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ILLUSTRATED

DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE

OF

Grape Growers' Manual

BY

BUSH &SON & MEISSNER

VlTICULTURlSTS AND PROPRIETORS OF

FOURTH EDITION. COPYRIGHT SECURED.

ST. LOUIS, MO.
R. P. Stttpt^f.y it Co., Prtxters. Ltthographkks and MANiTFACTrRiNO Stattonkrs.

1895.

COKXKKl'S.

I. GRAPE MANUAL.

PA(!E.

Origin, pi't'-historif, biblical aiul legendary 1

Climate, Soil, Aspect, and other influences affecting the Grape 2, 3

Historical Notes. Attempts to Cultivate tlie European Grape; their failure. The Phylloxera 4, G

Classlfioation of the True Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo 7—18

'■ and Viticultural Observations upon our Native Species, by T. V. Munson, of Denlson, Texas.. 19— SO

With Notes and Extracts from Tliird Edition 19— .SO

£.ooatioii: I'reparing the Soil; Planting; Number of Vines per Acre 31, 32

Planting:. Seed Culture. Tendency to Variation, etc 33

Clirat'tinK:. ^'arious Methods, with many Illustrations 3-1—42

Planting:. (Continued.) Training:. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. Cultivating 4.3—46

Prnning:. Treatment during Second and Third Seasons. Training, etc 47— .'il

Diseases of tlie Orape, by Dr. G. Engelmann, with Introductory Kemarks 52

Fnng:ous Diseases of the Grape and their Treatment, by B. T. Oalloway 53—58

VitiCHltnral Remarks on Milde.w and Rot ; Retrospect and Prospect .59—62

Bag:g:ing: or Sacking Grapes 63

Insects Injurious to the Grape, after Prof. C. V. Riley's Reports 64—70

" Beneficial, feeding upon Injurious In.sects, by same 70—72

Ciathering:, Packing, Preserving, etc 72

Wine Making: 73— so

II. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

(pages 81 TO END OF VOt,lIME.I

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1894, by Bitsh & Son & Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Wasliington, D. C.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS IN GRAPE MANUAL.

Fr<J. PA(1K.

1— .33. Table of Grape Seeds, by Dr. Engelmann .... U

34—37. Diaphragm of Different Species H

38-40. Grape Flower 7

41. V. Rupestris 21

42. N'. Vulpina or Riparia 23

43. V. Lincecumii 26

44. V. .Estivalis 28

45. V. Bej'landieri 3()

FKJ. PAOK.

46— 63. Grafting 36-42

64— 76. I'lanting, Training and Pinning 43—51

77—78. Black Rot and Brown Rot 54

79. Anthracnose 55

80. Pun)p, etc., for Spraying 58

80-81. Black Rot, Treated 62

82—102. Insects 64—74

103—105. l'\'rm«'nlirig Nat and I'uiinel 78

PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.
1894.

A book of which, twent^'-five years after its first publication, a new edition is de-
manded, a mere (rrape-Catalogue which has been read by the people of many nations and
translated into many of the principal languages of the civilized world, requires no excuse
for its republication. Its third edition (1883) was received with such favor by the public
and the horticultural press, that the demand for it exceeded our expectations. The entire
edition was soon sold out, manj^ orders for copies remaining unfilled. The question why
a new edition did not make its appearance long since maj^ therefore be raised.

At the time when we Americans gloried and rejoiced in having saved the French vine
by means of our Phylloxera-resisting varieties, at the time when we had reconstituted her
ravaged vineyards, our own were suffering from the annually increasing fungoid diseases
of the grape. Rot and mildew became so destructive and discouraging that grape-grow-
ing, to a large extent, east of the Rocky Mountains, was considered a failure until some
preventive or remedy for those diseases might be discovered. At the same time the finest
European grapes were grown so successfully and abundantly in California that the price
of wine and table-grapes was reduced below^ the cost of their production in this part of
the United States.

But owing to the fact that some exceptionally favored regions were exempt from
eryptogamic maladies, and to the love and enthusiasm entertained for the grape by some
of its old cultivators, its culture was still maintained.

Now, however, with the discovery of a remedy for grape diseases, renewed confidence
to successful grape-growing has been inspired and, encouraged bj' many of our veteran
viticulturists, we yielded to the flattering demand for a new edition.

Mr. B. T. Galloway, Chief of Division of Vegetable Pathology, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, has kindly prepared for this edition an article on the I)iseases of the Grape
and their Treatment.

The classification of the true grape-vines, by our late Dr. Geo. P^ugelmann, — the last
work of this great botanist, — has been continued, as it were, by the studies and observ-
ations of Prof. T. y. Munson, illustrated by photo-gravures from nature.

Prof. C. V. Riley, whom health considerations forced to resign the honorable position
of Chief of U. S. Entomological Department, before his departure for P^urope, kindly
revised the article (contained in previous editions) on Insects of the Grape.

The excellent treatise on grafting, after the French of the late lamented Aime
Champin, also the articles on planting, training, pruning and wine-making, have been
revised and enlarged by us with the kind assistance of eminent practical viticulturists.

In fact, the Grape Manual is largely a new work, containing interesting, instructive
and valuable information to the cultivator of the grape and furnishing a work rich in
material for a record of past failures, present hopes and progress in viticulture.

Another improvement, herein attempted, is the descriptive part of our Catalogue,
which makes it a complete dictionary of all American varieties, old and new ; a very
valuable feature long desired for various reasons, though objected to by some on account
of excessive voluminousness. But the typographical arrangement employed makes the
greater or less importance and general popularity of varieties recognizable at a glance.

The completeness of our list may also prove valuable to collectors and experimenters,
and should aid producers of new varieties in avoiding the duplication of names.

We have endeavored to give correct and accurate descriptions, made clearer by many
portraits, true to nature, and have tried to avoid overdrawn or exaggerated illustrations.

Yet, with all that, we are aware of deficiencies in this work, and while we feel as
though we had fallen short of the end we aimed at, we i^till hope that, '-after all, it will
be of some use to mankind."

BISII & SON & MEISSNER.

[ FROM FIRST EDITION, 1H6!). ]

Our success in grape growing, and in the propagation
of grape-vines, has been highly satisfactory, in fact, far
beyonil our expectations. In view of the very great
i-oiniietition of even large, well-l<nown and long-estab-
li^^lifd nurseries, this success is highly flattering, and
has encouraged us to increase our ett'orts.

We do not "pi-etend to furnish "better and cheaper vines
than can l)e afforded by any other establishment." All
we do claim is, tliat we hope to merit a reasonal)le share
of patronage, the continued confldence of our custom-
ers, and a fair profit.

In this connection, we cannot refiain from referring
with a cex'tain pride to the voluntary assurances of sat-
isfaction we have received. Desiring to return our
tlianks to our customers in an approjjriate and tiiiigible
form, and to lespond to a desire oftt^n expressed l)y our
correspondents, we concluded to present them with a
tine JIlKsirated and Descriptive Catalogue, wherein the
characteristic and relative merits of our ditferent va-
rieties are clearly stated.

We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We tried
to produce something better than a mere price list,
something that will be interesting and useful to pro-
gressive grape culturists, and have not spared time,
labor or money in preparing it.

It has become customary to prefix to a Descriptive
Catalogue of fruits and flowers .some brief directions
for their cultivation, and we liave been urged to do the
same.

We are aware, however, tliat some short and very in-
complete directions, "a few hints," do more harm than
good. They generally serve only to confuse the tyro oi'
misrepresent grape growing as a very easy matter, re-
quiring no larger outlay of capital, nor any more knowl-
edge, skill and laljor than is necessary to produce a,
crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But, on the
other hand, we are also aware that the excellent taut
somewhat costly books on grape culture, by Fuller,
IJusmann, Strong, and others, are not puiciiased by
cvt'iy grape grower. Moreover, considrraljU' progress
lias l)een made in grape culture since tlu'sc linoks were
written. Thus we came to the coiu'lusioii tliat a short
manual, containing jjlain directions in regard to the
planting, culture and training of grape-vines, and of-
fered for less than its cost, would be welcome; and while
we lay little claim to originality, we hope that this
Catalogue may afford pleasure and profit to some of
those at least into whose hands it may come.

rsinoR BUSH & son.

[FROM INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION, 1875.]

Six years, embracing the most disastrous and the
most favorable seasons to grape culture, have elapsed
since the first edition of this Catalogue. Our experience
has been enriched, observations have been made on old
and some new varieties, l3ut above all, one circumstance,
the discovery of the Grape Root-louse, the Phylloxera,
has led to a new, radical study of the American
grape-vines.

Our business as grape growers and propagators as-
sumed such large dimensions that we discarded the
culture and propagation of small fruits, etc., and de-
voted all the space of our grounds, all our means, cares
and attention to Grape Culture only and exclus-
ively, for which we have unusual facilities, and a most
favorable soil and location. This enables us to raise a
superior stock, and to make it more advantageous to
the public, and even to the leading nurseries of other
branches of horticulture, to deal with us, whose grape-
nursery business is now admitted to be one of the fii-st
and most extensive of its kind in the United States of
America.

We owe our reputation to our determination to give
complete satisfaction, and to deserve the entire confi-
dence of our customers.

We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially
recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have real
superior merit, and while the demand compels us to
disseminate some inferior varieties (.Hartford for in-
stance) and untried novelties, over-praised, perhaps,
by their originators, our Descriptive Catalogue shall
save the reader from some of the bitter disappointments
which grape growers have so often experienced.

We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue
praise, and to mention the shortcomings of even our
best varieties; we especially desire to warn against the
error of considering any variety fit for universal culti-
vation. To this end a study of the classification of
our grapes in the Mamial, is earnestly recommended.
Many failures will thus be avoided which have blasted
the hopes, so prevalent ten years ago throughout the
country, with regard to grape culture.

[FROM PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION, 1883.]

Tlie BtJSHBERG Catalogue has i)ecome a vade mecum
of American grape-growers; it has also been translated
into French and Italian, an honor probably never be-
fore bestowed on any nurseiymans fruit catalogue.
Its reprint has long l)een demanded, but we could not
consent thereto until we had leisure to tlioroughly re-
vise it. The experience an<l rescaiclies of these eight
yi'ai-s, since the issue of the second edition, enable us to
rectify some of its defects, to si)eaU more detinitely of
tlie merits and demerits of many varieties, then new
and untried, and to add a very large number of new
(iUAi'KS wliich have since been produced or introduced.

The A.MKRiCAN Gkai'e has also l)ecome of greater and
more compieliensi ve importance by virtue of its now
well (;stal)lislied Phylloxera-resisting qualities, and,
though giown in Europe cliiefly as a grafting stock for
their favorite kinds, every variety has been tested
there; tlius enabling us to add to our own opinion tliat
of the best foreign connoisseurs. Nor have we neg-
lected to consult the views of other gi'ape-growers,
an<l to avail ourselves of the many valuable essays on
the graiie, written by eminent hoi'ticultural authors.

I)i{. (JKoiuiE Kngelmann, the celebrated botanist, has
enhanced the value of our Catalogue by revising for it
his Classification of the True Grape-vines of the
I'MTEi) States. He has, in fact, entirely re-written it.
He has also fav<ned us with a short essay on the I)is-
e\ses of the Grapk -Mildew and Jtot. We are well
aware tliat this chapter is still very defective, nor can
the subject be satisfactorily treated until scientific re-
searches and experiments may have found .some i)iac-

tical means of curing or protecting our vineyards from
these pests, not less destructive to our vineyards than
the I'hylloxera to those of Europe.

In this revised edition will also be found a far more
exhaustive article on Grafting than was presented in
the former. Our experience in this now so important
operation, and the excellent work of Aime Champin, on
the same subject, enable us to furnish a chapter which
to many may be both valualile and interesting.

Assisted by I'rof. C. V. RiI/EY, Chief U. S. Entomolog-
i(;al Commission, we have been enabled to amplify the
chapter on Insects by a Itrief account of the beneficial
species, useful to the grape-grower.

At the repeated re(iuest of a large number of grape-
growers, we have added a few hints on the subject of
Wink-making, which may not be quite useless to begin-
ners, though we have not clianged our opinion (ex-
pressed in iformer edition) as to the necessitj^of practical
knowledge and experience, in order to succeed.

But far more than the Grape Manual has the
Descriptive part of this Catalogue been augmented.

The favorable and highly complimentary opinions
voluntarily expressed liy our most prominent horti-
culturists, with regard to the previous edition (1875),
])ermit us to hope that this new one will meet with a
still more favorable reception.

That it may be useful to our grape-growers and en-
hance their love of the noblest fruit and its cultui'e, is
the wish of

BUSH it SON & MKISSNER.
Bushberg, Mo., October, 1883.

XESTIVIONIAI^S.

We could lill a book with voluntary testimonials of prominent Ilorticnlturists, Grape-growers and
Nurserymen, who favored us with their commands, and to whom we may confidently refer, but we
flatter ourselves that our reputation is so well established, that testimonials are unnecessary.

Opinions of some Prominent Hoitlcultuilsts and from tue Press

ON THE THIRD EDITION.

yFrom the Hon. Makshai.i- P. Wii.DKH, Maaa., President
American Pomological Society.]

DoRCHF.STEK, .Tiuiuiiry 14, 1884.
"I was t?reatly pleasi'd witli ynur Ciitalosue, not ouly
for its elefraiice and tlic useful iiifoiniation which it
contains, but to see howeiiterprisinji you are in keeping
up with the age in grape culture. Surely you have be-
come an acknowledged authority."

Marshall P. Wilder.

\From Petkr Bahv-Y, of FUwanger cf Barry, Vice-Presi-
dent American Pomological Society.]

Rochester, December 4, 1883.
"Your Grape Manual and Catalogue is a work of great
value, issued in excellent style."

P. Barry.

[From W.M. Saunders, Supt. E-cperimental Station, U. S.
Ijepartment of Agriculture]
Washington, D. t'., November 28, 1883.
"Such a work deserves more than the stereotyped
form of compliment. It is at once the best Catalogue
and the best Manual on American giapes that has yet
been published."

William Saunders.

[From Prof. W. .1. Bkai>, Secretary American Pomological
Society."
Lansing, Mich., Xoveiul)er 30, 1883.
"It is a grand work— far ahead of anything of the
kind T know of in this countiy."

W. .1. Heal.

IFrom Robert M.\nning, Es<^.. Secretary Masnachusetts
Horticultural Society.]

Boston, Pecember, 1883.

"The Bushberg Catalogue is a treatise on the Botany,

Cultivation. Diseases, Insect enemies, and Varieties of

American Grapes, ratlier than a Catalogue, as that is

commonly understood. I am glad to Icnow that the

Frevious editions have been translated into French and
talian— an honor which they certainly deserved. I
know of no better Manual of everytliing I'elating to
American grapes. It should be iji every public liljrary,
and in the hands of every American grape grower."

Robert Manning.

IFrviii the Originator of Ro(iERS" Hybrids.]

Salem, Mass., l)ecenil)er 28, 1883.
"Thanks for your most valuable Catalogue of Grapes
aod Vines. It is the most valuable treatise on this sub-
ject I have yet seen. I notice one little inaccuracy,
where you say the grapes of mine were produced in a
small garden in Roxbury, Mass. It should read Salem,
^fass., where I now reside. Yours, truly,

I
Edward S. Ko<;ers. I

lF7-om GEOR(iE Ellwangkr, Proprietor Afount Hope
Nurseries.]
Rochester, N. Y., Deceml)er 27, 1883.
"It is a work of great value, and fariii advance of any
woi'k of the kind."

Geo. Ellwangek.

[From Prof. T. .!. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial
University.]
Champaign, 111., November 30, 1883.
"It surpasses in interest and excellence anything of
the kind with which I am ac<iuainted, whether pro-
duced at home or abroad."

T. .1. BURRILI,.

IFrom G. Onderdonk, the Pioneer ViticuUurist of Southern
Texas.]
Victoria, Texas, November 27, 1883.
"The old edition was very valuable, and the new edi-
tion is a vast improvement. You have done American
viticulture a valuable service."

Gilbert Onderdonk,

[From Prof. T. V. Munson, Esq.]

Denison, Texas. December 1. 1883.

"I think your modesty in simply calling it a' Ca<aio<;«e'

does the great woi'k aninjustice. It is a most complete

and valuable treatise on American grapes. . . . Its

gems of knowledge will make it widely sought atiyiiow."

T. V. Munson.

IFrom, I) S. JIarvin, Watertown, N. Y.]

Watertown, December, 1883.
"I consider it tlie best work we have on native grapes.
Its new features and expansions bring it up to date. It
is invaluable to the grape-grower. I would not sell my
copy for S.5, without l)eing a])le to replace it with an-
other."

D. S. Marvin.

'iFrom Prof. I'laxchon, Director -'La Vigne Ameri-
caine," etc.]

Cette troisieme edition d'un ouvrage deja plein du
valeur, est une oeuvre completement ranouvellee par
les additions et les modifications nue vous y avez intro-
duites. J'ai beaucoup engage Mons. L. Bazille a en
f aire la traduction. . . . Un livre que peutrendre en
Europe des grands sei'vices et qu'll est i)on de mettre a
la port^e du plus gi'and nombre de vignerons.

Planchon.

NOTE — We regret very much the loss of a number of

valual)le testimonials destroyed by the great fire on

last Christmas eve, which laid our St. Louis office in

ashes.

BUSH & SON & MEISSNER.

BRIEK EUITTORIAL NOTKS.

[From the - Jlural Xen- Yor/.-er." Feb. 23, 18H4.]
liushherg lllusrated Catalogue of American Grape- vines.
Bush cf Son cf Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.
r was glad to see, in a late number of the Rttral Nkw
■^'ORKER, some extracts from this excc^llent work, ac-
companied by illustrations of the most ai)provt'(l
methods of grafting the vine, for tiiis is prol)ably one of
the best and most practical articles on tiiis sul).iect yet
published. I would like also to expi'ess my approval of
t ht> entire work, for it seems to liave l)een written care-
fully and conscientiously, and certainly contains a
larger amoujit of valuable information ill i-c fere nee to
.\merican grai)e-vines than any catalogue I have
ever seen. The article ui)on f'he classification of
Amerii-an vines by means of their peculiarities of
growth, the unfolding of the leaves, thcii- wood-growth,
and the size, weight and configuration of the seeds, is
both curious and interesting, and is ))robably a step in
advance toward the solution of a most diffl'cult prob-
lem. The articles upon planting, pruning and ('ultiva-

tion are practical and good, and Just what the novice
retiuires to guide him to success. The articles also
upon the diseasesof tiie vine and upon injurious insects
are full, and contain tlie latest and ninst inUlligeiil
views u])on t liosc subjects. In the catalogvie and des-
criptions of t he gi-eat number of Aniei'ican vines which
have appealed, tlie wi-iter, who is supposed to be the
.senior member of the firm, is doubtless influenced by
his lociility and also by his evident love for this "noblest
fruit." In some instances he is, iierhaps,

"To their faults a little blind,
And to their virtues very kind."

But. as a, rule, I bi-lieve the de.scriptious are fail' and
iinliia.sed, and as I'eliable as they could well be made.
11 is not only a very complete descriijtive catalogue,
but a valuable contribution to our stock of grape
knowledge which deserves the thanks of all interested
in the subject of American grape culture.
Delaware, Ohio. Geo. AV. Campbell.

BRIEF EDITORIAL NOTES.-Continued.

[From the "Cn/tiralor and Country Gentleman" Jan. 18<S4.'\

Grape Catalopite. — We have received from Busli & Son
\- INIeissiier, of Busliberg Mo., tlieir Illiisti'atcd Descrip-
tive Catalosiueof Anierrcan tii-apos and (iiape Growers'
Manual, a larse pamphlet of 150 pages, half of which is
occupied with very complete descriptious of tlie many
Icnowii American varieties, and copious illustrated in-
structions are furnished for the manajiement of the
\'ines. A convenient descriptive index is given to tlie
240 descriptions. This catalogue appears to have been
prepared with great care, and will he valuable to grape
gi'owers.

[From the

Fanner's Home Jonniah" Lonisvi/le. Ky.,
December, 1S83.']

Grape I ataliii/iie.— By far the most complete and vahi-
able essay on the grape, its varieties and their culture,
is the illustrated Descriptive Catalogue, issued by
Bush & Son & Meissner, Bushherg, Mo. We have re-
ceived from them a copy of the thij'd edition, which
has iust been issued. It is eiglit years since the second
edition was prepared, and this latter publication con-
tains the vast information and experience that have
heen accumulated during these years, so prolific in new
\ arieties, and so full of investigation by men of science
and slcill. It is worth five times the i)rice to any grape
grower, and we urge every one to procure a copy, as
they will find it invaluable as a work to study, and
t lien to use as a book of reference.

[From the "National 'J'ribune." Washington, D. C, Decem-
ber 0, 18S3.]

yew Catalogue by Bush (f- Son if Meissner, Biishberg, Jeffer-
son Co.. Mo.
We make uo hesitation in giving oui' opinion on the
above, viz.: that we consider it the most valuable cata-
logue ever gotten up on American grapes. More than
this, it is, in some respects, by far the best manual
which has yet appeared on this subject.

[From "Colman's Rural World," Deremlier, JSS3.}
Samuel Miller, Horti(-ultaral Editor.

The Bushberg Grape Catalogue.— We are often asked hy
beginners what worlc on grape-growing is the best to
to get, and for a good while referred them to Hiisniann's
work on grapes and wine. But this one above referred
to, contains about all the information that the previous
works liave, and a large amount of valuable informa-
tion never before published on the subject. For forty
years I have been getting every work on the grape that
I could hear of, and consider this of Bush & Son &
Meissner the most valuable work of the kind yet pub-
lished in the English language; and it should be In the
possession of every man that grows grapes, or intends
floing it. It teaches the Ijeginner from the first start so
plainly, that it is impossible to err, and the description
of varieties ahjng wnth the classifying the different
families of grapes is complete.

[From the ''American Gardin." X. I'., Dec, JSS3.1

Bush if- .S'«» tf- Meissner, Bushherg, Mo. — Illustrated
Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines. This
hand.some pamphlet, of over one hundred and fifty
pages is not as its title might indicate, a mere nursery-
man's price list. In fact, it contains no prices at all,
hut is a complete manual, treating of everything per-
taining to the treatment and culture of Grapes. The
<lescri])tive list of varieties, up to the pi'esent time, is
the most complete and relial)le work of the kind ever
l)ul)lished.

[From the " Weekly ."iuu," Neir York. Jan. '.). 18S4.\
A. S. Fuller, Agricultural Editor.
A Valuable Catalogue. —We are frecjuently reminded of
the great amount of valuahle information that is being
disseminated in dealers" i-.'i talngues, l)ut have met none
tliat fvcelled in this fespect the Bushlierg catalogue of
uiapt'-vines. published t\y Hush & Son & Meissner, of
lUisliberg, Mo. This Is not nu^rcly a catalogue, but an
extended treatise on the vine, commencing with a thor-
ougli scientific review and description of all our native
species, written expressly for this work l)y Dr. George
Engelmann, of St. Louis, who has prol)al)ly given more
time to tiie study of our indigenous grapes than any
other living botanist. It next gives an essay on the
diseases of the vine, which is followed by a cliaptt-r on
insects injurious to it, and the various methods of prop-
agation, all very fully illustrated. Full instructions in
pruning and training the vines are also given, a.nd,
upon tilt; whole, we do not hesitate to say that the worlc
far surpasses anything of the kind ever published in
any country or language foi' the price.

[From the '• Rural JVeir Yorker," December, 1883,]

Elbert S. Cabman, Editor.

The Bushberg Illustrated Catalogue of American
Grape Vines, third revised edition. This is the most
valuable treatise on the American grape ever publish-
ed, and we should be glad if it were in the hands of
every one of our readers.

[Fromthe 'Gardener's Monthly," .lauuary, 1884.]

Tho.mas Meehan, Editor.

Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape-vines,

by Bush if Son if Meissner.

This is really a scientific treatise, embracing every-
thing that any one can want to know about grape-
growing or wine-making, and we l)elieve nothing like it
has ever been produced by any horticultural business
firm — certainly not in this couiitry. Like all catalogues
of nurserymen,it will be of great value to those wliowant
to plant, and, unlike many, will have an honored place
as a permanent addition to a well-ordered library.

[From the "Ohio Farmer," January, 1884.]

Bushberg Catalogue. — An excellent manual on the
grape, containing over LW pages. This is the third edi-
tion, revised and bi'ought down to date. The instruc-
tions on planting, culture, selections, insects, diseases,
etc.. etc., are complete, and the catalogue invaluable
to the grape grower, containing as It does descriptions
of all recognized useful varieties.

[Extracts from the Introduction to the French Edition. "85]

. . . "Lelivre de ^IM. Bush et Meissner est plein
des ensignements mutuals iiue les Etats-Unis et la
France se sont donnes sur la cuUure des vignes resist-
antes, et cet echaiige de services nest hereusement pas
jjres de cesser. . . . En tout cas, I'oeuvre de nos amis
de Saint Louis, enrichie des savants travau.x d'Engel-
mann etde Riley, gardait pour nous une originalitt, une
valeur de premier ordre au point de viie ampelograph-
iquc. . . . llonneur done et remerciements aiix Am-
pelographesde Bushberg! leur travail est la hasesolide
sur laquelle rexperienccs (\e I'Europe, unie a (^elle de
TAmcriiie, edifiera peu a peu la eonnaissance scien-
tifique et pratir|ue des vignes Americaines."

•I.-F. I'lanchon.

Mont pcllicr. Ic -.', fi'vrier ]SS."i.

%\[i bcm jyottDOtt jur Dculf^cn ^ilu^gabc, ^Berlin.

95ercit§ fiillen fjunberte uon Savletatcn ameiitaniy.tet Jltten bic
.^Vataloge, in ipclcficii awi) fut unforn ueru'obntcn iSaiimeii Bcrttcfflic^e
9Bcin= unb Safcltvaubenfcrteu fulbnlten finb .... ©ie jVitma
Bush & Son <fc Meissner in "i^n'ljbetiT bet St. SouiS, lUc, SBcjt^erin
enter bcr gtoptea !)iebi(t)Ulen, iveldje t^'r ®c|'*aft iiicbt nur »cm praf =
liic^en, {onDcrn auc^ coin njiffen}ct)aftlt*en vStanbcmnfte au8 bctreibt,
bat fct'cn bov mc^reren 3abrcn einen ;)iebfataIog Ijeraugcjegcben,
luclcbet nid)t adein mel)rere .fjiinbert ameritantfdje ?ltteu unb SBarte
laten aufiablt, fonbcrn bei einer lebeii tie in *JIniertfii unb au4 in
A-ranfreici gewonncncn ©rfabiunjcn ubev ben Sjevt rer Sraubcn unb
teren gUiberftantSfaMitfcit befuricfel .... Tiefc bebeulcnbc, mil
,^ablveicl)en jUuftrfttiencn in-rfctene ainvcloflrapbiidjc fflrbcit tnujitc
bale in jweifer unb brittor (M-rmebiter ^luflaiie etfcbciucn unb al8 a3e-
lueiS fCir bie ilovtvefflidjfeit beg iKudjeS mag aucb bcr Umftanb ange-
f iibrt ti>crben, baft cS bere itS in friin-,ofifci)er unb in italienif^er Sprac^e
cvft^iencn ift.

St 1 0 ft e V n e u b u r g , Oftevn 188.">.

3(. foil ^atio.

GRAPE MANUAL

■ORKilN. CLIMATE AND SOIL.

THE GRAPP]. the longest known, the ear-
liest cultivated of all fruits, when and
■where did it originate? 'Neath what suns did
the first grape-tendril twine into rich luxuri-
ivnce? What hands gathered its first luscious
berries? Who can tell?

Long before research folded back the cur-
tains of time, long before the breath of histor}'
-ciystalized incident and event, the " amethyst
clusters" of the grape ripened under sunnj"
skies. Veiled in m^'th, clothed in the shades
■of the past, gleaming from legend and fable,
it comes to us breathing suggestions of sylvan
deities, Greek festivals and Egyptian rites.
Uiblical figures rise before us as we ponder
on its origin, and Kings, whose ver}^ names
are now forgotten, crowd by on time's re-
motest blue.

The bible itself tells us how, after the great
flood, Noah planted a vine which, according
to legend, was a gift from God, himself.

Greek mythology ascribes to Bacchus the
lionor of having brought the first vine from
India; the ancient Thracians (Bulgarians)

*That cluster of grapes, seen through the glass of
tradition, has heen wonderfully magnified, both as to
size and weight. Hyperljolisius are not surprising—
should not be surprising— when we consider that they
are not very rare in our own day, in the history of our
own times even. Popular fancy is ever inclined to
magnify; the more so in events of antiquity, events
-of a period when tlie printing press did not exist, and
when tliere were no exact observers or critics; and
what unbridled fancy has invented is carried as tradi-
tion from generation to generation, from one century
to another until it is believed and repeated, even Ijy
men of science. Thus we find in " Wimer's Biblical
Encyclopaedia" (Germ., 3d edition, vol. II, p. 684) the
following: Stephen Schulz who, about the middle of
last century, traveled for several years tlirough Eu-
rope, Asia and Africa, and published a work of 5 vols,
concerning his travels, found on the southern Libauon
a vine with clusters one ell long, weighing 12 pounds,
whose berries were of the size of small plums. Forth-
with "Kitto's Englisli Cyclopedia of Bililical Knowl-
edge (vol. Ill, p. 1071;) repeats the statements, refer-
ring them to the same .source, Scliulz and other
travelers. Yet, in tlie simple biblical narrative, there
is not one icord to justify such legendary exageration. The
incident toolv place at the time of the first ripe grapes
(Numb. XIII, V. 20), and the messengers, having to
carry tlie fruit over a very long journey, afoot, besides
being burdened witli pomegranates and figs, wisely
a-esorted to this— then common— manner of transport-

Considered the vine a gift of Dionysus, the
god of vegetation.

According to Egyptian tradition Africa
owed the grape-vine to Osiris ; grape-stones
(seeds) were found with mummies from
Eg3'ptian toml)s of more than three thousand
years ago ; as also among the remains of Swiss
and Italian lake dwellings of the Bronze-age.

In Greece, wine was already in general use
during the Homeric and Hesiodic times, and
it was from the islands of the Ionian and
Egean seas that the seeds of an inexhaustible
civilization were thrown on the world.

Turning from myth to ancient history, we
find that some three thousand and two hun-
dred years ago, when Moses, leader of Israel,
sent men to search the land of Canaan — their
promised land — and bring of its fruit, two of
these messengers, coming to Hebron, where,
in the double cave of Abraham, their fore-
fathers were sleeping, cut down a branch with
one cluster of grapes, and bore it between
them, upon a staff, to the children of Israel
in the wilderness, showing them the fruit of
the land, which they described as "a land
flowing with milk and hone3^"*

ing the grapes. That cluster of grapes was, doubtless,
fine and large, especially compared with the small
Egyptian grapes familiar to the Israelites; Ijut there
is no ground for believing them larger than those grow-
ing there at tlie present time. Had they been of such
phenomenal size and weight as legendary writers
claim and as some modern travelers pretend to have
.seen, so important a fact would have been mentioned
by the men wlio carried them and whose report to the
Israelites was intended to induce tlieir people to at
once go up and possess the good land. Reference to
this land occurs (luite frequently in the liiljle. It is
there spoken of (Deutr. VIII, 7-9) as "a land of wheat
and l^arley, and vines and fig trees and pomegranates;
a land of olive oil and honey." And, in his last bles-
sing, Moses speaks "of the precious fruits," but no-
wliere is their large size alluded to; nor do we iDelieve
tliat clusters of grapes weighing ten pounds each or
more liave ever been found anywhere. The immense
villi's raised and grown in England, lately also in
California, under glass protection, are jus'.ly cele-
brated, and liave produced annual crops of from 1,700
to 2,000 bunches; but these are not very large, averag-
ing ?4 Ills. each. True, the art of gardeners has pro-
duced some single clusters of European grapes (Blaclv
Hamburgh, White Nice, Raisin of Calaljria,) grown for
exhitiition, weighing from 20 to 25 lbs., but never has
iieen found an uncultivated grape, in any part of the
world, of which one single bunch weighed half as
much.

2 Climate, Soil. etc.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grape Localities.

The dim legendaiy outlines of Rome's aucieut
history show us that Numa rompilius (670 B. C),
the successoi of Romulns, ordered the use of
pure wines at sacriticial ceremonies and pro-
hibited the customary pouring of wine on the
funeral pvre of the dead.

Alexander the Great found the wild vine in
India's spicy forests; and the mountains of Fir-
distan in Persia probably supplied the vines
which, cultivated more than a thousand years
ago, produced the famous wine of Shlraz^, sti.l
celebrated throughout the East.

Thus, from time immemmorial, the attention
of all nations has been occupied with the cultiva-
tion of the vine wheresoever its fruit will ripen.

But whether the Grape-vine is a native of
Asia, and has followed the footsteps of man
from the shores of the Caspian Sea, and "in-
tertwined its tendrils with civilization and
refinement in ever}' age," or whether the
thousands of varieties that now exist spring
from different primordial forms or species,
certain it is that, although the Grape-vine
may be found in Europe from the Tropic of
Cancer to the Baltic Sea, and in America
from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine is never-
theless peculiarly the growth of definite cli-
matic conditions ; so much so that even in its
most adapted climate there are often seasons
if not of actual failure, at least of an imper-
fect development of its fruit. From long
and careful observations of temperature and
moisture, in years of success and failure, we
have finally arrived at some definite conclu-
sions respecting the meteorological influences
affecting the grape.*

1st. No matter bow excellent the soil, if
there is a le8s average than fifty-five degrees,
Fahr., of temperature for the groiving months
of April, May and June, and a less average
than sixty-five degrees for the maturing months
of July, August and September, there can be
no hope of success ; and where the tempera-
ture averages sixty-five degrees for the former
months and seventy-five for the latter, other
conditions being equal, fruit of the greatest
excellence can be raised, and wine of the
greatest body can be produced. f

2d. When there is an average rainfall of
six inches for the months of April, Ma}^ and
June, and an average of 5 inches (126 mm.)

* James S. Lippincott: Climatology of American
Grapes.— /rf. Geography of Plants— C/. S. Agr. JReports,
1862 and 1863— Dr. J. Stayman: The Meteorological In-
fluences aftVcMng the Grape.

+ In both hcinisiiticrcs tiie profitable culture of the vine
ceases within 'M) dcurees of the Equator, unless in very
elevated situations, or in insular localities tempered
by sea breeze. And in the old world, in Europe, it
extends to about 50 degrees nortli.

Along the Thames, without the walls, the old Roman
Vineyards still put forth green leaves and crude
clusters, in tlie plains of East Smithfield, in the fields
of St. Giles' and on the site where now stands Hatton
Gardens. The question whether or not real vineyards
were grown, or real wine made from them in England,
has been a very vexed question among the antiquaries.
But it is scarcely possible to read Peggs' dispute with
Daines Harrington in the Archa?ologia without decid-
ing both questions in the affirmative. — See Archuiol.,

for the months of July, August and- Septem-
ber, though other conditions were favorable,
we cannot succeed in raising grapes. When
the average rainfall for the first months is not
more than four inches, and the average for
the latter is not more than three inches
(75 mm.), other conditions favorable; the
hardy varieties can be cultivated with suc-
cess. But where there is less average rain-
fall than five inches for April, May and June,
and a less average than two inches in Jul}.
August and September, all other conditions
being favorable, fruit of the best quality can
be raised, and wine of the greatest body and
excellence can be made. The humiditj^ of
the atmosphere in some countries, the dryness
of the air in others, will, of course, materiallj'
change the proportion of rainfall required
for, or injurious to the grape. Here, a clear
sky and dry atmosphere, high temperature
and very little rainfall for the latter three
months, and a less change of temperature
than fifty degrees, Fahr., in twenty-four
hours, any time of the year, are favorable
conditions for success.

With regard to the necessity of attention
to the most advantageous climatic conditions,
says Mr. William Saunders (the eminent su-
perintendent of the Experimental Gardens of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture). "It is
enough to i-emark, that where these are favor-
able, good crops of fruit are the rule, and that
too, even in the absence of experience in
cultivation ; but in unfavorable locations the
application of the highest attainments in the
art and science of grape culture, so far as
relates to pruning manipulations or culture
and management of soil, will not insure suc-
cess. Grape culture has now reached a point
from which but little further i^rogress can be
made without a close recognition of the re-
quirements of the i^lant, in connection with
local climatic conditions, the most important
being that of freedom from heavy dews (free-
dom from those cryptogamic diseases — mil-
dew and rot). The topographical configura-
tion of a locality is of far more importance
than its geographical formation. Where the

vol. Ill, p. 53. An engraving of the Saxon wine press
is given in Stkutt's Herda. Vineyards fell into dis-
use, either by treaty with France, or GascOny falling
into the hands of tlie English. But vineyards w re
cultivated by private gentlemen as late as 1621. Our
first wines from Bordeaux appear to have been im-
ported al)out 1154, by the marriage of Henry II. with
Eleanor of Aquitaine.— Fro»» "Harold," the last of the
Sa.rou Kings, by Sir Edward Buluer Lytton, Bart. Vol. I,
chapter IV.

In the Southern hemisphere, the Cape of Good Hope
iust falls within the latitude occupied by the grape.
In the North it extends to Lake Superior and parts of
Soutliern Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. But where the
winter cold is extreme, it is necessary not only to cover
with earth, but also to provide for a liberal covering
of snow l)y placing wiridl)reaks of boards at intervals,,
or ever-green boughs to collect and hold the snow.

Localities.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Climate. 3

atmospheric conditions are favorable, satis-
factory results may be obtained, even from
poor soils, but in ungenial climates the very
best soils will not guarantee success."

Moreover, with our present and increasing
facilities of transportation, grape culture on
a large scale cannot be remunerative, except
in favorable localities which will produce the
best quality almost every 3'ear with certaintj'.
Where the production is low in quality and
quantit}', and often entirely fails, grape cul-
ture may exist on a small scale for home use
and market, but on a large scale it will not
reward the vintner's labor, and would finallj^
be abandoned. As California in the West,
so does Virginia in the East, and parts of
Texas and Arkansas in the South, seem to
possess the best localities for grape culture
on a very large scale. But lately a locality
has been found in the southwestern section
of Missouri which promises to surpass most
others east of the Rocky Mountains — uniting
most advantageous atmospheric conditions
(ozone), altitude and the proper soil — namely,
the Ozark Mountains, which are no mountains,
but mostly high rolling table lands, extend-
ing through the southern tiers of her counties
to Northwest Arkansas, reaching an altitude
of l,oOO feet; being above the heavy, muggy
atmosphere prevailing over the great Missis-
sippi basin, and thereby indicating a com-
parative freedom from rot and mildew, the
great drawbacks of successful grape culture.

There are only a few countries where the
grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to per-
fection, and there is no country in the world
where all kinds of grapes would succeed.
Species found in the lower latitudes will not
flourish if removed further north ; the natives
of higher altitudes will not endure the south-
ern heat ; the Scuppernong cannot ripen
north of Virginia ; the Fox grape of the North
will scarcely grow in the lower regions of
Carolina and Georgia ; a vine which produces
delicious grapes in Missouri may become very
inferior in the most favored localities of New
Hampshire.

Thus the climate, the mean temperature as
well as the extremes, the length of the grow-
ing season, the relative amount of rain, the
ameliorating influence of lakes and large
rivers, the altitude as well as the soil, have
an almost incredible influence on various
varieties of grapes; and a judicious choice
of locations adapted to the grape, and of
varieties adapted to our location, its climate
and soil, is therefore of the first importance.

" No one grape is suited to all localities;
neither is there any one locality which is
suited to all grapes ; and we must not expect
that any one variety will be found possessing

the most desirable qualities that will be suited
to all localities." — G. W. Campbell.

Wm. Saunders, Superintendent of U. S.
Experimental Gardens at Washington, D. C,
says: "'Our native grapes are destroyed by
winter frosts because they have been sub-
jected to mildew in summer, and it is only in
special localities that all kinds grow well.
The most generally cultivated grapes are
confessed I3" not those of the best quality
either for table or for wine."

"The best grape climates are those where
there are least dews, and wherever we find
specially favored localities, we will find this
partial or total exemption from heavy dews.
This has long ago been demonstrated, and
new grapes emanating from favored regions
will fail to give entire satisfaction when
grown in localities less favorably situated,
and thus lead to disappointment. This is the
reason for so many seemingly conflicting
opinions regarding the merits of varieties,
and it is unfortunate that these considera-
tions are not better understood and recog-
nized. When a j'oung grape-\ine loses its
foliage by midsummer, and the green shoots'
remain unmatured till frost, that variety
might as well be discarded at once ; no known
method of pruning, fertilizing or care in cul-
tivation will help it."

C. L. Watroiis. of Des Moines, Iowa, wrote
in an excellent paper on "Testing New
Fruits :" No one can safely commend a new
fruit for general cultivation in an}' region
until it has been well tested there under all
usual conditions, nor until after thorough
trial, for a period equal to the usual life of
an individual of that species.

But because a vine does not succeed in
one place, it is no reason that it may not be
of the greatest value in another which is
suited to its character.

Notwithstanding that over 1500 varieties
are cultivated in P^urope, yet the number of
kinds especially adapted to the different lo-
calities is ver}' limited for each of them, and
we seldom find more than three or four varie-
ties to form the main bulk of the vineyards of
the different sections ; each province, county
or township even, having its own special
favorites. This question of adapta1)ilitv to.
soil and local climate is one of the greatest
importance, and should be closely studied b}^
the intelligent grape grower if he would make
its culture a success. No existing variety,
and probably none that will ever be produced,
is well adapted to general cultivation in more
than a limited portion of this vast countr3\
This iimitation is not determined by isother-
mal lines. Success or failure ot a variety de-
pends not only on degrees of heat and cold ;

4 Native Grapes.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

The Pioneers.

not only on earliness or lateness of seasons,
however important factors these may also be.
but on numerous causes, some of which we
cannot, so far, suflicieutly understand and
explain. We need but remember that the
grapes we cultivate in the United States have
originated from one or the other of several
distinct species, or from crosses between some
of their varieties, and that each of those na-
tive species is found growing wild in certain
limited portions of our country, and not at
all in others. Thus the ivild Labrusca is a
stranger to the low^er Mississippi Valley and
westAvard. By observing what species grows
in a locality, we may safel}^ assume that cul-
tivated varieties of the same species will
thrive best in that locality or its vicinity
under otherwise projjcr conditions. Where
the native species does not exist, its cultivated
varieties may for a time promise excellent
success ; but in many localities this promise
■will probabl}', sooner or later, end in disap-
pointment. This has been our sad experi-
ence even with the Concord, which is gener-
ally considered the most reliable, healthy and
hardy American grape.

On the other hand this proposition seems to
conflict with the fact that American vines of
different species have been successf ull}^ trans-
planted even to Europe. But it would be a
great mistake to believe that they would suc-
ceed in all parts of that continent. It was
found, on the contrary, that there also some
of our varieties which succeed well in one por-
tion of France, for instance, entirely failed in
others ; and this only proves that we may find
in far-off foreign lands localities which exact-
1}' correspond in soil, climate, etc., with cer-
tain localities in our own country, and where
this is the case, well and good ; but where
these are different the results are unsatisfac-
tory. In evidence we quote from the report
of the commission, composed of some of the
best French authorities, to the International
Phylloxera Congress, in Bordeaux, (Oct.,
1882). After giving a detailed report of
their observations in the principal vine3'ards
of France where American vines have been
planted, they say, "But they (these resisting
American vines ) do by no means succeed
equally well in all locations. The nature of
the terrain and the climate must be taken
into serious consideration. But was it not
one of the great didiculties with the French
vines to know which variety suited such or
such soil or aspect? How many failures were
the consequence of ])ad selection ! It is, of
course, the same with American vines, com-
ing from widely different conditions of tem-
perature, humidity and altitude."

Unfortunately, this has been and is even

now l)ut insufficiently understood.

Indigenous wild grapes were found at the
discovery of this new world ; the legend tells
us that when the Norsemen first disct)vered
Ibis country', " Hleif Krickson " called the
land Vineland. As early as 15G4 wine was
made by the first colonists in Florida from
the native grape. The Pilgrim fathers saw
vines in abundance at Plj'mouth. " Here are
grapes, white and red, and very sweet and
strong also," wrote Jos. Edward Winslow in
1621. Rev. Fr. Higginson, writing in 1(329
from the Massachusetts Colony says "Ex-
cellent vines are here, up and down in the
woods. Our governor has alread}' planted a
vineyard, with great hope of increase." Thus,
during the previous centuries grapes were
cultivated, and wine has occasionall}' lieen
made in America from native grapes ; (the
French settlers near Kaskaskia, Ills., made,
in 1769, one hundred and ten hogsheads of
strong wine from wild grapes) —"but neither
the (juality of the wine nor the price obtained
for it offered sutlicient inducement to perse-
vere. ' ' — Buchanan.

The European grape, Vitia Vinifera. was,
therefore, considered the only true tvine grape.
In 16.30, a London company sent French vig-
nerons into the Virginia Colony to plant grape-
vines which they had imported for the purpose :
the poor vignerons were unjustly blamed for
their failure. In 1633 Wm. Penn vauily tried
to introduce and cultivate European varieties
in Pennsylvania. In 1790 a Swiss Colony,
grape growers from Lake Geneva, tried to
raise grapes and make wine in Jessamine
County, Kentucky, but their hopes were soon
frustrated; their "labor and fund— $10,000. a
large amount in those days — were lost ; and
only when they commenced to cultivate an
indigenous grape, which, however, they sup-
posed to be from the Cape (see description of
Alexander)., they had somewhat better suc-
cess. About twenty years later (1820) the
Cataicba and Isabella were introduced, (see
description). These two varieties may be
considered the principal pioneers of Ameri-
can grape culture ; but though excellent and
successful at that time in many localities and
praised by song, they did not satisfy those
who were acquainted with the superior quality
of the European grape and did not fully meet
the demands of relined taste, neither for the
table (market) nor for wine, (our native
wines were specially decried by importers),
and the production of neiv grapes by forced
crossing and hybridization was scarcely
known. Our most esteemed veteran, Geo.
W. Campbell of Ohio, can rememl)er when
no grapes were known in the lake region of
Ohio but the wild Fox and the Frost grapes

European Grapes.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Their Failure. 5

of the forest ; hence the introduction and
planting of foreign grapes and their seedlings
was still looked for. The attempts with Ger-
man, French and Spanish vines, made again
and again, proved failures. Hundreds of
thousands (comprising many different sorts)
of the l)est European vines were imported,
but they all perished ''from the vicissitudes
of the climate." Thousands of failures are
recorded ; not one of durable success ; and
Downing was fully justified in saying {Hor-
ticulturist., Jan., 1851), "The introduction of
the foreign grape into this country for open
vine3^ard culture is impossible. Thousands
of individuals have tried it — the result in
every ease has been the same — a season or
two of promise, then utter failure."*

While this fact could not be denied, the
cause remained a mystery. All pronounced
the European grape as " unsuited to our soil
and climate ;" all attributed its failure to that
cause. But we, and doubtless many others
with us, could not help thinking that "soil
and climate" cannot be the sole causes; for
this vast country of ours possesses a great
many locations where soil and climate are
quite similar to those of some parts of Europe
where the Vinifera flourishes. Is it reason-
able to suppose then, that none of the many
varieties which are grown in Europe under
such varied climatic conditions, from Mainz
to Naples, from the Danube to tiie Rhone,
should find a congenial spot in these United
States, embracing almost every climate of
the temperate zone? If soil and climate were
so unsuited, how is it that the young, ten-
der European vines grow so well, so promis-
ing of success, for a few seasons ; in large
cities sometimes even for several years? How
explain the fact that the finest European
varieties of other fruits, the pear for instance,
are successfully grown here in some locali-
ties, and that, but for the curculio, the Reine
Claude and German Prunes would flourish
here as well as there? Slight differences of
soil and climate might well produce marked
differences in the constitution of the vine,

* Always excepting California, whifli was then almost
unknown, but wiiich is now tlie si't'atest wine-procluc-
injr State of tliis counti'y. Tliere, from the counties
bordering the Bay of San Francisco down to Colorado
River, several liundrod varieties of the best Eurojiean
jjrapes are successfully cultivated; and even since the
appearance of the Phylloxera, evidently introduced
from Europe on imported vines, American arapes are
not in demand there, except for tlie pui'nosc of t^raftlns
thereon European varieties. Recently the Soitdan grape,
a vine fllscovererl on the banks of the Niger in Africa,
has been introduced into California. This peculiar vine
is an «/)/(««?, but has a tuberous perennial root. The
seetls are much like those of other gi'apes; the leaves
reseml)le some Rotundifolia varieties of the S. A. S.

This Soudan grape belongs to a genus (juite distinct
from the true Vitis. Species of that kind were dissemi-
nated in the tropic regions of Asia, Afi'ica lin New Hol-
land) and even in Mexico; but tlieir fruit is without
value. Besides their culture is quite impossible In the
temperate zone

perhaps also somewhat change the flavor and
quality of the grapes, but could not sulTi-
ciently account for their absolute failure.
Nevertheless most of our learned horticultur-
ists looked then for no other cause ; they
even went so far as to teach that "if we
really wished to acclimate the foreign j^rape
here, we must go to the seeds, and raise two
or three new generations in the American soil
and climate." In obedience to these teach-
ings, numerous fruitless attempts have been
made here to raise seedlings of the European
grape that will endure our climate. Like their
parents they seemed successful for a time* —
to be soon discarded and forgotten. But, in
absence of any satisfactory reason for these
failures, it is quite natural that renewed at-
tempts were and are continually madc.t In
the spring of 1867, we ourselves imported
from Austria about 300 rooted vines (Velt-
liner. Blue Baden, Riesling, Tokay, UvaPana,
&c. ), not with expectations of success in open
air culture, but with a view to discover, by
careful observation, the real cause of failure,
and knowing the true cause, to be then, per-
haps, able to obviate it. The vines grew
splendidly, but during the svimmer of 1869,
though bearing some beautiful fruit, their
foliage l)egan to wear a yellow, sickly appear-
ance. In 1870 many were d} ing and we al-
most despaired of discovering the cause, when
Prof. C. V. Riley, then our State Entomolo-
gist, informed us that the discovery had just
been made in F'rance by Planchon and Lich-
tenstein, that the serious grape disease which
had attacked their noble vineyards was caused
b}' a root-louse (Phylloxera), which bears a
close resemblance to our American grapeleaf-

* Among the seedlings of foi-eign grapes raised in the
U. S., which ol)tained a name and fame, are: Brinki^e
and Emita', raised by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia;
Bhaxdywini;, originated near Wilmington, Del.; Ka-
tarka and Mont(H>mery, or Merritt's Seedling, raised l)y
Dr. W. A. Royce of Newburg, N. Y. To these belong
also Clara and Weehawken, (see description). N.
Grein of Hermann, Mo., introduced, about twenty
years ago, some very good new grapes, which he claimed
(and honestly believed) to have raised from seed of tlie
German Riesling. '1 hey proved to be not seedlings of
the European Riesling at all, but of the American Tay-
lor grape, and are now known as Mis.souri Riesling,
Grein's Golden, &c., (see these varieties). George Has-
kell, a most persevering experimenter, says: "I raised
many hundred vines from seeds of ditferent foreign
grapes. These seeds were planted under glass, and the
vines remained in the house two years, when they were
removed to the open air. None of tliem proved healthy
* * * iliey all died in a few years, though well cov-
ered in winter.

+ The only satisfactory method of obtaining the fine
foreign grapes in this country, east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, is under glass, by the use of the grapery. This,
however, so far, is done on a very limit d scale only, as
a luxury for the table; and even there the roots of the
vines in the outside horder are exposed to the danger
of l)eing infested l)y tlie Phylloxera; so that vines graft-
ed on American roots should be used. Those who de-
sire and can afford to enjoy this luxury we refer for in-
formation to Peter Henderson's excellent books on
gardening.

All our remarks on grape culture refer only to the
States east of the Rocky Slountains, unless otherwise
expressly stated.

6 The Phylloxera.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

American Species.

gall-louse, au insect long kuown here, lu
1871 and since, Prof. Riley often visited our
vineyards, as we gave him full permission and
eheerfully assisted him to unearth both dis-
eased and health}' vines, native and foreign,
of e7er3-kind, in order to examine their roots
and to study the question. By his observa-
tions and those of Prof. Plauchon, made by
both in this countr}' as well as in France, and
afterwards confirmed and verified by all
prominent naturalists, the identity of the
American insect with the one discovered in
France, and of the two types, the gall and
the root-lice, has been substantiated. Thus,
the principal cause of the absolute failure of
European vines in this country has been dis-
covered, but no satisfactory remedy has been
found. So far, it seems impossil)le to destroy
or to guard against this insect enem}' ; while
the vigorous roots of our American vines en-
}oj a relative immunit}' from its injuries, the
pest thrives on the tender roots of the Euro-
pean vines, which readily succumb.

The French Commission, in its report to
the Viticultural Congress, held at Montpel-
lier, Oct., 1874, came to the conclusion that
"In presence of the non-success obtained
from all attempts made since 1868, with a
view to preserve or cure our vines, and feel-
ing that after six years of efforts in this
direction, no process except submersion* has
been found effective, manj^ persons are quite
discoui-aged, and see in the American vines,
whether justly so or not, the only plank of
safety." Since that time, wheresoever the
most careful, practical grape-growers and
most scientific naturalists met and exchanged
their views, as at the International Congress
helil at Lyons, France, and at Saragossa,
Spain, in 1880; at Bordeaux in 1881, the
leading principle established has been : " that
the Phylloxera cannot be exterminated where
it once infests the vineyards, nor can its in-
troduction 1)6 prevented by any precautionary
measures ; but that there are some means
whereb}', in spite of the insect, we maj' yet
save our vine3'ards from destruction, and en-
joy their richly paying returns ; and that the
most practical, the simplest, cheapest and
surest means is by planting the resisting
American grapes." Alread}'^ millions of
American grape-vines are growing in France,

* Some Insecticides are now believed to be of service, if
correctly applied and under certain favorable condi-
tions, in prolonKini? the life of vines which are infested
by llic Phylloxera.

hundreds of thousands in Spain, Italy, Hun-
gar}-, etc. California also imported manj-
cuttings of Riparia Vines to graft thereon
their European (Vinifera) sorts which suc-
ceed there on our Phylloxera-resisting stock.
In Feb., 1894, Senator Fair purchased from
us half a million of such cuttings for his new
1000-acre vineyards near Lakeville, Cal.
How much more, then, must we look to
species which we find indigenous here, and
to their descendants, for success in grape
culture.*

A knowledge of the distinctive permanent
characters of our species, and a proper classi-
fication of our varieties, referable to them, is
of far more importance than is generally sup-
posed.! Thirty-five years ago Robert Bu-
chanan wrote in his book on the culture of
the grape: " The perfection of a definite ar-
rangement of all our varieties must remain
for future labors, but it is to be hoped an end
so desirable will not be lost sight of."

And while many grape-growers may skip
over the following pages as useless, we
hope that some of them will thank us for em-
bodjang in this catalogue the valuable treatise
on The True Grape-Viues of the United States
by the late Dr. Engelmonrt. and the "Classi-
fication of the Wild Grapes of North Amer-
ica," by Prof. T. V. Munson.

* While our Horticulturists zealously work with confi-
dent hopes to produce, from our indigenous species and
tlieir hybrids, varieties which will equal those of
Europe, it is meet tliat we do not ignore the views of
foreign Viticulturists who visit this country with the
special purpose to study tliis question and examine tlie
American grape. We translate from " Une Mission
Viticole en Amerique " par Pierre Yiala, Professor of
Viticulture, Montpellier, France, 1889: " The reputation
acquired l^y certain new American vines was the un-
fortunate cause of tlieir introduction in France. On
my return from the United States I was convinced that
we have to count on American grafting stock, bearing
our (European) varieties, for the reconstruction of our
vineyards and tlie preservation of the legitimate repu-
tation to the French wines. This impression which I
brought with me from the United States, and formed
since in France, has verified my opinion more and more
that no American vine is susceptible of giving us prod-
ucts equalling in quantity ana quality our indigenous
(European) vines. The most meritorious direct Ameri-
can producers are abandoned (discarded); tlie mainte-
nance of their culture in tlie I'nited States is caused by
the action of the mildew and lilack Rot whicli destroys
t\\*i trmt of European vines. It may l)e that tlie lately
discovered efficacious treatment of tliese diseases will
determine tlie Americans of the South to constitute
their vineyards, on Pliylloxera resisting stocks, with
our (European) vines."— Tliis view msiy be inspired by
patriotic pride of the Frencli Viticulturist; but it is
still worthy of attention.

t Even A. S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on Grape
Culture, written in 1866, said: " Practically it is of little
con.sequence what view is taken of these unusual forms
(of distinct species, orniiirked varieties of the species),
as the cultivator is interested in tliem only as varie-
ties, and it is of no particular moment to him wliether
we liave one hundred or only one native spec es." We
are satisfied that he considers it of far more conse-
quence now.

Dr. Encjelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification.

CLASSIFICATION.
TheTrue* Grape-vines of the United States.

BY DR. G. ENGELMANN.

LThis paper is an elaboration of his Synopses of Amer-
ican Grape-vines, which appeared in Riley's Fourth
Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri, 1872, the
American Naturalist, 1872, VI. pp. .^39-542, Riley's Sixth
Report 1874, pp. 70-76, and the second edition of the
Bushberg Catalog-ue, 1875, pp. 4-11. Tlie French Trans-
lation of same by Bazille and Planchon (Paris and
Montpellier, 1876)— It has been entirely rewritten, add-
ing many illustrations, etc., by Dr. G. Engelmann him-
self for the third edition of the Bushberg Catalogue, 1883.
This was his last work. He died on the 4th of Feb., 1884.
It was reprinted in the "Botanical Works of the late
Geo. Engelman, edited by Wm. Trelease and Asa Gray,
Cambridge, Mass., 1887.]

The Grape-vines are among the most varia-
ble plants, even in their wild state, in which
climate, soil, shade, humidity and perhaps
natural hjdjridization, have originated such a
multiplicity and such an intermixture of
forms, that it is often difficult to recognize
the original tj^pes and to refer the different
given forms to their proper alliances. Only
by carefully studjing a large number of forms
from all pai'ts of the country, in their peculiar
mode of growth and especially their fructifica-
tion, or rather their seeds, are we enabled
to arrive at any thing like a satisfactory
disposition of tUese plants.

(Table of Grape Seeds: Figs. 1-33, page 11.)

Before I proceed to the classification of our
Grape-vines, I deem it necessaiy to make a
few preliminary remarks :

The grape-vines cultivated in that part of
the United States l3'ing east of the Kocky
Mountains are all natives of the country, most
of them picked up in the woods; some, per-
haps, improved by cultivation ; and a few the
product of natural or artificial hybridization.
In that part of the country the wine grapes of
the Old World can only be cultivated under
glass ; but in New Mexico and California they
have been successfully introduced by the
Spaniards, and in the latter State a great
many varieties are now extensively cultivated,
and promise to make one of the great staples
of that region ; but eastward and northward
they have entirely failed, owing to the des-
tructive effects of that now so well known and
dreaded insect, the Phylloxera, of which
more, further on.

* We treat here only of the trvie grape-vines, with edi-
ble berries. In the flowers of tiiese the small green
petals do not expand, but coliere at the top, and sep-
arating from their base, fall away together as a little
five-lobed hood. The flowers, and conseciuently the
fruit, are arranged in the well-lcnown clustei's (thyi-sus).
Thus they are distinguished from the false grape-vines
(botanically known as Ampelopsis and Cissiis), which
often resemble the true grape-vines very much, but
bear no edible berries. Their flowers expand regularly,
opening at top, and are arranged In broad, flat-topped
clusters (corymbs).

All the true grape-vines bear fertile flowers
on the stock, and sterile flowers on another
separate stock, and are, therefore, called
polygamous^ or, not quite correctly, diceciovs.
The sterile plants do bear male flowers with
abortive pistils, so that while they never pro-
duce fruit themselves, they may assist in
fertilizing the others ; the fertile flowers
however, are hermaphrodites, containing l)oth
organs — stamens and pistils — and are capa-
ble of ripening fruit without the assistance of
the male plants.* Real female flowers, with-
out aii}^ stamens, do not seem ever to have
been observed. Both forms, the male and
hermaphrodite, or if preferred, those with
sterile and those with complete flowers, are
found mixed in their native localities of the
wild plants, but of course, only the fertile
plants have been selected for cultivation, and
thus it happens that to the cultivator only
these are known ; and as the grape-vine of
the Old World has been in cultivation for
thousands of years, it has resulted that this
hermaphrodite character of its flowers has
been mistaken for a botanical peculiarity^ by
which it was to be distinguished, not only
from our American grape-vines, but also from

* These fertile plants, however, are of two kinds;
some are perfect hermaphrodites, with long and straight
stamens around the pistil; the others bear smaller
stamens, shorter than the pistil, which soon bend down-
ward and curve under it; these may be called imperfect
hermaphrodites, approaching females, and they do not
seem to l)e as fruitful as the perfect hermapnrodites,
unless otherwise fertilized.

In the following illustrations of the

VARIOUS FORMS OF GRAPE FLOWERS

are shown the difl'erent forms of grape blossom, life
size and enlarged:

(Original drawing by T. V. JMunson.)

Fig. 38.

Fig. 39.

Fig. 40.

Fig. 38. — Perfect Hermaphrodite, self-fertilizing, with
long, erect stamen (filament) and anthers.

Fig. 39. — Imperfect Hermaphrodite or Pistilate, not
self-fertilizing, witli smaller, shorter stamens, the fila-
ment becoming recurved.

Fig. 40. — Male or Staminate, Non Pistilate, with larger
pollen bearing anthers. Pistil, none.

It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has
not produced the male plants without a definite object;
and this oljject, without any doubt, is found in tlie more
perfect fertilization of the hermaplirodite flowers, as it
is a well estal)lislied fact that such cross fertilization
produces more abundant and healthier fruit. Vine
growers miglit take a liint from these observations,
and plant a few male stocks in their vineyards, say 1 to
40 or 50 of tlieir fertile stocks, and miglit expect from
such a course healthier fruit, which would probably
resist rot and other diseases better than fruit grown in
the ordinary way. I would expect such beneficial in-
fluence especially in all varieties that have sliort
stamens, such as the Taylor. Male stocks can be
easily obtained, either in the woods or from seeds. It
is of course understood that the males ought to belong
to the same species (or better, to the same variety) as
the fertile plants to be benefitted by their pollen. Eu-
ropean vine growers may also profit by this suggestion.

<S Dr. Engehnann.

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

Classijication .

the wild grapes of the Old World. But plants
raised from the seeds of this, as well as of
any other true grape-vine, generally furnish
as many sterile as fertile specimens, while
those propagated by layering or by cuttings,
of course, onl}' continue the individual charac-
ter of the mother- plant or stock.*

The peculiar disposition of the tendrils in
the grape-vines furnishes an important char-
acteristic for the distinction of one of our
most commonly cultivated species, Vitis
Labrusco, its wild and its cultivated varieties,
from all others. In this species — and it is
the only true Vitis exhibiting it — the tendrils
(or their equivalent, an inflorescence), are
found opposite each leaf, and this arrange-
ment I designate as continuous tendrils. All
the other species known to me exhibit a
regular alternation of two leaves, each having
a tendril opposite it, with a third leaf with-
out such a tendril, and this arrangement may
be named intermittent tendrils. Like all vege-
table characters, this is not an absolute one :
to observe it well it is necessary to examine
well-grown canes, and neither sprouts of
extraordinary vigor, nor stunted autumnal
branclilets. The few lowest leaves of a cane
have no oj^posite tendrils, but after the t^econd
or third leaf the regularity in the arrange-
ment of the tendrils, as above described,
rarely fails to occur. In weak branches we
sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed
opposite leaves, or sometimes none at all.

It is a remarkable fact connected with this
law of vegetation, that most grape-vines bear
only two inllorescences (consequently two
bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while
in the forms belonging to Labrusca there are
often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots,
four or five, or rarely, even more in succes-
sion, each opposite a leaf. Whenever in
other species, in rare cases, a third or fourth
inflorescence occurs, there will always be
found a barren leaf (without an opposite in-
florescence) between the second and third
bunches.

Another valuable character, discovered by
Prof. Millardet, of Bordeaux, is found in tlie
structure of the branches ("canes," as they
are usuall}' called). These contain a large
pith, and this pith is transversely separated
at each node (point where a leaf is or has
been inserted), ))y what is called a diaphragm.
These diaphragms consist of liarder, solid

* Some observat ons (rather loose, to be sure) seem
to point to tlie possibility of the sexual chararters of
the grape-vines lieconiiiiir cliansrod under certain cir-
cumstances; and, tli(iui;li 1 liave not seen a case of
this kind myself, nor lieard of an instance wiiei-e fertile
vines in cult vation liega to bear sterile (male) flow-
ers, there is no absolute impossiljilit^ in it, as we know
that other plants (willows for exa,mple) occasionally
spoit in this mannei-.

pith, of the appearance of wood, and are
examined best in canes 6 to 12 months old,
when the pith has turned brown and the
diaphragm is whiiish ; a longitudinal section
through the cane will best exhibit them.
They are, in most species, 1 to 2 lines thick ;
but in the Riverbank grape, Vitis liijxiria.
the diaphragm is not more than ^ to :^ line
thick ; and in the Sand, or Rock grape, Vitis
liiqjestris, it is very little thicker. For us
here, the distinction of these species is of no
great practical importance ; but, as a con-
siderable demand for them has sprung up in
Europe, it is well to characterize them accur-
ately ; and this character holds good in winter,
when all others of foliage or fruit have disap-
peared. There is onlj' one American grape-
vine, also in other respects an aberrant from,
the Southern Muscadine grape, Vitis ViOpina^
which is entirely destitute of such diaphragms.

