"Darlington Memorial Library

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/890

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1879, by LUTHER TUCKER & SON, in the OfBce
the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

THE BEST WEEKLY AGRICULTURAL PAPER.

•-♦-•

Combined Papers, ) Vr^r TTATr- ^r^-n tQQ^ i Country Gentleiiian,

Fiftieth Year. \ VOLUME FOR I88O. j Twentv-Eighth Year.
f-r*

THE ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER
PRESENTED TO ALL ADYANCE PAYING SUBSCRIBERS.

The Publishers of the Country Gentleman, will present to every advance paying subscriber
for 18S0 a copy of the Illustrated Annual Register ok Rural Affairs and Cultiva-
tor Almanac for 1880— the price of the paper remaining the same as heretofore, $3 per year,
or $2.50 when paid strictly in advance, and to Clubs as follows :

GliUB TER3IS {including Annual Register) for 1880,

'• (Provided the order is in all cases accompanied by the cash.)

ii^OUR Copies, one year, with an additional copy for the year free, to the scttder, SI O
, T.E<\ Copies, one year, with an additional copy for the year free, to the sender, $20
The lowest Club price, as will be seen above, is Tivj Dollars per Copy, but one copy for the year
, , , will be furnished gratuitously for each Club of Ten Subscribers.

The Cultivator & Country Gentleman, for very nearly Fifty Years, has ranked, both in
theS oo'untrj' and abroad, as the Representative Journal of American Agriculture. Its
Edito;?; in addition to their own labors, are now regularly assisted by an extensive corps of

SPECIAL CORRESPONDENTS

Arid Regular Contributors, among whom are included many Leading Agriculturists here and
abi-Oid, ,and by over

, EigST HUNDSED OCCASIONAL and VOLUNTARY WRITERS,

1 FfsW apiong the Best Farmers of All parts of the Country,— eminently practical men, who
1 discuss practical questions from the stand point of actual experience,— and it thus constantlv re-
j fle/its the actual condition of the husbandry of the United States and of the world at lar<^e '

HORTICULTURE AND GARDENING.

Thq Country Gentleman gives in its Horticultural Department a continuous variety of
infofrhkt'ion and su^rgestions, equal or superior in the aggregate oti this sribjeci alone, to what is
obtained in the moaihly numbers of most magazines devoted to horucuiture, entirely aside from
all'the other diversified contents of its weekly issues.

THE LIVE STOCK OF THE FARM.

T^^/^ountry Gentleman devotes special attention to this most important subject, and has
I probr\'b)} done as much as all other Journals combined, to introduce and disseminate Improved
,[ Stqctof-very kind. It has no equal in circulation among tiie breeders of the United States and
Cauadas, and none in the extent to which it commands their confidence and respect.

CURRENT INTELLIGENCE.

Tk^ Country Gentleman, aside from its merits as a Practical Journal for farmers, horticul-
turists and breeders, aims at superiority in presenting a current record of Agricultural Intelligence,
which 'slikll render every number fresh and interestuig when it appears, and as well worthy of pre-
servation, for reference in this respect, as in all others. In no other periodical is to be found so
widij a correspondence yvith regard to Crop Prospects and Prices throughout the Country ; its Mar-
ket Rajwlts are exceptionally full and complete, and no source of information is neglected from
which trustworthy light can be obtained on that most important of all questions to the Farmer—

WHEN TO BUY AND WHEN TO SELL.

The Country Gentleman combines, with the above leading features, Minor Departments of
a practical character, such as the Dairy, the Poultry- Yard, the Apiary, tiie Greenhouse, and so on,
and weekly presents Recipes for the Housewife, and an interesting variety of Fireside Reading.
It contains a well edited Review of Cu-rent Events, which shows what is going on outside the
world of agriculture, and its advertising pages furnish a directory of all the principal agricultural
and horticultural establishments of the country. Sample Copies free on application.

Address 1.IJTHEB TUCKER d: SON, Publislier.s, AI^UAXY, N. T.

Luther H. Tucker.] [Giluket M. Tucker.

THE

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL

REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS

AND

CULTIVATOR ALMANAC
For the Year 1880,

CONTAINING

PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FARMER
AND HORTICULTURIST.

BY J. J. THOMAS.

AUTHOR OF THE 'AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST,' AND 'FARM IMPLEMENTS;'
Associate Editor of the Cultivator & Country Gentleman.

ALBANY, N. Y. :

LUTHER TUCKER & SON, 395 Broadway.

1880.

Copyright, Luther Tucker & Son, 1879.

. N

< ^@

;X

PUBLISHERS* ADVERTISEMENT.

THE ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS has
now reached its Twenty-Sixth year, under the continuous Editorial charge of Mr.
John J. Thomas, to whose thorough practical knowledge of the various topics it has em-
braced, with assistance from other accomplished writers on special subjects, its readers
have been indebted for the most comprehensive and concise series of papers in the differ-
ent branches of Rural Econom)', within the whole range of our agricultural literature. The
profuse illustrations from the pencil of the Editor, by which they are accompanied, give
special attractiveness and value to the work, for which most of them are especially drawn
and engraved ; and the reading matter is wholly from the manuscript of the authors, and
original, except to the limited extent in which it is expressly stated to be a condensation
from the writings of others. Brief reference is made, under the head of " Agricultural
Memoranda," to the leading events of the past year — the books published, deaths record-
ed, chief importations of improved stock, leading public sales, &c.

Designed to supply, in connection with the Calendar pages of an Almanac, an Annual
of Agriculture and HorticuUure, The Register of Rural Affairs incidentally illus-
trates from year to year, the progress made in these important Arts, but is especially in-
tended to compress within a small compass the largest possible amount of information for
the farmer and fruit-grower, and indeed on all points connected with the out-door or in-
door labors of those whose homes are in the Country-. While the previous numbers will
consequently be found to contain more or less on every branch of practical cuUivation, they
are also especially rich in Designs for Farm and Country Houses and Workingmen's
Cottages,— on Ornamental Planting, and the care of Gardens and Grounds,— and on re-
lated topics, such as Architecture generally, plans of barns, ice-houses and other out-
buildings, fences and gates, vegetable physiology', entomology, farm and horticultural im-
plements, the care of domestic animals, hints for housekeepers, underdraining, butter and
cheese making, poultry and bee-keeping, &c., &c.— thus constituting in fact a Library
in themselves. The Publishers can supply the Numbers in paper covers, as they original-
ly appeared, with the exception of those for 1855, '57, i860, '63, 1873, '74 and '76. Either
of these may at any time be obtained by remitting Thirty Cents, or any four of them for
One Dollar, enclosed by mail to Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y.

RURAL AFFAIRS.

A reprint of the Annual Register appears under the above title, in Triennial
Volumes, on larger, finer and heavier paper, without advertisements or calendar pages.
This is the only form in which the entire set can be procured, and it contains about
Twenty-Seven Hundred pages, in all. illustrated with nearly Thirty-Five Hwidred En-
gravings. A brief Abstract of the Contents of the several Volumes appears in the fol-
lowing pages, although necessarily so compressed as to convey but a very incomplete idea
of the number and variety of the topics embraced, and the concise and practical manner
in which they are treated.

RURAL AFFAIRS-IN EIGHT VOLUMES.

^

CoUNTRY Dwellings. —/^i/z'^^w Desigiis.
accompanied with Plans, in many in-
stances, of several floors — also estimates
of Cost — together with General Rules for
Building, and remarks on the Art of Plan-
ning a House.

Laying Out Grounds. — Four Articles
on Laying out Farms — two on Grounds
around Houses and Flower Gardens —
eight on Modes of Planting, and the Trees
and Shrubs to be employed.

What Fruits to Choose. — Sixty-one
Varieties of Apples ; Fifty-four of Pears ;
Twenty-eight of Peaches ; Te7i of N ecta-
rines and Apricots ; Thirty-four of Plums;
Twenty-eight of Cherries ; Thirteeti of
Strawberries, and a dozen of Native and
Foreign Grapes are described— yNX^^a. Ap-
proved Lists at greater length, and Select
Assortments recommended.

Domestic Animals. — Improved Breeds,
illustrated by Portraits. A valuable arti-
cle on Doctoring Sick Animals, with Sim-
ple Rules and Remedies, embracing the
most common Diseases of Horses, Cattle,
Sheep and Swine.

Fruit Cu ltu re. — Twenty-two A rticles —
Treatment of Orchards, Large and Small
Fruits, with a large number of brief
Notes, presenting many valuable Hints
and Suggestions.

vox^xj:^xei two

A Complete Country Residence. — The
Dwelling, Ornamental Grounds, Orchard,
Gardens, Out-Houses, described and illus-
trated— concluding with an article on the
Apiary, embracing the management of
Bees, by M Quinby.

Country Houses — Twenty-seven De-
signs, including some of great merit for
Workingmen's Cottages and an illustra-
ted Chapter on Ventilation.

Fruits and Fruit Culture. — Farther
Notes and Lists — a full Article on Pear
Culture — Hardy Fruits at the West —
Apples and Apple Orchards — Grafting and
Grafting Knives, with upwards of Fifty
Illustrations.

Flower and Kitchen Garden. — Annual
Flowers — Vegetable Management — the
Vinery and Green-House — the Verbena —
also a'full Article on Hedging and Hedges,
with Directions for their Cultivation

Farm Buildings. — Eight Designs of Barns
and Stables ; Stalls for Horses and Cattle
— Cattle and Sheep Racks — also a full
Chapter on Iron for Furniture and Rural
Structures

Farm Management. — Mr Thomas' Prize
Essay, with new illustrations — also a Chap-
ter on Underdraininsr- pronounced by all
the most concise and complete of its kind
that has yet appeared.

-440 IllxistratiorLS.

Farm Buildings— Barns, Carriage Houses,
Stables, the Piggery, Smoke-House, Poul-
try House — Mode of Cistern Building, of
Erecting Lightning Rods, &.c.

Farm Implements.— Twenty-three Arti-
cles, amply illustrated, embracing nearly
all the principal Implements in which the
Farmer is concerned — also the Wind Mill,
Steam Engine, &c.

Butter and Cheese Making. — The best
modes and means treated at considerable
length, accompanied by Designs for Dairy
Houses.

Rural Economy. — Many Articles and
Notes, the Fruits of the Author's long
experience and observation on Farm Man-
agement Rotation, Packing Trees and
Plants Satisfactory Farming, &c , &c.

Rustic Seats and Structures. — Illustra-
ted Designs for Summer Houses, Flower
Stands, Rock Work, and other similar
Rural Ornaments.

School Houses. — A Chapter embracing
several neat and tasteful Designs.

Weights and Mea'^ures. — Tables for
Reference, including Length, Distances,
Specific Gravities, &c.

Domestic Economy. — Numerous valuable
and well tested Recipes for Household
use.

— 4oO llliastrations.

Farm Fences and Gates. — Cheap Fences
— a full Article on Wire Fences — Modes
of Construction — Hurdles — Useful Hints
about Gates, with Fifteen Engravings on
the latter subject alone.

Domestic Animals. — Feeding — Steaming
Food — Veterinary Recipes— Wintering
and Stabling— Wool Table, &c., &c.

Nursery Lists. — A Descriptive and Illus-
trated List of the Principal Nurseries in
the United States — Supplement to the
above — Principal Nurseries in Europe.

Ornamental Planting. — Beautifying
Country Houses— Modes of Grouping-
Lawns, Walks and Rustic Objects— with
Nine Plans of Grounds and nearly Forty
Engravings.

Implements of Tillage.— Tillage— The
Gang Plow — Improvements in Plows
and Harrows— Plowing and Subsoiling—
Ditching Plows— Implements for Surface
Tillage.

Other New Implements &c. — Farm
Workshops— A Horse-Power— Hay Fork
—Mill— Stalk Cutter— Potato Digger-
Painting Tools— with numerous hints.

Rural and Domestic Economy.— Root
Crops— Good and Bad Management-
Dairy Economy— Rules for Business-
Early Melons— Cleaning Seed Wheat-
Packing Trees for Transportation, «S:c.

I]

V0IL«XJ3£E: three: 440 Illnstrations.

Workingmen's Cottages —Six Desigm
and Seventeen Engravings — the Cottages
costing irom ;^25o up to JSoo

Grounds and Greenhouses —The Ar-
rangement of small ?ind large Gardens-
Structures for Greenhouse Plants, includ-
ing the Cold Pit, Ward Cases, <&c.

Farm Buildings.— General Considerations
involved in their construction — Four De-
signs for Barns— Thirty Engravings.

Architecture. — Complete directions for
One. Two or Three Story Buildings on 1
the Balloon Frame System— 24 Engrav-
ings— Directions as to Carpenter's and |
P.lason's Specifications, and a Glossary of ; Domestic An

iirchitectural Terms— 48 Engravings.

Farm Husbandry. — How to render Farm-
ing Profitable, is treated in one or more
Chapters and a very great variety of Hints
and Suggestions are given in Practical
Matters and General Rural Economy.

Weeds and Grasses. — The chief varieties
of Annual and Perennial Weeds, and of
Useful Grasses, are described very fully,
the former accompanied with 21 Engrav-
ings, and the latter with 13.

Practical Entomology. — Dr. Fitch's
Chapter on Insects Injurious to Fruit
Trees, Grain Crops and Gardens, with 34
Engravings, and full Definitions and De-
scriptions.

Fruits and Fruit Culture. —The Newer
Plums — Strawberries — Dwarf Pears —
Management of the Grape — Summer
Pears — Training Pyramids — Dwarf and
other Apples — Cherries and Gooseberries
—A Cheap Grapery, «S:c., »S:c. — more thaa
50 Engravings.

Flowers. — Pruning and Training Roses —
Notes on New and Desirable Flowering
Plants— 20 Engravings.

Vegetable PHYsioLOGV^-Tracing Growth
of the Plant from the &nbryo throughout
— the Principles of Grafting and Bud-
ding, &c. — 61 Engravings.

-A large variety of

Hints as to Breeds and Management —
The Apiary I different Hives and the
Mode of Caring Properly for Bees.

The D.\iry.— a full Chapter on Butter and
Cheese Making and Management of Cows,
with numerous Hints.

The Poultry Yard. — A Complete Chap-
ter, by C. N. Bhment. with 33 Engrav-
ings of Fowls, Poultry Houses, &c.

Also — Filters and Filtering Cisterns. 5
'E.x\%xz.v\w%s—Light7iing Rods, 13 — Use-
ful Tables of Weights and Measures, &c
Maple Sugar Making. To these and
many other subjects more or less space is
devoted.

VOLTJ^IE FOUR 380 111-cistrations.

Farm Work —A Calendar of Suggestions
for each month in the Year, with Fifty-
six Engravings — including Ice-Houses
and storing Ice — making Stone Wall and
many other incidental points often omitted
— a very valuable article.

Orchard and Nursery.— Calendar for the
Year, with many useful Hints and Twenty-
two Engravings.

Kitchen and Flower Garden and Green-
House. — The labors of each successive
Month reviewed, with notes on varieties
of different Vegetables, &c.,&c., diV^A Fifty
Engravings.

Road Making.— With numerous Illustra-
tions and complete directions.

Cheese Dairying. — A description of the
Cheese Factories and System o\ Manu-
facture—also Design for private Dairy-
House, and Miscellaneous Hints for Dairy
Farmers.

Poultry.— Treatise on the Turkey— Poul-
try Houses and their arrangement, with
Designs.

Country Homes. — An article with Eight
Desig?ts, accompanied by Ground Plans,
&c., &c.

Rural Economy. — Painting and Paints
k —Vanushing — Glue— Harness— Chim-
neys, «&c., &c.

Pruning. — The principles and practice
fully described, with over Thirty illus-
trations.

Entomology. — A full Chapter on Collect-
ing and Preserving Insects, particularly
interesting to beginners in this important
science.

Fruits and Flowers. — Training Grapes
— the leading new Pears — New and De-
sirable Flowers -with a very large num-
ber of Condensed Hints, and Select Lists
according to the Latest Authorities— fully
illustrated.

Domestic Economy. — Full Directions for
Canning Fruits and Vegetables — a large
number of Useful Recipes, Ac, &c.

Domestic Animals. — A full article on
Mutton Sheep — The Management of
Swine— also Hints for the Bee-Keeper,
&c., «fec.

Implements and Inventions.— Mechani-
cal Contrivances for various purposes —
the Implements of Horticulture— New
Machines— largely illustrated.

Woodlands.— Planting Timber for Screens
— the Care and Culture of the Timber
Crop.

Bres and their Management.- Sugges-
sions for the Beginner— the Result of Long

Experience.

-=^3©

VOI^XJMIE: FIVI: 400 Illiastrations.

=^=©

Grape Culture.— Varieties, Propagation,.
Grafting, Trainhig, Transplanting, Trel-
lises ; Soil for Vineyards ; Marketing, &c.
—very Complete and Practical— TAirij/-
nitte Engravings.

Milk Farming, by the Author oi "My
Farm of Edgewood. ' Winter and Sum-
mer Feeding, Soiling, &c. With Plans
of Milk Barn— i'/.r Engravings. |

The Duck— its Management and Varieties, j
by C. N. ^Q.mt\\X.—Fiftee7i Engravings. |

Turnips and their Cultuke.— An admi-
rable article on the Rutabaga, with Practi-
cal Directions— i^i/?^^« Engravings.

Garden Insects, by Dr Asa Fitch— two
papers, with about Forty Engravings.

Reapers and Mowers— the leading Ma-
chines at the Auburn Trial — Nine En-
gravings. I

Rotation of Crops. — Principles involved
and Rotations suggested — illustrated.

Small P'ruits — their Culture on the Hud- 1
son, by Prof. Burgess— Z!4/V/j' Engrav- [
ings. '

Shrubs — a Practical and Descriptive Article j
on Shrubberies and the Selection of Lead-
ing Varieties— about Thirty Engravings.

Potatoes.— Culture, Varieties, &c., with
Twelve Engravings.

Vermin about the House, and How to ■

Drive them Away — illustrated '

■ •-♦

Wheat — an Essay on the Crop and its Cul-
ture, quite complete and practical — Four-
teen Engravings

Hedges and their Management, Causes of
Failure, &c. — Ten Engravings.

Labor Saving Contrivances. — Simple
and Handy 'I'hings about the Farm and
House — about Thirty Engravings.

Rural Impuovements, by Robert Morris
Copeland — with Plans and Modes of
Planting — Illustrated.

Fruits —Practical Hints in Fruit Culture,
with numerous Short Articles, and over
Thirty Engravings.

Strav/berries. —Marketing the Crop in
New-Jersey, by the Author of "Ten
Acres Enough" — Illustrated.

Flowering Plants. — Select Varieties,
with Descriptions and Twetity-tzvo En-
gravings.
And among Numerous Shorter Articles:

Hints in Rural Economy, by S. E. Todd —
Nine Engravings

South-Down Sheep— illustrated.

Items in Domestic Economy.

Hay Barracks and Corn-House — illustrated.

Rain-Gauge — Protecting Melons, do.

Hot-Air Furnaces, do.

Implements for Farm and Garden, do.

Improved Bee Culture, by M. Quinby.

Three-Story Barn,Giape Houses, illustrated.
«fec., &c., «fec., «fec.

VOLXJM:e: six 440 illustrations.

Culture of Indian Corn. — A Compre-
hensive and Practical Essay, though Con-
cise, illustrated with Teti Engravings.

Draining, Fencing and Wall Making.
— Full and Explicit Directions, with Maps,
Diagrams and Perspective Views, num-
bering, in all. Thirty-six Engravings.

Measuring and Mapping Farms — By
Methods Easily Adopted by any Farmer—
Eleven Engravings.

Town and Country Roads. — How to
Make them and How to Keep them in
Repair, by Robert Morris Copeland —
Four Engravings.

Farm Buildings. — Two Articles, with nu-
merous Desigus for Barns of Various
Sorts, Stables, Corn Houses, Poultry-
Houses, &c.— Forty-two Engravings.

Culture of the Carrot. — Soil — Planting
— Cultivating — Harvesting — Keeping —
Best Varieties — Eleven Engravings.

Destructive Insects. — Colorado Potato
Bug — Joint Worm — Grasshopper — Ene-
mies to Fruit Trees and Small Fruits,
including all the most important of the
Farmer's Insect Foes, with Directions for
Baffling them — Thirty-fonr Engravings.

Plowing without D^-ad Furrows— Why
to do it, and How— T^w Engravings.

Weed Hooks and Chains in Plowing. —
Six Engravings.

Plowing with Three Horses. — Advan-
tages and Directions — Fourteen Engrav-
ings.

Fruit Culture. — General Articles, con-
taining many Items of Interest and Value ;
also a Paper on Raspberry Culture, by A.
M. Purdy. Fully illustrated by about
Twenty Engravings.

Cheese Making. — All the Modern Im-
provements, with Apparatus and Processes
minutely described — Seventeen Engrav-
ings.

Hay Haking by Machinery, and its Cost
—Fourteen Engravings.

Implements and Machines.— Steam En-
gines— Horse- Hoes — Harrows— Drills —
Plows— Cultivators— all the New Ideas—
Thirty Engravings.

Ornamental Planting. — Laying Out
Lots — Favorite Annual and Perennial
Flowers and their Cultivation — about
Forty Engravings.

Domestic Economy— With Numerous Re-
ceipts for Cooking— Profusely illustrated.

Miscellaneous Papers on Various Mat-
ters of Interest to ail Country Residents,
too numerous to mention— Profusely Il-
lustrated.

The Farmer's Register of Dealers in Live
Stock, Seeds, Plants, Implements, Ferti-
lizers, &c , in all parts of the Country.

AA0LXJM:E SIIVEllV— ^TO illustrations.

Laying Out Home Grounds— with Plans
for Lots of Different Sizes and characters,
and W&ws— Twenty-one Engravings.

Cooking Food for Animals. — Crops and
Bam Arrangements. — A very Practical
and! Valuable Paper — Sixiee^i Engravings.

The Great Sale of the Century — At
New- York Mills. Sept. lo, 1873, $381,990
for 109 Short- Horn Cattle

The Circle of Fruits — Presh Fruit on
the Table Every Day of the Year— How
to Secure iX— Fifty Engravings.

Houses of Moderate Cost. — How to
Plan and Build them— Ten Designs, fully
explained — Twe7>ty-five Engravings

Construction of Greenhouses. — Loca-
tion, Arrangement, Heating and all about
them — Twenty-four Engravings.

Barns for Dsfferknt Purposes. — Seven
Designs, fully elaborated, with all neces-
sary details— 7'/i/W^'-.'z£/^ Engravings.

Piggeries and Pig Raising. — An indis-
pensable Essay for Everybody who Keeps
Ss\\nQ — Twelve Engravings

Ornamental Plants. — Two General Ar-
ticles, with Separate Papers on Roses and
Bulbs —Eighty-seven Engrav ings.

Small Fruit Culture for Profit —
Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries,
Cranberries — Fully illustrated.

Cranberry Culture in ^•E\v-JERSEY. —
Complete Description — 12 Engravings.

Pigeons. Management and Varieties. —
A very Complete and Concise Treatise,
illustrated with Thirty-one Engravings.

Tying Knots.— A Practical and Useful
Chapter, giving Directions that if follow-
ed will save a great deal of unnecessary
trouble — Twenty-two Engravings

AcciDKNTs AND Emekgencies. — Bums —
Conflagrations— Breaking through Ice —
Runaway Horses — Wounds of all Kinds
^Sprains — Railway Accidents— Choking
— ^Stings and Bites — Fits— Poisons — Ap-
parent Drowning &c. Fully illustrated.

Market Gardening for Profit — Direc-
tions derived from the Actual Experience
of Many Years — Fully Illustrated.

Suggestions in Rural Economy. — Three
Articles, dealing with Fifty Every-Day
Topics— Fully Illustrated.

Miscellaneous Papers. — Fruit Culture —
A Finished Country Residence — Minor
Buildings and Structures— Celery— Orna-
mental Planting, &c.— Fully Illustrated.

*

VOLUME EIOHT 440 llliistrations.

Ice Gathering and Ice-Houses.— Cheap
and Elaborate— Arrangement of Milk and
Fruit Rooms — all necessary Details —
Twenty-three Engravings. I

Ornamental Planting.— How to Plan, |
Lay Out and Decorate Large or Small
Grounds. Arrange Gardens, &c., Ac-
Practical Directions — 23 Engravings.

Barn Building — Calculating Size and
Arranging Space, with Numerous Designs,
very fully described, including all Essen- |
tial Particulars— an exceedingly valuable
Article, with Forty-two Engravings. '

Sketches and Portraits of Fruit. —
All the Leading Varieties— Pears, Apples, \
Plums, Peaches Cherries Currants and '
Grapes — TVzzVAj' Accurate Engravings.

Practical Vkntilation.— How to Secure
it — Twenty-three Engravings.

Forest Trees and How to Raise them.—
Oaks, Chestnuts, Beeches, Birches, Wal-
nuts. Hickories, Poplars, Maples, Elms,
Osage Orange, Horsechestnuts. Ashes,
Pines, Larches, Spruces, Cypress &c.,
&c., Varieties fully described, with Forty- I
t7vo Engravings.

Improvement in Domestic Animals.— '
Horses ; Cattle, Short-Horn, Devon,
Ayrshire. Channel Island, Dutch ; Sheep
and .Swine— illustrated by portraits of char-
acteristic specimens.

Beneficial Insects —Definitions, Trans-
formations and Classification, with Des- '

Hedges and F'ences. — The Osage Orange
and Honey Locust— The Best Post and
Rail — Thirty-one Engravings.

Fungi Injurious to Farmers. — Wheat
Rust, Corn Smut, Ergot. Black Knot, Po-
tato Rot— Fully Illustrated.

Farm Book-Keeping — How to do it
easily and well — Exact Rules, with Ex-
amples.

Sweet Potato Culture for Profit. —
Approved Methods — Ten Engravings.

Strawberries and Raspberries. — Kinds
and Management — Fifteefi Engravings.

Flowers «nd Gardening — The Lilies —
Ornamental Plants — the Landscape in
Winter — Profusely Illustrated.

Poultry Keeping — Artificial Incubation
— Self-Feeding Hoppers — Hen House —
Vermin — Eight Engravings.

Fruit Culture — Eighty-eight Topics.

Suggestions in Rural and Domestic
Economy. — Two Valuable Articles

Miscellaneous Papers. — Filberts — Prun-
ing— Vegetable Culture — Keeping Apples
—Tethering Animals— Grape-Growing—
Horse Shoeing— Fountains and Arbors —
Rotation of Crops— Thorough Culture-
Useful Facts and Tables— Mechanical
Suggsstions— Road Making, &c., S:c. —
Fully Illustrated

The Farmer's Register of Dealers in Live
Stock, Seeds, Plants. Implements. Ferti-
lizers, &c , in all parts of the Country.

criptions of Varieties— 18 Engravings

Price, Sl.SO per volianae, by ra.ail, postpaid.

LUTHER TUCKER & SON, Albany, N.

-^=^

INDEX FOR No. 25, FOR 1880.

Page.

Agricultural Memoranda, xi — xxii

Apples, Assorting, 211

for Iowa, 211

for Kansas, 213

for Minnesota, 210

for Missouri, 211

for Pennsylvania, 210

for Wisconsin, 210

Barn, Model Dairy, 239

Bean Crop and its Treatment, .. 150
Cultivation and Harvesting, . . .. 152

Preparing Land and Planting, 150

Preparing for Market, 154

Burns, Relieving Pain of, 204

Cabbages, Keeping, 217

Calendar Pages, xi— xxii

Canary Bikd^ and Management,. i3o

Breeding and Rearing, .. 185

Carnations, Layering in Cups, 229

Celery, Blanching with Tan, 217

Cellars, Fruit, 215

Cement for Pruning, . 20S

Coin, Sending in Letter, 201

Corn Crib, Western, .. 172

Cost, Estimate of, 177

Expenditure, Probable, 179

Lumber for. Bill of, . . 177

Shelling Machine, Position of, 173

Specifications, 175

Corn, Drawing off, 199

Corn Fodder, Stacking, ... ig6

Currants, Pruning, 214

Cuttings, Improved Methods, 230

Cuttings in Pots 229

Covers, Removing from Boxes, 203

Cycles of Time and Church Days, ... x

Domestic Economy, Items in, 201

Door- Yard Planting, 222

Earliness, Improving, 218

Eclipses for 1880, ix

Felons, Preventing, 204

Fence, Cheap, 194

Wire, 192

Floriculture, Items in, 227

Flower Beds, Finished, 227

Flowers, Early, 232

Flower Pots, Cocoanut, 23 1

Four Seasons, x

Frost, Paper Protectors against, 231

Fruit and Fruit Culture, 204

Fruit, Canning, 214

Cellars for, 215

Crop, Value of, 205

for Health, . . 205

Nutriment in, 204

Thinning, 208

Varieties, List of, . 205

Fruits, Hardy, for Iowa, 211

for Kansas, 213

Page
Fruit Houses and Fruit Rooms, . . 138

Fruit Garden, Selection of, 205

Fruit, Notes about, 204

Gate, Good Farm, 193

Gladiolus, Winter Blooming of, 231

Grain to Straw, Proportion of, 200

Grapes, Keeping, 212

Grapevines, Covering, 212

Grass, Trees in, . 207

Grounds, Ornamental Farm, 133

Harness, Pins for Hanging, 201

Hat Rack, Cheap, , 201

Hoarseness, Relieving, ... 204

Hot-Beds, Mats for, 2x5

Hyacinths, 231

Ice, How to Cut, igi

Insects, Remedies for, 218

Boys and Bugs, 218

Cabbage Worm, , 220

Cucumber Beetle, 220

Curculios, Catching, 219

Cu rant Worm, 220

Green Fly, 220

Hot Water for, 218

on House Plants, 220

on Plants in Pots, 220

on Roses, 220

Paraffin Oil for, 219

Repellants, 219

Rose Bug and Slugs, 221

Water and Tar for, 218

White Hellebore for, 221

Irrigation in Gardens, 217

Keys, Sending in Letters, 201

Lambs, Raising for Market, 165

Latches, Oiling, 203

Letters, Weighing, 202

Level for Draining, 193

Medicine, Giving in a Spoon, 201

Metric Weights and Measures, . . 234

Tables of Equivalents, 238

Tables of Measures, 237

Mice and Rabbits, 209

Microscope, Using, 201

Morning and Evening Stars, x

Mulching, Materials for, " 213

Oil on Young Trees, 209

Onion Culture, 216

Orchards, Cultivating, 206

Draining, 207

Enriching, . . 20S

Green Crops for, ... 208

Profitable, 209

Orchids, 233

Peach Buds, Endurance of, 212

Peaches in Georgia, 2x2

Peach Trees, Seedling, 211

Pears, The Newer, 146

Peas, Green, 216

^

INDEX.

Page.

Peas, Sowing in Autumn, 217

Pig- Pens, Construction of, 190

Planets Brightest, x

Plants, Making Hardy, 217

Potatoes, Experiments with, 224

Pruning, Good and Bad, 169

Pumping Water up Hill, 197

Rabbits, Repelling, 209

Raspberries, Drying, 214

Ornamental, 214

Roses, Varieties and Culture, 156

Bloom, Profusion and Continuity, 159

Form and Fragrance, 158

Manures for, 157

Soil for, 157

Varieties, Best, 160, 232

Vigor and Healthfulness, 159

Roots, Trimming, 209

[ Page.

Roller, Good Farm, 195

Rural Economy, Notes in 189

Seeds, Testing. 216, 231

■ Sore Mouth, Curing, 204

Strawberries, Rotation for, 214

Strawberries and Potatoes, 216

Syphons, 193

Thermometer, Hanging, 202

Thrift, for Windows, . . . 233

Time, Apparent and Mean, x

Tulip Tree, 1S8

Underdraining in Winter, 189

i Irregular Surfaces, . ig6

Vegetable Garden, The, 215

Vineyards, Crowding, 212

Virginia Creeper, 233

Wash-Tub, Convenient, 203

1 Water, Bringing up Hill, 197

ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. Figures. Page.

Barn, Dairy, Elevation, i 239

Plans, 2 . 240, 242

Section, i 241

Bean Hai-vester, i 153

Planter, i 151

Separator, 1 155

Canary Birds, Belgian, i 181

Cages for, 3 . 185, 1S6

Cinnamon, i 1S4

Nest Boxes for, 2 1S6

Nor^\^ch, i ... 183

Wild, I .... 180

Yorkshire, i ... 182

Clock, Adjusting, • 2 202

Coin, Sending in Letter, i 201

Corn Crib, Elevations, 2 174

Ground Plan, i 1 72

Sections, 2 .173,172

Door-Yard Planting, .. . 2 .222-223

Drawing off Corn, 2 ... 199

Farm Gate, 3 194

Farm Grounds, Ornamental, .. . 8 .133-138

Fence, Cheap, i ... 195

Fence, Making Wire, i 192

Flower Beds, 3 .227,228

Flowers, Propacatinjr, 3 .229,230

Fruit Rooms, Plan of, i . . 143

Sections, 2 . 139, 140

Storing Fruit, 8 .143-145

Hat Stand, ... i 201

Lambs, Fodder Rack for, 2 166

Mutton Lamb, i 168

Plans of Shed for, 2 . 165, 166

Level for Draining, i .. 193

Mats for Hot-Beds, i 215

Metric Rule, .. 1 236

No. Figures.

Page.

Open Garden, i . .

. 138

Pears, Beurre Superfin, i . .

Bonne de Puits Ansault, ... i . .

149

148

Doctor Reeder, i . .

. 148

Duhamel du Monceau, .... i . .

147

• 147
. 146

Jones' Seedline, 1 . .

Petite Marguerite, i . .

146

Souvenir du Congres, i . .

. 148

Wilder, I . .

■ 149

Pig-Pen, I . .

. 191

Plans of Farm, . . 2 .

. 136

Potatoes, Experiments with 2 .2

25-226

Pruning Trees, 6 .1

70-171

Pumping up Hill 2 . .

. igS

Roller, I .

■ 195

Residence, Secluded, 1 . .

Roses, Alfred Colomb, i . .

159

Anne de Diesbach, i . .

. 163

Bed of, I ..

157

Charles Lefebvre, i . .

. 162

Countess Chabrillant, i . .

. 162

Francois Michelon, i . .

. 162

La France i . .

. 161

Louis Van Houtte, i . .

• 103

Madame Plantier, i . .

161

Madame Victor Verdier. ... i . .

• 159

Marie Baumanr, i . .

162

Screen arourd Barnyard, i . .

• 137

Shropshire Ram, i . .

. i63

Spoon Holder, i

. 201

Stacking Cornstalks, 3 .

• 197

Svphon, I

193

Thermometer, Hangmg, i

. 202

Underdraining, 3 iS

h 19'^

Wash Tub, I ..

. 203

-^^©

THE

CULTIVATOR ALMANAC

FOR 1880.

ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATIONS IN EQUAL OR CLOCK TIME.

ECLIPSES FOR THE YEAR 1880.

THERE WILL BE SIX ECLIPSES this year, four of the Sun and
two of the Moon.
!• A Total Eclipse of the Sun, Jan. 11 ; invisible in the eastern portion
of the United States. The Partial and Total Phases may be visible,
under unfavorable conditions, through portions of Utah, Nevada and
California.

29. A Total Eclipse of the Moon, June 22 ; invisible in the eastern
portions of the United States.

III. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun, July 7 ; invisible throughout
North America.

IV. A Partial Eclipse of the Sun, Dec. i ; visible only in the Southern
Hemisphere.

V. A Total Eclipse of the Moon, Dec. 16; invisible in the eastern por-
tions of the United States.

YI. A Partial Eclipse of the Sun, morning of Dec. 31 ; visible in the
eastern portion of the United States, as follows :

At Washington, D. C. : begins, 6.53 ; middle, 7.43 ; ends, 8.;^2- ^^^S^^^-
tude, 4.2 digits.

At Boston, Mass.: begins, 7.19; middle, S.16; ends, 9.13. Magni-
tude, 5.4 digits.

At New-York City: begins, 7.06; middle, 8.00; ends, 8.54. Magni-
tude, 4.9 digits.

At Albany, N. Y. : begins, 7.0S ; middle, 8.04 ; ends, 9.00. Magnitude,
5.4 digits.

At Chicago, 111.: begins, 6.15; middle, 7.00 ; ends, 7.44. Magnitude,
3.9 digits.

At Cincinnati, Ohio : begins, 6.23; middle, 7.0S ; ends, 7.53. Magni-
tude, 3.5 digits.

At Charleston, S. C. : begins, 6.47 ; middle, 7.22 ; ends, 7.56. Magni-
tude, I.I digit.

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

CHURCH DAYS AND CYCLES OF TIME.
Scptuagesima Sun., Jan. 25 fEaster Sunday, Mar. 28 Dominical Let., D&C

Sexagesima " Feb.
Quinquagesima " " 8

Ash Wednesday, " li

Quadragesima Sun., " 15

Mid-Lent Mar. 7

Palm Sunday, " 21

Good Friday, " 26

Low " Apl. 4 Epact, i[

Rogation " May 2 Golden Number, 19

Ascension Day, " 6 Solar Cycle, 13

Whit Sunday,... " 16 Roman Indiction,... 8

Trinity " ... " 23'julian Period, 6593

Corpus Christi, " 27JDionysian Period, 209
Advent Sund'y,Nov. 28; Jewish Lunar Cycle, 16

THE FOUR SEASONS.

Winter begins, 1S79, December
Spring do. 1S80, March
Summer do. 1880, June
Autumn do. 1880, September
Winter do. 1880, December

H. M. D. H. M.

21, II 18 eve., and lasts 89 o 47
20, o 5 mo., do. 92 20 19

20, 8 24 eve., do. 93 1 4 34

22, 10 58 mo., do. 89 18 12

21, 5 10 mo.jTrop.year, 365 5 52

MORNING AND EVENING STARS.

Morning Stars. — Mercur}-, until Feb. 14; and from March 28 to
June 2; and from Aug. 5 to Sept. 17; and from Nov. 23 to the end of
the year. Venus until July 13.

Evening Stars. — Mercury from Feb. 14 to March 28 ; and from June 2
to Aug. 5; and from Sept. 17 to Nov. 23. Venus from July 13 to the
end of the year

PLANETS BRIGHTEST.

On account of the strong twilight in which Mercury is always immersed,
near sunrise or sunset, this planet will be taken to be brightest, or best
seen, when farthest from the Sun, at its greatest elongation, as follows :
March 10, after sunset ; April 26, before sunrise ; July 6, after sunset ;
Aug. 22, before sunrise; Nov. 4, after sunset; Dec. 13, before sunrise.

Jupiter brightest, Oct. 7. Saturn, Oct. iS.

APPARENT AND MEAN TIME.

Time \'&ho^ apparent and mean. The Sun is on the meridian at 12
o'clock on four days only in the year. It is sometimes as much as \(i\
minutes before or after twelve when the shadow strikes the noon mark on
the sun-dial. This is called apparent time. Mean time is deterniined by
the equation of these irregularities for every day in the year, and is noted
in all good almanacs. The latter is the true or correct time.

1st MONTH.

JANUARY, 1880.

31 DAYS.

MOON'S PHASES.

BosToy.

New-York.

Washingt'n

Sun on Merid.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D. ! H. M. S.

Third QuARTERj 5

2 5 mo.

I 53 mo.

I 41 mo.

I

12 3 44

New Moon,

II

5 56 ev.

5 44 ev.

5 32 ev.

Q

12 7 18

First Quarter,

19

I 56 mo.

I 44 mo.

I 32 mo.

17

12 10 19

Full Moon, —

27

5 28 mo.

5 16 mo.

5 4 mo.

25

12 12 33

.

CALENDAR

CAI.EJiri>AR 1

CALENDAR

X

a

For Boston, New-England,

For New-York City, Phila- 1

For Washington,

1

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

Maryl'd, Virginia,

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

Kent'ky, Miss'ri,

0

0
5

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

I

SON

SUN

MOON 1 H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN j SUN

MOON

Q

RISES

SETS.

RISES. BOST'N

RISES

SETS.

RISES

N.Y.

RISES SETS.

RISES.

1 1 1
H ISI H m| H M H M

iH

M

H M

H M

H M

H

M H M H M

I

T

7 30

4 38 8 58| 2 3

25

4 44 9 0

10 49

19 4 49 9 2

2

F

7 30

4 39|io 51 2 43
4 40 II 13! 3 25

25

4 44 10 5

II 29

194 50J10 6

3

S

7 30

25

4 45 II 12

ev. II

194 51

II II

4

D

7 30

4 41 morn; 4 10 i

25 4 46. morn

0 56

194 51

morn

1

M

7 30

4 42; 0 23: 5 3

25 4 47

0 21

I 49

194 52

0 19

T

7 30

4 43 I 36 6 5

25 4 48

I 33

2 51

194 53

I 29

7

W

7 30

4 44' 2 52 7 15

25 4 49

2 47

4 I

19 4 54

2 42

8

T

7 29

4 45! 4 7 8 25

24:4 50

,4 I

5 II

19,4 55

3 56

9

F

7 29

4 46 5 19 9 35

2414 51

5 13

6 14

6 21

19 4 56

5 6

10

S

7 29

4 47j 6 22

10 43 1

24 4 52

7 29

19 4 57

6 9

II

D

7 29

4 48! sets.

II 41

2414 53

sets.

8 27

194 5^

sets.

12

M

7 28

4 49| 5 58

morn

23|4 54

6 I

9 13

i8i4 59

6 6

13

T

7 28

4 50, 7 12

0 27

23 4 55

7 15

9 54

18

5 0

7 18

14

W

7 28

4 52; 8 24

I 8

234 56

825

10 35

18

5 I

8 26

15

T

7 27

4 53' 9 32 I 49

224 57

9 31

II 15

17

5 2

9 32

16

F

7 27

4 54 10 37 2 29

22 4 59 10 36;II 56

17

5 3

10 35

17

S

7 26

4 55 II 41 3 10

2115 0

II 38

vnorn

17 5 4

II 36

18

D

7 25

4 56 morn 3 51

2IJ5 I

morn

0 37

165 6

morn

19

M

7 25

4 581 0 43 4 37

2015 2

0 40

I 23

^^i5 7

0 37^

20

T

7 24

4 59 I 46^ 5 28

205 3

I 41

2 14

155 8

I 36

21

W

7 23

5 0 2 47! 6 25

19 5 4 2 41

3 II

1515 9

2 35

22

T

7 23

5 I 3 45' 7 25

i9'5 6 3 38

4 II

14:5 ID

3 32

23

F

7 22

5 3' 4 39 8 22 1

i8i5 7! 4 32| 5 8|

13 5 II

426

24

S

7 21

5 4' 5 27' 9 i8i

17:5 8j 5 20
i6j5 963

6 4

13 5 12

5 '5

-^

D

7 20

5 5 6 9 10 12

6 58

125 13

26

M

7 20

5 6^ 6 45 II 3

15I5 10 6 40

7 49

"i^ '1

^7

T

7 19

5 8 rises. II 47

15 5 12 rises.

833

11I5 16

rises.

28

w !

7 18

596 49ev. 24

14 5 13 6 51; 9 10

'°i5 'I

^i^

29

T ]

7 17

5 10, 7 57

0 59

13 5 14 7 571 9 45

9 5 iS

30

F

7 16

5 ii| 9 5

I 36

12 5 15 9 4'io 22

85 19

9 4

31

S

7 15

5 13 10 14! 2 16I

II 5 17 10 12 II 2

7_

7 5 20

10 II

Agricultural Memoranda— (9c^^3^r i, 1878, to October i, 1879, with reference to

date ofTHE Country Gentleman contai7ii7ig particulars :
Agricultural Distress and Crop Failures in England. July 31, 1879.
Agricultural Exports of 18 years — 1878 far the largest. Jan. 16, 1879.
American Berkshire Record. Vol. 3. By P. M. Springer, Springfield, 111. March 6, 1879.
American Cotswold Record. C. P. Willard, Editor, Chicago. Vol. i. Dec. 5, 1879.
American Devon Herd Book. Vol. 5. By H. M. Sessions, Hampden, Mass. Aug. 7, 1879.
American Devon Record. By J. Buckingham, Zanesville, Ohio. Feb. 27, 1879.

2d MONTH.

FEBRUARY, 1880.

29 DAYS.

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New-Yo^k.

Washingt'n

Sun on Merid.

Third Quarter
New Moon,....
First Quarter,
Full Moon, ....

D.

3
10

17

25

H. M.

10 55 mo.
6 32 m.o.

11 I ev.
8 38 ev.

H. M.

10 43 mo.

6 21 mo.
10 49 ev.

8 26 ev.

H. M.
ID 31 mo.

6 9 mo.
10 27 ev.
8 14 ev.

D.
I

9
17

2S

H. M. S.
12 13 49

12 14 27
12 14 16
12 13 18

. 1

CALENDAR

CAI.ENDAR

CAL.ENDAR

X

'•^

For Boston, New-Englandj

For New-York City, Phila-

For Washington,

g

a

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

Maryl'd, Virginia,

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

Kent'ky, Miss'ri,

b

tz.

0
><

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

>

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

Q

Q

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

N.Y.

RISES

SETS.

