher and
Gardener , 31. His Natural Hiftory, dedicated
to the Emperor Velpafian, ibid.

Pliny junior, 32.

Pompeius Magnus Conful of Rome, 23.

Poplar (of three kinds) rais'd of Suckers, 219.

Pope (ill;-.) his beautiful Defer iption of ahoreji , 344."
Primogenial Parents in their Untainted State of Inno-
cence, deferitfd by Air. Milton, 51, $2.

Bullion, heretofore fuppos'd to be Attraction, 135.'

a

QUintinye (Monfieur de la) his Birth and Educa-
tion, p. 4T. Iiis Progrefs and Dif cover ies
in Philofophy and Gardening , 4 2. His Method of
Pruning the Roots of a Tree, when to be follow d,
and zvhen not, 240. The French Kings Sorrow
at bis Death, 44. r T

Quintus Cincinnatus Diftator , ,22.

Quintus Hortermus, his Villa, 35.

R.

RAin- Water, its Qualities, p. 1 14. How gender d,
1 1 7. How fufpended in the Air , ibid. The
Manner of its D filiation, 11 6,

Rapin

The INDEX.

R^pTn ( Monf) his excellent Poem on Gardening, 44;
jpjy (Mr.) bis Trails on Experimental Philofophy, 6 3.
Roots of Trees, bow to prune them, 23 9, 240.
Roiania invited into the Country, by Mrs. Phillips/74.
Retirement, by /W™,Phillips. Vid. Solitude, &c.
ROchefter {Earl of) a great Encourager of Gardening
and Arts in general, 85.

Roftommon (Earl of) bis pious Reflexions on the
Benefits of the Sun, 14 1.

Roman Kings aftual Tillers and DreJJers of their
Gardens, 18, 1 9. The People liv'd in their Open
Gardens , ibid.

S.

SAbinum a Villa of Honeys , p. 28.

Sallow rais'd by Cuttings , 222 \by Laying , 224.
Salmafius, bis Opinion concerning the raifing Elms
from Chips , 220 examin'd , and in fome me a Cure
agreed to, 221.

Sap,coacerning its Afcenfion, 161. Does not defeend
into the Roots in the Winter , as the Antients have
fuppos'd, ibid. Does not circulate as Blood in the
Body, 162. A great Objection again H Defcenfion

of Sap into the Roots, Anfwerd, 163.

Savoury (Mr.) his Engine, a Demonf ration that vdhat
the Antients call'd Attraction, is now folvd by
Pulfion, 1 36.

Scarborough (Earl of) a Lover ofPlanting&c. 85.
Scipio Afncanus, his happy Retirement from the
Ingratitude of his Country, 3 5.

Semiramis, the fuppofed Founder of the Babyloniffi
Gardens, doubted whether or no, 6.

Seneca, the Grandeur of his Villa’s and Gardens, 3 2.
Sergius, bis Gardens at Rome, 25.

Servilius a Nobleman of Rome, his Retirement from
Tiberius Cxfar, 3 5.

Solitude and Shade, the Sweet nefs of it, defer ib'd by
Sir Richard Steele, 89 •, by Mrs. Phillips, 75 by
Afo^Boileau, 45,46 3 by Mr. Tickel, 287.

Solomon

The I N D EX.

Solomon an eminent Botanick and Gardener , ^

Snow, its Virtues to Planting. , 131.

SpeQator, his beautiful Defer iptlon of Solitude
Retirement , 8 9 \ on the Benefits of Blaming, 27 8,
Sec. 0# R//;vz/ and 'Natural Gardening, ibid.

Sp ontaneous Production of Trees, confider'd and pin*
dicated, 20 J.

Springs, Original , 288. /Mr. Halley^ Opinion

confiderd, 291. Monfieur la Clerc\r, ibid. A
late anonymous Author, 295. how convey'd ant
us'd, 301, 304, Sc feq.

0/ Statues, 310.

Steele (S/V Richard) his curious Paper on Retire*
ment , &c. F«f. Spectator.

Subterraneous Era of no Ufa in Vegetation, 156.

Suetonius^ Account of Claudfus, 30.,

Suidas j Account 0/EpicuruSi 1 2.

