HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS

THE HASSLER EXPEDITION

PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF PROF. B. PEIRCE, SUP'T OF THE
n. S. COAST SURVEY.

ECHINI.

By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ.

Camhridge, February, 1 87+.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
No. VIII.

ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE HASSLER EXPEDITION,

PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF PROF. B. PEIRCE, SUPT OF THE
U. S. COAST SURVEY.

I.

ECHINI, CRINOIDS, AND CORALS,

By ALEXANDER AGASSIZ and L. F. de POURTALES.

WITH -TEN. PLATES AND FIFTEEN FIGURES PRINTED IN THE TEXT.

UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE,

WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO.
1874.

A PRELIMINARY notice of the Sea-urchins collected on the Hassler Expedi-
tion was given in the Bulletin of the Museum, Vol. III. p. 187, January,
1873. The more interesting species are here described in detail, with figures
of those species which are not found in the Revision of the Echini, and which
complement the generic representations. The material collected has enabled
me to make corrections and additions to our knowledge of several of the
species of Echini, and many points interesting for the geographical distribu-
tion of the order have been added.

At a depth of one hundred fathoms, off the Barbadoes, a large number of
species of Echini were dredged, showing that the deep-sea fauna character-
istic of the Pourtales Plateau, in the Straits of Florida, extends as far south
as the Barbadoes. The following list of the Echini fauna of that point will
prove interesting. The species collected at a depth of one hundi-ed fathoms
were.

Dorocidaris hystrix,
Salenia varispina,
Hemipedina cubensis,
Trigonocidaris albida,
Clypeaster subdepressus,
Echinocyamus pusillus,
Paleopneustes cristatus,
Metalia grandis,

Asthenosoma hystrix,
Coelopleurus floridanus,
Temnechinus maculatus,
Echinus gracilis,
Mellita hexapora,
Echinolampas depressa,
Meoma ventricosa,
Agassizia excentrica.

Salenia varispina has been dredged hy Thomson,* in deep watei', off the
coast of Portugal ; so that, to judge from the species thus far observed, every
exploration adds to the number of deep-water species which have a wide
geographical range. Coelopleurus has been dredged by Thomson off the
Bermudas, as well as a small Ananchytcs-lilie Echinus, probably Paleopneus-
tes cristatus.

Of the shallower water species we find as far south as Cape Dos Bahias
species found in the West Indies, and extending northward along the eastern
coast of the United States. Dorocidaris hystrix and Toxopneustes variegatus
appear to Ije common at Cape Dos Bahias, and are found associated with
the following Patagonian species: Echinus margaritaceus (55 fxthoms), Echi-
nus magellanicus, and Goniocidaris canaliculata. So that, as far as the
Echini are concerned, Cape Dos Bahias seems to be the dividing line between
the Patagonian and the tropical Atlantic districts.

Along the eastern Patagonian coast and the Straits of Magellan only sjie-
cies already known were collected. The following species, not especially
mentioned in this report, were collected from localities not recorded in the
Revision of the Echini ; very fine and large specimens of Goniocidaris cana-
liculata, measuring nearl}' one and a half inches in diameter, from Lat.
51° 26' South, Long. 08° 5' West, 57 fathoms; Strongylocentrotus albus, Port
Gallant, Patagonia ; Schizaster Philippii, in Smyth's Channel, 35 fathoms.

On the west coast of South America, nothing of great importance was
collected. The collections made at the Galapagos show satisfactorily that
this group of Islands forms a part of the Panamic District. None of the
Echini of the East India types, usually said to exist there, were found. Only
the following species, all known, from the west coast of Central America,
were obtained at the Galapagos Islands : Cidaris Thouarsii, Echinometra Van
Brunti, Strongylocentrotus gibbosus, Toxopneustes semituberculatus, En-
cope micropora, Rhynchopygus pacificus. With the excejjtion of E. Van
Brunti, collected at Charles Island, the other species came from Indefatigable
Island.

* W. Thomson, Nature, March, 1873.

ASTHENOSOMA HYSTRIX. 3

Asthenosoma hystrix

I Calveria hystrix W. TiiOMS., 1SC9, DiiMlg. Kcp. PorcuiJine.
\ Ast/ienoKoma lii/.ilri.c A. Ac, 1872, Rev. Ech., I't. I. p. 93.

PL 11. f. 1,2.

A fine specimen of this species was dredged ofl" the Barbadoes in 100
fathoms. This has enabled me to examine more in dettiil this remarl<;able
sea-urchin, and to satisfy myself of the correctness of the systematic views
held by Thomson regarding it. In the Revision of the Echini I still included
the genus among the Diadematidae. I am now convinced, from study
with better material, that Thomson is correct in separating these Echini as a
distinct family from the Diadematidae, for which he proposes the name of
Echinothuridae ; in his Preliminary Report* he has given some of the rea-
sons for this course ; they are to be found more in detail in the Depths of
the Sea. f The association with Echinothuria may )je somewhat doidjtful,
as we hardly know the genus accurately enough for such an intimate asso-
ciation, in spite of the ingenious and careful examination made of the frag-
ments by Woodward, t Echinothuria has, in common with Asthenosoma,
the reverse lapping in the coronal plates and in the buccal membrane ; but
the structure of the ambulacral and interambulacral systems can only be
guessed at in the fragments of the fossils which have thus far come to light.

The separation of this family from the Diadematidae is made on account
of the mailed structure of the coronal plates lapping in opposite directions
in the ambulacra and interambidacra, on accomit of the perforated andau-
lacral plates, and the extension of the ambulacral tubes to the actinal open-
ing, through the buccal membrane, which is mailed as in Cidaris.

The specimen figured in Pi. II. f. i, 2 was, when brought up in the
dredge, of a deep claret color. The test is perfectly flexible, owing to the
lapping of the plates and the deposition of the limestone only in certiiin
parts of the ambulacral and interambulacral plates, leaving a part of the
edges of the plates, where they do not lap, free from limestone. Seen from
above, the outline is pentagonal, with rounded corners ; the central part of
the test is depressed from its own weight. The contrast between the actinal
and abactinal surfaces is very marked, owing to the flatness of the test, — the
height of the edge of the test not equalling more than one fifth its diameter.
The width of the ambulacral zone at the ambitus is about half that of the
interambulacral area. The number of plates along the median ambulacral

* W. Thomson, 1873, Preliminary Report of the Porcvipinc Ecliinodenus. Proc. R. S.
t '■ " Depths of the Sea. Figs. 27, 28, pp. 15G, 157.

X WooDWAiiD, Geologist, September, 18G3.

4 ASTHENOSOMA HYSTRIX.

line is but little larger than the number of interambulacral jilates. On the
actinal side fifteen of the former occupy the same space as twelve of the
latter, and on the abactinal side the pi-oportion is thirteen to ten. On PI.
IP f. 5" of the Revision of the Echini 1 have given an internal view of a
portion of the test, showing the lapping of the plates of the two areas in
opposite directions, and the arrangement of the poriferous zone ; the median
ambulacral part of the plates lap from the actinostome ; the median interam-
bulacra and the plates of the buccal membrane towards the mouth. Some-
thing similar is found already in Astrojiyga, where we have a greater degree
of flexibility in the coronal plates of the actinal surface than in other Diade-
matidae.

There is on the actinal side, adjoining the poriferous zone, a row of large
primary interambulacral tubercles, occupying the outer extremity of the
jilate ; these large tubercles are surrounded by a flat scrobicular circle, raised
above the edge of the test, with sunken scrobicular area. This row extends
to the ambitus, and becomes very ii-regular on the abactinal side of the test;
a few smaller tubercles, lai'ger than those of the rest of the plates, extend
towai'ds the apical system. On each side of the median interambulacral
line, on the actinal side, a smaller vertical row of tubercles, less distinct, and
at a greater distance from the edge of the plate, extends somewhat beyond
the ambitus. A similar row of tubercles extends in the median ambulacral
space, on each side of the median line, reaching but little beyond the am-
bitus. The remaining part of the coronal plates is occupied, both in the
ambulacral and interambulacral spaces, by small secondary tubercles and
miliaries, irregularly arranged, with deeply sunken scrobicular areas and
raised edges, as in the primary tubercles, forming, in the case of the smallest
miliary tubercles, deep pits.* On the abactinal side the pits form irregular
horizontal lines, parallel to the sutures, in the central part of the plates.
The whole abactinal system is similarly pitted by secondaries and miliaries.
The anal system is large, composed of rather irregularly shaped pol3'gonal
plates ; the genital plates are triangular, small, with genital openings near
the outer edge. The ocular plates are small, ])olygonal, reaching the anal
system ; they are separated from the genital plates l)y anal plates, one on

* Something analogous to this is found in Astropyga. If we examine (from the interior) the actinal
surface of a large Astropyga, we find deep pits extending into the Ijase of the primary tubercles, which
are hollow ; this same structure, more fully developed, forms the sunken scrobicular areas of Asthenosoma ;
among Spatangoids it is highly developed in Loveuia, where the sunken areas form pouches in portions
of the interambulacral areas.

ASTROPYGA PULVINATA.

Fio. 1.

each side, intercalated between them and the genital plates ; the madreporic
body is elliptical, quite prominent ; anal ojiening central, or nearly so.

The ambnlacral tentacles are provided with suckers on the actinal side,
from the actinostome to the ambitus. On the abactinal side they are pointed,
as in Diadematidae. Only one row of
suckers extends from the auricles to the
actinostome on each side of the ambulacra ;
there are no actinal cuts in the buccal mem-
brane, as in Cidaris. The auricles are low.
Fig. 2. slender, with widc auricular foramcn. The buccal membrane is thickly
covered by short, club-shaped spines, and minute, short-stemmed,
small-headed pedicellarise. The spines of the primaiy tubercles are
curved, hollow, flaring at the extremity. A section of the primary
spines [PL IP./. 5-, Rev. Ech.) shows a structure similar to that of
the spines of Diadematidae. The secondary spines are less curved
and more cylindrical, while the smaller, thin, silk-like spines are
straight ; the miliaries of the whole surface of the test carry a num-
ber of large-headed, tripartite pedicellariaj with long, slender stems
{Fig. 1,) and a far greater quantity of similar pedicellarijB, but with
smaller heads, probably the younger stages. In addition there are
a number of short-headed {Fi(j. 2) pedicellaria^ scattered over the
whole test, more numerous, however, on the actinal side.

Astropyga pulvinata

! Cidarilis pulvinata Lamk., 181G, A. s. V.
\ Astropyga pulvinaia Agass., 1846, Cat. Kais.

PL If. 1, 2.

I have nothing to add to the descriptions of this species given by Mr.
Verrill * and myself f As no figure of older specimens of this species cov-
ered with its spines has been published, I have given in PI. I.f. 1,2, views
from above and below of a specimen intermediate in size between those
figured in the Revision of the Echini, PL IlP.f. 4, and PL III'' f- 4,5; the
length of the spines of this specimen is in striking contrast with the length
of the spines of all the specimens of Astropyga radiata which I have thus
far seen.

Panama ; collected by Lieutenant Cutts.

* Veruill's Notes on Radiata, p. 296, 579.

t A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, Part III. p. 418.

6 A.RBACIA DUFRESNII.

Arbacia Dufresnii

! Krhliuis Dufresnii Blainv., 1825, D. N. Sc. Nat. O.

! Arbacia Dufresnii Gray, 1835, Proc. Zool. Soc. London.

PL I./. 3, 4.
Additional specimens of this species, collected in the Straits of Magellan by
the Hassler Expedition, confirm the value of the specific characters employed
to separate A. Dufresnii from A. stellata, its neai'est ally. It is quite remark-
able that in the few specimens existing in the British Museum and in our
collection, there should be two speciuiens having five anal plates, instead of
the normal number of four in the other sjiecies of the genus. This mav ex-
plain the rudimentary fifth anal plate of some specimens of Parasalenia seen
by Troschel.* He was, however, mistaken in considering Parasalenia, on this
account, the young of some Echinometra. The young of Parasalenia is what
I had called in some collections Cladosaleuia, but which I have since found
to be only small Parasaleniae. In all the Echinometrae known to me the anal
system is covered by a large number of anal plates, long before the specimens
attain even one fifth the size of the specimen of Parasalenia figured in PI.
III''.f. 1, 2, of the Revision of the Echini. I cannot agree with Troschel in
separating Arbacia into two genera, for which he has jjroposed the names
Echinocidaris and Pygomma, based upon the position of the ocular plates.
The ocular plates, as is well known among young Echini,! have at first no
connection whatever with the abactinal system, and in the Echini proper
and Echinometradae, they either reach the anal system, or are excluded
from it in specimens of nearly the same size. The only fiimily thus far
where the position of the ocular plates seems of generic value is in the
Diadematidae ; but there the ocular plate is connected with some of the anal
plates, in such a manner as to separate all the genital plates, and the separa-
tion is not limited to one or two plates, as in the fiimilies above mentioned.
Professor Troschel, during my visit at Bonn, in 1870, called my attention to
his views of the value of this character, but I have been unable, after a
careful examination of the large material at my command, to satisfy myself
that this feature has the importance he would assign to it ; owing to the
great variation iu the position of the ocular plates in the species, he includes
in his genus Pygomma, Avhere it is often impossible to decide if the ocular
plate really reaches the anal system or simply spreads apart the genital
plates.

* TuoscnEl., Die Faniilie tier Erliinocidaridon, 1873, Wiog. Airliiv.
t A. Agassiz, Embryology of EchiuodLTiiis, Mt'in. Am. Acad., 18G3.

ARBACIA SPATULTGERA. 7

Troscliel maintains, also, Tetrapygus as a separate genus ; for reasons al-
ready stated * I do not think he is correct. The property possessed by the Ar-
baciadae of resorbing at any time during their growth the primary abactinal
interambulacral tubercles, and clianging them into a sort of chagrin, or finely
granular, nearly bare abactinal star, is not of generic value, as specimens in
this condition of growth are found of all sizes, up to the largest, in species
which Troscliel does not j)lfice in the genus Pygomma (A. stellata, A. Du-
fresnii, A. punctulata, A. pustulosa), and on the sti'ength of which he se2:)a-
rates Echinocidaris into two subgenera, which appear to me not valid, if I
am correct in my interpretation of the number of species. Troschel objects
to the identification, on geographical grounds, of A. pustulosa, A. fequituber-
culata, and A. loculata. I can only say I have carefully compared large
series of the first from Brazil, of the second from the Mediterranean, Azores,
and Madeira, and of the third from Liberia and Cape Palmas, and am com-
pelled to unite them all under one specific name. This is not the only
species found on the two sides of the Atlantic, common to the West Indies,
Brazil, Azores, Mediterranean, and Cape Verde Islands. The number of com-
mon species is daily increasing : compare list given in the Geographical Dis-
tribution of the Eevision of the Echini, Part I. p. 232, Southern Brazil to
Eastern Virginia ; and p. 234, Portugal to West Coast of Tropical Africa.

San Matias Bay ; Straits of Magellan ; Eden Harbor ; Lat. 37° 42', South ; Long. 56° 20', West.

Arbacia spatuligera

! Echiitii^ (Afj(irites) spatuliger Val., 184G, Voyage Venus.
! Arhacia Kjjalnli(jem A. At:., 1872, Rev. Ecli., Pt. I. p. 93.

A few specimens of this species were collected by the Hassler Expedition at
Payta. Troschel dissents from my views in associating A. grandinosa with
A. pustulosa, because it is found, he says, on the west coast of South America.
Valenciennes's original came from Carthagena, on the east side of the Isthmus
of Darien, and is not to be distinguished from E. pustulosa. The confusion
which Troschel seeks to remedy by reconciling the synonymy with the cita-
tions can only be rectified from an examination of the originals. Thus there
is no possibility, in the case of A. Dufresnii, of mistaking Blainville's original,
which certainly did not come from Newfoundland. What has been called
E. grandinosa by various writers has undoubtedly been collected^ on the west
coast of South America ; but the specimens are either A. stellata or A. spatu-

* A. Agassiz, Revision of the Eeliini, Pt. 11.

8 COELOPLEURUS FLORIDANUS.

lio-era, both of which, according to the comparison of original specimens with
others of undoubted locaHty, are found on the west coast of South America.

Coelopleurus floridanus

! Coelvj/leuiu.-i floridauus A. Ac, 1872, Rev. Ech., Ft. I. p. 102.

PL I. f. 5-7.

Troschel has limited the fomily of Echinocidaridae to the old genus
Echinocidaris, and does not include in it either Podocidaris or Coelopleurus,
which I believe belong to the family of Arbaciadae. As for Podocidaris
the merest inspection of the figm-es (on Fl. IV. f. 8-15, Rev. Ech.) and
comparison with the figures of young Arbacia {PL V., Rev. Ech.) cannot
fail to show such a close homology that at first sight Podocidaris Avould
most naturally be considered the young of some species of Arbacia. If
we add to this the structure of the spines, of the poriferous zone, of the
tentacles, of the pedicellarise, of the abactinal system, and of the actinostome,
all of which are strikingly similar to the structure of corresponding parts of
Arbacia, I think I am justified in placing Podocidaris among the Arbaciadae.

Where Troschel conceived the idea that I had associated Parasalenia and
Trigonocidaris with the Arbaciadae I am at a loss to know. As regards
Coelopleurus, the additional details here given of Coelopleurus floridanus
will, I think, convince Professor Troschel that my association of the spines
figured on PI. IP. f. 14, 15 (Rev. Ech.) with Keraiaphorus Maillardi was
correct. Their generic identity I should never have dared to suggest or
even to defend, from fragments of single spines, for any other genus of
Echini ; but in this case the spines are so unlike (the long abactinal spines)
anything else known among Echini, either living or fossil, that had Profes-
sor Troschel ever seen the spines of the Bourbon specimen, he woidd not
have hesitated to identify the genera. There were in Cambridge a number
of spines of Keraiaphorus, given to me by Professor Bayle ; my identi-
fication wvis made after careful comparison of the external appearance and
structure of the spines.

The figures of Coelopleurus (Keraiaphorus Maillardi) given by Michelin
seem to have escaped Troschel, for he certainly would not have doubted
the position of the genus among Arbaciadae, as he has done; and after
comparing them with Coelopleurus, he could not fail to see their identity.
At the time of my visit to the Ecole des Mines I made a most careful com-
parison of the test of Keraiaphorus, of Coelopleurus, and of Arbacia, and

COELOPLEURUS FLORIDANUS. 9

came to the conclusion that Coelopleurus was closely allied to Arbacia, and
belonged to the same family, — a view also held by Liitken, from an inspec-
tion of Michelin's figures.

The details which I am able to give regarding Coelopleurus floridanus will,
I think, leave no doubt of the correctness of the generic identification of
Coelopleurus floridanus and Keraiaphorus Maillardi, and of their systematic
position among Arbaciadae. Fragments of the test, and a large numl^er of
pieces of larger spines show that the West India species must attain fully the
size of the Bourbon species.

In the young specimens figured [PI. I. f. g, 7), which are magnified four
diameters, the actinostome is large, having already the peculiarly shaped
lips of the actinal cuts of all Arbaciadae ; though, as in the young of Arba-
cia, the cuts are as yet but mere indentations, and remain so in this genus ;
there are two or three deep ambulacral pits between the ambitus and the
actinostome. In these young specimens the ambulacral primaries are the
only ones extending beyond the ambitus ; the narrow poriferous zone forms
continuous arcs round the base of the primaries. In the interambulacral
space the primaries extend from the actinostome, slightly beyond the am-
bitus, to the bottom of the peculiar, broad, bare, median interambulacral
space, which shows as yet only rudiments (minute miliaries) of the marked
angular ornamentation of the median part of the interambulacral plates of
the larger specimens.

The ambulacral zones are broader than the interambulacral ones, and are
separated from the latter by a narrow vertical row of closely packed second-
ary tubercles. Anal edge of genital ring raised ; each genital plate carries
in the centre near the anal edge a prominent secondary tubercle, of the same
size as those of the vertical row, separating the poriferous zone from the
interambulacral spaces, surrounded by a pavement of flat miliaries. The
ocular plates carry similar single tubercles on the outer extremity. Anal
system elliptical ; madreporic genital slightly raised, but not larger than the
others.

The largest complete specimen dredged by the Hassler is figured, with all
its spines of natural size, on PL I. f. 5. The long curved spines are fig. 3.
carried on the primary ambulacral tubercles ; some of them equal three
times the diameter of the test. The spines of the interambulacral area,
adjoining the poriferous zones, ai'e either rudimentary, attached to the
tubercles, or else jiointed, with serrate edges {Fig. j), as they approach

10 COELOPLEURUS FLORIDx\NUS.

the ambitus. On the actinal side the spines of both areas are identical ;
they consist of a finely serrate base, above the milled ring, extending half
the length of the spine ; the upper part is flat, spathiform, with sharp
edges ; the flat portion of the spine having the amorphous, finely granular
{Figs. 4, 5, g) structure of the large spines already described in the Revision

Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

of the Echini. As the spines grow older the serrated collar loses its promi-
nence (.F/ff. 7), and the large ambulacral spines of the abactinal surfiice appear
Tmiformly granular, with a delicate suture somewhat above the milled ring.
The S'Shaped curves, so prominent on the abactinal interambulacral spaces
of the Bourbon species, are quite apparent in our largest specimens ; the
miliaries forming independent patches or triangular figures, extending al-
ternately from the median line of the plates towards the poriferous zone.
The miliaries carry pedicellaria) on long, stout stems, like those of Podo-
cidaris, with a comparatively small head. The ambulacral suckers are pointed
towards the abactinal pole, as in all Arbaciadae, and have prominent, well-
developed suckers on the actinal side. The actinal membrane is bare, with
the exception of ten large buccal plates, which carry clusters of small jDcdi-
cellariae. The teeth do not differ from the teeth of the Bourbon species and
of the Arbaciadae.