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M H M

I

D

7 14

s 14

II 26

2 59

7 10I5 18

II 22

II 45

7 6

5 22 II 20

2

M

7 13

5 IS

morn

3 47

7 95 19

morn

ev. 33

7 5

5 23. morn

3

T

7 12

s 17

0 40

4 42

7 8 5 20

0 35

I 28

7 5

5 24 0 31

4

W

7 10

S 18

I 53

5 49

7 7'5 21

I 48

2 35

7 4

5 25! I 43

1

T

7 95 19

3 4

7 5

7 65 23

2 59

3 51

7 3 5 20; 2 52
7 25 27I 3 56

F

7 85 21

4 8

8 17

7 55 24

4 2

5 3

7

S

7 715 22

5 2

9 25

7 4:5 25

4 57

7 05 28

Us

8

D

7 615 23

^g

10 28

7 3

S 2b

5 43

7 14

6 59 5 30

P

M

7 5I5 25

II 21

7 I

528

6 20

8 7

6 58 5 31

b 17

TO

T

7 3 5 26

sets.

morn

7 0

S 29

sets.

8 50

6 57 5 32

sets.

II

W

7 2

S 27

7 10

0 4

6 5915 30

7 II

9 26

6 56|5 33 7 2

12

T

7 1

528

8 17

0 40

6 58I5 31

8 17

10 2

6 55 5 341 8 17

13

F

6 59'5 30

9 23

I lO

6 57 5 32 9 22

10 40

6 54 5 35 9 20
6 53:5 36 10 22

14

S

6 5« 5 31

ID 28

I 54

6 55'5 34;io 25

II 19

IS

D

6 56 5 32

II 30

2 33

6 54 5 35

II 2b

morn

6 5i!5 37 II 23

16

M

6 55 5 33

morn

3 IS

6 53 5 36

morn

0 I

6 5015 391 morn

17

T

6 548 35

0 3S

3 59

|6 5L5 27^

0 28

0 45

6 4915 40 0 23

18

W

6 52 5 36

I 32

4 49

6 50 5 38

I 27

I 35

6 47 5 41

I 21

iq

T

6 515 37

2 28

546
6 49

6 48i5 39

2 22

2 32

6 4615 42

2 16

20

F

6 49 5 39

3 19

6 47 5 41

^ '^

3 35

6 45'5 43

^ ^.

21

S

6 48 5 40

4 3

7 50

6 4615 42

3 58

4 3^

6 44 5 44

3 48

22

D

6 46 5 41

4 42

8 47

6 445 43

4 37

5 33
627

6 42:5 45

4 32

23

M

6 45 5 42

5 15

9 41

6 43 5 44

5 II

6 41 5 46

5 7

24

T

6 43 5 44

5 44 10 32
rises.' 1 1 18

6 41:5 45i 5 41

7 18

6 405 47' 5 39

2S

W

6 42 5 45

6 40 5 46 rises.

2 ^

6 38,5 48 j rises.

26

T

6 40 5 46

6 51 " 57

6385 47! 6 51

843

6 37 5 49! 6 52

27

F

6 39 5 47

8 2 lev. 34

6 37 5 48

8 I

9 20

6 36 5 5o| 8 0

28

S

6 38 5 48

9 IS

I II

6 36 5 49

9 12

9 57

i6 35 5 5i| 9 10

29

D

6 37,5 49iio 28

1 1

I 53

6 35 5 50^10 25

10 39

|6 34^5 52,10 22

American Short-Horn Herd Book. Vol. i8. Buffalo; Allen & Bailey. May 8, 1879.

American Short-Horn Sales of 1878—2,043 head, averaging ?i5i.69. April 3, 1879.

Anglo-American Cattle Company Organized in England. May 29, 1879.

Beattie, Simon, Annan, Scotland. Importation of Stock, April 3, 1879-

Bee-Keepers' Text Book. By N. H. & H. A. King. New-York: A.J. King. Nov. 14, 1878.

Biennial Report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Sept. 18, 1879.

Cattle from British Columbia received a* Chicago. Sept. 18, 1879.

Cental System of Dealing in Grain adopted in New-York. May 29, 1879.

Cheese Sold at Utica and Little Falls in 1878— 604,153 boxes, value J3, "7-936. Dec. 26, 78.

3d

month.

MARCH,

1880.

31

DAYS.
Ierid.

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New- York, j Washingt'n| | Sun on IV

i

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D.

H. M. S.

Third Quarter

3

6 23 ev.

6 II ev.

5 59 ev

I

12 12 23

New Moon,

10

8 3ev.

7 51 ev.

7 39 ev

9

12 10 31

First Quarter,

18

7 52 ev.

7 40 ev.

7 28 ev

17

12 8 17

Full Moon, ....

26

8 39 mo.

8 27 mo.

8 15 mo.jl 25

12 5 51

•

CAL-ENDAR

CAliKNJDAR

CA][.i:?fI>AR

s

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York City, Phila-

For Washington,

2

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

INIaryl'd, Virginia,

O

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

Kent'ky, Miss'ri,

0

>•

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

>•

<
a

SUN 1 SUN

MOON I H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON 1 H. \V.

SUN SUN

MOON

Q

RISES SETS

RISES. \ BOST'n

RISES

H M

SETS.

RISES j N. Y.

RISES SETS.

RISES.

H m'h M H M H M

H M H M H M

H M H M

H M

I

M

6 355 50 II 43 2 40

634

5 51 II 39 II 26

6 32 5 53:11 34

2

T

6 34|S Si.n^oi'i 3 331

632

5 52

morn ev. 19]

6 31 5 54 morn

3

W

t? 32 5 52 0 55

4 33

f 31

5 53

0 55

I 19

6 29 5 551 0 44

4

T

6 30 5 53! 2 I

5 44
659

?^?

5 55

I 55

2 30

6 28 5 56 I 49

1

F

6 29

5 55 2 57

6 28

5 56

2 52

3 45!

6 26 5 57 2 46

S

627

5 5^\ 3 44

8 7

16 26

5 57

3 39

4 53

6 25 5 58 3 34

7

c

625

5 57

4 22

9 9

625

5 58

4 19

5 55

6 24 5 59| 4 14
6 22,6 o, 4 49

8

M

6 24

5 58

4 53

10 4

6 23

Vt

4 51

6 50

9

T

6 22

5 5S

5 22

10 53

6 21

5 20

7 39

6 20 6 I

5 19

10

W

6 20

6 I

sets.

II 36

6 20

6 I

sets.

8 22

6 i9'6 2

sets.

II

T

6 19

6 2

7 6

morn

|6 18

6 2

7 5

8 58

6 17 6 3

7 4

12

F

6 17

6 1

8 II

0 12

\6 16

6 3

8 9

9 31

6 i6|6 4

8 7

13

S

615

6 3

r 9 15
10 18

0 44

615

f 5

912

10 71

6 156 5| 9 9

14

c

6 14

6 c

6 e

I 21

613

6 6

10 H^io 47I

6 13 6 6,10 10

;i

M

6 12

> II 21

2 I

6 II

6 7

II 14

II 29

6 II 6 7

II 9

T

6 10

6 7

morn

2 43

6 10

6 8

morn

morn

6 10 6 8

morn

17

W

6 8'6 c

> 0 17

3 27

6 8

6 9

0 II

0 13

6 816 9

0 5

18

T

6 7!6 ic

) I 9

4 17

6 6

6 10

I 3

I 3

6 6 6 10

0 58

19

F

6 56 II

I 56

5 13

6 5

6 II

I 50

I 59

6 5 6 II

I 45

20

S

6 3'6 12

2 37

614

6 3

6 12

2 32

3 0

6 36 12

2 27

21

C

6 I

5 U 3 12

7 15

6 I

613

3 7

4 I

6 26 13

3 3

22

M

6 0

6 14 3 42

8 10

6 0

6 14

3 39

4 56

6 0

6 14

3 36

23

T

558

6 15' 4 10

9 3

558

6 15

4 8

5 49

6 40

5 59

615

3 59

24

W

5 56

6 i7i 4 36

9 54

5 57

6 16

4 35

5 57

6 16

4 34

^^

T

5 54

6 18 5 i|io 43

5 55

617

5 2

7 29

5 55

6 17

5 2

F

5 53

6 19; rises.; II 29

5 53

6 18

rises.

8 15

5 54,

6 18

rises.

^^

S

5 51

6 20 8 II ev. II

5 52

6 19

8 8

8 57

5 52,

6 19

8 5

28 c

5 49

6 2i| 9 28

0 50

5 50

6 20

9 24

9 36

5 51;

6 20

9 19

29 M

5 47

6 22I10 43

I 38

548

6 21

10 38

10 24

5 49.

6 21

10 32

3° .1;.

546

6 23:11 52

2 30

5 47

622

II 46

II 16

548

6 22

II 41

31 w

5 44

6 251 morn

3 27

,S 45

6 24

morn ev. 13I

5 46,

623

morn

Clay, Brutus J., Bourbon Co., Ky. Obituary. Oct. 24, 1878.

Commission to Investigate Causes of Agricultural Distress in England. Aug. 28, 1879.

Dairy Show at New- York City. Dec. 12 and 19, 1878.

Darhngton, H. T., Doylestown, Pa. Obituarj-. Dec. 5, 1878.

Diseases of Live Stock. By Dr, L. V. Teller. Philadelphia: H. C. Watts & Co.

April 3, 1879.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Report for 1877. Nov. 14, 1878.
English Short-Horn Sales of 1S7S — 2,811 head, averaging /^sj 5^. gd. Dec. 12, 1878.

-=^=:®

4th MONTH.

APRIL, iSSo.

30 DAYS

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New- York.

Washingt'ni j Sun on Merid.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D.

H. M. S:

Third Quarter

2

I 29 mo.

I 17 mo.

I 5 mc

I

12 3 43

New Moon,

9

10 23 mo.

10 II mo.

9 59 mc

• 9

12 I 24

First Quarter,

17

2 30 ev.

2 18 ev.

2 6 ev

17

II 59 23

Full Moon,

24

6 6ev.

_5_54e^:^

5 42 ev

_ _2 5,

II 57 46

"7

.;

CAI.EXI>AK

CAI.EXDAR

CALENDAR

X

M

u

For Boston, New-England,

For New-York City, Phila-

For Washington,

Z

(!)

New- York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, TsT.

Maryl'd, Virginia,

0

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

KenVky, Miss'ri,

0

and Oregon.

s

diana and Illinois.

and California.

>

SUN I SUN

MOON

H. W.

UN 1 SUN

MOON

H. \V.

sun 1 SUN I moon

Q

a

RISES SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

RISES SETS.

RISES.

N. Y.

rises sets. 1 RISES.

|n M H M H M

H M

H M H M H M H M '

5 4316 25I 0 47 I 15

H m'h m! H M

I

T

15 426 26 0 53

4 29

5 44 6 23 0 41

2

F

|5 4i;6 27 I 42

5 37

6 45

5 42:6 26 I 37:^ 2 23

5 43 6 24 I 32

3

S

(5 396 281 2 24

5 406 27 2 19

3 31

5 41 6 25 2 14

4

0

J5 37:6 29' 2 56

7 47

5 386 281 2 53

4 331

5 40 6 26 2 49

5

M

,5 356 30, 3 25

8 42

5 37.6 29! 3 23

5 28!

5 38 6 27 3 21

6

T

5 346 31, 3 50

9 32

5 35 6 30 3 49| 6 18

5 37,6 28

3 49

7

W

15 326 32

4 14

10 20

5 34 6 31 4 14 7 6

5 35 6 29

4 16

8

T

! 5 30 6 33

4 38;ii 4l

i 32 6 32 4 39

7 5°!

5 34 6 30

4 41

9

F

5 29 6 35

sets. II 43!

5 30 6 331 sets.

8 29

5 326 31

sets.

10

S

5 27 6 36

8 5

morn

5 29 6 34 8 2

9 16

5 31 6 32

I 5?

II

c

5 25:6 37

9 8

0 30

5 27 6 35 9 3

9 40

5 29 6 33

8 58

12

M

5 24 6 3^

ID 6

0 54 1

; 5 266 36 10 I

10 21

5 28

634

9 55

13

T

t; 22^6 39

II I

I 351

5 24,6 37,10 55|ii 3

5 26,

6 35lio 49

14

W

5 20 ,6 40

II 49

2 17

5 22 6 38 II 44,11 48

5 25;

6 36;ii 38

15

T

5 196 41

morn

3 2

5 21 6 39 morn

morn

523,

6 37 1 morn

16

F

5 17:6 42

0 32

3 49

5 19 6 40 0 27

0 35

522,

6 38

0 21

17

S

5 166 44 I 9

4 40

5 186 41

I 4 I 26|

5 20

6 39

I 0

18

c

5 14 6 45 I 40

5 35

6 33

I5 16 6 42

I 37

2 21

5 19

6 40

I 33

19

M

,5 126 46 2 9

5 15643

2 6

3 19

5 18

6 41

2 4

20

T

15 II 6 47i 2 35

7 28

5 13 6 44

2 34

4 14

5 16

642

2 32

21

W

■5 9,6 4^1 3 0

8 21

5 12 6 45 3 0

5 7

5 15

642

3 °

22

T

5 8 6 49 3 25

9 13

5 II 6 46! 3 27

5 59

5 13

643

^1

23

F

5 6 6 501 3 53

10 7

5 9647; 3 55

653

5 12

6 44

358

24

S

5 56 51 rises.

II 0

5 8 6 48 rises.

7 46

5 II

645

rises.

^i

c

5 36 52 8 21

" 51

5 6 6 49 8 16

837

5 9

646

8 II

M

5 2 6 54, 9 35

ev.38

5 56 51 9 30

9 24

5 I

547

9 24

27

T

1; 0 6 55 10 42

I 27

5 4 6 52 10 36

10 13

5 6

6 48

ID 30

28

W

:4 596 5^11 37

2 23

5 26 53 II 32 II 9

5 5

6 49 II 26

29

T

4 58 6 57, morn

3 20

5 I 6 54 morn ev. 6

5 4

6 50 morn

30

F

'4 56 6 581 0 22

4 17I

15 06 55I 0 18I I 3

5_3!

6 51! 0 14

Ensilage of Com Fodder. By J. B. Brown, from French of A. Goffart. Feb. 6, 1879.
Evans, H., Frankfort, Ky., Editor American Short-Horn Record. Obituary. Julys, 1879.
Experiment Station CJrganized at Cornell University. April 10, 1879.
Fat Stock Show at Chicago. Dec. 12, 1878.

Fitch, Dr. Asa, Salem, N. Y. Late State Entomologist. Obituary, April 24, 1879.
Four States (Ohio, Illinois, lowaand Kansas) return o,.n2, 587 Swine, in 1879. Aug. 28, 79.
French Wheat Crop of 1879, estimated at 225,000,000 bushels. Sept. 11, 1879.
Hand Book of Virginia. Bv Dr. Thos. Pollard, State Commissioner of Agriculture.
March 27, 1879.

^c:^=

5th MONTH.

MAY, 1880

31 DAYS.

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New-York.

Washingt'n

, Sun on Merid.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D. ^ H. M. S.

Third Quarter

I

9 9 mo.

8 57 mo.

8 45 mo.

1 I

II 56 54

New Moon,

9

I 32 mo.

I 20 mo.

I 8 mo.

1 ^

II 56 15

First Quarter,

17

5 39 nio.

5 27 mo.

5 15 mo.

17

II 56 13

Full Moon, —

24

I 55 mo.

I 43 mo.

I 31 mo.

25

II 56 46

Third Quarter

_3£_

6 9 ev.

5 57 ev.

5 45 ev.

31

II 57 31

.

.

CAL.EXDAR

CAI.ENWAU

CAI.EXDAR

X

a

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York City, Phila-

For Washington,

2

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

ISIaryl'd, Virginia,

0

gan,

Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey

, Penn., Ohio, In-

KeuVkv, Miss'ii,

§

and Oregon.

diaua

and Illinois.

and California.

>

SUN 1 SUN

MOON

H. w.

SUN

SUN j MOON 1 H. W. 1

SUN 1 SUN

MOON

Q

Q

rises] SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

RISES

H M

SETS. ' RISES

N. Y.

RISES SETS.

RISES.

H M H

M

H M

H M

H

M

H M

H M

H mIh M

h M

I

s

4 55|6

59

0 58

5 16

458

6

56

0 55

2 2

5 2(6 52

0 51

2

c

4 5317

0

I 17

6 17

4 57

6

57

3 3

5 ij6 53

I 24

3

M

4 52:7

I

I 54

7 15

4 56 6

58

I 53

4 I

4 59 6 54

I 52

4

T

4 51 7

3

2 18

I 5

4 54

6

59

2 19

4 51

4 58 6 55

2 19

1

W

4 49 7

4

2 42

S 55!

4 53

0

2 43

5 41

4 57 6 56

2 47

T

4 4^

5

3 6

9 44

4 52

I

3 9

6 30

4 56 6 57

3 II

7

F

4 47

6

3 32

10 30

4 51

2

336

7 16

455658

3 39

8

S

446

7

4 I

II 15

4 50

3

4 5

8 I

4 54 6 59

4 ID

9

0

4 45

8

sets.

II 57

4 49

4

sets.

8 43

4 537 0

sets.

10

M

4 43

'9

8 54

morn

448

5

8 48| 9 21

4 52 7 I

843

II

T

4 42

10

9 45

0 35

4 47

6

9 39; 9 58

4 51 7 2

9 33

12

W

4 41

II

ID 29

I 12

4 46

7

7Jio 24I10 40

4 5017 3

10 18

13

T

4 4o|7

12

II 7

' H

4 44

8|ii 3iii 24!

4 49

7 3

10 58

14

F

4 39 7

13

II 40

238

4 43

9

II 36

morn

448

7 4

II 32

15

S

4 3^7

14

morn

321

4 42

7

10

morn

0 7

4 47|7 5

morn

16

c

4 37 7

15

0 9

4 6i

4 42

/

II

0 6

0 52

4 46 7 6

0 3

17

M

4 3617

16

0 35

4 53

4 41

7

12

0 34

I 39

4 45,7 7

0 32

18

T

4 35 7

17

I I

5 47

4 40

7

13

0 59

2 33

4 44 7 8

I 59

19

W

4 34 7

18

I 25

644

4 39

14

3 30

4 4417 9

I 27

20

T

4 33 7

19

I 50

7 40

4 38

15

I 56

426

4 43 17 10

I 54

21

F

4 33|7

20

2 20

8 36

4 37

16

2 23

5 22

4 42 7 II

2 26

22

S

4 32

7

21

2 53

9 36

4 37

16

2 57

6 22

4 42 7 II

^ ?

23

c

4 31

7

22

3 35iio 37 1

4 36

17! 3 40

7 23

4 41 17 12

3 46

24

M

4 30

7

23

rises. II 37

4 35

_

181 rises.

8 23

4 40|7 13

rises.

25

T

429

7

24

9 24 ev. 29

4 34

19 9 19

9 15

4 40 7 14

9 13

26

W

4 28

7

^5

10 15

I i9|

4 34

20,10 10

10 5

4 39 7 15

'° 5

27

T

428

7

26

10 5^

2 i3i

4 33

21 10 52

10 59

4 38 7 15

10 48

28

F

4 27

7

27

II 29

3 4|

4 33

21I11 27

II 50

4 387 16: II 24

29

S

4 27

7

27

II 57

3 55

4 32

_

22

II 56

ev.41

4 37 7 17 II 55

30

c

4 26 7

28

morn

4 44'

4 32

23

morn

I 31

4 377 18 j morn

31

M

4 267

_29

0 22

5 391

4 31

7

24

0 22

2 2SI

4 37 7 i8| 0 23

High Farming and Low Prices. By Dr. J. B. Lawes, Rothamsted, England. July io,'79.
Hi ;hland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. Transactions for 1878. May 15, 1879.
Holstein Cattle, imported by Smith & Powell, Syracuse, N. Y., Feb. 20; by E. M.

Washburn, Lenox, Mass., Feb. 27; byT. B.Wales, Jr., South Framingham, Mass.,

Sept. 18, 1879.
Holstein Herd Book. Vol. 3. Edited by G. S. Miller. Boston : Chas. Houghton.

Dec. 26, 1878.

6th MONTH.

JUNE, 1880.

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New-York.

Washingt'n

Sun on Merid.

New :Moox, ....
First Quarter,

Full Moox,

Third Quarter

D.

7
IS

22
29

H. M.

5 II ev.
5 7ev.
9 2 mo.
5 13 mo.

H. M.
4 59 ev.

4 55 ev.
8 50 mo.

5 I mo.

H, M.

4 47 ev.
4 43 ev.
8 38 mo.
4 49 m.o.

D.
I

9
17

25

H. M. S.

II 57 40

11 59 6

12 0 46
12 2 28

.

CAL.EI^I>AR

C'AI.EK»AR

CAEENOAR

s

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York City, Phila-

For Washington,

g

til

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

Maryl'd, Virginia,

"S

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

Kent'kv, Miss'ri,

0
>•

§
>

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

SUN

SUN MOON j H. W.

sun I SUN

MOON

H. w.

SUN 1 SUN I MOON

C

a

RISES

SETS. RISES. JbOST'n

RISES SETS.

RISES.

N.Y.

RISES SETS, i RISES.

H M

H M H M

H M

H M H Ml H M H M

i 1

H MjH M; H M

I

T

4 25'7 30! 0 47

634

4 31 7 25j 0 47 3 20

4 36 7 19: 0 49

2

W

4 25 7 31

I II

7 28

4 307 25 I 13I 4 I4i

4 36,7 20 I 15

3

r

4 24

7 31

I 3^

8 18

4 30 7 26

' ^2\ 5 4

I4 3517 20

I 42

4

F

4 24

7 32

2 4

9 9

4 30 7 27

' ^1 i 55

2 40 6 46

4 35|7 21

2 12

I

s

4 24

7 33

2 35(10 Oj

14 297 27

4 35 7 22

2 4b

c

4 237 34

3 12 TO 49

4 297 28: 3 18, 7 35

4 35|7 22 3 24

7

M !

j4 23I7 34

sets. II 36

4 29 7 29 sets. ; 8 22

4 34 7 23 sets.

8

'!•

4 23 7 35

8 27 morn

4 28,7 29, 8 22 9 2

A 34 7 23; 8 16

9

VV 1

]4 23j7 35
4 23 7 36

9 8 0 16

4 28 7 30 9 3' 9 38

4 34 7 24 8 57

10

1'

9 42 0 52

i^'S

7 30

9 38 10 17

4 34 7 25 9 34

II

b'

4 22 7 37

10 12 I 31

k^S

7 31

10 9 10 57

4 34 7 2slio 6

12

S

!4 2217 37

10 39 2 II

428

7 31

10 37,11 27

4 3417 25 10 34

13

C

4 22!7 38[ii 3| 2 51

4 28

7 3i|ii 2, morn

A 34 7 26 II I

14

M

J4 22 7 38111 27

3 32

4 28,7 32,11 27 0 18

,4 34.7 26 II 27

;i

r

I4 22i7 38 II 51

4 lb

4 28:7 33 II 53

I 2

14 34 7 27;ii 53

w

4 22 !7 39 morn

I ?

4 287 33 1 morn

I 51

[4 34

7 27

morn

17

r

14 22!7 39

0 18

4 28 7 33| 0 20

2 47

I434

7 27

0 24

18

b'

4 22 7 39

0 481 7 4

4 28 7 34 0 52

3 50

A 34

7 28

0 56

19

s

4 23'7 40

I 24I 8 8

,4 28 7 34i I 29: 4 54

A 34

7 28

I 34

20

C

4 23

7 40

2 91 9 14

4 28 7 34! 2 15 6 0

4 34j7 28

2 21

21

IVl

4 23

7 40

3 5 10 23

4 29 7 35! 3 II

7 9

4 35 7 29

3 18

22

r

4 23

7 40

rises. II 27

4 297 35: rises.

8 13

4 35 7 291 rises.

23

w

4 23

7 41

8 4Siev. 20

4 297 35 8 44

9 t>

4 35 7 29

8 40

24

r

\4 23

7 41

9 26 I 6

4 29 7 351 9 23

9 52

4 35 7 29

9 20

^^

b'

4 24

7 41

9 57: I 53

4 30 7 35' 9 55 10 39

4 3^7 29! 9 54

S

4 24

7 4iiio 25 2 39

4 30i7 35 10 24 II 25

4 36,7 2910 23

27

C

A 24

7 41 10 501 3 24

4 31 '7 35 10 5o,ev. 10

4 36

7 29|io 51

28

M

4 25

7 41 II 14

4 9

4 31

7 35,11 16

0 55

4 37

7 29 II 18

29

r

4 257 4i|ii 39

5 2

4 31

7 35 II 42

I 48

A 37

7 29I11 45

30

w

4 26 7 41 1 morn

5 50

14 32

7 35

morn

2 30

1438

7 29

morn

History of the Highland Societj' of Scotland. By Alex. Ramsay. Aug. 14, 1879.
Illinois State Department of Agriculture. Transactions for 1878. Feb. 27, 1879.
Illustrated Book of the Dog. By Vero Shaw. London and New-York: Cassell, Patter

& Galpin. Oct. 2, 1879.
Indiana State Board of Agriculture — i8th Annual Report, for 187S. July 3, 1879.
Iowa Fifth Forestiy Annual. By the State Horticultural Society. May i, 1879.
Iowa Live Stock Returns for 1879—1,530,056 Cattle, 2,324,116 Swine, 3oi>743 Sheep.

Aug. 7, 1879.
Iowa State Agricultural Society. J. R. Shaffer, Secretary. Report for 1877. Nov. 21, '78.
Janes,Dr.Thos. P., Commissioner of Agricuhure of Georgia. Report for 1S78. Mch 13, '79.

7th MONTH.

JULY, 1880.

31 DAYS.

MOON'S PHASES.

New Moon,

First Quarter,

Full Moon,

Third Quarter

Boston. New- York. Washingt'n Sun on Merid,

H. M.
8 27 mo.
I 32 mo.
4 18 ev.
6 57 ev.

H. M.

8 25 mo.
I 20 mo.
4 6 ev.
6 45 ev.

H. M.

8 13 mo.

I 8 mo.

3 54 ev.

6 23 ev.

H. M. S.
12 3 41
12 5 2

12 5 56
12 6 15

B

ui

h

u

n

^

p

0

0

>

>

<

<

Q

Q

I

T

2

F

3

S

4

c

^

M
T

7

W

8

T

9

F

10

S

II

C

12

M

n

T

14

W

T

16

F

17

S

18

C

19

M

20

r

21

w

22

T

23

F

24

S

2";

0

26

M

27

T

28

W

29

T

30

h'

31

s

CALENDAR

For Boston, New-England,
New- York State, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Oregon.

UN I

SUN MOON H. W.
RISES I SETS. RISES. BOST'n

7
7

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

447
457
467
47 7
487
49i7
5017
5117

H M
O 6

0 37

1 12

1 53

2 40

3 33
sets.
8 16

8 43

9 9
9 32
9 56

10 21

10 48

11 21
morn

o I

0 49

1 49

3 o

rises.

7 54

8 24
281 8 51
27! 9 16
26 9 41
2510 8
24 10 38
23 II 12
22 II 50
2 1 1 morn

H M

6 48

I "^^

8 37

9 32

10 25

11 13
II 56
morn j

033

CAI.ENUAK

For New- York Cit>f, Phila-
delphia, Connecticut, N.
Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-
diana and Illinois.

SUN I SUN MOON | H. W.
RISES: SETS. RISES I N. Y.

H m!h

327

33\7
3317
347

35 7

3^7

I

43 1

2

21

3

I

3 44

4 32

31

b

39

7

51

9

-7

0

^3

1!

461

28 i

50
33 1
19
10

;4 367
377

3? 7
38:7
397
407

41 '7
41 7
427

43 7

44 7
45,7
467
467

487
49 7
507
51 7
527

53 7

54 7

55 7
567

H M
O II

0 42

1 18

2 46

3 39
sets.
8 12

8 41

9 7
9 32

H M

9 57|i:

10 23! morn

3°
18

10

52

II

25

morn

0

6

0

S6

I

56

3

^

rises.

7

52

59
I

51

o -i - 32

8 51 10 14

9 i7!io 55
II 36

231 9

9 44

10 12 ev. 19
20,10 43 I 5
19 II 17 I 56
i8|ii 56 2 55
17 'morn I 3 56

CAI.ENDAR

For Washington,
Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,
and California.

SUN SUN MOON
RISES SETS. RISES.

H IM
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

H M

o 15

0 47

1 24

2 5

2 53

3 45
sets.

8 9

8 38
96

9 32
9 58

10 25

10 55

11 30
morn

0 12

1 3

2 3

3 13
rises.

7 49

8 22

8 51
19

17 9 46

1610 16
15 10 47
14; 1 1 23
13! morn
12; o 3

Jersey Cattle imported by E. P. P. Fowler. Dec. 5, 1878 ; Jan. 23 ; April 24, 1879. By

P. H. Fowler. Nov. 21, 1878; Feb. 20, 1879.
Kansas Wheat Crop over 32,000,000 brshels; Com estimated at 125,000,000 bushels.

_ Aug. 21, 1879.
Klippart, J. H., Sec. State Board of Agriculture, Columbus, O. Obituary. Nov. 7, '78.
McNab, Jas., Curator Botanical Garden, Edinburgh. Obituary'. Dec. 19, 1878.
Management and Diseases of the Dog. By J. W. Hill. Jfew-York: A. Cogswell.

Oct. 24, 1878.

8th MONTH.

AUGUST, 1880.

31 DAYS.

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New- York.

Washingt'n

Sun on Merid.

D.

New Moon, — 5
First Quarter, 13
Full Moon, — 20
Third Quarter! 27

H. M.
II 4 ev.
6 58 mo.
0 34 mo.
II 31 mo.

H. M.

10 52 ev.
6 46 mo.
0 22 mo.

11 19 mo.

H. M.

10 40 ev.
6 34 mo.
0 10 mo.

11 7 ev.

D.

9

17
25

H. M. S.
12 6 2^
12 5 U

12 3 44
12 I 44

1

CAI.ENDAR

CAI.ENDAR

! CAI.ENDAR

X

bl

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York Citv, Phila-

; For Washington,

z

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N. i

M aryl' d, Virginia,
KenVkv, Miss'ri,

"

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersev, Penn., Ohio, In-j

b.

b.
0

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

>

SUN I SUN 1 MOON j H. W.

.SUN

SUN . MOON

H. W.

SUN SUN MOON

a

0

RISES j SETS. RISES. ;BOSt'n

RISES

SETS. RISES.

N. Y.

RISES SETS, j RISES.

H M

H Ml H M H M

H

M H mI H M

H M

H M H M| H M

I

c

4 S2

7 20 0 35 8 8

4

56:7 16 0 41

4 54

is 17 III 0 48

2

M

14 .S3

7 '2

I 26| 9 3

4

57 7 15 I 3?

5 49

5 2;7 10 I 39

3

r

4 54

7 18

2 22| 9 57

4

58

7 14 2 28

6 43

53792 34

5 417 8 3 33

4

w

4 55'7 16

3 22:10 46

4

S9

7 i2j 3 27

7 32

1

1'

4 S7

7 15

sets, n 30

S

0

7 II sets.

8 16

5 47 7 sets.

i-'

4,S«

7 14

7 13 morn

S

I

7 io| 7 II

8 54

5 517 6 7 10
5 67 5 7 36

7

s

4 S9

7 13

7 38| 0 8

5

2

7 9

7 37

9 27

8

en

S 0

7 II

8 2| 0 41

S

3

7 8

8 210 21

577483

9

M

S I

7 10

8 26

I 16

5

4

7 6 8 28|io 39

5 87 3 830

10

'I'

.S 2

7 9

853

I 53

5

1

7 5 8 56 II 20

5 9:7 2, 8 59

II

W

S 3

7 7

9 23

2 34

5

6,7 41 9 27

morn |

5 10,7 I 9 32

12

T

S 4

7 6

9 S9

3 20

S

7

7 210 5

0 6

5 ii|7 0 10 10

n

h'

5 5

7 4

10 43

4 ri

S

8

7 I 10 50

0 57

5 12 6 58:10.^6

14

S

5 67 3

" .37

6 27

5

9

7 0 II 441 2 0

5 136 56 II 51

\i

C

5 77 2 morn

S

10 6 58| morn| 3 13

5 14 6 55 morn

M

5 87 01 0 41

Z "^^

5

116 57

0 48 4 29

5 146 54 0 54

17

'1'

5 9|6 59 I 53

8 53

5

12 b 50

I 59' 5 39
3 14 6 44

:5 156 52 2 5

18

W

5 106 57! 3 9

9 58

5

13 6 54

,5 166 51 3 19

19

T

5 II 6 56 4 26

10 55

S

14 6 53

4 29 7 41

5 i7|6 50 4 33

20

t'

5 12 6 54! rises.

II 43

S

15 6 52

rises. 8 29

5 18 6 49 rises.

21

S

5 136 52, 7 16

ev. 23

5

16 6 50

7 17 9 9

5 196 47 7 18

22

C

5 156 51 7 42; 0 58I

S

176 48

7 44 9 44

5 20 6 46 7 46

23

M

5 16 6 49 8 9

I 37

5

186 47

8 12 10 23

S 21 6 44 8 15

24

T

5 17(6 4« 8 38

2 18

S

196 45

842I11 4

5 22 6 43 8 46

11

W

5 18 6 46 9 10

2 S8|

i'^^

20 6 44

9 16 II 44

5 23641 9 21

T

5 1916 45 9 48

3 4bl

■^

21 {6 42

9 54ev.32

5 236 40 10 0

27

F

5 20,6 43^10 30J 4 361

Is

22 6 41

10 37

I 22

5 246 38 10 43

28

S

5 2116 41 II 19 5 34'

5

236 39

II 25

2 20

5 256 37 II 32

29

0

5 22 6 40 morn] 6 361

S

24638

morn

3 22

5 26 6 35! morn

30

M

5 23'6 38; 0 13I 7 36

5

256 36

0 19

4 22

5 27|6 34J 0 25

31

T 1

5 246 36 I 7 8 31I

_5_

266 34! I 13I 5 17 1

S_28J6 32|j^^3

Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Transactions for 1878. April 24, 1879.

Merino Sheen for Japan purchased in Western New- York. May 15, 1879.

Michigan Fruit Catalogue. By T. T. Lyon of the State Pomological Society. Apl. 3, 79-

Minnesota Wheat Farm— 111,933 bushels from 5,103 acres. Jan. 2, 1879.

Mules Exported from the United States for Army Use in Southern Africa. June 19, '79.

New-Jersey State Agricultural Report for 1878. April 10, 1879.

New- York State Agricultural Society. Horatio Seymour chosen President. Jan. 30, 79.

New- York State Sheep Show at Canandaigua. May i, 1879.

--=^3^

9th MONTH.

SEPTEMBER, 1880.

30 DAYS. (

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New- York.

Washingt'N|

Sun on Meriu.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D.

H. M. S.

New Moon,

4

0 8 ev.

1 1 56 mo.

II 44 mo.

I

II 59 38

First Quarter,

II

1 41 ev.

I 29 ev.

I 17 ev.

Q

II 56 59

Full Moon, —

18

ID 45 mo.

10 ^^ mo.

10 21 mo.

17

II 54 II

Third Quarter

26

6 24 mo.

6 12 mo.

6 0 mo.

25

II 51 23

.

1

CAI.ENOAK

CAI.ENDAR

CAI.ENDAR

X

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York City, Phila-

For Washington,

z

HI

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent' ley, Miss'ri,
and California.

0

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

0

[I.
0

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

>

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

Q

Q

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

N. Y.

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M

I

w

5 25

635

2 13

9 23

5 27 |6 33

2 18

6 9

5 29

631

2 22

2

T

526

^33

3 16

10 12

5 28 6 31

3 20

6 58

5 30

6 29

3 24

3

F

5 27

631

4 20

10 58

5 29 6 30

4 23

7 44

5 31

6 28

4 25

4

S

5 28

6 30

sets.

n 38

S 30 6 28

sets.

8 24

5 32

6 26

sets.

5

0

5 29

628

632

morn

5 31 6 26

633

9 2

5 33

6 25

634

6

M :

5 30

6 26

657

0 16

5 32 6 25

7 0

936

5 33

623

7 3

7

T

5 31

6 24

7 27

0 i;o

5 33 6 23

7 31

ID 16

5 34

6 22

7 35

8

W

5 33

623

8 2

I 5o

5 346 21

8 6

II 2

5 35

6 20

8 II

9

T

5 34i6 21

843

2 16

5 35 6 20

8 54

II 52

5 36

6 18

855

10

F

5 35'6 19

9 33

3 8

5 36 6 18 9 40

morn

5 37 6 17

9 46

II

s 1

5 36[6 17

10 33

4 2

5 37|6 16 10 39

0 48

5 38 6 15

10 46

12

c

5 37 6 16

II 41

L?

5 38|6 15,11 47

I 54

5 39 6 14

II 53

13

M

5 38 6 14

morn

5 39 6 13

morn

3 7

5 40,6 12

morn

14

T

5 396 12

0 53

7 33

5 406 II

0 58

4 19!

5 416 II

I 3

15

W

5 40 6 10

2 7

8 36

(5 41 6 10

2 II

5 22

5 41

6 9

2 15

16

T

5 416 8

3 21

9 35

5426 8

3 23

6 21

5 42

6 7

3 26

17

F

5 426 7

4 33

10 28

5 43 6 6

4 34

^ ^4

5 43

6 6

4 35

18

S

5 436 5

rises.

II 15

5 44 6 4

rises.

8 I

5 44

6 4

rises.

19

c

5 4416 3

6 9

II 56

5 45 6 3

6 12

842

5 45

6 2

6 14

20

M

5 45|6 I

6 38

ev.32

5 46 6 I

641

9 18

546I6 I

645

21

T

5 46 6 0

7 9

I 8

5 47 5 59

7 14

9 54

,5 47

5 58

7 18

22

W

5 47 5 58

7 45

I 49

5 48,5 58

7 50

10 35

548

5 57

I 5^

23

T

5 49 5 56, 8 24

2 32

5 49 5 56

832

II 18

5 49

5 56

8 38

24

F

5 50

5 54 9 12

3 18

5 5o;5 54

9 2

ev. 4

5 50

5 54

925

25

S

5 51

5 53'io 4

4 7

5 51 '5 53 10 10

0 53'

5 51

5 53 10 16

26

c

5 52

5 51 11 0

5 0

5 52 5 51,11 6

I 46

5 51

5 52 II 12

~l

M

5 53 5 49 ii^orn

5 57

5 53 5 49 morn

2 43

5 525 50 morn

28

T

5 54 5 47j 0 I

6 57

5 54 5 48 0 5
5 55 5 46 I 6

3 43|

5 53 5 49; 0 10

29

W

5 55 5 45^ I 2

7 51

4 37:

5 54 5 48, I 10

30

T !

5 56

5 44

2 5

8 42

556

5 44

2 8

5 28

5 55

546

2 II

North Carolina Hand-Book. By L. L. Polk, Agricultural Commissioner. Sept. 4,
Notes on the Aphididae of the United States. By Prof. C. V. Riley. Feb. 27, 1879,
Ohio Horticultural Society's Eleventh Annual Report, for 1878. May 22, 1879.
Ohio Short-Horn Record. By L. D. Hagerty, Columbus, Ohio. Oct. 24, 1878
Ontario Fruit Growers' Association — Annual Report for 1878. May 29, 1879.
Parks and Gardens of Paris. By W. Robinson. London: Macmillan & Co. Sept. 11,
Pennsylvania State Agricultural Report for 1878. March 20, 1S79.
Percheron-Norman Stud Book. By J. H. Sanders, Chicago. Jan. 9, 1879.
Pleuro-pneumonia among Cattle affecting our Exports. Feb. 6, 13 and 27; March 6,

lOth MONTH.

OCTOBER,

1880.

31

DAYS.

>

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New-York.

Washingt'nJ I Sun on Merid.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D.

H. M. S.

New Moon,

3

II 59 ev

. II 47 ev.

II 35 ev.

I

II 49 25
II 47 6

First Quarter,

10

7 51 ev

• 7 39 ev.

7 27 ev.

9

Full Moon, ....

17

II 42 e\

^ II 30 ev.

II 18 ev.

17

II 45 16

Third Quarter

26

2 15 mo.| 2 3 mo.

I 52 mo

• 25

II 44 4

CAI.ENDAR

CAI^ENDAK

€AI.EN1>AR

'2

■a

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York City, Phila-

For Washington,

Z

%

New-York State, JSIichi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

M arj'l' d. Virgin ia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,

c
S

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

0

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

O
>

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. w.

SUN ! SUN

MOON

<

a

t

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

rises

sets.

RISES

N.Y.

RISES' SETS.

RISES.

H M

H M

H M

H M

H M H M

H M

H M

H M H M

H M

I

F

5 57

5 42

3 10

9 32

5 57 5 43

3 II

6 18

5 565 43

3 13

2

S

5 58

5 40

4 16

10 20

5 58 5 41

4 16

7 6

5 57 5 42

4 17

3

c

6 0

5 39

sets.

II 7

6 0:5 39

sets.

I 53

5 58 5 40

sets.

4

M

6 I

5 27

528

II 51

6 IJ5 38

1^6

837

5 59 5 39

5 35

^

T

6 2

5 35

6 2

morn

6 2 5 36

9 17

6 05 37

6 II

W

6 3

S 33

642

0 31

if 3 5 34

6 47

10 0

6 15 35

653

7

T

6 4

5 32

z 30

I 14

6 4 5 33

7 37

10 50

6 25 34

I 43

8

F

6 5

5 30

8 28

2 4

6 5

5 31

8 35

II 45

6 35 33

8 41

9

S

6 6

528

9 34

2 59

6 6

5 30

9 40

morn

6 45 31

9 46

10

c

6 7

5 27

10 45

3 58

6 7

5 28 lie 50

0 44

6 55 29

10 55

II

M 1

6 8

5 25

II 57

5 0

16 8

526

morn

I 46

6 6 5 28

morn

12

T

6 10

5 24

morn

6 8

16 95 25

0 I

2 54

6 7 5 26

0 6

13

W

6 II

5 22

I 9

7 13

19 10,5 23

I 12

3 59

6 8 5 25

I 15

14

T

6 12

5 20

2 20

8 10

6 Ills 22

2 21

4 56

6 9 5 23

2 23

;^

F

6 13

5 19

3 29

9 4

'6 i2|5 20

328

5 50

6 10 5 22

326

S

6 14

5 17

436

9 54

6 135 19

4 35

6 40

6 II 5 21

4 35

17

c

6 16

5 15

rises.! 10 43

6 14 5 17

rises.

7 29

6 12 5 19

rises.

18

M

6 17

5 M

5 8

II 27

6 155 16

5 12

I ^3

6 13 5 18

5 18

19

T

6 18

5 12

6 21

ev. 7

6 16 5 14

5 47

6 27

8 53

6 14

5 16

5 53
',11

20

W

6 i9i's "
6 20 C Q

0 45

6 17 5 13

9 31

5 '1

5 15

21

T

7 8

I 23

6 18 5 II

7 1210 9

6 16

5 14

22

F

6215 8

7 56

2 8

6 19 5 10

8 2:10 54

6 17

5 12

8 8

23

s

6235 6

8 50

3 I

6 2oi5 9

8 56 II 47

6 18

5 11

9 2

24

c

6 24I5 5

9 48

3 V

6 21I5 7

9 54|ev.23

6 19

5 '%

9 59

25

M

6 25

5 3

10 49

6 2315 6

10 53

I II

6 20I

5 8

10 57

26

T

6 26

5 2

II 50

5 16

6 2415 4

II 54

2 2

6 2I|

5 I

II 57

27

W

6 28

5 c

morn

6 10

§ ^1 5 3
6 26 5 2

morn

2 56

6 22

5 6

morn

28

T

6 29

4 55

0 53

7 5

Vsl

3 51

623

5 5

0 57

29

F

6 30

4 581 I 57

7 58

6 27I5 0

4 44

624

5 3

I 59

30

S

631

i4 56 3 3

8 49

, 6 28 4 59

3 3

5 35

^'^

5 2

3 3

31IC

6 33

I4 S5' 4 12! 9 41 i 16 304 58 4 II ! 6 27

6 26

5 I

4 9

Plymouth Rock Fowls. By F. H. Corbin, Newington, Ct. March 27, 1879.
Prizes on American Butter at the Royal Society's London Show. July 10, 1879.
Quinby's New Bee-keeping. Revisedby L. C. Root. New-York : O. Judd Co. June 19, 79.
Report New- York State Dairymen's Proceedings at Utica in February. May 8, 1879.
Royal Agricultural Society's Great Exhibition at London. July 17 and 24, 1879.
Scientific Horse-Shoeing. By Wm. Russell. Cincinnati : R. Clarke & Co. Aug. 21, '79.
Sears, D. Edward, Elmwood, Conn. Obituary. Maich 6, 1879.
Smithfield Fat Stock Show at London— Champion Prize to a Short-Horn. Jan. 9, 1879.

Ith MONTH.

NOVEMBER, 1880.

30 DAYS. (

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New- York.

Washingt'n

Sun on Merip.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

D.

H. M. S.

New Moon,

2

II II mo.

10 59 mo.

10 47 mo.

I

II 43 41

First Quarter,

9

3 36 mo.

3 24 mo.

3 12 mo.

P

II 44 2

Full Moon, — 16

3 55 ev.

3 45 ev.
8 59 ev.

3 31 ev.

17

II 45 16

Third Quarter 24

9 I.I ev.

8 47 ev.

