SJtbrarg Initrrrfittg of f ittBhurgli Darlington Memorial Library (ElaHB S.'rf../.:!-t. «0ok jzr..2r.^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTEE OF EURAL AFFAIRS CULTIVATOR ALMANAC, FOii a?ia:E -ste-a^e, isse. CONTAINING PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOP THE FARMER AND HORTICULTURIST, EMBELLISHED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY ENGRAVINGS, INCLUDING HOUSES, FARM BUILDINGS, IMPLEMENTS, DOMESTIC ANIMALS, FRUIT, FLOWERS, &c. BY J. J. THOMAS ALBANY, N. Y.: LUTHER TUCKER & SON, 397 BROADWAY, OFFICE or "the cultivator" and "the country gentleman. 1856 %^fOG INDEX. Page. Agricultural Papers 268 Animals, Improved 261 Apples, Descriptive List of 197 Summer 197 Autumu 199 Winter 202 Apricots, Descriptive List of 219 Ants, Black, to Destroy 266 Astronomical Signs Explained 150 Automaton Gate, Winegar's 254 Barns, Side Hill or Cellar 182 Lewis F. Allen's 179 Large Dairy 185 Basement, Flan of. 187 Side Hill, in Usual Form 184 Balky Horses 268 Bee Stings, to Cure 265 Brass, to Clean 266 Bread Puddings, &c 266 Breaking Halters 267 Building, General Rules for 177 Bushel, tjnited Slates Standard 259 Butter Dairies, Management of. 242 Churning Milk" and Cream 250 Room 253 Proper Time for Churning, 250 Temperature of Cream at Churn- ing 249 Chief Pohits in Butter Making.. . 251 To xAIake Butter Come 266 Churns 251 Calendar Pages 153 Carriage House and Stable 188 Smaller do 190 Cattle, Improved 263 Cattle, Cure for Wounds hi 265 Carpets, Care of 265 Cheese Dairies, Management of 242 Introductory Remarks 242 Plan of House 247 Rennet, Preparation of. 243 Scalding the Curd 244 Steamer for 245 Cheese Presses 245 Cherries, Descriptive List of. 223 Churning Apparatus 252 Cracks in Stoves, to Stop 265 Colors Fading, to Prevent 265 Corn and Cob-Mill, Scott's 259 Cottage Gothic Farm House, 169 Customary Notes, 149 Dav and Night, to Ascertain Length of. 151 Ditch Digger, Pratt's 256 Directions for Finding the True Time . . 151 Dog Power Churn 2-52 Door Knobs, How to Clean 265 Dairies, Butter and Cheese 242 Page. Dick's Cheese Press 245 Equinoxes and Solstices 151 Eclipses for the Year , 150 Farm House, Substantial 175 Flannel, How to Wash 265 Flat Irons, to Clean 265 Flower Garden, Circular 238 Dropmore 237 Flowering Plants, Herbaceous 239 Bulbous 241 Food for Sick Animals 268 Fruits, Descriptive Lists of 197 Fruit Trees, Depredators on 237 Fire Blight and Black Knot on.. . 237 General Rules for Plaiumg and Managing 236 Gardens, Stealing from 259 Gilt Frames, Should be Varnished 265 Glass Stoppers, to Remove 265 Gothic Country House 167 General Rules for Building 177 Grape Houses 233 Grapes, Culture of. 230 Descriptive Lists of. 229 Native and Foreign, 229 Soil and Propagation 230 Pruning and Training 2:i0 Management of, in Vinery 2^36 Griddle Cakes, to Prevent Slicking 265 Hedges for Flooded Lands 268 Hemlock Beer for the Sick 266 Hints on Construction of Dwellings .... 165 Houses. Grape 233 Cottage Gothic Farm 169 Gothic Country 167 General Rules for Buildhig 177 Cheese Dairy 247 Hints on Construction of 165 Italian Country- 171 Italian Farm (pottage 173 Poultry 191 Square Farm Cottage 174 Substantial Farm 175 School, Designs for. ... 191, 192, 195 Ink Spots, to Remove 265 Interesting Facts for Farmers 267 Kendall's Cheese Press 246 Kendall's Chum 252 Linen, to Put Gloss on 266 Marble Fire Places and Tables, to Clean 265 Miiice Pie Meat, How to Keep 266 Moths, to Drive Away 265 Mowing Machine, Allen's 257 Nectarines, Descriptive List of 218 Ornamental Planting 237 Parsnips for Hogs Paste, Adhesive, How Made 265 INDEX Pa^e. Posts. Durability of. aiS Preserves, Fermeming ^66 Pumpkins, to Dry 205 Pumps, Frozen. How to Thaw 266 Plaining. Deep and Shallow 268 Planting, Ornamental 2:37 Plowing, Benefit of Deep 26S Plowing Headlands 267 Parks, Trees for 238 Plants, Select List of 239 Peaches, Descriptive Lists of. 215 Comparative Forms of. 216 Pears, Descriptive List of 207 Summer 207 Autumn 209 AViiiter 213 Plums, Descriptive Lists of. 220 Poultry House, Design for 191 Putty, to Remove Old 265 Rennet, Preparation of. 243 Risina and Setting; of Planets 151 Rat Trap, a Good One, 265 Rust on Knives, &c., to Remove 266 Shrubs and Vines 2-39 Self- Acting Cheese Press 215 Sheep, South Down 263 ENGRAVINGS. No. Figures. Page. Allen's Mowing l\Tachine 2 !^7 Apples, Figures of. 11 198 Apricots, " " 2 219 Automaton Gate 1 2.55 Barns 11 179 Carriage Houses and Stables. ... 7 1S8 Cattle 2 260 Cedar of Lebanon 1 238 Circular Flower Garden 1 238 Cheese Dairy House 2 247 Cheese Presses 3 245 Cherries, Figures of 15 223 Churns 2 251 Cottage Gothic Farm House 4 169 Dair}^ Steamer 1 245 Deodar Cedar 1 239 Dropmore Garden, 1 237 Flowering Plants 4 240 Flowers of the Peach 2 217 Flowers of the Strawberry 4 226 No. Figures. Gothic Country House 3 Grape Vines,Pruning andTiaiiilng 7 Grape Houses 5 Halladay's Wind Mill 1 Italian Country House 3 Italian Farm Cottage 2 Leaves of the Peach 3 Peaches, Figures of 7 Pears, Figures of 12 Plums, pigures of. 11 Poultry House 1 Pratt's Ditch Digger 1 Room for Butter Dairy 3 School Houses 8 Scott-s Corn and Cob Mill 1 Sheep 1 Square Farm Cottage 3 Substantial Farm Residence, 4 Strawberries, Figures of. 7 Swine 2 Page. 166 231 2:34 258 171 173 215 216 207 220 191 2.56 253 192 259 262 174 175 227 261 Page. Steamer for Cheese Dairy 245 Silks, How to Wash 265 Sausage .Meat. How to Preserve, 206 Signs of the Zodiac 152 Striking illustration 267 Strawlierries. Descriptive List of 226 How to Plant 227 Stamiiiate and Pistillate Varieties 226 Square Farm Cottage 174 Substantial Farm House 175 School Houses, Designs for.. . .192, 195, 196 Remarks on 192 Plan of Floor for 193 Design for Seats of 194 Swine, Suilblk 261 Berkshire 263 Thermometer Churn 251 Tide Table 152 Table of Principal Bodies in Solar Sys- tem 152 Trees for Parks 238 Vines and Shrubs 239 Wash for Barns 263 Weeds, the way they Multiply 267 Weekly Examinations 266 Wuid-Mill, Halladay's 258 «f- 18 5 6 THE CULTIYATOIl ALIAIAC, ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS IN EQUAL OR CLOCK TIME. CUSTOMARY NOTES. Venus will be morning star until July 19th, then evening star until May 10th, 1857. Mars will be morning star until April 1st, then evening star until June 7th, 1857. Jupiter will be evening star until March 5th, then morning star until September 26th, then eveningstar until April 11th, 1857. Saturn will be evening star until June 24th, then morning star until December 31st, then evening star until July 10th, 1857. The Moon will run lowest this year on October 6th, to the 3- SUN 1 SUN MOONjH. W. SUN SUN MOON H. "W 1 •SUN ] SUN| MOON ■<5 p Afternoon Irises. sets, rises Bost r.ses .«els ri?es.| N. Y. rises \ sets rises. H M s hmIhm HM H M H M H M H M i H M H M H M 1 H M 1 T 12 3 42 7 304 3S 0 51 5 5 7 24 4 44 0 49i 2 55 7 19 4 49! 0 48 2 \V 12 4 11 ;7 30 4 39 1 63 6 9 17 24|4 45 1 501 3 4(j 7 19 4 60| 1 48 3 T 12 4 39, i7 30 4 40 2 57 12 5 6li7 30 4 41 4 8 7 10 \1 244 46 2 54! 4 50 7 194 5l| 2 50 4 F 8 13 i7 2414 47 4 3l 5 53 7 19 4 52| 3 67 6 S 12 6 34 7 30 4 42 5 21 9 17 7 24]4 48 6 15; 6 57 7 19 4 53! 5 9 7 19 4 641 6 17 6 s 12 6 0!]7 30 4 4.{ 6 31 10 10 i7 244 49 7 244 50 6 24| 7 50 1 M 12 6 27 7 30 4 44 sets 11 0 sets 8 40 7 19 4 651 sets 8 T 12 6 53 7 30 4 45 5 31 11 46 7 244 51 5 37i 9 26 7 19 4 56! 5 43 9 W 12 7 18 7 30 4 46 6 50 morn!!7 24 4 52 6 55 10 la 7 19 4 67! 7 0 10 T 12 7 43 7 29 4 47 8 11 0 33; '7 244 53 8 14 10 58'; 7 19 4 58' 8 17 n F 12 8 7 7 29 4 48 9 28 1 18 7 23 4 54 9 30 11 46 7 18 4 59I 9 32 12 S 12 8 31 7 29 4 49 10 45 2 6 7 23 4 55 10 45 morn 7 18 5 0 10 45 13 s 12 8 54 7 28 4 50 11 56 2 1517 23i4 56 11 55 0 31 7 186 i;U 54 u M 12 9 16 7 28 4 51 morn 3 38'7 224 57 morn 1 18 7 17 5 2 morn 15 T 12 9 38 7 27 4 53 1 9 4 27!i7 224 58 1 7 2 7 7 17 5 3j 1 4 16 \V 12 9 59ji7 27 4 54 2 21 5 20^7 22'4 69 2 17 3 0 7 17 5 4 2 13 n T 12 10 19i7 264 55 3 32 6 24 7 21,5 0 3 27 4 4 7 16 5 5! 3 22 18 F 12 10 38 17 26 4 56 4 41 7 35;7 215 1 4 35' 6 15 7 16 5 6i 4 28 19 S 12 10 57j7 25 4 58 5 45 8 53 7 20:6 3 5 38, 6 33 7 15 6 7 5 31 20 s 12 11 15 7 244 59 6 41 9 59:7 19!5 4 6 35j 7 39 7 14 5 8 6 27 21 jM 12 11 33 7 23 5 0 rises 10 53 7 18'5 5 rises 8 33 7 14 5 9 rises 22 |T 12 11 49 7 22 5 1 5 30 U 40:7 18 5 6 5 35' 9 20 7 13 5 10 5 40 23 \\ 12 12 5 7 22 5 3 6 34 ev.22::7 17i5 8 6 37 10 2 7 12 5 12 6 42 24 !T 12 12 20 ^7 21 5 4 7 34 0 58'7 16,5 9 7 37 10 08 7 12 5 13 7 40 25 |F 12 12 34117 205 5 8 33 1 3lj7 155 10 8 3711 n '7 11 5 14 8 38 26 :S 12 12 47;|7 20 5 6 9 36 2 2 7 15 5 11 9 36 11 42 7 10 5 15 9 38 27 S 12 13 017 19 5 7 10 30 2 33 7 14 5 12 10 29ev.l3 7 10 5 16 10 28 28 M 12 13 1217 18 5 9 11 36 3 5 7 13|6 13 11 34i 0 45 7 9 5 17 11 32 29 T 12 13 23|7 17 5 10 morn 3 39 7 12'5 15 mornl 1 19 17 86 19 morn 30 |\V 12 13 33 7 16 5 11 0 40 4 16 7 12,5 16 0 37i 1 56 1 44i 2 36 !7 8 5 20 0 34 31iT 12 13 42 17 15 5 13 1 49 4 56l!7 lll6 17 I7 7 5 21 1 40 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN JANUARY. Norfolk burnt by LdDunmore,l 776. 16 Treaty between G.B. &, U.S. signed, 17. Jo.seph Denny died, 1812. [1784. 19. Eli Whitney, inventor cotton gin, d. 20. Stamp act passed-, 1765. [1825. 21. Linnaaus the botanist died, 1778. 122. Halley the astronomer died, 1742. 24. Spenser the poet died, 1559. 129. Battle of Corunna, 18C9. Battle of the Cowpens, 1781. Peter 2d of Russia died, 173C. First English parliament, 1265. Plague broke out at Edinb. 1647. Great eartliquake in S.'Amer. 1834. Frederick the Great born, 1712. Timothy Pickering died, 1829. ' 1 1-154 f FEBKUARY. 185G. Boston. N York. Baltimore. Pittsburgh (Cincinnati. MOON'S PHASES. D H M H M H M H M H M New First Moon ••■•.•••.. 6 12 5 52 m 9 28e 5 40 m 9 16 e 6 30 m 9 6 e 5 17m 8 52 e 4 59 m Quarter 8 34e Full Moon 20 4 56e 4 44e 4 34e 4 21 e 4 3.>e Last Quarter 28 8 57e 8 45e 8 35 e 8 22e 8 4e . i^ H CALENDAR CALENDAR | CALENDAR H Shadow For Boston . N En-land ■ For N.York City. Phila.; For Baltimore 25 o at the New-York Siaie, Mi- delphia, Connecticut. Virginia, Ken- S noon chigan, Wisconsin and Pemi., New-Jersey. tucky, Missouri o fc. o -< mark. Iowa. Ohio. Indiana, Illino s. and Calilbrina. (H SUN SUN MOON H.W SUN SUN MOON H. W j SUN 1 SUN MOON fi Afternoon rises. sets. rises. Bost rises. sets. rises ^ f.Y.ilrises. sets. rbes. ir M s H M H M H M II M ! H M H M H M I M in M H M H M 1 F 12 13 51 7 14 5 14 2 57 5 54 7 19 5 18 2 51 3 34 7 6;5 22 2 48 2 S 12 13 59 7 13 5 15 4 8 7 10'i7 9 5 19 4 2 4 5o; 7 5 5 23 3 55 3 s 12 14 6 7 11 5 16 5 16 8 32;i7 7 5 20 5 9 6 12 7 4i5 24 5 1 4 M 12 14 12 7 10 5 18 6 14 9 4817 6 5 22 6 7 7 28' 7 3|5 25 6 0 5 T 12 14 17 7 9 5 19 sets 10 4.5 7 5 jo 23 sets 8 25 7 2l5 26 sets 6 W 12 14 22 7 8 5 20 5 44 11 36 7 45 24 5 48 9 16 7 1|5 27 6 52 7 T 12 14 26 7 7 5 22 7 5 morn 7 3 5 25 7 8 10 3^7 0^5 28 7 10 8 F 12 14 28 7 6 5 23 8 29 0 23 7 2 5 26 8 30 10 47 6 59'5 29 8 31 8 S 12 14 31 7 5 5 25 9 40 1 7 7 l!5 28 9 40 11 29 6 58,5 31 9 39 10 s 12 14 32 7 4 5 26 10 56 1 49 7 Olo 29 10 53 morn 6 57 5 32 10 51 11 M 12 14 32 7 2 5 27 mom 2 31 6 59 5 30 morn 0 116 56 5 33 morn 12 T 12 14 32 7 1 5 29 0 9 3 15 6 58 5 31 0 6 0 55 6 55 5 34 0 2 13 W 12 14 31 7 0 5 30 1 23 3 55 6 57 5 32 1 18 I 35 6 54 5 36 1 13 14 T 12 14 2y 6 58 5 31 2 34 4 40 6 56 5 33 2 28 2 20 6 63 5 36 2 21 15 F 12 14 27 6 57 5 33 3 40 5 37 6 54 5 34 3 34 3 17!6 52 5 38 3 26 16 S 12 14 23 6 55 5 34 4 39 6 59 6 53.5 36 4 32 4 396 50 5 39 4 24 17 s 12 14 19 5 54 5 35 5 28 8 29 6 51 5 37 5 21 6 9 6 49 5 40 5 14 18 M 12 14 14 6 52!5 36 6 7 9 53 6 50 15 38 6 1 7 33 ;6 48 5 41 5 55 19 T 12 14 9 6 51 5 38 6 41 10 49 6 49 jo 40 6 36 8 29=6 47 5 42 6 31 20 W 12 14 3 6 50 5 39 rises 11 29 6 4si5 41 rises 9 9!i6 46 5 43 rises 21 T 12 12 56 6 48 5 41 6 27 ev. 5 6 46 5 43 6 28 9 45 6 44 5 45 6 31 22 F 12 13 48 6 47 5 42 7 27 0 40 6 45 !5 44 7 28 10 20 6 43 5 46 7 28 23 S 12 13 40 6 45 5 43 8 27 1 7 6 43 5 45 8 27 10 47 6 42 5 47 8 26 24 s 12 13 32 5 44 5 45 9 28 1 36 6 42 5 47 9 27 11 16 6 40 5 48 9 25 26 M 12 ]3 22 6 42 5 46 10 30 2 5 6 40 5 48 10 27 1 1 46 6 38 5 49 10 24 26 Ir 12 13 12 6 40 5 47 11 35 2 33 6 38 5 49 11 31 ev.l3 6 37 5 50!ll 27 27 w 12 14 2 6 38 5 48 morn 3 2 6 37 5 50 morn 0 42 ;6 35 6 51 morn 28 T 12 12 51 6 37 5 49 0 43 3 33 6 35 5 5! 0 38 1 13 i5 34 5 52 0 32 29 F 12 12 4(1 6 37 5 50 1 51 4 12 6 35 5 52 1 45 1 52 6 34 5 51 1 39 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN FEBRUARY. Death of Bonaparte's mother, 1836. Gen. Wade Hampton died, 1835. Birthday of Aaron Burr, 1756. Earthquake in Philadelphia, 1812. Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, burnt Great comet appeared 1680. [1555. Resolution in St. Domingo, 1807. Jane Grey beheaded, 1554. Cotton Mather died at Boston, 1728. Ethan Allen died, 1789. 15. Rome declared a Republic, 1798. 16. Death of Lindley Murray, 1826. 18. Vermont admitted into Union,1791, 18. William AVirt died, 1834. 20. James 1. of Scotland murd. 1437. 20. British evacuated Egypt, 1803. 20. Arthur Young died, 1820. 21. Eugene de Beauharnois died, 1824. 22. Great snow in New-England, 1717. 22. British stamp act repealed, 1766. ^c^- L 1856. MARCH. Boston. N. York. Baltimore Pittsburgh. Cincinnati. MOON'S PHASES. D H M H M H M H M H M New Moon 6 3 55 e 3 43 e 3 33e 3 20 e 3 2e First Quarter 13 9 52 m 9 40 m 9 30 m 9 17 m 8 59 m Full Last Moon .......... 22 29 11 21m 9 48 m 11 9 m 9 36 m 10 59 m 9 26 m 10 45 m 9 12m 10 27 m Quarter. .. 8 54 m . calendar calendar CALENDAR s e- ^ Shadow For Boston. N.England. For N.York City, Phila- For Baltimore, K p£ at the New-York State, Mi- delphia, Connecticut. Virgiitia, Ken- S ^ noon chia^an, Wisconsin and Penn., New-Jersey, tucky, Missouii % o mark. Iowa. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and California. sun sun moon H. W. sun SUN MOON H. W. SUN 1 SUN MOON e Afternoon rises, sets, rises Bost. rises seis. rises. N. Y. rises sets rises. H M s H M H M i H M H M |h M H M H H H M H M H M H M 1 s 12 12 28 6 36 5 51' 2 59 5 2 6 35 5 53 2 51 2 42 6 33 5 52 2 44 2 S 12 12 15 6 35 5 52 3 54 6 42|6 34 5 53 3 46 4 2 6 31 5 53 3 39 3 M 12 12 2l!6 33 5 53 4 51 7 58l6 32 5 54 4 44 5 38 6 30 5 54 4 38 4 T 12 11 49'6 3l!5 54 5 34 9 3216 30 5 55 5 29 7 12 6 2915 55 5 23 5 W 12 11 35 6 30 5 55 6 8|l0 30i!6 29 5 56 6 6 8 10 6 27 5 56 6 0 6 T 12 11 2l!i6 28 5 56 sets 11 20!i6 27 5 57 sets 9 0 6 26 5 57 Bets 7 F 12 11 6!6 26 5 57; 7 15 morn 6 25 5 57 7 15 9 44 6 25 5 58 7 15 8 S 12 10 51 6 25 5 58 8 32 0 4 6 24 5 59 8 31 10 25 6 24 5 59 8 29 9 s 12 10 36 6 23 5 59 9 50 0 45 6 22 6 0 9 46 11 5 6 22 6 0 9 44 10 M 12 10 20 6 2i:6 Oil 6 1 25 6 20'6 1 U 2 11 48 6 20l6 1 10 57 11 T 12 10 4 6 20!6 2 morn 2 8;l6 19i6 2 morn morn 6 18 6 2 mom 12 ^v 12 9 48 |6 18 6 3 0 22 2 46|6 17!6 3 0 16 0 26 0 17 6 3 0 10 13 T 12 9 31 6 16 6 4 1 31 3 2516 16!6 4 1 25 1 5 6 15 6 4 1 18 14 F 12 9 14 6 14 6 5 2 34 4 12 6 146 5 2 27 1 52 6 14'6 5 2 19 15 s 12 8 57 6 13;6 6 3 27 5 6 6 126 7 3 21 2 46 6 13 6 6 3 13 16 s 12 8 39 6 11 0 7| 4 9 6 34 6 116 8 4 3 4 14 6 116 7 3 57 17 iM 12 8 22 6 9 6 9 4 44 8 11 6 96 9 4 39 5 51 6 10 6 8 4 34 18 T 12 8 4 6 7 6 10 5 12! 9 36 6 76 10 6 8 7 16 6 86 9 5 4 19 W 12 7 46 6 66 11: 5 36 10 30!i6 6:6 11 6 4 6 12 5 56;il 9 6 4 6 12 6 2:6 13; 6 16|ll 4l!l6 26 13 5 33 8 10 6 6 6 10 5 30 20 T 12 7 28 5 55 8 49 6 5l6 11 6 53 21 F 12 7 9 6 15 9 21 6 3|6 12 6 15 22 s 12 6 51 5 0 6 14 rises ev.lO 6 16 14 rises 9 50 6 26 13 rises 23 S 12 6 33 5 596 15 8 23 0 38 5 596 15 8 20 10 18 6 1 6 14 8 18 24 M 12 6 14 5 57 6 17 9 26 1 5 5 586 16 9 23 10 45 6 06 15 9 19 25 T 12 5 55 15 55 6 1810 34 1 32 5 566 17 10 29ill 12 5 59l6 16 10 23 26 W 12 5 37 i5 53 6 19 11 40 2 1 5 546 18 11 34 11 41 5 57i6 17 11 28 27 T 12 5 I8|i5 52 6 20 morn 2 29 5 526 19 morn ev. 9 5 56 6 18 morn 28 F 12 5 0 [5 506 211 0 47 3 3 5 51 6 20 0 40 0 43 5 54|6 19 0 33 29 S 12 4 41 5 48 6 22: 1 49 3 45 15 4916 21 1 42 1 25 5 53 6 20 1 34 30 s 12 4 23 5 46 6 23 2 44 4 39 5 47,6 22 2 37 2 19 5 52|6 21 2 30 31 M 12 4 5 5 45 6 24 3 27 6 2 I5 46^6 23 3 21 3 42 5 5016 22 3 15 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN MARCH. 1. The Cultivator commerced, 1833. 2. Jews banished from Spain, 1492. 3. War declared between U. S. and Algiers, 1815. [1776. 4. Americans took Dorchester Heights. 6. Aurora Borealis first seen in Eng- land, 1716. 7. Revolution in Warsaw, 1794. 8. Great Earthquake at London, 1750. 10. British soldiers plundered Boston, 1776. 11. Great Eruption of Mt. Etna, 1669. 12. Groton burnt by Indians, 1676. 13. Remarkable eruption of Vesuvius, 1835. 14. Indians attack Northampton, 1676. IT APRIL 185G. ■» rr\ A OTT'Cl Boston. i\. York. Baltimore. Pittsburgh Cincinnati. iVn^'-/x\ •-} X XIAOXjCJ. D H M H M H M H M H M New Moon 5 19m 0 57 m 0 47 m 0 33 m 0 15 m First Quarter (tl2th) 11 to 8 m 11 56 e 11 46 e 11 33 e 11 15 e Full Moon 20 4 30 m 4 18m 4 8m 3 54 m 3 36 m Last Quarter 27 (\ 4.9. P. 6 31 e fi 90 P. 6 7 e 5 49 fi *'•'*' Z,l. „ CALENDAR calendar CALENDAR E- 2 Shadow For Boston, N England, For N.York City, Phila- For Baltimore, f. u: at the New-York Siaie, Mi- delphia, Connecticut, Virginia, Ken- S ^ uoou chigan, Wisconsin and Penn., New-Jersey, tucky, Mis.s"ouri ft. i. mark. Iowa. ^ Ohio, Indiana, Illino.s. and Oalilbrnia. > SVN SVN MOONjH.AA SUN SIN KOON H.AV SUN SUN MOON < p. e Afternoon r:.ses. 1 sets. rises. 1 Eost 1 rises. sets rises IS .Y r;ses sets. rises. U M s H M |h M H M 1 H M 11 M H M H M [ M H M H M H M 1 T 12 3 47 I5 43 6 26 4 14' 7 42 5 45 6 24 4 9 5 22 '5 4rt 6 23 3 55 2 W 12 3 29 5 42j6 28 4 34' 9 ] 1 5 44 6 26 4 31 6 51 5 45 6 24 4 28 3 T 12 3 11 5 40 6 29 4 52 10 9 5 42 6 27 4 50 7 19 5 43 6 25 4 49 4 F 12 2 53 ;5 386 30 sets ilO 56 5- 4l)i6 28 sets 8 38 5 41 6 26 sets 5 S 12 2 36 5 36:6 31 7 21 ill 35 5 3816 29 7 19 9 IOII5 40 6 27 7 17 6 g 12 2 18 5 3416 32 8 39 morn 5 36 6 30 8 36 9 57i;5 38 6 28 8 32 7 M 12 2 1 5 32 6 i-A 9 58| 0 17 5 34 6 31 9 5-; 10 39115 36 6 29 9 48 8 T 12 1 44i;5 31 6 34 11 13| 0 69 '5 33,6 32 •0 6 11 18 5 35 6 30 11 0 it W 12 1 28 5 29 6 35 morn' 1 38 15 31 6 33 raorn 11 58:5 33 6 31 morn 10 T 12 1 11 '5 27 6 36 0 39 2 18 !5 29 6 34 0 30 morn 15 3116 32 0 24 11 F 12 0 55 5 26 6 37 1 21 3 1 |5 28:6 35 1 14 0 41 15 30 6 33 1 6 12 S 12 0 39 5 24 6 38 2 18 3 47 5 26 6 36 2 12 1 27 :5 28 6 34 1 55 13 3 12 0 24 '5 23 6 40 2 461 4 47 5 2516 37 2 40 2 27 15 27 6 35 2 35 U M 12 0 9 5 21 6 4) 6 42 3 18; 6 11 5 24 6 38 3 14 3 5! 15 26 6 36 3 8 15 T morn. 5 19 3 42i 7 42 5 22 6 39 3 38 5 22 5 24 6 37 3 35 16 W 11 59 39 5 18 6 43 4 3 9 0 5 216 4ti 4 1 6 40|i5 23 6 38 3 59 17 T 11 59 25 5 16 6 44 4 31! 9 54 5 19 6 41 4 20 7 34;!5 22 6 39 4 20 18 F 11 59 11 5 14 6 45 4 40 10 32!{5 1716 42 4 40 8 12 5 20 6 40 4 40 19 S 11 58 58 5 13 6 47 rises '11 6 5 16,6 44 rises 8 46i[5 19 6 41 rises. 20 3 11 58 45 5 11 6 48 7 19 11 33 5 146 U 7 )5 9 i:-! 5 17 6 42 7 12 21 M 11 58 32 5 10 6 49 8 25ev. 3!|5 13 fi 46 8 20 9 43 '5 16 6 43 8 15 22 T 11 58 2( 5 8 6 50 9 31 0 32 |5 11 6 47 9 26 10 12!J5 14 6 44 9 20 23 \V 11 58 9 5 6 6 51 10 40 1 315 10 6 48 10 34 10 4215 13 11 13II5 12 6 45 10 27 24 T 11 57 57 5 5 6 52 11 43 1 33 Is 9 6 49 11 36 8 46 11 28 25 F 11 57 47 i5 3 6 53 morn 2 8|5 7 6 50 raorn 11 48|i5 10 6 46 morn 26 S 11 57 3715 2 6 54 0 40 2 4ri 5 6,6 5] 3 32 5 5i6 52 0 32 ev. 26 5 9 6 47 0 25 27 8 11 57 27 5 1 6 55 1 24 1 18 1 12 5 8 6 48 1 12 28 M U 57 18 4 59 6 56 2 3I 4 32'|5 3l6 53 1 58 2 12 5 6 6 49 1 53 29 T 1 1 67 9 4 58 6 58 2 34| 5 55|i5 2|6 54 2 31 3 35 5 6 6 60 2 27 30 W 11 57 1 4 56 6 59 3 01 8 1.VI5 016 55 5 58 5 5 [5 3 6 51 2 56 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN APRIL. Gen. John Armstrong died, 1843. The American Farmer established, 1819. Death of Bishop Heber, 1825. Embargo law passed by Cimgres^, Danton guillotined, 179-1. [1812. Richard (Coeur de Lion,) killed. 1190. First settlement of Ohio, 1788. 9. Bacon, the philosopher, died 1670. 10. fien. Gates died, 1806. 11. Last king of Poland died, 1798. 12. Constantinople taken, 1204. 13. Cairo taken by the Turks, 50,000 people massacred, 1517. 14. Embargo law repealed, 1814. 16. Battle of Cnlloden, 1746. 11. Death of Rowland Hill, 1833 ©cr>> -^=>© 1856. MAY 157 M00x\'S PHASES. New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter (26th) 9 58 m 4 1 e 7 12e 0 50 m N. York. Baltimore 46 ml 49 e ! le I 38 m 9 36 m 3 39e 6 50e 0 28 m Pittsburgh. Cincinnati. H M 9 23 m 3 26 e 6 37e H M 9 5m 3 8e 6 19 e 0 14 m *11 56 e J. CALENDAR i CAEENBAR CALENDAR H Shadow For Boston, N.England. ||For N.York City, Phila- For Baltimore, o K at the j New- York State, Mi-; delphia, Connecticut. Virginia, Ken- S ^ noon chi^an, Wisconsin and Penn., New-Jer.«ey, tucky, Missouri o mark. Iowa. 1 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and California. SUN j SUN M00N:H. W.ll SUN ■SUN MOON H. AV SUN 1 SUX MOON P P Afternoon rises. sets, rises 1 Best, hrises sets rises.j N. Y. rises. sets rises. H M S ''h M H M H M H JI H 31 H M H M H JI H JI H JI H M 1 T 11 56 54 4 55 7 0 3 24 8 42 4 596 56 3 23 6 22 5 26 52 3 23 2 F 11 56 47 4 53 7 1 3 49; 9 3S 4 57,6 57 3 50 7 18 5 1 6 53 3 51 3S 11 56 41 4 52 7 2 4 14 10 24 4 56 8 58 4 16 8 4 5 0 6 64 4 18 ^S 11 56 35 4 50 7 3 sets 111 8'!4 54 6 59 sets 8 48 4 68 6 65 .sets 5m 11 56 30 4 49 7 4 8 48 11 53:^4 53 7 0 8 421 9 33 4 57 6 56 8 36 6t 11 56 25 '4 48 7 5 10 7 morn 4 52 7 1 9 54 10 If" 4 56 6 57 9 47 7 W 11 56 2i;4 477 6 11 6 0 35 4 51I7 2 10 59 10 56 4 55 6 68 10 61 8 T 11 56 17 4 46 7 7 12 0 1 16! 4 50 7 3 11 53 11 38 4 51 6 69 11 46 9 F 11 56 14 4 45 7 8 morn 1 58 4 49|7 4 mom morn 4 63 7 0 morn 10 S 11 56 1214 44 7 9 0 43 2 43 4 48 7 5 0 371 0 23 4 52 7 1 0 31 11 s U 56 10j;4 4317 10 1 18 3 31 4 47 7 6 1 14| 1 11 4 51 7 2 1 8 12 M 11 56 9;4 42 7 11 1 44 4 27 4 46 7 7 1 411 2 7 4 50 7 3 1 37 13 T 11 56 8!|4 4l!7 12 2 7 5 35:!4 45 7 8 2 51 3 15 4 49 7 4 2 2 14 W U 56 8:;4 40 7 13 2 27 7 64 4 44|7 9 2 26: 4 34 4 48 7 5 2 24 15 T 11 56 8 14 39 7 14 2 44 8 31,4 43i7 10 2 44' 5 43 4 47 7 6 2 44 16 F 11 56 9 4 38 7 15 3 3 9 0!:4 42:7 11 3 4i 6 40 4 46 T 7 3 5 17 s 11 56 10 4 37 7 16 3 22! 9 45 4 42,7 11 3 24| 7 25 4 46 7 7 3 26 18 s 11 56 12 4 36 7 17 3 44 10 21 4 41i7 12 3 47 8 1 4 45 7 8 3 61 19 M 11 56 15 4 36 7 18 rises 10 58 4 40 7 13 rises. 8 38 4 44 7 9 rises 20 T 11 56 18'4 35 7 19 8 29:11 32 4 407 14 8 23: 9 12 4 44 7 10 8 17 21 W 11 56 2214 34 7 20 9 37 er. 6j4 39 7 15 9 SCI 9 40l 4 43 7 10 9 22 22 T 11 56 26 4 38 7 21 10 35! 0 4114 387 16|l0 2810 21 4 43 7 11 10 20 23 F 11 56 30:,4 32 7 22 11 25| 1 16|:4 37 7 17 11 1910 56 4 42 7 12 11 12 24 s 11 56 36i4 32 7 23 mornl 1 57j!4 37 7 18 11 59 U 37 4 42 7 13 11 63 25 s 11 56 42 4 31 7 24 0 4; 2 4r4 36 7 19 morn ev. 21 4 41 7 14 morn 26 M 11 56 484 30 7 25 0 37; 3 3-2i4 35 7 19 0 33 1 12 4 40 7 15 0 29 27 T 11 56 55H 29 7 26 I 3 4 31j4 357 20 1 1 2 11 4 40 7 16 0 58 28 W 11 57 24 29 7 27 1 291 5 42 4 34 7 21 1 28 3 22 4 39 7 16 1 26 29 T 11 57 10 4 28 7 28 1 51 6 58 4 34 7 22 1 51 4 38 4 39 7 17 1 51 30 F 11 57 18 4 27 7 28 2 15 8 2:4 33 7 23 2 11 5 42! 4 38 7 18 2 18 31 s_ U 57 26 ,4 26 7 29 2 42, 9 1,4 32,7 23 2 45 6 4ll 4 37 7 18 2 48 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN MAY. 4. Ceringapatam taken by the British, 1779. 5. Battle of Prague, 42,000 killed, 1757. 5. France formedinto an empire, 1804. 7. Death of James M. Garrett, 1843- Robert Morris died, 1806. 9. Spaniards took Pensacola, 1781. 10. Ticonderooja taken, 1775. 10. Battle of Lodi, 1796. 11. Great eruption of Mount Etna, 1537. 12. Vienna taken by Napoleon, 1809. 13. Cardinal Fesch died, 1839. ^Q/ 158 JUNE . 185G. Boston. N. York. Baltimore. Pitts burgh Cinciimati. INi'^^-'i'x o rruxocjis. D H M H M H M H M H M New Moon 2 6 55 e 6 44e 6 33 e 6 21 e 6 3e First Quarter 10 9 6m 8 54 m 8 44 m 8 31 m 8 13 m Full Last Moon* .....•• 18 25 7 8m 5 33 m 6 56 m 5 22 m 9 56 m 5 11 m 6 32 m 4 68 m 6 14 m Quarter .... 4 40 m CALENDAR CALENDAR calendar \4 Shadow For Boston, N.Englnnd, For N.York City. Phila- For Baltimore, fr, a at the New- York Slate, Mi- delphia, Connecticut, Virginia, Ken- ^ ^ noon chigan, Wisconsin and Pemi., New-Jerse}\ tucky, Missouri b mark. Iowa. V. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois.! and California. ^ SUN SUN MOON H. V SUx\ .SUN MOON H.W SUN SUN MOOX ft fi Afternoon rises. sets. rises. Bost. rises. sets. rises N.Y. H M rises. sets. rises. H M s H M H M H M 11 M H M H M H M H M H M H M 1 s U 57 35 4 26 7 30 3 10 9 54 4 32 7 24 3 15 7 34 4 37 7 19 3 20 2 M 11 57 45 4 25 7 31 sets 10 47 4 31 7 26 sets 8 27 4 37 7 19 sets 3 T 11 57 55 4 25 7 32 8 48 11 34 4 31 7 26 8 41 9 14 4 36 7 20 8 33 4 W 11 58 5 4 24 7 32 9 48 morn 4 30 7 26 9 41 10 0 4 36 7 20 9 33 5 T 11 58 15 4 24 7 33 10 38 0 20 4 30 7 27 10 32 10 44 4 36 7 21 10 26 6 F 11 58 26 4 23 7 34 U 15 1 4 4 29 7 27 11 10 11 27 4 35 7 21 11 4 7 S 11 58 37 4 23 7 35 11 46 1 47 4 29 7 28 11 41 morn 4 35 7 22 11 37 8 s 11 58 49 4 23 7 35 morn 2 30 4 29 7 29 morn 0 10 4 36 7 23 morn 9 M 11 59 0 4 22 7 36 0 10 3 17 4 28 7 29 0 7 0 57 4 34 7 24 0 4 10 T 11 59 12 4 22 7 36 0 30 4 4 4 28 7 30 0 28 1 44 4 34 7 24 0 27 11 W 11 59 24 4 22 7 37 0 50 4 53 4 28 7 30 0 50 2 33 4 34 7 24 0 49 12 T 11 59 36 4 22 7 37 1 8 5 52 4 28 7 31 1 9 3 32 4 34 7 25 1 9 13 F 11 59 49 4 22 7 38 1 26 6 55 4 28 7 31 1 28 4 35 4 34 7 25 1 30 14 S aftern'n 4 22 7 38 1 47 7 50 4 28 7 32 1 60 5 30 4 34 7 26 1 63 15 s 12 0 14 4 22 7 38 2 9 8 46 4 28 7 32 2 14 6 26 4 34 7 26 2 18 16 M 12 0 27 4 22 7 39 2 38 9 36 4 28 7 32 2 43 7 16 4 34 7 26 2 49 17 T 12 0 39 4 22 7 39 rises llO 20 4 28 7 33 rises 8 0 4 34 7 27 rises 18 W 12 0 52 4 22 7 39 8 27iU 3 4 28 7 33 8 20 8 43 4 34 7 27 8 12 19 T 12 1 5 !4 22 7 39 9 20!ll 44 4 28 7 33 9 14 9 24 4 34 7 27 9 7 20 F 12 1 IS 4 22 7 39 10 3|ev.25 4 28 7 34 9 68 10 5 4 34 7 27 9 52 21 S 12 1 31 4 22 7 39 10 40! 1 7 4 29 7 34 10 35 10 47 4 35 7 28 10 30 22 s 12 1 44 k 23 7 39 11 7 1 51 4 29 7 34 11 4 11 31 4 35 7 28 11 1 23 M 12 1 57 {4 23 7 40 11 22 2 37 4 29 7 34 11 21 ev.l7 4 35 7 28 11 19 24 T 12 2 9 4 23 7 40 11 56 3 27 4 29 7 34 11 56 1 7 4 35 7 28 11 66 25 \V 12 2 22 4 23 7 40 morn 4 21 4 29 7 35 morn 2 1 4 36 7 29 morn 26 T 12 2 35 4 23 7 40 0 19 5 21 4 29 7 35 0 20 3 1 4 35 7 29 0 22 27 F 12 2 47 4 24 7 40 0 44 6 25 4 30 7 35 0 46 4 5 4 36 7 29 0 49 28 S 12 2 59 4 24 7 40 1 11 7 25 4 30 7 35 1 15 5 6 4 36 7 29 1 19 29 s 12 3 11 4 24 7 40 1 45 8 31 4 30 7 35 1 51 6 11 4 36 7 29 1 56 30 M 12 3 23 4 25 7 40 2 25 9 34 4 31 i7 35 2 32 7 14 4 37 7 29 2 38 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN JUNE. 1. Boston port bill went into operation, 1774. 2. Earthquake at Cairo, 40,000 people destroyed, 1754. 3. Jethro Tull died, 1740. 4. St. Pauls, London, burnt 1561. 6. First public ascension in a balloon, 1783. 6. Jeremy Bentham died, 1832.' Patrick Henry died, 1799 Mahomet I. died, 632. Nero committed suicide, 68. First Dutch emigrants landed New-York, 1610. Death of Roger Bacon, 1294. New-York city incorporated, 1665. at ^' 1856. JULY 159 I). Boston. N. Yor k. Baltimore Pitts burirh Cine innati. MOON' a PHASES O X^ XiXlOJ-JO. u H ^T H M H M H M H M "N'vw ATonxr 2 4 46 m 4 35 m 4 24 m 2 16 m 4 25 e 4 11m 3 53 m 1 45 m 3 54 e First Qu. Full Mo iRTER .••»•• 10 2 38 m 2 26 m 2 3m 4 12 6 3N 17 4 47 e 4 35 e Last Qua RTER ...... 24 10 18 m 10 6 m 9 56 m 9 43 m 9 25 m >^ 31 4 24e 4 13e 4 2e 3 49e 3 31 e il Ij >Y X1±\J\J . 1 1 CALENDAR CALENDAR For Boston, X.England. For N.York City. Phila- CALENDAR Shadow 1 For Baltimore, I « at tlie New-York State, Mi- delphia, Connecticut, Virginia. Ken- a ^ noon chisran, Wisconsin and Penn., New-Jersey, tucky, Missouri ^^ mark. Iowa. Ohio. Indiana, Illinois and California. ^ ^ SUN j SUN Moo\lH. W. SUN SUN MOONlH. AV SUN SUN MOON c c Afternoon rises sets. sets. Bost rises sets sets. N. Y. rises. sets sets. i~ H M S H M !h M H M H M 1 H M H M H M H M n M H M H M IT 12 3 35 4 25 7 40 sets 10 3214 31 11 25i4 32 7 34 sets 8 12 4 37 7 29 sets 2W 12 3 46 4 26 7 40 8 28 7 34 8 21 9 5 4 37 7 29 8 14 3T 12 3 58 4 27 7 40 9 11 morn 1 4 33 7 34 9 5 9 52 4 38 7 29 8 59 4F 12 4 8 4 27 7 39 9 441 0 12',4 33 7 33 9 39il0 37 4 38 7 28 9 34 6S 12 4 19 4 28 7 39 10 12 0 57 4 34 7 33 10 8!ll 16 4 39 7 28 10 5 Es 12 4 29 4 29 7 39 10 33 1 36114 35!7 33 10 31 11 53 4 40 7 28 10 29 7m 12 4 39 4 29 7 39 10 53 2 13 4 35 7 33 10 52 morn 4 40 7 28 10 61 8T 12 4 48 4 30 7 38 11 12 2 51 4 367 32 11 12 0 31 4 41 7 27 11 13 9 W 12 4 57 4 31 7 38 11 30 3 29 4 37 7 32 11 31 1 9 4 42 7 27 11 33 10 T 12 5 5 4 32 7 38 11 49 4 10 14 3717 32 11 52 1 60 4 42 7 27 11 54 11 F 12 6 13 4 33 7 37 morn 4 52 !4 38 7 31 morn 2 32 4 43 7 26 morn 12 s 12 5 21 4 33 7 37 0 11 5 42!|4 39 7 31 0 14 3 22 4 44 7 26 0 18 13 s 12 5 28 4 34 7 36 0 37 6 41 4 40 7 30 0 42 4 21 4 45 7 25 0 47 14 M 12 5 35 4 35,7 36 1 10 7 43 4 41 7 SO 1 16 5 23 4 45 7 25 1 22 15T 12 5 41 4 36l7 35 1x51 8 50 4 42 7 29 1 5S 6 3(; 4 46 7 24 2 5 16 W 12 6 46 4 37 7 34 2 46 9 29!;4 43 7 29 2 53 7 9 4 47 7 24 3 1 17T 12 5 51 4 37 7 34 rises 10 41 4 44^7 28 rises 8 21 4 48 7 23 rises 18 F 12 5 56 4 38 7 33 8 38 11 3l'4 45 7 28 8 33 9 11 4 49 7 23 8 28 19 S 12 6 0 4 39 7 32 9 9ev.l6!4 46 7 27 9 5! 9 56 4 50 7 22 9 2 20 S 12 6 3 4 40 7 32 9 35 0 59 4 46|7 26 1 42 4 47,7 26 9 33; 10 39 4 50 7 21 9 31 21 M 12 6 6 4 41 7 31 9 59 9 5911 22 4 51 7 21 9 58 22 T 12 6 8 4 42 7 30 10 23 2 26 4 48 7 25 10 24 ev. 6 4 52 7 20 10 24 23 W 12 6 10 4 43 7 29 10 46 3 12 4 49 3 58i!4 50 7 24 10 48 0 52 4 53 7 19 10 50 24 T 12 6 n 4 447 28 11 13 7 23 11 17 1 38 4 53 7 18 11 21 25 F 12 6 12 4 45,7 27 11 45 4 48 !4 51 7 22 11 50 2 28 4 54 7 17 11 66 26 S 12 6 12 4 46 7 26 morn 5 44 4 52 7 21 morn 3 24 4 55 7 16 morn 27 S 12 6 11 k 47 7 25 0 23 6 54 4 52 17 20 0 27 4 34 4 56 7 16 0 35 28 M 12 6 10 4 48 7 24 1 10 8 10 4 53 7 19 1 17 5 50 4 56 7 15 1 24 29 T 12 6 9 4 49 7 23 2 5 9 28 i4 54 7 18 2 12 7 8 4 57 7 14 2 20 30 W 12 6 6 4 50 7 22 3 7 10 30 4 54 7 18 3 14 8 10 4 58 7 14 3 21 31 T 12 6 4 4 51 7 21 sets 11 22:4 55 7 17 sets 9 2 4 59 7 13 sets RE51ARKABLE EVENTS IN JULY. 1. The Hoii;iculturist established, 1836. 2. Washington arrived at Cambridge, 1775. 3. Ft. Erie taken by Gen. Brown, 1814. 4. Death of Adams and Jefferson, 1826. 5. Battle of Chippewa, 1814. 6. Battle of James river, 1781. 6. Chief Justice Marshall died, 1835. 7. John IIuss burnt, 1415. 8. Edward Burke died, 1797. 10. London Bridge burnt, when 3,000 people perished in theflames,1212. 28. A. J. Downing drowned by the burning of the Henry Clay, 1852. 160 AUGUST. 1850. 1 Boston. \. York. Baltimore. Pittsburi-h . Cinciiniati. MOON' S PHASES. ' 1- D 1 H M H JM H M It M H M FinsT Quarter 8 7 38 e 7 26e 7 16 e 7 3e 6 45 e Full Moon. . . (*loth) 16 111m 0 59 m 0 49 m 0 36 m 0 18m Last Quarter 22 4 24e 4 12 e 4 2e 3 48 e 3 30 e TvEW Moon 30 6 30 m 6 18 m 6 8m 5 55 m 5 37 m { CALENDAR | CALKNDAR CALENDAR H s Sliatlow For Boston, N. England.! For N.York City. Phila- For Baltimore, Q i: at the New- Vork Siaie. Mi- delphia, Connecticut, Virginia, Ken- ^ noon chisran, Wisconsin antlj Peim., New-Jersey. tucky. Mis.■ li sv.x SUN MOOXjIJ.A'\ SUN StN MOON H.AV SUN SUN MOON c C Aflernoon rises. sets sets. Bost rises. set<. sets. .Y.lrse.-. sets. sets. H II M 3 i;II M H M H M n M HM HM H M r M H M H M H M 1 F 12 6 0;4 62 7 20 8 13 morn 4 56 7 16 8 9 9 46 5 0 7 J2 8 5 2 S 12 5 56l4 63 7 19 8 36 0 6 4 67 7 15 8 34 10 23 |5 1 7 11 8 31 g 12 5 6114 54 7 IS 8 57 0 43 4 58 7 14 8 66 10 67 15 1 7 10 8 54 4 M 12 5 4614 55 7 16 9 16 1 17 4 59 7 12 9 16 11 29l5 2 7 9 9 16 5 T 12 5 40! 4 66 7 15 9 34 1 49 5 0 7 11 9 36 11 6915 3 7 8 9 35 6 W 12 5 34 4 57i7 14 9 62 2 19 5 1 7 10 9 56 morn 5 4 7 7 9 67 7 T 12 5 26 i4 58 13 10 13 2 52 5 2 7 9 10 16 0 325 5 7 6 10 20 8 F 12 5 194 59 11 10 35 3 25 5 3 7 7 10 40 1 6|5 6 7 4 10 45 9 S 12 5 1(1:5 10 11 6 3 69 5 4 7 6 11 11 1 39 ;5 7 7 3 11 17 10 ^ 12 5 2:15 1 9 11 43 4 40 5 6 7 6 11 49 2 20 15 8 7- 2 11 66 n M 12 4 52||5 2 4 42 5 3 8 morn 5 31 5 6 7 4 morn 3 11 15 9 7 0 morn 12 T 12 7 0 30 6 46 5 7 7 3 0 37 4 26 5 10 6 59 0 45 13 \V 12 4 3l'5 4 6 1 2y 8 8 5 8 7 1 1 37 6 48 5 11 6 58 1 44 14 T i2 4 20: 5 5 7 4 2 41 9 28 lo 9 7 0 2 47 7 8j5 12 6 67 2 54 15 F 12 4 8 5 f^ 2 rises 10 27 5 1016 58 ri.ses 8 7|!5 13 6 65 rises 16 S 12 3 56 5 7 0 7 38 11 17 5 1116 56 7 35 8 57 5 14 6 54 7 32 n *S 12 3 4.!; 5 8;6 59 8 1 12 0 5 12 6 53 8 0 9 4(1 I5 15 6 63 7 69 IS M 12 3 30 5 9'6 57 8 26 ev.43 5 13 6 52 8 26 10 23 \b 16 6 61 8 26 19 T 12 3 17 5 10 6 65 8 4'.' 1 23 5 14 6 51 8 61 U 3 ,5 17 6 49 8 63 20 \V 12 3 2 5 1 1 16 54 9 17 2 5 5 15 6 49 9 20 11 45 5 18 6 48 9 23 21 T 12 2 48 .5 12 6 52 9 46 2 47 5 16 6 47 9 6'J er.27 5 19 6 46 9 55 22 F 12 2 33! 5 i4lfi 51 10 23 3 30 5 17 6 46 10 29 1 }h 0 20 6 45 10 35 2:-; S 12 2 17 5 Icje 50 11 8 4 15 5 18 6 4.^ 11 13 1 55 j5 21 6 44 11 20 24 2 12 2 15 16!6 48 11 59 5 10 5 19 6 44 morn 2 50 5 21 6 42 morn 25 M 12 1 45 5 17!6 47 mom 6 27 5 20|6 42 0 6 4 7 •5 22 6 4( 0 14 26 T 12 1 28 5 18|6 45 0 68 7 58 5 21i6 41 1 5 5 38|:5 23 6 40 1 12 27 \V 12 1 115 19;6 44 2 3 9 26 5 22 6 39 2 9 7 6:;5 24 6 38 2 15 28 T 12 0 54 5 20:6 42 3 lOjlO 4 5 23 6 38 3 15 8 4l5 25,6 37 3 21 29 F 12 0 36 5 21:6 40 4 15 u n I5 24 6 37 4 18 8 51 1 5 26 6 36 4 22 30 S 12 0 18 5 226 39 ?ets |U 4(- |5 2516 36 sets 9 29 5 27 6 34 sets. 31 5« 12 0 0 5 2316 37 7 22' morn 15 26:6 35 7 21 10 2 5 2k'6 33 7 20 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN AUGUST. 4. Ilnnicane in the West Indie*:, when a fleet of 15 sail were lost. 1666. 5. Massacre of Protestants at Xismes. . 1815. 6. P)en Johnson, the poet, died, 1637. 7. Death of Queen Caroline, 1821. 8. Gen. Hull evacuated Canada, 1812. 9. Bombardmentof Stonnington, 1814 10. Battle of Bas-sano, 1796. 11. British evacuated Savannah, 1782. 13 Cortcz retook Mexico, 1621. 13. Earthquake in Svria, 20,000 people destroyed, 1822. 17. Henry Colmnn died, 1849. 18. First English child born in Ame- rica, 1587. 1856. SEPTEMBER Boston. N. York. Baltimore. Pittsburgh Cincimiati. MOON'S PHASES. ]j H :m H M H M H M 11 M First OyAi^Ti^T? 7 11 13m 11 1 m 10 51 m 10 37 m 10 19 m Full Last ( !Moox 14 21 9 24 m 1 4 m 9 13 m 0 53 m 9 2m 0 42 m 8 49 m 0 29 m 8 31m Quarter (*20th) 0 11m New kloov 28 11 4 e 1 10 52 e 10 42 e 10 92 e in n e . j CALKMIAR 11 CALENDAR ! caletjbar K Shadow 1 For Boston. N. England.'' For N.York City. Phila- For Baltimore, 7^ O K at the 1 New-York State, Mi- i delphia, Connecticut. Virginia. Ken- ^ noon 1 chie;an, \Vi.sconsi'n andij Penn., New-Jer.-^eyi tucky, Missouri o O mark. ! Iowa. || Oiiio. Indiana, Illinois and California. -< jl SUN 1 SU>- MOON 1 M. W.|j .sux 1 SUX 1 MOONlIJ. W .SUN SUN MOON P Afternoon rises 1 sets. sets j Bojit irises . 5 48 5 561 0 2 3 62 5 4815 561 0 9 241 W 11 51 47 5 50 5 55 0 58 7 5( »;5 4915 54 1 3 5 30 5 49 5 541 1 9 25JT 11 51 26 5 51 5 53 2 7j 9 H ):5 50;5 53 2 n 6 56 5 60 5 53 2 15 26iF 11 51 6j5 52 5 51 3 llilO K l5 51 5 51 3 14 7 60 6 51 5 51 3 17 27|S 11 50 46i;5 53 5 49 4 1210 4J 5 5 52 5 49 4 14 8 28 5 52 5 49 4 16 28g 11 50 27:5 54 5 47 sets jU 2 5 53 5 48 sets 9 1 5 5315 48 sets 29 [M 11 50 7 5 55J5 46 6 5ill 52 5 54 5 46 6 6 9 32 5 6415 46 6 7 30 IT 11 49 4815 56 5 44 6 20 1 morr 1,5 55 5 45 6 22 i 58 5 56 5 45 6 25 remarkable events IX September. 1. The pilgrims sailed from Plymouth, in the Mayflower, 1620. 