The anal and ocular plates carry small pedicellaria3 and minute rudimentr
ary spines. The long collar of the base of the primary spines reminds us of
a similar structure in Porocidaris, figured by Thomson * in his Depths of the
Sea. The outer granular part of the spines of this genus is formed subse-
quently as a tip to the basal portion, without the usual cellular sheath which
forms the longitudinal serrations of Echini spines. This gives us an explana-
tion of the apparently anomalous structure of the base of the older spines of
these two genera, which appear as if they had been broken off" and soldered
again. This granular addition is the homologue of a similar tip, which is found
in all Arbaciadae, and has been particularly well described by Desraoulins.
It remains always as a flat, spathiform appendage in the shorter spines of

* Thomson, W,, The Dopths of t.lu> .Sea. 1873, p. 102,/ 11.

ECHINUS MAGELLANICUS. SI

the actinal side of Coelopleiirus {Fi'ffs. 4, 5, 6), while it develops into the
long, hooked, curved spines {Fig. 7) of the anibulacral system on the abac-
tinal side of the test, as well as on the lower interambulacral spines nearest
the actinostome. In the Arbacite this appendage remains a sort of cap only
on the spines of the actinal side, and is not developed on the spines above
the ambitus, as is the case also in most of the serrated interambulacral sj)ines
above the ambitus.

The anal system is covered by four anal plates of slightly imequal size ;
in larger specimens the anal edge of the plates carry small granules and
minute secondaries, while in smaller specimens the plates are smooth or
very minutely chagrined. Fragments of the test, dredged off the Barbadoes,
show that this species must have attained a diameter of at least an inch and
a quarter.

100 fathoms, off the Barbadoes.

Echinus magellanicus

IKckiinis magellanicus PiUL., 1857, Wicg. Archiv.

Pl.III.f.s.

A large number of specimens were collected at different points through
the Straits of Magellan. The denuded test figured on PI. Ill.f. 5, shows the
great similarity of this species to E. micro tuberculatus from the Mediterra-
nean ; like it, the South American species does not appear to attain as large
a size as the more northern E. miliaris.

Lat. 37° 42', South ; Long. 5G° 20', West.

Straits of Magellan ; Magdalena Islands ; Eden Harbor ; Sandy Point ; Shoal Bay. Lat. 49° 40',
South ; Long. 66° 50', West. 57 fathoms.

Echinus margaritaceus

! Echinus margaritaceus Lam., 1816, An. s. Vert.

Plll.f.o; PI. III. f. J,.

A figure of the large specimen described in the Revision of the Echini
(Part III. p. 493) is given on PI. II. f. 6. A good series of various sizes was
collected by the Hassler Expedition, at different points along the southern
extremity of South America. The changes due to growth are similar to
those observed in E. norvegicus, to which this species is most closely allied.
A younger specimen is also figured in PI. Ill.f. 4, showing satisfactorily that
E. magellanicus cannot be the young of E. margaritaceus, as the latter has,
when not more than half the size of the former, a larger number of primary
interambulacral tubercles.

12 MONOPHORA.

The specimens collected at Juan Fernandez are all small, and are referred
with some doubt to this species.

Juan Fernandez ; Cape Dos Baliias (East Coast of Patagonia).

ENCOPE. (MoNOPiioRA.)

Monophora Agass., 1847, in Des., Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., IV. 287.

A number of admirably preserved specimens of this genus have enabled
me to figure this interesting species, and to give some important details re-
garding its affinities, and the correlation of certain characters among Scutel-
lidae, which will be of considerable systematic value.

The marginal limestone network connecting the actinal and abactinal
floors extends about half-way from the edge to the actinostome {PL III.
f. s) ; it resembles the marginal supports of Encope, showing no radiating
separations between the pillars, in the median ambulacral and interambu-
lacral spaces, as in Mellita ; this feature Mellita has in common with Echina-
rachnius. The walls separating the cavity of the jaws from the alimentary
canal are low ridges, corresponding in their course to the windings of the
analogous broad walls of Encope. The jaws, or rather the fragments which
were preserved, resembled the jaws of Encope ; the auricles are slender, elon-
gate. The marginal ambulacral indentations are reduced to mere re-entering
angular sides {PI. III./. 2), resembling the anterior ambulacral indentations
of some specimens of Encope Michelini {PL XII''. f. 4, Rev. Ech.). The am-
bulacral furrows are broad, shallow {PL Ill.f. l) ; the two main branches
diverge towards the edge, where they send off thin marginal shoots, rami-
fying but once or twice ; the main branches send off short, narrow, usually
simple branches. As in all Encopida; the median ambulacral and interambu-
lacral spaces on the actinal side are covered by elongate triangular bands of
large sunken tubercles, largest nearest the actinostome in the interambu-
lacra, and nearer the edge in the ambulacra ; Avhile on each side of the
ambulacral furrows the tuberculation is minute and uniform. Posterior inter-
ambulacral lunule with raised edges on the abactinal side. Tuberculation of
abactinal surface uniform. Five distant genital pores. Petals resembling
those of Mellita, uniformly petaloid, somewhat open at extremity. The
characters of this genus seem to show that Ave can consider Monoplioi-a only
a subgenus of Encope, as well as Ravenellia of Liitken (nou McCrady), which

MONOPHORA DARWINII. 13

is intermediate between it and Encope proper, though in such forms as En-
cope Michehni and Encope grandis it is difficult to trace the precise Hmits
of these subgenera.

Monophora DarTvinii

Monophora Darwinii Desor, 1847, Bull. Soc. Gdol. Fr., IV. p. 287.

PI. III. f. 1-3.

At first glance, seen from above, this species would be taken for an Echina-
rachnius, wnth a posterior interambulacral lunule ; the actiual anibulacral
cuts are reduced to slight angular indentations, giving the nearly circular
outline of the test a lobed appearance. The apical system is somewhat ec-
centric posteriorly ; the ambulacral petals short, extending but little beyond
half-way to the edge of the test from the apex. The odd anterior petal is
somewhat longer than the anterior pair ; they, in their turn, are longer than
the posterior ones. The poriferous zones are broader than the median inter-
poriferous space ; the poriferous furrows distinct and closely crowded with
pores. The vertical margin of the test is covered by two or three irregular
rows of large tubercles, larger than any on the actinal surface. The edge
of the lunule is raised on the abactinal side, where it is small, elliptical ;
on the actinal side it is larger, and connected by a shallow groove with the
anal opening ; the latter is placed about half-way between the edge of the
test and the actinostome. The actinostome is, like the apical system, ec-
centric, posteriorly circular, with prominent buccal tubes.

San Mathias Bay (probably tertiary).

PALEOPNEUSTES.

Paleopneustes A. Ac, 1873, Bull. M. C. Z., m. No. 8, p. 188.

One of the most interesting of the Spatangoid genera dredged by the
Coast Survey Expeditions is undoubtedly Paleopneustes, the representative in
our days of Ananchytes, one of the most prominent and most common creta-
ceous genera, and resembling it in outline and general appearance to such an
extent, that the only species of this genus thus far obtained would, at first
sight, readily pass for Ananchytes gibbosa. A closer examination of the
denuded test shows that, unlike Ananchytes, the upper part of the lateral
ambulacra is imperfectly petaloid. The abactinal system is like that of true
Spatangoids, generally compact, and not elongate, — a structural feature which

14 PALEOPXEUSTES CRISTATUS.

does not prevent its close association with Ananchytes. We have already, in
some cretaceous genera, Stenonia,* closely allied to Ananchytes and Holaster,
a compact abactinal system. It has neither peripetalous nor anal and sub-
anal fascioles. The actinal plastron is elongate, triangular ; the tuberculation
of its posterior extremity passing into the tviberculation of the posterior
interambulacral space round the anal system. Test high, conical ; sharply
defined ambitus ; actinal surface flat. Actinostome transverse, eccentric
anteriorly ; posterior lip very prominent. Anterior ambulacrum flush with
the test, made up of pairs of minute pores in the central part of the plates,
extending to the ambitus. The semipetaloid part of the lateral ambulacra
very slightly sunken ; poriferous zones very slightl}' diverging, composed, as
in Asterostoma, of an inner circular pore and an outer comma-shaped pore.
Anal system placed above the ambitus, in the truncated posterior extremity
of the test. Tubercles perforate, crenulate, carrying, on the abactinal jiart
of the test, straight, short spines, finely striated, with serrate edges ; they
become somewhat curved towards the ambitus, and on the actinal surfiice are
longer, curved, spoon-shaped at the extremity, especially those of the actinal
plastron. This genus shows even greater affinities to Asterostoma than to
Ananchytes. It has the ambulacral system of that genus as figured by Co<^
teau,t in his note on Asterostoma. The structure of the abactinal system is
the same. But, as fiir as can be judged from Cotteau's descriptions and the
figures of D'Orbigny,t the structure of the actinal surface is very different in
Asterostoma ; the presence of actinal grooves is so imlike the structure of any
other Spatangoids, that I have preferred establishing a new genus for this
species, rather than place it in a genus with the anomalous and imperfectly
known actinal structui'e of Asterostoma. The figures given by D'Orbigny
of the actinal surface differ essentially from the descriptions of Cotteau.
Cotteau says distinctly the mouth of Asterostoma is labiate, while D'Orbigny's
excellent figures, on the contrary, show a Clypeastroid or a Cassiduloid ac-
tinostome.

Faleopneustes cristatus

! Paleopueustes cristatus A. Ac, 1873, Bull. M. C. Z., III. No. 8, p. 188.

PI. IV. f. 1-3.

Outline of test, seen in profile, regularly arched anteriorly ; ajiical portion

* Desor, Synopsis Echin. foss., PL XXXIX. f. 10.

t Cotteau, Note sur Ic genre Asterostoma Mum. Soc. Giiol. de Fr., No. II. 2^ Slt. IX. /'/. /, //.

X D'Orbigny, Pal. f. TeiT. Crut., PL 906, 907, 908.

PALEOPNEUSTES CRISTATUS. 15

of the test somewhat conical ; posterior extremity arching somewhat less
from the apex to the anal system, which is placed in the truncated extremity,
slightly concave towards the anterior of the posterior interambulacral space.
The sides of the test rise nearly vertically from the ambitus, curving slightly
as far as the extremity of the petals, where the test slopes more rapidly to
the apical system. Seen from above the outline is elliptical, rounded ante-
riorly, with slightly angular sides ; posterior interambulacrum somewhat
pointed, rounded, projecting beyond the general outline. Actinostome an-
terior, sunken, with test sloping rapidly towards it from the anterior ex-
tremity. Actinal surface flat, with shar2:)ly rounded ambitus. Posterior lip
of actinostome prominent ; actinal plastron slightly sloping from the central
line towards the bare, broad, posterior, lateral ambulacral avenues ; the whole
actinal surfoce, with the exception of the ambulacra, covered by large
tubercles, uniformly scattered, and comparatively (to the abactinal surface)
crowded with distant miliaries ; in the intervening spaces the miliaries alone
extend over the bare posterior ambulacral avenues, while in the lateral
anterior ambulacra, close to the actinostome, adjoining the large actinal
suckers, small secondary tubercles are found.

The imperfectly petaloid portion of the lateral ambulacra consists of a
large interior round pore, with a large exterior comma-shaped pore. The
interporiferous zone becomes gradually broader towards the extremity of
the petals ; it is smooth, and is flanked by the poriferous zone, which is as
broad as the median space, and attains its greatest breadth quite near the
apical system. The petals of the lateral ambulacra extend about half-way to
the ambitus ; the posterior pair are somewhat the longest. Below the petals
the poriferous zone consists of minute pairs of pores, placed in the centre of
the plates, extending to the ambitus ; they are larger on the actinal side,
and form a very marked phyllode in the ambulacra round the actinostome.
The petaloid portion of the lateral ambulacra is slightly sunken near the
apical system, and becomes flush with the test at the extremity of the petals.
The odd ambulacrum is flush with the test, and wholly composed of minute,
distant pairs of pores, placed in the central part of the ambulaci'al plates, as
in the lower part of the lateral ambulacra.

On the abactinal surface the tubercles are uniformly scattered, distant,
arranged irregularly in short, curving lines, on the central part of the plates,
leaving the edges of the j^lates bare, forming thus bare median interambu-
lacral and ambulacral sutural spaces, as well as bare, horizontal sutural mar-

16

PALEOPNEUSTES CRISTATUS.

gins ; minute distant miliaries arc irregularly scattered between them, and
extend over the whole test ; the abactinal tubei'cles arc larger and some-
what more crowded in the interambulacral spaces adjoining the petaloid
jjortion of the lateral ambulacra. In the odd anilndacrum these large tuber-
cles are limited to the abactinal part of the interanibulacrum, where they are
closely crowded together, and, carrying, as they do, larger spines, form a sort
of tuft near the abactinal pole. The larger spines adjoining the petals protect
them, somewhat as in other Spatangoids, by arching over them. The remain-
ing spines of the abactinal surface are finely serrated, short, straight, resem-
bling at first sight the spines of the regular Echini {Fig. s). They stand
out in all possible directions from the test, and have not a general trend, as
is the case in all Spatangoids. The spines of the actinal side are somewhat
curved, much longer, spoon-shaped at the tip, finely striated, but not serrated
[Fif/. o), except near the ambitus, where the spines become straighter and
shorter. The spines of the actinal surface trend all in one direction. A
transverse section of one of the actinal spines {Firj. lo) shows the general
structure of Spatangoid spines. The large open cells of the central portion
of the shaft, characteristic of these spines, are not a common feature among

Fio. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 11.

Spatangoids, where the central space is generally hollow ; these large cells
recall the structure of the central part of the spine in Diadematidae and in
Arbaciadae. The miliaries carry minute silk-like spines of similar structure
with the larger ones ; and either large pcdicellaria?, Avith rather stout stems
{F/ff. n) and large heads {Fig. 12), similar to those of Spatangus proper, or

NACOSPATANGUS.

17

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

shorter-stemmed pedicellarioa with a smaller head ; the latter occur over the
whole of the actinal and aljactinal part of the test ; the former are found
mainly in the broad, bare, posterior, actinal ambulacral avenues.

The anal system is circular, covered by irregularly concentric plates,
diminishing in size towards the anal opening ; they carry secondary tubercles.
Anal opening nearly central, slightly protruding. The ambulacral tubes of
the petaloid portion of the ambulacra are lobed
{Fig. 13). The tubes of the phyllodes resemble
those of Echinocardium, terminating in club-shaped
processes [Fig. n), strengthened by simple, curved,
limestone rods. In the base of the tubes the sjDi-
cules are, as in all Spatangoids, most irregular in
shape {Fig. 15). The details here given show the
correctness of the views of D'Orbigny and Cotteau
regarding the affinities of Asterostoma. Agassiz,
in the Catalogue Eaisonne, leaves its position
doubtful, though acknowledging the affinities with Ananchytes, and places
it temporarily with the Cassidulidae. Desor, in his Synopsis, places the
genus among the Galeritidae, near Pachyclypeus. The genus Asterostoma
is known as a fossil from Cuba, and it is interesting that its nearest ally
should have come from the Barbadoes.

100 fathoms, off Barbadoes.

Fig. 15.

(SPATANGUS). NACOSPATANGUS.
Nacospatangus A. Ac, 1873, Bull. M. C. Z., III. p. 189.

This subgenus is intermediate between Maretia and Micraster. The abac-
tinal part of the anterior poriferous zone of the anterior lateral ambulacra is
obliterated ; what there is left of the anterior zone is reduced to simple pores,
as in the extension of the zone beyond the petals towards the actinal surfiico
in Spatangoids generally. Agassizia is the only Spatangoid genus in which
the anterior zone is wanting, though in many Spatangoid genera — Echino-
cardium, Lovenia, Spatangus, Maretia — the abactinal part of the petals of the
lateral ambulacra is more or less rudimentary or irregular. The lateral pos-
terior ambulacra resemble those of Maretia. The anal extremity of the test
is that of Spatangus proper. The tuberculation of the test, as in Micraster,

18 NACOSPATANGUS GRACILIS.

consists of unifoiTQ tubercles, slightly larger towards the ambitus, and
towards the edge of the actinal part of the ambulacra. Distinct subanal
fasciole, with rudimentary anal branches. General facies that of Micraster,
also of the high test species of Maretia and Spatangus. Ambulacra flush with
the test ; poriferous zones of the petals slightly sunken. Spines of the abactinal
surface curved at the base, short, rather stout for a Spatangoid, of uniform
length. ' On the abactinal surface they increase in length according to the
prominence of the tuberculation.

Nacospatangus gracilis

! Nacospatangus gracUis A. Ac, 1873, Bull. M. C. Z., III. p. 189.

PL II. f. 3-5.

Test thin, seen from above elliptical, rounded anteriorly, slightly angular
laterally, tapering towards the posterior extremity, which is truncated. In
profile the anterior extremity arches regulai^ly towards the vertex, which is
posterior, half-way between the apical .system and the nearly vertical anal
extremity. The anal system is transversely elliptical, covered by two outer
concentric rows of larger plates, each carrying one or two minute secondary
tubercles, with smaller ones round the central anal opening. Nearly on the
same vertical plane with the anal system, sloping slightly towards the actino-
stome, is situated the large subanal plastron. This terminates in a beak at
the junction with the keel of the actinal plastron, and is edged with a distinct
narrow fasciole, sending an indistinct rudimentary branch from the rounded
anal extremity of the plastron, parallel with the anal system. The actinal
plastron is narrow, elongate, keeled, flanked by broad bare ambulacral
avenues. The mouth is large, transverse, with a prominent posterior lip.
The tubercles of the actinal surface are largest on the edges of the ambula-
cral avenues, diminishing in size towards the ambitus, where they gradually
l)ass into the nearly uniform tubercles of the abactinal surface. The spines
are silver-gray, rather stout, curved at the base ; they cover thickly the
whole abactinal surfice ; they are longer on the actinal side, according to
the size of the tubercles, and largest on the edge of the ambulacral avenues.
Miliaries and secondaries distant, in-egularly scattered between the primaries;
on the abactinal surface less numerous towards the ambitus. The apical
system is anterior ; three large genital openings placed close together ; right
anterior one wanting. The median interporiferous zone of the odd ambula-

LOVENIA CORDIFORMIS. 19

criim is thickly covered by secondaries and small niiliaries. The anterior
pair of petals, although shorter than the posterior, extends nearer the edge
of the test.

In small specimens, not measuring more than 4.5""", the test is more cylin-
drical ; the ambulacra are not yet petaloid, but, as in young Spatangus, the
poriferous zones ai'e diverging, composed of simple disconnected (figured on
PL XI^. f. 19, Rev. Ech.) pairs of pores; the abactinal part of the an-
terior zone of the anterior lateral ambulacra is already obliterated. The
posterior pair of petals are first formed, by the spreading of the zones, due to
the increase in width of the interporiferous space. This occurs while the
pores are still simple, and somewhat later in specimens about a third (G'""' )
the length of tlie one figured ; the pores of the petals separate and become
conjugated, and form the petaloid portion of the ambulacra.

Off Juan Fernandez ; 65 fathoms.

Lovenia cordiformis

! Locenki cordiformis LuTli. MS., 1872, in A. A(i , Bull. M. C. Z , III.

A broken specimen of this species was presented to the Hassler Expedition
by Mrs. William Knapp of San Diego ; it enables me to add a few points to
the imperfect description given in the Revision of the Echini. This species
is, when compared with L. elongata, remarkrJjle for its shallow and narrow
anterior ambulacral groove, the elongate internal fasciole, the large size and
proximity of the genital openings, l)ut more especially for the narrow field
of large secondary tubercles flanking the apical part of the odd ambulacrum
between it and the internal fasciole. The internal pouches of the tubercles
in the lateral interambulacra are much smaller and more closely packed than
in specimens of the same size of L. elongata. This species is more closely
allied to L. elongata than to L. subcarinata, to judge from the fragments of
the posterior extremity in my possession.

San Diego ; California.

Agassizia excentrica

\Agassida excentrica A. Ac, 1869, Bull. M. C. Z., I. p. 27G.

On PI. XIV. f. 9-12 of the Revision of the Echini, I identified as the
young of Agassizia a small Spatangoid ; tills was done with considerable
hesitation, on account of the extreme flatness of the test, differing from

20 AGASSIZIA SCROBICULATA.

the earlier stages known of other Spatangoids, when the test is more or
less cylindrical. Quite a good series of specimens of Agassizia was dredged
at Barbadoes, and in Lat. 37°, South ; Long. 56°, West. The smallest speci-
mens were nearly as small as the presumed Agassizia of PL XIV., but
agreed so entirely, except in size, Avith the larger specimens of Agassizia
figured on PI. XU.f. 23, 24, Eev. Ech., that I am convinced the figure of the
presumed Agassizia {PL XIV. f. 9- 12) is the young of some unknown
Spatangoid.