25

II 47 23

.;

CAI^EBTOAK

CAI.ENDAR !

€Ai.i:ni>ar

X

For Boston, New-England,

For New- York City, Phila-!

For Washington,

Z

as

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

Maryl'd, Virginia,
Kent'ky, Miss'ri,

0

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

§

0

and Oregon.

diana and lUinois.

and California.

>

SUN ' SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN SUN

moon

H. W.

SUN

SUN

moon

a

Q

1

RISES SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

RISES 1 SETS.

RISES.

N. Y.

RISES

H U

SETS.

HM

RISES.

H M H m: H M

H M

H m'h M H M

H M

H M

I

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5 17

Stock Breeding. By Dr. Manly Miles. New- York: D. Appleton & Co. Nov. 14, '78.

Sturtevant, Jos. N., South Framingham, Mass. Obituarj'. Jan. 30, 1879.

Sugar Canes and their Products, Culture and Manufacture. By Isaac A. Hedges, St.

Louis. May i, 1879.
Sylvester, E. Ware, Lyons, N. Y. Obituars'. April 10, 1879.

The Blessed Bees. By John Allan. New-York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Dec. 5, 1878.
Value of Our Agricultural Exports for 1878, ^542,230,772. March 20, 1S79.
Van Meter & Hamiltons, Clarke Co., Ky. Sale of 65 Short-Horns, average $269.40.

Aug. 7, 1879.

DECEMBER, 1880.

31 DAYS.

MOON'S PHASES.

Boston.

New-York.

Washingt'ni

Sun on Merid.

D.

H. M.

H. M.

H. M.

!d.

H. M. S.

New Moon,

I

10 12 ev.

10 0 ev.

9 48 ev.

I

II 49 30

First Quarter,

8

I 54 ev.

I 42 ev.

I 30 ev.

9

II 52 54

Full Moon, —

16

10 52 mo.

10 40 mo.

10 28 mo.

17

II 56 42

Third Quarter

24

2 13 ev.

2 I ev.

I 49 ev.

2S

12 0 41

New Moon,

31

9 12 mo.

9 0 mo.

8 48 mx).

31

12 3 V

,

€AI.£NDAR

CALiENDAK 1

€AI.£NI>AR

h

M

For Boston, New-England,

For New-York City, Phila- 1

For Washington,

2

New-York State, Michi-

delphia, Connecticut, N.

Mars'l'd, Virginia,

S!

gan, Wisconsin, Iowa,

Jersey, Penn., Ohio, In-

Ken't'kv, Miss'ri,

b

0

>•

and Oregon.

diana and Illinois.

and California.

>

SUN

SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN SUN

MOON

H. W.

SUN

SUN

MOON

0

RISES

SETS.

RISES.

bost'n

RISES SETS.

1

RISES

N.Y.

RISES

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RISES.

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7

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24 4 43 sets.

8 41

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19

448

sets.

By Albert Chapman, Secretary. Jan. 23 ;

Vermont Merino Sheep Breeders' Register

Feb. 20, 1879.

Vermont State Board of Agriculture— 5th Annual Report. H. M. Seely, Sec. Jan. 23, '79
Veterinary Obstetrics. By Prof. George Fleming. New- York: Albert Cogswell,

April ID, 1879.
Virginia State Agricultural Report for i87<S. March 20, 1879.
Woodward, L. L.. Antwerp, N. Y. Obituary. March 6, 1879.

-=^o@

THE

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

OF

RURAL AFFAIRS.

ORNAMENTAL FARM GROUNDS.

IN FORMER VOLUMES OF RURAL AFFAIRS we furnished
our readers with a number of designs for ornamental grounds, mostly
for small lots or for village residences where a limited extent of ground
was to be occupied. We propose on the present occasion to give a few
designs specially adapted to farm residences, and partly with a view to
bring a portion of the farm itself into the design, without occupying
much of the land exclusively for ornamental purposes. The reduction of
such designs to practice will not only make country homes more attrac-
tive to the farmer's sons and daughters, but it will stimulate to greater
neatness in the condition of the farm and in the removal of all obstruc-
tions to profitable culture, in order that something of the finished appear-
ance of the home grounds may extend beyond their proper boundaries to
the adjacent fields.

©c^

No. 26—1880.

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

An essential requisite in securing such homes, is to give the whole
farm, or at least the nearer portions, a neat appearance by removing all
disfiguring or repulsive objects, giving outhouses a pleasing exterior, pro-
viding finished fences, and planting lines or belts of trees vi^here they may
act as screens against severe winds. The orchards in near proximity to
the dwelling should be planted with the more symmetrical growers, as
with such pears and cherries as have regular outlines of form.

It is not necessary to incur much expense in thus beautifying country
homes. The farmer with small means may plant a half acre around his
dwelling so as to present a small landscape appearance, and cut the grass
rapidly once a week with a hand lawn-mower. He may cut a few circular
flower beds in the turf, in which shape they are easily kept in order.
The owner of a large farm may devote several acres to the same purpose,
give his plantings a more park-like appearance, and keep the grass short
by the grazing of a flock of sheep. Many would be satisfied with this
arrangement, while others would wish a smaller portion of the grounds
near the house shut off from these sheep with a wire fence, using the
lawn-mower for it, and plant with small shrubs and flowers, as one's
preferences might demand.

ci^e?2£;^i

Fig' 133- — Ornamental Farnu
We furnish a few plans in illustration of these suggestions, in which
greater or less attention is given to ornamental effect. The first, shown
in fig. 133, represents an ornamental farm, the outlines of the fields laid
out in curved lines and bordered with carriage drives. This farm is not
occupied by the man whose chief object is to make money from his land,
but by the owner who wishes to combine with a pleasant home the com-
forts and luxuries to be had from the soil. One-half of his farm, includ-
ing the portion represented, may be laid out in this way, and the remain-

--=^3©

f

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

MS

der with fields in a more regular form (as shown by fig. 134) or the whole

farm may be arranged in this
ornamental style. The carriage
roads are not merely for orna-
ment ; they afford ready means
to their owner for reaching in a
wheeled vehicle any part of his
farm, and they give free access
to the fields for work, for draw-
ing manure and for removing
the crops.

If the soil is light or gravel-
ly, it will form the material
for these roads, except the por-
tions near the residence ; if
clayey, a good tile drain should

Fig. 134-

extend the whole length under them, and a covering of gravel in addi-
tion may be necessary.

The fences for the boundaries of the fields may be buckthorn or other
low-growing hedge, with a barbed wire stretched lengthwise through the
centre. This wire will preclude the intrusion or passage through it of
cattle, while the hedge itself will prevent their striking and becoming in-
jured by rushing against the barbs. If the fields are not to be occupied
as pasture, but only with meadows or cultivated crops, there will be no
necessity for this barrier.

Very few owners of farms will care to adopt this mode of ornament ;
and it should not be chosen without ample means to keep the whole
place in neat and finished condition, and the fields under high culture.
The expense, however, of keeping such a place of moderate extent in
good order, in connection with the cultivation of the farm, would be far
less than that of maintaining a place of equal size devoted exclusively to
ornamental or landscape planting. It would be well adapted to a fruit
farm, and, if properly managed, a high degree of ornament, as well as of
profit, might be derived from it.

Fig. 135 exhibits a finished farm laid out in straight lines and rectangles.
This mode can be strictly adopted only in those regions of country which
are nearly level, or which have but a moderate slope. The same general
style may however be adopted among hills by varying the outlines of the
fields according to the principles laid down in the plans on page 135 of
the second volume of Rural Affairs. In the plan which is here pre-
sented, which is well adapted to a farm of two hundred acres or so, or to
a smaller one, there are nine principal fields of about twenty acres
each, beside the orchards and home grounds. Every field is reached by
a road, without resorting to the common objectionable practice of pass-
ing through another field. The boundaries of the farm as well as of

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

its subdivisions are lined with shade or timber trees. These lines of trees,

if set out alternately of

^ f>*.^::-^_^-3t~---::-::::::i

. ^ "

^.T a- »> ;y (

K - - . ■ . • • «.»».w..-j kX*-* '^v-; ',1 •- tf «• » V r * n. '

trees of different ages, or
at different times, may be
cut for timber by taking
alternately the large ones,
leaving the smaller to re-
main. They will form
screens against the se-
verity of the winds in
all places where much
exposed, and prove of
value in the way of shel-
ter to the crops. Such
trees should be selected
as do not exhaust the soil
by long extended roots.
The elm, for this rea-
son, should be rejected,

Fig. 135. — Regtdar Ornamental Farm
and such trees as the oaks and black birch chosen.

It will be seen that a few acres only are occupied by the dwelling and
its ornamental surroundings, which may be planted with large shade trees,
and the grass beneath them cropped short at no expense by a flock of
sheep ; or more elaborate grounds may be kept in order with a hand or
horse lawn-mower. After such a farm is laid out and planted, it will cost
no more to keep it in neat order than any other farm — unless indeed it be
one where the whole aim is to make money without affording any attrac-
tions to the home where the family is to spend the whole of their days,
and where not a shade tree or

a flowering shrub is planted; _ „ _ ..•'''.

where the public road is made ~': ' ." :.". " .- : .~-~-.'-".-rJ.:-.. - \ '\
into a barnyard, and the house
surrounded with unadorned
bleakness.

Fig. 136 represents the front

portion of a farm, occupied

with the dwelling, barn and

surroundings. On the left of

the house, and in its rear, is

the kitchen garden, arranged

so as to be cultivated with a

, ^, u -4. *• 1 .u Fig. 1x6.— Front Portion 0/ Farm.

horse through Its entire length. * s .j j

Small orchards are on the right and left. In the rear of the barnyard is

a calf pasture, shekel ed on three sides with screens of Norway spruce,

and the barnyard is partly sheltered in the same way. An evergreen

^^siAssiss^»</^«^»fpii9^.f*.^'ft>*^^

<;:<? » ^ as •«! _

t^ ^ ■» «.«.'; ij! I

^ ' © * •til*!; v.:

:!,'.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

137

screen, when sufficiently grown, is equal to an open shed. Such a shelter
is represented on page 222 of the fifth volume of Rural Affairs, and
its general appearance surrounding the barn is shown by fig. 137. The

Fig. 137. — Screen around Barnyard.

farm road on the right side of the plan is near the middle of the farm, and
affords ready access and exit for all heavy loads to or from the farm,
without cutting up the separate carriage road at the dwelling.

Fig. 138 is a plan of grounds where it is desired to give a breadth of
shade, as well as exclusion near the public road, without occupying much
of the farm for ornamental purposes — the dwelling being quite shut in
from the public by dense plantings. The carriage entrance is at one side,
and a small walk opposite gives access and exit on that side of the house.

-96. . -^- 4» .^h i^ I
«^ ^^ ^ '(^ ^ ^ & J
■*fe "^gfe ',c^ ^ ^ <4^ 'j^- j
'^:S V^ ■•^^ -^ t^a?

"^^^^i

Fig. 138. — Sechided Residence near Public Road.
In the rear of the dwelling the planting is more symmetrical, so as to har-
monize in part with the orchards farther back. These plantings may be
of the more regular in outhne of the small ornamental trees, and gradual-
ly pass to such fruit trees as assume a good outline and grow well in
grass, as the Buffum, Boussock and Tyson pears, and the Early Rich-
mond, Morello and Downer's Late cherries. The orchard is laid out on
the hexagonal plan, which gives more variety to the outline at the same

138

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

=^=^

time that straight lines may be adopted. This mode of planting is shown
in detail on page 276, vol. i of Rural Affairs.

In planting the ornamental gardens of all these various designs, they
may consist of beds cut in the smoothly shaven turf (the circular form being
the most convenient) away from the shade of trees, where the flowers can
have the full benefit of sunlight, as shown in fig. 139 ; or they may be

r"-^".

Fig. 139. — open Garden.
flanked with the growth of trees and large shrubs, as shown in the vign-
ette at the head of this article. For this shaded garden, flowering
shrubs may be more largely employed than bedding plants, and such
flowering plants selected as will flourish in a partial shade.

FRUIT HOUSES AND FRUIT ROOMS.

FARMERS WHO RAISE A SUPPLY OF APPLES and other
fruits, usually sell at once the surplus, and keep enough for their
own use in cellars. The best mode for retaining this home supply is an
important question. Every family should have the benefit daily of fresh
or cooked fruit from the time of early ripening in summer, till the appear-
ance of strawberries the following season.

But a large portion is often lost through want of suitable apartments.
Cellars may be too warm and damp, and decay commence soon after the
fruit is stored. Impurities and foul air may impart to it a bad flavor.
Even those who take the pains to make smooth and hard cement floors,
which are kept scrupulously clean, lose much from a want of regulated
ventilation. To prevent this loss and disappointment, and to point out
an easy mode by which apples may be kept sound and fresh through win-
ter and spring, and pears till after mid-whiter, is the object of the present
remarks.

Rooms for keeping fruit are constructed with two distinct objects in
;i view — retaining it for a moderate family supply ; and holding it over in
M^ large quantities for spring sales, when the low prices of autunm have
() passed to the high rates of approaching summer. The former are

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

^

139

needed for every family ; the latter only for large orchardists and fruit
dealers.

The family fruit-room should therefore be as cheap in construction, and
as easy in management as will be admissible with success. It may occupy
a portion of the cellar under the dwelling, or it may be placed beneath a
barn or other outhouse. The latter would be less ready of access, while
it would have some special advantages. It should be away from all bad
odors, which soon ruin fruit. Owners will generally prefer the house
cellar. In this case it will be absolutely necessary to secure an apartment
separate from the rest of the cellar, where proper ventilation may be con-
stantly given, and all odors excluded.

An 8-inch brick wall may form the partitions for this room. A cement
floor will prevent too much dampness, and assist in securing perfect
cleanliness. Both of these objects will be assisted by cementing the side
walls. If the subsoil is porous gravel, the room may be dry enough, but
it cannot be kept clean without the cement floor. For purposes of ven-
tilation, windows should be inserted in at least two sides, and if opposite,
it will be still better. They are to be hung on hinges and supplied with
hooks, so as to be partly or wholly opened. On the approach of winter,
and as soon as the room is filled with fruit, frequent attention will be
necessary to keep the temperature, if possible, only a few degrees above
freezing. One or two thermometers will serve as a guide. If the weather
is mild, the windows may be opened for the night, and shut during the
day. While the cold of winter lasts, they may be opened to such a de-

f

Fig. x^o.— Cress-Section of Fruit-Room, showing Shelves and A ir Currents.
gree as to maintain the low temperature mentioned. A sufficient circula-
tion will thus be maintained in the air, which being colder from outside,
will immediately fall to the floor on entering, move over the bottom, and
pass out at the opposite lee side. The difference between the keeping of
fruit thus managed, and such as may be carelessly placed in common cel-
lars, will surprise those who have not seen both modes tried. The last
mentioned will decay before spring, the former may be kept till summer.
Fig. 140 represents the cross-section of a fruit-room in a cellar, the

--=^3^

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

windows being opened on opposite sides, the cold air falling as it enters,
and the warm air rising and passing oat on the opposite side.

A more perfect fruit-room in the basement of a dwelling (fig. 141) may
be made by additional security against the entrance of warm air, and by
drawing in cold air during cool nights by artificial ventilation. When
this is done, the low temperature is retained, should the weather become

f

space:
-Cross-Section of Fruii-Rootn^ isith Artificial Veiitilation.

warmer, by carefully shutting every avenue. It has an air-space beneath
the floor and a space filled with sawdust above. It is well to line the
walls with tarred or building paper, in which case the space need not
be so thick. The windows may be double glazed, and there should
be a small entry, with two doors for passing into the room. In order to
draw the cold air into this room from without, it should be connected
with the kitchen or other chimney, in which an upward current of air is
caused by the fire. This connection may be made by means of stove-
pipe or other air tube. Whenever a cold night occurs, the windows and
the register in the air-pipe are thrown open ; the current in the chimney
withdraws the air from the fruit-room, and the cold air from without
rushes in to supply its place. Early the next morning the windows and
register are closed ; the low temperature thus obtained will continue
through the day. If the walls and ceiling are lined and packed with saw-
dust, the cold air will be retained for several days. By the use of ther-
mometers, a uniformly low temperature may be maintained until cool
nights in spring come to an end. The dotted lines at the floor below
show the board registers which are opened in warm weather to admit the
earth-cooled air, which is drawn up by the chimney current.

A still more perfect fruit-house is made by constructing a separate
building wholly above ground ; or if there is a natural drainage to the
soil, it may be sunk a foot or two. The walls may be wholly of wood, or
may be constructed of brick or stone outside, and wood inside, with a
space between them ; or they may consist of two board partitions a foot
apart. Or there may be three separate brick walls, with air-spaces

-^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. I41

between them, the central one with brick on edge, with the necessary
brick cross-ties. The house should be built high enough to allow a
chamber overhead to serve as an entrance to the fruii-room below, which
is reached by stairs. The advantage of this arrangement is that the
warm air will not readily descend into the fruit-room, and its lower tem-
perature will be more perfectly maintained than through a side entry.
Wooden tubes for ventilation pass through the chamber above with
openings which may be easily closed at the ends, for the admission of
cold air. The precise temperature of the room below may be easily ascer-
tained at any time without admitting warm air in entering it, by providing
vertical rods of wood about two inches square, which slide up and down
through the floor near the wall, and are secured with fastenings like those
of windows. A thermometer is placed in a niche cut in the lower end of
the rod, so that it is drawn up and examined by the attendant in the
apartment above.

The fruit houses erected by N. and J. Cope of Ohio, for an account of
which we are indebted to M. B. Bateham, are constructed on a similar
principle. They are about 50 feet long by 25 feet wide, and will hold
4,000 or 5,000 bushels. The walls are made with two sills on the
stone foundation, and with two rows of studding, secured from spreading
by cross-ties, giving a space of 12 or 15 inches between the boards, to be
filled with sawdust. Mr. Bateham thinks this space should not be less
than 15 inches in order to make it perfectly frost-proof and air-tight. The
ceiling over the fruit-room and beneath the upper floor is filled in with
sawdust like the walls. The floor of the fruit-room has the joists run
lengthwise with the building, supported by a cross-sill in the middle, and
this rests on stone piers, to prevent any sagging by the weight above.
Spaces between some of the joists are formed into air ducts extending
from each end to the middle, and openings are left at their ends, like
cellar windows for the admission of air into these ducts. Iron grating
excludes rats and mice, and a shutter excludes the air. In very cold weather
the spaces may be filled with straw. Spaces are cut in the floor over the
ducts to allow the air from without to enter the room; these are about a
foot square and five feet apart, and are covered with iron or wooden
grates.

In the fruit house of N. Cope the regulation of the temperature is effect-
ed entirely by natural ventilation, the warmth in the apartment above
drawing the air upward through the air tubes.

J. Cope in his patented fruit-house employs artificial heat, and effects
a more rapid change of air. The air tubes are stovepipes connected with
one or more small stoves in the upper apartment, which when heated
produce rapid upward currents of air from the fruit room, the cold air
rushing in below at the same time. The doors are only opened to receive
the fruit, and are double and packed. The stairs are either outside or
in a separate entry, and care is taken not to open the room either in warm

142 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

or very cold weather. A slatted floor admits the natural heat from the
earth.

An excellent mode is adopted for filling these houses, by using crates
holding each about a bushel and a half, which are filled in the orchard,
carried in and piled regularly in the fruit-room, the fruit not being dis-
turbed from the time it is picked in the orchard until the following
spring.

The cost of these houses is moderate. They are used for keeping
apples in large quantities for spring markets. The room is kept dark,
except by the admission of light from a single double window, in storing
the fruit.

An important improvement may be made in this fruit house by substi-
tuting Mott's or Espy's ventilator caps, or the one represented on page
154 of vol. VII of Rural Affairs, for producing air currents in place of
the artificial heating by stoves. These ventilator caps, and Mott's most
conspicuously, produce an upward current in the chimney to which they
are attached, whenever the wind blows, even in the absence of any fire.
If, therefore, they are attached to the air tubes over the building, cold air
may be thrown into the fruit-room through their agency, whenever there
is any external breeze. By closing the registers after this is effected the
cold air is retained. It is often important to cool the fruit rapidly,
when at mid-autumn it has been placed in the fruit-room. This process
is readily effected in the manner described, and entirely obviates the labor
of first storing the fruit in a cool outhouse in autumn, and then removing
it again to its winter destination.

The Boston Journal of Chemistry gives the following description of a
good fruit house :

" Ten years ago we constructed a fruit cellar under our stable, and it
has proved so satisfactory that we venture to give a brief description of
it. The division walls are constructed of brick, and the apartments are
two in number, an outer and an inner room. The outer room is but
partly underground, and is 10 by 12 feet in area, and 8 feet high. The
inner room is wholly underground, and frost proof ; it has four brick walls
and a cemented floor. In this room the fruit is stored early in December,
when the weather becomes cold. The outer room holds the fruit during
the autumn months after it is gathered, and it is cool, well lighted,
and dry.

" The windows are left open and a free circulation of air allowed so
long as no danger from frost exists. When the fruit is taken to the inner
room, the door is closed, and no light admitted. Ventilation is secured
in moderate weather by opening the inner door and throwing down a win-
dow in the outer room. In this cellar we kept apples of last season's
growth until the present winter in perfect condition. Some of these
apples, exhibited at the autumn agricultural fairs, were pronounced as
fresh as those of the past season's growth."

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

-=^^^

M3

Modes of Storing Fruit.

For daily family use, fruit should be placed so as to be readily accessi-
ble. The most convenient arrangement consists in a succession of shelves,

one above the other, in the
centre of the fruit room, with
a passage around them next
to the walls. If about five
feet wide, the centre may
be easily reached from the
passages. Specimens which
show indications of decay
are easily selected for daily
use, and the hard and sound
ones retained for longer

VI)„IM,!ii„. ,1. Il.l,l„):,tih>„l,iii,h\

Fig. 142.

keeping. These shelves may be about two feet apart, so as to afford
readv access in assorting. A plan of the room is shown in the accom-
panying figure, (fig. 142.)

By constant and careful selection and removal of the most perishable
specimens, sound fruit may be had until late in spring ; when a portion
of the soundest, placed in shallow boxes beneath and closely fitting under
the lower shelf and on the cold floor, may be kept till mid-summer.
By the adoption of this method we have a daily supply of such apples
as the Baldwin till the middle of July, in a sound, crisp and juicy
condition.

When secured in close barrels apples will keep longer, being protected
from air currents, and from changes of temperature. The trouble is we
cannot see when decay commences. None but long keepers should there-
fore be stored in barrels. Some experience will enable the owner to
know how long the barrels may be safely left unopened. It may be well
to provide shelves as well as a space for storing the barrels, according to
the plan shown in fig. 148. Fruit for daily use may occupy the shelves ;
long keepers can be packed in barrels.

When apples are packed in boxes in the orchard, it is well to pile them
up, in a sheltered place, as shown in fig. 143. This mode admits the free

Fig. 143. — Piling Fruit Boxes.

circulation of air, and they may be protected from the weather by a
board cover. As winter approaches, they are conveyed to the cellar or
fruit room without disturbing their contents. Or if they are received in
a cold fruit house, the fresh fruit may be at once conveyed to it.

When packed away for winter, the boxes may be disposed of as shown

-=^=@

=^=^

144

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

in fig. 144, and when they are examined for the removal of decaying
specimens, the boxes are taken down one at a time, and replaced in a

new pile. It will obviate the
necessity of disturbing or turn-
ing over the fruit for examina-
tion, if the boxes are quite shall
low or only 3 or 4 inches deep,
so as to contain only a single
layer of specimens. They should

have slatted bottoms, to admit
Fie. 144. — Storing Fruit Boxes. ^, . . . r ^l i •

the circulation of the cool air.

If the lumber of which they are made is sawed of the right width, they are
rapidly constructed by nailing together. A convenient size for the boxes
is 20 by 24 inches, with slats at the bottom two inches wide and three-
fourths of an inch apart. They will be cheaper for the same contents if
six inches deep ; but the fruit is more easily picked over when in a single
layer with a depth of only three inches.

When barrels are stored in the fruit-room, it is recommended to place

Fig. 145. Fig. 146.

them on their sides, as shown in fig. 145. It is often more convenient,
however, to deposit them on end, in which case they keep nearly if not

quite as w^ell. By placing a
broad board on the top of
the lower tier, the next may
be set upon it, as shown in
fig. 146.

If barrels are wholly used,
they may be deposited on their
ends in the fruit-room, as rei>
resented in fig. 147; or the
double tier through the mid-
dle may be changed to a single
one with the barrels resting on
Fig. 147. — A rratig-ement 0/ Barrels. their sides.

Fig. 148 is the plan of a fruit-room with shelves in the centre for the

ic^^

^c^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

^45

more perishable sorts, with space enough for a row of barrels along each

side, containing the long keepers.

It is well to estimate beforehand the required contents of a frujt-room.

One arranged wholly for bar-
rels, as in fig. 14S, will hold
nearly 200 bushels, if the tiers
of barrels are five feet high.
With shelves in centre as in
fig. 149, the same room will
hold about two-thirds as
much, shelves requiring more
than double the space occu-

i^^^^t^-^^^^-^^^^f-^dV^^ pied with barrels for the

same capacity.

Fig. i4g.-Barre/s and Shelves. ^y^ ^^^^,^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^j^^ ^^

drawers, represented at fig 150, more convenient and more compact for
keeping apples and pears than any other mode. The drawers are 3 inches
deep and the sides measure 3 by 3^ feet. They have slatted bottoms. With
a single layer each one holds about a bushel. The case of drawers is
8 feet long, 3 feet wide and 6 feet high. The pieces are all cut of the
right size, the drawers made, and the rest of the work completed in the
fruit-room. Nails are exclusively used for all the parts. The shelves
slide on strips an inch square, which keep the shelves an inch apart for

Fig. 150. — Thirty Drawers for Appli's and Pears, holding Thirty Bushels.

the admission of air, and for grasping the sides when drawing them out.
They sustain themselves firmly in their position when drawn out within
6 inches of the rear side. Board partitions at their sides keep them in
\ their places. The thirty drawers will hold thirty bushels, which is a larger
M quantity than can well be packed in any other form. The upjjer ones are
Q examined from a step-ladder. The whole cost, including drawers, lum-

146

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

ber, nails and work, was only $20. Any desired number of these cases
may be placed in a fruit-room.

In conclusion, the following rules may be presented for strict observ-
ance in keeping fruit :

1. Let the temperature be kept as near the freezing point as practi-
cable.

2. Keep the temperature as uniform as possible, as an occasional warm
draught hastens decay.

3. Exclude air currents of any kind not required to maintain a uniform
degree of cold ; hence drawers or covered boxes are better than open
shelves.

4. Keep all odors away from the fruit, especially such odors as come
from badly kept cellars.

THE NEWER PEARS.

AMONG THE MANY HUNDREDS OF NEW PEARS which
have been introduced of late years there are few which deserve
special attention on account of their excellence or desirable qualities.
Among the most valuable new sorts we give notices and descriptions of
the following, to which others may be added in the future :

Jones' Seedling (fig. 151.) — Its origin was near Philadelphia. In size it
is below medium, form obovate, acute at the stem, often with a slight
suture from stem to
crown ; nearly the whole
surface is covered with
a thin cinnamon russet
on a yellowish skin, often
reddened towards the
sun ; stalk fleshy at base ;
calyx large, spreading;
flesh buttery and very
juicy, with a slightly acid
or nearly sweet flavor;
" very good." Down-
ing gives October as its
Jones' Seedling. period of ripening, but

i the specimens we have raised are not mellow till January, and its keeping
\ qualities are among its chief merits. Its small size will prevent its be-
U^ coming popular.
( ) Petite Marguerite (fig. 152.) — This excellent little pear originated

Fi-.

I'lg. 152.
Petite Marguerite.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

147

on the grounds of Andre Leroy of Angers. The fruit is rather below
medium in size, short obovate pyriform (Madeleine-shaped), surface
slightly uneven; skin greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow, bioxyn to
the sun, dots numerous, greenish ; stalk long, slender, set in a narrow
and rather deep cavity: basin rather laVge, somewhat wrinkled; flesh
white, buttery and melting, sweet, very good. It ripens the latter part of
August ; the tree is moderately vigorous and very productive.

Frederic Clapp (fig. 153.) — Since the general introduction of the
widely known Clapp's Favorite, produced by Frederic and Thaddeus
Clapp, another variety has been brought to notice by Lemuel Clapp,
brother of the two former, which promises high value. It was produced
from seed of the Urbaniste, crossed by the Beurre Superfin, resembling
the latter in flavor. The fruit is rather large, roundish obovate, some-
what variable in form and often irregular; the skin is bright yellow,
without blush or russet, but with many minute dots ; stalk an inch long,
slightly sunk ; calyx rather small and nearly closed, set in a shallow

with a high vinous flavor.

*"''^S>v

Fig. 153. — Frederic Clapp.

Duhamel die Monceau.

DuHAMEL DU MoNCEAU (fig. 1 54.) — This fine pear was raised by An-
dre Leroy of Angers, France. The fruit is full medium in size, pyriform,
rounded, regular; skin deep yellow, with a slight brown blush in the sun,
with some patches and nettings of russet, the w'hole surface often a rich
cinnamon russet, dots numerous ; stalk medium, curved, oblique, scarcely
sunk, sometimes lipped ; calyx partly closed, in a very shallow, wrinkled
basin : flesh a little granular, buttery and very melting ; flavor not very
rich, but agreeable and delicious. Specimens of this fruit received from
Messrs. Elhvanger & Barry the middle of January were as melting as any
pear of autumn.

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Souvenir du Congres (fig. 155.) — This is a magnificent fruit in ap-
pearance when well grown, and although variable in form, size and quality,
has attracted much attention from fruit growers. The tree is of vigorous,
upright growth. Fruit large, sometimes quite large, long pyriform ; sur-
face more or less uneven or wavy, rich yellow, often with a red cheek ; stalk
curved, slightly sunk ; calyx in a deep-furrowed basin ; flesh buttery ; quali-
ty variable, "good," some-
times " very good." Ripens
early in September, and
continues some weeks.
More time is needed to
prove the general value of
this pear in different parts
of the country.

Fig. 155. — Saicvetiir du Co7igres. Fig. 156. — Doctor Reeder.

Doctor Reeder (fig. 156.) — This is a small and excellent pear, raised
from seed of the Winter Nelis, by Dr. Henry Reeder of Seneca County,

N. Y. The tree is hardy and vigorous,
y^^ and an abundant bearer. The fruit is

^^^Mf^^v^ below medium in size, roundish obovate,

^•^//^^ ^^^^> regular, with an obtuse suture from stem

^'J^di. V l^-^^^^v to apex on one side, giving it a slightly

flattened form ; skin green, becoming yel-
lowish, more or less overspread with
thin russet ; stalk long, set in a deep,
narrow cavity ; calyx stiff, open, in a dis-
tinct basin; flesh buttery and melting,
slightly vinous, musky, rich, " very good."
Ripens in October.

Ansault (fig. 157.) — This new and de-
licious variety, more commonly known

A nsault.

by its long and impracticable name, Bonne du Putts Ansault, originated on

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

149

the grounds of Andre Leroy, and has for some years been fruited by
Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, N. Y. The fruit is rather be-
low medium in size, short obovate, sometimes sHghtlv pyriform ; skin a
little rough, pale greenish yellow, thinly russeted ; stalk short, in a nar-
row, deei>ribbed cavity ; calyx small, closed in a deep, narrow basin ; flesh
white, fine grained, juicy and melting, with a peculiar, sweet, slightly vin-
ous, excellent flavor. It ripens in September.

Beurre Superfin (fig. 158.) — This large and excellent pear, although in
cultivation many years, deserves wider attention from the many fruit grow-
ers who are but little acquainted with it. It originated in France. The fruit
is large, short pyriform ; skin greenish becoming yellow, often with a red
cheek, and with more or less russet ; stalk fleshy at insertion, and set on
the acute neck ; calyx small, partly closed, in a small, deep-furrowed
basin ; flesh buttery and melting, very juicy, with a rich and somewhat
brisk flavor; in quality "very good." Ripens in October.

Fig. 158. — Beurre Superfin.

Wilder.

Wilder (fig. 159.) — This is one of the best of the celebrated new sorts
raised by B. S. Fox of San Jose, Cal., and is valuable as a keeper, remain-
ing in good condition till February. It is rather large in size, obtuse
pyriform (Diel shaped), rich yellow, a little rough, often slightly reddened
in the sun, with numerous dots, and slightlv netted with russet; stalk
short, in a small cavity; basin shallow, ribbed ; flesh light yellow, a little
granular, melting, with an exceedingly sweet and excellent flavor ; " very
good " or "best." It may be smaller when grown east, but will probably
lose none of its flavor. Fine specimens have been received by us in dif-
, ferent years through Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry.

150 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

THE BEAN CROP AND ITS TREATMENT.

By F. p. Root, Monroe County, N. Y.

THE BEAN is one of the most valuable vegetable products of our
country, not so much for the extent of its production as for its value
as a substantial article of food. It is more nutritious than any of the
cereals, and always commands a higher market price. The consumption
of beans in the United States has largely increased since the potato has
become so uncertain a crop, and since the laboring man has found it
much cheaper and an excellent substitute for that almost indispensable
vegetable. The production of beans has lately increased far beyond con-
sumption, for we now export annually quite extensively to foreign coun-
tries. In some localities it has become one of the staple farm products,
and has often been more remunerative than grain crops. In this section
it has been, on many farms, a specialty in years past, and much attention
has been given to the cultivation and handling of the crop. The thorough
farmer who understands the business of bean growing will meet with suc-
cess, and will find it a remunerative branch of farm husbandry under
favorable conditions ; but it is more liable to injury from neglect, or from
imperfect soil, than most other farm crops.

The bean contains more mineral matter than any of the cereals, and thus
requires a soil rich in the organic elements of plant food. According
to analyses by Wolff, it contains 29.6 parts of ash in 1,000, while wheat
Contains but 17.7 parts ; the bean contains 12 parts of potash, and wheat
but 5.5 parts ; of phosphoric acid the bean has 1 1.6 parts, wheat 8.2 parts ;
of lime the bean has 1.5 parts, while wheat contains but 0.6 parts. Thus it
will be seen that a strong soil is necessary to its production, and that it is
more exhaustive than the wheat crop. The best kind of soil is found by
experience to be a uniform calcareous loam. A sandy gravel loam will
produce a fine sample, but a clay loam will usually afford the best yield.
Other soils, if made mellow, will furnish fair crops, but heavy soils are
liable to produce a poor quality by uneven ripening. Mucky soils usually
produce too much vine, and a poor yield is the result.

Common barnyard manures are beneficial, but should be applied spar-
ingly, so as not to produce an overgrowth. Superphosphate of lime is
also as beneficial to this as to any other crop. While a strong soil, in a
good state of fertility, is necessary to produce a full crop it is not desirable
to have a large amount of vegetable matter in the soil.

Preparation of Land and Planting.

An inverted clover ley, or sod of any kind, provided there are no tena-
cious grass roots or weeds to grow up and choke the crop, affords a good
seed bed, but must be made mellow. The soil must be well worked, and

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

'S\(l

be made clean and mellow before planting. It should always be freshly
worked and moist when planted, so that the seed may all germinate im-
mediately. Fall plowed land well worked in spring up to seeding time
will have the seeds of weeds killed, and make the crop easier to till than
when plowing is done immediately before planting. The land in all cases
should be well worked, and made very fine, not only for the benefit a
crop always receives from a well-worked soil, but for the early and uni-
form germination of the seed.

Beans should not be planted till the ground is warm — usually a week

Fig. 1 60. — Bradford' s One-Horse Bea7i- Planter.

or ten days later than corn planting — in this latitude, from the first to the
fifteenth of June. Late varieties, like the late pea bean, should be planted
by the first of June. The early pea and medium beans are better if the
planting is deferred till June 15th. The pea varieties require half a
bushel of seed per acre ; the medium three-fourths of a bushel, and the
marrows one bushel or even five pecks. Kidney beans, and other large
varieties, require more seed, in proportion to the size of beans. The mar- A
rows, medium and pea varieties are those most used, and are most hardy jK
and prolific. (J

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

The planting is done with a machine drawn by one horse, planting two
rows at a time, usually 30 inches apart. After tbe land is finely harrow-
ed, a light roller should be passed over, to make a smooth surface, so that
the seed may be planted at a uniform depth, and in straight rows, to facili-
tate cultivation. The planting machine is balanced on one wheel, which
drives the feeders, and is provided with different sized cups, to meet the
requirements of the different sized beans, so as to plant the required
quantity of each of the various sorts. It is held by handles like the
plow, the holder driving the horse, and will plant some 10 or 12 acres per
day. This machine is seen in fig. 160. The cost of this planter is $25,
and it is manufactured by Whiteside & Barnett of Brockport, X. Y.

After-Cultivation.

As soon as the plants are up, and put out the second leaves, which is
usually about ten days' after planting, cultivation should begin. A culti-
vator is used much like the common one-horse corn cultivator, but the
tooth point is of a different shape. It runs nearly flat in the ground, so
as to cut the weeds without throwing the earth against the plants. Cul-
tivation should be repeated as often as once every week till the vines
begin to run and the blossoms are about to show. If weeds grow along
the rows, they must be destroyed by hand hoeing ; otherwise all can be
done by horse cultivation. The ground must, however, be worked close
to the rows without hilling. Beans should not be worked when wet ; it
causes a rust on the leaves, which is injurious to growth. No crop is
more easily injured by neglect, and none pays better for nice, clean culti-
vation than this. Weeds and thistles, if allowed to grow, will overshadow
the low-growing plants, and prevent them from filling the pods full, less-
ening the yield largely.

Harvesting the Crop.

This crop will mature in from sixty to eighty days after planting, the
early varieties, such as mediums and early pea beans, of course in the
shortest time. As soon as the pods and leaves change to a yellow hue,
and before the pods are dry, the harvest should begin. Harvesting is
done, in the old style, by hand pulling, bringing four rows into one of
bunches ; the stalks inverted, setting the tops on the ground, so that the
pods receive the sun to dry them. A week or ten days is necessary to
cure in good weather. It is of the first importance that they are dry be-
fore putting into a mow, for any moisture sufficient to cause fermentation
will greatly damage the crop. On a small scale they are sometimes
stacked around stakes driven into the ground, spreading straw around
the stake, then stacking the beans around by putting the roots to the stake
and the pods hanging on the outside, when they will cure even in wet
weather. This is however thought too expensive for extensive field cul-
ture, and is not practiced in this section. The only advantage in it is the JA
safety against injury from wet weather, but in ordinary seasons the risk (

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

153

in drying on the ground is very small. If the weather becomes showery,
so that the piles are wet through, they must be turned over, and if wet
weather continues several days in succession, it becomes necessary to
turn them as often as once in two days, so as to bring those pods which
lie on the ground up to the surface, where they will receive air. In
this way they can be saved through several days of wet weather, without
serious injury, but if allowed to lie on the ground unmoved when wet,
they will be injured. Seasons of unfavorable weather at bean harvest time
are quite rare, and little trouble is experienced in curing them. When
farmers have scaffold room or airy places where they can be spread, beans
may be stored when somewhat damp, but when put into mows they must
be dry, and all green pods well cured, or the crop will be damaged by
stained berries.

Recently the expense of harvesting has been lessened about one-half by
the use of harvesting machines. Several different machines have been
constructed, though all use the same principle of cutting the stalk an inch
or two below the surface of the ground. This is done by means of a
sharp steel share drawn diagonally, and attached to standards and a frame

Fig. 161. — Bradford'' s Bean Harvester.

carried on wheels and drawn by two horses. The horses travel between
the rows, outside of the two rows which are being cut and brought into
one row behind the machine. The driver rides and regulates the depth
of cutting by means of a lever. This is necessary to conform to the sur-
face of the ground. The beans, after being partly cured are pitched into
piles, bringing four rows into one row of bunches, in order to allow a team
to pass between in loading. Beans when thus harvested dry out sooner
than when pulled by hand, and if wet by rains are turned quite as easily.
A complete and successful harvesting machine is patented and manufac-
tured by Wm. Bradford, Brockport, N. Y., a cut of which is seen in fig. 161.

154 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

It has two cutting blades which run forward obliquely just beneath
or at the surface, each one cutting a row, the blades being long enough
and having sufficient spread to allow for any variation in the row. This
machine will harvest lo or 12 acres per day, and will require the labor of
three or four men at the same time to put them in piles for loading. The
price is $50. In bunching the beans for drawing in, the piles are made only
large enough for one forkful each, usually from 10 to 15 feet apart, accord-
ing to the growth of the plants. They are pitched with a common barley
fork having long wooden tines, which are run under the bunch carefully,
to avoid shelling. A one-horse hay-fork is often used to unload, as they
are heavy to pitch by hand. One team will draw into the barn 8 or 10
acres a day, although it will not do to draw them in early in the day when
there is dew. The rows of bunches when four rows of beans are put to-
gether will be ten feet apart, between which the team can be driven, and
two rows on each side pitched on as the team passes along. The rows
usually need turning over to dry the bottom, in doing w^hich the two are
brought nearer together to make more space for the team to pass. Mr.
Bradford is also the inventor and manufacturer of the cultivator used.
These machines have been long in use, and are believed to be as perfect
as any to be found.

The threshing of beans may be done in the same way as that of wheat
or other grain, and at about the same expense — by hand labor with a flail ;
or horses, by treading on a floor, or by machine. A bean threshmg ma-
chine is in common use, manufactured at the Hall Threshing Machine
Works in Rochester, N. Y. The machine is similar to the grain thresh-
ing machine, except that the cylinder has a covering instead of open bars,
and runs at a low speed, and has round teeth, which will not split the
beans. A fair crop of beans should yield from 20 to 30 bushels per acre ;
sometimes more, but often less when seasons are not favorable or wdien
not w^ell tended.

Preparing the Crop for Market. "

When the crop is threshed and winnowed, it is ready to go to the
dealer, who prepares and barrels the beans for market. If the crop were
sent to the eastern market in the condition which the farmer with his
ccmmon mill leaves them, very few lots would be marketable as of first
quality. Much of the profit of bean growing depends on the skill of the
dealer in fitting them for the eastern market. Our dealers ship none
until they are fitted to go into the baking pan or soup pot in perfect order,
for such only will pass as first quality, and command the highest price.
Fixtures and mills are necessary to clean from them all dust and dirt; to
separate and grade the different sizes; to screen out split beans and
foreign seeds, and to separate all discolored beans. A mill in use for
screening and sizing them, and separating splits, is manufactured by
Whiteside, Barnett & Co., Brockport, N. Y., a cut of which is seen in

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

155

fig. 162. The company also manufactures a planter and a cultivator for
beans, which are much in use. Their cleaning machine is indispensable,
for no sample is of first quality until it passes through this operation.

Fig. 162. — Machine for Screening and Separating Beans.
After this, if any are discolored, they may be picked out by hand. To
facilitate this work the beans are run upon a slow moving canvas, when
boys or women are employed to pick out all imperfect ones as the beans
pass over and fall into packages. Every season some careless farmer has
damaged beans, and in wet seasons crops are sometimes injured even
before harvesting. The expense of picking is 10 to 15 cents per bushel.
The poor beans are sold for feed.

Domestic animals, excepting sheep, have not a natural relish for beans,
but when educated to it, they often become fond of them. When boiled
or steamed and mixed with meal or bran, hogs will fatten faster on the
mixture than on corn or meal alone. They are worth as much as corn
for feeding, and are worth more when cooked, for keeping hogs. No fod-
der is more valuable than bean straw. It is eaten with a relish by sheep,
cattle or horses, and being a laxative food is very desirable to be fed with
other dry fodder in winter. Its value per acre is nearly equal to corn-
stalks, though much less in bulk.

A New Invention.

It is well known that bean soup has become a common dish in the
course at nearly all our public eating-houses, but it is rather unsightly
when filled with the skins or hulls of the beans. To avoid this, and to
make a finer article for this dish, and also to make a finer article for other
modes of cookery, a process of skinning or hulling the bean has been in-

^=-

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

vented. Messrs. A. B. Ra\Tnond & Son, Brockport, N. Y., who are ex-
tensively engaged in the bean trade, have invented a machine (and applied
for letters patent) which promises to be of value in preparing this valuable
esculent much better for culinary use.

THE BEST ROSES AND THEIR CULTURE.

By Henry B. Ellwanger of the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

AS WE ARE EACH YEAR ADDING NEW SORTS to our list
of varieties, and are also making some occasional discoveries and
improvements in propagation and cultivation, it follows that our selection
of kinds and our treatment in culture will vary somewhat from year to
year, as new varieties appear to take the places of old favorites, and we
have knowledge of improved methods for the care of them. Reversing
the order of our heading, we will first offer a few brief suggestions regard-
ing the general culture suitable for hardy Roses, and afterwards, at some
greater length consider what varieties can most satisfactorily be grown by
the general public.

The first requisite is the selection and preparation of a suitable place
for planting. This is very important, as all that follows depends upon
the care used in this first step.