1. Indians burnt Deertield, 1675. 4. Henry Hudson arrived at Sandy Hook. 1609. 5. Prof. J. P. Norton died, 1852. 6. Plattsburgh taken by Provost, 1814. 7. Montreal surrendered to the English, 1760. 7. Battle of Borodino, 70,000 to 80,000 killed, 1812. 8. Harvard College founded, 1636. 9. William the Conqueror died, 1087. 9. Albanv first visited by Hudson,! 609. 10. Birth divv of Mungo' Park, 1771. U. Battle of Lake Champlain, 1814. 29. First Fair X. Y. State k^. Society, at Syracuse, 1841. )c:^=- 161 OCTOBER 1850. |-»A.T1C< -riTT A C'-T'O Boston. N. York. Baltimore. Pittsburgh Cincimiati. AlV^'-/l^ O X^XlAOJZiO. D H M H M H M II M H M First Quarter (*6th) 7 0 54 m 0 42 m 0 32 m| 0 18 m *12 0 e Full Moon 13 6 15 e 6 3e 5 53 e 5 40 e 0 18 m Last Quarter 20 1 23 e lie lie 0 47 e 5 22 e New Moon 28 5 11 e 4 59e 4 49e 4 35e 4 17 e J CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAE. Shadow For Boston, N.England. For N.York City. Phila- For Baltimore, 55 '.i: at the New-York Slate. Mi-| delphia, Connecticut. Virginia, Ken- g ^ uoou chigan, Wisconsin and Penn., New-Jersey, tucky. Missouri &> o >< mark. Iowa. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. and Calil'ornia. ►- SUN SUN MOON)H.W. SUN SUN MOON H.AV SUN SUN MOON •< ft Afternoon rises. sets. sets. Bost ri.^es. sets sets. N.Y. rises. sets. sets. H M S H M H M H M U M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M 1 W 11 49 296 57 5 42 6 43 0 18 5 56 5 43 6 46 10 26 5 56 5 43 6 50 2 T 11 48 10 6 58 5 40 7 7 0 46;i5 57 5 41 7 12 10 54:5 57 5 41 7 17 3 F 11 48 52 !6 59 5 39 7 37 1 14 5 58 5 40 7 43 11 21 5 58 5 40 7 49 4 S 11 48 3416 1 5 37 8 15 1 41 6 0 5 38 8 22 11 51 5 59 5 38 8 29 5 s 11 48 16:6 2 5 36 9 3 2 11 6 1 5 37 9 10 morn 6 0 5 37 9 18 6 M 11 47 59 6 3 6 34 10 1 2 45 6 2 5 36 10 8 0 26|6 1 6 35 10 15 7 T 11 47 42 6 4 5 32 11 9 3 26 16 3 5 33 11 15 1 6:6 2 6 34 11 22 8 W 11 47 25II6 5 5 31 morn 4 19 6 4 5 32 morn 1 59;6 3 5 32 morn 9 T 11 47 9J6 6 5 29 0 24 5 38 6 5 6 30 0 29 3 18i6 4 5 31 0 34 10 F 11 46 53 6 8 5 27 1 40 7 19 6 6 5 28 1 44 4 6916 6 5 29 1 48 11 S 11 46 38,|6 9 11 46 246 10 5 26 3 0 8 i& l6 7 5 27 3 2 6 26j;6 6 5 28 3 4 12 s 5 24 4 17 9 42 |6 8 5 26 4 17 7 22 6 7 5 26 4 18 13 M 11 46 9|!6 11 5 22 rises 10 27 6 9 5 24 rises 8 7 6 8 5 25 rises 14 T U 45 56 6 12 5 21 5 41 11 7 6 10 6 22 5 45 8 47 6 9 5 23 5 48 15 W 11 45 43:6 13 5 19 6 16 11 49!|6 11 5 21 6 20 9 29 6 10 5 22 6 25 16 T U 45 30 6 14 5 17 6 66 ev.3i:'6 12 5 19 7 1 10 11 6 11 5 20 7 7 17 F 11 45 18,6 16 5 16 7 45 1 12:6 13 5 17 7 52 10 52 ;6 12 5 19 7 69 18 s 11 45 7 6 17 5 14 8 42 1 55|l6 14 5 16 8 49 11 35 6 13 5 18 8 57 19 s 11 44 56 6 18 5 12 9 45 2 40 6 15 5 14 9 52 ev.20 6 14 5 16 9 59 20 M 11 44 46 6 19 5 11 10 63 3 27 16 16 5 13 10 58 1 7 6 15 5 15 11 4 21 T U 44 37 6 20 5 9 11 59 4 28 6 17 5 12 morn 2 8 6 16 5 14 morn 22 W 11 44 28 6 21 5 8 morn 5 64 6 18 5 11 0 4 3 34 6 17 5 13 0 8 23 T 11 44 20 6 22 5 6 1 2 7 2fi 6 19 5 9 1 6 5 6! 6 18 5 11 1 9 24 F 11 44 13i 6 23 5 6 2 6 8 42!i6 20 5 8 2 8 6 22i6 19 5 10 2 10 25 S 11 44 7i6 25 5 3 3 5 9 36 6 21 5 6 3 6 7 15 6 20 6 9 3 7 26 s 11 44 16 26 5 2 4 5 10 15 6 22 5 6 4 5 7 56 6 21 5 8 4 5 27 M 11 43 56 6 27 5 0 5 6ll0 48 6 23 5 3 6 4 8 2S|i6 22 5 6 6 2 28 T 11 43 52 6 28 4 59 sets 11 17 6 24 5 2 sets 8 57 6 23 6 5 sets 29 W U 43 48 6 29 4 67 5 11 11 47 6 25 5 0 5 16 9 27 6 24 5 3 5 20 30 T 11 43 45 6 30 4 65 5 39 morn i6 2614 58 6 44 9 56 6 25 5 2 5 50 31 F 11 43 43 6 32,4 64 6 16 0 1616 2814 58 6 26 10 25 6 26!5 1 6 29 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN OCTOBER. 1. Robert BaKeweil died, 1795. 1. First steamboat sailed from New- York to Albany, 1807. 2. Samuel Adams, of Mass., died,1803. 3. Robert Barclay died. 1690. 3. Indian chief Black Hawk died,1838. 4. Battle of Germantown, 1777. 5. Great Hurricane at Havana, 1768. 5. Battle of tbe Thames, Tecumseh killed, 1813. 6. Judge Jesse Buel died, 1839. 7. Battle of Moskwa— 50,000 killed, 1812. 8. John Hancock died, 1793. 9. First commencement at Harvard College, 1642. ^c:^- NOVEMBER 163 r-.TVT1 C< T>TT k OTT'C" Boston. N. York. Baltimore. Pitt.sburgh . Cincinnati. IVnjv^iM o jmAOA:jo. D H M H M H M H M H M First Ouarter 5 0 39e 0 27 e 0 17e 0 3e 11 45 m Full Last New Moon ...- 12 19 27 4 11m 5 50 m 11 IT m 3 59 m 5 38 m 11 5 m 3 49 m 5 28 m 1 ft ^?> m 3 36 m 5 15 m 1ft 49 m 3 18 m Quarter 4 57 m 1ft 94. m LVIUUM ..•....--- . . { CALENDAR 1 CALENDAR CALENDAR )k Shadow For Boston, N.England, For N.York City, Phila- For Baltimore, K K at the New-York State, Mi- delphia, Connecticut. Virginia, Ken- o ^ noon chiaran, Wisconsm and Penn., New-Jer.«ey, tucky, Missouri 1 mark. Iowa. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and California. 2 SUN SUN MOON'H.W. SUN SUN moonH. W SUN SUN MOON P Afternoon rises. sets. sets, j Bost. rises sets. sets N. Y. rises sets sets H M s H M H M H M I H M H M H M H M H M H M H M H M 1 s 11 43 42 6 33 4 54 7 O' 0 45 6 30 4 57 7 7 10 56 6 27 5 1 7 15 2 s 11 43 42. 6 34 4 53 7 54 1 16 16 31 4 56 8 1 II 291 6 28 5 0 8 9 3 M 11 43 426 36 4 51 8 58 1 49||6 32 10 9 2 26; 6 34 4 54 9 4 morn! 6 29 4 59i 9 11 4 T 11 43 44 6 37 4 50 4 63 10 14 0 6' 6 30 4 58 10 20 5 W U 43 46!|6 38 4 49 11 22 3 8 6 35 4 52 11 26 0 48' 6 31 4 57 11 31 6 T 11 43 49ij6 49 4 48 moni 4 51 6 36 4 51 morn 1 45' 6 32 4 56 morn 7 F 11 43 52:6 41 4 47 0 37: 5 22i6 37 4 50 0 40 3 % 6 33 4 65 0 43 8 S U 43 57 ;6 42 4 45 1 43 6 51 6 38 4 49 1 45 4 3ll 6 35 4 64 1 46 9 s 11 44 2 6 43 4 44 3 Si 8 9 6 40 4 48 3 8 5 49 9 36 4 53 3 8 10 M 11 44 8 6 44 4 43 4 25 9 7 6 41 4 47 4 23 6 47 6 37 4 52 4 21 11 T 11 44 15 6 46 4 42 rises 9 56 '6 42 4 46 rises 7 36' 6 39 4 51 rises 12 ^v 11 44 23 6 47 4 41 4 45 10 39j6 4314 45 5 30 11 34i6 44 4 44 4 50 8 19 6 40 4 50 4 56 13 T U 44 32 6 48 4 40 5 37 9 4 ^ 41 4 49 6 44 14 F U 44 41 6 59 4 39 6 26 ev. 9 {6 46 4 43 7 29 0 54 6 47 4 43 6 33 9 49 6 42 4 48 6 41 15 S U 44 52 6 51 4 39 7 36 10 34 6 43 4 47 7 43 16 s U 45 3 6 52 4 38 8 37 1 38 6 4814 42 8 43 11 18 6 444 46 8 49 37 M 11 45 1516 53 4 37 9 45 2 26 6 49 4 41 9 50 e^. 6 6 45 4 46 9 55 18 T 11 45 2816 54 4 36 10 52 3 15 6 50 4 40 10 55 0 55 6 46 4 45;10 59 19 ^v U 45 32 |6 56 4 35 11 56! 4 11 6 51 4 39 11 58 1 51 6 47 4 44 i morn 20 T 11 45 57i,6 5714 34 morn' 5 17 6 53 4 39 morn 2 57 6 48 4 44 0 1 21F 11 46 12 6 58 4 34 0 57, 6 3416 54 4 38 0 59 4 14 6 49 4 43 1 0 22 s U 46 28 i6 59 4 33 1 571 7 41:16 55 4 38 1 67 5 21 6 50|4 42 1 57 23 S U 46 46 7 0 4 321 2 5H| 8 41i6 56i4 37 2 55 6 21 6 5114 421 2 54 24 M 11 47 3 7 2 4 32 3 68: 9 30i6 57'4 36 3 55 7 10 6 6214 4l! 3 53 25 T U 47 22 7 314 31 5 2 10 7| 6 58 4 36 4 58 7 47 6 53 4 411 4 55 26 W 11 47 42 7 4 4 31 6 6 10 46! 6 69:4 35 6 1 8 26 6 54 4 41 5 67 27T 11 48 2 7 5 4 30 sets 11 18,7 0 4 35 sets 8 58 6 55 4 41 sets 28 F 11 48 22 7 6 4 30 4 56 11 52 7 214 35 5 3 9 33 6 56 4 40 5 11 29 S 11 48 44 7 1 4 30 5 49 morn 7 3i4 34 5 56 10 6 6 57 4 40 6 4 30^ 11 49 6 7 8 4 29 6 511 0 26,7 4,4 34 6 58 10 42 6 58 4 40 7 5 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN NOVEMBER. 8. 1. Earthquake at Lisbon, 50,000 per- ished, 1755. 2. Washington's Farewell Address to his army, 1783. 3. St. Johns surrendered to Americans, 1775. 5. Columbus arrived at Cadiz in fetters, 1500. 7. Pensacola taken by Gen. Jackson, 1814. John Milton died, 1674. 8. Madame Roland guillotined, 1793. 10. Birth day of Mahomet, 570. 11. T. G. Fessenden died, 1837. _ 12. Montreal surrendered to Americans, 1775. 13. Curran died, 1817. 14. Great earthquake in Ens^land, 1318. 17. Trial of Sir Walter Raleigh for treason, 1604. 164 DECEMBER. 1850. Boston. N York. Baltimore.! Pittsburgh Cincinnati" MOON'S PHASES. D H M H M H M H M H M VrrfssT Orr A rteR . . . . • . 4 10 42 e 10 31 e 10 20 e 10 7 e 9 49 e Ti"m.T. T\Ioov ......... 11 3 29 e 3 18 e 3 7 e 9 h± A 2 36 e 19 2 0 m 1 48 m 1 38 m 1 24 in 1 6 m New ] doON .••.. 27 4 1m ^ ±Q m ± OO ili X ^rr 111 3 39 m 3 26 m 3 8 m tK ^ ! CALENDAR CALENDAR CALENDAR » ;i^ Shadow For Boston, N.Eugland. For N.York City, Phila- For Baltimore, o u at the New-York Siaie, Mi- delphia, Connecticut, Virginia, Ken- ^ ^ noon chigan, AVisconsin and Penn., New-.Iersey, tucky, Missouri o O mark. Iowa. \ Ohio, Indiana, Illino s. and California. < SUN SUN MOONiH.AV.j SUN SUN MOON B.AV SUN SUN MOON ft ft Afternoon rises. sets. sets. Bost rises. sets sets. N.Y. rises. sets. sets. 1 H M s H M H M H M 11 M H M H M H M H M H M H M n M M 11 49 29 7 10 4 28 8 0 1 2 7 6 4 34 8 6 11 19 7 0 4 39 8 12 2 T U 49 52 7 11 4 28 9 12 1 39 7 6 4 34 9 17 12 0 7 1 4 39 9 21 3 W 11 50 16 l7 12 4 28 10 26 2 20 7 7 4 34 10 29 morn 7 2 4 39 10 33 4 T 11 50 41 17 13 4 28 11 39 3 7 7 8 4 33 11 41 0 47 7 3 4 39 11 42 6 F 11 51 6 7 14 4 28 morn 4 0 7 9 4 33 morn 1 40 7 4 4 38 morn 6 S 11 51 32 7 154 28| 0 52 5 1 7 10 4 33 0 52 2 41 7 6 4 38 0 52 7 3 11 51 58'i7 16 4 28 2 5 6 13 7 11 4 33 2 4 3 63 7 6 4 38 2 3 8 M U 52 24 7 17 4 28 3 20 7 22 7 12 4 33 3 18 5 2 7 7 4 38 3 15 9 T 11 52 51 7 18 4 28 4 38 8 26 7 13 4 33 4 34 6 6 7 8 4 38 4 29 10 W U 63 19 7 19 4 28 5 57 9 23 7 14 4 33 5 52 7 3 7 9 4 38 6 46 11 T 11 53 47 7 20 4 28 rises IC 16 7 15 4 33 rises 7 66 7 10 4 38 rises 12 F 11 54 15 7 21 4 28 5 9 a 7 7 16 4 33 5 16 8 47 7 11 4 38 6 24 13 S 11 54 43 7 22 4 28 6 15 U 58 7 16 4 33 6 22 9 38 7 11 4 38 6 28 14 s 11 55 12 7 23 4 28 7 26 ev.46 7 17 4 33 7 31 10 26 7 12 4 38 7 37 15 M 11 55 41 7 24 4 29 8 36 1 32 7 18 4 34 8 40 11 12 7 13 4 39 8 45 16 T 11 56 10 7 25 4 29 9 42 2 15 7 18 4 34 9 45 11 55 7 13 4 39 9 48 17 W 11 56 40ji7 26 4 29 10 46 3 1 7 19 4 34 10 47 ev.41 7 14 4 40 10 49 18 T 11 57 9|7 26 4 29 11 46 3 46 7 19 4 34 11 46 1 26 7 14 4 40 11 46 19 F 11 57 3917 26 4 30 morn 4 31 7 20 4 35 morn 2 11 7 15 4 41 morn 20 s 11 58 9 7 27 4 30 0 45 6 23 7 20 4 35 0 45 3 3 7 15 4 41 0 44 21 s 11 58 39 |7 27 4 31 1 47 6 27 7 21 4 36 1 45 4 7 7 15 4 42 1 43 22 M U 59 9 17 28 4 31 2 49 7 26 7 21 4 36 2 46 5 6 7 16 4 42 2 43 23 T 11 59 39i7 28 4 32 3 53 8 27 7 22 4 37 3 49 6 7 |7 16 5 43 3 44 24 W aftern'n 7 28 4 32 4 59 9 26 7 22 4 37 4 54 7 6 17 16 4 43 4 48 25 T 12 0 40 7 29 4 33 6 6 10 n 7 22 4 38 6 0 7 51 7 17 4 44 5 53 26 F 12 1 9;i7 29 4 33 7 10 10 54 7 23 4 38 7 3 8 34 7 17 4 44 6 65 27 S 12 1 39 7 29 4 34 sets U 33 7 2S 4 39 sets 9 13 7 17 4 45 sets 28 i? 12 2 9 7 29 4 34 5 49 morn 7 23 4 39 5 55 9 55 7 18 4 45 6 1 29 M 12 2 3Sj7 30 4 35 7 3 0 15 7 23 4 40 7 8 10 35 7 18 4 46 7 13 30 T 12 3 7t(7 30 4 36 8 17 0 55 7 24 4 41 8 20 11 16 7 18 4 47 8 24 31 W 12 3 36 7 30 4 37 9 30 1 35 7 24 4 42 9 33 U 56i7 19 4 48 9 35 REMARKABLE EVENTS IN DECEMBER. 2. Battle of Austerlitz. 1805. 3. Battle of Hohenlinden, 1800. 4. AVashington took leave of the army, 1783. 6. Diet of Worms, 1540. 7. Algernon Sidney beheaded, 1683. 7. Marshal Ney shot, 1815. 8. Richard Baxter died, 1691. 10. Luther burnt the Papal bull, 12. Colley Gibber died, 1757. 14. British overrun New- Jersey, 15. Izaak AValton died, 1683. 16. Coldest day on record, 1835. 17. Goths captured Rome, 546. 1520. 1776. THE ILLU.STKATED ANNUAL REGISTEK RURAL AFFAIRS COUNTKY DWELLINaS O part of rural economy is more important and requires more skill, than the erection of dwellings in the country. It is a low estimate, that the farm houses of the Union have cost five hundred millions of dollars. Of this amount, at least one hundred million has been entirely Avasted by bad arrange- ment and bad calculation. In addition to this waste, there is a large annual loss by Hie inconveni- ent position of rooms, greatly increasing the labors of the family. The evil is owing to the national fault of Americans — hastiness and imperfection, and a superficial character in all they under- take. Every man thinks he can plan his own house with only a few hours examination and contrivance. On the contrary, years of study are required to understand properly the disposition of every part. A house which consists of ten apartments, large and small, may be arranged with these apartments in an almost infinite number of variations — or, according to arithmeticians, in more than three million different ways. A whole life- time may therefore be devoted in studying the best construction among such a multitude of forms. With so endless a subject, and so little time usually given, it is no won- der that most houses are badly arranged. We once stopped to see an acquaintance Avho had just occupied a new dwelling of his own planning — or, more properly speaking, it had no plan; for, among other queer speci- mens of ccrhvenience, it became necessary for the guests, in passing from the parlor to the dining-room, to pass out through the front door, and into the building again at a side door. In another instance, a neighbor had so arranged his rooms that the parlor was entered through the kitchen. The arrangements for performing household work in these two dwellings were equally convenient. They were well described by a slight variation in the words of Pope — ^' A mighty maze, and all without a plan." Most of the designs furnished by amateurs for the agricultural papers, are in a greater or less degree marked by various defects. Their authors, observing their great superiority to the common specimens, perhaps rate their intrinsic value much too high. A book is greatly needed, devoted exclusively to the subject of the internal convenience of dwellings, with a full set of rules, properly explained, for the arrangement of all the parts. Some of these rules would be so important as to remain fixed and unal- ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER terable, in all practicable cases 3 others might be modified, or discarded, with the force of circumstances. We do not know the architect fully qualified for this task. If he is living, he is a rara avis. Furnishing designs for neat and tasteful exteriors is not so difficult, although we have a profusion of specimens of bad taste, even here, all through the country. A great improvement has been effected through the influence of the several works on rural architecture published of late years, although their teach- ings have rather verged on the fantastic than the neat, tasteful and simple; and those who have been very desirous to have fashionable houses, have carried these peculiarities to such an extreme as to result in the conceited and outlandish. Another evil, which is becoming common, is expensive building. In riding lately through the suburbs of one of our cities, a resident informed us that a large portion of the prominent men of the place had failed , or become embarrassed, through the desire to excel their neighbors in splen- did residences. "We are not sure that our writers on this subject are not partly at fault in this particular. We have just looked through four American works, published within a few years — works whose leading characteristic ought to be republican simplicity — and find in one, (Down- ing's,) many country houses varying in cost from seven to ten and ten to fourteen thousand dollars^ and another, (the most expensive,) with the cost not given. In the " Homes for the People," (Wheeler's,) there are a considerable number ranging at nearly all sums from ten to thirty thou- sand dollars ; while the average of all, including even the log dwellings, is six thousand. Another recommends a four-story ten thousand dollar cottage (!!) for its cheapness; and the fourth work, less faulty than the others, has several designs for farm houses costing from four to eight thou- sand.* '' But if the wealthy are able to build such houses," we are told, '' let them build accordingly." By no means, we would say — for every man, as a patriot and a christian, has a duty to perform to the community, du- ring his rapid passage through the world ; and if he sets an example of extravagance for his poorer neighbors, which they, in their desire to be '' as good as their betters," are led improperly to follow, he is effecting a positive and serious evil. Many of the hard struggles and heavy debts of young heads of families, arise from the wish to be equal with their friends in their fine rooms, costly carpets, and silver furniture. We question if any man, however rich, has a right to build a ten thousand dollar dwell- ing, with these influences in view, when comfortable simplicity would be so much better than showy luxury ; and the expenditure of means in the purchase of books and scientific apparatus, in the dissemination of know- ledge, and in promoting the substantial welfare of the world at large, would be better than the indulgence of the feeling that is expressed in the language, "■ Soul, thou hast much goods laid up, and a very fine house indeed to keep them in — enjoy it, and let others admire." A disposition to copy extravagance runs through all ranks. Hence the * In the county of Seneca, N. Y., which- may be taken as a fair example of the best and wealthiest farming portions of the country, there &re fifteen times as many farms under two hundred acres as over that quantity; more between fifty and a hundred acres than of any other dimensions ; and nearly three times as many under a hundred as over a hundred acres. There are only twelve farms, out of more than twenty-three hundred, that contain over four hundred acres. Hence, we may safely conclude that the great mass of the landholdiug community, need very moderate plans for the erection of their dwelluigs. OF RURAL AFFAIRSy great number of examples where farmers have built large houses and run themselves in debt, so that they could neither conduct their farming ope- rations to advantage, nor make improvements by planting. There have been laultitudes of instances where houses costing three thousand dollars have used up every available resource, when a cheaper erection of two thousand would have supplied as well -every real want, and left a surplus of one thousand, a fifth part of which would have embellished the place by planting, furnished a profusion of comforts in the form of fine fruits, and in the end rendered the home not only more comfortable in every respect, but really of more moneyed value than the bleak three thousand mansion, with its broken fences and bare walls. Our object is to contribute, — even if it be in a small degree, — to the correction of these evils j to furnish cheap and tasteful designs, obviating any necessity for extravagance ; and to encourage those of large means, instead of throwing their money away on luxuries, to show that although they can build showy houses, they prefer something that shall leave the world better than they found it. We should delight to set our eyes upon the man, who, with a hundred thousand dollars or more at command, would be willing to live in a dwelhng worth two thousand, that he might have ampler means for the benefit Qf his race. aOTHIC COUNTRY HOUSE. In order to avoid the fault of the common gothic cottages, seen in all parts of the country, namely a profusion of flimsy ornamental carvings, we present the accompanying view (page 168) of a simple, well-propor- tioned, and sufficiently tasteful country residence, which may be afforded by most farmers in comfortable circumstances. It need not cost, if built of stone or brick, more than twenty-five hundred dollars j and with wood, eighteen to twenty hundred, might be sufficient for its completion. Its exterior needs very little description. There is little or nothing about it which is added purely for ornament, and this materially lessens the expense of erection. The steepness of the roofs prevents danger of leakage at the receding angles, while this quality is not too glaring to de- tract from its neatness. CLOTHES aw POO,;. 9X13 i2.y.i2. n 1 — , 1.4%!^ ] 1 ' i5XJ6 \ PRINCIPAL FLOOR. SECOND FLOOR. The plans of the interior nearly explain themselves. From the hall, or entrance, ready access is had to the parlor, dining-room, and kitchen, while the latter is rendered less conspicuous by the intervening stairs. -=^3© 168 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER )c^>- OF RURAL AFFAIRS 169 The dining-room is longer and narrower than common — a more convenient form for its usual purpose; it is. of course, intended in this moderate plan to serve as a family or ordinary living-room. The bath room may be used, if desired, as a children's bed-room. It will be observed that spe- cial attention is given to the comfort of children, by providing them with a pleasant veranda, instead of att^ 172 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER /^ v^"M . «,"7' ^'^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 173 kitchen back door, is easily filled from without for convenient kitchen use — the M-ood -house in Avhich it is stored for a year's seasoning being a coarser detached building. The cellar is entered near the kitchen passage, beneath the stairs to the kitchen chamber. It may be likewise entered from the dining-room by a flight under the main or hall stairs, if the inconvenience of litter in this direction may be avoided. The cooking-stove may be placed near the back or further side, the pipe passing into the flue in the chamber above. The dining-room, (also used as the family room,) is similarly warmed by a stove beneath the chimney on the second floor. This chimney and the one in the parlor are brought together and united in the small garret by being built in an arch, which is SECOND FLOOR. tlic most casy and secure way of drawing chim- neys horizontally aside The cost of this dwelling, well built, in a plain, substantial manner, will not vary much from two thousand dollars. 1^ ~] II X 12 j^o?l II xlZ ' *-' OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 177 BED-ROOM exi3 3 BED-ROOM 8xi3 MA. k t- CHAMBER 16AI6 « 1 21X1(5 expense is soon saved in fuel. The timbers each side of the windows, are six by five inches. By using such timber, the projections in the corner of the room as in case of square timber r.=;=^:-.;:;--~i:::::::::::::"""="==-:"""""":"--""";: being used, is avoided, and is sufficiently ij jj strong. By nailing cleats to the joists, jj jj and cutting in short pieces of boards be- tween them, and putting upon this one or one-and-a-half inches of mortar, be- fore laying the floors in the prin- cipal story, it will tend to keep out the dampness from the cellar and add to the warmth of the house. — The princi- pal defect in this plan is, the half- loindow in the extreme corner of the parlor. — We should pre- fer giving this room the full benefit of both windows, and lighting the small apartment at the end of the hall, if necessary, from under the veranda. The pantry should be easily accessible from both kitchen and dining-room, which may be easily accomplished by a slight alteration of kitchen closets. We are not furnished with the cost of this building, but should estimate it at from eighteen to twenty-two hundred dollars, varying with cost of CELLAR l4Xl5 CHAMBERS. CELLAR 7X13 GROUM) PLAN. materials, finish, &c. aENERAL RULES FOR BUILDINQ. The following, which are a few of the rules to be observed in building houses, may afford some useful suggestions to those about to engage in such undertakings. 1. Always compare the cost with the means, before deciding on the plan. It is much better to build within means, than to have a large, fine house, hard to keep in order, and encumbering the owner with a heavy and an- noying debt. A great error with many is an attempt to build finely. Attend to real wants and substantial conveniences, and avoid imaginary and manufactured desires. 2. Study a convenient location rather than a showy one: a house on a lofty hill may make a fine appearance, but the annoyance of ascending to it will become greater on each successive day. 3. Build of such good materials as are near at hand. An interesting index is thus afforded to the resources and materials of that particular region, with the addition of great economy over the use of such as are " far brought and dear bought." *8 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER 4. Prefer lasting to perishable materials, eA-en if more costly. A small well built erection, is better than a large decaying shell. 5. Discard all gingerbread -work, and adopt a plain, neat, and tasteful appearance in every part. Far more true taste is evinced by proper forms and just proportions than by any amount of tinsel and peacock decora- tions. A marble statue bedizened with feathers and ribbons, would not be a very pleasing object. 6. Where convenient or practicable, let the plan be so devised that additions may be subsequently made, without distorting the whole. 7. In all country houses, from the cottage to the palace, let the kitchen (a most important apartment,) always be on a level with the main floor. It requires more force to raise a hundred pounds ten feet upwards, whether it be the human frame or an assortment of eatables, than the same weight one hundred feet on a level. To do it fifty times a day is a serious task. If the mistress superintends her own kitchen, it should be of easy access. 8. Every entrance from without should open into some entry, lobby, or hall, to prevent the direct ingrfiss of cold air into rooms, and to secure sufficient privacy. 9. The first floor of any house, however small, should be at least one foot above gi'ound, to guard against dampness. 10. Flat roofs should be adopted only with vieiallic covering. Shingles need a steeper inclination to prevent the accumulation of snow, leakage, and decay — more so than is frequently adopted. A steep roof is, additionally, cheaper, by admitting the use of a less perfect material for an equally per- fect roof, and giving more garret room. 11. More attention should be given to the convenient arrangement and disposition of rooms in constant daily use, than those employed but a few times in the course of a year. Hence, the kitchen and living-room should receive special attention. 12. Every cellar should have, besides the stairs within, an outside en- trance, for the passage of barrels and other heavy articles. 13. The coolest rooms in summer, and the warmest in v^inter, are those remote from the direction of the prevailing winds and from the afternoon sun. Hence parlors, nurseries, and other apartnents where personal com- fort is important, should be placed on this side of the house where practi- cable. 14. The pantry, and more especially the china closet, should be between the kitchen and dining-room, for easy access from both; and the bath- room between the kitchen and nursery, for convenience to warm water. The kitchen should have opposite windows, for full light, and for securing a current of air in summer. 15. Brick and stone houses should always be lathed and plastered inside, so as to leave a confined portion of air in the wall, to prevent dampness. 16. Unburnt brick should not be used for * 'filling -in " w^ooden houses, as rats are frequently known to cut through them. 17. To prevent rats from burrowing into cellars, either make a good water-lime floor, or else build the wall on a close-jointed flagging, laid I some inches below the bottom of Ihe cellar, and projecting three or four /\ inches beyond the wall. The rat burrows down next to the wall, reaches the flagging, and cannot pass through it, never in any case working back to the edge. ^^=^= * OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 17 18. In erecting brick walls place strips of lath between the courses, and not thick blocks in the courses, for nailing to. The former will bind the walls together, and only become firmer by the entrance of the wedge-form nails; the latter are verj'' liable to become loosened. 19. The two corner furring pieces of rooms should be very securely nailed together, to prevent the plastering from cracking at the corners. 20. Always reserve ten per cent, of cost for improvement and planting. Remember that a hundred dollars in trees and shrubbery produce a greater ornamental and pleasing effect than a thousand in architecture. 21. Lastly, never build in a hurry ; mature plans thoroughly; procure the best materials, and have joiner-work done at the cheaper season of winter, and the erection will be completed in the most perfect manner, and with the greatest practicable degree of economy. LEWIS F. ALLEN'S BARN. The frequent inquiries made of us for plans of barns and farm buildings, induce us to give a condensed description of those recently erected by Lewis F. Allen, on his Grand Island farm, a full account of which is published in the last volume of the Transactions of the New-York State Agricultural Society. This plan has many conveniences, and, although very large, possesses the important advantage of admitting almost any required reduction in size. The plan and views, which in the original occupy four full pages, have been diminished, so as to give all that is essential in the accompanying figures — the view occupying less space by being seen more nearly from the front. By lettering the plan, some pages of description are obviated. The body of the main barn is 100 feet long by 50 feet wide, the posts 18 feet high above the sill, making 9 bents. The beams are 14 feet above the sills, which is the height of the inner posts. The position of the floor and bays is readily understood from the plan. The floor, for a grain barn is 14 feet Avide,but may be contracted to 12 feet for one exclusively for hay. The area in front of the bays is occupied with a stationary horse -power and with machinery for various fiirm operations, such as threshing, shell- ing corn, cutting straw, crushing grain, &c., all of which is driven by bands from drums on the horizontal shaft overhead, which runs across the floor from the horse-power on the other side ; this shaft being driven by a cog-wheel on the perpendicular shaft round which the horses travel. We would suggest an addition to the machinery, not mentioned in the description. In a barn like this, holding a hundred tons of hay, the labor of pitching up to the upper part of the bays is formidable. ' We would therefore propose the use of an elevator, like that of the best modern threshing machines, to be Avorked by the two horses removed from the loaded wagon of hay to the horse power, during the pitching off of the load. This would greatly lessen the labor and quicken the operation of unloading. The same elevator would be used in carrying threshed straw from the machine to the bays. The simplest and best elevator for this purpose is made of a light, inclined board platform, four feet wide, on each side of which a rope or endless chain runs, connected by cross-bars, a foot or two apart, which slide over the upper surface of this platform, and sweep the hay upward as fast as pitched upon it. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER SHEDS 1 — 1 , S 1 3: • H miTniiiiiii: BAYS 1 'li REAR V/AY :: MAIN FLCDR Ef.TRANCE ' 1 M 8Ai3 1 ■ u ri 1 1 1 1,1.1 1 1 im : 1 ^ 1 UJ SJ3HS u] OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 181 A passage four feet wide extends between tlie bays and the stables, which occupy the two wings. This extends up to the top of the bays, doAvn which the hay is throAvn for feeding, Avhich renders this work as easy and convenient as possible. The floor of the main barn is three feet higher than that of the stables. This will allow a cellar under it, if desired — or a deeper extension of the bays — and it allows storage lofts over the cattle, with sufficient slope of roof. A short flight of steps at the ends of each passage, admits easy access from the level of the barn floor. The line of mangers is two feet wide. A manure window is placed at every twelve feet. The stalls are double; that is, for two animals each, which are held to their places by a rope and chain, attached to a staple and ring at each corner of the stall. This mode is preferred to securing by stanchions. A pole or scantling, placed over their heads, prevents them from climbing with their feet into the mangers, which they are other- wise very apt to do. The sheds, which extend on the three sides of the barn, and touch it at the rear end, are on a level with the stables. An inclined plane, from the main floor through the middle of the back shed, forms a rear egress for wagons and carts, descending three feet from the floor. The two rooms, one on each side of this rear passage, 16 by 34 feet, maybe used for hous- ing sick animals, cows about to calve, or any other purpose required. The stables at the front ends of the sheds are convenient for teams of horses or oxen, or they may be fitted for wagon houses, tool houses, or other pur- poses. The rooms, 16 feet square, at the inner corners of the sheds, may be used for weak ewes, lambs, or for a bull stable. Racks or mangers may be fitted up in the open sheds for feeding sheep or young cattle, and yards may be built adjoining, on the rear, six or eight in number, into which they may run and be kept separate. Barred parti- tions may separate the different flocks. Bars may also enclose the opening in front, or they may, if required, be boarded up tight. Step ladders are placed at convenient intervals, for ascending the shed lofts. A granary over the machine room is entered by a flight of stairs. Poles extending from bay to bay, over the floor, will admit the storage of much additional hay or grain. As straw cannot be well kept when exposed to the weather, and is at the same time becoming more valuable as its uses are better understood, we would suggest that the space on these cross poles be reserved for its deposit from the elevator from threshing grain, or until space is made for it in one of the bays. A one-sided roof is given to the sheds, (instead of a double -sided,) to throw all the water on the outside, in order to keep the interior of the yards dry. Eave-troughs take the water from the roofs to cisterns. The cisterns, if connected by an underground pipe, may be all drawn from by a single pump if necessary. The quantity of water thus afforded ai)pears to be much under-estimated in the article accompanying the description, where it is stated to be Jive hogsheads per annum from a roof of ten feet square. Now, instead of this small amount, no less than thirty-six hogs- heads are yielded by three feet of water, the average annual fall in the Northern and Middle States — as a computation will at once show. The whole roof of the buildings, of the size here given, has over 12,000 square feet of surface, if we estimate correctly; this would give, as a daily ave- rage, twelve hogsheads of water, or twenty-four barrels — enough to water 182 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER nearly a Imndred head of cattle the year through. But if the cistern water were only used during the drouth of summer, there would be enough for three times this number. But as the whole yearly amount would be over four thousand hogsheads, the cisterns should hold at least a fifth of this quantity, if used constantly, or more than half this amount if used only in summer. Very few men would make them one quarter the required capacity. This is a thing singularly overlooked. An important advantage of placing the stables in the wings of the barn is, that it obviates the common objection that liquid manure from the stalls rots the sills — the stable sills being comparatively easily replaced if not under the main barn. This barn is the re-construction of an old one, the convenience of which has been proved by twenty years' use by the owner, Avho is so well known as one of the best and most enlightened of distinguished American farmers. "VYc wish to add, before concluding, a single remark on the manufacture of composts, alluded to in the description of the barn. Drawing out ma- nure frequently, spreading and plowing in at once, are recommended in preference to composting. But as this is impracticable all times of year, we have found a better way, to draw out often, and, instead of applying at once, to compost it in the field where wanted, by alternate layers with fence-corner turf, plowed sods, &c. These retain all the volatile parts, and all the advantages of rotted manure are secured, with no extra drawing of heavy materials «DHWAIi,*«lCHEBBOCK£B. Al-B^"*- SIDE-HILL OR CELLAR BARN. The object of this plan is to furnish a good barn for a farm of moderate size, or of about seventy-five to onejiundred acres, occupied with mixed husbandry, but Avhere raising animals, dairying and grazing have a full share. This barn will accommodate five horses, seven cows, and will af- ford shelter for a large quantity of hay and grain in the straw, and has a OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 183 bay for straw, and a cellar for roots below. A carriage-house, tool-room, &c., are supposed to be nearer the dwelling, and small sheep barns are built separately, consisting simply of a twenty-feet-square box and roof for hay, with a low shed at one side, and a space beneath it for sheltering the sheep. The main portion of this barn is about 30 by 40 feet. The plan showing the main floor nearly explains itself. On one side of the threshing tloor is a bay for nnthreshed grain, with a granary adjoining, and on the other is a large bay for hay. Timbers or poles across from beam to beam over- head, will admit the storage of a large quantity of corn fod- der, hay or grain. — Beneath the grain bay, (as the base- ment plan exhibits,) is the horse stable, the mangel of which are filled and the grain troughs supplied through an opening from the main or threshing floor. On the other side of the floor is a similar opening, for throwing down the threshed straw into the straw bay beneath. On the opposite side of the hay bay is an opening for throwing hay down to the passage in front of the cow- stables. ,This opening is made by means of a row of studs or poles, placed perpendicularly on that side, three feet from the end of the barn, and the hay, when' deposited, is only built out to this line of studs. By means of a flight of stairs from the floor above, easy access may be had from above to the passages in front of the stables. The space in front of the horse- \ / stables, and the doors opening to it outside are sutficiently wide to admit a wagon backed in far enough to be easily loaded with grain through the door above from the granary. Between the straw bay and the cellar wall, towards the em- banked side, is the cellar for roots. This is easily filled by dumping the cart containing them into the shute (shown by dotted lines in tiie basement plan) placed in the cellar window. They are effectually protected from freezing by being thus placed between the straw on two sides, and the embanked wall on the third, while double walls and double doors, next the cow-stable passage, amply protect them on the fourth. A coating of two or three feet of straw thrown on the top, completely * y ROOTS ■ 1 :i; 1 [ o 1 1 J —1 CD 3 % S ^ 'SI "^ 5 ^ CO or o re 03 r" n ' . J lllllllll BASEMCNT 184 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER shuts out the frost from above. The paasage next the cow-stables is wide enough to contain the root slicer, straw cutter, &c. Tlie passage at the end of the straw bay may be made wide enough, if desired, to contain the coarser tools of the farm. Ventilators pass perpendicularly iipAvards from the horse and cow- stables to the peak of the barn, and are shown in the exteror view. An advantage results from making the cow-stables in the form of a shed or " lean-to,'' as it may be built (piite separate from the rest of the build- ing; and when the sills decay, which is apt to take place from the large quantities of liquid manure, they are easily renewed, without disturbing the principal frame SIDE-HILL BARN IN THK USUAL FORM r i i m to CO BOO-T" CELLAR "1 1 '^ Co 1 1 > > 1 n— m- m 11 ,,._,l Fig. 1. Fig. 1 represents the ground plan, 44 feet long and 32 feet wide, 10 feet high — one stable on each end, 14 feet wide, which will give a feed manger 3 feet wide, and a good Avide passage in the rear of the animals also. Divided into 6 stalls, Sg feet Avide, each will stable 12 animals, which are to be fed from a space corresponding in width with the manger, on a level with the floor, as will be seen in the floor plan. Fig. 2. This space for feeding from the floor, is made by leaving a space 3 feet wide at the bottom of the bay on a level with the floor, and inclines towards the floor to a bay beam 6 feet high from the floor, so that the space abstracted from the THRESHINO FLOOR HAY OR FODDER / U HAY & Fig. 2. Fig. 3. bays is but little. This space can be closed or opened at pleasure, by hav- ing doors to swing down to the floor when open, or to shut towards the mow when required to be shut, as will be seen in Fig. 3. The dotted line ^7^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 185 at a, is the side of the bay, inclined, to show the manner of feeding from the floor, and then it can be closed at pleasure. It should be fastened by hinges about two feet high from the floor. Having a barn nearly on the same plan^ I thought it might please some of your numerous readers, b. d. c. Lx^KOE BASEMENT DAIRY BARN. South. WALK a CART 6a' -n o o -J m C/> >• fr> m PASSAGE . £S (> o 1 1 1 1 ! i 1 1 M l"l 1 life « a FEEDING PASSAGE o 8 FLOOR. w, ° 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M G )^( 3 1 II ! i 1 1 1 fet ! g WALK O CART o C3 oo' PASSAGE. 5? (*i R ^ <" ^ G Kj Q 1 1 1 III fe -1 1 1 iSt a FEEDING PASSAGE SLOP BOXES tZl □ C3 C3 C3 30 cr o m :n ■z m O FLOOR. ^ "1 1 1 ST^LL^ 1 ! 1 > ■X. II i 1 1 M II 6 « -o 1 Q WALK 0 CART PASSAGE. § North— so feet. A correspondent at Keokuk, Iowa, has furnished us with the plan of a large dairy stable, affording "elegant entertainment" for 92 head of cattle, and is substantially the plan adopted in the best dairy establish- ments in the Western Reserve, Ohio. The following is our correspon- dent's description: — The ground should descend to the south or east, if possible. The entire lower floor, as will be seen, is devoted to stables and fixtures for convenient attendance upon the cows, and consists mainly of two double rows of stalls or stanchions for securing the cows, and two feeding passages and three walks or cart-ways, to facilitate the removal of the manure; also gutters are placed immediately behind the platforms on which the cows stand. A To facilitate communication between the different parts of the estab- m^ lishment, a transverse passage is shown, 6 feet in widtli, and extending the [ \ P88 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGTSTER entire width of the building. Beneath the floor of this passage should be placed an ample gutter for carrying otf the liquid from the other gutters, which should terminate in a tank at the south end. Here also Avould be the proper place for the manure heap, provided the manure is to be removed from the stable by wheel-barrows, for no manure should be allowed to accumulate in the yards frequented by the cows. Near the centre will be perceived three large vats, or tanks, and a pump. These tanks are for the manufocture of slops, and should be sunk in the ground so as not to freeze, and must be placed so as not to interfere with the cart passage or gutters. Stanchions three feet apart are the best fixtures for fastening the ani- mals, and the feeding floors should be smooth and clean, and raised two or three inches above the platform on which the cows stand. If slop is to be fed, small boxes may be placed with their upper edges nearly even with the floor. The position of the doors is plainly indicated in the plan; also the width of the several parts. This lower story should be made of substantial materials, and, if of wood, so constructed as to be capable of easy renewal. The second story is simple and easily supplied, and arranged by any one to suit his own taste and convenience. The most simple and perhaps sat- isfactory plan would be, to have a threshing floor sixteen feet wide, extending through the centre, the whole width of the building. On each side of this floor, and corresponding with the feeding floors below, should be placed scuttles through which to pass down the hay and fodder. On one side and over the central cart passage, should be placed the gran- ary, with small traps below to supply the slop vats. In a building of this size, some might prefer two floors instead of one, and a division of the hay bays. This, as well as a thousand other little things, may be left to the taste of the proprietor. The walls of this story should be carried high enough to hold enough fodder for the entire stock the whole season, which, if the roof be carried up in the usual way, may be no more than eight or ten feet. Ventilation is secured by a row of windows in the lower story above the doors and around the entire sides of the building — thence through the scuttles in the second floor — thence through tlie cupola in the roof. Of course any amount of architectural finish and beauty may be bestowed upon this "building, consistent with the means of the farmer, there being nothing in the form to prevent. The plan I have submitted may be easily modified so as to accommodate a mixed stock — horses, oxen, calves, sheep — everything kept on the farm except pigs and poultry; they should have a separate building by them- selves. The different kinds could have apartments fitted up for their special accommodation, and all being in compact shape can be easily attended The Country Gentleman. — ^Were the Country Gentleman placed beyond the reach of our agricultural papers, the loss would be felt by thousands who now read with pleasure clippings from its columns. It is beautifully printed and its articles are all prepared with great care and ability. As a journal for the garden, the farm, and the firesi le, it has no equal in this country. Its price is but $2.00 per year. — Boston Register. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 187 PLAN OF A SMALLER BASEMENT. The following plan of the basement of a barn 40 by 65 feet, was furnished by B. B., of Pittsburgh. It possesses some peculiar advantages, and has some defects. We would suggest that a part of the central portion be used as a root cellar, leaving room enough to pass around in front of the animals. Its central position would tend to protect the roots from freez- ing, and they might be easily filled in by dumping through a trap door above, or through a shute in the side walls. I A and B. Horse-stalls, 5 by 6 feet, with troughs and open box mangers ^ — floors slightly inclined and paved. /j B. Open stalls for transient horses. — C. Large entrance to feeding floor ()J88 ^O^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER D. Cow-stalls, 4 by 4, with floor inclining to the trench — which catches all droppings and the liquid manure. E. Grain boxes, 5 by 5, to which grain is conducted by cloth spout from the threshing floor above. F. Steam tank — wooden, with a tight lid, fed with steam through a pipe from a boiler without, and with cut feed through a cloth or wooden con- ductor from the floor above. G. The feeding floor — elevated about 14 inches above the stable floor, tightly planked, and supplied with hay, &c., from tlie mows above. The doors and windows are numerous, for abundant light and ventilatiionj and the windows should be closed with gla7.ed sash in the winter season. The horse-stalls should be boarded only a part of the way up, and each upright supplied Avith stout pins for harness, &c. The cattle fastenings should be the upright stakes and clasps. ^Of^M/^H. '=^'C(f£fleocK£rfi, CARRIAGE HOUSE AND STABLE. We turnish our readers with a plan and description of a carriage house and stable, of moderate size, and capable of holding three horses and three or four vehicles. Buildings of this sort are usually needed much nearer the dwelling than it is convenient or desirable to place large barns and farm establishments • and for this reason they should have a better finish and a greater neatness of appearance than extended farmeries. The design consists substantially of a main building, about 22 feet wide by 2o feet long, constituting the carriage house and hay loft above, to which a wing is added at one end for the stables. By placing them in a wing a less heavy frame is required, and the gases from the stalls do not rise and impregnate the hay, as would be the case if it were immediately over them. Stable sills are also liable to decay from the liquid manure, S>c:^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. "%l .•p ^'liiimirnl ^ [y- CARRIAGE ROOM. i: u3 1 ^ and they are more easily replaced under a -wing than if the main building rests upon them. The wing is 14: by 22 feet, affording a space of 14 feet in length for the stalls, including 2i feet for mangers, and each 5-| feet in width. This width is none too great for the comfort of the horsce in lying down, or of the attendant in grooming them. The carriage room, 22 by 25 feet, admits ample space for two carriages or buggies side by side, with room on one side for placing a cutter in summer, and on the other for passing into the stable. These being run in backward, also afford room in cases of emergency for one or tAvo more vehicles with the thills passing under the former. In one of the front corners is the granary for containing horse-feed, and in the other is a small room for hanging up saddles, buf- falo skins. Sec, w^here they will be secure from dust. The stairs afford ready access to the hay loft, by landing a little beyond the line j' the upper part of the wing being several feet higher than the floor of the loft; and as they ascend from the stable passage and not from the car- riage room, it is much easier to keep the carriages clean from dust and hay .seed, which so commonly find their way down the stair passage, than when they are in the same room where the vehicles are kei)t. Under the stairs is a small harness room. The stairs being two feet wide leave a passage from the carriage room to tlie stable of three feet, through which horses may freely pass from one room to the other, or they may be led through the d\)or at the side, as convenience dictates. A door is placed at the first stall near the foot of the stairs, to separate the stable from the other apartments. The arched window over the outer doors, for pitching in hay, is closed by sliding shutters. The mangers are easily and directly filled from the hay loft through a space, a section of which is represented in the annexed cut, (Fig. 3.) where A A is the partition between the hay loft and the upper part of the stables; B the hay floor; and the door, D, is hung on hinges at its upper side. — so that all tliat is required is to press a fork full of hay against this door, which crowds it open, and the hay drops immediately into the manger or rack below; the door then closes by its own w*eight, and shuts off Fig. 4. Fig. 3. tho vapors from the stable. A ventilator is represented in the perspective view, which allows the impure air frona the stalls to ascend and escape. From these ^c^^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER to the peak of the main building, a board tube rises for this purpose, out- side and against the main building, and on the upper end of this tube a part of the ventilating turret rests. The other part of it affords ventilation to the hay loft. This plan may be reduced or enlarged to any desired size, from one stall upwards. An additional stall may be afforded in the smaller plans, with- out increasing the size, by replacing the stairs with a fixed perpendicular ladder at the end of the mangers, and converting the passage into a stall, which may have a corner manger where the stairs now are, A door' that is opened many hundred times in a year, should have a quick and easy mode of fastening. We have never found anything better than the contrivance represented in Figs. 4 and 5, which show a portion of the inner side of one of the large doors. A light and stiff bar, A, is attached to the middle batten of the door, so as to turn freely on an iron bolt at the middle. The ends of this bar slide into a groove in the beam and sill, which secure both ends and hold the door fast. A single touch of the hand, throwing it out of the grooves, as in Fig. 4, allows the door to open J and it is again closed and flistenedwitli equal ease, as shown in Fig. 5. This door being fastened, the other latches to it. SMALL CARRIAQE HOUSE AND STABLE. The accompanying design is for a carriage house and stable of the small- est size, or for a single horse and buggy. This is all the accommodation that many village and suburban residents need ; and such an erection near the dwelling of the large farmer whose business leads him much from home, on short errands, is a great convenience, allowing the other stable and carriage accommo- dations to be placed at a greater distance from the house, or in connection with the rest of the farm buildings. In this plan, which is 16 by 18 feet, there is a single horse-stall, 6 feet wide and 14 long; a car- riage room 10 feet wide and 16 long; with a har- ness room 2 feet wide, at the end. The stairs ascend from a separate apartment, so that dust and hay seed may not reach the carriage and harness ; and ^ =^0 ■m^ HARNE.SS R - - - CARRIAGE' ROOM. -; h- HORSE STALL OF RURAL AFFAIRS. under the stairs is a small granary for holding oats. The hay loft is large enough to contain at least one ton of hay, and the window through which the hay is pitched, is closed by sliding shutters. If desired, a light sliding door maybe placed in the partition between the stable and carriage room, for passing in stormy weather. DESIGN FOR A POULTRY HOUSE. A correspondent furnishes us the annexed design for a poultry house . lie says: — I built one last summer, of brick, on a hill-side, with an eastern aspect, having an underground room, which is cool in summer, and warm in winter, and which, my fowls having tested and highly approved, I now recommend as "just the thing.'' 1 have seen more expensive and curious arrangements, but they proved to be inconvenient or were Avholly rejected by the fowls. By constructing the nests in this manner, they may be easily reached, and setting hens and 3'oung chicks cared for as they should be to ensure success. I have a dove cote in the roof, which is also conve- nient and •' approved" by the pigeons. INTERIOR OR SECTION OF HEN HOUSE — TWELVE FEET SQUARE. A A. Joists placed rafter-wise, 3 by 4 inches, in which are holes for the poles for perches, which in this section are seen endwise. B B. Similar joists, which support die nests a a a a, &c. — the series of these also being seen endwise. b. Perch for the young chicks. The space between the nests, A A, and the roosts, B B, is three and a half feet. The space between the nests and the roof is six feet. C. Door for entering beneath the roosts, for clearing out guano» &c.* D D. Places of doors, opening next the stairs on each side. These stairs serve to ascend to the nests above, and also contain themselves two boxes for nests between each step, making 36 nests in the stairs, the openings to * This door, or its equivalent, should be of glass, as the feeding department dfa hen house needs an abundant supply of light. — [Eds. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER which are represented as round holes in the engraving. These, with the upper nests, make 132 in all, each 1 foot s(|uare. There are 12 perches, each 12 feet long, accommodating easily 144 fowls, allowing each 1 foot. Perches may also be made under the stairs, sufficient for 200 fowls in all. I I. Ventilators, which should be in the south and east sides. These will admit light enough for the laying and setting departments, j. h. d., Troy, N. Y. SCHOOL HOUSES. "We once heard a distinguished traveling lecturer on education, assert that he could at once know a district school house from any other building, by its being the worst-looking house in the neighborhood. Broken -win- dows and broken walls, and a general air of desolation, have in many cases been the leading features. If children are to be taught the knowledge of order and comfort, these are miserable examples to set before them. In strong contrast with such pictures is one described by Downing, a build- ing erected for a/rcc school, by a private gentleman, in Dutchess county, as an e Ample for a district school. ''It was a building simple enough after all. A projecting roof, with slightly ornamented brackets, a pretty porch, neat chimney tops; its color a soft, neutral tint; these Avere its lead- ing features. But a single glance at it. told in a moment that the evil spirit had been cast out, and the good spirit had taken its place The utmost neatness and cleanliness ajipeared in every part. Beautiful vines ^ U ® OF RURAL AFFAIRS. and creepers climbed upon the walls and bung in festoons over the windows. Groups of trees and tlowering shrubs were thriving within its enclosure. A bit of neat lawn surrounded the building, and was evidenth'^ an object of care and respect v.-ith the pupils themselves," Such an exanple before children could hardly fail to exert a controling influence, to continue through after hfe. But it is not the manner of keeping, only, but the structure in erection, that demands a great improvement. Thousands of dollars— we might almost sa}- millions — are yearly wasted in the erection of unsuitable school houses, which most commonly answer the purpose but very imperfectly, and are not unfrequently a great waste of money by bad arrangement. State governments could not better apply a little money than by publish- ing a small, well prepared pamphlet on the erection., arrangement, and fur- nishing of the cheaper district school houses, and sending a copy to every district. The internal structure of a small house is exhibited in the accompanying plan. The teacher's desk, a, is on a raised platform j the pupils' desks „ — „|, are in front of this, and occu- a a •• * py the centre of the room. The principal aisle runs thro' the middle, separating boys and girls. This should be four feet wide • the two smaller on either side need not be more than twenty inches wide. Each pupil is provided with a seat and desk, two pupils oc- cupying, side by side, the same double seat — a greater number should never be placed togeth- er, for several reasons, one of which is, the inner ones cannot leave their seats without dis- turbing their neighbors. The smaller or narrower seats and desks, for the smaller children, are placed nearest the teacher ; these seats are about nine in- ches in width, and ten and a half high, witli desks twelve inches wide, and twenty-one high. The larger seats are Fig. 1.— Plan of Floor. eleven and a half inches Avide, and fourteen inches high, with desks fifteen inches wide and twenty-seven high. Every desk should be numbered. The stove is placed at S. R R are the recitation rooms, one of which may be used for the smaller children and the other for more advanced classes. If the teacher lias one or more assistants, these rooms may be separately partitioned off, or the partitions may be left open next the teacb.er's desk, but shut off from the rest of the school, or with sliding doors, so that he may hear one of the classes from his seat. Or if only one teacher is employed, there need be no partitions, and the same places occupied by the reciting classes j or, one of these 1 1 — 1 1 ; 1 ^ —I -—A I ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER rooms may be used for a library, &c. Each room should be furnished with blackboards, and now that clocks are so cheap, no scliool should be Avithout one, to be placed over the teacher's desk. Outline maps may be hung on the partitions of the recitation rooms. The entrance -porch, P, may be used for hanging up caps, &c., and it should, if practicable, be large enough to contain wood. If a good well of water and pump could be added, it would be a great improvement. In some places conveniences for washing will be important. The windows are placed on the two opposite sides — this arrangement lights a school room to the best advantage, and prevents that confusion of light where windows are on three sides. For children who are compelled to sit several hours during a day, (which is sufficiently irksome and unnatural, to say the best,) easy and comforta- ^ Fig. 2. Fig. 3. ble seats should be provided. Sitting long is harder for children than for adults ; but few of the latter would be willing to sit so long, even for one day, to say nothing of repeating it for months. Fig. 2 represents the simplest mode of making seats and desks, yet has an important improvement, by giving a slope to the back of the seats. Fig. 3 represents a more finished desk, which may be adopted for larger pupils — the seats and desks being separate, there is less interference with those sitting behind. Each desk has two chairs, consisting of round plank fastened to a cast iron support, strongly screwed to the floor. The backs are made of three slats, screwed to the seat and fastened into a cross top piece. "We have already given the dimensions of these. They are becoming commonly used. The desk lids should always open above, as none can be kept neat without. A seat runs round the room on three sides next the walls, not com- monly, but sometimes needed. The other seats connected with the desks are sufficient, in the plan, for 52 pupils, and may be increased or diminished Avithout altering the general arrangement . A house 24 by 28 feet will contain the accommodations here represented, and if built one story high, with arched ceiling, with vertical boarding and battens, need not cost more than three or four hundred dollars. It should have something of a taste- ful exterior, for to children, lessons in neatness, taste. Sec, are quite as important, even in an economical and practical point of view, as chemistry and algebra. Fig. 4 represents the mode of building we have recommended, presenting a handsome exterior, and a tasteful architecture, of the sim- y plest Italian cast. ¥ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Fig. 4. A simple, cheap, and handsome erection, with the Gothic characteris- tics, is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5. For a house built of brick, and of a more costly character, the engraving at the head of this article, (page 192,) represents a handsome specimen, the wings serving for recitation rooms. )c:^=^. 196 -«=^S ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER A wooden building, where several hundred dollars may be expended, may be given a tasteful and picturesque appearance if built in the Swiss style, as in Fig. 7, copied from the Horticulturist Fig. 7. The accompanying plan (Fig. 8,) may be adopted or not, as may suit the owners. An entrance-hall or lobby opens into a large school room for boys upon one side, and one for girls upon the other. Between these is a recitation room for both together, which may also contain maps, the book- case for the school library, &c. In all school houses, especial care is needed to provide ample ventilation, so that none may be subjected to cold currents of air while others are overheated, nor any suffer from the common practice of fifty or more breathing over and over again, all the day long, the same impure body of air. The great leading and most essential requisite in a school room, we have not mentioned. This is, to place the seats fronting towards the (\ — - — -—^^^ v OP RURAL AFFAIRS. 197 north, so that the outline maps may be suspended on the north side of the room, — and that firtt impressions of north and south may be correct. Un- less a child sees a map for the first time placed in the right position, every thing will be turned round through all the rest of his life. The writer of this article would be willing to give two hundred dollars to-day, if he could have had his first impressions correct in this particular SHORT DESCRIPTIONS OF THE BEST FRUITS. It is impossible to make a select list of fruits that shall please every one, for these reasons, viz.: 1, Tastes differ- 2, Fruits vary exceedingly by the diverse treatment they receive; 3, They vary much in different places and seasons; 4, The newer excellent sorts have not been enough tried, and their quality and general adaptation are imperfectly known. But there are a few sorts that have received a very large vote in their favor, either through the country generally, or in many parts of the coun- try, and these are generally introduced in the list. But there is scarcely one, but sometimes or in some places fails, and consequently has its objectors. In making out this list, the labors of the American Pomological Society, and of the various horticultural societies in the difierent States, with the experience of many individuals, have been made use of. SUMMER APPLES— IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. Early Harvest. Succeeds well throughout most parts of the northern and western States. Often called Yellow Juneating, Yellow Harvest, &c. Size medium, a little flattish; skin a bright straw color; flavor rather acid; quality fine. Shoots of young trees erect and straight. Summer Rose. A rather small, roundish, or slightly flattened apple; skin smooth, and more or less striped with red; flesh fine grained, very tender, with a mild, sub-acid excellent flavor. Continues ripening for a month. Its small size compensated by its great delicacy. Fine through- out the northern and western States. Fruit sometimes scabb5\ Red Astrachan. Rather large, roundish and flattened ; the whole sur- face a deep brilliant crimson, with a bloom like a plum; flesh white, some- Avhat coarse and crisp, rather acid, good. The most showy of all summer apples; excellent for stewing. Shoots strong; leaves broad. Succeeds well in the northern, middle, and western States. Sine Qua Non. Medium size; roundish, and very slightly conical; skin smooth, greenish yellow, often with a brown cheek ; flesh greenish white, very fine grained, exceedingly tender when fully ripe, and of a fine, agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Tree a poor grower in the nursery, hence not widely cultivatedj although productive. Early Strawberry. Size rather small, roundish, conical; skin usu- ally a brilliant deep red; flesh white, sub-acid, rather brisk, not very rich. Growth of young shoots very erect, tree productive, and frUit always fair. Primate. Medium or rather large in size, roundish, conical, ribbed, light green; flesh fine-grained, juicy, mild sub-acid, very agreeable. BARLY HARVEST. EARLY STRAWBERRY. Ripens for several weeks through the latter part of summer. It has not yet been proved much out of western New-York. Sops of Wine . Size medium ; roundish, slightly oblong j dark red ; stem long and slender; flesh white, often stained red, sub-acid, good; flavor not very high, but desirable for its uniformly fair surface and the handsome growth of the tree. Valuable for market. This is not the Sapson, a smaller variety. American Summer Pearmain. Size medium, roundish oblong; mostly striped or blotched with light red; flesh very tender, sub-acid, of fine quality; late summer and early autumn. Tree of slow growth. Early Joe. Medium size or rather small, flatfish; light red; flesh very fine-grained, tender, sub-acid, of an excellent flavor ; unsurpassed in quality by any early apple. Tree of slow growth. Not extensively proved yet. Must be eaten fresh. Benoni. Medium in size; roundish or slightly conical; skin striped with bright red; flesh tender, rich, sub-acid, of fine flavor. The tree is a handsome grower, and good bearer ; and the variety valuable. Has proved fine in New England, New-York and some other places. Carolina Red June. A fruit of medium size, rather oblong, and of a beautiful red color, and a sprightly agreeable flavor. Is the most valuable early apple in northern Illinois and the adjacent region. The tree is a fine grower, and bears abundantly. SUMMER SWEET APPLES. Sweet Bough, or Large Yellow Bough. Large, roundish, sometimes jk conical; pale greenish yellow; flesh very tender, and of an excellent sweet (j OF r.URAL AFFAIRS. 