In the smallest specimen the course of the fascioles was identical Avith
that of the older specimens ; the outline of the test from above and in pro-
file did not dilTer materially from that of the larger specimens ; the test was
somewhat less gibbous, and the posterior lateral ambulacra shorter, scarcely
a quarter the length of the lateral anterior ambulacra. As in young Bris-
sopsis the suckers of the odd ambulacrum, within the fascicle, early attain a
very large size

Off Barb.iiloes, 100 fathoms. Lat. 37° 42', South ; Long. 56° 20', West. 44 fathoms.

Agassizia scrobiculata

! Agassizia scrobiculata Val., 1846, Voyage Vunus.

Fragments of this species from Juan Fernandez in 220 fathoms. From the
same spot imperfect specimens of a species of Brissopsis, remarkable for its
elongated, narrow anal fascicle, which is very distinct and continuous from
the subanal plastron to the peripetalous fiisciole, thus differing strikingly
from the anal flisciole of Brissopsis lyrifera.

Hemiaster Philippii

!.l/A('»vPliilippii LoviSx MS. .

1 Hemiaster PliiUppii A. Ag., 1873, Bull. M C. Z., lU. No. 8, p. 189.

PLIV.f.i-S.

I owe to Professor Loven a specimen of this species, collected by Kinberg
off La Plata. It was not included in the Synonymy of the Eevision, thinking
Profe.s.scr Loven would soon describe it with other material he had in hand
at the time of my visit to Stockholm. Although Loven only possessed a ^k^w
quite young specimens, intermediate between the stages of PL IV. f. 7, s,
yet, with his usual acumen, he correctly distinguished this species from its
close ally, Hemiaster australis.

A remarkably fine series of Hemiaster Philippii was collected by the

HEMIASTER PHILIPPII. 21

Hasslcr Expedition on the Patagonian coast. It is extremely interesting, as
it is the only Spatangoid, with deeply sunken ambulacra, of which we know
thus far anything of its development. The figures given on PL IV. f. ^-s
are all natural size, and show the changes the lateral ambulacra undergo
as they pass from Fiff. s to Fit/. 7, and from Fig. 6 to Fig. 4. When the
specimens reach the size of Fig. 7 the change from comparatively shallow
lateral ambulacra to the deep ambulacra of Fig. 6 takes place without a great
increase in the size of the test. The anterior ambulacra, eventually the most
concave {Fig. 4), are the first to show marked signs of depressions, and in
slightly older specimens than Fig. 7 or Fig. g they are already deeply sunken,
while the postei-ior lateral ambulacra are comparatively shallow. In most
of the specimens examined I have found large, globular, short-stemmed j^edi-
cellarite situated in the sunken ambulacral petals, usually the anterior pair,
as mentioned by Philippi. Owing to the comparatively long spines of
the edge of the petals, the sunken ambulacra are completely hidden by a
screen of spines. The changes of outline of the test are very limited, after
the specimens have attained the size figured on PI. IV. f. s. The outline of
the test is somewhat more angular and gibbous, seen from above, and perhaps
less conical and somewhat more flattened at the apical system. The number
of genital pores is variable, as we find two or three quite indifferently ;
the posterior pair of genital openings is always present ; if a third exists it
is the right anterior one, usually, but sometimes the left. In the youngest
specimen figured the outline of the peripetalous fasciole is nearly the same
as in the oldest specimen examined {Fig. 4), though its breadth becomes
greater with advancing age. The odd anterior ambulacrum increases but
little in depth and breadth with increasing size.

The color of the spines becomes somewhat darker in older specimens ;
they are in small specimens {Figs. 7, s) of a dirty yellow in alcohol.

The changes traced in this species will do much towards simplifying the
affinities of the many fossil species of Hemiaster and allied genera, which
have frequently been distinguished on very slight grounds, — the range of
the changes shown to be possible in one species being far greater than dis-
tinctions which have served as generic features among allied fossil Spatan-
goids.

Hemiaster Philippii is distinguished from A. australis by its short posterior
lateral ambulacral petals and its narrow peripetalous fasciole. Judging from
the analogy of this species, H. australis and H. cavernosus may turn out to

22 HEMIASTER CAVEKNOSUS.

be different stages of growth ; H. aiistralis corresponding to tlie younger
stages of II. caveruosus, with its deeply sunken lateral ambulacra. Unfortu-
nately sufficient material is not available to settle this question, as the
species of Hemiaster from South America are extremely rare in the collec-
tions I have examined. Very small specimens of H. Philippii are quite
cylindrical (.75""" in length) ; they go through changes of form very similar
to those described in the growth of Brissopsis up to the youngest stages
figured here, when the gradual sinking of the ambulacral petals commences.

Lat. 37° 42', South; Long. 56° 20', West. 44 fathoms.
Lat 51° 26', South; Long. 68° 5', West. 55 fathoms.
Off Cape Uos Bahias (East Coast Patagonia). 55 fathoms.

Hemiaster cavernosus

! Tripylus cavernosus Pllli.., 1845, Wieg. Archiv.

! Hemiaster cavernosus A. Ac, 1872, Rev. Ech., Pt. L p. 132.

One large specimen collected at Port Gallant.
Tripylus excavatus

! Tripylus ezcavatus PniL., 1845, AVieg. Anh.

With the southernmost specimens of Agassizia excentrica Avere collected a
couple of small Spatangoids, which I am unulile to determine satisfactorily.
They resemljlc, in general outline and appearance, Agassizia, ))ut without
having the characteristic structure of the anterior lateral ambulacra of that
genus ; the course of the peripetalous and lateral fascioles is the same, as
well as the general proportions of the ambulacral petals.

The changes undergone during growth in Hemiaster Philippii, which have
been described above, seem to point to the probability of these small Spatan-
goids being the young of Tripylus excavatus. They have all the structural
features of the genus, except the deeply sunken lateral ambulacra. The
largest specimen, measuring about 7°""' long, diam., differed from the smaller
one by having slightly longer posterior lateral pctaloid ambulacra, already
slightly depressed ; while in the younger specimen the lateral ambulacra
were flush with the test, as in Agassizia, and in the Aoung of II. Philippii.
It seems probable, therefore, that in genera with depressed or deeply sunken
petals the young have, in their earlier stages, petaloid ambulacra flush with
the test. In Schizaster canaliferus the lateral posterior ambulacra are but
slightly sunken, even in the largest specimens, while the anterior ambulacra

TRIPYLUS EXCAVATUS. 23

are deeply concave. The separation, therefore, of Schizaster and allied gen-
era as a separate family from the Brissina, as has frequently been proposed,
on account of the structure of the sunken petals, is not warranted, as this
feature is evidently of very secondary importance. So that it seems even
doubtful whether the genus Tripylus, as I have hinted in the Revision of
the Echini, should be distinguished from Schizaster proper, and whether
Schizaster, Trij^ylus, Hemiaster, Brissopsis, should not be considered as sub-
genera of one genus. At any rate, the relationship of such apparently widely
separated forms as Schizaster, Linthia, Tripylus, Hemiaster, Faorina, and
Rhynobrissus is very close.

Lat. 37° 42', South; Long. 5G° 20', West.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

1, 2. Astropyga pulvinata, two thirds natural size.
3, 4. Arbacia Dufresuii, natural size.
5-7. Coelopleurus floridanus, — 5, natural size ; 6, 7, four times natural size.

PLATE II.

1, 2. Asthenosoma hystrix, two thirds natural size.
3-5. Nacospatangus gracilis, natural size, H""-.
6. Echinus margaritaceus, natural .size.

PLATE III.

1-3. Monophora Darwinii, natural size.

4. Echinus margaritaceus, natural size.

5. Echinus magellanicus, natural size.

PLATE IV.

1-3. Paleopneustes cristatus, two thirds natural size.
4-8. Hemiaster Philippii, natural size.

Hassler Expedition.

PL I.

A. SONRET,. Photog:

Hdiofype.

Hassler Expedition.

PI. II.

A. SONREL, Phctog.

Hehotype.

Hassl3r Expedition.

PI. III.

A. SONREL. Phofo-

Hassler Expedition.

PI. IV.

A. SONREL, Phofoff.

Htliolyp^.

ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS

OB'

THE HASSLER EXPEDITION

PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF PROF. B. PEIHCE, SUP'T OF THE
H. S. COAST SURVEY.

CRICOIDS Ar^W- CORALS;-

By L. F. de POURTALES.

CAJtBfliDOfe, fetruary, 18'4,

ON A NEW SPECIES OF RHIZOCRINUS FROM BARBADOS.

During the expedition of the U. S. steamer Hassler, several rich dredgings
were obtained in depths varying from 80 to 120 fathoms, on the western
coast of the island of Barbados, a few miles north of Bridgetown. The bot-
tom was chiefly limestone sand, with rocky patches, and very rich in deep-
sea corals, echinoderms, etc. It is a well-known locality for Pentacrinus
asterias and Mulleri, and the second specimen of Holopiis Eangii D'Orb.
known to science, in the possession of Governor Eawson of Barbados, was
brought up on a fisherman's hook in the same vicinity. We had not the
luck to find either of these, though numerous joints of the stem of Pentacri-
nus were contained in the sand, but, in compensation, several living speci-
mens of a Rhizocrinus, which were at first supposed to be large specimens
of Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars. A closer examination has proved them to be
specifically distinct, and I take pleasure in dedicating the species to Governor
Rawson W. Rawson, who was present at their capture, and whose hospitality
rendered our short stay at Barbados so pleasant an epoch in the history of
our voyage.

Rhizocrinus Rawsonii Pourt.
PI V. f. 1.

Larger than R. lofotensis. The stem composed of joints proportionally
shorter and more cylindrical than in that species, being seldom as much as
two of their diameters in length, generally much less ; the articulations are
less elongated. The double articular excavation is larger and deeper {Fig. 3).
One specimen only was obtained witli the root portion ; it has the appear-
ance of having been partly attached to a solid body by enlarged surfaces,
and to have had very few radicular cirrhi {Fkj. 2). This solid attachment to
the bottom would explain why most of the specimens were broken off, whilst
R. lofotensis, being generally planted in sand and fixed by ramifying rootlets,
is easily brought up entire.

28 RHIZOCRINUS RAWSONII.

The cup is proportionally more elongated than in the other species. It is
composed of five rather long basals and the rather short first radials {Fig. 4).
These ten pieces are solidly connected, bnt the joints are always plainly
visible with a lens of moderate power, as they are also in K. lofotensis. The
second radial is short and nearly square {Figs. 4, 5). The third is largest and
somewhat broader at its distal end. The four first brachials are equal in
size to the radials, square, broad, flattened out at the sides, and apparently
united in pairs by syzygial joints {Fig. 7). They contribute with the radials
in forming the supports of the visceral cavity ; the peristome being on the
same level with and attached to the distal end of the fourth brachial
{Figs. 1, 7), whilst in R. lofotensis it is fastened to the third radial. There is in
no part of the arm a sudden narrowing down, as in the first brachial of R.
lofotensis represented in Fig. s. The first pinnule arises from the fourth bra-
chial. The arm-joints are very short, broader than long, every other joint
being a syzygium. They are not as deeply emarginated for the insertion of
the pinnules as in the other species {Fig. 7).

There are from fourteen to twenty-two pinnules {Figs. 9-12) a side on each
arm, the two first joints of which are considerably larger than the following,
which decrease regularl}'^ in size to the tip ; the lateral scales are much
smaller than in the other species, where they are largest in the middle of the
pinnule, thus giving it a long lanceolate appearance {Fig. 13).

The mouth is central, somewhat elongated in a direction at right angles
with the diameter passing through the anus. The angles of the mouth are
provided with hard lanceolate papilla^ as in the species described by Sars.
The anus is large, more oval than round, and somewhat bulging without
being tubular {Fig. ij^).

The largest specimen obtained measures 17 c. m. in height without the
arms, and was originally longer, since the root is wanting. The diameter of
the stem is 1.5 to 2.0 mm. It is composed of sixty-three joints.

The color is whitish and the surface clean. The skin I mentioned in the
description of R. lofotensis (under the name of Bourgueticrinus Hotessieri) in
No. 7 of the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, I have since
found on closer examination to be a parasitic growth of a hydroid polyp.

I have mentioned above that the solid part of the cup or calice is formed
by the union of the basals and first radials. Sars, in his description of Rhizo-
crinus lofotensis, strangely enough considers the lower portion as formed by
an enlarged joint of the stem, in the same manner as in some of the fossil

RHIZOURINUS KAWSONII. 29"

ApiocrinitliB. But in these the basal pieces are always visible on the outside,
forming a ring between the enlarged joint and the first radials. In the
young ConiatuIa3, when still attached to a stem, the formation of the cup is
almost identical with that of Khizocrinus. To render the proof still more
conclusive, I forced a needle through the central hole of the calice of a Rhi-
zocrinus lofotensis until it split. The fractures followed the joints between
contio-uous basals and between the latter and the first radials.

I copy from Professor Agassiz's note-book some observations he made
upon the species described above, while specimens of it were kept alive
on deck : —

" The next haul gave us a Crinoid very niucli like the lihizocrinus lofotensis, bnt prob-
ably ditlerent. We had the Crinoid alive for ten or twelve hours. When contracted the
pinnules are pressed against the arms, and the arms themselves shut against one another,
so that tlie whole looks like a lirush made up of a few long coarse twines. Wlien the
animal opens, the arms at first separate without bending outside, so that tlie whole looks
like an inverted pentapod ; but gradually the tip of tlie arms bends outwai'd as the arms
diverge more and more, and when" fully expanded the crown has the appearance of a lily
of the Lilium Martagon type, in which each petal is curved upon itself, the pinnules of
the arms spreading laterally more and more as tlie crown is more fully open. I have not
been able to detect any motion in the stem tracealile to contraction, though there is no
stiffness in its bearing. When disturbed, the pinnules of the arms first contract, the
arms straighten themselves out, and the whole gradually and slowly closes up. It was a
very impressive sight for me to watch the movements of this creature, for it told not of
its own way only, but at the same time afforded a glimpse into the countless ages of the
past, when these Crinoids, so rare and so rarely seen nowadays, formed a prominent
feature of the animal kingdom. I could see, without great effort of the imagination, the
shoal of Lockport teeming with tlie many genera of Crinoids, which the geologists of
New York have rescued from that prolific silurian deposit, or I'ecall the formation of my
native country, in the hillsides of which, also among fossils indicating shoal water-beds,
other Crinoids abound, resembling still more closely those we find in these waters. And
now the question may be asked, AVhat is the meaning of the occurrence of these animals
in deep waters at the present day, when in former ages similar types inhabited shallow
seas ? Of the fact there can be no doubt ; for it is not difficult to advance satisfactory
evidence of the shoal-like character of the silurian deposits of the State of New York :
their horizontal position, combined with the gradual recession of the higher beds in a
southerly direction, leaves no doubt upon this point ; and in the case of the Jurassic for-
mation alluded to above, their combination with fossils common upon coral reefs and
their presence in athols of that period are satisfactory proofs of my assertion. What does
it then mean when we find the Pentacrinus and lihizocrinus of the West Indies in deep
waters only ? It seems to me there is but one explanation for the fact, and that in the

30 ■ RHIZOCRINUS RAWSONII.

progress of the earth's growth we must look t<j such a dis[)lacement of the conditions
favorable to the maintenance of certain lower types, as may recall most fully the adapta-
tions of former ages ; and it was in this sense I alluded, in my first letter to the Super-
intendent of the United States Coast Survey, to the probability of our finding in deeper
waters representatives of earlier geological types. If my explanation is correct, my anti-
cipation is also fully sustained. But do the deep waters of the present condition of our
globe really approximate the conditions for the development of animal life of the shoaler
seas of past geological ages ? I think they do so ; at least they come as near to it as
anything can in the present order of things upon eartli ; since depth in the ocean alone
can place animals under conditions similar to those produced by the high pressure which
the heavy atmosphere of earlier periods afibrded."

Concerning the geographical distribution of this species we know, of course,
nothing yet. All the specimens from Florida in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology belong to R lofotensis, which, from what Ave know from various
explorations, inhabits a large portion of the North Atlantic. It is worthy of
remark that all the Florida specimens dredged by me are regularly five-
armed. It is well known that a large proportion of those obtained on the
coast of Norway by Sars were either four or six armed.

The fossil from Guadaloupe, on which D'Orbigny has founded his species
of Bourgueticrinus Hotessieri, consists of a fragment of stem composed of six
cylindrical joints. If they originally belonged to a Rhizocrinus, they could be
only the joints immediately below the cup, which are the ones most recently
formed. But in our Rhizocrinus a series of six joints of that shape are not
formed in that situation; they become rapidly elongated and swelled out in
the middle as we follow the stem downwards. Another difference is that
the central hole is never as large as in D'Orbigny's figure.

Among the older fossil Crinoids, the nearest approach to Rhizocrinus
can be found in Belemnocrimis, White, from the upper Burlington Limestone,
Iowa. (Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc, Vol. IX. p. 13.) I have had the oppor-
tunity to examine several specimens of B. typus and one of B. Whitei, in the
rich collection made by Mr. Wachsmuth and lately acquired by the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. The former species has a calicle resembling that
of Rhizocrinus very closely ; the second differs only by being more obese.
I am satisfied that the five short basal pieces figured by Mr. White have no
existence, and am inclined to think he has mistaken for them the upper joint
of the stern which is somewhat indented in its upper edge to fit the base of
the calicle. Moreover, that articulation can be seen plainly in one or two

RHIZOCRINUS RAWSONir. 31

specimens to be crenulated like any other of the stem articulations. Grant-
ing, then, the absence of those pieces and using the nomenclature I have
adopted for the Ehizocrinus, the five basal pieces of Belemnocrinus are
formed pi-ecisely as in the former. The first radials, alternating with the
basals, are larger in Belemnocrinus, and are movable, whilst they are fixed
in Ehizocrinus. The next three joints are equal, and are properly brachials,
and are followed by an axial forming the bifurcation for the ten arms. The
stem has no resemblance to that of Ehizocrinus, being roiuid or obscurely
pentagonal, and the articulations crenulated.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE,

1. Rhizocrinua Rawsonii, without root-portion of stem.

2. Stem of another specimen, with root-portion.

3. Articulating surface of a joint of the stem.

4. Calicle, showing basals anil first and seconrl r.adials.

5. Upper surface of calicle, with second radials.
C. .Same, after removal of second radials.

7. Two arms, between them the peristome.

8. Arm of Rbizocrinus lofotensla.
0. Base of pinnide of R. Rawsonii.

10. Pinnule of the same, dorsal view.

11. Same with base, more magnified.

12. Same, lateral view,

13. Pinnule of R. lofotensis, lateral view.

14. Mouth and anus of R. RaWBonii.

Hassler Expedition.

PI. V.

E. KONOPICKY. Del.

Hcliotype, j. K. OSGOOD &: Co.

DEEP-SEA CORALS.

The deep-sea corals collected during the voyage of the United States
steamer Hassler from Boston to San Francisco are not as numerous as were
expected, variovis causes having combined in rendering deep-sea dredging
rather unsuccessful. The only rich locality discovered was off the island of
Barbados, a few miles north of Bridgetown, in depths varying from 80 to 120
fathoms. A few corals of interest were also obtained off the coast of Brazil
and off the island of Juan Fernandez.

The opportunity is taken in this paper to make some remarks on the deep-
sea corals dredged by the late Dr. W. Stimjjson, during the last months of his
life, in the waters of Florida, Cuba, and Yucatan, in the United States Coast
Survey steamers Bibb and Bache.

Family TURBINOLIDiE M.-Edw. & H.

CARYOPHYLLIA Stokes.

Caryophyllia berteriana Duch.

PI. VI. figs. 1, 2.
About one hundred and twenty specimens of this species were dredged at
Barbados in 100 fathoms. There is less variety of form in this than in any
other species examined, and the development of the fifth cycle in two half-
systems at one end of the longitudinal axis manifests itself at an early
age. There are, therefore, always fourteen pali, whilst C. formosa has never
more than twelve. The fourth cycle is never incomplete as stated by M.-
Edwards and Haime. The specimen described as C. herteriana in the Illus-
trated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. IV., from the
coast of Florida, I have now convinced myself is only a variety of C. formosa

34 BATHYCYATHUS MACULATUS.

with more exsert septa. Among the Barbados specimens there are a few
with young ones growing from the wall which might readily be assigned to
the genus Coenocyathus.

Caryopliyllia antillarum n. sp.
PI. VI. figs. .3, J,.

Corallum conical, with contracted base ; costas granulated, distinct as far
down as the peduncle, flat and separated by fine linear ridges. Calicle circu-
lar, or very slightly elliptical. Septa rather thick, moderately exsert, sub-
equal, less densely granulated than in C. herterlana ; the fourth cycle unde-
veloped in some of the systems, so as to give the general appearance of ten
half-systems of three cycles, with ten pali. Columella papillar, of the type
of C. cyUndracea, not much developed. Height 2 cm., diameter 12 mm. It be-
longs to the same division of Caryophyllia as 0. ci/lindracea, but differs from
the latter by its thin pali, very unlike the thick pillar-like ones of the fossil
species, — a character of which the European specimens described by Dr. Dun-
can seem all to partake more or less.

