Volume 4 Socio-Economic Profile Environmental Quality Archaeological Resources ILLINOIS RIVER BLUFFS AREA ASSESSMENT ~ ILLINOIS RIVEK | BLUrrS AREA ASSESSMENT. v.4 99062906 ISSUED To Jig VIAT ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY LIBRARY CUPY = gy 0799 ILLINOIS RIVER BLUFFS AREA ASSESSMENT VOLUME 4 Part I: Socio-Economic Profile Illinois Department of Natural Resources Office of Realty and Environmental Planning Division of Energy and Environmental Assessment 524 South Second Spmingfield, Illinois 62701 (217) 524-0500 Part II: Environmental Quality Illinois Department of Natural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis Illinois State Water Survey 2204 Gnffith Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 (217) 244-5459 Waste Management and Research Center One East Hazelwood Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 (217) 333-8944 Part III: Archaeological Resources Steven R. Ahler Illinois Department of Natural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis Illinois State Museum Spring & Edward Streets Springfield, Illinois 62706 (217) 782-7387 1998 Jim Edgar, Governor State of Illinois Brent Manning, Director Illinois Department of Natural Resources 524 South Second Springfield, Illinois 62701 300 Printed by the authority of the State of Illinois Other CTAP Publications The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, summary and 7-volume technical report Illinois Land Cover, An Atlas, plus CD-ROM Inventory of Ecologically Resource-Rich Areas in Illinois Rock River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Rock River Country: An Inventory of the Region's Resources Cache River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Cache River Basin: An Inventory of the Region's Resources Mackinaw River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Mackinaw River Country: An Inventory of the Region's Resources The Illinois Headwaters: An Inventory of the Region's Resources Headwaters Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Illinois Big Rivers: An Inventory of the Region's Resources Big Rivers Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Fox River Basin: An Inventory of the Region's Resources Fox River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Kankakee River Valley: An Inventory of the Region's Resources Kankakee River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report The Kishwaukee River Basin: An Inventory of the Region’s Resources Kishwaukee River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report Embarras River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report Upper Des Plaines River Area Assessment, 5-volume technical report Annual Report 1997, Illinois EcoWatch Stream Monitoring Manual, Illinois RiverWatch Forest Monitoring Manual, Illinois ForestWatch Illinois Geographic Information System, CD-ROM of digital geospatial data All CTAP and Ecosystems Program documents are available from the DNR Clearinghouse at (217) 782-7498 or TDD (217) 782-9175. Selected publications are also available on the World Wide Web at http://dnr.state.il.us/ctap/ctaphome.htm, or http://dnr.state.il.us/c2000/manage/partner.htm, as well as on the EcoForum Bulletin Board at 1 (800) 528-5486 or (217) 782-8447. For more information about CTAP, call (217) 524-0500 or e-mail at ctap2@dnrmail state.il.us; for information on the Ecosystems Program call (217) 782-7940 or e-mail at ecoprog@dnrmail state.il.us. About This Report The Illinois River Bluffs Area Assessment examines an area in west-central Illinois that includes parts of the upper and lower Illinois River watersheds from the vicinity of Hennepin southward to East Peoria. Because significant natural community and species diversity is found in the area, it has been designated a state Resource Rich Area.’ This report is part of a series of reports on areas of Illinois where a public-private partnership has been formed. These assessments provide information on the natural and human resources of the areas as a basis for managing and improving their ecosystems. The determination of resource rich areas and development of ecosystem-based information and management programs in Illinois are the result of three processes -- the Critical Trends Assessment Program, the Conservation Congress, and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force. Background The Cnitical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) documents changes in ecological conditions. In 1994, using existing information, the program provided a baseline of ecological conditions.* Three conclusions were drawn from the baseline investigation: 1. the emission and discharge of regulated pollutants over the past 20 years has declined, in some cases dramatically, 2. existing data suggest that the condition of natural ecosystems in Illinois is rapidly declining as a result of fragmentation and continued stress, and 3. data designed to monitor compliance with environmental regulations or the status of individual species are not sufficient to assess ecosystem health statewide. Based on these findings, CTAP has begun to develop methods to systematically monitor ecological conditions and provide information for ecosystem-based management. Five components make up this effort: 1. identify resource rich areas, 2. conduct regional assessments, 3. publish an atlas and inventory of Illinois landcover, 4. train volunteers to collect ecological indicator data, and 5. develop an educational science curriculum which incorporates data collection ' See Inventory of Resource Rich Areas in Illinois: An Evaluation of Ecological Resources * See The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, summary report and volumes 1-7. ill At the same time that CTAP was publishing its baseline findings, the Illinois Conservation Congress and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force were presenting their respective findings. These groups agreed with the CTAP conclusion that the state's ecosystems were declining. Better stewardship was needed, and they determined that a voluntary, incentive-based, grassroots approach would be the most appropniate, one that recognized the inter-relatedness of economic development and natural resource protection and enhancement. From the three initiatives was born Conservation 2000, a six-year program to begin reversing ecosystem degradation, primarily through the Ecosystems Program, a cooperative process of public-private partnerships that are intended to merge natural resource stewardship with economic and recreational development. To achieve this goal, the program will provide financial incentives and technical assistance to private landowners. The Rock River and Cache River were designated as the first Ecosystem Partnership areas. At the same time, CTAP identified 30 Resource Rich Areas (RRAs) throughout the state. In RRAs where Ecosystem Partnerships have been formed, CTAP is providing an assessment of the area, drawing from ecological and socio-economic databases to give an overview of the region's resources -- geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, biotic, and socio-economic. Although several of the analyses are somewhat restricted by spatial and/or temporal limitations of the data, they help to identify information gaps and additional opportunities and constraints to establishing long-term monitoring programs in the partnership areas. The Illinois River Bluffs Assessment The Illinois River Bluffs Assessment covers an area of about 560,871 acres in west central Illinois. It includes parts of the upper and lower Illinois River watersheds from the vicinity of Hennepin southward to East Peoria. Counties encompassed in this assessment include most of Marshall and Woodford counties as well as small portions of Stark, Bureau, La Salle, Tazewell, Putnam, and Peoria counties. In addition to containing a portion of the Illinois River Drainage basin (Illinois River upper and lower), this area also encompasses portions of the Crow Creek west, Sandy Creek, Senachwine Creek and Crow Creek east drainage basins as identified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Three of the sub-basins in this assessment area (Illinois River lower, Senachwine Creek, and Crow Creek east) were designated as “Resource Rich Areas” (a total of 277,847 acres) because they contain significant natural community diversity. The Illinois River Bluffs Ecosystem Partnership was subsequently formed around this core area of high quality ecological resources. This assessment is comprised of five volumes. In Volume 1, Geology discusses the geology, soils, and minerals in the assessment area. Volume 2, Water Resources, discusses the surface and groundwater resources and Volume 3, Living Resources, describes the natural vegetation communities and the fauna of the region. Volume 4 > “es. PECATONICA/ 5 f < SUGAR ~~ #7 12) ee | MISSISSIPPI GE Ta) ; Komi oe ne | ft S| venmuion | vu ee ; ~ 1 § BAY (- Ve - Hae id IROQUOIS O\ MACKINAW Ss ST : i ir C » —“~, § ‘me ? = 1 ta rr 5 ae Nk VERMILION issippit \ 3 - ay2 7 Lage ty) wunois _ p ___SOUTHFORK- | ASK. / Ls, ISANGAMON'Y : MIDDLE WY MISSI- = SSIPPI N SOUTH 3 LOWER Scale 1:2700000 ° 100 Mites r) 160 Kiemeters t\ a rll CACHE as ~ j 4 Ze OHIO TRIBS A Drainage basins from 1:24000 scale watershed boundaries as i é Sa nck ; J delineated by the U.S.G.S. Water Resources Division. “EY SY SY Major Drainage Basins of Illinois and Location of the Illinois River Bluffs Assessment Area Bureau Hennepin — ——_— — Woor, PUTNAM CO. __ LA SALLE CO. » Tonica Ilinols Pxpoer Senachwine Lake Gow Bradford Sandy Cr. | S| a zs | zy ee Tol WN. Br. Grow Crs. feces arson Forooeeas PEORIA CO. crow,’ aS Crow €y, east —s Ilinols R. lower Roanoke | | Oe ai WOODFORD CO. > Washington TAZEWELL C Scale 1:370000 0 25 Kilometers a N 0 15 Miles Subbasins in the Illinois River Bluffs Assessment Area. Subbasin boundaries depicted are those determined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. contains three parts: Part I, Socio-Economic Profile, discusses the demographics, infrastructure, and economy of the area, focusing on the three counties with the greatest amount of land in the area — Marshall, Peoria and Woodford; Part Il, Environmental Quality, discusses air and water quality, and hazardous and toxic waste generation and management in the area; and Part II, Archaeological Resources, identifies and assesses the archaeological sites, ranging from the Paleoindian Prehistoric (B.C. 10,000) to the Historic (A.D. 1650), known in the assessment watershed. Volume 5, Early Accounts of the Ecology of the Illinois River Bluffs Area, describes the ecology of the area as recorded by historical writings of explorers, pioneers, early visitors and early historians. Vil Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/illinoisriverbluO4illi Table of Contents Part Il: Socio-Economic Profile aN RSPUN PEN Mets os oe ads fe ese a yea Votan oss cocoons audio aVuuSinse Sian «Sede gec uaa menipaicos aaaws msaaeosn 1-1 epeetanis SaTaR ESE MU OTR Sods 2 2 tes unsan cutee adatusceel cos tenwestae ees vaseo tienes 1-3 PIS EN URS: Ca ne eee ere 1-19 OU reaps ePIOMLMRCOMCORIIY resnne ch feoncis5 3cvbs aad scudvn sinnn dada suesbetescnsecusbislcucvvieatndksmet abun oes 1-31 STREET TU hb eg ee ee ee 1-43 MRISECAEMOEDIN CICA TION a: tne enc 8 a ds 2 uo: Has vas sean decedas ualseatesisatedatt ceoctovuurouludieak oes 1-53 MrAnspPOrtation UMirastrUCtuTe...<..2..c<.s0cge- Me Md ose sescacsnsencceccsaanesocewedssenesswsoalecagsacons 1-59 RO PERE 1 AXES orestesitrs. cosets Sete Reseaceecdinee ems rene een ete cars tats SRE cae TTT 1-65 RELCTENCOS Hae eR oc aR ie eT ee TT TE I oo iss 1-73 Part Ill: Archaeological Resources LEFLTRar 1 Vera) PV oS Fras set Gu sac a ag al ee On OR Se Ea ES EARP | 3-1 Archaeological Resources of the Upper Des Plaines River Assessment Area................. 3-5 elected References ec. 7. hag Mas i bet ow indae rhe Vrs ede? . illemenod iM... shedor ——4s @ee= ji<« mop bdo ’ ful 1 74d Penge haat. : a Wd a - — a eohig¢pvesH aT ae te ee - PiRdOP El dateoreg tr? OL ee ie ia ae ~ - i} -« a -_ ' ces ; toon 4d bd OED LAGE 1) ft tT EF PRO ERR has ahacciihted aceasta ne _ = ‘ 5 Sit we eshiebresH mo? .... Sotvey ann 0np see @ ied is (ee e— +405 Ges PANE Jt 7 ” A a ual so a ie CA a a iW ne lena enya atm eepeer ior renee rorha eels R408 1 toe rT ReD oy yiivenmmaenas 7 i : 7 : — vi = eae ; 7 7 7 i 7 i a = - of i ® ® yh 7 i Table of Contents BSUIIARETRATSY pope os ode era c ces det nck te cence cena sna ae saat te Pane sass 0 oi Ue eg ad poe dacnaiewoncissvebibecteceessr ee 1-1] NAAR EAE SIT CIA 8 caus hecee gee cane eto ca one este sac sod svn baia see da Meat auatent anna sathaetatees 1-3 CUETO Lee ee ES ERAN Pedro aw cstavcavatieagies atin aiwatsaclensewaoneweetaee 1-3 Populavion GC laractenistics eA oo. a cies anc anon eaesertret stgaewsynes tocol enero aire estore 1-7 BAe Seda s ATIEROUSII OER coc caccsxcevqeswangtceocecvoup diners rep cauaaners sense pene 1-14 (Trey rie PG Toyr eat, Bee a) UM Ane MO ie ot LA Ae ae eS 1-16 PSST Ch EW geri Rig he O or Lt Ths, & Die ae Mt Nera eo 1-19 ENT SET e a ea RE Ve bee i a BY) ne ene eee ee 1-19 1 Ft fo) gy Ovi cresjo) 2) D211 Wa BRS ao ONE ie 6 2c eee ene no soem roee 1-20 infant’ Mortality:and ‘Premature Births. 2000) ..050. 1. otic ccc wnveceneencsnencerOaaeeenioereeeunts 1-24 Mceniageand: Sinwle WOME sess e ee. elect Ne ser sac ssc ck Sec west asta ana wenles lea eas 1-26 plealthiGare ACCESS ite Str Pe te on veunacraone pv sasee seme e ae aaa ore toes 1-27 Sey ihe oy Meee CTS | Aa ee eee een Sere een 1-30 ie Regional FSCOnOmiy, 20th he ccc Sa sen sn sang ahaa sak arco wat ate aN aaa 1-31 Senuctural@hange inthe ECOMOMY 5.2: 2s citrate ete sb steesavaceaes seas desiimaoseneoret- 1-33 Economic Characteristics by County .::..2:4:.-0 20 ne th ee 1-35 COMMISION os c2 eee scores cses caidas cece tccecess ceCsasesvnssctibe. St SpRae ROOM A: SARIN 5. 5 Se Tas toedeec ee 1-41 FAQTICUILUNS «26 A St iet EN cede gatE caceces cht oe. Meck D ec, epegadte > pete h Rte. 2 toa bower 1-43 Aoricuitural Lange. foo. tier. cad sa soto suki peer RO ant cote ae eES. «ted: Sapa 1-43 Agricultural Cash Receipts and Production.......:.......citscceacevotegosponctts-s.2hdaadonsvesous0 1-47 (COMICHISION 255 274 estos oe oe Rete Aeron accaeh neds cans eden, Reso eas ge eR eae EE Te Sea oa OE 1-52 @utdoor’ Recreation. /.. 5.2655 fisesectecdeecciencsssenccseescose nies sige ete ee A YS acre 1-53 State-Ommmied: RecreatiomeSites 23. sacs eesccreec Tog. cee paleo eres se mmnccoatl «62 Fag Spoon ene 1-53 Attendance at State-Owned Recreation Sites ...................scsscsssessessessesseesseeeneeenees 1-55 Economic Impact:ofState Sites wt edie. eel eee an aE Scape 1-56 Boating)...» yermes jee) Peron ane. 5 2c a te, Bee ee BS. 0, one rel 1-57 Fishingiand Huntin gees. © serge teh Bee Set P ee enc sd ves sh. ica See 1-57 Bonclusion! 25s Sees. 5 ee Ele eee Oe PII on. soc sake eesces sestoinenstenes 1-58 Feansportavion infrastructure ty. {2x BAIS. .n..< 08sec en ss se.s1e ANG toe aes REE 1-59 AntaTraficr<: sees PS Oe: LO OSIS BANG ASR CLC OU GRROR had... Gent bole 1-59 Other Trafic 72 FUE YF SE 4S BNO IRSG MTB ONT, BME RBL SG. . Sera. d. SUAS. 1-62 Conchistom = 052.89 See TOV iTS STO) ROU EIN) HELGE... lececsd, SORA 1-63 PLODETEY LARC oe cee ete ee eet eS EEA BRT aod. Severed, MD 1-65 Pak REV CNUES eee ee eee OTe IE RT «00k Bh TING 1-65 Property Tax ‘Base fe Ua SANA Fav Ee Oe 20S 2 ee 2 1-67 Tax Rates iiscciccssievcss epee te es acess cete Ra IR cena wcsdecccseveaiseplote cossavesieacessons’ 1-69 Property, Tax Distr ena se hs ccs cates acacia al acca, pec eh seeeedenssaneaies 1-70 COW IA SION aiuicsotesee ds bscocduvestovestacteapocecnnh ie caraerce sia RRO es ee 1-71 PRET CPONCOG 55265 vic ccovcenrniiaadeesGaigs ata atidn ean von contaraS tea rcasst Sead cc thaitaaiadmmeanaaacere 1-73 List of Figures Demographic Trends Figure 1-1. River Blufis Area Population Trend ......0:c0.c0s00snsSepanqonssntgesosuoxsne stage 1-3 Figure 1-2. Municipalities and Major Highway .............0.s0.ssssssssesrsssrqesvapeeosnenecodeeeh 1-4 Figure 1=3,. UrbanLand Use (Gres) is sieciccaiest.scesecnnnstcstestoote cessctestesancs sa kegrecisnaencree eee 1-7 Figure 1-4, Age Distribution, River Bluffs. Area .si5so..gsccdsesantessnsescectsazougsbaccssseagsas eee 1-8 Figure 1-5. Estimated Mean Age by 1990 Census Block Group .................::cc:eeeeeeee 1-9 Figure 1-6. Education Trends ov: cc,.0c:sscesecsiessaressagessusstactie cartes anes oe 1-10 Figure 1-7. Educational Attainment by 1990 Census Block Group .................:00005 1-11 Figure 1<8., Per: Capita: Income saci. ceca ccoacsnegessaceses s0caseeps toa cssvestionsss toseosssceeetucenae eee 1-12 Figure 1-9. Per Capita Income by 1990 Census Block Group..................::::c:eeeeee: 1-13 Figure 1-10. Percent of Population Living in Poverty ..................:-.c.sccsncs-ncceescensseenges 1-14 Figure 1-11. Median Value of Owner-Occupied Housing, in 1993 Dollars ................. 1-16 Health Trends Figure’ 1-12.‘ Total Mortality Rate. scc..cnn eesti eee ene 1-19 Figure 1-13. The Major Causes of Death in the Illinois River Bluffs Area................... 1-20 Figure 1-14: Heart Disease Mortality -:2....:.2.022. cei ates 1-21 Figure 1=15,-:Cancer- Mortality s::c22c0.0, ee es ss 1-22 Figure 1-16:;--Stroke: Mortality snes ee ee ae: 1-23 Figure 1=17.: Infant Mortality <-.0.2.: Sener eee eee 1-24 Figure 1-18. Premature Births as a Percentage of Total Births ............00..00eeeeee 1-25 Figure 1-19. Percentage of Births to Teenage Mothers .................00..cecceeeeceeteeeeteeees 1-26 Figure 1-20. Percentage of Births to Single Mothers...............0...0...cccceesseeeseeeeteeeeeees 1-27 Figure 1-21.: Staffed: Hospital- Beds vecccc eo cevcieeee cee tven tests tested es 1-28 Figure 1-22. Number of Doctors: Per100;000 People:........... S202. 2 ROE... 1-29 The Regional Economy Figure 1-23. Changes in Employment and Personal Income, 1970-1994................0.... 1-3] Figure 1-24. Significant Employment Sectors by 1990 Census Block Group .............. 1-32 Figure 1-25. Employment Distribution in the River Bluffs Area, 1970 and 1994......... 1-34 Figure 1-26. Earnings Distribution in the River Bluffs Area, 1970 and 1994............... 1-34 Figure 1-27. Marshall County Employment, by Sector ..............0....cecsseeseceseeeseeeeeees 1-35 Figure 1-28. Major Employers in the Illinois River Bluffs Area ...............0..0::ccceee 1-37 l-vi Figure 1=-292;Marshall County Earnings, iby Sector ...:............s00cccccssscccsessessosssccesessoees 1-38 Figure'1-30. Peoria‘County Employment) by Sector.......................::csscccsecsssersesenseees 1-39 Figure 1-31. ‘Peoria:County Earnings, by Sector....................cf:cssseldsectebeccneseorqneneees- 1-39 Figure 1-32. Woodford County Employment, by Sector ..........000..cccccccceccceeeeeeeeeeeeeee 1-40 Figure-1-33. Woodford County Eamings, by Sector .isciicsssd3 seceeeedeocecadla. Recksoedehecl. 1-4] Agriculture Figure 1-34. Farms in the Illinois River Bluffs Region .............0..00.000.0ccccccceeseeeseeseeees 1-43 Bigiicerl <3 5 ev ericu tural lean COVEN. <.c. n.. Bianca: MR. A tree Sen ceetecccencaeettceceaseeateseertcae sere meee 1-15 Health Trends Table: 1-10:.,Mortality Rates:200) MaeivGc, Ges % AU eke allt aed ere 1-20 Table:1-11:.. Heart Disease. Mortality 200%.!..00. 2.8285. aes Bien bi LR: 1-21 Table: 1-12:- Gancer Mortality........222.2..20. 210s, ee ee, EEE pie 1-22 Table-1-13:Stroke: Mortality. cc fos2scicvscessexccaagonesiavincsse eae ee od oR 1-23 Table: 1-14:--Infant: Mortality. «.:.<.2.00:<<<..ccesccevs ROR Md eae 1-24 Table 1-15. Percentage of Premature: Binths.......c.<15-c00.-oseceah ote groans encore 1-25 Table 1-16. Percentage of Births to Teenage Mothers.....................:seccssccenteesoreeseceeees 1-26 Table 1-17. Percentage of Births to Single Mothers.......................ccseccccsssocscssssccsestoees -1-26 Table 1-18. Hospitals in the Illinois River Bluffs Region ...................::ccccceeseesseeeeteeees 1-27 Mable, t=19. Numberjof Staffed Hospital Beds... ..0..-cco. eee see es 1-28 Table, 1-20. NumbenOf Doctors iss... cist ca soee ee etna eee ee as 1-29 The Regional Economy Table 1-21. 1994 Employment and Personal Income.........:.............se-2.0ceossceses-ceeeec0r- 1-33 Table 1-22. Composition of Total. Personal Income) 2.5... -c.0s-- Ceages Lagrylity, > oe aeeg?° ‘= ae 7 &... Urbanization data from 1990 and 1993 Illinois Statistical Abstract. 1-5 Table 1-3. Incorporated Municipalities, River Bluffs Area 1990 Population 1990 Population Peoria County Sparland Vv Bartonville Vv 5,643 Toluca Cc 1,315 Bellevue Vv 1,491 Varna Vv 405 Brimfield Vv 797 Wenona Cc 950 Chillicothe CG 5,959 Woodford County Dunlap Vv 851 Bayview Gardens vi 418 Elmwood ie 1,841 Benson V 410 Glasford Vv PATS Congerville Vv 397 Hanna City Vv 1,205 E] Paso (G; 2,499 Kingston Mines Vv 293 Eureka c 4,454 Mapleton Vv 216 Germantown Hills Vv 1,636 Norwood Vv 495 Goodfield Vv 454 Peoria Cc 113,508 Kappa V 134 Peoria Heights Vv 6,930 Metamora V 2,520 Princeville Vv 1,421 Minonk Cc 1,982 West Peoria Cc n.a. Panola V 43 Marshall County Roanoke V 1,910 Henry Cc 2,591 Secor Vv 389 Hopewell Vv 343 Spring Bay Vv 439 Lacon C 1,986 Washburm V 1,075 LaRose Vv 130 Source: Illinois Counties & Incorporated Municipalities, December 1, 1993, Illinois Secretary of State; Urban Land Use According to satellite imagery taken between 1992 and 1994, the River Bluffs Area is mostly rural, with only 4.8% of the land in urban uses, close to the statewide percentage of 5.8%.