199 SUMMER ROSE KARLY JOE. flavor. Ripens for several weeks during the latter part of summer, A moderate and regular bearer. Tree round headed. Succeeds well throughout all the northern, middle, and western States. Golden Sweet. Full medium in size; roundish, and a little flattened; flesh very sweet ; good, but not of the highest quality. The fruit is always fair; the tree a free grower, and productive. AUTUMN APPLES— IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. Autumn Strawberry, or Late Strawberry. Size medium; roundish, sometimes a little ribbed, the whole surface more or less striped with red; flesh tender, (very slightly fibrous,) juicy, sub-acid, flavor excellent. Tree a handsome grower, and productive. The fruit will keep through autumn. Jeffries. Full medium in size ; roundish and flattened ; yellow, red, and deep red, striped; flesh yellowish white, remarkably tender and juicy, flavor exceedingly agreeable. From Pennsylvania — not much proved as yet elsewhere : new. Oldenburgh, or Duchess of Oldenburgh. Above medium in size; a little flattened ; color light red in broad broken stripes ; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid ; good. Although not of very high flavor, this fruit is val- uable for its uniformly smooth and fair skin. Keswick Codlin. Rather large, somewhat oblong or conical; light yellow; juicy, with a pleasant second-rate sub-acid flavor. Very produc- tive , bears when young, and valuable for cooking. Succeeds throughout the northern part of the Union. Lowell. Large, roundish oblong, skin a rich yellow, oily; flesh rather coarse, but with a rich rather acid flavor. Valuable for its productiveness, bearing when young, and. for its handsome, uniformly fair fruit. Tree a slow, spreading grower. Fine in New-York and Ohio. 200 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Hawlet, Large, ramidishj pale greenish yellow j flesh fine grained, tender, with a mild, sub-acid, rich, agreeable and excellent flavor. Has proved fine in New-York and Pennsylvania. Rather new. Cooper. Rather large, a little flattish, striped with pale red,- flesh very tender, mild and agreeable in flavor, but not rich. A favorite in central Ohio. Porter. Full medium in size ,• oblong and conical ; bright yellow ; flesh tender, with a rich, rather acid flavor. Fair, productive, and valuable. Succeeds throughout the northern and western States. Gravenstein. Rather large, roundish j striped with bright red; flesh juicy, with a very rich, ratber acid flavor. Tree productive, a fine grower, fonning a round head; fruit handsome and excellent. This German apple has proved fine in the northen, middle, western, and in some of the sou- thern states. Leland Spice. Rather large, roundish, red; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy, rich, of fine flavor. A Massachusetts variety; not much proved elsewhere. Fall Orange. Large, roundish oval; pale yellow; flesh sub-acid, and excellent if fresh and ripe from the tree. Tree a strong grower; fruit always fair; tree bears when young. Not widely known. Dyer, or Pomme Royale. Above medium in size; roundish, a little oblong; ribbed toward the blossom end; skin light yellow, with some- times a russet network; flesh very fine grained, juicy, with a rich, rather SRAVZNSTEIN. acid flavor, rarely equalled. Tree of slender growth, and a moderate bearer. Ripens through autumn. Fine in New-England and New-York. Bears when young, Smokehol^se. Rather large, flattish; color a light dull redj flesh rich, aromatic, sub-acid, of fine flavor. Growth, crooked and spreading. Suc- ceeds well in New- York and in the middle and western States. Fameuse. Medium in size,- round, sometimes flattened; whole surface often a fine deep red; flesh very white, (whence its other name, Pomme de Neige, or Snow-apple,) sub-acid, juicy, a little spicy, very pleasant and agreeable, but not very rich. Fall Pippin, called erroneously Holland Pippin, the latter name belonging to a very different apple. Very large; (we have seen it twenty- three ounces;) roundish, sometimes a little conical; skin rich golden yel- low when ripe ; flesh yellowish, rather firm and hard, becoming tender when fully mature, with a rich, aromatic and excellent flavor. A mod- erate bearer. Admirable for stewing. Excellent in the northern, middle, western, and several southern States. It becomes a winter apple far north. Rambo. Size medium; flattened; color dull light red; with a mild sub -acid excellent flavor. A favorite throughout the western States. ADTUMN sweet APPLES. Jersey Sweeting. Size medium; roundish ovate, striped with red; flesh very sweet, juicy, and tender; of good quality, but not of the high- est character Productive and valuable, and succeeds well through the north and west. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Summer Sweet Paradise. Quite large; roundish; pale greeo, becom- ing yellowish; sweet, rich, aromatic, of fine flavor. Has not been widely- proved. Autumnal Swaar, Large; fiattish; color rich yellow; flavor very sweet, spicy and agreeable. An excellent Jfruit. Not widely known. There is a greatly inferi®r sort, known in western New- York as '' Sweet Swaar." Haskell Sweet. Large, often very large ; flattish; greenish yellow, flesh often tinged with yellewish brown; tender, sweet, rich, and good. A great bearer; new; has proved fine in Massachusetts and New-York. WINTER APPLES— LN THE ORDER OF RIPENING Melon. Full medium in size; roundish, slightly conical; handsomely striped with red; flesh tender, very juicy, fresh and pleasant, spicy, with a mild, sub-acid, exceedingly agreeable flavor. Considered by some as the best of all table apples. Growth quite slow, and a moderate bearer; new. Not much proved out of western New- York. May be eaten in autumn, and will keep till spring. Bullock's Pippin, or American Golden Eussct. Rather small; coni- cal; light yellow, thinly and partly covered Mnth light russet; stem long, slender; flesh very fine grained, becoming very tender, with a mild, slightly sub-acid flavor. This apple proves excellent nnd valuable throughout most parts of the western States; but at the north and east it is often quite worthless. Belmont. Eather large, often oval, sometimes flattish, variable; color pale yellow, frequently with a light ver million blush; flesh rather compact, becoming tender, with a mild, rich, sub-acid, excellent flavor. It is par- ticularly excellent and valuable in northern Ohio, and in some parts of the middle States. HuBBARDSTON NoNESuCH. Eathcr large, roundish, often a little oblong, and largest at the middle; striped with light rich red; flavor mild sub-acid, excellent. Loses by keeping. Succeeds best in New England. McLellan. Full medium in size; round, smooth, regular; striped with lively red on yellow ground ; flesh fine grained, tender, slightly sub- acid, agreeable, not very rich. The fair fruit and productive tree render the McLellan a valuable apple . Proved only in New- York and New England . Peck's Pleasant. Large, roundish, shape somewhat variable in differ- ent seasons; stem very short; color light green becoming yellow; calyx, or eye, large and open; flesh compact, tender, breaking, with a fine, clear, Newtown Pippin flavor. A good bearer; fruit always fair; poor if too ripe. Origin, Rhode Island; rather new; fine in western New-York. "Westfield Seeknofurther. Full medium, roundish, a little conical, very regular; color light, dull red, sometimes much russeted : flesh tender, rich, spicy, and fine. Tree productive, and fruit fair. Fine throughout the northern States. Yellow Bellflower. Large when well grown; oblong, somewhat conical towards the apex, more or less irregular; skin pale yellow ; flesh ■ led, tender when ripe, juicy, rather acid, becoming milder with /I ri{>emug; flavor excellent. Succeeds well in most of the northern, middle ^ and western States, but fails in some localities A ■ —^=® OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 203 ESOPTTS SPITZEN'BrRGH. 204 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Baldwin. Rather large • roundish j color more or less dull red, becom- ing light or yellowish red at maturity; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, flavor rather rich, mild sub-acid. Varies much in flavor with seasons, cul- ture, locality, and age of tree. A great bearer, young and old; fruit fair, and very popular as a market variety. Succeeds well in the eastern States, in most parts of New-York, and frequently in the middle and western States. At the south it becomes a summer apple. Rhode Island Greening. Large, somewhat flattish ; color greenish yellow; always smooth and fair; flesh yellow — greenish if much shaded, a rich yellow when well exposed — tender, with a rich, rather acid flavor. Well known in New -York and other portions of the north as the most reliable and profitable market sort. Not sufficiently proved yet at the west, but does not promise so well there. An autumn apple at the south. Pryor's Red. Medium or rather large ; roundish, irregular; color dull brick-red and russet; flesh tender, mild, agreeable. Succeeds best at the south-west, where it is highly esteemed; not so good in New-York. Esopus Spitzenburgh. Rather large, round-ovate; color a high rich red; flesh yellow, firm, and compact, crisp, spicy, rather acid, scarcely eqalled in richness and high flavor. Admirable for cnlinaiy purposes. A moderate bearer. Succeeds best in New-York, but does well in many parts of New England and at the west. SWAAR. SwAAR. Above medium in size ; roundish, mostly somewhat flattened; color becoming a rich yellow; flesh fine grained, compact, tender, with a very rich, mild, aromatic, agreeable flavor. Esteemed by some as the best winter table apple. Keeps into spring; fruit apt to be scabby on overloaded trees. Succeeds best in New-York Michigan &c. often poor ^»,^ (J in New England. (J ^Sc:^= -— — ^3^^ A OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 205 Red Canada, sometimes knoAvn as Nonesuch and Old Nonesuch. Size medium • roundish conical ; mostly covered with light red, and interspersed with rather indistinct whitish dotsj flesh fine grained, compact, with a rich, sub-acid, high and excellent flavor. Growth slender and feeble; fruit not always fair. Succeeds more or less in New England, New-York, and Ohio, Jonathan. Rather small at the east, often quite large at the west ,• roundish-ovate,- color a deep bright red; flesh nearly white, spicy, sub- acid, of an excellent flavor. Growth of tree slender, but a great bearer; fruit fair, and some specimens from the west exceedingly beautiful. Rawles' Jannet, or Neverfail. Size medium; roundish; slightly stri- ped with pale red ; flesh crisp, nearly white, with a fine texture, and a mild, good flavor. Blossoms later than usual, often escaping spring frosts — and hence the name Neverfail. A valued market fruit in the Ohio valley, keeping through spring. NORTHERN SPY. Northern Spy. Large, roundish conical; handsomely striped with red; flesh tender; flavor mild and agreeable, spicy, excellent — which it retains with remarkable freshness late into spring. Tree a vigorous and very upright grower ; long in coming into bearing ; needs thinning out in pruning; requires rich and high culture. Newtown Pippin. Above medium; roundish, somewhat irregular; dull green, becoming yellowish green; flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, fine grained, with a high, excellent flavor. Tree of slowgi-owth; bark rough. Often scabby, unless with high culture. Succeeds well in New- York and the western States; poor in New England. ^Di NEWTOWN PIPPIN. RoxBURY Russet. Size medium j commonly flattish ; mostly covered with rather rough russet, on a greenish yellow skin; flesh rather granular, crisp, with a good sub-acid flavor. Growth spreading; shoots downy. Uniformly fair and productive. A famous market fruit in the northern States, and succeeds in many places at the west. English Russet, or Poughkeepsie Russet. Rather below medium in size; roundish, or roundish-conical; more or less russeted, on a light, greenish yellow skin; flesh greenish or yellowish white, rather firm, with a sub-acid, good flavor. Will often keep twelve months. A profuse bearer. This is distinguished from the Roxbury Russet by the upright growth of the young trees and shoots. WINTER SWEET APPLES — IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. Bailey Sweet. Large; ovate; mostly a full, bright red; flesh very tender, not juicy, with a mild, rich, sweet flavor. New. Not proved much out of western New-York. Wells Sweeting. Size medium; roundish; color light green; flesh white, tender, rich, agreeable. From Newburgh, N- Y. Not widely proved. Sweet Baldwin. Medium; round; deep red; compact; very sweet. Not widely proved. Tallman Sweeting. Above medium; roundish; a clear, light yellow, , with a distinct brownish line from stem to blossom; flesh white, ^rm, /|^ rich, very sweet. The original mis-spelling — Tolman — should not be Q copied. ©c^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS Danvers Sweet. Above medium ; roundish, a little conical ; light yel low, often a handsome blush j flesh yellow, sweet, rich. Succeeds well in the eastern and middle States. Broad WELL. Rather large; a little flattish and conical ; greenish yellow ; flesh white, tender, sweet, juicy, and of a fine flavor; somewhat resembling the Sweet Bough of summer. A fine new Ohio variety. Ladies' Sweeting. Medium, or large; roundish or roundish-ovate; a fine, bright red at maturity; flavor sweet and agreeable, not very rich. Tree of feeble growth, and usually overbears. Origin, Newburgh, N. Y., and proves fine in other localities. Green Sweet. Rather large; round; green, with whitish dots; flesh greenish white, Avith a very sweet, spicy, good flavor. Productive, always Mr, and a long keeper. PEARS. SUMMER PEARS— IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING Madeleine. Size medium; obovate - pyriform ; smooth ; greenish yellow ; flesh very juicy and melting, with a faint degree of acid astringency, and a very agreeable, refreshing fla- vor . Like nearly all other sum- mer pears, needs house -ripen- ing. Matures at the north at the time of wheat harvest. — Growth erect and vigorous. Summer Doyenne, (or Doy- enne d'Etc.) Rather small; roundish obovate ; skin a fine yel- low, usually with a bright red cheek; flesh melting and juicy, with a sweet, slightly perfumed flavor. Ripens nearly or quite as early as the Madeleine, and is by some preferred to that vari- ety. Shoots slender ; tree bears very young. Skinless. Rather small; pyriform ; regular ; skin smooth, very thin, yellowish green; flesh half melting, juicy and sweet, slightly perfumed; flavor good. Ripens two weeks after the Madeleine, and valuable for its vigorous, erect growth, its profuse productiveness, and period of ripening. Bloodgood. Medium in size; obovate; yellow, more or less touched with russet; flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting,' with a fine, rich, aro- matic flavor when at its best. Sometimes the flavor is poor and insipid Tree of moderate growth. Ripens immediately after Skinless MADELEINE. 208 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Osband's Summer. Size medium; obovate^ regular in form, sometimes slightly pyriform; yellow, with a reddish cheek ; flesh with a sweet, fine, perfumed fla- vor . Tree a vigorous grow- er. BeurreGiffard. Me- dium, sometimes rather large ; pyriform ; skin greenish yellow, usually with a dotted red cheek; flesh tender, juicy, with a sweet, refreshing, very agreeable flavor. Shoots slender. Although a new sort, it has been widely BLOODGOOD. proved, and is very highly esteemed. Ripens very close- ly on the last, — indeed the Bloodgood, Osband and Gif- fiird differ very slightl)'- in their periods of maturity. Dearborn's Seedling. Rather small; obovate, reg- ular ; smooth ; skin clear yel- low; flesh fine grained, melt- ing, juicy, and of fine flavor. Fruit, although too small to become very popular, always of fine quality. Tree bears quite young. Ripens imme- diately after the three prece- ding sorts. Tyson. Medium in size, often rather large; obovate- pyriform, acute ; color a bright yellow, with a rich, softly SUMMER DOYENNE. OSEAND'S SUMMER. DEARBORN'S SEEDLING. shaded, red cheek; flesh very fine grained, buttery, very melting, with a nearly sweet, perfumed and excellent flavor. Ripens in western Ncav- York during the last two Aveeks of summer. Growth erect, vigorous. Tree late in coming into bearing, but grows finely on quince, and bears soon. RosTiEZER. Rather small; obovate-pyriform; skin dull bro^vnish green, with a dark, brownish red cheek; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, with a very high, perfumed flavor. This is perhaps the highest flavored of all summer pears, and stands about the same in rank with summer varieties as the Seckel does with those of autumn. There are several new summer pears of high reputation, among which may be named the Ott, Hosenshenk, Brandywine, and Moyamen- sing, — Pennsylvanian varieties, which have not as yet been much proved out of that State, and consequently their fitness for general cultivation not fully determined. AUTUMN PEARS— NEARLY IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. [Good autumn pears are much more numerous than those of summer or winter. The following list comprises most of those which have proved valuable, but there are still a considerable number of older varieties of merit, or of new sorts of promise, that our want of space has excluded.] Bartlett, (or Williams' Bonchretien.) Large ; obtuse -pyriform ; sur- ^ lace wavy; clear yellow; flesh fine grained, very tender and buttery, sweet, sometimes faintly sub-acid, perfumed, moderately rich flavor. Tree erect 210 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER and thrifty; bears very young. Ripens if picked two weeks before matu- rity, even if not full grown. Ripens about the first of autumn at the north, in summer further south. Universally popular. This and the Seckel were the only pears that received a unanimous vote in the committee of nine, appointed by the first Congress of Fruit Growers in New-York in 1848. Andrews. Medium size; pyriform; skin thick, greenish, with a brown cheek; flesh very juicy, melting, with a fine, agreeable flavor. Very pro- ductive, and bears j^oung. From Massachusetts. KiRTLAND. Medium or small; round-ovate; greenish, with rich brov.-n rtisset; flesh fine grained, buttery and melting, perfumed, with a high, excellent flavor like tha Seckel. From Ohio. GOLDEN BETRKE OF BILBOA. WASHINGTON. BiLBOA, (or Golden Buerre of Bilhoa.) Full medium; obovate or slightly pyriform, regular; skin smooth, fair, yellow, russeted round the stalk; flesh fine grained, buttery, moderately rich. St. Andre. Medium; obovate; greenish yellow, with some red dots; flesh fine grained, buttery, melting, excellent. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 211 Pratt. Medium, or rather large j obovate-pyriform ; greenish j-ellow, with numerous clots ; flesh tender, melting, juicy, excellent. From Rhode Island. Washington. Size medium; oblong-obovate, sometimes obtuse-pyri- fornij smooth; clear yellow, with handsome red dots on the sunny side; flesh juicy and melting, but not buttery, with a rich, very sweet, perfumed, excellent flavor. Growth erect. Gknesee, (or Stevens' Genesee.) Large; round obovate ; skin slightly rough, yellow; flesh a little coarse, half-buttery, with a rich, good, but not first-rate flavor. Heathcot. Medium; obovate; regular; greenish yellow, with some russet flesh buttery, rich, perfumed, excellent when at its best. Growth upright; productive. From Massachusetts. Seckel. Small; obovate; brownish green, becoming rich yellowish brown; flesh very fine grained, sweet, very juicy, melting, buttery, highly perfumed; the richest and highest flavored pear known. Growth slow and stout ; tree small ; very productive. The size of the fruit is much increased by high culture. Popular everywhere. BuFFUM. Medium; obovate; yellow, with a broad, reddish brown cheek, somewhat russeted; flesh buttery, sweet, of fine flavor, but not best. Growth erect, strong; tree healthy and very productive. FoNTENAT Jalousie, {ox Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee.) Full medi- um; obovate -pyramidal; pale, dull yelloAvish green, somewhat russeted; flesh melting and buttery, mild, rich, fine flavored. Belle Lucrative, (or Fondante d'Automne.) Full medium, some- times large; obovate, sometimes slightly pyriform ; pale yellowish green, often slightly russeted; flesh, with a very fine texture, juicy and melting, and, when well grown and ripened, of an exceedingly delicate, rich, per- fumed and excellent flavor; sometimes it is quite poor. Flemish Beauty. Large; obovate, obtuse; skin slightly rough, with more or less reddish brown russet; nesh very melting and juicj-, and mostly sweet, rich, and excellent. Growth strong and healthy, tree pro- ductive, and h-uit always fair. Must be picked before full maturity. Howell. Full medium, or rather large; short pyriform; surface pale yellow; flesh melting and buttery, of a flne but not very high flavor. Bears very young ; always productive; fair and uniform in size, A graft on an old tree on the grounds of EUwanger & Barry, of Rochester, bore three pecks the third summer. Van Assche, (or Van Assene.) Rather large; obtuse obovate; skin fair, smooth, dull yellow; flesh white, slightly coarse, buttery, melting and rich. New, Belgian, Productive and valuable. DucHESSE ©'Orleans, (or Beurre St. Nicholas.) LTsually large; long pyriform; greenish yellow, sometimes bright red to the sun, more or less thinly russeted; flesh melting, buttery, rich; when well ripened, delicious, New, and promises to be valuable, Louise Bonne of Jersey. Large; pyriform, somewhat oblong; smooth; yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek; flesh juicy, buttery and melting, of a rich, fine flavor, hardly first-rate, sometimes astringent. Very productive. One of the most valuable market pears. Succeeds best and grows with great vigor on the quince, L^RBANiSTE . Rather large ; obovate -pyriform, obtuse ; pale yellow ; flesh i melting, very buttery, with a fine, delicious, perfumed flavor when best, j and sometimes a shade of acid, with second-rate flavor. Moderate bearer 212 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER WUITE DOYENNE. GRAY DOYENNE. Beurre Bosc. Large; distinct pyriform; nearly smootfi; deep yellow, with russet patches; flesh juicy, buttery, rich, excellent. A regular, even bearer. Autumn Paradise, (or Paradise d^Automne.) Rather large; pyri- forni; surface uneven ; yellowish orange, with some russet; flesh melting, very buttery, with a rich, high, excellent flavor. It resembles the last, but is more irregular in form, and is more melting and sprightly. Onondaga, (or Swan's Orange.) Quite large; oval pyriform, short and obtuse; skin becoming a rich yellow, a little rough; flesh slightly coarse, moderately buttery and melting; flavor good, but not first-rate, often too acid and astringent. Yery valuable for its strong growth, early bearing, and its large, uniformly fair fruit. Beurre d'Anjou. Rather large; obtuse obovate, regular; greenish yellow, often clouded with russet ; flesh fine grained, buttery, melting, with a high, rich, vinous, excellent flavor. A fine even bearer of uniformly perfect fruit. Very valuable, Dix. Large; long pyriform; deep yellow when ripe, with numerous dots; flesh rather granular, rich, juicy, sweet, excellent, sometimes rather acid. A tardy bearer; shoots often thorny. Duchess of Angouleme. Very large ; very obtuse pyriform; surface quite uneven; greenish yellow; flesh rather coarse, melting, buttery, juicy. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 213 flavor often very fine, sometimes poor. Grows with the greatest vigor, and always best on quince stocks. Extra large and well ripened specimens have sold in market for fifty cents to one dollar each. ViRGALiEu, (or White Doyenne, St. Michael of Mass., Butterpear of Pa.) Full medium ; regular obovate; yellow, often with a faint blush ; fiesh very fine texture, melting, buttery, with a sweet, rich, excellent fla- vor. Possesses a higher reputation as a market pear, in western New- York and some other places, than any other sort ; many trees yielding annually from twenty to thirty dollars worth of fruit. Gray Doyenne. Nearly resembles the last, but perceptibly smaller and less blunt at the stem, and the whole surface covered with a rich cin- namon russet; flavor more perfumed and excellent. Doyenne Boussock. Resembles the Virgalieu, but larger, and not equal to it in quality. Fulton. Rather small; roundish ; whole surface smooth gray russet, becoming dark cinnamon; flesh half-melting, buttery, rich, sprightly, agreeable. Valuable. Tree very hardy and productive. Sheldon. Large; roundish-obovate, very obtuse; nearly whole sur- face covered with dark russet on a greenish yellow skin; flesh juicy, rich, and excellent. From Wayne Co., N. Y. Oswego Beurre. Medium; obtuse obovate; regular; yellowish green, with some thin russet; flesh melting, juicy, and with a nearly sweet flavor. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Beurre Clairgeau. Large; pjn-iform; brownish green, russeted, sometime^ red to the sun; flesh juicy and melting, with an agreeable sub- acid flavor. Growth strong; bears early. A new variety of high promise. Beurre Diel. Large; short pj'riform, sometimes nearly obovate; dull yellow, with many dots and some russet; flesh rather coarse, rich, sugary, buttery, juicy, fine. Best on quince stocks. Napoleon. Above medium; pyriform-obovate; skin green, becoming yellowish; flesh uncommonly juicy, melting, moderately rich, very refreshing, sometimes astringent. Needs ripening in a warm room. Yery productive, thrifty, hardy. Bergamotte Cadette. Medium; round-obovate ; greenish yellow, often slightly reddened and russeted; flesh melting and buttery, juicy, sweet, quite rich, slightly perfumed. Productive. WINTER PEARS. [The good quality of winter pears depends greatly on their ripening. If m too damp a cellar, they will rot; if in one too dry, they wither and never become mellow. As a general rule, winter pears should be kept in a cool apartment or cellar till near the usual time of maturity, when they should be brought into a warm room. In a few days they will be found to assume the golden yellow skin and the melting flesh which distinguish ripeness in our finest autumn j^ears. The warm temperature should be uniform, Siud the light excluded; for which reasons drawers are found best. Sorts which quickly ripen and become melting, must be kept cooler than those of a harder nature, or they will too soon decay. It often happens that winter pears do not ripen well because they have not been well grown, and because they have not been fully developed by . rich cultivation.'] ©c^ 214 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER YiCAE OF "WiNKFiELB, (OT LeCurL) Quite larj2;e, long pyrifonn; smooth, pale yellow, often Avith a dull reddish cheek ; flesh juicy, buttery, with a good, second rate tlav'or— sonietiraes a little astringent. Growth irregular or straggling— leaves nearly round. Ripens late autumn and early winter, for about three months, which, with its productiveness, fine qualities for cooking, and uniformly fair fruit, makes it very valuable. EEURRB D'aREMBERG. GLOUT MORCEAU. ^A % Aremberg, (or Beurre cfAremherg.) Medium or large, short pyri- form, stalk thick and fleshy; skin thick, greenish yellow, partly russeted; flesh yellowish, melting and juicy, with a high, vinous, rather acid flavor. A great bearer — and keeps with little care. Late autumn and early winter. Glout Morceau. Large, short obtuse pyriform; greenish; flesh white, fine grained, buttery and melting, sweet, of fine flavor. Early winter. Best on quince. 0 OF RURAL ArrAIRS. 215 Lawrence. Medium, obovate, slightly pyriform; skin yellow, flesh melting, sweet, rich, high flavored. A good grower, fine bearer, and very valuable pear for market. Early winter. Beurre Langelier. Large, pyriform, obtuse; pale yellow with a slight blush — flesh fine grained, melting and juicy — flavor rich and fine. First half of winter. ATinter Nelis. Medium, roundish obovate, sometimes slightly pyri- form; yellowish green, much russeted — flesh fine grained, buttery and very melting, rich, sweet or slightly vinous, perfumed and of excellent flavor. Growth slender and very straggling, productive, and probably the higest flavored of all winter pears. Passe Colmar. Medium or rather large, short pyriform, pale yellow; flesh fine grained, buttery, melting, and sweet, — Avhen well grown, and well ripened, of a delicious flavor. Overbears. Early winter. DoYEXNE d'Hiver. Large, pyriform, yellow, with a tinge of brown to the sun; flesh melting, buttery, rich. Growth upright and vigorous. Keeps mostly through Avinter. Prince's St. Germain. Medium, obovate, sometimes slightly pyri- form obtuse ; partly russeted on a green skin and dull red to the sun ; flesh juicy and melting, slightly vinous, with an agreeable and fine flavor. Ripens through winter. A good variety. Easter Beurre. Large, obtuse obovate; yello-uish green, often a broad, brown cheek; flesh, when well grown and ripened, very buttery, juicy, of an excellent, first-rate flavor. Best on quince. IVeeds high warm culture at the north. The best late pear, ripening in spring. A good selection of summer, autumn, and winter pears, will furnish a succession of this delicious fruit from midsummer till late in spring — instead of a supply for a week or two, as too often happens, from a few trees of common sorts. PEACHES. FREE STONES OR RIELTERS— IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. globose glands, by fig. k [Yarieties are distinguished in part by their leaves and flowers. The cut leaved sorts, (always without glands) are shown by Fig. 1, the small 2; and the large, or reniform glands, by fig. 3. , The large fiowers are repre- ") , I sented by fig. 4, and the small, /\1 I, by fig. 5.] ! % Early Anne. Small, round, greenish white — fiesh white to the stone — ^a mild, pleasant, vinous flavor. Cut-leaved, and large flowered. Tender and of slow growth — but valuable for its earliness. Early Tillotson. Medi- um, round, mostly dark red; flesh partly adhering to the .^ stone, juicy and high flavored.^/A Fig. 3. Flowers small, leaves cut, and / ) ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER COAfPARATIVE FORMS OF PEACHES, -^CGUKATELY REDUCED TO A SCALE OF ONE-HALF THE DIAMETER. NUTMEG. EARLY ANNB. EARLY TILLOTSON. SERRATE EARLY YORK. LARGE EARLY YORK. JAQUES' RARERIPE, EARLY CRAWFOJID. ^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. apt to mildew — often fails at the north, but unexcelled in Yirgmia, Kentucky, and other more Southern States. Varies sometimes 2 or 3 weeks in ripening on the same ,^,j,^^ tree, A great bearer. Serrate Early York. Me- dium, roundish oval, mostly- dark red — flesh uncommonly juicy — rich, with a faint ming- ling of acid. Stone red. Leaves cut, and flowers large. The three preceding usually Fig. 4. Fm. 5. ripen in Xew-York from two to four weeks before the close of the summer months. Cole's Early Red. Medium, roundish, with a fine red cheek- flesh moderately juicy, pleasant, good, but not of first quality. Leaves with globose glands, growth vigorous, tree productive. Early Xewington Freestone. Medium, roundish, white, dotted and streaked with red, and with a rich red cheek; flesh at first adhering, after- wai-ds partly separating from the stone — juicy, rich, fine. Cooledge's Favorite. Full medium., roundish, skin nearly white in the shade, with a broad very brilliant red cheek to the sun : one of the most showy of all peaches ,• flesh very juicy and melting, with a rich, faintly acid flavor. Yery productive, hardy, and valuable. Glands globose, flowers smxill. Grosse Migkoxne. Rather large, ix)undish, with a deep red cheek, with a juicy, rich, and high flavor. Flowers large, glands globose. Large Early York. Large, roundish, sides full, nearly white in the shade, full deep red in the sun — flesh very fine grained, very juicy, with a mild, rich, excellent flavor. Flowers small, glands globose. Yery pro- ductive and valuable. George the Fourth. Large, round, deep red to the sun, flesh juicy, rich, excellent. Much resembles the last, but ripens a little later, more moderate bearer, higher flavored, and branches rather more spreading. "White Imperial. Rather large, roundish, nearly white, a little tinged with purple to the sun; very juicy, with a mild, excellent flavor. Fine at the north — often worthless south. Brevoort. Medium or large, round, deep red to the sun, flesh rather firm, rich, sweet, and high flavored. Glands reniform, flowers small. Barnard, (or Yelloxc jllberge, erroneously.) Large, deep yellow, with a dark, rich red cheek; flavor fine; shoots rather spreading — tree verj^ hardy and productive. Glands globose, flowers small. Crawford's Early. Yery large, has measured over ten inches round, roundish oval, light yellow, with a broad reddish cheek; flesh yellow, juicy, vinous, fine, but not full}" first rate. Productive, hardy, and suc- ceeds everywhere. Glands globose, flowers small. Bergen's Yelloav. Quite large, round, color deep orange, with a broad red cheek; flesh juicy, rich, and excellent. Probably the finest of all yellow peaches. Growth and productiveness, moderate.' Glands ren- iform, flowers small. Jacques' Rareripe. Yery large, roundish, one side larger with a deep . suture, yellow shaded with deep red; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, A of good but not highest flavor. Shoots rather spreading. Glands small M reniform, flowers small. 