Barbados, 100 liithoms.

BATHYCYATHUS M.-Edw. & H.

Bathycyathus indicus m.-Edw. & H.

A few specimens were dredged in 65 fathoms off the island of Juan Fer-
nandez ; being immature, they agree as well with the description of B.
chilensis as with this one. It would not be surprising if the two species
ultimately proved to be mere varieties of one and the same.

Bathycyathus maeulatus n. sp.

PI. VI. figs. 5, 6.

Corallum attached by a large base, almost cylindrical when young, conical
when old. Costte flat, distinct to the base, granulated. Fossa deep. Calicle
subelliptical, the border nearly in one plane. Septa in six systems and five
cycles. The primaries and secondaries subequal and somewhat exsert, spotted
with brown. Twelve thin pali. Columella deep-seated and variable, com-
posed in some cases of a large number of rather thick pillars, in others it

DELTOCYATHUS AGASSIZII. 35

might be called almost lamellar, the pillars being reduced to two or three
flattened ones.

The size when full grown is about 2 cm. high, and 18 mm. in the greater
diameter, the smaller being 14 mm.

Off the Abrolhos, Brazil, in 30 fathoms.

TROCHOCYATHUS M.-Edw. & H.

Trochocyathus Rawsonii n. sp.

PI. VI. Jigs. 7, S, 9, 10.

Corallum attached by a more or less expanded base, generally becoming
very small in old specimens, short-conical, or cupshaped ; without epitheca.
Costaj well marked, granulated. Calicle circular. Fossa moderately deep.
Septa thin, slightly exsert, rounded, with small sharp granules. Four cycles
and sometimes a few septa of the fifth. Pali slender, sometimes lobed in
front of the septa of the three first cycles, distant from the centre in propor-
tion to the age of the cycle. Columella small, composed of five or six slender
points loosely connected with one another.

Height 8-10 mm., diameter 10 - 17 mm. Dredged in 100 fathoms off Bar-
bados, and also by Dr. Stirapson in the same depth on the west coast of Flori-
da. The Florida specimens are generally more cupshajjed and have a much
smaller base of attachment than those from Barbados. They are also of a
somewhat larger size at an average.

DELTOCYATHUS M.-Edw. & H.

Deltocyathus Agassizii Pourt.

Var. calcar. PL VI. fig. ii.

A considerable number of fine specimens, living and dead, were obtained
off Barbados in 100 fathoms. All but one specimen belong to the well-
marked variety with spines on the primary costse, which I should not hesitate
to consider as specifically distinct but for a few specimens which show inter-
mediate characters. All the Barbados specimens have the spines remarkably
developed, an abnormal one having as many as three on each primary costa.
Fresh specimens are prettily colored of a jiurplish Ijrown, darkest on the
secondary septa and next on the tertiary ones. The primary ones with the

36 SCHIZOCYATHUS FISSILIS.

spines are either entirely white or only slightly colored. The pali and colu-
mella are generally white, but if somewhat colored the primary parts are
darkest. One specimen is perfectly white with dark spines.

A few specimens were dredged by Dr. Stimpson in 413-424 fathoms in
the straits of Yucatan, and off the west coast of Florida in 100 fathoms ; all
of the spineless variety. He found again, as I had before, the two varieties
off Havana in 270 fathoms.

Several broken specimens which have continued to live and modified their
shape slightly quite agree with the fossils on which Philippi has based his
genus Ecmesus.

SCHIZOCYATHUS n. g.

Corallum simple, without epitheca or costa3 ; no columella ; pali in front of
the last cycle, united in front of the penultimate ; propagating by internal
gemmation.

Schizocyathxis fissilis n. sp.

Fl. VI. Jigs. 12, 13.

Corallum long, conical, almost cylindrical, smooth, marked outside by lines
corresponding to the primary septa and by rows of dots corresponding to the
interseptal chambers ; the secondary and tertiary septa show no mark out-
side. Calicle circular, wall thin, fossa moderately deep. Septa not exsert,
very little granulated, in six systems and three cycles. Primary septa almost
rudimentary, secondary ones largest, those of the third cycle intimately united
with a sort of pali which also unite completely in front of the secondary
septa; the interior of the coral is thus divided into a number of chambers
entirely separated from each other, consisting of the interseptal chambers
between the secondary and tertiary septa, sometimes united in pairs in front
of the secondaries, but more commonly entirely separated by the union of
the secondaries with the symphysis of the pali. Another cavity is the cen-
tral star-shaped one representing the space which would be filled w^ by the
primary septa if fully developed. All these cavities are, however, extremely
narrow.

The propagation is carried out by budding inside the calicle, generally on
the secondary septa. By the growth of the bud the parent is split along the
lines marking the primary septa, and a strip comprising one or rarely two

SPHENOTROCHUS AURITUS. 37

systems remains permanently attached to the new individual. Height G or
7 mm., diameter 3 mm-.

Barbados, 100 fathoms ; not rare.

THECOCYATHUS M.-Edw. & H.
Thecocyathus cylindraceus Pourt.

Off Barbados in 100 fathoms one specimen only was obtained. A dead
specimen of a Thecocyathus, probably of that species, was dredged in 35
fathoms off Cape Frio, Brazil.

SPHENOTROCHUS M.-Edw. & H.

Sphenotrochus auritus n. sp.

PI. VI. firjs. u, 15.

Corallum wedge-shaped, with broad and thin base, having in the middle a
small knob containing a grain of sand, and on each side a flat protuberance
somewhat resembling that of Platytrochus, pointing downward, so that the
base has a three-pointed appearance in perfectly formed specimens. In old
specimens the outline becomes more irregular. The costa3 radiate on the
sides from the central protuberance in the shape of a fan ; they are formed
by rows of flat tubercles or interrupted ridges, at first simple, then double,
and finally treble or even quadruple near the calicle, ending by giving the
outer edge of the septa a very crispate appearance. The angles of the base
are covered with similar tubercles or granules irregularly, arranged or form-
ing obscure lines diverging from the costa?. Septa thick, with frilled edges
and thickly covered with sharp granules, in six systems of three cycles. The
lamellar columella is granulated like the septa. Height 9 mm., breadth of base
4-5 mm., greater diameter of calicle 7-8 mm., smaller diameter 4 mm.

Several specimens, all dead, but perfect, were obtained off Cape Frio, Brazil,
in 35 fathoms, sandy bottom.

A few specimens of a Sphenotrochus were dredged in 12 - 18 fathoms on
the coast of Brazil in lat. 11° 49' S. which may belong to another species, or
be the young of the above. They are much smaller, regularly conical and
flattened, but without lateral expansions, and the costa) are formed of flat
pavement-like tubercles. They are all somewhat worn.

38 FLABELLUM BRAZILIEXSE.

PARACYATHUS M.-Edw. & H.

Paracyathus De Pilippii Ducn. & Mich.

Paracyathtis confertus Pocrt.

The Paracyathus described by Duchassaing and Michelotti under the above
name is undoubtedly a young one not fully developed, as the figure certainly
shows. Having frequently found specimens answering as nearly to their
figure and description as a comparison is possible, associated with the larger
ones to which I have given the name of confertus, I suspect them to be one
and the same.

The characters are very variable, the type figured in my "Deep-Sea Corals,"
Plate VI., Figs. 11, 12, 13, passing into another with deejily sunk columella,
the jaapillfB of which are partly twisted like those of a Caryophyllia or Tro-
chocyathus, well-defined pali rising much higher, more exsert septa, and a
more regular shape. This latter type is the most common at Barlaados, the
other in Florida. The great variability of these forms inclines me to believe
that P. Agassisii Dune, can scarcely be separated specifically from the West
Indian form.

DESMOPHYLLUM Eiirbg.

DesmophyUum Cailleti Duch. & Mich.

This species appears to be common off Barbados in 100 fathoms. I have
become convinced, by the examination of a series of specimens of different
ages, that the coral described by me under the name of Galaxea ebnrnea (111.
Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. IV.) is only a young Desmophyllum, but of a spe-
cies with thicker septa than D. Cailleti.

FLABELLUM Lesson.

PlabeUum braziliense n. sp.

PI. VI. figs. iG, 17.

Corallum pedicellate, conical (greatest angle about G5°), compressed with
rounded angles ; costJB prominent ; fossa deep ; calicle long, elliptical, diame-
ters as 10 to 21 ; septa not e.xsert ; five cycles, primaries, secondaries, and ter-
tiaries nearly equal. A rudimentary lamellar columella. Height 16 mm.,

CCENOSMILIA ARBUSCULA. 39

greater diameter 18 mm. One dead specimen dredged in 40 fathoms on the
coast of Brazil, in lat. 11° 49' S.

The only Flabellum described from the South Atlantic is F. Thouarsii
M.-Edw. & H., from the Falkland Islands, which has the costse much less
developed.

KHIZOTEOCHUS M.-Edw. & H.

Rhizotrochus tulipa n. sp.

PI VI. figs. IS, 19.

Corallum conical, pedunculated, costfe barely convex ; calicle subelliptical,
fossa deep ; septa thin, sonrewhat exsert, with very small tubercles in lines,
the primaries and secondaries uniting deep down to form a false columella.
The color of the wall is Avhite, septa and costoe a reddish-brown.

This species is closely allied to Rhizotrochus fragiUs, but difters from it by
its exsert septa, which in the latter never reach over the wall. It is also less
open, and the septa are thinner and smoother. The root processes are the
same. Rhisotrochus fragilis is generally white, rarely colored, and uniformly
thin.

Off Barbados in 100 fathoms.

Family TROCHOSMILID^ M-Edw. & H.

CCENOSMILIA, n. g.

This genus is formed to receive the Parasmilia; propagating by gemma-
tion, and thus becoming compound. Single corallites are typical Parasmilite.
I follow herein the example of Milne-Edwards and Ilaime, though on a
former occasion I have departed from it.

Ccenosmilia arbuscula n. sp.

PL VII. fig. 1.

Corallum forming rather irregular clusters, though the rule a^apears to be
that two corallites grow from the wall of the parent on opposite sides at a
very open angle. The simple corallites are regularly conical. Gestae better

40 AXOHELIA DUMETOSA.

marked near the calicle than the base, finely serrate. Septa somewhat
exsert, rounded, granulated, in four cycles not equally developed in all the
systems. Calicle suboval, deep. Columella spongy, well developed. Endo-
theca not very abundant.
Barbados, 100 fathoms.

LOPHOSMILIA M.-Edw. & H.

Lophosmilia rotundifolia :m.-Edw. & H.

PI. VII. figs. 2, 3.

A fine coral dredged in Barbados agrees in every essential particular with
the description of the above species, except in the columella, which is con-
siderably thicker than in the figure of M.-Edwards and Haime, so that it
scarcely deserves the name of lamellar, still it is much elongated and ob-
scurely trilobed, so that it may be simply a variety. Duchassaing, in his
Eevue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, 1870, asserts that this
species is only a young and still simple corallite of a compound genus which
he has named OxysniiUa rotundifolia. The specimen in question is undoubtr
edly adult, and shows no signs of gemmation.

Family STYLOPHORIDiE M.-Edw. & H.

On re-examining the subject, it seems to me preferable to retain the generic
name of Axohelia, which I had joined to Madracis, for the species with com-
pact coenenchyma, and the latter name for those in which it remains cellular.

AXOHELIA M.-Edw. & H.

AxoheUa (Stylophora) dumetosa Duch.

PI. VIIL fig. 1.

To Duchassaing's description ought to be added that there are always ten
equal septa, hence it is no Stylophora. The columella is pointed, and is hir-
sute as well as the septa. The branches are 8 to 10 cm. high, slender, 6 to
8 mm. in diameter at the base. Color white with purple polyps.

Barbados, 100 fathoms. The Museum possesses also a specimen from St.
Thomas, presented by Dr. Duchassaing, but without label.

ANTILLIA. 41

Fragments of an Axohelia were dredged off the coast of Brazil, in lat.
11° 49' S., 12 fathoms, which belong probably to this species also.

There are in the Museum specimens of three other species of Axolielia
from the West Indies, one of which is very different from any described.*
The two others are referred provisionally, the one to Axohelia myriaster M.-
Ed w. & H., Plate VIII. Fig. 3 ; the other to Axohelia mirahilis {StT/loj^hora
mirabilis Duch. & Mich.), Plate VIII. Fig. 4. The former is from Havana, the
second from Guadaloupe. Comparisons with type specimens are absolutely
necessary to permit the names to Ije attached to them with certainty.

MADRACIS M.-Edw. & H.
Madracis decactis Verrill.

Astrcea decactis Lyman.

Stijlopliora incrustans Duch. & MrcH.

Heiissia lamellosa Duch. & Mich.

Barbados, 100 fathoms. I have never found it in deep water in Florida,
but only in depths less than 17 fathoms.

Madracis asperula M.-Edw. & H.
Coast of Brazil in lat. 11° 49' S., 40 fathoms.

Family ASTR^IDiE M.-Edw. & H.

ANTILLIA Duncan.

Reuss considers Ci/athophyllia From, as synonymous with Antillia, which is
probably true, and gives preference to the former name. It is, however, an
improper name, not differing enough from Cyathophyllura, and Antillia has
besides the advantage of priority.

* Axohelia Sdo-ammii n. sp. Plate VIII. Fig. 2. Slenderly branched, subflabellate, faintly striated ; stria;
flat and broad, much interrupted and anastomosed, very rare small spines near the calicles of the ends of
branches. Calicles prominent, somewhat less than one diameter apart; ten stout, smooth, very e.xsert
septa; columella massive, flat, sometimes with rudiments of a knob in the centre. The free part of the
septa is 1 ram. high. Guadaloupe. Received from M. Schramm.
.6

42 CLADOCORA PATEIARCA.

Antillia explanata v. sp.

PI. VII. fifjs. I 5, 6.

Corallum horizontally flattened, with almost horizontal base having a small
area of attachment in the centre. Epitheca complete, wrinkled, concealing
all trace of costaj. Endotheca abundant and vesicular. Calicle oblong, some-
what irregular, shallow. Septa in five cycles with a few of the sixth ; sys-
tems not readily distinguished, as the primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries
are nearly equal. The septa are thin, ornamented with rows of very small,
sharp tubercles ; their border is divided in numerous branching spines,
which in the younger septa anastomose so as to form a delicate network.
Columella well developed, formed of numerous twisted and tangled processes.
Greatest diameter 4 cm., lesser 3 cm.; height a little over 1 cm.

Barbados, 75 fathoms.

This is the first specimen of this extinct genus found living. Seen from
above it is indistinguishable from a Lithophyllia, but its lower surface with
its epitheca and small point of attachment immediately reveals the difference.

CLADOCORACE^ M. Edw. & H.

CLADOCOEA M.-Edw. & H.

Cladocora patriarca n. sp.

PI VIL fig. 7.

Corallum forming from a parent corallite from whicli numerous younger
ones grow at a very open angle, and remain smaller than the primitive one.
Costse well marked, but not prominent, rather smooth. Fossa not as deep as
usual in this genus. Septa very little serrated, scarcely exsert, in six unequal
systems, the fourth cycle being developed in a few half-systems only. Pali
much more developed than in most other species of this genus; pointed,
fronting the septa of all but the last cycle, unequally distant from the centre.
Columella well developed, papillar.

Height 4 - 4.5 cm.; diameter of calicle 4-5 mm. Depth of fossa 1 mm. or
less.

Off Cape Frio, Brazil, in 35 fathoms.

FUNGIA SYMMETRICA. 43

Family STYLASTERID^ Gray.

STYLASTER Gray.

Stylaster punctatus I'ourt.

PI. V 11. figs. 8, 9.

(Fig. 9 is the typical specimen from the Straits of Florida.)

A slender variety of this species was dredged rather abundantly off Bar-
bados in 100 fixthoms. It differs from the typical specimen by its more slen-
der branches, and the color, which is orange-pink, whilst the other is purple.

DISTICHOPORA Lamk.

Distichopora barbadensis n. sp.

PL VII fig. 10.

Small, not much ramified, branches almost cylindrical, compressed at the
end. Coenenchyma rather I'ough. Calicles not in a furrow, except slightly
at the end of the branches. Interseptal pores tuberculated and in two nearly
equal rows. Color pink with whitish tips.

Rather abundant in 100 fathoms, off Bai'bados.

Plate VII. fig. 11 represents Distichopora cervina Pourt. (Illust. Cat. Mus.
Comp. Zool., No. IV., p. 39, note.)

Family EUPSAMMID^E M.-Edw. & H.

BALANOPHYLLIA Skarles Wood.

Balanophyllia floridana Pourt.

PI. VI. fig. 20.

Two small specimens dredged off Barbados in 100 fathoms appear to be-
long to this species, though differing slightly in some particulars from the
Florida form.

Family FUNGID^ Dana.

FUNGIA Lamk.
Fungia symmetrica Pourt.
Barbados, 100 fathoms.

44 GUYNIA ANXULATA.

DIASEEIS M.-Edw. & H.
Diaseris crispa Vnvw?.
Barbados, 100 fathoms.

MYCEDIUM Oken.
Mycedium cailleti Ducn. it Mich.
PI IX Jigs. 1,2.
Barbados, 100 fathoms. A dead specmien.

Oeder RUGOSA M.-Edw. & H.

It must remain as yet an open question if the arrangement of the septa
in four systems instead of six is a criterion of the order of Eugosa. It is
not unusual among the Stylina?, which cannot well be placed here. For the
present the two following genera are kept under this head.

GUYNIA Duncan.

Guynia annulata r)u>fc.

PL JX. Jigs. 3, 4.

The Barbados specimens differ very slightly from Dr. Duncan's figures in
having the costae much less apparent. The attachment of one of the sejita
to the columella seems to be more the exception than the rule, at least I
never find it in well-developed specimens with free calicle.

Barbados, 100 fothoms, rather abundant. A dozen specimens were found
attached to a stone three inches in diameter.

DUNCANIA N. G.

Corallum attached, cylindrical, covered with a thick wrinkled epitheca
rising over the border of the calicle. Interseptal chambers filling up solidly
from the bottom, a multiple pillared columella. Sometimes paliform lobes.

Differs from Hnplophyllia Pourt. (non Aplophyllia D'Orb.) by the formation
of the columella. From Thecoeyathus, with which it might be confounded
by the general appearance, it is easily distinguished by its very different epith-
eca, and by the arrangement of the septa, which show no definite systems
and no derivation from a j^rimary hexameral division.

DUNCANIA BARBADENSTS. 45

Duncania barbadensis n. sp.
PI. IX. figs. 5, 6, 7.

Corallum cylindrical, obliquely attached, covered with a thick wrinkled
epitheca, which rises above the margin of the calicle, and sends out folds on
one side, which fasten to the body on which the coral grows. No costiB dis-
cernible. Fossa circular, not deep. Septa not pi-ojecting above the edge
formed by the epitheca, and leaving a concave border between their outer
edge and the epitheca ; rounded, rather thick, entire, with granulated sur-
faces. There are no distinct systems ; the normal number of septa appears
to be twenty, though there are sometimes one or two more or less ; alternate
ones are slightly smaller, and have one or two, sometimes three, paliform lobes
little different from the columella.* Between these twenty principal septa
which appear to belong to two cycles, there are rudimentary ones of a third,
which mostly remain in the condition of flat ridges against the wall. Colu-
mella formed by a dense cluster of pillars, varying from ten to twenty in
number. The interseptal chambers are not very deep, the whole interior of
the coral being filled up solidly for nearly two thirds of the height; a vertical
section shows no trace of separate tabulae or dissepiments in the solid mass.
All the specimens have a very oblique plane of attachment, so that, resting
on a hoi'izontal surface, the calicle stands at an angle of about 60°. The
position of the longer diameter of the mouth of the polyp bears no constant
relation to the inclination of the base.

The poljqD is deep flesh-colored, and conformed exactly as in Haplophjdlia ;
the tentacles are about 25 or 30 in number, conical with inflated tips. The
sphincter closing over the retracted tentacles is considerably above the mouth,
and when contracted forms between the disk and mouth a well-defined pre-
buccal cavity, as it is called by Duchassaing.

Height 20-25 mm., diameter 10-11 mm. Several specimens were ob-
tained in 100 fathoms off Barbados.

* The number of twenty septa is fVequenllv found in the Staurida; anil Cyathaxonida>, where there are
four systems with unequally developed cyeles.

46 ANTIPATHES HUMILIS.

Suborder ANTIPATHRAIA .-Edw. & H.
Antipathes (CirrMpathes) Desbonnii Duch. & Mich.

Our specimens are 50 to 55 cm. long, but not much more than 1 mm. in
diameter at the base ; densely covered with small spines. The polyps are
of the type with long tentacles, are confined to one side of the stem, and seem
to be alternately large and small.

Barbados, 100 fathoms.

Antipathes (Arachnopathes) columnaris Dlcuass.

PI. IX. fig. 8.