To begin with, then, choose the best place you have in the garden, a
place where you can offer sufficient protection, by means of hedges or
board fences, from bleak sweeping winds. When fences are used, their
general ugliness can be most appropriately clothed by Roses them-
selves. A warm, sunny position is also requisite ; if so situated that there
is an exposure to the morning sun and the hot rays during the afternoon
are in part or wholly shaded, all the better, but a certain amount of sun-
light is as essential to a Rose's welfare as to our own, though many of us
do not show our appreciation of the blessings of sunlight as gratefully as
do our roses. Besides scattering them through our gardens, Roses may
be made very effective planted in borders about our lawns, either indi-
vidually or in groups, and also planted in beds on the lawn. When the
latter is done we may, with great advantage, depart from the usual cus-
tom of growing the plants in bush form, and resort to what is termed the
pegging-down system, as shown in fig. 163.

In this case the mode of procedure is quite simple. Having planted
our Roses — for this purpose those on their own roots are preferable — we
allow them to grow the first season in the usual way ; the following
autumn or spring, the short and weak shoots are entirely cut away, and the*
long ones carefully bent down and fastened to the ground by means of '

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

^57

pegs, or where more convenient, or preferred, they may be tied to stakes.
Occasionally it happens that there is a hard stiff shoot which will crack
or break near the ground, but if the bark on the underside continues

S^^.^^^^

.S^fc>!i

Fig. 163. — Bed of Roses Pegged DoTvn.

whole this is generally of no consequence, as flowers will be produced,
as well as though the shoot were uninjured.

Every year the pegging down must be repeated, the old shoots being
cut away, and the new ones, which have come up during the summer, laid
down in their place. The great advantage of this system over the ordi-
nary practice of growing in bush form is the immense quantity of flowers
produced, thus giving a magnificent appearance on the lawn, and afford-
ing all the cut flowers desired for household use.

Soil. — Roses will do well in any ordinary garden soil that is free from
any standing water and well drained. Where there is too much clay, the
soil can easily be made sufficiently friable by the application of wood and
coal ashes, lime, stable manure, etc. Where, on the other hand, a soil is
sandy or too light, we need to work in clay, muck, leaf mould, &c., to
obtain sufficient body.

Pruning is best done during November or March, though to secure a
good second crop of flowers in the autumn, it is also necessary to prune
immediately after the first flowering is over with.

Manures. — In regard to this important portion of cultural operations,
we would say there must be a generous application if we expect a gener-
ous yield of flowers. When Roses are planted in the spring, if the soil is
ordinarily rich, it will be better not to dig in much manure about the roots,
but rather apply it as a surface dressing. This will at once be nourish-
ing, keep the roots cool, and prevent suffering from the drouths of sum-
mer. The following autumn, say in November, after the Roses have been
planted, there should again be applied as a mulching a free application of
stable manure, which may be dug in the next March. W^e find cow ma-
nure the best fertilizer, on the whole, that we have tried, though all kinds
of stable manure are excellent, as are also bonedust, soot, guano, &c. For

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

full directions regarding this and kindred subjects we refer to the several
excellent works on Roses.

With these few cultural hints, we proceed to a consideration of what
are the best hardy Roses for general cultivation. We mean by this a list
for beginners in Rose culture and the general public, naming those vari-
eties which are most certain to succeed, and which will give the most gen-
erous return in profusion of flowers, fragrance and beautv. A perfect Rose
therefore, for general cultivation should excel in the following particulars,
and in the order named :

1. Beauty of color — as that which first attracts us to a Rose.

2. Beauty of form.

3. Fragrance — deprived of this, no Rose can be perfect.

4. Profusion and continuity of bloom.

5. Vigor and healthfulness of growth.

Let us consider at some greater length these several qualities essential
to a perfect Rose. First — As regards color, we like something decided
and pronounced, or else of great delicacy and softness and, withal, as
durable as possible. The varieties differ very greatly in this respect.
For example, Pius IX, a well-known old Rose of splendid habit, very
seldom is seen of a clear color ; the sun fades it almost immediately after
the flower expands, and a dirty purplish shade of Rose is produced, any-
thing but pleasing. La Reine, Giant of Battles, and others are likewise
affected, though in less degree. Some, like Abel Grand and General
Jacqueminot, are quite permanent, lasting oftentimes till the petals wilt and
fall. Above all things, therefore, we want our colors pure and steadfast.

Form. — In form the Rose shows almost as much diversity as in color.
We have globular, cup-shaped, imbricated and quartered Roses, besides
many modifications of these forms. The globular Rose, as shown in
Alfred Colomb, is the finest of them all, but the others are very pleas-
ing in their variety, and we sljould not wish to be confined to the one
type. The quartered or flat form is the most objectionable, though there
are very many lovely Roses of quartered or flat shape, such as Caroline
de Sansal, Baronne Prevost, &c., which are large, full, and even symmetri-
cal. Shirley Hibberd in his excellent work on Roses, places form before
color. This may be right in an exhibition box of Roses, but not as judged
from our standpoint ; however, it shows the very great importance of ex-
cellence in form, without which a Rose cannot stand very high in the scale.

Fragrance. — Did one ever think what we should lose were our Roses
deprived of their sweet odors .'' Why, there would at once be a vacant
throne, with no Rose to hold a queenly sceptre, and the strife of Dahlia,
Camellia, Lily, Gladiolus and Rhododendron for suj^remacy would have no
check, no limitation. Among all the delightful perfumes exhaled by the
Lily, Heliotrope, Daphne, Jasminum, &c., none yield such delicate, sweet-
scented odors as La France and Louis Van Houtte give us ; they are
alike supreme in beauty and fragrance.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

159

Profusion and Continuity of Bloom. — This is also a very im-
portant feature. There is no doubt we have altogether too many kinds
of so-called Hybrid Perpetuals, which though excelling in many other
qualities, are lamentably deficient in this. They are perpetual in name
only, and do not yield a sutficient number of flowers ; they therefore
should give place to true perpetual varieties.

Vigor and Healthfulness of Growth. — Last and scarcely least,
we look for a strong constitution. Varieties subject to mildew, like Caro-
line de Sansal, Prince Camille de Rohan, &c., have our commiseration as
well as our regard ; while weak or slow-growing varieties, like General
Washington, Giant of Battles, La France, &c., we unfavorably contrast
with the exuberant, healthful growth of such sorts as John Hopper, Gen-
eral Jacqueminot, Baronne Prevost, &c.

With these preliminary remarks, we submit a table, placing in order of
merit the best hardy Roses for general cultivation. With the single ex-
ception of climbing Jules Margottin, we have not contemplated the ad-
mission of new varieties of the past four years. Some of them, no doubt,
will be worthy a place in the list, but it takes time to thoroughly test a

t^h

-Alfred Colojnb. Fig. 165. — Madmne Victor Verdier.

Rose, and we wish to make this list as thoroughly reliable and nearly
perfect as it is possible for such a list to be.

We have selected the following means of determining the comparative
merits of different varieties : Tsking five qualities named in the order
of their importance, we assigned the following number of points to each :
Color, 24 ; form, 22 ; fragrance, 20 ; freedom of bloom, 18 ; vigor and
healthfulness of growth, 16; making a total of 100 points for a per-
fect Rose. J

Where two or more varieties resemble one another, we have only re- (

i6o

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

tained the superior sort as a contestant ; thus Ferdinand de Lesseps and
Maurice Bernardin are thrown out as being similar, but inferior, to
Charles Lefebvre.

This gives a list, therefore, of quite distinct sorts ; those which are
nearest alike being Alfred Colomb (fig. 164) and Mme. Victor Verdier
(fig. 165) at the head, and they are sufiiciently dissimilar to make both
essential, even in a very limited collection.

We have given the shade of color in case any one should desire to
select from this list with reference to having only a few sorts quite dis-
tinct from each other in tint ; but as already mentioned, Roses vary almost
as much in form as in color, and we may have two kinds with precisely
the same shade, yet strongly differing in every other respect and therefore
entirely distinct. The list runs as follows :

Thirty of the Best

Hardy Roses

FOR General Cultivation.

«s

1^

11

H

Jt

»
«

l.^

•g\.

1

1

1^'

1

24

22

20

18

16

100

24

22

19

14

13

92

24

21

19

14

13

90

24

20

14

16

16

90

24

16

17

17

16

90

2^

22

17

13

14

89

2^

20

15

16

IS

24

22

18

14

10

88

24

21

16

14

13

88

24

21

15

15

13

88

24

22

20

18

3

«7

24

20

12

16

IS

87

24

19

14

14

16

«7

24

17

IS

IS

15

86

2?,

14

17

16

16

86

24

21

20

14

6

«S

22

19

13

IS

16

«S

24

16

12

14

15

81

24

21

12

8

ig

80

24

18

14

12

ro

78

24

22

4

14

13

77

23

15

12

14

13

77

20

16

14

18

77

22

16

10

12

13

73

2^

10

8

18

71

20

18

4

17

67

24

19

2

9

10

64

24

21

2

12

63

IS

12

10

12

14

63

24

20

2

10

6

62

24

20

2

8

7

61

Maximum number of points,

1. Alfred Colomb, crimson,

2. Mme. Victor Verdier, crimson,

3. John Hopper, carmine rose,

4. General Jacqueminot, velvet crimson, . . ,

5. Countess Cecile de Chabrillant, pink, . . .

6. Abel Grand, glossy rose,

7. Marie Baumann, carmine crimson, ,

8. Charies Lefebvre, deep crimson,

9. Francois Michelon, carmine rose, ,

10. La France, silvery rose, . .

11. Marguerite de St. Amande, bright rose,.

12. Climbing Jules Margottin, carmine pink

13. Duke of Edinburgh, bright crimson, ....

14. Baronne Prevost, rose,

1 5. Louis Van Houtte, maroon,

16. Paul Neyron, rose, _

17. Anne de Diesbach, carmine,

18. Mme. Boll, carmine rose, _

19. Prince Camille de Rohan, dark crimson,

20. Countess of Oxford, carmine red,

21. Caroline de Sansal, rosy flesh,

22. Mme. Alfred de Rougemont, white,

23. Peach Blossom, pink,

24. Coquette des Blanches, white,

25. General Washington, reddish crimson, .

26. Marquise de Castellane, carmine rose,. .

27. Baroness Rothschild, silvery pink,

28. La Reine, rose,

29. Etienne Levet, carmine red,

30. Mdlle. Eugenie Verdier, silver rose,

A list of this kind would not be complete without mention of some
summer Roses. Though blossoming but once a year, some of them, no-

0 OF RURAL AFFAIRS. l6l

tably the mosses, are so beautiful as to be essential to a Rose garden of
any size or pretentions. We name the following as the best : For
climbers, Bennett's Seedling, Baltimore Belle and Queen of the Prairies.
We have also a new race of climbing Hybrid Perpetuals, which promise
to be valuable, but are not fully proved. Among non-climbers the most
desirable are Persian Yellow, Mme. Hardy, Mme. Plantier (fig. i66), and
the following Moss Roses — Crested, Common Moss, Countess of Muri-
nais and Salet ; the latter, though less beautiful than the others, blooms
freely in autumn, and would be quite valuable for that qualitv alone.

The selection or mode of electing varieties to a position in the above
list is of course, arbitrarily done, but it has been carefully and we may say

Fig i66 — Madame Plantier. Fig 167 — La France

laboriously compiled ; and though judges would differ more or less in the
relative estimation of the different qualities which go to make up a per-
fect Rose, and the number of points which should be variously assigned,
we nevertheless think it will be a serviceable guide. As will be seen
from the table, we have no Rose which may be called perfect; our
choicest sorts, excelling in some qualities, fall short in others ; thus Alfred
Colomb, which heads the list with 92 points out of a possible 100, is less
fragrant than La France, (fig. 167,) more coy of its bloom than Coquette
des Blanches, and does not have the lusty vigor of growth possessed by
Baronne Prevost, but for the five qualities combined, no sort altogether
equals it. Mme. Victor Verdier is a sister variety of nearly equal worth.
Honest John Hopper, always steadfast aad true, comes third. Victor
Verdier bears him much resemblance in color and general appearance,
but has neither the fragrance nor vigor of constitution to be counted a
rival.

General Jacqueminot, notwithstanding a lack of fullness and rotund
form, is now one of our oldest, most generally known, and also best
Roses for general cultivation. Clad in his rich crimson livery, he is still
prepared to lead the van.

vQ

162

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Countess Cecile de Chabrillant, (fig. 168,) possibly from the length of
name, is a variety too much neglected and lost sight of. The flowers are

not large but most beautiful, and are
models of symmetry and grace. Let
no one overlook her claims.

Abel Grand is another neglected, or

i'^}A^-^^^ ■'/(':

A
-4^

n^

.s.^

■^ &'

^^^1

Fig. 169. — Marie Baumann.

Fig. 168. — Countess Cecile Chabrillant'.

at least not well known, variety of the highest excellence, especially valu-
able in the fall of the year, when compeers otherwise equally meritorious
are devoid of even semblance of bloom.

Marie Baumann ! How difficult to depict her charms ! Original and
exquisite in all her features, she claims a choice position in every garden.
There is no more beautiful variety than this in the entire list — fig. 169.

Charles Lefebvre (fig. 170) is an improved Jacqueminot in form and
possibly color, though somewhat inferior in the other qualities. Only
within a year or two have we in this country learned to appreciate this
noble Rose.

^-^

■^^^i

y^'C

rf <'

Fig. 170. — Charles Lefebvre.

Francois Michelon.

Francois Michelon, (fig. 171,) a comparatively new sort, is rapidly gain-
^ ing favor. It is a seedling from La Reine, bearing some resemblance to
(j that well-known sort, but decidedly superior in color and form. Follow-

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

163

ing this is La France, the sweetest of all Roses ; compelled to choose one
variety, this should be ours. It is not only the most fragrant, but, with
the exception of those Hybrid Noisettes, Madame Alfred de Rougemont
and Coquette des Blanches, wall yield more flowers during the year than
any other sort named. It flowers so profusely that its growth is checked,
every eye sending forth a flower shoot ; it is, alas, not very hardy, being
the most tender on the list, but though the tops are killed, it will start
out again in the spring from the roots, the same as the Hybrid Noisettes.

Marguerite de St. Amande is a worthy companion of Abel Grand, fur-
nishing a generous supply of autumn flowers.

Climbing Jules Margottin, besides being of more vigorous growth,
seems, if anything, more beautiful than the old sort, from which it is a
sport. It is well worth growing for its buds alone.

Duke of Edinburg is a bright colored Jacqueminot, which is saying all
that is necessary.

•Baronne Prevost, one of the best of the flat type, is a worthy companion
of General Jacqueminot, and a model of vigor and health. It is the oldest
variety known, having been sent out in 1842.

^

.:^

X

Fig. 172. — Lmiis Van Houtt&. Fig. 173. — Anne de Die shack.

Louis Van Houtte, like La France, is but half hardy, and is also wor-
thy of extra care. No other sort so nearly approaches La France in frag-
rance, and when planted in a bed together, the deep velvety maroon of
the one contrasts most admirably with the delicate silvery rose of the
other. It is shown in fig. 172.

Paul Ne3Ton is the largest variety known, and although its size de-
tracts from our notions of a refined Rose it is nevertheless a noble sort
for any garden.

Anne de Diesbach, (fig. 173,) a true carmine, has its rivals of the same

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

shade, but her pure, lovely color has never yet been equalled by any
of them.

Madame Boll is almost worth growing for its large lustrous foliage,
but the blooms correspond in size and quality, only are too seldom seen
after June blossoming is over.

Prince Camille de Rohan is a superb, very dark sort, quite well
known.

Countess of Oxford (a magnificent carmine red, of the Victor Verdier
type,) like Francois Michelon, is rapidly becoming popular, its chief defect
being a want of fragrance, which it lacks in common with all the Victor
Verdier race, such as Captain Christy, Etienne Levet, Lyonnais, Madame
George Schwartz, Madame Marie Finger, Mdlle. Eugenie Verdier, Presi-
dent Thiers, &c.

Caroline de Sansal is a well-known, justly popular sort.

Madame Alfred de Rougemont and Coquette des Blanches are, all
things considered, the best white perpetuals we have.

Peach Blossom, a comparatively new sort, seems to improve each year,
and gives a new shade of color very desirable.

General Washington is one of the most widely disseminated varieties
in this country, but it does not reach the maximum number of points in
any quality. In color it is sometimes grand, but generally it has some-
what of a faded appearance, being quickly affected by the sun, and sel-
dom is seen truly pure. The same may be said respecting form, some-
times superb, but generally seen with some defect, either a green centre,
or irregular and not symmetrical. Of fragrance it is almost entirely de-
void. It ranks very high as a free bloomer, but, like La France, this is
at the expense of growth.

Marquise de Castellane does not always open well, but gives many
large carmine-rose blooms of globular shape that are truly superb.

Baroness Rothschild has exquisite cup-shaped flowers entirely distinct
from all others. It is unfortunately of stubby, short-jointed growth, and
can only be propagated by budding or grafting. This will always tend
to make it somewhat scarce.

La Reine is another well-known old Rose which we cannot yet afford
to discard, though now surpassed by so many finer varieties.

Etienne Levet, another of the newer sorts, somewhat resembling
Countess of Oxford, is rapidly finding favor, and had it but fragrance,
would be assigned a higher position.

Mdlle. Eugenie Verdier, the last on the list, is certainly one of the
most delicately beautiful colored varieties we have, but here again the
lack of fragrance deprives it of a higher position.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

i6s

MY EXPERIENCE WITH MARKET LAMBS.

By Henry Stewart, Bergen County, N. J.

IT WAS SEVERAL YEARS AGO that on a Saturday evening a
large drove of sheep was stopped at my front gate, and the owner ask-
ed for pasture for it until Monday morning. He was willing to pay one
cent per head per night, which, as there were about i,ooo in the drove,
was a tempting offer. I bargained with the man to give him the pasture
for the pick of seven ewes from the flock. On Monday morning I picked
out the seven ewes, and was induced to make a purchase of 48 more, for
the sum of $120. This transaction finally brought me into the business
of raising early lambs for market. I had a flock of pure Cotswolds and
some young ram lambs. It was in September, and a poor field was ready
to be occupied. The ewes were turned into the field with three sturdy,
well grown young Cotswold rams. The ewes were deep and long bodied
Ohio native sheep, having a mixture of Merino and South-Down blood,
as shown by the short wool and partly smutty faces and legs. I deter-
mined to raise some lambs, and set about it.
The flock ran in the fleld until the winter,
when it was brought into a yard in which an
open shed was built containing a feed-rack
and a raised floor. The shed was 100 feet
long, made of rough boards, 10 feet wide, 7 feet
high at the back and 4 feet at the front, which
was made with sliding doors, so that it could
be half opened or wholly shut. A passage
was made in the rear of the feed-rack, having
several double doors. The shed (fig. 174)
ran partly around three sides of a yard 100
by 44 feet ; was fenced with boards, and was
kept well littered with straw. A feed-rack
was placed in the centre of the yard, into
which oat straw and corn fodder chopped
into 6-inch lengths was kept for the ewes to
pick over. The flock was kept in this yard
and shed during winter and spring, until the
grass was up, being driven out twice a day
to water in the large barnyard adjoining.
The fodder rack running around the shed
was made of strips i^ inches wide and one inch thick arranged so as to
slope backwards 2 or 3 inches at the top, to keep the hay seed from falling

4-

-^ii.'Oi

Fig. 174. — Pla}i of Slieds.

0 i66

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

in the wool, and the strips were separated by spaces of 3 inches, to pre-
vent the sheep thrusting their heads between the bars and rubbing the
wool from their necks. Previous experience had taught me that unless
the rack is made with a view to these contingencies, there is not only
damage to the fleece, but a sheep might be occasionally fastened by the
head in the rack, and become strangled. The form of the rack is shown
in section at fig. 175 — a, the sloping back; b, the front bars ; c, the feed

Fig. 175. — Section 0/ Fodder Rack. Fig. 176. — View 0/ Fodder Rack.

trough. Fig. 176 is a view of the rack. The sloping boards at the rear
served to keep the hay to the front of the rack, and also to carry the
grain and meal down into the feed trough below. The only objection to
this arrangement was that when the ewes were eating hay they would put
their feet in the feed trough, but I have never yet found any feeding
arrangement free from some objection, so long as animals cannot be
taught good manners.

The section of the shed is given at fig. 177, showing the passage behind
the trough and feeding floor. The floor of the shed was raised a foot

above the level of the yard, to permit of
the gradual accumulation of litter and
manure, which in the spring was nearly
two feet deep all over the yard.

The feeding of the ewes before lamb-
ing was as follows : In the morning
clover hay in the shed ; at noon one
pint each of mixed grain, corn, oats
and buckwheat ; occasionally this was
changed to a similar quantity of linseed
oil-cake meal and rye bran mixed in equal parts. Corn fodder or straw
was given in the yard at noon ; at night the rack was filled with
clover hay.

The lambs began to come in February. Each ewe was closely watch-
ed, and as soon as signs of lambing were perceived she was placed
in a small pen, of which there were eight, adjoining the feed shed and
shown in the diagram (fig. 174.) These could be kept dark if needed and
were divided by boarding 4 feet high. They were made warm by a small
stove set up in the end of the passage. When the lambs were strong

Fig. 177. — Section 0/ Sited.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 167

they were turned out with their dams into the yard, and generally found
the sunny side, where they gambolled and played.

As soon as the lamb was dropped the ewe was given about two quarts
of warm oatmeal gruel, with a tablespoonful of sugar in it. The sugar
tempted some to drink which at first cared little for it. The lamb was held
up to the teats and helped to suck once or twice, if necessary, which was
seldom. The ewes were fed more liberally after lambing, and selected
ones that needed it were given an extra mess out of a shallow pan held
for them.

In May some of the lambs were ready for sale. The first four sent
down, in a box made of battens, to the New- York market brought
me back a check for $40 ; and since then I have sold many as early as
April, at 25 to 35 cents a pound, live weight. My sales the first year ran
from $10, the first price, down to $4.50, when I stopped sending to New-
York, and sold what I had left at home for $3.50, to the local butcher.

Occasionally a lamb would need attention to remove the gummy excre-
ment which otherwise closed the gut, and would have caused death. For
the first few days after birth, this should not be neglected. Having these
warm pens, there were no chilled lambs, and the only lambs lost were two
that crawled under the feed rack in the shed, and could not return. To
prevent such an accident, every hole or space large enough should be
carefully closed. The low roof of the shed gave ample protection against
storms, and during very cold rain storms the sliding doors could be closed
on the side where the rain beat in. Then the double doors on the rear
of the shed are opened, to give plenty of ventilation.

As soon as the grass was long enough, the flock was turned out in the
day, after having been fed with their allowance of grain or meal in the
morning ; and in the evening they had a similar allowance, which was
half a bushel for the 55 head at each feed. This gave about one pound
a day, but some ewes with twin lambs received an extra allowance, given
in a shallow dish, as before mentioned. Constant mingling with the
sheep had made them tame and easily handled, and this was found a
great convenience in giving the required attention.

After experience led me to choose South-Down rams for the sires of
the lambs, as the black-faced and dark-legged lambs are better liked and
are more solid for the size than the Cotswold. I found Leicester ewes
were an entire failure ; several ewes died in lambing, and several lambs
were lost in birth or pined away afterwards. Pure Cots wolds are too
scrawny, and pure natives are too leggy to be desired in the market.
After several years' trials of several different breeds, I consider the South-
Down or the Hampshire-Down the best breeds for market lambs. By
earlier coupling of the ewes, I have had lambs at Christmas, and have
had them in market at Easter, but there is more trouble in looking after
such very early lambs than is compensated by the price received. Rather
than sell lambs before May, I would keep them and feed them to a greater (_

i68

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Fig. 178. — Shropshire Ram — a Model Sire for Market Lambs.

weight, because a thin lamb, although early, will not sell as readily or
profitably as a large, heavy one, two or three weeks later.

After the lambs had been all disposed of, the ewes were fed for market,
and before September had returned again, they had been sold to the butcher,
having each given me a fleece and nearly every one a lamb, and realized

an average advance of nearly 50 per cent,
on their first cost. I have repeated this
operation several times with about the
same result, which is a profit of 150 per
cent, on the investment, and a goodly lot
of manure, which pays for all the trouble.
The points to be considered and pre-
pared for are :

I. The selection of mature, well-grown
ewes, with deep flanks, long bodies, and
backs as broad as may be. A ewe with
a gothic-arched back should be despised
and rejected ; she will be neither a milker,
a good mother nor a feeder.

2. The selection of a good ram, a South-Down or a Hampshire-Down
preferably, or a Cotswold of square, compact form, and short legs and
deep brisket. One with brown legs and face would probably mark his
lambs in the same way, and this would be an advantage.

3. The keeping of the ewes in constant good condition by regular and
liberal feeding while breeding, and in feeding after lambing some sort of
food that will maintain a copious flow of rich milk. It is better to feed
the lamb through the ewe than to disorder it by giving food that is un-
natural and unfitted for it.

79. — Lamb.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

4. To provide an airy, open shed, with a dry, capacious yard, and to
avoid keeping the ewes too warm.

5. To provide separate pens for the ewes when lambing, and to keep
them warm in cold weather by artificial heat if necessary.

6. To nourish the ewe with a warm drink after the lamb is dropped. A
weakly ewe may be brought up greatly by means of a teaspoonf ul of gin
in a pint of warm gruel, poured down with a drenching horn.

7. To see that the lamb is not injured by obstruction of the bowels, or
from any inability to reach the teat and suck, or from a closed teat, when
young and weak. The lamb should have a good meal within three hours
after birth.

8. To suffer no check to the growth of the lamb, and to avoid stinting
it by well meant but injudicious over-feeding with cow's milk or with solid
food. If cow's milk is given, it should be from a fresh cow, and never in
larger quantities than a quarter of a pint at one time. If bran or meal is
fed, half an ounce to a lamb is enough to begin on, and an ounce is
enough for a square meal. The danger lies in producing indigestion,
scours, or costiveness, either of which will spoil the lamb, so far as profit
as a market lamb goes.

9. To pack the lambs in light but comfortable boxes, or crates, when
sent by express, which is best when not more than 100 miles from market.

10. To watch the ewe when the lamb is taken away, and to milk her if
need be until the milk is dried up. Garget can be prevented with the
greatest ease, but is difficult to cure without loss of the udder.

11. To begin to feed the ewe as soon as she is dried off, and get her to
market forthwith.

12. To buy only thrifty ewes, and to buy them cheap, but not to buy
them because they are low-priced, if they are not suitable. The best
breeders and mothers will pay to keep over for several years sometimes.
One ewe raised for me nine pairs of lambs in nine years, and died and
was buried at the ripe age of thirteen years.

GOOD AND BAD PRUNING.

IN RIDING THROUGH THE COUNTRY, we often see young
orchard trees injured in growth and deformed in shape by bad prun-
ing. During the early part of the past season the owner of a fine orchard
just coming into bearing, allowed it to become nearly destroyed by bad treat-
ment. The man whom he employed seemed to think that the more he
cut away the better. The trees were in full leaf, and had just begun a
vigorous growth. At least one-half the foliage on the tops was hewed
jA off. As an inevitable consequence, a serious and nearly fatal check
A was given to the trees.

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

.^

In order to exhibit distinctly what we have so often urged on former
occasions, we give representations of two trees, the one pruned early in
spring or while the buds are yet dormant, and the other after the opening
of the leaves. After one season's growth, the former appears like fig.
iSo; the latter as shown in fig. i8i ; the first with shoots 2 or 3 feet long ;
the latter with a growth of scarcely as
many inches. This pruning or cutting
back of the shoots is not of course usually
performed on trees already set and estab-
lished, but only at the time of trans-

.Wa=^

Fig. lio.—Spring Pruned. Fig. \%i.—Siimmer Pru}ied.

Fi-. 182.

planting, for the purpose of rendering the top lighter at that time, the
new shoots being thrown out the same summer. This result and con-
trast will not be exhibited the same on all kinds of trees, some of which
are more checked in growth by early summer pruning than others. The
cherry suffers most ; the peach least.

The contrast is strongly shown on such young trees as have been bud-
ded the previous summer, and are cut back in spring to near the inserted
bud. If the cutting back is done before growth commences, the appear-
ance of the young tree by autumn will be as in a, fig. 182. If, on the con-
trary, the work is neglected till the leaves have opened on the stock,
the bud, if it grows at all, will make a growth about like that shown
in b, fig. 182.

A serious error is committed m pruning orchards when they do not need
it. It sometimes happens that the tops of the trees become too thick,
and a light and even thinning of the dense branches proves a benefit.
This should always be dontfro?n the otctside, and never at the centre of the
head. Figs. 183 and 184 exhibit two trees, which have been treated by
these two opposite modes. In fig. 183 it will be seen that the branches
are not dense on the outside, but they have been trimmed enough to let
in the light. Fig. 184 shows the too frequent error of thinning up from

)c:^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

Fig. x'ii.—Wt^ll Pruned Tree.

below, leaving a dense mass of foliage at the outside ; and in extreme
cases the tree is in as bad a shape as is shown in fig. 185. When such
trees become old they are perfect specimens of deformity.

It should always be borne
^ distinctly in mind, that if the

small needless or supernu-
merary shoots are rubbed off
when just starting to grow,
very little pruning will be
afterwards needed, except to

Fig. \'?>\.— Badly Pruned Tree. Fig. 185.

lighten the top in transplanting, and for letting in the sunlight from the
outside when the top becomes too dense in after years.

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

A WESTERN CORN CRIB.

By Joshua Constable, Goodland, Indiana.

:i^^

10

SIZE OF BUILDING, &c.— This corn crib building, as shown in the
accompanying drawings, is 40 feet long, by 26 feet wide, with 18 feet
uprights at the eaves, and a total height of 28 feet 7 inches from the
ground to the ridge. In the centre of the building there is an alley or
drive-way 40 feet long, by 10 feet wide ; and on each side thereof a crib 40
feet long, by 8 feet wide, and about 19 feet in average height. Each crib
will hold about 2,500 bushels, or the two together about 5,000 bushels of
corn in the ear.

The centre alley-way is divided into three floors or stories in height ;
the lower or ground floor is 40 feet long, by 10 feet wide, and 10 feet
7 inches high ; the middle floor is the same length and width, and 7 feet 6
inches high; and the upper floor also 40 feet long, by 10 feet wide, and
6 feet 6 inches high to under side of ridge. The ground floor of the alley
or drive-way is enclosed at each end, by double sliding doors, with glazed
windows therein; the middle floor has one sliding door, and two windows
at each end, and the upper floor one window at each end, and a

glazed skylight on
the roof ventila-
tor; so that the
whole building is
well enclosed, light-
ed and ventilated.
The doors at the
ends of the cribs at
d d, figs. 186 and
187, are for feed-
ing the corn to the
horses, cattle, &c.
Those on the sides
of the cribs at c c,
figs. 186 and 188,
for introducing the
shafting or tumbling
rods from the power
to the sheller, and
for feeding ; and the
openings in the par-

Scale of.feet

Fig. \%b.— Ground Plan— A, Position of Sheller; B B,
Doors for Feeding Sheller ; d d, Doors for Feeding to
Horses., &'c. ; c c. Doors for Shafting and Feeding.

titions, between the alley-way and the cribs, at B B, fig. 186, for shovel-
ing the corn into the shelling machine.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

173

• Filling the Cribs. — The corn, as picked in the field, is brought on
to the ground floor of the alley or drive-way, and thrown out of the wagons
into the cribs on each side, through continuous openings, one foot ten
inches square, between the uprights, just under the middle floor at e e,

figs. 187 and 190; 2,800
bushels may thus be
thrown into the cribs
through these openings ;
then about 700 bushels
can be thrown from the
wagons through the four
outside upper doors, on
each side of the cribs
(see fig. 188) ; and the
remaining 1,500 bushels
must be thrown on to
the middle floor of the
alley- way, through the
doors at each end, and
up through the well-hole
in the centre of the mid-
dle floor at h, fig. 190 ;
and then these 1,500
bushels must be thrown over into the cribs through continuous open-
ings just under the upper floor at ^ ^ ^ ^, figs. 187 and 190.

Position of the Shelling Machine. — The shelling machine is
placed on the ground floor of the centre alley or driveway, at A, figs. 186,
187 and 190. The power, which is worked by eight horses, is placed out-
side, on either side of the building, for which a space of about 50 feet dis-
tance therefrom is required. The rods or shafting from the power to the
sheller pass through the middle of the cribs, having in one of the cribs a
moveable wooden trunk, 4 by 6 inches inside area, to enclose the rod or
shaft, so as to permit the rod being run inside the trunk to the sheller
when the crib is full of corn.

The corn is shoveled from the cribs into the hopper of the sheller
through the openings, 2 feet 10 inches wide, by 7 feet high, in the parti-
tions between the cribs and the alley-way, at B B, figs. 186 and 190. The
corn as shelled is carried by the machine up the elevator on to the mid-
dle floor of the alley-way ; which will hold about 1,500 bushels, (the sides
and ends being boarded up to retain the corn,) which is a moderate day's
work for the shelling machine. When the corn in one crib is shelled out,
the power must be removed to the other side of the building, to shell out
the corn in the other crib.

Hauling to Market. — The shelled corn thus placed on the middle-
floor of the alley-waj', runs down as required, through four shoots, about

Fig. 187. — Trafisverse Section — A, Position 0/ Sheller —
e e e e, Oj>eni7t^s for Filling Cribs ; i £ f f , Iron
Wire Ties.

©c:^=-

174

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

6 by 3 inches inside area, fixed about lo feet apart in the middle floor,
into empty wagons standing below, on the ground floor of the alley-way

Scale of feet

Fig. i88. — Side Elevation.

and thus the farmer can, with his own teams, haul his corn leisurely to
market, without the expense of hiring or borrowing teams of his neigh-
bors.

Fig. 189. — End Elevation.

General Storage. — The upper floor of the alley-way, would store
1,000 bushels of wheat or oats, seed corn, &c., or be available for other

©c^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

75

Storage ; the middle floor serves as a corn granary, and thus saves the y
cost of a separate building. Two loads of hay, &c., could be sheltered in j
wet weather on the ground floor alley-way, till placed in barn or stack;
and both the ground and middle floors would be available for wheat,
oats, &c„ and other storage purposes, when not required in husking and

Fig. 190. — Longitudinal Section {through Alley or Drive-way). — A, Position of Sheller
in A Ueyway ; B, Opening to Cribs ; e e e e, Cotitimious Openings /or Filling Cribs ;
h h, Well-holes through Middle and Upper Floor.

shelling ; besides, if the crop of corn should be above the average, the
last corn husked, to the extent of 1,000 to 2,000 bushels, may be stored
temporarily on the ground and middle floors, thus making the building,
in times of emergency, a crib for 7,000 bushels of corn in the ear.

Specifications.

Foundation Piers. — There are twenty-
eight foundation piers. Twenty are 4 feet 2
inches long, and about 2 feet thick. The
eight corner piers are 4 feet 7 inches long^
with I foot return to each, and 2 feet thick ;
all built of cobble-stone masonry laid in
mortar; the piers show i foot above the
ground, and are put at a sufficient depth be-
low, to insure a solid foundation ; and have
ventilator air openings, \ foot 10 inches
wide between each pier.

Sills, Plates and Uprights. — The
ground sills are 4 by 8 inches, laid flatwise
on the foundation piers, and bolted togeth-
er at the spHces and corners ; plates, 2 by
6. Those at the eaves, and under the mid-
dle floor joists of the alley-way are in two
thicknesses, equal to 4 by 6 in. Upright studs
are 2 by 6, spaced at the sides of the build-

ing I foot 10 inches apart, and at the ends

1 foot 7>^ inches apart. At the eight cor-
ners of the building the upright studs are
double, and those for the partitions be-
tween the alley-way and cribs are in two
heights.

Joists. — The joists for the crib floors are

2 by 12 inches, for ground and middle floors
of alley-way, 2 by 10, for upper floor and
ties to the rafters, 2 by 6; those for the
middle floor are spaced i foot 2 inches
apart, all others 1 foot 10 inches apart,
and all securely spiked and nailed to tlie
sills, plates, uprights and rafters ; one tier
of herring-bone studding or braces 2 by 2 in.
are fijced between the joists of the middle
floor.

Rafters.— The rafters are 2 by 4 inches,
spaced 1 foot 10 inches apart, outside gable

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

rafters 2 by 6, the plates and ridge of ga-
bles outside, are increased to show 6 by 6.

Horizontal Ties, Posts, &c.— The
horizontal ties, to which the close boarding
of the gables is fixed, and for the door and
window posts, lintels, &c., are 2 by 6 in.;
the lintels, over the two openings in the
partition between the cribs and alley-way at
B B B B, figs. 186 and 190, are in three
thicknesses spiked together, equal to 6 by 6.

Ties to Cribs. — The lower ties are i by
12 inches, fixed 7 feet 4 inches above the
floor ; the upper ties i by S, fixed at 3 feet 8
inches between the two tiers of ties; all
strongly nailed to the sides of each upright
I foot 10 inches apart. The lower tiers of
ties rest at each end on oak strips, i by
4 inches, let flush into the uprights.

Roof Shingling, Strips, &c.— The roof
is covered with sawed pine shingles, fixed
to rough strips or battens i by 4 inches,
nailed on the backs of the rafters 2 inches
apart, for air. The ridge boards are i by 6
in. dressed.

Flooring. — The flooring of the cribs is
of one inch rough boarding ; ground floor
of the alley or drive-way of 2-inch plank in
8-inch widths ; the middle and upper floors
of the alley- w-ay are of one-inch dressed and
matched common flooring, in 5^4 inch
widths. A well-hole 4 feet 2 inches wide
and 10 feet long is formed in the centre of
the middle and upper floors of the alley-way,
at k 7i, fig. 190, and two movable joists and
the flooring fitted to the well-hole on the
middle floor, to be used when shelling, &c.

Strips to the Cribs. — The outside of
the cribs is covered with dressed strips i by
4 inches, fixed iJ4 inches apart for air, nail-
ed with two nails to each upright, at an
angle of about 30 degrees, so as to brace the
building and allow the rain to run off quick-
ly. The inside, between the cribs and the
alley-way is covered (except where lined on
the middle and upper floors) with i by 4 in.
rough strips fixed horizontally, with i J4 i"ch
air openings between each two strips.

Movable Shutters. — The continuous
openings just under the middle floor of the
alley-way, where the corn is thrown into
the cribs, at e e e e, figs. 187 and 190, have
movable open shutters, ten in number, 8
feet long, by i foot 8 inches high, made of
I by 4 inch rough strips, with iJ4 inch air
openings between each, and i by 4 in. oak

ledges at the back, one ledge to come be-
tween and close to each upright. The
ledges are 4 inches longer than the width of
the shutters, so as to pass and drop behind
the fixed oak strips at top and bottom, and
be thus secured in position.

Boarding at Gables. — The upper part
of the gable ends of the building is close-
boarded with one-inch dressed and matched
common flooring in 514-inch widths.

Oak Fillets. — Oak fillets 2 by 2 inches
are spiked on the outer edge of the two
outside ground sills, and to the two plates
under the middle floor of the alley-way, to
prevent the feet of the uprights from spread-
ing outwards, and also to the posts of the
two openings in the partitions between tlie
cribs and allej'-way, 2X B B B, figs. 186 and
1905 to retain 2 by 4 in. battens, to keep the
corn in the cribs ; and oak fillets i by 2 to
the posts of the four lower door-ways, to
retain i by 4 battens to keep the corn in the
cribs ; and i by 2 oak fillets to the ten win-
dows.

Oak Strips. — The strips at the top and
bottom of the continuous openings through
which the corn is thrown into the cribs, at
e e e e.) figs. 187 and 190, and under the ends
of the lower tier of ties to the cribs, are of
oak ; those under the ends of the joists of
the middle floor of the alley-way are i by 6
inches, and all the others i by 4. The
ledges to the ten movable open shutters,
and to the twelve small doors to the cribs,
are also of oak i by 4.

Cant Roards. — The cant boards, to pro-
tect the tops of the stone piers, are i by 8
inches, dressed and fixed to 2-inch blocks
nailed to the ground sills.

Angle Staffs. — The angle staffs are

1 by 6 inches, dressed and fixed to the cor-
ners of the building,nailed on over the strips.

Lining. — The side walls and ends of the
middle floor for 3^4 feet high, and also on
the upper floor of the alley-way for 2 feet
high, are lined or boarded with one-inch
dressed and matched common flooring in
5 y^. mch widths, to retain the corn, wheat,
oats, &c.

Ventilator. — The roof ventilator has
corner posts 4 by 4 inches, bottom plates

2 by 6, top plates 2 by 4, ventilator boards
I by 8, all dressed ; and covered with two
glazed skylights 2 X by 6 feet, and 2 inches
thick.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

Large Sliding Doors.— The large slid- one slat or more is removed and the corn

ing doors, each 5 feet i inch by 10 feet 8
inches, at the ends of the ground floor of
the alley or drive-way, are made of one-
inch dressed and matched common flooring.

runs out.

Windows.— The other six glazed sashes,
three in each gable end of the alley-way,
are also 2 feet ■]%, inches square, and

5J^-inch widths, nailed together in two inches thick, and hung at the top with 3-inch

thicknesses, outside face vertical, inside di-
agonal; having a glazed sash i foot -]%
inches square, and 1% inches thick, in each
door. These doors are hung with strong
iron suspending hinges and rolling wheels,
fixed with bolts and nuts. The wheels run
on an iron carriage bar 2 ^ by % of an inch,
fixed with screws to a piece of oak 2 by 3 in.,
and protected at the top from snow, &c., by
a hood of one-inch dressed boards top and
front, and a one-inch dressed trough to guide
the bottoms of the doors. The doors are
fastened with an iron cross-bar and hasps
and staples, and an iron ring for opening-
The sashes are hung at the top with 3-inch
iron butt hinges, and fastened at the bottom
with a 3 -inch iron hook and eye.

Small Sliding Doors. — The two slid-
ing doors, one at each end of the middle
floor of the alley-way, are 3 feet 2 inches
wide, by 6 feet 6 inches high, and are made
and hung the same as described in the pre-
ceeding paragraph, except that there are no
sashes in these doors.

Small Doors in Cribs. — The twelve
small doors to the cribs are made of dressed
strips I by 4 inches, with i Y^ inch air spaces,
and oak ledges i by 4 at the back ; the four
lower doors are hung with 6-inch "T hinges,
and fastened by an iron cross-bar with hasps
and staples.

Slats. — The movable slats or battens
(to stop the corn) at the two openings be-
tween the cribs and alley-way, at B B B,
figs. 186 and 190, are 2 by 4 inches, with
ij^-inch air openings; and those at the
twelve outside doors of the cribs are i
by 4 inches, with ij^-inch air openings.
When corn is required to feed or shell,

iron butt hinges, and fastened at tlie bottom
with a 3-inch hook and eye.

Iron Ties. — No. 9 iron fence wire ties,
two tiers in height, are fixed across the cribs
to prevent spreading.

Trunk. — The trunk in the crib to protect
the rod or shaft running from the power to
the sheller is 8 feet long, with an inside area
of 4 by 6 inches, made of two pieces 2 by 4
and two pieces 2 by 10, with a centre sup-
port 2 by 12 inches.

Shoots. — The four shoots in the middle
floor of the alley-way, for filling the wagons
with shelled corn to haul to market, are
about 12 in. long and 3 by 6 in. inside area,
made of one-inch oak, with a slide at the
bottom, running on t shaped iron to pre-
vent friction, and worked with an oak
handle. They are fixed to the joists about
10 feet apart, and range along the centre of
the alley or drive— way.

Box. — The movable box around the ele-
vator on the middle floor of the alley-way,
to retain the shelled corn, is about 2X feet
square and 3}^ feet high, made of one-inch
dressed pine.

Platforms. — The two platforms, one at
each entrance to the alley or drive-way, are
of 2-inch planking, laid on joists and sleep-
ers 2 by 6 inches.

Painting. — The sides and ends of the
building are painted two coats with white
lead and linseed oil paint.

Embankments, &c . — The approaches
and platforms are embanked with earth,
forming slopes for the wagons to enter the
ground floor of the alley or drive-way, and
the ground is slightly sloped from the build-
ing generally, to keep all dry around it.

Estimate of Cost, Bill of Lumber, &c.

Note. — ^About i-i2th has been added below for waste, &c.

Fourteen 16 ft. 4 by 8 in. ground sills, 597 ft.,

One 16 ft. 4 by 4 in. ventilator post, 22 ft.,

Twenty-three 16 ft. 2 by 12 in. joists for cribs, cut to 8 feet length, 736 ft.,

Sixty 12 ft. 2 by 10 in. joists for ground and middle floor of alley-way, 1,200

Sixty-eight 16 ft. 2 by 8 in. planking for ground floor of alley or dnve-way and

platforms at entrance thereof, 1,450,

Seventy-two 16 ft. 2 by 6 in. plates, door and window posts, lintels, horizontal

rails at gable ends, ridge piece, joists and sleepers for platforms, 1,152, ....

178 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Fifty-four 18 ft. 2 by 6 in. outside upright studs and outside gable rafters, 972,
Forty-two 24 ft. 2 by 6 in. joists to upper floor, and roof ties, and upright studs at

gable ends, 1,008,

Ninety 12 ft. 2 by 6 in. inside upright studs between alley-way and cribs, 1,080,

Forty-five 18 ft. 2 by 4 in. rafters, 540 . . .-.•••

Fifteen 16 ft. 2 by 4 in. battens in openings for shelling, studding between joists,

trunk, &c., 160, . ... .-

Twenty-three 16 ft. i by 12 in. lower ties in cribs, cut to 8 feet lengths, 368, . .