* Peoria County leads the area in urban acreage -- almost 9% of its land is urban. Table 1-4. Urban Acreage Urban Acres % of County Peona 35,975 8.9% Marshall 6,056 2.4% Woodford 6,463 1.9% Region 48,494 4.8% Illinois 2,087,390 5.8% * Jllinois Landcover, An Atlas, IL Department of Natural Resources, June 1996. Used here, urban land includes low, medium and high density urban land, transportation, and urban grasslands. 1-6 @ 1982 0 1987 B1992 70,000 Peona Marshall Woodford Figure 1-3. Urban Land Use (acres) Land use information is also available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, which has conducted a National Resources Inventory (NRI) in 1982, 1987 and 1992 (Figure 1-3).° According to the NRI, between 1982 and 1992 urban land use grew 22%, (to 7% of land) in the three-county area, compared to a 14% increase statewide. In both Peoria and Woodford counties urban land increased by almost one- quarter, while in Marshall County it increased by about 13%. During a similar time frame, the percentage of urban residents remained stable in Peoria and Marshall counties, while it nearly doubled in Woodford County. ; Population Characteristics 1990 a River Bluffs Area : arches Age 0-19: 29.7% The population of the three-county area is similar to the Age 65+: 14.5% population of Illinois as a whole, but with a slightly Median age: 34 higher percentage of elderly -- 29.7% are under age 19 Per capita income: $20,192 compared to 29% statewide, and 14.5% are over age 64 Persons in poverty: 13.2% compared to 12.5% statewide. Like the rest of the state, Minorities: 12.3% the area is aging; in 1970 the young made up 37.4% of Females/males: 52:48 the population and the elderly 11.1%.° High school education: 78.7% College education: 18.7% The number of residents aged 20-64 increased between 1970 and 1980, but dropped in Peoria and Marshall ° Because different methodologies are used and the data are collected from representative sample points in each state, the NRI data vary slightly from the satellite data. Age, race and education data from the 1997 State Profile, Woods & Poole Economics, Inc. 1-7 & 1970 01980 21990 e Age 0-19 Age 20-64 Age 65+ Figure 1-4. Age Distribution, River Bluffs Area counties between 1980 and 1990, at the same time that jobs were lost and workers left the area for other employment. In 1994 Marshall County ranked 13 in the state (out of 102 Illinois counties) in the percentage of elderly residents, with 19.4% of its residents age 65 and older, thus accounting for the area’s greater percentage of elderly. Peoria and Woodford ranked 76 and 77 respectively. By 2020, the number of elderly is projected to increase in all three counties -- from 14.4% to 18.7% in Peoria County, 14.4% to 21.9% in Woodford County, and 19.4% to 26.5% in Marshall County. Between 1970 and 1990 median age increased 5.2 years in the combined three-county area (Table 1-5). This compares to a statewide median age increase of 4.4 years. Marshall County had the highest median age. Figure 1-5 shows age distribution in the area by census block group. The predominantly younger populations are concentrated in the city of Peoria and in the areas surrounding Eureka and Metamora. The older populations occur along the northeastern borders of both Marshall and Woodford counties. . Table 1-5. Median Age Peoria Marshall SES 32230 site Woodford 285), 62958 23441 Region 28.8 29.5 34.0 Illinois 28.4 29.9 32.8 Figure 1-5. Estimated Mean Age by 1990 Census Block Group es, “/seeeesesesisessseees " rae y satniy N Ty ar Re | | Less Than 29 [+] 30-33 Scale 1:520000 34 - 37 YU, 38 and Over Miles 8 1970 0 1980 21990} 7) y L ay a ma DL High College, School, Region Region Statewide HA Figure 1-6. Education Trends Education Compared to statewide, a higher proportion of the area’s residents aged 25 and older completed high school between 1970 and 1990, while a slightly lower proportion finished college. In 1990, 18.7% of area residents were college graduates compared to 21% statewide. Marshall County had the greatest number of college educated residents, 21%, followed closely by Peoria County with 19.5%; Woodford had the least with 15.4%. The census map in Figure 1-7 shows that the more educated populations live in the western portion of Peoria, and in the areas north and northwest of the city, as well as in the areas surrounding Metamora and Eureka. Table 1-6. 1990 Educational Attainment (persons age 25 and over) Not Completing Completing High Completing Four or High School School Onl More Years of College 22.1% 58.5% 19.5% Peoria Marshall 15.5% 63.5% 21.0% Woodford 20.0% 64.6% 15.4% Region 21.3% 60.1% 18.7% Illinois 23.8% 55.2% 21.0% 1-10 Figure 1-7. Educational Attainment by 1990 Census Block Group Percentage of those over 25 who are high school graduates or higher. GY Ot ne ie een I, oe Se YY IYI) Fh Sa n dd ( basa AA Fn Co N ane [| Less Than 66.2% [=] 66.3% - 76.9% Scale 1:520000 77.0% - 84.2% WY, 84.3% and Over Race and Gender The area has a fairly small minority population, 12.3% in 1990, slightly less than the 17.8% minority population statewide. The amount has almost doubled since 1970, when minorities made up 6.7% of the population. Most of the area minorities live in Peoria County (15.1%). Marshall and Woodford counties have a 0.6% and 0.7% minority population, respectively. The ratio of males to females in the area has generally been 48:52 for the past 20 years. Statewide, the proportion of males to females is 48.5:51.5. Per Capita Income Per capita income is slightly lower in the River Bluffs area than it is statewide; in 1990, at $20,192, it was $2,267 lower.’ From 1970-1990 per capita income rose 33% in the three- county area, with county increases ranging from 40.7% in Woodford County to 32.3% in Peoria County. In 1990, all of the counties were in the top one-third for per capita income: Peoria County ranked 14, Woodford County ranked 25, and Marshall County, 30. The map in Figure 1-9 shows that the areas with the highest per capita income are in Peoria County, particularly in the areas north and west of the city, and in the northern and western portions of the city. &1970 0 1980 21990 AAA AS $20,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 ALAN \ | Yt Figure 1-8. Per Capita Income ’ Per capita income data from 1997 State Profile. 1-12 Figure 1-9. Per Capita Income by 1990 Census Block Group N VN [| Less Than $9,178 [=] $9,179-$11,891 $11,892 - $14,915 cE eee Eee 7 $14,916 and Over 1970 1980 1990 Figure 1-10. Percent of Population Living in Poverty Because of Peoria County’s high poverty rate, the River Bluffs poverty rate is slightly higher than it is statewide -- 13.2% compared to 11.9%. Between 1970 and 1990, the percentage of people living in poverty* rose 40.6%. The greatest increase occurred in Peoria County, where the rate increased 51%, from 9.6% to 14.5% of the population. Households and Housing Households Between 1970 and 1990, while total population 1990 fell 4%, the number of households in the three- River Bluffs Area county area increased 13.7%, compared to a 20% Households: 87,330 Persons Per Household: 2.5 increase statewide. The number of persons per Median Household Income (1989). $33,752 household dropped from 3 to 2.5 persons; statewide it dropped from 3.1 to 2.7. Housing Units: 92,460 Vacancy Rate: 5.8% Median Value, Owner-occupied: $55,753 The greatest growth occurred in Woodford County, which added 3,040 new households, up 36% from 1970. The number of households in both Marshall and Woodford counties grew by about one-tenth. ® Poverty data from 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census. * Household data from /997 State Profile. Table 1-7. Number of Households Table 1-8. Median Household Income (in thousands) (in 1993 Dollars) 1970 1980 1990 1979 $37,111 1989 % change $32,837 -11.5% Peoria 64,000 73,470 70,970 Peoria Marshall 4,390 5,190 4,910 Marshall $35,181 $30,807 -12.4% Woodford 8,410 11,160 11,450 Woodford | $40,612 $40,037 -1.4% Region 76,800 89,820 87,330 Region $37,469 $33,752 -9.9% Statewide | 3,525,820 4,067,870 4,208,670 Statewide | $36,962 $37,565 1.6% Between 1979 and 1989 the median income of River Bluffs area households dropped by almost 10% ($3,717), compared to statewide growth of 1.6% ($603).'° Household income dropped the most in Peoria and Marshall counties. Housing Housing units in the area increased by 16% between 1970 and 1990, while the percentage of vacant units increased from 4.6% to 5.8% of the total. Statewide, units were up by almost one-fourth and vacancies rose from 5.4% to 6.7%. In the River Bluffs area, Woodford County experienced the greatest increase in housing units, up 37%, while the number of vacant units were up 40%." The median value of owner-occupied housing units (in 1993 dollars) increased 4%, from $53,857 in 1970 to $55,753 in 1990 (compared to $90,131 statewide).'* However, Table 1-9. Housing Units 1970 1980 1990 Units Vacancies Units Vacancies Units Vacancies Peoria 66,259 4.4% 79,356 7.6% 75,211 Marshall 4,677 6.8% 5,687 9.0% S317 7.8% Woodford 8,720 4.4% 11,799 6.3% 11,932 4.5% Region 79,656 4.6% 96,842 7.5% 92,460 5.8% Illinois 3,703,367 5.4% 4,319,672 6.3% 4,506,275 6.7% '° Median household income data from 1980 and 1990 Census. . Housing units and vacancies from 1990 and 1993 J/linois Statistical Abstract. '2 Data on median value of housing from 1970, 1980 and 1990 Census and 1993 JIlinois Statistical Abstract. | 1970 0 1980 2 1990] ZA Marshall Woodford Region Statewide Figure 1-11. Median Value of Owner-Occupied Housing, in 1993 Dollars values rose between 1970 and 1980, but fell significantly during the 1980s. Peoria County housing recorded no gain in value during the 20-year period, while in Woodford County it rose 19% and in Marshall County, 11%. Conclusion Between 1870 and 1990 the population in the River Bluffs area nearly tripled. Most of the growth occurred in Peoria County, whose population ranked tenth among Illinois counties. The area is home to 2% of the state’s population. Peoria County is predominantly urban, with 84% of its population living in urban areas and 9% of its land put to urban uses. Marshall and Woodford counties are largely rural, with less than 2.5% of their land in urban use. The age of the populace is about the same as it is statewide, with a slightly higher percentage of people age 65 and over. Marshall County ranks thirteenth in the state for percentage of elderly residents. In 1990 the median age of the area was 34 years compared to 32.8 years statewide. Between 1970 and 1990, a higher percentage of River Bluffs residents completed high school than did statewide, but fewer finished college. In 1990, 79% of all residents over 25 years of age had completed high school compared to 76% statewide, and 19% had completed college compared to 21% statewide. In 1990 per capita income was $20,192, $2,267 lower than the statewide average but 33% more than in 1970. Leading the three counties was Peoria at $20,541. During the same period, the poverty rate in the area grew 40.6%, to 13% of the population, above the 1-16 statewide rate of 12%. The rate jumped the most in Peoria County, up 51% from 9.6% to 14.5%. It dropped 14% in Marshall County, from 11% to 9.4% Following state and national trends, the number of households grew slightly, while average household size shrank. The number of households grew the most in Woodford County, up 36%. Median household income in the area fell 10% between 1979 and 1989 (to $33,752 from $37,469), with most of the decrease occurring in Peoria and Marshall counties. Ru te Rhos hi eon hagiael wat oT PESE Year siiwanete 4-b Oc M4, yait iu wad Pvt! epdeanl Leper it 2 bt ALTE vail Alot ts Vaden alt cheerd fer hr boll iv oto > Ft hc iy bog lew Sj re inten at ri i 2 BR tyne % aks » Toarteodl aij ESR! Sit SOSH stop wand a 01 WOR tease, A! sIpeenree mucd ie bssai ae qtr teeecat A AnGad 4 Oh MT!) JO ewer, My it 2d pa nde Dee r sch tka . ' teat . ae (pesauan, - = \ 7 ; j a - “% ; i Aa. | i - sy fi - : Pa : th ‘ - 7 a ae ne Boe. “+ ee a ~ iho age of the pupe eee lay? @ gptce- une Of poopie aap ty Saree # paccentans of altos steveent ohee rumppared io VLA pears Gre Soepaae aint idhisfTe casita companied agi ated ao a) Pe ee yi) A nf Ch pees or 10% stuigde pak Sh ae 2 : ae eee ye . ae a a ware shat jv £970, sits Health Trends The most commonly used measure of a population’s health is the mortality rate -- the number of deaths per 100,000 people. Mortality rates are provided for total deaths and by cause of death. Other measures of health are infant mortality rates and premature births, the number of teenage and single mothers, and access to health care, measured by the number of hospital beds and doctors per 100,000 people. Health is typically influenced by the demographics and economics of the region, as well as by environmental quality. Mortality Rates’ The mortality rate in the three-county Illinois River Bluffs area is about 5% above the state average.” The area rate has been above the state average except from 1965-69 and 1975-79. It is dictated by mortality in Peoria County, where 80% of the area population is located. In 1994, the Peoria County rate was 947 deaths per 100,000 (5% above state average), compared to the Marshall County rate of 1,171 (30% above the state average) and the Woodford County rate of 851 (5% below the state average). —e Marshall -* Peoria --- Woodford -+ State deaths/100,000 people 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Figure 1-12. Total Mortality Rate ' Mortality rate data is from Illinois Department of Public Health: Division of Health Statistics, Vital Statistics Illinois, various years. * In the discussion of the mortality rates, references to a mortality rate for a particular year is actually a five-year average rate. For example, when citing the 1960 mortality rate it is in fact the 1960-64 average mortality rate. 1-19 Table 1-10. Mortality Rates (deaths per 100,000 people) 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Marshall 1,176 1,177 Peoria 1,003 1,010 985 897 895 957 947 Woodford 1,065 995 1,005 859 808 853 851 Illinois River Bluffs | 1,020 1,018 999 905 889 948 946 State 1,016 1,020 983 915 882 892 900 The area mortality rate dropped 13% between 1960 and 1985, but has increased 6% sincethen. Overall, the rate was 7% lower in 1994 than it was in 1960, while statewide it was 11% lower. Within the Illinois River Bluffs area, the rate decreased 13% in Marshall County, 6% in Peoria County, and 20% in Woodford County. The higher mortality rate in the area compared to the state reflects in part the difference in demographic characteristics. For example, the Illinois River Bluffs area has a higher elderly population than does the state as a whole. The elderly population has been shown to be positively correlated with mortality rates. Demographics also help to explain some of the differences in health within the region. Mortality rates are generally lower in Woodford and Peoria counties because the elderly population is 26% smaller than in Woodford County. However, the higher stroke mortality in Peoria County may be due to its relatively large African-American population. Major Causes of Death The three major causes of death, in descending order, are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. During the 1991-1994 time period they accounted for more than 64% of all deaths statewide and in the Illinois River Bluffs area. Deaths from both heart disease and stroke 1960-64 1991-1994 Figure 1-13. The Major Causes of Death in the Illinois River Bluffs Area 1-20 | Marshall -»- Peoria --- Woodford -*- State deaths/100,000 people 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Figure 1-14. Heart Disease Mortality have declined in the state and the Illinois River Bluffs area since 1960, while deaths from cancer have risen considerably. Heart Disease In 1994 the mortality rate from heart disease was 4% lower in the Illinois River Bluffs area than statewide, 290 deaths per 100,000 compared to 302. There is a considerable difference in the heart disease mortality rate within the region; in Peoria County it was 8% below the state average in 1994, compared to 61% above the state average in Marshall County. Since 1960 the heart disease mortality rate has declined in the Illinois River Bluffs area at about the same pace as the state rate -- 30% compared to 32%. ie rate fell the most in Woodford County (40%). Table 1-11. Heart Disease Mortality (deaths per 100,000 people) 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Marshall Peona 402 398 386 320 314 314 Qi Woodford 473 427 425 338 339 320 283 Illinois River Bluffs 416 408 400 331 327 325 290 State 446 444 422 381 357 328 302 1-21 —e- Marshall -*- Peoria --- Woodford -+ State 300.0 250.0 200.0 deaths/100,000 people 100.0 50.0 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Figure 1-15. Cancer Mortality Cancer Since 1965, the cancer mortality rate in the Illinois River Bluffs area has been above the state rate; in 1994 the rate was 237 deaths per 100,000 population, compared to 213 statewide. The highest rate was in Marshall County where it was 30% higher than the state rate, while the lowest rate was in Woodford County with a rate 1% lower than the state’s. The area’s cancer mortality rate has increased at a greater pace than it has statewide -- up 45% compared to 27% statewide. Table 1-12. Cancer Mortality (deaths per 100,000 people) 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Marshall Peoria 163 175 187 198 207 230 238 Woodford 162 151 169 161 166 209 211 Illinois River Bluffs 163 171 184 195 200 226 237 State 168 170 176 187 195 205 213 1-22 —e Marshall -*- Peoria -*- Woodford -+- State deaths/100,000 people 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Figure 1-16. Stroke Mortality Stroke Stroke mortality has dropped dramatically since 1960 -- 21% in the Illinois River Bluffs area and 41% statewide. The most significant decline in the area was in Marshall County, where the rate fell 61%. The death rate from stroke has been consistently higher in the Illinois River Bluffs area than in the state. In 1994 it was 44% above the state average. Peoria County had the highest stroke mortality, with 92 deaths per 100,000 people. Table 1-13. Stroke Mortality (deaths per 100,000 people) 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Marshall Peoria 109 114 116 110 97 97 92 Woodford 118 108 100 88 72 64 78 Illinois River Bluffs 112 114 115 109 93 90 88 State 103 103 98 83 66 60 61 1-23 |-*- Marshall -*- Peoria -e- Woodford -+ State deaths/1,000 births 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Figure 1-17. Infant Mortality Infant Mortality and Premature Births’ Another measure of community health is the infant mortality rate, which has typically been slightly lower in the Illinois River Bluffs area than it has statewide. In 1994, there were 9 deaths per 100,000 population in the area (9% below the state average). Infant mortality has been declining at a steady rate since 1960, down 60% both statewide and in the area. The Illinois River Bluffs area had an 8% higher percentage of premature Table 1-14. Infant Mortality (deaths per 100,000 population) 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Marshall Peoria 22.8 23.6 18.8 14.9 13.1 12.1 9.2 Woodford 19.3 16.9 19.9 1255 5.4 9.1 Sy) Illinois River Bluffs 22:5 22.5 18.7 14.4 12.1 HOESZ/ 8.9 State 24.5 24.1 20.5 16.3 1 259/ 11.4 98 > This data is from Illinois Department of Public Health: Division of Health Statistics, Vital Statistics Illinois, various years. 1-24 [-s- Marshall -+- Peoria -+- State --- Woodford Percentage 0.0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Figure 1-18. Premature Births as a Percentage of Total Births births (Figure 1-18) than the state in 1990.* Within the Illinois River Bluffs area the premature birth rates are typically lowest in Marshall and Woodford counties, both below the state average. On the other hand, the percentage of premature births was 12% higher than the state in Peoria County. The premature birth rate has varied more in the Illinois River Bluffs area than it has statewide. It increased 12% from 1960 to 1975, dropped 17% from 1975-85, but increased again (28%) since then. Table 1-15. Percentage of Premature Births 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Marshall Peoria 6.8 7.6 7.8 B22: 8 —— Fol 85 Woodford 7.0 4.6 5:82 Soh «3.3 ae Gne Illinois River Bluffs 6.9 WD ahs 77. i65° 6:4 EBs State 7.6 8.3 SOE 7 Pas 97.2, 1 TG * From 1960-85, the Illinois Department of Public Health defined premature births (in the Vital Statistics of Illinois) as babies born at a weight less than 2501 grams. In 1990, the Vital Statistics Report included the number of babies at less than 2599 grams. 