The cut represents the diaphragms of dif-
ferent species. Fig. 34, Vitis Mijitaria, with
the thinnest, and fig. 36, Vitis Cordifolia,
with a thick diaphragm ; Vitis ^Estivcdis. is sim-
ilar to this last, and Vitis Labrusca. scarcely
thinner; but fig. 35, Vitis Rnpestris. has a
diaphragm not much thicker than the first.
Fig. 37 shows Vitis Vidpina (or T"". Rotimdi-
folia) without any partition.

It is well known that some species of Vitis
grow well from cuttings, while others are
difficult to propagate in this way.

Easy to propagate are Labrusca ^ Monticola
Riparia, Rnp)estris and Palmata. Almost

Pig. ■^. Fig. 36.

Fig. 37.

II
V. riparia. V. rupestris. V. cordifolia. V. vulpina.

impossible to propagate by cuttings are
Candicaris. ^Estivalis. Cinerea, Cordifolia^
Vulpina, and probably Californica. Ari-
zoiiica and Caribea I do not know in this
respect. That the southern cultivated forms
of uEstiralis grow more or less readily from
cuttings is stated further on (page 1-i).

The structure of the bark of the young
canes shows also differences in the different
species, but as the characters are to some
extent of microscopical detail they are here

Dr. Engdmaun.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Clafi.sijicatioii. 'J

omitted. The bark of the mature canes is
asby gray ( F. Cordij'oUa.V. Ci'iierea), to red
or brownish ( F. ^-EstivaJis); it peels off after
the first season in large flakes, or in narrow
strips or shreads ; only in the Muscadine
grape the dark gray bark does not peel off
at all, at least not for a number of years.

Young seedlings of all the grape-vines are
glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The
cobwebby or cotton}- down, so characteristic
of some species, makes its appearance only
in the more advanced plants ; in some of their
varieties, and not rarely in the cultivated
ones, it is mainly observed in the young
growth of spring and is apt to disappear in
the mature leaf; but even then such leaves
are never shining as they are in the glabrous
species, but have a dull or unpolished, or
even wrinkled surface.

The form of the leaves is extremely varia-
ble, and descriptions must necessarily remain
vague. They are usually cordate at base,
either with an acute and narrow sinus ( V.
Cordata, and mau}'^ other species), or with a
broad and wide one ( V. Eiparia and V.
Riij)estris). Leaves of seedling plants are all
entire, i. e, not lobed ; young shoots from
the base of old stems, as a rule, have deeply
and variously lobed leaves, even where the
mature plant shows no such disposition.
Some species ( F. Bqmria), or some forms of
other species (forms of F. Lahrnsra and F
^Estivalis), have all the leaves more or less
lobed, while others exhibit, on the mature
plant, always entire, or, I should rather say,
not lohed leaves ; the leaves of F. Kujiestris
and F. Vulpina are never lobed. Only the
leaves of flower-bearing canes ought to be
considered as the normal ones.

The surface of the leaves is glossy and
shining, and mostly bright green, or in R\i-
pestris pale green ; or it is dull above and
more or less glaucous below. The glossy
leaves are perfectly glabrous, or they often
bear, especially on the nerves of the lower
side, a pubescence of short hair. The dull
leaves are cottony or cobwebby, downy on
both or only on the under side, and this down
usually extends to the young branches and to
the peduncles, but, as has been stated above,
often disappears later in the season.

On both sides of the insertion of the petiole
or leafstalk into the branchlet, we find on very
young, just developing shoots, small acces-
sor}^ organs, which soon disappear; they are
the stipules. In most species they are thin,
membranaceous, rounded, at the top some-
what ol)lique, smooth in some, downy or
wooll}' in other species. They are most con-
spicuous and elongated in T"/Y/.s Riparia, in
which 1 find them 2i-3 lines long ; in F. Ra-

peatris they are U-2i lines in length ; in F.
Caiidicans and Californica scarcely shorter, in
F. Labrusca 1^-2 lines long; iuF. u.Estir(dis,
Cordifolia, and most others, they are only one
line long or less ; in very vigorous young
shoots they may sometimes be larger, just as
their leaves are also larger than the normal.

Not much of a distinctive character can be
made out of the flowers. It is observed,
however, that in some forms the stamens are
not longer than the pistil, and \evy soon bend
under it, while in other forms the}' are much
longer than the pistil, and remain straight till
they fall off. It is possible that those with
short stamens are less fertile than the others.*

The time of flowering is quite character-
istic of our native species, and it seems that
the cultivated varieties retain herein the qual-
ities of their native ancestors. The different
forms of Riparia flower first of all ; soon
afterwards comes Rtipestris, next Labru.sea
and its relatives, and later ^stivaJis comes
in bloom. One of the last flowering species
is CordifoJid, and still later, Cinerea. Vin-
ifera seems to flower soon after Zo/>n^sca, but
it is not cultivated here, nor is VvJpina {Ro-
tundifolia), which is probably the latest of all.
F. Candirans apparently blooms about the
same time that Labrusca does.

Riparkt begins to open its flowers about
St. Louis three to five weeks earlier than the
first blossoms of ^stivah's are seen in the
same localit3^ In favorable situations and
in early seasons they make their appearance
in this vicinity as early as April 25th, at
other seasons sometimes as late as Ma}^ loth,
or even 20th, on the average about Ma}' 10th ,^
and generally about the time when the Aca-
cias (Black Locusts) bloom, both filling the
atmos])here with the sweetest perfumes. Cor-
d {folia, and, after this, Cinerea. on the con-
trary, bloom from the last days in May to (in
late seasons) the middle of June, when that
weed among trees, the fetid Ailantus (mis-
named the tree of Heaven), exhales its nau-
seous odors and the beautiful Catalpa expands
its gorgeous bunches of flowers. F. Pahnata
(Vahl), of w'hich we do not yet know much,
seems to be the latest flowering Grape-vine
with us, flowering even after Cinerea. Thus
we are not likely to have an}^ Gra])e-vines
in flower here before April 25th or after June
20th.

One of the botanical characters of the
Grape-vine is found in the needs. The
bunches may be larger or smaller, looser or
more compact, branched (shouldered) or
more simple, conditions which, to a great
extent, depend on variety, soil and exposure ;

* Compare note on page 7 with illustration of flowers,
Fis. 38-40.

10 Dr. Encjelmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

the berries ma}' be larger or smaller, of dif-
ferent color and consistency, and contain
fewer or more seeds (never more than four),
but the seeds, though to some extent varia-
ble, especially on account of their number*
and mutual pressure, where more than one is
present, exhibit some reliable differences.
The big top of the seed is convex or rounded,
or it is more or less deeply notched. The
thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is short
and abrupt, or it is more or less elongated.
On the inner (ventral) side are two shallow,
longitudinal irregular depressions. Between
them is a ridge, slight where there are one or
two seeds, or sharper where the seeds are in
threes or fours ; along this ridge the raphe
(the attached funiculus or cord) runs from
the hihun, at the beak, over the top of the
seed, and ends on its back in an elongated,
oval or circular well-marked spot, called by
botanists ehalaza. This raphe is on that ridge
represented by a slender thread, which on
the top and back of the seed is entirely indis-
tinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or
less prominent, like a thread or a cord. In
our American species tliese characters seem
pretty reliable, but in the varieties of the Old
World Grape-vine (^Vin(fera)^ several thou-
sands of years removed from their native
sources, the form of the seed has also under-
gone important modifications, and can no
longer be considered so safe a guide as in
our species.

But different as these seeds are among
themselves they have a character in common,
which distinguishes them from all our Ameri-
can Grape seeds ; their l)eak is narrower and
usually longer, and their large ehalaza (the
area on the back of the seed) occupies the
upper half and not the centre of the seed ; in
the American species the beak is shorter and
more abrupt ; the ehalaza, usualW smaller,
and often not circular, biit narrower, is placed
in the centre of the back. Any one who
wishes to satisfy himself of this need only
compare a raisin seed with an^^ of our grape
seeds, if the following cuts are not plain
enough.

The size and weight of the seeds vary
greatly in the different species ; thus La-
brnsea and Caiidicaini have the largest, Cin-
erea and Riparia the smallest seeds ; but
even in the wild state we find variation, e. g.,
in jEstivaJis, still more in GordtfoUa. and
most in Riparia. In Vinifera, the European
grape, however, the variations are much
greater, greater even sometimes than our

*A siiif^le seed is always thicker, plumper, more
rounded; two seeds are flattened on the inner, rounded
on the outer side; three or more seeds are more slender
and angular; these different variations may often be
found in berries of the same bunch.

figures show. Some have laid stress on the
color of the seeds, which varies between
brown and j-ellowish, but that seems to me
to go too far for our purposes.

The cuts of 33 Grape seeds, here repre-
sented, illustrate the different characters
which have been mentioned above. The fig-
ures are magnified four times (four diam-
eters), accompanied b}'^ an outhne of natural
size. They all represent the back of the seed.

Figs. 1 and 2, Vitis Labrusca, seeds of wild plants ;
Fig. 1 from the District of Columbia, and Fig. 2
from the mountains of East Tennessee. The
seeds of the cultivated varieties do not differ from
these ; they are all large, notched on top : chahtza
generally depressed and no raphe is visible in the
groove which extends from the ehalaza to the
notch.

Figs. 3 to 5 represent seeds of cultivated forms,
which all show evident signs of hybridity and ac-
knowledge the parentage of Lahrusca bj'' the form
and size of the seed as well as by the irregular
arrangement of the tendrils. Fig. 3 is the seed of
the Taylor Grape, which stands near Riparia.
Fig. 4 is the seed of the Clinton, which has, per-
haps, the same parents. Fig. 5, seed of the Deki-
loare Grape, which possibly may be a hybrid of
Labrusca with Vinifera.

Figs. 6 to 8, Vitis Candicans; seed similar to
those of Labrnsca, but broader, generally with a
shorter beak, and less distinctly notched. Figs.
6 and 7 are from Texas, the latter broader and
with a broader beak ; Fig. 8 comes from South
Florida, and is still broader and shorter.

Fig. y, Vitis Cariba'a. similar to the last, but
smaller; seeds short and thick, and deeply notched.

Figr. 10 and 11, Mtis CaUfurnica, seeds often
smaller, scarcely or not at all notched, raphe in-
distinct or quite invisible; ehalaza narrow and
long. Fig. 10 represents a single seed (one only
in a berry) from near San P'rancisco; Fig. 11 is
one of four seeds from San Bernardino, in Southern
California.

Fig. 12, Vitis Monticola; seed very similar to
those of the last species, thick, notched, without
a distinct raphe, and with a long and narrow
ehalaza.

Figs. 13 and 14, Frtts Arizonica, from the Santa
Rita Mountains; seeds small, slightly notched,
with a more or less distinct but flat raphe.

Figs. 15 to 17, Vitis uEstivalis; seeds rather larger,
cord-lide raphe and more or less circular ehalaza
strongly developed; all the seeds are from wild
grapes gathered about St. Louis ; the seeds of the
cultivated forms, Northern and Southern, are
similar. Figs. 15 and 16 are from berries with
only one or two seeds; Fig. 17 is narrower, and
from a larger four-seeded berrv.

Fig. lS,Vitis Cinerea, a seed similar to the last,
with the same strong raphe, but smaller in size,
and often single.

Figs. 19 and 20, Vitis Cordifolia; seeds also sim-
ilar to the two last, but raphe not quite so prom-
inent, mostly single or in twos, rarely more in a
berry; Fig. 19 comes from a larger berry, with
more seeds, found near St. Louis; Fig. 20 is a
single seed, from the District of Columbia.

Fig. '2\,Vitis PaJmata; seed large, almost globose,
with a very short beak, a narrow ehalaza, no raphe
visible, top slightly depressed.

Figs. 22 to 25, Vitis Riparia; seeds similar to the
last, but smaller, though quite variable in size.

TABLE OF GRAPE SEEDS.

11

V. I-ABRUSCA.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

TAYLOR. CLIXTON. DELAWARE. V.CaXDICANS.

Fig. 3. Fig. 4, Fig. 5. Fig. G.

V. CANDICANS.
Fig. 7. Fig. 8

V. CARIBEA. V.CALIFORNICA. V. MOXTICOLA. V. ARIZOXICA.

Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12, Fig. 13.

(1) M@ A^ ^®

V. ARIZOXICA. V. ^STIVALIS. CIXEREA.

Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. Ifi. Fig. 17. Fig. 18.

V. CORDIF.OLIA.
Fig. 19. Fig. 20.

V. PALM AT A.
Fisr. 21.

V. RIPARIA.

Fig. 22. Fig. 23.

V. RIPARIA. V. RUPESTRIS.

Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 2G. Fig. 27.'

V. VINIFERA. VITIS YIXIFERA. V. VULPIXA.

Fi-. 28, Mummy, Grape. Fig. 29. Brusca.- Fig. 30, Riesling. Fig. 31, Cliasselas. Fig.32,Bl. Hamb'g. Fig.33.

12 Dr. Engelmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Classijication.

The seeds all come from wild j)lants; Figs. 22 aud
23. from Goat Island on the Niagara Falls; Fig. 22
a single broad seed ; Fig. 23 from a three-seeded
berry ; Fig. 24 from a two-seeded berry from the
shores of Lal<e Ohamplain, in Vermont; Fig. 25,
seed of the June grape from the banlis of the Mis-
sissippi below St. Louis. The seeds are obtuse,
or very slightly depressed on top, chalaza rather
flat, elongated and gradually lost in a groove
which encloses the scarcely prominent raplje.

Figs. 26 and 27, Viti)^ Ikiipestris; Fig. 26 from a
two-seeded berry from Texas, and Fig. 27 from a
four-seeded one from Missouri. The top of the
seed is obtuse, not notched, and the raphe very
inconspicuous in the Texas seed, or invisible in
that from Missouri.

Figs. 28 to S2, VitisVinifera, from the Old World.
Different forms are introduced here for compari-
son with the American species, and to show how
much they differ among themselves. Fig. 28
represents a seed out of a lot of grapes (or raisins)
found with an Egyptian mummy, and probably
now 3,000 years old, or older. The specimens are
preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin. The
berry obligingly donated to me was as large as
the larger European cultivated grapes, and en-
closed three seeds. It will be seen that it is the
largest of the Yinifera seeds figured here, showing
perhaps a slight modification of the seed in the
ages that intervened between its and our times.

Fig. 29. Brusca, the native species of Tuscany
(Xorthern Italy) ; Fig. 30, I^insUnr/, cultivated on
the banlvsOf the Rhine; F\o;.Sl,G^t'tedeJ (Chasselas) ,
from the same regiun; Fig. ^2, Black Ilamhurg,
from a grapery near London. All these seeds
are easily distinguished from all American grape
seeds, by the narrower and usually longer beak
(or lower part), and especially by the large cir-
cular, though not very prominent, chalaza, which
occupies the upper, and not the middle part of
tlie seed. These five specimen seeds represent
the principal forms, but not all European grape
seeds entirely agree with them.

Fig. 33, Vitis Vxdpina {or ItatundifoUa), from the
South Carolina Muscadine grape, differs from all
other grape seeds, just as the plant differs from
all other Grape-vines; seed very fiat, with straight
sides, verj^ short bealv, wrinl<led, or rather folded
on both surfaces, notched on top, with very nar-
row chalaza and no visible raphe.

The North American Grape-vines may be
sj'stematically arranged in the following
order :

I. True Grape-vines, with loose, shreddy bark,
climbing by the aid of forked tendrils, or some-
times (in No. 12) almost without tendrils.

A. Grape-vines witli more or loss continuous tendrils.

1. ViTis Labktsca. Linnccns, the northern Fox

grape, the mother of a great many culti-
vated varieties and hybrids.

B. Grape-vines with Intermittent tendrils.

«. Leaves pubescent or floccose, especially on the
under side and when young, often becominij
jrlabrous with age.

* Raphe on seed indistinct.

2. ViTis Candicans, Enyehnann. The Mustang

grape of Texas.

3. ViTis Cakib^ea, Z>^CrtH(Zo;?e. The West India

grape ; rare in Florida.

4. ViTis CALiFOKNiCA,i?'^«(/i!f<m. The California

grape.

5. ViTi.s MONTICOLA, Bucklptj. The Mountain

grape of West Texas.

6. ViTis Akizonica, Emjohnann. The Arizona

gi'ape.
** Raphe on back of seed very conspicuous.

7. ViTis EsTiVAi.i.s, JSIiclumx. Summer grape

of the Middle and Southern States, with
several varieties.

8. ViTisCiNEREA,£'Hf/e/»i«H)i. The Down}' grape

of the Mississippi Valley.

h. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes short, hairy, es-
pecially the ribs beneath; mostly shining.

* R iphe on liack of seed conspicuous.

9. ViTis COEDiFOi.iA, Miclianx. Frost grape of

the Middle and Southern States.
*' Raphe indistinct.

10. ViTis Palmata, Vahl. Red grape of the

Mississippi Valley.

11. ViTis Riparia, J/?V7;«H,r. Riverside grape of

the United States and Canada.

12. ViTis RuPESTRis, Schcj'le. Rock or Sand

grape of the Western Mississippi Valley
and Texas.

ViTis ViNiFERA, Liniueits. The Wine-grape of the Old
World and California; would nnd its systematic place
here.

II. Muscadine grape, with (on the younger
branches; firmly adhering bark, which only in
the older stems scales off; aerial roots from in-
clined trunks in damp localities; tendrils inter-
mittent, simple; berries very large (7-10 lines
thick), very few in a buucb, easily detaching
themselves at maturity; seeds witii transverse
wrinkles or shallow grooves on both sides.

13. Vrris Vulfina, Linnwus (RotundifoliAj

Michaux). The Southern Fox grape or
Muscadine.*

Eafinesque, Le Conte and others, have in
times gone by attempted to distinguish and
characterize a good many more species, while
on the other hand. Director Regel, of tlie St.
Petersburg botanical garden, has lately tried,
rather iinnatnrall}', to contract them and unite
them with the Old World species. Vitis Vin-
ifera has resulted, according to his views,
from the hybridization of several of these
species.

I now propose to give a short botanical ac-
count of the lo species enumerated above.

I. Vitis Labrusca, LinnsTeus. Usually
not large ; climbing over bushes or small
trees, occasionally reaching the tops of the
highest trees ; distinguished from all the
other species, as has been stated above, by
its continuous tendrils, and consequently by
its continuous (two to often four or six)
clusters of flowers and fruit ; stipules middle-
sized, about two lines long, or less ; leaves
large (four to six inches wide), thick, of firm
texture, entire or in some forms deeply lobed
very slightly dentate, coated when young
witli a thick rusty, or sometimes whitish
down, which in the wild plant persists on the
under side, but almost disappears in the ma-
ture leaf of some cultivated varieties ; berries

* The name Vulpina. was first applied by Linne, but
others after him have applied it to ditt'erent sjjecies.
To avoid this confusion, rianchon and others adopt the
name R(jtundik()I.ia, Miclnni.v.

Dr. EiHjeJmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification. 13

large in iniddle-sized, or, in many cultivated
forms, rather large bunches, bearing two or
three or even four seeds, large, notched,
without visible raphe. (See table of seeds,
page 11, Figs. 1 and 2.)

This species, usually known as the Fox
grape, or Northern Fox grape, is a native of
the Alleghany Mountains, and of their east-
ern slope to the sea-coast, from New England
to South Carolina, where it prefers wet thick-
ets or granitic soil. Here and there it de-
scends along streams to the western slope of
the mountains, but is a stranger to the Mis-
sissippi Vallej' proper.

As the Lahrusca generally grows on gran-
itic soil or granitic detrities, which may favor
the vine,* I would suggest to plant Catawba
vine3-ards in the granitic regions of our Ozark
Mountains, and would expect favorable re-
sults there.

By far the largest number of varieties of
grape-vines now cultivated in our country are
the offspring of this species ; a few produced
by nurserymen, but most of them picked up
in the woods ; they are easily recognized by
the characters above given, and most readily
by the peculiar arrangements of the tendrils
as above described. Large and downy-leaved
varieties of V. ^stivalis are, in the west and
southwest, not rarely mistaken for Labrnsca,
but the two may alwaj^s be distinguished by
the characters indicated.

It is also the species which has most gen-
€rall3' been used as one of the parents (niost-
Ij^ the mother) in artificial hybridization, and
as it is the most individualized or specialized
of all our (perhaps of all known) grape-vines,
its characters unmistakably prevail in the hy-
brids, and rarely leave a doubt as to where to
refer the questionable form ; of which I shall
have to add a few words below, under the
head of Hybrids.

2. ViTis Candicans, Englemann. ( V.
3fustanr/ensis, Buckley). The Mustang grape
of Texas ; a tall climber, with rather large,
rounded, almost toothless leaves, white cot-
tony on the under side, l^earing large berries,
which, like those of the wild Labrvsea, show
different colors, greenish, claret and bluish-
])lack ; and which, in its native country, are
made into wine. In young shoots and sprouts
the leaves are usually deeply and elegantly
manj-'lobed, which, with the contrast of the
deep green upper and pure white under sur-
face, would make this species a most elegant
vine for arbors, if it could be protected from
severe frost. This may be done by laying it

* IMiinclion, in a note to the French edition, remai-lvs:
The fact tliat the wild Lal^rusca srows in jrranitic soil
(terrains siliceux) may explain why tlie cultivated va-
rieties of this species do not succeed in Europe except
in silicious soils and are often attaclced by yellows la
disease) on limestone soils.

down and covering it with soil. In Texas it
grows in the lower country, as well as on the
calcareous hills, and extends even into the
granitic region. It has also been found in
Florida, where many Texas plants are again
met with. The Florida form, at one time
taken for Vitis Caribiea, but quite distinct
from it, has shorter and comparative!}^ thicker
seeds. (Fig. 8).

3. Vitis Cakib.ea, de Candolle, is a AVest
Indian species which has lately found its wny ,
with other tropical plants, into southern
Florida. It has a downy, cordate leaf, not
lobed, but characterized by the small l)iit
very sharp, distant teeth. Its black berries
are small and mostly bear but one or two
seeds. I find the Florida seeds (Fig. 9)
which were kindly sent to me by Mr. A. H.
Curtiss, the discoverer, larger than those of
the West Indian type.

4. Vitis Californica, Bentham. The
only wild grape of our Pacific coast ; a low
bush a foot or two high, in dry beds of
streams in southern Oregon ; it becomes a
tall climber in southern California, with a
stem three inches or more in diameter ; it is
distinguished by its cordate, rounded, white-
ish, downy leaves and small black berries in
large l)unches ; the obtuse but scarcely
notched seeds (Figs. 10 and 11), without or
with only a trace of a raphf^ and with a nar-
row, long chalaza. No use is made of this
species, but it has lately been recommended
as a grafting stock for European vines in
California vineyards which have been at-
tacked by the Phylloxera. For even this
grape-vine, which is a native of a country
originally entirely free from the insect, is as
proof against it as any of our Mississippi Val-
ley vines.

5. Vitis MoNTicoLA, Buckley. Usually a
small bushy vine, rarely climbing over higher
trees ; branchlets angled ; young stems, peti-
oles and leaves cottony, downy, the down
gradually disappearing, remaining onl}^ here
and there in fiocose bunches ; stipules very
short (i line long) ; leaves deeply cordate,
with a rounded sinus, very shortlj' three-
lobed, edged with small but broad teeth,
rather wrinkled on the upper surface, but the
older ones very smooth and often conspicu-
ousl}^ shining below (especially in the diy
specimens) ; usually small, not more than
three inches across, onl}' on vigorous shoots
three or four inches Avide ; tendrils intermit-
tent, in the smaller, bushy forms, often with-
ering away ; bunches of fruit compact, short ;
beiries 4, or rarely 5 lines in diameter; seeds
obtuse or slightly notched, chalaza rather
narrow, extending upward into a Inroad
groove, but without a visible raphe.

14 Dr. Engelm.ann.

BU8HBERG CATALOGUE.

Classijication.

This is one of the smaller species and is
peculiar to the hilly, cretaceous region of
western Texas, not extending to the lower
country nor to the granitic mountains ; com-
mon about San Antonio, New Braunfels,
Austin, etc. ; also occasionally cultivated
about San Antonio, when the bunches, as
well as the berries, become larger. This
plant has given rise to a great deal of specu-
lation and controversy'. About fifty years
ago, the Swiss botanist, Berlandier, collected
it in AVest Texas,* but it was not till twenty-
five or thirty 3'ears later that Prof. Buckley
named and published it. Unfortunately his
description was so insufficient that no botan-
ist could recognize the plant ; only the Texans
of those regions, who well knew " the little
mountain grape," understood what he meant.
Buckley's mention of a middle sized green,
very palatable berry has misled French bo-
tanists to look for this plant among the num-
eroiis forms of Ldbrusca, and Prof. Planchon
therefore changed the name to Vitis Ber-
landieri.f In justification of Buckley's de-
scription it is now said that there exists a
form of this species, especially about Freder-
icksburg and on the borders of the Llano
Estacado, with somewhat larger, green ber-
ries, which 1 understand Mr. J. Meusebach
is trying to find out, and to introduce into
cultivation. The species will readily grow
from cuttings.

6. Vitis Arizonica, Engelmann, is close-
ly related to the last, and has similar seeds,
but the flat raphe, though rarely prominent,
is broad and sometimes inconspicuous ;
branchlets angular; leaves cordate, with a
rather open, rounded sinus, not lobed, or "with
two short latent lobes ; floccose, cottony when
3'oung ; glabrous, thick, very rigid, and (espe-
ciallj^ on the upper surface) rough, when
older ; berries small or middle sized, reported
to be of luscious taste.

7. Vitis ^stivalis, Michaux. Climbing
over bushes and small trees by the aid of
forked, intermittent tendrils; branchlets
rounded, bark of the mature ones mostly red,
and scaling off in large flakes ; leaves large

* On his specimens I found the first Phylloxera galls,
which, thus accidentally preserved, prove the exist-
ence of tlie insect in America (doubted, however, by no
one now) long before it became known to science here
or in the Old World, and also prove its existence as far
south as Texas. Engchnann.

+ Planchon retained the name Vitis Berlandieri for
the vine discovered by Berlandier, and now cultivated
in France under the name "Sweet Mountain" grape.
Buckley describes his Vitis Monticola as fruit with
white berries of medium size and delicious taste, while
the fruit of Berlandieri has small berries, black and of
acrid taste, he therefore deems it safest to give tlie
plant a precise name which can be well defined. Prac-
tically, says Planchon, the Vitis Berlandieri may ac-
quire a real importance as it imparts to the grapes
which may be inserted tliereon a remarkable vigor and
fertility. ( See also " ]\Iunson's classification and viti-
cultural observations," pages 20 29).

(4-5 or 6 inches wide), of firm texture,
entire, or often more or less deeply and ob-
tusely 3-5 lobed, with rounded sinus and with
short and broad teeth ; when young always
very woolly or cottony, mostly bright red or
rusty ; at last smoothish but dull, pale or
glaucous beneath, and never shining ; stipules
very short and rounded, mostly rusty- downy ;
berries middle-sized, black, 5-7 lines, (in
southwestern forms even 8-9 lines) in diame-
ter, coated with a bloom, when well-grown in
compact, often cylindrical bunches : seeds
rather large, mostly two or three in each
berry, rounded on top, showing a very promi-
nent, cord-like raphe, and more gradually
attenuated into the beak than is common in
our species.

This is the well-known summer grape, com-
mon throughout the Middle and Southern
States, usuall}^ found on uplands and in dry,
open woods or thickets, maturing its fruits in
September. It is one of the most variable of
our grape-vines, and hence has seduced many
into the establishment of numerous nominal
species, while others, and among them mj'-
self, have assumed too wide limits for the
species, and have classed under it forms which
now, since we know them better, have to be
kept separate. Among the latter I mention
V. Monticola and V. Cineroea, which are de-
scribed in their proper places. Among the
former I must still retain with T^ yEstivalis
the form that had been distinguished by
Buckley as V. Lincecnmi. This latter, often
more bushy than climbing, has larger berries,
leaves often deeply 3-5 lobed, and coated
with a thick rusty down, or tomentum, which
is often quite persistent. Forms with very
large, woolly leaves have often been taken
for Labrusca, and this species, abounding in
the sandy post-oak (Quercus stellata) woods
of eastern Texas, and there known under the
name of Post-oak grape or Sand grape, but
extending also to Arkansas and Missouri, has
thus been quoted for the Western and South-
western States, to which the true Labrusca is
an entire stranger.

This species is one of the most important
ones for us, and in the West at least, has al-
ready taken the place once accorded to the
Labrusca forms in our cultures, not only for
their greater, aye absolute, resistance to the
Phylloxera, but also for their intrinsic value
as wine (and even table) grapes, notwith-
standing the superior size of the Lal)rusca
berries. Unfortunately the typical forms can-
not be propagated by cuttings, and there are
a number of varieties which, originating from
a southern home, are not quite hardy here,
but, on the other hand, have the advantage of
being readily propagated by slips, in some

Dr. EiKjelitumn.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classijication. 15

favorable localities. Their leaves are thinuer
than those of our type, and woolly only in
the first 3^outh ; the bunches are larger, more
shouldered; the berries, ihough small, are
much sweeter and more juicy. They com-
prise among others the Cunningham, with
less divided, and the Herhemont and the
Lenoir with deepl}' lobed leaves, the two
former with lighter colored, the latter with
deep black berries. Unfortunately no wild
plant from wliich these varieties might have
sprung is yet known, but must be looked for
in the mountains or hills of the Carolinas and
Georgia, and only ichen found in a wild state
ca)i we correctly judge of their botaniccd status.
About their viticultural relations, the body of
this work has to be consulted. 1 will onl}'
state here that a slight suspicion exists of
their being hybrids between V. yEstivcdis and
some form of Vinifera.* Though the seeds
are entirely those of the former, and also the
resistance to Phjdloxera. The variet}' Lenoir.,
often named Jaquez. and in Texas Black
Spanish, has been introduced by millions into
southern France, and is there found to fur-
nish not only an excellent stock whereon to
graft their own vines, but also to make a
superior wine directly, and one very rich in
the deep coloring matter so highly prized
there, t

8. ViTis CiNEREA, Engelmann, closely al-
lied to u^stivcdis, with which I had formerly
united it as a variety, of pretty much the same
size, rarely taller. It is distinguished by its
whiteish or grayish pubescence, which, espe-
ciall}' on the branchlets, is quite persistent,
even into winter ; by the angular branchlets,
the hair being especially developed on the
angles ; the cordate often entire, or slightly
three-lobed, more or less gray-downy leaves,
which often resemble a Lindenleaf, with a
rounded but usually rather narrow sinus ; by
the large, loose inflorescence, which opens its
flowers rather later than any other of our
species ; by the small black berries, about
four lines in diameter, without a bloom, oi a
pleasantly acid taste, until frost sweetens
them, and by the small, plump seed with a
short beak.

This species is found in rich soil in the
Mississippi Valley from Central Illinois to

* See Murison's classification later on, p. 20, under his
series 5, V. Jiourquiniana.

t In Solano County. California, a Mr. Wolfslvill graft-
ed European vines in his vineyard (1878) on tlie stock or
cuttings of a vine supposed to be tlio Lenoir, but ascer-
tained since to have been obtained i)y Mr. Wolfskill
from Alai:)ama under the name of " Coon-grape," a wild
Aestivalis variety. It has a leaf much like the Lenoir
but bears a small, compact bunch of sweet l)lack ber-
ries. These grafts are bearing regularly wliile Vini-
fera vines arourfd have long since been destroyed by
the Phylloxera. This may be of interest: perhaps, the
"Coon-grape " of Alabama is the long-looked for wild
plant from which the Lenoir (Jaccjuez, Black Spanish)
originated?

Louisiana and Texas, especially in bottom
lands and along the Ijanks of lakes, in situa-
tions where we scarcely ever met with
^stivalis. It is quite abundant in such
localities near St. Louis.

9. ViTis CoKDiFOLiA, Michaux. This is
the tallest of our climbers at home in our
deep bottom woods, but often also a low
trailer over bushes and hedges, well known
as the Winter, or Frost grape, flowering late
and maturing late its strongly flavored, shin-
ing black berries.

The plant is glabrous, or the branchlets
and lower surface of leaves somewhat hairy ;
branchlets indistinctly angular (in this re-
spect intermediate between the last two
species) ; diaphragm at the nodes of the
branches thick, rarely, at the lower nodes,
wanting; leaves rather large, three to four
inches wide, or more, not lobed at ail, or
slightly three-lobed, cordate, with a deep
narrow, or wider, but alwaj's sharp sinus,
margined with conspicuous, rather large
sharp-pointed teeth ; stipules short ; flowers
in large, usually loose clusters, blooming
rather late ; berries small (three or four lines
through), black and shining, with a peculiarly
disagreeable and strong flavor ; edible only
after frost ; seed, with slight or strong raphe.

A common plant from the Middle States
southward to Texas ; not known, I beleive,
in northern New York or New P^ngland, but
not rare in Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
and found also near the city of New York ;
very common in the deep soil of the western
river vallej's, where it takes its fullest de-
velopemeut. There the trunk sometimes
reaches thirty to thirth-eight inches in cir-
cumference (southern Missouri, along the
Iron Mountain Railroad) ; whether the trunk
found by Mr. Ravenel at Darien, Georgia,
measuring forty-four inches around, belongs
to this species, I cannot tell, but his supposi-
tion that it was j^stivcdis is quite improbable ;
the statement of newspapers that a grape-
vine in Gulf Hammock, in Florida, had a
circumference of sixty-nine inches, is con-
sidered a " fish story " by Florida botanists.

The acute, mostly narrow sinus of the
leaves, the small stipules, the broad dia
phragms, the character of the seeds, the
circumstance that it don't grow from cut-
tings, and the late flowering time, abundantlj^
distinguish this species from Vitis Riparia.,
with which it has been thrown together so
long and so obstinately.

10. ViTis Palmata, Vahl, has been culti-
vated in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris for
perhaps one hundred years or more, and has
thence found its way into other European
gardens, without, however, as it seems, hav-

16 Dr. Engelmann.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Chissijicati'on.

ing attracted the attention of botanists, since
its first pnblieation, in ITiti.

Vahl's description is accurate enough, with the
exception of its native couutiy, which he gives as
•• Virginia,'' a negligence or ignorance which we
must Hot criticise too severely in botanists of a
CiUitury ago. The seed was originally brought to
Paris probably by French missionaries, who, as
is well known, roamed about in the Mississippi
Valley one and two hundred years ago. Soon
after the publication of Vahl's description of this
grape, above mentioned, Micliaux discovered this
interesting species "• growing abundantly on the
banks of tlie streams in Illinois," and named it
T'. litthra. He don't seem to have recognized the
vine which he might have seen growing under
liis eyes in Paris, and eventually he merged his
specimens of this Vitis in his herbarium under
1'. liiparia.

Last fall Mr. H. Eggert, of St. Louis, re-dis-
covered this long neglected plant on the banks of
the Mississippi, opposite Alton, and collected it
there again this summer, when it proved to be tlie
latest blooming of all our species (far from bloom-
ing yet to-day, June 10th). There can be no
doubt of the indentity of this plant with Vahl's
T'. Piihiiata and Michaux's Bubra, nor of its entire
distinctness from Eiparia. It is found, with this
last one, covering willow thickets and other
bushes in low grounds, overflowed during high
water. Its bright red branches, from which the
bark separates in large flakes, conspicuous be-
tween the smooth but dull, darkisli foliage (much
•darker than Ripnria), show at once how appro-
priate Michaux's name is. The diaphragms are
thick. The leaves have a broad sinus, and are
shallow or often deeply three, rarely live, lobed,
the lobes usually draw out into long and slender
points; the under side is often somewhat hairy
along the nerves; stipules middle sized, 1>2 to 2
lines long; flower bunches large and loose, on
long stems; berries rather small (4-5 lines
through), black, without bloom: seeds one or
two, very large and plump, rounded, with very
short beak, notched on top, without a visible
raphe.

Our plant is readily distinguished from Eiparia
by the thick diaphragm, the red branches, its
late llowering and its bloomless, late ripening
berries; from Cordifnlin the form of the leaves
and its ready growth from cuttings, easily
separate it.

11. Vitis Ripakia, Michaux, the grape-
vine of the river banks, has lately acqnired a
great deal of importance, as it has now be-
come the principal grape-vine relied on in
France for the renovation of their failing
vinej'ards for which its vigorous growth,
adapted to almost all climates, its perfect
resistance to the insect, its easy growth from
cuttings, and its ready taking of grafts, seem
to peculiarly fit it.

This species climbs over bushes and small
trees, or trails over the rocks on our river
banks. It is also found inland, always near
water, on larger trees, where its trunk may
become six inches tliick. The branchlets are
rounded, not angled; the diaphragms very
thin (^ to ^ line thick) ; the stipules large
(2-3 lines long) and very thin, and persist

longer than in most other species ; leaves of
a light green, shining, glabrous or often hairy
beloAv, with a wide, rounded, or even truncate
sinus ; they are more or less tri-lobed, mar-
gined with large, sharp-pointed teeth. The
bunches are mostly small and compact ;
berries small (four or rarely five lines in
diameter), black, with a bloom, sweet and
juicy, scarce!}' pulp3' ; seeds (Figs. 22 to 25)
obtuse or slightly notched, with a narrow
chalaza, raphe indistinct or very thin.*
. It has the widest geographical distribution
of any of our grape-vines, and is the hardiest
of them all. It extends northward to Lake
St. Jean, ninety miles north of Quebec, and
to the banks of the Upper Mississippi in
Minnesota, and the shores of Lake Superior ;
in the South it is common on the banks of
the Ohio and in Kentuck^^ Illinois, Missouri
and Arkansas,! and in the Indian Territor}'.
I have not seen it from Louisiana or Texas,
but a form of it is found in the Rocky Mount-
ains of Colorado and New Mexico, and per-
haps in southern Utah. It is the earliest
flowering species about St. Louis, according
to season, between April 25th and Ma}^ loth,
and matures earlier than an}' other. In St.
Louis it used to be brought to market, before
we had cultivated grapes, sometimes as early
as July 1st, from the rocky, sun-exposed
banks of the river below town, and was,
indeed, known as the "June Grape." From
that time on ripe fruit is found, according to
locality, through August and September. It
is singular that our vintners, as far as I can
learn, have never made wine from this species,
nor tried to cultivate and improve it. The

* The French now distinguish several types of Ripa-
ria, different somewhat in their minor cliaracteristics.

+ A peculiar form of Riparia is a plant wliich I found
fifteen years ago in tlie Ijotauic garden of Berlin, under
the name of Vitis Solo7iis, and al)out the history of
which nobody seems to have known any thinjr. Lately
this plant has been taken up in France with that zeal
so characteristic to that nation, as sDnietliintr jjossilily
of particular interest for their viticultural pursuits.
It is distiiiuuished from the ordinary form by the long
and narrow, almost incised, crowded teeth of the scar-
cely three-li)l)e(l leaves. The name is undoubtedly a.
corruption of " Long's," and the plant comes from the
Upper Arkansas river, where Major Long, on his returu
from his expeudition to the Rocky Mountains, found,
as he reports, such excellent grapes. Seeds may have
been brought home and the plant raised as ''Longs."
A manuscript of the viticulturist Hronner, preserved
in tlie Carlsruhe library, sjjeaks of a certain grape-
vine as " Long's, from Arlcansas," and it is reported
tiiat Long's is still growing in the late Mr. Bronner's
garden at Wislocb, near Heidelberg, and that it is
indentical with Solonis. As an example of curious
speculative interpretation it may be stated that some
viticulturist liad read Solonis for Zanis (an oriental
grape), and Arkansas for Caucasus.

The French edition adds to this remark of Engel-
mann, about tlie spe<'ious exijlanation of the name
".Solonis" that the gi'ajie observed by Major Long, is,
no doubt, Vitis Ruiiestris and not the Vitis Solonis
(as explained liy M. Lespiault, in Vignes Aniericaines,
1881 and by IManchon in same 1884). The existence of
Vitis Solonis has also been discovered in the her-
barium of the Botanical Garden of Brussels In 1835,
already; (under the evidently erroneous name of
Isabella I). See Munson's classification, series 3, and
observations, page 24.

Dr. Eitfjelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Classification. 17

berries probably seem too small, and they may
have expected better results from the larger
fruits of ^-Estivalis; but the experiment might
jet be made, and our woods might be exam-
ined for larger-fruited varieties, which reallj-^
do occur, e. g. , along the Lakes and on
Niagara, near Detroit, etc.

As has been stated above, this species has
been confounded with T^. Cordifob'a, to which
indeed, it bears a certain resemblance; but
the characters enumerated, especially those
of the diaphragms, the stipules, the form of
the leaf and its base, its flowering time, and
above all the seeds, distinguish them as well
&S any two species can be distinguished, even
if the difficulty of one and the readiness of
the other to grow from cuttings be not taken
into account.

12. ViTis RuPESTRis, Scheele, mostly a
low, bushy plant, often without an}', or with
weak, deciduous tendrils, and not climbing,,
under favorable circumstances becoming
stouter and climbing pretty high ; branchlets
rounded, diaphragm thicker than in Riparia^
but thinner than in other species ; leaves
rather small (about three inches wide),
broadly cordate, rarely very slightly lobed,
mostly broader than long, usually somewhat
folded together, with broad, coarse teeth,
and commonly with an abruptly elongated
point, glabrous, shining, of a very pale green
color ; stipules almost as large as in last
species, 2-2J lines long, thin ; berries small
or middle-sized, sweet, and in very small
bunches ; seeds obtuse, with a slender or
almost invisible raphe.

This grape vine, of very peculiar aspect, is
.a native of the hilly country west of the Mis-
sissippi river, from the banks of the Missouri
to Texas, and is also found on the Cumber-
land river near Nashville ; its favorable local-
ities are gravelly banks or bars of mountain
streams, overflowed in spring, more rarely
{in Texas) on rocky plains. In Missouri it
is called Sand grape, in Texas often on
iiccount of its luscious fruit, Sugar grape ;
with us it flowers soon after Raparia and
ripens in August, and is said to make a good
wine. In France the V. Rupestris is used,
like the last species, as a grafting stock for
French vines ; it grows easily from cuttings,
iind is said to make vigorous plants, perfectly
resistant to the insect.

ViTis ViNiFEKA, Linnaeus. Here would be the
place to introduce the grape-vine of the Old
World, as it is most nearly allied to tiie last enu-
merated species, especially to T'. lliparia. Though
many of its cultivated varieties bear berries as
large, or even larger, than those of any of our
American grape-vines; other cultivated forms,
and especially the true wine-grapes, those from
which the best wines are obtained, and also the
wild or naturalized ones, have fruit not much

larger than that of the above named native
species.

This plant, together with the wheat, belongs
to those earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the
history of which reaches beyond the most ancient
written records. Xot only have the sepulchres of
of the mummies of ancient Egypt preserved us its
fruit (large sized berries) and seed, but its seeds
have even been discovered in the lacustrian habi-
tations of Northern Italy. It is a mooted question
where to look for the native country of this plant,
and whether or not we owe the different varieties
of our present Vinifera to one or to several coun-
tries, and to one or to several original wild
species, which, by cultivation through uncounted
ages, and by accidental and repeated hybridiza-
tion, may have produced the numberless forms
now known. These remind us forcibly of the
numerous forms of our dog, which we cannot
trace, either, but which can scarcely be derived
from a single (supposed) original wild species.
Director Kegel, of iSt. Petersburg, ascribes them
to the intermingling of a few species, well known
in their wild state at this day. The late Prof.
Braun, of Berlin, suggested that they are the
offspring of distinct species yet found wild in
many parts of Southern Europe and Asia, which
thus he considered not the accidental offspring of
the cultivated plants, as is generally believed, but
the original parent stock. 1 may add, from my
own investigations, that the grape-vine which
inhabits the native forests of the low banks of the
Daimbe, "bottom-woods," as we would call
them, from Vienna down into Hungary, well
represents our T'. Cordifolia, with its stems three,
six and nine inches thick, and climbing on the
highest trees, its smooth and shining, scarcely
lobed leaves, and its small, black berries. On the
other hand, the wild grape of the thickets of the
hilly countries of Tuscany and Rome, with ita
lower growth, somewhat cottonj^ leaves, and
larger and more palatable fruit, which " don't
make a bad wine," as an Italian botanist ex-
pressed himself to me, reminds us, notwith-
standing the smaller size of the leaves, of the
downy forms of Biparia, perhaps of some yEsti-
rnUs. It was known to the ancients as Labrusca
a name improperly applied by science to an
American species, and is called by the natives to
this day Bnisca. The grape-vines of the coun-
tries south of the Caucasus Mountains, the an-
cient Colchis, the reputed orginal home of these
plants, greatly resemble the Italian plant just
described.

The European Grape-vine is characterized by
smoothish, and, when young, shining, more or
less deeply, live or even seven-lobed leaves ; lobes
pointed and sharply toothed; seeds mostlj^ not-
ched at the upper end; beak elongated; raphe
indistinct; chalaza broad, high up the seed.
In some varieties the leaves and branchlets are
hairy and even downy when young; the seeds
vary considerably in thickness and length, less so
in the shape of the raphe. It is well known that
the plant grows readily from cuttings, and that
it ejisily .Mnd almost invariably succumbs to the
attacks of the Phylloxera, which, accidentally
introduced into France, probably with American
vines, has done such immense damage in that
country and in the rest of Europe, probably since
1863 (though only discovered as the virulent
enemj' in 1868), and is spreading more and more.
In California, where thus far the Vimfera has
been successfully cultivated, the insect also begins

18 Dr. Engelmann.

BU8HBERG CATALOGUE.

Classification.

to make its appearance in some localities. 'J hat
it was the CMnse of the complete failure in all
the effoits to })]iint the European vine east of ihe
Rocky Mountains, is now well known.

13. ViTts Vt;LPiNA, Liur a^iis ( better known
as V. ROTVNPiFOLiA, Michaux), the Sovthern
Fox grajje, BtiUace ov EuJlit grape, or Musca-
dine of the Southern States, is entirely dif-
ferent from all our other grape-vines, and is
mentioned here only to complete the list of
our species. It is too tender for our climate,
and never flowers or fruits here. It is found
in damp thickets or on mountain slopes, some
times a low bush, and again climbing very
high, with entire, never forked, tendrils ;
branchlets without any diaphragm (see Fig.
37) ; leaves small (two, or at most, three
inches wide), rounded, heart-shaped, firm
and glossy, dark green, smooth, or rarely
slightly hairy beneath, with coarse and large
or broad and bluntish teeth. The bunches
are very small, of few very large berries,
which fall off singly, like plums. The pecu-
liar seed has been figured and described
above (page 11, Fig. 33). In the South some
of the varieties are highly esteemed, espec-
ially the White Scuppernong.

HYBKIDITY.

Plants, which are so intimately related among
themselves, are apt to hybridize, and their off-
spring is usually fertile, not like many hybrid
animals (the mule) or plants incapable to prop-
agate. We have a number of artificial hybrids
among grape-vines, whose history is well known,
and which bear as well as the true species, and
their seeds are fertile. But we also find other
vines in the woods or in vineyards, which, from
their characters, we must conclude to be spon-
taneous hybrids. There is, of course, a good deal
of experience and judgment necessary to decide
what may be justly claimed to be a hybrid, and
what only a variety within the limits of some
variable .>^pecies, and the opinions of different
persons may honestly vary on these points. But
whoever has studied the great variability of many
plants will hesitate long before he calls to his aid
the often fanciful help of hybridity in the ex-
planation of doubtful forms. Where species are
so well marked as e. g. Labrusca is, it is not dif-
ficult to recognize some of its characters in a
hybrid offspxdng, though the general looks of the
questionable plant otherwise may not conform to
our idea of Lahnisca at all; but in other cases,
where species already stand near one another,
the matter becomes much more ditiicult. But
there is another way, unfortunately a very tedious
one, to assist in such investigations, viz : to sow
the seeds of hybrids and study their offspring;

for it is a fact that seedlings of hybrids are apt to
revert to, or at least to approach to. one or the
other of the parents. One of the most striking
examples of both positions here taken is furnished
by the well-known Taylor or Bullit grape. The
vigorous growth of this form, its thin diaphragms.
its glossy, glabrous foliage, its small clusters of
rather small berries entirely destitute of foxy
taste, all seem to point to it as a cultivated varietv
of Eqmria; but when we come to examine the
tendrils we fine that they are irregular: some-
times intermittent, sometimes more or less con-
tinuous (I have seen six in succession, which can
only point to Labrusca), and just so the seeds,
differ from Biparia seeds by their great size andl
their form (see page 11, Fig. 3). Now it so-
happens that Taylor seeds have been planted by
the million in Europe, in order to raise resistant
stock for grafting, and the general experience is
that one cannot find two seedlings in a hundred
alike, and similar to the mother-plant; some
approach the Biparia type, and others show the
Labrusca parentage distinctly. Thus, to give onlj'
one example, one of such seedlings — the now
frequently cultivated Elvira — is a Taylor seedling^
with a close approach to Labrusca.

It would further the study of our grape-vine&
considerably if some of those that have the zeal,,
the leisure and the opportunity, would institute
such experiments with doubtful forms.

Pursuing this interesting subject further, I may
add that where nearly allied species grow near
together, and bloom about the same time, they
are more likely to hybridize than such species
that are separated by wide space or different
period of flowering. With all these considerations
we must not forget that with the innumerable
opportunities given everywhere for hybridiza-
tions we find comparatively so few spontaneous
hybrids in the vegetable world. Hybridization is
an abnormal, I may say, an unnatural process,
which is usually prevented by countless obstacles.
If it were not so, we would meet with more
hybrids in our woods and prairies than with
genuine species; but how i-are are they, and what
a find it is for a botanist to discover one ! * And
this is the more to be wondered at, because the
genital organs of the plants, though mostly united
in one flower, are usually so organized that self-
fertilization is made difficult, or is excluded, and
that cross-fertilization is the rule. We may put it
down as a law that honest nature abhor.s hybrid-
ization.

*Accidental wild Hybrids are very scarce, no doubts
where the normal time of blooming of the species, such
as Riparia, ^Estivalis and Clnerea, varies too much
to make such crosses probable; but where you find
dilferent species blooming simultaneously it is quite
different.

Friend Jaeger of Neosho, S. W. Missouri, tells us that
there are localities in the Indian Territory where
hybrids, between Riparia and Kupestris are more nu-
merous than the pure type of either species; in Red
river liottom, near Denison, Texas, he also found
RipariaXCandicans very numerous, not to mention the
many " Vifrnes Champin." Had Dr. Ensrelmann lived
a little longer it would have been easy to change his-
views about spontaneous hybrid grape-vines.

GRAPE MANUAL.

19

EDITORS'
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

TO THE

CLASSIFICATION

AND

VITICULTURAL OBSERV>2s.TION S

Upon the Native Species of American Grapes.

BY T. V. MUNSON.

Perhaps the first plant iioticed on the Continent
of North America, even before tJohimbus and be-
fore the Pilgrims, was the grape-vine; it gave to
this country the name Vineland, and later, to part
of it, that of Martha's Vineyard.

And yet — said our late Dr. Geo. Engelraann* —
yet, the grape-vine, many forms of which grow
from Canada to the Rio Grande, and from Vir-
ginia to California, are among the least thor-
oughly known plants of North America.

I have long devoted much attention to the
grape-vines of my home — continues the great,
modest botanist he ever was — but have become
satisfied that no satisfactory solution can be ob-
tained without the co-operation of the friends of
botany throughout the whole country. . . .
In order to arrive at satisfactory conclusions, it is
necessary — said Dr. Engelmann — to study all the
forms which present themselves in all their bear-
ings and under different conditions in which they
are found.

Prof. T. V. Munson has taken up this botanical
investigation, which Dr. Engelmann desired and
pronounced to be necessary, where the latter has
left it, and, certainly, no other man is as well
qualified for the task as our friend Munson. He
combines the scientific preparation! with the per-
severance, love and devotion which its study de-
mands, besides the knowledge and experience of
the practical viticulturist and successful hybrid-
izer. He has studied the grape herbaria in Har-
vard, In the Academy of Science at Philadelphia

* Botanical Works of the late George Engelmann, col-
lected for Henry i^haw, Esq., edited by William Trelease
and Asa Gray; p. 412.

t Munson occupied a chair in the Sciences at the Ken-
tucky State Agricultural College and was honored by
the Government of France with the title of "ChtSvalier
du Merite Agricole" and the decorations of the Legion
of Honor. He is generally called and recognized as
'•Professor Munson," and is now President of the State
Horticultural Society of Texas, etc., etc.; ])ut he is not
pleased with titles and needs none; we are pleased to
call him simply "our friend Munson."

and in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, as
well as Engelmann's collection in the Missouri
Botanical Garden, and has made besides his own
most extensive collection, mostly raised to bear-
ing vines from seed, through germination; and
has observed the vines of nearly every species in
their native habitat, while traveling, more than
fifteen years, for their examination, thousands
of miles in the United States. While highly ap-
preciating Engelmann's classification as the best
up to the time, yet Mr. Munson could not help
finding it incomplete and embodying some errors.
He had accumulated many facts unknown to
Engelmann, who wrote himself that " our species
vary to such a degree, that both scientific and
non-scientific observers have never felt satisfied
about them." The more our friend Munson
studied the species, side by side, the more he felt
s tisfied with his arrangement into series, as be-
ing the best exhibit yet made of the natural
affinities. And he has given the result of his re-
search to the U. S. Department of Agriculture in
a monograph on American grapes, which is to be
published some day ; but it has, so far, failed to
get the necessary appropriation.

The entire series of colored plates, natural size,
made by an artist from fresh specimens, are all
complete — but there the work rests.*

To publish the entire monograph with full de-
scriptions and illustrations is a work most woi thy
of the early attention of the Agricultural Depart-
ment of our Government, for whose treasury the
cost would be a mere trifle; whilst the value, the
benefit to be derived from this work would be in-
calculable. It would not merely be interesting to
the botanical student, but of great practical im-
portance, treating on the questions to what pur-
pose the vine can serve, whether for table fruit or
for wine, or for hybridizing, or as grafting stock ;
what climate it can endure, what diseases one
species may resist better than others. We wish
and hope that it may be published soon ; in the
meantime, friend Munson has permitted us to
present to the readers of the Bushberg Catalogue
a synopsis of his classification, with his own Viti-
cultural Observations on some of our native
species. (And we had some photo-engravings
made, reduced, after his original plates, for this
Grape Manual.)

* At the World's Fair. 1893, In Chicago, Munson made
the most complete botanical exhibit of the genus ever
made, and lie presented it then to the U. S. Department
of Agriculture to be a permanent display in the Divis-
ion of Pomology.

20

EUSHBEliG CATALOGUE.

CLASSIFICATION.
(tknls. VITIS, Touknefout

Specific
No.

Series 1. RIPARI^E.

Vitis KuPESTRis, (Sheele) 1

Vitis YuLPixA (Linn?eus), better known
as V. RiPARiA (Michaux)* 2

(V. Palmata.— Vahl).
(Dr. N. L. Britton, curator of the Columbia College,
Horbariuni, after visiting Europe in 1893. and examin-
insi Linnaeus' orisrinal specimen of V. Vulpina, wrote
nielliat it is certainly identical with V. liipariaMx.,
liius agreeing with .1. E. Planehon).

Vitis Solonis, (Hort. Berol) 3

Vitis DoANiAXA, (Munson) 4

All excellent for hybridizing other species.

Series 2. OCCIDENTALES.

Vitis Arizouica, (Engelmann). 5

Caiion grape of Arizona.
Var. glabra, (Munson).

Vitis Girdiana, (Munson)

The south California species.

Vitis Californica, (Bentham).

The north California .species.

Series 3. CORIACE>?^.

Vitis Champini, (Planehon) 8

Vitis Canclicans, (Engelmann) 9

" Mustang grape " of Texas.

Vitis Coriacea, (Shuttlwortli) 10

Florida.

Series 4. LABRUSC.E.

Vitis Labrusca, (Linnaeus) 11

Series 5. iI':STIVALES.
Vitis Vinifera, (Linnaius).
European and Asiatic,

(^0

* J'. J'nlpina. Conforming to tlie rules, now almost
universally adopted among botanists, tit iipply the old-
est name ever used by a botanist of standing, Munson
gives preference to " V. Vulpina," being the earliest
name, established by Linna:us; it was found to be cer-
tainly identical with r. liiparia of Michaux. Origin-
ally tlie V. Labr>isca was i)opularly known as the Nortli-
ern .Muscadine and tlie V. Jiot'undifolia as Southern
ISluscadine, while V. Cordifolia is commonly called Fox
grape, and common people as well as l)()t anists regarded
then the small sour grapes of New England as " t-orr/i-
folia," i. e. Fox grapes, (after .Esop's well-lvnown fable).
Hence the name " F«/y>(nrt," and Munson says: it had
bet ter be observed, as the surest way out of confusion ;
moreover, he considers tlie name V. Rparia (riverside
grape) not very appropriate, as there are several
species that grow along river banks.

The editors of this catalogue beg to prefer the name
r. Riparia, to which they will iver remain attached.
En<ielm.\nn, Planchon and many others adopted it.
To one l)otanist, who may call it Vuli)ina, adding: "or
liiparia," thousands of grape-growers know it under no
other name than Kii^aria. Custom must rule, it is the
source of law.

Series o — Continued.

Vitis Bourquiniana, (Munson)

Herbemont, Lenoir, &c.**

Vitis Lincecumii, (Buckley)

"Texas Post-oak grape."
Var. glauca, ( Munson i.

Vitis Bicolor, (Leeonte)

" Blue gi-ape."

Vitis iE^tivalis, (Micliaux)
Vitis Sinipsonii, (Munson).

Specific
No.

(b)
12

Series 6. CORDIFOLI.E.
Vitis Cordifolia, (Michaux)

" Frost grape," " Possum grape "

13

14
15

16

Vitis Rubra, (Michaux) ; Vitis Pal-
mata, (Engelmann 17

Southern Illinois; ornamental.

Vitis Monticola, (Buckley) 18

" Sweet Mountain grape," southwest Texas.

Series 7. CINERASCENTES.

Vitis Baileyana, (Munson) 19

Syn. Virginana, (Munson).+

^lountain Streams, southwest Virginia.

Vitis Berlandieri, (Planehon) ; Vitis
Monticola, (Engelmann) 20

Southwest Texas.

Vitis Cinerea, (Engelmann) 21

Sweet winter grape, eastern Texas.
Var. Floridana, (Munson).

Vitis Caribeea, (De Candolle) 22

West Indies and eastern Mexico.

Vitis Blanconii, (Munson) 23

Sierra Madre Mountains, Mexico.

Section II. — Puncticulosis.

Series 8. MUSCADINL15.

Vitis Rotundifolia, (Michaux) 24

V. Vulpina, (Gi'ay and Engelmann).
" Muscadine grape " of the South.

Vitis Munsoniana, (Simpson) 25

" Bird grape." (Mustang grape. Chapman).

** This reminds us forcibly of the " Pedro Ximciies"
(called also 'White (Jreen Riesling), which wasljcbeved
to have l)een brought to Spain fi'om the l)anks of tlie
Moselle by the man whose name it bears, Count Odart,
a celel3rated ampelogranh, wittily said: "If he (Xi-
menes) took any he took ai,l, for no such vine grows
now north of the Pyrenees." Thus we also think: If
Mr. Bourtiuin took any of the above grapes he took
ai.i,, for no Herbemontov Lenoir can now be found native
in Europe.— B. & S. & M.

t V. Virc/iniana had already been used as a synonym
for V. Vulpina, and probal)ly some other species, hence
a new name is I'eiiuired liy botanical rules of classifica-
tion. Munson chose the name Baijlei/ana, in deference
to Prof. L. H. Bailey.

V. Rxpestris.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

21

Fig. 41. VITIS RUPESTRIS, Sheele.
(Rock Grape, Sugar Grape, Sand or Bush Grape.)

22

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

VITICULTURAL OBSERVATIONS

Upon the Xative Species of American
Grapes.

BY T. V. MUNSON.

After eliminating those species from which
no considerable practical benefit may be de-
rived in viticulture, however interesting they
are botanically, I will confine myself in these
"Observations" to those species which pos-
sess very valuable qualifications either for
graft stocks, resisting Phylloxera, or to grow
in very dry, lim}^ or chalky soils, such as are
found in cretaceous "black waxy" and
"white rock" soils of Texas and in the
Charente Inferieure of France, and may aid
the skillful vigneron in developing most valua-
ble varieties of grapes, as direct producers of
wine or for the table, for all our regions.

The species mainly to be considered in this
connection, are :

Series.
V. RuPESTRis, Sand grape or Rock

grape I, 1.

V. Vdlpina, generally known as

V. Kiparia ' I, 2.

V. SOLONis, Sand Beach or Bush grape, I, 3.

V. DoANiANA, Dean's grape 1, 4.

V. Champini, chalky, limestone hills, III, 8.
V. Candicans, black lands, Mustang

grape Ill, 9.

V. Labrusca IV, 11.

V. BOURQUINIANA V, b.

V. LisCECUMii, Post-oak grape V, 12.

V. AESTIVALIS V, 14.

V. Berlandieki, chalky, limestone

hills VII, 20.

V. ROTtJNDIFOLIA VIII, 24.

From these species we will always secure
our grapes, either in pure or hybrid form,
and stocks on which to graft non-resistant
kinds, in regions where the Phylloxera devas-
tates the Vinifera varieties. Here it is proper
to remark that in nearly all regions of the
United States, east of the Rocky Mountains,
the Vinifera are of little value except in hy-
bridization with our native species above
mentioned ; of the other species some might
also be used to advantage, but they are eitlier
too difficult to grow from cuttings, too tender,
sensitive to cold, too small and inferior in
fruit, not quite resistant to Phjdloxera, and
some are very subject to fungus diseases.

V. Rupestris, V. Vulpiud (or Rij>a rid), V.
SoJoiris, and T'. Doaniana (forming Series I),
are leafing out. fiowering and ripening very
early ; are very hard}'^, enduring severe cold,
and the cuttings root witii the greatest ease.
These species are easily recognized and dis-
tinguished from each other b3'^ botanical
characteristics (which most practical grape-

growers are unwilling or unable to study, and
which the limited space of this manual would
scarcely permit). T^. R>ij)estris* has a greatly
branched shrublike vine, a very short leaf,
from base to point, with broad opening
(sinus) ; bears small clusters of small, verj'
tender-skinned berries, very juicy and ex-
cessive in dark violet coloring matter. The}'
have a fine vinous taste, with a slight poke-
berry flavor. As a direct producer it is too
light a cropper to be profitable, but in its hy-
brid combinations it has given some excellent
varieties for wine. Jaeger's No. 70 (now
named "Munson")and my seedlings of same
("America" and "Early Wine") are ex-
amples of Rupestris hybridized with one of
the best of Lincecumii, found wild in South-
west Missouri.

Numerous hybrids of this species have
been produced by J/r. Jaeger, of Neosho,
Mo., Prof. MiUardet, of France, and I am
now using them extensively as bases for fur-
ther improvement in varied hj^brid combina-
tions. The species has been extensively and
satisfactorilj' used in France, as a resistant
graft-stock for Vinifera varieties. In its
wild state V. Rupestris grows along the borders
and on the beds of gravel drift of small
streams, which cease to run most of the sum-
mer, but where permanent moisture is found
not far below. In upland sand}^ soils in
Northern Texas, where the long drouths dr}'
the land out deeply, vines of this species
soon die. Of hundreds of its vines planted b}'
me in such soils, every one died within six
3^ears, after having grown A^er}^ thriftily for
four years. Vines of this same kind, both
from Southwest Texas and Missouri, were
planted in different localities in such soil,
with the same result, while in same lands the
V. Lincecumii, native in such soils, are in
most vigorous health, now eight years old.
Hybrids of Rupestris and Lincecumii have
endured quite well, but during the severest
drouths show some weakening. It is remark-
able that no form of rot attacks the fruit of
Rupestris, and its hybrids have more resisting
power than the variety subject to rot with
which it may be hybridized.

V. VuLPiNA, generall}' known asV. Riparia
(figure reduced one-fourth from nature), is a
much more rampant climber, with more pen-
dulous habit than Rupestris ; the foliage is of
a darker, clear, livelj' green ; leaves larger,
with much longer, sharper teeth, opening at
base much narrower ; berries are of about
same size, but bearing a dense white bloom
on surface when ripe, while Rupestris has
little or none. The fruit is generall}' in

* Fig. 41 of V. Rupestris, from nature, after Munson's
collection, reduced.