Sun, an Effay concerning its Virtues, 133. Its At-
tractive Power, wbat+x i 4. , Difiujive Power , .1 3 8.
The general Benefitrof it, 140. Fed by Air, ibid.
Seraphickly de/crib'd by the Earl of Rofcomrnon,
14 1. By Lucretius and Creech, 142. By Mr.
Johnfon, ibid. By Sir Richard Blackmore, ibid.
By the Divine Pfalmift, 14 5.

Sunderland (Eirl of) a great Planter , in the Reign of
King William and Queen Mary, 85;.

Sycamore Tree rais'd of Seed, 207. Its Management ,
from 2cy, to 238.

T.

Arquinius, fome Account of his Gardens, 20 .

JL Temple (Sir W illiam ) Memoirs oj his Writings
and love to Gardening, 60.

Theophrafius, an excellent Botanick and Gardener ,
15. A fhort Ac count of his Works, ibid.
Tiburtinum, a Villa of Horace’s, 28.

Trees (For of ) their fp ontaneous Production, 204.

How rais'd by Seed , 20 6. Fy tuckers, 2\o. Py
Arc nation or Laying, 224. By Cuttings or Setts,

228,

The INDEX.

2*8. By Inoculation , 229. Of Blunting and the
Care that is to be taken of them in Open Nurfe -
ries, 231. In the open Bark, 29 9. Of the five-
ral Soils proper for each of them , 248 to

258. Gwz£ /&? £<?/? when fit or fiuf d young, 249,
261. "Little Succefs to be expelled from thofi that
are taken large out of Woods, ibid.

V.

VApours, Rains, &c. p. 297, iff foq.

Varro a Roman Author of Husbandry, mix a
Book deRe Ruftica, 90.

Vegetation, the innumerable Momenta’s in it, from
115 to 190.

Vegetables not fram'd of Water, but of a Terrejirial
Matter therein, 179, & feq.

Verfailles, the King of trance s Gardens, 40.

Verulam (Lord) a Reftorer of Philofopby, 48.
Vefpafian (the Emperor) a Patron to P iinyx Philofi-
phy and Gardening, 9 1 .

Villa of Horace, 28. Of Seneca, 92 .Of Quintus Hor-
tenfius, 9?. Of Pilo, ibid. Of Marius, ibid. Of
CMar, ibid . OfServilius, i bid. Of Scipio Africanus
ibid. The Tulculum, or Villa Academica of Cice-
ro, ibid. & fiq.

Virgil (the incomparable Poet) a great Husbandman
and Gard ner, 22. His Addrefs to Mecamas, 27.
His Encomium on a Country Life , and the Shades ,
Innocencies, and Solitudes thereof, 2 6, 27.
Vitruvius a great Architeli and Gardner amongfl
the Romans, 28.

W.

WAller ( Mr.) Memoirs of him and his elegant
Poem on the Repairing of St. James’-f Park,
P. 34, 54-

Walnut rais'd of Seed, 207. How managed, from
207 to 298.

Water,

The INDEX.

^Tater, an EJfay on it , from 1 14 1 3 2. Spring^

Rain Water have an equal Share of Terrefir^i
Matter , 181. That Terrejlrial ^ alter that nou
rifhes Bants , 168. If elf only a Vehicle to carry up
that Terrejlrial M at ter , 183. Does not perform that
Office without the Heat of the Sun and Air, 187.

Watering of Trees in large Bant at ions, a great Ex-
pence', how entirely to avoid that Expence: See
Rain, &c.

White Thorn rais'd of Seed. ' 207. How manag'd,
from 207 to 238. Of excellent Ufe to the Country
Banters , 207, &c.

William III. (King of Great Britain) a great Judge of
Gardening, 7?, &c.

Willows rais'd by Cuttings or Setts , 228. By
ing, 224. # ‘

Woodward (Dr.) his curious EJfay on Vegetation ,47^
and from it 9 to 130.

Wootton (Sir Henry ) ^2^ Englifh Gentleman ; early
in Gardening,^. Much improvd by his Travels
Abroad ', 49.

Y.

YEW 0/ Seed, p. 207, How managed, from

207 to 238.

z.

ZEno,^. 2.

Zoroafter, an early Prattitioner, and wrote a
Boole of Husbandry, &c. 5.

The END of the FiFvST Volume.

w'*r. '

, I

/

**

. .V - . f*

/

)

/

,’V

4

.

A) TX.

7 B2S(

SPECIAL 85-5
156^5
v,|

GETTY CENTER LIBRARY