1-25 [— Marshall -* Peoria -- Woodford -*- State | percentage 1975 1980 1985 1990 Figure 1-19. Percentage of Births to Teenage Mothers Teenage and Single Mothers” The rates of infant mortality and premature births are influenced by the number of teenage and single mothers who often have less income and, therefore, less access to health care. Between 1975 and 1994 the teen birth rate declined both statewide and in the three counties -- about 29% in the state, and 9% in the Illinois River Bluffs area. The rate has fallen over 40% in Marshall and Woodford counties, but only 3% in Peoria County. However, the rate has increased 18% in the area since the low point of 14.1% in 1985. Table 1-16. Percentage of Births to Table 1-17. Percentage of Births to Teenage Mothers Single Mothers 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 } 1975 1980 1985 50 2:3 8.6 5:6 21 30:5), 7 396 3-1 5.8 5.4 13.8 137 “I8iG" (26.47 4.355 W721 22255 25 ile, 1990 Marshall 90 80 109 10.4 Peoria 13.7] US4515.4). 788) 821 Peoria Woodford 15.6 O18 © 7:6. 2823,, 9:0 Woodford River Bluffs 18.3.) 14:2514-1 26:3: 16:6 River Bluffs State 184 15.7 1295. 213.1 (1320 State Marshall ° This data is from Illinois Department of Public Health: Division of Health Statistics, Vital Statistics Illinois, various years. 1-26 —e Marshall -*- Peoria -+ State --- Woodford 25.0 Percentage = = nN ° un ° o o o an o 0.0 1975 1980 1985 1990 Figure 1-20. Percentage of Births to Single Mothers The area’s teen birth rate was 28% higher than statewide in 1994. Though the percentage of births to teenage mothers is lower than 1975, the percentage of births to single mothers has increased steadily. It jumped 85% statewide and 159% in the Illinois River Bluffs area. The area rate was 12% above the state average in 1990. Health Care Access A key aspect of health is the availability of health care providers and facilities, specifically the number of doctors and staffed hospital beds. The Illinois River Bluffs area has more hospital beds and doctors per 100,000 people than the state average. In 1994, the number Table 1-18. Hospitals in the Illinois River Bluffs Region (1994) Staffed Beds George A. Zeller Mental Health Center Methodist Medical Center of Illinois Peoria 346 Proctor Hospital Peoria 185 Saint Francis Medical Center Peoria 560 1-27 O River Bluffs Area @ State | beds/100,000 people 200 100 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 Figure 1-21. Staffed Hospital Beds (Per 100,000 People) of beds per 100,000 people was 21% more than statewide, with all the beds located in four Peoria hospitals. The Illinois River Bluffs area also has more doctors per 100,000 people than did the state. In 1994, there were 281 doctors per 100,000 people, 23% above the state average of 229. There is a large variance within the region: Marshall and Woodford counties had only 56 doctors per 100,000 people, while Peoria County had 338 doctors per 100,000 people. Table 1-19. Number of Staffed Hospital Beds° (per 100,000 people) 1975 1980 1985 1990 Marshall Peoria 960 873 954 833 681 Woodford | 143 119 107 104 0 River Bluffs] 808 721 780 681 543 State 631 628 579 507 447 ° Data on number of hospital beds is from the Illinois Hospital & Health Systems Association. 1-28 Table 1-20. Number of Doctors (per 100,000 Population)’ Marshall Peoria 198 243 281 328 338 Woodford S70 hoe 40. 56 River Bluffs} 172 203 236 272 281 State LEO pee D7 2 ZOS 225s 229 In both the Illinois River Bluffs area and statewide, trends in health care availability have been toward more doctors and fewer hospital beds. Figures 1-21 and 1-22 show that since 1975 the number of staffed hospital beds has declined 29% statewide while the number of doctors has increased about 43%. In the Illinois River Bluffs area there are 33% fewer hospital beds and 63% more doctors since 1975. O River Bluffs Area @ State 300 250 £] A 200 g@ 150 3 ° 8 100 a] 50 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 Figure 1-22. Number of Doctors Per 100,000 People ’ Data on number of doctors is from the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation. Conclusion The total mortality rate has declined in Illinois and in the Illinois River Bluffs area. Infant mortality and mortality rates for heart disease and stroke have declined in both the area and the state, while cancer mortality has increased significantly. Total mortality rates in Marshall County have consistently been above the state average, while they are closer to the state average in Peoria and Woodford counties. The percentage of births to teenage mothers declined in both the Illinois River Bluffs area and the state, but has increased recently, while the percentage of births to single mothers rose significantly. With respect to health care availability, the area is above the state average in staffed hospital beds per 100,000 people and in number of doctors per 100,000 people. The Regional Economy In 1994, the Illinois River Bluffs area had nearly 136,000 people employed with $5.0 billion total personal income.’ Peoria County accounted for more than 80 percent of both employment and income. During the period 1970-1994, Woodford County experienced much higher employment growth (1.7%) than did the state (1.1%), while Peoria and Marshall counties experienced slower employment growth, 0.4% and 0.9% respectively. In each of the three counties, total personal income grew at a faster rate than did employment. Growth averaged 2.4% annually in Woodford County, well above the 1.8% statewide. Meanwhile, Peoria and Marshall counties saw increases over the period of 1.1% annually. Figure 1-24 shows that manufacturing is a significant employer in Peoria and Marshall counties and, to a smaller extent, in Woodford County. In Peoria County, manufacturing areas are found south and north of the city of Peoria, with the northern area contiguous O Employment & Real Personal Income Marshall Peona Woodford River Bluffs Illinois Figure 1-23. Changes in Employment and Personal Income, 1970-1994 ' Income and earnings discussed in this chapter are reported in 1994 dollars. Total personal income includes the earnings (wages and salaries, other labor income, and proprietor’s income); dividends, interest, and rent; and transfer payments received by the residents of the area. Source: Regional Economic Information System, 1969-1994, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Figure 1-24. Significant Employment Sectors by 1990 Census Block Group Significant is defined as greater than one standard deviation above the mean percentage for the 3-county region. Fee No Predominart Sector Mining Wholesale & Retail Trade Service Industries Scale 1:520000 Durable & Non-Durable Manufacturing 0 25 Miles Agriculture, Forestry, & Fisheries Bll WN kA Es oO "Other includes Public Administration, Construction, Other (see Footnote) Transportation, and Communications and Other Public Utilities Table 1-21. 1994 Employment and Personal Income Employment % of Illinois Income % of Illinois Employment (million $) Income Marshall 5,238 0.1 249.4 0.1 Peoria 118,608 1.8 4,027.9 1:5 Woodford 12,098 0.2 688.4 0.2 Illinois River Bluffs 135,944 2.0 4,965.7 1.8 Illinois 6,648,279 100 277,473.6 100 with the manufacturing area of Marshall County. The map’s “other” category — public administration, construction, transportation, communications, and other public utilities — is significant in central Peoria County as well as in pockets within the city of Peoria. Agriculture is the other main employer in the three counties. Table 1-22 shows that Peoria County has a negative residence adjustment added to its personal income.” This means that residents from neighboring counties commute to Peoria County for employment; 13% of Peoria County earnings were generated by residents from other counties. In Marshall and Woodford counties, workers commute to other counties, as reflected by the positive adjustments. Structural Change in the Economy Since the early 1970s, the economy of the Illinois River Bluffs area, as in Illinois and the U.S., has changed steadily from a manufacturing base to a more service-related economy, e.g., business, health, educational services, communications, and wholesale/retail trade. However, manufacturing earnings still represent more than 20% of total area earnings. Table 1-22. Composition of Total Personal Income (1994) (in millions) Marshall Peoria Woodford River Bluffs Illinois Earnings 105.9 3,177.6 259.0 3,542.5 205,805 less contributions TS 231.8 IES 265.8 14,579 plus residence adjust. Ses -344.3 239.3 -53.7 - 323 Adjusted Earnings 149.7 2,601.5 480.8 3,232.0 190,903 Div., Int., & Rent 52.6 733.5 116.6 902.7 45,069 Transfer Payments 47.1 692.9 91.0 826.0 41,502 Total Personal Income 249.4 4,027.9 688.4 4,965.7 277,474 ? Adjustments are made in earnings to transfer ‘place-of-work’ income to ‘place-of-residence’ income. A negative adjustment means that more people commute to the county for work; a positive adjustment means that more people commute out of the county. 1-33 Trprt, util, FIRE 11% Semices 37% Whisale, Retail 23% Whisale, Retail 24% Figure 1-25. Employment Distribution in the River Bluffs Area, 1970 and 1994 (“other” in the charts includes construction, mining, and agricultural and forestry services) In the area, employment levels in manufacturing, services, and wholesale/retail were similar in 1970. However, by 1994, service employment had doubled, while manufacturing employment had declined and wholesale/retail grew moderately. Over the 24-year period, manufacturing’s share of employment in the area fell from 21% to 12%; its share of earnings declined from 29% to 22%. Services employment grew 3.5% annually and by 1994 was the largest sector in the area with 37% of employment and 31% of earnings, the highest in the area. Government and farm employment declined slightly over the period, while the remaining sectors experienced moderate growth. 4970 1994 Services 31% Whisale, Retail 19% Trpn, util, FIRE Whisale, Retail 12% 16% Figure 1-26. Earnings Distribution in the River Bluffs Area, 1970 and 1994 Wholesale/retail is the second largest employer, but earnings remained flat and employment grew moderately — employment increased 21% and earnings declined 1.0% between 1970 and 1994. In 1994, only 3,082 people worked in the farming sector, compared to a total area workforce of 136,000. Mirroring statewide farm trends, both employment and earnings declined over the period, with 1.3% and 1.7% annual declines respectively. Although the farm sector has declined over the period, farm employment and income still play a significant role in Marshall and Woodford counties. Economic Characteristics by County Economic development in the Illinois River Bluffs area is concentrated in the services, manufacturing, and wholesale/retail trade sectors. Business establishments are concentrated in Peoria County. Marshall County Marshall County, the smallest of the three counties, experienced the slowest growth between 1970 and 1994; employment increased 0.4% annually and earnings declined 0.1%. Unlike other countries, manufacturing grew in Marshall County over the 24-year 200 0 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 Figure 1-27. Marshall County Employment, by Sector 1-35 Table 1-23. Major Employers, Illinois River Bluffs Area Company City Business Classification SIC Employees Marshall County Windsor Quality Foods B.F. Goodrich Company Peoria County Caterpillar, Inc. Caterpillar, Inc. Osf Healthcare System Methodist Medical Center Dept. of the Air Force Keystone Consolidated Ind. Proctor Hospital Ill. Dept. of Military Affairs Bradley University Komatsu America International Ruppman Marketing Caterpillar, Inc. US 24 US Postal Service Community Workshop Peoria Journal Star Multi-ad Services Wal-mart Stores Illinois Bell Stolle Machinery Interstate Brands Witco Corporation Unr Industries Citizens Equity Federal Catholic Social Services Peoria County Interim Healthcare Carson, Pirie, Scott Olsten Corporation Ill Dept. of Human Resources Spectacor Management State of Illinois-South Falcon Advanced Technology Services Jumer’s Castle Lodge Central Illinois Light Company J.C. Penny Company May Department Stores J.W. Enterprises Peoria County Rli Insurance Montgomery Ward & Company Peoria Civic Center Woodford County Dmi Inc. Toluca Henry Peoria Mossville Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peona Peoria Peoria Peoria Mapleton Peoria Peoria Peoria Peona Peoria Peoria Princeville Peoria Mapleton Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peona Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Goodfield Frozen Specialties, nec Antibiotics Crushers, Grinders Crushers, Grinders Medical & Surgical Hospital Medical & Surgical Hospital National Security Primary or Semi- Finished Metals Medical & Surgical Hospital National Security Colleges & Universities Backhoes, Tractors, Cranes Local & Long Distance Telephones Gray & Ductile Iron Foundries Post Office Job Training Newspaper, Printing & Publishing Newsletter Publishing Department Stores Local & Long Distance Telephones Plastics, Hardware Bread, Rolls, & Buns Soap & Detergents Fabricated Structural Metal Federal Credit Union Counseling Services Government Home Health Care Services Department Store Specialized Medical Practitioners Psychiatric Hospital Property Operation National Security Industrial Equipment Services Hotel Electric Services Department Store Department Store Books, Periodicals, & Newspapers Courts Fire, Marine, & Casualty Insurance Department Store Commercial Building Turf & Grounds Equipment 203 283 353 353 806 806 971 Source: Dun and Bradstreet, Dun’s Direct Access Business Database, New York, 1995 1-36 270 254 5,700 4,200 3,500 2,445 1,500 1,500 1,040 1,006 978 900 800 800 650 500 Figure 1-28. Major Employers in the Illinois River Bluffs Area Location of employers with more than 250 employees. MARSHALL ™”” , wae ae ee em we ew ewe ee Pe WOODFORD Scale 1:520000 Ca —Ee 0 Miles 25 Source: Dun and Bradstreet, Dun's Direct Access Business Database, New York, 1995. Earnings (in thousands) 1985 1988 Figure 1-29. Marshall County Earnings, by Sector period, up 50% in employment and 63% in earnings. Service employment doubled and earnings grew by half. These increases, however, could not counteract the effects of income declines in the government, wholesale/retail, and farm sectors. In 1970, the farm sector led employment and earnings, but by 1994 was fourth in both. Manufacturing took over the lead in earnings -- $34.5 million, one-third of county earnings -- and services led in employment. Table 1-24. Marshall County Selected Statistics 1994 % Average % of 1994 % Average Employment Change Annual Workforce | Earnings Change Annual 1970-94 Change million $) 1970-94 Change Manufacturing 34.5 63.4 2.1% Transportation, 9.8 6.8 0.3% Utilities, FIRE Wholesale, Retail 15.9 -20.3 0.9% Services 16.8 41.7 1.5% Government 9.4 -13.7 0.6% Farming 12.9 -56.0 -3.4% Other i i 6.7 2.0 0.1% TOTAL 0.4% 4 105.9 26 01% 1-38 —= Services —- Whisake, Retail 1970 1973. 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 Figure 1-30. Peoria County Employment, by Sector Peoria County Peoria County’s economy has grown slightly slower than the state’s over the 24-year period; the average annual employment gain of 0.9% and the earnings rate of 0.8% were below the 1.08% and 1.8% statewide rates. As in the state and nation, the services sector has grown in Peoria County while the manufacturing sector has declined. Manufacturing employment dropped by almost 40%, to 13,505 workers, and income fell to $630 million by 1994. In spite of the shrinking industry as a whole, Caterpillar, a manufacturer of construction and farm equipment, dominates the county and contributes a significant amount to total sector earnings. 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 g —= Services § 800,000 —e Manu 3 -«- Whisale, Retail 600,000 —+— Trprt, util, FIRE = —> Govt t~:) | | = 400,000 |-e- Other | o —-— Farm | Ww 200,000 + 0 See eet 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1984 pT a a a a Figure 1-31. Peoria County Earnings, by Sector 1-39 Table 1-25. Peoria County Selected Statistics 1994 % Average % of 1994 % Average % of Employment Change Annual Workforce] Earnings Change Annual Total 1970-94 Change (million $) 1970-94 Change i Manufacturing 13,505 -38.3 -2.0% 11.4 680.4 -18.0 0.8% 21.4 Transportation, 13,837 14.6 0.6% 11-7. 399.8 28.9 1.1% 12.6 Utilities, FIRE Wholesale, Retail 27,995 : 0.8% 23.6 488.0 2.0 01% 15.4 Services 44,976 127:2 3.5% 37.9 1,078.8 153.8 4.0% 34.0 Government 10,759 -2.6 -.0.1% 9.15 328.1 16.8 0.7% 10.3 Farming 1,218 -22.2 -1.0% 1.0 15.5 -28.0 -1.4% 0.5 Other 6,318 4.4 0.2% 5.3 186.9 -29.1 -14% 5.9 TOTAL 118,608 23.2 0.8% 100.0 3,177.6 20.9 0.8% 100.0 The services sector is now the largest employer, with 44,976 employees in 1994 and $1,079 million in earnings, up 154% over the period. Three hospitals are the largest employers in the service sector. Woodford County Woodford County employment grew over the 24-year period at an average annual rate of 1.7%, slightly above the state rate of 1.1%. Its earnings rate of 1.8% was the same as the state’s rate. Services and wholesale/retail led employment, growing 125% and 33% respectively over the period. Although it was only the fourth largest employer in 1994, manufacturing led earnings, at $53 million, regaining losses it experienced in the early 1980s. —e- Other + Trprt, util, FIRE! | ooo 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 Figure 1-32. Woodford County Employment, by Sector 1-40 Earnings (in thousands) 1970 1973 1976 1979 198. 1985 -10,000 —* Manu —— Whisale, Retail —=- Services —«— Trprt, util, FIRE —= Other Figure 1-33. Woodford County Earnings, by Sector In the early 1970s the farm sector was the second largest employer and the largest contributor to county income; by 1994, however, it had declined about 20%. The “other” sector — construction, mining, and agricultural and forestry services — grew rapidly, with employment increasing 258%, or 5.7% annually. Table 1-26. Woodford County Selected Statistics % of 1994 % Average Manufacturing 115.8 3.3% Transportation, 1.2% utilities, FIRE Wholesale, Retail é 1.2% i 45.9 Services 2,918 125.0 3.4% 24.1 42.3 Government 1,646 8.0 0.3% 13.6 38.7 Farming 1,204 -23.8 -1.1% 10. 29.5 Other 1,164 258.2 5.5% 9.6 23.9 TOTAL 12,098 48.4 1.7% 100.0 259.0 Conclusion The economy of the Illinois River Bluffs area is dominated by Peoria County, which % Average Change 1970-94 175.8 4.3% 41.1 1.4% 22.6 0.9% 74.7 2.4% Wie!) 1.9% -20.7 -1.0% 153.9 4.0% 5251 1.8% % of Total Earnings 20.4 10.0 LT 16.3 14.9 11.4 9.2 100.0 accounts for about nine-tenths of the area’s employment and earnings. Both Peoria and Marshall counties are growing more slowly than the statewide rate of growth, while Woodford County is growing more rapidly. Services dominate the area economy, contributing the largest share of both employment and earnings. 1-4] i Ve uge ~ of but iz ivea!l Woden area we! ey < \eeem “n Kuen eave mm m0 Ha Cte 7" q a ~~ 4 : ‘ a (op. a. iF f£ vs _ «. aaa in ts wilt * i. “T denotes tolerable soil loss levels, typically between three and five tons per acre per year. This is estimated--theoretically--to be the amount of soil loss than can occur and be replaced by natural soil building processes. 1-45 was between 1-2 “T” (between three and ten tons), and 3% was greater than 2 “T” (more than ten tons soil loss).* This is greater than statewide, where 78% of the surveyed acreage is at “T”. In the region, Woodford County leads with 90% of the surveyed acres meeting “T”. Tillage practices play a large role in achieving “T”. In 1997, on a regional basis, 53% of all acres were farmed with conservation tillage methods, 25% with reduced till and 21% with conventional methods. This is higher than statewide where 43% use conservation methods, 33% use conventional methods and 22% use reduced tillage methods. (The percentage will not always total 100% since some of the survey acreage data were unavailable). Regionally, conservation tillage is used on 79% of the soybean acreage, 64% of small grain acreage, and 28% of corn acreage. As of the 1997 survey, Fulton County led with 61% of its acres planted using conservation methods. The Conservation Reserve Program’ (CRP) was authorized by the Food Security Act of 1985 and amended in 1990. The Act continues to put emphasis on payments for removing highly erodible and environmentally sensitive land from production. It provides incentives and assistance to farmers to plant grass or tree cover on highly erodible land or to address other environmental concerns. A new provision of the Act also encourages farmers to enroll and restore cropped wetland acreage.