V. Riparia.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

23

Fig. 42. VITIS VULPINA, Liima'us. (Fox Grape.)
V. RIPARIA, Michaux. (Riverside Grape.)

24 Observations.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Riparia.

larger, more compact clusters, and possessing
both more acid and sugar. V. Riparia ranges
fartliest north of an}' species, extending to
So'* N. latitude, where winter temperature
often reaches 40 degrees below zero (F.)- It
was the first American species used in France
as a resistant stock to graft upon, and is still
very extensively used there and in other
countries (lately also in California) where the
Vinifera vines are grown.* Like Rupestris
it does best in sandy soils, well drained, yei
supplied with permanent moisture. In its
hybrids with the larger Labrusca, or with
Lincecumii and Vinifera hybrids, using the
best varieties as a base, may the best grapes
for the extreme Northwest be produced.

V. SoLONis is a bushy, upright-growing
species, of similar habit and liking with V.
Bitjiestris, found along the banks of rivers
and in beds of small streams of the Panhandle
region of Northwest Texas and the eastern
portion of New Mexico. In form of leaf and
flavor of fruit it is closely allied toT". Ripuria.

(Extract from the Third Edition.)

* ViTis Riparia. — This most widely diffused
American species of grape-vines was but imper-
fectly known up to within a few years, even to
botanists, so that they could not clearly dis-
tingui>li V. Eiparia from V. Cordifolia ; and they
were generally united under the one designation
''Cordifolia " The preceding treatise by Dr. En-
gelmanu has shown their specific difference, but
the circumstances whereby this knowledge was
acquired are so interesting and instructive that
we. who have almost providentially led thereto,
deem it our duty to record them.

In the winter of 1875 we received from France
an order for several hundred thousand long cut-
tings, mostly of the '■'■Taylor,^'' which variety had
been recognized as the best grafting stock among
those with which they had experimented. In
view of the impossibility to furnish one hundred
thousand or more Taylor cuttings (as this variety
is, on account of its deficient productiveness, but
little cultivated), our G. E. Meissner proposed to
send them w^Hd lllparia or Cordifolia cuttings,
which bear the greatest resemblauce to the Tai/lor,
one of its cultivated varieties, and which we had
every reason to believe would prove equally satis-
factory, if not more so, as a Phylloxera-resisting
grafting stock, for the reconstruction of their dev-
astated vineyards. The success was beyond our
most sanguine expectations, and since that time
this species was more and more recognized as the
great remedy for the Phylloxera-destroyed vine-
yards of France.

Very large quantities were then ordered from
us, and we had to look about for tiiem far and
near; nor was it an easy matter to avoid the ad-
mixture of Cordifolia, Cinerea, ^'Estivalis, and
other wild grapes, which would not answer.

The careful, observing French vintners to whom
these Riparias were so K'ery valuable for their
vigorous rapid development in almost every soil,
their great adaptability to rooting and grafting,
and their perfect immunity from the Phylloxera,
soon recognized that the so-called '^Riparia or
Cordifolia"' embraced quite a group of somewhat

Solonis also suffers greatly from the long
drouthy summers of the Southwest, iu upland
sandy soils, but iu bottom lands, or sub-irri-
gated lands, where alone it occurs natively,
it flourishes. It is used to a considerable ex-
tent as a graft-stock in Europe. The writer
of this has produced a number of hybrids of
it with Rupestris, Lincecumii, Elvira, etc., in
most of which flue wine properties prevail, it
gives great sprightliness in combination with
Vinifera and Labrusca-Vinifera combinations.
V. DoANiAXA is extensively climbing, less
branching, with larger, whitisli, downy, more
lobed leaves, much larger clusters and berries
than is Soloiris. It grows in the regions and
localities of the Texas Panhandle country.
For a wild grape the fruit is often really
good, but the skin possesses some pungeuc}',
similar to that in V. Candicans. This species
is much more deeply penetrating in root and
drouth-resisting on upland than either of the
previously described. It is capable of making
a very fine graft-stock, and is also one of the

deviating forms, of larger and smaller foliage,
more or less hairy, more or less dark in color of
wood, etc. They found, besides, that some cut-
tings (Cordifolia) would fail to root, though they
arrived and were planted in the best condition.
This, naturally, led to the study of their botanic
character, now so fully established that we can at
sight recognize and distinguish the true Riparia
from Cordifolia: aye, in the mere cutting, iu
winter, as well as iu the young plant and in the
seed.

To Prof. Millardet, of Bordeaux, belongs the
honor to have established the character of certain
distinction between Biparia and Cordifolia, whirh
species Michaux had justly separated, but which
most later botanists had confounded. (See Vigne
Americaine, Oct., 1878.)

Dr. Despetis, who made the Biparia a special
study, says that he knows 380 varieties or sub-
varieties of Riparia; some are tomentous (downy-
leaved), others glabrous (smooth-leaved); some
have light-red wood, others dark, and some even
white (gray) wood. But they all resist everj'-
where and succeed generally well on limestone
hills.

Manj' a grape-grower will ask : Of what prac-
tical importance is it to know the botanic charac-
teristics of any species':' The answer is, that it
enables us to determine to which species a culti-
vated variety belongs, and to know thereby, be-
yond doubt, which (jualities, common to all de-
scendants of such species, it will have; what kind,
of >oil or location is most suitable; whether it
will easil}'^ grow from cuttings, be more or less
subject to certain diseases, be more or less hardy,^
etc.

The Vitis Riparia comprise the most healthy
and iiardy grapes of the North Central States
(N. C. S.), formerly designated .as the Northwest,
extending to the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming,.
Colorado and New Mexico, and is found equally
healthy and more productive at the south, in Ar-
kansas and Texas. Hence we may also judge,
from its geograplucal extension, as to its rare
adaptability to various climates.

Candicans.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Labrusca. 25

bCvSt bases for hybridization, as it readily en-
dures all hardships of climate and resists the
fungus parasites remarkably well. It grows
readily from cuttings, resists Phylloxera per-
fectly, is stocky, and thrives in nearly all
soils and situations. So far no hybrids have
been artihcially produced ; the writer now
expects to experiment hybridization with
some selected vines of Doaniana.

V. Campini is native of the same regions
with ]". Monticoki and T'. Berhoidferf, among
the cretacious, dry, chalky limestone hills of
central Southwest Texas, to the northwest-
ward of Austin, the capital. It is a strong,
branching species, with small leaves, very
broad opening at base, dark green, thick and
leathery, with little cottony down ; the clus-
ter and berries are of about same size as in
V. Doaniana, but have a distinct pure flavor,
vinous, sprightly-, with some pungency in the
thin, tough skin, possessing intense abundant
coloring matter, fitting them well for making
superior red wine. This species flowers and
ripens early, but the fruit will hang on long
after ripening, growing constantly better.
Its cuttings grow with greatest ease. It is
remarkably deep-rooting and drouth-resist-
ing, a very promising base to hybridize upon.
The writer has now fruiting numerous beau-
tiful hybrids of it ; they have no musky (foxy)
aroma or flavor, and, all in all, furnish good
bases upon which to build for future viticul-
ture, especially for the trying, changeable
Southwest climate, where so much richness in
color, flavor and sugar can be developed. As
a graft-stock ChamjJini has few equals and
no superior. In my experience it takes the
graft readily and carries it robustly to a good
age.

V. Candicans, the Mustang grape of the
black lands, is known to every Texan. The
vine grows to enormous size, has a persistent
fibrous bark; the leaves are of a somewhat
triangular outline, on old vines numerously
and deeply lobed, on young vines with broad
open bases ; when 3'oung, both sides are white
with a dense cottony wool ; at maturity the
upper surface of leaves becomes very dark,
smooth, shining green, and convex, the bor-
ders being reflexed backward, the lower side
permanently holds the dense, felty, white
layer of wool (tomentum). The clusters are
small, forked; the berries large, dull black;
skin thick, tough, and of a fiery pungency, so
that the chewing of a few skins makes the
mouth sore. The berry is very persistent,
the pulp tough, slippery, juicy and agreeably
sweet, 3'et deficient in sugar. It would be
supposed that such a grape would be of little
value in viticulture, yet, in some of its hybrids
with Vinifera, produced by that learned bot-

anist and experimenter on grapes. Prof. A.
MiUardet, of Bordeaux, France, and one b}^
the writer, named "Elvicand," in which
"Elvira" is hybridized by Candicans pollen,
we have grapes good in quality and remark-
ably vigorous. But as cuttings of Candicans
root with the greatest difficulty, it is not liked
as a graft-stock. Considerable quantities of
wine are made in Texas from fruit of this
species, gathered from wild vines.

V. Labri:sca. This species, represented
pre-eminentlj^ by the Concord, its many
seedlings, crosses and hybrids with Vinifera,
is so well known that I need not dwell upon
it. It is the great market grape east of the
Rocky Mountains ; but the time is at hand
when it will ''lift its hat" to others of our
native species.*

(Extract from the Third Edition.)

*V. Labrusca, the species of which the largest
number of our cultivated varieties and those most
extensively cultivated in our country are the off-
spring, is still the most limited local species, its
home being confined to the region between the
Atlantic Ocean and the Alleghany Mountains, the
wild Labrusca being unknown in the Mississippi
Valley. "Whatever has been called so there, or
in Louisiana or Texas, is a large and downy -
leaved form of ^Estivalis, always readily distin-
guished by its " intermittent '' tendrils, while La-
brusca has more or less ' contimious ' tendrils.

•Tor table use, this species, in its improved va-
rieties, will probably always occupy a prominent
position in a lafge portion of the Eastern and
Northern States.

"As a wine grape the T". Labrusca has been
over-estimated; the tough, musky pulp of even
the best varieties requires a long and favorable
season of growth to reduce the acid center so as
to produce a proper ratio of the ingredients neces-
sary for a passable quality of wine.'' —

William Saunders.

The large size of the fruit, the vigor and pro-
ductiveness of the vine, and its easy propagation
from cuttirgs, made the varieties of this species
preferable to others for hybridizing with Euro-
pean grapes; and it was expected to thereby
ameliorate, if not to remove, their foxiness. While
this improvement in Havor has been thus accom-
plished, the process has diminished the hardiness
and has increased the sensitiveness to climate
and to fungoid diseases in the varieties thus
produced. It has proven far more successful
to grow seedlings from pure Labrusca varieties
(though of the hundreds laised from pure Con-
cord seed not one has so far been produced sur-
passing it), or seedlings from crosses between the
coarser and more tender varieties of this species,,
as the Niagara (cross between Concord and Cas-
sady), the Jefferson and the Diamond (crosses be-
tween Concord and lona). Moreover, the much
decried 'foxy taste*' becomes much less objec-
tionable by habit.

The hardy varieties of the Labrusca are also ex-
cellent grafting stock for tender, le?s vigorous
varieties, especially for hybrids of the V. Vinifera,
being quite resisting to the Phylloxera; but in
some localities the Labrusca does not feel at home.

26 Lincecumii.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Post- Oak.

Fig. 43.
VITIS LINCECUMII, Post-Oak Grape, Mimson. (Jigger's No. 43.)

Bourquiniana.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Lincecumii. 27

V. Bourquiniana, best known and repre-
sented in the Herhemont and Jaquez. They
are considered a form of onr native ^stioalis,
styled "vSoutliern JEstivalis," but have been
traced to southern France.

They are fully at home in the south, and
resist Phylloxera as well as most our native
species, their fruit, though small in berry, is
of the highest quality; but is very deficient in
imparting its fine qualit^y to hj-brids.

The Herbemont, known as "Brown
French," and Jaquez (Le Noir), known as
*'Blue French" were brought to Savannah,
Ga. (as I am credibly informed), by a Hugue-
not fd,raily by the name of Bourquin, from
southern France, over 150 j^ears ago. The
vines, sent me by Mr. Gougie Bourquin of Sa-
vannah, under these names, .are direct de-
scendants from the original vines in the Bour-
quin gardens and prove be^^ond question, in sev-
eral years fruiting on my grounds, that they
are identical with Herbemont and Jacquez.

In this blood we have vigor combined with
refining power, and it must be even moie
valuable in hybridization with our natives
than the vinif era, especially for the south ;
for it is a very late ripening species, so that
far north they would hardly ripen, but all the
more valuable south on account of their late-
ness. (In the descriptive part of this cata-
logue the editors continue, however, to
classify these varieties as southern ^stivalis).

V. Lincecumii, the Post-oak grape (with
portrait from nature ^ reduced) of the south-
west, known also as Turkey grape, and as
large-fruited ^stivalis. Hermann Jaeger
first brought this species to prominent notice
in his "Far West," "Neosho" q. v. No. 13,
No. 43, «&c., (listed in third edition of this
Catalogue, 1883, p. 112) ; choice finds in the
woods of that region. In Texas the fruit of
this species grows larger still, often as large
as Concords ; and from the best finds among
tens of thousands of vines diverse hybrids
have been produced by tlie writer with the
result that among them the finest quality,

neitber in this country nor in France ; it does not
thrive well and its fruit is very inclined to rot.

G. Onderdonk writes us : "After all, our grapes
in Texas must come from the ^Estivalis family;
no Labrusca has given us good, permanent satis-
faction here." This same view obtained ground
in Arkansas and Southwest Missouri, a'ter full
trial and dearly bought experience. Herman
Jaeger, of Neosho, Southwest Missouri, wrote us:
"In Southwest Missouri, Southern Illinois, Ar-
kansas, Western Texas (also in Alabama), the La-
brusca. or Fox grapes, bring two healthy crops of
fine grapes, and the most vigorous varieties a few
more ; then they rot to such an extent that they
are entirely worthless. The uEstivalis never rots
and is the only truly reliable grape for these
States."

greatest vigor and prodHctiveness have been
secured ; table and wine grapes with large
clusters, large berries, persistence and good
quality, which promise to succeed .over a
large area. The Post-oak grape has gener-
ally larger berries than the eastern ^stivalis,
and these berries are i)ossessed of a peculiar,
pronounced fruity flavor, sometimes too
strong to be agreeable, known here as Post-
oak grape-flavor. This species endures the
longest, severest drouths, on our native light
sandy uplands with impunity, which few other
species can accomplish ; and where V. La-
brusca, V. Rupestris, V. Riparia and V.
Solonis would burn out entirely, the Post-oak
would hang full of leaves, yet pliable and
lively green, scaix-el}- wilted, b^' having deep-
ly penetrative, large, firm, branched roots and
leaves of firm texture, evaporating little
moisture from their surface. The fruit of the
best of this species has richness in flavor,
sprightliness and sweetness ; good size of
cluster and berry, persistence to pedicel and
keeping qualities which, taken in connection
with its characteristics for wine-production,
nnake it probably the most valuable basis for
improvement of all our species. I do not
consider our best Lincecumii or Post-oak
grapes quite good enough for table, but think
that in the hands of experimenter and hybrid-
izers, they furnish a most valuable basis for
improvement. *

The ditficulty with which the cuttings of
Post-oak grow, renders its propagation in
pure form tedious and slow ; but its hybrids
with Rupestris, as in Jaeger's No. 70 (now
named Munson), and No. 72, and in
"America," also in hybrids with LabruscaX
Vinifera hj^brids, grow generall}- well from
its cuttings.

V. ^sTivALis ; Summer Grape. In this
species we have grapes of high astringent
wine properties, generally free from the mil-
dews and rots, as so well illustrated in the
Norton, It is unnecessar}' to give a more
detailed description of this species here, as

*Our friend Munson is now widely known as a
successful hj'bridizer, a creator of new varieties;
but little known, however, is the immense activity
and loving devotion, the sacrifice of tin)e and
money, which this involves. He plants and tests,
every year, many thousands of his seedlings,
selecting the finest only from them; ever trying
new combinations. The varieties listed in this
catalogue are the cream from over 40,000 grown ;
and he says: '"If as many as a dozen are perma-
nently retained I shall feel that my work has not
been in vain. This may not be encouraging to
originators — but it is the road to progress; and
by doing this work for years, he knows now bet-
ter than ever which are congenial combinations
and the best .xpecific bases upon which to build.

28 JEstivalis.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Fig. 44.
VITIS AESTIVALIS. (Summer Grape,) Michaux.

nearly everyone who knows anything of
grapes knows the native summer grape.*

* V. jEstivai^is. {See Dr. Engelniann's Classification,
page 15 in this edition). While we no-longer retain with
V. JEstivalis the form distinguished by Buckley, and
after him by Munson, as V. Lincecumii, we still consider
the varieties of the Herbemont and Lenoir class as be-
ing comprised in oui' ^Estivalis species, its southern
group, until the wild plant from which these varieties
might have sprung will be definitely known. The follow-
ing Viticultural remarks from our third edition of this
catalogue apply to both its northei-n and southern group:

ViTis ^T^STIVAMS. — This species is preeminent-
ly the WINK ^rape of the South Athintic States,
and of the lower Mississippi Valley and Texas.
. . . The berries are destitute of pulp, and the
juice contains a larger percentage of sugar than
any other improved American species. The foli-
age is not so liable to disease as that of the fox
grape, and in the berries rot is also less prevail-
ing, while in some varieties of this class, as Nor-
ton's Virginia and Cynthiana, it is comparatively
unknown. Some of the best wines made in thia
country are produced from varieties of thi&

Berlandieri.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Rotundifolia. 29

family. '•! am couvineed that neither the wine-
producing capabilities of tlie country nor the
highest excellence of tiie product can be decided
until vineyards of these varieties are established
in the best locations of favorable climates." —

William Saunders .

"The most genial home of this species is the
■country of the Ozark hills, Missouri, S. Kansas,
Arkansas, Texas and Indian TeiTitory ; probably
also the mountain slopes in Virginia, North Caro-
lina and I'ennessee. And these must be looked
upon as the great producing regions of this con-
tinent, east of the Rocky Mountains, for a certain
class of fine vnnes.

The varieties of this group generally prefer a
dr}', poor soil, intermingled with lime and de-
composed stones, with a southern and southeast-
ern exposure; they seem to endure the severest
drouths without flagging. Although we have
seen some of them, especially the Norton and
■Cynthiana, bear immense crops on the deep, rich,
sandy loam of our river bottom, their fruit does
not reach the same perfection as on the hills.
The icood of the true ^-Estivalis is very solid, hard,
with small pith, and firm outer bark; so that it is
almost impossible to propagate this species from
cuttings. The bark on the one-year-old wood is
of a dark gray color, bluish around the eyes. The
roots are wiry and tough, with a smooth, hard
liber, penetrating deep into the ground, success-
fully defying the attacks of Phylloxera. Their
resistive power has been fully tested, and estab-
lished beyond a doubt. As a stock for grafting
they are far superior to Clinton — but we think
they are too good and valuable to serve merely as
3. grafting stock.

V. Berlandieri ; (figured in a photo-
engraving, from nature, reduced ^). This
species, owing to its thriving in the dry,
limy and chalky soils, where most other
species fail, and being fully resistant to
Phylloxera, very strong and long lived —
makes the most successful graft-stock in such
soils, it has proven by actual test to resist
chlorosis (yellowing of foliage caused by ex-
cess of lime in soil) in the Department of the
Herault, France, where the soils are very dry
and chalky. The vine is closely allied to V.
Cinerea, but the leaves have a brighter green
and a shining surface, especially below, be-
tween the veins. The cluster is large to very
large, compact, having small berries of
sprightly, sweet, vinous quality, and may,
with judicious hybridization, produce valu-
able varieties for wine.

V. Rotundifolia, V. Vulpiua, or Southern
Fox grape of Linnteus, the Muscadine grape
of the Southern States, represented in cultiva-
tion by the Scuppernong (^the only variety not
black in color, wiiich is of a dull greenish
amber) Flowers, James, J//s/i, Pee Dee.
Thomas, (see their description) ; it is a sure
bearer, provided male, or staminate vines
stand in the vicinity of the fertile vines. It
is leafing out and flowering late and. as far as
known, all fertile vines of the species have
practically pistilate flowers, the sameus l)eing

so weak and reflexed that their pollen is im-
potent to fertilize the ovules, as is generall}-
the case in varieties of other species having
reflexed stamens. The vines of Rotundifolia
are uniformly very healthy, resistant to nearly
all fungus diseases and the roots to Phjdlox-
era. Those who are accustomed to eating
the fruit of this kind relish it.

The idea occurred to the writer that if the
finer, large-bunched Herbemont could be
successfully hybridized with the best Musca-
dine-varieties, a combination might be secured
which would furnish a unique and desirable
family of gra])es for the south. Acting upon
this idea he is now raising several dozen hy-
brids of Snipper nong and Toma^ (f) with
Herbemont (m).

(We confidently hope that friend Munson
will be successful, and wish that he may ob-
tain for it such price as his great fellow
hybridizer, Luther Burbank, gets for some of
his wonderful "new creations.")

LOCATION.

The onl}^ general rules we can give to guide
in the selection of a proper, desirable location
for vineyards, are:

1. A good wine-growing region is one where
the season of growtli is of suflflcient length to
ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex-
empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer
dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at-
tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in
low, damp valleys, along creeks ; high table-
lands and hillsides, with their dry atmosphere
and cool breezes, are preferable to rich bot-
tom lands ; low situations, where water can
collect and stagnate about the roots, will not
answer ; wherever we find the ague an habit-
ual guest with the inhabitants, we need not
look for healthy grape-vines ; but on the hill-
sides, gentle slopes, along large rivers and
lakes, on the bluffs overhanging the banks of
our large streams, where the fogs arising
from the water give sufficient humidity to the
atmosphere, even in the hottest summer days,
to refresh the leaf during the night and morn-
ing hours, there is the location for the culture
of the grape. Shelter has also an important
bearing on the healthy growth of the vines ;
some well-located vineyards have not proven
lucrative for the want of proper shelter ;
where it is not afforded by woods growing
near by, it should be provided for by planting
trees; large trees, however, should not be
planted so near tlie vines as to interfere with
their roots. One of our vineyards has been
thus protected by an arbor vitie fence from
the north and west winds. This fence is now
30 years old, over 8 feet high, and is consid-
ered one of the finest ornaments to our

30 Berlandieri

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

or Monticola.

Fiff. 45.

VITIS BERLANDIERI, Planchon. (VITIS MONTICOLA, Engelmann.)

Preparing the Soil.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Planting. 31

grounds. There are some locations so fav-
ored that no artificial protection is needed.
Remember, however, that no one locality is
suited to all kinds of grapes. (See page 3.)
2. A good soil for the vineyard should be
a dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say
3 feet), loose and friable, draining itself
readily. A sandy, yet moderately rich soil
is better adapted to most varieties than heavy
clay. New soils, both granitic and lime-
stone, made up by nature of decomposed
stone and leaf-mould, are to be preferred to
those that have long been in cultivation, un-
less these have been put in clover and rested
a few years. If you have such a location
and soil, seek no further, ask no chemist to
analyze its ingredients, but go at once to

PREPARING THE SOIL.

" The preparation of the soil is undoubt-
edly one of the most important operations in
the establishment of a vineyard, and one of
its objects should be to get the soil of a
uniform texture and richness throughout,
but not over-rich. This deep stirring of the
soil puts it very much in the condition of a
sponge, which enables it to draw moisture
from the soil beneath and from the atmos-
phere above, and hold it for the wants of the
plant ; hence, soils that are drained and
deeply stirred, keeping the good soil on the
surface, are less subject to the evils that
accompany and follow a drought than those
that are not so treated. It is of the first
importance, therefore, that vineyards and or-
chards at least should be put in the best con-
dition for the reception of the vines and
trees, if the best results are aimed at." —

Pet. Henderson.

The old system of trenching is no more
practiced, except, upon very hard, stony
soil, and upon steep hillsides, being too
costly and of very little, if of any, advan-
tage. The plow has taken the place of the
spade, and has greatly lessened the expense.
While we would urge a thorough work in the
preparation of the soil before planting the
vine, we believe that by careful grubbing (in
timber lands), leaving no stumps, which
would only be continual eyesores and hind-
rances to proper cultivation, and then, using
a large breaking plow, followed b}^ the sub-
soil plow, the soil will be stirred as deeply
as is really necessary to insure a good and
and healthy growth of vines. For old ground
a common two-horse plow, with a span of
strong horses or cattle, followed in the same
furrow by a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient
to stir the soil deepl}^ and thoroughly, and
will leave it as mellow and as nearly in its
natural position as desirable. This may be

done during any time of the year when the
ground is open and not too wet. Most soils
would be benefited by under-draining; the
manner of doing this is the same as for other
farm crops, except that for vines the drains
should be placed deeper ; it is less important
on our hillsides, and too costly to be here
practiced to a great extent ; wet spots, how-
ever, must be drained at least by gutters,
and, to prevent the ground from washing,
small ditches should be made, leading into a
main ditch. Steep hillsides, if used at all,
should be terraced.

PLANTING.

The soil being thus thoroughly prepared
and in good friable condition, you are ready
for planting. The proper season for doing
this here, is in the fall, after the 1st of
November, or in the spring, before the 1st of
May. Seasons differ and sometimes make
later planting advisable, but never during
frost nor while the ground is too wet. If
you have been delayed with your work of
preparing the soil in spring, the 3'oung plants
from the nursery should be heled in some
cool, dry place and covered, so that their
vegetation be retarded ; if they have already
made shoots, be specially careful to guard
against their roots getting dry. Most vine-
yards are planted in spring ; in northern and
very cold localities, this may be preferable.
We prefer fall planting ; the ground will gen-
erally be in better condition, as we have
better weather in the fall, and more time tO'
spare. The ground can settle among the
roots in winter ; the roots will have healed
and calloused over, new rootlets will issue
early in spring before the condition of the
ground would have permitted planting, and.
the young plants, commencing to grow as
soon as the frost is out of I he ground, will
start with full vigor in spring. To prevent
the roots from being thrown to the surface
by alternate freezing and thawing, a mound
of earth hoed up around the plants, or a
ridge thrown up with a plow so as to elevate
the ground somewhat in the rows, will be
found to afford all the protection necessary..
By no means delay planting till late in spring,,
and, if your ground is not ready in time, you
had much better cultivate it with corn or hoed
crops of some kind, and postpone planting-
until next fall. Planting in rows, eight feet
apart, is now the usual method ; it gives
sufficient space for a horse and man to pass
through with plow or cultivator ; the distance
in the rows varies somewhat with the growth
of the different varieties and the richness of
the soil. Most of our strong vigorous, grow-
ers, will need 8 to 10 feet in the rows ; while

32

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

the Delaware, and other light grapes may
have sufficient room when planted 6 feet
apart. The dwarfing treatment practiced
with European varieties, especially by Ger-
man vintners, will not do for American vines,
which must have ample room to spread and a
free circulation of air. The number of vines
required to set an acre (containing 43,560
-square feet) will be — .

Distance, feet. Metres. Number.

C ft. by 6 ft 1 "^ 85 by 1 '" 85 1,210

€ ft. by 7 ft I " 85 by 2 "> 15 1 ,037

6 ft. by 8 ft. I ™ 85 by 2 "' 46 907

6 ft. l)y 9 ft 1 ■" 85 by 2 "' 75 807

6 ft. by 10 ft I '" 85 by 3 " 725

7 ft. by 7 ft 2 '" 18 by 2 °^ 15 889

7 ft. by 8 ft 2 •" 15 by 2 "> 46 777

7 ft. by 9 ft 2 "' 15 by 2 " 75 690

7 ft. by 10 ft 2 '" 15 by 3 ™ ... 622

S ft. by 8 ft 2 '" 46 by 2 " 46 680

S ft. by 9 ft 2 '" 46 by 2 '" 75 605

8 ft. by 10 ft 2 •" 46 by 3 •" 545

9 ft. by 9 ft 2 ■" 75 by 2 ■" 75 537

9 ft. by 10 ft 2 ■" 75 by 3 •" 484

10 ft. by 10 ft 3 "' by 3 "^ 435

One acre = 41 ares French measure, or one hectare
jiearly equal to two and a half acres.

Having determined the distance at which
you desire to plant the vines, mark off the
rows, running them parallel, and with the
most level lines of your slope or hillside, so
tliat 3'ou may easily plow between the rows
and that the ground may not wash. (On an
eastern slope the rows will therefore run in a
'direction from north to south, which most
vine-dressers prefer.) Be careful, on sloping
ground, to leave spaces for surface drains ;
the steeper the hillsides the more frequent
must these surface drains be. Then divide
the rows into the desired distances by the
aid of a stretched line, and put small stakes
where each plant is to stand. Now, if the
ground is sufficiently dry so as to pulverize
easily, make the holes to receive the vines.
The depth of these holes must necessarily
vary somewhat with tiie nature of the soil.
On very steep hillsides, and especially on
southern slopes, with naturally warm, dry
soil, you must plant deeper than on gentle
slopes with deep, rich soil, or on bottom land
and rich prairies. Eight inches will be deep
enough on the latter ; on the former we should
plant from twelve to fourteen inches deep.

Having made the holes — and it is best not
to make too many at a time, as the ground
will dry out too quickly — you can go to
planting. In planting it is important to
spread the roots carefully, and to have them
each and all firmly surrounded with good fine

soil, pressing it down with the hands or foot;
then fill up the hole with earth, forming a very _
small mound, leaving one or two eyes exposed.

Every beginner in Grape culture knows
that young rooted vines are used for i)lant-
ing, whether it be for whole vinevards or
merely for tlie garden or arbor, and that
such young vines are usually raised in the
nursery' from cuttings or laj^ers. But the
reason why they are not grown from seeds is
not generally so well known, and even among
old experienced grape-growers some errone-
ous ideas prevail with regard to seed culture
and questions connected with this, now more
than ever important and interesting subject.
It is scarcely necessaiy to mention that the
wild grape grows and propagates itself from
seed only. This wild grape generally re-
produces itself; i. e., its seedlings do not
materially differ from their parent vines.
Transplanted into richer soil, and receiving
care and cultivation, its berries ma}^ increase
in size, and in the course of years may some-
what improve and change its character ; if,
then, we take the seed of this cultivated vine,
especially if it was grown in proximity to
other different grapes, the seedlings of these
will more materially differ. So great is this
tendency to variation, that of a hundred
seedlings of one cultivated vine scarcely two
will be found exactly alike ; some will differ
widely ; nearly one-half will be male plants
and will not produce any fruit at all, while
most of the others will retrograde to their
wild origin, and scarcely one, perhaps, be an
improvement on the cultivated i)arent.

The layer or the cutting of a grape-vine
will, on the contrary, exactly reproduce the
parent vine from which it was taken, and
even any transplanting of the same, into a
widely different locality, cannot change it.
The differences in soil and climate may im-
prove or impjair the vigor of the vine and its
foliage, the size and quality of its fruit ; in
other words, they maj' be more or less favor-
able to the development of its inherent
qualities, to the good or ill success of the
variety ; but they will never materially change
it in appearance, form, taste, color — much
less in its botanical characteristics.* The

* Tlie erroneous opinion that a grape transplanted
to other countries may become entirely changed by
influences of climate and soil was often supported by
errors or deceptions in transplanting a vine or cut-
ting, not true to name. Thus the famous Tokay grape
was suppo.sed to liave been transplanted to the Rhine
150 years ago, and, as it was there found to be a miser-
able grape, uuite different from the noble Tokay, this
was ascribed to the influence of the different soil. But
lately it has been di-scovered that tlie grape trans-
l)lanted from Tokay (in Hungary), and known in
(jreruiany under the nickname " Putsschcre" (Snuffers),
is the same grape which also grows at Tokay and is
known there under the name " Gyonyssdlo" (white
pearl), and that it is there also of poor quality, and
is not the e.\cellent variety " Frumint" of which the
celebrated Tokay wine is made.

Planting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Seed Culture. 33

practical grape-grower, tlierefore, who desires
to plant certain varieties, all fruit-bearing,
will not plant seeds, nor young plants raised
from seeds — although some theorists pretend
that the long continued propagation and
culture of the grape from the wood was the
cause of its recent failures to withstand
diseases, insects, and other parasites. Care-
ful and unprejudiced investigation and rea-
soning as well as practical experiments have
fully established the facts : that seedlings
resist no more successfully than plants from
cuttings, nor are the}' much less sensitive to
the vicissitudes of climate ; and that the long
continued culture and propagation from wood
has nothing to do with the greater or less
resistance to disease, nor has their cellular
tissue been softened thereby.

For practical grape culture we should use
none but the best rooted plants of those
kinds which we wish to produce. Some
vintners, from supposed economy, use only
■cuttings to plant their vineyards, placing two
cuttings where one vine is to grow ; but the
result generally is unsatisfactory, especially
witb American varieties, most of which do
not root as easily as those of the European
Vinifera class, and make much replanting
necessary ; and where both cuttings do grow,
one must be pulled out. Those vintners
would do better, by far, by first growing
their cuttings one or two years in nurser}?^
rows, and afterwards transplanting the best
of them to their intended vineyard.

But if we desire to obtain new varieties we
must plant seed. This is a far more uncertain,
slow and difficult operation than most people
imagine, and but very few have been success-
ful in it. Just as some careful breeders of
animals have succeeded in raising improved
kinds, on which they engrafted certain
qualities by crossing, so have horticulturists
endeavored to reach the same end by hybrid-
izing the best varieties of grapes and planting
their seeds, having due regard to the charac-
teristics of the parents from which they breed.

But of late still another very important
function has been assigned to seed planting,
namely, to produce in Europe (especially
where the importation of our cuttings and
rooted plants has been prohibited) American
vines, which resist the Phylloxera, as graft-
ing stocks. For, however great the tendency
to variation is in seedlings, still, under all
circumstances and changes of soil and climate,
they retain the Phjdloxera-resisting root as
well as other botanical characteristics of their
parents.* During the last years we have

* For this purpose it is best to use the seed of the
wild grape, especially of ^Estivalis and of Riparia; the
seed of hybrids should not be used.

furnished several thousands of pounds of
grape-seed to Austria, Italy, Spain, and
Portugal. The reports of their germination
were generally favorable. The following
report of v. Babo, kindly furnished us in
spring 1883 is certainly both reliable and
interesting in this respect: "Of the grape-
seeds received from you last 3^ear, the Riparia
sprouted best; so well, indeed, that we can
scarcely manage the innumerable small seed-
lings. All the other seedlings (from culti-
vated sorts) show great variety in fruit, color,
foliage, &c. Most variable are those from
Taylor seed; from tlie 2,500 bearing vines
raised from seed of this one variety, a hun-
dred distinct sorts can easily be selected.
The young plants from Riparia seed seem
not to vary much, as we can find but very
little essential difference in their foliage."

We do not intend here to discuss the vari-
ous modes of multiplication or propagation of
grape-vines from cuttings, layers or single
eyes (buds), still less the methods of produc-
ing new varieties from seed and of hybridiz-
ing, as this would far exceed the scope of
this brief manual, nor do we desire to say
whether plants grown from cuttings, from
single eyes or from laj^ers, are preferable.
Propagators and nurserymen are not con-
sidered disinterested, impartial judges on
this question. But we may say without fear
of contradiction that for success in grape
growing it is of first importance to get the
best plants. Vines raised from layers were in
former years held to be superior, and are
still preferred by many, but unprejudiced
and observing cultivators have found that
they only look stronger and finer, but are not
as good as plants properly grown from cut-
tings or single-eyes, of mature, health}^
wood.

Our German and French vine-dressers
generally practiced growing vines from lo)ifj
cuttings, but short (two or three eye) cut-
tings will usually make stronger and better
ripened roots. Others again haA^e obtained
the best results from single-eye plants, and
consequently prefer them. The celebrated
French ampelograph Dr. Jules Guyot praised
single-eye cuttings as physically and phj'sio-
logically most approaching to those raised
from seed. We have tried all, and find that
it makes very little difference how the vine
has been produced and raised, provided it
has strong, firm, health}^, well-ripened roots,
and wood, with plump and perfect buds. As
a general rule, a well yroicn vine is in its best
condition for pla ting when 07ie year old.
Fuller and many other good authorities prefer
two-year old transplanted vines ; vines older
than two years should not be planted, and

34 Planting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

so-called extra large layers "for iinmediate
bearing" are a humbug.

There is. however, one method of propagat-
ing the grape, namely, by Grafts, which
belongs more properly to the sphere of the
cultivator, the vine3'ardist, than the nursery-
man or propagator, and which presents itself
under aspects almost entirely new.

GRAFTING.

Grafting the grape-vine is now practiced
on a gigantic scale in Europe, where the con-
tinued inroads of the Phylloxera have carried
devastation and destruction over an immense
area of vineyards, once thrifty and blooming.
Many methods have been tried ; untold sums
of money have been expended in vain attempts
to check the march of this terrible enemy of
the European grape ; but, alas ! these at-
tempts have practically proved to be failures.
By the application and continued use of
chemical insecticides some vineyards have
been kept up in a state of comparative health
and productiveness ; but, unfortunately, the
cost of these annual applications is to high
for general use, and can only be afforded by
the proprietors of the most renowned vine-
yards, the "grand cms," whose products
command such extraordinary prices as to
cover the extraordinary expenses of preserv-
ing them by this means. Vineyards which
can be entirely submerged in water every
winter, for a period of at least fifty da3's, can
also be maintained in spite of the Phylloxera.
And, finally, vines planted in soil containing
at least 60 per cent, of pure sand (silica)
offer also a comparative resistance to the
insect.

These three means of maintaining the Eu-
ropean grape in spite of the Phylloxera apply
themselves only in such exceptional cases,
however, that European grape culture would
be doomed to an almost entire destruction
were it not for the American vine coming to
the aid of its European sister. The Ameri-
can vine, with its strong, robust system, and
its tough, vigorous root, resists the Phyl-
loxera, and by lending its root to the Eu-
ropean vine makes the reconstruction of the
devastated vineyards possible.

When the second edition of our catalogue
was published (1875) this maUer was still a
problem, and many then doubted whether the
solution, positivel^^ and practicall3^ would be
a satisfactory one. This problem has been
solved, and it is placed beyond all doubt that
the use of the American resistant vine as a
grafting stock for the European grape (V.
Vinifera) is the true solution of the Phyl-
loxera question for the European vintner —
that solution which alone has been found

generally applicable, generallj- practical, and
generally satisfactory.

Millions of vines are now grafted in Europe
every spring, some on simple cuttings, some
on nursery plants, and others in vinej^ard
plantations ; but in all cases the grafting
stock is of American descent. The stocks
most generally employed for this pur-
pose are types of our wild Vitis Miparia,
which probabl}" constitutes four-fifths of the
grafting stocks emploj'ed, having been found
to adapt themselves to nearlj^ all kinds of
soils and exposures, and uniting the greatest
powers of resistance to the insect with a
remarkable facilit}^ of rooting from cuttings
and of receiving the graft of the V. Vinifera.

We will be pardoned for mentioning here
with a certain degree of pride and satisfac-
tion, that we were ihejirst to recommend and
to bring this valuable grafting stock to the
notice of the French grape-growers (in Dec,
1875) and to place it in their hands in suf-
ficient quantities to test its merits, which
merits they soon learned to appreciate. Since
then the French vintners have propagated
and increased the stock in a wonderful
degree, the single Department of Herault
alone furnished many millions of plants and i
cuttings of Riparia, all to be grafted with »
the European grape.

The results obtained by grafting the T'.
Vinifera on American roots have generall}'-
been found so satisfactory, not only as the
means of resisting the Phylloxera, but also
as imparting greater vigor and productiveness
to the European grape, that the practice of
grafting on American stocks would probably
be continued even if the dreaded Phylloxera
were to suddenly and entirely disappear.
Unfortunately, the very reverse, the increase
and spread of the insect, is far more probable ;
and the sooner those grape-growers of south-
ern Europe whose territor}^ is not 3'et infested
by this scourge reconcile themselves to the
idea of reconstructing their precious but
doomed vine^'ards hy the means of grafting
on American Phylloxera-resisting stocks, the
better it will be for them.

Since the foregoing, from our last edition
was written, more than ten j^ears have elapsed
and the experience of the ju'esent day finds
the expectations then expressed fully veri-
fied. Thousands, yes, hundred thousands of
acres of Phjdloxera destroyed vine^'ards
have been reconstituted by grafting on
American roots, and are to-day a^ain in full
vigor and productiveness. The great grape
industry of southern Europe which twenty
years ago was threatened almost to destruc-
tion has not only recovered, but is again, as
of yore, a most important factor in the

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Grafting. 35

national wealth and prosperity of that part of
the world.

We hope our American readers will excuse
these rather lengthy remarks about "grafting
in Europe;" but some of them, especially
our friends in California, where the European
grape forms the main basis of grape culture,
will lind them of some practical interest.

The question of grafting the grape-vine has
mau}'^ other points of interest for us, aside
from the object of placing a variety which is
subject to the Ph3'lloxera beyond the per-
nicious influence of this insect. Thus an-
other object for which grafting is very desir-
able is the early testing of new varieties. By
grafting on a vigorously bearing vine we will
generally obtain bearing wood, and some-
times even fruit, the first season. We are
also enabled, by grafting, to turn old vigor-
ous vines of perhaps some worthless variety
to good account, as with a little trouble and
care and the loss of only one year we can
change them into some choice and valuable
variety. Before we enter into the details of
the 'modus operandi of grafting, we will first
speak of the conditions generally considered
essential to the successful performance of tbe
operation.

First. The Stock. Judging from our
own experience, we cannot side with those
who claim that in all cases the stock and
scion should belong to the same class in order
to insure perfect success.

A point which is of far more importance is
the perfect health and vigor of the stock.
We should never select a sickly or diseased
vine, nor one subject to the attacks of the
Phylloxera, as a stock to graft upon. Even if
the graft should live it will thrive but poorly,
unless indeed it belongs to some very vigor-
ous variety and is grafted deeply enough
below the surface to form its own roots ;
these will then support it entirely, and it will
soon dissolve its union with the unhealthy
stock. But even in this case it will require
years to overcome the effects of the uncon-
genial partnership. If the object in grafting
is to guard a variety subject to the Phyll-
oxera against the ravages of this insect, we
should select for the stock a vine of a strong
and vigorous variety, which possesses recog-
nized powers of resistance to the insect. The
graft should then be inserted as near the sur-
face of the ground as possible, and, where
practical)le, even above it. Some have as-
serted that the stock and scion should be of
varieties as near alike in vigor of growth as
possible, but with this we cannot agree. We
should invariably prefer to graft a weak
grower on a strong one.

Second. The Scion. This should come

from a healthy and short-jointed cane of last
summer's growth and of moderate size, (a
little stouter than an ordinary lead pencil is
the thickness that we prefer). It should be
cut from the vine before very hard-freezing
weather and kept in a cool cellar, either in
damp moss, sand or sawdust, or buried in
the ground. In case the grafting is to be
performed late in spring, the scion may be
kept dormant in an ice house.

In his anotatioiis to the French translator
of our last edition, Mr. Champiu remarks:
"Grafts and cuttings maybe preserved in-
definite^ provided they are protected entirely
from air, heat, and especially from humidity.
The ej^es or buds are quite similar to grains
of seed ; so long as heat or moisture have not
caused them to sprout, they preserve their
faculties of vegetation." "By placing or
stratifying the grape canes in dry, fine sand,
and in a cold dry place, they will keep as fresh
as on the day they were cut, not only for a sea-
son, but from one season to the next. I have
grafted on the 2oth of Ma}-, 1884, scions
which were cut and stratified since the month
of December, 1882, and a large number have
taken and grown perfectly."

Third. When to Graft. The best time,
as far as days and months are concerned,
varies, of course, with the locality and lati-
tude ; but, as a rule, we would state that the
vine cannot be grafted with good success,
either while the sap is running so freely as to
cause the vine when cut to bleed heavil}-, as
it is termed,* nor 3'et (except by the process
of inarching, of which hereafter) from tlie
time in tlie spring, or rather in the early
summer, when the young shoots begin to
turn hard and fibrous ; this period generally
commences about the time of the bloom and
lasts until after the fall of the leaf. This
reduces the time for successful grafting to
two periods, the first one 13'ing between the
fall of the leaf and the rising of active circu-
lation in the spring, and the second one com-
mencing after this exceedingly strong How of
sap has abated and lasting until the full de-
velopment of the first young growth.

In the more southern States grafting may
be successfullj^ and practically performed
during the first period. In fact, the late Dr.
A. P. Wylie of Chester, S. C, considered
the fall or early winter in that latitude as the

*Mr. Champin says: "Even at the period when the
vine bleeds most profusely under the cut of the knife,
and when the flow of the liciuid would thi-eaten to
drown or carry off the scion, one can sraft with every
chance of success under the following precaution:
Cut off the vine to he grafted on a little above the
point where the grape is to be inserted and wait until
the fountain has ceased running; this flow of sap will
cease in a few days, — sometimes it will take several
days. When it has stopped freshen the cut a little
below the previous one, and one can fit the scion with
all confidence of success to the Steele thus prepared.

36 Grafting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE,

Grafting.

X>roper time for grafting. Farther north, and
even in the latitude of St. Louis, fall grafting
is not quite as certain, for even when pro-
tected b}"^ a mulch of straw or leaves the
graft is in danger of being thrown out by the
heaving of the ground caused by the frost.
In this latitude, however, we often have fine
days in February and early in March, when
the ground is open and before the active flow
of sap has commenced, which should be im-
proved for the operation. Still farther north,
where the ground opens late and spring
comes in abruptly, these days are generally
so few that they can seldom be utilized.
For these northern latitudes the best oppor-
tunity lies in the second period, or during
the time in which the sap has ceased its
active flow and exudes from the wound in a
gumra}' state. Some even claim good suc-
cess in mid-summer with scions of the same
season's growth.

In describing the operation proper, of
grafting in the several different methods, we
do not think that we could give better direc-
tions than by following largely an excellent
French work, '■'■Traite tlieonqiie et pratique
(111 Grefage de la Vigne," by Aime Champix,
an eminent and most intelligent practical
vineyardist, and a most spirited and elegant
writer, who has treated the subject in an
exhaustive work. His book has also been
translated into the German language by Dr.
RoESLER. ("Der Weinbau, seine Cultur
und Veredlung, von Aime Champin. A.
Bartleben & Co.: Wien, 1882.") To Mr.
Champin we are also indebted for the cuts
relating: to grafting.

The method of giafting most generally ap-
plied for larger stocks, or for plants which
are already established in the open ground,
is "cleft grafting." After clearing away
the soil around the collar of the stock to be
operated upon, to the depth of 3 or 4 inches,
select a place below the surface with a
smooth exterior around the collar ; just
above this place cut the vine off horizontally
with a flne-toothed saw, or, in the case of
smaller stocks, Avith a sharp knife ; then split
the stock with a common grafting chisel, or
other sharp instrument, so that the cleft will
run down about li or 2 inches. Insert the
small end of the grafting chisel (C), or a
narrow wedge, in the centre of the cleft in
order to keep it open, and then with a very
sharp knife cut j^our scion — which may be
3 to 4 inches long and have one or two ej^es —
to a long wedge-shape at the lower end, so
as to fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a
trifle thicker than the inner one ; insert it in
the cleft so that the inner bark of both stock
and scion may as much as possible make a
close fit on each other ; then withdraw the ;
wedge in the center, and the scion will be
held firmly in its place b}^ the pressure of the
stock. If the stock is a large one two scions
may be inserted, one on each side. This
mode of grafting answers for stocks varying
from one-half to three inches in diameter.
(See Figs. 46 and 47.)

Though not absolutely necessary with larg€
stocks, it is best to wind the grafted plani
tightly with some strong coarse string, oi
other suitable material, in order to bind stool
and graft together. Then cover it with
grafting-clay ; this clay is best made bj
thoroughly' mixing one part fresh cowdun|
with four parts of ordinary tenacious clay,

Fig. 4

Gmfting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Grafting. 37

Grafting-wax, such as is generally used for
tree and other grafting, cannot be recom-
mended for the grape, as the tallow and rosin
seem to have a deleterious influence.

To complete the operation, replace the soil,
filling it up so that the upper bud on the scion
will be level with the surface. A shade placed
so as to protect it from the noondaj^ sun, or a
slight mulch, is very desirable.

This method of grafting may also be em-
plo3^ed for small stocks ; when the stock is
nearly the same size as the scion a perfect
contact of the bark (liber) can be obtained
on both sides. (See Fig. 48.)

Or two scions may also be inserted in a
stock of a little larger size (see Fig. 49).

It can also be employed for grafting cut-
ting on cuttings (as figured in Fig. 50), though
for this, and in fact for all small stocks
grafted out of the ground, we would prefer
the WHIP-GRAFT, or, better yet, the "Cham-
piN-GRAKT," of which wc will speak later.

Fisr. 48.

Fig. 49.

Fig. 50.

Another mode of cleft-grafting, which
though a little more tedious, is perhaps also
that much more certain, is to saio a slit in the
stock a])out one and a half inches deep with
a thick-bladed or wide-set saw, instead of
using the chisel. The cleft thus made must
be spread open just sufficiently to receive the
scion, which must be cut to fit nicely in the
slit, with its upper portion resting, with a
square shoulder each side, on the stock. In
this instance we prefer to graft with two
buds, the lower one of which should be the
point where to cut the shoulders. In other
respects the same rules appl}^ to this mode as
those given before. The greatest advantage
is that we can always make a clean, straight
cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted.

As the slit cut by the saw is always of a
uniform thickness, the scions may be prepared
beforehand in the house during a rainy day
or in the evening, and kept in damp moss
until wanted.

When grafting European grapes (Vinifera)
on American stock, to protect them from the
Phylloxera, it is important and essential to
guard against the graft of the Vinifera making
its own roots and finally severing its connec-
tion with the resistant stock, — a danger which
must be guarded against. To obviate this
the European graft should be placed as near
the level of the soil as possible, preferably
rather a little above than below. If placed
above the level of the ground it will be neces-
sar3% however, for the first season, or until a
perfect cohesion, healing over and growth has
taken place, to protect the graft from the dry-
ing influence of the air, by a firm, well-made
mound of earth placed around it, and made
high enough to extend to the upper bud of
the graft, even slightly covering the same.
In a region where the winters are not so se-
vere as to endanger the life of the European
grape, this mound may be gradually removed
entirely, in others it should be carefully
examined from time to time, and any roots
having formed from the graft should be cut
off and removed.

We spoke before of the "whip-gkaft"
and the "Champin-graft" as being prefer-
able for small stocks or for cuttings grafted
upon cuttings. The ordinary whip-graft (the
greffe angJaise of the French) is well known
to our horticulturists, and, probably, to most
of our readers ; it is this graft which is most
generally employed by our nurserymen in the
propagation of all small fruit trees, in making
root-grafts, and it is especially convenient
for grafting in-doors, for the "graft on the
table" or for the "'graft by the hearth-stone,"
as the French designate it.

In France millions of this grape-graft are

38 Graftimj.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

made every winter, mostly on rooted plants
of one year's growth, but very many also on
simple cuttings of Phylloxera-resisting va-
rieties.

The stocks and scions should both be pro-
vided in good season and kept well preserved in
sand, sawdust, moss, or other suitable materi-
al, and stowed away
in a convenient place
in the cellar. For this
method of grafting
it is very desirable,
though not really es-
sential, that the stock
and scion should be
as nearly as possible
of a uniform size.
The ordinary whip-
graft, as employed
for the grape, is best
explained by the ac-
companying Figs. 51
and 52.

The improved whip-grafting, or the "Cham-
pin-graft" \la grejf'e Champing ^ we will de-
scribe by a free translation of that chapter of
his book treating thereon :

Let us operate first on a rooted plant or a
rooted internode ; with the pruning shears, or,
better still, with the knife, cut off the top as
close as possible below an eye or joint at the
collar. After the top has been taken off there
remains but little difference between a plant
and a rooted joint.* With a coarse rag wipe
off all sand and grit from that portion of the
shoot to 1)6 grafted. Then with a grafting-
knife, which should be simple and strong,
with a A'ery thin, but wide and not too long
blade (see Fig. 53), make a nice, straight and

Fis. 55.

Fig. 54.

Fig. 5.3.

regular slit or cleft, from above downwards,
and at one-third or one-fourth of the diameter
(1^ to 2h inches in length), according to the
size of the subject (Fig, 54). Then, holding
the stock in your left hand in the manner
shown in Fig. 55, with the palm of the hand
turned up, cut the thickest part of the split
end to an exact smooth bevel, of equal length
as the cleft, as shown in Fig. 56.

* By " rooted joints" (merithtille racine) Mr. Champin
designates portions of a cane, layei'ed tlie pi-evious
summer, which lias sent out loots from its dilferent
eyes or nodes. For grafting purposes, it will 1)0 seen,
these rooted internodcs answer all purposes if they
have good strong roots, even though no top growth has
pushed from the eyes which were buried in the gi-ound.

Fig. 56.

Fiu-. 07.

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Graftiiu/. 39

This operatiou is not at
all difficult ; but, in order
to perform it easily, it re-
quires a very sharp knife,
ground to a tine edge from
the upper side only.

The graft or scion,
which should be selected
as nearl}^ as possible cor-
responding in size or
thickness with the stock,
and generally with two
eyes, is prepared, split
and cut precisely in the
same manner as the stock,
except onl}^ of course,
that the cleft and tongue
will be at the lower ex-
tremity instead of at the
upper. (See g. Fig. oG.)

In later practice Mr.
Champin found it more
expedient to reduce some-
what the length of the
cuts for the clefts and tlie
tongues of the stock and
scion, making their length
about equal to three times
their diameter.

Fipr. 58.

Having thus prepared both stock and scion,
it is a verj- easy matter to unite and adjust
them, as shown by Fig. 57, taking care that
the bark of both fit together exactly- and
snugly, at least on one side.

The graft is now ready for the tie, which
should be of some strong, pliable material.
Linden-bass is very good, but any small,
strong twine will answer. In France, "Ra-
phia," the product of a palm leaf, is used
very extensively for this purpose. The tie
should be adjusted firmly.

Fig. 58 shows
graft."

a well-made " Champin-

It now remains to be covered with a thin
but well-applied coating of grafting claj',*
and after that will be ready for
planting out ; or, if the operation
is performed in winter, before the
planting season, it may be stored
in the cellar, or some other suit-
able place, carefull}' packed away
in sand or sawdust.

The operation of grafting upon
simple cuttings is performed in
precisely the same manner. A
grafted cutting is shown in Fig. 59.
The grafted cutting should be
planted out in nursery rows and
grown there for one season before
they are set out for permanent vine-
yard plantation. This plan is pur-
sued on a ver}^ extensive scale in
France.

It may sometimes be desirable
to graft on a layered cane ; for in-
stance, in filling a vacancy in a
vineyard-row, or in cases where no
good place can be obtained for
inserting a graft at the collar of an
old vine to be operated upon ; in
such cases a thrifty
young cane is graft-
ed at some desira-
ble point near its
end. The graft may
be either an ordin-
ary cleft -graft, a ||j|\\
common wliip-
graft, or a Cliam-
pin-graft, or, as the
illustration ( Fig.
60) shows, a sad-
dle-graft. The sad-
dle-graft is nothing
else than an invert-
ed cleft-graft, the
cleft being made
in the scion, while Fig- 59.
the tongue or
wedge is cut on the stock. Fig. 60 shows
the layered cane and graft, and will make the
operation plain to the reader. One great ad-
vantage of grafting a layered cane is that the
stock is not sacrificed in case the graft should

*A narrow strip of tin-foil, wound around the graft,
makes an excellent sul^stitute for grafting clay or wax.
If well put on, it will exclude all air and moisture. Of
late years bottle-coi'ks, split from the side to the center
and the latter slightly hollowed out, to admit the graft,
have come into use. The cork is slipped over the graft
and then firmly tied with a couple of light iron wires,
thus answering the purposes of both clay and tie.
While we have no personal experience with this method,
nor any direct reports on ils results, it seems to us that
it should be very successful, when used for <rraftinji on
small rooted stocks or cuttinixs. The corks all ready
prepared are extensively advertised in Fren h Vitl-
cultural papers.

40 Graftimj.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

fail to grow ; it also enables us to obtain a
number of such grafts from one vine. In
this case the layered canes should be sepa-
rated from the parent stocks in the latter part
of summer, and may be taken up in the fall
like any other ordinary layers.

When the object of grafting is to place a
European variety or a hybrid, subject to the
attacks of the Phylloxera, beyond reach of
harm by the insect, it is verj^ important to
place the graft as near the surface of the soil
as possible, so as to prevent the scion from
making its own roots. During the first sum-
mer, the grafts should be carefully examined
about once a month, and an}'' roots which may
have formed from the scion should be cut off.
Where the scion is itself of a Phjdloxera-
resisting variety, this precaution is, of course,
unnecessary.

It frequentl}' happens that the buds of the
grafts swell rapidly within a few days after
the operation, and then, after having given
great promise for a week or two, they turn
brown and apparently die off. Do not let
this discourage you too quickly, and above
all make no rash examinations of the cause of
this seeming failure, by pulhng out the scion
or otherwise loosening it. A graft will often
remain in this state for a period of live or six
weeks, and then start up all at once with a
vigor that will push young wood to the length
of twenty or more feet the same season.
Keep the young growth well tied up, and
carefully remove all suckers from the parent
stock as soon as they appear.

A method of "Green or Herbacious graft-
ing," which is said to give excellent results,
and is extensively practiced in some parts of
Hungary, especially in the grape regions
around BuDA-rKSTii, is descriljed in the Am-
2>eIoc/raphische Beri elite as follows: "In the
month of May, when the young shoots have
not yet become woody, but have already well-
developed eyes at the base of the leaf, the
shoot Avhich is to be grafted is cut off close
below an eye ; it is then split nearly up to the

ej'e below the cut. The scion, which
has been taken from a suitable young
shoot, is cut to one eye with a long,
thin wedge, below which it is fitted
nicely into the split. The graft is
then wrapped with woolen 3'arn.
After a few days the eye will begin
to swell and grow, and after a com-
plete union has taken place will de-
velop shoots of a yard (over 90
centim.) or more in length, the same
season. During the first winter the
grafted canes should be laid down
and covered, to protect them from
injury b}^ frost. The advantages of
this method of grafting are, that fruit ma}"-
often be obtained the first season, that several
grafts can be made on the same stock, and
that the operation is a very easy one ; a
skilled hand can easily graft one hundred
and fifty or more in a day ; and that it
is performed at a time when other work in the
vineyard is, comparativel}-, not very pressing."
Another method of grafting, above the
ground, is by

GRAFTING BY APFROACH OR INARCHING.

For this method it is desirable that two
plants, one each of the variety which is to
form the stock, and one of the scion, are
planted close together, say about one foot
apart. In June (the first year, if the plants
make a sufficiently strong growth, if not, the
second year), or as soon as the young shoots
become sufficiently hard and woody to bear
the knife, a shoot is taken from both the
stock and the scion vine, and at a convenient
place, where the}' ma}^ be brought in contact,
a shaving is taken out from each of these, on
the side next to the other, for a length of two
or three inches. This must be done with a
smooth cut of a sharp knife, a little deeper
than the inner bark, so as to obtain on each
a flat surface. They are then fitted snugly
together, so that the inner bark joins as
much as possible, and are wrapped securel}'-
with some old calico strips, or with soft bass
strings. Besides this, it is well to place one
tie a little below, and one above the grafted
point, and also to tie the united canes to a
stake or trellis to insure against all chances
of loosening by the swaying of the wind.
The rapid swelling of the young growth at
this period of the year makes it desirable
that the grafts be looked over after a few
weeks, replacing such ties which may have
burst, and loosening others which may bind
so as to cut into the wood. A union will
generall}' be made in the course of two or
three weeks, which will be further consoli-

Graftincj.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Grafting. 41

dated in the course of six to eight weeks,
when the bandages may be removed and the
grafted portion left exposed to the sun, to
thoroughly harden and ripen it. The shoots
themselves are to be left to grow undisturbed
for the rest of the season. In the fall, if a good
union has taken place, the cane forming the
scion is cut close below its union with the
stock cane, which in its turn is cut close
above the connection. Supposing the stock
to have been a Concord and scion a Dela-
ware, we now have a vine of the latter en-
tirely on the strong, vigorous root of the
former. Of course constant vigilance must
be exercised to prevent suckers from start-
ing out of the stock. It is well to protect
the grafted joint the first few winters by a
slight covering of straw or soil to prevent
the frost from spliting it apart.

Another mode of grafting
above ground (copied from "The
Gardner's Monthly" by W. C.
Strong in his valuable work,
"The Cultivation of the Grape" )
is not merely interesting in
itself, but also illustrative of
many other modifications in
grafting: (See Fig. 61.)

"After the first four or five
leaves are formed, and the sap
is flowing, you choose the place
on the vine where you intend
to graft. At that point wrap
a twine tightly several times
around the vine. This will, in
a measure, prevent the return
sap.

Below the ligature make a
sloping cut down, as shown
at a; also, a similar reversed
one above the ligature, as at &, about one
inch in length. In selecting a scion prefer
one that has naturally a bend. Cut it so
that it shall be wedge-shape at both ends, and
a little longer than the distance between the
cuts in the vine at a and b. Insert the scion,
taking care to have the barks in direct con-
tact, securing it with a string, c, bound round
both scion and vine sufficiently tight to force
the scion-ends into their places. If the work
is done well, no tie will be required at a and
6, but the joints shoiild be covered with
grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d
will commence its growth, after which you
can, by degrees, remove all the growing
shoots not belonging to the scion, and in
course of the summer you may cut off the
wood above b, and in the fall remove all
above a on the stock and above c on the
scion."

61.

In "Orchard and Garden" (Feb., 1891),
that veteran Missouri-Kansas viticulturist,
Dr. J. Stayman of Leavenworth, gives an
article on grafting the grape, from which we
make the following extract, as his method of
preparing the stock differs materiall}' from
the cleft-grafting which we have before de-
scribed and the Doctor has been so very suc-
cessful in his grafting operations that his-
method should be widely known. Dr. Stay-
man insists upon selecting scions at least &
to 8 inches long and not less than two buds,
which can best be fitted to the stock to be
operated on. He then says: " For grafting
grapes the tools required are a good, sharp
shoemaker's knife, a light mallet, fine saw,
pruning shears and a ball of grocer's wrap-
ping twine. We put all these into a basket
and wrap the graft-wood in a damp sack, and
go to work."

We employ a per-
son to go ahead and
dig out with a spade
the ground all a-
round the vines,
down to a point
below the first tier
of roots, say 8
inches deep. In
spading down na
attention is paid to
the surface roots as
they must all be
cut away to get
down to a clean
stock to graft.

This assistant
must not go too far
//^ ahead of the graft-
er, as the stocks
should not be too
long exposed to the
sun in that open
condition. If the
stock is not more
than half or three quarters of an inch
through: cut it off with the pruning shears,
but if larger, saw it off about six or seven
inches below the surface. Take off the
outside bark,* (Fig. 62) select the most
favorable side and cut a slope on the side
about one inch and a half long, and
about one-fourth of an inch deep at the

* The Doctor lays Rrciit stress upon the removal of
the outside bark of tlie storks in all his grafting. He
says: " We take the hark off the stock in grafting, not only
for the purpose of seeing that the grafts tit and that
they are properly adjusted, but also that the damp soil
may come in contact with the inner bark so that callus
may form soon, as well as keep the grafts alive until
united, or roots are thrown out to support it."

"Care should be used, however, not to cut or scrape
into tlie inner or live green bark which is firmly united
to the wood. Remove only the dead outer bark which
separates freely from the other."

42 Grafting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Grafting.

top. The length and the depth of this slope
depends to some extent upon the size of the
stock. Set the knife about one-eighth of an
inch from the top of the slope, and drive it
down with the mallet about one inch and a
quarter or more deep, to form a tongue in the
stock. The knife must be set exactly, or it
will cut too shallow or too deep, but a little
practice will soon determine this matter. If
it is cut too deep the tongue will be too stiff
and unyielding, and if too shallow it will be
too flimsy to hold the graft.

If the stock is, sa^^ three-quarters of an
inch or more in diameter, insert two grafts,
one on each side, Ijut if less, one stout graft
will be sufficient. Cut the grafts long enough
that the upper bud will be just about above
the level of the ground, or a little above, but
never under the surface. Slope the grafts on
one side onl}^ about one inch and a half long,
to a thin edge below. Take the outside bark
off from the graft up as high as the slope.
Then cut a tongue in the graft (just like the
scions of root-grafted apples are cut), about
one inch and a quarter deep. In cutting the
tongue, the outside of it should be a little
larger than the inside, to make a neat fit.
When inserting the grafts they cannot be
made to match the stock at ever^^ part of the
slope, in fact, pay no attention to that; but
find the place where the}^ do and push them
down ti.ght and Jinn. Then as a precaution
against moving, wrap a tie around to keep
the grafts in place while working al)out them.

Fis. 63. Stock axd Graft Below Grouxd.

First fill in a little good soil below and pack
it down firmly around the graft with the
hands. Then fill in about half full and tramp
carefully around the graft to make it firm.
Then fill up level with the surface, and put a
stake to mark the place as well as to tie the
grafts to when they grow.