Twenty-three 16 ft. 1 by 8 in. upper ties in cribs, cut to 8 feet lengths, 245,

Total of above 9530 feet one inch thick, at $14, $133 . 42

Seven hundred feet super one-inch rough boards for flooringin cribs, 700 @ $14, 9.80

Three hundred and eighty-five 16 ft. i by 4 in. roof battens or strips, and strips

for inside of cribs, 2053 @ $14, _••• _ • •• _ • 28.74

Three hundred and fifty 16 ft. i by 4 in. strips or battens, dressed, for outside

of cribs, 1866 @ $15, . 27.99

Twenty 16 ft. i by 8 in. cant pieces, ventilator boards, hoods to doors, dressed,

213 @ $16, ;... 3-40

Twenty-five 16 ft. i by 6 in. angle staffs, at comers, top of hoods to doors, ridge

boards, 200 @ $16, 3.20

Three hundred 16 ft. i by 5J4 in- common floorin,^, matched and dressed, in

5l4-inch widths (measured as 6 inches wide) for the middle and upper floors,

and wall-lining of the alley-way, upper part of gable ends, sliding doors, &c.,

2400 @ $18, ; 43 20

Fourteen 16 ft. 2 by 2 in. oak fillets on outside of ground sills, on plates under

middle floor joists and openings from alley-way to cribs, 75 @ ^17, 1.27

One 16 ft. I by 8 in. oak for shoots in middle floor, 10 @ $17 , 17

Seven 16 ft. i by 6 in. oak strips (fence rails) at top of continuous openings un-
der middle floor joists, and for shoots, 56 (g $17, 97

Forty 16 ft. I by 4 in. oak strips (fence rails) under ends of lower ties to cribs,

top and bottom of continuous openings, ledges to doors, &c., 213 @ $ij,... 3.62

Two 16 ft. I by 12 in. pine, dressed, for box round elevatorj 32 @ $18 57

Twelve 16 ft. 1 by 2 in. oak fillets to four lower doors of cnbs and round ten

windows, 192 feet run, @ i cent, i . 92

Thirteen thousand sawed pine shingles, @ $3, 39-oo

Ten glazed window sashes, 2 feet 7J.6 inches square 1% inches thick, @$i.so,. .. 15.00
Two glazed skylights, 6 by 2I4 ft., and 2 in. thick, (^ ^2.50, 5 .00

HARDVSTARE, &C.

Ninety-two No. 9 iron fence-wire ties to cribs about 20 feet long, (S) 10 cents, .. 9.20

Thirty-two wrought iron bolts 5 inches long, J^-inch diameter, with nuts and

washers for splices, and corners of ground sills, (® 4 cents, i .28

Four sets of iron suspending hinges, with rolling wheels, extra strong, for large

doors of alley-way, @ $ i. 50, 6 .co

Two sets of iron suspending hinges, with rolling wheels, for small doors,

@$i.2S, 2.50

Sixty foot run iron carriage bar % by 2)^ inches for suspending hinges, @ 3 cts., i .80

Ten 3-inch hooks and eyes for sashes, @ 5 cents,

Ten pairs 3-inch butt hinges for sashes, @ 12 cents,

Six iron stay bars with hasps and staples for doors, @ 15 cents,

Four iron rings for large doors, @ 5 cents,

Four pairs 6-inch T hinges for lower doors of cribs, @ 30 cents,

Five kegs of spikes and nails, @ 53- 25*

One hundred pounds white lead for painting, @ 9 cents,

Ten gallons linseed oil, @ 70 cents,

One gallon driers, @ $1, . .

Fifteen bushels lime for foundation, @ 25 cents, .

Six loads sand, @ 25 cents,

50

I

.20

90

20

I

.20

16

•25

00

00

.00

•75

.50

Total for materials, $380. 55

LABOR.

Twenty-five days carpenter, @ $2, $50.00

Twenty-five days assistant, @ $1, 25.00

Five days mason at foundation, @ $2, 10 . 00

Five days laborer at foundation, @$i, 5 0°

Total probable cost of the building, $470 55

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 1 79 ()

Probable Expenditure, &c. — Many western farmers buy in Chicago
the lumber cut and sawed exactly for the required scantlings. The
crib building is then erected by the farmer himself, his sons or hired
laborers assisting. As the whole is spiked and nailed together, without
a single mortice or tenon, not much skilled labor is necessary. The ma-
terials will probably cost (as above) $380.55, and if one carpenter and a
mason are hired, and assistance given them, the labor would probably cost
$60, making a total cash payment of $440.55 for the whole building.

This amount might be further reduced about $45 by postponing the
ground floor and large end doors of the alley or drive-way, and the two
platforms at the entrance thereof, making an immediate total cash ex-
penditure of $395 for the crib building.

Supposing the total cost runs up to $500, it would be equal to 10 cents
per bushel for the 5,000 bushels stored.

This building, which is most substantially constructed, would, with a

good coat of paint once every 5 years, one renewal of the roof shingling,

and a few trifling repairs, last 50 years. The cost, with interest on the

original outlay of $500 during that period, would be thus :

Original cost of building, say $500

Interest thereon for 50 years at 5 per cent., i»25o

Painting eight times, . 100

Re-shingling the roof once, ... 65

Incidental repairs, say 175

Interest on the cost of painting, re-shingling and repairs, 410

Total, $2,500

Which, for the 5,000 bushels of corn stored, amounts exactly to one cent
per bushel yearly, while the charge at the railroad depot elevators is one
cent per pushel per month for warehousing only.

Husking, &c. — An ordinary husker can easily pick and crib 50 bushels
of corn daily ; his wages this winter {1878) are $1 per day, and good board,
lodging and washing, or 2 cents per bushel, with board, &c. The ordi-
nary wagons used in the West have a box 10 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2
feet high, which holds 25 bushels of corn in the ear, or 50 bushels of shell-
ed corn ; as a bushel of corn in the ear occupies a space of 2| cubic feet,
and shelled corn i^ cubic feet ; it is sold by weight at 70 pounds per bushel
for corn in the ear, and 56 pounds for shelled corn.

Cost of Shelling, &c. — The usual charge for shelling is one cent
per bushel, or if in large quantities of 1,000 bushels and upwards at one
time, a fraction less. From 1,200 to 2,000 bushels are shelled daily, accord-
ing to the power of the machine and the length of the day. The owner
of the shelling machine furnishes two teams of two horses each, and two
men to work it, and the farmer also furnishes two teams of two horses
each, and three or four men to assist — (for threshing wheat and oats
the owner of the machine furnishes four horses and the farmer six horses;
charge for threshing wheat 4 cents ; oats, 2 cents per bushel) — and the
farmer boards both men and horses, as the practice of having all the hired

i8o

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

laborers in the house to provide for, still prevails on most of the farms of
moderate size in the western country, making the life of the farmer's wife
and daughters one of hopeless misery.

CANARY BIRDS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT.

By Henry Stewart, Bergen County, N. J.

THE CANARY is one of the most agreeable of household pets. In
figure, color and song it is unsurpassed by any domesticated song
bird, and with good management its rearing may be made an agreeable,
entertaining and successful recreation. This bird is known scientifically
as Fringilla canaria, and its native home was originally in southern Africa
and the adjacent islands of the Atlantic ocean. The Canary islands,
which are sometimes supposed to be the home of this little bird, are not so
in reality, as it is stated that these islands were stocked with the birds by
means of an accidental shipwreck. Canaries have been common in
southern Europe for more than 300 years, and were introduced from Italy
into northern Europe and England. The wild canary, as now found in

Fig. 191. — Wild Canary.
its original home, is an excellent song bird, with a sweet, soft, melodious
note which is materially different and superior to that of the cultivated
variety. It much resembles in size and form some of the tame varieties,
but is green in color, with markings of a darker dusky shade. Fig. 191 is

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

l8l

a portrait of a wild bird brought by some sailors from the island of St.
Helena, and exhibited in England in 1875. It may be stated at the out-
set that only the male sings, a singing hen being a rarity, and a failure as
a breeder.

The cultivated varieties have originated chiefly in Germany, Belgium
and England, where crossing and training have been practiced by pro-
fessional breeders and fanciers for many years. By this crossing the form
and coloring have been greatly changed, but it can hardly be said that the
voice has been improved, although it has been increased in depth and
volume. The most common variety both in England and America is the
Belgian, an exquisitely graceful bird in its figure and movements ; a deli-
cate yellow buff in color, and having acquired, through many years of do-
mestication and training, a greater degree of docility and tameness than
any other variety. A perfect Belgian canary should be 7 or 8 inches in

length, very slender and sleek,
with long legs, sweeping tail,
and long, slender neck ; close
in feathers, and with high
shoulders, and a somewhat
hunchbacked figure when it
takes on a listening attitude,or
when its attention is directed
particularly to a strange ob-
server. The position shown
in the engraving (fig. 192) is
very characteristic of this va-
riety.

An enormous business is
done in Belgium in breeding,
rearing, training and export-
ing canaries ; and good birds
bring a high price. A com-
mon price in New-York for
a well bred bird is $10, and as
high as $40 will be paid for a
picked bird, or one imported
to order. A high class bird
is rarely seen in America, be-
cause canaries have not yet
become a fancy here ; but in England, where special exhibitions are
made, from $60 to $100 is frequently paid for a bird with good points
for mating.

The Belgian is carefully trained for singing ; the trainers keep their

young birds in small wooden cages piled on shelves, in rooms wher« a

( ) few of the best singers are intermingled with the young birds, as instruc-

Fig. 192. — Belgia7t Canary.

©■

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

tors. The training is usually done at night by the bright light of lamps.
A good Belgian canary will sing most melodiously in the evening in a
brightly lighted parlor, and especially when stimulated into song by the
notes of a piano or other instrument.

The style of breeding common in Belgium, as shown in fig. 192, has been
carried to excess in the Glasgow Don, a Scotch bred bird, which is excessive-
ly slender in form, and without the shoulder of the Belgian. This bird is very
graceful in its outlines, is 6 to 7 inches in length, with a small flat-crowned
head ; long, almost serpentine, neck ; narrow and long back ; long, slender
thighs and legs ; and a slender tail curved forward, so as to give the bird
the general contour of an arc of a circle, when in a listening attitude or
vigorously engaged in song. The color varies from yellow, buff and
flecked, to piebald yellow or piebald buff. The carriage of this bird is

Fig. 193. — Yorkshire Canary.

bold, free and saucy, if not somewhat pugnacious. This variety is rare
in America, but is highly prized in Scotland, and among Scottish resi-
dents here, who frequently bring their favorite pets with them.

The Yorkshire canary, fig. 193, is a popular bird everywhere, and is
the type of the most common variety, dividing the general favor with the
Norwich canary, fig. 194. These differ very little except in color; the
former is clear yellow, clear buff, or mixed yellow and buff ; the latter

©^=^=-

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

183

being orange, or buff mixed with green, or nearly all green. The York-
shire should be a " straight " bird, long and stout rather than slender,
with a full neck and throat ; small, flat head ; broad, square shoulders ;
broad, flat back ; wings long and meeting at the tips ; long, close and
compact tail ; stout thighs ; without any frill on the neck, and of a pale

Fig. 194. — Norwich Canary.

sulphur yellow or light buff in color. The attitude is not so intrepid and
saucy as in the foregoing varieties, but is docile, winning and entreating,
and the temper is mild and yielding. This variety can be safely given the
freedom of a room, and will make itself very much at home, retiring to
its cage when that is brought down for it. It is a most desirable variety,
and being less of a fancy than the Belgian, can be purchased at a reason-
able price, $3 being a common figure in the New York dealers' stores.
The origin of the Yorkshire canary is said to be from a cross of the Bel-
gian on the common mongrel or mixed kind. The Norwich is a high-
bred sort, the principal object having been to procure and retain high
colors more than any other peculiarity. The brilliant coloring of these
birds however has been gained at the expense of other qualities, and has
been the result of peculiar stimulating food, such as cayenne pepper mixed
with yelk of egg ; red beets, cochineal, saffron, annotto, carrots, madder

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

and other highly colored and flavored food. It has even been known that
unscrupulous fanciers, ambitious of distinction, have resorted to artificial
dyeing of the feathers, thus emulating some of the questionable practices
of the horse jockeys and dishonest cattle and poultry showmen. On
this account it is only proper to mention this variety without further de-
tail, because in the amateur's hands it would soon return to its original
inferior condition, and become very unsatisfactory property.

Among the less desirable or less noted varieties, except for the breeder,
may be mentioned the Cinnamon canary, fig. 195, a drab, sober-colored

Fig. 195. — Cinnavion Canary.

sort, which is in request for crossing to deepen the color of the lighter
hued kinds, or to produce the beautifully marked or pencilled feathers
which clothe some of the cross-bred birds. This variety has of itself,
however, some attractive qualities. The eyes are pink or pale red, even
in the newly hatched young ; the form is substantial, the color is not un-
pleasing, and the demeanor is so peculiarly mild, enticing and affectionate
that the bird becomes much endeared to its owner. The color most de-
sired in this variety is a deep orange brown, the exact shade being that
of the finest qualities of cinnamon, brightened by a clear lustre. This
color is evenly distributed over the plumage, light shades or markings
being considered detractive. For the breeder there is no more desirable
variety to work with than this ; it can occasionally be found in dealers'
collections in New-York, Philatlelphia, Boston or Chicago.

Other varieties include the Gold-spangled Lizard, a popular English ]\
variety, handsomely marked, of a golden bronze green on the body,

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

^1

spangled with yellow ; the flight and tail feathers are black, but edged
with golden yellow ; the breast is well spangled, and the figure is stout
and short, 5 inches being the usual length of a full sized bird ; and the Silver-
spangled Lizard, which differs from the preceding only in having the
spangles of white instead of yeUow.

The canary has been crossed with some English native finches, more
particularly the Goldfinch and the Bullfinch. These are handsomely
marked birds, but are desirable for nothing unless it be their brilliantly
marked plumage. The cross-bred varieties are unknown here, and pos-
sess little interest for us.

Breeding and Rearing.

Success in pairing and rearing canaries depends chiefly upon the care-
ful consideration of the peculiar disposition of the little creatures, which,
notwithstanding their diminutive size, sometimes possess as much vice
and mischief as much larger birds. When several birds of different sexes
are kept together out of the breeding season, as the pairing time ap-
proaches, the males will make their own selection of mates, and will ex-
hibit so much attachment for their self-selected partners that they will
mate with no others. It is well, therefore, to keep the sexes separate and
out of sight of each other until it is desirable to pair them. This should
be done from November until January ; the males, if many are kept,
should be separated in squads of three or four in a cage, as they are
quarrelsome, and often fight and injure each other. The hens, being

Fig. 196. — Double Cage.

peaceable, may be kept in large cages or aviaries without difficulty. Where
but one pair is kept there is no need to separate them. The pairing time
is in February or March ; this depends upon the provision made for
lodging the birds. If a warm room is furnished for them, the earlier
season may be selected. Before the birds are paired, the male and female
which are to be paired (two females may be given to one male) should be
placed in their separate cages close together, to enable them to become
acquainted and attached. Otherwise a sudden introduction may result in
a quarrel and a fight. A double compartment cage (fig. 196) with a wooden

i86

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

partition or a wired slide in the centre which can be removed at pleasure,
is very convenient. This can be furnished with a nest box, (fig. 197,) hung
to the wires, as shown at fig. 198, which rep-
resents a single breeding cage. Or two
single cages jvith sliding doors (fig. 199) may
be hung together and the male introduced to
his mate or mates when the proper time
comes. When the birds are paired they
should be fed liberally on hard boiled egg,
finely chopped, or rubbed through a coarse
grater or sieve, mixed with crumbs of bread at least twenty-four hours old.
Two teaspoonfuls of this is sufficient for a pair for one day. Every
second day a small quantity of maw (poppy) seed or hemp seed, or the

Fig. 197. — N'est Box and JVest.

Fig. 198. — Single Cage. Fig. 199. — Cage with Sliding Door.

two mixed, should be given ; millet and linseed may also be given as a
change, but only in small quantities. After three days the nest should
be provided. The lining for this is best made of the hair felting used for

covering boilers ; or of a piece of soft
felt hat brought to a proper shape.
A mould to form the nest may be made
of a piece of wood turned or whittled
to a half-rounded conical or half-egg
shape, 3^ inches deep and 2^ inches
in diameter. A handle may be fitted
in the top for convenience of use.
The felt should be cut into a circle of
sufficient diameter, and four angular
pieces cut out, as shown at fig. 200,
to cause it to fit the hollow of the
nest. The nest may be made of a
small tin cup of the requisite size, viz.:
3 inches wide and \\ inches deep for incubation, and 3^ to 4 inches wide
and 2 inches deep for rearing the brood. The cut edges of the lining are

Fig. 200. — Patter?i 0/ Nest Lifting.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 187

sewed together, the inner surface is torn or teased apart, and then pressed
down into the nest with the wooden mould previously mentioned. The
bottom of the nest or cup should be perforated with two holes, by which
the lining may be secured with stitches to the nest box. The nest may
be fastened to a strip of tin and hung in the cage to a hook ; or it may be
placed in the nest box. A section of a small cocoanut shell makes an ex-
cellent nest, of a good shape, and durable.

Some Persian insect powder should be sprinkled in the nest before
putting in the lining, as a precaution against the parasites which are apt
to infest the birds. Canaries will make their own nests, if some teased
out wadding or short moss is provided for them, and some of this should
be given to them even when the lining is prepared, as they instinctively
want to take a hand in their house furnishing.

When the hen is observed carrying materials to the nest, a change of
food should be given, as she is about to lay. Some brown sugar should
be added to the egg and bread, and some green food, as water cress,
mustard or rape, sprouted and grown in a plate of moist sand, in a warm
window, may be chopped and given. As each egg is laid, it should be re-
moved, until three are laid, when they are returned, and the hen is set.
An ivory egg, or a "blown" egg shell is usefully employed as a nest egg.
If the male bird destroys the eggs or troubles the hen while on the nest,
he should be taken away, and returned only for an hour or two each day ;
the partition cage is found useful for this purpose.

During incubation, the hen should be fed as already mentioned, and
this is continued until the young birds are six weeks old. The old birds
prepare food for the younglings and feed them ; the male taking his
share with the hen in this labor. After fourteen days the hen will gen-
erally begin to lay for another brood, and a fresh nest should be sup-
plied, along with nest material, else she will pluck the young birds. The
male will then rear the brood, if the hen takes to a second nest. It is
rarely that any trouble is experienced from misbehavior on the part of
the male birds. In case neither of the old birds feed the young, they
should be fed with food from the 'trough, rubbed up into a paste and
given on the point of a quill toothpick. The natural manner of feeding
is for the old birds to disgorge the contents of their crops into the mouths
of the young. Often an old experienced male bird will, in this way, feed
a young hen and teach her to feed the young as well. When the young
birds are able to feed themselves, they may be removed into a separate
cage and fed with the mixed egg and bread, and green food, until they
are two months old and can crack seed well. A change of food should then
be made, and the supply of egg reduced gradually. Washed sea sand ,
or finely crushed sandstone, washed in salt water, is necessary to be given ;
a piece of old mortar is also useful, and the floor of the cage should be
freshly sanded at least once in three or four days. If the hen's claws be-
come too long, and the feet foul, they should be washed and the claws

®c|

1 88 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

clipped with a pair of sharp scissors. It is well to do this before the hen
is mated, as it prevents damage to the eggs during incubation.

Some of the high bred birds are very tender, and need unusual atten-
tion. After a little experience, good judgment will serve to find a way
out of any ordinary dilemma as regards management of the broods, al-
ways remembering that over-feeding, cold and uncleanliness are the only
serious causes of disease.

In breeding in an aviary, such as may be made by enclosing a sunny
bay window, and in which a num.ber of birds may be kept, a dozen hens
may be mated with three cocks ; and the birds will mate promiscuously.
A branchy shrub will provide perches, and a few nests may be hung
here and there. An orange or a lemon tree is the most desirable for an
aviary and for nesting in. A window, if selected for this purpose, should
have a southern aspect, and the enclosure should admit a plentiful supply
of warm air. On cold nights a blanket or shawl should be hung about
the window and against the enclosure. With this protection, any cana-
ries, even the high-bred Belgians, will not suffer from cold even during
severe frosts. Where artificial warmth is thought necessary, an oil stove
placed under the floor of the aviary, with a tin pipe to conduct the hot
air across the floor will be sufficient. The season of breeding should not be
continued later than July, as moulting ought to begin soon after this period.

Every breeder of canaries should be able to make his own cages.
Quarter-inch pine lumber, stained of a mahogany shade, by the use of a
solution of bi-chromate of potash, is the best material for the smaller
cages ; larger ones may be made of three-eighths inch basswood cut from
large trees, and as basswood admits of easy bending when soaked in hot
water, many fancy shapes can be made of it. The wire used is brass or
steel, and the tools needed are a pair of wire cutters, a pair of pliers, an
awl a little smaller than the wire and ground to an even point all around,
as a pin or needle is ground ; a light panel saw, hammer, brads, screws,
sandpaper, &c. When the wooden frame is made, the wires are cut of
the right length and inserted in the holes by means of pressure applied
by the pliers ; the wires, being a little, larger than the holes, are held by
the pressure of the wood. The cages shown in the illustrations are easily
made, and the sizes are marked on the engravings. When the cages are
finished, the woodwork may be oiled and varnished with common copal
varnish, or may be simply oiled. The bottom board of any cage should
be made to draw out, and be provided with a knob.

The Tulip Tree. — The Gardener's Monthly says that this fine orna-
mental tree is becoming extensively planted in many parts of the country,
and adds that " one reliable nursery assures us that their sales of it during
the past 20 years, for ornamental purposes alone, cannot have been less
than 30,000 trees."

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

NOTES IN RURAL ECONOMY.

UNDERDRAINING IN WINTER.— We gave some directions on
this subject in a former volume of Rural Affairs, and now pre-
sent to our readers some additional suggestions :

The chief object in winter ditching is to avoid the difficulty of frozen
ground, which some regard as impossible in a severe climate, but this
difficulty is easily overcome if simple precautions are taken. Farmers
who are hurried in spring and summer, and men who wish to obtain em-
ployment the year through, will both be benefited by performing what
draining may be accomplished at this season.

The ground selected for the work should be dry, which is nearly always
the case with soils in winter, the heavy soaking coming after the spring
thaw.

Different farmers have their various modes for beginning a ditch, some
saving labor by plowing a narrow land on the intended line, throwing the
earth outward, and leaving a dead furrow where the ditch is to be, and
repeating the operation once or twice more. Others prefer a smooth, level
surface, and do all the digging by hand, or loosen up the soil with a sub-
soil plow, to be thrown out by hand. It is of course advisable to start
either with a few furrows with the plow, or by digging first a foot deep be-
fore severe freezing weather sets in. After that the bottom of the ditch
is kept from freezing by always leaving over night z.fe%v inches of mellow
earth in the bottom. If this is well pulverized, it will be so good a non-
conductor of heat that the hard earth on which it rests will not be frozen.
If the soil is wet, it cannot be perfectly pulverized, and hence the impor-
tance of working in a dry soil, as already stated. The accompanying
diagrams mark the depth of the frozen earth, by the shaded parts
or slanting lines. As shown in fig. 201, if the ditch is cleared out, leav-
ing a hard, smooth surface at the bottom, the cold air will settle in it, and
while level soil is frozen down a foot, <-he bottom will be frozen to a depth

Fig. 201. Fig. 202.

of from one to three inches, ranging with the depth and width of the ex-
cavation, and the coldness of the weather. The narrower the cut, the
less it will freeze, on account of the heat imparted from the warm earth
at the sides. Fig. 202 represents the small bed of pulverized earth

:^3©

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER f)

f

in the bottom, and the consequent protection which it affords from freez-
ing, the shaded portions on each side showing the depth to which, in this
case, the frost penetrates. The only precaution, therefore, to prevent the
bottom from freezing over night, or during other absence of the diggers,
is to loosen up the earth as the last thing before leaving, and the more
finely it is broken the better. If the subsoil or ditching plow is used, it
may be passed a few times for this purpose ; if the work is all done by
hand, the ditcher loosens up a mellow bed with his pick. When the work
is resumed, the loose earth is thrown out and the work goes on as before.
When the digging is completed, the tiles should be placed in position and
covered to a small depth with the last fresh earth thrown out, and it may
there remain till spring, when the remainder of the earth is thrown in.
It will not do to leave the ditch open without placing the tiles in position,
as freezing and thawing will partly fill it with crumbling earth. If laying
the tile is carefully done, it may be commenced at the lower end of the
drain, and the work extended upwards as the digging progresses in that
direction.

Construction of Pig-Pens. — The following description is furnished
by John I. Carter of West Grove, Pa.:

No animal that we feed is more sensitive to wet and cold than the hog.
The evaporation of moisture from his unprotected skin, or a cold current
of air against him, chills him to his serious injury. Hence a good winter
pen should secure warmth, dryness and freedom from draughts.

A pen should be tight enough to keep it above freezing, and so arrang-
ed that the pigs will have no opportunity to get damp. Their bed should
be as far as possible from the feeding pen, that no moisture may be car-
ried from the trough to the bed. They should not be allowed to drop
their manure on board floors, depending on frequent cleaning to keep the
pen sweet, for it cannot be done. They must have a dry manure yard
where a body of manure may readily absorb all urine and other moisture,
and be kept sweet with earth and plaster.

The following plan will secure these ends : A single tier pen should
be 22 feet wide (length indefinite) — the pen running east and west if suit-
able. On the north side (or middle) an entry 4 feet wide ; next a trough
and feeding floor 5 feet wide, with an inch to the foot fall for the hogs to
stand on while feeding ; then a manure yard 8 feet wide, with cemented
bottom, one foot lower than the feeding floor. Back of this again is the
sleeping pen, 5 feet wide, and floored like the feeding pen. A slight fall
in this floor towards the manure vard will carry off chance moisture; and
a narrow board will keep the bedding from working down. This arrange-
ment affords every convenience for the pigs to drop their manure in the
proper place, t. e., the manure yard, in passing from the sleeping pen to
the trough, and the same opportunitv is offered on their return.

This pen can be divided into compartments of about 8 feet, separated j
by low partitions. A lifting gate will divide manure yards, and a large

5©

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

191

door on each end of the pen will admit a wagon for cleaning out the
manure. The eaves of the roof may run within 4 feet of the ground,
as height of roof over the sleeping apartments is not required. A slid-

Fig. loz.—Constructtott of Pig-Pen — A A, Sleeping Apartments, ^ feet 7vicie, 5 inches
fall; B B, Manure Depressions, i feet wide, \ foot deep, with lifting gates ; C C,
Feeding Floors, 5 feet wide ; D, Entry or Centre A lley, 4 feet wide. Partitions
are zf^^l high ; Efttire width, as above represented for double tier of pens, ^ofeet.

ing window opposite these apartments will be convenient for putting in
fresh strawc Skylights in the roof will increase warmth, and admit
light. The arrangement of store-rooms, &c., can be made to suit taste,
and a double tier pen would no doubt be most economical.

I might farther add that if the compartments were made 8 feet wide,
then the lifting gates could be turned around and enclose either the sleep-
ing or feeding pens, and thereby facilitate the shifting of the hogs from
the different pens.

How TO Cut Ice. — N. Atwell of Van Buren County, Mich., gives the
following useful directions :

A good cross-cut saw is the most convenient tool to use. A good pair
of ice-tongs is the best instrument with which to haul the cakes out of
the water, and also to handle and load them. The cakes should be as
large as they can be without inconvenience in handling. I make the
cakes 21^ by 27 inches. Twenty cakes of this size will complete one layer
9 feet square. The second layer has the cakes placed crosswise of the
layer below, and so on to the top. This binds the whole mass together.
If the bottom layer is level, and the cakes are of uniform size, with square
edges, they will fit together nicely, making pounded ice between them un-
necessary.

We find that it is less than a day's work for a. man to saw out
an abundant supply of ice for an ordinary family. During warm
weather ice will unavoidably melt from the outside of the mass, and if
neglected, a vacancy is soon formed between the ice and the sawdust. It
is very important that the sawdust be packed down often, thus preventing
the admission of warm air. When we commence marking and sawing
( ) ice, we find it an advantage to make the headings widest where we

©

192

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

commence to saw them. They can then be removed without binding or
wedging fast.

Making Wire Fence. — A correspondent of the Country Gentle-
man says : Having occasion the past summer to fence a pasture in
Southwestern Kansas, I came to the conclusion to use the steel barbed
wire, as being the best and cheapest material to allow immediate use of
the pasture, in that almost treeless country. I was worried to know how
to make that strong and hard wire " taut," when I hit upon the follow-
ing plan. It worked admirably; without it I do not know how I could
have succeeded in making a good job. I used the twisted double wire,
with four barbs about 6 to 8 inches apart.

The accompanying engraving (fig. 204) will show how the machine was
constructed, and also gives an idea how it was used. We loaded on two
spools of wire, by running an iron bar through them, and placing them up
where the roller or windlass is represented We fasten the wires to the
corner post, at the proper distance — one 3 feet 10 inches from the ground,
the other 16 inches below. This makes a good cattle fence, but three

wires are better. We
then start up the team ;
the wire runs off the
spools; a man lays them
along the posts, and
when at the next corner
posts — say one hundred
rods from the place of
starting (more or less
is no matter) — we cut
the wires take off the
spools ; place the ma-
chine against the corner
put the windlass in place; make a small loop

Fig. 204. — Machine for Making Wire Fence — ^A, Run-
jiers, \\ feet lon^ ; B, 2 djf 4 inck Braces, field in
position by Standards D ; C, Cross-piece, 3}^ feet
long, ifoot wide.

post, as shown in the cut
on the end of the wire ; put it on the hook at the end of the rope, and
proceed to wind up. When the wire is " taut " we fasten it to the corner
post with staples ; then drive staples along in every post. We proceed
in like manner with the second wire, and that line of fence is finished.

I found a little iron plate, or piece of steel bar iron, a good help in
making the loops and splices in that hard, strong wire — a great saving
on the hands, &c. To make it take a piece of steel bar three-quarters of
an inch wide, one-eighth of an inch thick, and say 6 inches long, and
drill a hole in the centre large enough to receive the wire. By putting
the end of the wire through this hole, it can be bent to any required
shape, without hurting the hands.

The crank used on the windlass is not shown in the cut. I set the posts
25 feet apart. At the corner t put a brace 12 feet long, to prevent the
posts from being pulled up when straining the wire.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

193

A Draining Level. — I use a simple and not expensive carpen-
ter's level with sights, and a hole in the bottom to fit the stem of a
surveyor's compass staff (fig. 205) ; (a set screw on the side of the staff
would be almost as convenient.) With this
level and a good rodman I lay off hillside
ditches to prevent hilly land in cultivation
from washing; drain low land; dig cellars;
lay the foundation for houses, and set gate
posts. It is also convenient and useful to
measure the " cut and fill " in grading roads,
and in short for any use on the farm requiring
a level or perpendicular. I could not get along
without it. The accompanying cut describes
it sufficiently. — A. R. Davis, in Country
Gentleman.

Fig. 205 — Draviuig Level. Fig. 206. ^

Syphons. — On page 82 of vol. vi of Rural Affairs, a contrivance is
figured and described for removing the air from the upper curve of a
syphon used for obtaining a water supply, when by the gradual accumu-
lation of air bubbles that part becomes filled with air, and the flow of the
water ceases. A correspondent of the Country Gentleman describes
another mode, simpler in construction, and accomplishing the same pur-
pose. The accompanying figure (fig. 206) exhibits this contrivance, the
two breaks in the pipe showing the length between the centre or high part
and the two ends. A piece of pipe a foot long is soldered on at the apex
of the syphon (see fig. 206.) This has an air-tight screw cap upon it.
A common tap or cock is fitted to each end of the syphon. When
the flow stops these cocks are shut, the cap is unscrewed, and water
is poured into the vertical pipe until it overflows, and all air bubbles
have escaped. The cap is screwed down again, the cocks opened, and
the flow continues. A few pints of water, or less, may be sufficient to
start the flow.

A Good Farm Gate. — The accompanying cut represents a gate used
on the farm of George Geddes. Its leading merits are that it is made
wholly of pieces of board or plank of the same width, and there are no
mortices. The pieces of board of which it is made are seasoned,
cut the right size, and painted, and then they may be bolted and riveted

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

together to form the gate, in twenty minutes. It is so firmly braced
that any weight which may be placed upon it will not cause it to sag in
the least.

The gate represented in the cut (fig. 207) was made of greater height
and strength than would be usually necessary for common farm purposes,
and was intended to form an effectual barrier against young horses. The

lumber of which it is made
is pine, i^ inches thick
and 5 inches wide, paint-
ed before the pieces are
put together. It is 10 feet
long and 5 feet high. The
two ends are vertical
strips on each side of the
ends of the horizontal
bars, well secured with
screw bolts, two being
The upper space between the

Fig. 207.

placed at each crossing or intersection
bars is 7 or 8 inches ; the others become gradually less towards the bot-
tom. The heel end is 6^ feet high, but Mr. Geddes thinks the whole
would be strong enough without this upward extension, and with the two
ends of the same lengths The hinges embrace the heel-piece, and are
made by bending a thick iron strap or flat bar, with-
out any welding, as shown in fig. 208, two screw
bolts securing them firmly. The eye or socket

being placed at the corner,

the gate may be swung wide

open. The firm bracing which

this gate possesses enables it

to bear any weight ; if a horse
Fig, 208. j^ attempting to leap it should ^'^- ^°^'

rest on it, he would not cause it to yield. Fig. 209 shows the face of
the lower corner brace.

The total cost of such a gate, made of pine, bolted throughout, and
thoroughly painted, would not exceed $3. For ordinary farm purposes,
where not severely exposed, a gate may be made for about half this sum,
by selecting the best hemlock, using in part stout wrought nails, and oil-
ing the rough surface with crude petroleum, instead of painting. In this
case five boards, or even four, would answer, making the gate 4^ feet
high, and employing wider pieces.

The iron for the hinges is i^ inches wide and one-quarter of an inch
thick.

Cheap Fence. — The fence shown in the cut (fig. 210) has been much
employed by Geo. Geddes, as well as by other farmers. The best
of construction and cost of making has been carefully ascertained

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

Geddes.
used, the

The rails which were employed in the old zig-zag fences were
sound ones being selected. Enough were thus obtained to

build the whole of the new
fence, including the vertical
stakes. The fences made
according to this mode have
been constructed by one
man, who understands the
business, at the rate of eight
rods in a day, digging the
He has 20 cents per rod

Fig. 210.

holes, and doing all other parts of the work,
for the entire work, and earns $1.60 a day.

The old rails being 12 feet long, and lapping one foot at the ends, give
II feet for each length, or three for 33 feet, or two rods. The holes are
dug 3 feet deep ; the workman, with his tools specially adapted to such
digging, making narrov/ excavations at much less labor than common
laborers would accomplish with spades. The two stakes are set in the
hole, the earth well pounded around them, the rails placed in position,
and two wire loops, as shown in the engraving, hold them firmly to-
gether. Occasionally it is necessary to insert short pieces of rails be-
tween the ends, to give full height to the fence, for which five rails will
answer in common cases.

Farm Roller. — W. J. Fowler gives in the Country Gentleman
the following description of a farm roller :

" The roller was in three pieces, which itself is nothing new, but the cen-
tre part was placed be-
hind the others in a
separate frame, and at-
tached by a V-shaped
smaller frame, the sharp
point of which rested
on the large frame con-
taining the two forward
rollers. This arrange-
ment entirely remedies
the general difficulty in
using rollers, that the
weight of the implement
bears heavily on the
horses' necks. The hind
roller attached to the
back of the frame bal-
ances it so that the tongue is no heavier than that of a wagon. This roller
was a log about 2 feet in diameter, cut in three pieces, and each roller bound
at each end with iron, and held together by a light frame (see fig. 211).

-Farm Roller.

196 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Each piece moves freely, and there is no plowing of the ground when
turning corners of the field. The back roller may be a trifle longer
than the space between the others, to insure crushing all the ground.
There is no patent on this form of roller, and it can be made of logs, plank,
or iron, as preferred. The one I saw was so simple that a good car-
penter or blacksmith could make it."

Draining Irregular Surfaces. — George Geddes gives the follow-
ing directions in the Country Gentleman :

" When the snows go off in the spring, large streams sometimes follow
the valleys, and often cut deep gulleys, and drains laid along the lowest
grounds are torn up. To avoid this, two drains (using smaller tiles) are
effectual — each being laid a little way from the centre of the valley, and
deep enough to drain it thoroughly. The two drains sometimes will cost
more than the one, but not always, as the side branches are so much short-
ened, as is shown in the following cross-section of a field (fig. 212) having

Fig. 212.
undulations and depressions running across the line of general descent.
From a to d we will suppose the distance to be two or three rods, and
that the surface of the ground at r is a foot lower than at a or d. In
times of freshets, a drain at c would be torn up by the surface water (if
the descent were sharp) that perhaps only runs for a day, while drains at
a and d would be undisturbed, and when the freshet was over, carry off
all surplus water."

Stacking Corn Fodder. — The fine fodder raised by sowing corn
thickly in furrows or drills, cannot be dried in the field after cutting,
sufticiently to prevent heating and spoiling, in stacks. We gave direc-
tions to obviate this difficulty on page 143 of vol. vi of Rural Affairs.
A ventilating chimney in the centre of the stack proves of much advan-
tage by allowing the heated air to escape, a few rails being set up together,
and chained at the top till the stack is built around them. The objection
to this mode is that it does not provide for the admission of air at the
bottom to maintain the ascending current. This difficulty is partly
obviated by building the stack on an open structure of rails and coarse
brush.

A better and very perfect way, is to place the rails upright around a
tree, the upper ends leaning against the lower branches. Where maples
and other shade trees have been planted on farms, it often happens that
just such trees are at hand. The rails are so placed that an opening is

IC^=- ^ -=^=5^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

197

left on each side when the stack is built, for the wind to blow through
freely, as shown in the plan, fig. 213, and in the section, fig. 214. Arranged
in this way, it is nearly impos-
sible for the sown fodder to be- a
come injured by heating, if the ^"^/i
walls of the stack are not much ^ ^
thicker than the length of the SS^^J
bundles. ^Ip^
But it often happens that such

i#fc.

-^

Mw
?#

Fig. 213. Fig. 214.

trees of the right height are not at hand, and a much improved modifica-
tion is obtained by inserting two forked sticks in the ground, about ten

feet up to the forks, and at a convenient

distance apart, and placing a horizontal

pole on them (fig. 215.) The length of

this pole will determine their distance

asunder. Then set a number of rails

nearly upright or slightly leaning, with

the upper ends against the horizontal

polCo Against these vertical rails the

oblong stack is built, open at the ends,

^^»" ^'5' through which the wind freely blows.

A series of forks will admit of the stack being made as long as may be

desired for any amount of fodder.

Pumping Water Up Hill. — A correspondent of the Country Gen-
tleman describes the following contrivance in answer to an inquiry for
the best mode of obtaining water from a spring 225 feet distant from the
house and 1 5 feet lower : " A lead pipe of i:^inch bore should be laid un-
der ground below the reach of frost (perhaps 2 feet deep), from the spring
to the house. A well 16 feet deep should be dug where he wants the
pump. The pipe should be carried to the bottom of the well, turned and
brought up into connection with the pump upon the surface of the ground.
(See fig. 216.) A pump of the best construction should be used. Blunt's
Universal pump would be the best, as it is the most perfect one I know
of, and will pump air as well as water. With this arrangement there will

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

be the advantage of a syphon ; the pipe will always be charged with water ;
the 1 5 feet elevation may be reduced to 1 1 feet by digging the ditch for
the pipe 4 feet deep at the upper end, and the water may be always brought
up from the spring by the use of the pump mentioned. By using the non-
freezing pump, made especially for the purpose, and which is a force as

Fi^;. 216. Fig. 217.

well as a suction pump, water may be drawn in winter without trouble
from frost, and many uses may be made of it for the barn and house."

A check valve should be placed at the foot of the pipe to keep it always
full. A small hole drilled in the pump tube 3 feet below the ground and
above the lift, will let out the water down to that hole, and there will
never be any danger from frost. The writer states that he used this mode
a few years ago with perfect success.

Another rnode is described in the same journal by H. L. Emery, and
although more expensive and complex, possesses some advantages. It is
shown in the annexed cut, (fig. 217,) an excavation of moderate depth
being sufficient. The air-chamber and reservoir A is made of strong,
riveted and galvanized iron, about one-sixth of an inch thick, and with
convex heads, to withstand pressure. It is first filled with water through
the funnel D, and the stop-cock at D is then permanently closed. The
pump at B is set in motion, and takes the water from A at each stroke,
and leaves a partial vacuum. In this case the water is to be elevated in
the long pipe 15 feet, requiring a half vacuum. Therefore when A is

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

199

over half empty, the water is drawn up through the long pipe from the
spring. A continuous flow is thus effected, the chamber A proving a
regulator, and the flow is smooth and easy. The chamber should be large
enough to hold as much water as the long pipe, which is easily determin-
ed by calculation. The long pipe should be at least an inch in bore — bet-
ter and with less friction if an inch and a quarter.

Drawing off Corn. — It sometimes becomes desirable to draw off
corn as soon as it is cut, before husking. We have adopted a contrivance
for this work, which we find quite convenient, and with which we do the
work rapidly. It has the advantage of a low sled, without its hard
draught or friction. The contrivance is shown in its general construction in
fig. 218. It consists of a long and broad frame, suspended by chains under

Fig. 218.

the axles of a common farm wagon. In order to give sufficient length for
a long load near the groTind, a reach 20 feet long is used, throwing the for-
ward and rear axles 18 feet apart. We used a locust pole, cut from a
thick grove where the trees were tall and slender. It curved downwards
nearly a foot, so as to bring the platform near the ground. Just within
the rear and forward wheels and closely under the axles, two stiff pieces
of timber, one on each side, were chained to the axles. These timbers
were over 20 feet long, 4 by 6 inches, and sound, clear hemlock. Cross-
pieces 7 feet long were spiked to these long timbers, extending outward
beyond the wheels, on which were nailed 2-inch boards, for an outer rail-
ing. The frame or platform was thus 7 feet wide, over 14 feet between
wheels, and a little more than a foot above the ground ; and it was thus

ready for service. The materials did
-. J, not cost $2, and two men rigged it

• I" jja in an hour or two. Fig. 219 is a

_L|p^^B<^

Fig. 219.

cross section, and shows the details
more accurately.

Small sized shocks of cut corn
were placed rapidly on this low frame
and drawn off the field to the place

where they were to remain. It was found most convenient to place the
shocks in double rows in their, new locality, like the double-row wheat
shocks made of the sheaves in the field.

If the shocks are large, it is inconvenient to handle them ; if rather
small, two men with a rope will place them on the load with ease. We

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

found no difficulty in loading a full ton of the corn on the long frame
without making a high load.

In some instances it will be found easiest to place the stalks on the
load while cutting, and to draw them off as fast as the load is made.

There are "three advantages in being thus enabled to draw the corn
from the field. Many farmers do their husking under shelter, in rainy or
stormy weather, and this enables them to secure an easy supply. Some
have their cornfields in exposed places, remote from the dwelling, where
the corn is liable to be pilfered. One farmer, near a large village, last
year estimated that he lost in this way fifty bushels from a few acres. A
third advantage is in clearing the ground for sowing wheat, which has suc-
ceeded well where early corn has been planted, and the soil is rich natural
ly or with previous manuring. Some heavy wheat crops have been ob-
tained in this way, although the practice has not been generally adopted
in grain regions, on account of the labor of moving the corn in time, and
because early ripening sorts have not been planted.

Proportion of Grain to Straw. — E. W. Stewart, writes as fol-
lows in the Country Gentleman : " The question has no doubt often
arisen as to the relative weight of grain and straw in a wheat, oat or
other grain crop — that is, in a ton of grain in the straw, as it comes
from the field, what proportion is grain and what proportion is straw ?
This has been determined frequently in England, but seldom in this coun-
try. In 1876, from 27,760 pounds of spring wheat in the straw, as it came
from the field, after sweating and curing in the mow, we threshed out 157
bushels, or 9,420 pounds of wheat. This is one of grain to 1.94 of straw,
or 33.9 per cent, of grain to 66.1 per cent, of straw. The same year, from
30,200 pounds of oats in the straw, after remaining two months in the
mow, we threshed out 12,678 pounds of grain, or one of grain to 1.36 of
straw. This is equal to 42 per cent, of grain to 58 per cent, of straw — a
very large proportion of grain.

"In 1877, I put in barn 26,469 pounds of spring wheat in the straw, and
after lying in mow two months, threshed out 9,198 pounds of grain, which
is one of grain to 1.87 of straw, 34.7 per cent, of grain to 65.3 percent, of
straw. I also put in mow 60,000 pounds of oats in the straw, and thresh-
ed out 802 bushels, or 25,664 pounds, being one of grain to 1.34 of straw,
which is 43 per cent, of grain to 57 of straw. The average of the two
years was — spring wheat, one of grain to 1.90 of straw; oats, one of grain
to 1.35 of straw. In the latter year from 12,995 pounds of peas and oats
raised together in the straw, we threshed 4,000 pounds of grain, or one of
grain to 2.22 of straw. This is a larger yield of grain in wheat and oats,
than is generally reported in England. It is generally calculated in wheat,
one of grain to two of straw; and in oats, one of grain to if of straw.
My oats this year had a large proportion of long straw, and I was sur-
prised to find so large a proportion of grain, but the oats weighed 35 t
pounds to the bushel measure. I find this weighing very convenient, as (

©=$

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

20I

it enables me to know within a few bushels how much grain I have.
With scales convenient, it costs nothing to weigh, and the knowledge
serves an important purpose."