10 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER NivETTE. Lar*^e, roundish, slightly oval, surface rather even, yellow- ish green, with a faint red cheek, flesh greenish white, reddish at the stone, juicy, melting, and rich. An excellent peach for the middle season of ripening. Glands globose, flowers small. Morris White. Rather large, roundish oval, skin rather downy, pale creamy white at maturity, flesh wholly white, fiee from the drab stone, melting, juicy with a good flavor, hardly first rate north, better in the middle states, and popular everywhere. Glands reniform, flowers small. Oldmixon Freestonk. Large, roundish, slightly oval, pale yellowish white, with a marbled red cheek, flesh deep red at the stone, tender^ rich, excellent. Fine in all localities. Glands globose, flowers small. Presidext. Large, roundish, very downy, yellowish white, with a dull red cheek, flesh deep red at the stone, juicy, with a fine flavor, partly adhering to the stone. Glands globose, flowers small. Red-Cheek Melocotox. Large, roundish oval, with a point at the apex • yellow, with a deep red cheek, flesh juicy, with a good but not first rate flavor. Much valued as a market fruit! Glands globose, flowers small. Druid Hill. Large at the south, medium north, roundish, surface nearly white in the shade, with a fine red cheek, flesh very juicy, rich, and excellent. A fine late peach. Crawford's Late, Very large, roundish, sometimes slightly oval, deep yellow with a red cheek, flesh rich and juicy, nearly first rate. A valuable late variety. Glands globose, flowers small, clingstones. Oldmixon Cling. Large, roundish oval, yellowish white, with a dotted red cheek; juicy, rich, excellent. Glands globose, flowers small. Large White Clingstone. Large, round, white, dotted with red, or with a red cheek, juicy, sweet, rich, and high flavored. Glands globose, flowers small. Old Newington. Resembles Oldmixon, but not so good, and differs by its cut, glandless leaves. Lemon Cling. Large, oblong oval, with a point at the apex, deep yel- low, with a brownish red cheek, flesh firm, rich, vinous, sub-acid, second rate. Productive, hardy. Glands reniform, flowers small. Blood Cling. Quite large, roundish oval, downy, dark, dull-purplish red, flesh deep red throughout, firm, only valuable for culinary purposes. Heath. Very large when not crowded, round when large, oval when small, downy, nearly white, very juicy, melting, sweet, with a high, rich, excellent flavor. Glands reniform. Fails to ripen far north, and some- times poor far south. NECTARINES. [The nectarine, being nothing but a peach with a smooth or glossy skin like that of a plum, requires special protection from the curculio. Wlien well grown, it is one of the most beautiful of all fruits, but successful crops are not common.] Hunt's Tawny. Rather small, roundish oval, with a dark red cheek h on pale orange, flesh orange. Quite early, but the leaves being cut and JA I J glandless, it often mildews badly. A ©3^= ■ ^3® OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 219 Early Violet. Medium, roundish, dark purplish red, flesh whitish, much reddened at the stone, flavor very fine. Glands reniform, flowers small. Elruge. Medium, roundish oval, mostly dark reddish purple, flesh greenish white, light red at the stone, fine flavored. One of the best. Boston. Large, very handsome, roundish oval, bright yellow and deep red, flesh yellow, pleasant, but not high flavored. DowNToy. Size medium, roundish oval, pale green and violet red, melting, rich, excellent. Stanwick. a new foreign sort of great excellence, but requiring a hot -house for ripening it is of little general value. When first introduced small trees sold at $50 each. APRICOTS [The apricot is nearly allied to the phan, while it has a slightly downy skin like the peach. Being nearly a mui.th earlier than early peaches, it is a fruit of great value, but the tree is liable to disease of the bark, and the fruit is much at- tacked by the curculio. To pre- vent the former, let the branches be low and plant on a dry sub- soil,- to destroy the curcuho, turn in pigs and poultry when tbe young fruit begins to drop, j,nd jar down and catch on sheets ] Large Early. Full medi- um, oblong, pale orange, with a spotted orange check, rich, juicy. Early Golden. Small, smooth, wholly pale orange, sweet, good, free from the stone. Early, at mid-summer. Hardy and productive. Breda. Rather small, roundish, or- ange, Avith a reddish cheek, flesh deep orange, free from the stone, rich and high flavored. Growth hardy and vigorous, tree productive and valuable. Ripens at the north soon after or about mid-sum- mer. MooRPARK. Large, nearly round, or- ange with a red cheek, flesh free from the stone, yellowish orange, quite juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens soon after the Breda, but less hardy. Stone with a hole length- wise under one edge. 220 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER PLUMS, NEARLY IN THE ORDER OF RIPENLNG. Primordial, (or Jaune Hative.) Small, obovate, necked; pale clear 3^ellow; with a rather sweet, mild, good flavor, very free from the stone — shoots very downy — growth slow, tree very productive. Valuable for its extreme earliness, ripening before wheat harvest. Imperial Ottoman. Nearly medium, oval, pale greenish yellow, mar- bled, juiey, sweet, excellent. Kipens two weeks after Primordian. Howell's Early. Rather small, oval, light brown, flesh juicy, sweet, perfumed, free from the small, oval stone Slioots slender, grey, downy. Productive. IMPERIAL OTTOMAN. WASHINGTON TEFFERSON. GREENGAGE. IMl'KKJ AL G AGE. Peach Plum. Very large, roundish oblate, color light dull red — flesh rather coarse, juicy, sprightly — tree very productive — ^liandsome and showy, valuable for early market. Early Orleans. Medium, round, oval, reddish purple, flavor mild, rich. The Orleans is larger and later. Early Royal. Medium, roundish, light purple, flavor rich, excellent — nearly free from the stone. Shoots very downy. Prince's Yellow Gage. Medium, oval, golden yellow, slightly clouded ; flesh yellow, rich, sugary; shoots smooth. Hudson Gage. Medium, oval ; yellow, streaked with faint green, bloom thin, flesh juicy, rich, sprightly, excellent — nearly free from stone. =^3© ^c^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 221 Greex Gage. Rather small, full round; green, becoming yellowish green, with brown dots and network near the stem; flesh pale green, melting, juicy, exceedingly sweet and rich — unequalled in flavor by any There are many worth- LAWTRENCE other plum. Shoots smooth, short, growth slow, less and spurious sorts, of this name. Red Gage. Hardly medium, round-ovate, brownish red; flesh free from the stone, juicy, melting, with a mild, sweet, rich, agreeable and refreshing flavor. Lawrence, (or Lawrence Gage.) Rather large, roundish oval, yellow- ish green; flesh, melting, juicy, rich, excellent, free from the stone. A very valuable sort. Lombard (or Bleeker-s Scarlet.) Medium or rather latge, round-oval, violet red, flesh pleasant, of fine but not rich flavor, adhering to the stone. — Hardy and very productive. TTashington, (orBolmar's.) Quite large, roundish oval, yel- lowish green, sometimes with a blush; flesh rather firm, sweet, mild, moderately rich, free from stone. Growth vigorous, leaves large . A general fa vorite— but apt to rot. Columbia. Quite large, near- ly globular, brownish purple, flesh rather coarse, free from the stone — of good flavor. — Handsome and showy. Tree spreading. Jefferson. Large, oval, greenish yellow, becoming gol- den yellow, sometimes faintly reddened ; flesh nearly free from the stone, very juicy, luscious, excellent. Smith's Orleans. Large, oval, reddish purple becoming very dark; flesh firm, juicy, rich — tree vigorous and produc- BLEECKEK's GAGE. tlvc — popular aud profltable. Red Diaper. Large, oval, slightly necked; reddish purple, flesh pale green, melting and juicy, with a fine flavor, free from the small stone. Growth rather slow. Imperial Gage. Rather large, oval, green and yellow, marbled, flesh juicy, melting, sweet and rich, — sometimes poor on heavy soils, — mostly free from the stone. Growth tall, tree very productive — highly esteemed. Duane's Purple. Very large, oval, reddish purple, flavor moderate, — showy and productive. I Purple Favorite. Medium, roundish-obovate ; brownish purple ; flesh /^ juicy, tender, melting, rich, sweet, and excellent, free from the small, Q roundish stone. Shoots smooth, short, growth slow\ -^=5® 222 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER PRIMORDIAL WHITE DAMSON. COE S GOLDEN DROP. HTJLING'S SUPERB. Bleecker's Gage. Medium in size, roundish oval, yellow; flesh rich, sweet, luscious, partly free from the stone. Bingham. Large, oval, deep yellow, with red spots to the sun ; flesh juicy, rich and fine — ^adheres to the stone. Handsome, productive and valuable. McLalgitlix. Rather large, roundish; russet yellow with thin red, flesh rather firm, sweet, rich, and of excellent flavor — adheres to the stone. A new valuable sort from Maine. Huling's Superb. Quite large, round oval, dull greenish yellow, flesh rather firm, adhering, rich, brisk, excellent. Leaves very large; mode- rate bearer. Roy .4LE. Medium, round-oval, reddish purple, bloom very thick ; flesh rather firm, with an excellent flavor. Shoots very downy. Purple Gage. Medium, roundish, skin violet, bloom light blue; flesh rather firm, rich, sugary, of very high and excellent flavor, free from the stone. Growth like the Green Gage. The genuine sort is rare — a spu- rious sort is often cultivated. Germa^Prune. Large, long oval, curved or swollen on one side, with a long neck; skin purple; flesh rather sweet, of moderate flavor, free from the long, curved stone. Valuable for drying and preserving. Reine Claude de Bay ay. Round oval, greenish yelloAv— flesh rather firm, juicy, sugary, rich— adhering to the stone. A new Belgian sort. ^ St. Martin's Quetsche. Medium, ovate, pale yellow, flesh juicy, rich, excellent — keeps long — great bearer and profitable. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Coe's Late Red, (or Red St. Martin.) Medium, roundish, light purplish red J flesh rather firm, crisp, vinous, rich. A valuable late plum. White Damsox, (or Yellow Damson.) Quite small, oval, pale yellow, dotted Avith reddish brown; flesh rich, sub-acid, agreeable. A great bearer, and hangs long. Coe's Golden Drop. Yery large, oval, necked; yellow, often dotted red; flesh rather firm, rich, sweet, closely adhering to the stone. Does not always ripen at the north. Frost Gage. Small, round-oval, deep purple, juicy, sub-acid, becom- ing sweet, of fine, but not the higliest flav^or; valuable for its lateness, hardiness, and great bearing. IcKWORTH Imperatrice. Abovc medium, obovate, purple, flesh juicy, sweet and rich, very late, keeping into winter, becoming dryer and sweeter. CHKRKIES. MAY BIGARREAU. knight's early black EARLY PURPLE GUIGXE. BLACK TARTARIAN. BLACK EAGL3^ HEART AND BIGARREAU CFIERRIES— IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING. A Early Purple Guigne. Size medium, round-heart-shaped, dark red, ^becoming nearly black; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Shoots spread - {] in2-, leaves drooping — the best very early variety. ■^CZ^ ■ 224 ILLrSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER BIGARREAU. May Bigarkeau, (or Bau- mann's May.) Rather small, nearly round when ripe^ deep red, beconiing black, flesh rather sweet , not high-flavored. Belle d'Orleans. Size full medium, pale red, flavor excellent — valuable. New, from France. Doctor. Medium, round-heart- shaped, light or yellowish red,nesh tender, sweet, fine-flavored. Rais- ed by Dr. Kirtland, Ohio. Governor Wood. Large, heart- shaped, light red, tender, flavor excellent — unexcelled among cher- ries. Raised by Dr. Kirtland. Coe's Transparent. Fu:11 me- dium, round, skin thin, pale am- ber, reddened in the sun with pale spots — melting, sweet, excellent. Black Tartarian. Quite large, _ heart-shaped, surface wavy, black rockport bigarreau napoleon when ripe; fle.sh sweet, mild^ with a very fine flavor. coe's transparent. downer's iate. Growth strong, up- right; a great bearer — and generally pop- ular. Knight^ Early Black. Large, roun- dish heart - shaped, nearly black when ripe, with a very rich, high flavor. American Heart. Full medium, round- ish heart - shaped, light red, flesh half .\ ^•^-■ tender, with a ratherl~\-r^ ^ sweet fine flavor. V'j'o G R E A T B I G A R- \ REAu. Yery large, heart - shaped, very dark red or nearly black, flavor excel- lent. Elton. Large, pointed heart-shaped — rather oblong, yel- low with red ; flesh firm, becoming rath OF RURAL AFFAIRS. ELTON. HOLLAND BIGARREAU. BIGARREAU OR GRAFFION. er tender, rich and high-flavored. Growth spreading — ^leaf stalks dark purple. • RocKPORT BiGARREAu. Large, round-heart-shaped, clear red, flesh firm, sweet and rich, usually excellent, but often variable. Dr. Kirtland, Ohio. Burr's Seedling. Rather large, heart-shaped, a fine clear red, flesh half tender, sweet, rich, with a fine flavor. Growth very handsome and vigorous. Yellow Spanish, (Bigarreau, or Graffion.) Very large, round-heart- shaped, very smooth, waxen yellow with a handsome red cheek — flesh firm, with a fine, rich flavor. Very popular — a moderate hearer in some localities. Holland Bigarreau. Large, oblong heart-shaped, pale yellow with bright red to the sun — flesh firm, with a rather sweet and fine flavor. Black Eagle. Rather large, roundish heart-shaped, nearly black, with a very rich, high, excellent flavor. Growth rather spreading, resem- bling that of the Yellow Spanish. DowNTON. Large, roundish heart-shaped, a light yellow stained with red; flesh tender, rich, delicious. Napoleon Bigarreau. Very large, heart-shaped, skin pale yellow, spotted and shaded with deep red; flesh very firm, with a fine but hardly first-rate flavor. 10 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Sparhawk's Honey. Size medium, round -heart -shaped, regular, a bright red when ripe; flesh juicy, dehcate, sweet, with a very agreeable flavor. A great bearer. Florence. Large, roundish heart-shaped, smooth, amber yellow with a red cheek, flesh firm, rather sweet, fine — resembUng Yellow Spanish but smaller and later. Downer, (or Downer's Late.) Medium, round -heart -shai)ed, smooth, red, flesh melting, rich, very high flavored — ^hardy, productive, and very valuable. DUKES AND MORELLOS. Mayduke. Large, roundish, heart-shaped, nearly black and flesh dark purple when ripe; very juicy, rich, acid, excellent. Often varies much in ripening. Hardy everywhere. Belle de Choisy. Medium, round, skin thin, pellucid, yellowish red, with a fuller red in the sun; very tender, melting, with a fine, sub-acid, delicate flavor. Moderately productive. Early Richmond, (or Kentish.) Hardly medium in size, round, color full red, very juicy, acid, moderately rich — hangs long and improves. Very productive, hardy, certain — fine fur cooking. Reine Hortense. Large, bright red, tender, juicy, slightly acid, fla- vor fine. Hangs long. Carnation. Large, round, yellowish red, mottled, with a mild, acid, rich and fine flavor. Belle Magnifiqtte. Quite large, roundish heart-shaped, a fine rich red, flavor mild, rather acid, rich; slow grower, but great bearer. Very valuable. Pllmstone Morello. Large, roundish, heart-shaped, deep red; flesh reddish, of rich acid flavor. Stone large. THE STRA^VBERRY. Modern cultivators divide all strawberries into two distinct cla'sses, one being termed siaminate. (or male.) in which the stamens are fully developed, and possess the power of fertilizing the germ; and the other being termed jjistil- lale, (or female,) in which the stamens are abortive, or so small and imperfectly p^g J Pjg ,, developed that they fail to accomplish sTAMiNATK. PISTILLATE. fertilizution . The accompanying figures, (figs. 1 and 2,) represent the usual appearance of these two kinds of Fig. 4. PISTILLATE FLOWER, MAGXiriEU. STAMIXATE FLOWER, MAGNIFIED. J/P& flowers; and figs. 3 and 4, magnified portions of the same, fig. 4 exhibiting (\ '^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 227 s p p p p s P P P P s s s s S p p p p s P P P P s s s s P4 S S s p p p p p p p p p p p p < s s s < P P P P P P P P P P P P s s s s s s s s s s s s s p p p p s P P P P s s s s s p p p p s P P P P s s s s a part of the flower of the Large Early Scarlet, and fig. 3 the same of Hovey's Seedling j a being the stamens, and b the pistils. By the use of a microscope it will be found that the former is abundantly supplied with pollen or fertilizing dust, while the latter is nearly or totally destitute. Hence Hovey's Seedling or any other pistillate variety, can never, or but very imperfectly, fertilize its own flowers, and the impregnation must be derived from a staminate sort. A fewstaminates will fertilize many pistillates ; and to prevent the inter- mixture of the two sorts by runners, they may be planted in alternate strips, as indicated in the following diagram. S representing staminate and P pistillate varieties. p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p The principal requisite for success in the management of these beds, is clean cultivation, keeping the runners down by hoeing or treating them precisely as weeds. VARIETIES Large Early Scarlet. Size medium, sometimes large, roundish ovate; bright scarlet, of a rich, high flavor. Ripens at the north the first week or two in summer. Staminate. Btrr's New Pine. Large, roundish conical, regular in form, pale red, flesh very tender, of a mild and very excellent flavor. A great bearer. Pistillate. Quite early. Boston Pine. Large — roundish — deep red, rather firm with a rich flavor. Needs good cultiva- tion. Staminate. Early.' Walker's Seed- ling. Large, very dark red, with a fine flavor — productive and valuable. Stam- inate. Black Prince. LARGE EARLY SCARLET. Large, rouudisli, of a very dark red, nearly black when ripe, variable — watery in wet weather — must be fully ripe. Pistillate Hovey's Seedling. Very large, roundish conical, color a fine scarlet, ^^ flesh rather firm, good but not high flavored. Often quite productive— / ] and fine for market. Pistillate. BURR S NEW riNE. Often very fine, but very &=^ 1228 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER -=^=^® Iowa. Rather large, bright scarlet, acid, flavor moderate, hardy, strong, and pro- ductive ; being a starninate va- riety, much val- ued as a fertili- zer, as well as for market. M O Y A M E N- s I N G. Rather large, roundish conical — deep crimson, flavor fine, plant vig- orous and pro- ductive. Pistil- BLACK PRINCE. late. New. Originally from Pennsylvania. walker's seedling. Hooker's Seed- ling. A large new variety, originated at Roch- ester— dark red, re- HOVEY'S SEEDLING. fine flavor. A very handsome straAvberry, and a fine bearer. Rather late. Raised by Elhvanger & Barry, Rochester. Hudson, (or Old Hudson.) Size me- dium, roundish oval, rich red, firm, acid. A great bearer, and celebrated for mar- ket at Cincinnati. Pistillate. The Rival Hudson, a new variety, resembles this, but is darker and rather superior. Crimson Cone. Size medium, conical, color bright scarlet, firm, flavor rich, rather acid — ^liardy and vigorous — in most ^y instances quite productive. Pistillate. Late. s e m b 1 i n g Black Prince, but superior in size, flavor, and productiveness. McAvoy's Supe-I RiOR. Large, often | quite large, dark red, flesh soft, flavor fine. Berries often imper- fect . A valuable sort , but does not sustain its high Cincinnati iowa. reputation at the North and East. Pistillate. Genesee. — Large, roundish, slightly necked, bright crimson, with a mild but OF RURAL AFFAIRS. a R A P E s Concord. Bunches very large • berries large, with a thick bloom, dark purple, round; flavor good, but not first-rate. A very showy and good grape, quite early, ripening some weeks before the Isabella. Will proba- bly prove valuable for market. A new Massachusetts variety. DiAXA. A seedling from the Catawba, but paler and much smaller. Bunches and berries rather small, of a pale greyish red, almost without pulp, sweet, juicy and rich. A valuable and excellent new Massachusetts sort, nearly as early as the Concord. York 3Iadeira. Bunches and berries m'?dium or rather small, juicy, sweet, and rich — resembles Isabella, but earlier, smaller, and freer from pulp. This was confounded by Downing Avith the Alexander, a very dif- ferent and greatly inferior variety. A moderate grower. Clinton. Bunches and berries rather small, black, pulpy, juicy, with a rich, rather acid, and before fully ripe a harsh flavor. Yery hardy, and a free grower. Isabella. Bunches medium, berries round oval, dark purple, tender, with some pulp, and with a sweet, rich, slightly musky, excellent flavor. Vigorous, and very productive. The most popular sort at the North, Catawba. Bunches medium or rather large, berries large, pale red, deeper in the sun; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. Ripens well in the middle and western States, and is the great favorite at Cincinnati. FOREIGN. [There are many exotic varieties Cultivated in graperies, but only a very few of the most common and best can be noticed here — some others being nearly or quite equal to them in quality.] The Black Cluster is remarkable for its small very compact bunches, of small grapes, the flavor sweet and good. It is hardy, and will succeed in the open air. The Early White Malvasia is another soi't succeeding tolerably well in open air; the bunches are rather large, the berries small, yellowish white, juicy, with a nearly sweet, agi-eeable flavor. The White Sweetwater has bunches of medium size and round berries, which are yel- lowish green, and are crisp, watery, sweet, rich, and very pleasant. It needs a glass structure, the berries soon becoming mildewed after the first or second year in open air. The Royal Muscadine or Chasselas, resembles the Sweetwater, but has larger berries, and a stronger growth. The Black Hamburgh is the most highly esteemed of all exotic grapes for house culture — the bunches and berries are large, becoming nearly black when ripe, the flavor sugary and rich. The White Muscat of Alexan- dria has large, loose bunches, and large oval berries, of a pale amber color when ripe — rather firm, crisp, and with a rich and delicious flavor. It is best when ripened with fire heat. The Grizzly Froniignan, which ripens before, and the White Frontignan, which ripens after the Hamburgh, are valuable foreign sorts — the former with medium sized, round, reddish gray berries, and the latter with rather large, yellowish berries, both with fine flavor. The Black Frontignan, is also a rich, and excellent, and productive grape. 230 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER CULTUKK OF THE ORAPE. PROPAGATION. The vine is propagated by seeds, layers, cuttings, and by grafting. Seeds are planted only for obtaining new varieties, by cross-fertilization. Layers furnish a very sure mode of obtaining large well rooted plants the same autumn after tJie young shoots are buried in the soil, which may be done a little before midsummer. Cuttings are less certain of success than layers, but are usually more convenient, and admit of more rapid multiplication. They should be a foot long and planted sloping, and should just reach up to the surface of the soil, which should be rich, deep, and rather moist. They strike more readily under a frame of glass. Grafting is sometimes useful for changing large vines of worthless sorts to a better, and bearing fruit in less time than a young vine on its own roots. To prevent bleeding, the work must be done below the surface in the root; or after the leaves are expanded, the scions having been pre- served in a cool cellar for this purpose. SOIL, " The essence," says Downing, " of all that can be said in grape culture respecting soil, is that it be dry and light, deep and rich." A dry bottom is highly essential; hence a bed of stones, shells and bones, eighteen inches beneath the surface, has been very useful. The manure must be in some degree adapted to the nature of the soil, but generally, vegetable mould or muck, with a portion of ashes intermixed, is one of the very best. PRUNING AND TRAINING. A well pruned vine will not only produce earlier fruit, but it will be larger, and incomparably superior, than on one left to straggle without care . There are two leading principles that should be always observed in pruning the grape, whatever may be the particular mode adopted. The first is, that the vine always bears its fruit on the present yearns shoots, which have sprung from buds on the previous year's growth, (Fig. 1.) Secondly, that the full growth and perfect ripening of the /n«7 depends wholly on healthy, well developed leaves, which supply food to the form- ing berries, and hence the growth must not be allowed to become so thick that the leaves cannot properly develope themselves, nor should the vines be trimmed so closely that there shall not be leaves enough for the perfec- tion of the fruit. These two facts must be always borne in mind by those who would raise the best grapes. These being understood, we now pro- ceed to the details of pruning. First Year. When a viae is first procured from the nursery in spring, it is usually furnished with several irregular shoots of the previous sum- mer's growth, resembling fig. 2. These should be all closely pruned to 1 the older wood, leaving only the strongest, and this should be cut back so A as to leave but two or three buds, fig. 3. These buds will grow, and when m, only a few inches in length, the strongest shoot must be selected, and the / : others rubbed off'. This single shoot is allowed to grow till about the first Fie. 1. — VlNK IN BEABTNG PORTION REPRESENTING THE BEARING BRANCHES I EnD OF FROM THE SIDES OF A LAST YAER'S VINE Fig. 5. End of sec- ond SUMMER. of autumn. After this period, the new leaves and wood that are formed, cannot mature perfectly, and their growth will be in some degree at the expense of the matterforming in the previous portion of the shoot. Its growth should be therefore stopped by pinching off the end. This will assist in maturing and strengthening the vine. Any side-shoots that ap{)ear during the summer, or any smaller shoots that happen to spring up from the stump, should be kept rubbed off as fast as they appear, as they withdraw and divide the nourishment received from the roots. Second Year. The single strong shoot made the first year, (fig. 4,) should be cut down to three or four buds, only two shoots from which should be allowed to grow, the others being rubbed oft', and the lateral shoots, should any appear, being removed as already described. The autumnal shortening of the two slioots as above stated is also necessary. The judgment of the cultivator will teach him, that if the transplanted vine is small or weak the first year, and makes but a few feet growth, the same first year's process must be gone over again the second year, until the vine becomes strong enough to send up a shoot at least some nine or ten feet in length, when the " second year's " operation may be commenced upon it. Any fruit which sets should be removed, as the vine is not yet strong enough to bear and support a vigorous growth at the same time. Third Year. The two shoots made during the second year, (fig. 5,) ai-e now extended each way horizontally, and flistened to the newly erec- ted trellis. This may be done at the end of the second year, or early in the spring of the third. These horizontal branches, termed arms, are to ^=>^ )c^=- --^=^© 232 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER be cut back at the same time, so as to leave two good buds on each, so that four shoots, two on each side, may spring up from them,- the same care as formerly being observed to remove suckers or supernumerary „ '^ shoots and side branches, and to give the autumn shortening. J^^one of the fruit bunches should be allowed to remain. The four shoots, as they advance in growth, should be tied to the trellis, in the position that the figure represents. Fourth Year. Two shoots or canes are suffered to remain in their position upon the trellis, merely cutting them down to three or four feet. They will throw out from each bud side-shoots, which are the Fig. 6.— Growth at enu of third fruit-bcarers, and on each of these spurs SUMMER. Qj^g Qy i^yQ bunches ofgrapes may be allowed to remain and ripen ; the ends of these spurs or side-shoots being pinched off, as shown at c, fig. 1. All other bunches should be rubbed off as soon as they form. The other two or outer shoots, should, early in the same spring, (or late the previous autumn,) be laid down horizontally so as to form an extension or continuation of the arms; and at the same time be shortened to within about two feet of the ends of the previous arms. Two buds should be allowed to grow (m each of these horizontal portions, one of Avhich is to be trained \\p on the trellis for another bearing branch, and the other to serve for a continuation of the arms, as before, no bunches being allowed to grow on them. In this way, two new bearing shoots are added yearly, until the entire space intended for the vine on the trellis is filled. We have already remarked at the beginning of the previous paragraph, that the two upright shoots are cut down to three or four feet. A bud should be allowed to grow at their upper ends, from which all bunches are to be removed, so that they may serve to extend their length upwards, till the full height of the trelli's is attained. There are two modes of treating vines trained in this way. One is what is termed spur -pruning, and the other the long-cane or renewal system. Theoretically speaking, there is but little difference between them, but they are quite different in practice. We have already remarked that the bunches are borne on the present season's shoots. In spur-pruning, these shoots are thrown out yearly from the sides of a permanent upright shoot, and are cut back yearly, for new ones to spring out from the buds left at their base in pruning. In the long-cane or renetyaZ system, every alternate stem is cut wholly down to the horizontal arm j so that, while last year's upright shoot is fur- nishing a crop ofgrapes this year, — this year's shoot is growing (free from all bunches.) for a similar crop for next year. No shoot, therefore, remains above the arms longer than two years. Spur-pruning is best adapted to slowly growing sorts, (chiefly exotics,) which cannot produce a full length branch in one year. The renewal sys- ten is best for the most vigorous American varieties, which will grow fif- teim or twenty feet in a year. Fig. 7 exhibits distinctly a vine trained to a trellis, and treated on the renewal system, the dark shoots being the present season's bearers, and the dotted lines .showing the growth of the OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 233 canes for bearers next year^ while new ones are growing on the places of this year's bearers. Summer pruning, which consists in the removal of all supernumerary shoots and bunches as fast as they appear, and in pinching off the ends of bearing shoots, after enough leaves have formed, is of great consequence. Fig. 7. — A fitll grown grape vine, trained on the alternate or renewal system — THE DARK VINES, THE PRESENT YEAR's BKARERS — THE DOTTED ONES, growing this year, for BEARING NEXT. Vines left to themselves, even after a thorough spring pruning, soon have such a profusion of leaves and branches, that none can perfectly develope themselves, and the fruit is consequently small, the bunches meagre, and the ripening late. The summer pinching of the ends of the bearing shoots should be cautiously done, and not before the grapes are about half grown ; four or five leaves at least should be left on every one, above the last bunchy and never more than two bunches be allowed on each bearing spur. The old vine should never be alloAved to rise a foot from the ground — the lower it is kept the easier the vine will be managed, and the freer it may be kept from suckers. Some of the best cultivators bury the old stump beneath the soil. GRAPE HOUSES. The preceding directions are intended to apply chiefly to the outdoor management of hardy or American grapes, although all the general prin- ciples apply to all kinds of grape culture. It rarely happens that the more delicate or exotic varieties are successfully cultivated in the open air for any length of time, and therefore the yu'otection of glass becomes necessary, which gives highly improved fruit, and far greater certainty of a crop. At the same time, a considerable amount of attention is requisite during the period of growth and ripening. ^ Grape houses are of three kinds, the cold house, which only protects from the exterior changes of the weather, and retains the heat of the 234 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER .0 COLD GRAPE HOUSE. earth and of the sun; the forcing house, used for ripening early grapes by the assistance of artificial heat • and the late house, to be also heated arti- ficially, to ripen, during winter, the later varieties. The best cold houses are made with span-roofs, as in fig. 1 ; while the Fig. 1— spax-roof grapery, lean-to house, fig. 2, is best adapted to forcing, affording better security against the 'f|;:^;;^^ admission of cold. For this purpose the lat- ter should also have a double wall at the back. To admit the freepassage of th'b roots under the walls, the border being on both sides, the posis should be either stone or brick piers, set deep enough in the ground to be unatfected by frost, and the walls built upon thick connecting slabs of stone near the surface. Posts of durable timber will last many years, when tbe structure is built of wood. In the latter instance, the back wall should be double-planked, and the space between filled with closely rammed dry tan. The sashes for the roof should be of two lengths, lapping slightly at the middle, and sliding past each other in separate grooves. A great improvement in cheapness of con- struction for the cold grape house, is repre- sented in the annexed figure, (fig. 3 on oppo- made by setting posts into the ground, and Fig. 2.— site page.) ■TO GRAPERY. The walls are OF RURAL AFFAIRS 235 covering with a rough, white- washed, board siding. The cover of glass is greatly sim- plified and cheapened, by fixed sashes, the necessary ventilation being effected by the board shutters, a a, opening outwards on hinges, and placed at intervals along the back and front walls. Fig. 4 represents a portion of the glass roof— 6 b are the rafters,- c- c are cross bars, ^iUiade of strips of incii board . "about two and a half inches ■^^°- ^- wide, set on edge, and nar- rowed at the rafter and let into it sufficiently to be on a level with its top. These cross pieces support long slen- der bars parallel with the rafters, and formed on the top in the shape of a common sash-bar and to receive the glass. The leading figure on page 234 re- presents a very neat and tasteful cold grape house, erected by H. Inger- SOLL, near Pdiladelphia. It is 18 feet by 43^ feet, and 14 feet high ; was built of the best materials, by mechanics at city prices, and cost $500. Border for the Vines. This should never be less than 12 feet wide, and if 20 or 25 feet it Avould be better — The roots of grape vines run rapidly to a great distance, and it is indispen- sable to their successful growth to furnish them ample room for exten- sion. J. F. Allen, of Salem, Mass., a most successful cultivator, in his Treatise on the Grape, recommends for a border, a mixture of one-half loam, or the top soil of an old pasture, one-fourth bones or other strong manure, one-eighth oyster-shells, lime, or brick rubbish, one-eighth rotten stable manure — varying with circumstances. The bed should be well mixed, and should be two to three feet deep. The same work states the cost of a -cheap lean-to grape house, without fire heat, 12 or 14 feet wide, at about eight dollars per running foot; and with the addition of a heating apparatus, at ten dollars per running foot, constructed as cheaply as possible. It would be impossible, within the space of a few pages, to give full directions for the management of a grape house. The following brief instruc- J> I J I I i 1 c::;: L.. ::: "—; :::: .::: ^ ::::c - — ^ 1 C ..:: .._... '•" ...... 1 < — 1 - ::::c 6 Fig. 4. tions, from A. J. Downing, contain all that is essential for a cold house : =^3( 0 236 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER f ROUTINE OF CULTURE. " In a vinery without heat this is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines commence swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully washed with mild soap suds, to free them from insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At least three or four times every week, they sliould be well syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be done in the morning. And e\-ery day the vine border should be duly sup[)lied with Avater. During the time w^hen the vines are in blossom, and while tlie fruit is setting, all sprinkling or syr- inging over the leaves must be suspended, and the house should be kept a little more closed and warm than usual, and should any indications of mil- dew appear on any of the branches, it may at once be checked by dusting them with flour of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the temperature rises in the house, beginning by sliding do^vn the top sashes a little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden change? of tem- perature out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a state of atmosphere Avitliin the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery of this kind.'' GENERAL RULES FOR PLANTING AND MANAGING FRUIT TREES. 