° Tables 1-28 and 1-29 present the number of contracts and the number of acres in the conservation reserve program per year per county, region and statewide. A farm can have more than one contract and, while contracts vary, most land is set aside for an average of ten years (totals are the sum for the period 1986-1997 and may be less as some contracts may have expired). The region has almost 1% of the state’s total CRP contracts and less than 1% of the statewide acreage. Table 1-28. Number of Conservation Reserve Contracts’ 1986 1987 1988 1989 1991. 19982 ‘Contracts are reported during federal fiscal periods; no listing for calendar years 1993, 1994, 1996. * Data is taken from the //linois T by 2000 Transect Survey Summary, by the Illinois Department of Agriculture. The survey is done in cooperation with 98 Soil and Water Conservation Districts, and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. * Data provided from Lisa Manning of the Federal Farm Service Agency, Springfield Il. ® United States Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency, The Conservation Reserve Program. May 1997. 1-46 Table 1-29. Number of Acres in Conservation Reserve Program’ 1986 1987 1988 1989 199] 1992 1995 1997 67 275 98 186 154 238 165 24 Peoria 38 387 479 137 221 564 92 86 Woodford 93 847 709 513 988 690 879 420 Region 198 1,507 1,286 836 1,363 1,492 1,137 530 State 91,015 239,729 133,910 168,812 107,832 80,852 62,037 174,421 ‘Contracts are reported during federal fiscal periods; no listing for calendar years 1993, 1994, 1996. Agricultural Cash Receipts and Production Total Cash Receipts Between 1980 and 1994, farm cash receipts’ (the amount received from the sale of crops and livestock) varied due to market prices, weather, and acres planted, but declined overall. In 1994, total receipts for the Illinois River Bluffs area represented 3% of Illinois farm receipts. Woodford County leads the area with $106 million in 1994, Peoria County had $79 million and Marshall County had $64 million. Of the region’s total receipts, 80% were from crops and 20% were from livestock. 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Figure 1-37. Illinois River Bluffs Region Total Cash Receipts (1994 dollars) ’ Dollars are adjusted to 1994 1-47 Crop Cash Receipts In recent years, the region’s crop receipts (five- year average) were $182 million, or about 3% of the state’s $5.9 billion total crop receipts.* Crop receipts include the sale of corn, soybeans, wheat and ‘other’ crops such as sweet corn, other vegetables, melons, and other fruits. Similar to statewide, corn brings in more receipts than soybeans in the area, 53% of the total compared to 41%. Woodford County contributes 38% of the region’s crop receipts while Peoria County accounts for 34% and Marshall the remaining 28%. The major contributors to Higure 1-38 Ared Crop Receints by lope receipts in all three counties were corn and (1990-1994 five-year average) soybeans. Marshall Peora Woodford Figure 1-39. Percent of Crop Cash Receipts by Type (1990-1994 five-year average) ® Due to fluctuations in seasonal production, comparisons are based on a five-year average from 1990- 1994. This average was calculated for both crop and livestock cash receipts and is often used instead of the last year of data (1994). 1-48 Thousand Bushels 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Figure 1-40. Illinois River Bluffs Region Corn Production Crop Production Production of both corn and soybeans fluctuated significantly between 1980 and 1995 due to factors such as weather and market price. Regional corn production ranged from 18 million bushels during the dry year of 1988 to a high of 61 million bushels in 1994. Woodford and Peoria counties are the region’s largest corn producers. 3 Thousand Bushels Figure 1-41. Illinois River Bluffs Region Soybean Production 1-49 Table 1-30. Farms and Acreage Planted in Vegetables, Sweet Corn or Melons, 1992 Farms Acres Marshall Peona 25 961 Woodford 18 414 Region 60 3,059 State 1,714 97,197 Regionally soybean production hit a low of 5.9 million bushels in 1988 and a high of 14 million bushels in 1994. Woodford County is also the region’s leading soybean producer. Area farmers also planted wheat, hay, and oats, although at somewhat lower production rates. Wheat production contributed 1% of the region’s crop receipts and ‘other’ crops contributed 5%. The region has about 4% of the total number of statewide farms reporting production of vegetables, sweet corn or melons. Livestock Cash Receipts The Illinois River Bluffs region contributes $63 million (2.6%) of the state’s $2.4 billion livestock cash receipts.” Livestock receipts come from the sale of cattle, hogs, and ‘other’ livestock such as, dairy cattle, poultry, and sheep. Statewide, hogs provide 48% of livestock cash receipts, cattle provide 32% and ‘other’ livestock, 20%. Regionally, hogs provide 59%, cattle 29%, and ‘other’ livestock 13% of the receipts. Woodford County has the highest livestock receipts, averaging $35 million, and produces 39% of the region’s cattle receipts and 65% of the hog receipts. Woodford County also contributed the majority (53%) of the region’s ‘other’ livestock cash receipts. 58% Figure 1-42. Area Livestock Receipts by Type (1990-1994 five-year average) * Due to fluctuations in seasonal production, comparisons are based on a five year average from 1990- 1994. This average was calculated for both crop and livestock cash receipts and is often used instead of the last year of data or 1994. 1-50 70% + OA Other 10% Marshall Peona Woodford Figure 1-43. County Livestock Receipts by Type (1990-1994 five-year average) Livestock Production The region’s livestock inventory accounts for 2.3% of cattle statewide and 3% of hogs. The average inventory between 1990 and 1995 was 173,000 hogs and 46,000 head of cattle with Woodford County, on average, leading in both. Since the mid 1980’s, the number of cattle declined in the region while, the hog inventory increased (primarily in Woodford County). Production estimates are not available for the ‘other’ category. Number on Farms 10,000 + 5,000 + a $$ + + ++ + + +++ +—_ +4 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Figure 1-44. Cattle Inventory 1-51 Number on Farms 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Figure 1-45. Hogs and Pigs Inventory Conclusion Agriculture in the Illinois River Bluffs region produces corn, beans, hogs, and cattle. From 1990 through 1994, the region averaged $182 million in annual crop cash receipts and $63 million in livestock receipts. The value of area farms is greater than the statewide average, but as in the rest of the state, the number of farms is declining. Highlights of the region’s agriculture include: 61 million bushels of corn and 14 million bushels of soybean in 1994; an annual average (1990-95) inventory of 173 thousand hogs and 46 thousand head of cattle. 1-52 Outdoor Recreation The Illinois River dramatically affects the scope and scale of the River Bluffs area outdoor recreation opportunities. The river cuts the bluffs that contribute to the scenery, feeds the backwater lakes that attract migratory birds (as well as boating and fishing enthusiasts), and provides the backdrop for two notable state-owned recreation sites." State-Owned Recreation Sites” Marshall State Fish and Wildlife Area The 6,000-acre Marshall State Fish and Wildlife Area is the largest state site in the area. It is comprised of three units along both banks of the Illinois River in Marshall and Peoria counties. The area features bottomland forests and backwater lakes. The bottomlands have cottonwoods, silver maples, willows, and moist-soil plants. This habitat supports deer, raccoon, muskrat, mink and beaver. While heavy siltation has reduced the size and capacity of the lakes, the area still attracts large flights of migrating waterfowl. Wood ducks remain through the summer to nest and raise young. The river bluffs are set back from each side of the river, along Routes 26 and 29. The forests atop the bluffs include oak, hickory, and walnut trees. Wildlife includes deer, squirrels (including flying squirrels), and a variety of birds. The Marshall Unit of the SFWA, the largest with 3,000 acres, lies on the east side of the river, in southwestern Marshall County. Available activities include hunting, fishing, and boating. The unit also has hiking trails and a small primitive campground. The 1,650-acre Spring Beach unit is on the west side of the Illinois River, in the northeast corner of Peoria County. In addition to hunting areas, this unit features a picnic area and hiking trails. The Sparland Unit is the smallest with 1,300 acres, most of which are covered by water. Waterfowl hunting is the primary activity, but fishing is also popular at certain times. The backwaters are quite shallow, and boat access is difficult when the water is low. ' Unless otherwise noted, information in this chapter is from IDNR promotional materials, internal documents, and discussions with IDNR personnel. ? This sections refers only to sites within the boundaries of the River Bluffs area, which do not coincide with the boundaries of the three counties discussed in the remainder of this socio-economic assessment. (See Figure 1-46) 1-53 Figure 1-46. Significant Natural Resource Areas in the Illinois River Bluffs Area cr - 7 . ma tf ‘“ / i » soap ote z| MARSHALL ' ) ef Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge f f Marshall State F&WA - Spartand Unit al Marshall State F&WA - Spring Branch Unit = Marshall SF&WA- = - PEORIA Spring Branch Unit ~~ Marshall State F&WA - Marshall Unit } i spied hes deed Ginat a > ‘= Woodford Cou Jubilee College ) ye Gomveriation Arua WOODFORD ) te Park ¢ ’ ~ — Sf = } i pi an cod ig | Illinois River F& WA sy ‘ is Hiver Wie Aimee q : e 7 -—~ se Banner Marsh F& WA N State Lands Ei Federal Lands Scale 1:520000 | Nature Preserves ly Basin Miles Adjacent to the Sparland Unit, just to the north, is the Cameron Unit of the Chatauqua National Wildlife Refuge. The area is undeveloped and managed for waterfowl hunting. Woodford County Conservation Area Woodford County Conservation Area is a 2,900-acre site in northwestern Woodford County. The conservation area lies on the eastern side of Goose Lake, one of the Illinois River’s largest backwater lakes. Most of the acreage is covered by water, and the site is managed primarily for hunting and fishing. Blinds for waterfowl hunting are available in the fall. Fishing is available at Goose Lake and Upper Peoria Lake — each backwaters of the Illinois River — and along 3,500 feet of man-made fishing channels. Camping sites are available for tents and trailers, as well as a sanitary dump station. Other facilities include picnic areas, boat docks, and a boat launching ramp. Visitors can rent boats or bring their own. Site staff also manage the 2,400-acre Illinois River Fish and Wildlife Area a few miles downstream. The satellite is undeveloped and almost completely covered by backwater lakes. Natural Areas and Nature Preserves The River Bluffs area also contains 12 nature preserves and 29 natural areas. These sites include woodlands, prairies, marshes, and fens. With an emphasis on natural preservation and conservation, these sites are undeveloped and lightly visited. Attendance at State-Owned Recreation Sites Marshall County SFWA has been the most heavily visited site in the River Bluffs area each year since 1981. Attendance fell from its high of nearly 84,000 visitors in 1976 to its low of 54,000 in 1980. Since 1981, the number of visits has gradually increased, reaching 71,200 in 1996. Attendance at Woodford County CA has been far more volatile. Over 98,000 visitors came to the site in 1975, but attendance fell by two-thirds between 1975 and 1981. Attendance has ranged anywhere from 13,000 (in 1993, when extreme flooding expanded waterfowl habitat beyond site boundaries and interfered with visitor counts) to 62,000 (in 1990). Overall, attendance has averaged about 44,000 since 1980. 1-55 | -eMarshall Co. SFWA | —e Woodford Co. CA 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 Figure 1-47. Attendance at Marshall County SFWA and Woodford County CA, 1975-1996 Economic Impacts of State Sites Parks and other state-owned lands contribute to the local economy mostly through increased local tourism. To examine the impact of visitor spending’ at area sites, IDNR. used IMPLAN, an input-output model built on county level data.* Overall, the two area sites generate about $1.3 million in total economic output, $0.4 million in personal income, and about 20 jobs. Manufacturing accounts for over one-third of the increased output, but a much smaller share of the jobs, while retail and wholesale trade (which includes the eating and drinking establishment industry) accounts for the majority of the jobs. The services sector accounts for about one-fourth of the income and jobs, but for a lower share of the increased output. Agriculture, mining, construction, TCPU (transportation, communications, and public utilities), government, and financial institutions (including insurance and real estate) account for much smaller shares of the impacts. The results indicate that while manufacturing receives the biggest boost from site ’ visitors, it creates fewer (albeit better-paying) jobs than trade and services. > Spending estimates are based on Economic Impacts of Expenditures at Selected Recreation-Sites in Illinois, a report submitted to IDNR by the Center of Regulatory Studies (December 1996). * IMPLAN is designed to trace the ultimate impacts of a stimulus (such as increased and decreased tourism) as it flows through the economy. Table 1-31. Boat Registrations, 1988 and 1996 1988 1996 Marshall County Peona County 8,375 9,342 Woodford County 1,438 1,994 Total 10,642 12,338 Boating The three River Bluffs counties, which contain about 2% of the state’s population, accounted for over 3% of its boat registrations in 1996. The concentration of registrations is somewhat above average, with 52 per 1,000 residents, compared to 32 statewide (47 excluding Cook County). Local registrations overall are about 15% higher than the area’s profile would suggest’, suggesting that residents are particularly attracted to boating opportunities centered on the Illinois River and its backwaters. However, the area’s 1.9% annual growth in boat ownership since 1988 trails the state average of 2.3%. Peoria County, which contains 80% of the area’s population, ranks 10th among Illinois’ 102 counties in total boat registrations. However, in registrations per 1,000 residents it ranks 82nd (with 50 per 1,000). This is not unusual — urban residents are generally less inclined towards boating. Marshall County’s 73 registrations per 1,000 residents is by far the highest in the area, ranking 16th statewide. Fishing and Hunting About 17,100 fishing licenses° were purchased in the River Bluffs counties in 1993, down somewhat from preceding years due to extreme flooding. The area accounted for 2.6% of statewide sales, higher than its 2.0% share of the population. Out-of-state anglers account for less than 1.4% of the licenses, compared to the state average of over 6%. This is probably due to the area’s central location and the lack of high-profile fishing lakes. In 1993, hunters purchased 9,500 licenses in the River Bluffs counties, accounting for almost 3% of the state total. About 1.8% of the local sales were to non-Illinois residents, compared to 3.4% statewide. As with fishing, the low proportion of out-of-state hunters is due to the area’s central location. Between 1989 and 1993, deer was the area’s most popular game, based on the estimated ° Based on an IDNR analysis of boating registration in all 102 Illinois counties. ° Includes combination hunting/fishing, resident, non-resident, and 10-day non-resident fishing licenses. 1-57 Table 1-32. Hunting Activity Hunters Days Afield Harvest Deer 79,075 33,103 -Archery 2,210 50,241 831 -Long Gun 4,370 17,785 3,041 Squirrel 30,392 46,541 -Fox Squirrel 4,542 24,071 37,641 -Gray Squirrel 1,404 6,321 8,900 Rabbit 5,014 28,834 32:272 Duck 2,480 25,661 19,925 79,100 annual days afield’. The area accounted for about 3.1% of the activity and 2.8% of the harvest. While the long-gun season attracts twice as many individual hunters, bow hunters spend almost three times as many days in the field due to the longer archery season. Long gun hunting accounts for about 79% of the 3,900 deer harvested. Squirrel is the next most popular game, with 30,400 hunter-days afield, accounting for 2.8% of the statewide activity and harvest. Rabbit, pheasant, dove, and waterfowl® (especially duck) are also popular with hunters. Conclusion While the River Bluffs area lacks high-profile outdoor recreation areas, the Illinois River, its backwaters, and the surrounding area support substantial boating, fishing, hunting, and other activities. The two major state-owned sites, Marshall State Fish and Wildlife Area and Woodford County Conservation Area, are primarily managed for hunting, boating, and fishing. Hiking, picnicking, and wildlife watching is also available. Site visitors benefit the local economy, generating about $1.3 million in economic output and about 20 jobs. Boating is fairly popular in the area, with about 52 boat registrations per 1,000 residents, compared to 32 statewide (47 excluding Cook County). Fishing in the area is centered on the many backwater lakes. Deer is the area’s most popular game for hunters, as in most of Illinois. Other popular game include squirrel, rabbit, and waterfowl. ’ Hunting data from IDNR’s Hunter Activity and Wildlife Harvest in Illinois: County Averages for 1989- 1993. This report relied on mailed hunter surveys. The authors caution that no adjustments were made to account for known biases inherent to this sampling technique. * Waterfowl hunting data from IDNR’s J/linois Waterfowl Harvest, Hunter Activity, and Attitudes Toward Dates for Teal/Duck/Goose Seasons, Zone Boundaries, and Goose Harvest Monitoring System, in 1994- 95. Transportation Infrastructure A region’s transportation infrastructure — its roadways, airports, waterways, and railways — enables businesses and residents to move goods and people. Coupled with information regarding demographics and economics, trends in transportation infrastructure and its usage are strong indicators of the nature of a region’s development and its suitability for various resource management strategies. . Auto Traffic Roads Two major interstates and their spurs traverse the Illinois River Bluffs region. I-39 runs north-south through the eastern edge of both Woodford and Marshall counties. I-74 runs east-west through Peoria County, connecting Peoria to Galesburg and Bloomington- Normal. Between 1973 and 1995, 210 miles of road were added in the Illinois River Bluffs region, bringing the total to 3,757 miles, 2.71% of the state’s total mileage. Since 1980 the area’s road miles grew 0.3% annually, greater than the state’s 0.19% annual growth rate.’ Of the three counties, Peoria has the largest road network, with about half of the road- miles, followed by Woodford County with 30% and Marshall County with 20%. Table 1-33. Miles of Road in the Illinois River Bluffs Region ' Mileage data from Illinois Department of Transportation: Office of Planning and Programming; Illinois Travel Statistics, various years. 1-59 Figure 1-48. Major Airports, Roads and Railroads [em hy Interstates /\ US and State Highways Scale 1:520000 Railroads Siitt | Ss Ss - @ Airports 0 Miles 25 Vehicle Registration Area residents registered 140,257 passenger cars in 1995,” with 82% of those registered in Peoria County. Regionally, car registrations have increased only 9.3% over 1975 levels, significantly less than the 27.3% increase statewide. Motorcycle registrations have generally declined in the region. Between 1975 and 1985, registrations dropped from 6,480 to 5,250; by 1995 they had dropped even further, to 4,549. Peoria and Marshall counties followed this pattern, but Woodford County experienced a different trend, with 1995 registrations being slightly higher than 1975 levels. During this twenty-year period there were a few significant increases in motorcycle registrations due to hikes in the price of gasoline. The overall decline is probably due to better fuel efficiency in cars, lower gas prices, changing lifestyles, and an aging population. Registrations for trucks (excluding semis) and buses in the area increased from 30,516 to 45,631 between 1975 and 1995, an annual growth rate of 2%, lower than the state average of 2.3%. In 1995, roughly 84% of the vehicles in this category were pick-ups, which have been reported separately since 1988. The region has a lower proportion of cars to pick-up trucks (3.6 to 1), than statewide, (5.4 to 1). There were roughly 19,791 semis and trailers registered in the five counties in 1995, about 5,000 more than the number registered in 1975.° Of course, semis usually function as long-distance haulers; locally-registered semis may spend little time at “home”, while out- of-town semis routinely drive through. How many miles semis drive locally is difficult to determine from available data. Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) In 1995, the Illinois River Bluffs region accounted for an estimated 2,149 annual million vehicle-miles traveled (VMT), 2.28% of the state total. Peoria County had 72% of the region’s VMT (1,558 million) while Woodford County had 19% (408 million) and Marshall made up the remaining 9% (183 million). Since 1973, annual VMT in the area has grown at an average annual rate of 1.35%, compared to a statewide average of 2%.* This growth level has not been constant. Between 1973 and 1980, an era marked by severe oil shortages in 1973 and 1978, the region’s VMT decreased by .88% annually. Clearly drivers adjusted to high gas prices by driving less. From 1980 to 1995 annual VMT growth was 2.39%. ? Vehicle registration data from the State of Illinois Office of the Secretary of State, County Statistical Report for Motor Vehicle License Units and Transactions Received, various years. > This figure includes roughly 1,690 “regional” trucks -- mostly semis -- registered through IDOT’s IRP program, where licensees pay prorated fees based on the percentage of miles driven in Illinois. “ VMT data from J/linois Travel Statistics. 1-61 Millions 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 Figure 1-49. Annual Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the Illinois River Bluffs Region Other Traffic Bus Lines Intercity bus service in the Illinois River Bluffs region is provided by Greyhound out of Peoria. Air Traffic Peoria County has two public use airports — a general aviation airport in Mt. Hawley, and the Greater Peoria Airport, a primary airport which averages more than 200,000 enplanements a year’. Marshall County has one general aviation airport in Lacon, and Woodford County does not have a publicly accessible airport. Water Illinois has 1,119 miles of commercial navigable waterways and one of its six major waterways, the Illinois River, runs through the middle of the Illinois River Bluffs region. The river supports significant commercial traffic, handling such products as dry chemicals, steel products, fly ash, coal, cement, grain, sand and gravel, petroleum products, and soybean oil.° ° See Illinois Department of Transportation, Division of Aeronautics, //linois Airport Directory, 1996. © River terminal data from IDOT’s Illinois Directory of Lake and River Terminals 1994. 1-62 Rail The Illinois River Bluffs region does not have direct Amtrak passenger rail service. Two high density freight rail services (lines transporting over 5 million tons of freight per mile) run through this region, one traveling east-west, the other north-south. Four rail services handle light density freight (lines carrying less than 5 million tons). The light density freight lines typically serve agricultural businesses or connect industrial firms in urban areas to the high density freight network.’ Conclusion The Illinois River Bluffs region is traversed by one major interstate highway running north-south and one running east-west. Between 1973 and 1993, 210 miles of road were added, a 6% increase compared to a 35% increase in vehicle-miles traveled (VMT). In addition to major interstate travel, the area has access to Greyhound service and several airports. ” Rail Density data from IDOT’s //linois Rail Plan: 1991-92 Update. 1-63 Save tia corps fee iqqeban datand teaib send. Jor « ~eate “AS ein ad 7 aj duo anol Telllm < weve grunoqensst Anil) Wo. er tai taal dstowt (un oF sluviethon sete sdi jorw-tess om patie nigil a¢T teeniballig Hutt € nashworeh Swvkereset eo nil) ittgto th ilar eg weet (arepesilur! | enol searsuiieesd tanilus gia vig sisreveind wien orto yd bonevert el ‘aalger é 90 es maton © £0! Koma COS gemanat sorver-sence mith ail (TMV) bstee dvesioaeie Ps! ininved ture scavtsl Balt eed ee Fipere 1-4Y hevil Pehicieddila Tyo edad i oe Maths wn @ | Otrar Troiiic i ite ' ; Baz Lin lidewety tise wereicn bn ait i : 7 a - As a | x : = - | =? "a ir lg ae Property Taxes Property taxes are the major source of tax revenue for local government in Illinois, providing more than 75% of total revenue.’ These taxes finance the majority of local government services, including school districts, county, township, and municipal governments, and special districts such as fire, park, sanitary, library, and airport. Property taxes depend primarily on the tax rates and the equalized assessed valuation’ (i.e., tax base) of property in the county. The tax rate is dependent on the amount of revenue sought by the local governments (tax levy), the assessed value of the property (tax base), and the legal maximum tax rate. The tax base is based primarily on the assessed values, which are usually reassessed every four years, and the amount of residential, commercial, and industrial expansion. Tax Revenues Property tax revenues in Illinois have increased significantly in the last ten years, after a steady decline during the 1970s and early 1980s. Real property tax revenues collected in Illinois went from more than $9.8 billion in 1971 to almost $12.8 billion in 1995. In the Illinois River Bluffs area, property taxes have fluctuated between $41-$210 million annually. Overall, property tax revenues in 1995 are 20% below the 1971 level. All three Table 1-34. Real Property Tax Revenue (Million 1995$) 197] 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Marshall 12.0 11.0 1241 9:3 8.4 10.6 Peoria 170.5 175.9 158.7 125.1 113.0 127.3 Woodford 24.2 23.0 25.3 20.4 19.6 26.8 River Bluffs 206.7 210.0 196.1 154.8 141.0 164.8 State 9,814.4 9,109.2 8615.4 8,933.7 11,283.8 12,771.1 " All property tax data is from Illinois Department of Revenue, //linois Property Tax Statistics, various years. 2 Equalized assessed valuations are determined by several factors including: ¢ property is assessed at 33.3% of fair market value (except where property is classified); ¢ equalization process is to correct for counties which over- or under assess property; e the amount of farmland in a county, which is assessed on productivity instead of market value. 1-65 Figure 1-50. Major Property Tax Districts Counties, townships, municipalities and 1992 unit school districts and codes. MARSHALL | Y e20 : NV __ Unit School Districts Township Boundaries Scale 1:520000 IN) County Boundaries Marshall Peoria Woodford State Figure 1-5]. Average Annual Percentage Change in Property Tax Revenue (using 1995 dollars) counties in the area had a decrease in property tax revenues between 1971 and 1985, with revenues rebounding somewhat since then. The largest decline was in Peoria County (25%). Property Tax Base The property tax base in Illinois has declined 11% since 1969, although it has rebounded (32% increase) from the low point in 1985. The tax base in the Illinois River Bluffs area has declined 56%, even though it has rebounded 28% since 1990. The largest decline occurred in Marshall and Peoria counties, where the tax base dropped 58% since 1969. The tax base also declined in Woodford County by 46%. Table 1-35. Real Property Tax Base (Million 1995$) 1969 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Marshall 336 257 236 162 112 140 Peona 3,854 3,033 2,367 1,648 1,277 1,624 Woodford 664 490 520 363 Di 359 River Bluffs 4,855 3,780 3523 DTS 1,660 2,123 State 176,730 144.482 127,315 119,004 138,443 157,654 1-67 “y (B 1969-76 | 0 1977-82 1983-88 @ 1989-95 EL Marshall Peona Woodford State Figure 1-52. Average Annual Percentage Change in Property Tax Base (using 1995 dollars) Figures 1-53 and 1-54 show the make-up of the tax base in 1981 and 1995 by the different classes of property. In 1995, residential property provided the largest chunk of the state’s tax base (55%), followed by commercial (27%), industrial (13%), and farm property (4.7%). This has changed somewhat since 1981, when farm property provided 12.4% of the tax base and residential property provided 50%. Residential and commercial properties accounted for a higher proportion of the tax base in 1995 than in 1981. O Residential OFarm @ Commercial Z industrial 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% [D Residential OFarm ™ Commercial @ Industrial | 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Figure 1-54. 1995 Property Tax Base by Class of Property The make-up of the tax base in the area varies among the three counties because of the different types of economic activity dominating each. Marshall and Woodford counties, for example, are rural farm communities and subsequently obtain a relatively large proportion of their tax base from farm property, 47% and 32% respectively in 1995. The tax base in Peoria County reflects its more urban character, with residential property providing 63% of the taxes and commercial property 25%. Since 1981, both counties have had more of the tax base come from residential and commercial property and less from farm property. For example, in Woodford County the proportion of the tax base from farm property fell from 46% to 32%, while the residential property tax base increased from 44% to 57% and commercial property from 8% to 9%. The percentage of the tax base from industrial property has always been significantly below the state average in both counties. Tax Rates Over the past couple of decades the average property tax rate has risen in the state and the Illinois River Bluffs area (Figure 1-55). The tax rate is typically expressed in dollars collected per $100 dollars of tax base. Since 1966, the statewide average property tax rate has risen from $4.60 to $8.19 per $100 of tax base — a 78% increase. The tax rate has more than doubled in all three counties, although all three were below the state average in 1995. 1-69 |e Marshall -*- Peoria -- Woodford -* State $/$100 of tax base 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Figure 1-55. Average Property Tax Rate Peoria County, which has always had the highest rates in the area, was above the state average from 1985-93. Since 1990, however, its rates have declined 7%. Tax rate increases are directly related to a greater need for revenue and/or a significant decline in the tax base. For example, between 1969 and 1995 the tax base in Woodford County declined by almost 46%, while revenue increased 1%. To raise these additional revenues tax rates were increased 119%. Property Tax Distribution In Illinois, property taxes are used to finance a variety of local government services, with the majority going to school districts (Figure 1-56). The remainder goes to municipal (15%), county (10%), and township governments (3%), and to other services (12%) such as fire, sanitary, park, library, and airport services. A majority of property tax revenues in the area also goes to schools -- 66% in Marshall, 62% in Peoria County and 72% in Woodford County. All three counties are above the state average in taxes distributed to township governments, especially Marshall and Woodford counties which allot 10% and 9% to townships, whereas the state on average allots 3%. Marshall and Woodford are below the state average in taxes allotted to municipal government and other special taxing districts. Peoria County has seen the most change since 1980 in the allotment of property taxes — with more going to schools (53% to 62%) and less to municipalities (25% to 13%). 1-70 Marshall Peoria Figure 1-56. 1995 Property Tax Distribution® Conclusion While property tax revenues increased statewide, revenues decreased 20% in the River Bluffs area, with the largest decline occurring in Peoria County. Property taxes are determined by the tax base and the tax rate. Overall, the tax base has declined and the tax rates have risen in the three-county area and in the state. The tax base declined 56% in the River Bluffs area while tax rates have more than doubled. For the state, the majority of the tax base is from residential property. This trend holds true for Peoria and Woodford counties. Marshall County, however, obtains the largest percentage of its tax base from farm property (47%). For both the River Bluffs area and the state, the majority of property tax revenues (66% in Marshall, 62% in Peoria and 72% in Woodford) go to school districts. > The property tax distributions are based on total property taxes extended, which is the dollar amount of taxes billed to property taxes extended. This is different from the amount collected due to charges against collections such as protest, delinquencies, certificates of error and other changes. The amount collected is typically more than 97% of the amount of taxes extended. 1-71 ete Gere VEL = iS. Average Feepare Poon Caw s, dh be Aageh facd the himhest rae in the aret, ame abowd ha /e Fon 17a? dere TS 2G, how, ‘eheg hawe Tie thie eaten a cult Af ocd We) { ne oe ™ ae nae 7] =~ oO . b - < an Contributors Air Quality PEG etree ONE OT sera yetvgs ta aac ss a ncdbsneiviadvoede ineasvagiesous Nani Bhowmik GLI ree ods Sat Be ea eh Berek as acc daltecsdeth tase sassciasteabecniceses Christopher Wellner ESVOCC TEL 173 Se Se SONORAN, 5 0 ee ee eT ne ee eee Donald Gatz Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management PTOJECE COOLGINAL ORR ee RE 20s cass sueerdacsoosacavensuesdddastoaosacodcactinereeds John Marlin Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management..................... George Krumins motdninad | ~uhan WA, innwordh wart Q., oo Be 7 Houyene, —- aeenbo03 seh ‘ate! wryotrg sd — ai am en a a ena athe pane) sien aac ttn a9 . IG TN, cteierty omen m= ote on ar vesn anes’ en ann SRI0e) ... ._ termeyanaM ties stdarnbot ena sixo? bra auob Table of Contents NVC TEY=1 Ha i ae ae A ba Shi sas 2-1 PattabOllerbarie © OMCEMERALIONSE AMEE. 0.2. cores cpnoceeecedesesontiudssacssausenseeictassseddcbesvcscese 2-1 ATE OIIEANE ES MISSIONS NV CDLOLY <<< 252.<0-.25 8 » — . . i * '5 619 69 a ee asthe ae vi were he pe ) ee baaeens ore ee ven it seat ee ; EES... ~ airs VET etek a SAY Sho si TD a pe 5 aly ONT nai? atl Air Quality Air Pollutant Concentrations The Illinois River Bluffs area lies across portions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (U.S. EPA) Burlington-Keokuk Interstate (IA-IL) Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) 65 and the North Central Llinois Intrastate, AQCR 71. Several air quality monitoring stations are located in or near the lower part of the basin in the Peoria metropolitan area. The measurements at these stations, however, best represent air quality in urban areas of the basin. Air quality data for 1992-1996 from these stations are summarized in Tables 2-1—2-6. Table 2-1 lists the selected air quality measurement locations, their Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, and the criteria pollutants measured at each (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, IEPA, 1997). Criteria pollutants are those for which federal air quality standards have been set. Table 2-1. Air Quality Site Directory for the linois River Bluffs Area (Selected sampling sites from USEPA Air Quality Control Regions 65) UTM coordi- nates (km) City name (AIRS code) Address Equipment Peoria County Peoria Fire Station No. 8 N. 4507.050 SO2, O3 (1430024) MacArthur and Hurlburt E 279.679 Peoria Commercial Building N. 4508.585 CO (1430036) 1005 N. University E: 279.196 Peoria City Office Building N. 4508.197 = PMo, Pb (1430037) 613 N.E. Jefferson E 281.675 Peoria Heights Peoria Heights High School N. 4513.476 O; (1431001) 508 E. Glen Ave. E 281.660 Tazewell County East Peoria (1790002) 4504.500 PM10 282.200 East Peoria Medical Center 235 East Washington m Z Published annual reports from the Illinois EPA (1993-1997) indicate that ozone (O3) data are available at two sites, particulate matter with aerodynamic particle diameters smaller than 10 micrometers (PMj) at two, and sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead (Pb) at one each. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was not measured in the region. 2-1 Air quality standards are written to protect human health (primary standards) and welfare (secondary standards). Because health and ecological effects vary according to the nature of the pollutant, standards also vary in terms of averaging times and the metric (maximum or mean) of the measurement. For example, the ozone standard is written in terms of the maximum daily 1-hour average concentration, while the particulate matter standard is written in terms of the maximum 24-hour average and the annual mean concentrations. Table 2-2 gives ozone data for stations in Peoria and Peoria Heights, Illinois. Note that ozone was only measured between April and October (the ozone season) of each year. The values listed are the highest 1-hour mean concentrations each year. The values range from 0.079 to 0.107 parts per million (ppm), and none exceeded the ozone standard. Table 2-2. Daily Maximum 1-hour Mean Ozone Concentrations, April-October (in parts per million, ppm) Station 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Peoria--MacArthur & Hurlburt 0.090 0.079 0.097 0.093 0.087 Peoria Heights--508 E. Glen 0.094 0.082 0.107 0.102 0.096 Note: There were no observed exceedances of the primary standard of 0.12 ppm at any station. Table 2-3 lists PMjo data for 1992-1996 for sampling stations at Peoria and East Peoria. The highest annual maximum 24-hour mean concentration observed was 68 g/m? at the East Peoria site in 1994, and the lowest was 42 ug/m?> at the Peoria site, in 1993. During 1996, the most recent year for which data are available, the highest 24-hour mean PMjo concentrations at these two sites were 60 and 52 ug/m?, respectively. Annual mean PMio concentrations ranged from 20 ug/m? at the Peoria site in 1993 and 1995, to 31 g/m? at East Peoria in 1992. No exceedances of the standards for particulate matter were observed. Table 2-3. Concentrations of Particulate Matter Less Than 10-m Diameter (in micrograms per cubic meter, ug/m?) Station 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Peoria Max. 24-hour mean 65 42 54 50 52 Annual mean 25 20 21 20 21 East Peoria Max. 24-hour mean 59 49 68 53 60 Annual mean 31 23 26 23 24 Note: There were no observed exceedances of the annual mean primary standard of 50 g/m’ or the 24-hour primary standard of 150 ug/m° at either station. 2-2 Table 2-4 shows SO; data for the Peoria sampling station, including maximum observed 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations, and annual mean concentrations. The maximum 3- hour mean concentrations ranged from 0.121 ppm in 1993 to 0.178 ppm in 1995. Maximum 24-hour mean concentrations ranged from 0.040 ppm in 1994 to 0.081 ppm in 1995. Annual mean concentrations have been nearly constant ranging from 0.006 ppm to 0.007 ppm in the last five years. No exceedances of any of the primary or secondary standards for 3-hour mean, 24-hour mean, or annual mean SO> were recorded. Table 2-4. Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations (in parts per million, ppm) 1992 Max 3-hour mean 0.128 f ; i Max. 24-hour mean 0.053 0.072 0.040 0.081 0.077 Annual mean 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 Station Peoria--MacArthur & Hurlburt Note: There were no observed exceedances of the annual mean primary standard of 0.03 ppm, the 24-hour primary standard of 0.14 ppm, or the 3-hour secondary standard of 0.50 ppm. Table 2-5 shows carbon monoxide concentrations at Peoria. A downward trend in maximum concentrations is apparent for both the l-hour and 8-hour averaging times. In both cases the highest values occurred in 1992 and the lowest in 1996. No exceedances of the CO standards were observed at this monitoring site. Table 2-5. Carbon Monoxide Concentrations (in parts per million, ppm) Station Peoria~—1005 N. University 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Max. l-hour mean 11.2 eS 8.2 8.4 WS Max. 8-hourmean 9.2 8.8 6.6 5.7 5.0 Note: There were no observed exceedances of the 1-hour primary standard of 35 ppm, or the 8-hour primary standard of 9 ppm at any station. (The maximum 8-hour value for 1992 is not considered an exceedance, since it rounds to 9 ppm.) Table 2-6 summarizes annual mean lead concentrations at Peoria. Lead concentrations remained constant at 0.02 g/m’ from 1992 through 1996. No exceedances of the quarterly standard of 1.5 g/m? were observed. Table 2-6. Annual Mean Lead Concentrations (in micrograms per cubic meter, g/m?) Station 199251993 1994 1995 1996 Peoria--613 N.E. Jefferson 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Note: There were no observed exceedances of the quarterly mean primary standard of 1.5 g/m’. 