ITEMS IN DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

THERE ARE MANY SMALL CONTRIVANCES that would save
petty annoyances if generally understood, among which the follow-
ing are worthy of brief notice and description :

Medicine in a Spoon. — In dropping out of a vial simple remedies,
the operator commonly holds the spoon in one hand and drops with the

other, often spilling a portion of the
contents in the attempt to insert the
cork, or to add water. To obviate
the help of a second person, thrust
the handle of the teaspoon between
the leaves of a book, and it will be
held securely without trouble, as
shown in fig. 220.
„ ^ . ^ r.j. rr ,, Using a Microscope. — A com-

liig. 220. — Loiivenient iipoon-H older.

mon hand microscope may be used

to advantage in looking for or removing a thistle or splinter from the

hand, but the operator wants a third hand while holding the glass with

one and looking at the other. Adopt the same course as for the spoon,

and both hands are free.

Key or Coin in a Letter. — A common way of enclosing a coin,

key, check, &c., in a letter, is to put it in loose,

leaving it to slide about, and sometimes to be lost

out. The right way is to fold it in a piece of paper,

and then to fold the paper around it, leaving a

broad, flat wing, so that

the coin cannot slide or

rattle. If this paper wing

is about the size of the

inside of the letter, it will

"remain very secure, as

showninfig.22i. The dot-
ted circle shows the coin.
Pins for Hanging. —

A good hat or coat stand
may be made by selecting a tree with regular limbs (a spruce or cedar tree
is usually best) ; cut off the limbs (fig. 222) so as to leave stumps six inches

Fig. 222. — Coin in a Letter.

Fig. 222. — Hat Stand.

-=^3©

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

long, shave off the bark, dress the whole neatly, varnish it, and affix it to
a plank base. Coats and hats may be hung on this stand more con-
veniently than on most of the costly supports sold for this purpose. The
same kind of support may be used on a larger scale in carriage houses
for hanging harness, bags, &c., and the large posts in barn basements, if
made thus of the trunks of trees with the limbs sawed so as to leave pro-
jections, would be found convenient for many purposes.

Postal Cards. — Where several of these are used, they are apt to ad-
here slightly together, and two are picked up for one, and mistakes made
in this way. To prevent such mistakes, bend them slightly, or bend one
corner, and they cannot lie closely together.

How TO Hang a Thermometer. — Thermometers are commonly hung
on a nail for determining the temperature of a room or church. Persons
brushing hastily past often throw them off the nail and break them. Or,
if thus hung out doors, the wind sometimes blows them off. To prevent all
accidents of this kind, at no cost, and with half a minute's work, drive two
nails instead of one, just far enough apart to allow the wire
loop of the thermometer to pass between them — fig. 223.

To Level a Clock. — When a clock is not adjusted to
a perfect level, it ticks unequally, runs with less accuracy,
and is more liable to stop. A quick ear will detect the

<?\ i ^

\a

Fig. 223. — Ha7iging a
Therfnonieter.

Fig. 224. — Misadjusted
Clock.

Fig. 225. — Adjusting a
Clock.

unequal strokes of the pendulum, and will adjust the level with consider-
able accuracy ; but an easier and more perfect way is to measjire the dis-
tance of each ticking point from the centre. Suppose for example that
the pendulum when at rest is represented as in fig. 224, and that when
slowly moved by the hand it ticks at a. Make a mark at this point, and
then slowly move the pendulum till it ticks again on the opposite side at b.
These two points, it will be seen, are at unequal distances from the pen-
dulum. Then wedge up one side of the clock until the pendulum hangs
exactly midway between them, as in fig. 225, by careful measurement.
The ticking will then be equal.

Weighing Letters. — The small balances used in kitchens may be
used for determining the weight of letters and small packages to be sent

a

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

203

by mail, by reckoning 60 cents in silver as half an ounce, the weight of
one letter of 3 cents postage. If the letter balances half a dollar of U. S.
currency, it will be safely within weight. If the letter weighs only a
quarter of a dollar, a 25 cent coin may be enclosed and still be light
enough to pass with single postage. And at the same rate for larger
packages.

Oiling Latches. — Passing through the different rooms of the house
once a week (say every Saturday evening, or other regular stated time,)
and touching the latches, locks and hinges of the doors with a drop of
kerosene or a little tallow from the candle, will keep them well lubricated,
and the doors will always shut smoothly and quietly, instead of jarring,
grating or creaking, and the doors and latches will both last the longer
for this regular attention.

Removing Box Covers. — Those who receive seeds, fruits, plants and
various objects of merchandise in boxes, often split and destroy the covers
in taking them off, when they might as well be preserved entire for the
next time the box is used. Procure two hard-wood wedges a few inches
long, and half an inch or an inch square, and set one of these in the crack
between the lid and box, near a nail, and drive it in with a hammer. It will
raise the lid slightly, when the other is inserted and treated in the same
way. In this way the cover is taken off entire without harm to the box
or its contents.

A Convenient Wash-Tub.— L. D. Snook gives in the Country
Ge^mtleman the following description : " The sides are 5 feet in length and
1 5 inches high ; the bottom is also 1 5 inches wide. The top of the box should
be 18 or 20 inches wide. It should be made from i:|-inch well seasoned
pine stuff, and put together with white lead in the joints, and held in
position by a liberal use of 2^inch wood screws. A carpenter will put
it together in less than half a day.

"The section A (fig. 226) is used for washing the clothes, while E is
used for rinsing, or bluing, as the case may be. If a wringer is used, at-

Fig. 226. — Ccmvenient IVask-Ttib.

tach it to the partition B, or at the end as the progress of the washing
demands. Insert faucets at F P. The wash-room may be so arranged
as to convey the suds, &c., directly into an outlet pipe or drain, which will
save much lifting. Make its legs of any length desired. Handles may

204 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

also be attached at each end for more easy handling. This arrange-
ment is cheaper than ordinary wash-tubs, and will be found far more
convenient."

Hoarseness in Speakers or Singers. — A few drops of nitric acid
in a glass of sweetened water, taken twice daily.

Blisters from Burns. — The pain is quickly relieved by immersion
in a saturated solution of salt.

To Prevent a Felon. — When a felon is threatened on the finger, by
approaching inflammation and a sensation like a sharp thorn inside, apply
immediately tinchire of iodiiie until a blister is produced, say every half
hour more or less, and repeat the blistering as often as required. If taken
in time, this remedy will mostly avert the disease. The same application,
less frequently, will cure many of the small sores or small external an-
noyances on the hands or elsewhere.

Canker Sore Mouth is most easily cured by touching it once a day
with a small crystal of blue vitriol, commonly called blue stone.

NOTES ABOUT FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE.

N

UTRIMENT IN FRUIT.— R. F. Kedzie of Lansing, Mich., has
published, in the Pomological Report of that State, the analyses of
different kinds of fruits, to show the amount of nutriment they contain
as compared with common articles of food. Among other results reached
in this examination are that an egg weighing 794 grains (over an ounce
and a half) is equivalent in nutritive power to 17 ounces of heart cherries,
22 ounces of grapes, 30 ounces of strawberries, 40 ounces of apples, and 64
ounces of pears. These figures show the comparative value of the dif-
ferent kinds of fruits for food, as shown simply by analysis, heart cherries
containing the largest amount of nutriment and pears the least. But
fruits possess a higher real value than is shown by analysis. Well ripen-
ed, and in moderate quantities, they are more easily digested than many
of the richer foods, a part of which may be lost. But they assist in
promoting the healthy action of the digestive system, and in this way
perform a most valuable service. It is well known that the inhabi-
tants of newly settled regions are far less liable to become attacked
with diseases resulting from malaria, if allowed to partake of regular sup-
plies of well ripened fruit, even if in a dried state. Among the common
foods containing the largest proportion of nutriment are eggs, fresh meat,
such as beef, pork, veal, fish and mutton, bread made of wheat flour and
Indian meal, and rice. These contain about three to five times the
amount in potatoes, and more than ten times as much as in carrots, pars-
neps and turnips. The three last named substances contain nearly the
same as the richest fruits, as indicated bv analysis.

®=^= '- =^3©

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 205

Health Promoted by Fruit. — We have given on several former
occasions some striking facts showing that prevalent diseases are in a great
measure prevented by a regular and moderate supply of well ripened fruit,
especially in newly settled countries. We observe in some of the agri-
cultural papers the statement of Dr. B. F. Dunkley, of his experience
since he first went to Missouri, thirty years ago. Orchards were few at
that time. Diseases of the bowels, lungs, &c., prevailed, and were often
fatal. Malignant dysentery afflicted many families. In the absence of
other fruit, Dr. D. told many of his patients, to their surprise, that they
needed no medicine other than oranges and lemons. Now that fruit and
vegetables are abundant, diseases are fewer, less malignant, and yield
more readily to treatment. When orchards began to bear, it was observed
that children who ate regularly and plentifully of the fruit had excellent
health, while mortality prevailed when there was none.

Fruit as Medicine. — A paper written by P. Holloway was read at a
meeting of the Lucas County (O.) Horticultural Society, in which he
spoke strongly in favor of the beneficial effects on the health of eating
blackberries. He had cured himself of dyspepsia by living upon a small
quantity of bread and butter, accompanied by strawberries, raspberries,
blackberries and peaches, in their respective seasons. The president
thought blackberries the most wholesome of all fruits.

The Fruit Crop. — Ex-Governor Furnas of Nebraska stated at a re-
cent horticultural meeting that the fruit crop of this country in 1877, was
estimated at $143,000,000. If shippers to foreign markets will build up a
reputation for supplying only the best in quality, the value of the crop
will undoubtedly greatly increase.

Selection for a Fruit Garden. — The occupant of a new place
wishes a selection, or moderate list of varieties of the large and small
fruits for spring planting. In giving a list for this purpose, every culti-
vator would vary more or less in naming different sorts, according to per-
sonal preference founded on diverse tastes, varying success with soil, and
with cultivation and keeping ; but there are a few sorts which are widely
approved, to which additions may be made to suit different regions of the
country, this list being intended for the northern and more eastern States.

It may assist those who have partial plantings, in completing their col-
lections. The earliest sorts are named first, so that with apples the first
will be summer varieties, then autumnal, followed by winter sorts, and
ending with long keepers. With pears the season will be shorter, or
from mid-summer to mid-winter, while peaches and plums will extend
only eight or nine weeks.

Apples.— Y.zxYj Harvest, Red Astrachan, Sweet Bough, Autumn Straw-
berry, Porter, Gravenstein, Maiden's Blush, Fall Orange, Twenty Ounce,
Westfield Seek-no-further, Baldwin, Rhode-Island Greening, Northern
Spy, Roxbury Russet. Some will add Early Strawberry, Fameuse, and
Golden Russet of Western New-York.

2o6 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Pears. — Summer Doyenne, Giffard, Rostiezer, Tyson, Washington,
Bartlett, Boussock, Seckel, Howell, Sheldon, Duchesse, Anjou, Winter
Nelis, Lawrence and Josephine de Malines.

Peaches. — Amsden, Early Louise, Hale, Serrate Early York, Large Early
York, Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late and Oldmixon Free.

Plums. — Rivers' Early Favorite, Lawrence Gage, Prince's Yellow Gage,
Lombard, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, McLaughlin, Reine Claude de Bavay
and Coe's Golden Drop.

Cherries. — Early Purple Guigne, Governor Wood, Black Tartarian,
Coe's Transparent, Early Richmond, Reine Hortense, Rockporl, Large
Morello. \Note. — We place Early Richmond after some other sorts
which it is supposed to precede, but its full size and flavor are not reached
unless it hangs long on the tree.]

Grapes. — Hartford, Delaware, Wilder, Concord, Diana.

Raspberries. — Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster, Philadelphia, Herstine,
Franconia.

Strawberries. — Wilson, Cumberland Triumph, Charles Downing,
Triomphe de Gand, Sharpless, Kentucky.

As already remarked, no two cultivators will make the same list, and
no one cultivator will make the same list in different years ; and some
would criticise sharply their own previous selections, if they did not know
who made them. The preceding, however, would afford a rich family
supply, if growing on good soil and with good management and cul-
tivation.

Stripping Leaves from Plants. — The injury or check to the growth
of plants by stripping off the leaves in summer is generally well under-
stood, but corroborative cases are often interesting. An instance is re-
ported in the Farmers' Gazette, as quoted in the Virginia Agricultural
Report, where the leaves were all left on a row of corn, and the weight
of the crop was i6i pounds, while on a stripped row it was only 88 pounds.
In some other cases the difference was less, but distinct and striking in all.
The same principle applies to pruning fruit trees in summer, which should
be omitted or sparingly performed except where the trees are sufficiently
vigorous to bear some check.

Cultivating Orchards. — The oldest apple trees which we know of
which continue bearing good crops, are those which stand in the corners
of gardens, where they are yearly subjected to rich cultivation through
the attention given to garden crops. A correspondent of the Practical
Farmer furnishes an example of similar treatment and like results. An
orchard was set out in 1816, or sixty-three years ago. Thirty-five trees
remain, and they have yielded over $137 worth of fruit in a season. They
are moderately pruned every alternate year. Two crops are taken from
the ground every five years, and the land is then seeded. The plowing
is done in two directions, running as closely to the trees as practicable.
All other orchards in that neighborhood planted at the same time, and

^■^ OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 207

allowed to stand in stiff sod, have disappeared. Another writer in the
same paper says he kept his young orchard well cultivated with hoed
crops for several years. They grew 18 inches to 2 feet in a season. Only
one tree died. A neighbor set out an orchard at the same time, and
seeded it to grass. In three years one-third of the trees were dead, and
those which lived grew only from 2 to 6 inches in a year. This is about
the usual experience.

Prof. Beal of Lansing, Mich., says : " If you have money to fool away,
seed down your young orchard to clover and timothy, or sow a crop of
wheat or oats. If you want the trees to thrive, cultivate well till they are
7 to ID years old. Spread ashes, manure, or salt broadcast. Stop culti-
vating in August, weeds or no weeds. This allows the trees to ripen for
winter." He adds that the question whether to cultivate old orchards or
not, must be answered by manuring the trees. If the color of the leaves
is good, and they grow well and bear fine fruit, they are doing well enough,
even if in grass. But if the leaves are pale, the annual growth less than
a foot on 12-year trees, and the fruit small and poor, something is the
matter, and they are suffering for a want of cultivation or manure, or both.
Prof. B. says that " to judge of the condition of an apple tree is like judg-
ing of the condition of sheep in a pasture. Look at the sheep and not at
the pasture, and if they are plump and fat, they are all right."

Trees in Grass. — A correspondent of the Gardener's Monthly, living
in New-Hampshire, furnishes an example of a successful orchard, with
trees standing in grass. The land was never plowed, the ground being
unusually rocky. The trees, however, have been regularly and liberally
manured. The writer seems to have overlooked the fact that it is the
manure and not the grass that makes the trees bear and grow so well.
We have heard of the farmer who found sawdust pudding an excellent
feed for his cows ; all that was necessary was to add liberally of Indian
meal — and, in fact, the larger tke proportion of Indian meal, the more
satisfactory was the effect of the sawdust. We are reminded of this anec-
dote by much that is said in favor of grass in young orchards.

Draining Orchards. — Prof. Ingersoll mentions a successful experi-
ment performed on the college grounds, which shows the importance of
draining where trees suffer from a wet subsoil. The trees had become
nearly stationary in growth, and yielded little fruit. The orchard was
drained by putting a 2-inch tile between the rows, at a depth of 3 or 4
feet. The trouble was entirely remedied. " The trees sprang into luxu-
riant growth," says Prof. I., " and fruited well. They have done more in
two years since draining than in five before."

Some objection was made by a member to draining orchards, on ac-
count of the liability of the roots of the trees filling the tiles. The roots
of an apple tree near the drain had entirely filled the aperture and stop-
ped the current. Prof. Ingersoll said that experience indicated that the
drains could be depended on to remain unobstructed for 15 years, when

2o8 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

the orchardist could afford to dean them out. Mr. Moody said he had a
cheap remedy, in cementing the joints with hydraulic cement when laying
down the tile. The water still finds its way freely through the porous
tiles. He had found that a tile plugged at both ends would fill with
water in one minute. Prof. Ingersoll related a conversation he had with
an orchardist, who had drains 1 5 years among his trees before they were
stopped by roots. When asked if he intended to take them up and re-
place them, he answered: "Certainly, sir. I would not be without them
for half the value of the orchard." Th^ selection of ground with a good
natural drainage was suggested by others.

Enriching Orchards. — J. C. Plumb of Milton, Wis., a veteran fruit
cultivator, urges the importance of good soil and good cultivation in
young orchards. The whole surface should be kept mellow with some
hoed crop early in the season, with little or no cultiire late in summer
and in autumn, to favor the ripening of the wood for the cold winters of
that region. When in full bearing, the orchard may be seeded to clover,
and each successive crop turned under every two years, with a light dress-
ing of manure in the alternate years when not plowed. Buckwheat does
well, if left to decay on the ground. One plowing the following May, and
harrowing, will give a self-seeding.

Green Crops for Orchards. — T. G. Yeomans of Walworth, N. Y.,
enriches the land of his extensive and successful orchards, by sowing rye
in the fall, and when in full green head, plowing under, following with
sowed corn, to be plowed under late in the season.

Thinning Fruit. — An orchardist who m.akes his trees bear a moder-
ate crop every year, of larger and finer fruit than when crowded, gives
the following directions for doing the work : A light ladder is used to
give ready access to any part of the tree. The branch is held in the left
hand, while with sheep-shears in the right, every bunch of apples is cut
otf, leaving a part of the stem of each fruit. This is done as soon as the
blossoms have fallen, and before the young fruit has attained any size.
When this branch is entirely cleaned, the next branch is skipped, and
the third cleared of the fruit like the first, and so on until every alternate
branch is divested of its fruit. This work is not done on the small limbs
here and there over the tree, but on main branches, and equally on both
sides of the tree. Of medium sized trees, an active man will go over
fifteen or twenty in a day.

Cement for Pruning. — Dr. T. H. Hoskins of Vermont, who has had
much experience in orchard management, finds the following composition
for a cement to encase wounds made by pruning, the best he is acquaint-
ed with : One quart fine North Carolina or pine tar is to be boiled slow-
ly for three or four hours. Add to the boiling tar four ounces of tallow
and one pound of beeswax, and stir all till well mixed. Remove the ves-
sel from the fire, and stir the contents till partly cooled. As soon as the
cement begins to thicken, stir in a pound of powdered and sifted clay,

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 209

previously prepared. Stir till nearly cold, to prevent the clay settling.
In summer, this cement is just soft enough to be easily spread with the
point of a knife. It excludes moisture, and does not harden or crack.
The boiling of the tar is necessary to drive out the turpentine. This
application is similar to, but better than the simpler mixture of pine
tar and brick dust, which we employed many years ago for the same
purpose.

Liquid Grafting- Wax. — This, if properly made, may be readily ap-
plied to out-door grafting, without the trouble of heating, and it is also a
good application to wounds made in pruning. The following directions
are given by W. \Y. Tracey : Melt a pound of resin with a pound of tal-
low, and when mixed, remove from the stove and allow it to cool till a
scum begins to form. Then add a teaspoonful of turpentine. Replace
on the stove, and add seven ounces of a mixture of two parts of alcohol
and one part of water, stirring briskly, and taking care that the alcohol
does not burn, as it will if too hot. Stir till of the consistence of honey ;
keep corked, and apply with a brush. If it gets too hard, re-melt and
apply a few drops of turpentine, and of alcohol and water. It hardens
after applying.

Trimming the Roots of Seedlings. — Peter M. Gideon of Minne-
sota remarks that in the early days of his horticultural experience, he was
"crazy" to secure all the little fibres, even on his seedlings used in root-
grafting. He has now got over all this, and he finds the cleaner the
seedling roots are of fibres, the better they will grow, by sending out new
tender rootlets. With orchard trees he wants all the roots he can get,
but it is not at all essential to secure the growing points.

Rabbits and Mice. — A western paper says that common straw paper
tied around the trunks of trees, and painted with tar, or with lime wash
mixed with a decoction of tobacco, is the safest and easiest repellant of
rabbits and mice. Fresh blood will repel rabbits, but is very attractive
to mice.

Profitable Orchards.— J. W. Gray of Orleans County, N. Y., reported
at a horticultural meeting at Rochester, about a 14 acre orchard at Albion,
8 acres of which were 50 years old, and 6 acres 30 years old, the apples
from which sold in 1867 for $3,000, and in 1869 ^or $2,000. For several
years before, it averaged $1,600 a year. In 1878 it bore 940 barrels.
The sorts are chiefly Baldwin, Greening, Spitzenburgh, Roxbury Russet
and Tompkins King. The land is plowed and cropped alternate years,
and a load of manure applied every third year to each six trees. Mr.
Gray's own orchard of 12 acres, on soil with natural drainage, is plowed
shallow very early each spring before the buds swell, harrowed occasion-
ally till July, and sheep and hogs kept in through the season. He had
in 1878 400 barrels of choice fruit scarcely affected with the codling
moth.

Oil on Young Trees. — The editor of the Gardener's Monthly gives

©<=^

n 2IO ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

the successful result of the use of linseed oil in destroying the scale
on his app.le and pear trees, which were badly infested with it. Other
cases are reported to him where oil killed the young trees. He inquires
why the results should be so different. Doubtless if the time of year
when the application was made, and the condition of the bark, were stated
in these several instances, the case would be a plain once. Oil apj^lied
while the trees are dormant will generally become dry, hard and harmless
before the leaves expand and growth commences, and no harm will be
done. Or, applied to the rough exterior of trees several years old, it
will not penetrate to the green bark. It appears to be particularly fatal
to young peach trees.

The same paper gives a statement from G. R. Dyckman of Shippens-
burgh. Pa., of his experiments in applying oil to the trunks of fruit trees
— a practice which has been strongly recommended by some for its bene-
ficial effects, and among others as a protection against pear blight. Mr.
D. applied oil to 600 peach trees, 200 apple, several pear and plum trees,
and 100 quince. All the peach trees, five years planted, were killed ; the
other trees were not injured. Other peach trees were painted with refuse
lard and linseed oil, and these are all dead. The object in greasing was
to keep the rabbits off. Oil is sometimes applied for the white scale, and
these experiments show the necessity of discrimination and caution, and
the importance of trying doubtful experiments to a moderate extent.

Apples for Pennsylvania. — The Secretary of the Pennsylvania
Board of Agriculture received a large number of responses to his ques-
tions to fruit-growers in that State, asking each for the names of the three
best or most popular or profitable apples. The result was that the Early
Harvest, Red Astrachan and Sweet Bough had the highest vote for sum-
mer sorts ; Maiden's Blush, Rambo, Smokehouse, Queen and Fallawater,
the highest for autumn ; and Baldwin, Rhode-Island Greening, Northern
Spy, Smith's Cider, Roxbury Russet, Tompkins King and Seek-no-further
for winter.

For Wisconsin — The Wisconsin Horticultural Society gives the fol-
lowing lists of apples for that State : For extreme hardiness only — Te-
tofsky, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Haas, Plumb's Cider and Fameuse. For
general cultivation — Tetofsky, Duchess of Oldenburgh, Haas, Plumb's
Cider, Fameuse, Walbridge, Red Astrachan, Utter, Westfield Seek-
no-further, Ben Davis, Tallman Sweet, St. Lawrence, Willow Twig and
Pewaukee.

For Minnesota. — Most of our readers are doubtless aware that the
fruits regarded as quite hardy in most of the Northern States, cannot en-
dure the winters of Minnesota. A special list must therefore be made
for that State, and we have occasionally given the names of such fruits
as succeed there. The following list is furnished by J. H. Harris, an ex-
perienced orchardist of that State : Duchess of Oldenburgh, Tetofsky,
Plumb's Cider, and Fall Queen or Haas. Red Astrachan and P'ameuse

©=^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

are not hardy enough. Late Strawberry will scarcely answer. Ben Davis,
Gravenstein, Rambo, Fall Pippin, and Maiden's Blush, although hardy
in some cold localities, fail in Minnesota.

For Iowa. — The Iowa Horticultural Society has adopted the follow-
ing list of apples for general cultivation in that State : For Summer —
Tetofsky, Oldenburgh, Red Astrachan, Benoni,and Early Joe, top worked.
Autumn — Maiden's Blush, Chenango Strawberry, Bailey's Sweet, Dver,
Gros Pomier, Fameuse, Fall Orange, Lowell, Porter, Utter's Red, Wealthy.
Winter — Jonathan, Tallman Sweet, Rawle's Janet, Iowa Blush, Ben Davis,
Willow, Walbridge, Lansingburgh.

For Missouri. — Missouri orchardists recommend Ben Davis as the
best for profit, and Smith's Cider next. Rome Beauty is strongly
commended. The Lawver promises well in that State, but is too small
and poor in New-York. Rawle's Janet and Winesap are good apples
in Missouri. Smith's Cider has been found to pay well in Pennsyl-
vania, where one man at New-Hope received $2,000 from his crop of
this sort.

Assorting Apples. — H. E. Hooker of Rochester stated recently, at a
meeting of the W^estern New-York Farmers' Club, that his method is to
gather his apples the first of October, and the pickers bring them in the
baskets and empty them carefully on a long table, where they are con-
veniently assorted and put into barrels. These are placed in a cool
place, north of a barn, and removed to a cold cellar as the weather
reaches freezing. For marketing, careful and uniform assorting is
essential.

Hardy Fruits for Iowa, — The Prairie Farmer gives the following
selection of hardy fruits for Central and Northern Iowa, made by Prof.
Budd of the agricultural college of that State. For summer apples he
names Tetofsky, Oldenburgh and Saxton; for autumn. Plumb's Cider
and Fameuse ; for winter. Wealthy, Walbridge and Iowa Russet. The
only cherry tree that proves satisfactory is the large English Morello,
planted deep enough to throw out its own roots, which is much better
than to stand on the more tender mahaleb and mazzard stocks.

Raising Seedling Peach Trees. — It is well known that certain
varieties of the peach, especially the yellow-fleshed sorts, vary but
slightly from the parent peach when raised from the stone. Others vary
more ; but in doing so, occasionally give valuable fruits. The Amsden
and Alexander, raised from the Hale, are examples. It is worth the trial
for those who have the ground to spare, to devote some space to seed-
lings, and they can hardly fail to obtain some good fruit. About fifty
years ago, David Thomas procured a quantity of peach stones from an
orchard planted with several of the best sorts. These were planted in a
row about 50 yards long, and a foot apart. They grew and bore. Several
proved rather poor in quality ; many were good enough for use on the
table, and a few were really excellent. Among the latter was the White

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Imperial, which originated in this row of seedlings. A more general
practice of raising seedling peaches would doubtless result in a great im-
provement in our list of varieties.

Endurance of Peach Buds. — It is well known that under ordinary
circumstances the fruit-buds of the peach will mostly perish with a tem-
perature of 12*^ below zero. Under favorable conditions they will survive
a more intense cold. One of the most important of these conditions is
produced by continuous cool weather previously, preventing the swelling
of the buds. Another is the very brief continuance of the cold ; and a
third is shielding them, after the cold snap, from the morning sun. With
these conditions a portion of them frequently escape a temperature of i6^
or 17*^ below. At a meeting of the Lucas County (Ohio) Horticultural
Society, Mr. Hefflebower said that only the more tender varieties had been
killed in the winter, although the mercury fell to 19*^ below zero. The
reasons given were the excellent ripening of the wood in autumn, and the
absence of previous sudden changes of the weather

Peaches in Georgia. — The peach appears to be the great leading
fruit in Georgia for market. P. J. Eerckmans says that immense quan-
tities have been shipped to northern markets, with generally very satis-
factory results. At a meeting of the State Horticultural Society, many
collections contained from 40 to 60 varieties, ripe and in good condition.
The society recommends the following sorts : Alexander, Amsden, Bea-
trice, Hale's Early, Fleita's St. John, Tillotson, Mountain Rose, Chinese
Cling, Early Crawford, Gen. Taylor and Duff Yellow. The last two are
large and highly colored early clingstones.

Crowding Vineyards. — In proof of the well-known fact that strong
growing sorts are injured when not allowed ample space, Mr. Winches-
ter of St. Joseph, stated that a single vine extending 50 feet on a trellis
yields more grapes than the same length of trellis, covered with vines
planted 8 feet apart. In the report from Ingham County, W. A. Rowe
says the best vineyard he ever saw was planted 8 by 12 feet, and every
alternate plant was to be taken out in three or four years.

Covering Grapevines. — There are three modes employed in cover-
ing vines for winter. One, which must be performed before the ground
freezes, is to lay them down, and place on them 2 or 3 inches of soil.
This does w^ell if the soil is not too clayey, the winter not wet, and the
vines well ripened. Otherwise there is danger of rotting, and merely lay-
ing them on the ground may be safer, as they will be more or less cover-
ed with snow, and be less exposed to the wind than if left on the trellis.
If this does not afford sufficient protection, a perfectly safe covering is
made of the branches of evergreen trees. To hold the vines down we
find nothing so convenient as sticks of stove wood. Vines are more or
less benefited every winter by laying down, as a very hard freezing more
or less affects their vitality and lessens their vigor in early spring. ^

Keeping Grapes. — Every year we have some new process presented

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 213

to US for keeping grapes fresh in winter, each being a variation of the old
way. It is well for those who are packing their grapes for winter, to
keep in mind the essentials for success, and to vary the non-essentials
according to circumstances. Standing first as indispensable, the fruit
should be well-grown and well ripened. Matured rich juice will keep
the bunches far better than if green and watery. But this is much better
understood now than in former years, and better cultivation is now gen-
erally given. The next requisite, and also indispensable, is to place the
fruit in a cool, dry room. If it is well matured, it will not freeze at several
degrees below 32*^ Fah. It will not endure long in a warm temperature.
These are the two great essentials. The materials in which the grapes
are packed are of secondary importance. Baked sawdust is excellent,
because being a non-conductor of heat, it preserves a uniform tempera-
ture ; and absorbing moisture, it keeps the fruit dry. Soft straw, chopped
an inch long, is a good material to pack in, and is more easily freed from
the berries. Dry maple leaves answer a good purpose. Cotton batting
does well, if previously well dried. A damp room should be avoided, as
it would cause mould. Waxing the ends of the stems amounts to little,
as the moisture is absorbed or given off all along the sides.

The following mode, described by E. F. Guild of Saginaw, Mich., will
be new to most of our readers : The grapes are picked on a dry day,
and placed in stone jars, in alternate layers with soft paper or any other
absorbent to keep the fruit dry. Dig a trench in a dry spot, 8 inches
deeper than the tops of the crocks when set in, and cover them loosely
with a board till the ground begins to freeze. When it has frozen the
earth to the depth of 4 or 5 inches, put on mulch or coarse manure to
keep out frost. The jars are easily taken up one at a time through the
winter. Mr. G. says if they were buried deep in the earth, they will keep
till grapes come agam, but he does not say he has tried it.

Fruits for Kansas. — At a recent meeting of the Kansas State Hor-
ticultural Society, the following fruits were generally reported as doing
well : Early Richmond cherry. Wild Goose plum, Blackcap raspberries,
Kittatinny blackberry and Concord grape. Many of the other sorts have
proved failures in that climateo

Materials for Mulching. — Prof. Beal gives, in the Rural New-
Yorker, the results of several experiments to determine the best materials
to mulch strawberries and other plants, and arrives at the conclusion that
the best is chopped straw. He finds a thick coat of manure excellent for
bedding plants. He tried old clover hay, and had a fine crop of clover
plants to kill the next spring. Hay gives a similar result in a young crop
of grass. Straw badly threshed, furnishes in the same way a young grain
crop in the garden. Forest leaves held down by cornstalks, gradually
blew away during winter, and the cornstalks alone remained in the spring
after an open winter. Pine shavings worked into the soil, and proved a
nuisance. The same objection existed with tan-bark. Clean straw, old

2 14 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

or new, or corn-fodder cut two inches long, less or more, answered the
best purpose.

Pruning Currants. — Some writers have recommended pruning cur-
rants in summer, when in active growth. At that time the pruning would
of course check the vigor of the bushes, which is not often needed, as it
is rare that currant bushes grow too fast. They more usually need push-
ing into more rapid growth. Prune them early in spring ; cultivate and
manure the ground, and cut out old, crooked and stunted wood. Old and
feeble bushes may be thus made to bear larger and finer fruit. If instead
of one single stem to each bush, there are several, they will be likely to
do better in our climate.

Rotation for Strawberries. — J. N. Stearns of Kalamazoo, Mich.,
said he had learned from experience that a second planting of strawber-
ries after a previous one, always resulted in a diminished crop. Even
where the plants grow freely the fruit will be poor. Thos. Wild of Ber-
lin said that from much experience he had found that a single full crop
of berries is all that a piece of land will profitably grow without a period
of respite. There should be several intervening years with other crops.
Clover immediately following, pastured, and finally turned under, brings
the land into good condition for a second planting. Strawberries are
exhaustive, and wheat after them is generally a meagre crop.

Care and Neglect. — Judge Ramsdell of Northern Michigan says
that one of his neighbors raised seven bushels of strawberries on four
rods of ground (280 bushels per acre), while another had only three bushels
from fourteen rods (34 bushels per acre). Both were set out at the same
time, with the same variety, and treated alike, except that the first was
heavily mulched with compost in the fall and again in the spring.

Ornamental Raspberries. — A writer in a horticultural paper thinks
that a neatly pinched in and handsomely trimmed bush of the Mammoth
Cluster raspberry, when loaded with a crop of its bright red unripe ber-
ries, mixed with the shining black ripe ones, the whole relieved with its
light green foliage, is as ornamental and attractive as a rose bush in
full bloom.

Drying Raspberries. — A correspondent of the New-York Tribune
says there is no kind of dried fruit in such brisk demand in market as
raspberries, and that it is quite as profitable to dry as to sell fresh. One
hundred quarts will make 30 pounds, which at 30 cents per pound, gives
9 cents per quart for the fresh fruit, less half a cent, the cost of drying.
The Blackcap is here alluded to, which he states is the most hardy, reli-
able, and easily grown of small fruits.

Canning Fruit. — It was stated by C. A. Green, at a Rochester Hor-
ticultural meeting that in Cincinnati there were canned in 1877, 100,000
cans of strawberries, 99,000 of blackberries, 268,000 of raspberries, and
672,000 of jellies, besides apples, peaches, plums, cherries, &c. The
amount of small fruits paid for and consumed in the United States yearly

0^= -^=@

©■

■-^=^

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

was estimated at $25,000,000, The small fruits raised in Michigan were
estimated at 2,795,000 bushels, amounting to at least $5,591,000.

Cellars in winter need special attention to preserve perfect cleanli-
ness, on many accounts. Fruit rooms, by the help of ventilating win-
dows and a thermometer, should be kept as well down towards freezing
as practicable, to prevent rotting, and to favor long keeping.

THE VEGETABLE GARDEN.

MATS FOR HOTBEDS.— W. D. Philbrick, of Middlesex County,
Mass., sends to the Country Gentleman the following directions :
"The best mats are made hereabout in a frame like the cut, (fig. 227,)
standing on legs about 34 feet from the floor, so that a man can stand at
one side to tie the strings. Rye straw is best, and should be cut a little

green, and good, clean,

long straw selected for

the purpose. The strings

are tarred spun yarn, or

marline, and can only

be drawn tight in cold

weather in a room kept

warm by a stove, as the

tar is too stiff in the

cold. The mat should

be about 4 inches longer

across than the length

of the sashes ; thus a

*' ' 6-foot sash will require

a mat 6 feet 4 inches wide. The mats are generally made 6 to 8 feet in

length. A 6-foot 4-inch mat should have at least eight or (better) ten

strings. The strings are cut about 5 feet long to begin a mat, and laid

across the top of the frame in their places ; the boards should be notched

slightly with a saw at the points where the strings come.

"The man takes two small handfuls of straw, and lays them smoothly
on the strings with the heads inward, and ties them firmly down with a
half weaver's knot. If the straw is long and good, it will lap enough in
the middle of a 6-foot mat to make it even in size entirely across ; but if
the straw is a little short, a small handful will need to be placed in the
middle of the mat to fill it up evenly. When the strings have all been
tied down, the man cuts off the buts of the straw with a knife or hatchet,
/\ so that the tied bunch will slide down between the two boards which
JA make the top of the frame, and repeats the process until the mat is long
Q enough, when he ties it off with a full knot."

2l6 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Strawberries and Potatoes. — The London Garden gives the fol-
lowing mode by which a strawberry bed was planted in connection with
early potatoes, with success : Beds extending across the garden, 4 feet
wide were planted in spring with strawberries. On the outer sides of
these beds three rows of early potatoes were planted. The potatoes
were dug about the end of June, the ground cleared and raked level,
where the strawberry runners could establish themselves and form a new
row. The next spring, rows of potatoes were planted, one row farther
off, or on the borders of the runners. The gardener thus made a traveling
strawberry bed, which became wider each year without planting. The
third year, the first plants were exhausted and were dug up, the bed thus
moving slow^ly sidewise.

Green Peas. — G. W. Campbell of Delaware, Ohio, gives the Practi-
cal Farmer a brief statement of his mode of raising peas, w^hich accords
with that adopted by some other successful cultivators. For a succession
he formerly planted two weeks apart ; but the late plantings had small
crops and mildewed pods. He now plants all at a time, and as early as
the season w'ill permit, using early and late varieties. When planted
deep the plants continue longer in bearing, and endure the drouth. He
plants early sorts 6 inches deep, and late ones rather deeper. For this
depth the soil should of course be loose and porous. His earliest is Car-
ter's First Crop; the latest. Champion of England.

J. C. Weston of Bangor, Me., says that after a trial of 20 years he finds the
following method of raising peas in small gardens the most profitable and
satisfactory : A w^arm sheltered situation is selected and trenches are dug
about i^ feet wade and 3 feet apart; the bottom is filled with old manure
which is covered with loam. The soil being light, he then sows the peas
and covers them 6 inches deep with soil. After the first hoeing, the sticks
are inserted for their support. The manure imparts great vigor to the
plants, the depth of covering prevents the effects of drouth and the bed
furnishes peas for nearly a month.

Onion Culture. — The Prairie Farmer sums up briefly and gives the
following requisites for the successful culture of onions : High manuring,
a perfect tilth, smoothness of surface, early and thick seeding in accurate
drills, an early use of the weeding cultivator between and as close to the
rows as possible, thinning the crop as soon as it begins to fill the drills,
and the removal of superfluous plants at the second weeding, will insure
success, and that at a minimum cost ; and, above all, at a profit to the
cultivator.

Tomatoes in a Greenhouse. — An English journal mentions the suc-
cessful experiment of raising tomatoes in a greenhouse, which are expect-
ed to furnish ripe fruit about the first of June. The plants grow in nar-
row beds on each side of the span-roofed house, and are trained up
on wooden laths.

Testing Seeds. — The Gardener's Magazine gives in substance the

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 217

following easy method of testing turnip seed : Place on a dinner plate a
circular piece of white flannel, just large enough to cover the lower part.
Mix the seeds well together, so as to give a fair sample, then take up a
portion of the seeds in a small spoon, place them on white paper for
counting, and note the number. Spread them evenly on the flannel; then
saturate it with cold water, but not cover it, and let the seeds remain thus
exposed to air and light for a few days on a table before a window on the
sunny side of the house. The good seeds will swell, germinate, and
throw out long, slender white shoots. Count them, and ascertain how
many are good. When you plant the seeds, if they do not come up as
well as these, then you have either buried them too deep, or else sown
them on hard, cloddy, or dry ground.

Sowing Peas in Autumn. — A writer in the London Garden says he
always sows his peas in November, and by rolling the seeds in red lead,
the mice do not touch them, when they appear in spring a small coating
of coal ashes wards off the slugs.

Making Plants Hardy. — Nothing contributes more to rendering
plants hardy, for enduring the sharp cold of winter, than a dry bottom.
In the first place a dry soil induces an early ripueiiing of the wood, and we
have known this early ripening to make more difference than 20 degrees
in temperature. A wet soil causes a late and watery growth, which is
easily winter-killed. In the second place, trees and plants standing in
a soil not soaked with water, will bear greater cold than the same trees
water-soaked at the roots. It is well always to bear these facts in mind,
and to act accordingly.

Keeping Cabbages. — The Iowa Register says that the practice adopt-
ed at the East, of placing cabbage heads upside down in a trench, and
covering with earth, or with straw and earth, does not succeed in
Iowa. The best way therefore is to cut a trench about two feet deep, in a
dry spot, place a pole lengthwise over it, and suspend the cabbages, roots
up, to the pole, the heads not touching the ground ; then covering with
straw and earth, they will keep well till spring. They will of course bear
some freezing.

Blanching Celery with Tan. — The London Garden gives the
practice of a successful cultivator, who uses old spent tan for earthing up.
It keeps the plants free from slugs, and from the severe frosts of winter,
board or slab covers throwing otf the water.

Irrigating Gardens. — The Prairie Farmer describes an experiment
by which a quarter-acre garden was easily irrigated, promoting the vigor-
ous growth of vegetables, especially celery, and also cauliflower, cabbage
and other succulent plants. The plants being in rows, light furrows were
run between them and water poured in to reach the roots. When well
soaked, the earth was thrown back and covered the wet soil. The work A
was done with a narrow "bull-tongue," fixed to a low frame with a wheel, /^
used for cultivating by hand between rows. This left the bottom of the (J

2l8 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

furrow loose, and it readily absorbed the water. The object of this mode
was to make a moderate quantity of water go a good way, by applying it
directly to the roots.

Improving Earliness. — A correspondent of the Tribune says that
for twelve years past he has always selected for seed of the Lima beans
those which are largest and first ripe. When he began this series of
selection, the beans did not become large enough to eat till the 8th or
loth of September ; now they are fit for eating on the 8th of August. He
has pursued with success the same course with marrowfat beans.

REMEDIES FOR INSECTS.

BOYS AND BUGS. — An efiicient mode for clearing destructive insects
from small crops might be more extensively and profitably resorted to
in the employment of boys to gather them, paying for the hundred, or mea-
sure. Those who have a quick eye and ready fingers will reach them more
easily and do more than men. Try the experiment early in the season, when
"potato bugs" appear, and give them a specified sum per quart. In the
same way they will keep clear a patch of cucumbers or squashes, using a
pan with a thin coat of molasses in the bottom to secure their prey. We
discovered, many years ago, that the white grub was destroying a valu-
able plantation of seedling pears. Fifty cents per hundred to a few young
boys brought them in, and as the insects became scarce, a double and
quadruple price produced a wild excitement among the little fellows, and
every straggler was cleared. The sum paid was small ; the saving of the
crop was of great value. The same remedy may be applied to the green
cabbage worm, and when they are not numerous, the riddance is easy.

Water and Tar. — A correspondent of the Chicago Tribune says he
has not for five years lost a cucumber, melon or cabbage plant, his '■eme-
dy being to pour water into a barrel which contains a few quarts of gas
tar, which impregnates the water, and this is applied with a garden
sprinkler. If the rain washes it off, he repeats the application. He also
asserts that it will destroy or repel the Colorado potato beetle.

Hot Water. — It is worth while trying hot water on the currant worms
and on the green cabbage worm. Take a thermometer with j-ou, so that
when you get the right degree of heat you may get it right again, as well
as tell others intelligibly. It is well to try which is best — quite hot water
dashed oti for half a second only, or water at a lower temperature, shower-
ed on longer from the watering pot. Suppose that you actually spoil
half a dozen cabbage plants, or the leaves of two or three branches of a
currant bush ; the knowledge you get will be likely to be worth a hundred
times as much. A little practice, however, will enable any one to know
just how long to let it run before hurting the cabbage leaves, by trying it on

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 219

a few of the poorer plants. We see a modification of this remedy men-
tioned in an agricultural paper, by heating the water to 130*^ by the ther-
mometer, and adding a small handful of salt to each gallon of water,
allowing it to run about four seconds. The salt is probably of little use.
Water, if much hotter, must be applied very briefly, or with a dash.

P. C. Dempsey of Albury, Ontario, Can., says that water with a tem-
perature as high as 200*^ may be used to destroy cabbage worms, and that
it will not injure the cabbage. It is applied through a rose sprinkler.
It is said that a cold infusion [decoction] of quassia, three pounds to a
barrel of water, has been found effectual, and is more convenient to
apply than hot water. The cabbages must be thoroughly washed from it
before using.

Paraffin Oil. — The London Garden says that three wineglassfuls of
paraffin oil to four gallons of water is instant death to bugs, without the
l^ast injury to tender plants. He puts the oil first into a pot, and then
fills in the water vigorously with a syringe. In applying it, one man is kept
lifting a syringeful out of the mixture and discharging it into itself, while
another applies it to the plant. In two or three minutes it is syringed off
again with clean water.