The singular growth of this species deserves a few words in addition to
Dr. Duchassaing's description. The stem is simple, the branchlets in verticils
close together, themselves verticillate and occasionally biverticillate, coalescing
occasionally. Branchlets spinous, not nodose, the spines triangular and com-
pressed, small. The central reticulate column mentioned by Duchassaing is
hollow, and the habitation of an annelid which appears to compel the coral-
lum to form an abnormal growth of that shape. We see a similar action of
parasitic annelids in some true corals, such as Lophohelia, Stylaster, Allopora,
and others. Every one of the specimens dredged was affected in that way,
the annelid being still in place in most cases. The total height is 9 to 10 cm.
The polyps could not be observed.

Barbados, 100 fathoms.

Antipathes humilis Poukt.

PI. IX. fig. 9.

A variety of this species was dredged off Barbados. It differs from the
typical form from Cuba by its more simple and regular mode of branching.
The short stem throws off on each side, at different heights, a simple branch
forming a short curve and then growing parallel to the main stem. From
the base of that branch another sets off in the same manner and in the same
plane, and so on, so that the whole resembles certain fruit-trees trained on a
wall. The Cuba spociiuens branch according to the same plan, but do not
adhere to it so regulai'ly.

ANTIPATHES FERNANDEZII, 47

Antipathes abietina n. sp.
PI. IX. fi(j. 10.

Stem simple, or emitting a few simple branches from the base, stiff, erect,
hirsute, beset with short, simple pinnules on all sides, not verticillate. This is
the principal difference from A. fllix, which is pinnate. Pinuules nodose, be-
set with cylindrical spines. Polyps of the type with short tentacles, sur-
rounded by longer spines than those on the rest of the pinnule. Height
10 cm. Pinnules about 1 cm. long.

Every specimen has one or two worm-tubes attached to the stem, as in
A.filix (see Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, No. VI.).

Barbados, 100 fathoms.

Antipathes lenta Pourt.
Barbados, 100 fathoms.

Antipathes Fernandezii n. sp.

Main stem imknown. Branchlets pinnate, with alternate and rather long
pinnules. Densely hirsute with short spines disposed in longitudinal rows.
Spines somewhat compressed and hooked upwards near the tij). Polyps
elongated, with short tentacles, rather crowded on upper part of pinnules.

Off Juan Fernandez, in 65 and 220 fathoms.

The works of Milne-Edwards and Haime, Reuss, Duncan, Seguenza, and
others, give us the means of making a comparison between the living West
Indian coral fauna, both littoral and deep-water, and the fauna of the Euro-
pean tertiary formations. The resemblance between the two is a very strik-
ing one, as can be seen at a glance in the following table, where the genera
common to both are enumerated, the living ones being separated according
to their habitat in the littoral or the deep-sea zone. In a few cases the near-
est allied genus has been taken as the representative of the extinct one.

48

Tertiary of Europe.

West Indian or

East Americaa.

Kemarks.

Deep Sea.

Littoral.

Carj'ophylliii . . .

+

Living ill European seas.

Coeuocj'atlms .

+ ?

Living in European seas.

Trocliuoyathus.

-H

Leptocjatluis .

+

Deltocyathus .

-t-

ParaL-yathus .

-+-

Living iu European seas.

Thecocyathus .

+

Sphcnotrochus

■+■

Living in European seas.

Desniopliylluui

-h

Living in European seas.

Flabcllum . .

-+-

Living in P^urojjcan seas.

Ceratcicyathus .

+

Living in European seas.

Parasmilia . .

+

Coelosuiilia . .

■+■

Lophosuiilia

+

Syzygophyllia .

+

Represented by Antillia.

Cladocora . .

4-

Living in European seas.

Lithophyllia .

4-

Symphyllia.

+

Mycetophyllia .

+

Reef-builder.

MEeandiina . .

+

Reef-lniilder.

Stepliaiiocieiiia

4-

Reef-builder.

Astroctenia . .

+

Living in EuroiJean seas.

Favia . . .

+ '

Orbicclla

-+-

Reef-builder.

Solenastrisa .

-+-

Reef-builder.

Priouasti-tea

+

Khizan(;ia . .

-1-

Phyllangia . .

-+•

Oculina . . .

+

Lophohelia .

-+-

Living in European seas.

Aniphiliclia.

+

Living iu Jiuropean seas.

Diplonelia . .

+

Living in European seas.

Stylaster . .

+

+

Allopora living iu Eurojjean seas.

Stylophora . .

+

-+-

Represented by Madracis and Axohelia.

Siderastroea

+

Re.ef-builder.

Balauophyllia .

+

Living in Em'opean seas.

Dendrophyllia .

+

Living in European seas.

Aphyllacis . .

+

Near Erriua 1

Madrepora . .

4-

Reef-builder.

Porites . . .

4-

Reef-builder.

In comparing the tertiary fauna of the West Indies and the living of the
same region, we find the list of genera common to both much smaller
than the preceding one, as the following table, compiled from Dr. Duncan's
papers, will show. A few additions have been made, based on the examina-
tion of fossils collected by Mr. Gabb in San Domingo : —

Caryophyllia. Eusmilia. Lithophyllia.

Paracyathus. Trochosmilia. Antillia.

Trochocyathus. Parasmilia. Manicina.

Flabellum. Dichoca^nia. Colpophyllia.

Madracis. Euphyllia. Stephanocsenia.

DEEP-SEA FA.UN.E OF THE WEST INDIES. 49

Astrocaenia. Orbicella. Stylophora.

Ca^loria. Cyphasti'aja. Siderastrasa.

Diploria. Goniastrasa. Agaricia.

Mivandrina. Solenastrsea. Porites.

Favia. Plesiastrasa.

It will be noticed that there are less deep-sea genera common to the ter-
tiary and living fliunaj of the West Indies than there are common to the
European tertiary and the living AVest Indian ones. This might be thought
to be due to smaller changes of level in the latter region than in Europe.
But if we assume, as we can with great probability, that the West Indian
extinct genera belonging to the families of Turbinolidoj and Parasmilida?,
which are quite numerous, were deep-sea corals, this reasoning fails, and we
are led to the conclusion that there has really been a great change in the
West Indian deep-sea fauna ; or, in other words, that the tertiary deep-sea
fiiuna of Europe has, as it were, migrated westward and maintained itself,
whilst the greater part of the cotemporaneous forms of the West Indian
deep sea have become extinct.

Cambridge, February, 1874.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VI.

i'igs. 1, 2. Caryoijliyllia berteriana.

" 3, 4. Caryophyllia antillaruin.

" 5, G. Bathyi vatlius inaculatus.

" 7, S, 9, 10. Troclmcyatlius Rawsonii.

" 11. Dcltocyathus Agassizii.

" 12, 13. Sehizocyatluis fissilis.

" 14, 15. Sphenotmcluis auiitus.

" 16,17. Flabellum braziliense.

" 18, 19. Rhizotrocbus tulipa.

" 20. Balanophyllia floridana.

PLATE VIL

Fig. 1. Ca-nosmilia arbuscula.

" 2, 3. Lophosinilia lotundifolia.

" 4, a, 6. Antillia explanata.

« 7. Cladocora patriarca.

Figs. 8, 9. Stylaster punctatus.

" 1 0. Distichopora barbadensis.

" 11. Distichopora cervina.

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. .Vxolielia dumetosa.

" 2. Axohclia Scbrammi.

" 3. Axohella myriaster.

" 4. Axohelia mirabilis.

PLATE IX.

Figs. 1, 2. Mycedium Cailleti.

" 3, 4. Guynia annulata.

" 5, G, 7. Uuncania barbadensis.

" 8. Autipathes columnaris.

" 9. Antipathes bumilis.

" 10. Antipathes abietina.

Hassler Expedition.

PI. VI.

:-JR-

14-

A SONREL, Pllaro^.

Heliotyft^, J. R. OSGOOD & Cu.

Hassler Expedition.

PI. VII.

'^mi

A. SONREL. Photog.

IMiotype, J. K, ObGOOn & Co.

Hasslfr Expedition.

PL VIII.

A. SONREL, Photog.

lieliotype, J. R. OSGOOD &. CO.

Hasslei- Expedition.

PL IX.

%

f'^tii'0^

4.

A. SONREL, Pko!og.

Hgtiotyf>e. ]. R. USGOOI) it Co.

J^ClSSUi Zj<

L'.UniuifjitUif r/tf

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
No. VIII.

ZOOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE HASSLER EXPEDmON,

PUBLISHED BY PERMISSION OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
U. S. COAST SURVEY.

II.

OPHIUEIDiE AND ASTROPHYTID^,

INCLUDING THOSE DEEDGED BY THE LATE DR. WILLIAM STIMPSON.
By THEODORE LYMAN.

WITH FIVE PLATES AND FIVE FIGURES PRINTED IN THE TEXT.

UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE,

WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO.

1875.

LIST OF THE OPIIIURIDiE AND ASTROPHYTID.E

Collected by the Hassler Expedition and by Dr. William Stimpson.

Abbkeviations. — H. E., Hassler Expedition ; W. S., William Stimpson.

Ophiura appeessa Say. St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.
ciNEREA Lym. Off Contoy, Cuba. W. S.

1. Lat. 11° 39' S., Long. 37° 20' W., Brazil Coast; 75 fathoms. H. E.
TERES Lym. Panama. H. E.

" Galapagos. H. E.

BREVispiNA Lym. West Florida ; 1 6 fathoms. W. S.
" Guadiana Bay, Cuba. \V. S.

" Southwest of Garden Key, Florida; 63 fathoms. W. S.

" Key West. W. S.

BRBViCAUDA Lym. St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.
PANAMENSis Lym. Panama. H. E.

" var. Sequina Bay^ Lower California. H. E.

1 Payta, Peru. H. E.

VARiEGATA Lym. Panama. H. E.
OPHiopiEPALB GOESIANA Zyre. Barbadoes ; 100 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiolepis paucispina M. & T. St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.

ELEGANS Z^/.-. Off Charlotte's Harbor, Florida ; 13 - 30 fathoms. W. S.
St. Thomas. H. E. — Key West ; 8^ fathoms. W. S.
Guadiana Bay, Cuba. W. S.
Ophiozona impressa Lym. St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.
PACiFiCA. Panama. H. E.

NivEA sp. nov. Barbadoes; 100 fathoms. H. E. — Cape S. Antonio, Cuba; 424
fathoms. W. S.
Ophioceramis albida Lym. Off Kio La Plata; 19-44 fathoms. H. E. — East Argentina;

34 fathoms. H. E. — - Rio Janeiro Harbor. H. E. — Barbadoes,
100 fathoms. H..E. ,
Ophioceramis Januarii Lym. Brazil? H. E.

" Off Bahia, Brazil ; 40 faths. Cape Frio, Brazil ; 35 faths. H. E.

" Barbadoes; 100 fathoms. H. E.

" San Matias Bay, East Patagonia. H. E.

4 LIST OF THE OPHIURID.E AND ASTEOPHYTID^.

Ophioplocus Esmaeki Lym. Five miles south of Santa Barbara, California ; 22 fatlioms. H. E.
Ophioglypha Ltmani Ljn. Lat. 51° 26' S., Loug. 68° 5' W.; 55 fathoms. H. E. '
Ophiogltpha ACERVATA Zy?». Barbadoes J 100 fathoms. H. E.

Off Sand Key, Florida; 128 fathoms. W. S. — South of Sombrero K.,
Florida; 41 fathoms. W. S.
" West coast of Florida; 42 fathoms. W. S. — Lat. 21° 14' N.; 100
fathoms. W. S.]
LtJTKENi Lym. Five miles south of Santa Barbara ; 22 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiomusium acuferdm sp. nov. West of Florida; 42 fathoms. W. S. — Barbadoes; 100

fathoms. H. E.
TESTUDO sp. nov. Barbadoes ; 1 00 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiocoma jETHIOPS Ltk. Galapagos. H. E. — Panama. H. E.
PUMiLA Lik. St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.
ECHINATA Agas. St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.
RiiSEi Lik. ' St. Thomas, West Indies. H. E.
PAPiLLOSA sp. nov. Off Santa Barbai-a ; 22 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiopholis Caryi Lym. South of Santa Barbara, California ; 22 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiacantha pentacrinus Lik. Off Sand Key, Florida ; 74 fatlioms. W. S.
STELLATA sp. nov. BarbadoGS ; 100 fathoms.
HiRSUTA sp. nov. Sombrero Key, Florida ; 240 fathoms. W. S. — Barbadoes ;

100 fathoms. H. E.
MARSUPiALis sp. nov. Juan Fernandez ; 240 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiomitra valida Lym. Barbadoes; 100 faths. H. E. — Sand Key, Fla. ; 128 ftiths. W. S.

CERVicoRNis sp. nov. Off Contoy, Cuba ? W. S.
Ophiomyoes FRUTECTO.sns Zy??}. West Florida; 100 faths. W. S. — Barbadoes; 100 faths. H. E.
Ophiaotis MiJLLERi Ltk. St. Thomas. H. E. — ■ Key West. W. S. [var. quinqueradia]. Off

the Abrolhos ; 30 fathoms. H. E. — Southwest of Garden Key ;
8- 15 fathoms. W. S.
HUMiLis iy??i. Off Sombrero Key, Florida ; 240 fiithoms. W. S.
MAGELLANICA Ljn. Sandy Point, Pat. H. E. — Gulf of San Matias, Santa Magdalena,
H. E. — Puerto Bueno, Eden Harbor, Pat. H. E. — Conner
Cove, Pat. ; 44 fathoms. H. E. — Southeast coast of South
America near Bahia Blauca ; 44 fathoms. H. E.
Kroyeri Ltk. Pisco Bay, Peru. H. E. — Talcahuano Bay, Chili. H. E.
Ophionereis RETICULATA Ltk. Key West. W. S. — Rio Janeiro Harbor. H. E. — Off Cape

Frio, Brazil. H. E. — St. Thomas. H. E.
ANNULATA Ltk, Panama; 35 fathoms. H. E. — Panama. H. E. — Jaules Island,
Galapagos. H. E.
Amphiuba grandisquama Lym. Off Sombrero ; 240 fathoms. W. S. — Southwest of Sand Key ;

134 fathoms. W. S.
Stimpsonii Ltk. Off Cape Frio, Brazil ; 35 fathoms. H. E.
TENERA Lik. Off Cape Frio, Brazil ; 35 fathoms. H. E.
duplicata sp. nov. Barbadoes ; 100 fathoms. Brazil. H. E.

LIST OF THE OPHIUEID.E AND ASTROPHYTID,^. 5

Amphiura Barbara; sp. no v. Santa Barbnra, California ; 22 fathoms. H. E.

FhExvosA.1 LJu. Barbadoes; 100 fathoms. H. E. — Key Biscayne, Fk. Dr. Palmer.
CHiLENSisI Ltk. Chili. H. E.

EuGENiyE LJn. East Patagonia. Lat. 51° 26' S., Long. 08° 5' W. ; 55 fathoms. H. E.
var. ] Northeast Patagonia. Lat. 40° 22' S., Long. 60° 35' W. ; 30 fath-
oms. H. E.
REPENS sp. nov. West coast of Florida; 14 fathoms. W. S.
ANOMALA sp. uov. Juau Femandez ; 220 fathoms. H. E.
MAGELLANicA ] Ljii. Northeast of Patagonia; Lat. 41° 40' S., Long. 03° 13' W. ; 30

fothoms. H. E.
BQUAMATA iSars. Talcahiiauo Bay, Chili. H. E.
Ophiocnida scabriuscula Li/771., var. Sombrero Key, Fla. W. S.

OLivACEA Li/m. Off Florida Reefs; 100-120 fathoms. W. S. — Sombrero Key;
74 faths. W. S. — Lat. 35° S., Long. 50° 15' W. ; 70 ftiths. H. E.
filogranea sp. nov. (!'edar Key, Florida. Dr. Palmer.
Ophiostigma isacanthuji LtL: Off Cape Frio, Brazil ; 35 fathoms. H. E. — Inside Sombrero.

Key. W. S. — West Florida; 13-20 fathoms. Southwest of
Garden Key ; 63 fathoms. W. S. — Key West, Florida. W. S.
QpHiopsiLA EiisEi Ltk. Key West, Florida. W. S.

Ophioplax Ljungmani gen. at sp. nov. Barbadoes; 100 fathoms. H. E.
Ophiothrix magnifica Lym. Payta, Peru. H. E.
" var. Galapagos. H. E.

SuENSONii L/k. Barbadoes ; 100 ftithoms.

SPicuLATA ZeCrwYe. Magdalena Bay, Cal. H. E. — Panama. H. E.
violacea 31. & T. Aspinwall ; Rio Janeiro Harbor. H. E. — Near Bahia, Brazil ;
Lat. 11° 49' S., Long. 37° 27' W. H. E. — Oft' Capo Frio,
Brazil; 35 fathoms. Barbadoes; 100 faths. H. E. — St.
Thomas. H. E. — West coast of Florida 1 Guadiana Bay,
Cuba. W. S. — Key West. W. S. —Off Charlotte's Harbor,
Florida; 11-50 fathoms. W. S. — Sombrei-o ; 54 fathoms.
W. S. — Mtigeres Island, Yucatan. W. S.
Orstedii Lil: Key West. W. S. — St. Thomas. H. E.
Ophiophragmus Wurdemani Lym. var. ? Off Sombrero Key, Florida ; 47 fathoms. W. S.
Ophioscolex Stimpsonii sp. nov. Sombrero Key, Florida ; 240 ftxthoms. W. S.
Ophiomyxa flaccida Lih West Florida ; 50 fathoms. W. S. — Near Bahia, Brazil. H. E.

AsTROPHYTON Krebsii Lth. Barbadoes. H. E. Gov. Rawson.

Astrophtton Pourtalesii sp. nov. Off East Patagonia, Lat. 44° 52' S., Long. 04° 10' W.,

Lat. 51° 20' S., Long. 08° 5' W. ; 55 fathoms. H. E.

SPINOSUM sp. UOV. Panama. Mr. Landsberg.
Astrotoma Agassizii gen. et sp. nov. Straits of Magellan, Pacific side; 135 fathoms. H. E.
AsTROSCHEMA TENUE sp. UOV. 100 fathoms. Barbadoes. H. E.

oligactes Ltk. 100 fathoms Barbadoes. H. E.

6 LIST OF THE OPHIURID^ AND ASTROPHYTID.E.

AsTBOCNiDA isiDis Lym. Barbadoes % H. E.

AsTROPORPA ANNULATA Ltlc. Barbadoes ; 100 fathoms. H. E.

AsTROGOMPHUS VALLATUS Lym. Sombrero Key, Florida; 128 fathoms. W. S. — Off Sand Key;

270 fathoms. W. S.
Ophiocreas LUMBRICU3 Lym. Off Sand Key; 75- 128 fathoms. W. S.

The above list of seventy-six species, whereof nineteen are new, may be called a remarkable
one. It embraces depths from the littoral zone to 424 fathoms, the greatost number of interest-
ing things having been brought up in 100 fathoms, off the Barbadoes. Thence came the simple-
armed Astrophytons, thus far chiefly characteristic of the West Indies, though exploration may
find others elsewhere, since already we have an Asfroschema from the Great Ocean, Astrotoma
from the Straits of Magellan, and Astronyx from North Europe. The West-Indian fauna is
extended to Patagonia by OpMoceramis Jamtarii. That of extreme South America shows a
resemblance to the northern, since Ophiactis magellanica, Ophioglypha Lymani, and Astrophyton
Pourtalesii are comparable to 0. Ballii, 0. ciliata, and A. Lhickii of the opposite zone. Other
species, however, such as Astrotoma Agasskii and the Amphiurce do not bear out this resem-
blance. From Chili comes an Amphmra not to be distinguished from A. squamata of the north-
em seas. The genus Opldoscolex, thus far known from polar waters only, finds a representative
in the West Indies. In my generic distinctions, especially tliosc which centre about Ophiacantha,
I desire not to be held strictly accountable : the classification needs a revision whicli wo have
not yet materials to warrant.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES.

Ophiomusmm acuferum sp. uov.

Plate I. f. 1-5.

Special Marks. — A supplementary arm-spine on the upper surface of the
side arm-plate. A few large grains on the back of the disk. The margin of
the interbrachial space formed by a swelled plate having a deep indentation.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 7™°'. Width of arm with-
out spines, 2°"°-. Length of arm about 15°"°'. Mouth-papillae four on each
side, and one diamond-shaped, at the apex of the jaw ; all forming a continuous
line, as is usual in the genus. The mouth-frames and jaws seen from the side
{Fig. jf) have a humpy, shapeless look, and bear at their apex a small jaw-
plate which carries two or three small spiniform teeth. Mouth-shields large,
five-sided, with a long acute angle within, whereof a part is bounded by the
inner ends of the genital openings ; length to breadth, 1.4 : 1.3. Side mouth-
shields long triangular, with variously curved sides ; they scarcely meet
within, and are partly separated from the mouth-shield by the inner ends of
the genital openings. There are only two under arm-plates of conspicuous
size : these are the second and third, which are pentagonal, with an angle
inward, and lateral and inner lateral sides re-enteringly curved ; length to
breadth (3d plate), .8 : .8. Beyond, the under arm-plates are minute trian-
gular scales just at the angle of junction of the side arm-plates. These
last are thick, swollen, meeting broadly above and below, and composing the
almost entire covering of the arm on the part beyond the disk. Near the
tip of the arm {Fig. S) there is neither upper nor under plate, and the joints
are elongated and larger at their outer end. Upper arm-plates minute, trian-
gular, with an angle inward ; length to breadth, on joints near the disk, .4 : .7.
Disk covered with plates, of which some are unusually thick and swollen ;
the central space inside the radial shields is set with flat angular plates,

8 OPHIOMUSIUM TESTUDO.

many of them rudely hexagonal, and each bearing usually from one to four
large grains. Almost the entire margin of each interbrachial space is occu-
pied by a thick swollen plate having a depression in its border ; it descends
to the lower surface, where it joins the mouth-shield ; the covering of the
lower interbrachial space is completed by two massive genital scales which
run from the mouth-shield to join the outer corners of the radial shields,
which are so large and swollen as to resemble the halves of an egg. They
touch at their middle point, but diverge both outward and inward. Within
they are separated by a large disk-plate, and without by a triangular button
which rests on the top of the arm; length to breadth, 1.8 : 1.4. Arm-spines
two, cylindrical, tapering, about .4°™- long. Besides these there is on the
upper surface of the side arm-plate a supplementary spine somewhat longer
than the others. Tentacle-scales are only on the second and third plates ;
they are circular, and situated at the inner corners. The tentacles are
slender, pointed, and smooth {Fig. 5).