We refrain from speaking of other methods
of grafting, as Ave believe the modes of
CLEKT-grafting as well as the wiiir-graft and
CHAMPix-graft, which we have described and
illustrated by plain figures, are those which
give the best results, generall3\ The exten-
sive grafting operations of France are mostly

confined to these methods, and practical ex-
perience is the best teacher in such matters.
We also deem it unnecessary to speak of
the many machines and tools lately invented
for grafting ; as a good pruning knife, as de-
scribed, is the tool most in use, and quite
satisfactory in skilled hands.

W"e should here mention that, generally
speaking, our American varieties do not take
the graft as readil}^ and surely as the Euro-
pean species. A graft of T^. Vinifer(( on an
American stock will rarelj^ fail to grow if the
operation has been properly performed ; while
success is not quite as certain when both,
stock and scion, consist of American varieties,
especiall}^ if of the hard-wooded kinds. Nev-
ertheless, when well done, at the proper
season and with well-conditioned wood, the
operation will show a far greater percentage
of success than of failure.

In our former edition we promised to ex-
periment more largely with the grafting of
European varieties on our native stocks here.
Vi^e have made these experiments, and in Sep-
tember, 1880, we exhibited in St. Louis, at
the meeting of the Mississippi Valle}^ Horti-
cultural Society, a number of fine foreign
grapes, raised in open air. on grafted vines,
in our own vineyards. But while success,
in so far as protecting the European grape
from the Phylloxera, has been highly satis-
factory, we have found our climate, in this
latitude, too unfavorable for the V. Vinifera
to encourage us for more extensive operation.
Not only are our winters too severe for the
V. Vinifera, l)ut the tendency of the latter to
mildew makes their success too doubtful in
all but the most favorable seasons. For our
section of the United States, therefore, we
would not recommend anything further than
limited trials in this direction. But we think
that there is a valuable field of operation for
the enterprising grape-grower in some sec-
tions of the Southern States, where, under
more favorable climatic conditions, the V.
Vinifera, grafted upon Phylloxera-proof
native stocks, would most likel}- give ex-
cellent results.

Just as we close this chapter on grafting, we
receive the sad news of the death oi. Mr. Aime
Champin, who passed away on April 14, 1894.
By his death, French viticulture, yes, we may
saV> grape cultui-e throughout the world loses
one of her brightest and moi^t eminent devotees.
A man of the highest intelligence, endowed with
rare gifts of observation, he was an ardent
student of nature, imbued with a deep spirit and
a truly practical sense of her teachings, her
wonders and her raj^steries, which sense and J
spirit he had the happy faculty to impart to all ^
his writings. He was one of the warmest cham-
pions for fhe resistant American grape root in its

Grafting.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Planting. 43

mission of reconstituting tlie Phylloxera — de-
stroyed French vineyards, and by his practical
example as well as by his writings he has con-
tributed a large share to the great success of that
mission. His unsurpassed work on grafting,
which we mentioned before, will stand as a last-
ing monument to his name.

PLANTING (Coutinued).

But now let us return to themodus operandi
of planting. Take your vines, in a pail with
water, or wrapped in a wet cloth, from the
place where they were heled-iu,* to the
holes ; when planting, let one person shorten
the roots-f with a sharp knife, then spread
them out evenl}^ to all sides, and let another
fill in with well pulverized earth. The earth
should be worked in among the roots with the
fingers, and pressed to them with the foot.
Lay the vine in slanting, and let its top come
out at the stake pre^iously set. Then, with
your knife, cut back the top to a bud just
above, or even with the surface of the ground.
Do not leave more than two buds on any one
of the 3'oung vines which you are planting,
however strong the tops, or however stout and
wiry the roots ma^' be. One cane is sufficient
to grow, and merely to be prepared for pos-
sible accident, both buds are allowed to start.
The weaker of the two shoots may afterwards
be removed or pinched back.

When planted in the fall, raise a small
mound around your vine, so that the water
will drain off, and in sections where the win-
ters are very severe mounds should be
made a little higher, even covering the upper
buds, and a covering provided that will col-
lect and hold the snow, which will be a
warmer and better protection than manures ;
these should not be used on newly planted
young vines. In spring the mounds should
be carefully levelled down.

* On receiving your vines from the nursery, they
should be taken out of the box, without delay, and
heled-in, which is done as follows: In a dry and well
protected situation, a trench is made in the soil 12 to 15
inches deep, wide enough to receive the roots of the
plants, and of any requii'ed length, the soil being
thrown out upon one si^Ie. The plants are then set
thickly together in the trench, with the tops in a slop-
ing direction and against the bank of soil thrown out
of the trench; another trench is made parallel to the
first, and the soil taken from it is thrown into the first,
covering the I'oots carefully, filling in all of the inter-
stices between them. Press down the soil, and smooth
off the surf!»ce, so that water shall not lodge thereon.
\Vhen one trench is finished, set the plants in the next,
and proceed as before. When all this is completed, dig
a shallow trench around the whole, so as to carry off
the water and keep the situation dry.

"•■ If the roots are not too long, say not over 15 to 18
inches, they do not need shortening, merely trimming
off any ragged or broken ends. The holes should be
dug large enough, however, to accommodate the roots
without twisting or crowding.

It is a well-authenticated fact that, under
the action of nitrogenous agents, the grape
grows more luxuriantly, its leaves are larger,
its product increases in quantity. But over-
feeding produces a sappy growth of soft and
spongy wood, with feeble buds or eyes, whi?li
are in far greater danger of being winter-
killed. Moreover, nitrogenous substances
exclusively used hasten the decay of vine-
yards and the exhaustion of the soil, and even
those authorities who favor manures in j>re-
paring certain grounds, or long ajter plant-
ing, mean a compost made of old barnyard
manure, leaf mould, broken bones, etc., laid
up to rot and frequently turned ; but do not
allow any decomposing organic matter to
come in contact with the newl}^ planted vine.
Yet, a favorable climate, a suitable soil and
situation, sound, strong, well-rooted. No. 1
plants, properly planted, are not sufficient for
success in grape-growing — the vine must have
besides proper treatment and cultivation ;
and there is perhaps no fruiting plant that
bears skillful training more kindly, or which
responds more abundantly to the attention of
the careful grower. And the fact that al-
most equally good results appear to be ob-
tained, for particular purposes and varieties,
under various different methods, caused a
great diversity of opinion as to the proper
system or greater advantages of any method
of training and pruning the vine.

The value of removing a portion of the
wood of a grape-vine was brought to notice
by observing the effect produced by the
browsing of a goat. American grape culture
is 3'et in an experimental stage. Half a cen-
tury ago, European methods were the only
ones practiced ; and though the fundamental
principles are alike for both European and
American grapes, our l)est viticulturists
gradually recognized that widely differing
varieties require different treatment, and that
American species of grapes l)eing widely
different and distinct from the European,
l\xQy demand also different methods of treat-
ment in some important details. The evolu-
tion of American grape training — say^s Prof.
L. H. Baily of Ithaca, N. Y., (in the preface
to his excellent treatise on American Grape-
Training, 1893) is one of the most unique
and signal developments ( f our modern horti-
culture and its very recent departure from
the early doubts and trials is a fresh illustra-
tion of the youth and virility^ of all horti-
cultural pursuits in North America.

It would be impossible to describe all the
variations in grape- training in the space of
this brief manual : no hard and fast lines can
be laid down, either for anj' sj^stem or any

44 Planting.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Trellis.

variet}^ and the attempt to do so would only
be confusing.

During the first shimmer little else can be
done than to keep the ground mellow, loose
al^out the plants and free from weeds ; stir-
ring the ground frequeutl}', especially in dry
weather, is the best stimulant, and a finely
tilled surface, even when reduced to a mere
layer or bed of dust, is the very best mulch
in a dry season. It is not necessary to tie
up the 3'oung vines during the first summer,
nor to pinch back the laterals. A stouter,
short-jointed cane will thus be produced.
Some grape-growers prefer, however, to al-
low but one shoot, the strongest, to grow,
and break the others off, then tie this one
shoot to a stake, and pinch back the laterals
to one or two leaves each. In the fall, after
the foliage is all off, cut back to tivo or three
buds. If any vacancies have occurred, fill
out, as soon as possible, with extra strong
vines of the same variet}'.

During the following winter, the trellis
should be built. The plan adopted by most
of our experienced grape-growers, as pos-
sessing some advantages over other plans,
especially if grapes are grown in large quan-

FiK- 64.— (Four wires, 15 inches apart.)

inches from the ground. No. 12 wire is
strong enough. At the present prices of
wire the cost per acre will be from $15 to
$30, according to distance of rows and num-
ber of wires used. Manj'^ grape-growers
now place the lower wire about 30 inches
from the ground and use only two wires, or
if they use three, they cai-ry the trellis cor-
respondingly higher. This affords a better
circulation of air, besides greater conveni-
ence in hoeing and cultivating.

Galvanized wire is the best and cheapest in
any case.

Fig. 65.

titles, is as follows: Posts of some durable
timber (red cedar is best) are split, 3 inches
thick and about 7 feet long, so as to be 5 feet
in height after l)eing set ; these posts are set
in holes 2 feet deep, 16 to 18 feet apart in
the rows (so that either two vines 8 feet
apart, or three vines 6 feet ai)art, are between
two stakes) : three wires are then stretched
horizontally along the posts, being fastened
to each post with a staple f|. The two end-
posts should be larger than the others and
braced (Fig. 64) so that the contraction of
the wire (in cold weather) will not loosen
them. Instead of the brace a short wire may
be fastened to the top of the end-post and
anchored to a rock sunk in the ground, or to
a short stake about 3 or 4 feet beyond the
end of the trellis, ])ut in line with the same.
The first wire is placed about 1 8 inches from
the ground and the others ] 8 inches apart ;
this brings the upper wire about 4 feet 6

In place of the wire, slats or laths maj'
serve the same purpose (as seen in Fig. 65),
but they are not durable, and the posts must
then be put in much closer. Another mode
of making wire trellis (the Fuller plan) is
with horizontal bai's and perpendicular wires,
as shown in Fig. Q6. Posts of good, hard.

Trellis.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Training. 45

durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and 6i to
7 feet long, are placed between the vines, at
equal distance from each vine, and in a line
with them, 2 feet deep in the ground. When
the posts are set, nail on strips about 2i
inches wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar
being placed 1 foot from the ground, and the
other at the top of the posts. Then take No.
16 wire and put it on perpendicularly, twist-
ing it around the lower and upper bar, at a
distance of about 12 inches apart. As a
pound of No. 16 wire gives 102 feet, the ad-
ditional expense is but \QYy small. This
trellis will probably cost less than one with
horizontal wires, and is preferred b}^ some.
Practical experience,
however, speaks in favor
of horizontal wires. A
good man}' grape-growers
train their vines to stakes^
believing it to be cheaper ;
and the decline in the
price of grapes and wine
induces many to adopt
the least costly plan.

This method has also
the great advantage of
allowing us to cultivate,
plow and cross-plow the
"*„ ground in all directions,
leaving but little to hoe
around the vines. Some
use one stake only, as
shown in Fig. 67, but
with our strong growers
this mode is apt to
crowd foliage and fruit
too much ; others there-
fore use ttoo, and, where timber is plenty, even
three stakes, placed around each vine, about
10 inches from it, and wind its canes around
them spirall}^ until they reach tlie top. The
disadvantage of training on stakes is, that
these soon rot in the ground, and must be al-
most annually taken out, repointcd and driven
into the soil, consequently require more
labor, and are not as durable as trellis, un-
less cedar poles, or other very durable timber
is used. A very simple combination of the
trellis and stake system (as shown in Fig.
68) requires but one wire for the bearing

Fig. 67

canes and much lighter stakes ; but this
method does not afford the advantage of
cross-plowing.

To secure this advantage and at the same
time to give to our strong growers more space
and the benefits of high training, we recom-
mend an '^ Arbor Trellis," the construction
of which is shown in Fig;. 69. Though more

Fig. 68.

Fig. 69.

expensive in construction than the ordinary
trellis, this overhead system affords many
advantages, especially for our strong growing
and hardy varieties. A comparatively greater
freedom from fungoid diseases, increased
productiveness, with the cost of cultivation
and hand labor reduced to a minimum, are
the principal advantages.

For this method of training the vines should
be tied up the first summer already' to a high-
er stake or pole, and if the}' make a sutficient
growth, the permanent stakes, which form the
support of the overhead trellis, may be set
during the first winter. These stakes should
be about 7^ feet long, of some durable wood.
They need not be veiy heavy as they are tied
or braced together at the top in each direc-
tion by the slats running lengthwise and
crosswise, which gives this trellis an unusual
strength of construction. The height of the
trellis should be six feet above the ground,
enabling an ordinary horse or mule to pass
underneath in cultivating. The young vine
at the end of the first season should be
pruned long enough to reach up to the trellis,
and allowed there to branch out and spread
over the horizontal wires. In subsequent
years a modified form of renewal pruning, or
simplj^ spur pruning, or a combination of
both may be adopted. In tieing up the cane
of the first season's growth, it is well to wind
it in a long spiral around the stake or post.
This gives it a better hold, and as the vines
grow hea\ier will hold the stakes in place even
if it should rot off at the bottom. Summei'-
pruning and tying is almost entirely dis-
pensed with. The fruit-gathering is, how-
ever, less convenient, and none but quite

46 Training.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Pruning.

hardy, vigorous varieties should be thus
trained.

Some people believe that we could even dis-
pense with both trellis and stakes entirely,
and urge the adoption of the " Souche " or
"Buck Pruning" plan, used in parts of
France and Switzerland, but quite impracti-
cable for our strong growing species m tliis
climate.

If you have covered your .young vines last
fall, remove the earth from over them at the
approach of spring, as soon as danger from
frost is past; then cultivate the whole ground.,
plowing Itetween the rows j|_^
from four to six inches Jr*~M.
deep, and carefully hoeing / |
around the vines with the
two-pronged German hoe
or Karst.1 or H«^xaiiKn'''s
]>ro/iged hoe. The ground
should thus be broken up,
inverted, and kept in a
mellow condition continu-
ally; but do not work the
ground, lohen icet.

During the second .snninier a cane or shoot
is produced from each of the two or three
buds which were left on the 3'ouug vine last
fall. Of these 3'oung shoots, if there are
three, leave only the two strongest, tying
them neatlj- to the trellis, and let them grow
unchecked to the uppermost wire.

With the strong-growing varieties, espe-
cially where we intend to grow the fruit on
laterals or spurs, the two main canes are
pinched off when they reach the second hori-
zontal wire, whereby the laterals are forced
into stronger growth, each forming a medium-
sized cane, which is shortened in the fall from
four to six buds. One of the two main canes
may be layered in June, covering it with mel-
low soil, about an inch deep, leaving the ends
of the laterals out of the ground. These will
general!}' make good plants in the fall for
furtiier plantations ; with varieties which do
not grow easily from cuttings, this method is
particularly desirable. Fig. 70 shows the
vines tied and pruned, accordingly, at the
end of the second season, (the cross lines

through the canes showing wliere they are
cut off or pruned).

Another good mode of training, recom-
mended by Fuller, is to bend down in fall,
at the end of second season, the two main
canes of the vines (the laterals of which have
been pinched back to concentrate the growth
into these main canes) in opposite directions,
la3ing and tying them against the lower wire
or bar of the trellis, as shown in Fig. 06, and
shortening them to four feet each. Then let
five or six of the buds on the upper side of
the arms be grown into upright canes. (Fig.

FiL'. 70.

Fi.s. 71.

71.) All buds ami shoots not wanted for
upright canes should be rubbed or broken
off. This latter method is not well adapted
for varieties which require covering in winter.
Where the canes are started lower, near the
ground, and cut loose from the wire, they
can be easily covered with earth.

At the commencement of the third ."tea.son
(uncover and) tie the canes to the trellis.
For tying, any soft string or stout yarn may
be used : some obtain their tying material
from basswood-bark, soaked for two weeks
or longer in running water, others i)lant the
Golden Willow, and use its small twigs for
tying purposes. Tie closely, and as young
canes grow keep them tied, but, in all cases,
take care against tying too tightl}', as the
free flow of sap may be obstructed.

The ground is now plowed and hoed again,
as before. One j^lowing in spring, taking
care, however, not to cut or tear the roots of
the vines, and two or more shallow cultiva-
tions in summer. From each of the buds
left at the last pruning (as shown
in the preceding figures), canes
can be grown during the third
year, and each of these canes will
l)robably bear two or three bunch-
es of fruit. There is danger of
their being injured by over-bear-
ing, on which account the bunches
should be thinned out by taking
away all imperfect bunches and
feeble shoots.

Pruning.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Pruning. 47

No grape-vine, however trained and appar-
ently strong, should ever be allowed to carry
more fruit than it can bring to perfect
maturity and at the same time produce
healthy and well-ripened canes for the next
season's liearing. Over-bearing is always at-
tended with unfortunate results, saj^s Geo. W.
Campbell — and there is no better teacher of
grape culture living; — from this cause the
healthiest vine ma}- be so enfeebled as to be
destroyed by any unusual severit}^ the follow-
ing winter ; or, when the injury is not so seri-
ous, the vine may bear a light inferior crop
the following j'ear, but remain weak forever.

In order to secure future fruitfulness of
the vine, and at the same time to keep it in
our convenient control, we should allow no
more wood to grow than we need for next
season's bearing, and for this purpose we re-
sort to sprhig prnnhig, generally, though im-
properly, called

SUM.^IER PRUNING.

The time to perform the first summer prun-
ing is when the young shoots are about six
inches long, and when you can plainly see all
the small bunches — the embryo fruit. We
commence at the two lower spurs, having two
buds each, and both started. One of them
we intend for a bearing cane next summer,
therefore allow it for the present to grow
vjichecked, tjdng it, if long enough, to the
lowe-t wire. The other, wiiich we intend for
a spur again next fall, we pinch with the
thumb and finger to just beyond the last
bunch or Ijutton, taking out the leader be-
tween the last bunch and the next leaf, as
shown in Fig. 72, the cross line indicating

^1h^_

Fig. 72.

where the leader is to be pinched off. We
now come to the next spur, on the opposite
side, where we also leave one cane to grow
unchecked, and pinch off the other.

We now go over all the shoots coming from
the arms or laterals tied to the trellis, and
also pinch them beyond the last bunch.

Should any of the buds have pushed out two
shoots, we rub off the weakest ; we also take
off all the barren or weak shoots which may
have started from the foot of the vine.

The bearing branches having all been
pinched back, we can leave our vines alone
until after the bloom, onl}; tying up the young
canes from the spurs, should it become neces-
sary. Do not, however, tie them over the
bearing canes, but lead them to the empty
space on both sides of the vine, as our object
must be to give the fruit all the air and light
we can without depriving it of the necessary
foliage, which is of greatest importance for
the formation of sugar in the berries. To do
so the leaves must be well developed and
healthy. Diseased, mildewed foliage, how-
ever, will not promote the sugar formation,
but rather impede the same.

B}' the time the grapes have bloomed, the
laterals will have pushed from the axils of the
leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over
these again, and pinch each lateral back to
one leaf, as shown in Fig. 73. In a short
time the laterals on the fruit-bearing branches
which have been pinched, will throw out
suckers again. These are again stopped,
leading one leaf of the 3'Oung growth. Leave
the laterals on the canes intended for next
3^ear's fruiting to grow unchecked, tying
them neatly to the wires with bass or pawpaw
bark, or with rye straw.

If you prefer training your vines on the
horizontal arm system (Fig. 71) the mode of
summer pruning will in the main be the same.
Pinch off the end of each upright shoot <is
soon as it has made two leaves beyond the
last bunch of fruit ; the shoots after being
stopped will soon start, and after growing a
few inches should be stopped again, as we
wish to keejy them within the limits of the
trellis, and the laterals should be stopped be-
yond its first leaf. Thus we try to keep the
vine equally balanced in fruit, foliage and
wood. It will be perceived that fall pruning,
or shortening-in the ripened wood of the vine,
and summer pruning, shortening-in and thin-
ning out of the 3'oung growth, have one and
the same object in view, namely, to keep the
vine in proper bounds, and concentrate all
its energies for a two fold ol)ject, namely, the
production and rij)ening of the most perfect
fruit, and the production of strong, healthy
wood for the coming season's crop. Both
operations, in fact, are only different parts
of one and the same system, of which summer
pruning is the prejDaratory, and fall pruning
the finishing part ; but while the vine will
bear, without ai)parent injur}', any reasonable
amount of pruning during its dormant state,
in the fall or winter, an}' severe cutting

48 Pruning.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Girdling.

during the summer is an unmitigated evil.
Campbell says: "All the summer pruning
I would recommend, would be the early rub-
bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their
first appearance; leaving only what is re-
quired for next year's bearing wood. This,
with the pinching or stopping the ends of
such shoots or canes as were disposed to be
too rampant in growth, would be all I would
ever consider necessar3\ Some of the most
successful grape-growers within nij^ knowl-
edge carefully prune their vines in fall or
early spring, and then leave them entirely
without summer pruning."

We are glad to see that the old practice of
cutting and slashing the young growth in
July and August is generally discountenanced.
It "has murdered more promising vineyards
than any other practice. But people are apt
to run to extremes, and manj^ are now advo-
cating the "let alone" doctrine. We think
both are wrong, and that the true course to
steer is in the middle.

1. Perform the operation early. Do it as
soon as the shoots are six inches long. At
this time you can oversee your vine much
easier. Every young shoot is soft and pliable.
Remember that the knife should have nothing
to do with summer pruning. Your thumb
and finger should perform all the work, and
the}' can do it easily if it is done early.

2. Perform it tJiorotighly and systemat-
ically. Select the shoots you intend for
bearing wood for next j-ear. These are left
unchecked ; but do not leave more than you
really need. Having selected these, go over
each arm or part of the vine, pinching every
fruit-bearing branch above the last bunch of
grapes, or, if this should look weak or imper-
fect, remove it and pinch back to the first
perfectly developed bunch. Should the bud
have pushed out two or three* shoots, it will
generally be ad\asab]e to leave only the
strongest, and remove the balance. Do not
think that you can do part of it a little later,
but be unsparing in taking away all you in-
tend to take this time. Destroy all the cater-
pillars and all the insects you find feeding on
the vines, and the steel-blue beetle, as it will
eat into the buds. But protect the ladv-bug,
mantis, and all the friends of the vine.

After the first pinching, the dormant buds
in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing
shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot op-
posite the young bunches. These serve as
elevators of the sap, and also as an excellent
protection and shade to the fruit. Remem-
ber, our aim is not to rob the plant of its
foliage, but to make tioo leaves grow where
there was but one before, and at a place
where they are of more benefit to the fruit.

By our method, our rows of vines have the
appearance of leafy walls, each bunch of the
fruit properl}' shaded, and yet each part of
the vine is properly ventilated.

As we have said before (page 44), that it
would be impossible and confusing only to
describe the many various systems of grape
training ; so it would be useless to construct
rules for their pruning. If we understand
the philosophy and objects of both thor-
oughly", their methods will be easily learned
and understood on the vine by a little prac-
tice. Pruning refers to the removal of such
branches as shall insure upon the remaining
portion of the vine better and larger fruit.
Training refers to the form, the disposition
of the different parts of the vine. There is,
in essence, but one method of jnuning, while
there are as many methods of training as
there are fancies among grape-growers, which
necessarily modify the style of pruning, so as
to adapt it to the shape desired, but does not
affect the principles upon which pruning
rests ; being based upon the fact that the fruit
of the grape-vine is borne (in a few clusters
near the base of the shoots of the season) on
icood of last year's groivth.

And the objects we must ever keep in view
are:

1. To keep the vine within proper man-
ageable bounds, so that it is at all times under
the control of the "sintner, irithout iceakening
its constitution by robbing it of a great amount
of foliage.

2. To facilitate cultivation and spraying.

3. Judicious thinning of the fruit and de-
veloping strong, healthy foliage, forcing the
growth of the laterals, and having two j'oung,
healthy leaves opposite each remaining bunch,
which will shade the fruit and serve as con-
ductors of the sap to the fruit.

4. Groiving vigorous canes for next year's
fruiting and no more, thereby making them
stronger.

5. To produce larger and better fruit, now
and in the future.

An old French method : Girdling the
Grape-vin"e, to obtain the last named object,
that of producing some extra fine, large clus-
ters, often successfully practiced by garden-
ers, should here be mentioned.

Girdling consists in removing a ring of
bark, about half an inch in width, below the
lowest fruit bud, using as a tool the small
blade of a jack-knife. By this removal of
the bark the downward flow of the sap is
checked at the point of bark-denuded wood.
Instead of removing the bark two copper
wires may be fastened on the cane with the
same effect, which is : to increase the size
and earliness of the fruit so treated. This

Pruning.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Pruning. 49

operation, if performed at all, should be made
as the clusters, intended for experiment or
exhibition, have formed and the berries got
to be the size of buckshot.

There is no doubt that it causes the fruit of
the varieties of grape to mature earlier and
to magnify its clusters and berries ; but the
question is whether or not girdling is detri-
mental to the health of the vine.

It is said that in the island of Xante
(Greece) the growers of the grape-currant
made a regular practice of girdling the canes
of their vines, and we cannot see that it will
seriously affect the vigor of the entire plant if
used moderately, on but few of its arms,
which are anyhow to be removed in pruning,
while the advantages of it doubtless makes it
profitable in some cases.

FALL OR WINTER PRUNING

May be performed at any time, during mild
days, while the vine is in a dormant state,
generally from November to March, but
should be done at least a week before vege-
tation is likely to commence. Tender va-
rieties should not be allowed to pass through
our sometimes severe winters without the
protection afforded by a mulch of litter,
leaves, earth, or other covering, to prevent
injury from alternate freezing and thawing;
the vines which are not hardy must therefore
be pruned in November, when they are simply
laid down on the ground and mulched lightly,
to be uncovered again in spring, just before
they are ready to put forth new growth from
their swelhng buds. Farther north, the prac-
tice of covering up tlie vines, both top and
roots, is recommeudable also with the hardy
varieties.

Different varieties will require somewhat
different treatment; some varieties (strong
growers) will fruit better if pruned to spurs
on old wood than on young canes, retaining
the old canes and pruning the heaJthf/, strong
shoots or laterals they have to two buds,
whereas others (only moderate growers) will
flourish and bear best when pruned short and
to a cane of last year's growth.

The observing vintner will find some hints
in our descriptive catalogue, but only by
practice and experience can he learn the best
method for each variety.

Some varieties will bear more readilv and
larger bunches upon the laterals of the young
canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on
old bearing branches, and some will fruit
readily upon the principal canes. This should
govern you in pruning.

Most of the strong groirers of the Labrusca
species (Concord, Hartford, Ives, Martha,

Perkins, etc.), as well as some of its more
vigorous hybrids (Goethe, Wilder, etc.), and
especially some Southern iEstivalis (Herbe-
mont, Cunningham, Louisiana, Rulander),
loill fruit best on the laterals of the young canes
of last summer's growth, provided they are
strong enough, which they will be if they
have been pinched according to our direc-
tions ; the fruit-bnds at base of the principal
canes are seldom well developed and will not
bring much fruit. We therefore grow the
fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened
in to from two to six eyes each, according to
their strength. All these rank growers should
have plenty to do — that is, they should be
pruned long, much longer than is generally
done. Should too many bunches appear, you
can easily reduce the number at the first
pinching. All the Riparia and some of the
JEstivalis class (Cynthiana and Norton's Vir-
ginia), produce best on spurs on tioo- or three-
year-old canes; they will also bear better on
spurs on laterals than on main canes, but may
not produce their best fruit until they can be
"spurred in" on old arms. For this purpose,
select for your spurs strong, well-ripened
shoots ; cut them back two to three eyes each,
and cut out all the small and imperfect ones.
You may leave from thirty to fifty buds, ac-
cording to the strength of your vine, and
always bear in mind that you can reduce the
number of bunches when summer-prunino-.

A third class produces readily and abund-
antly from the main canes. This comprises
the varieties which do not grow very strono-
the more tender Labrusca, and all of more or
less Vinifera characteristics, viz. : the Alvey,
Catawba, Delaware, lona, Rebecca. These
will produce best on short canes of say six
eyes ; short pruning and the old renewal plan
may be as good as any for them. There is
also much more danger of overtasking this
class than both of the others.
^ Different methods apply to different va-
rieties, and we may add that they ought also
to be modified according to other circum-
stances. Those, therefore, who have recom-
mended various and contradictory systems of
training and pruning may each have been
right ; but were wrong in believing their pre-
ferred method the only correct method in all
cases, or equally well adapted for all species
and varieties of grapes. Bearing this in mind,
the intelligent vintner will soon learn how far
one or the other system is best applicable in
his case.

To bring this new edition of our Grape-
Manual up to date, in this respect, we should
mention, however, the unique system of train-
ing lately devised by our friend T. V. Mun-
son of Texas : Two posts are set in the same

50 Training.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Training.

hole, their tops diverging. A wire is stretched
along the tops of these posts and a third wire
is hung lower, hetveen them. The trunk of
the vine, or its head, is secured to this middle
lower wire and the shoots top over the side
wires. The growth therefore makes a
V-shaped or trough-like mass of herbage, as
shown in Fig. 74.

The bearing canes, two or four in number,
which are left after the annual pruning, are
tied along the middle wire. The trellis
stands six feet high ; the shoots stand upright
at first, but soon hang down supported by
the side wires. Mr. Munson gives the follow-
ing account of the system : After the vines
have flowered, the bearing laterals have their
tips pinched off; and that is all the summer
pruning the vine gets, except to rub off all
eyes that start on the body below the crotch
or fork. Two or four shoots, according to
strengsh of vine, are started from the fork or
crotch and are trained along over the lower
central wire for renewal canes. "When prun-
ing time arrives, the entire bearing cane of
the present year, with all its laterals, is cut
away at a point near where the young renewal
shoots have started, and these shoots are
shortened back, according to strength of
vine. The different varieties are set at vari-
ous distances apart, according as they are
strong or weak growers.

" Thus the trellis and system of pruning
are reduced to the simplest form. A few
cuts to each vine cover all the pruning and a
few ties complete the task. A novice can
soon learn to do the work well. The trunk
or main stem is secured to the middle lower

wire, along which all bearing canes are tied
after pruning, and from which the young
laterals which produce the crop are to spring.
These laterals strike the two outer wires,
soon clinging to them with their tendrils, and
are safe from destruction, while the fruit is in
best possible position for spraying and
gathering, and is still shaded with the canopy
of leaves.

Among the advantages secured by this sj'S-
tem are: Simplicity and convenience of trel-
lis, allowing free passage in any direction
through the vineyard ; circulation of air with-
out danger of breaking the tender shoots ;
case of pruning, spra3ing, cultivation, har-
vesting. Maintenance of the vine's natural
habit. Ease of laying down in winter ; the
vine being pruned and not tied, and can, at
the proper season, be again quickly raised
and tied in position ; and its construction is
cheap and durable.

A similar method of training, but more
suitable to the wind-beaten shores of Long
Island has been introduced and successfulh'
tried for several years by Mr. Elbert Wake-
man, a distinguished amateur grape-grower
of Oyster Bay, L. I. Fig. 75 illustrates this
method. The trellis is 3 J to 4 feet high onlj'- ;
the bearing canes are fastened to the two
side wires when long enough, making a
V-shaped trough of branches and foliage, like
the former ; there is space enough between
the wires for the bunches to hang down, free
from any interference and just the proper
height to be easily bagged and sprayed. It
is strong, not very expensive and will pay for
the little extra care.

\y/ TV. MUN50N5 Training System
\i/ Denison, Texas.

j\.S<>.-.>>.\>ret.\V V

Fiir. 74.

Elbert Wakemans Method ofTraining.
Oyster Bay, L.I.

Fi<r. 75.

I

Training and

GRAPE MANUAL.

Prxming. 51

SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.

We may now consider the vines as fully
established, able to bear a full crop, and,
when tied to the trellis in spring, to present
the appearance as shown in Fig. 76.

Fig. 76.

The operations are precisely the same as in
the third year, with this important difference,
however, that the plowing should be shallow ;
as soon as vines have become established, the
cultivator should be used for the destruction
of weeds and keeping the surface-soil mellow.
The hoe will be needed to kill the weeds
immediately around the plants, as before.
At the last plowing in the preceding fall the
furrow-slice should have been thrown to-
wards the vines, thus affording additional
protection to the roots — also facilitating the
laying down and covering of the canes, if
necessarj'. Top dressing of lime, ashes,
bonedust, &c., may, if needed, be best ap-
plied at the same time. In the following
spring, therefore, the first plowing should be
reversed, and the ground will be level.

Plowing in the vineyard should never be so
deep as to injure the roots of the \ines.

If you train your vines on the horizontal
system, the upright canes, which were pruned
back to two buds each, will now produce two
shoots each. If more than one shoot should
proceed from each of these tivo buds, or if
other shoots should start from small buds
near the arms, only the strongest one should
be allowed to grow, and all others rubbed
off. Instead of ten to twelve upright canes,
you will have twenty to twenty-four, and,
allowing three bunches to each, you may get
seventy bunches to ever}' vine the fourth j^ear
after planting. These canes are now to be
treated the same, as regards stopping, pinch-
ing laterals, etc., during each subsequent
year of their growth,

There are many other modes and systems
of training, but the same general rules and
principles prevail in nearly all.

There is one well-authenticated fact in the
fruiting of the grape, viz. : that the finest

fruit, the best, earliest and largest crops are
produced upon the strongest shoots of the
previous years' growth. The only proper
system of pruning will therefore be that which
encourages and secures an abundance of such
shoots. By this general principle all new
systems, so called, should be proved, and be-
ginners in grape culture may be able to guard
against receiving false impressions with refer-
ence to any mode which may fall under their
observation ; and this caution is the more
necessary as young vines will bear good crops
for a few years, even under very indifferent
treatment. In all systems of training which
involve the retention of wood beyond five or
six years, as in the case of spur pruning, and
the methods with permanent horizontal
branches, it is absolutel}^ essential to remove
the older wood at certain periods, and replace
it with younger wood from near the base of
the plant. Fixed rules can hardly be given
for an operation which requires so much
thought and such close acquaintance with the
growth and bearing habits of the different
varieties.

If you desire to train your vines for arbors
or on walls, set an extra strong young plant,
in rich, well-prepared soil ; leave but one
shoot to grow during the first summer, and if
necessary, even during the second, so that it
may get very strong. Cut back to three
eyes in fall, these will each throw out a strong
shoot, which should be tied to the arbor they
are designed to cover, and allowed to grow
unchecked. These three canes will be cut
back in the fall following, to three buds each,
which will give us three principal branches,
each producing canes the third or fourth sea-
son ; of each of these branches, cut next fall
one cane to two eyes, and the others to six or
more buds, according to the strength of the
vine, then gradually increase the number of
branches and cut back more severely those
which fruited. In this manner a vine can be
made in the course of time to cover a large
space, produce a large quantity of fruit, and
get very old.

Those who desire further information and
directions on various modes of pruning and
training, or on the culture of grape vines in
glass houses, we refer to Chorlton's Grape-
Growers' Guide; Fuller's Grape Culturist ;
Hoare's Cultivation of the Grape-Vine on
Open Walls, and other books on grape
culture, especially to an article on Pruning
and Training the Grape-vine, by William
Saunders, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Report, 1866 ; and to the latest '"Account of
the leading forms now in use of Training the
American Grapes," by Prof. L. H. Bailet.
(New York, 1893), a most valuable book.

52

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE-VINE.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The vine, despite its vigor and longevity, is
subject to diseases the same as other organisms.
As the causes of these diseases can not be wholly
eliminated, and as comparatively few of the mala-
dies can be prevented or cured, our first aim
should be toward selecting healthy plants and
hardy varieties.

You have already been warned against planting
grape-vines in heavy, wet soil, where water stag-
nates, or in places exposed to early and late frosts.
You have been impressed with the necessity of
clean cultivation, stirring the soil,* proper train-
ing, and thinning the fruit. If these points be
disregarded even the healthiest and most vigor-
ous varieties of vines will become diseased.

Thaulvs to the efforts of scientists in both this
countrj' and Europe, our knowledge of grape dis-
eases, especially those caused by parasitic fungi,
has been materially increased during the past few
years. Our National Government has taken an
Important part in this work, and hand in hand
with our sister Republic France, has done a great
deal towards clearing up the mystery surround-
ing the subject. To the French we owe the dis-
covery of the Bordeaux mixture, the remarkable
effects of which, as a fungicide and as an agent
capable of producing physiological effects on the
higher plants, ai-e as yet only partially under-
stood.

At the time the last edition of this catalogue
was issued our knowledge on the subject of grape
diseases was very meager. However, through
the kindness of our lamented friend, Dr. Geo.
Engelmann, we were able to present to our read-
ers, the latest known facts on the subject. As a
tribute to the memory of Dr. Engelmann we have
decided to publish again the article penned by
him, and first in the Transactions of the Academy
of Science, St. Louis. 1861, Vol. II, p. 165, and re-
vised by him for this catalogue in 1883. Many of
the points mentioned in the paper have long been
settled, still there is no gainsaying the fact that
the majority of the statements are as valuable to-
day as they were when written.

We give below Dr. Engelmann's article, fol-
lowed by another prepared at our request bj^ Mr.
B. T. Galloway, of the United States Department
of Agriculture, who is acknowledged autliority on
this subject. Mr. Galloway's article, briefly and
in a practical manner, brings together the latest
facts on grape diseases and their treatment.

The Diseases of Grape- Vines.

BY DR. (JEORGE ENGELMANN.

"The diseases of the grape are caused
principally by animal and vegetable parasites.
I leave others, who are more conversant with
the subject, to treat of the former, and will
niereh' state here that our sjiecies have all
grown up with the Phylloxera, and would

* We are aware of the fact that in certain season.? and
peculiar soils, neglected vineyards, fillert with jjrass and
weeds, have osc;i))fd discuses and borne full crops, wliile
well-hoed and cultivated vineyards suffered sevei'ely,
especially from rot. Such cases, however, are excep-
tions, not the rule; notwithstanding, they have led
some srape-srrowers to advocate non-cultivation and
"ven srass-sowins in their vineyards. As a result of
Ills in a few years the vines became stunted and un-
productive.

long ago have been extinguished , or rather
never could have lived, if that insect had
such power over them ; but they as well as
the insect live on, the latter having no other
nourishment than the grape-vines and their
I'oots — 3'ou may call it an accommodation be-
tween them.

"More important for us in America are the
fungous diseases, which do our grape crops
more harm than the Phylloxera. It is said
that in Europe the}' have discovered over two
hundred kinds of fungi which live on the dif-
ferent parts of vines, but fortunately only a
few of them are really injurious. These are,
above all, the mildew of the leaves and the
black rot of the berries. In Europe, besides
our mildew, which has latel}' been introduced,
the}^ have the Oidium and the Anthracnose.

"The Mildew {Peronnpora vUicoki) appears
in frostlike, white spots on the under side of
leaves (hairy as well as glabrous ones), and
may generall}' be observed here in Missouri
from the beginning of June, fostered by the
sultry and damp or wet weather usual at that
season ; in the Eastern States it seems to
come on later in summer and in the fall.
Though most common on the leaves, it some-
times also infests the petioles of the leaves,
the stems of the bunches, and the very young
berries. But even if it does not attack the
latter, the effect on the leaves alone, which
turn brown in spots and are eventually par-
tially or completely killed, destro^'S the fruit,
the berries shriveling from the base, turning
light brown without falling off. This is here
sometimes termed " brown rot."

"The fungus at first pervades the cellular
tissue of the leaf ; then, a few days later, the
minute fungous stems protrude through the
stomats (breathing pores) of the lower sur-
face, forming little upright branching plant-
lets, which might be compared to a miniature
spruce tree, singly, not visible to the naked
eye ; at the end of the branchlets they bear
the summer spores (conidia), which mature,
are discharged, spread by wind or otherwise,
and when moistened germinate with aston-
ishing rapidity. Late in the season the fun-
gus produces what are called the resting
spores (oospores) in the interior of the leaf
tissues, ancl while the others propagate the
parasite in summer, these larger and more
enduring ones keep alive through winter and
insure its growth in the following summer.
Thus it is seen that the dead, mildewed leaves,
containing the resting spores, really do pre-
serve the germs for the next season's mildew.
These leaves ought to be destroyed by care-
fully gathering and burning them, or by
burying them deep in the ground. The
direct destruction of the funorus has often

Dr. Engelmann.

GRAPE MANUAL.

B. T. Galloway. 53

been attempted, and by different means,
especiallj' by sulphur-sprinkling, but without
any marked effect. A dry spell of weather,
however, arrests it most effectually for the
time being.

"The Peronospora has since 1878 made its
appearance in Europe — like the Phj'lloxera,
accidentally introduced from this country —
and has added another terrible infliction on
the wine-growers there, threatening to be
worse than the Oidium, which years ago used
to decimate the grape croi)s of Europe

•'A few words about this O'ldium may be in
place iiere. This is a mildew-like fungus
which appears on the outside of the upper sur-
face of the vine leaves, and bears its fewer
spores on smaller, not much branched stem-
lets. It destroj^s the vitality of the leaves, and
with it the crop, just as our mildew does. Its
resting spores are unknown and with its life
history- we are not so well acquainted, but we
know that sulphur sprinkled over the leaves
will destro}^ it. It made its first appearance,
as far as it is known, about 1845, in graperies
at Margate, near London, and spread rapidly
and destructively over a great part of Europe
and the islands, especially Madeira, where
grape culture was almost annihilated by it ;
but it seems now to be less common or less
injurious than it was years ago, and may pos-
sibly have run its course, just as other epi-
demics are apt to do. It is unknown where
it originally came from ; some suppose that it
originated in America, but it has never ap-
peared here in the form under which it is
known in Europe; whether in another form,
is still questionable among our best mycolo-
gists. At all events we have thus far only one
destructive form of mildew here, the Pero-
nospora.

"The second great fungus pest of our vine-
yards is the black rot {Phoma uvkola). On
the berries, but never on the leaves or stems,
generally about the time that they are full
grown, in July or August, very rarely on
half-grown berries in June, a light brown spot
with a darker central point is observed on the
side and not near the stem. This spot spreads,
and darker, shining nodules or pustules,
plainly visible with the naked eye, begin to
protrude above the epidermis ; at last the
whole berry shrivels up, turns bluish-black,
the pustules roughen the surface, and each
one opening at its top emits a whitish, worm-
like thread, which consists of innumerable
spores glued together with a mucilaginous
coating. In this condition the spores are in-
ert, but rain will dissolve the nuicilage and
liberate and wash down the spores, or they
will fall to the ground with the dead berries.
What then becomes of them, whether they

enter the soil, or how they propagate the
fungus, is as yet unknown. At all events it
seems advisable to gather all the affected
berries, if such a thing can be done, and de-
stroy tliem.

"In Europe they have another fungous dis-
ease of the grape, called in Germany J3re?iv;er,
in France anthracnose, and described under
the name of S2>liacdoma ampelinum, which
by some authorities has been supposed to be
another form of development of our black
rot, above described. The former attacks
all the green parts, leaves, young stems, and
green berries, and forms open wounds, which
might be compared to ulcers ; while our
Phoma is restricted, as far as known, onlj^ to
green berries, without breaking up the tissues
or forming ulcers. The Sphaceloma seems
to be an old disease in Europe, already
known in the last century'. Mycologists are
now carefully studying these questions."

Fungous Diseases of the Grape and their
Treatment.

BY B. T. GALLOWAY.

Since the last edition of this catalogue won-
derful progress has been made in the study
of the fungous diseases of plants, especially
those affecting the grape. Black rot, the
scourge which at one time threatened the vine
industry of this country, need no longer be
feared, nor is there any cause for appre-
hension on account of the Peronospora, or
downy mildew, as it is now one of the easiest
diseases to control.

The object of this paper is to bring together
briefl}^, plainly, and practically the latest in-
formation in regard to the more destructive
diseases affecting the vine in this country,
especially such facts on ti-eatment as have
been brought out by the recent investigations
and experiments.

THE destructive FUNGOUS DISEASES AFFECTING
THE VINE.

Several hundred species of fungi, or micro-
scopic plants, are known to attack the grape,
but fortunately only four of these cause se-
rious diseases in the United States. The dis-
eases in question are black rot, down}' mildew
or brown rot, powdery mildew, and anthrac-
nose. The foregoing will be briefl}^ described
in such a way that it is hoped grape growers
may be able to distinguish them, and therebj!-
be better qualified to adopt the preventive
measures suggested.

Black rot.* — The disease which for forty
years or more has been known by the fore-
going name, occurs in nearly all parts of the

* Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) V. & R.

54 Diseases.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Galloway.

country east of the Rock}' Mountains. So
far as we are aware it has not reached Cali-
fornia, but it is probably only a question of
time when it will appear there. While black
rot is present everywhere east of the Missis-
sippi River, it is in and south of the States of
New Jersey, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
and Missouri that it has proved most virulent,
frequently' destroying from 50 to 100 per cent
of the crop. In 1885 the disease appeared
in France, and for a time caused much alarm
in all the grape-growing regions of Europe.

Black rot ma}^ be distinguished from the
other diseases under consideration in several
waj's. In the first place it must be borne in
mind that it is not confined to the fruit, but
occurs on the leaves and young branches as
well. The berries when first attacked show
at one or more points upon their surface
small, brownish, more or less circular discolor-
ations. These rapidly enlarge and soon the
rest of the berry turns brown, while the part
first attacked assumes a blackish hue. Minute
pimples now appear scattered irregularly' over

Fig. 77.— Bi.ACK HOT.

the surface, and finally the berry withers,
turns black, and ultimately dries up, but as
a rule remains firmly attached to the stalk, as
shown in Fig. 77.

As a rule the leaves show the disease about
two days before the berries are attacked.
Reddish-brown, more or less circular spots
appear, and these soon run together, forming
irregular-shaped blotche.'^. ^^'hat distinguishes
I he spots or blotches on the leaves from sim-
ilar discolorations produced by certain at-

mospheric conditions is the presence of black
specks, no larger than a pin point, scattered
over the surface or grouped in a narrow band
near the edge of the affected parts. The
specks may be seen with the naked eye, but
with a low-power magnifying glass they are
brought out more prominently.

Doirny mikleir.* — The diseases known in
various sections as American mildew, brown
rot, gray rot, grape Peronospora, etc , are all
due to one and the same fungus, viz, 7'ero/(OS-
2)ora viticola. The dowu}^ mildew fungus has
a wider distribution than black rot, and prob-
ably in the aggregate causes more damage.
It occurs in nearly all the grape-growing
regions of this country, and is also common
in Europe and other parts of the Eastern
Hemisi^here.

Leaves affected with downy mildew show
upon the upper surface greeuish-3'ellow or
brownish spots, of irregular size and shape,
while opposite these discolorations, on the
lower side, a downy, whitish, frost-like
growth may be seen. In advanced stages of

lijr. Ts.— Hhowx rot.

the disease or after a heavy rain the frost-like
patches often disappear, leaving in their
places light brown discolorations correspond-
ing in size and shape with those on the upper
side.

The fruit is frequently Attacked, especially
when 3'oung, the berries being covered with
the downy, whitish growth of the fungus, sim-
ilar to that occurring on the leaves. It is
very common also in many sections to find

* Peronospora viticola B. & C

Diseases.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Treatment. 55

berries rotting from the attacks of this fungus
and yet showing no external evidence of the
parasite. Bro^^n rot is the name usually
given to this form of the disease. Berries
affected with brown rot show at first small,
purplish brown spots. Soon the entire berry
turns brown, and the pulp becomes soft and
often shriuks, forming depressions, over which
the wrinkled but otherwise smooth and un-
broken skin is stretched (Fig. 78).

Powdery Milclew.* — Powdery mildew at-
tacks the leaves, young shoots, and berries,
covering the same with a whitish, cobweb-like
growth. This disease is also widely distrib-
uted, being especiallj^ troublesome on the
Vinifera grapes of the Pacific coast and Eu-
rope, and causing what is generally known as
the Grape-vine Oidium. Leaves affected with
the fungus show usually upon the upper sur-
face a whitish, web-like, powdery growth,
which is not restricted by anything like a
definite border. The fruit shows a similar
growth on the surface, but eventuall}'', as a
result of the attack of the parasite, the skin
of the berries cracks, admitting other agents
of decay, which soon finish the work of de-
struction.

Anthraoiose.f — This disease has of late
years attracted considerable attention in this
country, where it occurs on the leaves, young
shoots, and fruit. It prevails also in Europe,
but has never proved as serious there as the
downy and powdery mildews.

Leaves when first affected with this dis-
ease show minute blackish-brown spots,
which are surrounded with a slightly raised
■darker-colored margin. Ultimately the cen-
ter of the spots turns gray, and not infre-
quently the diseased parts separate from the
surrounding healthy portions, leaving the leaf
full of small, ragged-edged holes. On the
shoots the disease manifests itself in much
the yame way as it does on the leaves. As it
progresses, however, the spots usually retain
their dark color and often run together, form-
ing more or less elongated diseased areas,
which gradually eat their way into the wood,
and it is now known that the mycelium, or
bod}^ of the fungus, passes the winter in the
tissues surrounding these places.

Anthracnose on the fruit, or bird's-ej^e rot,
as it is sometimes called, first appears as a
black or brownish circular spot, surrounded
by a narrow, somewhat darker rim. As the
spots increase in size the color undergoes
various changes. In some cases the outside
rim remains dark brown, while inside of this
is a wider zone of a beautiful vermilion color,

* Unciuula spiralis Berk.

+ Spaceloina aniplinum l)e Bary.

Fig. 79.— Anthracnose.

surrounding a grayish- white center (Fig. 79).
Frequently the spots, when less than one-
eighth of an inch in diameter, assume a gray-
ish-white color, which they retain throughout
the rest of their growth. When the berries
are small the disease often manifests itself in
another way. The fruit turns brown and
shrivels up, and at the same time little pinkish
pustules appear on the surface.

This form of rot is not characterized by a
softening of the tissues, as is the case with
others we have mentioned. The tissues slowly
collapse, at the same time becoming hard
and leathery.

METHODS OF COMBATING THE DISEASES.

With the exception of Anthracnose, all
the diseases described in the foregoing pages
may in large part be successfully combated
by applying, at the proper time, either in the
form of a liquid or powder, certain substances
known as funs>icides. The fungicides do not
injure the young and tender parts of the vine,
but they do destroy or prevent the develop-
ment of the parasitic organisms which bring
about the diseases described. The applica-
tion of a fungicide, therefore, acts, to a cer-
tain extent, as a shield to the various parts of
the grape, protecting them from infection in
much the same way that a glass jar or paper
bag would ])rotect. It will be seen from what
has been said that the treatments are largely
preventive, not curative, hence the import-
ance of doing everything at the proper time,

56 Galloway.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Fungicides.

the object being to keep ahead, so far as pos-
sible, of the fungous parasites, which are read}"
to infect the host whenever the proper condi-
tions are present. The directions for treat-
ment given in the accompanying pages are
based on manj^ experiments, and if followed
closeh' there is no reason why the work should
not be successful. Of course it is manifestly
impossible to lay down rigid rules in a case
of this kind. Judgment must be exercised in
all phases of the work.

WHAT FUKGICIDES TO USE.

For the diseases under consideration five
fungicides have been used with varying de-
grees of success. They are:

(1) Bordeaux mixture.

(2) Ammoniacal solution of copper carbon-
ates.

(3) Eau celeste.

(4) Modified eau celeste.

(5) Flowers of sulphur.

Bordeaux mixture — This preparation should
be made as follows : In a barrel that will
hold 45 gallons dissolve 6 pounds of copper
sulphate or bluestone, using 8 or 10 gallons
of water, or as much as may be necessary
for the purpose of dissolving. In a tub or
halfbarrel slake 4 pounds of fresh lime.
When completely slaked add enough water to
make a creamy whitewash. Pour this slowly
into the barrel containing the copper sulphate
solution, using a coarse gunny sack stretched
over the head of the barrel for a strainer.
Finall}', fdl the barrel with water, stir thor-
oughly, and the mixture is ready for use.
Prepared in this wa}', the cost of 1 gallon of
the mixture will not exceed 1 cent, estimating
the price of copper sulphate at 7 cents per
pound and lime at 30 cents per bushel. In
all cases it is desirable to use powdered or
granulated copper sulphate, as it costs but
little more and dissolves much more readily.
It is highly important that fresh lime be used.
The copper sulphate may be quickly dissolved
by tying the necessary amount in a piece of
coarse sacking, then suspending the package
just beneath the surface of the water in the
barrel by means of a string or other simple
device. By preparing the copper in this way
it will usually be dissolved by the time the
lime is ready for use. It has been found a
great saving in time, to make up the mixture
the night before.

Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate.
— In an ordinary pail mix 5 ounces of cop-
per carl)onate with enough water to make
a thick paste, dissolve this paste in 3 pints of
strong aqua ammonia, then dilute to 45 gal-
lons. If 3 pints of ammonia are not sufficient
to dissolve all the paste, add enough to bring

about this result. Copper carbonate occurs
in the market in tlie form of a tine, greenish
powder. The retail price is usually 60 cents
per pound. Aqua ammonia having a strength
of 26 degrees retails at 8 cents per pound.
Upon this basis 1 gallon of the ammoniacal
solution of copper carbonate will cost 1 cent.

In view of the fact that copper carbonate is
sometimes difficult to obtain, the following direc-
tions for manufacturing it are given:

In a halfbarrel or some similar vessel dissolve
3 pounds of copper sulphate in 2 gallons of hot
water. In another vessel dissolve 3^2 pounds of
common washing soda or sal soda in 1 gallon of
hot water. When cool pour the second solution
slowly into the first; then, as soon as all action
has ceased, add enough water to bring the whole
up to 8 or 10 gallons and stir thoroughly. After
twenty-four hours pour off the clear liquid, taking
care not to disturb the sediment. Add fresh
water and stir again. Again allow the solution to
stand twenty-four hours, pour off the clear licpiid
as before and then remove the sediment, which is
copper carbonate. Prepared in this way there is
formed Ifa pounds of copper carbonate, at an ex-
pense for materials of approximatelj^ 18 cents per
pound. The copper carbonate paste may be im-
mediately dissolved in aqua ammonia, using 2
gallons of the latter, or as much as may be neces-
sary for the purpose. This concentrated lluid
should be kept in well-corked jugs, and when
ready for use should be diluted at the rate of 1
pint to 12 gallons of water.

Eau celeste. — Dissolve 2 pounds of cop-
per sulphate in 8 gallons of water. AVhen
completely dissolved add 3 pints of strong
ammonia and dilute to 45 gallons. Prepared
in this waj^ the solution will cost about § of
a cent per gallon.

Modified eau celeste. — Dissolve 4 pounds
of copper sulphate in 10 to 12 gallons of
water and stir in 5 pounds of washing soda
or sal soda ; then add 3 pints of strong aqua
ammonia and dilute to 45 gallons. The cost
will be 1| ceuts per gallon.

Flowers of sulpihur. — This requires no spe-
cial preparation, being bought in the market
ready for use.

With regard to the foregoing, it may be
said that Bordeaux mixture, taking all things
into consideration, has proved the most effi-
cient and therefore in the end the cheapest
fungicide. It will be found equally effective
for black rot, downy mildew, brown rot, and
anthracnose. Another point of importance
in regard to the use of Bordeaux mixture is
that it influences the growtli of the vine in
other ways besides merely preventing the at-
tacks of fungi. In what manner this influ-
ence or apparent stimulation is brought v
about, we are not j^et in a position to state. 4
The ammoniacal solution, eau celeste, and
modified eau celeste can l)e recommended
only in certain cases, notably wlien it is de-
sired to make applications near the close of

Galloicay.

GEAPE MANUAL.

Treatment. 57

the season, at a time when a careless use of
the Bordeaux mixture miglit spot the fruit.

The eau celeste will in all cases have to be
used with caution, as it is likely to injure the
foliage, except in some few favored regions.
It may be put down as an unsafe fungicide,
and for this reason had perhaps better be left
out of consideration entirely.

WHEN AND now' TO APPI.Y THE FUNGICIDES.

Before giving directions for the application
of the fungicides the importance of keeping
the vines in vigorous condition hy fertilization
and cultivation of the soil, pruning, etc.,
must be emphasized. In other words, the
vines should be aided in every way to resist,
as far as possible, the attacks of the many
parasitic foes to which they are subject. The
careful vine3'ardist will attend to this, and as
a result he will find that the health of his
plants may be maintained with much less
difficulty.

For the prevention of black rot, make the
first application of Bordeaux mixture just as
the leaves begin to unfold. When the leaves
are one-third grown make a second applica-
tion of the same fungicide, following with a
third when the vines are in full bloom. After
this, applications should be continued at in-
tervals of ten or twelve days, until the first
signs of ripening are noticed. This will
usually be three weeks or a month before the
grapes are ready to pick. In no case should
the treatment be continued up to the time of
harvest, as this is entirely unnecessary, and
moreover it is sure to render the fruit un-
sightlj'. It is important to bear in mind that
in case of dry weather the sprayings should
cease.

If it is desired to use the ammoniacal solu-
tion or modified eau celeste instead of Bor-
deaux mixture the applications may be made
in the same way as recommended for the lat-
ter fungicide. If the ammoniacal solution or
modified eau celeste be used at all, it would
perhaps be best to apply them toward the
latter part of the season, as already sug-
gested, after making the first two or three
treatments with Bordeaux mixture.

In regions where black rot, downy mildew,
brown rot and anthracnose occur together
the treatment recommended for black rot will
answer for all. Where downy mildew and
brown rot occur alone, and such regions are
comparatively few, the first application of the
fungicides may be postponed until the fruit is
well formed. Anthracnose has proved more
difficult to treat than black rot or downy mil-
dew ; in fact no thoroughly reliable pre-
ventive for this disease has as yet ))een
discovered.

For powdery mildew flowers of sulphur
will probably prove the cheapest and most
eflticient preventive. On the Pacific coast,
where, as already pointed out, the parasite in
question is most to l)e feared, the sulphur
should be applied from one to three timea
during the growing season, the number of ap-
plications depending on the severity of the
attacks of the fungus. The vines should be
carefully watched and at the first appearance
of the mildew on the lower leaves or fruit, an
application of sulphur should be made. If in
ten days or two weeks the disease still seems
to be on the increase, a second application
should be made, followed by a third if neces-
sary. It is customary to make the first ap-
plication when the shoots are four to six
inches long, the second when the vines are in
bloom, and the third when the fruit begins to
ripen .

Powdery mildew does comparatively little
injury in the eastern United States, and for
this reason it is doubtful if it would pay to
use sulphur, excepting in localities where the
vines are not being sprayed with other fungi-
cides. It is believed that where Bordeaux
mixture and also the ammoniacal solution are
used for black rot and other diseases the pow-
deiy mildew Mill cause very little injury.

As to the methods of applying the fungi-
cides, it may be said that much of the success
of the work depends on the thoroughness
with which the preparations are put on. In
other words, good spraying machines are
necessary. In fact the importance of this
matter can not be too strongly urged. At
this time a spraying outfit should be a part of
the equipment of every fruit grower, or, as is
no doubt frequeiith^ the case, a number of
growers might combine and purchase such a
machine and use it in common.

It has been pointed out in various publica-
tions (Farmers' Bull. No. 7, U. S. Dept. of
Agr., and others) by the writer that a
sprayer to be effective requires first of all a
good strong force pump. Next in importance
is a nozzle that will throw a mist-like spray
and will not clog when thick fluids are used.
There are plent}' of machines on the market
filling all these requirements. For conven-
ience they may be divided into three classes :
(1) horse-power automatic machines; (2)
machines drawn by horse power, but ope-
rated by hand ; and (3) hand machines. All
belonging to the first group are unnecessarily
expensive and complicated, and will not do
the work as thoroughly and effectively as the
machines belonging to the second and third
groups. Of the second group, in which the
cheapest and most practical and efficient exam-
ple is found in a strong, light, double-acting

58 Galloway.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Sprayers.

double-discharge force pump, mounted on a
barrel, it may be said that while they can not
do the work as rapidly as the machines of the
first class, they are more effective, much
cheaper, and far less wasteful of the liquid
used.

To the third
class belong the
knapsack spray-
ers, which are the
onl}^ ones neces-
sary' to notice in
this connection.
There is no ques-
tion that for all
moderately low-
growing crops the
knapsack sprayer
fills every require-
ment. In no other
machine is the
work so absolutel}'
at all times under
control, it being ;
possible to place
nearly every drop •
of the liquid ex-
actly where it i-
needed. Knapsack ,
pumps are no^\
used in many mod-
erate sized viuf
yards, also ii
places where th
horse-power ap- •
paratus, owing to
the nature of the

land or the manner of cultivation, can not
be utilized.

Many firms throughout the country (as will
be seen by referring to the advertising col-
umns of agricultural papers) are engaged in
the manufacture and sale of the various ma-
chines mentioned.

For applying sulphur various devices are
in use. Probal)ly the simplest is that em-
ployed by the grape growers of California,

i. e., a tin can holding about a gallon, pro-
vided at the top with a strong, rigid handle,
and having the bottom punched full of small
holes. Owing to the manner in which the
vines are trained, two rows can be treated at

Fia

Fi-r. 81.— Impkoved Vermorei, Nozzles.

80.— Knapsack Sprayer.

a time by one man. A can containing sul-
phur is simply held in each hand and given a
slight twist over a vine in each row. This
scatters the sulphur over the entire plant and
the operator then passes to the next two
vines. Of course this plan could not be fol-
lowed in the East, owing to the wa^' in which
the vines are trained. Various st3'les of sul-
phuring bellows have been designed for this
work, but it is lieyond the scope of this paper
to enter upon a discussion of this class of
apparatus.

CONCLUSIONS.

In conclusion, the importance of exercising
care in making the treatments should again be
emphasized. The work if it is worth doing
at all is worth doing well ; therefore every
precaution should be taken in the prepara-
tion and application of the fungicides. With
the exercise of judgment there is no reason
why the work can not be made a success, and
fine, luscious fruit grown where a few years
ago such a thing was out of the question.

Historical

GRAPE MANUAL.

Record. 59

VITICULTURAL REMARKS

ABOUT MILUEAV AND ROT.

The foregoing articles on the diseases of the
grape and their treatment, need no further ex-
planation nor commendation to our grape grow-
ers. They shouid be carefully studied by every
one and its lessons perseveringly practiced ; but
after a few years the ills which we, old Viticul-
turists, had suffered, will be almost forgotten.
The following remarks may, therefore, be both
interesting as a historical record of these suffer-
ings,— laments of the past and hope= for the
future, — and may be useful as incentives to pei"se-
vere in the struggle against these diseases.

In 1849 Longworth, of Cincinnati, O., wrote of
his old Vine dresser, father Ammen, that he
became disspirited, as the ?-o< blasted his hopes;
he got sick, refused to take medicine, saying
"what do I want to live for? M}^ grapes all
rotten." And in a communication of Longworth
to a committee on fruits, in 1848, he said : •' pre-
vious to the last six or eight years we had much
less of rot." Grape growing was almost aban-
doned around Cincinnati, where it first flourished,
and would have been deserted had its success
depended on the Catawba and Isabella alone, as
it did center for years on these two varieties.
The introduction of others, especially the Concord,
which was supposed to be entirely free from rot
and mildew, gave a new impetus to grape grow-
ing, and it promised again to become one of the
great industries of our country, a source of wealth
and enjoyment to its thousands of producers and
consumers. A few years experience has unfor-
tunately shown that the Concord, and in fact all
our grapes, with very few exceptions, perhaps,
are more or less subject to these diseases, and if
some varieties were to-day )^et exempt, we could
not have faith in their future freedom from these
diseases, which had increased in violence, des-
tructiveness and extent of territory to such a
degree as to justify almost de-pondence among
grape growers.

In 1861 the late Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis,
gave us the first scientific description of the two
species of fungi which infect our vineyards to so
large an extent, — but though '' the direct des-
truction of the fungus has been often attempted,
and by different means, especially by sulphur
sprinkling, it was without any marked effect.
In 187.5 the senior of our firm, Isidor Bush, corre-
sponded with the then U. S. Commissioner of
Agriculture (Hon. Wm. G. Le Due) asking for
the eai-nest investigation of this disease, through
men skilled in microscopy and chemistry and
aided by fruit-culturists ; the Commissioners prom-
ised " to grapple with this question, so as to dis-
cover as speedily as possible the cause of and
remedy for the rot." — In the Department of Agr.
Report for 1877 you can find an article by W"m.
McMurtree, chemist in chief; but after studying
that, you would know but little more about it than
that iDOth mildew and rot are fungous diseases
caused by atmospheric influences. We had to
look on and wonder, powerless— knowing

"That the bright hopes of to-day
May be dispelled by next morn.".'

but not knowing how to prevent or cure the pest.
The fact that there were some places exempt
from the disease, while others, — quite near by, —
had almost the entire ci'op of grapes destroyed,
gave rise to a number of theories, doctrines,

speculations and suggestions, all of which proved
delusive, based on false presumptions. Young
vines planted on virgin soil, old vines, whether
richly manured or growing on poor land, were
attacked alike in some and uninjured in other
localities, and all claims for some certain modes
of training and pruning were unfounded.