2-3 Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory Table 2-7 presents estimated 1996 annual emissions of five criteria pollutants for the four counties that make up most of the Illinois River Bluffs area. It should be noted that most of Peoria and Woodford counties are not within the boundaries of the Illinois River Bluffs area. The estimated emissions are for stationary point sources only; they do not include emissions from mobile or area sources. The table also shows the percent of each pollutant’s four-county total attributable to each county in 1996. Peoria County accounted for more than half of the particulate matter emissions, almost half of the sulfur dioxide emissions, and more than 70% of the emissions of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic matter, and carbon monoxide. Putnam County contributed half of the total sulfur dioxide emissions, about a quarter of the nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, and 20% of the particulate matter. Emissions from Woodford County were minimal; its maximum contribution to the four-county totals was 6% of the particulate matter. Table 2-7. Estimated Stationary Point Source Emissions in the Vicinity of the Illinois River Bluffs Area (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1997) Particulate Sulfur Nitrogen Volatile organic Carbon matter dioxide oxides material monoxide Marshall Peoria Putnam Woodford Total 2,730 53° 33:038 48 17,655 71 2973 79: 1304 75 5,147 100 Visibility Visibility can serve as an index of the concentration of airborne fine particles, especially ammonium sulfate, although atmospheric humidity also affects visibility to some extent. The poorer the visibility, the higher the concentration of fine particles. A report of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program reviewed spatial and temporal variations in visibility in the United States (NAPAP, 1990). A map of spatial variations of visibility during the mid-1970s shows that central and northeastern Llinois had some of the poorest median midday airport visibility in the contiguous United States--about 10-11 miles. This contrasts with values of 20-45 miles in the Great Plains and values greater than 50 miles over most of the mountainous western United States. 2-4 The NAPAP report also documents seasonal and long-term visibility trends. In 1950, visibility in central and northeastern Illinois was worse in the first calendar quarter (roughly during winter) than during the rest of the year. By 1980, however, the situation had changed significantly: winter visibility stayed roughly constant, but spring, fall, and especially summer visibility had decreased substantially in central and northeastern Illinois and most of the eastern United States. These trends coincide with increased use of electric power for summer air conditioning and the trend at that time toward construction of tall stacks for dispersion of power plant plumes. In addition, the NAPAP report documents the high correlation between sulfur emissions and haziness in the northeastern United States, and the trend toward decreasing sulfur emissions in the region since the 1970s. In view of the further reductions in sulfur emissions mandated by the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments, airborne fine sulfate concentrations should continue to trend downward, and this should translate into increased visibility in central [linois in the future. Atmospheric Wet Deposition Deposition of materials in precipitation (i.e., wet deposition) has been measured routinely by the National Acid Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) at eight locations in Illinois for many years. There is no NADP/NTN sampling site within the Illinois River Bluffs area, but the area is centered roughly equidistant from three Illinois sampling locations. These sampling sites are at Bondville (NADP/NTN site IL- 11), to the southeast near Champaign, at Monmouth (site IL-78) to the west, and at Shabbona (site IL-18) to the north-northeast. Table 2-8 gives measured major ion depositions, weighted mean concentrations, and precipitation at these sites for 1994 and 1995. Two-year mean precipitation amounts were about 80 cm at all three locations. Year-to-year variations were minimal at Bondville and Shabbona, but Monmouth precipitation was about 30% higher in 1995 (90 cm) than in 1994 (68 cm). The highest two-year weighted mean concentrations were observed at Bondville for five of the nine measured major ions (Na*, NO3,, Cl’, SO4”, and H*). The Shabbona site had the highest two-year concentrations of Mg”*, K*, and NH,*, while Ca** was highest at Monmouth. The highest two-year deposition fluxes of the respective ions occurred at the same sites, despite the somewhat greater mean precipitation at Monmouth. Two-year mean pH values reflect the historical east-west gradient across Illinois, from the more acidic 4.47 at Bondville to the less acidic 4.70 at Monmouth. 2-5 Table 2-8. Concentrations and Deposition of Major Ions in Precipitation in the Vicinity of the Illinois River Bluffs Area (Data source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 1996-1997) pH Precip (cm) SO; _H (lab) Bondville 1994 80.3 1995 ISA 2-yr precip. 80.0 wtd. mean Monmouth 1994 68.3 1995 89.9 2-yr precip. wtd. mean oA Shabbona 1994 76.4 1995 82.7 2-yr precip. wtd. mean 79.5 Bondville 1994 0.185 0.554 3.52 --- 80.3 1995 0.215 0.661 3.45 --- 79.7 2-yr. mean deposition 0.200 0.608 3.49 80.0 Monmouth 1993 --- 68.3 1994 --- 89.9 2-yr. mean deposition 79.1 Shabbona 1994 --- 76.4 1995 --- 82.7 2-yr. mean deposition =~ 19.6 References Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1993-1997. Illinois Annual Air Quality Reports, 1992-1996. Bureau of Air, P.O. Box 19276, Springfield, IL 62794-9276. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. 1990. Acidic Deposition: State of Science and Technology Report 24, Visibility: Existing and Historical Conditions-- Causes and Effects. Washington, D.C. 2-6 National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network, 1996: NADP/NTN Annual Data Summary. Precipitation Chemistry in the United States. 1994. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NRSP-3)/National Trends Network, 1997: NADP/NTN Coordinator’s Office, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign IL 61820. Data retrieved from the NADP/NTN home page, http://nadp.nrel.colostate.edu/nadp/, 9-19-97. National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network. 1995-1996. NADP/NTN Annual Data Summaries, 1993-1994. Precipitation Chemistry in the United States. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 2-7 ‘ a Mie Wedpbidy Oh to aruns ‘ohabucieyianmer’a var acan cnel 2 oat uonnA (O° ul Repo veere curt eter OWS | wohwyies ee ad i aly. Gy iy Mtl 1" S caopaa ont patel pamigunneedaReial ate wy. 4 ei attend, lee ii ith) sass" re (wi —_— la its ' PR fs RINT bela a) Beste fi cus crate Vephacehagis _— BUT bah TIT AG ie PN , a: Lp. wae 2 a nine, 4 r Salt We De t iy ' we AL j ves wig ses 3 A) orroustelt shsiaerTisasttin ou erat aT a ahh etas. MGMT 00 if iia BEC] - ceey 25 aguMmue, la Ngee Wit WE TPL. Gihtgviet 1 $mim) Tl rier se ae hanwuees haw seh 1% he O03! fx O92 Wal S3 wit a) * mys dit 2 “ff pean, r wo. fe, | st Oa! O00) CSU | ae Le. ho ts Phuttone 1998 agi 004g O83 O0s9' oo 1a) OO ea ee ot G2 WAP? ON) AON GaN END ue Tae Ra oy An ‘slp 7 : > aa Lae 80, TT . , ie O09 1.589. 05H Ach i201, “4, 149 ost eats (em hay ie } { > Tle p11.) OUO O70 ee . sin nan 002) ach i994 mar paras HOS A BO, AN A wee. TA) aah 04), rere ie 1995 DSA 14 GO he ee dewedion, (iA) Opis 0229 ‘os ® aterences flioow Hoviecreeaint Pea soy th Reports 2072-1900, Daye af ab eontegetae Mavional Act rsd gtd ieell ae “a rit noe pry rn et non on Crusnon ant ites, SS gahanigyny Lia Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management This section of the Area Assessment examines the historical and current location of sites that may contain environmental contaminants and manufacturing facilities that may emit pollutants. The aim of the report is to help major stakeholders develop goals and strategies for the use and protection of natural resources in Areas where Ecosystem Partnerships have been formed. The reader is encouraged to review The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, Volume 5 (ENR, 1994), which provides in-depth background information about waste generation and management trends in Illinois. The report draws upon the following environmental databases as resource material: Historical Hazards (HH) Surface Impoundment Inventory (SII) Landfills Database Superfund Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) The older a database, the more likely it is to contain out-dated entries. With minor exceptions, the data is shown verbatim. See the Headwaters Area Assessment, Volume 4 (DNR, 1997), for a more detailed discussion of each of these databases and a list of contacts for further information. Alternatively, additional information can be obtained from WMRC Data Management at One East Hazelwood Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, telephone number 217-333-8940. Assessment of Sites in the Region Specific potential sources of waste generation and disposal in the River Bluffs Area are discussed below. See the maps, Figures 2-1 and 2-2, for geographic locations of these sites. Historical Hazards Database There are 12 towns in the Area shown in the Historical Hazards database (see Table 2-9). Each of these towns historically contained one or more industrial facilities which might have been a source of pollutants, and which may or may not still be in operation. Figure 2-1. Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites, Surface Impoundment Sites "and Towns in Historical Hazards Database in the Illinois River Bluffs Area Bureau Hennepin PUTNAM CO._ LA SALLE CO. Tonica STARK CO. _ oS S) 5 S Washbum 5 a: SiS nine é EIPaso |Y qe ON € ig aS as a em = S) West Peoria ta is Is >: © oS i Riv, FS fe. Mackinaw eS © Unpermitted Landfills © TRI Sites — 2. Permitted Landfills * Towns in Historical Hazards Database % “Other” Landfills * Y Surface Impoundments O Superfund Sites Scale 1:370000 25 Kilometers ee _—— EE —E—— “There is no information about permissions in the source tables - see text 0 15 Miles — —=—=—. —— = Figure 2-2. Peoria Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments in the River Bluffs Area ! ee / | sj / Se f/f & = 7 I : e/a | | a 2 3 Miles Unpermitted Landfills Permitted Landfills . "Other” Landfills* N Surface Impoundments TRI Sites Superfund Sites /\f \nterstates /\/ US highways /\/¢ State Highways “oo ¢ Railroads [__] Municipal Boundaries [__] Area Boundary *There is no information about permissions in the source tables - see text Oud eo ®@ Table 2-9. Historical Hazards Towns in the River Bluffs Area Chillicothe Surface Impoundments Database A surface impoundment is a lined or unlined lagoon used for the storage of liquids alone or mixed with solids, usually uncovered. In the Area the Surface Impoundment Inventory shows 26 surface impoundment sites with a total of 50 impoundments. Of these sites, none are agricultural, 6 industrial, 20 municipal, and none mining. Superfund Sites Database There are 4 active Superfund sites in the Area (see Table 2-10). Table 2-10. Superfund Sites in the River Bluffs Area IL0001091990 | Grieves Woolen Mill ate © ae 1LD984766394 | Henry Public Well #3 Ea hiy Taw See ILT180012544 Landfills Database Landfills have been by far the most common means of disposal for solid and sometimes liquid waste. There are 33 landfills recorded in the Area — 5 permitted, 25 unpermitted and 3 “other.” The “other” landfills have no information in the “permit” and “illegal” fields in the source tables. TRI Database The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) covers year-by-year releases and transfers of chemicals by medium from manufacturing facilities. Releases include air, land, water, and underground injection. Transfers are of six types: to publically owned treatment 2-12 works (POT Ws), to treatment, to disposal, to recycling, to energy recovery, and to “other” facilities. Other information, most notably on pollution prevention, is also contained in the database. There are 13 TRI facilities which reported some releases in the Area for the years 1987- 1993, with 8 reporting in 1993 (see Table 2-11). Illinois ranked 7" in the country for TRI total releases in 1993. The chemical industry, as defined by SIC (standard industrial classification) code, is the single largest emitter of TRI chemicals nationwide in 1993. Of the 8 facilities in the area with reported releases to any media in 1993, three have chemical primary SIC codes listed. Table 2-11. TRI Facilities in the River Bluffs Area, 1987-1993 Bemis Co. Inc. Caterpillar Inc. Technical Center| Komatsu Dresser Co. Haulpak Facility Div. BF Goodrich Co.* PMP Fermentation Prods. Inc. Caterpillar Inc. Hallmark Metamora Fixture W.R. Grace & Co. Ops. c aterpillar Inc. Engine Div. | Henry Fertilizer Co.* Caterpillar Inc. Hose Fac. | Ivex of Peoria Inc. *Chemical Primary SIC Codes listed Top Five TRI Releases for the Area for 1993 Air e Ammonia 114,550 lbs. ® Xylene (mixed isomers) 80,000 e 1,1,1-trichloroethane 76,000 e Methanol 44,000 * Methy] isobutyl ketone 40,870 Land These were no releases to land in the Area for 1993. 2-13 Surface Water e Ammonia 130,750 Ibs. e Diethanolamine 3,000 e Ethylene glycol 2,700 e Formaldehyde 2,500 e Phenol 420 Underground Injection There were no releases to underground injection in the Area for 1993. Top Five TRI Transfers for the Area for 1993 Recycling e Chromium 200,000 Ibs. e Nickel 200,000 e Copper 74,000 e Manganese 74,000 e Zinc Compounds 25,600 Energy Recovery e Acetonitrile 3,000 Ibs. @ — Formaldehyde 37 e Methy] ethyl ketone 5 e Methy] isobuty! ketone 5 These were the only chemicals for energy recovery transfers for the Area for 1993. References ENR, 1994. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, Volume 5: Waste Generation and Management. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. ILENR/RE-EA-94/05(5). DNR, 1997. Headwaters Area Assessment, Volume 4. Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Pishkin, Rauf, 1980. Inventory and Assessment of Surface Impoundments in Illinois. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 4/80 50 Job No. 8943. 2-14 PART Ill ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES | 7S tigasret! ; kal \ J ry i teh ; Ny -~ a in =. Ki ‘ ¥. itso ta (ent t -wW wii het! ‘ai IAG Ane (ui 93, vv iwe THE i romsfors fer the Area for 2795... _ at THAT | ——an ip! Pate; ++ eel — PAA IOeH HA 1010 @40RAROHA . Niece! a > (seen ant" ae . Mangos th Pn) - ° Fie | sicaperonils ; Tae cs * . Besionitrile 100 ibe ® . Pe mabiehyoy ; ) y . Methiy! oh] unloi 3 as ® Merdylisaunyl beim 4 "These Ware the only chociante tht eneqgy recavers ranviators fo Que ” References ’ GOK, 1494, Phe'Cnaraginen Wid port AEA Se _ =mal 8 — wa “esr o- ui ub - “és Table of Contents NaECMALIISEI OTM 28 fee cir 28a Ad Sit ESR atc brut Gord abe insula, Gs 95 8b 3-1 Archaeological Resources of the Illinois River Bluffs Watershed PACTS C07 ae aE nT OR ES ORE 2 ee eee ee 3-5 PN CRCTENN LOCA DSTNCTILS are ane N Ea donc n chao armrccun tof pers ay net tyercienat: wera? cial 3-13 plecier a Clecen Ces it pastas sate a8 58 cece): Viv esucesineegcdS aeteanacitbeneliccets 3-14 List of Figures Figoare3-1-Areas.of,Systematic (Survey. ceseen. cl gemes..whuls aihenkon base! 3-17 Figure’3-2.,,All:Archaeologicali\Components: 2f.::::r. ... {i eet series et glee Dine 3-18 Figure 3-3. Unidentified Prehistoric Archaeological components .............. 3-19 Figure 3-4. Paleo-Indian Archaeological Components ....................... 3-20 Figure 3-5. Unidentified Archaic Archaeological Components................. 3-21 Figure 3-6. Early Archaic Archaeological Components ...................... 3-22 Figure 3-7. Middle Archaic Archaeological Components..................... 3-23 Figure 3-8. Late Archaic Archaeological Components....................... 3-24 Figure 3-9. Unidentified Woodland Archaeological Components............... 3-25 Figure 3-10. Early Woodland Archaeological Components ................... 3-26 Figure 3-11. Middle Woodland Archaeological Components.................. 3-27 Figure 3-12. Late Woodland Archaeological Components.................... 3-28 Figure 3-13. Mississippian Archaeological Components ..................... 3-29 Figure 3-14. Upper Mississippian Archaeological Components ................ 3-30 Figure 3-15. Protohistoric Archaeological Components ..................... 3-31 Figure 3-16. Unidentified Historic Archaeological Components ............... 3-32 Figure 3-17. Historic Native American Archaeological Components ............ 3-33 Figure 3-18. Historic Colonial Archaeological Components .................. 3-34 Figure 3-19. Historic Pioneer Archaeological Components ................... 3-35 Figure 3-20. Historic Frontier Archaeological Components................... 3-36 Figure 3-21. Historic Early Industrial Archaeological Components ............. 3-37 Figure 3-22. Historic Urban Industrial Archaeological Components ............ 3-38 Figure 3-23. Historic Postwar Archaeological Components................... 3-39 List of Tables Table 3-1. Chronological Framework for Illinois Culture History ............... 3-2 Table 3-2. Archaeological Resources in the Illinois River Bluffs Area ............ 3-8 t.£ 6 éineine. to vidal stimiey iil tevit vionitit si)'to evo lowinlosadonh esupls lo tai ce GaeUR er ivbs _. elaanoqme? isigoloaadimA TA €¢ ninenoqmos issigolosaduiA stoteider’d bofitasbin tee . enrmoquie? lastaaldeatow nadbal-oslat re . ehenogne? lisigoloondaad Sint baliiuobiny 2-0 ntmuyno? keigaloaminaé sietotA yi o£ 9 chennai > tmcrgnt veut gals dindorA, sibbiM: Teg _ SOON? inoage tonal, shorn etal Es . Of se 4 = Maanrybs) wt ; ~ . oroubowe eA jatdigro ees .. utero barnelad _daranogmno’ inuigaloowiau, basiineW votiinsblnd .-E snag Archaeological Resources in the Illinois River Bluffs Watershed Assessment Area Introduction Illinois has long been the subject of archaeological research. This interest stemmed initially from recognition of a rich and complex record of human settlement and cultures in and near the major river valleys in the state. However, not all areas within the state have an equal distribution of archaeological resources, and even within a single major stream drainage, such as the Illinois River, archaeological resources can be highly uneven in their distribution. As a result, investigation of archaeological resources can be concentrated disproportionately in a few resource-rich zones, while other reaches of the same drainage receive less systematic investigation. The central portion of the Illinois River drainage, extending from Peoria upstream nearly to the Big Bend, has received comparatively little archaeological attention in spite of the high probability that this reach of the Illinois River valley contains abundant prehistoric and historic archaeological resources. Numerous small streams are tributary to the Illinois River and enter the main valley from both east and west. The Illinois River flood plain is relatively wide, and there is considerable topographic relief, contributing to microenvironmental variability and richness in both faunal and botanical resources. The uplands away from the main valley include numerous end and ground moraines, wet and mesic prairies, and hardwood forest groves which also contributed to a varied landscape, especially before Euro-American settlement. In short, the abundance and variety of natural resources in the Illinois River Bluffs Assessment Area Watershed ( IRBAAW) should result in a rich and diverse record of prehistoric and historic use of the region. However, the archaeological resources in the region do not appear to be as abundant as in immediately adjacent upstream and downstream reaches in the Illinois River drainage. Whether these differences in site abundance are due to actual prehistoric and historic use of the region, or whether the apparent differences among regions are the result of less intensive archaeological investigation, will be explored further in subsequent discussions. Over the past century, archaeologists have developed a framework of cultural history for the 12,000 years of human occupation that has been documented in the state (Table 3-1). In the process of constructing this framework, archaeologists have developed and contributed to a still-growing body of knowledge about human culture and earth history. Using interdisciplinary and evolutionary approaches, archaeological research has contributed to our understanding of both present and past climate, plant and animal communities, and landscapes. In our present framework, Illinois culture history has been lo 5 Table 3-1. Chronological Framework for Illinois Culture History Period Subperiod Calendar Years (Dates indicate beginning of period) Postwar A.D. 1946 Urban Industrial A.D. 1901 Early Industrial A.D. 1871 Frontier A.D. 1841 Pioneer A.D. 1781 Colonial A.D. 1650 Native American A.D. 1650 Historic Unidentified A.D. 1650 Protohistoric A.D. 1500 Upper Mississippian Oneota A.D. 1400 Mississippian A.D. 900 Late Woodland A.D. 300 Middle Woodland 200 B.C. Early Woodland 1000 B.C. Woodland 1000 B.C. Late Archaic 3000 B.C. Middle Archaic 6000 B.C. Early Archaic 8000 B.C. Archaic ; 8000 B.C. Paleo-Indian 10000 B.C. Prehistoric Indeterminate 10,000 B.C. - A.D. 1650 1S) 1 tO divided into a series of temporal periods. Each period is associated with fundamentally different cultures and ways of life, as indicated by the artifacts that are the remains of human habitation. The basic