Color, in alcohol, white.

Hassler Expedition ; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms. Dr. William Stimpson ;
West Florida, 42 fathoms.

This species agrees with 0. validmn Ljn. as to its under arm-plates, but
differs in having supplementary arm-spines, only two regular arm-spines,
and grains on the disk.

OpJiiomusiimi represents the maximum development of external plates, and
the minimum of internal skeleton. The figure shows how poorly formed are
the mouth-frames, jaws, and jaw-plate ; and the arm-bones are still more
insignificant. Instead of the strong disks found in genera with delicate
skins, such as Ophiomyxa and Opliiura, there are only weak bones, which, in
profile, are pinched in the middle like an hour-glass.

Ophiomusium testudo sp. uov.

Pll.f. 6-8.

special Maries. — Two or three minute arm-spines. No under arm-plates
beyond the third.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, S.S""'. Width of arm, with-
out spines, 1.8°"", close to disk. Length of arm, 12.5™"-. Mouth-papillte four
on each side, and one diamond-shaped, ftt the apex of the jaws, all forming a
closely soldered line. Mouth-shields longer than bi'oad, pentangular, with a

OPHIOZONA NIVEA. 9

short angle within, at the corners of which begin the genital openings;
length to breadth, 1.1 : .7. Side mouth-shields large, long triangular, wide
without, and with straight sides, touching by their narrow ends within.
There are only two under arm-plates besides the first at the corner of the
mouth-slit. They are pentagonal, with an angle inward, and the lateral sides
re-enteringly curved ; length to breadth, .7 : .7. Beyond the third there are
no under arm-plates at all. Side arm-plates thick, and composing the entire
covering of the arm beyond the disk, excepting the small upper arm-plate.
Uijper arm-plates very small, diamond shape, with an angle without and
within ; length to breadth, .4 : .5. Disk rather high and angular, covered by
closely soldered swollen plates, having decided grooves between them ; the
upper margin is occupied by two large rounded plates, one above the other,
touching the radial shield on either side ; the central space within the radial
shields is covered by a large pentagonal primary plate surrounded by two
irregular concentric rows of smaller and rounder plates. The interbrachial
space below is covered by five pieces besides the mouth-shield, to wit, three
lumjDy plates, arranged in a triangle just outside the mouth-shield, and two
wide solid genital scales, which start at the inner corner of the genital open-
ings and touch the radial shields with their outer ends. Radial shields
roughly triangular, not much swollen, touching without, separated within by
a small wedge-scale and a large round plate ; length to breadth, 1.3 : 1.2.
Arm-spines very small, rounded, blunt ; two or three in number, and set in
a notch low down on the outer edge of the side arm-plate {Fig. S). Tentacle-
scales only on the second and third plates ; they are circular, and situated
at the inner corners.

Color, in alcohol, white, clouded with pale brown.

Hassler Expedition, one specimen ; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms.

It differs from 0. validiim, Ljn. in wanting rudimentary under arm-plates,
and from 0. Lymani W. Thorns, in fewer and shorter arm-spines ; from both
these species it differs in the smaller radial shields, higher disk, and more
swollen disk-plates, which besides are differently arranged.

Ophiozona nivea sp. nov.

Outline figures, 85, 86.

Special Marks. — Primary plates forming a conspicuous rosette in centre of
disk. A radiating line of plates in each upper interbrachial space. Lower
arm-plates hexagonal.

10

OPHIOCERAMIS ALBIDA.

out spines, 3°

Fig. 85.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 9°™ . Width of arm with-
Length of arm, 32°™-. Mouth-papilla? thirteen to each
angle, .all similar, blunt, rounded, spiniform ; the outer ones
largest, and all standing on the jaws, except the outer one
on either side, which touches the side mouth-shield. Mouth-
shields longer than broad, oval with a peak inward ; length
to breadth, 1.5 : 1. Side mouth-shields meeting within,
strongly bent outwards. Under arm-plates hexagonal, with
an angle towards each side ; lateral sides re-enteringly
curved ; length to breadth, 1 : 1.2. Side arm-plates not
prominent, and not meeting either above or below. Upper
arm-plates rudely hexagonal, wider than long ; length to
breadth, 1:2. The first two or three are small, and more or less distorted
by the encroachment of irregular supplementary scales or plates. Disk
covered with large plates, whereof a portion only ai'e sur-
rounded by smaller ones. On the back and in the centre
a conspicuous rosette of the six large primary plates, partly
separated by some minute ones; from these radiate single
lines of plates in each interbrachial space, separated by
smaller ones from the radial shields. The interbrachial
spaces below are covered by large imbricated plates and wide genital scales.
Radial shields wide, triangular, strongly diverging, touching by their outer
ends ; separated by a wedge of a large and a small scale ; length to breadth,
2.1 : 1.8. Arm-spines four, short, rounded, tapering, of about equal lengths,
1.2°"°'. Tentacle-scales rounded, standing close together on the side arm-
plate ; and outside them is a lip or little ridge.
Color, in alcohol, white.

Hassler Expedition ; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms. Dr. William Stimpson ; Cape
San Antonio, Cuba, 424 fathoms.

Fig. 86.

Ophioceramis albida.

Amphipholis albida, Ljdngman. Opliiuroidea Viventia, 314.

PI. III. f. 29-31.

Many specimens Avhich agree with the descriptions and with my notes
on the originals at Stockholm were brought from moderate depths in the
neighborhood of Rio La Plata. As Ljungman has suggested, the species
comes under Ophioceramis.

OPHIACANTHA STELLATA. 11

Ophiocoma papillosa sp. nov.

Special Marks. — Numerous (twenty or thirty) tooth-papillte. One or two
scale-like spines overlapping the base of each upper arm-spine.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 10™°". Length of arm, 45°™'.
Mouth-papillae small, four on each side. Tooth-papillfe from twenty-two to
thirty, crowded, those in centre smallest. Teeth four. Mouth-shields and
arm-plates similar to those of 0. Alexandri, except that the upper ai'm-plates
are not so regular nor so wide. Disk closely, finely, and evenly granulated,
with about seven grains in the length of a mm. ; below, the granulation is less
close. Arm-spines four, smooth, tapering, rather slender; lengths, 2, 2, 1.5,
1.3. Besides these, there are usually two scale-like spines overlapping each
other and the base of the upper arm-spine. One large tentacle-scale. Ten-
tacles, in alcohol, purj^le and set with many papilliB, while those of 0. Alex-
andri are nearly or quite smooth.

Color, in alcohol, pale brown.

Hassler Expedition ; Santa Barbara, California, 22 fathoms. A young one
fi'om the same locality had a disk of 4'°"'. It had already fifteen tooth-pa-
pillae, while the large specimens of 0. Alexandri have only nine ; and there
were to be seen the supplementary scale-like arm-spines.

0. papillosa belongs with 0. pumila, 0. Valencice, and 0. Alexandri, in the
division of Ophiocoma having flat arms, one tentacle-scale, and a light structure.

Ophiacantha stellata ?p- nov.
PI. II. f. 16-18.

Special Marks. — Disk beset above with minute stumps, each with a crown
of four or five thorns. A strong stricture between the joints of the arm.
Upper arm-spines long and needle-like.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 3.5™°'. Width of arm with-
out spines, 1.1°™'. Length of arm, 26°™. Mouth-papillae seven, stout, spini-
form, not set close together, all similar in form, but the odd one under the
teeth larger ; those on each side stand on the jaws. Moiith-shields very wide
diamond-shape, with a rounded angle without, and an acute one on either
side ; length to breadth, .5 : 1. Side mouth-shields narrow, their outer side
curved, meeting within. The first under arm-plate at the corner of the
mouth-slit is hexagonal ; the second triangular with an angle inward, bounded
without by a curve, and on the sides by re-entering curves ; the third plate,

12 OPHIACANTHA HIRSUTA.

and those beyond it, squarish, with a slight peak within and the sides re-en-
teringly curved. Side arm-plates very large, widely meeting aljove and
below ; their outer portion rises in a thick ridge, to carry the arm-spines,
which gives a knotted look to the arm {Fig. is). Upper arm-plates small,
triangular, with an acute angle inward ; the outer margin curved ; the la<>
erals re-enteringly curved ; length to breadth, .5 : .5. The outer part of each
plate is bent downward. Disk strongly contracted in the interbrachial
spaces, giving to it a star shape. Above, closely set with minute stumps,
each bearing a crown of four or five thorns and sitting on a thin round disk-
scale which is not readily seen. There are about six stumps in the length
of a mm. Below, the interbrachial space is naked, or has but few stumps.
Radial shields only visible at their outer ends, as two narrow swellings lying
in contact. Arm-spines seven, the upper very long ; all of them slender,
glassy, and with a few sharp thorns. The joints within the disk have four
short, very jagged sjiines ; the longest one .6"™ long. Beyond the disk the
two upper spines attain a length of 1.8°™-. Tentacle-scales long and narrow ;
one to each of the tentacles, which are small and slender.

Color, in alcohol, yellowish-brown.

Hassler Expedition ; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms.

Ophiacantha hirsuta sp. nov.

PI. II. f. 21-23.

Special Marks. — Jaws elongated, and bearing about seven spine-like pa-
pillo3 on each side, besides one larger under the teeth. Disk beset above with
short fine spines. Arm-spines serrated. Two large tentacle-scales. Radial
shields covered except their outer ends.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 6"""'. Width of arm without
spines, l.G"""-. Mouth-papillte seven or eight on each side and one under the
teeth ; the lateral ones are spiniform, the outer ones longest, and all mounted
on the jaws, which are prolonged in an acute angle ; the papilla under the
teeth is broader and diamond-shaped. Mouth-shields wider than long, rounded
diamond-shape ; length to breadth, .6 : .9. Side mouth-shields narrow,
slightly widened without, meeting within. Under arm-plates wider than
long, bounded by a very obtuse angle within, a gentle curve without, and re-
entering curves on the sides ; length to breadth within the disk, .5 : .7. The
first plate, at the corner of the mouth-slit, has each margin curled downward,

OPHIACANTHA MARSUPIALIS. 13

SO as to make a sort of sheath to the mouth-tentacles. Side arm-plates large,
meetmg above, and nearly below, and havhig a narrow, prominent ridge for
arm-spines. Upper arm-plates small, irregular diamond-shape, with a rounded
angle without and within, and an acute angle on each side ; on the median
line a hump or ridge ; length to breadth, .6 : .7. Disk finely scaled below,
about six scales in the length of a mm., and with a short- thin spine here and
there ; above, the scaling is not apparent, and the surface is pretty closely
beset with short slender spines about .S"™' long. Radial shields covered, their
outer ends only being marked by swellings. Arm-spines usually six, near
disk, the second and third longest ; flattened, somewhat glassy, with the
edges strongly serrated, especially those of the lowest spine ; lengths to that
of an under arm-plate (near the disk) .7, 1.3, 1.2, 1, .8, .6 : .6. Tentacle-scales
two, large, pointed oval, lying side by side. The tentacles, especialh' those
of the mouth, are thick and smooth.

Color pale greenish, in alcohol.

Dr. William Stimpson ; off Sombrero Key, Florida, 240 fathoms. Hassler
Expedition ; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms.

Ophiacantha marsupialis sp. nov.

. PI I. f. 9, 10.

Special Marks. — Upper arm-plates diamond shape ; side arm-plates meetino-
above ; small oval radial shields ; a few stout, short thorns on the disk.

Descnption of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 3.7""'. Width of arm with-
out spines, .9""'. Length of arm, 10"""-. Mouth-papillte eleven to each mouth-
angle ; thin, spiniform ; of these two on either side are much longer than the
rest and stand on the broad and conspicuous jaws, just inside the mouth-
shields ; the rest are much smaller, and make a clump at the inner point of
the angle, some standing on the jaws and some on the jaw-plate. Mouth-
shields wide diamond-shape; length to breadth, .4 : .5. Side mouth-shields
narrow, of about uniform width; not extending beyond the mouth-shields ;
meeting within. Under arm-plates narrow, longer than broad, curved with-
out, re-enteringly curved on the sides, and presenting a rounded angle
within ; length to breadth within the disk, .4 : .2. The first plate, instead of
being rudimentary, differs little in size and shape from the rest. Side arm-
plates meeting fully above and nearly below. Upper arm-plates diamond-shape,
with one of the angles rounded and directed outward ; length to breadth,

14 OPHIOMITRA CERVICORNIS.

.4 : .4. Disk soft and smooth; naked below; but thin imbricated scales
may be distinguished above. There are some scattered spines, which are
pointed, a little rough, and not over .2°""- long. Radial shields not conspic-
uous, oval ; touching at their outer points, but separated within by a scale.
Arm-spines three, slender, rounded, tapering ; the upper one the longest,
Qmm. Qj^g tcntacle-scale, which is small, spiniform, and placed on the side
arm-plate. The tentacles are smooth and rather thick.

Color, in alcohol, pale greenish-gray.

Hassler Expedition; Juan Fernandez, 240 fathoms.

The genus Ophiacantha, as now limited, contains species which vary ex-
tremely from the type 0. setosa. Indeed, there is no genus in which the
admitted species are so varied in their detail of structure. 0. marsiqnalis may
be placed in it as properly as some other species already there ; and that, too,
despite the fact that the mouth-parts and under surface in general recall, to
a certain extent, Ophioscolex. The interbrachial pouches had large young
ones in them, whose arms protruded through the genital openings.

Ophiomitra cervicornis pp. nov.
PI. II. f. 10, 20.

Special 3Iarks. — Ten mouth-papillse, whereof three are on each side of the
jaws ; two at the apex, under the teeth ; and two on the under surface of the
jaws on each side of the median line. One tentacle-scale, having the form
of a small toothed plate.

Description of an Individual — Diameter of disk, 8™""-. Width of arm without
spines, 2.5''""-. Length of arm about 42™"-. Mouth-papillge ten, all blunt,
stout, spiniform, except the outer one on each side, which is rounded like a
very thick scale : there are three on each side of the jaws ; two at the apex,
under the teeth ; and two on the under surface of the jaws just inside the
junction of the side mouth-shields. Mouth-shields diamond-shape ; length
to breadth, 1 : 1.2. Side mouth-shields short, straight, of nearly equal width,
meeting within. Under arm-plates hexagonal, with the lateral angle cut off,
where the tentacle comes out ; length to breadth, .8 : 1. The first plate, at
the corner of the mouth-slit, has its sides bent downwards, making a sort of
sheath for the mouth-tentacle. Side arm-plates stout, meeting above, but
not below, having a prominent ridge for the arm-spines. Upper arm-plates
triangulai-. with an angle inward and the outer side curved ; length to

AMPHIURA ANOMALA. 15

breadth, .8 : 1. Disk covered with somewhat thin and irregular scales, beset
with a few thorny stumps. Above, the scales are somewhat elongated, two
or three in the length of a mm. ; below, they are smaller and rounded. The
upper disk has a few coarse stumps or short thick spines, the longest about
.6™™-, with strong thorns ; the interbrachial spaces below have fewer and
shorter stumps. Kadial shields large, of an irregular four or five-sided shape,
meeting at their outer ends, but separated within by a bi'oad scale. Their
outer ends bear three thorny stumps. Arm-spines eight or nine, the three
uppermost longest, stout, somewhat flattened, coarsely serrated ; lengths to
that of an under arm-plate 3, 2.8, 2.8, 2.5, 2, 2, 1.5, 1.5, 1 : .8. One tentacle-
scale to each pore, which on the second and third plate has the shape of a
toothed crescent ; on the plates beyond, it is a thick scale with a toothed
edge.

Color, in alcohol, pale yellowish, with brown spots in radial shields and
brown bands on arms.

Dr. William Stimpson ; probably from deep water on the coast of Cuba.

Amphiura anomala sp. nov.
PI. Ill f. 26-28

Special Marks. — Sometimes two and sometimes three mouth-papillfe on
each side, of which the innermost is stoutest and is under the teeth ; scalino-
of disk rather coarse ; radial shields small and wholly separated.

Description of an Individual — Diameter of disk, 6.5"™'. Width of arm with-
out spines, 1.3'""-. Length of arm about 39"'"'-. Mouth-papilla^ either three or
two on a side ; of these one is stout, blunt, and rounded, and stands beside
its fellow at the point of the mouth-frames under the teeth ; the second is short,
spiniforra, and sits on the inner part of the side mouth-shield ; there may or
may not be a third intermediate one, also spiniform. Besides these the spini-
form tentacle-scale of the first mouth-tentacle may be seen. Mouth-shields
longer than broad, rounded diamond-shape ; length to breadth, .8 : .7. Side
mouth-shields stout, triangular, with re-entering sides ; not quite meeting
within. Under arm-plates longer than broad, rectangidar, with lateral sides
slightly re-entering ; length to breadth, .5 : .4. Side arm-plates wide, but not
prominent, nearly meeting above. Upper arm-plates not covering the sur-
face of the arm, rounded, with a peak inward. Disk rather thick, and rising
well oflf the arms ; the scaling is coarse, thickened, and rather irregular, with-

16 AMPHIUEA SQUAMATA.

out conspicuous primary plates; usually about four scales in the length of a
mm., and even fewer on the under surface. Radial shields small, irregular
oval, slightly diverging, separated by a wedge of four scales in a line and one
or two smaller ones on the sides; length to breadth, 1 : .5. Arm-spines, near
disk, six, rounded, tapering, sharp, increasing in length from the upper to the
imder one, whose lengths to that of an under arm-plate are .7, .9 : .5. Ten-
tacle-scales two, minute, and standing at right angles. Tentacles, especially
those of the mouth, thick and cross-wrinkled.

Color, in alcohol, nearly white.

In young specimens the lower disk-scales are feeble.

Hassler Expedition ; Juan Fernandez, 220 fathoms.

I have been of the opinion that Ljvmgman's genus AmjMpholis was not suf-
ficiently grounded, diftering fi'om Amphmra only in having three or four
mouth-papilltB on a side, instead of two with a space between them. The
present species comes in as a connecting form ; and a glance at Plate V. will
show that the variety in number, shape, and position of mouth-papillie in the
genus Amphiura, including AmphiphoUs, is considerable.

Amphiura squamata Sars.

I am not able to distinguish a specimen from Chili from the A. squamata of
South and North Europe, or of North America. Already {Bull. Mus. C. Z.,
III. 335) I have called attention to the possible identity of species nearly
allied to this and coming from distant localities. Ljungman endeavors to
distinguish these species by the number of upright scales along the margin
of the disk in each interbrachial space ; but I satisfied myself, by counting
those of many specimens, that this nuinber varies. Thus, thirteen specimens
from Spezia, having disks from 1.2™° to 2.5°""', had from five to eight inter-
brachial scales, and the number was not always in proportion to the size of
the specimen. Two specimens from the Adriatic, with disks of 2.2°"°- and
2.8°"" , had eight, nine, or ten scales. Two from Naples, having disks of 2.2°""-
and 3.8°""-, had eight, nine, eleven, or twelve scales. This Chilian specimen,
with a disk of 2.5°""-, had nine interbrachial scales.

Hassler Expedition ; Talcahuano Bay.

AMPHIURA BAEBAE^. ' 17

Amphiura Barbaras sp. nov.

PI. III. f. 32-34.

Sjyeckl Marls. — Three sharp arm-sijines. Under arm-plates with a notch
without. Side mouth-shields narrow and bent and nearly meeting on the
arm.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 4°™ . Width of arm without
spines, .8°"°'. Length of arm, 26°"°-. Mouth-papilltB six to each mouth-
angle, of which the two innermost run upward towards the teeth, under
which they stand ; the two on each side are stout, flat, with rounded edges ;
the outermost one stands partly on the prominent mouth-frame and partly
on the side mouth-shield. Mouth-shields small, rounded diamond-shape ;
length to breadth, .4 : .3. Side mouth-shields narrow and much bent; meet-
ing within, and nearly reaching the median line of the arms without. Under
arm-plates squarish, with rounded corners ; an obtuse angle within, and a
re-entering cui've without ; length to breadth, .3 : .3. Side arm-plates rather
weak ; nearly meeting below, but widely separated above. Upper arm-
plates much wider than long, pointed oval; length to breadth, .3 : .7. Disk
beset with fine thin delicate scales, which are much smaller on the inter-
brachial spaces below. Only the central primary plate is conspicuous by its
larger size. Above there are six or seven scales in the length of a mm. ;
below, about sixteen. Radial shields large, pointed pear-seed shape, closely
joined, or partly separated by a very narrow line of scales; length to breadth,
1 : .4. Arm-spines three, sharp, rather slender, rounded, tapering ; lowest
one longest; lengths to that of lower arm-plate .4, .4, .6 : .3. Tentacle-scales
two, small, wider than long ; set at right angles, one on the under, the other
on the side arm-plate. Tentacles large and thick.
Color, pale straw, in alcohol.