A paper on this subject, by Bush, lead before
the American Pomological Society in September,
1879, (pp. 41-48), was followed by Bateham of
Ohio, the editor of the Ohio Farmer, secretary
of the Ohio Pomological Society and State Board
of Agriculture, (died August 5, 1880); he said:
Referring to the essay that had just been read,
the results of his thirty years of observation ac-
corded in the main with those of his friend, Mr.
Bush. It is evident that the causes of grape rot
are atrnospheric, and not any disease or debility of
the vine, or defect of the soil, or error of cultiva-
tion. There are in Ohio, said Mr. Bateham, an
aggregate of about ten thousand acres of vine-
yard, and in his opinion the crops of one- third of
these on an average have been destroyed by the
rot, each season for five years past, and in conse-
quence of repeated failures not less than a thou-
sand vines per year have been grubbed up the
past five or six years. At the same time about
half as many acres of new vines have been plant-
ed annually on the lake shore and islands, which
have escaped the disease — so that grape-growing
seems likely hereafter to be confined to these
favored localities.

But what should the poor vintners do who live
outside of these few blessed locations, exempt, we
hardly knew why nor for how long? All the aid
and advice we could give and have given in the
previous edition (1883) of this catalogue was, to
tell our grape-growers in a table, based on many
years' experience, which principal varieties are
generally less liable to mildew (peronosjjora);
and as this table may still be of some service,*
having proved correct and reliable ever since, we
reprint it :

TABLE OF AMERICAN VINES (PRINCIPAL VARIETIES) WITH
REGARD TO THEIR RESISTANCE TO MILDEW (PeronOS-

pora).
I. Category: almost entirely exempt, even in
unfavorable seasons and localities.

uEstivalis, Northern Division: Cyuthiana,
Norton's Virginia.

Labncsca: Concord, Hartford, Ives, Perkins;
also. Champion, Cottage, North Carolina,
Hentz, Venango.

Biparia and its crosses with Labr. : Elvira,
Missouri Riesling, Monteflore, Noah, Tay-
lor.

II. Category: suffering somewhat in exception-
ally unfavorable seasons and localities.

^stivalia, Southern Division: Cunningham;
Northern Division: Hermann, Neosho.

Labrnsca: Dracut Amber, Lady, Martha, N.
Muscadine, Telegraph, Mason's Seedling.

Biparia and in its crosses with Labr. : Black
Pearl, Blue Dyer (Franklin), Clinton.

Hybr., Labr. and Vinifera. Goethe.

III. Category: suffering seriously in unfavorable
seasons, and not recommendable for locali-
ties usually exposed to mildew.

Me

■'Quelqes Observations sur le Mildew, par G. E.
issner," at the Congres International de Bordeaux.

60 Mildew

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

and Rot.

uEstivalis, Southern Division: Devereux,
Herbemont, Leuoir, Louisiana, Rulander.

^Sstivalis crossed with A'inifera ('f) Alvey.

Labnisca: Catawba, Diana, Isabella.

Riparia crosses with Labr.: Amber (Rom-
mel's), Marion, rhlanfl.

Hybr., Labr. and Vinifera, Labr. and Hvbr.,
and Vinif. with Rip.: Black Eagle, Brigh-
ton, Brandt, Herbert, Liudley, Triumph,
Wilder.

IV. Categoky: suifering seriously even in normal
seasons; entirely unreliable, except in some
few favored localities, which are free from
mildew.

^stivalis: Elsinburg, Eumelan.

Labrusca: Adirondac, Cassady, Creveling,
Isabella, lona. Mottled, Maxatawney,
Union Village, Rebecca, Walter.

Undetermined Class: Delawake.

Hybr. of Vinif. and ZaZ»'.; Agawam, Allen's
hybr., Amenia, Barry, Black Deliance,
Crotou, Irving, Massasoit, Merrimack,
Salem, Seuasqua.

Hybr. of Vinif. and Rip.: Autuchon, Canada,
Cornucopia, Othello.

Varieties not sufficiently tried, and especial]^^
new varieties we would not presume to classify ;
but one may safely judge of their resistance to
mildew by their jiarentage.

As to rot: The only variety never attacked bj'
this fungus is the Delaware, which suffers, how-
ever, the more from mildew. Norton's, Ives and
Perkins were in some localities long considered
quite exempt from rot. but were also found in
others more or less subject to it. Suggestions
such as planting vineyards on high open posi-
tions, with perfect drainage, allowing plenty of
room on the trellis, to keep soil and roots as dry
as possible and secure free access of sun aud air;
mulching the soil to prevent an excess of heat;
and other suggestions were not very practicable,
except on a small scale and seemed even then of
no practical advantage in diminishing the dis-
ease; sulphuring, very successfully applied in
Europe against powdery mildew (Oidiuin) proved
no remed}- against downy mildew (Peronospora)
nor against rot; a coping, a canopy of boards or
canvas, over the trellis is no protection, nor was
it recommended against rot.

Neither remedy nor preventive seemed possi-
ble, and before these were discovered we were
dismayed. The following quotations from high
viticultural authorities will show the seriousness
of the evil and its effect on grape culture :

Alex- W. Peakson of Vineland, N. J., a man
■whose knowledge and long experience entitles
his word to great weight in this matter, said :
"The foliage is destroyed by the mildew and the
fruit is ruined by the black rot. Grape culture
may bo called a failure in this region on account
of these diseases. Various remedies for these
evils have been tried with but little success."

Geo. W. Campbell of Delaware, Ohio — whom
all veteran grape-growers know, love and honor
— said in 1885: ''The great obstacles in the way
of improvement of our American grapes are : Mil-
dew of the foliage., rotting of the fruit and tender-
ness of the vine in severe winters."

Prof. T. J. Burrill of the Illinois University,
stated in 1885: '* Our knowledge of the fungi,

which destroy the grapes to so great an extent in
this country, has not been materially increased
during the few years past."

Jacob Rommel of Morrison, Mo., the origin-
ator of the Elvira, a plain, yet most eminent and
devoted vintner, said:* ''The rot in grapes has
been most fatal, and has been on the increase
from year to j'ear. Concord is, in many places, for
last years, a failure by rot; this and many of the
old kinds, when flrst introduced, have for years
proved almost exempt from rot, likewise many of
our newer kinds. All appear to share the same
fate in time, with the exception that some will
resist it longer than others. There have been tried
many remedies for preventing rot, but so far all
have failed, except to cover the vines over head
or to run them under eaves; this, however, is too
expensive. At the same meeting a letter of ex-
cuse from our junior, G. E. Meissner was read,
saying: "I had no heart to make a report, which
in itself could have reported but little else be-
sides failure of crops."

And as late as 1889, B. T. Galloway, HOi/; chief
of Division of Vegetable Pathology. United States
Department of Agriculture, stated: "Downey
mildew and black rot prevail more or less seri-
ously in all of the States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and despite of the fact that for many years
they have annually destroj^ed from one-half to
three-fourths of the crop, no organized effort has
until within the last three years been made to
combat them."

We were, naturally, somewhat discouraged,
nevertheless we were persevering in the work,
not without hope that some remed.v will be found ;
and we expressed this hope in the third edition of
this catalogue. 1883 (page 49), in the following
words: '"Eminent scientists will now occupy
themselves with this serious question," adding:
"We have now before us an 'Essay sur le Mildion
par A. milliard et, Professeur de la Faculty des
Sciences a Bordeaux; Paris, 1882.' He suggests
as a remed}' 'a mixture of powdered sulphate of
iron, copperas (4 lbs.), with plaster of pans, gyp-
sum ('20 lbs.), which according to repoi'ts was ap-
plied with marked success.' " At the Missouri
State Horticultural meeting, held at Warrensburg
December, 1885, our G. E. Meissner, lately re-
turned from a visit to Europe, said : "Happily the
hope expressed two years ago by my friend and
partner. Bush, seems now to have been realized,"
and he gave an extract of several articles just then
published in the Message Agricole, at Montpcllier.
France, "On the Treatment of Rot and Mildew,"
by Prof. Millardet, of Bordeaux. It was the same
as is now^ recommended, somewhat improved,
after extensive trials and tests, in Prof. Galloway's
article (page 5(5 of this catalogue). Friend Meiss-
ner reported at the same time (Missouri Horticul-
tural Report, 1885, p. 199) another remedy, applied
with remarkable success in Italy, consisting sim-
ply of a lime wash, or 'lime milk," prepared in
the proportion of 2}.2 kilos (about 5 I4 lbs.) of fresh
lime slaked in 100 litres (■26>2 gallons) of water.
With this liquid the vines were sprinkled abun-
dantly, and from the middle of May until the
middle of August this operation is repeated live
or six times. Vines so treated, which were for-
merly ravaged l\y mildew (Peronospora), were
now reported exempt from it. to have conserved
all their leaves and of a dark green color. Now,
if it should prove equally efficacious here, the

♦Missouri State Horticultural Society, meeting at
Lexington, Mo., December, 1886.

Hopes and

GRAPE MANUAL.

Results. 61

Delaicare, very rarely subject to rot, while it is
very susceptible to mildew, would be one of our
most valuable and profitable grapes to grow.

Thus we both said : Let us not despair of grape
culture; let us hope that the remedies discovered
will prove of great service as preventives against
the diseases of our grape.

Was our hope not well founded? Let us hear
what the very eminent grape-giowers, whose la-
ment we quoted, say to-day.

Ah'x. W. Pearson, of Vineland, N. J., writes us
(January 8, 1894). referring to his "Ironclad":
(see description) '-rot-proof quality is not so im-
portant now, since our discovery of success in
sprcnjing, to prevent grape rot. I can hardly add
any to the information on the subject, published
l)y the Department of Agriculture, unless it be to
approve the Bordeaux mixture, applied early and
thoroughly to the vine.'' — '-The time to prevent
grape rot is by the spraying of the vine before it
blooms and when it is in bloom. My spraying is all
done before the grapes are larger than No. 4
shot." — "With the Bordeaux thus used my success
the past two years has been complete, as against
grape rot, but not so good versus mildev).'''' "How-
ever, full fertilization with ashes, lime and nitrate
soda will enable vines to do well enough against
mildew."

Hermann Jaeger, of Neosho, Mo., reported to
our State Horticultural Society: "More than nine-
tenths of the varieties usually mentioned in the
catalogues of our nurserymen had proven unprofit-
able here, owing to rot or mildew, or both of
these fungus diseases. Now we can grow them
to perfection. Three years' spraying has secured
me fine crops of about fifty varieties of grapes
that I had been considering utterly worthless.
Four years ago my Delaware vines were almost
killed by mildew. Since then I have sprayed
them regularly. They improved every season,
kept their foliage till frost, and now make a finer
growth of wood and produce more and better
grapes than ever before. . . . Both black rot and
mildew are under our control, and if we continue
to have our grape crops ruined by these pests it is
our own fault."

George W. Campbell, as President of the Ohio
State Cultural Society, said last fall (1893). in an
address delivered before the students of agricul-
ture: ''I can hardly close without referring to the
alarming and discouraging encroachments of fun-
gus diseases, which have in many places de-
stroyed our grapes as well as other cultivated
fruits. I feel that we owe a debt of gratitude for
the labors of scientific men in our colleges and
experiment stations for their careful investiga-
tions and discover}' of remedies to meet and
successful!}^ combat these insidious destroyers.
Through the agency of their beneficent efforts we
may hope to grow our grapes and other fruits still
nearer perfection and also to raise successfully
many of the finer varieties, which have been
hitherto prevented by reason of being more sus-
ceptible to the attacks of parasitic fungi."

After such testimony it would be useless to add
more, though we could fill many pages with them .*

*And yet, we have no doubt that the ever active
etTorts of man, scientists and practical viticulturists,
will discover new, and perhaps, more etfective reme-
dies. But we would warn against experimenting with
any which may be introduced and advertised by inter-
ested manufacturers only, or praised by over sanguine
inventors. Hundreds of such pretended remedies have
Ijeen tried and proved worthless, or at least not near as
etfective and reliable as the Bordeaux mixture. It is
therefore merely as a matter of latest information

We will close, however, with some important re-
marks by that practical and careful experimenter
and observing grape-grower, Hermann Jaeger :
"Nothing could have pleasei us better than the
fact established after three years' experimenting
with copper remedies, under the direction of our
National Department of Agriculture, the fact that
not only mildew, but likewise the still more fatal
pest of black rot, are under our control, and can
both be entirely prevented by correct spraying
with Bordeaux mixture aud the other copper so-
lutions. . . . Last summer it required from five to
eight sprayings to keep our vines free from rot
and mildew. A neighbor of ours, who postponed
his spraying because the incessant rains would be
sure to wash off the solution, made almost a com-
plete failure, as another neighbor, who argued
spraying was useless until dry weather had set in,
because 'the rain would wash away all rot and
mildew from the fruit.' Just such mistakes as
these are to blame for all failure in spraying
grape-vines, for wherever fruit and foliage are
covered with a copper solution, the germination
of the spores or seeds of the fungi causing rot and
mildew Is impossible. But just as impossible it is
for any spray to be of the least benefit if applied
after this germination has taken place. Wlien by
naked eye we can discover the least trace of mil-
dew or rot, it proves that we should have com-
menced spraying at least ten days before." The
way to prepare and apply the sprays is fully and
ably described in the preceding article, written
for this catalogue by B. T. Galloway, the chief of
the Division of Pathology of the United States
Department of Agriculture — while the two small
cuts, representing : ''•G-rapes tcithout and after treat-
ment^'' maybe conspicuous object lessons, which
everyone of our grape-growers will recognize.

without recommendation that this catalogue reports
the following:

In an article published in the " Vigne Americaine"
of June, 1894, also in the " Messager Agricole" of July,
1894, (quelques reflexions sur le traitement (hi mildew par les
.se?s rfe cMiyrei, reviewing the different copper salt solu-
tions which are employed ijy the French vineyardists,
pi-eference is given to one' prepared hy a solution of
powdered Acetate of copper (refined) called "verdet
neutre." It is said to have made for itself an import-
ant plHce in the vineyards of France, to the detriment
of the other processes adopted in the different regions.
The verdet neutre is the strongest (most toxique)
of all copper salts; its destructive action on the fun-
gus, which forms the liase of the disease, shows it-
self rapidly. The complete solubility of the verdet
neutre facilitates its penetration in the tissue of the
leaves, whicli explains the rapidity of its action. The
treatment with this copper salt does not only arrest the
disease, but causes its prompt disappearance, by de-
stroying the germs of the evil. It is harmless to the
vegetable organic tissue; one has to fear no liurning or
scalding of the leaves, as in some other copper prepara-
tions. The manner of preparing the solution of verdet
neutre is quite simple; it dissolves in cold water, by
simply stirring it foi' five or six minutes witli asticlc;
the tine and light powder is reduced to a very small
volume, but by its nature is very powerful, because all
that enters into its chemical constitution contrilmtes
to the destruction of the parasite. The ease of the
treatment is surprising, Ijecause of the facility of prep-
aration and application of verdet neutre. If at first
appearance its price seems high, one will see quickly
tliat, because of the small quantity necessary, one real-
izes rather a saving. On the other hand the consider-
able saving in labor, the dispensing of incidental ex-
penses connected witli tlie preparations in the other
methods, are items which should be kept in view in cal-
culating the total cost.

Verdigris (or verdet neutre?) has been pretty thor-
oughly tried in this country and has not proved as
efficient as Bordesiux mixture. Another curative solu-
tion " Vini Viiine." lately discovered in this country, 1)y
Dr. L. C. Chisholm of Tennessee is confident y looked
upon by him ; but he will not introduce it nor offer any
for sale before it will be fully tested and reliably
endorsed.

62

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

0

0

<

GRAPE MANUAL.

63

For those who desire to grow fine grapes for
table use, or for exhibition,

SACKING OR THE BAG METHOD OF PROTECTING
GRAPES

should be mentioned. Common manilla paper
bags, as used by grocers, about 6 inches wide and
9 inches deep, are put over the bunches before
they are half grown, and are fastened by two
pins. They should also have a small slit in the
bottom, to let water run through it. The cost of
bags, pins and labor is about i a cent per bag,
and is well repaid by the result. Others found a
better protection from insects, birds and diseases,
in covering each bunch of grapes with a bag
made of cheap crossbar mosquito netting. This
kind of bag is slipped over the bunch and tied
around the stem with a string; it interferes less
with the natural coloring and perfect ripening of
the fruit. In France a specially prepared net-
bag is made for this purpose, which is stronger
than mosquito net, keeps its shape better, and is
far more durable — sufficiently open to admit air
and partial sunlight, affording perfect protection
against birds, and with all other advantages,
which paper bags eould have, without their ob-
jections. We used both and found them ex-
cellent where fine grapes are appreciated.

Sacking, says our friend Samuel 3IiUe)\ seems
a sure prevention against rot and mildew, also
against insects and birds; this is also a way to
prolong the season. In paper sacks grapes will
remain sound and fresh on the vines until several
degrees of frost has occurred. Further: to secure
the grapes from birds and insects, sacking is the
only good plan; but the rot can be kept on, I be-
lieve, by simply covering the bunches on top by
CANOPIES. Take a piece of pretty strong paper,
cut out a circle according to the size of the
bunches to be covered; cut out a triangle and
pin its edge lapping over the other, so that it will
have the shape of an umbrella. Tie the part
around the stem and pin fast. I tried this plan

and found the fruit so protected, perfect, while
all around the fruit left exposed rotted.

J. >S'. iV^eiOTHan, Vice-President American Pomol.
Society for Alabama, says : "I tested the value of
paper sacks as a protection from rot. In every
case (some 7,000 sacks) it was a complete protec-
tion if the sacks were put on as soon as the grapes
set. The sacks are also a protection against birds
and insects, besides prolonging the season on
some varieties two to three weeks, thus enabling
us to sell for a better price."

Jacob Rommell, the well-known originator of
Elvira, wrote us: "My success in bagging has
been gratifying; removing first or thinning out,
leaving but two best clusters lemain on each
shoot, having less to bag but getting larger clus-
ters. I find paper bagging the best protection ;
however, it must be done early in the season, say
just before blooming time. I have bagged some
at the right time, and such were free from rot and
very fine ; while I bagged some later, after bloom-
ing was over, which rotted badly in the bags.
This proved that the black rot is produced in the
early part of the season. There are many reportsi
of failure in spraying and paper-bagging against
black rot, which is undoubtedly due to not making
the application early enough. If we wish to con-
trol black rot it must be done early; later it has
but little or no effect. The work is so easy, most
any one can do it, and the expense is nominal
compared to the result : the production of fine,
large bunches, weighing one pound or more, with-
out any defect and with a beautiful bloom ; and be-
sides, the paper-bagged grapes will remain fresh,
in perfect condition longer after ripe, than grapes
not so protected. Such has been my experience,
and it desei'ves to be put into general practice."

In conclusion, let us hear and take advice of one
of the best living authorities, P. J. Berckmans, of
Georgia, the President of the American Pomo-
logical Society, etc., who says: "Bagging grapes
we have found an indispensable adjunct to suc-
cessful grape-growing. This with a liberal use
of various fungicides as a spray has removed
many of the drawbacks heretofore existing."

64

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

INSECTS.

[Our limited space onljr permits us to briefly refer to
a few of those insects which we liave found most injuri-
ous in our vineyards and to some of tlie l)eneHcent in-
sects which the svape-fxrower will meet with. Both
are, however, for the most part unnoticed in any of our
standard treatises on the jiiape-viiie, and for the facts
regard ins them ^^e are indebted to Prof. C. V. Riley's
valuable " Entomological Reports."!

The Grape Phylloxera.

(Phylloxera vastatrix).

Among the insects injurious to the grape-vine
none have ever attracted as much attention as the
Phylloxera, which, in its essential character-
istics, was unknown when the first edition of our
little work on American Grape-vines was written.
The gall-inhabiting type of this insect, it is true,
was noticed by our grape-growers many years
ago (especially on thie Clinton), but they knew
nothing of its root-inhabiting type. Even Fuller
— who informs us that in Mr. Grant's celebrated
grape nurseries (as far back as 1858) the men
were in the habit of combing out, with their fin-
gers, the roots of young vines to be sent off, in
■order to get rid of the knots — never mentions
anything of this, nor of any root-infesting insect,
in his excellent Treatise on the Cultivation of the
Native Grape, thotigh IG pages are devoted to its
insects. In the spring of 1869, M. J. Lichten-
stein, of Montpelier, first hazarded the opinion
that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so
much attention in Europe, was identical with the
American Leaf-gall Louse (first described by Dr.
Asa Fitch, State Entomologist of New York, by
the name of Pemphigus vitifuJim;) and in 1870,
Prof. C. V. Riley succeeded in establishing the
Identity of their gall insect with ours, and also
the identity of the gall and root-inhabiting types.
The correctness of his views is confirmed by the
subsequent researches of Professor Planchon, Dr.
Siguoret, Balbiaui, Cornu and other scientists in
France; lately also of Professor Roessler, in
Klosterneuburg in Austria.

After visiting France in 1871, and then extend-
ing his observations here, some of which were
made in our Bushberg vineyards. Professor Riley
first gave us every reason to believe " that the
failure of the European vine (T^. Vinifera) when
planted here, and the partial failure of many hy-
brids with the European Viiiifcra are mainly ow-
ing to the injurious work of this insidious little
root-louse; also, that some of our native varieties
enjoy relative immunity from the insect's at-
tacks " — M. Laliman of Bordeaux, having pre-
viously noticed the remarkable resistance of
certain American vines in the midst of European
vines dj/ing from the effects of Phylloxera. The
importance of these discoveries to grape culture
cannot be too highly appreciated. The French
Minister of Agriculture commissioned Professor
Planchon to visit this country in order to study
the insect here — the harm it does to our vines, or
the power of resistance which these possess. His
investigations not only corroborated Prof. Riley's
conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but gave
him. and through him the people of Europe, a
knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and
wines, which dispelled much of the prejudice
against them that had so universally prevailed
heretofore.

Prof. Riley's recommendations to use certain
American vines, which he found to resist Phyll-
oxera, as stocks on which to grow the more sus-

ceptible European vine, induced us to send a few
thousand plants and cuttings, gratis, for testing,
to Montpellier, France, and the success of these
resulted in an immense demand for the resistant
varieties. With the spread of the Ph3-lloxera to
other countries, including South America, Aus-
tralia, South Africa, nearly every part of the
world which deals in or grows European vines,
the demand for these resistant stocks has contin-
ued and they have been propagated to a large ex-
tent almost exclusively for this purpose not only
in this country but in France and elsewhere. It
is characteristic of Prof. Riley that, though the
first requests for such resistant stocks came to
him, and though he was urged, as we know, by
prominent growers to join in a business enter-
prise, the possibilities of which he fully recog-
nized, he declined every such offer, and has never
profited financially from his discoveries, prefer-
ring the honor of unselfish devotion to science to
material gain.

To discuss this subject as it deserves; to give a
history of the grape Phylloxera — the progress
and extent of its ravages — the experiments made
to prevent these; to review the influence which it
had and probably will have on American grape
culture, would far exceed the scope of this brief
manual. The literature of this subject would fill
a respectable library. We can here merely men-
tion a few facts, and give some figures, which
may enable the grape-grower to recognize and
observe this minute, j'et so important insect; and
we refer those who desire full and reliable in-
formation to Prof. Riley's Entomological Re-
ports, from which we cull largely. It will be
understood that the figures, which are from the
same reports and which were made by Prof.
Riley from nature, are geneallj^ very highly
magnified, and that the natitral sizes are indi-
cated by dots within circles, or by lines.

The following figure of a grape-leaf shows the
galls or excrescences produced by the gall-
inhabiting type of the insect. On carefully open-
ing one of the galls, we find the mother louse
diligently at work surrounding herself with pale
yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one-hundredth
part of an inch long, and not quite half as thick.

Under side of Leaf covered with Galls, iiat. size.

She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color,
and does not look unlike an immature seed of the
common purslane. The &^g begin to hatch,
when 6 or 8 days old, into active little beings.

Insects.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Phylloxera. 65

Type Galt.icola:

wliich differ from their mother
ill their brighter yellow color,
more perfect legs, etc. Issu-
ing from the mouth of the
gall, these youug Hce scatter
over the vine, most of them
finding their way to the tender
terminal leaves, and com-
mence pumping up and ap-
propriating the sap, formiug
eg},'; d, soctioii of galls and depositing eggs as

""till f^nla r"'Ofl ' ^ • • « i " oo

swellins of tendril! ^^^^^' immediate parent had
nat. size. ' done before. Tliis process

continues during the summer,
until the fifth or sixth generation. Eveiy egg
brings forth a fertile female, which soon be-
comes wonderfully prolific.

By the end of Sep-
tember the galls are
mostly deserted, and
those which are left
appear as if infected
with mildew, and
eventually turn
brown and decay.
The young lice at-
tach themselves to
the roots, and thus

hibernate It is an newly Hatched Gall-Louse:
important fact that «, ventral; 6, dorsal view.
the gall-inhabiting

insect occurs only as an agamic and apterous
female form. It is but a transient summer state,
not at all essential to the perpetuation of the
species, and does, compared with the other, or
root-inhabiting type, but trifling damage. It

flourishes mostly on
the Riparia, more
especially on the
Clinton and Taylor;
its galls have also
been noticed on
many other varie-
ties. In some sea-

^£- y '"^<r^^^^^::i^ sons it is even diffi-

^^=?r" ^"^fyi^ ,3i,lt to f^^^ a few

galls on the very
vines on which they
were very abundant
the year before.
The root-inhabiting type of the Grape Phyl-
loxera hibernates mostly as a young larva, at-
tached to the roots, and so deepened in color
generally as to be of a dull brassy brown, and
therefore perceived with difficulty, as the roots
are often of the same color. With the renewal of
vine-growth in the spring, this larva moults,
rapidly increases in size, and soon commences
laying eggs. These eggs, in due time, give birth
to young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying
mothers like the first, and, like them, always re-
main wingless. F'ive or six generations of these
egg-bearing mothers follow each other, when,
about the middle of July, in the latitude of St.
Louis, some of the individuals begin to acquire
wings, and continue to issue from the ground until
vine-growth ceases in the fall. Having issued
from the ground while in the pupa state, they rise
in the air and spread to new vineyards, where
they lay from three to five eggs, and then perish.
In the course of a fortnight these eggs, which are
of two sizes and are deposited in the crevices on
the surface of the ground, near the base of the
vine, and upon the leaves, especially on the under

'.\

l"i<r. 83. Mother Gall-Louse:
ventral and dorsal views.

Male Phylloxeka:
ventral view.

side', produce the sexual in-
dividuals, which are born
for no other purpose than
the reproduction of their
kind, and are without means
of flight or of taking food.
They are, liowever, quite
active and couple readily.
The males coming from the
smaller and the females from
the larger eggs.

The female lays a single
^gg, which has been called
the "winter egg," from the
fact that it generally passes
the winter unhatched. It is
generally hidden in the crev-
ices and under the loose bark of the older wood,
but may also be laid in other situations, and
even on old leaves on the ground, It is distin-
guished from all the other eggs produced by
other forms of the insect in that it has an olive-
green hue and a short pedicel at one end.
There hatches from it the " stem-mother," which
either goes directly on to the roots to found a
root-feeding colony, or more often founds a
gall-inhabiting colony on the leaf, the gall-
inhabiting form always issuing from such winter
eggs.

Every jjiece of root having rootlets taken from
an infected vine during August or September will
present a goodly proportion of pupte, and a glass
jar filled with such roots and tightly closed will
daily furnish, for some time, a dozen or more
winged females, which gather on the side of the
jar toward the light. We may gather some idea
from this fact, of the immense number that dis-
perse through the air to new fields from a single
acre of infected vines, in the course of the late

Pig. 85.

Type Rauicola: showing the tubercles by

which it is distinguished from GalUcola.

summer and fall months. We have, therefore, the
spectacle of an underground insect possessing the
power of condnued existence even when confined
to its subterranean retreats. It spreads in the
wingless state from vine to vine and from vine-
yard to vineyard, when these are adjacent, either
through pa.ssages through the ground itself, or
over the surface ; at the same time it is able, in
the winged condition, to migrate to much more
distant points.

If to the above account we add that occasionally
individuals, under certain conditions, abandon
their normal underground habit, and form galls
upon the leaves of certain varieties of grape-
vines, and that under certain conditions the root-
inhabiting form may propagate for several years
without producing the aerial or winged form, we
have in a general way the natural history of the
species.

66 Insects.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

rinjlloxera.

The annexed ligiire (86) s^hows the abnormal
swelling of the rootlets which follows the punc-
ture of the root-louse; they eventuullj^ rot, and
the lice forsake them and betake themselves to
fresh ones. As these decompose, the lice congre-
gate on the larger parts beyond, until at last the
root-system literally wastes away.

During the lirst year of attack there are scarcely
any outward manifestations of disease; only the
second and third year — when the fibrous roots
have vanished, and the lice not only prevent the
formation of new ones, but settle on the larger
roots, which also eventually become disorganized
and rot — do the outward symptoms of the disease
become manifest in a sickly, yellowish appear-
ance of the leaf, and a reduced growth of cane;
and the vine dies. When the vine is about dying,
it is generally impossible to discover the cause of
the death, the lice having previously left for fresh
pasturage.

As is frequently the case with injurious insects,
the Phylloxera shows a preference for and thrives
best on certain species, and even discriminates
between varieties, or what amounts to the same
thing, practically, some species, or varieties, re-
sist its attacks, and enjoy relative immunity from
its injuries. A knowledge of the relative suscep-
tibility of different varieties to the attacks and in-
juries' of the insect is therefore of paramount
importance.

c7

Type Kadicicola: «, shows tho licallliy roof, h, one on
\vhic)i the lice are woikiii^, repicst'iitiiij; the knots
and swellings caused by llieir punctures: r. a root that
has been deserted l\y tliem, and wheie the rootlets
liave comnKMiced to decay; rf, rf, tl, show how the lice
are found on tlie hirtrer roots; e, female pupa, dorsal
view; g, winged female, dorsal view.

Most American varieties, indeed even the most
susceptible, resist the insect, provided they are in
locations suitable as to soil and climate.

"VVe see in the general resistibility of our puiely
native American vines against the I'hyiloxera.
a remarkable verification of that law which Dar-
win has so ably established and aphoristically
expressed, as "thk s^ruviVAL of the fittei;t.'*

Prof. Riley, in explaining •' why the insect
is more injurious in Europe than here," says:
'•There exists a certain harmony between the
indigenous fauna and flora of a country : and our
native vines are such as. from their inherent
peculiarities, have best withstood the attacks of
the insect. The European vine, on the contrary^
succumbs more readily, not only because of its
more tender and delicate nature, but because it
has not been accustomed to the disease — there
being, doubtless, a parallel between this case and
the well-known fact that diseases and parasites
which are comparatively harmless among peoples
long accustomed to them, become virulent and
often fatal when first introduced among hitlierto
uucontaminated peoples. Then the particular
natural enemies of the insect which belong to its
own class, and which in this countrj' help to keep
it within bounds, are lacking in Europe; and it
will require some time before the closely allied
European predaceous species will prey upon and
check it there to the same extent. The Phyl-
loxera will, also, all other things being eijiial.
have an advantage in those countries where the
mildness and shortness of the winter allow an
increase in the annual number of its generations.
Finally, the differences in soil and in modes of
culture have no insignificant bearing on the
question in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both
types, is found on our wild vines, it is very doubt-
ful if such wild vines in a state of nature are ever
killed by it. With their far-reaching arms em-
bracing shrub and tree, their climbing habit
unchecked by the pruner's knife, these vines have
a corresponding length and depth of root, which
render them less susceptible to injury from an
under-ground enemy. Our own method of grow-
ing them on trellis approaches more nearly these
natural conditions tlian that employed in the
ravaged French districts, where the vines aie
gro^vn in greater proximity and allowed to trail
upon the ground, or are supported to a single
stake."

Again, after speaking of the large numbers of
winged females rising from the ground during
late summer and fall, he adds: ''The winged
migrant Phylloxera is wafted about, and will lay
her eggs, or, in other words, deliver herself or
her progeny, wherever she happens to settle. If
this be upon the grape-vine, well and good — the
young live and propagate; if upon other plants,
they "perish. We thiis have the spectacle of a
species annually wasting itself away to a greater
or less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom
most species produce a superabundance of seed,
the larger portion of which is destined to perish.
Thus in the thickly planted wine districts of
France few winged insects would fail to settle
where their issue could survive, while in America
an immense number annually perish in the large
tracts of other vegetation intervening between
our vineyards."

Under the stimulus of a large reward (300,000
f ranees; appropriated for the purpose by the
French Government, innumerable plans have
been proposed and experiments made, but no
rcmedii has yet been discovered which gives entire
satisfaction, or is applicable to all conditions of

Insects.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Phylloxera. 67

soil.* Submersion is an etticacious remedy, but
to be effective tbe tield must be covered witb
water one foot deep during eight weeks, Novem-
ber and December being considered the proper
period; a less complete submersion is useless, and
on most and especially on the best hilly vinelands
such submersion is impracticable. A large ad-
mixture of sand in the soil is also of service, as
the root-louse does not thrive in sandy soils.
This was first discovered by Lichtenstein; and
as a result of this discovery the sandy borders of
the Mediterranean coast (Aigues mortes), where
formerly scarcely poor grass grew, are now. in
many places, changed into l)eautiful vineyards,
of great value. Sulpho-carbonate of potassium
and coal-tar are mentioned as capable of destroy-
ing the Phylloxera, and Mr. Mares, in his Minis-
terial report on the various (140) modes of treat-
ment tried, stated that manures rich in potash and
nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy sulphates,
refuse of salt-works, soot, wood ashes, ammonia,
or fat-lime, have given the best result. Bisul-
phide of carbon is also effective when judiciously
applied, and Prof. Bilej' has proved that Kerosen-
emulsion is one of the most effective remedies.
Prof. Roessler also believed in fighting the insect
with manure and phosphates, ammonia and pot-
ash, which treatment succeeds in porous soils;
and to obtain this porosity he made use of dyna-
mite, raising the soil from a great depth without
injuring the vines. But the grape-growers seem
not to believe in these medicinal insecticides, or
considered theui impractical, too costly, and their
application too laborious. Many preferred to
resort to planting American vines, mostly with a
view to graft thereon their own varieties. And
now the American vine has penetrated into
all the vineyards of France — notwithstanding its
many opponents, both honestly and otherwise;
notwithstanding the ill-favor of the Government,
where subventions had been reserved for the
insecticides and the submersion. And this result
is not a passing one, but has gained a stronghold
by the exceptional and growing vigor of the
American vines themselves, under various con-
ditions of soil and in the midst of the most intense
ravages of the Phylloxera. The Medoc even
opens now its doors to the most meritorious
grafting stocks, the JRiporia, Solonis, York Ma-
deira, being now convinced that their celebrated
Medoc wines will not be in the least changed by
grafting their varieties on American roots. It is
the same in other famous wine districts, and even
in the regions of the great white wines (Sauterne,
Bommes, Barsac, &c.) which are as yet but little
attacked by the Phylloxera. It has been the
same in other countries, wherever the insect has
made its appearance, in spite of all precautionary
measures to protect them from infection.

Riley and Planchou have established tlie fact
that the insect is indigenous to the North Ameri-
can continent east of the Rocky mountains, and
there is little doubt but that it was first imported
into Europe on American vines. Yet it must not
be supposed that our American vines are all
necessarily infested with Phylloxera, or that the
insect has been introduced in everj' locality where
our vines have been planted. On the contrary,
there are localities where, from the isolated
position of the vineyards, or the nature of the
soil, it is difficult to find the insect, and,

* La lutte contre le phylloxera. (The struggle against
the Phylloxera) hy .1. A. Barral, 1 vol., Paris, 188.S, is the
most complete work on this subject.

like many other indigenous species, it is in
some years very numerous and injurious, in
others, scarcely to be seen. There is compara-
tively little danger of its being imported from
one country to another on clean cnttinys of
one year's growth, as the winter egg is almost
invariably laid in the older, rougher portions
of the vine. It should be recollected also that
vines imported in late wintev, or early spring,
cannot possibly carry the insect, even if in-
fected, in any other than the egg or larva form,
as no winged insects are then in existence, to
escape on the way, or upon opening the cases;
and all danger of importing the insect would be
avoided if the plants or cuttings, upon being un-
packed, were placed in a bath of strong soapsuds.

Prof. V. Mayet, of the National Agricultural
School at Montpellier, advises the following pre-
caution : — (Vignes Am., Dec. 1882.) " 1. Never
to keep the cuttings in the soil, in whatever else
we may preserve them for exportation; clear
fine sand would be preferable. 2. To fumigate
the cuttings on arrival with sulphur smoke, as
the sulphuric acid infallibly kills all insects,
without injuring the buds or vegetation; ten
minutes are fully sufficient for that. An old large
box may serve as a receptacle for the fumigation."
In answer to inquiries whether this would be
sufficient also to destroy the eggs of the Phyl-
loxera, the Professor emphatically declares (La
Vigne Americaine, May, 1883), that "we need
not trouble ourselves about the eggs — none of
these have ever been found on canes of one j^ear's
wood. And if ever any live insects were trans-
ported with cuttings, less than a quarter of an
hour's fumigation with sulphur would kill them
on arrival."

The greatness of the evil, however, seemed to
justify the adoption of extreme measures, and
the iinportation of both American vines (oid
CKttvKjs was strictly prohibited by the govern-
ments of Europe (except as to certain already
invaded districts of France). Thus they ex-
cluded—not the insect, but the best remedy.
And whilst it is now recognized and fully estab-
lished that Phylloxera-destroyed vineyards can
be reconstituted only by replanting with resisting
American vines, be it for direct production or for
grafting on them other preferred varieties, it is
yet very difficult to get the prohibitions and
restrictions repealed. "V. Babo, the celebrated
Director of the Oenol. Institute of Anstria, Klos-
ternenburg, near Vienna, wrote us (April, 1883)
that " notwithstanding the unanimous declaration
of the Commission in favor of American Grape-
vines, the Government refuses to listen; we shall
tarry until the Louse will have spread as a
great calamity. Sulphocarbonates are continu-
ally used — at Government's expense. The mo-
ment it shall have to be done at private expense
nobody will use it, as the annual cost is out of
proportion to the effect. In spite of my own
most careful and through treatment with sulpho-
carbonates my success is incomplete. Much as I
was at first in favor of sulpho- carbonates, I am
now fully convinced that our grape-culture can-
not be carried on except by using proper Phyl-
loxera-resisting stocks."

The Beriip dpn Deux Mondfs of June 1, 1883,
contains a very Interesting article on the I'hyl-
loxera question by the Duchess of Fitz-James, in
which she says: — "While the Phylloxera con-
tinues to extend her sinister veil over beautiful
France, the American Vine throws over it here

68 Injurious

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Insects.

and there a ray of hope. Happy the soil which,
in receiving it. lays hold of its good fortune. It
is this ray before which the desert will vanish.
Those who are unconscious of it, try in vain to
defend a past which has escaped; for the chem-
ical remedies, even if they were useful, are only
exceptionally practical; and while* thus many
persevere in their ruin, pursuing a chimera, the
American Vine covers with her verdant waves
the last trace of our misfortunes." And the vint-
age of P'rance in 1893. thanks to her now recon-
stituted vineyards, was equal in quantity and
qnalilv to her best years of the past.*

effectually protect the vines. He urges, however,
that the insect be attacked early in the season,
before it has acquired wings, and when congre-
gating on the under side of the leaves. At this
time a spraying with kerosene emulsion or with
the Bordeaux taixture by means of a knapsack
pump and the Vermorel moditication of the Kiley
or cyclone nozzle will prove thoroughly effica-
cious, if only care be taken to spray the under
side of the leaves. This treatment also destroys
many other leaf-feeding or sucking insects, and
at the same time is one of the best preventives of
mildews and the various rots.

The Grape Leaf-hoppek.

{Erythroneura vitis.)

Very generally but erroneously called Thrips.
This is one of the most troublesome insects the
grape-grower has to deal with. It is a very act-
ive little thing, running sideways like a crab, and
dodging around quickly to the other side when
approached. It jumps with great vigor, and con-
gregates in great crowds upon the under side of
the^leaf, pumping up the sap, and thus causing
numerous brown dead spots, and often killing the
leaf entirely. A vine badly infested with these
leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly
appearance, while the leaves often drop prema-
turely and the fruit in consequence fails to ripen.
There are several species which attack the vine-
all belonging to the same genus, however, and
only differing in color. The natural history of
this insect is not recorded by entomologists, but
Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are thrust
into the leaf-stems, and particularly along the
larger veins of the under side of the leaves. To-
bacco-water and soapsuds, to be syringed on the
vines, are recommended in the books as a remedy.
Prof. Riley recommends passing between the
rows with'a torch in the evening, smearing the
stakes in the spring with soft soap or other sticky
substance, and burning the leaves in the fall. The
hoppers tly to the light of the torch; and as they
pass the winter under leaves, loose bark of the
stakes, etc., cleanliness in and about the vineyard
is of the first importance in checking their rav-
ages. The torch remedy is most effectual when
three persons work in company, one between two
rows with the torch, and one on the furtlier side
of each of the rows to give the trellis a slight
shake and disturb the hoppers. Tobacco stalks
or waste thrown on the ground in a grapery

*Tlu' wine produftof France in 1893 was 1,098,000,000
gallons, tlie liir^^est in any year since 1877. In 18-.t i1
reached 1,056,000,000 jrallons, but from lliat date to 1892
It ranged all tlic way from .lOG.Oim.OOO to 792,000,000 .-lai-
lons. In 187.5, befyie tlio ui)|)earanro of the insect pest,
the crop readied 1,826,000,000 Ralions. This gives sonic
idea of the loss occasioned by the raviiges of tlie pliyl-
loxera. The sulisi itutioii of tlie more hardy American
vines seem to have Hnally restored the vineyim'^-—
Boston Commercial JiiiUetin, .January 13, 1894.

Grape Leaf-foi.der: 1, larva; 2, head and thoracic
joints, enlarged; 3, chrysalis; 4, 5, male and female
moths.

The Grape Leaf-kolder.
(Desmia manilatis.)
This is a worm of grass-green color, very active ;
wriggling, jumping and jerking either wa.y at
every touch. It folds rather than rolls the leaf,
by fastening two portions together by it silken
threads. The chrysalis is formed within the fold
of the leaf. The moth is conspicuously marked
with black and white, all the wings being bor-
dered and spotted as in the annexed figures. The
male is distinguished from the female by his
elbowed antennse, thickened near the middle,
while those of the female are simple and thread-
like. The moths appear in early spring, but the
worms are not numerous till mid-summer. A
good method to destroy the worm is by crushing
them suddenly with both hands, within the leaf.
The last brood hybernates in the chrysalis state
within the fallen 'leaves, and much may be done
towards checking the ravages of this worm, which
during some vears are very severe, by raking up
and burning "the dead leaves in the fall. The
topical applications recommended for the Leaf-
hopper are also effective.

The Grape-Vine Fidia.

(Fidia riticida.)

This beetle, often miscalled
the Rose-bug, is one of the worst
foes of the grape-vine in Mis-
souri. It makes its appearance
during the month of June, and
by the end of July has generally
disappeared. Wiien numerous,
it so riddles the leaves as to
reduce them to mere shreds.
Luckily this beetle drops to the
o-round upon the slightest disturbance, and thus
enables us to keep it in check, by taking a large
basin with a little water in it, and holding it under
the insect. At the least jar the bugs will fall into
the disli. When a quantity have thus been caught,
throw tliom into the fire or pour hot water upon
them. The late M. Poeschel, of Hermann, raised

Injurious

GRAPE MANUAL.

Insects. 69

a hirge brood of chickens, and had them so well
trained that all he had to do was to start them
in the vinej^ard, with a boy in front to shake the
infested vines, and he himself behind the chicks.
They picked up every beetle that fell to the
ground ; and next season he could scarcely tind
a single Fidia.

The Grape-vine Ft.ea-beetle.
(Naltica chal>jbca.)

Fis. 90.

o, larva, natural size; b, do. magiiified; c, cocoon;

d, beetle, cnlarj^ed.

Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very stout,
swollen high thighs, by means of which it is en-
abled to jump about very energetically, and is
consequently very difficult to capture. The color
of the beetle varies from steel-blue to metallic
green and purple. The beetles hibernate in a tor-
pid state under any shelter, such as loose bark,
crevices of stakes, etc., and they are roused to ac-
tivity quite early in the spring, doing the greatest
damage at this early season by boring into and
scooping out the unopened buds. As the leaves
expand, they feed on these, and soon pair and de-
poisit their small orange eggs in clusters on the
under side of the leaf. These eggs soon hatch
into dark-colored larv;e, which may be found of
all sizes during the latter part of May and early
part of June, generally on the upper side of the
leaf, which they riddle, devouring all but the
largest ribs. Spraying with the Bordeaux mix-
ture is the most satisfactory remedy.

The Gigantic Koot-boker.

(Prionus laticoUis.)

Apple, the Pear, and the Grape, to which it is
very destructive. It follows the roots, entirely
severing them in many instances so that the vines
soon die. When fully grown it leaves the roots
it was inhabiting, and foims a smooth, oval cham-
ber in the earth, wherein it assumes the pupa
form. If the roots are larger, it remains within
them to undergo its changes. The perfect insect
is a large, dark brown beetle, which first appears
towards the end of June, and is very commonly
found during the summer and fall months, rush-
ing (often with a heavy, noisy flight) into lighted
rooms. Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not
only attacks living trees and vines, but that it also
breeds in dead oak stumps, and can travel through
the ground from one place to another; from
which fact he draws the important corollary that
it will not do to leave oak stumps to rot on ground
which is intended for a vineyard — a fact which
our experience corroborates. Little can be done
in the way of extirpating these underground
borers, their presence being only indicated by the
the death of the vine. Whenever you find vines
dying from any unknown cause, search for this
borer, and upon finding one (in each case we have
found but one at each tree or vine), put an end to
its existence.

The Grape-berry Moth.

{Lobesia botrana.)

Fig. 91.

This large borer is often met with in and about
the roots of several kinds of plants, such as the

a, niotli; 6, worm; c, hole made in berry; d, rotting
l)erry, caused l)y worm.

This insect first attracted attention about thirty
years ago. About the first of July the grapes that
are attacked by the worm begin to stiow a dis-
colored spot at the point where the worm entered.
Upon opening such a grape the inmate will be
found at the end of a winding channel. It con-
tinues to feed on the pulp of the fruit, and upon
reaching the seeds generally eats out their in-
terior. As soon as the grape is touched the worm
will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to the
ground bj' means of its ever-ready silken thread,
unless care be taken to prevent it from so doing.
The cocoon is often formed on the leaves of the
r^^^^ vine, in a manner essentially character-
istic: the worm cuts a clean oval flap,
leaving it hinged on one side, and, rolling
the flap over, fastens it to the leaf, and
thus forms for itself a cosy little house,
in which it changes to a clnysalis. In
about ten days after this last change
takes place, the chrysalis works itself
out of the cocoon and the little moth
represented in the Ijgure (hair-lines
showing natural size) makes its escape.
As a remedy we recommend picki-ng up all fallen
berries and converting them into vinegar, as upon

70 Lijan'oiis.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Bejtejicial.

racking off the juice and water, countless num-
bers of these worms are found in tlie sediment.
This insect was named rmthnin vi(irnran/i, b_v Dr.
Paciiard. in this country; but Prof. Kiley informs
us that it is au importation from Europe, where
it is known as Lobesia botrana.

The Rose-chafek.

(Macrodactiihts siibspinoszis . )

This is the true ''Rose-bug," injur-
ious to many plants, but especially
hard on grape-vines during some
years. In Prof. Riley's words: "It is
one of those species whose larva de-
velops under ground, and cannot be
very well dealt with in this stage of
Fisr. t'3. j,.g jjfg yYe must contend with it in
the beetle form, and there is no other effectual
n)eans than by hand-picking, or by shaking
into vessels and on to sheets. This work can be
greatly facilitated by taking advantage of the
insect's tastes and preferences. It shows a great
predilection for the Clinton and its close allies, of
all other varieties of the grape-vine, and will
gather upon that variety and leave others unmo-
lested, where it has a chance. Those who ai"e
troubled with this beetle will no doubt take the
hint."

The Grape-cubculio.
{Cceliodes inxq%ialis)

Fig. 94.— a, berry, infested; 6, larva; c, beetle— tlie liair-
liiie showing natural length.

The larva of this curculio infests the grapes in
June and July, causing a little black hole in the
skin, and a discoloration of thebeiry immediateh'
around it, as seen in the above figure. From the
middle to the last of July this larva leaves the
berrj^ and buries itself a few inches in the ground,
and by the beginning of September the perfect
insect issues from the ground and doubtless passes
the winter in the beetle state, ready to puncture
the grapes again the following May or June.
This curculio is small and inconspicuous, being of
a black color with a grayish tint. It is repre-
sented above, the hair-line underneath showing
the natural size. This insect is very bad some
years, at others scarcely noticed, being doubtless
killed by parasites. It is thus that nature works :
'•Eat and be eaten, kill and be killed," is one of
her universal laws; and we never can say with
surety, because a particular insect is numerous
one year, therefore it will be so tlie next.

All infested berries should from time to time,
as the)'^ are noticed, be collected and destroyed,
and the beetle n)ay be jarred down on sheets, as
with the Plum Curculio.

There are several Cut-wokms which eat the
young, tender shoots of the vine, and draw them
into the ground below; they have destroyed, or
kept back at least, many a young vine. The little
rascals can be easily found and destroyed b.v dig-
ging for them under the loose clods of ground
beneath the young vine.

There are many other insects injurious to the
grape-vine — large solitary worms — insects which
lay eggs in the canes — others which make curious
galls, etc., but the reader who desires an acquaint-
ance with these, must refer to Prof. Riley's
reports.

It will be more useful to tlie grape-grower to
close this chapter on insects witli a brief account
of some of

THE BENEFICIAL SPECIES

which he will meet with, and which he should
cherish as his friends.

Insects which are beneficial to man by feeding
upon other insects that are injurious, may be di-
vided into those which simply prej' upon such
injurious insects, without, however, being other-
wise connected with them — the predacious insects;
secondly, into those which in their earlier stages
live in or on their prey — the true parasites. This
last class is represented only by two Orders, viz.,
the Diptera, or two-winged tlies, and the Hymen-
optera (especially the families Ichneumonid;e and
Chalcidid.ip). The egg is deposited by the mother
parasite on or into the body of its victim, which
is usually in the larva state, the parasitic larva
feeding upon the fatty parts of its victim, and
causing its death only after it has itself reached
full growth.

T The most impor-
tant parasites a-
mong the Diptera
are the Tachina-
flies, which in gen-
eral appearance are
not unlike our
common House-fly.
Those among the
Hymenoptera are
by far more ntimer-
ous in species and
more varied as to general appearance and mode
of development. We select for illustration one of
the most common forms, viz., a Microgaster of
the family Ichneumonidae, a small
inconspicuous insect which is
known to prey upon a large num-
ber of worms and, among others,
also on the Hog-caterpillar of the
1 I) ' t vine. By means of her ovipositor
the female Microgaster inserts a
Fig. 96. number of eggs in the body of

Microgaster. the caterpillar while this is "still
young. The Microgaster larvie develop within
the caterpillar, and when full grown they pierce
the skin of the latter, and work themselves so far
. - _ out that they are

^^'^*'-**"-*'r**'ib*4ij^^*«™<^ commence spinn-
Fig- ■'■;■. ing small white co-

Shrunken larva of CHa<:R()CAMPA, coons standino" on
with Microgaster cocoons. ^^^ ^^ represented

in Fig. 97, the caterpillar having by this time died
and greatly shrunk. A week or thei-eabout later
the Ichneumon flies begin to hatch from the co-
coons.

The Predaceous Insects include numerous spe-
aies of all Orders, and we can here only select a
few of the more important ones which liave been
observed in connection with the insects injurious
to the grape-vine.

Ladybirds. — The Coleopterous family Cocci-
nellida), or Ladybirds, comprises in the United

Tachina-Fly.

Jtisects,

GRAPE MANUAL.

Insects. 71

States more than a hundred species, tlie hirger of
which may be readily distinguished by their
round, convex form, the upper side being "usually
red or i^ink. handsome-
l.v variegated by black
spots. which greatly vary
in number and position;
also a few species that
are black with red spots,
while the numerous
smaller species are most-

8.— Ladyuiku.

ly of a more uniform dark color." With the ex
ception of a few species which constitute the
genus Epilachna, and a few allied genera, all
Lady-birds are insectivorous, and, considering
that many species occur in a hirge number o^
specimens and that the larva) are very voracious,
an idea may be formed of the great service per-
formed by the Ladybirds in lessening the number
of injurious insects. The Ladybird larvic are es-
pecially fond of preying on 'the plant-lice, but
they also feed extensively on the eggs and young
larvie of all insects. Whenever other food fails",
they will even devour the helpless pupre of their
own kind.

We select for illustration one of our commonest
species of Labybirds, viz. the Convergent Lady-
bird {Hippodntnin courcnjens), Fig. 98,'/ represent-
ing the larva, b the pupa, and c' the beetle itselL
The eggs of Ladybirds greatly resemble in ap-
pearance those of the Colorado potato-beetle:
they are orange-yellow, and laid in small groups
on the under side of leaves. The larv;e are very
active and most of them very handsomely col-
ored, those of the Convergent Ladybird being
blue, orange and black. When full grown, they
hang by the tail to the under side of a stalk or
leaf and change to chrysalids. The perfect bee-
tle is orange-red marked with black and white,
as represented in the figure. It derives its name
from the two convergent lines on the disc of the
thorax. The larvfe of some of the smaller Lady-
birds excrete a cottony matter, and one of them
(belonging to the genus Sc>/)nnus) has been found
to live underground, preying upon the root-
inhabiting form of the Grape-pliylloxera.

Thrips.— These are yellow or black insects,
hardly visible to thu unpracticed eye, but with
the aid of a small magnifying glass at once recog-
nizable by tiieir narrow wings, beautifully fringed
with long, delicate hair. The larv;e resemble in
general form their parents, but differ not only in
lacking wings, but in being of blood-red color.
We refer to the Thrips and figure herewith given
(Fig. 99), a black species with white wings

(Thrips phylluxene, Riley), because it is one of
the most efficient enemies of the Grape-phyll-
oxera, living within tlie leaf-galls caused by that

pest, and doing more than any other species to
keep the gall-inhabiting form of the Phylloxera
within I)ouiids. According to the recent classifi-
cation the Thrips forn) a separate family, Tby-
sanoptera, of the order Pscndonmroptera.

Lack-win<j Fliks.— These play a very import-
ant role in the destruction of injurious insects,
but here it is only the larva which does the bene-
ficial work, the imago not being predaceous.
These files may be easily known by their delicate,
greenish or yellowish wings, their brilliantly col-
ored eyes, as well as by the peculiar, offensive
odor emitted by them. The species represented
herewith (Fig. 100) is the Weeping Lace-wino-

Fig. 100.
Lace-wing Fly: a, eggs; b, larva; c, cocoon.

(Chri/sopa plnnhnmla, Fitch), but there are many
other species of this and allied genera which
form the family Hemeroblid:e of the order N^eu-
roptera. The eggs (Fig. 100, a) are adroitly de-
posited at the tip of long, silk-like stalks fastened
to leaves and twigs. Sometimes these eggs are
deposited singly, sometimes as shown in the
figure, in little groups. The larvre (Fig. 100, b)
are very rapacious and move actively about in
search of prey, which consists of soft-bodied in-
sects and eggs of insects. When ready to trans-
form, the larva winds itself up into a wonderfully
small cocoon (considering the size of the insect
which makes it and issues from it), as shown in
Fig. 100, c. The imago issues through a neatly
cut circular opening of this cocoon, also repre-
sented in the figure.

Sykphus-flies.— Associated with the Lace-
wing larvae we frequently find another class of
larv;e or maggots of quite different appearance.
They are blind and without legs, slowly moving
about by means of stiff hairs with which they are
covered, while others adhere to the leaves by
means of a slimy secretion and move by alter-
nately contracting and stretching out their
bodies. In coloration these larv;i5 vary greatly,
some being dirty-white or brown, while^ others
are green or striped like caterpillars. Their prey
is the same as that of the Lace- wing larv;e and

Fig. 101.
Root-louse Syrphus-fly: a, larva; 6, pupa; c, fly.

their work is just as thorough. These are the
larv.x of a large family of two-winged flies, called
Siirplddi.e, yavy numerous in species as well as in

72 Insects.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Preserving Grapes.

individuals. When ready to transform , the larva
becomes rigid, with the outer skin hardening and
forming what is called a puparium. while the
real pupa lies within this outer covering. In due
time the tly issues from this puparium. The
species tigured in tlie accompanying cut (Fig.
101) is npiza radiotm, Walsh and Riley), a repre-
senting the larva, /; the puparium from which the
imago has escaped, c the tly itself. This species
lives, in the larva state, underground feeding
both on the Apple-tree Root-louse and on the
Grape-root-louse.

The Insidious Flowek-bug. — This insect, of
which we represent herewith a highly magnified
figure, (Fig. 102), is quite commonly met with on
all sorts of plants infested
by injurious insects; and
anyone who cares to ob-
serve this tiny, handsomely
colored bug, or its larva,
will have no trouble in
convincing himself of its
usefulness. It is really
amusing to see how this
small bug, and its still
smaller larva, not only
assiduously suck plant-lice
and insect eggs of all
sorts, but also "pounce up-
on worms much larger
tlian themselves and pierce
them with their short.
They roam about every-
in search of prej% and
are frequently found within the Phylloxera-galls
playing havoc with the lice. The Insidious
Flower-bug (Authocoris rnsiduosus. Say) belongs
to the order Heteroptera, or True Bugs, and may
be known by its handsome coloration, being-
black, reddish-brown and white above. Its larva
is orange-colored, and closely resembles in gen-
eral appearance that of the notorious Chinch-
bug.

Besides the insects, you will still have other
enemies to combat; foxes and birds, and, worst
of all, some two-legged beings in human shape —
thieves, who will steal your grapes if j^ou do not
watch and threaten to keep them off with pow-
der and shot. We do.

Fig. 102.
Insidious Flower-bug

three-jointed beak,
where on the plants

GATHERING AND PRESEKVING.

Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not
pick the grape before it is full}^ ripe. Every
grape will color before ripe; some do so several
weeks before, but when thoroughly ripe the stem
turns brown and shrivels somewhat. The finest
qualities, the sweetness and aroma of the grape-
juice are fully developed only in the perfectly
matured grape; and we consider the kite ripening
varieties as far superior, especially for wine, to
the earhj kinds, but, of course, only in such locali-
ties where latfi grapes will mature. 'I'his noble
fruit does not ripen, like sonic otiier fruit, after
being gathered. Always gatlier the grapes in
fair weather, and wait till the dew has dried off
before commencing in the morning. Cut off the

clusters with a knife or grape-scissors, and clip
out the unripe or diseased berries, if any, taking
care, however, that the bloom be not rubbed off,
nor any of the berries broken, if they are to be
sent to market, or to be kept into winter. The
bunches should be placed in shallow drawers or
baskets, in wliich they are to be taken to the
packing-shed, or some place under cover, and
there assorted and packed.

For packing grapes for market, shallow baskets
or boxes, holding from three to ten pounds,
especially the so-called climax baskets, manu-
factured for the purpose in all the principal grape
regions, are generally used. In packing in boxes^
the top is first nailed on and a sheet of thin white
paper put in; whole bunches of grapes are first
put in ; the vacant places left are filled with parts
of bunches, of same kind and quality, so that all
the space is occupied and the whole box packed
as closely and full as possible, without jamming.
Another sheet of paper is now laid on and the
bottom nailed down. By this means, when the
boxes are opened, only entire bunches are found
at the top. The boxes are put in crates, or light
large boxes, for shipment. Do not ship mixed
inferior fruit — it will never pay; while uniform,
good grapes will establish a rejjutation and com-
mand the best prices. Skill in handling and
packing is only acquired by practice.

Grapes can easily be preserved for months by
means of a cool room or cellar, where the tem-
perature can be kept between 35° and 40° F. In
a warm, damp atmosphere, grapes will soon rot.
Fuller recommends, for preserving grapes, to
bring them first into a cool room, spread them
out and let them remain there for a few days un-
til all surplus moisture has passed off; then pack
them away in boxes, placing the bunches close
together, and thick sheets of paper between each
layer. When the boxes are filled, put them away
in a cool place ; examine them occasionally and
take out the decayed berries, from time to timS^
as they appear. If the place is cool and the fruit
ripe and sound, they will keep from thi-ee to four
months.

Another method by which grapes are some-
times successfully preserved till late in March,
especially in France, is this: Cut a branch having
two bunches of fruit attached and place the lower
end, through a perforated cork, in a small bottle
of water; seal the upper cut end of the branch
and also the cork with sealing-wax. A little
charcoal in the water preserves its puritj^ The
bottles are then placed in a dry, cool room where
the temperature is pretty even and never falls
below freezing point, and are kept in an erect po-
sition (usually by a rack made for the purpose),
care being taken that the clusters do not touch
each other, and that every imperfect grape be
removed as soon as it shows signs of failing.
Very few persons, however, can bestow this care,
and still less have a fruit-room or cellar that can
be kept so cool (40°).

Various other methods of preserving grapes
fresh until late in the winter have been recom-
mended, but experiments have generally not been
as satisfactory as could be wished. Some varieties
are found to keep better and longer than others,
and in our Descriptive Catalogue the superior
keeping qualities of our best kinds are ahvajs
mentioned. In cold storage, specially construct-
ed for i)reserving fruit, grapes will keep in good
condition nearly all winter.

Wine-making.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-making. 73

The best mode of preserving the delicious juice
of the grape, with its delightfully nutritious con-
stituents, in a concentrated and almost imperish-
able form, is by

WINE-MAKING.

The main purpose for which grapes are grown
is for wine, the fermented juice of the grape,
that universal, oldest remedy against human
afflictions, that elixir which enhances our pleas-
ures, dispels our sorrows and invigorates man
as no other stimulant cau. Even Noah and
Bacchus already made wine of the grape, and
its use as a beverage is almost as old as the grape
itself. In Greece the time of grape gathering
was the occasion of great festivities, consisting of
public dinners, theatrical representations, music,
sacrifices for the prosperity of the state and for
the souls of the dead. True, a licentious Roman
people converted those festivities into " Bac-
chanalia," but the wisest men of that time said:
'• Let us not ascribe these orgies to the God of
Wine; let the excesses be punished and sup-
pressed, but prize and use properly the Divine
gift and it will embellish our life with flowers and
fruits, it will foster poetry, tine arts and all
social pleasures."

"Judjied Ijy no o'erzealous rigor
Miicli the gleam of wine expresses:
Biiccbus was the type of vigor,
And Silenus of excesses."

In the bright glow of modern history, the glint
of wine brightens many a state ceremony or re-
ligious rite. Kings, emperors, even bishops, fos-
tered and promoted the culture of the grape.
Carolus the Great sent vines from Orleans to be
transplanted to the '-Heights of Ingolsheim,"
and, according to popular legend, preserved in
song, every year, when the grape-vines are in
bloom, the great emperor arises from his grave to
bless the vines along the river Rhine. Here, in
our own country, William Penn, the founder of
Pennsylvania, two hundred years ago, gave to
that place (now a part of Philadelphia, then just
settled by Germans from the Rhine and called
Germantown) a town-seal with the inscription:
^'Vimtm, Linum et Textrinum," to indicate ap-
proval of their leading industiies : viticulture,
flax-culture and weaving.

The uses of wine have existed and spread and
grown all over the world, and nowhere has its
manufacture been entirely suppressed except in
China. Has it made the Chinese better, more
virtuous or civilized? The use of enervating
opiates has taken the place of invigorating wine.
.•\.nd this will be the consequence wherever wine
is prohibited. In all civilized countries there is
scarcely a festive board without wine. The
church uses it in its sacred service as the symbol
of God's noblest gifts; the physician prescribes it
as a health-restoring tonic to the sick and con-
valescing.

Wine production has reached hundreds of mil-
lions of gallons, the wealth and pride of many
nations, and its failure in one year is considered a
great calamity where and whenever it occurs. A
very small proportion of the grape production is
utilized for the table compafed to what is used
for wine-making.

We grape-growers of America, east of the
Rocky Mountains, can not produce as showy
table grapes as California, nor do we claim that
ours are the best wine -grapes the world produces.

We may excuse the poetic effusion of a Long-
fellow, who sang ;

There grows no vine

By the haunted Rhine,

By Danube or Guadalf)uivir,

Mor on ishmd or cape

That bears such a grape

As grows by tlie beautiful river [the Oliio].

Or that:

Catawba wine

Has a taste more divine, etc.

We do not indorse such presumptuous asser-
tions as you may find in some books and papers
of American wine and grape growers, that '-we
can make wine which will rival and surpass the
BEST wines of France, Germanj' and Spain." We
may claim, however, that we are producing from
our wine grapes some very fair, refreshing and
wholesome, pure wines, and by the production of
new superior varieties, by progressing in the art
of wine-making, we may fully equal the average
productions of the wine countries of Europe and
make grape-growing one of the leading branches
of horticulture.