Repellants. — We always prefer the remedies which promptly kill in-
sects to those which simply attempt to repel them ; nevertheless the latter
answer well sometimes. It is stated that water in which a little gas tar
has been placed for a time will drive off the striped cucumber beetle, as
well as lime dust, ashes or soot. Prof. Lazenby found a thin mixture of
Paris green in water to be efficacious, but he prefers square boxes around
the plants. He tried various remedies for the cabbage worm, but a
solution of one pound of whale-oil soap in four gallons of water answer-
ed best.

Catching Curculios. — One of the best contrivances for jarring down
and catching curculios, is a broad hopper on a two-wheeled barrow, the
hopper being a light frame covered with oil-cloth. The advantages
possessed by the oil-cloth are that it does not become wet with the dew
of cool mornings, and being smooth, the insects roll down it freely into a
tin reservoir at the bottom. A slit on one side of the hopper admits the
trunk of the tree. The operator, with a long-handled mallet, strikes the
several limbs, and jars down the insects. A defect in this catcher is that
the mallet is padded so as not to bruise the bark, and this so softens and
enfeebles the jar, that only a part of the curculios fall. Hence its ineffici-
ency. The right way is to bore a small hole, about three-eighths or half
an inch in diameter, into the trunk of the tree, or into each limb if the
tree is' large, and insert into each of these holes an iron plug, made by
cutting up an iron rod. The mallet is to consist of a pole of suitable
length with an iron knob at the end. This knob is struck forcibly against
the iron plug by means of a forward thrust, and the sharp jar thus given
brings down all the insects. This mode of jarring the tree should be

220 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER ( 1

. ^/.

employed in all cases, and is more rapid and more effectual than the pad-
ded mallet. Wide "factory" sheets, stiffened with light frames, answer
well for catching the insects, and they are rendered more effectual and
durable by oiling.

The Cabbage Worm. — At the Montgomery County (Ohio) horticul-
tural meeting, M. D. Egbert said he had found warm soap-suds a com.
plate remedy for the cabbage worm. Mrs. Ramsay said that at a tem-
perature of 125*^ the cabbages would not be injured. Mr. Broadwell had
found common soap-suds a perfect remedy if applied while the worms
were small, and early in the morning,

The Currant Worm. — A writer in the Tribune thinks it important
to dust the hellebore on the underside of the currant leaves, where the
worms feed, and where it will not be washed off. He takes thin cotton
cloth, that the powder will pass through sparingl}-, about ten inches square,
encloses the powder, gathers the corners and sides, and ties around the
end of a stick three or four feet long. The bushes are opened early in
the morning, and the dusting is done upwards or sidewise, the wind, if
any, assisting.

The Cucumber Beetle. — A writer in the Rural New-Yorker says
that he has successfully repelled the insect commonly known as the striped
bug by applying ashes soaked in kerosene. A handful is applied at the
centre of each hill. Its strong odor compels them to beat a retreat.

Insects on House Plants. — The Scientific American gives in sub-
stance the following mode of destroying insects on house plants : Place
the pots on a table or platform on which there is an inch or two of sand.
Cover them with any inverted vessel, the sand making the edges fit closely.
Or place over them a light frame or support, and cover them with a
cloth. Then burn tobacco under the cover, and let the smoke remain
fifteen minutes. This is better than syringing, because the smoke pene-
trates every corner and crevice. The same journal states that when the
open soil is infested with insects, caused by a free use of fertilizers, a good
remedy is to cover it when dry with a fourth of an inch of soot, and water
liberally, which kills the insects and leaves the plants.

Destroying the Green Fly. — An Illinois correspondent of the
Gardener's Monthly states that the green fly attacked his plants in the
dwelling-house where tobacco smoke could not be used. He procured a
handful of lady bugs and placed them on the plants one evening. The
next morning not a green fly was to be seen.

Plants in Flower Pots. — The use of mustard water for repelling
or destroying insects in the soil of flower pots, has been recently recom-
mended— a tablespoonful of mustard to a gallon of water. A greater
degree of strength would probably be more effectual ; pungent vegetable
matter not injuring plants.

Insects on Roses. — When it is not practicable to employ the dis-
agreeable fumes of tobacco, which otherwise are the best remedy for

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 221

insects on the rose, Ellwanger & Barry adopt the following : Boil 4 ounces
of quassia chips 10 minutes in a gallon of soft water, and after straining
add 4 ounces of soft soap, which should be dissolved as it cools, stirring
well before using. With a small, clean painter's brush, apply it to every
infected leaf and shoot. In 15 or 20 minutes wash the plants with pure
water. Tobacco may be used instead of the quassia. For some insects
a sprinkling of powdered white hellebore will destroy or disperse them,
the plants being previously well moistened. The rose caterpillar, which
glues the leaves together, must be killed by pinching between the thumb
and finger.

The Rose-Bug. — Peter Henderson gives in the Gardener's Monthly,
some interesting statements on the habits of the rose-bug. John May of
Madison, N. J., after years of perseverance, has entirely cleared his plants,
and his roses are now perfect models of health and vigor. He finds that
no suljstance will destroy the insect in the larval state without injury to
the plant. They feed at the roots, and when symptoms of their presence
are observed, the only course is to dig up the plants by the roots. The
symptoms are weak growth, pale shoots, and few or no flowers. But the
remedy is to destroy the perfect insect under the leaves, always fewer in
number than the grubs ; their presence is not commonly observed by
those who only view the leaves from above. They crawl down and de-
posit their eggs at the roots.

Rose Slug. — A correspondent of Colman's Rural World gives the fol-
lowing mode for destroying slugs on rose bushes : I have a considerable
number of roses in my garden, which, during the last two summers, have
presented as fine an appearance in leaf and flower as they did before the
advent of the rose slug. Their healthful condition was produced by the
prompt use of powdered white hellebore, prepared in the following man-
ner : One tablespoonful steeped in hot water for ten minutes, diluted in
five quarts of cold water, and applied through a syringe or fine rose of a
watering can "to the foliage while still moist with dew. Two applications
three or four weeks apart, will effectually repress the slug each season.
Four ounces of hellebore per annum will keep one hundred plants of
average size in good condition. Of course hellebore should be used with
caution, as it is an active poison.

Applying White Hellebore. — Asuccessfulmanager uses the follow-
ing to destroy the rose slug, which mixture does not injure the plants :
Add to a pail of water, half a pint of soft soap and four ounces of white
hellebore. Throw it on the under side of the leaves every morning with
a garden syringe. Watch for the insects in June and August. The soap
assists in the adhesion of the mixture to the leaves, and as the insects
work on the under side, the syringe applies it where wanted.

Damage by Insects. — The annual products of the soil in the United
States are estimated at $2,500,000,000. Of these at least $200,000,000 are
yearly destroyed by insects. Yet some of the most wealthy States can-

.a

222

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

not afford a thousand dollars or two, as salary to an entomologist to
study the habits of these destroyers, and to furnish the most expeditious
methods for saving the crops !

DOOR-YARD PLANTING.

THE ACCOMPANYING PLAN for a village lot (fig. 228) was fur-
nished by a correspondent of the Country Gentleman, and was
intended to give those not familiar with designing and laying out grounds,
distinct and specific directions what trees to select, and where to plant

each one, and where to place the several
flower beds and the shrubbery. The let-
ters upon the plan correspond with the
same on the list of trees and plants :

a. Purple-leaved maple.

b, Norway maple,
r, European sycamore maple.

d, Cut-leaved maple.

e. Red or scarlet maple.

f, Double-flowering hoi sechestnut.

g. Imperial cut-leaved alder.
//, White-flowering dogwood.
/, Magnolia purpurea.

y, Mahaleb cherry.
k. Magnolia glauca.
/, Pavia whittleyi or purpurea.
m, Hedge of Siberian arbor vitae, or of
hemlock.

«;/, Beds to be filled with ever-bloom-
ing roses, geraniums, and other brilliant
summer-blooming plants. In winter to
have branches, or small trees, of ever-
greens placed in the ground, the tallest
in the centre of the beds, toning every
way toward the surrounding turf.

/, Plant this bed with hyacinths, crocus,
tulips, lilies, &c.; in a word, with flowering
bulbs. In planting, do so at different
times with each class, unless it be lilies.
Leave also spaces into which at any time
you can plant flowering plants for the season. Use more or less of vinca,
and some low creeping vine like Juniperus prostrata for border and cov-
ering in winter, while in summer the vines may be trained where best to
give other plants space.

^, All this space between the road and house (leaving a turf border of
I to 14 feet, all next to the road), plant with varieties of hardy-flowering ^
deciduous shrubs, placing the strongest in the rear of the bed, containing, '

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

f

223

if correctly done, a rise from one foot next the road all around toward the
house and centre of the plat,
r, Purple fringe tree.

s, Varieties of barberry ; and after the plants are established let turf
grow over the plat.

/, Bed to be filled with perennials and annuals, such as phlox, milfoil,
columbines, spireas, daisies, bocconia, buphthalmum, campanulas, lark-
spur, dicentra, iris, poppy, etc., and annuals
to suit.

ze, Cut-leaved weeping birch.
v, Purple-leaved beech,
w, Cembran pine.
X, Corsican or yellow pine.
y, American white spruce.
z, American black spruce.

A, Lawson's cypress.

B, European silver fir.
C C, Norway spruces.
Z>, White pine.

E, Red bud or Judas tree.

F, Shad blow or June berry.

C, Strawberry tree or burning bush.
H, Early Richmond cherry.
/, Black Tartarian cherry.
j, Rockport cherry.
K, Red Jacket cherry.
Z, Early purple Guigne cherry.
M, Elton cherry.
N, Louis Phillipe cherry.
O, Coe's Transparent or Elliott's Favorite

cherry.

P^ Black Hawk or Pontiac cherry.

^, Twenty-seven Dwarf pears of varieties
8 feet apart each way.

S, Peach trees, eight in number.

Another design for a smaller lot is given in
fig. 229. The positions of the trees are given
in the following list :

a, Mahaleb cherry or magnolia glauca.

b, Norway maple or double-flowering horse-
chestnut, or common chestnut, or linden, or
butternut, or a French or Spanish marron.

c, Am.erican beech.

d, European flowering ash.

e, Cut-leaved, weeping birch.
f, American white or black spruce, or Austrian pine.

g^ Sassafras or ever-flowering weeping cherry, or June berry, or shad
blow, or hop tree, or double-flowering plum, or purple fringe tree.
h. Red bud or strawberry tree.
/, Lawson's cypress or Cembrian pine,
y, Magnolia purpurea, or gracilis.
k, Group of dwarf flowering shrubs, such as sj^reas, deutzias, Japan

8

Fig. 229.

224 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

quince, Forsythii; mingling dwarf arbor vitae and junipers, so as to make
the group good in winter. When planting set the lowest near the front,
and on the points of the bed.

/, Snowball, wiegela rosea, alba and Desboisii, sweet-scented shrub, white
fringe, Stuartia, some one variety of elder, hydrangea paniculata flore
pleno, upright or Tartarian honeysuckles. All these plants want clipping
back directly after having bloomed, one-third of the year's growth, to-
gether with all the year's seed vessels. In this way the group may be
kept with the white fringe as a centre, and a fall every way from it.

m, Halesia tetraptera or snow drop tree.

n. Bed of perpetual roses, geraniums, verbenas, &c.

0, Bed for bulbs of sorts.

/, Hemlock.

^, Siberian arbor vitae.

r, Chinese arbor vitae.

s. Weeping arbor vitae, var. filiformis.

t. Weeping juniper.

17^ Tom Thumb arbor vitae.

V V, Juniperus nana.

W W, Juniperus japonica.

X X, Juniperus sabina.

A, Juniperus prostata or repens.

B^ Row of raspberries.

C, Row of gooseberries.

Z>, Dwarf apple trees.

Fto % Dwarf pears.

Z, Rockport cherry tree.

M, Black Tartarian cherry tree.

A^, May Duke or Louis Philippe cherry tree.

Oy Red Jacket cherry.

Z*, Standard Bartlett pear.

Q, Standard Seckel pear.

^, Red Dutch currants.

All the ground in the rear of the back line of the house may be used
as a vegetable or kitchen garden.

EXPERIMENTS WITH POTATOES.

THERE ARE ERRORS in opinions and practice which have long
prevailed among farmers, and which one copies from others without
submitting the questions to actual and measured experiments. In order
to point out distinctly some of these errors, the following trials were made,
mostly through several successive years :

Cut and Uncut Potatoes. — The skin of the potato is nearly imper-
vious to moisture, and so long as it remains entire, the water is retained
within, and the tuber is a long time in shriveling. As soon as cut, the
moisture escapes rapidly. If, therefore, the ground is dry and cloddy.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS, 225

and the time of planting late, it is best to plant the potatoes whole. If cut
pieces are used as seed, it will be found that many of them dry up and fail to
grow, and the crop is broken by vacant spaces. By early planting in rich
and mellow ground, the moisture is retained in the cut pieces, and all
grow freelv; and the advantage derived from cutting, namely, fewer
stalks and fewer and larger potatoes, are secured without difficulty.

Large and Small Potatoes. — Medium sized and large potatoes
always give a heavier crop than quite small ones, when other controlling
circumstances are the same. The larger amount of nutriment which the
young shoots derive from the tuber, give them an earlier and more vigor-
ous start ; yet, under proper management, the difference is much less
than is commonly supposed, or that which follows careless cultivation.
In one experiment, we tried in alternate rows the planting of tubers which
were not more in diameter than a man's finger, in one row, and those
double the size of hen's eggs in the next, and so on over a considerable
area. Fig. 230 shows the relative sizes on a reduced scale. Special care

was taken that whether large or
small, each piece had the same
number of eyes. Mistaken con-
clusions are often drawn by cutting
the smaller potatoes into fewer
pieces, as a common laborer will
be sure to do, unless special atten-
tion is given to this point. The
consequence is, more sprouts
spring up from the small potatoes,
and the resulting crop is more
^ '=• ^3°- numerous in tubers, and they are

smaller in size. The conclusion that it is the small seed that necessarily
produces small potatoes, is obviously an erroneous one. A small insert-
ed graft, or a small tree when set out, does not yield afterwards smaller
apples than a large graft or large tree— all depends on the culture given.
In the experiment with the small and large potatoes, care was taken to
secure a deep, mellow, moist soil, and to plant them so early that there
could be no failure from drouth. They came up nearly at the same time,
and the appearance of the rows was similar through the season. When
the potatoes were dug, the contents of each row were placed in heaps at
the end and examined. No perceptible difference was observed in the
size of the potatoes ; but when they were measured, it was found that the
large potatoes yielded 1 1 per cent, the most — doubtless owing to a stronger
growth of the shoots at the outset. In another experiment the smaller
potatoes gave the larger crop. The reasons were these : The large seed
was cut and planted with so few eyes, that the number of plants in the
rows were too few for the best product. The same care as above men-
tioned was not taken to have the same number of eyes in both cases, and

A

=^=5©

226

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

the men who cut and planted gave double the number of eyes to the pieces
from the small seed. The crop in these rows consisted, therefore of a
much larger number. The small tubers were about half the size of hen's
eggs ; the large ones five or six times as large. The rows from the small
seed yielded nine bushels from each of the rows ; those from the large
seed only eight bushels.

The experiment is given in detail to show the importance of taking the
controlling influences into account. One reason why experiments so
often give contradictory results is that the amount of the crop is blindly
given, without observing all that may have operated on it.

Hilling. — A number of experinrents have been carried out for deter-
mining the comparative advantages of hilling up the earth about the

plants, (which is nearly the univer-
sal practice,) and cultivating with a
flat surface. The latter has invari-
ably given the largest crops. The
percentage of loss varies with the
depth of the soil and the abrupt-
ness of the hilling. When done
thoroughly, the loss is about i6 to
i8 per cent.; when the hilling is
moderate, it is correspondingly less.
The average from common prac-
tice, is from 12 to 15 per cent., and millions of bushels are annually lost
in this way throughout the country.

The rationale of this result is that when fresh earth is heaped on the
roots near the plants, they are buried too deep, while the ends of the
roots are denuded or torn, fig. 231, the dotted line being the natural sur-
face. When cultivated flat, all have a free and natural growth.

Depth of Planting. — Potatoes should not be planted shallow. A
deep soil, and moderately deep planting, afford more security against
changes of moisture and dryness. We find that when the planting is
about 5 inches deep, about 10 per cent, more potatoes are given than when
planted only 2 or 3 inches deep ; but the result will vary much with the
depth and condition of the soil, and the moisture and drouth of the season-
Change of Seed. — The experiments under this head have been limit-
ed. It is well known that certain varieties succeed much better in some
localities than in others, and variously yield more or less, or give better
or poorer potatoes. In some places certain sorts " run out " sooner than
in others. It may therefore be expected that when a variety has deterio-
rated in product in one place, an advantage would result for a time from
procuring seed potatoes from neighborhoods where it succeeds better.
The only distinct experiments we have tried were the following : The
Early Rose having diminished from its early abundant yield, seed was
procured a few years ago from a neighborhood seventy miles east. The

Fig. 231.

to 15 per cent.

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

■-=^=3®

227

crop from this seed was about 10 per cent, more than from the old seed
planted side by side. A quantity of seed of the Late Rose was brought
from sixty miles west, and planted side by side with seed which we had
raised from its first introduction. While rows from the old seed gave
each 10 bushels from the row, the seed from a distance yielded over 13
bushels from each row; in both instances, with much uniformity in the
several rows. It is proper to add that in both cases the places from
which the seed was brought are regarded much better in soil for potatoes
than the ground on which the experiments were made.

ITEMS IN FLORICULTURE.

FINISHED FLOWER BEDS.— We noticed in a former volume the
beds of geraniums, colored-leaved plants and of the sempervivums,
on the grounds of Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, at Rochester. As they

Fig. 232.
have given special attention to this kind of planting, we furnish engrav-
ings of a few, with lists of the plants occupying them. It should be under-
stood that such beds are not for picturesque grounds, but only for such
as approach the geometric style with high and elaborate finish.

A v^se of plants stands in the centre of a smooth bed planted chiefly
with the dense rosette-formed plants of the Crassulaceae (fig. 232.) The
outer circle is Semper%'rv7im globosicm ; the second, S. califomiaim ; the

■=^c®

228

-=^:2^

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

third, Echeveria seacnda and secunda glauca ; the centre, Echroeria vietal-
lica. The symmetrical characteristics of this bed, situated in the smoothly
shaven grass, with the vase at the centre, present altogether a striking
appearance, and such beds strictly belong to the more symmetrical and
finished portions of ornamental grounds.

Fig. 233. ,

Fig. 233 is the plan of a bed of geraniums, about 25 feet in diameter,
which, when in full bloom, presents a rich variegated appearance, each
sort occupying a broad surface of the bed. The outer circle is formed of
a low, profuse-blooming Lobelia and the circle is at all times a distinct
blue. The next circle within is the light Pyrethrinti aiireiini. The centre
of all is the brilliant scarlet geranium known as the Hector; the opposite

wings, a a, are planted with the pink Master Christine ; the wings b b,
with the cherry-colored Marshal Vaillant, and the four triangular spaces
between with the silver-leaved geraniums.

Fig. 234 represents imperfectly an oval bed of colored-leaved plants,
slightly convex, and set with the following plants : In the centre is Coleus

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

229 Q

Hero, which is almost black ; next is C verschaffeltii, crimson ; the third
circle is the Golden Gem; the fourth Achyranthes caseii ; the fifth, the
white leaved Centatirea Candida; and the outer circle, a variety of Me-
sembryanthenrnm co7'difolm7n.

Layering Carnations in Cups. — It is in cups of well-rolled lead,
according to the Fleurs de Pleine Terre, that the celebrated cultivator of

carnations, M. Gouthier of Pierre-
fitte, has so successfully practiced
their propagation by layering. The
lead used for these cups is rolled
out to the thickness of strong
paper, and then cut into triangular
bands. These are formed around
the finger to a shape somewhat like
a small sugar paper (fig. 235.) The
soil employed is fine, and the same
as that used for culture in pots ;
threads serve to support the cups in
position, and a pin thrust through
helps to secure them and keep the
layer in position.

Common tinfoil would doubtless

answer the same purpose, although

^ig- 235- not quite so pliable as lead.

CuiTiNG-PoTS. — The following mode of propagating by cuttings was

furnished by a correspondent to the London Garden, and appears to be a

useful contrivance : Those who find their pelargoniums and other cuttings

Fig. 236. — Section of a Pot containi?tg- Pelargonium Cuttings.
to suffer from damp, should try the method indicated in the accompanying
illustration (fig. 236.) The damping off of cuttings usually results from
applying water by pouring it on the surface of the soil, and allowing it to

©c^

230 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER t 1

percolate through, but if a small pot be sunk in the middle to receive it,
moisture will be supplied where it is of most use ; the quantity can always
be regulated, and the cuttings are not so likely to suffer so much from an
occasional overdose as they otherwise would. The best pots for pelar-
gonium cuttings are those whose width exceeds their height. The section,
which is taken vertically through the middle of the pot, shows the cut-
ings, two only of which appear ; the mould in which they are planted
should contain plenty of silver sand, a thin layer of that material resting
on a layer of cocoanut fibre, and below that a quantity of corks or wash-
ed cinders to insure perfect drainage.

Improved Propagation by Cuttings.— Peter Henderson describes
an improved mode he has been using for the propagation of geraniums.
His object was, in the first place, to avoid the exhaustion of the parent
plants by the removal of cuttings abruptly ; and secondly to make sure
work. He takes the young shoot which is to be used as a cutting, and

snaps it short, leaving it hanging by a
small portion of the bark, as shown in
fig* 237. This shred is sufficient to
sustain the cutting, without any ma-
terial injury from wilting, until it forms
a callus, which precedes the formation
of roots. In from 8 to 12 days it is
detached and potted in 2 or 3-inch pots.
It is rather less shaded and watered
than ordinary cuttings, and forms roots
in about 8 to 12 days more. One
Fig. 237. autumn Mr. H. propagated about 10,000

plants of the tricolor class, without losing one per cent. With the com-
mon method, he thinks he would have lost 50 per cent.

This mode is applicable to the Abutilon, Begonia, Carnation, Cactus,
Lantana, Oleander, &c., by using young unripened shoots. If the shoot
does not break, but simply bends to a knee, a knife may be used for cut-
ting about two-thirds through.

Striking Cuttings — Easy Mode. — The Rural New-Yorker gives in
substance the following method, which has been found remarkably easy :
Take a flower pot about 8 inches in diameter, invert a saucer within it
large enough to rest against the sides half way down, or lower, which is
better than using broken crocks or stones. This drainage is necessary
where there is no bottom heat. Then fill to the brim with very coarse
sifted sand. Place the pot in a strong light, and saturate the sand a few
hours with water, providing a proper vessel for drainage. Make the cut-
tings from 2 to 5 inches long, retaining more leaves in autumn than earlier,
ft but stripping them off nearly to the top, and insert them half an inch in
Ik depth, about twenty to the pot. New buds in time will show that roots
A are formed, when they are to be lifted out with a teaspoon, and set in

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 23 1

small pots of rich sandy earth, avoiding clayey soil, which will become too
hard. If too many leaves are left on the cutting, they will be likely to droop.
September is a good time for this work.

Testing Seeds. — One of Mr. Vick's correspondents gives the follow-
ing as his way of testing seeds : A sod cut from an old pasture is placed
grass up in a pan or on a board, and boiling water poured on ; on this is
is laid a piece of straw paper, and the seed is sprinkled on this and cover-
ed with another paper, then another sod, grass down, well wet with warm
water. Keep wet and warm, and in a few days the seeds, if good, will
sprout.

CocoANUT Flower-Pots. — Some of the Centennial exhibitors used,
with great success, the shell or husk of the cocoanut, in the manufacture
of flower pots. This husk, which is nearly an inch thick, is cut across the
middle, so as to make two baskets, and each portion is suspended by
wire. Its porous character seems to fit this material to this purpose, and
its ornamental appearance, with something of a rustic character, makes it
superior to^e most ornamental porcelain. Plants are said to thrive ad-
mirably in these pots.

Paper Protectors against Frost. — When house plants are kept
in common rooms, it sometimes happens that an intensely cold night
threatens to injure or destroy them. When this, danger is feared, place
them anywhere together, the centre of a room on the floor being the most
convenient, and then put one or two thicknesses of newspapers over them,
pinned around them. They will then bear several degrees more of frost
than without the papers. A similar protection maybe afforded to plants
in the open ground to guard against spring frosts, by nearly covering
with newspapers, on the corners of which small stones are laid.

Winter Blooming of Gladiolus. — A Boston correspondent of the
Gardener's Monthly recommends, in substance, the following mode for
obtaining winter flowers trom the Gladiolus : Plant the bulbs about the
middle of July in a rich, open border. When a foot high, and in dry
weather, pot them. Before frost, remove to a sunny window in the house,
and keep them well watered.

Hyacinths in Winter. — ^James Vick remarks, in his Illustrated
Monthly, that it is important to keep hyacinth bulbs cool and dormant
before planting in autumn, in order that the new growth may not start
and consume and dry up the bulb, on which it must entirely depend be-
fore planting. If planted in earth and kept in a cool place, roots will
form and furnish nutriment, and the bulb will not then be exhausted and
ruined. When planted in water, roots are formed, but the new plant
must exhaust the bulb more or less for nutriment, and hence the reason
that bulbs in water-glasses are so weakened that they do not do well a
second year. Hence the superiority of the method of planting in soil
V in pots. M^

) Hyacinths in Moss Baskets. — Hyacinths in water, and in soil in Q

232 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

pots, are common ornaments for winter. Peter Henderson describes the
mode for placing them in moss baskets. He recommends the common
brown water-moss used by nurserymen and gardeners, but for the outside
and the top we would prefer the smooth green flakes taken from rotten
logs in the woods. Press the moss moderately firm into the wire basket,
the bulbs beuig one-third above the surface. The whole is then saturated
with water, and placed in some dark, cool place, as a cellar or closet,
where the temperature is not above 50*^. In five or six weeks the roots
will fill the moss. The basket is then brought into a room and hung
against a window, with a temperature of 60*^ or 70^, and the plants will
bloom in three or four weeks. Watering them with very weak guano
water once a week greatly increases their size and brilliance ; an ounce
of guano to a gallon of water is enough. The bulbs may be prepared
successively from November into January.

Early Flowers. — A young gardener wishes to know what flowers
may be employed for the earliest blooming in spring. The following are
very early bloomers : Pansy, snowdrop, crocus, Siberian sqnj|i, the wild
hepatica, the earliest primroses, and the claytonia. The snowdrop, cro-
cus and squill, being bulbs, must be set out the previous autumn ; the
others when in a dormant state.

The London Garden describes a good method of mixing spring flowers
with bedding plants to produce a beautiful effect. Small beds of Siberian
squill have borders 8 or 10 inches wide of N'arcissus mmor ; and such
bulbs as die down in summer, like squills, anemones, jonquils, &c., may
be dug up every third year and the soil enriched. Summer bedding
plants may be placed between and occupy their places. A bed of ane-
mones has a bed of verbenas growing through it. If heavily top-dressed
in autumn, they do well.

Roses in Windows. — The Agriculturist gives the following as the
essential requisites for growing roses in rooms, which we condense ;
Selecting the best fitted sorts of plants raised and kept in pots, and not
from open ground, keep in a room not too dry, at a temperature of about
70^ in the day time, and 50° or more at night, using liquid manure if the
soil is poor, avoiding over-watering or soaking with standing water,
showering once or twice a week, and turning the ball of earth out some-
times to see if there are angle worms, or watering with lime-water to
repel them. Remove plant lice with tobacco water. Cut back a shoot
that has blossomed, to a good bud. Avoid cold drafts, which cause mil-
dew. Fork up the soil and keep it mellow.

The Best Roses. — A gentleman of intelligence and very familiar with
the great collection of roses in the nursery of Ellwanger & Barry of
Rochester, sends us the following lists of the iDest hybrid perpetuals : For
the best six — Alfred Colomb, large, full, brilliant crimson, fragrant:
Madame Victor Verdier, large, crimson, moderately full ; John Hopper,
bright rose ; La France, silvery rose, globular, highly fragrant, constant

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

bloomer, slightly tender; Countess Cecile de Chabrillant, deep pink,
full, perfect in form ; Charles Lefebvre, reddish crimson. For the best
twelve, add to the preceding list the following six: Louis Van Houtte,
Senateur Vaisse, Ferdinand de Lesseps, Marie Baumann, Prince Camilla
de Rohan and Marquise de Castellane. Next after these, for a larger
collection, are named General Washington, Caroline de Sansal, Anne de
Diesbach, Victor Verdier, Maurice Bernardin, Duke of Edinburgh, &c.

The following hardy varieties are given by W. H. White of Massa-
chusetts, in a paper read before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
and recommended as adapted to New-England : Hybrid Perpetitals —
Alfred Colomb, Charles Lefebvre, Countess Cecile de Chabrillant, John
Hopper, La France, and Madame Victor Verdier. Miscellaneous — Queen
of Prairies, Blanche Fleur, Madam Hardy, Persian Yellow.

Thrift for Window Pots. — This well-known plant (6Vd;/'/V^ arw^fr/d;),
which was once extensively used as an edging to garden beds, is pro-
nounced by James Vick one of the best flowering plants for pots in win-
dows, withstanding, as it does, very hard usage. He chopped a mass of
it out of the frozen ground one winter with an axe, and potted it in his office,
where, under good care, it made a fine round mass after some weeks, and
bloomed freely. It was subsequently much neglected, but a good water-
ing at any time immediately restored it.

Virginia Creeper. — The London Garden speaks in strong terms of
admiration of this climber {Ampelopsis), and states that on the Continent,
it is largely employed to decorate structures, and is seen falling *' in im-
mense sheets over walls, banks and bridges." In a private garden, an
iron-covered trellis is completely sheeted with the Virginia creeper, dis-
playing " immense walls of rich and glowing colors."

Orchids. — The London Garden mentions the following species of
American orchids as .being well worthy of cultivation. Some are quite
common in our woods and bogs, and others are more rare : Cypripedium
spectabile, C. acazile, the common C. ptibescens, and the rare C. candidiim.
Also the well-known Calopogon pidchelbis and Pogonia ophioglossoides ; the
rare Arethusa bulbosa^ Orchis Jiinbriata. and the variegated-leafed Goodyera
ptibescens. The rare and beautiful Calypso borealis is also mentioned.
All these beautiful or curious species are worthy of more attention than
they receive in this country, while English horticulturist prize them
highly and give them special care.

Ornamental Shrubs. — The Iowa Horticultural Society gives the
following list of shrubs, which bear red berries, and which present an
ornamental display late in the autumn or into wdnter : High-bush cran-
berry, strawberry tree {Euotiymjis), mountain ash, buffalo berry and bitter-
sweet [Celastrtis). To these we add the barberry, which gives a profusion
of scarlet berries nearly all winter ; and the Prinos (black alder), which is
nearly unequalled in its crimson masses till spring ; and although growing
in mucky swamps, succeeds quite as well when removed to upland.

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

THE METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

By D. a. a. Nichols, Albany, N. Y.

THE USE OF STEAM AND ELECTRICITY has made all the
civilized nations of the earth in a great measure cosmopolitan, pro-
ducing unity of thought, aims and purposes. The producer in every land
sells his products in all the great markets of the world, and is brought
into more or less direct contact with far off as well as neighboring con-
sumers. The commerce of the present day requires familiarity with the
products o£ all nations, and their relative values. In order to buy or sell
intelligently and profitably, producers and merchants must readily and
quickly comprehend the comparative weights, measures and money of all
nations with whom they do business, or are likely to. Formerly each
nation had a system (or rather set, as no system was observed) of weights
and measures, in the use of which they had been educated, knowing
or caring for no other. This was true, even of nations claiming to be
enlightened, whose merchants penetrated into all parts of the earth.
England, for example, until within a short time, had a bushel the contents
of which varied greatly in different counties in the kingdom. The mea-
sure called a gallon was of four different sizes, according to whether a
wine, beer, dry or imperial gallon was used. These respectively contain
231, 282, 26S.8 and 277.274 cubic inches. A pound contains 5760 or 7000
grains, according as troy or avoirdupois weight is meant.

Nearly as much confusion prevails in the United States. According
to the United States laws, the " Winchester " bushel is the standard of
dry measures, and this contains very nearly 2150.4 cubic inches. In the
State of New-York the legal bushel is the English " imperial " bushel,
containing 2218.192 cubic inches. A seedsman buys timothy seed in
Illinois at 45 pounds to the bushel, and sells it in the Eastern States at
44 pounds to the bushel, and both are legally correct weights. The
bushel of barley varies in the different States from 45 to 50 pounds, and
that of oats from 30 to 36 pounds. It is evident, therefore, that there is
no system or^tandard in common use in these countries.

Between the years 1790 and 1795 ^ committee of members of the French
Academy of Sciences, in obedience to a request of the government, de-
vised the system of weights and measures known as the " metric system,''
in order to make commercial transactions more intelligible to the people
in all parts of the empire. The points aimed at were to have a single
standard for all weights and measures, (such standard to be readily ascer.
tained at any time) and to have as few terms as possible. The committee
selected the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator to the
' pole as the standard, and called it the metre, (from the Greek metron — a

Q • OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 235 Q

measure,) being equal, very nearly, to 39-3707904 inches of the English |
standard.

The system was legalized in France in 1795, ^^^ since 1840 there have
been penalties attached to the use of any other. It was legalized in Eng-
land in 1864, and in the United States in 1866, but has not been made com-
pulsory in either country. It is commonly used all over the Continent
of Europe, and is in universal use by scientific men in most of their cal-
culations. It is easily learned, as only about twelve different terms are
needed ; and calculations under this system are simple, as it is a decimal
one. The only trouble with the system is in ascertaining the exact length
of the metre, but the astronomers of the present day have established the
length of a great meridian very closely, so that there is no great trouble in
fixing the length of the metre.

In forming tables of weights and measures in this system, the unit of
each kind is increased by using Greek prefixes, indicating the increase of
value. Ten metres are called a dekametre, one hundred metres make one
hectometre, a thousand metres are called a kilometre, and ten thousand
metres make a myriametre. One-tenth of a metre is called a decimetre,
one-hundredth of a metre is a centimetre, and one-thousandth of a metre
is a millimetre. These prefixes are derived from the Latin. The unitof
weight, called a gramme, and that of capacity, called a litre, are increased
and decreased in the same manner, and by the use of the same prefixes.

After these are once learned, there is no more trouble in reckoning
commercial transactions in which the metric system is used than in the
simplest problems in addition, subtraction, multiplication or division, as
only the Arabic or decimal notation is used. The measures of surface
have for the unit the are, and for those of solids the unit is the stere.
The are increases and decreases, of course, by hundreds and hundredths,
(the square of ten and one-tenth,) so that we have no dekare, but only
the hectare (or 100 ares) above the unit, and only the centiare below it.
Except in land measurements, the are is not used, the square metre
being the ordinary unit of surface. The stere is only used in measuring
wood and solid timber, the cubic metre being the unit otherwise, or rather
the cubic centimetre in all except large measurements.

The standard metre, by which all others are determined, is a rod of
platinum, kept in the national archives at Paris, which rod is only exact
at the temperature of 0*^ centigrade (32*^ Fahrenheit), the point at which
ice melts. The United States and England have each an exact copy in the
same metal. Scientists use rules of two decimetres (one-fifth of a metre)
in length, graduated to millimetres, and for very fine work these gradua-
tions are subdivided. Carpenters, masons and mechanics use rules
similar in form to those graduated into feet and inches, graduated as finely
as the nature of their work requires.

In measuring dry goods, a wooden metre is used, graduated to deci-
metres only. Surveyors and engineers use tapelines and chains ten

230

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

metres long, and graduated as finely as needed. The kilometre is
the unit of distance, and stones or posts along the highways are put
at that distance apart. The unit of capacity is the litre, which is
equivalent to a cubic decimetre (one-thousandth of a cubic metre),
and the hectolitre is the ordinary measure used in buying and selling
grain, roots and other farm products, including wine
and oil. The unit of weight is the gramme, which is
the weight of one cubic centimetre of distilled water
at the level of the sea, and at its maximum density
— 4^ centigrade ; 39.83*' Fah. — weighed in a vacuum.
The kilogramme — 1000 grammes — is the ordinary
unit of weight in commercial calculations. It will be
seen that when once the length of the metre is ob-
tained, all the weights and measures in this system
may be readily determined by it. The system is there-
fore called the metric system.

The reduction of the metric to English measures is
comparatively easy. A metre is 39.3707904 inches ; a
dekametre is ten times as much ; a hectometre one hun-
dred times ; a kilometre one thousand times, and a my-
riametre ten thousand times as much. A decimetre
is one-tenth of a metre, equal to nearly 4 inches ; a
centimetre is one hundredth, or four-tenths of an
inch, and a millimetre is one-thousandth of a metre.
The are, in land measure, is ten metres square — 100
square metres ; 1 19.41 1 square yards, or 0.02471 14 of
an acre — and a hectare is therefore 2.471 14 acres.
A cubic metre is 35.31481 cubic feet. The kilo-
gramme (1000 grammes) is 2.20462125 pounds avoir-
dupois. The common nickel 5-cent coin weighs
just 5 grammes, and measures 20 millimetres in di-
ameter.

The changing of the litre into English measures
of capacity causes the most trouble, as we are com-
pelled to calculate for gallons of several sizes. The
litre contains 61.027053 cubic inches, and the gallon
dry measure has 268.8 cubic inches. "Wine measure
has a gallon of 231 inches, and the imperial gallon
Fig- 238. jj^g 277.274 cubic inches. These being taken into

account, the reduction of the French to English measures is easy. In
order to render the comparison of the two measures plainer, fig. 238 is
given, showing on one side one-tenth of a metre (one decimetre, or ten
centimetres) graduated to millimetres, like the rules in ordinary use by
mechanics, and on the other edge is the English standard of four inches '

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OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

long, also divided as usual. Five nickel five-cent pieces laid edge to edge
along a straight line will cover the same length as the metric rule in the
figure. Boxwood rules twice the length, and graduated like the cut, can
be obtained in all the large cities in this country at about 25 cents each.
Ivory rules cost six or eight times as much.

The following are the complete tables of the metric system, with their
equivalents in English measures :

Measures of Length.

English Equivalents.

I Centimetre

I Decimetre

I Metre

I Dekametre

I Hectometre

I Kilometre

I Myriametre

10 Millimetres
10 Centimetres
10 Decimetres
10 Metres
10 Dekametres
10 Hectometres
10 Kilometres

0.3937 inches.

3.937 inches.
39.3707 inches.
32 feet, 9.708 inches.
19.8842 rods, or 109.363 yards.

0.62137 mile.

6.2137 miles.

Measures of Capacity.

Dry Measure.

10 Millilitres
10 Centilitres
10 Decilitres
10 Litres,
10 Dekalitres
10 Hectolitres

Centilitre

Decilitre

Litre

Dekalitre

Hectolitre

Kilolitre

0.6102 cub. in.
6.102 cub. in.
0.908 quart.
9.08 quarts.
2.8375 bush.
1.308 cub.yds.

Wine Measure.
0.338 ounce.

0.845
1.0567
2.6417
26.417

gill,
qts.
gal.
gal.

10 Milligrammes

10 Centigrammes

10 Decigrammes

10 Grammes

10 Dekagrammes

10 Hectogrammes

10 Kilogrammes

10 Myriagrammes

10 Quintals

Centiare

Are

Hectare

Measures of Weight.

= I Centigramme

= I Decigramme

= I Gramme

= I Dekagramme

= I Hectogramme

= I Kilogramme

= I Myriagramme

= I Quintal

= I Tonneau

Measures of Surface.

I square metre. =

100 square metres. =

10,000 square metres. =

Avoirdupois.
O.I 543 grain.
1.5432 grains.
15-4323 grains.
0.3527 ounce.
3.5274 ounces.
2.2046 pounds.
22.0462 pounds.
220.4621 pounds.
2204.6212 pounds.

1550 square inches.
119.6 square yards.
2,471 acres.

Measures of Solids.

3.53144 cubic feet.
0.27590 cord of wood.
13.07900 cubic yards.

The are and its compounds are only used in measuring land, as we use
acres and rods. The stere and its compounds are used in measuring wood
and lumber only.

Decistere

Stere

Dekastere

TOO cubic decimetre. =

I cubic 'metre. =

10 cubic metres. =

238

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

The following table will be found useful for reference, the first part
giving the metric equivalents of English measures and weights, and
the second part giving the English equivalents of the metric weights
and measures :

0.9143S347 of a metre.

0.30479449 "

0.02539954 "

1. 6093 1 4907 2 " kilometre.

0.09304 " square metre.

40.46711 ares.

0.40467 1 1 of a hectare.

2.59405 square kilometres.
28.318019 cubic decimetres.

0.028318019 cubic metre.

0.06479895 of a gramme.

0.4535926535 of a kilogramme.

4.54368 litres.

0.35243 hectolitre.
39.3707904 inches.

1-09363307 yards.

0.621383 mile.
198.84256 rods.
10.74702 square feet.

0.385496 square mile.
39.53824 square rods.

2.47 1 14 acres.
1543-34874 grains.

2.20462125 pounds avoirdupois.

0.220096 gallon, imperial.

0.2641863 gallon, wine measure.
61.027053 cubic inches.

2-8374033 bushels.

0.82494 barrels, wine measure.
22.0096 gallons, imperial.
26.41863 gallons, wine measure.

In using these tables for ordinary calculations, one or two decimals
will suffice to give the approximate result. When more exactness is
required, all the decimals will of course be needed. For instance, an item
of agricultural news from France may be published stating that a farmer,
by good cultivation, obtained a yield of 40 hectolitres of wheat per hectare.
By referring to the table, we find that a hectolitre is 2.8 bushels, (and a
little more), and that a hectare is nearly 2^ acres. It is easy therefore to
find from this that the crop was about 45 bushels per acre. One hecto-
litre of seed sowed on a hectare of ground is a little over a bushel and
four quarts of seed per acre. Five kilogrammes of si^ar is a little over
eleven pounds. A firkin of 100 pounds of butter contSns 45^ kilogram-
mes. A bushel of wheat is a little over 27 kilogrammes in weight. A
little practice soon fixes in the mind the comparative values of these
weights and measures.

I vard =

I foot ==

I inch =

I mile =

I square foot =

I acre =

I acre =

I square mile =

I cubic foot =

I cubic foot ==

I grain ==

I pound, avoirdupois, ■=

I gallon, imperial, =

I bushel, Winchester, =

I metre =

I metre =

I kilometre =

I kilometi-e =

I square metre ==

I square kilometre =

I are =

I hectare =

I gramme «=

I kilogramme =

I litre =

I litre =

I litre =

I hectolitre =

I hectolitre =

I hectolitre =

I hectolitre =

©c:^—-

3

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

239

A MODEL DAIRY BARN.

By W. I. Chamberlain, Summit County, Ohio.

IT SEEMS LIKE PRESUMPTION to claim to present a model dairy
barn after the many excellent plans that have appeared in the Country
Gentleman from time to time, and in the pages of the Annual Regis-
ter OF Rural Affairs for twenty-five years past I simply hope to
offer plans that shall meet the wants of good dairy and mixed farmers on

Fig. 2Z9.—Mr. Chamberlai7i^ s Model Dairy Barn.
the Western Reserve, better than any I have yet seen. The barn com-
bines the best features of many excellent ones that I have seen in dif-
ferent parts of the country, with several features that I have never seen
in any except my own, and that have proved exceedingly valuable on
thorough trial. The plan herewith presented is not, however, exactly
that of my own barn. That was built of four old ones which cursed the
farm when I bought it, and which I now wish I had given away or burn-
ed. Under the high prices then they saved me some $300 in timber and
lumber, but gave me a barn that will never be fully satisfactory. The
plan herewith presented, is as I should build now, from new material, and
essentially as I did build, trammeled as I was. The points I claim are :

1. Economy of space; no waste room.

2. Economy of manure ; no waste of liquids.

3. Economy of money; no useless expense. M

4. Economy of feed, by keeping stock and drinking water warm. Q

■ =^3@

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

5. Economy of labor in storing and feeding, by always taking advan-
tage of the force of gravitation.

6. Economy of labor also, by putting everything under one roof ; stock,

a

IOC X 120

a

a

0

p

w

3/2X85 h

t- :::::v;:;:::2^85

--J - 4-/2^-85

l-i "106X17®

20X30 • 17X80

° t
I4-XI7

a □

0
3 10X17

Fig. 240. — Plan 0/ Baseinsnt, Wing and Barnyard — a a a, Bar>iyard, snrro7inded by
high tight fejice ; b b, Lane to Pasture, ^'c. : c, Jlanure Piie, with elevated track
for manure truck ; d. Straw Stack if needed ; e, Shop and Tool Roo7ti, with chim-
ney and coal stove ; f. Carriage Room ; g, Stable for four horses; \\ h. Walk be-
hind the cows ; i i, Water-tight Manure Gutter behifid cozvs ; j j, Row of Cows,
stanchioned ; k k k, Peed Passage and ll^^alk ; 1, Horse Mangers for hay and grain
or cut Feed; M, Water-tight Box on four wheels, for car ryii/g water or C7it feed ;
N, Tank supplied fro7n cistern in bank by underground iron pipes and regula-
tor ; 000, Doors ; p p p, Windows, q q, flay Bays from roof to basement ; r r,
same with movable barn floor for each; s, Space for water tank ajid mixing
trench ; t, luteal Room or Granary, with trap-doors from barn-floor ; w, Co7>crcd
Stairway for horses, from barn floor to horse or co7U stables : x x, Landing from
st razu shoots above ; y y, Landing from hay shoots above ; 7, IFa^cr Tattk,fedfrovt
cistern, for horses, and for rattle in yard in surntner ; 11, Root Cellar or Meal Room.

feed, absorbents, water, implements, repair shop — all conveniently acces-
sible to each other.