Hassler Expedition ; Santa Barbara, California, 22 fathoms,
t bears some resemblance to the descriptions of A. Ckilensis, but the radial
shields are joined, and the three arm-spines are sharp and rather long.

Amphiura flexuosa^ Ljx.

Ljungman. Ophiuroidea Viventia, p. 319. Brazil.

PL in. f. 35-37; PI V. f. 68.

This corresponds to Ljungman's description and to my notes on his origi-

18 ' AMPHIURA REPENS.

nals at Stockholm, except, 1st, the outer mouth-papilla can scarcely be
called " spiniform " ; 2d, the peculiar microscopic beak at the end of the
third and fourth arm-spines is not mentioned by him, but might easily have
escaped notice.

Hassler Expedition; one small specimen, Barbadoes, 100 fathoms. Also
several larger specimens (disk, e.S"""- ; arm, 45""" ), by Dr. Palmer, from Bay
of Biscayne, Florida. Its general appearance is that of Ophiopdla Riisei.

Amphmra repens sp. nov.

PI. III. f. S8-40.

Special Marks. — Disk naked below, finely scaled above, and without con-
spicuous primary plates. Three blunt arm-spines. One tentacle-scale.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 4.5""-. Width of arm, with-
out spines, .7°"°'. Arms long. Mouth-papilloe small, rounded, flat, scale-like ;
three on each side of the narrow, prominent mouth-frames ; the innermost
one touching the inner part of the side mouth-shield. Mouth-shields rounded
heart-shape, having a slight peak without ; length to breadth, .3 : .3. Side
mouth-shields triangular, with re-entering sides ; they do not meet within.
Under arm-plates pentagonal, with somewhat rounded corners and an angle
inward; length to breadth, .3 : .3. Side arm-plates weak, narrow, not promi-
nent; nearly or quite meeting above and below. Upper arm-plates wider
than long, with a strong curve within, and a gentle one without ; length to
breadth, .3 : .6. Disk flat and delicate, covered above with a fine, thin
scaling ; about fourteen scales in the length of a mm., among which the pri-
mary plates are not conspicuous ; below, the interbrachial space, except
next the margin, is naked. Eadial shields long and narrow, joined for their
entire length, except their sharp inner points, which are separated by a
single scale ; length to breadth .8 : .2. At their outer ends are two little
radial scales, making a small notch in the margin of the disk. Arm-spines
three, short, rounded, blunt, nearly of equal lengths, the upper one stoutest ;
about as long as an under arm-plate. Tentacle-scale one, sitting on the
side arm-plate.

Color yellowish in alcohol, with a faint stripe along the upper side of the
arm.

Dr. William Stimpson ; west coast of Florida ; 14 fathoms.

The back of the disk and arms is like A. lawis, which is from the Philip-

AMPHIURA MAGELLANICA. 19

pines, and which h.is four mouth-papillas on a side and two tentacle-scales.
It also resembles A. ptilchella, but diifers from it by being naked below and
having no prominent primary plates.

AmpMura magellanica i Ljn.

Ljungjian. Ophiuroidea Viventia, 320.

Tlie specimens agree well with the description, except that, 1st, the upper
arm-plates are rather rounded fan-shape than " oval " ; and, 2d, the arm-
spines are but feebly " thorny." The originals, at Stockholm, are in poor
preservation ; they stand near A. capensis, as do also these specimens, which,
however, differ from it in having longer and more slender arm-spines. The
largest had a disk T""' in diameter, and arms four or five times as long ;
there were seven slender tapering arm-spines, increasing in length from
above downward. Small radial-shields wholly separated by a row of scales.
One tentacle-scale. One mouth-papilla on either side, besides the thick
pair just under the teeth. The species is viviparous.

Hassler Expedition ; Lat. 41° 40' S., Long. 63° 13' W., N. E. Patagonia, 30
fathoms.

Amphiura duplicata sp. nov.
PI. V. f. 78. Outline 87.

Special Maries. — First (rudimentary) under arm-plate transversely divided
in two. Radial shields separated by a wedge of scales and only touching at
their outer ends.

Descriptimi of an Individual — Diameter of disk, 4™". Width of arm with-
out spines, 1.1™". Length of arm, 20"""'. Mouth-papillae, seven ; thi'ee on
each side, which are stout, blunt, spiniform, and

Fig. 87.

all on the mouth-frames, and one under and simi-
lar in shape to the teeth. Mouth-shields short,
hearf^shape, with an angle inward ; length to
breadth, .8 : .8. Side mouth-shields long, narrow,
slightly curved, wider without than within, where
they meet. Under arm-plates ; the first is trans-
versely divided, the inner half reaching into the

mouth-slit, while the outer joins the side mouth-shields on each side. Second
plate hatchetrshaped, with an angle within, strongly re-entering curves on

20 OPHIOCNIDA FILOGRANEA.

either side, and a curve without, where it is widest ; length to breadth,
.8 : .9. Side arm-plates robust, and nearly or quite meeting above and
below. Upper arm-plates broader than long, bounded by a strong curve
within, and by a gentle one without ; length to breadth, .5 : .7. Disk cov-
ered with large, but not swollen scales, whereof the central primary one is
conspicuous, having a diameter of .6™"-. In a line between it and the inner
ends of the radial shields there are only three scales. Radial shields pear-
seed shape, diverging inward and touching only at their outer extremities ;
separated by a wedge of two or three scales ; length to breadth, .7 : .3. Arm-
spines, near disk, four ; stout, rounded, tapering, blunt, of nearly equal length,
which to that of an under arm-plate is .5 : .7. Tentacle-scales two, small,
rounded, placed at right angles, one on the under, the other on the side
arm-plate.

Color, in alcohol, nearly white.

Hassler Expedition; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms. Brazil?

Amphmra chilensis? Ltk.

Opidolepis chilensis. Mull, and Trosch. Wieg. Archiv. IX. 120.
PI. V. f. 77.

A specimen from Talcahuano Bay, Chili, agrees well with the description
and with my notes on the original at Berlin, except that the arms of this
specimen are shorter, and the tentacle-scales larger. The description of
Miiller and Troschel says one tentacle-scale, but the specimen in the Berlin
Museum has ttvo.

Ophiocnida filogranea sp. nov.

Outline figures 88, 89.

Special Marks. — Close set granules along margin and on a part of inter-
brachial spaces of disk. Radial shields very wide and short, and joined along
their whole length. Three mouth-papillce on each side, the innermost one
stoutest. Arms long and slender.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 7™°'. Width of arm with-
out spines, l.l""""-. Length of arm, 72°™- Mouth-papillae six to each mouth-
angle ; the innermost two are largest, run iipwards to the teeth, and are
rounded ; the next on either side is smaller and spiniform, and the outermost
is flat with a curved edge. Mouth-shields small, longer than broad, five-sided.

OPHIOPHRAGMUS WURDEMANI. 21

with an angle inward ; length to breadth, .7 : .5. Side mouth-shields very
narrow, curved, of equal width, and meeting within. Under arm-plates small,
squarish, with rounded corners; length to breadth, .5 : .5. Side arm-plates
narrow and feeble, meeting neither above nor below. Upper arm-plates
large, wider than long, oval, overlapping ; length to breadth, .5:1. Disk
covered above with not very regular imbricated scales ; five or six in the

Fig. 89.

Fig. fiS,

length of a mm. Among them, the primary plates may be distinguished by
their larger size ; the scaling below is much finer and more delicate ; six or
eight scales in the length of a mm. The margin of the disk and the outer
portion of each interbrachial space is closely beset with granules. Eadial
shields wide, joined for their whole length, which to the breadth is 1.1 : .7 ;
each has a small, squarish radial scale just over the arm. Arm-spines three,
short, rounded, tapering ; of about equal lengths, .6°""-. Tentacle-scales two,
at right ang-les to each other.

Color, in alcohol, greenish-gray.

Dr. E. Palmer ; Cedar Keys, Florida.

This species has very much the general habit and appearance of Hcmipholis
cordifera. It perhaps stands nearest to Ophiocnida {^Oplmphragmus Ljn.) Loveni,
but the mouth-papillae of this last are bead-like and nearly equal ; and there
are many other differences.

Ophiophragmus Wurdemani Var. ?

A specimen by Dr. Stimpson, from Sombrero Key, 47 fathoms, had the
disk-scaling flatter and coarser and the mouth-papillaB somewhat more bead-
like than in the type. It is probably a variety.

22 OPHIOPLAX LJUNGMANI.

OPHIOPLAX gen. nov.

Teeth ; no tooth-papillce ; numerous mouth-papilla?. Scaling of disk beset
with granulation. Arms long and rather stiff. Arm-spines few and smooth,
arranged on the ridges of the side arm-plates. One very large tentacle-scale
on the side arm-plate, and others, minute, on the under arm-plate. Two
long genital openings in each interbrachial space.

The genus stands near Oj>liiocnida, but is distinguished by the numerous
mouth-papillae arranged as in Ophiura, and by the singular tentacle-scales.

Ophioplax Ljungmani sp. nov.

PI II. f. 04, 25.

Special Marks. — Interbrachial spaces below and margin of disk minutely
granulated ; upper surface finely scaled, and with small, separated radial-
shields. One large and three minute tentacle-scales. Arms pretty long
and rather stiff

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, G""' . Width of arm without
spines, LY"""-. Length of arm, GO"""-. Mouth-papillaj five on each side, and
one under and similar in form to the teeth. The papillae are flat and
crowded ; the one next the outermost much wider than the others. Mouth-
shields small, egg-shape, with the point inward ; length to breadth .8 : .7.
Side mouth-shields very small and narrow ; joining the side arm-plates with
their outer ends ; not meeting within. Under amn-plates rather wider than
long, with a curve without, an obtuse angle within, and re-entering curves
on the sides ; length to breadth, .7 : .8. Side arm-plates nearly meeting
below, but well separated above. Upper arm-plates much wider without than
within ; the outer side curved ; the lateral sides straight and sloping towards
the median line; length to breadth, .7 : 1.4. Disk finely scaled above, six
scales in the length of a mm., where they are finest. The margin and under
surface covered by a minute granulation, about sixteen grains in the length
of a mm. Eadial shields small, irregularly oval, widely separated by three
or four parallel lines of scales ; length to breadth, 1 : .4. Arm-spines three,
of nearly equal lengths ; slender, rounded, smooth, tapering ; the longest,
gmm. Qjjg very large, nearly oval tentacle-scale standing on the margin
of the side arm-plate ; and three minute ones arranged along the lateral side
of the under arm-jjlate. The tentacles are smooth and moderately stout.

OPHIOSCOLEX STIMPSONII. 23

Color, in alcohol, yellow brown.

Hassler Expedition ; Bai'badoes, 100 flithoms.

Ophioscolex Stimpsonii sp. nov.
PI. I. f. 11-15.

Special Marks. — Upper arm covered by a thin transparent skin, through
which appear the upper surfaces of the arm-bones. Each tentacle furnished
with a flap of skin standing outside of it. Lower surface and upper disk
covered by thick skin.

Descnption of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 7""' Width of arm with-
out spines, 1.4"™- Length of arm, 31"™'' Mouth-papillne spiniform, blunt,
somewhat rough, imbedded in and nearly covered by the skin. There are
nine to each mouth-angle, whereof one stands under the teeth. Besides
these there may be seen, on each side, the spiniform tentacle-scale of the first
pair of mouth-tentacles. Mouth-shields broad, oval, much obscured by the
skin ; length to breadth, .6 : 1. Side mouth-shields very small ; not meeting
within, nearly buried by the skin. Under arm-plates not visible except on
drying or removing the skin, when they appear as small shield-shaped
bodies, with an angle within, the sides re-enteringly curved and a strong-
notch without. In the same way may be distinguished the side arm-plates,
which meet below, but stop above at the level of the upper surftice of the
arm {Fig. is). At the tip of the arm the under arm-plate is nearly circular,
and is set, like a wedge, between the outer ends of the elongated side arm-
plates {Fig. 15). There are no upper arm-plates at all, and the arm-bones are
to be seen through the thin skin, both at the base of the arm {Fig. 12) and at
its tip {Fig. 1^). Disk covered above and below with a thick but tender skin,
there being neither scales nor radial shields visible. Arm-spines, outside the
disk, three; short, slender, a little rough; the lowest one longest, namely,
.7"™ long. Tentacle-scales are represented by narrow pointed flaps of skin,
one standing outside of and close to each tentacle.

Color, in alcohol, gray brown.

Dr. William Stimpson ; off Sombrero Key, 240 fathoms.

It will be seen that this species does not agree with all the characters of
Ophioscolex. Its under arm-plates (nearly as in Ophiomyxa) and the flaps to
the tentacles are features of diflerence. The type Ophioscolex glacialis, which
seems to have a naked thick-skinned disk, is really covered by thin, fine.

24 ASTROTOMA AGASSIZII.

regularly imbricated scales. Under the skin may be found the radial shields,
which are perhaps smaller than in any other species among Ophiuridce.
There are no upper arm-plates, nor do the side arm-plates meet above ;
a want which is not found even in Ophinmi/xa, whose upper arm-plates are
divided in several pieces, after the analogy of Ophioplocus, and are covered
bv a thick skin.

ASTROTOMA* gen. nov.

Disk and arms granulated. Radial ribs low and narrow, running to centre
of disk. Arms simple, and traversed by annular ridges bearing microscopic
spines. Tentacle-spines stout, erect, standing by all the pores except those
close to the mouth. No mouth-papillas. Teeth and tooth-papillfe similar and
spiniform, arranged in a clump at the inner point of the mouth-angle. Two
genital openings lying at the outer corners of each intei'brachial space.

This simple-armed Astrophyton resembles Astronyx in its dentition, while
in the covering of the disk and arms and in the tentacle-s^Dines it is between
Astroschema {PI. IV. f. 57, 58) and Astrogomplms.

Astrotoma Agassizii sp. nov.
PI. IV. f. 62-56.

Special Marks. — Radial ribs slightly marked. Disk finely granulated ; the
under side of arms and surface round mouth more coarsely granulated.
Tentacle-spines three or four; short, thick, slightly flattened, standing erect.
Upper surface of arm with low annular ridges which bear microscopic spines.
One madreporic shield.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 20°"°'. Width of arm with-
out spines, 4°"". Length of arm about ISS"""'. Tooth-papillaj and teeth
represented by a clump of more than a dozen short, stout, sharp spines, like
tliose of Astrophyton, and arranged at the inner apex of the mouth-angle,
which has no spines near its outer corners. Arms cleanly rounded above ;
flattened below, where they are covered by a smooth gi'anulation extending
to the mouth region, which is separated from the interbrachial spaces by
lines of coarser grains connecting the bases of the arms at the point where
they blend in the disk. The arched upper surface of the arm is divided into

* afjTTjp, star ; TOfi^, cut.

ASTROTOMA AGASSIZII. 25

joints by annular ridges of granules bearing microscopic spines. Close to
the tip of the arm, each joint has a ridge of two annular rows of grains
{Fig. 56), and each grain carries a microscopic spine. These two rows of
spines interlock like the teeth of saws, and are folded flat to the arm. Be-
tween the ridges are depressions which are covered by three annular rows
of gi'ains. The madreporic plate lies in the mouth region inside the line of
coarse grains connecting the bases of the arms ; it is oval and surrounded by
a setting of coarse granules. Disk roughly circular, with ten slightly re-en-
tering curves at the bi'achial and interbrachial margins. Radial ribs feebly
marked and rimning quite to the centre ; they are more coarsely granulated
than the rest of the upper surface (whose granulation makes a sort of net-
work pattern), and have four or five grains in the length of a mm. Inter-
brachial spaces below distinguished from the mouth region by their smoothness
and their minute granulation. Tentacle-spines short, stout, blunt, slightly
flattened, standing erect ; there are none by the first pore, two by the
second, and three or four by those beyond ; their bases are surrounded by a
little ridge of granulation, outside which is the pore through which protrudes
the small, short, smooth tentacle {Fig. 54). Close to the tip of the arm there
are two spines to each pore ; and here they are comparatively mvich larger,
are covered with skin and hooked at the end ; at their base are two micro-
scopic spines similar to those on the ridges of the arm {Fig. 56). The very
tip of the arm is divided into joints, but, as yet, has no grains or minute
spines ; there is, however, a stout curved tentacle-spine to each pore {Fig. 55).
The genital openings are short, and lie at the outer corners of the inter-
brachial spaces.

Color, in alcohol, nearly white.

Hassler Expedition ; Straits of Magellan, at the junction of Smythe's Chan-
nel, on the Pacific side ; one specimen from 135 fathoms.

26

TABLES OF ASTROPHYTONS AND ASTROSCHEMA.

Table of the simple-armed Astrophytons.

Teeth, tooth-pajnlloe and
mouth-paiiilUe reinesented by
a rliiiiii) of sinootli, rounded, '
tapering sjiines, chiefly at
inner angle of jaws.

Teeth, tooth-papinte, and
mouth-papilhe all spiniforni,
but arranged somewhat as
among Ophiurans, on the
point of the jaws and along
the lower edges of the mouth-
slits.

True teeth as among Ophi-
uridie. Xo tooth-papillaj or
mouth-papillse.

Genital openings at outer corners of interbracliial spaces,
and parallel to the anns. Skin granulate. Numerous peg-
like tentacle-spines

Astrotoma.

Genital openings at inner angle of iuterbrachial space. Skin
naked and soft. Thorny, hooked tentacle -spines ....

Genital openings near outer comers of iuterbrachial space
and parallel to arms. Skin granulate and beset with stumps
or spines. Arms prolonged into the disk as strong ridges
occupying most of its upper surface. Numerous tentacle-
spines with thorny ends

Genital openings near outer corner of iuterbrachial space

and parallel to arms. Skin granidate and beset with stumps

or spines. Disk rising distinct from the arms. Numerous

. tentacle-spines with thoruy ends

Astronyz.

Astroporpa.

Astrogomphus.

Genital openiugs vertical and at inner angle of interbrachial
space. Skin naked and soft, a few (usually two) tentacle-
spines to each pore Ophiocreas.

Genital openings vertical and at inner angle of interbrachial
space. Skin granulate. A few (usually two) tentacle-spines
to each pore

Astroschema.

Table of the species of Astroschema.

Tentacle-spines

Diameter of disk

Lenfrth of arm .

Width of arm .

Grains on upper
surface of arm
in a mm. long .

Disk

A. oligactes.

Two, rounded tap
ering, to each pore.
Towards middle of
arm, the one next
median line
much longer and
stouter, andthorny
at the tip, but not

lub-shape.

gmm.

140"

2.5=

53"

4 or 5 ; pointed

Radial ribs wide,
not ju'ominent ;
margin of disk
angular ; surface
rough, with sharp
grains.

A. tenue.

One small and
spiniform on each
of first two pairs of
pores ; beyond that,
two to each pore.
Towards middle of
arm, the larger one
is short, club-shape,
imm. long, and
slightly thorny.

gmm.
200"™-

1,5mm.

8 or 9 ; smooth

Radial ribs nar-
row and not prom
inent ; margin of
disk angular ; sur-
face smooth, with
small grains.

A. IsBve.

None on first
pair, or two pairs
of pores ; a single
flat one till the 8th
pore, where begins
a small additional
one, at middle of
arm, about as in
A. oligactes. (?)

A. Steenstrupii.

None on first
pair of pores ; on
all beyond two
short and thick

135°""-

3.5"

' gmro.

93"

9 to 15 ; smooth

Radial ribs wide
and arched, occu
pyingthewholeui>
per surface ; the mar
gin with 10 curves.
fJranulation fine
and smooth.

A. sulcatum.

None on first
two pairs ; then a
single small one ;
farther out, two.
Near middle of arm
the lai-ger spine is
long, bent club-
shape, and strongly
thorny at the end.

About as in ^.
oligacles.

2.5mm.

Grains not close,
but set in lines.

Radial ribs and
margin as in A
Iccvc. Granulation
an-anged in more
or less concentric
lines.

About 9 to 15 ;
smooth.

Radial ribs nar-
row and not run-
ning to the centre.
Granulation fine.

ASTROSCHEMA TENUE. 27

Astroschema tenue sp. nov.

Special Marks. — Arms slender, and in length more than thirty times the
diameter of the disk. Radial ribs narrow and running to the centre. Disk
and arms smoothly granulated.