We have been urged to embody in this manual
a chapter upon this subject, and, notwithstanding
the assurance that we think it impossible to fur-
nish, within the limited scope of this catalogue,
a complete guide to the inexperienced wine-
maker, we have been called upon, again and
again, for some concise information which might
aid the intelligent farmer and the amateur grape-
grower to transform their surplus fruit into that
health-giving beverage, 'Svine." The books on
wine-making to which they have been referred
were either not accessible, or too costly, and con-
tained so much that was unnecessary, to say the
least, that we finally concluded to write this brief
treatise, which, however, should be regarded as
a collection of mere hints, being only intended to
give the inexperienced a correct idea of the gen-
eral principles of wine-making, and to contain
some plain directions that may guard against
false theories and wrong practice.

Those who intend to make wine, as a business,
on a large scale, and who desire full information
on all its branches, cannot expect to find it in
this brief manual. Moreover, wine-making is an
art which, however simple, cannot be acquired
from books only, but must be learned fkacti-
CAi.LY; and we can only repeat our advice, given
in the former editions of this catalogue, viz., to
engage some experienced "Wine-cooper" who
knows how to make and treat wines, who has
learned and has been accustomed to attend to
wines from his youth, and who will watch over
and nurse them with the care and cheerfulness of
a mother to her infant, until you or your son may
have practically learned from him. Such a man
you may have to pay well, and j'ou may think
you cannot afford it; but to learn from sad expe-
rience, unless on a very small .«cale, would prove
by far more costly and unprofitable.

Thus, Avithout presuming to present anything
new in this chapter, we hope that the grape-
growers of this country may find therein as much
infoimation of practical value on so vast a subject
as could be condensed in so limited a space.*

* There are Imt few books on wine-making written in
the English language. Ihudichuui's "Treatise on
Wine,"' London, 1894, is a mere reprint of a very old
book. Harasztliy's "Grape Culture and Wine-making"
was pul)lished (by Harper & Bros., New York, 1862) more
than thirty years ago. Husman's "Giape Culture and
Wine-makuig," San Francisco, 1S86, treat only of Call-

74 Wine-maJiing.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wine-making.

1. Winfi, its nature and substances, its formatiun and

classijication.

Wine is the propeiij' fermented juice of the
grape; its unfermeuted juice is called must. The
product of vinous fermentation of other saccharine
juices of plants and fruiis is often called wine,
but none contain the life-giving, restorative
qualities, the exquisite taste, the deHcate bouijuet,
that haruionious combination of substances that
we enjoy in the properlj- fermented juice of the
grape. At all events we, as grape-growers, have
to deal with the products of grape-juice oulj-, and
it is of this alone that we intend to speak.

However importint it is to fully know the na-
ture and chemical substances of wine and the law
of fermentation, we must restrict ourselves to the
absohitely necessary; it may also suttice,for most
Ijractical purposes, to know that the juice of the
grape contains, chemically speaking:

I Sugar, which afterwards, by fermentation, is
transformed into alcohol. Most of the cellu-
lar substances in the unripe grape have trans-
formed themselves, during the process of
ripening, into sugar; the residue of these are
thrown out during fermentation and sink to
the bottom. The less ripe the grapes, the
more of these substances and the less sugar
will be contained in the must. If the vine
drops its foliage before perfect maturity of
its grapes (from frost, disease, or any cause)
the sugar contents of its berries cannot in-
crease; with complete maturity the sugar
formation has attained its limit, diminishing
thereafter.

2. Acids, — tartaric, tannic, and other acids, more

or less, according to the degree of ripeness
and the character of the grapes. A verj^ small
quantity of tannin is indispensable for the
later treatment of tbe wine (for fining, etc.).
A proper degree of tannin (2 to 3 per mille)
is characteristic for red wine, and develops
better the higher its temperature rises at fer-
mentation and the more its husks are in con-
tact with the fermenting fluid.

3. Albumen — a nitrogenous substance, plainly vis-

ible in the white scum of the must. Also,
some resinous substances, gum, affecting the
the body and taste of the wine; coloring-
matter, adhering to the skin, giving the color,
especially to red wines; and so-called ex-
ti-active matter.

All these substances, and many more, which
have been chemically analyzed, are combined
and dissolved in about three to four times their
quantity of watkr in the juice of the grape.

As long as this juice is enclosed in the skin,
which protects it from contact with the atmo-
sphere, so long no fermentation can take place.
As soon as the grapes are mashed, the influence
of the air begins to act thereon.

Fermentation begins. It is produced by yeast
fungi, which exist in the air like dust. They be-
long to the lowest form of plants; its spores or
germs are so minute that microscopicallj" magni-
fied five hundred fold they appear as innumerable
small, oval bubbles, containing protoplasma, a

fornia, where he is now. AmoDR tlie ninny scientific
Gei-man works on this subject, tlie " Ilaii<ll)ucli des
AVt'iiil)iiue-i und der Kellerwiitlischaft, von Krlii-. A. v.
Biil)0, &c., Berlin, 1883," also " Weinljcreituiifi u. Keller-
wirthschaft, von \)v. H. v. d. Lippe, Weimar, 1894," are
probably llie best and most complete.

fluid resembling the white of eggs, wherein the
germ cells are swimming. These are swelling,
and out of each cell thousands of new cells will
arise, within twenty-four liours, all tloating in
the air. Reaching the sweet fluid they develop
more or less rapidly, according to the warmer or
cooler temperature, producing the fermentation
of the must; and when the yeast has reached its
full development it begins to die out, trans-
forming the sugar intoalcohol and other sub-
stances.

However clear the unfermented juice may be,
it becomes turbid bj* fermentation; the albumen
couimences to oxidize: the alcohol, while form-
ing, separates the coloring matter from the skin;
carbonic acid gas is formed in the mass, pushing
up the firm parts and forming a dense cover over
the liquid; the gas is developed in increasing
quantities and escapes with a bubbling noise, and
the heat of the fermenting mass is augmented.
Graduallj^ all these phenomena disappear, fer-
mentation becomes less stormy, and the undis-
solved substances and new-formed matter fall to
the bottom. The nevj wine is formed ; by degrees
it becomes almost clear, but fermentation still
continues, slowly, almost imperceptiblj' ; there
are still substances of the must, finely distributed,
floating in the young wine, and these substances,
under an increased temperature, create anew a
stronger fermentive motion, until the wine is
clear' and fully developed. On the proper gui-
dance of this process the success of wine-making
depends.

The more sugar grapes contain, the more alco-
hol will be developed in the wine under proper
fermentation, and the more durable will it be,
from the fact that the floating yeast more effec-
tually settles. The durability of a wine depends
largely on the quantity of the ]-emaining undis-
solved substances in the same; it is therefore
necessary to free it from those substances as soon
as possible. The more regular, uninterrupted
and complete the first fermentation, the more of
the dregs or lees will have settled and the better
the wine will become; particles of the sugar,
however, remain floating undecomposed nntil
after the second fermentation, usually during the
time of the next blooming of the vines. Some of
the acids, tannin, and albumen, are also generally
precipitated and settle only during the second
summer; and not till then can most wines be
considered completely developed. Even after
that period there is a further change perceptible
in most wines; they become milder, and not only
their taste but also their effects change. Old
wines are considered less intoxicating and more
beneficial; but there is a limit to this improve-
ment by age, and veiy old wines become rougher,
and less palatable, unless younger wine is added
from time to time.

It is self-evident that the qualities of wine de-
pend on the combination and proportion of the
above mentioned substances in the must, and
proper development during fermentation. From
analysis of the l)est wines we find tliat a good
wine should contain from 10 to 12 per cent, of
alcohol, from 1 to 3 per cent, extractive sub-
stances, and >.4 per cent. (5 to 6 pr. mille) acids,
bou(iuet and aroma in proper proportions (which
cannot be expressed or measured by any scale).

It is therefore important for the rational pro-
ducer to examine the must from time to time, and
this is practically made easy by a must-scale
(saccharometer). " There are different kinds; the

Wine-maJiing.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-making. 75

most generally in use being the Oechsle, showing
the degrees of sugar-percentage (from 50° to
130°). Dividing the degrees shown on this scale
liy 5 we oht;iin approximately the percentage of
sugar. For instance. 80° Oechsle shows -f;z=16
])er cent, sugar (more exactly. 16.3 per cent.) ; but
as the instrument will not sink as deeply in cold
as in warm must, a thermometer has to be used
in connection or the must has to be brought to
the indicated temperature. With the must-scales
<'orrection tables are furnished for the respective
difference in temperature. The following short
table may be useful :

TABLE FOR C0NVP:KTING, BY L. WEIGERT.

liegrees on
the Oechsle
Must-Scale.

Equivalent
I'er-cent.
Balling's

Saccharom-
eter.

Sugar
Per-cent. of

Baho's
Must-Scale.

Vol.

Per-cent. of

Alcohol in

future Wine.

47.7

11.8

10

6.3

52.3

12.9

11

7.0

57 .5

14.1

12

7.6

62. <;

15.3

13

8.3

G7.8

16.5

14

9.0

73.1

17.7

15

9.7

78.0

18.8

16

10.3

83.3

20.0

17

11.2

88.7

21.2

18

11.8

94.1

22 .4

19

re. 5

99 .2

23.5

20

13.2

104.7

24.7

21

13.9

108.4

25.9

22

14.6

115.9

27.1

23

15.4

121 .1

28.2

24

16.1

126 8

29.4

25

16.9

132.2

30.5

26

17.6

The alcholic strength of wines can not be
measured by any of the so-called wine-scales;
these show the specitic gravity, but never the al-
coholic strength. A small distilling apparatus,
Alnmhic Salb^ron. would be required for this pur-
pose. (Instructions in its use accompany this in-
strument.) The wine-maker may, however,
know in advance, from the sugar percentage of
his must, how many per cent, of alcohol his wine
will have, after complete fermentation, calcu-
lating 1 per cent, of alcohol for every 2 per cent.
of sugar, measured by Oechsle'ti well-known must-
scale. For a correct examination of the must, it
should be clear (filtered, by pressing it through
cloth first, then through filtering-paper), then
pour the clear must slowly in the testing glass;
Increase or diminish its temperature to about
05° F. (14° R. or 17° C.) by dipping this glass in
w'arm or cold water for a few minutes; dry the
very breakable must-scale with care before and
after using it. Tables showing the percentage of
sugar for the various degrees of Oechsle's scale
may be obtained with the instrument.

Next in importance it is to know the acidity of
the must, — for which there exist also simple in-
struments whose use (with "Lackmus") is ex-
plained where such chemical apparatus are sold.
Some wine-growers use now Twichell's acidom-
eter, a safe and practical instrument for this pur-
pose.

Grapes which have not ripened well — owing to
unfavorable seasons. — contain less sugar and more
acidity than necessary for the production of good
wine. In such years the producer is forced to
improve the musi by aiding nature, increasing its

sweetness and diminishing its acidity on scientific
I rinciples. never permitting any foreign, artificial
or deleterious substances to be brought into the
wine. Even the addition of pure chalk (carbonate
of lime) above one per cent., which is much prac-
ticed in P"'rance, to reduce the acidity, is justly
condemned and in some states prohibited by law.
Wines are generally classified (according to
their saccharine substances) as follows:

(1) Dry Wines, in which all the grape sugar
has been absorbed or transmuted by fer-
mentation.

(2) Sweet Wines. whi(;h still contain a con-
siderable quantity of sugar.

The former might be called the Wines of the
North; the latter, the Wines of the South. The
northern wines contain more acidity, and are
consequently of a richer perfume, bouquet; the
southern wines lack acidity; the spirituous ele-
ment, sweetness, is predominating ; they generally
have no bouquet, and even the strong muscadine
flavor of some southern grapes disappears in a
few years.

With regard to color, wines are classified as
White and Red wines, though there are many
shades between the two extremes, from the pale
greenish-yellow of the Kellj^ Island Catawba to
the deep dark red of our Norton's Virginia. The
intermediate shades are generally not as well
liked. Sometimes wines are also classified as
Still and Sparkling wines, a merely artificial
classification, as the sparkling is simply the result
of a peculiar mode of manipulation (by ferment-
ing in closed bottles, so as to retain and hold the
carbonic acid gas) — a manipulation too compli-
cated to be here described, or to be of any
practical use to most wine-growers.

We shall now endeavor to pi'oceed to the modus
operandi of the grape-grower as a producer of
still wines.

II. — Gathering the Grapes — Mashing and Pressing.

Some are impatient to gather their grapes for
wine-making as soon as they color, others delay
until they are over-ripe. Both are wrong. Not
until the grapes have reached their full sweet-
ness, the berries separate easily from the stem,
the stems have lost their freshness and have be-
come harder, dryer, brown or woody, are they
ripe; but when they have reached that state of
maturity gathering should not be delayed. It is
impossible to describe or determine with exact-
ness the point of full maturity ; some varieties,
especiall.y those deficient in acidity, will reach it
sooner than others, and in bad seasons grapes
will not reach a perfect degree of maturity. In
such seasons it would be even more useless than
in favoi'able yenrs to wait for an improvement bj^
'• after-ripening," as, aside from the danger of
their entirely spoiling by late rains and frost, the
loss in quantity would be far greater than the
gain in quality. Grape-giowers cannot afford to
risk a large portion of their crop for a little better
quality, especially as long as the latter is not
sutKciently appreciated and paid for in this coun-
try. The dangers of loss are, of course, greater
in the uorthei'n than in the more southern States,
and in some localities the fall season is so con-
stantly dry and warm that the above rule is
thereby modified; moreover, some varieties im-
prove more than others by getting slightly over-
ripe, and are far better adapted for late gathering.

76 Wine-making.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wine-/naking.

As such, we would especially name the Norton's
Virginia.

To obtain a wine of superior quality it is nec-
essary to SELECT the best and most perfectly
ripened grapes, of varieties best adapted for wine,
and to press them separate from those which are
poor in quality or imperfectly ripe. But, instead
of sorting the gathered grapes, it is generally
considered more advisable — especially in seasons
when the grapes do not ripen evenly — to sort
them while gathering; that is to say, to pick first
the best and ripest grapes, and let the others
hang on the vines several days to ripen more
fully; thus making two gatherings froui the same
vines. We here desire also to caution wine-
growers not to plant too many varieties. A few
kinds, suited to their locality, will pay best and
make better wine. By this we do not wish to
discourage the testing of different and new va-
rieties, in small quantities, with a view to pro-
gress and improvement; but the planting of a
great many varieties, each insuthcient in itself,
would necessitate the gathering of their grapes
while some are not sufficiently ripened, others
over-ripe, and these mixed together, cannot pro-
duce good wine. It almost seems unnecessary to
say, that white-wine grapes and red-wine grapes
shonld each be gathered and pressed separately.
Grapes should be gathered with knives or scissors
adapted to the purpose, and not torn from the
vines merely by the hand. Some gather in
baskets, others in hods, made for the purpose ;
but, whatever kind of vessels may be used, it is
important that these, as well as all vessels used
in wine-making, should be perfectly clean.
Plenty of fresh water for washing them is, there-
fore, an essential requirement. Some first use
hot water, to which some lime and salt have been
added, in order to remove every trace of fungus
which may have formed, and, after leaving such
water in the vessels about 24 hours, rinse the
same with plenty of pure cold water.

The grapes being gathered, we now* come to —

The mashing ok crushing, which is gener-
ally done in a press-house. For this purpose we
use a wine-mill, consisting of two roughly
notched rollers, so arranged as to be moved by a
crank and cog-wheels in opposite directions, and
having a hopper over them. Its construction is
so simple that no explanation is required. The
mashers should be so adjusted as to avoid the
laceration of the stems and combs of the grapes,
yet close enough to break each berry without
crushing the kernels. Some wine-makers believe
that the stems should be removed from the berries
before mashing, which is done by the aid of sieves
or rasps; others contend that the wines are not
materially improved thereby, and that it is better
not to remove the -stems; owing, probably, to the
tannin which tliese contain. But when tlie grapes
have ripened poorly, and had to be gathered in
that condition, it is necessary to remove the
comb, which, being green, would still more in-
crease the acidity and rougimess.

Grape mills have taken the place of trampling
with the feet — formerly in use. Well constructed
mills, requiring but little strengtli, are so ar-
ranged that they can be set, according to size of
berries, so as not to mash the stems nor the seeds
and are not expensive. Jleeently a kind of cent-
rifugal apparatus has been introduced for this
purpose which is said to combine great advan-
tages.

The press-house or press-room need not be in
or near the vineyard, but should always be close
to, and, best, immediately above the wine-cellar.
It might be divided into two parts — one for mash-
ing and pressing, the other for the fermenting-
room. The press and mill should be placed in
the center of the press-room, leaving space
enough to go all around the press iu turning the
screw with the press-beam.

The pressing, whereby the must is separated
from the mashed grapes, called the marc or pom-
mace, can be done with any kind of a cider-
press; for large quantities, however, good screw-
presses, specially made for wine are generallj'
used; and the principal qualities of a good press
are — to require but little force, and to afford
abundant means of outflow to the juice. Strong,
smaller presses are preferable to larger ones with
weak pressure.

The mode and method of using the press, be-
fore and after fermentation, differs widely, ac-
cording to the kinds of wine we intend to make.
Before speaking of these, it is necessary to re-
mark that the temperature of the room, while
feru)entation is going on, should be kept uniform
without interruption : here in Southern Missouri
at about 70° Fahrenheit (about 17° R^aum.) ;* iu
the South, where wine-making commences in
August, it should be so arranged that it can be
kept as*cool as possible, and farther north so as to
KEEP it warm — by the aid of fire, if necessary.
A fireplace and kettle may also pi-ove very use-
ful in the press-house, avoiding, however, any
heating stove which drives up all the hot air.

To the necessarj' furniture of the press-house
fermenting-vats also belong, and may be ordered
of any suitable size (not less than 100 gallons)
from any experienced cooper; these are best
made of poplar-wood ; then good pine or cedar
tubs and pails, not forgetting the must-scale,
heretofore mentioned; and, finallj', sufficient hose
to run the fermented wine down the cellar. A
good, common house-cellar, cool in summer and
safe against frost in winter, will fully auswer the
purpose.

For those, however, who intend to make wine
on a large scale, a separate avine-GELLAK will,
of course, become a necessity. A good wine-
cellar should be dry; in damp cellars the casks
become mouldy, the wine gets a bad taste and
spoils. The cellar should be well drained, that
it may be daily washed, for which purpose it
must be amply supplied with water; it should
luive a sufficient number of air-holes to regulate
ventilation and temperature. The temperature
of a wine-cellar should not rise above 60° F. (12<^
R.) iu summer, nor fall below 50° F. (8* R.) in
winter. Such a cellar, with press-house and fer-
uienting-room, store-room for casks, pumps and
other tools, costs thousands of dollars, and the
additional expense of having plans and specifica-
tions made by an able architect or builder, well-
informed as to ihe requirements of a good wine-
cellar, will be money well spent; it will proteti
you from great losses, which ar(; the inevitable
result of poorly and incorrectly constructed wine-
cellars. But, however valuable a perfect, com-
fortable, well -arranged wine-cellar may be — let
no wine-grower of small or even moderate means
loose siglit of its cost. Manj' u'nological estab-
lishments, many a wine company, has been un-

* In Nortliern wine rejiions a lower temperatun
(about 60*' F. = 12" R.) will favor aslower fernientaTion

Wine-malxinq.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-making. 77

successful, has failed financially, because it has
i', been burdened with too extensive and too expen-

* sive buildings. In places where deep cellars are
*c impracticable or too costly, good wine-cellars

can also be built above* ground, on the system of
the American ice houses, whose double frame
walls are tightlj^ stuffed with straw, sawdust,
ashes, or other substances whicli are non-con-
ductors of heat; the roof should be well project-
ing and heavily covered with straw.

As necessary furniture and tools of a producer's
wine-cellar must be mentioned: Supports and
layers of sound timber on which the casks rest,
iibout IS inches above the floor and at least 15
inches from the wall, so as to eual)le you to ex-
h amine and to clean the casks at all times. The
CASK8 should vary in size from 1(30 to 500 gallons
(the capacity to be distinctly marked on each).
Very large establishments will, of course, also
use larger casks. They should he made of good,
well seasoned white oak wood. The larger sized
casks should have so-called " man-holes,"
through which a man can slip in and clean them
thoroughlj'; also, wooden funnels, pails and tubs,
which can be obtained from any cooper; faucets,
funnels ; thieves for drawing out samples through
the bunghole; rotary pumps with rubber hose to
facilitate the drawing off from one cask into an-
other; bunghole-borers, wooden hammers, and
various kinds of other tools; sulphur-strips and
hooks, caudles and candlesticks, gauge sticks and
measures, wine glasses for tasting; small step-
ladders, and other utensils which are demanded
in the course of operations, and may be seen in
any properly furnished wine-cellar; and not to
forget a good thermometer, which should always
be at hand and frequently consulted.

New casks, however, are not ready and fit to
receive wine ; they must first be rinsed with boil-
ing hot water — the casks must, however, be emp-
tied again before the water gets cold — they are
then filled with fresh water daily, during several
days, then again a few gallons of hot water, in
which common salt (two otmces to each gallon)
has been dissolved, are to be poured into the
empty cask, the bimg firmly put in, and the cask
i rolled or turned until every part has been in con-

* tact with the hot salt water. After this operation
(neglected by some) the cask is treated in like
manner with two to four gallons of fermenting or
boiling hot young wine. This is called making
new casks wine-green. Another process much in
use, is to put in the cask a hot lime-wash, made
of unslaked lime and hot water, forming a kind
of milk; the cask is turned about, so that its
entire inside becomes coated with the mixture;
after which the cask is washed with clean water
and finally rinsed with hot wine, as before. If
this last operation is not convenient, pour in a
pint of pure alcohol, or brandy, and ignite it,
leaving the bung slightlj^ open. The fumes of the
burning brandjr will free the wood from its un-
pleasant taste, which would otherwise taint the
wine. In large modern wine-houses steam is
used to great advantage in this important opera-
tion. Small producers who have no steam at
command, we would advise to get this done by
the cooper who makes new wine casks or barrels.
And then it would be safer to use such new bar-
rels first for fermenting wine, thereby coating
their inside with a crust of "argol" (crude tartar
of wine). Old barrels or casks which had not
been used for some time, must not be filled again,

without first sulphuring them; without doing
this no wine could be properly kept therein.

When a wine-cask is emptied and not at once
refilled with other wine, it should be cleaned,
and when dry, a small piece of sulphur (about 1
inch square) should be burnt in the cask, which
is then to be closed tightly b}' the bung; when it
is again to be used, it must be examined as to
tightness, by pouring water into it, and, if leak-
ing, is to be made tight by filling it Avith water
and driving the hoops until it ceases to leak. It
must also be examined as to the purity of its air,
which can be tested bj^ a small piece of burning
sulphur strip. If extinguished when brought
into the cask, this indicates the impurity of its
air, from wltich it may be freed by the common
small bellows, and by then w'ashing it thoroughly,
as above indicated. Old casks and barrels which
are to be used for wine, must be watered and
treated in like manner as new casks, to be made
wine-green; but never use a mouldy or sour cask ;
better burn it up than to attempt its cure.

W^HITE WINES.

The white wine grapes — and as a rule, no black
or blue grapes should be used for white wine— are
to be mashed, as soon as thej^ are hauled to the
press-house. This is best done in a grape-mill,
placed above the fermenting vat. The vat is cov-
ered with a board or cloth, as soon as filled, and
the mashed grapes are there allowed to ferment
from 24 to 48 hours. The time, mashed white
grapes should be permitted to stand, before
pressing, depends on the temperature. As a rule,
the mash of white wine grapes should be i^ressed
before complete fermentation; while it begins to
form a hat (from the skum) on its surface ; being
as yet sweet and making a comparatively mild,
smooth wine. The juice which may then run off
tbrough the faucet inserted in the spigot hole
near the lower end of the vat, is put into a well
prepared, clean cask: then the entire balance of
the mashed grapes is pressed, and the juice which
comes off from the press is added to that obtained
without pressing. By adding ten pounds of
mashed grapes to about 90 pounds of must, its
fermentation will be hastened and improved.

White wine can also be made from black or
blue grapes, as the coloring matter is merely in
the skin and is dissolved only during fermenta-
tion; consequently, by pressing the grapes at
once, as soon as mashed (or even wiiliout first
mashing), and before fermentation commences,
thus separating part of the juice from the husks, a
white or light-colored wine is obtained. The
pressings, still containing a great deal of juice,
are then thrown into the fermenting vat, some
sugar-water is added to replace the portion of
the juice heretofore withdrawn by a light press-
ing, and, after fermenting for several days, they
are pressed again, and a red wine is produced
from the same grapes. While we do not recom-
mend this method, and consider both the white
wine and red wine thus made as inferior to what
could have been produced from the same grapes
had their juice been allowed to ferment altogether
on the husks, it certainly does not deserve that vitu-
l^eration which has been heaped on our producers,
who, in view of the failure of the Catawba and
other white wine grapes, resorted to that method
with the Concord. Hereafter it will scarcely be
practiced by any, since there are a number of
productive white wine grapes planted, and espe-
cially since grape-juice is cheaper than sugar.

78 Wine-making.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Wine- making.

The cask into which the juice has thus been put
should not be completely tilled, nor the bung hole
closed, as long as violent fermentation lasts.
During that time the (carbonic acid) gas which
rises and tills that space, prevents any access of
air, and the old method of closing the bung hole
by a grape loaf, over which a small sand bag is
placed, is still preferable to any complicated
syphon. Care must be taken that the sand bags
remain clean, for if soaked by the must or by
wine, vinegar would form in them ; some, there-
fore, use a cork stopper, holding a doubly bent
glass or rubber pipe leading into a small glass
jar. half-tilled with water, through which the gas
escapes without admitting the outer atmosphere.
A funnel-shaped bowl with an air tube or chim-
ney in the center, covered by an inverted cup or
tumbler, which forces the escaping gas to pass
through the water in the bowl, combines the
same advantages and is less apt to break or get
out of order. The construction of this useful fer-
menting tool (Fig. 103) is as follows: The funnel-
shaped bowl (r) is pressed with its cylinder (cZ)
into the bung hole, over it a cup (b) is placed and
the bowl is filled with water (e). The forming
carbonic acid gas must pass through the water (e)

Fig. 103.

contained in the bowl, as indicated by the arrows,
driving the air from the vacant space in the fun-
nel ('?) so that no acetic (vinegar) fungi can form.
When the principal fermentation has ceased, or is
no more perceptible, the cask should be filled up
with similar young white wine, and then closed
with a tight-fitting wooden bung.
Mohr recommends a cork bung
perforated by a glass tube filled
with cotton, whereby the atmos-
pheric air would be admitted with-
out any germs of fungi. Babo
recommends an ordinary wooden
bung, perforated bj^ a few small
air holes, so arranged that an
india-rubber ring will close it
against the air, yet permit the
escape of any carbonic gas by the
elasticity of the ring. This simple
fermenting bung is shown in Fig.
104. It is hollow inside from a
to b, and is perforated from c to
d. around which the india-rubber
ring (' to /is firmly fastened.

After the main or violent fermentation, the must
will have become clear young wine, provided
that fermentation has been uninterrupted and
complete; having become clear, in December or
January, it is drawn off from its sediment into
clean, propeily prepared wine casks. By this
drawing off the young wine again becomes
cloudy, only to become clearer in March or April

Kiir. lot.

following, when it is again drawn off before its
second fermentation. As soon as it is apparent
that, with the rise of temperature in May, this
second fermentation approaches, the bungs must
be opened, some wine drawn off from the full
casks to make room for the inevitable expansion,
and the sand bag or other apparatus is placed on
the buny holes until the termination of this second
fermentation, when the jeast and other impuri-
ties will have been precipitated and settled, and
the finished wine must be drawn off again into
clean, well-prepared casks. The proper and fre-
quent drauHug off is one of the most essential
operations in wine-making. The object thereby
aimed at is not merely to separate the iionnfj loine
from its sediment, the dregs or lees, but to bring
it in contact with the atmospheric air — while in
older wines such contact must be carefully avoided.
In drawing off the young wine we use a vulcan-
ized rubber hose, one end of which is placed in
the wine, so as not to touch the bottom of the
cask, and from the other end the air is drawn, by
the mouth, until the wine flows through it into
wooden pails or tubs below. By a mere pressure
of the two fingers the hose is closed and the flow
stopped at will; the clear wine is filled into fresh
casks by the aid of the wooden funnel, heretofore
mentioned among the necessarj^ tools. Rotary
pumps, specially made for wine, are now gener-
ally used for drawing off older wines ; but, as long-
as the wine is not quite and permanently clear,
contact with the air during the drawing-off
process is necessary. Permanent clearness, how-
ever, is often reached only after the wine has
passed six or more times through this process.

This slow process of clearing or finishing the
wines is accelerated by fining (in the case of
white wines, with isinglass, gelatine; in the case
of red wines, with eggs, etc.), bj' filtering, by
aerating, by heating (Pasteurizing), and other
artificial methods, which require special skill and
apparatus, and which belong more to the manipu-
lations of the wine-dealer's cellar than to those of
the producer.

RED WINES

differ from white wines not merely in color, de-
rived from the black or dark blue grape-skins, but
these also contain other valuable ingredients,
especially more tannin, which gives to red wines
a peculiar character and important hygienic
qualities.

The re(Z-wine grapes need not be crushed as
soon after picking as the white-wine grapes.
Many authorities recommend that their stems be
first removed, as these contain and impart more
acidity than is desirable in red wines. The grapes
are usually fermented from one to two weeks in
upright, firmly closed fermenting vats, in which
a perforated double or false bottom is placed, at
about one-foiuth the space from the top. This
false bottom is to prevent the rising of the husks
to tiie top of the liquid, as they would do in a fer-
menting tub without such double bottom, when
they would have to be pushed down into the
liquid several times each day, to prevent the for-
mation of acetic acid in those husks, and to ex-
tract from them all the color and other valuable
substances. Tlie vat is, of course, first filled with
the crushed grapes, then the double bottom is put
in, so that it will be covered layabout three inches
of pure juice, which may be drawn off by the
opening or faucet below, and poui-ed in again
after the double bottom is placed over the grape-
mash.

i

Wine-making.

GRAPE MANUAL.

Wine-makiny. 7{>

Fig. 105.

Fig. 105 shows such a fermentii;g vat, A, im-
proved by the practical Oenolog, Antonio dal
Piaz. The cover d closes it airtight (with a rub-
ber ring) at the top of the vat," held with iron
hoolvs an, fastened to the bar ?*, and pressed down
to the cover d by the screw r. The perforated
wooden false bottom (^ is holding down the rising
mash (• by four supports / (two of which only are
shown in the cut). By a wooden faucet, i, the
must is to be drawn from the mash.

At first the mashed grapes are put in the open
vat. filling it to within about 15 inches; then the
perforated false bottom is laid upon them and the
sticks / are placed erect thereon, supporting the
cover (?, which is to be finally pressed down by
the screw c, and a fermenting funnel (Fig. 102) or
bung is firmly placed on the top cover. If the
mashed grapes were not covered by the liquid, so
as to PROTECT them perfectly, after violent fer-
mentation, from any contact with the atmos-
phere, vinegar formation might set in.

The fermenting bung or funnel is used the
same as in white wines, to exclude the air and
permit the escape of the caibonic acid gas. In
various wine countries somewhat different meth-
ods are in use. but in all and every one of them
success depends on a rapid, complete and unin-
terrupted fermentation, and this depends on the
temperalure of the fermenting room, which should
be kept at about 75° F. (18-20° R.) by artificial
heating if necessary.

The further treatment of red wines is entirely
the same as that of white wines, and red wines are
generally nmch sooner ripe and finished if atflrst
well fermented ; but if this has not been well done,
its after fermentation and cure will be the more
difficult; such red wines will receive a disagree-
able sweetish-sour taste, and fining will sooner be
harmful than beneficial.

BOTTLING

wines is by far more diflicult and requires greater
care than is generally supposed. While a com-
pletely fermented wine will keep unchanged for
years if properly bottled, wines which are not
fully ripe for bottling will become turbid if pre-
maturely or improperly drawn into bottles, and it
is by no means sufficient that it be apparently
quite clear. Hence the small producer and con-
sumer had better not draw more of his wine in
bottles than may be sold or consumed before long.
A bottle half filled with wine, seemingly ever so
clear and sound, standing in a warm place, will
gradually transform the wine into vinegar, just
the same as if contained in a barrel or keg that is
not kept full to its bunghole.

Every wine, not too rich in alcohol, if left for
several days at a warm place, without keeping the
the bottle, barrel or keg full to the cork or bung,
will form on its surface a white skin, film or veil,
similar to yeast cells (Mycoderma vini, Kahnenor
Kuhneu, Gcnnan), and if this white skin is not re-
moved soon it will render the wine flat and, grad-
ually, turn sour. Old wines are less exposed
to the formation of that fungous disease. It may
be removed by regularly and carefully filling up
such wine through a funnel, reaching down be-
low the white skin, so that the fungous veil, swim-
ming on the surface, may overflow, running out
through the open bunghole or bottle. To deaden
any little remnant of the '"Kulmen'" still remain-
ing in the vessel, a very small quantity of pure,
strong spirit may be used for the last filling.
More difficult it is to cure the formation of vine-
gar-fungi (Mycoderma aceti) ; if not far advanced
it is atte^npted by Pasteurizing (boiling) or by an
addition of salicylic acid, marble dust, oyster
shells, etc. ; but if far advanced you cannot do
better than to make good vinegar from it. Foi'
this purpose the diseased wine should be removed
from the cellar to the warm kitchen or garret, or
other warm place, and where it cannot contami-
nate your sound wines. But if the fermentation
of your must has been properly conducted, the
formation of a dry cover of the mash (hat) has
been prevented and your wine kept in clean pack-
ages, always refilled, and in a cool cellar, you will
hardly ever have any trouble with vinegar acidity.

All wine-books contain more or less voluminous
instructions on various methods of improving the
must which is to be made from sour grapes gath-
ered during unfavorable seasons, and of curing
wines which have suffered either from defective
fermentation, or through errors or neglects in
their treatment.

We do not pretend to condemn all these meth-
ods, as many others do; but while we consider it
justifiable that the producer endeavor to improve
his wine by the addition of pure sugar to the
must, if it has been insufficiently' developed in the
grape, or to add a little pure spirits to the wine to
make it more durable ; and while we cannot see
anything reprehensible in the fact that wine pro-
ducers will try to extract from the pressed husk
the large portion of wine-making properties
w'hich they slill contain, to make a verj^ good,
wholesome and cheap domestic wine, — especially
as the revenue laws make their distillation im-
practicable,— we do condemn the use of any and
all foreign deleterious substances, and of all
others, so-called, cellar mysteries. We would
also warn the inexperienced against the use of
any and all other attempts to improve or to add any-

80 Wine-Making.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Temperance.

thing to their wine, as these manipulations re-
quire scientific accuracy and practical skill, other-
wise the result will surely be no improvement,
aye, will most likely prove ruinous. The manu-
facture of sweet wines, cordials or liqueurs, and
that of sparkling wines, is not within the scope
of this brief manual.

A natural wine, the pure juice of the grape,
properly fermented and educated, will always be
superior to any artificially improved wine, and
the only necessary conditions to obtain such
tiuperior natural wine are:

1. Good ripe grapes.

2. Clean vessels and utensils.

3. A proper, uninterrupted high temperature

during fermentation.

4. Drawing off, as herein described, in De-

cember or January.

5. Drawing off again in March or April.

6. Drawing off after second fei'mentation.

7. Keeping the casks full, by refilling from

time to time with good similar wine.

If these essential conditions are strictly com-
plied with — and they are neither many nor verj^
difficult — wine-making will be a success.

Some, however, say that American wines are
very inferior, '-scarcely fit to drink!" This was
the preco'uceived opinion of foreigners, and of a
great many Americans too ; also, most American
hotels and restaurants keep none but foreign
wines — or else native wines under foreign names
and labels; — and we are often asked whether we
hoped ever to produce as good wines here as in
Europe? Now, while we are lar from presuming
that '-we can make wines which will rival and
surpass the best wines of France, Germany, and
Spain," we do claim that we are producing some
very good wines, and shall before many years, by
planting our best varieties and by progressing in
the art of wine-making, fully equal the average
production of the wine countries of Europe. This
is no idle boast, no mere opinion of our own. The
^ood qualities of American wines are now appre-
•ciuted b}^ the best and most impartial judges.
Prof. St. Pieri-e, the late celebrated Director of
the Agricultural School of Montpellier, says in his
"Memoir" {Extract from his Rapport) :

"The study of wines furnished by American
varieties has engaged my whole attention since
1875. . . . 'I'he musts of the following varieties:
Jdcquez, Bulander, Cynthiana, Black Ji(I>j,, Elvira,
and many others, are found to be sweeter and
richer than the musts of our best southern va-
rieties. . . . The fine mountain wines of the south
of France find their equivalents in the Black Juli/,
Jacqnez, Norton, and Cynthinna ; color, alcohol,
savor, body, and keeping qualities, none are miss-
ing, and their products are equal to the good
wines of the Provence or of lloussillon. . . . Trade
Avill also find American wines for blending, simi-
lar to those of the Narhouiia; the color and rich-
ness of the Jacqnez, Norton, Clinton, etc., do not
yield in the least to the deep-color wines of
France."

"In the category of white wines, some Ameri-
can varieties offer eipially valuable types. The
wines of Diana and Elvira remind us of our good
JPiipteponl.s; the Ctinnini/lann. made as a white wine,
presents characteristics approaching our (rrcnache
wine. . . . It is thus evident that besides grafting,
which enables us to obtain our French wines on
American stocks, the direct cultivation of many

American varieties can give us wines of true
value. ... I hope that the prejudice against
these wines by persons who never tasted any
others than Concord and Isabella wine, will finally
fall before the evidence of experience."

May we not hope that the prejudice of our own
American people will finally yield, and will rather
trust to their own palates than to foreign labels
and high prices?

But we are aware that there exists still another
prejudice — one which condemns all tcines, both
native and foreign, from fear of their intoxicating
effects. And we cannot close this chapter without
a few words on

THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION.

Wine is itself an apostle of temperance. The
best medical authorities, such as Dr. Lunier,
Medical Inspector of the Insane Asylums and
Prisons of France, and at the same time Secre-
tary of the Temperance Society, has shown by
able researches and reliable statistics that the
ratio of percentages of disease and crime, attribu-
table to alcoholic excesses, decreased in propor-
tion as in each district the consumption of wine
and beer increases; that the evils of intemper-
ance are worse in the districts where wine and
beer are scarce; that natural wine and beer cures
the thirst for distilled spirits instead of exciting
it. The French Temperance Society aims to re-
press entirely the circulation and sale of bad
spirits — discovering modes of detecting them,
punishing adulterations, and encouraging the use
of pure, cheap wine, beer, tea and coffee, as the
best means of curing the thirst for distilled
alcohol. They think, probably, as we do :

" To the sewers and sinks witli all such drinks
And after them tumble the mixer."

American travelers, returning from Southern
Europe, who were strong opponents of wine be-
fore they visited those countries, now testify that
where wine is most abundant, cheap and gener-
ally used by the people, drunkenness does not
exist. The French Temperance Society receives
the hearty support of all the leading physicians,
scientists, legislators and of all intelligent men.
Such a society in America, if properly organized,
would receive similar support from all intelligent
citizens of our country; but our temperance
societies here, aiming after absolute prohibition,
regardless of the principles of personal liberty,
injuie the very cause which they advocate with
more zeal than wisdom.

We do not deny that wine is intoxicating if used
to excess; but "good wine is a good familiar
creature if it be well used,"

" I'^i'oni the wine cup's red and fiery fountain

From the jroblet s depth, enchanted irleaming,
Deadly poison or a sweet I'cfresliinent,

Beauty or vulf^arity ai-e si reamius-
'Tis accordinf? to the (Itinlcer's pleasure,
'Tls liis will that nua lilies tlie measure.
Thus the fool, by coarsest slumber fettered,

Lies enchained— the slave of his desires;
Yet the cup tliat rol)s him of his manhood,

At onr lijjs but si !'enjr1 liens and ins])ires;
Kindles sijarks of wil ;ibout us iileaiiiiriir,

Li'iids our sijeech an aniicl's inspiration,
Throu:.ih each vt'iii a inaKic irlow sends streaming,

liending beauty's sweet iiiloxicatioii.
Foi' is wine not like unto tlie raindrop

Whicii is filth itself wlien filth it reaches,
But on fruitful ground it proves a blessing,

And its hidden worth to mankind teaches."

J

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

INTRODUCTORY AND EXPLANATORY.

The following Descriptive List of Ainerican Grapes includes all varieties which have ever received the
attention of Viticulturists, of which we could obtain any reliable information. Thanks to the
willing, kind assistance of our esteemed friends, veterans of grape culture,— especially to G. W.
Campbell, of Delaware, Ohio; P. J. Berckmanns, of Augusta, Georgia; T. T. Lyon, of South
Haven, Mich.; D. S. Marvin, of Watertown, N. Y.; Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo.; Dr. J.
Stayman, of Leavenworth, Kansas ; Hekmann Jaeger, of Neosho. Mo. ; T. V. Munson, of Denison,
Texas; also to the distinguished Horticulturists and Directors of various Experiment Stations, S.
A. Beach, Geneva, N. Y. ; Hugh IST. Starnes, of Georgia, and many others,— we have been en-
abled to furnish descriptions which are probably the most complete that have ever appeared.
Nevertheless, we are well aware of their deficiencies, compared with the exact arapelographic
method of European Viticulturists.
The international formula for such descriptions demands —

1. Tilt; name, synonyms, origin, home of tbe variety, and where mostly cultivated.

2. History, literature of the variety, and its illustrations.

3. Vine, its ,s-eneral characteristics; vigor of growth; fertility, hardiness; resistance to frost, to parasitic

diseases, to insects; requirements of climate, soil, culture, etc.

4. Wood, heavy or light, long or short jointed ; color of wood; character of eye or bud.

5. Shoots, pushing early or late, smooth or hairy, color, etc.

f>. 2-eares— foliage, its size, shape, sinuosity, (lobed), upper and lower surface (smooth, glossy, hairy, woolly).

7. Pc/ioZe-stem of the leaf, long or short, hairy or smooth, grreen or red.

8. Leaf-fall, early or late, change of color (to yellow or red, preceding fall), etc.
y. Bunch, size, shape, shouldered or not, compact or loose.

10. Stem, peduncles, tendrils, long or short, smooth or warty, intermittent or continuous, etc.

11. Berries, size, shape, skin, color, pulp or flesh, taste and use; for table or for wine, or both ; keeping quality.

12. Period of Ripening, early medium, late,— and other characteristics.

Ampelography, the description of grape-vines, is comparatively a new science, and a complete
description of American varieties according to this international formula is as yet impossible and
must be left to the future, to abler hands, to botanists. It would require large subventions, such
as the Governments of Europe and her rich patrons of viticulture have bestowed on Arapelo-
graphic Works, illustrating them with large, fine, colored Plates, which are very costly. This is
to be a Dictionary of American Grapes (east of the Rocky Mountains), a hand-book for our
grape-growers and those interested in the culture of these grapes; a record of the progress at-
tained, but also of many failures and disappointments experienced. We have tried to furnish the
best possible manual at a mere trifling cost, within reach of even the humblest grape-grower; we
have endeavored to present each grape in its true character and nothing more. We have mostly
rejected, or reduced, exaggerated illustrations for this catalogue. It is written with no desire
to introduce or recommend varieties, ^'new or old," unless they possess merits, established by suf-
ficient trial in the respective locality. We are by no means in favor of growing a great many
varieties in any one vineyard; there are now already many grapes which might with advantage
be discarded : but "there seems ever room for more;" and though further progress will doubtless
continue through the agency of skillful and intelligent efforts, by growth of seedlings, by crossing
and hybridizing, experimenters should conscientiously reject all which do not prove in some
respects better than any others yet known.

Moreover, we consider all description by w^ords inadequate, and even ^'figures" seem but insufficient
aids. It is only by familiarizing one's self with the characteristics of the species to which
a variety respectively belongs that descriptions become thoroughly intelligible; knowing the dis-
tinct characteristics which, by community of descent, all varieties of a certain class possess, their
minute description according to the European formula becomes almost unnecessary.

We have, therefore, coupled with each variety the s/jmes to which it is (or seems) most closely allied,
or from which it originated. First is given the standard name in FULL-FACE type; then the
species in italics, abbreviating them thus: {.fJst.) for ^Estivalis; (Labr.) for Labrusca; (Bip.) for
Riparia; (Lin.) for Lincecumii, the Post-oak grape of Texas; (Bnj).) for Rupestris; (Eotun.) for
Rotundifolia; (F/«.) for Vinifera; (Hi/hr.) for Hybrids or Crosses (X). stating the species of
both parents; in crosses between American varieties the one appearing to he the mother plant

82

IJU8HBERG CATALOliLK.

(/.) is named first; in all cases of admixtme with Yinifera the American parent (whether/, or
m.) is regarded as determining the classification (following the system suggested by Mr.
Staknes) ; then the Synonyms are given in small capitaj,s.

Varietes of pnre American blood are all perfectly Phylloxera-resisting, hence it was deemed nnneces-
sary to state this now well-established quality in descriptions of snch varieties; in Hybrids, crosses
with European (Yinifera) varieties, this resisting (piality is more or less doubted.

The time of flowering is also best indicated by the species from which the grape originated (see Classi-
fication, p. 9). Dates cannot be given, as these differ; tbe time of fruit ripening is indicated for
each variety, as near correct as possible, in comparison with the ripening of best known, most
generally cultivated varieties (Concord, Delaware, etc.), but the period of ripening often varies in
different seasons and localities.

The descriptions of leading varieties and of the most prominent novelties which are specially
worthy of attention, are printed in larger type (Long Primer); the description of varieties his-
torically interesting, or considered valuable in particular localities only, or merely for amateur
collections and new varieties intended for planting on a less extensive scale, are printed in medium
type (Brevier). FJescriptions of old, generally discarded varieties, also of new ones but little
known and not disseminated nor tested, are printed in smaller type (Nonpareil).

The descriptions of the more important varieties contain also some notes on their roots and wood-
o-rowth, based on our observations only; under different conditions of soil, climate, etc., these may
vary materially; as also the weight of must, which is intended to show the siifjar in degrees on
Oechle's scale, and the add. in mills, in favorable seasons, in our own vineyards.

Of some varieties, not yet suflSciently tested, we have given the descriptions as received from their
originators, omitting what may in future prove to be undue exaltations, as several years of obser-
vation are necessary to determine with accuracy the character and value of a variety: and even
the praises of promising new varieties, by impartial authorities, wliich we quote in the description
must be received with some allowance: remembering, however, that there are many varieties that
do well and appear of great merit in some special localities, but are of little or no value in others.

In offering this Descriptive List, of over five hundred varieties, we are aware of its shortcomings as
compared to what we conscientiously aimed at, yet hope that "after all it will be of some use to
mankind ;" and we request horticulturists to inform us of any errors or omissions, whose correction
will be received as a favor.

In order to bring the Illustrations of Grapes on the same or adjoining pages with their descriptions,
slight deviations from the exact alphabetical order were unavoidable. If any variety is not imme-
diately found, please refer to the Index.

Adelaide.

DESCRIPTION OF varip:tip:s.

Agaxcam. R3

Adelaide. {Labi-.-lIi/hi-.)
One of Jas. H. Kicketfs hy-
brids between Concord and
Muscat Hamburg. It is of
medium size; berry of oval
shape,* BLACK, with light
blue bloom ; of a sweet but
sprightly flavor; purpled
red flesh. (See Remark
about Rickett's Hybrids,
sub. R.)

Adeline. (Labr.) Sec
Miner's Seedlings.

Adiroudac. (Labr.)
Originated at Port Hen-
ry, Essex County. 'New
York, (first noticed 1852) .
Probably a seedling of
the Isabella, being much
like it in growth and foli-
age. Bunch large, com-
pact, rarely shouldered ;
berry roundish-oval,
large, oblong, black,
covered with a delicate
bloom, transparent, with
a tender pulp ; thin skin ;
juicy and vinous ; quality
best "• when vou can get
it."

Reports generally un-
satisfactory. A slow,
tender grower. Young
vines have mildewed. and
older ones need protec-
tion. Blooms early;
ripens about one week
before Concord, but often
has the fruit destroyed by
late frosts. Roots very
weak and tender. An
amateur grape only.

Admirable. (Li7ic. x
^st.) See Munson's
Hybr.

Advance. {Ilip.-Hybr.)
One of Rickett'st earl er
seedlings, a cross between
Clinton and Black Ham-
burg. "A superior grape,
and at that time (1872) per-
liaps in advance of all
others. The berry is black,
with a slight blue bloom,

roundish-oval; fc«Hc/t large, long and shouldered: flesh
too good to describe except pomologically, and then I
think it would read 'best: "—F. It. JSlUott, A\ Y.

Bunch large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any
pulp; sweet and very sprightly-decldedly one of the
best very early grapes. Vine healthy, vigorous and
productive, but the fruit rots badly. Fully ripe here
.July .SO.— .Sam. MiUer, Bluffton, Mo.

Foliage mucli inclined to mildew in unfavorable sea-
sons, more so even than otlters of the hybrids. Fruit
much inclined to rot; consequently not recommended.

*The shape of most berries of American grapes is
globular, round; in varieties whose berries are of dif-
ferent shape, it will be expressly stated, as above.

+ See Ricketfs Seedling Grapes.

AG-AWAM. (Rogers' No. 15.)

Agawain. (Labr.-Hi/br.) ; Rogers' No.
15. Raised by E. S. Rogers of Salem, Mass.,
and considered by him as bis best variety be-
fore the introduction of the Salem. It is a
brownish-KED or maroon grape of the Mam-
moth Sage and Black Hamburg cross. Vnie,
vigorous, a good grower and bearer ; this is
one of the few hybrid grapes that are capa-
ble of self-fertilization ; bunches medium to
large, often compact, shouldered ; berries
very large, somewhat globular ; skin thick ;

84 Agawam.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Alma.

pulp soft ; sweet, sprightly, of peculiarl}^
aromatic flavor and a little of the native
aroma; prefers long jiruning ; roots stout,
flesh}' and moderately fibrous, with a thick,
smooth liber. Canes very stout, moderately
long, with comparative!}' few, but strong
laterals. Wood rather long-jointed, of aver-
age hardness and medium sized pith. Buds
large and prominent. Ripens soon after the
Concord, and keeps well without loosing its
flavor. Reports generally satisfactory'. In
many localities it is inclined to mildew and
rot, in others a decided success.

Aiken. (Labr.) See Isabella.

Albert. (Labr.) A seedling of Concord, grown
by Theo. Huber, of Illinois City; a mere repro-
duction of the parent grape.

Albino. (Labr.) Syii.: Garber's Albino. Raised by
.1. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa. (supposed to l)e a seedling
of Isal)ella). Bunch small; berry nearly round, slightly
oval; YELLOWISH or amber color. Flesh acid, tough;
too late for the north.— CAas. Downing.

Aledo. (Labr.?) Introduced by B. F. Stinger, Char-
lottesville, Ind. (about 1887). Bunch medium, compact;
1 erry medium to large, green, lightly tinged with
yellow: nearly round oblate; ripens about with Con-
cord; quality not very good.

Aletha. (Labr.) A seedling of Catawba, originated
at Ottawa, 111.; said to ripen ten days in advance of
Hartford. "Bunches medium size, stem long; berries
hanging rather loosely; sk'n thick; color dark purple;
1uice nearly black, staining the hands and mouth.
Flesh quite pulpy, with a decided foxy aroma; in foxi-
ness and astringency it is much the same as a well-
ripened Isabella." Not disseminated, which is not to be
regretted, judging from the above description.

Alexander. {Labr.) Syns.: Cape, Black Cape,
Schuylkill Muscadell, Constantia, Spking-

MILL-CONSTANTIA, ClIFTON'S CONSTANTIA, TaS-

KEK's Gkape, Vevay, Winne, Kothrock of
Prince, York Lisbon. This grape was tirst dis-
covered by Alexander, gardener to Gov. Penn, on
tbe banks of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia,
before the war of the revolution. It is not uu-
fre(iuently found, as a seedling from the wild Fox
Grape on the borders of our woods. American
grape culture proper began with the planting of
this variel.v, at the beginning of our century, by a
Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland County,
Indiana, on the Ohio River, forty-five miles below
Cincinnati. It was for some time supposed to be
tlie famous grape of the Constantia colony, on the
Cape of Good Hope.

^^■hether John James Dufour, the respected
leader of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or
whether he deemed it necessary to leave them in
this error — while he had the sagacity to discover
that their former failures (in Jessamine County,
Ky.. 1790-lSOl) were caused by planting /orc/j/H
grape-vines, and intentlonallj^ substituted a native
variety — we do not know: certain it is that this
was the first successful attempt to establish vine-
yards in our country. A very good wine, resem-
bling claret, was made from the Cajx', and it was
the favorite of former days until displaced ]>y the
Catawba. (Their/uYe Cape is similar to the above,
differing only in its color, which is a greenish-
white.) Dovniuf/ describes it as follows : ^'Bunchi's
rather compact, not shouldered ; harries of medium
size, oval; skin thick, quite black; flesh with a
very firm pulp, but juicy ; makes a very fair wine.

but is too pulpy and coarse for table use, though
quite sweet and musky when fully ripe, which is
not till the last of October. Leaves much more
dov-ny than those of the Isabella."

Jr. li. Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine (X.Y.,
1830), enumerates eighty-eight varieties of Amei'i-
can grapes, but "for profit can only recommend
the Catawba and the Cape; one-tenth of the lat-
ter variety would be enough. Of the two recom-
mended above, the Catawba is much the more
productive, but the Ccq)e its less subject to rot. Both
make good wines."

Alexander Winter. ( -?) Introduced in 1892 by

S. R. Alexander of Bellefontaine, O., who states that
it was grown from mixed seed planted in 1884. His
description says that the bunch and berry are of good
size, AMBER color and very best tiuality; ripens in Sep-
tember and is hardy and productive. We have not
seen the fruit yet. (N. Y. Experimental Station^ S. A.
Beach, Horticulturist.)

Alice. (Labr.) A chance Seedling found by Ward D.
Green, of Cedar Hill, Ulster County, N. Y. in 1889. Vine
very vigorous, Iiut not a heavy bearer. It is a red
grape, medium size in bunch and berry; of good quali-
ty, juicy, sweet and fine l)ut some fox flavor. Ripens
unevenly; season about with Concord or a little earlier.
(S. A. Beach, Hort. Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.

AllcP. (Labr.) A seedling of Martha, originated by
J. A. Putnam, t'redonia, N. Y. about same as Martha,
its parent; not sufficiently distinct to be retained.

Alice Lee. {Labr.-Hijbr.') A seedling of Lady
Washington; raised by W. H. Lightfootof Spring-
field, Ills. Vine vigorous in growth with long-
jointed canes, large and heavy foliage, moderately
productive; cluster above medium, compact;
berries large, of bright golden yellow color;
quality very good. A promising grape, ripens
about with Concord.

Allen's Hybrid. (Labr.X Vin-) Raised by John
Fisk Allen, Salem, Mass. : a cross between the
Golden Chasselas and the Isabella; the first ok
American hybrid grapes, exhibited September
9, 1854, at the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
cietj'^ meeting, where it was regarded with much
interest, and on account of its fine quality and
handsome appearance, was extensively tested
with great expectation by enthusiastic plantei's,
whose hopes, however, were never directly
realized. Ripens earlj^, about with the Con-
cord. Bunches large and long, moderately com-
pact; berries full medium; skin thin, semi-
trauspai'ent; color nearly white, tinged with
amber; flesh tender and delicate, without pulp,
juicy and delicious; has a mild, muscat flavor;
quality best. The leaves have a peculiar appear-
ance and partly foreign character. It is apt to
mildew and rot, and cannot be recommended for
general culture, though it is worthy a place in
amateur collections. From a union of Allen's
Hybrid with Concord, the Lad'/ WasJmigton was
produced.

Alma, (liip.-llybr.) A seedling of the Bac-
chus, fertililized with a hybrid between a hardy
native variety and the "■ Purple Constantia,"from
the Cape of Good Hope (?), produced by JAS. H.
RiCKETTS, who said, in presenting this seedling
grape : " I feel confldent that it will meet the ap-
proval of the grape and wine-growers of Amer-
ica, as it is a pleasant dessert grape, and makes a
splendid v.'ine, with a rose and wintergreen flavor
delicately blended. This variety is a fine healthj^
grower; foliage large, lobed, slightly tomentose
on the under side; perfectly hardy. The must
has stood by the scale 100-107; acid, 5-7."

Alphonse.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Amber Queen. 85

Ripens with or soon after the Hartford.
Bunch medium, compact, seldom shoul-
dered; bernj medium, black with blue
bloom; spicy and very sweet. Vine
vigorous and healthy. How this grape
succeeds in other sections and soils we
are not informed; at Rickett's place it
does well and is very fine.

Alphonse. {Labr.) I'roducedbyTheo-
phile Huber of Illinois City. Ills. The
largest of his white seedlings. Vhie,
very strong grower and bearer; bunch
large, shouldered; berries as large as
Worden, but oval, yellowish in color;
pulp tender and juicy with a resem-
blance to Elvira in flavor; not of as good
quality as his other white seedlings.

Alvey. {^Est.-Hijbr.) Syn. : Hagar.
Introduced by Dr. Harvey ;, of Hagers-
town, Md. Generally classed \\\ih.^Esti-
valis. but its erect growth, soft and
short-jointed wood, rooting very easily
from cuttings, the exquisite quality,
pure vinous flavor — all point to the
Mnifera, and force us to the conclusion
that Alvey originated from an inter-
mixture of Vinifera and ^Estivalis,
crossed by natural hybridization.
Bunches medium, loose, shouldered;
berries small, round. BLACK; sweet,
juicy and vinous, without pulp; a slow
grower, making a stout, short-jointed
wood; moderately productive; roots
medium thick, more inclined to the
wiry character of the ^Elstivalis class,
with a medium smooth liber. Canes
remarkably straight and upright,
gradually tapering, and not inclined
to ramble like most American varieties. Tendrils
short and thin, often three-forked ; buds covered
with slight hairy down; the dark, medium-sized
foliage has also a slightly downy, whitish lower
face; the tender young leaflets are verj^ thin and
almost transparent. Laterals few and feeble;
wood rather soft, with large pith and coarse bark.
These characteristics, together with its thin skin
and total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a for-
eign character. Excellent in quality, but apt to
drop its leaves on southern slopes; it makes a fine
red wine, but too little of it, as it sets its fruit
badly; seems to prefer the deep rich, sand;/ loani
of our northeastern or even northern slopes. Re-
ports genei-ally unfavorable.

Amalia. (Labr. X)- A cross between Rom-
mel's Faitli / and Ives' m, originated at Lincoln,
Ills., by F. E. L. Rautenberg. Vine very hardy
and healthy, Avood hard and short-jointed, with
healthy, leathery foliage. Bunch above medium,
berries medium, round; a black grape of very
good quality, almost like Rogers'" Aminia (No.
39).

Amanda. (Lubr.) Description in our former ed -
tioii, copied from ("atalotrue of Blulftoii Wine Co. (and
Hort. Annujil, 1H68) totally differs from tiie fruit whicli .
we obtained from plants of same source, " It is a large
BLACK, thick-slvinried, liard-pulped firape; in taste
and aroma somewhat similar to Ives and Rentz; the
bunch is of medium size, compact, quite showy; the
vine a most vigoi'ous, healthy Labrusca. Esteemed
for red wine by some; — may be the same a.s "August
Pioneer."

AMBER, (Rommel's.)

Amber, (Hip. X Labr.) A sister of the Elvira,
raised by Jacob Rommel of Missouri. Vine
hardy, but only moderately productive; Rom-
mel says it should be fruited on spurs from
old wood; a rather long-jointed strong grower;
dark brown wood, with large foliage, somewhat
downy beneath. Buncheslong, shouldered, mod-
erately compact; berr;/ medium, oblong, pale
AMBER when ripe, skin thin; pulp tender; sweet,
juicy and of fine flavor. Ripens later than Con-
cord, and somewhat earlier than Catawba. A
table grape, combining good quality with at-
tractive appearance, but too tender for shipping
to distant markets. It seems not to hold its
leaves as firmly as other Taylor seedlings.

Amber (^iieeii. (Labr.-Wjbr.) Some suppose
it to be a seedling of Marion, crossed with Black
Hamburg, introduced by N. B. White of Nor-
wood, Mass. It has, however, continuous tend-
rils, indicating Labrusca admixture. Described
in Ellwanger & Barry's catalogue (by the origin-
ator) as follows: Bunch large, shouldered like
the Hamburg; berry large, frequently oblong;
holds persistently to the bunch; amber colored
at first, but grows darker till it becomes a deep
purple grape, almost black, flesh tender, rich, and
seeds small; plant a strong grower, with thick
leaves, somewhat down}' on the under side. Fruit
eatable in August, and with proper care will keep
all winter. Some clusters do not fill well, show-
ing that it is not fully self-fertilizing; it is also
very prone to mildew.

86 Ambrosia.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

August Pioneer.

Ambrosia. {Labr.-Hijbr.) A seedling of Salem,
oiiginated bj' Alfred Kose, Penn Yan, N. Y.
Vine vigorous, a good bearer; bunch large,
compact, handsome, slightly shouldered; beny
WHITE, with delicate bloom, medium; nearly
round, but slightly flattened ; it drops from
the cluster easily; skin of medium thickness.
Pulp not melting, but separates easily from the
seeds, juicy, pleasant flavor, of very good quality.
An amateur grape only. (New York Experi-
ment Station, S. A. Beach, Horticulturist).

America. {Line. X Biip.) See Munson's Hybr.

Ainiuia. {Labr.-JL/br.) ; Rogers' No. 39. In
fall of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers" un-
named hybrids, which we had not yet tested,
and, aware of the confusion existing as to their
numbers, we obtained a few of each number from
different sources. Of those which we planted as
No. 39 three survived, but not two of them wei'e
alike. One of them proved especially valuable.
To ascertain whether this was the true No. 39 we
addressed Mr. Rogers, to let us have a plant or a
graft of the original No. 39, but were informed
that the original stock was lost !

One of our vines, No. 39, proved so valuable,
that we determined to propagate it, and planted
fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed the other
two. From the commendation given to No. 39
at the quarter-centennial session of the Am.
Pomol. Society, by its president, the late M. P.
Wilder, we gave ours the name Aminia. Mr.
Rogers assented thereto, and it is considered, by
good judges, the best of Rogers' hybrids.
Bunches medium, slightly shouldered, moderate-
ly compact, more even and better on an average
than Rogers' grapes generally make; berries full,
medium to large, dark pukple, nearly black,
with a fine bloom. Flesh melting, with but little
pulp, sweet and of fine flavor, ripening very
early, about with the Hartford. We consider it
one of our earliest yood grapes. Vine moderately
vigorous, quite hardy, productive; (should be
planted near some other variety that blossoms at
the same time, to fertilize it) ; but fruit inclined
to rot. Deserves to be extensively cultivated as
a table grape.

Ainoiireiix. {.Kst.) See Rulaiirtec.

Amy. (Labr.) A greenish-yellow or white
seedling of the Concord, raised by W. H. Light-
foot, of Springfield, 111. Vine healthy and hardy
like its parent, and ripening with it ; bunch and
berries not as large as his "Capital" (q. v.), an-
other,white Concord seedling; it is yellow when
ripe.

A.nna. (Labr.) Seedlins of Catawba, raised by Eli
Hasbrouck, Newbur},'li, NY., in 1852. G.W.Campbell
of Delaware, Ohio, described it as hardy and healthy
and of a moderate growtli. Bunches rather loose, of
medium size; fcerrtes medium; color, light ambeb. with
small dark specks, covei-ed witli thin, white bloom;
lather pulpy, liipens witli tlie Catawba; unhealthy
and feeble.

Annie M. (Labr.) A chance seedling, raised
by Dr. L. C. Chisholm, near Nashville, Tenn.
The vine is a thrifty grower, with long-jointed
canes, needs plenty of fruit-wood, yet a rather
shy bearer. It is a handsome grape; in berry and
bunch of medium size, not shouldered, but smooth
and compact. Color, whitish green, quite
sweet; ripens about with Concord, and so far, not
at all inclined to rot.

Antoinette. (Labr.) One of Miner's seedlings.
A handsome, large white grape of the Concord
character, with long, moderately compact
bunches; a strong growing, healthy vine, and
very productive; ripens earlier than Concord;
flavor sweet, rich, with little pulp; few seeds,
and but little of the foxy aroma. See also Con-
cord WHITE seedlings, (p. 107).

Ariadne. (Rip. X Vin.) One of Iticketts' Clinton
seedlings; vine vigorous and healthy; productive, much
inclined to overbear; fcwnc/i compact, resembling Clin-
ton, but much better in quality; very juicy, sweet;
producing a light red, lieavy wine of fine flavor. These
notes, taken at J. H. Kicketts' Experimental Grounds
several years ago, are somewhat modified by his List of
March, 1882, wherein he describes it as a Seedling of
Clinton and a Newburgh Vinifera; the wood short-
jointed and only moderately vigorous; foliage medium,
coarsely serrated; bunch small to medium, compact;
be7-ry small, round, black, with a light blue bloom;
flesh soft, tender, juicy. It makes a very dark and rich
wine of good body, with Sherry flavor. Mr. Ricketts
was confident that this grape would become popular
for wine purposes. It never did.