unit of study in archaeological research is the site--a location where artifacts are found. Some sites offer evidence of occupation by more than one group. When these units of divergent occupation are identified on a site, they are referred to as “components” of that site. A very favorable location might have been used over several millenia and could be referred to as a “multi-component” site. Documentation of sites associated with various temporal periods, and study of the distribution of sites on the landscape, provides opportunities to refine our understanding of the past and to investigate how human cultures have developed and adapted to changing environmental and social conditions. To the best of our present knowledge, human history in Illinois begins with the arrival of Native Americans during the terminal stages of the last glaciation. During the Paleo- Indian period, people lived in environmental conditions very different from any found in the state today. This initial period of human settlement was characterized by a cold and moist climate, coniferous forests and presence of several animal species that are either extinct (mammoth and mastodon, for example) or which now inhabit regions farther north. Paleo-Indian sites as a rule are rare, small, and have few artifacts. Based mainly on research in other regions of North and South America, we infer that Paleo-Indian people were hunters and gatherers that were completely dependent on seasonal availability of resources for their survival. During the Archaic period, more modern climatic conditions prevailed, with plant and animal communities found at or near where they are today. During this period (8000- 1000 B.C.), Native Americans continued their hunting and gathering practices, but by the end of the period were cultivating several native plants for seeds, following a systematic practice of horticulture. In and near many of the larger stream valleys, larger and more permanent communities are found during the Middle Archaic subperiod. These more substantial sites served as bases from which people embarked on hunting and gathering trips into upland or other settings for the purpose of acquiring specific types of resources. Between about 6000 and 2000 B.C., there is a period of markedly warmer and drier conditions which led to the establishment of extensive prairie vegetation communities in the interior of the state, especially in low-relief upland areas. During this time of warmer and drier conditions, Native American settlements appear to be found closer to streams or other permanent water bodies. Characteristics of the Woodland Period include greater dependence on cultivated plants and the establishment of long-lasting villages that are often associated with construction of mounds that served as cemeteries, elaboration of long-distance trade networks, and widespread use of pottery vessels. During the Middle Woodland subperiod, mound construction and long-distance trade was very elaborate, resulting in a period of pan- regional social integration associated with indications of social differentiation. During the Late Woodland subperiod, native plants with starchy seeds (such as goosefoot, erect 3-3 knotweed and maygrass) were cultivated or encouraged in small plots, corn became a food staple for the first time, and the bow-and-arrow was the weapon of choice, largely replacing the spear thrower. During the Mississippian Period we see development of socially and economically complex societies. There is strong emphasis on introduced cultivated crops, especially corn and squash, as well as continued use of the native plants that we now identify as weeds. A powerful elite social class oversaw construction of monumental public works projects, including plazas and large earthen mounds in the center of larger towns. Mississippian culture spread throughout the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries and into the southeastern United States. Artistic styles and cultural materials associated with Mississippian cultures are found in virtually all portions of the state and throughout the American Southeast. This cultural adaptation affected many people located well outside its original heartland in the central Mississippi River valley. In general, Upper Mississippian and Protohistoric cultures are poorly documented. Most sites of these time periods appear to be concentrated in major river valleys, but there is some indication of dispersed communities in upland and small valley settings. Some elements of Mississippian culture, such as corn gardening, persisted into these later times, but social differentiation and large-scale earthwork construction diminished greatly by A.D. 1400. Cultivated beans were added to the diet. The arrival of the French in the late 17" century provides the first written accounts of Native American lifeways in Illinois. With this record comes the identification of specific Native American tribes and more detailed documentation of everyday life. Historic Native American sites are generally rare but provide important information on lifeways that were in rapid transition as a result of cultural contact and conflict. Historical documents also provide information about European and Euro-American lifeways on the frontier. Few sites are recognized for the Colonial Historic subperiod, but increasing European and Euro-American influences and settlement provide more cultural material and sites associated with the Pioneer Historic subperiod. The increasing Euro- American presence also resulted in more conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers. The conflicts culminated in the early 19" century with the Black Hawk War, after which tribes were required to move west across the Mississippi River. By the beginning of the Frontier Historic subperiod, Native American settlements in Illinois are generally absent, and Euro-American settlement has spread throughout the state. Written history does not adequately record many aspects of daily life; instead, written histories often focus on singular events or persons. We have learned that archaeological investigation can provide insight into past cultural behavior that supplements and expands the written historic records. Increasingly, archaeologists are exploring the combined written and material record of the past two centuries to provide a more comprehensive interpretation of human history, including both Native American and Euro-American cultures. 3-4 Archaeological Resources of the Illinois River Bluffs Watershed Assessment Area When compared with some other regions in Illinois, archaeologists have conducted a comparatively small amount of work in the Illinois River Bluffs Watershed Assessment Area (IRBWAA). Much, though not all, of work has stemmed from requirements for compliance with Federal and State cultural resource management laws that may require survey, or in some cases excavation, of sites affected by development and construction projects. In addition, research-oriented archaeological investigations, including large-area systematic surveys as well as site-specific targeted excavations, serve to complement the projects conducted solely for the purpose of compliance with Federal or State regulations. Still, virtually all of the research to date in this region has consisted of identifying and documenting sites through systematic and nonsystematic surveys, which is a necessary first stage in conducting either research-oriented investigation or compliance-related work. However, there are some notable exceptions to this trend, and these will be discussed in more detail in appropriate sections below. One factor affecting our current state of understanding of archaeological resources is that not all watershed regions have received equal attention. Even within a single watershed region, both industrial development and archaeological research interests--the two major factors that provide impetus to study of cultural resources--have waxed and waned over time. The record of archaeological research in the IRBWAA largely reflects the impact of Federally mandated cultural resource management studies that post-date the 1960s. Expansion of Peoria and its suburbs, construction of new or expanded transportation routes, and systematic survey of state parks and conservation areas for the purpose of long-term cultural resource management have all resulted in documentation of numerous sites within the IRBWAA. Some of these sites have been excavated and provide more information about past lifeways. Major sources of information about sites within the IRBWAA include 1) systematic survey of large contiguous tracts of state-owned parks and conservation areas (Hassen and Schroeder 1987); 2) relatively unsystematic surveys conducted under the auspices of the Historic Sites Surveys during the early 1970s (Jelks 1971, 1972; Wiant et al. 1975) bankline surveys along the Illinois River conducted by the Illinois Museum; and 4) systematic survey of the Interstate 39 highway corridor (Warren 1992). The first three sources provide considerable information about site distributions within and adjacent to the Illinois River valley, while the latter project provides contrasting information on an upland tract dominated by former prairie ecology. Additional sources of archaeological data include late 19"- and early 20"-century nonsystematic surveys that focused largely on mounds and large villages, nonsystematic surveys by private individuals, numerous small and scattered systematic survey undertakings, and occasional large-scale excavations at specific sites. In spite of the relatively low intensity of systematic survey and excavation, the IRBWAA has proved to be a region relatively rich in archaeological resources. These resources have provided information on a variety of research issues and have the potential to continue to 3-5 contribute to our understanding of the past. The IRBWAA has had a relatively long but sporadic history of archaeological investigation. A number of mound sites are recorded, and while these cannot usually be assigned to specific time periods without excavation, many of them are attributed to Middle Woodland cultures. The presence of these mound sites and associated large villages promoted initial interest in the region. The region was first investigated in the late 19"" and early 20" centuries by a combination of amateur and professional archaeologists (Adams 1880, 1883; Peet 1889; Tiffany 1883). Most of this early work concentrated on mound excavations, and much of it was concentrated in the southern part of the IRBWAA in Peoria County. However, relatively few mound sites have been reported for this region compared to areas just upstream and downstream along the Illinois River (the Starved Rock area and Fulton County, respectively), so as a result, comparatively little work was conducted from the outset of systematic archaeological investigations. From the 1930s through the 1960s, only sporadic work was conducted in the region. Ethel Schoenbeck of the Peoria Academy of Science was notably active in the region, documenting and conducting excavations at several sites, including the Steuben Village in Marshall County (Schoenbeck 1948, 1949). These collections were later analyzed by Fowler (1950) as part of his regional synthesis of ceramic types. During this period, John McGregor documented several mound and large village sites, some of which were the focus of brief excavations, and Spooner (1939) documented the locations of several early historic Native American sites in the Peoria Lake area. The first professional, large-area systematic site surveys were conducted in the IRBWAA under the auspices of the Historic Sites Surveys in the early 1970s (Jelks 1971, 1972; Wiant et al. 1975). Collectively, these surveys documented over 50 sites of all time periods within the region, most of which were located within or adjacent to the Illinois River valley. After implementation of Federal cultural resource management legislation in the 1960s, archaeological information from the region increased significantly. These laws often require archaeological surveys or site evaluations of areas to be affected by federally funded development or construction projects such as highways or power plants. Some of the institutions that have been major contributors to this information base through contract archaeology projects include the Illinois State Museum Society, the Illinois Transportation Archaeology Research Program and its predecessors at the University of Illinois, and Dickson Mounds Museum. Most of the contractual archaeological work in the region has been required because of expansion of existing highways or construction of new roads. As a result of these and other projects, records maintained with the Illinois Archaeological Survey site files indicate about 1.9% of the total IRBWAA area has been subjected to systematic archaeological survey (Figure 3-1). This is a relatively low percentage of the total area within the region, and it reflects both a low level of industrial/economic development in this largely rural region as well as a lower intensity of archaeological research in the area. However, not all archaeological research in the region has been driven by economic 3-6 concerns. Information from several site excavations and surveys have been incorporated into masters’ theses (Houart 1973), dissertations (Braun 1977; Montet-White 1968: Morse 1963), regional syntheses (Montet-White 1965), and regional predictive models (Lewis and Murphy 1981). In addition, major excavations conducted at the Rench Village site in Peoria County (McConnaughy 1993), the Hildenmeyer site in Tazewell County, and at several sites on the Interstate 39 right-of-way (Ferguson 1992) have added considerably to our understanding of the history and prehistory of the IRBWAA. Both scholarly and cultural resource management projects continue to document and evaluate sites, and the archaeological data base for the region is growing annually. Because the surveys shown in Figure 3-1 are the result of many individual projects conducted for a variety of compliance and research purposes, their distribution and the corresponding distribution of known archaeological sites in the IRBWAA (Figure 3-2) is notably uneven. However, all large-area systematic surveys that have been conducted in the region have documented many sites. The composite result of these efforts are two major clusters of sites (Figure 3-2). One linear cluster along the east edge of the IRBWAA boundary resulted from intensive survey of the Interstate 39 highway corridor (Ferguson 1992; Schroeder and Warren 1992; Warren 1992). The other large, diffuse site cluster mainly reflects site locations within and adjacent to the Illinois River valley. These two site clusters provide potentially complementary information about upland and riverine adaptations, respectively. The distribution of temporal components represented in the two clusters can be compared to provide a more complete interpretation of human adaptations in the IRBWAA through time. It should be understood that the collective survey areas and site distributions do not necessarily comprise a representative sample of the entire region. However, these data do permit some tentative interpretations to be ~ drawn regarding historic and prehistoric settlement patterns and landscape use in the IRBWAA region. Based on information recorded in the electronic data base of the Illinois Archaeological Survey site files as of 1 October 1997, a total of 339 archaeological sites has been recorded in the IRBWAA (Figure 3-2). These range in age from Early Archaic through the Postwar Industrial periods (Figures 3-3 through 3-23). This number is small compared to other drainages, reflecting the lower intensity of archaeological work in this region. Of this total number of sites, 175 (51.6%) have been recorded simply as unidentified prehistoric sites (Figure 3-3), and are not assignable to a more specific time period. Several of the sites have more than one temporal period or component present. The total number of recorded components is 383 (Table 3-2). Of the recorded components, almost half (175 or 45.7%) are unidentified or culturally indeterminate prehistoric sites (Figure 3-3); no temporally or culturally diagnostic artifacts have been found at these sites. Their distribution mirrors the total number of sites, with both the Illinois River and Interstate 39 site clusters represented. Though Paleo-Indian peoples most likely occupied the region, no components dating to this time period have been formally identified in the IRBWAA (Figure 3-4). Paleo-Indian RT Table 3-2. Archaeological Resources in the Illinois River Bluffs Watershed Assessment Area. Period Subperiod Calendar Years Number of (Dates indicate beginning of period) Components Postwar A.D. 1946 9 Urban Industrial A.D. 1901 13 Early Industrial A.D. 1871 Say? 0) Frontier A.D. 1841 15 Pioneer A.D. 1781 2 Colonial A.D. 1650 0 Native American A.D. 1650 2 Historic Unidentified A.D. 1650 40 Protohistoric A.D. 1500 0 Upper Mississippian Oneota A.D. 1400 2 Mississippian A.D. 900 16 Late Woodland A.D. 300 15 Middle Woodland 200 B.C. 16 Early Woodland 1000 B.C. 3 Woodland Unidentified 1000 B.C. 13 Late Archaic 3000 B.C. 3 Middle Archaic 6000 B.C. 9 Early Archaic 8000 B.C. 13 Archaic Unidentified 8000 B.C. 24 Paleo-Indian 10000 B.C. 0 Prehistoric Indeterminate 10000 B.C. 175 Total 383 3-8 sites are extremely difficult to locate because they often have very low artifact density, a factor that may help to account for their apparent absence in the region. Sites with components assignable to the undifferentiated Archaic period (Figure 3-5) are more numerous and account for 24 of the recorded components (6.3%). All of these sites are located within the diffuse site cluster along the Illinois River valley, and all of these sites were reported as a result of the Historic Sites Surveys. These sites produced artifacts identifiable to the Archaic period (8000 to 1000 B.C.), but were not assigned to a more specific subperiod within this broad time span. After these surveys, finer temporal affiliation was provided for Archaic period sites, with components assigned to one of three subperiods. However, only 13 (3.4%) sites with Early Archaic components (Figure 3-6), nine sites (2.3%) with Middle Archaic components (Figure 3-7), and three sites (0.8%) with Late Archaic components (Figure 3-8) have been identified. Almost all of the sites assignable to Archaic subperiods are located in the Interstate 39 survey corridor. Within this corridor, which intersects a variety of upland physiographic settings, there is differential distribution of Early and Middle Archaic period sites. Early Archaic sites tend to be located on higher elevations on end moraines, farther from permanent streams, and closer to small upland wetland areas. Middle Archaic sites are located closer to permanent streams or on lower elevations on ground moraines. This distributional change was interpreted as evidence of human responses to environmental change during the mid-Holocene (Middle Archaic period). During this time span, extensive prairies were established, warmer and drier climatic conditions prevailed, and there may have been a lower water table, resulting in drying of many upland water sources removed from permanent streams. Prehistoric populations apparently altered their settlement strategies in response to reduced availability of crucial resources (Ferguson 1992; Warren 1992). The extent to which mid-Holocene warming and drying conditions affected prehistoric settlement patterns.in the main Illinois River valley within the IRBWAA is unknown at this time. However, studies in other regions suggest that large stream valleys and adjacent bluffs were more environmentally stable, which contributed to an increase in human settlement stability in the main valley during this period (see Stafford 1991). Sites with undifferentiated Woodland period components (Figure 3-9) account for 13 (3.4%) of the recorded components. They are comparable to the undifferentiated Archaic period sites with a thin distribution throughout the diffuse Illinois River site cluster. Early Woodland sites (Figure 3-10) are difficult to identify, and this time period is poorly represented in this and many other regions in the state. Early Woodland sites account for only three (0.8%) of the recorded components. Middle Woodland components (Figure 3- 11) are more numerous, accounting for 16 (4.2%) of the reported components. Several of these sites are mounds, though extensive villages are also reported. Late Woodland sites (Figure 3-12) are almost equal in number, with 15 components recognized (3.9%). Some of the Late Woodland sites may also contain mounds. The Mississippian period (Figure 3-13) is moderately represented in the IRBWAA, with 16 components identified, accounting for 4.2% of the total. Only two sites (0.5%) have been recognized as 3-9 containing definitive Upper Mississippian components (Figure 3-14). No sites