1. The first or preliminary requisite is a good, rich, deep, dry soil. If inclining to be wet, or if the subsoil is too moist, it must be well underdrained, for a common but unknown cause of bad growth and poor fruit, is hidden, stagnant water in the soil. If not naturally very fertile, it must be enriched by manuring — and this is best if done for a year or two before planting, that it may be well incor- porated. Subsoiling and trench plowing should be performed in connexion with the process of working in the manure, and it should be thoroughly intermixed by intermediate harrowings. A deep soil, besides causing a more rapid growth and finer fruit, is less affected by drouth and by heavy rains. 2. The second requisite is a good enclosure. The young trees must be protected from injury by cattle, and the fruit afterwards from the depre- dations of boys. A strong common fence will answer for the former, but an Osage hedge, Avith its numerous thorns may be required for the latter, although a good watch-dog is valuable. A hedge planted when the trees are set, and Avell managed, will form a good protection by the time the trees bear much, but there should be a good barrier for cattle before the first tree is planted. 3. The third point of importance is to procure and set out the trees. The lists we have given in the former and present numbers of The Regis- ter, will assist in making a good selection. They should be carefully dug up with a full supply of small roots. The holes should be large — not less than four feet in diameter, and in setting, it should be filled with the best rich mellow earth, but no manure should touch the roots. If any manure OP RURAL ArrAIRS. 237 is used, it should be old or rotted, well mixed in with earth, and placed in a remote part of the hole. The broken roots should be all pared oflf with a sharp knife. All the roots should be carefully spread out with the fin- gers while filling, and before the hole is quite full, the fine earth should be settled among all the interstices by pouring in Avater. The trees should be placed no deeper than they stood before, allowing an inch or two for set- tling. All except small trees need staking to protect them from the wind. 4. The after management consists in keeping the surface mellow and clean and in preserving the moisture. A well mellowed surface rarely besomes dry, but if watering is ever needed, the top earth should be removed, the water poured directly among the roots, and the earth again replaced. But a better way is to mulch, or cover the surface six inches deep about the tree, with old straw or other litter. 5. The subsequent growth of the trees will greatly depend on clean and mellow cultivation. Generally, young trees will grow from ten to tiventy times as fast when cultivated, than if suffered to grow among weeds and grass. Spading a small circle round the tree answers the purpose poorly, as the roots are usually as long as the tree, and the cultivation must be broadcast to impart full benefit. 6. Depredators, Mice are excluded by banking up a foot around every tree, late in autumn — bi7-ds from cherries by shooting — curcnlios are des- troyed by jarring down on sheets and also by turning in pigs and geese — caterpillars, by lime wash — borers by punching to death in their holes with a small twig — and the peach worm by cutting out with a knife, &c. The fire-bli2:ht in pears, needs a prompt excision of the affected bran- ches— the yellows in the peach requires the whole tree to be destroyed — and the black-knot in the plum is kept oflf by continued amputation, beginning in time. ORNAMENTAL PLANTINQ. In The Rural Register of last year, a number of suggestions were given in relation to the arrangement and treatment of ornamental trees, Fig. 1.— Dropmore garden. \ 0 tIG. 1.— UROPMORE GARDEN. M^ which need not be repeated. We may remark, however, that A planting, and a rapid, handsome, and luxuriant growth, require the same success m 238 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER care in providing a deep fertile soil, and in giving them for some years sub- sequently, a high, rich, and mellow cultivation, that is so indispensably required for fruit trees, and which we have already pointed out. There are several modes of planting and managing the grounds about a dwelling. When the place ^^^^^ is large, and several acres are devoted to this pur- pose, large or park trees •e to be introduced, and the grass may be kept short and in good order by pasturing vf ith sheep ; lea- ving a small space imme- diately about the house, separated by a stiff wire fence, and which may be more neatlj^ kept. Smaller grounds may be planted with small trees and shrubs and the ground be mostly covered with grass, which is neatly mowed once a fortnight — according to the plan described for gar- dens on p. 35 of last year's Register. Still smaller grounds, when economy in ^^^- ^- labor would be less an ob- ject, and where it is desirable to make the most of their limited extent, may be nearly all occupied with flower beds in the geometric style, which admits a more compact arran- gement. The accompa- nying figures are two examples of this sort. Fig. 1 represents the form and disposition of the beds in the cel- ebrated Dropmore gar- den, England,- and fig. 2 another in the form of a circle. If the walks are 3 feet wide, the circle Mill be 75 feet in diameter. It may be reduced by omitting any portion of the exterior. CEDAR OF LEBANON. SELECT LIST OF TREES AND PLANTS — HARDY. Park Trees. The Oak, (of which there are many species;) Amei^can Maples, including the sugar, black, red, Norway and silver; Cti- talpa; Chestnut; Black Walnut; White ^sh ; Tulip Tree; European ©c^- u OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 239 Larch ; "White Horsechest- nut ; Cucv;mber Magnolia; B ass wood ; American Cy press. E v e u g r e e x s — > Norway fir ; Hemlock ; White Pine; Balsam fir ; American ./j?r6orvtfcE. The Deodar and Cedar of Leb- anon are hardy if sliaded from the sun. Small Trees and Large Shrubs. Weeping Ash ; Judas tree ; Laburnum ; Mountain Ash, American and European J Virgilia; Fringe tree, purple and wliite; scarlet, pink, and white Hmvthorn ; Silver Bell ; Althea; Philadel- phuS; ( Syringo, ) several species j Snowball; Com- mon and Siberian Lilacs; Cornelian Cherry : Eu- onymous or burning bushj Chinese White Magnolia ; Soulange's Purple Mag- nolia. Small Shrubs. Japan quince; dwarf Flowering Almond ; Sweet Scented Shrub; Pink Mezercon ; Yellow Jasmine ; Japan Globe - flowr ; Crimson Currant; Tartarian Honey- suckle, wliite, pink, and striped varieties; Spircea, several shrubby species • Magnolia obovaia ; Tree Pceonia ; Barberry ; Deut- zia scab r a ; and all the finer hardy Moses. deodar cedar. Climbing Shrubs. Honeysuckles, several species; Bignonia; Aristo- lochia, (or Dutchman's pipe;) C/c?na^is, several sorts; Ayrshire Roses ; and Baltimore Belle, Queen of Prairies, and other Prairie Roses. Evergreen Small Trees and Shrubs. Tree Box ; Comnion Juni- per; Red Cedar ; White Spruce; Irish Yeio. herbaceous flowering plants. In order to have a handsome succession of flowers through the season, bulbous flowers must be selected for the earlie.st bloomers; other herba- ceous perennials for their successors; and some particular bulbous plants, J/j annuals, and green-house plants, for late summer and autumnal flowering ^^^^Vi^W'm^^^ f;gc^- ?=>© >c^- -^=4: OF RURAL AFFAIRS. m The earliest bulbous Jlov^ers are Snowdrop, single and double; Bulbo- c odium ver num.; Crocws, severa,! colors; and Siberian Squill; a\\ of which appear in bloom as soon as the snow disappears from the ground. They are followed by several very early herbaceous perennials', among which are the Clayto- nia, the Hepaiica, Adonis, Wood Anemone, Phlox subu- lata or moss pink, Pansiea, Cowslip, sweet scented Violet, creeping Phlox, Dodecaiheon, Eryihtonium. About the same time with some of these, appear the Hyacinths, Daffo- dils, Jonquills, succeeded by the numerous and brilliant va"- rieties of the Tulip. The last is followed by a rapid succes- sion of herbaceous perennials, some of the finest of which are the Veronicas, the earlier Phloxes, the Lupins, the Iris of many sorts, the Columbines, the oriental and Caucasian Poppy~, and the magnificent varieties of the herbaceous Poeonia. The mid -summer flowers are the herbaceous Spi- rccas, among which the S. lo- bata and S. aruncus, are es- pecially showy; the Cypripe- diums, the Lychnis, the Chinese Larkspur, the peach-leaved and large flowered Campanulas, the Clematis erecta, the Aconites, several Pent- stemons, Dictamnus, Dracotephalum, Lyihrurns, Coreopsis, Liairis,se\- eral Phloxes, Yucca, he Among the most interesting summer flowering bulb otis plants, are the Gladiolus communis, or common purple sword-lily, which is perfectly hardy; the Gladiolus fl or ibundus or profuse-flowering sword-lily, remark- able for its beautiful flesh colored flowers, but being tender, requires taking up before winter, and preservation from frost ; and Gladiolus gandivensis, or Ghent sword'^lily, witli flowers of a rich orange scarlet, and also tender like the last. The Tiger flower, remarkable for its beau- tiful and -showy petals, blooms about the same time, and requires similar treatment on account of its tender character. The Japan lilies, equally showy, are quite hardy. Flowers in autumn are obtained largely from the successful culture of anmials, and from the hardier green-hcnise plants, commonly known as bedding plants, among the most successful and desirable of which are the Verbenas and Salvias. The Chrysanthemums, including the dwarf or " pom- pone," flower almost into winter. They are hardy, and will succeed if planted in open ground, with a shelter, and full exposure to the sun during the latter part of autumn. GLADIOLrS FLORIEUNDVS. 11 242 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER BUTTER AND CHEESE MAKING. WKITTEN FOR THE REGISTER, BY JOSEPH HARRIS. It is not our purpose to consider general dairy management. It is too important a subject to be discussed in the few pages allowed for this arti- cle. We shall take it for granted that the cows are properly managed j that in winter they are carefully sheltered from fierce blasts and piercing cold, and provided with abundant nutriment in the form of hay, corn- stalks, straw, roots, &c. ; that in summer they have the run of a good range of pastures, stocked with the best natural and artificial grasses, with a constant supply of pure water and grateful shade ; that they are milked regularly and thoroughly, and treated with all gentleness; never whipped or harshly spoken to; never driven too far or too fast, or irritated or fiight- ened in any way. We take it for granted that good milk is obtained, and that it is the object of the dairyman to get from it the butter and cheese which it contains. The quantity of butter and cheese in inilk, varies materially, according to the age of the cow, breed, and distance from calving, the nature of her food and general treatment. Henry k, Chevallier found in the biestings or first milk, 15 per cent, of casein or curd, and only 2^ per cent, of butter. The same chemists give the following as the average composition of ordinary cow's milk: casein or curd, 4.48 per cent. ; butter, 3.13; sugar, 4.77; saline matter, 0.60; water, 87.02. The average of five determinations made by BoussiNGAULT, with milk from a French cow, fed each week on different food, for five weeks, was: casein, 3.24 per cent. ; butter, 4.06; sugar, 5.38; saline matter, 0.19; water, 87.13. The average of four determinations of milk from a Swiss cow, fed on different food each week for a month, was: casein, 3,75 per cent.; butter, 3.75; sugar, 4.75; saline matter, 0.28; water, 87.47. The average of nine analyses of milk from a Short horn cow, made by Dr. Playfair, was casein, 4.17 per cent.; butter, 5.00; sugar, 4.12; saline matter, 0.54; water, 86.17. The average of these 18 analyses is: casein, 3.91 percent.; butter, 3.98; sugar, 4,76; saline matter, 0.40; water, 86.95. Casein, or pure curd, is almost identical in composition with the albumen of grass, roots, hay, &c.; with the legumin of peas and beans; with the gluten of wheat. Sec, and with all the so called protein compounds of oil cake, bran, linseed, corn, barley, oats, and all substances used as food. These foods also contain oil or butter, as well as starch or sugar; so that we find in milk precisely the same substances as in grass, hay, roots, grains, &c. In view of this fact, some writers have supposed that, by selecting food containing more or less albumen or oil or starch, we might, by using the body of the cow as a machine, obtain at pleasure milk con- taining more or less cheese, butter, and sugar. So far, the experiments which have been made show this idea erroneous. It is found that sub- stances rich in albuminous matter, and which according to this idea should produce milk rich in casein or curd, have precisely the opposite effect, and give milk relatively deficient in casein and rich in butter. Milk when drawn from the cow is always alkaline; it contains free soda. Casein or curd is insoluble in pure water, 'but readily soluble in water con- taining free soda. It is the soda of the milk, therefore, that keeps the curd ' in solution. The oil or butter is contained in little bags or films of casein. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. and is not dissolved, but simply suspended in the water. The sugar and saline matter are of course held in solution. Such is milk when drawn from the cow. By allowing it to cool and remain quiet for a short time, the little bags of butter, being specifically lighter than the other portion of the milk, rise to the surface, and are known as cream. Other changes soon take place. The milk coagulates, and at a warm temperature speedily becomes per- ceptibly sour. The cause of this is very simple. At a proper tempera- ture, by the absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere, the casein under- goes a slight transformation, and reacts on the sugar of the milk, converting it into lactic (milk) acid. This acid immediately unites with the soda, which holds the curd in solution, neutralizing it, and forming lactate of soda, while the casein being insoluble in water, is precipitated, or, in common parlance, the milk becomes curdled. The conditions favor- able to fermentation— heat, light and moisture — are therefore unfavorable for preserving milk sweet. Milk can be instantly curdled by the addition of an acid, and in some countries spirits of salts (hydrochloric acid) and vinegar (acetic acid) are used instead of rennet for " setting the cheese." In these cases the soda which holds the casein in solution is neutralized by the acids, and the curd immediately becomes insoluble, and is separated from the whey as in ordinary cheese making. Cheese so made, however, is hard and un- palatable. The only way to make good cheese is to produce lactic acid from the sugar of milk by fermentation. A great variety of means are employed for this purpose. As we have said, the casein in milk will of itself change the sugar into lactic acid and curdle the milk ; but before it does this it has itself begun to ferment under the influence of light and heat, and by the absorption of oxygen from the air. If curd be exposed to the atmosphere for a few days, and then added to milk, it coagulates it as quickly as rennet, and is often used for this purpose. A number of vegetable substances, such as the juice of the fig or thistle, a decoction of the dried flowers of the artichoke or thistle are also used as rennet. All animal substances in a certain state of decomposition will convert the sugar of milk into lactic acid, but, although pig's bladder is still used in some countries in Europe, it is generally conceded that the stomach of the calf, properh' prepared, is the best substance for this purpose. When fresh, the membrane of the calf's stomach is insoluble in water, but when it is salted and kept for several months exposed to the air, a portion of its surface is decomposed, and becomes soluble. It is this soluble, decomposed, or more properly decomposing membrane, which is the active principle in rennet. It .is a soluble, highly nitrogenous sub- stance, having its elements in a disturbed state, and therefore highly effective in inducing change in the elements of other bodies with Avhich it is brought in contact. In preparing rennet, we have to check the natural decomposition of the stomach by the use of salt, otherwise it would communicate an unpleasant flavor to the cheese; but at the same time keep the salted stomach long enough to permit its elements to become disturbed by the action of the atmosphere. In Cheshire, Eng., the skins are cleaned out, and packed away with salt in an earthen jar till the following year. They are taken out a month before use, stretched on pine sticks, and dried. A square inch of the skin for each 15 or 20 gallons of milk is soaked for 24 hours in -^ 244 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER a solution of lukewarm Avatcr and salt, and the whole poured into the milk and well stirred. In Gloucestershire, the cleaned stomach is salted, and pickled, and dried ; and when at least a year old, it is well sodden in salt water J half a pint of which is sufficient to coagulate 50 gallons of milk. In AjTshire, the contents of the stomach are preserved; they are well salted, both inside and out, and dried for a year or more; and when needed for use, the whole is chopped lip and placed with salt in a jar, along with water and new whey, -which after two or three daj's, is strained to remove impurities, and is then ready for u.se. In the dairy districts of this State, the stomach is emptied of its contents, salted and dried, without scraping or rinsing, and kept for one year. It is then soaked for 24 hours in tepid water — a gallon of water to each rennet. Tliey should be frequently rubbed and pressed to get out all the strength. The licjuor containing the soluble rennet, is then saturated with salt, allowed to settle, and strained to separate the sediment and all impurities. It is then fit for use. It should be kept in a stone jar, and in a cool place. As much of the liquor is used each morning as will .set the cheese firm in 40 minutes. ^Ye have visited many excellent English dairies where the same system is adopted. It is, in our opinion, better than placing the rennet itself in the milk. The stomach may again be salted, stretched, and exposed to the air for some months, when it can be used over again — a fresh portion of the membrane having been decomposed by the air and rendered soluble. This fact, and others that might be mentioned, suf- ficiently prove that it is not the gastric juice of the stomach that is the active ingredient of rennet in coagulating milk. As cheese making is a fermenting process, it is influenced materially by heat, proceeding within certain limits, faster or slower as the tempera- ture is raised or lowered. In England, the milk is generally raised to a temperature of 85*^ Fahr. before adding the rennet. In this country it is set cooler, and raised to a higher temperature after the milk is coagula- ted. This is called '-'scalding." The word is a bad one, calculated to mislead. To '■ scald the cu7-d" would be to spoil the cheese; but all that is meant by the phrase is raising the temperature of the ivhey and curd up to about 100 Fahr. This '' scalding" process has many advantages: among others, the cheese requires less pressure, and the milk can be set at a much lower temperature — say 80° Fahr. Scalding should be done with great care and nicety. Formerly it was done by heating a portion of whey, and pouring it into the cheese; but there is danger of injuring a portion of the cheese by over-heating it. A much better method is now generally adopted by the dairymen in the northern counties of New-York, and it is one of the greatest improve- ments in cheese making we have seen. What our English friends call the '' cheese tub," is made of tin, and is placed in a wooden frame, so fixed that it can be surrounded by hot or cold w^ater as desired. The evening's milk is strained into this tin, as it is brought in warm from the cows; and is kept cool by allowing cold water to run round it. The moi-ning's milk is added to the cooled evening's milk, and if not then sufficiently Avarm to add the rennet, warm Avater is poured round the tin till the proper temperature is attained. There is some difference of opinion on this point : we know good dairymen who add the rennet to the milk at 80°, and others not till it is as high as 90°. The curd should come in about 40 minutes. Shortly afterwards the curd is cut up with a '' cheese breaker OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 2451 and then the temperature is gradually raised by pouring warm water round the tin. Many err by rais- ing the tempera- ture too fast. It should not be in- creased more than a degree in five minutes. In many dairies, a steamer is em- ployed for heating the water sur- rounding the tin, containing the milk, or Avhey and curd, as also for supplying hot water for washing utensils, &cc. The accompanying en- graving will give a correct idea of it. ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER The Englisli methorl of separating the whey from tlie curd by allowing it to settle, and dipping oti" the whey, is too slow for an intelligent go-a- head American. A lattice frame Avork, on which a large cloth is spread, is fitted into a sink, connected by a pipe with the receptacle for the whey, or pig cistern The whey and curd are dipped on to this cloth, the whey running through in a few minutes, leaving the curd on the cloth. A little cold water is then poured on to the curd to keep it from packing. Some, however, prefer to cool whey and curd together, by putting cold water round the tin. When the whey has all drained away, the curd is broken up fine and salted. It is then placed in a cheese hoop and pressed for 24 hours. There are a num- ber of excellent cheese presses, but probably none su- perior to that inven- PATENT SELF-ACTING CHEESE PRESS. ^q^ l^y ]yj[j. J)£qj^ The Self- Acting Press, so called because the weight of the cheese is the power which creates the pressure, is fre- quently used in small dairies. In the dairy districts of this State, Kendall's Cheese Press would appear to be the most popular, being cheaper than Dick's, and more efficient than the Self- Acting Press. A weight of 20 lbs. at the end of the lever gives ^ _ a pressure of 10 tons. ;^^^ In all presses, it is very ^^ desirable that the pres- ^ sure should faithfully _ follow the cheese as it ^^ shrinks. Tt^. Cheshire dairymen, as a general thing, do not scald their curd and hence much more ©e^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 147 care is needed in salting and pressing than in the process we have described. After the curd is separated from the whey, it is put under a hand press for an hour or two, and as much of the whey expressed from it as possi- ble 'previous to salting. "When taken from under the hand press, it is broken quite fine by liand, and salted. It is then put iu the cheese hoop, and pressed slightly for six or eight hours. It is then taken from under the press, pierced with a wooden skewer, in order to open channels for the exudation of the whey, covered with a clean cloth, and put under a heavy pressure till next morning, when a clean cloth is a^-ain put round it, and a heavy pressure applied till it will no longer wet the cloth. Cheeses are frequently left under the press three or four days. '-'Scalding" expels the Avhey from the curd more effectually than can be done by the most powerful and long continued pressure, but it is a question whether at the same time it does not destroy some of the desired flavor of the cheese. If our dairymen should " scald " less and press more, their cheese would be more liiglily prized, at least in the English market. The following plan for a dairy house, is given by Gurdon Evans, in The Cultivator. '• It is arranged for cheese making, though it will be found equally convenient for butter making, by substituting the furniture necessary for butter making for that described in the plan." FIKST FLOOR. The building should consist of a cellar and one story above ; the former, settled about three or four feet below the surface, provided with a drain, emptying if possible into the slop-tub in the cow barn. The wall of the cellar, and both stories, if convenient, should be of stone or brick, laid in lime mortar, and from 18 to 24 inches thick. The bottom should be of water-lime mortar, which will, when properly prepared, soon harden into a level smooth surface, quite imperishable, and be proof against water, and all rats and mice. The pipes, leading to and from the cisterns, &c., should be laid down before the floor is laid, and the mortar carefully fitted to them. The ice house should be plastered with water-lime, and a little space left between the ice and bottom of the house, to allow the water a sma41 space. The top and side walls of the dairy house should be finished with plaster, by which means a uniform temperature, indispensible to curing cheese well, is more easily secured. Size, 18 by 30 feet outside. f't^ 248 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER First Floor. — 1. The room for making cheese in, 14 by 18. 2. Closet 10 by 10, provided v/ith shelves, for storing all sorts of furniture. 3. Ice housL*. 10 by 10. This should be enclosed by double walls, and great care taken to make both perfectly air tight, and the space may be tilled with" sand, leached ashes, or almost any dry porous substance j but notliing is so good as air, provided it is not permitted to circulate in and out of the space, because air when not in motion is almost a non-conductor of heat; but siuct? cold air is heavier than warm, if crevices are left near the bottom of the ice vault, the co-Id air contained in it, as soon as the temperature without is raised, flows out, and its place is supplied by warmer air passing in at the san^e crevices, and an equilibrium is soon restored between the temperature of the air without and within the ice house, and the ice rapidly wastes away. For this reason the door should be double,, and opi'u near the top of the vault, or it may have no door on the side, and be filled and emptied through a trap door from the upper story. Tlie lower floor must be high en&ugh to draw water from it into the milk vat, 4. General store room and wood cellary 11 by 18 5. A stove or furnace of some kind, at which steam is generated for warming milk, heating ^vater, 8cc. 6. Stairs to the cheese loft. 7. A tin cistern J large enough to contain as much milk as is to be set at once, surrounded by a wooden vat, leaving a space an inch wide at the sides, and nearly two under the bottom, for the introduction of water, either warm or cold, for heating or cooling milk. a. Lead pipe leading from steam generator to water in wooden vat, by which the milk is conveniently raised to any desired temperature. By means of the stops in the pipe, the steam may be let in to a water cij^tern (12) Avhen not needed to heat the milk, by which hot water is always easily Icept on hand for cleansing the various utensils. Tl^e end of the steam pipe should pass iinder the center of the cistern, and a board a toot square must be placed between it and the cistern to prevent heating the cistern too hot just when the steam is discharged, b. A pipe leading to the sink drain, by which both the whey and water are led off from the cistern, when the cheese is sufficiently scalded. The v/hey pipe should be large, not less than two inches, so that when the orifice is o}>ened the whey will escape immediatelj^, and thus prevent the curd from sticking together. To prevent the curd from escaping Avith the whey, a tin strainer of a |>eculiar form is inserted in the orifice. This strainer is a cylinder five inches in diameter, and as long as the vat is deep ^ this cylinder is i:)erforated as full of fine holes as the strength of the metal will admit, and to the lower end of it is soldered a tin tube large enoug^h to fit the orifice in the bottom of the vat. While the curd is setting, the orifice is stopped with a plug reaching the top of the vat, smaller at the upper end, and when the whey is to be let oif, the tin strainer is slipped over the plug, and into the orifice, when the plug is removed, and the whey escapes; this may be done if the orifice is tapering, and the plug made to fit the lower- part, and the cylinder the upper, c. Pipe leading cold water fioiu the bottom of the ice house to the wooden cistern, for the purpose of cooling the milk. 8. Cheese press. 9. Table for turning the cheese upon. This table should be about two inches lower than the press bed, and a wide board, upon small Avheels, is placed upon the table, and the cheese placed upon after being pressed. S?^c^=- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 10. An elevator raised by cords, piillies, and weiglUs, by which the cheese is elevated on the little car, to the loft, Avhen, after being wheeled on the scales and weighed, it is rnn back, raised to any shelf, and wheeled around to any desired place. This saves all lifting, after leaving the press, till it is sold. 11. Pump or penstock. 12. Tub or cistern for heating water in, by steam. 13. Wooden vat in which the tin vat is placed. 14. Sink provided with a spout, leading all slop, whey, &c., away. 15. Doors. E. "Windows. SECOND FLOO I Plan of loft. — A. Second floor. B. Shelves, 30 inches wide, extend- ing around the room. As many of them can be arranged as necessary to accommodate the cheese. There is but one window, and this should be provided with blinds and darkened in warm weather, to guard against all insects. 