Arkansas, (^st.) See Cynthiana. (Syn.)

Arkansaw. (Labr.) Introduced by Jas. Hart, of
Fayetteville, Ark. In Mitzl<y's "Our Native Grape,"
Rochester 1893, it is described: Vine strong grower,
s/jor< jointed, lively green leaf which remains in perfec-
tion long after the crop is gone; hardy as Concord; very
productive and healthy; bunch large compact; berries
larger than Concord ; while turning pinkisn when fully
ripe, transparent; skin thin, tough, clear with a deli-
cate bloom; pulp melting and juicy; flavor very high,
similar to Southern (?) Muscadine and very fragrant;
ripens a week ahead of Concord.
We have not seen or heard anything of this remark-

I able grape except that it was received by the New York

I Experiment Station in 1893 for testing.

1 Arnold's Hybrids.* See Othello, (No. 1). Cor-
I nucopia, (No. 2). Autuchon, (No. 5). Brant,
i (No. 8). Canada, (No. 16).

Arrot (or Arcott?) (Labr.) Pliiladelpliia; bunch and
berries medium, white; resembling the Cassady, but not
i as good. "Sweet and good, with a thick skin; good
grower and productive," said Husmann.

' Angtawick. (Bip.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fraker,
Shlrleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to Clin-
ton; berries larger than Clinton, black, juice very dark,
of spicy flavor; said to malve a very dark red wine, of
superior quality, and to be entirely free from rot or
mildew; very hardy and healthy. \Ve found it not as

[ good as Clinton, and less productive. Should be dis-
carded.

Augusta. (Labr.) See Miner's Seedling.

Augrust Griant. (Bij^.-ITybr.) A cross between
Black Hamburg and Marion. Originated bj^ N.
B. White of Norwood, Mass. Leaf strong and
thick, and vine a very strong grower and bearer;
bunches very large with rather long and very
strong stem ; when shouldered the shoulders are
very short and double; berries black, very large,
somewhat oblong, often measuring Ifg inch in
diameter. Placed in a basket beside Black Ham-
burg the August Giant can hardly be distinguished
from it. Fruit when well grown has a decided
Hamburg flavor; quite tender to the center, very
rich and flne; fruit ripe in August. A fine ama-
teur grape.

Ang:H8t Pioneer. (Labr.) Origin unknown; one of
tlie coarsest of native sorts; large, black, with a firm,
liard, ))ulp.y flesii; fit only for stewing, Middle of Aug-
ust.— Downivg.

* The late Charles Arnold of Paris, Ont. Canada, has
been successful in his experiments in hybridizing the
native Clinton wilh the pollen of foreign varieties.
His seedlings seem to be of decided promise in some
localities.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

87

88 Autnchon.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Bay State.

AUTUCHON.

Autuchon. {RijJ.-IIybr.); Arnold's "So. 5. A seedliiifi
of Clinton, (.Tosstd with Golden Chasselas. Leaves
dark green, very deep lobed and sharp pointed serra-
tures; tlie unripe wood is very dark purple, nearly
black. Bunches very long, not lieavily shouldered,
ralhei- loose; berries medium size, round, white (green),
with a moderately firm, but readily melting liesh, and
an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resenil)ling the White
Chasselas. Skin tliin, witliout :i stringency. Eipens
with the Delawiire.

The Autuchon did not come up to expectations; it
proved tender and unrelialile, in the West at least; its
fruit subject to rot and mildew, and notwithstanding
its fine (jualities, it will leniain but an amateur variety
and cannot be recommended for profitable culturt; in
vineyards.

We append an illustration which gives a truthful
view of the l)unch as grown with us, for we have never
seen any so large as represented by tlie cut used iji our
first edition, and which was obtained Ironi the origin-
ator.

Bacchus. {Rip-) A seedling of the
Clinton, produced Ij}' James H. Ricketts of
Newburgh, N. Y. Resembles the parent in
leaf, bunch and l^err^^, but considered by some
as superior to it in quality and productive-
ness. Bunch medium, compact, shouldered;
herry round, below medium, hlaciv with blue

bloom, juicy and sprightly. Ricketts said:
" With me it has stood all possible tests for
over fourteen years, as to hardiness of wood,
leaf and fruit. Wherever tested, all agree in
ascribing to it the peculiar qualities neces-
sary in a perfect wine grape." The Bacchus
makes a dark brownish-red wine of great
body. Must registered 95 '^ to 110'^. Some
regard the Bacchus, as a wine-grape, with
greater favor than any of Ricketts' many
other seedlings ; superior to Clinton, also for
a late table variety ; it can be left on the vine
ver}^ late if bagged, improving in qualit}' ; it
grows well and is free from mildew, but too
late and uncertain for extreme northern
localities.

The annexed cut of the Bacchus on page 87
shows this grape, reduced about one-fourth
of its natural size.

Bailey. {Line .yiTrin .) See Munson's Hybrids.

Baker. (Labr.) See Isabella.

Baldwin Lenoir. (^Est.) Originated at West
Chester, Pa ; said to be a seedlino; of the Lenoir;
bunch small, rather loose; berries small, quite
dark, almost black; flesh somewhat rough, acid,
brisk. Reported the richest in grape-sugar of
tweuty-six varieties tested by the chemist of the
Agricultitral Department at Washington. In
foliage and habit of growth, it is much like Lin-
coln. Bunch and berry similar to Norton's ; valu-
able for red wine.

' Balsii^er's. (uEst. X) A cross tetween Nortoifs and
Martha, produced by J. Balsiger, of Highland, III. It is
planted in several vineyards of Virginia and in Northern
Texas, more as of botanical interest; though of agree-
able taste, ripens very late.

Balsiger's >fo. 2 and I>Jo. 32. (Labr.) See Concord
Seedlings.

Barnes'. (Labr.) Originated with Parker Barnes,
Boston, ISIass. Bunches shouldered; berries medium,
oval, Bi^ACK, sweet and good: nearly as earlj- as Itart-
tord.— Strong.

Barry. {Lahr.-Hybr.) (Rogeks' No. -i'i ) One
of the most attractive of Rogers' Hybrids, "as
handsome as the Black Hamburg,'''' from which it
is a seedling crossed on Mammoth Sage. Vine as
vigorous, healthy and hardy as any one of Rogers'
Hybrids. Bunch, large, always rather broad,
short and compact; sometimes larger than rep-
resented on the annexed engraving; berrij large,
roundish; color black; flesh tender, of a sweety
pleasant flavor; skin thin, somewhat astringent.
Successful in Western New York and some other
localities whore it is justly esteemed as an excel-
lent, showy grape. Yery productive and early,
but little earlier than the Concord, and keeps
remarkably well. In some northern localities it
has the defect of dropping its leaves before- the
fruit matures.

Baxter. [ACst.) Bunch large and long: berry lielow
medium, ur.AeK: very latt' in rijjcning, hardy and pro-
ductive; not fit for table, but may l)e valual)le for
w'un'. — lilufftov Wine Co.'s Catalogue.

Bay-State. (Jiip.-IIybr.) A seedling of the
Black Hamburg crossed by Alarion ; introduced
by Wagener I't Co., Pulteney, N. Y. Vine vig-
orous and hardy; foliage large; Jiimch medium

Beacon.

dp:scription of varieties.

Beauty. 89

BARRY. (Rogers' No. 43.)

to large, well shouldered; bfrrij red, slightly
oblong; pnlp tender, juicy, sweet and sprightly;
ripens early, but is a good keeper and adheres
well to the stem. A nice red amateur grape for
table use.

Beacou. (Linc.yiConc.) See Munson's Hybrids.

BeaeonsHelci. (Labr.) Sec Clianipioii.

Beauty. (^Est.-Hiibr.) One of Jacob Rommel's
seedlings; across between Delaware and Maxa-
tawney ; a vigorous, healthy grower; foliage
heavy and healthy, yet subject to sunscald; re-
sembling Catawba (and we suppose it to be a
cross between Catawba and Maxatawney with
Delaware) ; bunch small to medium, well filled, but
not too compact ; berry in size and color between
Catawba and Delaware, oblong, covered with

lilac bloom; thick skinned, and will carry well:
ripens between Delaware and Catawba, and is of
very fine quality, having tender pulp ; sweet, with
delicate fiavor. A good table grape, making also
an excellent wine. In fact, a sample of "BeaiT-
ty " wine, at the Bordeaux Exposition, in Sep-
tember, 1880, was pronounced by the French
Commissioners " the best American white wine on
exhibition; having a very marked and agreeable
bouquet." — M. LespicmU. — In the third edition of
this catalogue we said: '"Its parentage justifies
the fear that it may be subject to mildew in local-
ities not exempt from this disease;*' and so it
proved, it was also inclined to rot in wet season;
so much so that honest Eommel stopped its
propagation and dissemination; but now, under
the protection of spraying with fungicides it is
well worth resuming its cultivation.

i)0 Beauty of Min.

BlISHBERG CATALOGUE.

Black Defiance.

Beauty of Minne.sotn. {Labr. X Del.) Originated (or
introduced only) hy .J.C. Kramer, of La Crescent, Minti.
Desci'ibed l^y liim as a seedling of Delaware crossed
with Concortl; a good grower and liealtliy; 6Mftc/t equal
to Concord, l)ut more compact; herry greenish-yellow
when ripe and of rich flavor; recommended by liim and
indorsed by many testimonials as the best grape for tlie
olimate of Minnesota, ripening there by the 1st of Sep-
teml)er. Pulpy, poor quality, in Ontario, Canada.

Beliala. (Labr). See Miner's seedlings.

Belvlilere. (,Labr.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of Bel-
videre, 111. Was e.xpected to be a' valuable market
variety, on account of extreme earliness; large size
and fine appearance. In some localities was claimed
to be an improvement in bunch and berry upon Hart-
(oi'd, but in quality is not much, if any iDetter; like
Hartford, it- sliows a tendency to fall from the launch,
especially if a little over-ripe. Being in appearance
much like Hartford, a description is unnecessary. It is
u vine of very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy and
healthy, very early and productive: l)ut so Is the Hart-
ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough in
one variety of such poor quality.

Benjamin. (Labr.) Raised by W. H. Lightfoot,
of Springtield, 111., from seed of the Northern
Muscadine (not the Southern Muscadine, Rotundi-
folia, erroneously described by others). Vine a
vigorous grower, with all the characteristics of
its northern parent and not the least resemblance
to any other; its bunch is large, compact; hernj
large, black with blue bloom; flesh pulpy, juice
sweet; ripens about same time as Concord.

Berckiuans. (Bip.-Hyhr.) A cross between
Clinton and Delaware, originated by the late Dr.
A. P. Wy lie, Chester, S. C. Vine very vigorous
and prolific; growth and foliage almost similar
to Clinton. Bunches and berries larger than Dela-
ware, of same color (pale red) and quite equal in
quality to this favorite variety, uniting the vigor
and fertility of the one with the excellent fruit of
the other parent. Dr. Wylie considered this variety
one of the most promising of his seedlings and
named it in honor of his friend P. J. Berckmans,
whom he gave it also, to propagate and dissemi-
tate it. In our Catalogue, 1883 edition, we re-
ported it already as proving healthier than Dela-
ware and deserving dissemination. It has since
grown and fruited in several localities, East and
West, Xorth and South, and sustained all what
was expected from it; holds its foliage until frost,
proving less inclined to mildew, but liable to be
destroyed by thrips in some localities. It may
nevertheless remain only a grape for amateur col-
lections.

Berks, or Lehig^h. (Labr.) 5(trtc/i large, shouldered,
compact; berry large, round, red, little pulp, good
<iuality; vine vigorous grower, similar to Catawba, of
which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improvement in
siz,! and ((uality; but also more sub.iect to disease.

Berlin. (Labr.) A Concord seed., originated at
Ionia, Mi<-h. l)y Geo. Uosford. Vine vigorous, hardy,
healthy and productive. Bunch large, conipnct: Ix'i'ries
<jREE.\iSH WHiTK with moderate bloom, I'escmhling the
Niagara, moderately Juicy, translucent; flavor pleas-
ant, slightly foxy; shipping quality good, except a
tendency to drop from the stem; season with Concord.

Bertha. (Labr.) A very nice white grape of
unknown parentage, originated with Theophile
Huber, Illinois City. 111. Vine very vigorous and
a heavy bearer. Bunch large, compact, shoul-
dered; bej-rij small to medium; pulp tender and
sweet; skin thin, but tough and slightly acrid in
taste when chewed; ripens a few days after Con-
cord ; it would make a very good wine.

Bertrand. (Rip.) Syn.: Blue Seedling.
Au accidental seedling, from Judge J. B.
Jones, of Herndon, Middle Georgia, and first

reported to the American Pomological So-
ciety, session 1885, b}'^ T. T. Lyou, chairman
committee on native fruits ; described as fol-
lows : Vine exceedingly vigorous and healthy :
hunches above medium, sometimes shoul-
dered, sometiines not ; berries medium, round,
BLACK with blue bloom ; peduncles long, pulp
dissolving, very juicy, vinous and of high-
flavored, delicate aroma ; skin firm and thin ;
flesh melting, pulp not perceptible, quality
best. Maturity middle of August. A re-
freshing, delightful grape.

It originated in 1878 ; when eight years
old, bearing its fifth crop, there were upwards
of 100 bunches on the original vine and no
trace of rot. Our honorable friend P. J.
Berckmanns was struck with its healthy ap-
pearance and fruitfulness, and now, in 1894,
he kindly informs us about the Bertrand :
This I consider one of the very best grapes
of that type that has come under my obser-
vation, and it has the remarkable advantage
of ripening when nearly all other varieties of
bunch grapes are gone. I have watched this
grape since 1886, and it will likely be offered
to the trade by a Florida grower who pur-
chased the stock of the Bertrand.

(Figure from nature, slightly reduced.)

Beta. (Hip.-Hybr.) Originated by L. Snelter, Carver,
Minn.; said to be very hardy, enduring unprotected 50''
below zero in Minnesota, iiearing good crops.

Big Extra. (Lmc.X Triumph.) SeeMunson'shyb.

Big Hope. (Linc.Y.Triumph.) SeeMunson'sh)'b.

Bird's £g:g:. (Labr.) Probably a seedling of Catawba,
•somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed; berry
oval, WHITISH, with l)rown specks; flesh pulpy; only
good; a curiosity. — Dovning.

Bisniark. A seedling of Brighton, q. v.

Black Cape. (Labr.) hiee Alexander.

Black Delaware. Originated by Jacob Rom-
mel, of Morrison, Mo. It promised to be a valuable
early market grape, and we propagated it and re-
ported it in our third edition of this catalogue, as
Delaware Seedling No. 3, but was discarded when
it ceased to be healthy. On the experimental
farm of the Canadian Department of Agriculture,
at Ottawa, it continues, however, very success-
fully, free from mildew and rot, ripening a few
days before Champion and of far superior qualitj*.
Well worth trying now.

Black Delaware. (Labr.X) See Nectar.

Blaeli Oerinaii. ( ? ) See York Madeira.
Blaoli July. (.Etit.) See Devereau.r.

Black Deftauce. (Labr.-IIybr.) (Underbill's
No. 8-8.) Originated by Stephen Underbill. Cro-
ton Point, N. Y. A splendid, late table grape,
with us more desirable than Senasqua. If we are
rightl}^ informed, it is a cross between Black St.
Peters and Concord. Bunch and berries large,
BLACK, with a fine bloom; three weeks later than
Concord, and much better in quality. Succeeds
well, and pleases also in France.

Black Eagle.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Black Eagle. 91

BERTRAND.

Black

hill's No
Vlnifera.
Defiance,
quality

Eagle. (Labr.-H)/br.) (Under-
8-12.) A Hybrid of Labr. and
Originated by same as Black
A fine, early table grape, of best
The leaf is one of the most beauti-
ful we know of, very firm, dark green, deep-
ly lobed, of the shape of the foreign.

The vine is of verj- erect and vigorous
growth, healthy, yet tender, prone to rot, as
all other Hybrids of Labr. and Via. ; roots

straight and smooth, almost tough, with a
medium liber ; canes remarkably sti-aight and
upright, with numerous, but small laterals;
wood firm with medium pith ; bunch large,
moderately compact; berries large, oval,
BLACK, with blue bloom ; flesh rich and melt-
ing, with little pulp. With Underhill the
fruit set imperfectly, but it does not show
that fault when pollinated from other vines
blossoming at same time. We consider it as

92 Black

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Ear/Je.

"among the best of the hybrid varieties."
Berckmans, of Georgia, Chairman of Fruit
Committee, said: ''Black Eagle we found
unsurpassed in quality, productiveness and
vigor. I have seen bunches that weighed a
pound and three-quarters, grown at Macon,
Georgia, some years ago ; but has not sus-
tained its early good record."

S. A. Beach, Horticulturist of the N. Y.
Experiment Station, in his report for 1893
says: It can not set fruit of itself but in

our station vinej'ard where it stands near
other varieties it is very productive. The
clusters are very large and filled with large
beautiful berries. Flesh rich and melting
with little pulp. Ripens a little before Wor-
dens. (We are not quite sure and convinced
that this fruitfulness is produced by pollen
from other varieties only and exclusiveh". )

We give a figure of its bunch and leaf
reduced .

J

BLACK EAGLE. (Reduced.)

Black Hawk.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Boadkea. 93

BLick Hawk. (Lahr.) A seedling from the
Concord, niised by Samuel Miller. Bunch large,
rather loose, berry large, black, round, juicy,
sweet ; pulp very tender ; ripens full as early as
the Concord, and seems to be healthy and hardy.
We find it sometimes a little earlier than Con-
cord. It has the remarkable peculiarity that its
leaf is of so dark a green as to appear almost
black.

Black Herbeiuont. (^A'.s<.) See Munson'sSeedl.

Black's Iinperial. {Labr. x) Originated by
Dr. J. Staynian, from Duchess. Vine vigorous,
hardy and productive; but somewhat subject to
rot and mildew in unfavorable seasons; Bunch
large, shouldered compact; handsome : berry above
medium, BLACK ; meat tender, juicy rich, spicy,
sprightly sweet, vinous, quality best; ripens with
Concord, will hang on the vines loyg after ripened.

Black July. {jEst.) See Devereux.

Black King'. (Labr.) A hardy and vigoi-ous early
grape, of medium size; sweet but foxy.— Strong.

Black Muscadine. (liotun.) See Flowers.

Black Pearl. (Rij)-) Syn. Schraidt's
Seedlixo. Originator, Caspar Schraidt of
Put-in-Ba}^ O. Probably from seed of Clin-
ton. Vine, a vigorous, healthy grower, simi-
lar in appearance of growth and foliage to
Elvira and Noah. It succeeds admirably on
the islands and shores of Lake Erie, where it
is very productive. In our heavier clay soils
and warmer climate it is less satisfactory
both in quality and productiveness ; the
bunch is not as large and handsome as on
the islands and on the lake shore, where it
far surpasses the Clinton in appearance, and
makes a valuable dark- red vine.

Dr. Warder considered it "'an exceedingly
promising grape of the Clinton class."
(Am. Pom. Society, 1877). So did w^e also
consider it, after examining it for several
seasons, and admiring its luxurious, healthy
growth ; we secured from Mr. Schraidt a
thousand cuttings and disseminated this
variety in 1877, wath his consent, under the
name of Black Pearl. (He first intended to
call it "yS'c//?TMdf.s Burgundy," and claimed
it to be a seedling from the Delaware). Geo.
W. Campbell of Ohio, who had opportunities
to observe tliis grape in his own State, says :
" It is a strong growing and very productive
vine, and is probably a valuable addition to
the limited number of red-wine grapes."
And as such only we recommend it for cer-
tain localities.

In August, 1882, a season of unparalled
destruction through mildew and rot in the
Mississippi Valley region, E. Baxter, of Nau-
voo, reports the Black Pearl grape as excep-
tionably fine, leaf extra good. A. Wehrle of
Middle Bass, the leading wine producer of
Ohio, wrote to us that he finds this wine-
grape unsurpassed in color; must of good

saccharine weight and proper degree of
acidity ; but adds : "It suffers with us some-
times during the flowering season, otherwise
it is a most valuable grape, and pays well to
the producer."

J. G. Burrow of Fishkill, N. Y., one of our
oldest and most eminent vineyardists, says :
"I received the Black Pearl from you some
fourteen years ago ; it has proved very satis-
factory with me, never having lost a crop in
all this time. Its wine I consider very valu-
able ; it is remarkably dense in body and
color."

Black Rose. (Labr.-JIybr.) A cross between
Concord, /. and Salem, m. raised by Rautenberg
of Lincoln, Ills., in 18S4. Resembles Concord in
general appearance, is as hardy, ripens at the
same time or a little later. Bunch like Concord,
sometimes shouldered : berries large, black and
of tlue flavor; has been pronounced by good
judges to be equal to the "■Einnelan'''' in quality;
but, though not free from mildew, ripens its fruit
better than Eumelan even in a bad season ; is well
recommended as an amature variety, and in some
localities as valuable for wine.

Black Spanish. (yEs<.) See Lenoir.

Bland. (Labr. T) Syn.: Bland's Virginia, Bland's
Madeira, Bland's Pale Red, Powell. It is said to
have been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, Ijy
Col. Bland, of that State, who presented scions to Bar-
tram, the botanist, by whom it was first cultivated.
Bunches rather Ions, loose, and often with small, imper-
fect berries; berries i-ound, on long stall<s, lianging
rather thinly; skin thin, at first pale green, 1)ut pale
RED when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant,
sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musk
scent, but a slight astringency; ripens late; foliage
lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother and more
delicate. This vine is quite difficult of propagation by
cuttings. The above description of this old variety is
from" Donming's Fruits of America." The Bland did
not succeed or ripen well in the North, and has been
lost and abandoned South.

Blood's Black, (Labr.) Bunch medium, compact;
berry medium, round, black, somewhat harsh and foxy,
but sweet. Very early and productive. (Resembling
Mary Ann, and has often been confounded with it.)

Bloom. See Creveling.

Bine Dyer. (Rip.) Bunch medium; berries small,
BLACK, vei'y dark juice; promises well for wine.— .Hms-
mann. (One of many unfulfilled promises I)

Bine Favorite, (^s^) A Southern grape. Af.erMil-
lardet an .l^stivalis hybrid with Cinerea and Vinifera.
Vine vigorous, productive; fewjic/t above medium; berries
mediuiji, round, blue black, sweet, vinous; much col-
oring matter; ripe South in Septemlier (does not ripen
well North); said to be esteemed for wine making. —
Dotvninq. Unproductive South al.so.

Bine Imperial. {Labr.) Origin uncertain. Vine vig-
orous, free f lom mildew, not productive. Bunches med-
ium, sliort; berry large, round, black; flesh with a hard,
acid center or pulp; ripens with Hartford. Inferior.—
Doirnina.

Boadicea. (Labr.-Hybr.) Copley's cross of
Telegraph with Black Hamburg. Produced by
Chas. 8. Copley, of Stapleton, N. Y.. whose hy-
brids have been exhibited and much admired,
about 1875-1880 already, but not disseminated.
Vine rather a weak grower — probably in conse-
quence of having been allowed to overbear, which
it is inclined to do, and needs thinning out of
bunches — leaves dark green, lighter on under
side, three to five lobed, varying in shape, some

94 Boadicea.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Brant.

are nearly round, coarsely toothed ; wood short-
jointed, of light brown color. The bunch and
berry are of good size, closely set, not shouldered ;
berries oval, no pulp; the tlesb is meaty all
through, sweet with a ricli aromatic tiavor; does
not crack and has not shown either rot or mildew,
so far; keeps Avell; ripens rather late, between
Concord and Isabella. Any one who did not
know to the contrary would pronounce it a hot-
house grape.

Bottsi. (^st.) The local name for a very re-
markable grape, grown in the gai-den of a gentle-
man of that name, in Natchez, Miss. It is said
to throw all other grapes ever grown there (in-
cluding the .lacquez) completely in the back-
ground, and is claimed to be the true Herbemont
brought some fifty years ago from South Carolina.
It diflers from our Herbemont in color, being of
a light pink in the shade, a dark pink in the full
sun. The impartial, trustworthy testimony of
H. Y. Child, an amateur horticulturist, as to its
excellent quality and rapid growth, enormous
fruitfulness and freedom from rot, made us pro-
cure and plant some wood of this variety. — After
several years' testing we found it unsuited to our
locality, too tender and liable to mildew. In
Texas it is found "a splendid thing," but, as Mr.
Onderdonk assures us, "just like the Herbemont."

Boulevard. (Labr.X) Originatedby A. Koeth,
Charlotte, X. Y., by crossing the Concord with
Brighton. Vine vigorous and productive; hunch
large, compact, shouldered; berries medium,
greenish-WHiTE, with fine bloom ; juice sw eet,
vinous, without foxiness; skin thin but tough,
translucent; ripens about same time as Concord.

Brant. {Rip.-Hyhr.)\ Arnold's No. 8.
Seedling of Clinton crossed with Black St.
Peters. The young leaves and shoots dark
blood-red ; leaves very deeply lobed, smooth
on both sides. Bnnch and berry resembling
the Clintonm appearance, but greatly superior
in flavor when perfectly ripe ; skin thin, free
from pulp, all juice, sweet and vinous ; seeds
small and few ; perfectly hardy ; vine a strong,
healthy grower and sufficiently productive.
The bunch hangs firmly to the vine till fall,
and the berries adhere well to the bunch.
Our illustration of this variety is from a
specimen of average size and shape. A very
early and desirable grape. It is the most
valuable of Arnold's seedlings, and it would
be profitable if the birds would not destroy
the bunches as soon as they ripen. For lo-
calities where grapes ripen later than with us,
and where birds are less destructive, it is
worthy of the attention of grape- growers.
We have seen it growing very finely and suc-
cessfully at Milwaukee, Wis., in the garden
of an amateur.

Our friend Champin gave us a very favor-
able report of this variety in Northern France
(Drome), where the Brant deserves to be
cultivated extensively. It resists, so far, the
Phylloxera, and during the six years, that
he cultivated it, has increased from j^ear

BRANT.

to year in vigor and fruitfulness. Brant and
Canada have often been confounded with
each other, and the following may serve to
distinguish them : The Brant has the most
sinuous, deeply -cut, indented and lobed foliage
of any American variety, while that of the
Canada is but little indented and lobed, while
young. But the form of leaves is ver}- varia-
ble, and no reliable distinctive character can
be made of them ; a more reliable character-
istic is their color : that of the Brant is of a

B'.ant

;)ESCE1PT10N OF VARIETIES.

Brighton. 95

deeper green with a reddish tinge, while that
of the Canada is a lighter green with a whitish
tinge ; and so are the tendrils of the latter of
a paler green and only two-forked, while
those of the Brant are darker, longer, and
often doubly biforked. The Brant has long-
jointed red wood ; the Canada's wood is
rather short-jointed, of less vigorous growth,
green, brownish towards the sun. The
bunches of the Canada are usually shorter
and more compact; those of the IBrant are
not loose either, but not so very compact as
to flatten the berries. The seeds of the Brant
are very small, and rarely more than two in a

berry. Both ripen very earl}-, and give a
wine of excellent quality and of very hand-
some red color.

Kris:hton. (Zabr.xVm.) This hand-
some and line grape, raised by Jacob Moore,
of Brighton, N. Y., is a cross'of the Concord
and Diana-Hamburg. Vine hardy, a rapid
and vigorous grower, with medium to long-
jointed shoots, which ripen early; leaven
large, thick, dark green, glossy, coarsely ser-
rated, occasionally lobed. Very productive,
and, if the small bunches were taken off
early in the season, it would be a great benefit

BRIGHTON.

96 Brighton.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Biijihberg.

to the others. Sometimes, however, its flow-
ers have stameits luith curved filaments and do
not always fertiHze, though abundantly bloom-
ing ; it should, therefore, be mingled with
other varieties, growing close bj^, which have
the same time of blooming.

•'Banch medium to large, shouldered, mod-
erately compact; berries medium to large,
round, light red at lirst, changing to a dark
crimson or maroon when fully matured, some-
times almost black, and covered with an
abundant lilac bloom. The berries adhere
well to the peduncle; skin thin but tough ;
flesh tender, very slight pulp, sweet, juicy,
slightly aromatic, very slightly vinous, and of
verj' good quality for an early grape. It has
its best flavor when it first ripens, but becomes
pasty and loses its sprightly flavor when fully
ripe. Ripens nearly as early as the Hartford
and before the Delaware." — A. J. Downing.

One of the most considerably grown varie-
ties in the Eastern States, where it is a stan-
dard valual)le variety and the leading table
<;UAPE. It cannot be called a good keeper,
as it does not retain its fine flavor long after
maturit3^ It is worthy of extensive planting
wherever any of the hybrid grapes can be
grown successfully and earbj grapes for table
or market are desired ; requires protection in
severe winters and is subject to mildew. The
cut is a faithful copy of a photograph from a
medium size bunch of the Brighton grape.
In general beautiful appearance the Brighton
resembles the Catawba, which ripens a month
later.

A soedlhiK of Bi-i}rlitoii lias been raised by Horace
Piirfiekl, of Anil Arl)or, Mich, (bore its third crop in
1893), wliich closely resembles the Brighton in every re-
spect, ripens a few days earlier, and is especially dis-
tinguished from its parent by its flowers being perfect,
having straight stamens; it is being tested in Missouri
and Kentucky.

■' B SMARK," a seedling of Brighton, produced by
E. F. L. Rautenberg, of Lincoln, 111., is almost a repro-
duction, except that it is hardier.

In Colorado also a gi-ape similar to Brighton in foliage
:ind growth has been grown, l)y .lolin Gravestock, of
Caiion City, Colo.; .supposed to be a seedling of this
variety.

Brilliaut. (Labr.-Hi/br.) Raised from
seed of Lindley crossed by Delaware, pro-
duced in 1883 by T. V. Munson of Denison,
Texas, who is pronounced b}'^ no less an au-
thority than Geo. W. Campbell, "doing more
and better work in the way of improving our
native grapes than any other grower in the
United States, if not in the world." This
beautiful ked grape, one of the finest intro-
duced for many years, has been tested by a
few eminent horticulturists in various states,
south and north, receiving everywhere high
praise. Vine, a strong grower, healthy, vig-
orous and hardy, having endured the winters
of New York and Ohio with impunity ; with
large healthy foliage and perfect blossoms ;

very prolific, (tender in bud at 5° below
zero). Bunch and berry large, about the size
of Concord ; of excellent quality ; skin thin,
tough, translucent; brilliant in color, much
like Delaw\are. ripening with the latter and
equal to it in qualit}^ which is best. Shipped
a thousand miles to market it arrived in fine
order.

E. Williams of New Jersey, exhibited a
medium cluster of the Brilliant, grown by
him, at the last meeting of the American
Pomological Society (1893) at Washington,
D. C, comparing favorabl}'^ with its parent,
the Lindley. He stated : that the Brilliant
fruited with him three ^-ears with a good de-
gree of satisfaction, that it is somewhat liable
to mildew, adding: " But the Bordeaux mix-
ture, properly and seasonably applied, affords
the antidote for this trouble." Amateurs in
good grape regions will do well to give it an
extensive trial.

P. J. Berckmans, who is also President of
the Georgia State Horticultural Society, re-
ports: "A thorough test has been made at
our State Experiment Station of Munson's
hybrids : of them the best, the most promis-
ing, so far, appears to be the Brilliant.

Brown. {Labr.) A seedling from Isabella,
raised by W. B. Brown, of Newburgh, X. Y. Vine
a hardy, vigorous grower, with good foliage.
Bunches of about the size of Concord; berries not
quite as large ; color black; ripens very early —
a? early as the champion; but of very good
(piality.

Bniuly's Seedling-. (Labr.) See Coleraine.

Burnet. (Labr.-IItibr.) The Burnet grape was
raised by P. C. Dempsey. of Albany, Prince
Edwards Co., Ont., from seed of the Hartford,
fertilized by Black Hamburg. The vine is vigor-,
ous and healthy, hardy and productive; leaves
deeply lobed, thick, downy beneath; bunches
large, well shouldered and well filled; the ben-ies
large, oval, ruRPLLSH-BLACK: flesh and flavor
resembling Black Hamburg, without any trace of
foxiness; ripening earlier than the Concord. —
Sufficiently early for S. E. Canada, but a poor
keeper; desirable for home use only.

Biirroii^Iis'. (liip.) From Vermont. Vine allied
to the Clinton. Bunch small; berry round. BTiACK, thick
bloom; flesh harsh, acid, a,UHtcre.—Doirning.

Burton's Earl.y. (Labr.) A large, early, poor Fox
grape. Unworthy of cxiiture. —JDotrning.

Bnshberg. {Labr. X ^Est.) A seedling of Willie, acci-
dentally crossed by .Estivalis (probably Cynthiana.
growing adjacent; it has decidedly more of the latter
cliara<;ter in wood and fruit than of the Labruscatype):
raised by Dr. L. C. Chisholm, of Tennessee, who describes
its vine as vigorous and healthy; wood of Arm texture;
dark green foliage; clusters long and loose, above me-
dium, shouldered; berry oblong, bi,ack, fully as large
as Isabella; entirely free from native, foxy aroma:
sprightly and vinous in taste; pulp tender, readily sep-
arating from seed; ripens aijout with the Concord and
hangs well on its peduncle.

Not before it lias l)een fully tested in our vineyard at
Busliberg and in other localities, and found worthy and
relialilc, coming up to all Dr. Ciiisholm has said of it,
shall it hi' disseminated. Dr. Chisholm who, unsolicited,
desires to honor us by giving it this name, says himself
that if it does not prove to be all and more than he said
it will never see the light; we to be the judge.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

97

Brilliant,

98 Calypso.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

CamphelV s Early.

Calypso. (La1>r.-IL/hr.) Produced by Charles S.
Copley, of ytaten Island, N. Y., from seedling of
Lady X with pollen of Secretary (Rickett's), com-
bining three species. First fruited in 1887. The
vine is hardy, healthy and productive; needs
thinning to one bunch to the spur, and fruiting
only on strong spurs. Leaves covered with vv^hite
down on the under side, coarsely serrated, not
much lobed. Bunches large, heavily shouldered,
and berries very large, black, of best quality;
no pulp ; very juicy, sweet and vinous, of rich
cherry flavor; sets its fruit much better than the
Secretary; ripens soon after Concord. The two
largest bunches weighed 1 lb. 8 oz. each, and the
American Institute awarded it the medal of ex-
cellence.

Cambi'idg-e. {Labr.) Originated in the garden
of Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Mass., and in-
ti-oduced by Hovey & Co.. of Boston, as "of the
highest merit." It is a black grape, somewhat
resembling Concord, but with more oval berries.
Bunches large and shouldered ; berries large, with
a very thin skin, covered with a delicate bloom,
and adhering firmly to the bunch ; flesh rich,
brisk, and refreshing; without pulp. Period of
ripening a few days before the Concord. The
vine has the luxuriance of growth and handsome
foliage of the Concord; it is quite as hardy as
that grape.

In some favorable seasons, the Cambridge pro-
duced in our vineyards much finer, larger bunches
than the Concord ; generallj^, however, it is near-
ly indentical in taste and appearance with this
most popular variety.

Camden. (Labr.) iJMnfftniediuin; 6e»-rylai'se, green-
ish-white; flesh with hard centre; acid; poor.

Campbell. (Labr.-Ht/br.) See Early Golden,
by T. V. Munson, page 119.

Campbell's Early. {Lahr.-Hyhr.) A most
promising new grape. "An improved Con-
cord," produced by different crosses from
Hartford, Concord, Moore's Earl}', through
Muscat Hamburg, selecting the hardiest and
healthiest foliaged hybrids for succession.
Our venerable and venerated friend, G. W.
Campbell, is still experimenting, for about
15 years, directing his efforts towards the
production of a grape having all the good
qualities of the Concord, with its faults
eliminated. American grape culture owes
already to friend Campbell several valuable
additions, but from tlie success, so far, of
this Tariety it will undoubtedly prove his
greatest triinaph, as it seems to be the near-
est approach to a perfect grape for general
cultivation. In growth and foliage it is as
vigorous and healtliy as the Concord, ripen-
ing ea/'//er, Avith Moore's early ; its hioich in
large, shouldered ; berries large, globular
(see title page illustration, after a photograph
of a medium cluster from the original vine),
BLACK, with a beautiful blue bloom ; flavor
rich, without foxiness, flesli a little meaty,
sweet to the center, with small seed, parting
freely from the pulp. Skin thin but tena-
cious, hanging to the vine without dropping

its berries and remaining in sound condition,
without deterioration in quality until severe
frost strips its foliage. It is really an im-
j)roved Concord, in no respect inferior to it;
and he is justly confident that "Campbell's
Early" will be prized and remembered long
after its originator shall have passed away.

He ma^' be well satisfied with the record this
grape has made and can scarcely wish any-
thing better than simple continuance in well-
doing.

The photogravure expressly made for this
catalogue is an exact reproduction, it is not
exaggerated a hair's breadth in size.

The publication of this catalogue has been
purposely delayed until fall 1894; (much time,
care and work has been devoted to its revision.
Grapes are now fully ripe). " CamphelV s
Early '^ has fulfilled all its promises, though
late frosts in May, drought all July to
August, were rather unfavorable. All who
saw the vines are unanimous in their admira-
tion, all who tasted the fruit pronounce it
"excellent," all that could be tlesired. The
foliage is grand ; some measuring 9 by 10
inches without the petiole ; the vines can be
distinguished at quite a distance, it is of a
very dark green ; the clusters hang full and
large on them. One was sent to the Depart-
ment of Pomology at Washington (about
September 1, 1894) where a painting has
been made from it. Mr. Irwin, the assistant
Pomologist writes : " Everyone in the Divis-
ion is greatly pleased with it. There were
71 grapes on the cluster, the largest measur-
ing one inch in diameter, caliper measure.
I really believe you have the grape that has
more good points than any now in cultiva-
tion." And afterwards, Prof. S. B. Heiges,
Pomologist and chief of the Division, wrote
to Campbell as follows: "Your cluster of
Campbell's Early, received September 5th,
for which accept my sincere thanks. The
cluster was undoubtedly a very fine one, re-
minding me of a small cluster of Black Ham-
burg grown under glass. We found some of
the berries to be one inch in diameter ; the
quality is remarkably fine, pulp sweet to the
center, with small seeds easily divided from
the pulp; the skin thin, but tenacious, mak-
ing it a very valuable shipper. Color a beau-
tiful black with heavy bloom. We have had
a i)ainting made of the largest leaf, 9i"x9.V',
with the bunch resting upon it."

Everything about the Campbell's Early
is "immense"; and they have not been
pampered, were grown for wood more than
for fruit. Health and vigor remained perfect
throughout the season. This was the fourth
year's fruiting. It will be introduced and
disseminated in 1896.

Canada,

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Catatvba. 09

Canada, {liipa.-llijhr.) (Arnold's No. 16.)
Raised from seed of Clinton, crossed witli pollen
of Black St. Peters. Resembles the Braut (Ar-
nold's No. 8). [For characteristic differences see
Brant, p. 84.] It is justly praised for its rich
aromatic llavor and delightful bouquet by all who
taste it. Bunch sniall^ berrn medium, tapering
toward the pedicle to which it adheres firmly;
color BLACK, with a fine bloom; skin thin, free
from harshness and from the acidity common to
many other native grapes. A moderate grower,
with peculiar foliage; hardy, and matures its
wood well. Valuable for wine in some localities.

Like all of Arnold's Hybrids, it proves tender
and unreliable in the United States, in most lo-
calities, while in France it is very successfully
grown and proves Phylloxera-resisting. But
this is not to be construed as a general and abso-
lute condemnation for all parts of our country,
nor as a recommendation for all the different
regions of viticulture in France. The Cornucopia
and the Canada have perished at Niraes, while
they have been growing and succeeding finely
during many years in the valley of the Sa6ne.
The principle of adaptability to certain soils,
aspects and localities, and not to others, applies
to hybrids in a greater degree even than to varie-
ties of our native species.

Cauby's August. (?) See York Madeira.

Canonicus. (Labr.-^f<t.) Originated by D. S.
Marvin of Watertown, N. Y., by crossing the
Worden with Eumelan, about 1888. Vine vigor-
ous, healthy and productive; bunch rather loose,
medium; berry above medium, round, pale
GREEN; translucent and covered with whitish
bloom, pulp sweet, tender, juicy and sprightly,
skin thin; ripens with Concord. It is well wor-
thy of trial and may prove a desirable acquisition.

Cape. (Labr.) See Alexander.

Carlotta. (La.br.) Produced by the late T. B.
Miner, Linden, N. J. Vine vigorous and hardy,
bears a greenish white grape with considerable
bloom, of good quality; It may fairly rank with
the best white grapes of the Labrusca; bunch and
berry full medium. "Fully as good as Coleraine,
Hayes, Esther, Empire State." —

Rural New Yorker, September, 1803.

Carman. (Linc:y:^Est.) A seedling of Post-oak
crossed with Herbemont; originated by T. V.
Munson, Denison, Texas. Vine very vigorous,
productive, healthy and hardy; leaves out, sheds
and blooms late; bunch beautiful, very showy,
compact, large, conical; berry large, black, with
little coloring matter; seeds small; skin thin but
tough ; pulp meaty with sweet juice of very good
pure flavor and fine quality. Ripens late,' about
same time as Catawba.

Carter. (Lnbr.) See Isabella.

Casper. (.Eat.) See Louisiana.

C'Rssady. {Labr.) Originated in tlie yard of H. P.
(';issM(ly, Philacielpliia, as a chance seedling. Bunch
Tiicdium, very compact, sometimes shouldered; berry
inediuni, round, pai.e gkeen, covei'ed with white
lilooiii: \v}ieri very ripe its color chansres to light yel-
low: sl<iii llii<-lc and leatlu'ry, pulpy, but with" a pecu-
liar honeyed sweetness which no other grape possesses
in the same degree. Ripens with the ('atawl)a. Vine a
moderate grower; a true Labrusca in habitand foliage:
immensely productive, so much so that nearly every

CANADA.

fruit-bud will i)ush out several branches, with fronr
three to five bunches each. But after thus over-bear-
ing it becomes exhausted for several seasons, the leaves
drop prematurely, and the fruit will not ripen.

This grape is now generally discarded, being replaced
by new and better varieties. It is said to be tlie parent
ot the " Niagara" grape.

Tlie " Arrott" resembles the Cassady very much.

Catawba. (Labr.) Syn. : Red Muncy,
Catawba-Tokay, Sixgleton. This old and
well-known variety, one of the pioneers of
American grapes, is a native of North Caro-
lina, and has its name from the Catawba river.
It was transplanted to a garden at Clarks-
burg, Md., and introduced to notice over
seventy years ago by Major John Adlum, of
Georgetown, D. C. It has been for many
years the standard wine grape of the country,
and thousands of acres have been planted
with it; but owing to its uncertainty, on
account of the mildew and blight, and its too
late ripening in the Northeastern and North-

100 Catawba.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Cayuga.

eru States (in October), it is now discarded
in many sections, and other reliable kinds
are planted instead. In localities where it
will fully mature, and where it seems less
subject to disease, tiiere are very feAV better
varieties. The State Experiment Station of
Georgia reports (1891-189o) '"Less liable to
rot than formerly' ; regaining its old stand-
ard." Would, that this be the case in many
localities !

It is too generally known to require por-
trait or illustration b}^ engraving.

Contrary to the heretofore prevailing belief
that the Phylloxera was the main cause of
the failure of the Catawba in man}' sections,
we have come to the conclusion, based upon
careful observation, that the diseased and
enfeebled roots of the Catawba are caused by
the disturbed development of the mildewed
tops, and not by the Phjlloxera. AA'here
mildew does not prevail, as on the islands of
Lake Erie, on the lake shore, &c., the Ca-
tawba is still and will deservedly remain for
years to come the leading variety for market
and for wine.

The late Dr. Warder truly said, that the
beautiful banks of the Ohio might again be
covered with vinej^ards, if we could only
discover a grape, equal in quality to the Ca-
tawba, that would not be subject to mildew
or rot.*

Bunches large, moderately compact, shoul-
dered ; berries above medium, round, deep
RED, covered with lilac bloom. Skin moder-
ately thick ; flesh slightly pulpy, sAveet, juicy,
with a rich, A'inous, and somewhat musky
flavor. Vine a vigorous grower ; in favor-
able seasons and localities very productive.
Clay-shale soil, also gravelly or sandy soils
seem best adapted. Roots light, in com-
parison to the naturally strong growth of the
vine, when in a perfectly healthy state, with
a texture below average hardness ; thick
liber, and not inclined to push young fibers
as rapidly as other varieties ; canes straight
and long, with few laterals ; wood of average
hardness, with a pith a little more than the
average size. 3lHst ranges from 86° to 95'^
by (Echsle's scale.

* At tlie moment that we were reading the proof of
this, for tlie third edilioii of this cutiilogue, we noticed
in the Messager Agricole (August, 1883), the foUowing,
wliich we translated:

Certain Remedij against the Mildew iPcronospora). .lean
Gazotti, a mocUist Italian grape-grower, had the happy
idea to sprinkle the foliage of mildew infected vines
with a solution of soda (2 kilos of soda in one hectolitre
of water=4i pounds dissolved in 26 gallons of water),
and he h;id the good fortune to find on the day after
such ireatnicnt, that the filaments of the perouspora
were coii-uiiied.

While we scarcely venture to hope that this will l)e a
certain remedy, it is well worth trying. May the re-
sults be satisfactory!— It proved no remedy; tiut was a
great step t<j\vards the discovery of a preventive.

The Catawha has quite a number of seedlings;
of Diana, its best, and of Alethn, Anna, Hine,
Mottled, etc.. we give descriptions in their alpha-
betical order; but some are actually the same as
Catav:ha, and only pretended seedlings, to sell
under a new name ; others are so nearly identical
as not to require description. To this class be-
long:

Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba.

Keller^s White; Mead^s Seedling; 3Ierceron.

Mammoth Catatcba of Hermann, very large in
bunch and berry, but otherwise inferior to the
parent.

Omega, exhibited in 1867.

Saratoga, the same as Fancher.

Tekomah, a Missouri seedling of Cataicba.

White Catau-ba, raised by John E. Mottier, and
abandoned by himself as being inferior to its
parent.

Catawissa. See Creveling.

Caywood's Hybrids, produced by the late A. J.
Caywood of N. Y. :

No. i . {Labr. X ) A red grape, obtained from
a Seedling of ^'Fokeepsie,''^ crossed with lona,
was not named and is, probablj', lost. Even
Mr. Barns, a prominent horticulturist, living
four miles from Caywood's place, and M. J,
Bailey, a fruit grower at Marlboro, J^. Y.
who, both, knew A. J. Caywood, personally,
could give us no information about it.

No. 50. Reported by several Experiment Sta-
tions as received for testings in 1888-1889
from its originator, say only that it ''gives
promise of value for the market;" it has,
evidently, never been disseminated.

A quarter century ago, the late A. J. Caywood,
then of Foughkeepsie, X. Y. became first
known as originator of the Walter grape.
He was a very enthusiastic and successful
hybridiger, producing the following named
(12) varieties : * Duchess, Florence, Hud-
son, Mabel, Modena, Metternich, Nec-
tar, Pokeepsie, Ulster, Walter, White
Concord, and White Ulster. They were
all waij prolific and of fine quality; but poor
Caywood, like most grape growers, was
unsuccessful financially. He became dis-
satisfied, somewhat quarrelsome and indif-
ferent about his affairs, to which poor health,
probabl}', contributed. He died in 1889; the
following j'ear his son Walter (his associate,
firm Caywood & Sou, Marlboro', jST. Y.), aud
about one year thereafter Mrs. Caywood also
died. No complete record of his work and
once promising productions seems obtain-
able; his Vineyard and Nursery have gone
to grass, and his few surviving children seem
not to care.

Cayiiga. (Hybrid between Labrusca and Vin-
ifera, or yEstivalis ?) Syn. : Sharon. Originated
by D. S. Marvin, of Watertown, N. Y., from a
seedling of Eumelan crossed with Adirondack.
Vine not a vigorous grower; bunch of good size;
berry much like Isabella in shape and size, black,
with a beautiful bloom, vinous, of excellent
quality; season very early, as Champion, if it
were only as vigorous; it is one of our best and
handsomest grapes, but not very hardy.

* The date of their production or dissemination we
could not ascertain; we therefore give them in Alpha-
betical order only, and refer to their description in
this Catalogue.— H. & S. & M.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

101

Centennial. {^st.XLahr.-lIiihr.) Originated
by D. S. ]\Iarvin, of Watertown, N. Y., cross be-
tween Labnisca and an Eumelan seedling, taking
mostly after the latter. In 1875, when it first
fruited, Mr. Marvin sent iis a specimen bunch of
this grape; it then reseiubkd Delaware so much
that we said it need not be introduced as a differ-
ent, new variety. But seedlings sometimes change
greatly and need to be fruited longer before intro-
ducing. In Northern Xew York k was a vigorous
grower, with heavy foliage, but here, in Missouri

and many other localities, it was too much subject
to mildew. Where it does well it is a delicious
grape; the clusters are not large, but of fine, con-
ical shape, always compact; i\xQhernes medium,
round, of peculiar handsome yellowish gkeen to
AMBKR color, with a light pink shade; skin firm,
with but little pulp, juicy, sweet; ripens a few
days later than Concord and keeps well for winter
use.

This grape was awarded silver medals, certifi-
cates and money prizes at many fairs; and by

102 Centennial.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Chidester.

being hei-eaf ter successfully protected from downy
mildew may succeed over a wider range of our
countrj' and prove a valuable grape. We consider
it a fine amateur grape. See tigui'e.

At tbe Xew York Experimental Station the
Centennial proved a medium grower onlj^, yet
healthy in wood ; foliage scant ; should have been
thinned; bunch medium size; berries small ; color
green on one side with a red blush. in the sun.
Valuable for amateur collections only.

Challengp. {Lahr.-IIiibr.) Supposed cross be-
tween Concord and Royal Muscadine, grown by
IJev. Asher Moore, New Jersey. Very early and
prolitlc; hiinchpn, short, compact, shouldered;
herries medium to large, round, pale ked, with flesh
slightly pulpy ; very sweet and juicy. Extra hardy
wood and leaf; ripens evenly and late.

We consider it purely native, yet an excellent
dessert and wine grape.

Champion. (Lahr.) Syn. : Eauly Champion.
Talman's Seedling. Beaconsfield. In 1873
the late President Wilder asked, "Does any one
know anything about the Champion?" And the
late Dr. Swasey. of Louisiana, then informed us
that it was a new grape, extra earl}', and one of
the best in cultivation. (Am. Pom. Soc, 1873,
page 66.) In our catalogue, edition 1875. we gave
the best description we could then obtain. But
while it was said that the Champion had origi-
nated in one of the city gardens of New Orleans.
La., an accidental seedling, "where It has so mag-
nificently flourished and borne its splendid fruit."
and "evaded the notice of our grape-growers for
a number of years," we found that this was not
so; that R. J. Donnelly, at Rochester, N. Y., and
J. I. Stone, at Charlotte, Monroe County, N. Y.,
propagated and disseminated the "Early Cham-
pion." apparentlj^ the same grape, before 1873,
and that under the name of Talman's Seedling.
or Talman. this identical variety had been grown
around Syracuse and other New York localities.
It has proven the earliest market grape, and has
been a profitable one to some growers, but it is so
poor in quality that the better known it is the less
saleable does it become ; and it should be discarded
for better varieties. Years ago it was shipped to
Montreal and other Canadian markets, command-
ing there high prices, and, as the vine was found
to succeed well and to bear abundantly in the
neighborhood of ^lontreal. young Donnelly, who
was then manager of the Beaconsfield vineyards,
planted there several thousand of his father's
Champion vines, and caused them to be planted
quite extensively in the vicinity. Thus it became
known as the Bearonsfield {/rape. It was decidedly
a profitable grape, selling at high prices on ac-
count of its earllness, before other grapes could
be had — and until people became more appre-
ciative of qnalitij.

The rAne is a strong grower, thrifty and hard}',
with healthv foliage", entirely free from mildew,
and verj' productive. Bitnrhes large, handsome,
compact, and sliouldered, Berrtj round, bluish-
black, nearly as large as Hartford; skin thick,
firm, and adhering well to the stem. Ripens
nearl}' one week earlier than Unrtford, but is as
poor, if not poorer, in quality.

In an address delivered by Geo. W. Campbell
before the students of agriculture, Ohio State
University, he said: "Its quality is so very poor
'tliat if tlio choice were' between the Ci»ampion
and none. I would never taste a grape during my

natural existence. And still I have been told re-
peatedly, by several large growers of grapes for
market, that they have made more money from
the same area of the plantations of the Champion
than from any other variety."

This grape does the best on a warm, sandy, not
very fertile soil.

Under the name of Champion, as also the Golden
CAaw;jion, anotlier grape was introduced in California,
whicli proves there a miserable failure.

Chandler. (Lahr) Believed to be from Worden seed;
received at New York Experimental Station in 1892, from
N. M. Chandler, Ottawa, Kan. A white srape of good
(juality and said to be very hardy and a fair cropper.
Not yet tested.

Charles Downing-. (u-Est.-H>i1>r.) See Downing.

Charlotte. (Lahr.) Identical with Diana.

Charter Oak. (Labr.) A very large, coarse, native
Fo.x grape, quite worthless, except' for size, which
makes its appearance as attractive as its musky flavor
is repulsive.

Chantauqiia. (Labr.) A chance seedling from the
Concord, originated in the vineyard of H. T. Bashtite,
near Broctoii, Chautauqua County, N. Y. Similar to
Concoi'd; blue black, its extra large berries make it
attractive; said to be of excellent flavor and quality,
not yet sufficiently tested.

Cherokee. (^Est.) Originated by Dr. J. Stayman of
Leavenworth, Kan., from the same lot of seed as the
Ozark. Vine a strong grower, vigorous and productive;
free from rot and mildew on its originator's ground;
about of the characterof Cythiana. Bunch large, com-
pact; berries medium, black, tender, juicy, sprightly,
vinous, sweet; ripens rather late.

Chicago. {Lahr.) A chance seedling found
growing on the streets of Lincoln, 111., whence E.
F. L. Rautenberg, a well-known, successful ama-
teur horticulturist, transplanted it to his vineyard.
The peculiar light color of its tough, leathery
foliage attracted his attention. The vine, so far,
has been perfectly healthy, a good grower and
very productive, never missed a ci'op since first
bearing, and went through a verj^ severe winter
uninjured, while Duchesse, by its side, froze.
Bunch medium, sometimes double: lierries me-
dium, round: skin tough; the berries hang very
tight on tbe peduncle: color red, resembling
Delaware; juice very sweet, rich : a good ship-
per, retaining long its freshness: has been sent by a
mail from Illinois to New Jersey without destroy- %
ing the bunch; ripens early, between Hartford
and Delaware. May prove, therefore, a good
market variety.

Chidester Nos. 1, 2, 3. (Lahr.) Originated by
C. P. Chidester. of Battle Creek, Mich. We make
an exception with regard to these. As a rule we
do not quote and describe unnamed varieties ; but
these were introduced by the above numbers and
name of its producer since 1885. and are highly
commended under said designation only, again in
January, 1894, at the Michigan State Horticultural
meeting, by all who saw and tasted them. No. 1
was named President Lyon, but this name was
subsecjuently bestowed by T. V. Munson, of Texas,
on one of his hybrids, and Chidester later ex-
hibited his new varieties as Nos. 1, 2, 3, at the
^Michigan State Horticultural meetings, gaining
recominendation.s, as giving decided promise of
value for market, especially North, where but few
varieties succeeded.

No. 1 is excellent in quality, but a very thin
bearer.

Ch idester.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Clinton. 103

No. 2 is not only best in quality, but has a re-
markable vigorous growth, with very large leaves,
and is very productive. Bunch and berries re-
semble Concord, except being of a little lighter
color, very juicy and sweet; pulp tender and
ripening as early as Worden, adhering firmly to
the stem and keeping well until about 1st of No-
vember.

No. 3 resembles the Concord very closely in
vigorous growth, color and productiveness, but
its berries are one-third larger, about the size of
Moore's Early, or even larger. Bunch medium
size, very compact, not shouldered. Flesh firm,
but juicy and sweet ; qualitj^ good ; adheres to the
stem ; ripens Avith Concord, alid keeps well, with-
out cold storage, till Jauuar}^ 1st.

Christie's Improved. (Lain-.) See Isabella.

Christine. (Lahr.) See Telegraph.

Cig-ar Box. (^fJest.) See Ohio.

CLARA

Clara. (Vitiif.)
Supposed to be from
foreign seed. A
WHITE (or |)ale am-
ber)grape; very fine
for the table ; some-
what like Allen's
Hybrid. iJw/ic/t long,
loose; 6er>7/ medium
round, yellowish
green, transparent,
without pulp, sweet
and delicious, but
very uncertain.
Rather tender and
requires protection
in the winter. Not
worthy of cultiva-
tion since we have
so many superior
varieties. Never-
theless we hear it
praised in France as
one of the Ameri-
can varieties doing
remarkably well
there, being vigor-
ous and productive,
apparently Phyll-
oxera proof in the
midst of badly in-
fected vines (in the
vineyard of M. Bor-
ty, at Roquemare).
We are inclined to
believe that the
name is incorrect.
The above figure of
the Clara grape is
reduced to H of its
natural size ('4 di-
ameter).

<'lRret. (?) A seedling of Cliiirles Carpenter, Kelly
Island, O. Bunch and berry medium: C'i.ahet red; acid;
vine vigorous: not valual)le.— Z>o(rm'Hflr.

Clarissa. (Jli/hr.) A seedling of Salem, pro-
duced b}' Rautenberg, of Lincoln, 111., and con-
sidered his finest fiavored white grape. Re-
sembles Eldorado in color and flavor, but is hardier,
yet also not sufticiently productive. The vine is a
medium grower, with long-jointed wood; it stood
20° below zero without protection or the loss of a
single bud; the hunch has been only medium to
small, but may improve with age, the vine being
yet very j'ouug. Deserves ciireful nursing.

Cleyeuer. (JKi^t.) Considered by some to be
identical with a grape cultivated in Switzerland
under the name of Clevener, a Burgundy grape of
Europe. Prof. Munson regards these varieties,
such a Clerener. as Northern representatives of the
Vitis Bourquiniana, while the Southern type of
the species is seen in the Herbemont. We believe
the Clevener to be the same as our Louisiana and
Rulander. (See description and history of these
in this catalogue.)

Clevener. (Hip.) Quite different from the
above; is a member of the American Riparia
class— formerly considered the Cordifolia, for its
heart-shaped (or slightly tri-lobed) foliage. — It
is grown to some extent around Egg Harbor City,
N. J., for more than a quarter century and was
probably named by emigrants f;-om the Duchy of
Cleve, near Dusseldorf ; certainly not for any re-
semblance to the European grape of that name,
but in memory of the fine old castle of their native
home, known as theSchwanenburg, made familiar
by Wagner's opera of Lohengrin. The plant has
a verj' vigorous growth and blossoms profusely,
being one of the earliest to bloom ; sometimes it
sets its fruit in medium-sized, compact clusters,
which are black Avhen ripe and scarcely dis-
tinguishable from the Diogenes (see Ironclad) ; it
is also considered rot-proof, making a very dark
— in fact, inky — wine (which, however, loses much
of its inky character with age). The ripe fruit
produces a sugary must with a verj^ small pro-
portion of acid, and it would be one of our most
reliable grapes, except that it often fails to prop-
erly set its fruit, producing in consequence,
scraggy bunches with sometimes only a few ber-
ries to the bunch. It is one of the first to color,
but one of the last to ripen — and is now replaced
by better varieties.

Clifton. (Lahr.-Hglir.) Originated by Chas.
S. Copley of Staten Island, from a crossing of
Telegraph (Labr.) with W. Froutignan (Vin.)
The vine a strong grower, hardy, healthy and
productive; v-ood light brown, short-jointed;
leaves 5-lobed, coarsely toothed, leaf-stalk light
green and color of leaf the same. The bunch as
large as Lady Washington and fills up very solid,
not shouldered. The berries are white, very
large; require thinning out to show at its best,
the bunches also require thinning; the stem is
very short. Liable to mildew in unfavorable

Clifton's Constantia. (Labr.) See Alexander.

Clinton. (Hip-) Syn. : Worthingtox.
Strong says that, iu the year 1821, the Hon.
Hugh White, then in Hamilton College, N.Y.,
planted a seedling vine in the grounds ol
Prof. Noyes, on College Hill, which is still
remaining, and is the original Clinton.
Bunches medium or small, compact, not shoul-
dered ; herry round, below medium size,
BLACK, with a heavy bloom : skin thin, tough ;
flesh juicy, with little pulp, brisk and vinous ;

104 Clinton.

BUSHBERG . CATALOGUE.

Coe.

somewhat acid ; sweeter the farther south it
grows : colors earl^', but should hang late
(until after the first frost) to become thor-
oughl}^ ripe. Vigorous, hardy and produc-
tive : healthy, but an exceeding rank, strag-
gling grower, and one of the hardest vines to
keep under control ; it requires a great deal
of room and spur-pruning on old wood to
bring forth its best results. Being one of the
first to bloom in spring, it suffers sometimes
from late frosts.

CLINTON.

The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons
quite infested by the gall-louse (the Gallicola
form of the Phylloxera), but its root enjoys
perfect immunity from the puncture of this
dreaded insect. The root-lice are found
thereon abundantly, but the vine does not
suffer therefrom, while European vines by
their side are quite destroyed. The Clinton
was therefore recommended b}^ us to Phyl-
loxera-invaded France, and has been largely
used there for several years, until the Taylor

and, even more so, certain types of wild
Riparia were found better adapted.

L. Giraud, President of the Syndicat Pom-
erol. (Gironde), wrote May 4," 1883: "My
grafts of 1876, on the poor decried Clinton,
give promise of the most satisfactory returns.
I have abandoned the grafting on Clinton,
and prefer now the Riparia, on account of the
large quantit}' of root-lice on the former,
which makes it a bad neighbor for our French
vines."

yhe fact that Clintons, even when teeming
with Phj'lloxera, are comparatively free from
mildew and rot, while other varieties much
less infected by the insect suffer either by rot
or mildew, and some even by both, refutes
the theory that these diseases might be caused
by the Phylloxera.

Roots thiu and wiry, but \Qxy tough, with
a hard, smooth liber, rapidl}' forming new
fibers, or spongioles. Canes slender, but
long and rambling, with a full complement of
laterals and strong tendrils. Wood rather
soft and with a large pith.

Makes a fair, dark red wine, resembling

claret, but of somewhat disagreeable taste,

which, however, improves with age ; mvst 93°

to 98^^.

('lintoii-Tialia. {Rip.) By some supposed to be iden-
tical with Franklin; others say that the foliage of the
Vialia is hu'ser and darlver. and that it is more produc-
tive and of a somewhat better quality. It is not known
here, but it is esteemed in France as a superior grafting
stock. '

Cloanthe. (Labr.) See Isabella Seedling.

Clover-street Black. (Labr.-ILjhr.) Raised by
Jacob Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Ham-
burg. JBimchfif! large, compact, shouldered ; lienies
large, lonndish, black, with a dark violet bloom ;
flesh tender, sweet. Vine moderately vigorous.
Ripens with Concord. — Jloi-ey^s Mag.

Clovev-slreet Red. (Lahr.-Hyhr.) Same origin
as the preceding. Jjiniclies larger than the Diana,
loose, occasionally with a simihu- long stalk or
shoulder appended to the top; hemes large,
roundish-oval, ckimson when fnllv ripe, with a
slight Diana tlavor. Vine a strong grower. Ripens
with Diana. — liovetfs May.

Cochee. (Stipposed Lahr.X) Originated by the
late John Burr (about the year 1S87) from mixed
seed. Vine, as nearly all his seedlings, very
vigorous, hardj' and ])roduetive, free from rot and
mildew, on tlie original vine; not long enough
tried elsewhere. Bunch medimu, shouldered,
compact; berrn medium hed; pulp tender, very
juicy, rich, sprightly, sweet; quality fine; ripens
about with Concord.

situdes of our climate well; canes rather short-jointed,
with healthy, dural)le leaf. Jlunclies small, compact,
rai'ely shouldered: berries small to medium, black,
rather fleshy than .iuicy. KIpens a week to ten days
before Concord."

Now (September, 1894) Brackett considei-s it less val-
uable tlian twelve years ago, as we have so many new
grapes that are better.

Colerain.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Concord. 105

Colerain. (Labr. ) A white Concord seed-
ling, originated by the late David Bundy
(died in 1893), of Colerain, Ohio. A white
grape of excellent quality, first brought be-
fore the public m 1885. Vine vigorous and
health}', equaling its parent in growth ; a good
grower, hardy and an abundant bearer.
Foliage strong, with no tendency to mildew.
Bunches shouldered, compact; clusters of
full medium size, both bunch and berry ; color
LIGHT GREEx, with dclicatc whitish bloom.
Skin thin and tender ; ^/fes/i juic}' and remark-
abl}' sweet, of fine qualit3^ vinous, with gen-
erally but one seed to the berry. Rixtens
early, a week or more before Concord, find
hangs well on the bunch. It is in many re-
spects similar to the Witt (see description),
only somewhat smaller in fruit and in some
locations less productive though of more vig-
orous growth. Propagates easily and has
been favorabl}- recommended wherever tested.