Description of an Individual — Diameter of disk, 6™". Length of arm,
200'""'-. Width of arm near base, l.S""-. Teeth wider than long, with a
curved cutting edge. The general granulation becomes coarser on the
mouth-angles, and some of the larger grains extend upward on the sides of
the mouth-slits. Arms very slender and long; above and on the sides the
joints are indicated by gentle swellings, but the lower surface is flat. The
upper surface of the disk presents ten narrow radial ribs which meet in the
centre ; the disk margin between the ribs is re-enteringly curved. Upper
disk and arms closely granulated with smooth grains, whereof there are eight
or nine in a mm. long ; on the i-adial ribs they are somewhat coarser. The
lower side of the arm has a much finer and more scattered granulation.
Each of the first two pairs of tentacle-pores has a single small, thorn-like
tentacle-spine ; the pores beyond have two. Towards the middle of the arm
the tentacle-spine nearest the median line becomes much longer and larger,
1""' long, and has a club-shape, with fine thorns at its end ; while its fellow
retains its previous form. The mouth-tentacles project from little tubes,
which may also be seen on the pores of the base of the arm. Genital open-
ings standing close together at the inner angle of the interbrachial space and
separated by a partition.

Color, in alcohol, nearly white.

Hassler Expedition ; Barbadoes, 100 fathoms.

This species stands nearest to A. oligactes, from which it is readily distin-
guished by the longer and more slender arms, and by a granulation smooth
and fine, instead of coarse and pointed.

In a former paper [Annales des Sc. Nat.. 1872, p. 5) I expressed a doubt of
the distinction made by Dr. Liitken between Astroschema and Astromorpha,
founded on the position in the last genus of the genital openings in a hoUoiv.
By examining numerous alcoholic specimens of A. oligactes, I have been con-
vinced that this is not a valid difference. The real peculiarity in these, as
well as in Ophiocreas, is that the genital openings are at the inner angle of
the interbrachial space and are nearly vertical, instead of being horizontal
and placed alongside the arms. The genus Astromorpha may therefore be
merged in Astroschema.

28 ASTROPHYTON POURTALESII.

Astrophyton Pourtalesii sp. nov.
PI. IV. f. U-AS.

Special Marks. — Disk round and tiesli}-, covered bj a thick skin, through
which show numerous grains on the upper surface. Three or four tentacle-
spines to each joore, extending to within one or two pores of tlie mouth.
One madreporic body, often covered by the skin, and situated at the inner
angle of the interbrachial space.

Description of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, Go"""'. Width of arm where
narrowest within the disk, 8™"-. Width of largest branch, outside disk, 8"'"-.
Total length of arm measured along its branches, 204°""-, to wit : 1st fork
(which is within the disk) to the 2d (which is outside), 16°"°- ; 2d to 3d,
32"" ; 3d to 4th, 30"™-; 4th to Sth, 27""'- ; 5th to 6th, 29""-; 6th to 7th,
27mm.. 7t|j j-Q g,-!^^ ;^5mm.. g^ij ^-o 9(.1j^ lo"" ; 9th to 10th, T""-; 10th to 11th,

7""" ; 11th to end, 4'™'-. Mouth-papillaj, teeth, and tooth-papillae all similar
and spinifoi-m ; small, nearly equal, and about a dozen to each mouth-angle.
Arms smooth, covered with thick skin, and rounded. The terminal twigs
have their joints marked by annular ridges {Fig. 4.3), which bear a double row
of minute spines, folded down on the ridge, and alternating with one another.
Disk fleshy, nearly circular, and covered by a thick skin ; the radial ribs
slightly marked. There are neither sj^ines nor stumps, but a quantity of
scattered granules, which are most plenty near the centime of the back, and
are almost wanting in the lower interbrachial spaces. At the inner angle of
one of the interbrachial spaces is the madreporic shield, which is so covered
by skin as to be hard to distinguish. Three or four tentacle-spines on all
the larger branches ; shoi't, blunt, spiniform, of equal size ; about 2°"" long.
On the two pairs of pores nearest the mouth, no spines, or only a single one ;
the following three or four pores have two spines each ; and those beyond,
three or four. Each pore on the terminal twigs has but two tentacle-spines,
in form of strong spiny stumps covei'ed with skin {Fig. 43, q), close to which
the tentacle {q) protrudes.

Color, in alcohol, nearly white.

A larger specimen had the disk 75'°°- in diameter. The distances from one
fork of the arm to the next were as follows : 1st to 2d, 14™"'- ; 2d to 3d,
29'°°' ; 3d to 4th, 27'°'" ; 4th to 5th, 29"""- ; 5th to 6th, 21'°'°- ; 6th to 7th,
IS-"-"-; 7th to 8th, H-""-; 8th to 9th, 14""" ; 9th to 10th, 10""" ; 10th to 11th,
lO'""-; 11th to 12th, S""; 12th to 13th, 7"'"'-; loth to end, 7"'"'- ; in all,

ASTROPHYTON SPINOSUIVr. 29

208°"°-. It had more abundant granulation on the upper surface of the
disk, but was otherwise similar to the one first described.

Hassler Expedition ; off East Patagonia, lat. 44° 52' S., long. 64° 10' W.,
and lat. 51° 26' S., long. 68° 5' W., 55 fathoms.

This fine Asfrophi/fon belongs to the group whose arms are narrow at their
base, and the forkings few and distant. The species of cold and temperate
waters fall in this group, such as A. euaiemis, A. Lamarcldi (which resembles
the one under consideration), and A. Agassizii. The second group, whose
types are A. costosum and A. spinosum, has the arm wide at its base, and
divided often and at short intervals ; its habitat is in tropical seas. Where
the one would have a width of 8""° , and a dozen or fifteen forks in the arm,
the other would have 14™"- and twenty-five or thirty forks {Fit/s. 41 and 44),
whereof three would be within the disk, which is not circular, but deeply
re-entering at each interbrachial margin.

What are spoken of as tentacle-spines are so named from their proximity
to the pores. They might be called also arm-spines, because they are car-
ried by the rudimentary side arm-plates, as may be seen in a young Astro-
phyton (Liitken, Additamenta ad Hist. Ophiiirid., PL /., PI II. f. 17, b). The
booklets, or small spines, which stand on annular ridges and usually in
double rows, on the arms of all Astrophytidas {PI. IV. f. 4-3, 46, 51, 56), are
not immediate homologues of arm-spines, but are comparable to skin gran-
ules. Among Ophiuridge, however, such booklets are true arm-spines {PL
IV. f. 00, p., Ophiothda isidicola), attached to side arm-plates (^').

Astrophyton spinosum sp. nov.

PL IV. f. 44-46.

Special Marks. — Interbrachial spaces of disk deeply indented. Radial
ribs thick and high. Little clumps of three or four spines at each joint on
the upper median arm-line. Arm forked three times within the disk. No
tentacle-spines on the poises near the base of the arm. Five madreporic
bodies lying at the inner angles of the interbrachial spaces.

Descrijjtion of an Individual. — Diameter of disk, 42°"°-. Width of arm where
narrowest, inside disk, 15™"". Width of largest branch, outside disk, 6™™.
Total length of arm, measured along its branches, 288°™", to wit : from 1st to
2d (both within margin of disk), 14°™-; 2d to 3d, 14""- ; 3d to 4th, 14°™-; 4th
to 5th, 16°"°^ ; 5th to 6th, 15"" ; 6th to 7th, 18"" ; 7th to 8th, 15""-; 8th to

30 ASTROPHYTON SPINOSUM.

9th, 15"™-; 9th to 10th, 16°™ ; 10th to 11th, 16""'- ; 11th to 12th, 15"" ; 12th
to 13th, 15"™-; 13th to 14th, 13°"°-; 14th to 15th, 12'""-; 15th to 16th, 13"™-;
16th to 17th, 12-°» ; 17th to 18th, 10"""-; 18th to 19th, 8"™ ; 19th to 20th,
7-^-; 20th to 21st, 7°"°-; 21st to 22cl, e™"-; 22d to 23cl, 6"™ ; 23d to 24th,
gmm.. 24th to end, 5°™-. Teeth, mouth-papillEe, and tooth-papilte all similar
and spiniform ; they are sharp and slender, in number twenty or more, and
form a close high clump on the mouth-angle. Arms, near the disk, wide and
flat below and covered by a smooth skin ; above, arched and invested with a
fine smooth granulation about six grains in the length of a mm. On the
upper median line there is to each joint a row of four or five little spines
about .5""- long; and at their base there usually is a large rounded grain
{Fiff- 47). These spines are found well out on the arm. The terminal twigs
have their joints marked by annular ridges, each composed of a double row
of grains, which support little booklets. The depression between the joints
is covered by a double row of rounded grains {Fig. 46). Disk strongly in-
dented along its margin, and having deep radiating furrows on the back.
Its skin is smooth except a number of small spines like those on the back of
the arms, which are sparsely scattered in twos and threes over the upper
surface. At the inner angle of each of the interbrachial spaces is a madre-
poric shield. There is no trace of tentacle-spines near the base of the arm ;
but, outside the fifth fork, there are two or three to each pore, similar in
shape to those on the upper surface of the arm. Tentacle-pores closely con-
tracted, and only recognized by the little pits that mark their position.
Eadial ribs high and wide, occupying a large part of the upper surface ;
extending to the centre of the disk and projecting over the arms.

Color, in alcohol, purplish-brown.

Panama ; brought up by Wesley Clark, a noted diver, and presented by
Mr. Landsberg.

This new species represents, on the Pacific side, A. costosmi of the West In-
dies, although it differs widely in its details. A. costosum has a few thick
stumps on the upper disk and the radial ribs, while A. spinosiim has clumps
of minute spines.

Cambridge, January 1.3, 1875.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Ophiomusium acuferum, Figs. 1 - 5. Fig. 1, f, under surface, showing the mouth-tenta-
cles, tlie curved genital openings, and the two under arm-plates which have tentacles. Fig. 2, f,
upper surface, with its peculiar plates and the spines on the back of the arm. In thi.s species and
the succeeding one the surface is shown smooth, as it appears under water ; when dry, it is seen
to be covered with microscopic points. Fig. 3, f, a portion of the arm, near its tip, from below,
showing the complete investment by the side arm-plates. Fig. 4, s^-, the jaws and adjacent
parts, from the side : c, the jaws ; e, jaw-plate ; d", teeth ; d, mouth-papillfe ; r, ?•', the sockets of
the second and first pairs of mouth-tentacles. The rudimentary state of the apparatus will be
observed : shapeless jaws, small jaw-plate, few and irregular teeth, and the closely soldered
mouth-papillse. Fig. 5, ^, a tentacle of one of the two under arm-plates with its clapper-like
scale.

Ophiomusium testudo, Figs. 6-8. Fig. 6, -'/-, under surface, showing two of the mouth-
tentacles, the absence of an under arm-plate on the third joint, and the peculiar marginal disk-
plates. Fig. 7, -ij^, upper surface, with the intimately soldered plates. Fig. 8, J^^-, 3d, 4th, and
5th arm-joints, with their two or three minute arm-spines.

Ophiacantha marsupialis, Figs. 9-10, ^-. Fig. 9, under surface. The arms of a young
one protrude from the genital openings. The peculiar shape of the jaws will be observed ; and
the unusual size of the first under ai-m-plate, which completely encloses the second pair of mouth-
tentacles. Fig. 10, upper surface.

Ophioscolex Stimpsonii, Figs. 11 -15. Fig. 11, f, under surface. The outlines of some
of the parts are dimly seen through the thick skin. Eacli tentacle has a flap of skin outside it ;
and the arm-spines lie along the margin of the arm. Fig. 1 2, ^, upper surfixce, covered by a
thick integument, which is projected over the upper surface of the arms as a transparent film,
tlirough which the upper edges of the arm-bones may be seen, and their muscular bundles.
Fig. 13, -ijS-, mider surface of an arm-joint, with skin removed to show the plates. The small
under arm-plate and the side arm-plates are much as in Ophiomyxa. Outside each tentacle is
its peculiar flap of skin ; and, next this, the lowest arm-spines slightly denticulated. Fig. 14,
•^, ijpper surface of a joint at tip of arm ; the side arm-plates do not meet above, nor is the
vacant space covered by any upper arm-plate. Fig. 15, X^-, the joint from below. Wedged
between two side arm-plates is a circular under arm-plate, outside which are the tentacles with
their flaps, and the undermost arm-spines.

32 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE II.

Ophiacantha stellata, Figs. 16-18. Fig. IG, "jO, under surface. The difference between
the second and third under arm-plates is to be noted. Just outside the second small spine of
the second plate (on the arm to the right of the observer) may be seen protruding the minute
tentacle. Fig. 17, ^, upper surface, showing the small, deeply indented disk and the peculiar
side arm-plates, constricted between the joints, and rising suddenly into a ridge for the arm-
spines. These characters, and the narrow, nearly covered radial shields, ai-e those of the
typical 0. setosa, from which so many species now referred to the gemis vary. Fig. 18, f, three
joints, seen from above, to show their characteristic form.

Ophiacantha hirsuta, Figs. 21-23. Fig. 21, J-j)-, under surface, with the unusually long
jaws, large mouth-tentacles, and the first under arm-plate partly rolled on itself Fig. 22, Y-,
upper surfiice, showing the numerous fine spines. Fig. 2.3, -Sj-"-, the lowest arm-spine, to exhibit
the peculiar thorns of its point and edges.

Ophiomitra cervicornis, Figs. 19-20, f. Fig. 19, under surface. The first under
arm-plate is folded on itself, and the small mouth-tentacle of the second pair protrudes between
it and the outer corner of the side mouth-shield. On the under arm-plates, beyond, the tentacle-
scales have, first, the shape of thorny crescents, and then of little lobes. Fig. 20, upper surface,
showing the large radial shields and the coarse spines and stumps of the disk.

Ophioplax Ljungmani, Figs. 24, 25, f . Fig. 24, upper surface ; the scales of the margin
are covered by a minute granulation. Fig. 25, under surface, showing the singular oval tentacle-
scale, with three or four miuute ones on the under arm-plate. The interbrachial space is finely
granulated.

PLATE III.

Amphiura anomala, Figs. 26 - 28, -V-. Fig. 26, under surface. On the right side of the
mouth-angle are seen three, and on the left only two mouth-pai)illa\ Above these are the large
mouth-tentacles ; and still higher may be seen the points of the scales of the first pair of mouth-
tentacles. Fig. 27, upper surface. Fig. 28, arm-spines, from the side.

Amphiura Barbarae, Figs. 32 - 34, -Y-. Fig. 32, under surface. The tentacles ai-e thick ;
their scales minute. Fig. 33, upper surface, with wide upper arm-plates. Fig. 34, arm-spines.

Amphiura flexuosa 1 Ljn., Figs. 35 - 37. Fig. 35, Y; under sm-face, showing its very
minute, feeble scaling. Inside the mouth-shield are two small mouth-papilla;, followed by the
little jaws bearing the other pair of papillae ; beside these are seen the second pair of mouth-
tentacles, and the scales of the first pair. Fig. 36, Y'. "Pper surface, with the radial shields
separated by a central row of scales, and some others, ill-defined, on either side. Fig. 37, ^-,
third and fourth arm-spines, which differ from the rest in being stouter, a little rough, and in
having a microscopic beak at the tip. See also Plate V. Fig. 68.

Amphiura repens, Figs. 38 - 40, -4&. Fig. 38, under sm-face. Most of the interbrachial
space is naked, as in A. semiermis. The'narrow jaw can-ies six bead-like mouth-papillaj. Fig.
39, ujiper sm-face, which much resembles that of the East Indian A. hwis. Fig. 40, arm-spines.

Ophioceramis albida (Amphipholis Ljn.), Figs. 29-31, V-- F'g- 29, under surface.
The lai-ge side mouth-shields, numerous mouth-papillEe, and short genital openings are the char-

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. , 33

acters here to be seen which separate it from Aiiip/iiura. The small tentacles are somewhat
protruding, each with its two scales. Fig. 30, upper surface, showing the strong, coarse scaling
and thick upper arm-plates of the genus. Fig. 31, arm-spines.

PLATE IV.

Astrophyton Pourtalesii, Figs. 41-43. Fig. 41, |, under surface of the interbrachial
space which has the maJreporic l)ody. On the mouth-angle are the few and small tooth-spines,
and the mouth-tentacles. Following the arm, the first joint has tentacles with no spine ; the
joints beyond have, for the most part, three or four spines to each tentacle. The narrowness of
the arm and the single fork within the disk will be noted as compared with the broad arm and
three forks of Fig. 44. Fig. 42, \, upper surface, showing the low radial ribs, sparse granula-
tion, and smooth arms. Fig. 43, W a joint at the tip of the arm, showing the peculiar minute
spines, which are folded down, more or less covered by skin, and placed in two alternating rows.
Below are the large tentacles {(/), and their hooked spines (q), cased in skin, of which there are
two to each pore on this part of the arm. The northern species, A. Af/asshii, has also two large
tentacle-spines to each pore at the tip of the arm (Figs. 49, 50, q, q'), with a ridge correspond-
ing. In Fig. 50, a tentacle may be seen pi-otruding from several of the pores.

Astrophyton spinosum, Figs. 44 - 47. Fig. 44, \, under surface, with one of the five
madreporic shields. At the mouth-angle is a crowded clump of numerous tooth-spines, and, on
either side, a mouth-tentacle ; just outside is a double swelling, which is a part of the jaws.
There are no tentacle-spines on the broad arms, and the pores are represented only by feeble
depressions. Fig. 45, |, upper surface, with the wide high radial ribs, and the broad cicatrices
at their outer ends. On the disk and arms are the characteristic groups of small spines. Fig.
46, -"y", a joint from tip of arm. Each ridge has a double row of granules bearing minute hooks ;
and each depression has also a double row of granules, which have not so much of a pit in their
centre as is represented in the drawing. A joint of similar chaiucter is that of A. cacaoticum,
Fig. 51, where the specimen was dried and many of the booklets rubbed off, showing the gran-
ules on which they stood. It must be borne in mind that these granules do not correspond to
side arm-plates, nor their booklets to arm-spines. Where booklets are found among Ophiuridre
they are arm-spines and stand on side arm-plates, as may be seen in the young of Ophiothe/a
isidicola, Fig. 60, where an arm-spine (p) and booklets {p') are found on the side arm-plate (i).
Fig. 47, f, upper surface of arm, near the disk, to show the granidation, and the row of small
spines which crowns each joint.

Astrophyton exiguum, Fig. 48, f . Upper surface, from the original and unique specimen
of Lamarck in the (!arden of Plants. The specimen has the granulation partly rubbed off, ex-
posing the compound radial shields or ribs (1) which characterize the genus. It doubtless is a
young one, which adds to the trouble of finding what the species really is.

Astrophyton Agassizii, Figs, 49, 50. Tip of arm. from a living specimen, much magni-
fied : side, and under surface.

Astrophyton cacaoticum, Fig. 51. Joint from tip of arm, dried, and much magnified.

Astrotoma Agassizii, Figs. 52-50. Fig. 52, \, disk and one arm complete, from above.
Fig 53, y, under surface, showing the finer and coarser granulation, the Astrophytou-like tooth-

5

34 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

spines ; the madreporic shield, and the strong, upright tentacle-spines. The first pore, outside
the mouth-slit, has a small tube but no spine. From the pores on either side of the madreporic
plate may be seen protruding the small tentacle covered by two spines. Fig. 54, ^, a tentacle-
pore with its thi'ee spines mounted on a granulated ridge. Fig. 55, ^-, tip of an arm I'olled on
itself; there are, as yet, no granules or small spines; but the curved tentacle-spines are formed.
Fig. 56, ^, a joint close to tip of arm. The ridges have two rows of granules, each bearing a
minute jointed spine which is usually folded down, the whole fitting together like fingers of two
hands. The intermediate sunken space is covered by three rows of granules. Below are seen
the large tentacle-spines (q), hooked at the end and covered by thick skin ; on the base of the
exterior one are two little spines similar to those of the granulated ridges above.

Astroschema leeve, var., Figs. 57-59, from original in the Garden of Plants. Fig. 57,
^, under siuface of a dried specimen. The mouth-angles have only teeth. The first pore has no
scale ; the second, one. The gi'anulation in this figure and the next is made too coarse ; there
should be twelve or fifteen grains in the length of G"""-. Fig. 58, f, upper surface, showing its
regular division in lobes with curved margin, and the arm joints as successive swellings. Fig.
59, ^, interbrachial space seen horizontally from without, exhibiting the vei-tical genital open-
ings at the inner angle. The specimen varies from the t^-pe in having a finer disk-granulation.

Ophiothela isidicola, Fig. GO, *^-, to show the relation of arm-spines (p) and booklets (p')
to the side arm-plates (i) among Opbiuridse.

PLATE V.

Outlines of the mouth-angles, mouth-shields, and under arm-plates of twenty-four species of
Amphiurn. to exhibit the leading forms. The Amphiurcr, in the restricted sense of Ljungman,
are put first (Figs. GI - G8), to wit, those which have only four papilla? to each angle, while the
tentacle-scales of the first mouth-tentacles are seen higher uji. Then follow species that have
six or eight papilla; to each angle (AmphipJiolis Ljn.), among which will be noticed a great variety
in size, form, and relation of parts. Between Figs. 68 and G9 would naturally come ^-1. anomala,
PI. IIL Fig. 2G, an intermediate form, which satisfies me that there is no reason for cutting the
old genus Amphiura in two. Fig. 68 is from an older and larger specimen than Fig. 35,
Plate in.

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Date Due

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