I can best describe the barn and what I deem its excellencies, and the
best mode of using it, by following these points, constantly referring to
the engravings, figs 239, 240, 241 and 242.

I. Economy of Space. — The main barn is 45 by 90 feet, with posts

OF RURAL AFFAIRS.

241

-n

I '"^

a d\

d\d -

g\(f -

/ Ni/ \

h

18 feet, besides 9 feet basement, and contains stabling for 30 cows, and
storage for 135 tons of hay, 12 tons of straw (allowing double the bulk of
hay), and 12 tons of bran or 24 tons of meal, and leaves the middle barn

floor, 17 by 45 feet, and 10 feet high, for
horse power and feed and straw cutter,
if desired, and for storage of wagons, ma-
chines, &c. The wing or L is 20 by 45
feet, one story high, and gives room for
4 horses, 5 or 6 wagons and buggies, im-
plements, &c., and a good repair shop
and tool room, The storage is as follows :
Hay occupies the north two-thirds of
the main barn (see fig. 241, a a, and fig.
240), from ground to roof, and the whole
length except the middle (permanent)
barn floor, beneath which are meal rooms,
&c., (see fig. 240, ;«, ;/, t, ti,) and above the
south two-thirds of which is a scaffold
resting on the second girt, (fig. 24 [, k h.)
This scaffold is laid after the threshing is
done, and from the timber, &c., before
used as temporary barn floor. It is used
to store "rowen" hay. The cov^r stable
occupies one-third of the basement, the
whole length of the south side, (fig. 241,
b, and fig. 240, h, i,j, k.) Above this (fig.
242, a, b, c, d, e), straw is stored to
the roof, as hereafter described, directly
from the machine, with ready access
by shoots (fig. 241, o o, and fig. 240,
X X, and yy), either to feed passage or
to manure space. Thus oat straw and bright wheat straw mixed with
young timothy, can be used as feed first, and the refuse for bedding ; while
straws that is useless, except for bedding, need never go to the manger at
all. When stock, feed, bedding, machines, implements, &c., are all
housed, no waste room is found from basement to roof. This seems to
justify the first cUiim — economy of space.

2. Economy of Manure. — The straw for bedding and absorbent is
always at hand, and ahoays dry. It may be chaffed in the cutting box, if
desired, and passed down through the south trap door, (fig. 242, 0.) It
makes Ijetter absorbent when chaffed, and handles better in the manure.
This all favors the second point — economy of manure. Where there is
no straw, the urine is not saved, and where straw is in the stack, often
wet, snowy or frozen, it is not half so likely to be profitably worked into
manure, saving all the urine. Sawdust may be used with or instead of
straw.

3. Economy of Money. — Much of the usual expensive stone masonry
is dispensed with Often the entire basement — all four sides — is made
of quarried, and even hewn, stone. Here timber and lumber are used,
except 51 feet of wall beneath the barn floor doors. K^2a\\, all heavy
timber is dispensed zuith. The hay rests on solid ground, i. <?., on a light
floor resting on the solid ground. The hay supports the barn, not the
barn the hay. When it is full from ground to roof the barn can neither

Fig. 241. — Cross Section of Bent
and Shoots between Movable
Barn Floors and Bay ; also
same, except Slioots, between
Movable atid Permanent Barn
Floor — a a. Deep Hay Bays,

from ground to roof, eiitire
length of barn {except middle
bar7i fioor) and two-thirds of
the width of barii ; b, Stable

for Thirty Cows, whole length
of Barn, and 07ie-third tiie
width ; c, J^oist or Girt for in-
clined movable barn floor ; d d,
yoist or Gi/'tfor elevated mov-
able ba> 71 floor ; g g. Perma-
nent Floor over cow stable ;
h h. Second Girt, for scaffold
after threshing time; o o,
Shoots for hay and straw.

^,c^

242

ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

.a

settle, sag, nor blow away. The typical Dutch barn of Central Ohio and
parts of Pennsylvania stores a hundred tons or more of hay and grain on
the main floor above the basement. This floor rests on huge, long

sleepers 8 by lo inches
in size, 2 or 3 feet apart,
and running from front
to rear, and projecting
ID or 15 feet beyond
the rear basement wall
for an " overshot." This
"overshot" occupies (or
wastes) the entire room
of the cow stable m
fig, 239, and has always
seemed to me a sheer
waste. That form of
construction, too, re-
quires heavy stone-work
in the basement, and
for a barn the size of
fig, 239 requires some
thirty huge sleepers (be-
sides the cross-sills and
posts) 45 feet long, 8 by

rL
d

fi a

0

i

e

w —

J

Fig. 242. — Main Part of Barn above Basement — a bed
and e, Pennaneiit Floor above cow stable, filled to
roof with straw at threshing tiine ; i j, Deep Bays,
permanent ; g i, Deep Bays after temporary eleva-
ted floor is removed; h, Perjnanent Barn Floor ;
0000, Trap Doors to granary and meal room,
and cntfeed mixing box and manure gutter or root
cellar; p, Door to sti aw stack atid to stairway for
horses {see fig. 240); q q, Hay Shoots; r r, Straw
Shoots.

10 inches in size, and requiring nearly 9,000 feet board measure, of timber
— most expensive, from its great length. Also 8,000 feet of plank floor-
ing to cover it. The barn (fig. 239) saves all this huge timber and most
of the flooring by letting the hay extend to the ground. It also saves the
entire space of the cow stable, by simply enclosing it on the south. It
requires no heavy timber anywhere The basement has no sills (except
those overhead), only posts and girts and braces The posts rest on a
single course of quarried stone, or on a single stone for each post, and
these on cobbles laid below the frost. Below these a good 3-inch tile
drain is laid beneath the entire foundation of the barn, and having a good
outlet. This keeps the basement dry, and protects the hay from becom-
ing musty. The bottom girt (fig. 241), is 4 inches above the stone, and
will not rot as a sill might resting on sandstone so near the ground. The
sills are aboz'e the basement, 9 feet "in the clear" above ground, and are
the only heavy timber required in the barn, except the basement posts.
These are 8 by 8 inches. For the other posts, and the plates, 6 by 6 inches,
or 6 by 8 inches, is sufficient in a barn that sustains no weight except 12
tons of straw above the cow stable, and a few tons of " aftermath " above
the middle barn floor. Above the cow stable, no heavy timber is required,
as the row of stanchion posts supports the scantling near the middle.
Two by six-inch scantling is sufticient. The barn, then, saves money by
dispensing with heavy timber and flooring, and heavy masonry.

4. It also secures economy of feed by keeping the stock and their
drinking water warm. The stable is on the south side ; is protected above
and on the north bv 150 tons of hay and straw, by the earth bank, and on
the south, east and west, if necessary, by double siding and by double
doors and windows. The water in the tanks (yVand z, fig. 240, the tanks
having lids), will not freeze in a barn so built, nor will the manure in the y,^
gutter or drop. The cattle never shiver, and do not devour hay like those \\

OF RURAL AFFAIRS. 243

in a cold barn, or around a colder stack, and drinking freezing water
through a hole in the ice.

5. Economy of Time and Labor. — First in storing the feed. Sup-
pose tne barn empty at the beginning of haying. We open the west tipper
double doors. Here we find a movable or te??iporary elevated barn floor.
It is in three sections of 15 by 17 feet; the planks 17 feet long i foot
wide, running crosswise, the joists, 2 by 6 inches and 15 feet long, running
lengthwise of the barn floor. Two movable cross sills sustain the middle
bent of joists and the middle ends of the end bents. The north ends of the
north bent rest in the gains cut in the south side of the north sill- The
south ends of the south bent rest on a heavy cross girt. The floor, when
in position, elevated, slopes up the girt c, fig. 241, and runs along the girts,
d d, z^ feet above the sills and 15 feet above the ground. Up this slope
and along this elevated floor we drive our load of hay, the hay rack being
even with the second girt, and the top of the load reaching above the big
beam, or 27 feet above the bottom of the west bay {q, fig. 240) where the
hay is to land. No horse fork is needed, and scarcely a man to mow the
hay for the first few loads. A lively hand will throw off the load by hand
quicker than two men can unhitch the team and do it with a horse-fork.
Before an oncoming thunder storm I one day left the men cocking hay in
the field, drove a large load 30 rods to the barn, pitched it into the deep bay,
mowed it pretty well in throwing it off, and w^as back to the field in eleven
mimttes. This is not the ordinary rate, indeed, but time after time — yes,
all the time — these huge, deep bays, prove themselves the greatest pos-
sible saving of time and labor in storing the hay. The force of gravita-
tion works with and not against you. A team can draw a ton of hay 15
feet up a slop far easier than a man can pitch it 15 feet straight up on a
fork, and far easier than a team can haul it up with pulleys and a horse-
fork. And the barn will store a hundred tons of hay beloiu the top of a
load standing on the elevated floor. The hay, too, descends so far that a
slight impulse will send a forkful to the back side of the bay.

When the west bay is filled to the roof the floor is moved to the space
to which the east doors lead, and the east bay {q, fig. 240) is filled to the
roof. Then the elevated floor is removed and placed above the pei-manent
middle floor, and the bays (r r, fig. 240,) are filled with hay from the
ground up to the level of the permanent floor, then with grain ready for
threshing, to the roof if necessary.

At threshing time the movable barn floor is put to a new use. It is in
three sections exactly equal, 15 by 17 feet. Each joist is like all the rest,
and all the planks are alike, and timbers and planks are so fitted that they
can be placed in any three of the nine equal spaces (15 by 17) that make
up the three barn floors. They are now placed on the spaces <?, b and c,
fig. 242, ID feet above the floor over the cow stable, resting on the second
girt, //, fig. 241. They serve as a high scaffold to catch the straw from
the machine, and make it easy to store it clear to the roof in spaces ^ and e,
(fig. 242,) or if desired, in the bay ^ or /, (fig. 242,) as soon as the grain is
threshed. When these spaces are filled the temporary floor is removed
from c and a, and these spaces filled from the scaffold still remaining on
space b. The grain is poured through the trap-doors o 0, (fig. 242,) "into
the granaries below.

After threshing, the movable floor may be used again as an elevated, /\
one over the j^ermanent floor h, (fig. 242'',) till the bays, g and i, are filled i^
to the roof with "rowen," or Hungarian hay, or stalks, or fodder corn, (j

244 ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL REGISTER

Finally it may be lifted to the second girt {h h, fig. 241) and filled with
" rowen " hay, and remain there all winter, leaving the barn floor clear
for storage of machines and wagons, and the working of the cutting box.
Grain for sale is loaded on wagons standing in the cow stable. Shorts
and meal are dumped into the meal-rooms through the trap-doors, o o, in
the permanent floor (fig. 242). A car load or more can be stored in sum-
mer while shorts are low.

The barn saves labor, too, in the care of the stock. Hay and straw
are right above, and come down by their own weight when started. Meal
and shorts are in front of the cows, next to an unfailing supply of water
in the tank A'', (fig. 240.) This tank, as well as the horse stable tank, s,
(fig. 240,) is fed from the bank cistern, and is kept always full by a simple
and cheap device. Shorts, meal or cut feed may be mixed in the
box or movable tank, M, (fig. 240,) rolled along the passage, k k, (fig. 240,)
and shoveled into cows' feed boxes or horses' mangers. Water may be
drawn along in this movable tank, M, in front of the cows, so that three
at a time can drink from it.

In some barns I have seen at the East each cow has an iron sink to
drink from, all the sinks being joined by an iron pipe, and fed from a
faucet. This makes the watering easier, but the expense, and the sur-
plus water left in the sinks, are two out of several objections against
introducing them into an ordinary dairy barn. Indeed, in my barn, the
cows are watered in their feed tubs, the water being dropped from
the tank, 2V, (fig. 240,) with a six-gallon pail. Thirty cows can be water-
ed thus in far less than in as many minutes. In mild weather they go to
the field for water.

The horse stable is adjacent, g, (fig. 240,) nnd the horse manure is mix-
ed in the gutter behind the cows. It absorbs urine, helps the cow ma-
nure heat a little, and keeps the horse manure from burning in the heap.
Instead of taking the manure to the pile c (fig. 240) with hand truck or
wheelbarrow, a team with sled or wagon may be driven the whole length
of the stable when the cows are out, and the manure drawn directly to
the field in winter, and put in compact piles of 500 pounds each or so, to
be spread and plowed under in spring. I have practiced this method
myself with great satisfaction. It saves once loading and unloading the
manure, helps forward the spring work, and the unrotted straw and
manure have excellent mechanical effect on a stiff clay soil, when plow-
ed under.

6. Labor is saved, too, by putting all animals, feed, bedding, implements,
tools and repair shop beneath a single roof. No one knows how great a
help this is, unless he has tried both ways. Every day, now, I wonder
how I ever formerly lived in four barns !

The points I deem most original and most valuable are :

1. The very deep bays running to the ground.

2. The temporary barn floor giving ready access to the end bays, and
itself leaving a deep bay when it is removed.

3. The elrvated floors, making so much more down hill pitching.

4. The great amount of storage secured in proportion to the roof.

5. The bank cistern and self-feeding water tank.

6. The position of meal rooms, securing ease of storage.

7. The mode of constructing water-tight stable floor and gutter.

THE COOLEY CREAMER

Requires no Milk Room, because being complete in itself it works equally as well in
wood-house, barn, or other out-building, as in any other place. It requires capacity for
one milking only, because by this system all the cream is extracted from the milk between
the milkings. It is not affected by changes of weather, Dog Days and June being alike
favorable, because the water in which the milk is submerged, give's the required uniformity
of temperature — in fact makes the weather. Impure air,
dust or flies cannot reach milk set in it, because it is under
water. It makes more butter ; because this system raises
all the cream, and the quantity is never lessened by un-
favorable weather. It makes better Butter, because
no contaminating influence can possibly get to it ; besides,
the system improves the flavor. It makes butter of more
uniform color, because of the evenness of the tempera-
ture in which the cream is raised. It makes Butter
OF excellent keeping quality. It requires less
labor, because no skimming is done ; and when the milk
is run out and the "cream emptied, it is all perfectly sweet.
It is cheaper, because the first outlay required is less
than the cost of other apparatus, and needing no milk
room, pipes or other fixtures, makes it much the cheapest. It requires no large amount
of milk to use it, because a small quantity in a single can is as favorably situated for the
best results in any size creamer, as though all the cans were filled. Small dairies share
equally with large ones in its benefits. It needs no fire, spring or fall. It gives sweet
skimmed milk. It is more durable. No other method of setting- viilk can truthfully
claiMi these advantages, all of which are either obvious or have been proven by the exj-
erience of thotisands dtiring the past three years.

The Butter made by this sttbmerged process is taking the lead everywhere. It was
awarded the Sweepstakes at the great International Fair 2iX New- York in December, 1878,
and at the Royal Agriculticral Exhibition held :.n London, Eng.,in June and July, 1879.

I>.A.XriS S-WIKTG- OHXJItKr.

Awarded FIRST PREMIUM at the International
Dairy Fair, December, 1878, in competition with all the
leading churns in the world.

The box contains no floats or inside gear, w'hich mash
the butter globules, no corners in which the cream can
lodge, to be washed into the buttermilk, and lost when the
butter separates. The butter gathers in beautiful granules,
in the best possible condition for washing in the chum
with cold water, or preferably with cold brine. Hon. X.
A. Wlllard saw the churn tested at the late Dairj'- Fair,
and remarked that he " never saw butter come out of a
churn in better condition."

•rail

EUREKA \W& WORKER,

The EUREKA WORKER is so constructed that
all portions of the butter are equally worked with
even pressure ; works faster and leaves the grain
of butter in much better condition than the workers
with corrugated rollers,and is acknowledged by the
best dairj'men to be superior to all others.

IRE IMPROVED EVAPORAIOR

Makes better Sugar than any apparatus in use, ^^'ith
one-half the fuel and labor. No more boiling
nights. Makes sugar that will sell several cents
above that made in pans. No sugar maker should be
without them at the extremely low price at which
they are now offered. Circulars sent on application
to the manufacturers and owners of patents,

YERMONT FARM MACHINE CO.,

BEI.T.OWS FAI.I.S, TT.

ONE CENT A POUND.

Shave five bars KURD'S AMMONIA AND BORAX SOAP in three quarts boiling
water; when thoroughly dissolved add three gallons cold water, stir well and put in a cool
place for 24 hours, when you will have from 40 to 50 pounds of pure white soft soap.

KURD'S AMMONIA & BORAX SOAP

Is Beautifully White and Perfectly Pure,

and can be used for all purposes of the Laundry or the Toilet. Each bar is wrapped in
tinfoil with full directions for varied uses.

We will send by Express, at our expense, on receipt of $2.50, either Currency, Draft,
P. O. Order or Registered Letter, a TRIAL BOX containing 25 bars, each weighing
three-quarters of a pound.

KURD CHEMICAL COMPANY,

149 Reade-Street, New- York,
111 South Water-Street, Chicago.

RARE AND BEAOTIFUILrLCiVVERS

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e-.-^_i ^Jtallifl«l IS45. i

^

l36PAa£S. ^AUTlfUilY IJ-LU^tfiAtfP.
Indispensable To All Intteretsted In Gardening,
MAILED TD APPLICANTS EfclCLOSINQ lO CENTS.

B.K.BLISS £f 50NSt ^9
34 BARCLAY ST. NEWYORl

34129

SUMMER fLOWERINC BUUeS

J^ O-K/EJ^T SUCCESS!

WELLS, RICHARDSON & CO.'S

PEiFECTEB BiTfEB CiLflB.

This Original and Perfect Color was awarded the

International Diploma at the Great Dairy Fair in New-York.

It is far superior to all other colors in strength, perfection of color and permanence.
It is the color used by the first class creameries all over the country'.

OATTTIOIT.

. No longer use AnnattO, Carrots, or the poor preparations offered in
imitation of our Perfected Color ; they will injure your butter. Our Color is far superior
to them, and will improve the butter. Especially beware of those prepared in oil or
grease, whether in liquid or powder, for they will become rancid, and then surely ruin
the butter into which they are put.

xooe: XjXst".

Sample Bottles, to color 50 lbs.
Small Size, to color 300 lbs., . . . .

10 cts.
25 cts.

Medium Size, to color 750 lbs., 60 Cts.
Large Size, to color 2,000 lbs., .. $1.00

FOR SALE BY DRUGGISTS AND MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

WELLS, BICHAItDSON & CO., Proprietors,

BXJK3L.I1V0T01V, ^^J7.

BUTTBK MAKING FOB PROFIT.

THE FEB&EONllMI CREAMERY.

Patented: United States, Aug: 22d, 1876; Canada, May 1st, 1877.
The BUREAU CREAMERY makes more and better butter, with less labor than any
other system. It is adapted to either hot or cold seasons or to any situation : either for
village use, or for farm dairies or for the most extensive butter factories. It is arranged
to cool either with water or ice, and can be used either for long or short setting. It ex-
cludes flies, dust and dirt, and keeps cream and butter perfect. It is strongly recom-
mended by the best authorities. It has received the highest award at the New-England,
NewYork State, Michigan State, and at many other important Fairs. ^W^ Send for large
Circulars givingf ull particulars and many testimonials. AGENTS WANTED.

THE FERGUSON MAMFACTIRING COMPANY, BurUngton, Vermont,

IMPLEMENTS.

R. H. ALLEN & CO., New-York
CiTV, offer the most modern and improved
styles of Agricultural Implements tor all
kinds of farming.

ALFALFA OR LUCERNE
SEED.

Address PLANT SEED COMPANY,

St. Louis, Mo.

RASPBERRY.

Queen of the Market, ver5'large,firm,bright
red, hardy, very productive, best for viarket,

#5 per loo. S'harpless Strawberry, $S per
looo. EZRA STOKES, Berlin, N. J.

SEEDS.

R. H. ALLEN & CO., New-York
City, offer the above in great variety, of
the most reliable importations and home
growth.

FRUIT AND TREE SEEDS.

Address PLANT SEED COMPANY,

St. Louis, Mo.

HYDRAULIC RAMS.

Improved Rams. Send for Circular and
Price List. Address A. GAWTHROP &
SON, Wilmington, Del. Awarded Medal
and Diploma at the Cen. Ex., Phila.

PERRY'S SCARIFIER.

Best and cheapest Cultivator in the world.
Send for Illustrated Circular and Catalogue
of new Apples, Pears, Quinces, Grapes, &c.
F. L. PERRY, Canandaigua, N, Y.

HARDY PLANTS.

WOOLSON & CO., Passaic, N. J.
Largest collection of Herbaceous Perennial,
Alpine, Bulbous, Shrubby and Climbing
Plants in U. S Eighty page Catalogue free.

CHINESE OR BOHEMIAN
HULLESS OATS.

Address PLANT SEED COMPANY,
St. Louis, Mo^

TITALIVORTH NURSERIES.

T. G. YEOMANS & SONS, Wal-
worth, Wayne Co., N. Y., Nurserymen,
Fruit Growers, and Breeders and Importers
of choice Holstein Cattle.

WE SELL EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN

Priced Illustrated Catalogues Free on application.

PETER HENDERSON & CO.,

35 Cortlandt Street, New York.

©^^=-

BERRIES.

TJBLH LABGJEST AND BUST.

2,625 Bnshels Grown at Pomona Nursery in 1870.
A NEW RACE OF HYBRID PEARS,

Blif^ht proof , large, hardy, good and productive. Send to
headquarters for Catalogues, telling what and how to plant
with 40 years' experience.

WM. PARRY, Cinnaminson, N. J

TREES!! PLANTS!!

We invite the attention of Planters and Dealers to our large and com-
plete Stock of

STANDARD AND DWARF FRUIT TREES,

NEW AND RARE FRUIT & ORNAMENTAL TREES,

Xew and Rare Green & Hothouse Plants,
Grapevines, Small FriiitSf

Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Moses,

Evergreens <& Sulbous Hoots,

SMALL PARCELS FORWARDED BY MAIL WHEN DESIRED.

PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO ALL INaUIRIES.

Descriptive and Illustrated Priced Catalog-ncs

Sent prepaid on receipt of stamps as follows :
No. 1 — Fruits, with colored plate, 15c.; plain, lOc. No. 2 — Ornamental Trees,
(with plate), 25c.; plain, 15c. No. 3 — Greenhouse, Free. No. 4 — Wholesale,
Free. No. 5 — Catalogue of Roses (with plate), lOc; plain. Free. Address

p-r "T ELL WANG ER & BARRY,

Moimf Hope Nurseries, ROCHESTER, JT. Y.

THE NEW IMPROVED STRAWBERRIES,

NEW EXTRA EARLY AND LATE PEACHES,
Small Fruits 9 Seeds and Fruit Trees,

The New Strawberries and Peaches prolong the season several weeks, and are of great
value. We have them all, up to loo new varieties, the finest collection in the United States.
Also the new Raspberries,&c. The true Cape Cod Crar.berrv for upland, 'lowland or gardens.
New and choice GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS.' Twenty-five papers of either
Garden, Flower, Tree, Evergreen, Herb or Fruit Seeds, for $i.oo prepaid by mail.

Fruit Seeds and Fruit Stocks, New Shrubs and Bedding Plants, with every novelty.
Priced Descriptive Catalogues to any plain address gratis, prepaid.

AGENTS WANTED. B. M. WATSON,

[Established 1842.] Old Colony Nurseries dy' Seed IVareho^ise, Plymouth, Mass.

HARDY TREES, SHRUBS, VINES & PLANTS.

ROSES A SPECIALTY,

Per dozen, 100 and 1000. New Spring PRICE LIST sent FREE to all apppHcants.
ORNAMENTAL CATALOGUE, (illustrated,) 10 cents. FRUIT CATALOGUE,
6 cents. Both free to customers. FINE THRIFTY STOCK and LOW PRICES.

Address "W. s, LITTLE, Rochester, N. Y

HILLHURST.

M. H. COCHRANE, Compton, P. Q.,
Breeder of Short-Horn Cattle,
Shetland Ponies and

Canada

Shropshire Sheep.
Berkshire Swine.

RIVERSIDE FARM.

C. p. MATTOCKS, Portland, Me., j
Breeder of Jersey Cattle, Cotswold Sheep,
Berkshire Pigs, Bronze Turkeys, Pekin
Ducks and Light Brahmas. i

LEE FARM. |

A. P. BALL, Derby Line, Vt., or '
Stanstead, Quebec, Can., Breeder of [
Thoroughbred Ayrshire Cattle.

ROSE HILL.

THOMAS BEER, Bucyrus, Craw-
ford Co., Ohio, Breeder of Jersey Cattle,
A. J. C. C. H. R. All fancy and of best
butter strains.

HURDLE FENCE.

J. B. WICKERSHAM,Philadelphia,
Pa., (913 Cherry-St.) A superior Fence for
Lawns, Farms and Country Places. 23 cts.
per foot. Send for Circulars.

LITTLE'S

SOLUBLE PHENYLE & SHEEP DIP.

{Patented.) Non-poisonous, non-corrosive.
Will not injure even the eyes of the sheep.
Kills Red Lice, Ticks, Scab Insect, also Ants,
Bedbugs, and Fleas on Dogs, Cures Gapes
in Chickens. Improves growth and quality
of the wool. The first prize for wool given
in London in June, 1879. was awarded to
wool clipped from sheep that had been dip-
ped in this fluid. Advantage over other
Dips is that it mixes perfectly with cold
water, and one gallon of the fluid makes 100
gallons of Dip. It is a perfect deodor-
izer and disinfectant and antiseptic. Send
stamp for prospectus and numerous testi-
monials, to T. W. LAW FORD, General
Agent, Baltimore, Md., or for a sample, 15
cents, (i!^^ Agents wanted in every city
and town. Terms liberal.

TheFEARLESS.

Stands unequaled fur case oi team, the Horse-Power runs, as shown by the records, with
more than one-third less friction than any other. The only machine awarded a

GIEJS'VEJSNJ.A.Tj. -NLJSJyAJlM

on both Horse-Power and thresher and Cleaner, at the Centennial Exhibition, as shown
bv Official Report, which says: "For spcchl features in the ?ow;r to secure light running
aal minimum frictios. For tae ingenious form of the Ctraw Shikors, v:h:ch insure the proper agita-
tion to separate the grain from the S'.raw."' For Catalogue, Price List, and full report of trial,
address ' 3IIXARP HARDER, Cobleskill, Sctioliaric Co., N. Y.

NEW EDETION

Mkh Unabfidpd.

1928 Pages. 3000 Engravings.
Fonr Pag-es Colored Plates.
Now added a SUPPLEMENT of over 4600 x\EW WORDS
AND MEANINGS.

Including such as have come into use during the past fifteen years— many of which have
never before found a place iu any English Dictionary.

Also added, a New BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY of over 9700 NAMES,

of Noted Persons, ancient and modern, including many now living, giving Name, Pro-
nunciation, Nationality, Profession and date of each.

Published by G. & C. MERRIAM, Springfield, Mass.

Also Webster's National Pictorial Dictionary. 1040 Pages Octavo, (
600 Engravings. >.^

PLANT SEED COMPANY

Successors to Plant & Bro. Established
1845. Incorporated 1872. Wholesale & Retail
Dealers in Garden, Grass and Flower Seeds,
St. Louis. Catalogues on application.

FERTILIZERS.

•R. H. ALLEN & CO., New-York
City, oflfer a large assortment of the most
reiiable of the various kinds.

EARLY AMBER CANE
SEED.

Address PLANT SEED COMPANY,
St. Louis, Mo.

SHORT-HORNS.

R. H. ALLEN of New- York, offers
the above of plain and fashionable pedi-
grees, from the Millburn Herd at Chat-
ham, N. J.

OSAGE ORANGE SEED.

Address PLANT SEED COMPANY,
St. Louis, Mo

M. A. DUNHAM,

RldgeTiew Tards,

STANDARD
BIRDS.

MODEST
PRICES.

Golden Sebright Bantams,

Silver Spangled Hamburglis.
£GOS IN SE ASO]!)f, $3 per doz.

NEW HARDY PLANTS,

IN LARGE AND REMARKABLE VARIETY.
INCLUDING THE

JAPANESE MAPLES,

Rhododendrons, Hardy and Greenhouse
Azaleas, Camellias, Roses, Purple Beach,
in large quantities. Also a complete as-
sortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees,
Shrubs and Vines. Price lAsts/ree. Des-
criptive Catalogues 10 cents.

PARSONS & SOXS CO. (Limited,)

Kisse7ia Nurseries, Flnsbing*, K". Y.

CliOVERPALE FARM.

Registered Jerse>; Cattle, South-Down
Sheep, Berkshire Swine and White Leghorn
Chickens. JOHN P. HUTCHINSON,
Georgetown P. O., Burlington Co., N.J.

JERSEY CATTLE.

Jersey Cattle bred and for sale by H. B.
CURRAN, Whitestown, Oneida Co.,
N. Y.

TOGUS FARM, MAINE.

Holstein Bulls, Cotswold Rams, Berk-
shire Swine and Road Horses, bred and
for sale by WM. S. TILTON, National
Military Home, Me.

MAPLETON FARM.

JOHN M. VAN METER, Midway,
Woodford Co., Ky., Breeder of Short-Horn
Cattle, South-Down Sheep, "Wocdford Co.
White" Hogs. Select young stock for sale.

MEADOW BROOK.

EUGENE HAM, Verbank, Duchess
Co., N. Y., Breeder of Ayrshire Cattle
and Hampshire-Down Sheep, from first
class stock.

CATTLE, SHEE^P& SWINE

GEO. L. EOSEBKOOKS,

(On Storrs Farm, Mausfield, CODU..)

breeder and dealei? in

Short-Horn, Devon and
Grade Cattle,

Bulls, Cows and Young Cattle,
BERKSHIRE SWINE,

COTSWOLD SHEEP.
^^^ Well broken and Matched Oxen and
Steers a Specialty.^^^j])

i).

CENTRETON STOCK FARM

AND NURSERIES.

Jersey Med Swine,

Webb South- DoivnSf

PLYMOUTH ROCKS, BRONZE TUR-
KEYS and PEKIN DUCKS,
All from Prize Winners. Millions of PEAR,
APPLE, PEACH and all other Fruit Trees
and Plants, and Ornamentals in great vari-
ety. 200,000 OSAGE ORANGE HEDGE
PLANTS. Descriptive Catalogues and
Prices free.

CLARK PETTIT, Salem, JV. J.

-=^=;0

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI,

A Large Eight-Page, Forty-Eight Colnmn Weeldy,

AGRICULTURAL, STOCK AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER.

Representing the interests, and reporting the News of the Great West. It
is devoted to AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE and FLORICUL-
TURE, and to all their subsidiary departments, the Dairy, Apiary, Orchard,
Garden, &c., &c. The leading Horticulturists of the West, such as Wm.
MuiR, Samuel Miller of Missouri, and Albert Dunlap of Illinois,
contribute weekly to its columns.

It is admitted to be the leading Live Stock Journal of the West and
South. Its " Woman's," " Youth's,'' and " Family Reading " Depart-
ments are unexcelled, whilst its synopses of Current News and Market
Reports are made with the greatest care.

AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM

Its large circulation would satisfy any business man, but the following
testimonials may be of assistance in forming an opinion in this regard :

Messrs. Pickrell & Kissl\ger, importers and breeders of Short-Horn
Cattle, S»uth-Down Sheep and Berkshire Swine, of Harristovvn, 111., and
Clarksville, Mo., write : " We do not hesitate to say we believe it to be
one of the best Stock, Agricultural and Family papers in the West, and
as an advertising medium it has few equals, and no superior."

S. M. & J. F. Thompson, breeders of Berkshire Swine, Canton. 111.,
say : " It is one of the best advertising mediums we know of, and we
heartily recommend it to every stock breeder in the land."

John W Carey, breeder of Poland China Swine, Canton, 111., writes :
" I am well pleased with the Journal of Agriculture and Farmer as an ad-
vertising medium — it pays me better than a// others I have."

Mr. R. W. Mills of the Webster Grove Poultry Yards, St. Louis, Mo.,
writes : " I have sold my stock of Plymouth Rocks entire to Mr. David A.
Stewart of Louisiana, Mo., through the medium of your Journal."

For the general advertiser, no Weeklv published in the West offers
equal inducements. GUARANTEED WEEKLY CIRCULATION,
24,000 OOI»H3JS-

Terms of Siir.scriptton, %\ per annum. For advertising rates, and
all other information, address

^ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE CO., Publishers,

I ST. IL.OXJI©, m:o.

THRESHING MACHINES.

The Fearless, manufactured by MI-
NARD HARDER, Cobleskill, N. Y.
See advertisement on another page, and
send for Illustrated Catalogue.

HOMINY MILLS,

E. R. HOTSENPILLER, Spring-
field, Ohio, manufacturer of " Wright's
Pearl Hominy Mill." Prices reduced. Send
for Circular.

HAY FORKS & CARRIERS.

Grappling Forks, Railway Conveyors,
very best combination in use. Send for Illus-
trated Circular. Agents wanted. GARD-
NER B. WEEKS, Syracuse, N. Y.

STRAWBERRY HILL.

E. B. UNDERHILL, Poughkeepsie,
N. Y. The best varieties of Berry Plants,
new and old. Price List with my views
and reviews, free.

PLANTS, TREES, &c.

JOHN S. COLLINS, Moorestown,
N. J. Small Fruit Plants, Fruit Trees,
Jersey Red Pigs, at lowest living rates for
pure stock.

ITursery Established in 1857.

GRAPEVINES

Over 70 Varieties.

Including Lady, Brighton, Moore's Early,
Worden's Seedling, Lady Washington,
Highland, and all valuable kinds, new
and old. Also FRUIT TREES, RASP-
BERRY, GOOSEBERRY and STRAW-
BERRY PLANTS, ROSES, FLOWER-
ING and BEDDING PLANTS, ASPA-
RAGUS and VEGETABLE PLANTS.
Prices low. Catalogues and Price Lists free.

GEO. W. CiJIPBELL, Delaware, 0.

MATTHEWS'

SEED DRILL,

The Standard of America !

Admitted by leading Seedsmen and
Market Gardeners everywhere
be the most PER-
FECT and RE-
LIABLE Drill in|
use.

Send for Circular.
Made only by

EVEREIT & SMALL, Boston, Mass.

@-

FOREST PARK.

FRANKLIN C. CORNELL, Ithaca,
Tompkins Co., New-York, breeder of
Short-Horn Cattle and South-Down
Sheep.

MORETON liODGE.

F.W. STONE, Guelph,Ontario,Can.,
breeder of Short-Horn and Hereford Cattle,
Cotswold & South-Down Sheep, Berkshire
and Small White Pigs and Suffolk Horses.

IMPROVED STOCK.

COLIN CAMERON, Brickerville,
Pa., Agent for G. Dawson Coleman's herd
of Jersey Cattle, Berkshires, Shetland Po-
nies, South-Downs and Arabian Horses.

BROOKSIDE FARM.

W. L. & W. RUTHERFORD, Wad-

DiNGTON, N. Y., give their personal atten-
tion to breeding Jersey Cattle for utility,
and pure Leicester Sheep.

HOLSTEINS.

WINTHROP L. CHENERY, High-
land Stock Farm, Belmont, Massa-
chusetts.

LEMPE FARM,

Street Road, Chester Co., Penn.

REGISTERED

JERSEY CATTLE,

Descended from Prize Stock, and

SOUTH -nOWN SHEEP^

Bred from importations from Webb and
Lord Walsingham.

SAM'I. J. SMARPIiESS,
705 Walnut-St., Pbiladelpbia.

STITES & CO.'S

STANDARD

IB&M MEABWMEM,

Com, Coal and Lime Bushels,
Half Bushels, and all the
smaller sizes. Your Grocery-
man ought to have them.

For Sale ly the Leading Hard-
ware Honses.

, ■...—■ Send for CIRCULARS and

liiiPP PRICE LISTS. Address
STITES & CO., Manafacturers,
1690 Eastern Aye., Cincinnati, 0.

I annex the names of a few gentlemen who have seen and tested the quality of the

At the Horticultural Meeting held in Rochester, January, 1876, President Barry
said : "There is an apple known as the Stump apple that is attracting much attention —
an oblons, brilliantly colored fruit, like the Chenango Strawberry, very attractive, and
sells high in market; has been sold as high as $8 per barrel the past season. Fruit of
medium size, yellowish, shaded with red nearly over the whole surface. The tree is a
ver\' large bearer."

J. J. Thomas, Horticultural Editor Cottntry Getitlemafi, says: "I am much pleased
with its quality and appearance." ::,r t o o r ^, 1

From the Editor of the A vierican Rural Home : JNlr. J. S. Stone of Charlotte, re-
cently left in our office samples of this almost unknown apple. The flavor is sprightly,
sub-acid, good, and it is an apple that meets with ready sale in the market at the very
highest prices paid for autumn apples."

From the Editor of the Fruii Recorder : " We pronounce it the finest market sort
for September we have ever seen."

" The Stump Apple is truly a beauty." — S. E. Todd, Horticultural Ed. of A'. V. Herald.

" It is a very "handsome, as well as a good eating variety, and ought to prove valuable
for its season."— HooPES, Bro. & Thomas, Nurserymen, West Chester, Pa.

"The Stump Apple was pronounced very nice by ail who tested it." — J. M. Cobb,
Yarmouth, Maine.

" It is of fine appearance and of excellent quality."— Rakestr aw & Pyle, Nursery-
men, Willowdale, Pa. , . , , ., , , ^ , . ,,

" Max," in the Fruit Recorder, says : •' It is the most beautiful apple I ever beheld.
I fear with us [Va.] it will ripen in Peach season." He also writes in another communi-
cation, saving " the trees I ordered from you were the finest rooted I ever saw."

"The Stump Apple, we think it in all respects a very valuable acquisition, and a vari-
ety that we expect to see largely planted by every orchardist, if on further acquaintance
it proves as good as it promises'."— J. Hammond & Co., Nurserymen, Geneva, N. Y.

" I consider it the finest apple I have ever seen, and the quality first rate. Think it a
fine addition to our apple list."— Geo. S. Wales, Svracuse, N. Y.

Messrs. Chase Bros., Rochester, N. Y., say of the Stump Apple: "This new Fall
apple is now attracting deserved attention. It is of good size, exceedingly fair and beau-
tiful, and of excellent quality, The tree is a vigorous and upright grower, and a heavy
bearer ; the fruit from it uniform size and perfection, handsome appearance, and mild,
sprightly, sub-acid tlavor, is most attractive and valuable, and commands ready sale in
market at the verv highest price."

The Tree is a PROFUSE BEARER, UPRIGHT GROWTH, and FORMS A
HANDSOME TOP, pyramidical. E^^" Don't fail to send for Circular of the

GRANGER FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EVAPORATOR.

It is invaluable from early berrj- time out. It is EFFICIENT, RELIABLE and
CHEAP. Address

J. S. STONE, Charlotte, Monroe Co., JT. Y.

A. FIFTY I>OXi3L.A.Pt ILiIBK,A.RY,

At the request of correspondents, we have prepared, and fully recommend the following
selection of Books for a Farmers' Club or Grange Library, or for home reading and study :

Allen's American Farm Book, $2.50 Quincy on Soiling, $1.25

Willard's Dairy Husbandry, 3.00

Randall's Practical Shepherd, 2.00

Harris on the Pig, 1.50

Harris's Talks on Manures, 1.50

Johnson's How Crops Grow, 2.00

Johnson's How Crops Feed, 2.00

Waring's Farm Drainage, 1.50

Waring's Handv Book of Husbandry, 2.50

■ " i'75

3-75

1.50

1.50

50

Law's Veterinarian,

Rural Affairs — in Eight volumes —
the most comprehensive in every
department of rural work,

Wright's Practical Poultry Keeper,..

Suinby's Mysteries of Bee-Keeping,
arris's Injurious Insects,

Slack's Trout Culture,,

3.00

2.00
2.00
1.50
4.00
1. 00

Darlington's Weeds & Useful Plants,
Thomas's American Fruit Culturist, .
Henderson's Gardening for Profit,..
Henderson's Gardening for Pleasure,
Henderson's Practical Floriculture, . .

Stonehenge on the Horse, 2.00

Helm's American Trotters, 5.00

Allen's American Cattle, 2. 50

On receipt of $60, we will ship these works (per express at the buyer's expense) to any
address. Other works of similar cost may be substituted when any of those on the above
list are already in the purchaser's possession. L. TCCKEK & SON, Albany, >". ¥.

Total, at regular prices, $62.75

|!^=*No manufacturer wbo makes an honest article i^oed fear
to baTe tbe buyer try it before paying for it.^aj^

il

"k^KdUe^i^

It soon will be. The rise of more than half in the price of iron is more than we can
stand. For a very short time only we will receive orders at old prices, viz., 5 Ton Wa.a;on
Scales, $50. All iron and steel. Sold on trial — freight paid by us — no money asked

till tested and found satisfactory. JONES OF BINGHAMTON, BinghamtOD, N. Y.

Every size of Scale at proportionately low prices. Interesting Book relating to scales
sent free to all who apply.

t=®

Litchfield, Connecticut.

F. RATGHFORD STARR,

AND

111111 CAIfS

FROM COWS OF NOTED VALUE, AND SIRED BY THE
FOLLOWING BULLS :

LITCHFIELD, No. 674.

WINNER OF THE

First Special Prize at the Centennial Exhibition,
as the Best Jersey Bull.

JOHN REX, No. 2761.

THIS BULL HAS TAKEN

The First Tri^e at every Fair at which he
has been exhibited*

ANIMALS FROM THIS HERD, BOTH MALE AND FEMALE

HAVE TAKEN FIRST PRIZES IN MANY A

PARTS OF T-HIS COUNTRY. 7|

©c:^= ^ =^3©

Imported Berkshire ^^ BELLA DO MM A' S NIECE,'' pro/>erty of T. S. COOPER
Linden Grm'e,^^ Coopersburg, Pa., iviiin^r ofmimerons First Prizes
as well as Sweefisiakes at Lexington, Ky., and St. Louis,
Mo., 1877, «-y best 0/ all breeds.

"LINDEN GROVE"
FLOCKS AND HERDS.

Again successful at the Great Show held in Philadelphia, from Seotember 8th to 20th,
1879, (only place shown this season) winning * '

21 PRIZES-.-17 FIRSTS AND 6 SECONDS-AMOUNTOG TO $585.

Most important of which was the FIRST PRIZE in every class on Berkshires (except
one) and the Herd Prize as the ^ ^

B^ST HBIin OF ALL BREEDS.

I also won FIRST PRIZE in every class (except one, in which I had no entr^') on

HERO PR.IZE.

FIRs/p^M?F^^^^^ °'' !.'9^^''r .^"K; jersey bull, over four voars o^d.
F RST l^^ ;r\'^«-'!d '-.Lady Marv.'' JERSF.Y COW, over four vea-s o'd,
riK.Tl i'K.lZknn 1) >!Ti'' Hiiii-'i-ii TFRSFY HFIFFP ->-• i-' M M' (V Vi'i
i^d only three head Of Je.seys.) NOW READY FOR SHIPMENT Vhe b"^st lot of '

vf:V\T^^V^ ^^""^ ^^^^ •''^ " ^'".^?" ^'''"^^" P^"^ ^"^ ^t prices greatlv reduced, and to
b . rca:h_.d by any one in want o first-class blood. Amoncf the number are a first c'as^
of\vlvTr -f r"' M I ^T°'" "'^' ^^oo ""Po.'-fed stock, and in farrow to mv best boars,' aYl

8 to x; veekl oH T - ''''i/f °' T'^'V"" ^'^^^^ ^"°'"- ^'^° ^ handsome lot f^om

» to 12 weeks Old. 1 will also sell ten of my best

Iznporf ed Ayrshire Go^jirs;;

all IP calf to the imported bull "Duke of BuccVuch " and "The Pretender " Also a
''/V^ ■ ^^-"^ '"^'■^^'y f"^'' ^^aiit of room. Address

0 T. S. COOPER, "Linden GroYo," Coopersburj?, Pa.

ADRIANCE, PL ATT & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF

BUCKEYE AND ADRIANCE

MOIVERS & REAPERS^

165 GREEN WICH-St. (near Courtlandt) NEW- YORK.

MANUFACTORY, POTJGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.

"'%^ Our machines have for Twenty-
^' \ two Years held their

"1 position as the

LEADING MOWERS & REAPERS
OF THE WORLD.

and are everywhere recognized as
the most

Perfect in Principle,

The Best in Material and

Workmanship,
The Simplest,
The Strongest,
The Most Durable, and the

Lightest Draft.

THE AX>RIA.1VCE ->

is a I

LIGHT, I

STRONG, 1^

SIMPLE, L

EFFICIENT

REAPER

Comtaining more Good Points
than any other. Its merits have
secured for it a Success equal- \
led only by that of the Bi-iiK:
eye Mower.

To the LOWEST POINT at which it is possible to Maintain the High
Standard of Excellence in Material and Workmanship.

^yw^- ;^n