have been reported with protohistoric period components (Figure 3-15). Almost all of the sites assigned to Woodland and Mississippian subperiods are located within or on the uplands immediately adjacent to the Illinois River valley in the IRBWAA. This observation strongly reflects panregional cultural developments which indicate that Woodland and Mississippian peoples focused their settlements and subsistence activities mainly on larger stream valleys. Upland areas certainly continued to be utilized, but the intensity or duration of settlement in upland settings probably decreased markedly relative to the Archaic period. Woodland and Mississippian period settlement models for the region suggest that upland areas remote from major streams were used primarily for short-term or seasonal extraction of specific resources (Lewis and Murphy 1981). Four sites have been the subject of major excavations. The Rench Village site (McConnaughy 1995) is a large multicomponent village at the base of the Illinois River bluffs just north of Peoria. It was partially excavated due to highway construction impacts. Multiple structures and pit features associated with Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, and Mississippian periods were documented. The botanical remains from Rench provide much information on subsistence changes through time, and ceramic and lithic artifacts have added to our understanding of culture history and intraregional interactions during the Woodland period. The Steuben Village in Marshall County is an extensive Middle-Late Woodland mound and village site which was partially excavated by both amateur and professional archaeologists in the 1950s. The artifacts from these excavations were subsequently analyzed by Dan Morse (1963) as part of his dissertation research at the University of Michigan. The Luthy mounds site (Tazewell County) is a probable Mississippian site on the bluffs of the Illinois River; salvage excavations in the late 1950s yielded several burials, but no additional professional work has been done on the site (Beeson 1960). Finally, recent Illinois State Museum excavations at a site in Peoria County have documented the probable remnants of a Middle Woodland burial mound; analyses of these materials are still in progress. Collectively, Historic period components are relatively abundant in the IRBWAA, accounting for 101 (28.7%) of the recorded components. More than one-third (n = 40; 10.4% of total) of the Historic period components are undifferentiated and cannot be assigned to a specific temporal subperiod (Figure 3-16). Figure 3-16 indicates that all Historic period sites in the Interstate 39 corridor are unassigned to specific subperiods. However, this figure is based on early information that is now out of date; the information in Table 3-2 reflects more recent assignment of Historic period components to more specific subperiods. Unfortunately, these data could not be visually displayed in Figures 3-17 through 3-23. Only two sites contain Historic Native American components (Figure 3-17). The low representation of these components is most probably due to the combined effects of 3-10 nonsystematic sampling and the lack of specific archaeological signatures for a time period that has a very sparse material expression. One of these sites is represented by a small surface collection that includes stone-working refuse and a probable English gun flint. The other site represents the probable location of Old Peoria, based on maps and limited surface finds. The site files now indicate that Old Peoria has been destroyed by urban expansion of Peoria city. However, remnants in the form of house foundations or pit features may still be preserved. Additional Historic Native American sites may yet be found here, especially given that the region, specifically around Peoria Lake, was occupied historically by one or more segments of the Illinois Confederation of related tribes. There is evidence for a rather high degree of territorial variation and movement of various segments of the loose confederation of up to 12 tribes that comprised the Illinois Confederacy during the 17" and 18" centuries (Bauxar 1978; Callender 1978). High tribal mobility may also have characterized the Protohistoric period and may contribute to the difficulty we have in identifying Protohistoric period sites. Between about 1650 and 1700, the IRBWAA region was occupied by the Kaskaskia, whose principal village was upstream of the region at Starved Rock. In 1691, the Kaskaskia and Peoria groups, supplemented by small segments of Miami and Shawnee, established a new settlement at Pimiteoui on Peoria Lake. In 1700, the Kaskaskia abandoned this village to move south to the American Bottom, leaving the Peoria tribe, which alternated settlement between Pimiteoui and Starved Rock until the late 18" century. The remnants of the Peoria tribe then moved south and eventually west to Kansas and finally to Oklahoma. When the area was abandoned by the Peoria, it was settled by small groups of Potawatomi, who remained in the area from about 1770 to 1800. After 1800, the growing numbers of Euro- American settlers forced the remnant Native American groups to abandon the region and ultimately move west. This relatively large degree of tribal group movement during the early Historic period is attributed mainly to the twin influences of economic interactions induced by the fur trade and increasing conflict with Euro-American settlers. No Historic Colonial components (Figure 3-18) have been identified in the region, probably because of the ephemeral artifact signature that these sites display. Historic Pioneer components (Figure 3-19) are scarce; only two (0.5%) have been identified to date in the IRBWAA. Both of these sites were occupied into later historic subperiods. Historic Frontier components (Figure 3-20) are considerably more numerous (n=15; 3.9% of components). These sites are located in both valley and upland settings, with upland sites strongly associated with the growing influence of overland transportation routes, especially the rail system. Historic Early Industrial components (Figure 3-21) comprise 5.2% of the total number of components (n=20), while Historic Urban Industrial components (Figure 3-22) number 13 (3.4% of components). Both of these periods show the same spatial distribution identified for the Historic Frontier subperiod and reflect longer occupation of established farmsteads and residences. With the exception of selected sites in the Interstate 39 corridor (see Schroeder and Warren 1992), few sites of these time periods have been investigated more intensively than the survey 3-11 documentation level. Historic Postwar components (Figure 3-23) are less frequent (n=9; 2.3%); sites of this age have only recently been systematically recorded. Many of the sites of this period have extant structures and are significant to local community histories. More recently, archaeologists have recognized the contribution that these sites can make to our understanding of historical and social processes, and they have been more systematically documented. Little formal investigation has been conducted for the region as a whole using site distribution data, either in terms of Historic or Prehistoric period settlement pattern analysis. The site distribution data from the Historic Sites Surveys and other surveys formed the basis of a predictive model for prehistoric settlement for part of this region (see Lewis and Murphy 1981), and settlement systems for specific time periods have been incorporated into more recent survey and excavation reports (McConnaughy 1995). In spite of this lack of comprehensive analysis, the brief examination of the distributional data suggests possible avenues for future investigation. Most of the temporal periods and subperiods show differential distribution of sites within the IRBWAA, especially with respect to upland and Illinois River valley settings. The Interstate 39 corridor studies have demonstrated that even in the upland prairie regions there is considerable variation in prehistoric settlement patterns, and this variation may be strongly linked to changes in paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. Changes in social organization and/or subsistence practices may underlie the strong trend through time of increasing settlement focus on the Illinois River valley portion of the region. This trend may begin as early as the Middle Archaic period, and is certainly expressed in the present data base throughout the Woodland and Mississippian periods. Of additional interest-are differential settlement and economic patterns that become apparent in the later Historical subperiods as rural settlements are linked increasingly to regional and national economies (see Schroeder and Warren 1992) through rail and overland transportation routes. Though these trends are based on relatively small numbers of sites and generally nonsystematic and nonrepresentative surveys, the distributional changes are apparent at even this scale of analysis and should be investigated more formally through future research in the region. Future archaeological site surveys are needed to correct for potential biases in the current data base resulting from nonsystematic survey. Additional work should be targeted toward systematic testing and survey of sites to complement the more extensive data base available in regions immediately upstream and downstream from the IRBWAA. If these difficulties can be overcome, the archaeological resources of the IRBWAA can continue to make significant contributions to our understanding of Illinois history and prehistory. Acknowledgments The illustrations were prepared by Dr. Erich Schroeder using the ARC/INFO Geographic Information System program and data from the Illinois Archaeological Survey site files. Nicholas Klobuchar, site file manager, provided additional information on specific sites and their attributes, site distributions, and surveyed areas. Thomas Emerson and Dale McElrath (Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program) provided access to the IAS site files maintained at the University of Illinois as well as current information about ongoing projects in the region. Jacqueline Ferguson provided much-needed additional information about specific sites documented in the Interstate 39 highway corridor work. I fully acknowledge their assistance, without which this report could not have been completed. Errors of omission or fact in this report, however, are the sole responsibility of the author. 3-13 Selected References for Archaeological Resources in the Illinois River Bluffs Watershed Assessment Area Adams, William H. 1880. Mounds in Spoon River Valley, Illinois. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1879: 368-370. ----- 1883. Mounds in Spoon River Valley, Illinois. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1881: 835-838. Bauxar, J, Joseph. 1978. History of the Illinois Area. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast, edited by B. G. Trigger, pp. 594-601. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Beeson, William J. 1960. The Luthy Site, an Archaeological Mystery. In Indian Mounds and Villages in Illinois, edited by E. A. Bluhm, pp. 109-111. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin No. 2. Urbana. Callender, Charles. 1978. Miami. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast, edited by B. G. Trigger, pp. 681-689. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DiC. Ferguson, J.A. 1992. The Excavated Sites. In Prairie Archaeology Volume II: Prehistoric Occupations Along Interstate-39 in North-Central Illinois. Technical Report No. 92-369-11. Quaternary Studies Program, Illinois State Museum, Springfield. Submitted to Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield. Fowler, Melvin L. 1950. The Schoenbeck Collection. Living Museum 12:123-124. Hassen, Harold and Marjorie B. Schroeder (editors) 1987. Cultural Resource Studies at Illinois Department of Conservation State Parks and Recreation Areas, Volume One: The 1985 Season. Illinois State Museum Quaternary Studies Program, Technical Report 86- 222-11. Houart, Gail. 1973. Social Distance, Ceramic Analysis, and Prehistoric Social Organization. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University. Evanston. Jelks, Edward B. 1971. An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Illinois and Mackinaw River Valleys. In Preliminary Report of the 1971 Historic Sites Survey. Archaeological Reconnaissance of Selected Areas in the State of Illinois. Part I, Summary, pp. 44-48. Report prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and submitted to the U.S. National Park Service and Illinois Department of Conservation. 3-14 Jelks, Edward B. 1971. An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Illinois and Mackinaw River Valleys. In Preliminary Report of the 1971 Historic Sites Survey. Archaeological Reconnaissance of Selected Areas in the State of Illinois. Part 1, Summary, pp. 44-48. Report prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and submitted to the U.S. National Park Service and Illinois Department of Conservation. Jelks, Edward B. 1972. An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Illinois and Mackinaw River Valleys. In Preliminary Report of the 1972 Historic Sites Survey. Archaeological Reconnaissance of Selected Areas in the State of Illinois. Part 1, Summary, Section A, pp. 43-48. Report prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and submitted to the U.S. National Park Service and Illinois Department of Conservation. Lewis, R. Barry and Susan A. Murphy. 1981. Central Illinois Unit (IV). In Predictive Models in Illinois Archaeology: Report Summaries, edited by M. K. Brown, pp 33-40. Illinois Department of Conservation. McConnaughy, Mark A., ed. 1995. Rench, A Stratified Site in the Central Illinois River Valley. Illinois State Museum Reports of Investigations, No. 49. Springfield. Montet-White, Anta. 1965. Typology of some Middle Woodland Projectile Points from Illinois and Michigan. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 50:355-360. o---- 1968. The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the Early and Middle Woodland Period. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 35. Ann Arbor. Morse, Dan F. 1963. The Steuben Village and Mounds: A Multicomponent Late Hopewell Site in Illinois. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 21. Ann Arbor. Peet, Stephen. 1889. Geographical Distribution of Monuments. The American Antiquarian 11:267-292. Schoenbeck, Ethel. 1948. Steuben Village Site: A Hopewell Village of Central Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 41:19-21. o---- 1949. More Data on Hopewell Sites in the Peoria Region. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 42:41-46. 3-15 Schroeder, E. K., and R. E. Warren (editors). 1992. Prairie Archaeology Volume III: Historic Occupations Along Interstate-39 in North-Central Illinois. Technical Report No. 92-369-12. Quaternary Studies Program, Illinois State Museum, Springfield. Submitted to the Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield. Spooner, Harry. 1939. The Historic Indian Villages of the Peoria Lake Region. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Sciences 32:67-72. Stafford, Russell G. 1991. Archaic Period Logistical Foraging Strategies in West- Central Illinois. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 16(2):212-246. Tiffany, A. S. 1883. Description of a Group of Mounds in Bureau County, Illinois. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report for 1881: 556-558. Warren, R.E. (editor). 1992. Prairie Archaeology Volume I: Environment and Human Settlement Along Interstate-39 in North-Central Illinois. Technical Report No. 92-369-10. Quaternary Studies Program, Illinois State Museum, Springfield. Submitted to Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield. Wiant, Michael D., William L. Minnerly, and Edward B. Jelks. 1975. An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Illinois and Mackinaw River Valleys. In Preliminary Report of the 1974 Historic Sites Survey. Archaeological Reconnaissance of Selected Areas in the State of Illinois. Part I], Summary, Section A, pp. 49-55. Report prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and submitted to the U.S. National Park Service and Illinois Department of Conservation. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers i” Archaeological survey area Sea Municipal boundary Figure 3 —1. Archaeological Survey Areas. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites EE Municipal boundary Figure 3 —2. All archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ————oEIEEEEE——— EEE —$—?____ 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites iz Municipal boundary Figure 3 —3. Unidentified Prehistoric archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites ea Municipal boundary Figure 3 -4. Paleoctndian archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ————EEE————————_——————————— 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites ES Municipal boundary Figure 3 —5. Unidentified Archaic archaeological components. eer eon! @ Pe / < oe 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ——————_—————————————————————— EEE 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites EE Municipal boundary Figure 3 —6. Early Archaic archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites se Municipal boundary Figure 3 -7. Middle Archaic archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ——eeeeOEEEEE—————_E——————— EEE 5 1) 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites a Municipal boundary Figure 3 —8. Late Archaic archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ee 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites ag Municipal boundary Figure 3 —9. Unidentified Woodland archaeological components. ~~), ean! ni fe = 4 . oF SS pc Pa ~~. y XN 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ee _ FT 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites Ee Municipal boundary Figure 3 —10. Early Woodland archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites Municipal boundary Figure 3 -11. Middle Woodland archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites (= Municipal boundary Figure 3 —12. Late Woodland archaeological components. 5 ) 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites [= Municipal boundary Figure 3 —13. Mississippian archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ——————————————————_————— EEE 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites es Municipal boundary Figure 3 —14. Upper Mississippian archaeological components. ary oon! a) 8 4 j rs 5 t) 5 10 15 Miles ———————_——————————————E———— ams 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites =. Municipal boundary Figure 3 —15. Protohistoric archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ————__—_[=[=[_[_=_[——————_—— | 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites es Municipal boundary Figure 3 —-16. Unidentified Historic archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ————————EE__——— as 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers © Archaeological sites eg Municipal boundary Figure 3 —17. Historic Native American archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ee 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites a Municipal boundary Figure 3 —18. Historic Colonial archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles —————————————————————— eee 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites Sei Municipal boundary Figure 3 —19. Historic Pioneer archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites ES Municipal boundary Figure 3 —20. Historic Frontier archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles EE ———_ 5 tt) 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites ee Municipal boundary Figure 3 —-21. Historic Early Industrial archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites ed Municipal boundary Figure 3 —22. Historic Urban Industrial archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Miles ————_——__————————— aS aaa 5 0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers ° Archaeological sites ce Municipal boundary Figure 3 —23. Historic Postwar archaeological components. [eo fel ae: = 7 ton a 3? < — Ca: aw 2 = — | * =? The Illinois Department of Natural Resources receives federal financial assistance and therefore must comply with federal anti-discrimination laws. In compliance with the Illinois Human Rights Act, the Illinois Constitution, Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended, and the U.S. Constitution, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age or disability. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity or facility please contact the Equal Employment Opportunity Officer, Department of Natural Resources, 524 S. 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