16. Scales. In all the operations of the dairy the most scrupulous cleanliness must be observed; but in the production of butter it is even more necessary than in cheese making. Cream is more easily tainted by noxious gases than almost any other substance. It is impossible to make good flavored butter if the utensils and dairy are not scrupulously sweet; or if fumes from the barn-yard or out-buildings are not excluded. As we have said, the oil or butter is suspended in milk in small globules surrounded by films of casein. Cream is an aggregation of these oil bags. The object of churning is to separate the oil from the curd by which it is surrounded. This is accomplished by agitating the cream and breaking the films of curd, setting the oil free, which then runs together and forms lumps of butter. Cream, from the formation of lactic acid, is generally sour before churning, and if not, always becomes so during the operation. The lactic acid acts on the films of curd and renders them more easily broken. During the progress, the cream increases in temperature from 5^ to 10^. The best temperature at Avhich to churn the cream is a dis- puted point. It appears, however, to be well established by numerous experiments, that 55^ Fahr. when the cream is put in the churn, and about 65° when the butter comes, affords the best results. If higher than this, the butter is white and soft: if lower, the whole of the butter is not separated and the labor of churning is much increased. In summer, the 11 .250 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER ^ butter should not come in less than 40 minutes. If obtained quicker it is generally at the expense of color, flavor, and hardness. After the cream is broke, it should be churned slowly till the butter is gathered. Some good butter makers do not wash the butter at all, merely work- ing out the buttermilk by pressure. It is said that a iDetter flavored butter is obtained in tliis w^ayj but where good, cool spring water can be obtained we prefer to thoroughly wash the butter, taking great pains to remove all the buttermilk. Butter generally contains about 15 per cent, of water, curd, &c. It is important for the preservation of butter that as much of this as possible should be removed. The quantity of salt required depends very much upon the quantity of water in the butter. The water should be saturated with salt, hence the less water the butter contains, the less salt will be required for its perfect preservation. There are several machines for working butter, but we have had no experience in their use. There are various opinions as to the advantage of churning the whole milk or only the cream. Some contend that not only is more butter obtained by churning the whole milk, but that it is of better flavor. There is jjrobably a little more butter obtained but that it is of better quality we may be allowed to question. In the neighborhood of a large cit)-, where, as in Great Britain, buttermilk is in demand, it will pay to churn the whole of the milk, but as a general thing, it is much less labor and far more convenient to churn only the ci'eam. In some of the best English dairies that Ave are acquainted with, the milk is skimmed every morning- and sometimes, when a very superior article of butter is required, the cream from the first or second skim- mings only is churned — that from the milk when it is partially or quite sour being churned separately for use in the kitchen. In this country, the milk is not skimmed till all the cream has risen, and it is all removed at once. This is probably the better way, for not only is it less labor, but the milk remains sweet much longer than when disturbed every morning by skimming ; and this in our hot weather is quite a considera- tion. It is desirable that the dairy should be cool enough to keep the milk sweet sufficiently long to permit all the cream to rise to the sur- face, for there can be little doubt that if the milk becomes quite sour or bitter before the cream is removed, the quality of the butter will be im- paired. Milk, too, for butter making purposes should not be placed in deep pans, or all the cream may not have time to reach the surface. For the same reason the pans should be narrower at the bottom than at the top. Probably a better quality of butter is obtained by churning the cream before it becomes sour. In hot weather, it is almost impossible to do this, without churning every morning. A greater length of time is occupied in churning sweet than sour cream, but in hot weather this is no objection. When by fast churning, or any other cause, the butter comes in 10 or 15 minutes, it can hardly fail to be soft, white and poor flavored. A celebra- ted butter maker in this state, Avho churns every morning in hot weather, has the cream so cold, and churns so slowly, that the butter is from one to two hours in coming. When the butter is come, it is well washed and salted — 6 lbs. Pacific salt to each 100 lbs. of butter. The next day it is re-worked till every particle of buttermilk is removed, when it is packed in tubs, and stored away in a cool cellar. ^c^- -=^=>^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 251 " The chief points besides cleanliness," says an experienced writer, " in making good butter are these: To milk at regular hours: to place the milk in shallow vessels • to have a perfectly clean cellar, with a hard brick or flag stone bottom, and with shutters and wire screen -windows, to admit air and exclude insects j to skim the milk the moment it coagulates or 'Jobbers," which will be in 30 to 48 hours ; to churn the cream at a temperature between 60^ and 65^ [in hot weather 55° to 60° is better] by the thermometer,- to free the butter as much as possible from buttermilk, and then add a sixteenth part of the purest salt • to work out the remaining buttermilk in 12 hours afterwards, and again in 24 hours, being aireful not to work it too much at a time; to pack it closely in stone jars, till nearly full, and then spread clean white muslin cloth over the top, pack closely a layer of one inch of fine salt upon the muslin, and finally cover the jar with a neatly fitting tin cover. This is, substantially, the process of most of the best butter makers. Butter thus made will keep a year, if placed on the bottom of a cool cellar." Cream always becomes sour in churning, and rises in temperature. This is owing to chemical action — to the conversion of sugar into lactic acid. This increase in temperature, if the cream is cool enough Avhen put into the churn, is probably desirable. But after the cream is well ''broke," it is frequently necessary to cool it slightly, Avhile the butter is being gathered. This is usually done by pouring in a little cold water, washing down the particles of butter attached to the sides of the churn at the same time. In gathering the butter, it is essential not only to have the butter- milk cool, but to churn quite slowly, or the butter will be soft, and it will be difficult to work out the buttermilk. For the attainment of the proper temperature in churning, we consider the ''Thermometer Churn" one of the best inventions of recent date. It consists of a zinc cylinder, with the lower half encased in a wooden frame lined with zinc, having an inch or two of space between, so that the body of the churn can be surrounded with warm or cold water as desired. There is also a thermome- ter set in one end, which is of much use as long as it is clean, so that the mer- cury can be seen. Kendall's Cylinder Churn is well known, and much esteemed for its cheapness and simplicity. THERMOMETER cHUR^T. It is Ru cxccllent chum, especially for small dairies. Some object to it and to the Thermometer [ Churn, on account of the corrodibility of the iron at the ends of the axis, m^ which, when much time is occupied in churning, as is frequently the case A in late autumn and -winter, imparts by the action of the acid buttermilk &c^=~ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER a disagreeable color and flavor to the butter. This difficulty does exist in all cliurns of this description we have used. Nevertheless, if the joints are properly fitted together, and ordinary care is ex- ercised in keeping thera clean and free from all rust, little incon- venience will be encountered from this cause. There are those how- ever, who prefer the old barrel churn, or some of its modifica- tions, as in it all danger in this respect is removed. Some, too, KENDALL'S cHVRx. arc inclincd to go back to first principles and use the old up and down plunge churn. This is very well where a dog power is used as shown in the annexed engraving; but when Avorked by liand, it is a barbarous institution, at least such was our o|)inion when in our boy- ish days we had to use it by the hour togetlicr. If a dog power is not used, the labor of work- ing the plunge or dasher ' '^ churn may be greatly lessened by means of a crank. Numerous methods for accomplishing this are employed, but there are probably none more simple than that given by E M. FrLLKR. Salisbury, N. Y., in the Country Gentleman, as shown in the accompanying cut. A, is the mortice that the dasher goes through — B, is the place where the evener is fastened, hy means of a bolt; and by moviug the evener towards the letter B, the da'sher will not move so high — G, is the place where the evener and pitman are joined — F, is the pitman — D, is a crank about a foot long — E, is a short crank about 4 inches long, working in a mortice in the center of the post, 1 foot long and 4 inches wide. A fiy wheel attached to this or similar contrivances would be a great advantage in lessening the labor, by rendering the motion uniform. By whatever means cream or milk is churned, the motion at first .should be rather slow, increasing when tlie cream begins to swell. Sometimes the cream will swell so much that very rapid motion is required, but when it begins to sink, the motion should be lessened somewhat, and after the cream is '^ broken" it should be gradually slower till" the butter is gathered into lumps. f*- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. ^Ye cannot better close this article than by copying from the Country Gentle-man, a description of a dairy room belonging to Harvey Wing, Morris, N. Y., combining in an unusual degree the necessary requisites for successful butter making. The room, (on the north side of the house) is sixteen feet long by ten feet wide, and is situated directly over a cold cellar, from ■which the air may be drawn at pleasure by means of ventilators, for the perfect regulation of the tem- perature of the room. The places of these ventilators, (between- the room and the cellar,) are shown in the plan Fig. 1., by the dotted lines on each side of the room , and they consist each of a single slit or opening, under the shelves, running the whole length of the room, and closed by a board with hinges precisely like a trap door. Ft«. 1. These slits are only six inches wide J it is believed that more perfect ventilation would be afforded, and a more complete control of the temperature attained, if they were nine inches or a foot wide. Overhead, there is another ventilator, also closed by a similar trap door, 6 or 7 feet long and a foot wide, opening upwards. An elevating stick Avith holes or notches, enables the attendant to raise them to any desired degree. When the upper ventilator is opened, the heated air of the room passes out by reason of its specific levity, and the cold air from the cellar, immediately rises to supply the space,— in the same way that water rises to fill a pump when the air is drawn out above. A ventilated space of one or two feet surrounds the room, and prevents the heating so often resulting from confined air in the adjacent walls. This ventilation'is only partially effected in the instance before us, a temporary board partition being made to form the outer Avail on the exterior side of the room — Ave have consequently figured in one plan, Avhat it is intended to be in this respect, rather than Avhat Ave found it in actual ])ractice. The room is entered by a double door, the outer being a tight one to exclude hot summer air, and the inner of lattice or wire-gauze, to admit cool night air Avhen necessary". The shelves are not flat boards, as usu- ally constructed, but are formed of tAvo narroAv strips of inch board on edge, on Avhich the pans rest, thus admitting a free I [ circulation of air on CA-ery side. The I I mode of constructing these sheh'es is Fig. 2. shoAvn in figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 exhibits the upright board support at the ends of the shelves and at intervals of five feet betAveen,- the notches @=^= — ■ \ I -^:^^ 254 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER being made on each side to receive the horizontal strips which form the shelves. Fig. 3 shows a portion of the shelves completed. A space is left between them for the side window. The strips forming the shelves are 9 inches apart outside for each, and. each strip 1 by 2 inches, set on edge. The shelves are 8 inches apart, or with 6 inches of clear space laetween them, for the reception of the pans. It is found of great importance not to fill the pans to more than one- half their capacity — one-third is still better. The dairy, consisting of about 15 cows, requires nearly 200 twelve-quart pans at the season Avhen milk is most abundant, the risijig of the cream continuing longer than is com- mon, on account of the perfect control of temperature which is secured by the ventilation of the room. There are 11 shelves, on 3 sides, with the exception of a space for windows, and they are capable of holding 250 pans if required WINEOAR'S AUTOMATON OATE. Equestrians and carriage-drivers have long felt it quite an annoying inconvenience, to be compelled to alight whenever passing a gate. The rich man's remedy is a porter's lodge, and a person hired by the year to open and shut the gate on the approach of any vehicle. But all this trouble may be easily and cheaply avoided by the use of Winegar's Automa- ton Gate, invented by C. "Winegar, Esq., of Union Springs, N. Y., the successful operation of which we have had ample opportunity of witnessing. This contrivance, not unlike a clock, consists of two principal parts, the running and regulating parts. The weight which opens and shuts the gate, is contained in a tall box, seen on the left side of the figure, and resembling in external appearance a large post. The Aveight, in descending, turns a crank. A rod placed between this crank and the gate, and con- nected to each, receives by this means a reciprocating motion, and would open and shut the gate in rapid succession until the weight reaches the ground, were its motion not controlled by the latch which fastens it shut when it strikes the post, or which fastens it open as soon as it reaches the smaller post placed at the proper point for this purpose. The opening and shutting is effected from the carriage or saddle by sim- ply giving a slight pull or jerk on the loop suspended from the arm of the tall post, a short distance from the gate. A Avire, extending from this loop to the hinge-post, and thence across the top of the gate to the latch, instantly sets it free whenever a slight pull is given, and the crank and rod immediately draw it open, where it is retained by the latch. On passing through, the loop is pulled on the other side, loosening the latch again, and causing the gate immediately to close. The weight, when once wound up, will open and shut the gate about fifty times, and a boy ten j-ears old Avill easily do it in a few seconds. In ordinary cases this will do if performed once a week, or if the gate be much used, it may be done each morning with the rest of the '' chores," "We consider it an important invention, and an admirable contrivance. The whole cost is $10 to $20. ©c^- OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 255 i ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER PRATT'S DITCH DIGGER. Nearly every important operation in modern improved farming, may now, through the improvements in machinery, be performed by horpe power. The spade has given way to the subsoil and trench plow, the, hand rake to the horse rake, the flail to the thrashing machine, hand sow- ing to the wheat drill, the scythe and cradle to the mower and renper, and lastly, and by no means the least, an eificient ditch digging machine has been made and put into successful operation, that will work in almost any soil. The inventor is R. C. Pratt, and the manufacturers are Prj1.tt & Brothers, of Canandaigua. N. Y. ^Yc have tried this machine on our own land, and seen it operate in other places. A furrow is first turned with the common plow, and the ditcher then passes and repasses, throwing out from one to three inches of earth at each passage. In dry peaty ground, it will throw otit five inches. It v\'ill cut 9 inches to a foot wide, and fully two feet and a half deep — it may be made to run down three feet. A small plow attached to the machine loosens the earth, and revolving shovels throAV it out. .'\^^here there are no stones, one man with a team will cut 75 to 100 rods of ditch two and a half feet deep in a day. Where stones prevail, an additional hand or two are needed to loosen them with a crow bar, and throw them out as they are successivelj^ laid bare, and these will also reduce the daily amount of work to 50 or even down to 30 rods. This estimate is the result of otir own experience and observation; and we are satisfied that the cost of digging ditches will bo reduced to less than one half the present expense, by the use of Pratt's Ditcher. This machine is nearly all iron, is strong and well made, not liable to get out of order, so far as we have observed, and is sold at what we regard as a low price for the cost of manufacture, namely $150, Richness of Milk. — An experienced farmer says, "I find by/nurn- ing the milk separate, that one of my best cows will make as much butter as three of my poorest cows, giving the same quantity of milk." Feeding Cattle. — Cattle standing in cold muddy j'ards, exposed to the weather, consume about twice as much as tliose in sheltered stables kept I clean and littered, and free from ihe accumulations of manure. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 257 Fig. 2. /0' to be capable of running long wittiont needing repairs ; to cut well while the horses are moving at a slow pace ; to cut high or closely to the ground, as may be re- required- is not easily clogged j and may be easily tacked, or transferred from place to place. Fig. 1 represents the mower with the cover off, to show the gearing; and Fig. 2 the same with the cover on. The driver in riding, places one foot on each side of this cover, and is thus firmly secured in his seat, however rough the ground may be. The price of this mower la $120, or with mower and reaper, $140. noRTicuLTURAL HiNTS. — To prcscrvc plum trees from black knots or excrescences, cut them off several times a year, cut and kcc-p cutting. To prevent the cherry crop from being spoiled by the curculio, keep the ground from grass. The only remedy for the cherry bird, is shooting — hundreds have thus been driven away by a few hours labor, so that one was not seen for a week. The best remedy for bugs on melons and squashes, is a cheap square box, covered with gauze or netting. To transplant evergreens, one point attended to will result in success — neglected, in failure — this is, removing plenty of the earth with the roots. Mulching and watering the raspberry on light soils, will usually double the size of the fruit . ALLEN'S MO WIN a MACHINE. Since the publication of the Register for 1855, which noticed several of the principal mowing machines then in use, another has been brought before the • public, which has been proved of great effi- ciency and value . This is Allen^s Mower, as ^^^'- 1- improved and now manufactured by R. L. x\llen, of New-York. Having witnessed its operation, and received in- formation from several intelligent farmers who have given it a thorough triat, we are satisfied that taken all together it has no superior, and in some respects it excels any other machine that we have exammed. Among those advan- tages which this mower particularly po.ssesses, lightness, ease of draft, and efficiency on both rough and smooth land, appear to be conspicu- ous. As recently im- proved, it appears also @c^= Q 258 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER HAT.T^ADAY'S WIND-MILL. Steam, horse, and water-power, have been variously used for driving stationary juachinery. The two former require the expenditure of fuel or feed, and the ktter does not exist on many farms, and can be only occa- sionally used. But there is another, and universal power — found on every part of every single farm in the world — and sweeping over all with a strength of thousands of horses — which has been very little used for farm purposes. This is wind. Tlie great ditiiculty in the way of the general use of wind-power, is its unsteadiness. Cominon wind-mills of much size cannot be run in any weather of a tempestuous character, and much care is needed in regu- lating; rendering its ordinary use impracticable. Small v/ind-mills, not over four feet in diameter, have been successfully applied to the pumping of water, where the wells were not deep; but unless well made, even these are liable to be broken by strong blasts. These difficulties have been very successfully overcome by Halladay's , Self-Regulating windmill, invented by Daniel Hallabay, of Ellington, jj and manufactured by the Halladay Windmill Company, of South "^^c^=- F RURAL AFFAIRS. 259 Coventry, Ct. The self-regalating part is not unlike that of the governor of a steam engine. Wlien a strong wind drives the mill too fast, the ex- cess of water driven by a forcing pump against a piston, is made by a set of rods and levers to turn the edges of the sails more against the wind, and when the wind subsides, the same cause restores them to their former position. These M'indmills are chiefly intended for farmers, and may be applied to various other purposes besides pumping water. It is now about two years since their manufacture was commenced, and we have heard of none out of the many which have been erected, that have been blown down or injured by the wind. The cost of the smaller size is $75. SCOTT'S CORN AND COB-MILL. ihat they hava paid for themselves in a single month. For grinding corn In the cob, and other coarse feed, for domestic animals, and saving the toll and drawing to mill, by the use of horses on rainy or spare days, probably nothing equals Scott's Corn AND Cob Mill, manufac- tured by R. Scott & Co., of Philadelphia, and others. It is strong; weighs only three to five hundred pound's; costs from $44 to $66, varying with size, and with one or two horses will grind into coarse meal from eight to twenty bushels of corn per hour. Several thousands of these mills have been sold, and so far as we know, have given satisfaction — some asserting Stealing from Gardens. — The author of '' Rural Hours," after speaking of some well dressed girls, ''elegantly flounced," &c., reaching their hands through the garden fence, and helping themselves to some of the finest and rarest flowers, just as if they had a right to them, asks the very pertinent question, " What would they have thought if some one had stepped up with a pair of scissors, and cut half a" yard from the ribbon on their hats, merely because it was pretty, and one had a fancy to it? " Yet the flowers cost more time, labor, and money, and could not be so easily replaced. . United States Standard Bushel. — This contains 2150.42 cubic A inches. Its dimensions are 18^ inches (inside) diameter, and 8 inches m^ i when heaped the cone must be at least 6 inches high. A ■ ^ =^=© deep, and .0. 260 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS. IMPROVED ANIMALS. "We gave portraits in last year's Register, illustrating some of the best breeds of animals, '.vith the hope that they might prove useful to farmers in selecting good blood to infuse into their herds by crossing with natives. We now furnish engravings of some single individuals of recent importation or raising, in further illustration of the character of these breeds. The above is a portrait of a fine animal of the Suffolk breed, belonging to Lewis G. Morris, of Mount Fordham, near New-York. It v.'on one of the first prizes at the IS'ew-York State Show in 1853. The Suffolk is an admirable breed for crossing with the larger and more hardy animals among our native swine, and is deservedly more popular than any other improved breed for this purpose. A correspondent of the Country Gentleman, speaking of the Suffolks, says: — " In all the good qualities that constitute a perfect animal for pro- ducing the most pork, of the best quality, at the least cost, this family stands unrivalled as yet by any in the Fnited States. Their merit in })art consists in size, length of quarters, short and lean dished heads; fine, thin, and upright ears; prominent eyes; fine tail, and limbs; quietness; and, above all, their perfect adaptation to take fat readily on the most valuable parts. I have slaughtered hogs of this breed whose live and dressed weights differed less than a ninth." The introduction of these animals ^> 262 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REUISTER ^O^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 263 into the State is a matter in which our farmers are much interested ; and all who can should avail themselves of the benefit to he derived from them. BERKSHIRE. Scarcely inferior in am' particular to the Suffolk, is the improved Berkshire, although it is disliked for its usual black color. The above figure represents one of L. G. Morris' finest boars of this breed. SOUTH DOWN SHEEP. Beautiful South Down Sheep, from the celebrated herd of Jonas "^ebb in England, have been imported by Jonathan Thorne of Dutchess county, and L. G. Morris of Fordham, X. Y., and so perfect are these animals of their kind, that before importation, was several hundred dollars each were paid to obtain them. The excellent portraits which we give, hardly do justice to their full and symmetrical foi-m. (For illustration, see page 262.) IMPROVED CATTLE. The two favorite breeds of cattle^ with most of our enterprising farmers, are the Short Horns and Devons. In many districts of country, a great and striking improvement has been effected in the common herds by crosses with the Short Horns; and the rapid introduction of the Devons is likely to result in a similar advantage; the former increasing the size, early rnaturity, and fullness and symmetry of form — and the latter, the compactness, finish, hardiness, and beautiful exterior — of our native animals. The accompanying portraits represent excellent specimens of each of these breeds, imported byL.G. Morris, of Fordham. (For illustrations, see pages 260 and 264.) 264 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER 0 -^^® OF RURAL AFFAIRS. DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Washing Flannel^ To prevent flannel from shrinking and turning yellow, wash them in hot suds, and rinse them in clear, soft, boiling water — standing till cool enough to wring out. Ink Spots may be removed from linen by dropping melted tallow on them, and then washing. A GOOD Rat Trap may be made by filling a smooth kettle to within six inches of the top with water, and covering the surface with chaff. The first chap who gets in makes an outcry because he cannot get out, and the rest coming to see what the matter is, share his fate. To Remove Old Putty, moisten it with muriatic acid, and it will imme- diately become soft. To Wash Silk with great Success, spread it on a table, and then rub it with a sponge dipped in a mixture of equal parts of soft soap, brandy, and cane molasses. Rinse it thoroughly in three successive portions of water, and iron it before quite dry. Wounds in Cattle are quickly cured by washing several times a day with a mixture of the yolk of eggs and spirits of turpentine. Painting Houses. The paint will harden better and last twice as long by being applied late in autumn, than during the hot season. Marble Firrpxaces and Tables. Never wash them with soap suds — the potash of the soap decomposes the carbonate of lime, and in time destroys the polish. Door Knobs. To secure the paint around them in cleaning, place a piece of pasteboard with a hole cut to encircle them, and a slit to slip on. Griddle Cakes. To prevent them from sticking, rub salt over the griddle with a piece of bread before greasing. Moths are effectually excluded from clothes kept in cedar chests, or with cedar shingles occasionally laid between the clothes, in wardrobes, closets, &c. Flat Irons, if rough or smoky, will not stick to a starched surface, if rubbed over a flat surface of salt laid on a board or table. Cracks in Stoves may be effectually stopped by a paste made of ashes and salt, with water. Iron filings and sal ammoniac make a still harder and firmer cement. Gilt Frames, if cleaned are soon worn and spoiled — to prevent which, preserve them by applying a transparent vai'nish. To DRY PuMi^KiNs, stcw them first — they will be as good as fresh pumpkins in winter. Finish the drying in a warm oven. To Prevent Colors Fading. Dip new calico, pocket-handkerchiefs, &c.. in salt water. Bee Stings may be quickly cured by applying repeatedly a soft paste made of saleratus and water — the potash neutralizes the acid poison. A Glass Stopper, when too tight to be easily removed, may be easily loosened by applying a cloth wet in hot water, which expands the neck and sets it free. Adhesive Paste, made of rye flour, with a little alum added while it is boiling, is almost as strong as glue. I Carpets last longest by being often shaken, preventing the dirt under m^ and in them from grinding out the texture ; and by not being swept too (J frequently. 12 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Mince Pie Meat will keep well for several monthS; boiled, chopped, and packed down in a stone jar covered with molasaes. Sausage Meat is best preserved in new cotton bags a foot long and two or three inches in diameter, which after filling are dipped in and coated with melted lard. When used, the bag is sliced off with the meat, as it is much easier to make new ones than to preserve tlie old. Weekly Examinations. See that beef and pork are tinder brine; count towels, sheets, spoons, &c,; examine preserves and see they do not become mouldy; mend all garments; see that vegetables in the cellar are not sprouting and becoming mouldy; count clothes-pins; stir Indian meal to prevent fermentation. Fragments of Bread may be all saved by making them into toast and puddings, and they also make excellent pancakes, by soaking over night in milk, and then adding an egg or two and a little salt and flour. Preserves. If fermenting, boil them, and add a little powdered sale- ratus, say size of a pea for a quart or two, but more if much fermented. Black Ants. A correspondent of the Country Gentleman, says he tried many remedies for black ants without any success. His ground being gravelly, he could not make holes with the crowbar to entrap them ; tin cylinders, sunk in the earth, containing molasses, they Avent into — helping themselves with the molasses, and crawling out again. Tar round his trees became crusted in one day, and they ci-awled over it. They seemed to care nothing for all his attempts to get rid of them. He at length pre- sented them a hill for collection, for damages done, and that answered completely. Chickens completely routed them, — the coops being placed about the garden walks. In one week, the last ant disappeared. To MAKE Hemlock Beer tor the Sick. Fill a very clean two gallon iron kettle with hemlock branches and with cold water, and add two quarts of wheat bran ; boil nearly an hour, strain and sweeten it with nearly a pound of sugar, add a teacup full of fresh yeast. As soon as fermentation commences, bottle it for future use. Tried, and found right. Churning. In churning butter, if small granules of butter appear which do not ^* gather," throw in a lump of butter, and it will form a nucleus, and the butter Avill " come." To Remove Rust from Knives, &c. Cover the knives with sweet oil, well rubbed on, and after two days, take a lump of fresh lime, and rub till all the rust disappears. It forms a sort of soap with the oil, which carries off all the rust. To Clean Brass. Rub the tarnished or rusted brass, by means of a cloth or sponge, with diluted acid, such as the sulphuric, or even with strong vinegar. Afterwards wash it with hot water, to remove the acid, and finish with dry whiting. Gloss on Linen. To restore the gloss commonly observed on newly purchased collars and shirt bosoms, add a spoonful of gum-arabic water to a pint of the starch as usually made for this purpose. Two ounces of clear gum-arabic may be dissolved in a pint of water, and after standing over night, may be racked off, and kept in a bottle ready for use. To Thaw Frozen Pumps. Some throw in salt, some heat iron rods, &c., but an incomparably better way is to place a small lead pipe within the pump, and pour in hotAvater by means of a funnnel. The pipe should be as long as the frozen portion ; and conducting the boiling water right on the ice, removes it with astonishing rapidity, say one foot per minute, OF RURAL AFFAIRS. the pipe settling as rapidly. Where pumps are liable to freeze, it is well to have a lead pipe always at hand. Oiling Latches and Hinges. Every person who lives in a house, should spend fifteen minutes once every month in going over every part with a teaspoonful of oil and a feather, and give all the hinges, locks and latches a touch. It will save an incredible amount of scraping, banging, jarring, squeaking, harsh grating, dismal creaking, and other divers and several noises, which result from the want of a little oil. INTERESTINa FACTS FOR FARMERS. The "Way "Weeds Multiply. Dr. Lindley estimates as a low average the following number of seeds from each of these four plants: 1 plant of Groundsel produces 2,080 ") 1 " Dandelion " 2,740 !,« orn r^ior,f 1 '^ Sow Thistle, '-' ^^^^040^ 16,360 plants, 1 " Spurge " 540 J or enough seed from these four plants to cover three acres and a half, at three feet apart. To hoe this land, he says, will cost 6s. (sterling) per acre, and hence a man throws away 5s. 3d. a time, as often as he neglects to bend his back to pull up a young weed before it begins to fulfil the first law of nature. He recommends every gardener, whose vertebral column will not bend, to count the number of dandelions, sowthistles, &c., on the first square rod he can measure off. This same operation may be repeated in this country, by applying all the above estimates to the pig-weed, bur- dock, mullein, fox-tail, chick-weed and purslane. Plowing Head-Lands. We observe that this is often inconveniently and awkwardly done. The best way is to leave strips of untouched land at the sides, as well as at the ends of the field, all of equal width, and then the whole is finished by going round with one continuous furrow until it is finished close to the fence. In tliis way none of the newly plowed ground is trodden hard. ►Striking Illustration. At the Agricultural Convention held in Boston in March last, the presiding officer, Hon. M. P. Wilder, in the course of an able speech showing the advantage of improving agriculture, gave the following example: — " We have 150,000 cows in this Common- wealth. Suppose science enable these, or improved breeds, to yield one additional quart of milk per day, this at 3 cts. per quart, would increase the productive capital of the State $4,500 per day, or $1,642,500 per year; or if two quarts per day, a gain of, more than three million dollars annually. Durability of Red Cedar. We have heard of an old farmer, who, when asked how he knew that cedar posts would " last forever," said he had frequently tried the experiment. Some may doubt his assertion, yet its lasting powers have been found to exceed a long lifetime. At the head of one of the graves in " Old St. Mary's," Md., there stands a cedar slab, which, as the inscription indicates, was placed there in 1717, and is still perfectly sound. Breaking Halters. It is a serious fault for a horse to pull at his hal- ter. An animal of this character was tied to a stake on the bank of a stream, with his tail towards the water. He snapped the halter, tumbled ^0^= 268 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER over the bank, floundered in the water to his heart's content, and after' wards was willing to remain " at his post." Agricultural Papers. Every farmer, however small his farm, can well afford to take a good agricultliral paper, to assist him in the erection of suitable buildings and fences- the making and saving manure; the selec- tion of proper agricultural implements ; the best kinds of stock and fruit ; the feeding and fattening of cattle; the management of his land and crops; thus obtaining the united wisdom and experience of science and the best practical farmers, not only of our own country, but of the civilized world. Deep and Shallow Planting. C. L. Shepherd, of Illinois, planted his corn-field shallow, or about an inch deep, except eight rows through the middle, which were planted two or three inches deep. The shallow corn came up first, and kept theiead during the whole season. The dif- ference was discernible as far as the corn could be seen. Wash for Barns. The Horticulturist gives the following as the best for this purpose: Hydraulic cement, 1 peck; freshly slacked lime, 1 peck; yellow ochre, (in powder,) 4 lbs.; burnt umber, 4 lbs.; the whole to be " dissolved " in hot water, and applied with a brush. Benefit of Deep Plowing. The Michigan Farmer states that H. B. Lathrop, of Jackson county, in that State,^put in a piece of wheat, plow- ing not less than eight inches deep. At the same time, a neighbor plowed an adjoining field, being careful that the plow did not run more than four inches deep. The deep plowing gave thirty-two bushels to the acre, and the shallow plowing only seven. A portion of the sub-soil often operates as manure, and a deep soil prevents excessive flooding, as well as excessive drouth. The result, however, may vary much with change in localities, but may be easily determined by experiment. Durability of Posts. In a recent discussion, one member said he had used burr-oak posts 7 years, and thought they would last 6 or 7 years longer. White-oak will last, according to another member, 10 or 12 years; locust 20 years or more. Another stated that cherry rotted in 8 or 9 years; white-oak in 10 to 14 years; black-walnut in 9 to 10 years; locust 20 years. Much depends, it was affirmed, on the character of the soil; moist land causing a sooner decay than dry. Hedges for Flooded Lands. M. B. Bateham, of the Ohio Cultiva- tor, states that a two year old osage orange hedge was submerged a week without injury, where peach trees were killed by the flooding. Parsnips for Hogs. Parsnips appear to be nearly the only root, good for swine in an uncooked state. Turn a herd of swine into a field con- taining field beets, ruta bagas, carrots, and parnips, and the question will very soon be settled which they like best, and which, consequently, is best for them — the parsnips being wholly devoured before the others are touched. Balky Horses. It is said to be a first rate way to treat balky horses, by hitching a good steady horse and team behind them. They will soon forget their peculiar propensities and be glad for a chance to move the otli,er way. Food for Sick Animals. The American Vet. Journal states that an excellent diet for sick animals, is simply scalded shorts. When a horse has taken cold, with discharge from the nostrils, the mash may be \,put into the manger while hot, with a view of steaming the nasal ) passages. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 269 Q BY LUTHER TUCKER & SON, THE COTJITRY aEITLElM WEEKLY, AT TWO DOLLARS A YEAR. The seventh volume of this popular vreelcly Agricultural and Horticultural Jottr- NAL will commence with the year 1856. It is printed in quarto form, tmd makes two hand- some volumes yearly, of 416 pages each, illustrated by superior eniiravings, of Houses, Farm Buildhigs, Domestic Animals, Implements, Fruits, Flowers, .tc. It embraces, in addition to its Departments relating especially to Rural Affairs, a Fireside Depart- ment, filled with a choice collection of articles peculiarly adapted to interest, and to exalt the views and aims of the Family Circle, together with a careful digest of the News of THE Week, and full reports of the Produce and Cattle Markets. The Country Gentleman has been universally pronounced to be " Decidedly the Best Agricultural and Horticultural Journal in the Country." THE CTJETIV^^TOE, MONTHLY, AT FIFTY CEIVTS A YEAR. The Cultivator having now been published for twenty -two years, is too well known to the Farmers and Planters of the United States, as a sound, practical, common sense work, to need commendation at this time. A new series was commenced in 1S53, which contains the condensed experience of Farmers throughout the whole country-, on every subject connected with their pursuit. Three vols, are completed with the year 1855, and will be sent to new subscribers at 50 cents per vol., stitched in paper coversr— or for 5^1 per vol., handsomely bound, and post paid. [r?=" Clubs of Twenty are furnished with both The Cultivator and the Illustrated Annual Regl-jter, for ^10. THE ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS. Price in Paper Covers, 25 Cents ; Bound, 50 Cents. The first number of this work, for 1855, has now been a year before the public, and has been received with the approbation which its Cheapness, Usefulness and Beauty so richly deserve. You have here the number for 1856, and it will hereafter be issued regularly about the first of October in each year. Everj'- one should secure all the Nos. of the Register, which will ill time form a most valuable Rural Library. Price, in paper covers, 25 cents, or 552 per dozen ; bound, 50 cents, or $4 per dozen. RELATIONS OF CHEMISTRY TO AGRICULTURE, AND THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS OF MR. J. B. LAWES. TRANSLATED BY S. W. JOHNSON. Being a Review, by the distinguished Chemist, Justus von Liebig, of recent investigations and researches in England and elsewhere, into the Relations of Chemistry to Agriculture, aiid the correct Principles to be followed in the Application of Manures. \^y Agents are wanted for the above works in all parts of the country. ..£3] Address, LUTHER TUCKER & SON, Albany, N. Y. [C?" Send for specimen numbers, which will be sent to all who desire them (ESTABLISHED Ii\ 1839.) THESE NURSERIES OCCUPY NEARLY THREE HUNDRED ACRES 0¥ LAND, AND CONTAIN AT THE PRESENT TIME AN IMMENSE STOCK OF TREES, SHKUBS AND PLANTS, STANDARD FRUIT TREES, FOR ORCHARDS, HARDY GRAPE VINES; FOR VINEYARDS, FOREIGN GRAPES, FOR VINERIES, SMALL FRUITS, CURRANTS, GOOSEBERRIES, &c., RHUBARB, ASPARAGUS, &c. WALNUTS, CHESTNUTS, FILBERTS, AND ALL OTHER FRUITS GROWN IN THE NORTHERN STATES. AU are qf the inost Healthy and Vigorous Grmvth, and Guaranteed as to Accuracy. THE ORNAMENTAL DEPARTMENT IS DPE.OI=>OP^.TIO]Sr-A.TEXJ•'5^■ IB^SlTIBnsrSIVE, Q;^ And embraces, of new and old, whatever has been found worthy of cultivation. .^O RAPID GROWING TREES, for Avenues. BEAUTIF^UL LAWN TREES. EVERGREENS, all that are worthy of cultivation, in large quantities FLOWERING SHRUBS. ROSES, of all classes, in several hundred varieties. PiEONIES, Shrubby and Herbaceous. BULBOUS ROOTS, includina: the finest Hyacinths, Tulips, &c. DAHLIAS, one hundred Superb New Varieties, of proved excellence. GREEN AND HOT HOUSE PLANTS, the most popular and beautiful species and varieties. HEDGE PLANTS, consisting of Osage Orange, Privet, American Arbor Vitae, &c. STOCKS, for Nurserymen. All these articles are offered at low prices, and on the most accommodating terms. Packing for any part of the U. S., Canadas, or Europe, done in the most perfect mamier. The following priced Catalogues, furnishing full information, will be sent gratis and pre.* paid, to all who apply and inclose one stamp for each : No. 1. A Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits. No. 2. A Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, fee. No. 3. A Catalogue of Dahlias, Verbenas, Petunias, and select Green House and Bedding No 4. A AVhole^'^ale Catalogue, or Trade List. [Plants. No. 5. A Supplemental Catalogue of Fruits. We have no traveling or local Agents, except those who are furnished vdth proper certi- ficates, signed by us. Address, ELLWANGER & BABUY, Rochester, N. Y. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. FMIT, ORNAMENTAL TREES AND PLANTS. PaoPRIETORS OF THE GhENESEE VALLEY NURSERIES, II O O as: 3E3 S T 3B! E=t , 3Xr. TT. We offer for the fall of 1S55, and during the spring and autunui of 1S56, one of llie largest and best grown stocks of Fruit and Ornament a.l Trees, ROSES, SHRUBS, GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS, BULBS, &C, In the United States. Their Grounds occupy at the present moment upwards of one hundred and fifty acres. Particular attention in the Fruit Department is paid to the cultivatiou of Of ever>- description, for Orchards and Gardens, as well as Standard Fruit Trees, includiiig the Smaller Fruits. In the Ornamental Department, Roses, Evergreens, &r., are grown in large quantities. Owing to the excellence of our soil, and the care and labor which are bestowed upon our productions, we are enabled to furnish our customers fine healthy plants, thus giving them perfect satisfaction. The extent of our Grounds, and the facilities which we possess, make us able to fill entire orders, as desired, cither for large or small quantities. Packing of Trees and Plants"is done in the most superior manner, by men of long expe- rience in the business, so that Plants may go thousands of miles iu perfect safety. CATALOGUES. The following Catalogues represent our stock, each one of which is sent per mail to those who inclose a one cent postage stamp, upon application. No. 1. Descriptive Priced Catalogue of Fruits. No 2. Descriptive Priced Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c. No. 3. Descriptive Priced Catalogue of Dahlias, Verbenas, Green-House Plants, etc. — Published in the Spring. No. 4. Wholesale Catalogue, or Trade List, containing prices of Trees, &c., when fur- nished in large quantities. "Published in the Autumn. SAMUEL MOULSON, PROPRIETOR OF THE OLD i^oc:e3:estei^ istxji^sei^ies^ OFFICE 36 FRONT STREET, ROCHESTER, N. Y. Has increased the Establishment to an extent of over one hundred and fifty acres of hardy TREES, SHRUBS, PLANTS AND BULBS, Of an entire hardy character. Orders desired from every part of the United States. Trees M securely packed for any distance. Semi-Annual Inventories of the Stock furnished for a /f^ pre-paid cent stamp. I ) ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER THORP, SMITH, HMCHETT & CO., PROPRIETORS OF THE PROPRIETORS OF THE T H E -^ H -A. "V E 3Sr O ^W" ONE OF THE LARGEST AND BEST STOCKS OF NURSERY PRODUCTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, COMPRISING NEARLY ALL ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS, ROSES, DAHLIAS, OREEN-HOUSE PLANTS, &C., WHICH THET OFFER FOR SALE, AT WHOLESALE OR RETAIL, AT THE LOWEST RATES. Of Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees, their stock, both in quantity and quality, is unsurpassed. A limited number of Trees of each description, of bearing age, can be sup- plied, at from 75 cents to S3 each — the latter price being required for Dwarf Trees, from 8 to 10 feet high, composed mostly of the finer foreign varieties, and which have been three years in bearing. Of all the other kinds of Fruit trees, their stock is also large, and embraces the best and most popular varieties of each. A few commendations, taken from their correspondence, are annexed, as an assurance to customers that their articles are satisfactory in quality, and compare favorably with tliose of other Nurseries : " A better lot of Trees never came to this neighborhood. From the specimens you sent me you cannot fail of securing a very large business throughout the country." — Hon. Jas. Matheios, Coshocton, Ohio. " Your trees were magnificent — you excel your Rochester rivals In the quality of your productions." — BTessrs. Martin Lewis ^ Co., Chicago, III. " The Pear Trees are the best I have seen, with few exceptions." — Cyru^ Haivky, Esq., Milwaukie, Wis. •'• Tlie Apple Trees are first rate. They are as fine a lot as I ever saw from any Nursery East."— 17. A Smith, Esq., Springfield, O. " The trees were well packed, and are very fine — not one article but I am perfectly satis- fied with." — M. L. Dunlap, Esq., Leyden, III. " Tiie articles I have seen sent out from your Nursery pleased me better than any I have seen from any other source." — G C. Merrifield, Esq., St. Paul, Minnesota. " I must say a word in favor of your trees, for I think I never saw so fine trees in any Nursery, and I have visited a s-ood many." — David C. Berry, Es.q., Neioark,. N. J. " The .3.000 Pear Trees received from your Nurseries last fall, give universal satisfaction. They are superior to any I have ever seen that were grown at the Rochester Nurseries; and the packing could not be excelled." — E. B. Coleman, Esq., Peoria, III. " The trees came to hand last evening in excellent order. They were put up in a work- manlike manner, and give perfect satisfaction in every respect." — Henry J. Kellogg, Esq., Garrattsville, N.'Y. "[ received my trees all in good order. They went off like hot cakes ; and all say a better lot of trees were never brought into this section " — Pulaski Mason, FultonviUe, N.Y. [CP" Catalogues Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, sent to applicants encloshig a letter stamp for No. 1, , and a one cent stamp for each of the others. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. PROPRIETORS OF THE RIVER BA.NK: NURSERY, OFFICE 106 STATE STREET, ROCHESTER, N. Y. *-* We would respectfully call the attention of Nurserymen. Dealers and Planters, to our very large stock of Fruit Trees which we offer this Fall and Spring. To those about pur- chasing,"our stock offers great inducements, both in quality and price. The kinds propa- gated by us are principally those which have been especially recommended by the Ameri- can Pomologjcal Congress at its several meetings, as well as other kinds particularly suited to certani localities and sections of tlie Union and Canadas. AVe offer the foUowino- viz : 40,000 four year Apple Trees $90.00 per 1000. 100,000 three year do 70.00 do 15(K000 two year do 50.00 do 200.000 one year do 30.00 do 7,000 two year Cherry Trees , 17.00 per 100. 8,000 one year do 11.00 do 7,000 one year Dwarf Pears 16.00 do \Cr' New Catalogues furnished on application. ISrXJESERY]VIEjSr, OLCOTT, NIAGARA COUNTY, NEW YORK. NEW AND RARE FLOWER SEEDS. *« The subscribers have just received a very select assortment of English, French and German Flower See is, selected expressly for their trade, by one of the most experienced Florists in Europe, which, in addhion to many choice varieties of their own growlh. renders their assortment one of the most complete in the country. Among them are the followin«' prize varieties, selected from the finest flowers in cultivation — German Asters, Double Bal^ sams, Phlox (DrummoiKh), Calceolaria, Cineraria, Carnations, Cockscomb (crimson and yellow), Everlasting Flowers in many varieties, Ornamental Grasses, Hollyhocks, Stocks, English Pans es, Verbenas, &;c.. with many other varieties, which are enumerated in their General Catalogue, which will be sent to ail applicants on receipt of a peiniy stamp. For the accommodation of those who reside at a distance, they have prepared the follow- ing assortments of Flower Seeds, each distinctly labelled, with practical directions for their culture, enclosed in an envelope for mailing, at the low price of one dollar each, which will be forwarded by mail to any address, free of postage : Assortment No. 1 contains twenty choice varieties of Annuals $1.00 Assortment No. 2 contains twenty choice varieties of Eieiniials and Perennials 1.00 Assortment No. 3 contains ten extra fine varieties of Annuals and Pereiniials, some entirely new 1 . 00 Assortment No. 4 contains five very choice varieties, from Prize Flowers of German Asters, English Pansy, German Carnations, Verbenas, and Hollyhocks, each of which are sold at 25 cents singly 1 .00 Q;;7=- In sending orders, please give tlie number of the assortment. Any person remitting three dollars will receive the four assortments free of postage. Remittances can be made in bank bills or postage stamps. B. K. BLISS & HAVEN, Springfield, Mass. ^c:^^= ^ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER Has one of the largest and finest collections of Verbenas to be found in this country, NUMBERING THREE HUNDRED VARIETIES, Including some very choice Seedlings of 1855 — also, newly imported varieties. Plants in Pots, at all seasons of the year. Price, from S?1.50 to ^2 per dozen— $7 to $3 per hundred. Descriptive Catalogues for 1856, ready in January. [O* All orders, accompanied with remittances, will be promptly and faithfully attended to. DARBY KOAD. SEED WAEEHOUSE, No. 322 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. R. BUIST, Nurseryman and Seed Grower, Will supply the following Catalogues of his extensive stock to all who enclose a postage stamp for each : No. 4. Hardy Trees and Shrubs. No. 1. Vegetable Seeds. No. 5. Bulbs. No. 2. Flower Seeds. No. (5. Green-House and Garden Plants. No. 3. Fruit Trees. No. 7. Roses. OWISCO LIRE NURSERY, lUBIfRN, N. Y. COI.l.I]¥S & CHASE, Proprietors. Fruit and Ornamental Trees at wholesale and retail. 5.000 Virgalieu Pear Trees of large size. A large stock of Evkrgreens. Balsam Fir, Norway Spruce, American Arbor Vit^se, &c., of all sizes. D:7=- Orders will be filled by H, Collins, Waterloo, N. Y., previous to May 15, 1856. •W-A-SEciisro-TOisr oit"Y", id. o.^ HAS TO OFFER, FOR THE AUTUMN AND SPRING TRADE, 50,000 Gooseberries, twice transplanted, very fine. 50^000 Currants, red and white Dutcli, red and white Grape, Black Naples, Victoria, fee. 1,000.000 Norway Spruce, from .3 to 6 inches. 300.000 Silver Fir. from 3 to 6 inches. 50^000 Austrian Pine, 3 to 4 inches. 50.000 Scotch Fir, 3 to 4 inches. 500,000 Pear Stocks, one year, selected, very fine and .strong. [1:7=" To which the attention of the Trade is respectfully mviled. OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 275 The subscribers having taken over 70 Premiums for Implements and Machinery', at the Pennsylvania State Fair in 1854, invite the attention of Farmers and Dealers in every part of the United States, to their stock, which comprises every useful and valuable implement for the Farmer and Gardener, by wholesale and retail. Also, for sale, Fresh and Genuine r-IEXjID, FLOVU^EK, -A-lSriD a-^A.I?,IDElsr SEEI3S, Of the most approved varieties. Having the advantages of a Seed Farm and Vegetable Market Garden, for growing and testing seeds, near West Chester, Pa., a few miles from Philadelphia, our opportunities are not surpassed by any other establishment. Dealers sup- plied at a liberal discount. Every variety of Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrub- bery, supplied from the Morris Nurseries, at West Chester, established by one of the Pro- prietors. [C7" Illustrated Catalogues of Implements, with prices annexed; also, Nursery and Seed Catalogues furnished on application. PASCHALL MORRIS & CO., Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, cor. 1th and Market sts., Philadelphia. FRUIT TREES, ORNAMENTAL TREES, SUPIXJBS. *^ • An extensive and select collection of Fruit Trees, propagated exclusively from bearing trees of tlie finest sorts, is oflered for sale at the I\URSERY OF J. J. THOMAS, MACEDOIV, WAYIVE COUIVTY, N. Y. C;I7^ Careful selections will be made by the Proprietor, when desired, embracing a suita- ble proportion of the best varieties, so as to afford a regular succession of the Fine.st Fruit through Summer, Autumn and Winter. Also, for sale, a large collection of the best hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Flowering Plants, T KCORSE I^O-VT-EE,, As made by us, has taken the preference over all other Powers, where they have been used. Threshes and cleans the Grain at the same time, in a superior manner, and is free from the objection of throwing grain and dust into the teeder's face — it all being; discharged through tke macliine. This Machine has operated very satisfactorily where used. Is also so constructed as to prevent the grain and dust from being thrown ui the feeder's face. Has a Straw Shaker attached to it, which makes it one of the best machines to separate the graui from Ihe straw in use. Rub and clean the Seed at the same time, and can be operated with two horses. With some persons it gives entire satisfaction, and with others it does not do so well. otj:r •v;roo3D &.a.-^j^&:, Are made so as to be conveniently operated. 027=" We warrant these Machines to suit the purchaser — upon trial of the same, if they do not, they can be returned and the purchase money will be refunded. Early orders will be more likely to be filled than those sent when the Machine is wanted for use, as we have not been able to supply half the demand for them the past season. Any further information can be obtained by addressing G. WESTINGHOUSE & CO., Central Bridge, Schoharie County, N. Y. )c^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 283 FEUTILIZEHS, GRASS SEEDS, FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VMS, M, *^ De Burg's No. 1 Superphosphate of Lime; Best Peruvian and Mexican Guano; Ta Feu and Poudrette, Lodi Manufacturing Co. ; Ground Bone, Ground Plaster, Muriate of Lime, Pulverized Charcoal, Sulphate of Ammonia, &.c. New Rochelle or Lawton Blackberry ; Genuine Plants from original stock ; New or Pure Red Antwerp Raspberry Plants. GEO. DAVENPORT, No. 14 Commercial, corner Chatham Street, Boston. IROI CYLIIDER GRAIN DEILL, MANUFACTTJRED BY THE PROPRIETORS, AT MACEDON, WAYNE CO., N. Y. This Drill is universally acknowledsed, where it is known, to be the most perfect machine ever invented for sowing all kinds of Grain, and every description of Fertilizers in a concen- trated form. It is so coiTstructed, with the different sized gear wheels, as to sow any desired quantity of Grain, from five pecks to four bushels to the acre. In its arrangement for distri- buting Guano, Lime, Plaster, Ashes, &c., either in a damp or dry stale, if diflers from and excels all other Drills ever before offered to the public, a separate box for tiiese Fertilizers being attached in rear of the Grain box, from which the manure is evenly and perfectly delivered in the tubes, and is deposited with the Grain in the drill furrow. This attachment is also constructed to sow any desired quantity of the Manure, and may be used either with or without the Grain Drill. In addition to this improvement, we have also attached a Grass Seeder, for Sowing Grass or Clover Seed broadcast, which may be used either in front or back of the drill tubes. The Proprietors have been engaged in the manufacture of Gram Drills for over eight years, and have been continually making improvements. They now with confidence offer their improved Drill to a discerning public, and warrant it to give entire satisfaction. Re- ference will be given, on application to the Proprietors, to responsible persons in almost any State in the Union. Hundreds of certificates are in possession of the Proprietors, testi- fyhig to the superiority of this machine over all others. Where it is desired to Lime the AVheat or other Grain, this machine does the work in the most perfect manner, the Grain being prepared by soaking, receives a perfect coat of Lime in its passage through the tubes, as the Lime and Grain from separate boxes enter the tubes at the same time, (Drders thankfully received and punctually attended to. 7 Tube Drills S70 00 9 Tube Drills 80 00 11 Tube Drills ,.... 95 00 Fine Manui e Attachment 25 00 Grass Seeder 10 00 Delivered at the Erie Canal or New York Central Railroad. For further information, address BICKFORD & HUFFMAN, Macedon, Wayne Co., IV. Y. ©c^> ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER. BOOKS FOR EVERY FARMER. EVERY HORSE OWNER SHOULD HAVE YOUATT ON THE HORSE— Their Structure and Diseases, with their Remedies; also, Practical Rules to Buyers, Breeders, Breakers, Smiths, &c.; Notes by Spooner. — An account of Breeds in the United States, by H. S. Randall — with 60 illustrations, mus- lin, 463 pp., 12mo. §fl.25 EVERY CATTLE BREEDER SHOULD HAVE YOUATT AND MARTIN ON CATTLE— With their Breeds, Management and Dis- eases ; a complete Guide for tlie Farmer, the Amateur, and the Veterinary Surgeon — with 100 illustrations, muslin, 469 pp., 12mo. $1.25. EVERY GARDENER AND FRUIT GROWER SHOULD HAVE THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST— With Directions for the Orchard, the Nursery, and Garden, and Descriptions of American and Foreign Varieties, by J. J. Tho- mas—300 accurate figures, revised and enlargedj muslin, 421 pp., 12mo., $1.25. EVERY HOUSEWIFE SHOULD HAVE THE AMERICAN LADY'S PRACTICAL COOKERY AND DOMESTIC ECO- NOMY, by Miss E. M. Hall — One volume, 12mo., price $1.25 — This work has been pre- pared with much care, and well directed attention. It contains the results of experience, and will be found, on inspection, lo be all that is essential, either for the most simply or ela- borately furnished table. The department of Domestic Economy is an important feature in this work, and will be appreciated by care-taking housekeepers. EVERY FARMER SHOULD HAVE BLAKE'S FARMER'S EVERY DAY BOOK, OR LIFE IN THE COUNTRY— AVith the Popular Elements of Practical and Theoretical Agriculture, and 1,200 Laconics and Apothegms, relating to Morals, Regimen, and General Literature ; also, 500 Receipts on Health, Cookery, and Domestic Economy. By John L. Blake, D.D., author of" Bio- graphical Dictionarj'," " Family Encyclopedia," &c. 664 large octavo pages, with a motto surrounding each page ; bound in muslin- 10 fine illustrations, $2. Tlie same, em- bossed morocco, marble edge, $2.50. ^y^ Single copies sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of the price. \Cr' An Illustrated Catalogue, containing full descriptions of 150 popular books, suited to Family and Fireside readmg, furnished gratis on application. MILLER, ORTON & MULLIGAN, 35 Park Row, New York, and 107 Genesee Street, Auburn. S^c:^ OP RURAL AFFAIRS. BOOKIS IFOI^ FJ^I^nS^EDEtS. C. M. 8^XTO]Nr cfe CO., PBLISR THE FOLLOWING BOOKS FOR THE COUNTRY And WiU send them, Free of Postage, to aily part of U. S. upon receipt of Price. 1. The Stable Book— the best-work ou the Horse ^1 00 2. The Horse's Foot, with Directions How to Keep it Sound ; paper 25 cts., cloth 3. Browne's Am. Bird Faiicier( cloth) 4. Dadd's Atn. Cattle Doctor, (cloth) 5. Dana's Muck Manual, (cloth.) . . 6. Dana's Prize Essay on Manures 7. Stockhardt's Chemical Field Lec- tures 8 Blake's Farmer at Home 9. Buist's American Flower Garden Directory 1 ^ 10. Buist's Family Kitchen Gardener /5 11. Norton's Elements of Scientific and Practical Agriculture 60 12. Johnston's Catechism of Agricul- tural Chemistry, (for Schools.). 13. Johnston's Elements of Ag^ncul- tural Chemistry and Geology U. Johnston's Lectures on Agricul- tural Chemistry and Geology. . 15. Downing's Landscape Gardening 3 50 16. Fessenden's Complete Farmerand Gardener 17. Fessenden's American Kitchen Gardener, (cloth,) 18. Nash's Progressive Farmer 19. Richardson's Domestic Fowls... 20. Richardson on the Horse— Varie- ties, Breeding, &c • 21. Richardson on the Diseases and Management of the Hog 22. Richardson on tlie Destruction of the Pests of the Farm 23. Richardson on the Hive and Ho- ney Bee 24. Milburn and Stevens on the Cow and Dairy Husbandry 25 25. Skinner's Elements of Agriculture 25 26. Topham's Chemistry Made Easy, for the use of Farmers 25 27. Allen's Treatise on the CuUure of the Grape 1 00 28. Allen on the Diseases of Domestic Animals 75 29. Allen's American Farm Book 1 00 30. Allen's Rural Architecture 1 25 31. Pardee on the Cullivation of the Strawberry, Sec 50 50 1 00 1 00 25 1 00 1 25 25 1 00 1 25 1 25 50 25 33. Phelp's Bee Keeper's Chart $0 25 34. Guenon's Treatise on Milch Cows, illustrated 38 35. Gunn's Domestic Medicine — a book for every married man and woman 3 00 36. Randall's Sheep Husbandry 1 25 37. Youatt, Randall, and Skimier's Shepherd's Owi Book 2 00 38. Youatt on the Breed and Manage- ment of Sheep 75 39. Youatt on the Horse 1 25 40. Youatt, Marthi, and Stevens on Cattle 41. Youatt and Martin on the Breeds and Management of tlie Hog. . 42. Mumi's Practical Land Drainer. . 43. Stephens' Book of the Farm, com- plete, 450 illustrations. 4 00 44. The American Architect, or Plans for Country Dwellings 45. Thaer, Sliaw, and Johnson's Prin- ciples of Agriculture 46. Smith's Landscape Gardening, Parks and Pleasure Grounds. . . 47. AVecks on the Honey Bee 48. Wilson on Cultivation of Flax. . . 49. Miner's American Bee-keeper's Manual • . . ■ 50. Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-keep- ing 51. Cottage and Farm Bee-keeper. . . 52. Elliott's American Fruit Grower's Guide • 53. The American Florist's Guide.. . 54. Every Lady her own Flower 6ar» dener ; paper, 25 cts. ; cloth 55. The American Rose Culturist ; pa- per, 25 cts. ; croth 56. Hoare on the Cultivation of the Vine 57. Chorl ton's Cold Grapery, from di- rect American Practice 58. Saxton's Rural Hand Books, 2 vols 59. Bement's Rabbit Fancier. ... 60. Reemelin's Vine-dresser's Man- ual 61. Neil's Fruit, Flower, and Vege- table Gardener's Companion. . . 62. Browne's American Poultry Yard 1 25 75 50 6 00 2 00 1 25 50 25 1 00 1 00 50 1 25 75 50 2 50 50 32. Fodder's Farmer's Land Measurer 50 I 63 Browne's Field Book of Manures 1 00 1 00 1 25 ■—^3© - — ^ ■ — ■ ■ ■ — '^=f ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER 0 ©ur 'popular Jfmilg lottrnak. SOS rBTi.OA.TD'W.A.-'sr, 3>TE"V57" "sroitic. Publish the following Scientific Serials, which, afford an excellent opportunity for bringing before the public all subjects of general uiterest : LIFE ix.lxjstii^t:Ed. A First Class weekly Newspaper, devoted to News, Literature, Science, and the Arts ; to Entertainment, Improvement, and Progress. Designed' to encourage a spirit of HOPE, manliness, SELF-RELIANCE, and ACTIVITY amoug the people; to point out the means of profitable economy ; and to discuss and illustrate the leading ideas of the day ; to record all signs of progress ; and to advocate political and industrial rights for ALL classes; "all combniing to render it one of the best family Newspapers in the World. Published weekly, at Two Dollars a year hi advance. " Certainly one of the most beautiful specimens of newspaper printing we have ever seen." — Buffalo Ch. Advocate. ''% " Ijarge size and faultless typography. Almost every branch of human knowledge is treated of by able writers."— Sc!e/i£(j?c American, " We pronounce it the most beautiful weekly paper iu the Union."— 2J. /. Reformer. THE WATER-CURE JOURNAL, AND HERALD OF REFORMS. Devoted to Hydropathy, its Philosophy. and Practice ; to Physiology and Anatomy, with Illustrative Engravings ; to Dietetics, Exercise, Clothing, Occupations, Amusements, and those Laws which govern Life and Health. Monthly, at One Dollar a year. " Withm the \vhole range of our acquaintance, we know of no publication so well adapted to doing good as the Water-Cure Journal." — Lockport Messenger. '" Unquestionably the most popular Health Journal in the Avorld "—V Y. Evening Post. THE AMERICAN PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL. A Repository of Science, X.iterature, aild General Intelligence; devoted to Phrenology, Education, Magnetism, Psycholog)', Mecliaiiism, Architecture, and to all those Progressive Measures which are calculated to Reform, Elevate, and Improve Mankind. Illustrated with numerous Portraits and other Engravings. A beautiful quarto. One Dollar a Year. " Standard authority in all matters pertaining to Phrenology." — American Covrier. " Devoted to the highest happiness and interests of man." — Neio York Tribune. For Three Dollars in advance, a copy of Life Illustrated, the Phrenological I Journal, and the Water-Cuue Journal, will be sent a year to one address. \Cr' Now is the time to suhscribe. Communications, New Books for notice or re\-iew, J Advertisements, and Subscriptions, should be addressed to the Publishers, as follows : A [D=- AGENTS WANTED. JVo. 308 Brojidway, ]Vew York ©c^^ ^ ^ -~ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 287 THE SITURDIY EVENING POST. ESTABLISHED AUGUST 4, 1821. "V^T-EEKLIL.-^ EI3ITI03Sr BET-V;rEEIvr 80,000 Sc SO OOO. Over THIRTY-FOUR YEARS havc elapsed since the Post began its weekly round of blended instruction and amusement; and never, in all that period, was its success so marked as at the present lime. Possessing undeniably the largest circulation, by many thousands, of any paper of its class in the Union, its subscribers have ihe best of reasons for believing that a stands upon a permanent basis, and that they M'ill receive the full value of every dol- lar intrusted to its publishers. Jts ample columns contain Orighial Novelets, Sketches, Let- ters, Pictures of Life m our own and Foreign Lands, Choice Selections from all sources, Agricultural Articles, General Neics, Humorous Anecdotes, Engravings, View of the Pro- duce and Stock Markets. Bank Ncte List. Editorials, ^c.—ouc object being to give a Com- plete R'^cord, as far as our limits will admit, ^sf the Great World. KTOTIOES OF THE I^I^E^S- We regard it as the best of the Philadelphia literary papers. Its editorials are written with ability, and take a comprehensive view of whatever is discussed. — Echo, Johnst., Pa. One of the most readable and entertaining family newspapers in the country, and de^. serves, as it enjoys, a wide-spread circutS- tion.—Pio?ieer, Elizabeth City, N. C. We are in weekly receipt of tliis invalua- ble fami'y journal, and should teelyery much at a loss without it, as we consider it the best literary paper now published in the United States, without any exception. — Deviucrat, Cambridge, Md. This is one of the few large papers filled- with life and thought, instead of lumbering trash. Its management is marked by libe- rality, courtesy, ability and tact. It employs. the best literary talent, and spares no pains or expense. As a family paper, one of literary and general intelligence, we cordially com- mend it. — Cayuga^Chief, Auburn, N. Y. Emphatically a family paper in every sense of the word, replete with the most instructive and entertaining matter. ^Vhoever wants a literary paper of the first class, should secure the Post, as it most certainly embodies every thing that can be desired to constitute a paper of rare excellence. — Jersey Shore {Pa.) JVeivs Letter. It is the best literary and family paper in the Unioii. — Rock Islander, Rock Island, III It is deservedly one of the most popular public journals in the United States, combin- ing jis it does, in a literary point of view, all the interest of the best magazines, with a vast aniount of general intelligence. — Republican, Litchfield, Ct. This is a fine family readino^ paper, and has an immense circulation. It will be seen to include among its correspondents a large number of the ablest writers in the country. — Christian Aiiihassador, Auburn, N. Y. We have heretofore spoken in high terms of the merits of the Post, as one ot the best papers on our exchange list, and we regard it as one of the best literary papers to be foui d anywhere. Its editorials are written with 'a'oiljty, and take a liberal, independent, and compreheiLsive view of men and things. — Star and Adv., Wrightsvilk, Pa It is emphatically one of tiie very best lite- rary newspapers in the whole country, and dese^^■es the unparalleled succes§ with which it has met under its present enligntened and liberal proprietorship. The greater its cir- culation in this State, the less, probably, is our gain pecuniarily ; yet wp must pronounce it a most excellent journal, and worthy of the patronage of everybody. The contributors to the Post are among the finest writers in America, and t^e" eilitor's articles are always characterized by truth and taste.— Jersey Blue, Camden, N. J. 1 copy, per year $2.00 4 copies, per year 5.00 8 copies, per year, (and one to the getter-up of Club) 10.00 13 copies, per year, (and one to the getter-up of Club) 1.5.00 20 copies, per year, (and one to the getter-up of Club) 20.00 ii A.ddTess,alxoays post paid, DEACON & PETERSON, l\ ^ ^ No. 66 South Third Street, Philadelphia, Pa. fL Q \0^ SAMPLE NUMBERS sent gratis to any one, whtn requested. Q ©C^=— --^_. — : «i^3@ ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL EEQISTER f NEW l^OKK this is the largest establishment in the United States, with the most complete assortment mfeht of Agricultural.'aild Horticiiltufal' Implements, of' all kinds, Field and Gardeii Seeds, aud Fertilizers. PLOWS/HARROWS, ROLLERS, CULTIVATORS, aiRDEN AND FIELD SEED SOWERS AND DRILLS, MOWING AND REAPINO MACHINES, AND HAKVEStlXG TOOLS OF E^"ERy DESCRIPTION. HORSE HAY RAKES, HORSE PITCHFORKS, HAY PRESSES, THRESHERS, CORN SHELLERS, OF VARIOUS SIZES AND PATTERNS, SMUT MACHINES, MAY AND STRAlkr CUTTERS, PORTASLE CTDER AND GRAIN MILLS, LITTLE GIANT CORN AND COB CRUSHERS, MEAT CUTTERS A\D SAUSAGE STUFFERS, Draining Tools, Wagons, Horse and Mule Carts CANAL. AND WHEEL BARROWS, TRUCKS, BRICK MACHINES, PUMPS, WATER RAMS, FERTILIZERS, Such as Pejuvian Guano, first quality, wath Government weight and brand on each bag; Improved Superpltosphate of Lime ; Bone Dast, Poudretle. Ta Feu, &c. Also, Potoing aiitr lim|iiig Pai;|tius, of all %mh, Allen's Celebrated Improved Mower and Reaper, the easiest draft, strongest and most simple in constroctioii, and never clogs. Danford's Mower and Reaper. Ketchum's Mower. Hussev's Mower and Reaper. McCormick's Reaper. Manny's Mower aud Reaper. Atkin's Reaper, wilh Self-Raker attached. The subscribej has al?o one qif the tairgest Manuractories of Agricultural Imple- ments and Machinery, which he manufactures, in the best manner, and in great variety, A Catalogue of the above Implements, Seeds, and Fertilizers, of over 100 pages, hand- somely illustrated with plates, will be forwarded, by mail, when requested, post paid. A 189 and 191 Water Street, New York. (j ^c^ — ^^=^ "1 O