Colorado. Similar to Brighton^ q. v.

Columbia. {Bip.) This grape is said to have
been found by Maj. Adhim on his farm at George-
town, D. C. A vigorous grower, productive;
bunch small, compact; herry small, black with a
thin bloom, with very little hardness or acidity in
its pulp; not high-flavored, but pleasant and
vinous; ripe last of September. — Dovmincj.

Columbian. (Lnbr.) A chance seedling, par-
entage unknown ; introduced by The Columbian
Grape Co., Kingston, O. Vine claimed to be a
strong grower with large, thick, leathery leaf.
Bnnch and berry similar to Moore^s Early; black,
of high favor in its locality as a market and table
grape, by the very large size of its berries, showj^
and of fine quality, and early ripening — extolled
by agents. It was exhibited at the great Colum-
bian Exposition or World's Fair and since, at all
the State Fairs, in fall of 1894. From what we
have seen it does not give promise of being a
good shipper nor of fine quality, this may be due,
however, to severe drouth and premature gather-
ing this year.

Columbian Imperial. (Labr. x Bip.'if) Syn.:
Jumbo. A chance seedling, originated with J. S.
McKinley, Morgan, Orient P. O., Ohio, in 1885;
supposed to be an accidental cross between some
Labrusca and Kiparia variety. Vine very hardy,
robust and of vigorous growth, very prolific and
free from fungoid disease. Zer*'/ large, bright and
smooth, not deeply lobed. obtusely serrated.
Bunch large and attractive, compact, double-
shouldered; berries very large, some measuring
IJ^ inches in diameter, of deep blue-black color,
overspread with a heavy bloom ; skin very tough ;
pitlp sweet and very juicy, sepnrating veiy freely
from the seeds, which are small for so very large
a berry. Quality good: ripens, in Ohio, the latter
part of August; clings to the stem with tenacity
and has fine keeping qualities, finally drying up
into a fair quality of raisins.

Promises to be a great acquisition to our list of
market grapes. Yearling vines of this variety are
to be distributed under restrictions among experi-
mental stations and viticulturists (in fall of 1894)
for testing. This "big grape'" was first brought

to notice at the Columbian Exposition in the Hor-
ticultural Department of the great World's Fair
in Chicago, admired by thousands and receiving
a large number of valuable testimonials (among
others, from Geo. A. Manning, chairman Horti-
cultural Committee, World's Columbian Com-
mission).

Concord. (Labr.) This most popular
American grape originated with E. W. Bull,
Concord, Mass., who exhibited it for the first
time in September, 1853, at the twent^'-fifth
annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society, on Boston Common. It
advanced steadily and securely in public favor
until it occupies to-day the most important
position in the estimation both of grape-
growers and grape-consumers as the most
valuable variety for general use, and the low
price at whicli it is offered places it within the
reach of all. We all recognize its faults or
shortcomings, — said Canijibell — but its good
qualities, in the way of hardiness, health, vig-
orous growth, great productiveness, fine ap-
pearance and fairly good quality, — combined
with remarkable adaptability to almost every
condition of soil and climate where grapes
can be grown, justly give it a high position
from which it cannot easily be displaced —
especially since its disposition to rot can be
checked. It maintains its place at the head,
and more Concords are grown and marketed
than any and all other sorts.

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact;
berries large, globular, black, thickly covered
with a beautiful blue bloom ; skin thin, tender,
cracks easily- ; flesh sweet, pulpy, tender ; col-
ors about two weeks before the Catawba, but
should be allowed to hang late, to develop all
its good qualities, none too good at best. Not
a good keeper, becoming insipid soon after
being gathered. In some localities, however,
especially in East Tennessee and parts of
Virginia, the Concord becomes so \eTy sweet
and rich as scarcely to be recognized. Boots
numerous, stout, above average hardness in
texture, with medium liber, readily pushing
new fibers under the attacks of Phylloxera.
It was exported as a grafting stock to South-
ern France, but proving ill suited to some lo-
calities in that climate it was soon generally
rejected ; the Taylor and otlier Riparia va-
rieties being much preferred as stocks for
grafting. Canes of average thickness, long,
rambling, with numerous and well-developed
laterals. Wood of medium hardness and
pith. Vities verv strong, rampant growers;
coarse, strong f()liage, darlv green above,
rusty beneath ; has proved very hard}' and
health}'-, and is immensely productive. This
is well illustrated in the following engraving,
from a photograph of a Concord grape-vine
exhibited at the St. Louis Fair. In many lo-

106 Concord.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Seedlings.

CONCORD.

calities, however, the Concord is often subject
to rot. Its beiiutifui appearance makes It one
of the most attractive marliet grapes ; and,
although its qualit}^ is not first rate, the pop-
ular taste has become so used to this variety
that it is very much liked, and sells better
than superior grapes of less attractive appear-
ance. More vines of this one varietj' are
planted than of all other varieties together.
The fruit catalogue of the American Pomo-
logical Society says of the Concord, "suc-
cessful over a wider range of soil and climate
than any other variety" (in 85 States of this
Union) ; but it is now generally discarded in
the souTHEux CENTKAL STATES, as it began to
rot after bearing a few crops and was found
"unsuited to hot climates."

The Concord makes a light red wine, which
is effectually becoming the laboring man's
drink ; can be produced cheap enough, is
very palatable, and has a peculiar, refreshing
effect upon the sj^stem. A white wine may
also be made of it by pressing the grapes
without mashing them. Specific gravity of
miiM varies from al)out 70" to 80"*, according
to season, location and soil.

M. Lespiault, in a report on American
wines at the Bordeaux Congres, 1881, says,
"the Concord makes a popular wine which in

France also has the approbation
of the working men. By sep-
arating the juice from the re-
siduum ( marc ) before fer-
mentation, neuter (less foxy)
wines can be obtained which
resemble some French white
wines."

The hardiness, productive-
ness and popularity of the Con-
cord induced many attempts to
raise seedlings therefrom with
a view to further improvement
and a still wider range of
climate (northward). Those
which have been named are:
{A. BlacJi Seedlings :)
Albert, by T. Huber.
Black Hawk, by Sam Miller.

(See descr., p. 93.)
Balsigek's Concord Seedling
No. 2 resembles Concord and
ripens later.
BuNDV, a Concord seedling raised
by the late David Buudy, of
Colerain, O., ripening before tlie
Moore's JEarly: bunches larger,
but berries not so large, hang-
ing on the vines until frost.
BiRR's Concord Seedling,
originated with the late John
Burr, Leavenworth, Kans.
Cambridge. (See descr., p. 98.)
Chautauqua. (See descr. p. 102.)
Chase Bros.' Seedling. Fruit and vine of the

Concord type. No improvement.
Chidester's Michigan Seedlings.
Cottage. (See descr., p. 108.)
Dr. Warder, by Theo. Huber.
Eaton's. (See descr., p. 123.)
Edmeston: oritjinated in Adrian, Mich.
Hero, a sport of Concord, brought out by Lndwig
Hencke, of Colliusville, 111. Similar to Con-
cord, only much larger in size; one of the most
showy grapes among the hardy out-door kinds
of this class.
HosFORD, another Michigan Concord seedling.
Jennie May, almost identical with Concord.
Jumbo, by Mr. Rose of Marlboro', N. Y.: larger
and earlier ; a favorite market grape at NewYork.
Keystone: originated near Mt. Joy. Lancaster
Countj', Pa.: similar to Concord; preferred by
some in quality and especially valuable for
excellent keeping qualities; expected by its
introducers to take the place of the Concord
but their expectations were not fulfilled.
Kramer's Seedling, of Minnesota.
Linden, by T. B. Miner, of Linden, N. J.; said
to be better in quality and keeping longer than
the Concord, but smaller in berry and cluster.
The Main grape : claimed to be earlier, but proved

to be a Concord under another name.
Modena, raised by the late A. J. Cay wood.
Moore's Early. (See descr., with illustration.)
McDonald's Ann Arbor, originated with A.
McDonald, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1877. Ripens
with Hartford. Vine said to be an extra strong
grower, perfectly hardy and healthy. Bunch
very large, shouldered ; hcn-y extra large.

I

Concord-Seedlings.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Conqueror. 107

;New Haven, by J. Valle of New Haven, Mo.
resembling Concord ; ripens a week earlier.
Bunch and borrn medium, of good quality. De-
serves to be better known.

O^^AGE, a valuable Concord seedling by Jobn Burr,
of Leavenworth, Kans. (See description.)

0."<WEGO, another Kansas favorite.

Paxton, by F. F. Merceron of Catawissa, I'eun.;
quite similar to Concord.

KOCKLAND Favokite, mentioned in Elwanger &
Barr3^'s Catalogue; claimed to be earlier and
better than its parent, and a splendid bearer.

RocKWOOD, raised by the originator of the Con-
cord himself; a Concord seedling, s;ud to hold
its quality and beauty longer than most other
BLACK grapes, but after all not much different
from Concord nor earlier than Moore's Early ;
P. J. Berckmans considers the Bock-wood a Vin-
ifera cross, and of very good quality.

Storm King, originated by E. P. Roe, Cornwall,
on the Hudson, New York; a sport of a Con-
cord vine, bearing large, heavy-shouldered
hunches resembling Concord in every respect,
with berries nearly twice as large, with but
little foxiuess.

WORDEN, best Concord seedling. (See descr.)

Young America, by Samuel Miller of Bluffton ;
quite resembles Concord.

(B. White Seedlings.)
My these experiments it was found that the

Concord shows a strong tendency to produce

white seedlings, of which Martha was the ear-
liest, and became one of the leading varieties.

Adeline, Antoinette, Augusta, and many
more, produced by T. B. Miner, of New .Jersey,
from Concord seed. Vines vigorous and hardj^,
bearing handsome white grapes.

Alphonse, a veiy good grape, by Theo. Huber.

Balsiger's No. 32 has hardly any foxiness about
it; its must, weighing 84°, ripe on the 15th of
August in our latitude and hanging freely to
the vine in good condition till October.

Capital, raised by W. H. Lightfoot, of Illinois;
considered valuable.

Eva and Macedonia, both raised by Samuel Mil-
ler from Concord seed, were similar to Martha,
and abandoned by him.

Esther. (See description).

Golden Concord, by .John Valle of New Haven.
Mo. : a poor grower, inferior to Martha.

Hayes, by Jno. B. Moore. (See description.)

Lady, by G. W. Campbell. (See description.)

Leavenworth. (See description.)

Mason's Seedling. (See description.)
F. Muench, F. J. Langendorfer, .T. Balsiger, and

many others, raised white Concord seedlings.

POCKLINGTON. (See description).

Una, raised by E. W. Bull; (the originator of the
Concord.)

White Ann Arbor, raised by C. H. Woodruff of
Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1870; said to come nearest
to the Pocklington In size and to be a very fine
white grape, perfectly hardy and earlier than
Concord; but it has the fault of dropping from
the stem. The committee of the Am. Pomol. So-
ciety pronounced it too acid; and the Michigan
Experimental Station report. 1804. says : it failed
to fruit here (South Haven) planted'iu 1888.

White Concord, produced by the late A. ,T.
Caywood of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.— said, by his
son, to have been the parent of Duchess, by
crossing its seed with Delaware.

The most promising new grapes among the
WHITE, pure Concord seedlings are :
Colerain. (See description, p. 10.5) ; also,
Witt, both of Ohio. (See description.)

The only red grape, claimed to be of pure
Concord seed ; by others, however, to be a cross
between Concord and Catawba^ is the woodruff.
(See description.)

Great improvements have been achieved by
crossing the Concord with other native varieties,
among which the Nectar, called also Black Del-
aware; the Jefferson, a red grape; the Ni-
agara, called a White Concord, and the Diamond,
which is put at the head of the list of " all-
around '' white grapes.

Bjr hybridizing the Concord with European va-
rieties grapes of superior quality were produced,
but their hardiness, health and productiveness
is generally doubted. See "Hybrids" in Manual;
see, also, description of:
"Triumph" and "Lady Washington," and

last, but not least, " Campbell's Early."

Concord Ctia.sselas. A Labr. -Hybrid grown from
Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell of Delaware, O.,
w)io described it as follows:

" Bunch ratiier long, usually shouldei-ed, handsomely
compact without being crowded; berries lnvge, round;
skin very thin but tenacious and semi-transparent;
seeds few and very small; color, when fully ripe, a rich
AMBER with a thill wliite bio :>m, almost identical in ap-
pearance with the foreign Golden Cliussehis; flesli per-
fectly tender and melting, just enougli vinous acid to
prevent cloying the most delicate pa.late; wholly free
from any vestige of foxiness, nnd a grape tlnit will sat-
isfy the most fastidious taste formed upon the foreign
standard. Ripens same time as the Concord. The vine
is vigorous in growth; large foliage, thick and abund-
ant, resisting mildew in fully exposed locations as well
as the Concord. '

Concord Muscat. {Lahr.-Hyhr.) Also grown from
Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell of Delaware, O., who
gave the following description of it:

"Bunch long, moderately compact, sometimes shoul-
dered; berries very Iwrge, oval; skin thin, rather
opaque; seeds few and small; color, liglit greenish-
white with delicate bloom; flesh tender and melting,
witli no pulp or astringency next to the seeds; flavor
rich, sugary, slightly sub-acid, with the peculiar high
flavor which is the distinguishing cliarm and excel-
lence of the foreign Muscats and l<'rontignans. There
re really few grapes ; mong the most admired foreign
kinds which equal this variety in pure flavor and high
quality. Vine vigorous; foliage large and moderately
thick; resists mildew, except in very unfivorable sea-
sons. In this respect it is better than Eumelan, Dela-
ware or Rogers' Hybrids, but not equal to Concord."

Concordia. (uEst.-Hyhr.) Originated by Dr. J.
Stayman of Leavenw., Kan., from Delaware ('?).
(See Delaware, remarks on its seedlings by Burr
and Dr. Stayman). Fme vigorous, hardy, healthy
and productive. Bunch large, compact; berry
large, black, tender, juicy, sprightly sweet, rich
vinous sweet; quality very good, ripe about with
Concord, but of better quality and has shown
neither rot, nor mildew.

Conqueror. (Labr.-H;/i>r.) A seedling raised by
Rev. Archer Moore, New.Iersej', and by him sup-
posed to be a cross between Concord and Royal
Muscadine. Very early; hunches long, loose,
shouldered; berries medium, glossy black with
a bloom; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet.
Vine a free grower, hsrdy, healthy and prolific.
Witii us the Conqueror is doing remarkably Avell,
proves less subject to rot than other hybrids ; nor
can we see any ti-ace of foreign blood in either
foliage, growth or appearance; it seems lo be
rather a cross between Concord and some Riparia
variety, and worthy of more extended cultivation
in some localities.

108 Cornucopia.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Cottage.

Coiistautia. (Lahr.) See Alexander.

Cornucopia. (Bip.-JInhr.); Ar-
nold's No. 2. A seedling of Clinton,
crossed with Black St. Peters. Vine
mucti resenibliug the Clinton in ap-
pearance, but superior in size of
berry and bunch, and greatly superior
in flavor: a healthy grape and a good
bearer. The Paris (Canada) Hoi'ti-
cultural Society reported on it as
follows :

'• This is undoubtedly one of the
best grapes in the whole collection
of Arnold's hybrid grapes— a very
promising grape." Bunch large,
shouldered, very compact; herrii
above medium size, black with a
beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very
sprightly and pleasant; skin thin,
seeds large, bearing nearly the same
proportion' to size of berry as in Clin-
ton; flesh melting, with very little.
if any, pulp — seems to burst in the
mouth; all juice, with a little acid
and astringency. Ripens with Con-
cord. A good market grape and "a
good keeper"; also valuable for
wine.

Corporal. (Hi/br.) A cross between
Eumelau and Worden, originated by
D. S. Marwin, Watertown, N. Y.
Bunch and herry medium; loose; color
BLACK ; a showy, good grape. (Amer.
Pomol. Society. Report on New Fruits,
1881). It resembles Worden so much
that it sells for that variet}'^ and is
considered by some (?) as better even
in quality. In northern New York,
its native home, it is an abundant
fruiter and is an excellent shipper,
carrying well to market, but where
the vine mildews, to which it is in-
clined in places where this disease
prevails, it is of little value. Though
this may now be obviated, varieties
less sensitive to downy mildew will
still be preferred.

Cortland. (Labr.) A seedling of ("oii-
cord crossed with Hartford, orifiinated by
M. F. Cleary, of CoHlaud, N. Y. aiid said
to be a very early, but also very inferior
grape. At South Haven, Mich, it pro-
duced (1893) a beautiful crop; even earlier
than Moore; the report 1894 of the Ex-
periment Station descrites it as large,
BLACK, quality blank. We suspicion that
it is the same or identical witu the next
following Courtland.

Cottage. ( Labr.) A seedling of the
Coucord, raised by E. W. Bull, the origin-
ator of that variety. A strong, vigorous
grower, with remarkably large and leathery
leaves, and abundant strong, branching
roots ; hunch and berries about the size of
Concord, but of a somewhat darker shade ;
color BLACK with heavy bloom ; flesh pinkish,
flavor very pleasant, sub-acid when pulp is
broken ; skin thick with large seeds ; ripens

CORNUCOPIA.

before Concord; quality better than the
parent, with less of the foxiness peculiar to
the other, l)ut also less suited to some soils
and localities than the Concord. In the
Bushberg vineyards it is giving better satis-
faction than most other l^abrusca varieties
while in some other localities it is not as
strong a grower nor as heavy a bearer as
Concord, and in some places even does poor-
ly, ripening unevenly, with many green and

Courtland.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Croton. 109

reddish berries, bees destrojiug the
ripe black berries ; but these mixed
grapes of the Cottage make the
best jelly.

Mr. Bull in his successful efforts to
improve our native grapes, began by
sowing the seeds of a wild grape (V.
Jjabrusca"), fz'om which he raised seed-
lings. He then sowed the seed raised
fi'om these and obtained others, among
which was the Concord. He then
raised 2,000 seedlings before he got
any that surpassed the Concord. In
the fourth generation, or grandchildren
of the Concord, he obtained seedlings
supposed to be superior to the Con-
cord and nearly equal to the European
grape (V. Vinifera). — U. S. Aijr. Bepurt
for 1867.

Mr. Bull's experimental garden is a
sandy hillside, soil poor in organic
matter but rich in iron. He uses no
rich manures; his vines get a little
ashes and bonedust, and good culture.
Mr. Bull has not succeeded in raising
another seedling which would be su-
perior to the Concord. But to have
raised this one is sufbcient cause for
satisfaction ; and it is so much more to
the credit of Mr. Bull that he continued
his efforts, as the}' were never re-
warded by any pecuniary profits.

Courtland. {Labr.) Introduced by E. C.
Piersoii, Waterloo, N. Y., described in
Mitzky's "Our Native ^rape" clusters fair
size, compact: berries medium large, black,
sweet; good (!?) quality; vigorous, hardy,
healthy; about two weeks before Concord.—
P. .T. Berckmans however says: This va-
riety was received from Canada: blue-
black, skin tough, acid, very foxy, inferior,
resembles Champion.

Cowan, or McGowan. {Rip.) Bunch and
berry medium; black; rather harsh and
austere. Not desirable. — Downing.

Creveling-. {Lnhr.-Hyhr.) Syn. :
Catawlssa. Bloom. Columbia Coun-
ty^ Pennsylvania. Vine a fair grower,
healthy and hardy, but inclined to
anthracno«e, rot and mildew; maj- be
planted 6 by 6 feet apart, on northern
and northejistern hill -sides. Bunches long, loose
on young vines, but on old ones sometimes as
compact as Concords; at other times very loose,
by imperfectly setting its fruit. Bernes medium
to large, slightly oval, black with blue bloom ;
flesh tender, juicy and sweet ; qualitv best. Ripens
early, a few days later than Hartford, and before
Concord. Boots thick and warty, and compara-
tively few; texture soft, with a thick liber, form-
ing young fibers rather slowly; canes long and
rambling, slender, long-jointed, and with few
laterals; wood soft, of a reddish color, with, a
large pith.

In all these characteristics there is scarce a trace
of the ^Estivalis, for which class some would
claim the Creveling. Some botanists consider it
a hybrid with Vinifera.

This grape, for a time, was rapidlv growing in
favor; this it has not deserved, as it is often un-
productive, setting its fruit imperfectly.

AVe found it unsatisfactory as a market grape ;
it would still be more unprofitable as a wine grape,
and can only maintain its place as a fine family
grape for garden culture. Kev. Burnet, of Ontario,

THE CROTON GRAPE.

who has planted and cultivated the C'reveluuj in-
termingled with the Concord, says that he found
it *^'everything that could be desired, both in re-
gard to the bunch and the berry" — ascribing it to
impregnation by the Concord.

Crltir. (Labr.) A seedling from Jeffei-son, originated
by J. S. Bruce, Fayetteville, N. C. Vine only moderately
vigorous, but healthy; foliage nearly similar to Dela-
ware, but coarser and larger. Bunch fairly good size;
color of a fully ripe Delaware; clings firmly to the
stem, remaining plump and sound for a long time;
quality mildly agreeable, not vinous but rich; pulp
melting: ripens with Delaware. {After Mitzky "Our Na-
tive Grape." Though Mitzky copied largely from our
catalogue without giving credit; we do when we copy
from his!)

Crotou. (^st.-Hybr.) Hybrid cross between
Delaware and Chasselas de Fontainbleau, origi-
nated by S. W. Underbill, of Croton Point, N. Y. ;
bore its first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following
years it obtained prizes at the New York, Penn-
sylvania and Massachusetts Horticultural Societies
and other grape exhibitions, attracting marked
attention. The late H. E. Hooker, of New York,
said : "The Croton succeeds very well indeed in
some localities, and it is certainlv one of the most

110 Ci'Oton.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Cunningham.

THE CUNNINGHAM GRAPE.

delightful nrapes, when well i;ro\vn, that I have
ever raised."

Bunch often 8 to 9 inches long, moderately com-
pact, and shouldered; the shoulder often nearly
as large as the hunch, and the clusters frequently
winged; Jierries of medium size, of light yellowish-
GKKEN color, translucent, and remarkably deli-
cate in appearance; Hesh melting and sweet
throughout; ([uality 6c.s<, with too much of the
character of the Chasselas. Ripens early. Some
very prominent pomologists say tiiat it is one of
the best hardy grapes they have tasted, and report
the vine vigorous and productive; others, that it

does not succeed at all: — even grafted on strong
roots, it remained unproductive and worthless
with Western growers. Our own experience has
been very unfavorable, as the vine is tender, a
weak grower, with a tendency to mildew and rot.
We cannot recommend it except as an amateur
fruit, one of the most beautiful in appearance and
exquisite in flavor.

Cuiniiiii^hani. (yEst.) Syn., Loxg. A
southern grape, of tlie Ilerbemont class ; it
originated in tlie garden of Jacob Cunning-
ham, Prince Edward Co., Ya. Dr. D. N.

Cynthiana.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Dana. Ill

Norton, the same who introduced to notice
our invaluable Norton's Virginia grape, made
wine from the Cunningham in 1855, and fur-
nished to the Elder Prince, of Flushing, Long
Island, the stock from which this grape has
been disseminated. In this latitude and far-
ther SOUTH, the Cunningham is vert valuable
for southern slopes with poor, light limestone
soils. Transplanted to southern France, it
was there considered as one of the most valu-
able American grapes, the quality of which
was admitted to be equal to that of some of
their own favorite varieties.

Bunch very compact and heavy, medium,
long, not always shouldered ; berries small,
purple-brownish black, juicy, and vinous.
Vine a very strong grower, healthy, and
productive ; to be so, however, it needs spur-
pruning on laterals, and light winter protec-
tion. It should be planted only in favorable
locations, where the Herbemont succeeds best.
Roots of medium thickness, inclined to be
wiry, straight, tough, with a smooth, hard
liber. The Cunningham is one of the best
resistants to the Phylloxera. Canes not nu-
merous, but very stout and vigourous, often
attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet in one
season ; wood hard with a medium sized pith,
and a hard, thick outer bark adhering closely
even on the ripe wood, a characteristic com-
mon to all the vEstivalis class. Ripens its
fruit very late, and makes one of the most
aromatic and delightful wines, of dark yellow
color. Must 95° to 112^

Ciiyabogra. {Ldbr.) Syn., Wemple. A fliance seed-
ling found and grown by Wemple, of Collamer, Cuy-
ahoga Co., Ohio. Vine a strong grower: requires a
warm, sandy soil, and exposure to make it desirable at
the north; but when well grown it is of fine quality.
South it casts its foliage and is not valuable. Bunch
medium, compact; herry medium, dull gkeenish-amber
when fully ripe; flesli tcJider, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet.
llipens with tue Catawlia or a little later.

Cynthiana. (^st.) Syn. : Red River,
Arkansas, Received by Husmann, in 1858,
from William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Isl-
and, N. Y. Origin, Arkansas, where it was
probably found growing wild. It is a true
^stivalis in all its habits, and resembles Nor-
ton's Virginia so closel}^ that it is impossible
to distinguish the wood or leaf, although the
bunch is perhaps somewhat more shouldered,
the berry more juicy and the season for its
ripening somewhat earlier. This difference,
however, and other points hereinafter men-
tioned, are attributed by many viticulturists
to difference of location, soil, and aspect, and
are not deemed sufficient to justify' its being
considered a separate and distinct variet}''
from Norton's Virginia. We are not prepared
to decide, but are inclined to side with those
who consider the Cynthiana different from
and superior to Norton's.

Bunch of medium size, moderately com-
pact, shouldered ; berry below medium,
round, black with blue bloom, sweet, spicy,
moderately juicy. Juice dark red ; weighs
very heavy on the must "scale, even higher
than Norton's Virginia, and, so far, makes
our best reel ivine. It has as much body as
Norton's, is of exquisite flavor, and can
safely enter the lists with Burgund3' wines.
The Norton's, however, seems lo possess
medicinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher
degree. Vine vigorous and healthy, free
from rot, productive, and as sure here in its
crops of well ripened fruit as any variety we
know, but ver}^ difficult to propagate, as its
wood is very hard, with a small pith and
closely adhering outer bark. The fruit
ripens some few days earlier than Norton's.
Specific gravity of must from 98° to 112", ac-
cording to the season. For the Central and
South Central States we can confidently
recommend the true Cynthiana as the best
grape for red tvine which we have tried.
Cynthiana and Norton are also marvelously
adapted to Florida, owing probably to the
high degree of moisture in her atmosphere ;
these grapes attain there a larger size of
bunch and berry than any where else ; they
make there a very fine Claret and Port.

Our Cynthiana wine was awarded the First
Medal of Merit at the AVorld-Exposition, Vi-
enna, 1873, and is gaining the "blue ribbon "
at every test. The commission at the Con-
gres de Montpellier, France, 1874, reported:
"Cynthiana of Mr. Bush, a red wine of fine
color, rich in body and alcohol, reminding us
of old Roussillon wine." The late papa
Muench wrote us: "Too much cannot be
said in praise of the Cynthiana ; its wine, two
or three years old, cannot be excelled by the
best red wines of the old world." We look
upon it as our best and most valuable grape
for red wine, and have bestowed special at-
tention on its propagation.

Daisy. (Labr.-Vin.) A seedling of Gioethe, said to
have been raised l)y Dr. J. Stayman. Bunch medium
size, rather loose. Berry resembling Isabella in sliape,
dark red with lilac bloom ; pulp tender, sweet, pleasant
flavored, vinous, slightly astringent; skin thin, seeds
few; ripens aljout witli VVorden. (AH tliis so unlike
Goethe tliat we doubt this to-be its parent.)

Dana. (Labr.) A seedling grown by the late
Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass., and described
in the " Massachusetts Horticultural Transac-
tions.'" Buuch medium, shouldered, compact,
with a peculiar red stem ; hcrries rather large,
round, red with a rich, heavy bloom, so that
when fullv ripe they appear ahnost black; flesh
as free from pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, yet
not an acid grape.

John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass., say of
this grape, that the vine is a strong grower and
perfectly hardy, the foliage clean ("?) and healthy.
Bunch as large as the Concord at its best; similar
to the Red Chasselas in quality and color, and sup-
posed to be a pure native. Ripens with Concord.

112 Daphne.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Dar

win.

THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE. (Seepage 111.)

Daphue. (Lahr.-II'jhr.) Copley's hybrid from
seed of Telegraph (Labr.) with polleu of W.
Frontignan. The vine is a very strong grower,
hardy, healthy and productive. Wood dark brown ;
joints 4 to 6 inches on canes; leai^es three-lobed,
some round, very coarsely notched on the edge,
dark dull green, lighter on the under side. Bunch
and l>err>i full medium to large, seldom shoulders:
color WHITE; skin rather thick, yet transparent;
no pulp; flesh sweet and rich, Muscat tlavor with-
out a trace of foxiness; the bunch has an un-
usually long stem; it ripens early, but will keep
in good condition until frost. Reported at New
Jersey State Fair (1888) a handsome white grape
of very good quality: awarded a special premium.

Darwin. {yE.st.X) A seedling of Delaware
crossed with some vigorous ^stivalis by Dr. J.
Stayman, who, when he tirst exhibited some of
its fruit, called it Eurpka ; but finding that there
is an old Isabella seedling long known under this
name, he wisely changed it, before being dissemi-
nated, to the name of the great evolutionist; this
grajje being a marked example of his theory.
The vine of this one is vigorous, hardy, healthy
and productive; its foliage is strongly of the
^Estivalis type. Bunch large, double shouldered,
compact, handsome; berry ked, medium in size,
tender, juicy, vinous, sweet; qualitj' best: ripens
with Delaware, Our friend Sam Miller pro-
nounces it one of the rer>i best.

Delaware.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Delaware. 113

Delaware. Origin 'unknown. It
was found uianj' j^ears since (about
1850) in the garden of Paul H. Pro-
vost, Frenchtown, Hunterdon Coun-
ty, N. J., who had immigrated from
Switzerhand, and brought with him
many varieties of foreign grapes,
whicli he cultivated in his garden.
It was first known as the ''Italian
Wine Grape," then it was supposed
to be the " Red Traminer," or a seed-
ling from this variety. We have
reasons to believe it an accidental
hybrid, a natural cross between the
Vitis jEst., Lahr. and V. Viin'fera.
Munson considers it a hybrid of
Bourquiniana and Labrusca, thus
coming to about the same conclusion
as we did more than 20 years before
we knew of his classification. He
thinks that: "Anj^onewho has ever
seen Delaware growing alongside of
Herbemont in vinej'^ard cannot fail
to recognize an element very much
like HerbemoLt in foliage and fruit,
but intermingled with Labrusca."
We find, however, that it differs
materially in this that the Delaware
is very hard, resisting severest cold
while the Herbemont is ver}^ tender ;
and the latter is a most vigorous,
rapid grower, which the Delaware is
not.

This variety, first brought to notice
(about 1855) by A. Thompson, Dela-
ware, O., is considered to be one of
the best, if not the best, of all Ameri-
can grapes. Its introduction and
dissemination, some ten years later,
made a deeper impression upon
American grape-growers, sa3's Geo.
AV. Campbell, this noble veteran viti-
culturist, than that of any other
variety which preceded it. The real
origin of the Delaware is still a matter of
conjecture ; and, notwithstanding its small
size, rather slow growth and delicate foliage,
in many places disposed to mildew, its early
ripening, great beauty and unrivaled excel-
lence placed it immediately at the front, and
gave an impulse and impetus to grape cul-
ture, before unknown. The advent of this
little grape ma}'^ truly be said to have inaug-
urated a new era in grape-growing in this
countr}', and the interest which it awakened
has never ceased, though decades of years
have passed and hundreds of competitors
have striven to dethrone it from its high posi-
tion as the standard of exreUence among our
native grapes. It seems entirely free from
KOT in all seasons, and its perfect hardiness

DELAWARE.

and unsurpassed quality and popularity, both
as a table fruit and for wine, places this
variety at the head of American grapes. Un-
fortunately and from various causes, it does
not succeed well in many localities ; it should
be planted in deep, rich soil, open and well-
drained, here on northeast and eastern slopes,
and requires good cultivation, thinning the
crop, and pruning to short laterals. Its
roots are slender, and not inclined to branch
out much; of medium toughness, with a
rather soft liber. Canes proportionate in
length and thickness, with an average num-
ber of laterals ; wood hard, with a small pith.
It is a slow grower. Fourteen hundred and
fift}^ vines may well he planted to the acre,
5 to 6 feet being a sufficient distance. The

1 14 Delaware.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Delaivha.

Delaware is exceedingly hardy, enduring un-
injured the severest winters, if the vines are
health}'. In many localities it yields a sure
and abundant crop, and is entirely without a
rival for the production of a fine white wine.
It is considered '-altogether the best grape
w^e have." In some locahties, however, it
has been found subject to mildew or leaf-
blight. and this tendency is greatly aggra-
vated by allowing the vines to overbear,
which the Delaware, if permitted, is sure to
do. Good authorities recommend a slight
coping over the vines as a protection against
mildew, and the use of the preventives re-
cently discovered proved effectual. Its root
was supposed to be sensitive to Phylloxera,
and its leaves are often covered with galls
produced by this insect; but Reich of Ar-
meillere, the eminent grape-grower of the
Rhone-Delta, has furnished proof that this
variety also is successful!}' resisting the at-
tacks of Phylloxera. He artificially infected
them with the insect, three times each year,
without doing them any harm.

Bunch small to medium, compact ; clusters
usually shouldered ; berries below medium,
round ; skin thin, but tenacious : pulp sweet
and tender; juice abundant, rich, vinous and
sugary, sprightly and refreshing ; color a
beautiful light red, covered with a thin
whitish bloom and ver}^ translucent. It is
without harshness or acidity in its pulp, ex-
ceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous and
aromatic. Eijyens earl}^, about eight days
later than Hartford. Quality best, for the
table as well as for wine; must 100°-118° ;
acid 5 to 6 per mill.

When the former editions of this catalogue
were published , seedlings from Delaware and
its crosses with other varieties were but little
known, though innumerable attempts had
been made to raise them. Expectations to
produce therefrom a grape of superior value,
larger only in size of bunch and berries, yet
of the qualit}' of the Delaware, seemed
doomed to disappointment ; until John Burr
and Dr. Stayman seem to have struck the
ke^'note to success,* and produced a large
nuiuber of remarkable, valuable varieties
which are hardy, health}', vigorous and of
high quality ; few of the many hundreds of
Delaware seedlings have ever shown nuirked
features of the Vinifera ; many of its seed-
lings showed more or less of the '■'Fox
grape." This fact and other characteristics
lead us to place its origin, in part, from this
species, although some eminent horticultur-

ists and botanists clals the Delaware with
u^stivalis (others with Riparia). .It is true
that the Delaware leaf is more closely allied
to ^stivalis ; its wood is harder, more diffi-
cult to propagate, and the tendrils are not
continuous (nor are they regularly intermit-
tent) ; but we find a remarkable parallel case
in '■'■ Sheppard's Delaivare.," raised from seed
of Catawba by J. N, Sheppard in 1852. From
him Charles Dooming received it, with its
history, and says, "<7<e vine and fruit are
similar in all respects to Delaicare."

In Minnesota, S. D. Hillman, chairman
State fruit coiuiuittee, reports that the Dela-
ware grows there larger than that shipped
from eastern vineyards and, since the downy
mildew has been checked, seems improA'ed
in size, color and flavor.

A combination of Delaware and Concord,
by G. W. Campbell, produced a vine with
fine growth and healthy foliage ; clusters
large with the form and color of the Dela-
ware, flavor rich and delicate ; ripening early
and berries hanging firmly to the stems ; but
it had many and too large seeds for the size
of the grape ; . . . and, relating some
of the trials and disappointments he met with
in endeavoring to produce new varieties of
merit by crossing Delaware and Concord, he
told us: " This nursling of years, from which
I had at one time great hopes, is relegated to
that banishment where hundreds have gone
before."

Black Delawake or Nectau, (see their
descriptions), claimed to be Delaware Seed-
lings, are most probably hybrids between this
and another variety (Concord) ; so also Kalista
and SACCHAinssA, claimed to be White Delaware
Seedlings, produced by .J. Sacksteder of Louis-
ville, Ky.

Delawba. (Labr. X ) Originated by Dr.
L. C. Chisholm of Spring Hill, Tenn. A
seedling of Delaware and Catawba, combin-
ing in the name the words Delaware and
Catawba ; reported as one of the promising^
novelties, in 1891, by H. E. Van Denian,
Washington, D. C. Cluster moderately com-
pact, cylindrical, tapering slightly, sometimes-
slightly shouldered ; ripens immediately
after Delaware ; color, light amber, with
light lilac bloom ; skin quite tough. A new
grape certainly worthy of trial. In growth
and foliage it is almost identical with Cataw-
ba, but much more robust and resistant to
diseases. Its berries are not uniform in size,
ranging from a medium Catawba to a small
Delaware, yet rii)ens every berry at the same
time. Not at all attractive, its claim must
be based on vigor, quality and great p)roduct-
iveness — especially for icine of very good
quality and fine flavor.

Will be disseminated in 1895.— B. «fe S. & M.

D'Elhoux.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Detroit. 115

DELAWBA.

Prof. Lamson Scribner, Director of the Experi-
ment Station, University of Tennessee, wrote
Sept. 2d, 1890: " Delawba is a remarkably good
grape, possessing a sweet, delicate flavor, and if
its ' tlirif ty growth and free bearing habit' is
maintained in other localities it will be a valuable
acquisition to our vineyards."

W. A. Taylor, Acting Pomologist of the U. S.
Dept. of Agr. at Washington, D. C, wrote in
August, 1891 : The specimens of Delawba, which
you say you are ashamed to send, certainly con-
firm my opinion formed when the previous lot was
received. I think this a most excellent grape, un-
less it has some weak point that I have not studied.

The illustration, showing two average medium
bunches photographed from a Delawba vine
loaded with near one himdred clusters in August,
1894, after a season of excessive drouth, shows
that its " free bearing habit " is fully maintained ;
and we believe that it will be thu mo^t dfsimhie
lohite-wine grape since the introduction of the Elvira
(in 1874), — better in quality, ships well, keeps
well, does not crack : combining in fact as well as
in name qualites of the Delawake and Catawba,
without beiag inclined to the diseases of either.

D'Elboux. (Lahr.-Hifhr.) Produced by C. S.
Copley, of Stapleton. Staten Island, N. Y., from
seed of Telegraph (Labr.) fertilized with Wil-
mot's Hamburg (Vin.) Vine a strong, rampant
grower, with short-jointed canes; very hardy and

productive. Foliage large, slightly three-lobed,.
dull green on both sides, the under side being
smooth and not downy, otherwise it would be
taken for pure Labrusca leaf; it seems not liable
to either rot or mildew. Bunch and fternVs very
large, black, oval or hammered like its male
parent, skin thick, never cracks; sets its fruit evenly
and well; no thinning is required, yet the bunch
is compact and very showy. Ripens with Hart-
ford: it colors before and will hang until frost;
its tiavor is rich, pure and sweet, something be-
tween the taste of Isabella and Hamburg; makes
a brilliant, dark, ruby red wine of good body, rich
flavor and bon<[uet or aroma. It has taken a large
nnmbei- of medals, certificates of merit, diplomas
and money prizes, at the fairs, as very promising
for market,-- wine and table; but this, the most
valuable of Copley's hybrids, has not yet been
disseminated.

Deiiipsey's Seedling-s. See Burnet, p. 96.

Detroit. (Labr.) This variety is supposed to
be a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a gar-
den in Detroit, Mich We copy from a descrip-
tion in the Horticulturist: "Vine very vigorous
and hardy; foliage resembling Catawba; wood
short-jointed; liunches large, compact; Iterrieft very
dark rich brown claket with a light bloom,
round and regular ; flesh with very little pulp, rich
and suijar}'. Ripens earlier than the Catawba."

116 Devereux.

blshbeik; catalogue.

Diana.

Devereux. UEnt.) Syn., Black
July, Lincoln,":' JiLiE Gkai'e,
S H K i{ H y , Thuk.mond, Hakt.
TuLEY, McLean, Hu^^son (Le-
noir, incorrectly ; the name
Black July is also objection-
able, being used by English aui-
pelographs for the Ij^chia noik,
or Noik de Juillet, a Pineac
variety — Vinifera — with which the
Devekeux lias no resemblance.)
A southern grape ; belongs to the
same class as Herbemont and
Cunningham. The great French
botanist, M. Milardet, classifies it
as a Hybrid of ^Estivalis, Cinerea
and Yinifera. In France it is
considered one of the best Ameri-
can Vines; its wine resembling
some of their own wines, •' bon
de gout;" but producing very
little in quantity, comparatively.
"Where this varietur will succeed
it is one of our best wine grapes,
producing a white wine of ex-
quisite tlavor. It is somewhat
subject to mildew, very tender,
and requires covering in the win-
ter. North of Missouri it should
not be tried, but here it succeeds
admirably on southern slopes,
fertile soil, in favorable seasons;
never on wet, cold soils. Our
southern grape-growers especial-
ly should plant some of it. Bunch
long, loose, slightly shouldered;
hcvry black, below medium,
round; skin fine, tender: flesh
meaty, juicy, without pulp, and
vinous; qualitj^ best. Vine a
strong grower, and, when free
from mildew, moderately pro-
ductive ; wood long-jointed, pur-
plish-brown at first, of deeper
purplish-red when ripe; with bi-
forked, intermittent tendrils —
these, as also the leaf-stalk, are
tinged on their base with a pur-
plish-brown hue, like the young
canes; the buds are covered with
a russet down, unfolding with that
losy complexion peculiar to the
young downy leaves of most
^Estivalis. The developed foli-
age is of medium size, entire (not
lobed), considerably wrinkled,
turgid, with somewhat abundant hair-tufts on
the lower veins.

Diaiiiond. (Lnhr.X) See Mooke':^ Diamond.

Diana. (Lahr.) A seedling of Catawba,
raised b^' Mrs. Diana Crehore, Milton, Mass. :
lirst exhibited in 1843, before the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society. A. S. P'uller,
the celebrated Horticulturist, justly remarks :

"There is probably no one variety of grape
in cultivation in regard to which there is a
greater diversity- of opinion, and its variable-
ness fully warrants all that is said about it.
In one section it is really excellent, while in
others, perhaps near by it, it is worthless.
This difference is often observable in the

DIANA.

same garden, and from no apparent cause."
The Diana seems to do best in warm, rather
dry and poor soil ; gravell}^ clay or sand}'
loam seems best suited to its wants. Is re-
ported to do remarkably well iu Georgia.
Bunches medium, very compact, occasionally
shouldered; berries medium size, round, pale
iiEU, covered with a thin lilac bloom; llesh
tender, with some pulp, sweet, juicy, with a
musk tlavor that is very strong until the fruit
is fully ripe, and then often offensive to some
tastes. Colors its fruit earh^ but does not
really mature much earlier than the Catawba.
Vine a vigorous grower, recpiiring much
room and long pruning, and increases in pro-

Diana.

DESCRirXION OF VARIETIES.

Duchess. 117

ductiveness and good quality as the vines
get age ; roots few, but long and thick, soft
in texture, and with a thick liber ; canes
heavy and long, with few laterals, and a very
large pith. It is not as productive, not quite
as large in bunch and berry, as its parent,
but some think it superior in quality ; unfor-
turately it is just as frequently suffering
from mildew and rot as tlie Catawba. Its
berries hold well, and its thick skin enables
it to withstand changes of temperature better ;
hence the Diana improves by being left upon
the vine until after pretty severe frost. As a
variety for packing and keeping, it has no
superior. It is valuable also for wine. Must
88^-90° ; acid 12.

Diaua Hamburg'. (Lahr.-Hijbr.) Said to be across
hetween tlie Diana and Blacl< Hanil)urg, originated by
■lacob Moore, at Rocliestei', X. Y.; bunches senerally
large, sufHciently compact, well shouldered; berries
above medium, sliglitly oval, of a rich flery-RED color
when fully ripe; flesh tender, of very sweet flavor,
equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vine a wealv
grower, with short-lointed, firm wood, very tender;
leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes rolled
in; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the Con-
cord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as well
state that at least three independent parties are re-
puted to have made this hybrid, and several crosses of
the foreign Blaclv Hamburg on the Diana may exist.
Ours is from .1. Charlton, Rochester, X. Y., but we might
as well attempt to gi'ow the Black Hamburg in open
air. Its propagation for the Mississippi Valley should
be given up— at least we have done so.

Dr. Collier. (Lim.X) Syn.: Big Red. One
of T. V. Munson's remarkable grapes, a seedling
of Fost-Oak crossed with Concord. He sent it to
the New York Experiment Station, Dr. Collier
director, in the fall of 1892 ; vine hardy, vigorous
and productive; leaves out and flowers late,
hunch large, cylindrical ; berry large, dark red,
becoming purple; skin thin and tough, does not
crack, pulp juicy, tender, with red juice; good
Concord flavor and quite good quality, hangs on
long after ripening without loosing flavor. Ripens
just after Concord.

Dr. Warder. (Lahr.) Originated by Theo-
phile Huber. Illinois City, Ills., of unknown
parentage. Vine a vigorous grower, healthy,
hardy and an immense bearer on his place.
Bunch very large, herries same size as Concord,
claimed to be sweeter than Concord and to ripen
a few days earlier: named in honor of the late
Dr. John A. AVarder, of Ohio, and figured in the
Rural New York of 1886, but not disseminated.

Dr. Wylie. One of the late Dr. Wylie's Hy-
brids (q. v.) which he sent from South Carolina
to our old friend Samuel Miller, without a name,
probably a cross between Halifax and Delaware.
The vine is a healthy, strong grower and pro-
ductive; lunich anl hfrr}/ nearly double the size of
Delaware and fully equal to it in quality. It
never had a rotten berry, though surrounded by
different other varieties that all rotted at same
time. Most worthy of trial and dissemination in
Missouri and South.

Don Juan. (Lahr.-H;ibr.) One of Ricketts'
seedlings, much like its parent luna. F. R.
Elliott says: It is better than any known hardy
grape of its color; is about the size, in berry, of
Rogers' 1.5, a deeper color, and a larger and
better bunch; the flesh is vinous, sweet and
sparkling. (See "Ricketts" Seedlings.")

Downing; {yEst.-Hnhr.) or Charles Downing.
A Hybrid obtained by James H. Ricketts, Xew-
burgh, N. Y., from the Croton, fertilized by
Black Hamburg. ^-Bunches large, sometimes
shouldered: herries large, slightly oval, nearly
BLACK with light bloom; flesh tender, breaking
somewhat like the foreign sorts; in flavor it is
first rate, being sweet, with just enough spright-
liness to prevent cloying the palate." — Fuller.

The vine is a vigorous grower, with healthy
foliage. According to other reports, it was pro-
duced from Israella crossed with Muscat-Ham-
burg. It has an unusually long bunch and large,
oblong berries — a remarkable grape. Much
esteemed as a fine table grape, but it must have
favorable location and not be allowed to over-
bear. "This is the largest bunch and berry of
any outdoor grape I have met with," saj'S Samuel
Miller. Specimens received in 1881 from J. G.
Burrow, Fishkill, N. Y., were very large and fine
— but it is now discarded by him. Mr. Ricketts
must have valued it highly, else he would not
hav6 given it the name of our revered great
Pomologist.

Dracut Amber. (Lahr.) Syn.. Early Amber.
Originated by J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine
very vigorous, healthy and hardy. Regarded by
us as but a slightly improved wild Fox grape;
very early and productive. Bunch large and long,
compact, often shouldered; berries large, round;
skin thick, of pale keu color; pulpy and foxy;
too foxy for our taste, and should be discarded,
when so many better varieties can be grown. (See
Lutie, Wyoming and Woodruff Red.) In Massa-
chusetts it is still considered as the one best extra
early grape, after the hundred and one other varie-
ties have been tried. It is considered worthy of
cultivation North, for family use only.

Dufour. Syn.. Jaeger's No. 56. A seedling
raised by Hermann Jaeger, of Neosho, Mo., from
his selected Post-Oak grape (No. 43) fertilized
with pollen of ^Ilstivalis; same as produced his
" Longworth " grape, (q. v.) It resembles Her-
bemont in quality and size of bunch and berries,
but is of Catawba color; starts growing later and
is thereby less exposed to late frosts, fatal to
other varieties. Ripening very late, about two
weeks after Norton's and keeping easily till late
in December. May require winter protection even
in South Missouri. (See figure, p. 26.)

Duchess. {Lahr.-Hyhr.) A fine white table
grape, raised near Newburgh, N. Y., by the late
A. .J. Caywood. who stated that "it was produced
by crossing a AVhite Concord seedling with
Delaware or Walter, the pollen of both being
applied at the same time." The vine is a vigorous
grower, with moderately short-jointed shoots;
leates large, light green, rather thick, coarsely
serrated, adhere to the vine very late in the season;
vine productive. Bunch medium, shouldered, oc-
casionally double-shouldered, compact; berries
medium, usually one-third Jess in size than on the
illustration, roundish; skin rather thick, light
green at first, but pale greenish-yellow^ when
mature, sometimes a golden yellow where fully
exposed and gathered late, and covered with a
thin whitish bloom, almost transparent, dotted
with diminutive black spots; flesh tender, free
from pulp, juicy, sweet, spicy, rich, and of excel-
lent quality : the berries adhere stronglj' to the
peduncle, and the fruit keeps a long time after
being gathered. Ripens soon after the Concord.

118

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Duchess,"

Duchess.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Early Ohio. 119

John J. Thomas, recognized as authority among
pomologists, says: In quality, it is unquestion-
ably one of the most delicious of all out-door
varieties, and in growth the vines possess great
vigor and hardiness, withstanding our winters
uninjured- In a discussion on the new grape at
the Am. Poraol. Society meeting, 1881, Mr. Cay-
wood remarked "that the Duchess will not
endure high feed. It grows rampantly, making
thirty feet on the vines at three yeai-s old." He
assured us also, that: " It carries better than any
other known variety, having been sent to Cali-
fornia and back again in good condition, and five
weeks afterward the same clusters were sent to
the exhibition at Atlanta, Ga. It keeps without
difficulty imtil spring. All grapes that carry
well keep well from the same general cause."
Testimony as to the excellence of the Duchess
grape has been received from many eminent
authorities in the country, which our own experi-
ence corroborates. The vine fails, however, in
manj^ locations; in our locality it is a fine garden
variety for amateurs and for family use. It was
shown, in fine condition by Ellwanger & Barry,
of Rochester, on January 28, 1892, at the New
York Horticultural Society meeting !

Diiulap. One of Ricketts' Hybrids; a fine red
grape. See Ricketts' Hybrids.

Dnnn. {^Est.) A very late grape obtained from a
Mr. Dunn, in Western Texas, and named after him l)y
G. Onderdonk, Mission Valley, Texas. Vine a vigorous
grower, in habit and foliage precisely like tlie Herbemont,
but bunches generally not shouldered, and berries above
Herbemont in size and paler in color; ripens about
wlientlie Herbemont is gone, which is a valuable feature
for i^outliern Texas and similar soutliern climates, but
makes it unfit forour Northern and even for the Central
States.

Further experiments make it doubtful whether this
variety is sufHciently distinct from the Herbemont,
and whether the ditference in size and time of ripening
may not have been due to other circumstances, con-
ditions of soil, etc.

(Labr.) See Dracut Amber,

Early Amber.

page 117.

Early Aiig^nst. (Labr.) Said to be a twin seedling of
Pocklington, from Concord, introduced or I'aied by
John Charlton, of Rochester, N. Y. Vine vigorous,
hardy and prolific, with Concord foliage; clusters me-
dium to large, moderately compact, and sometimes
shouldered; berry above medium, golden yellow witii
delicate white bloom, skin thin but tougli; sweet with
slightly acid flavor, without pulp or foxy taste : claimed
to ripen before Moore's Early. Little known.

Early Daisy, (Labr.) A chance seedling that
came up in the garden of John Kready, Moimt
.Joy. Lancaster County, Pa. Vine a strong grower,
very hardy and a regular productive bearer; leaf
resembling Hartford, keeps green and fresh till
late in the season; bunche>< medium, very com-
pact; berrifift bi.ack with blue tint; medium,
round, very attractive; skin tough, quality good.
Ripens eight days earlier than Champion, and is
claimed to be the earliest black grape; believed
to do well without much care in any kind of soil.

Early l)awu. (Labr.-H>ibr.) A black grape of
fine quality which originated with Dr. Wm. A.
M. Culbert, of Xewburgh, N. Y., being a cross of
Muscat-Hamburg and Israella; vine healthy, vig-
orous and productive; wood moderately short-
jointed; leaves large, thick and firm, roundish,
broadly but not deeply serrated, sometimes slight-
ly lobed. Bunch medium to large, long, shoul-
dered; berr'i medium, round, black with a thick
blue bloom; skin thin but firm: fiesh tender,
juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, rich and of very

good quality; the fruit adheres well to the ped-
uncle, keeps well, and is a valuable addition to
the early grapes ; either for the table or market.
Ripens a week or more before the Hartford. —
Charles Doivning.

P. M. Augur of Connecticut, O. B. Hadwen of
Massachusetts, and some others, consider it one
of the best early varieties ; a moderate grower,
with a moderately good bunch. An amateur
variety only, as its parentage gives no confidence
in its health and value.

Early Golden. (Labr.-Hybr.) Produced by
T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, from a seedling
of Campbell's Triumph (q. v.) and originally
named by him "Campbell" in honor of that
veteran horticulturist, but to avoid confusion in
nomenclature with his CampbelVs Early, Munson
kindly withdrew the former name, by request,
to be known hereafter as ^^ Early Golden.'''' It is a
WHITE grape of finest quality, resembling its
parent, but earlier ripening, with or a little
after the Delaware. Vine vigorous and produc-
tive, but tender and damaged in cold at 5°
below zero, suffering also by drouth in thin
soil. Its foliage resembles Concord. Bunches
and berries medium in size, of a beautiful pale
golden color, and thin skin, without pulp; seeds
few and small; slightly subject to rot. A prom-
ising amateur grape for the garden.

H. Jaeger reported at the Missouri State Horti-
cultural Society meeting, 1891-92 : '' I have ob-
served the ' Campbell,' (now named Early Gold-
en,) a white seedling of Triumph for seven years
and have grown four good crops of it. It ripens
with Delaware, keeps and ships admirably well.
I had it hang on the vine perfectly sound till
November, making a very good raisin. This
grape is as pure, and free of pulp as any vinifera,
resembling the famous ' Chasselas ' or Gutedel.

The New York Experimental Station at Geneva
report for 1892 : "' Our vines of this variety re-
ceived from T. V. Munson in the spring of 1886,
have successfully withstood a lower temperature
than 5° below zero and borne fruit the following
season. Ripens there however much later, about
as late as Catawba.

Early Hudson. (?) An early, round, black grape,
of little value, except as a curiosity, inasmuch as .some
of the berries contain no seed.

Early Ohio. (Labr.Hybr.) A chance seed-
ling raised by R. A. Hunt, of Euclid, Ohio.
It was found in the summer of 1882, grovring
in his vineyard between a row of Concord
and Delaware. Mr. Hunt states that the
third 3'^ear from seed it set thirty clusters, of
which all but ten were removed ; these were
ripe the 20tli of August. It has borne large
crops every year since, ripening always a
week or ten days earlier than "Moore's
Early," on the same soil and under the same
circumstances. The vine being a strong
grower, quite as hard}^ and health}^ as the
Concord, which it I'esembles, with abundant,
healthy foliage and fruit, frequently pro-
ducing a crop the first year after planting;
much earlier and better in quality than Hart-
ford, with superior shipping quality. The
Earl}- Ohio is destined to be a popular aijd

120

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

EARLY OHIO.

Early Ohio.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Early Victor. 121

profitable market grape, displacing the "Hart-
ford," "Champion," " Janesville," and even
"Moore's Early."

Bunch large, compact, frequently shoul-
dered ; berries only medium in size and
quality, yet handsome in appearance ; color
BLACK, covered with a heavy bloom, and of
a spicy, pleasant flavor, better than most
other very early sorts and adhering tena-
ciously to the stem, a merit highly appreciated
and sorely missed in some varieties for
market. It is free from mildew and so far
seems not very subject to rot. Roots abund-
ant and fibrous, of firm liber ; wood harder
than Concord, with a small pith.

The Early Ohio has also been tested for
wine, and Harms Bros., who are among the
liest vintners of Ohio, consider it a promising
red wine grape in every respect ; the must
weighing 104^^, with but 6^ per mille acid.

The New York Experimental Station, S. A.
Beach, Hort., reports 1893: Among more
than one hundred and forty kinds fruited
here this season, the Early Ohio was one of
the first to ripen its fruit, being a few days
earlier than Moore's Early. — He calls it a
PURPLE grape.

Early Victoi*. (Labr. X ) A seedling from
Delaware crossed on some vigorous grape of
the Labrusca class, originated with John Burr,*
of Leavenworth, Kan., about 1870. Vine very

*The originator of the Early Victor, the late John
Burr, who had been very successful in Ohio, some fifty
years ago (about 1845) in raising some fine new Straw-
berries, tried later when ho removed to Kansas, to do
the same also with tlie grape. He planted in his lot at
Leavenworth, the Catawba, Bland, Isabella, Hartford,
I Delaware, Concord, Salem and Goethe. No others were
''• allowed near his place to poUenize his grapes. He
t)elieved in natural fertilization. He held that nature
.selects under the environments the pollen most con-
genial to perpetuate its species and never makes a
, mistake. Manconjectures what he wants and attempts
mostly in vain, to make nature yield to it. Proceeding
on this principle, .John Burr planted the best varieties,
possessing some of the qualities he most desired, in
close proximity to each other, so each variety could be
fertilized l)y those most congenial. From these the best
'^ bunches were selected and the seed planted. Burr
' commenced first with the Concord, but afterwards,
believing that it was not susceptible to much improve-
ment, lie discarded and destroyed all vines produced
from its seeds, as well as his seedlings of Isabella,
Hartford and others of marlted Labrusca type and
native flavor, (except Osage). He then .selected Dela-
ware, and liis first to fruit front it was Early Victor.
Tliis was the first and only grape he ever disseminated;
his Jeicel grape he sold to Slayman and Black, and they
propagated and disseminated it in 1867. With the first
two and with Ideal and Standard lie noted from what
variety they originated; later nor he nor Dr. Stayman
deemed this essential. (This explains the statement
"from mixed seed" in tlie descriptions of those varie-
ties). As they are all good and those from seed of their
seedlings better than the first, — as Eclipse, Ideal, Pri-
mate, Omega, Paragon of Mr. Burr and Wliite Beauty,

hardy, healthy, vigorous, and productive; umod
dark gray, rather long-jointed; foliage thick, me-
dium, dark green, deeply lobed, partaking some-
what of the character of the Delawai'e and Hart-
ford not as pubescent as the latter. The original
vine has not been injured by the severe cold and
sudden changes of our climate, and has shown no
mildew, rot or other disease for several years, but
was later found more or less subject to rot.

^'Bunch medium, compact, often shouldered,
sometimes double shouldered; bernj medium,
round, black with a heavy blue bloom ; adheres
to the peduncle until it shrivels; tiesh slightly
pulp}', juicy, sprightly, and vinous; agreeably
sweet, without foxiness. Ripening season about
10 days in advance of Concord, nearly with Hart-
ford and Moore's Early : it colors about 10 days
before it is fully ripe; like the Ices it should be
allowed to hang on its growing vines for about 10
days after it colors."

Geo. W. Campbell said : " I know of no black
grape so well fitted to take the place of all the
foxy abominations (Hartford, Ives, Champion,
Janesville, Belvidere) which have been tolerated
on account of their earliness. I am glad to recog-
nize in this variety a really (jood, very early black
grape, with a vine evidently of the healthiest
and hardiest type of the Labrusca class."

In growth and genei'al habit, as well as in the
size and general appearance of the clusters, it
resembles the Hartford; but. unlike the Hartford,
it is a grape of excellent quality, slight pulpiness,
small seeds, free from foxiness, the berry does
not fall from the cluster even when overripe, and
it makes a very good claret wine.

Early Wine.

Seedlings. •

(Linc.-Rup.) See Munson's

White Imperial, Darvin, Ozark and Pawnee of Dr.
Stayman, — the correctness of that principle seems
proven.

In view of the many valuable Varieties with which
father Burr has enriched the American grape, a short
biographical notice may be welcome:

John Burr, was Ijorn with the present century, Nov.
1800, at Bridgeport, Connecticut; a better, more useful
and a happier man than his celelirated namesake.
Vice President, Aaron Burr. He married Eliza Hooker
of Hartford, Conn., and removed to Columlius, O.; suc-
cessfully engaged in mercantile business, lie at tlie
same time earnestly devoted himself to fruit culture
producing some fine new strawlierries, " Buri-'s new
Pine " and Burr's new Seedling, are still among leading
strawlierries of Ohio. In 18.dS he removed with his
family to Leavenworth, Ivans., where he indulged in
his favorite pursuit. The fascination for producing
new grapes grew on him; he devoted himself to it with
energy, love and enthusiasm. To this healthful pur-
suit may be attributed the I'emarkalile longevity and
the vigor of body and mind he preserved up to his
death. He was domestic in liis liabits, yet sociable in
his manners, a genial, modest, lovable man of the old
school. The passing years stole l)ut little fire from liis
mind and though afflicted with rheumatism he enjoyed
the fruit of his successful labors: at tlie age of 91 years
he was still engaged in his unselfish work, hopefully
asserting that his next new grape would surpass his
other splendid Varieties. In Dec. 1892, being over 92
years old he died and, according to his desire, was con-
veyed by his children and grand cliildrcn to the family
lot in beautiful Green Lawn Cemetery at Columbus,
O. His name is honored and will be gratefully remem-
bered among all.

122

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

EARLY VICTOR.

This^ensiraving is a copy after au exact photograph of a medium sized cluster of the Early Victor

Eaton.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Elvkand. 123

Eaton. (Lnhr.) A Concord seedling, grown
by the late Calvin Eaton, of Concord, Mass.
Vine vigorous and productive, strong and
healthy, like its parent, but not as hardy in win-
ter; with large foliage, resembling the old Union
Village. Bunch and berries large and showy,
making it attractive as a market grape or for ex-
hibition; but in some localities it is a poor
grower, ripens very irregularly and is hardly
worth growing. The Eaton is not as high flav-
ored nor as sweet as Concord; color, black with
blue bloom; skin thick, with tender pulp when
fully ripe, juicy and pleasant with less of the
native odor; ripens somewhat later than Concord
which it resembles in foliage; yet in appearance
of bunch and berry more to Moore^s Earlij (q. v.),
but sometimes with much larger double shoul-
dered bunches.

Twenty years ago we received from a neigh-
boring grape grower a vine undtr the name of
Mammoth Concord, which we have growing since
then in our experimental vineyard. This has
now proven to be identical with the Eaton, or at
least, if not the same grape and origin, it is so
much alike in all characteristics, habits of growth,
foliage, fruit, time of ripening and quality, that
the two grapes cannot be distinguished. As our
neighbor could tell us nothing about the origin
of his grape, he claiming merely to have received
it among a lot of Concords, we have never dissem-
inated it nor offered it for sale.

The Bural Xew Yorker says : The quality of
Eaton is, as we have often stated, not high, but
the iireat berries are full of juice and a tender
pulp. )iearly fi"ee of foxiness, and release the
seeds readily. But for the bees a crop of wonder-
fully showy fruit would be gathered; but the
berries are attacked by the bees. ... It must
be remembered, however, that this was an excep-
tional season (1893; when their grapes suffered
more loss from the insect, or bird which first
punctures the berries, than ever before, so that
-carcely a perfect bunch of red or black grapes
has been gathered that season ; white grapes are
rarely attacked as black ones are.

Eclipse. {Labr. X ?) A peculiar grape, some-
what like Rogers' Goethe, yet quite distinct and
superior in quality (VI) in the opinion of some
connoiseui's, who tasted it. It originated from
mixed seed, raised b\' the late John Burr, of
Leavenworth, Kan. Vine, as all his seedlings
which he produced and selected, verj^ vigorous,
hardy and productive. The original Vine never
rotted nor mildewed and none were propagated
and disseminated as far as w-e know. Bunch
large double shouldered, not very compact; berr}^
very large, w'hite with a distinct black spot;
flesh tender, juicj^ sprightly, vinous sweet, of best
quality, similar to a European grape.

Mr. Van Trump, reporting for the St. Louis
Journal of Agriculture, wrote: "The Eclipse is
as much superior to Goethe as the Concord is to
the Fox grape: it is a beautiful transparent
white. ... It is impossible to form an idea
of the exquisite quality of this grape till you have
tasted it."

Eden. See Scuppernong Seedling (illustrated).

Eclnieston. (Labr.) One of the hundreds of Concord
Si-edlinsrs. This one originated iu Adrian, Mich., by D.
(J. Edmeston, in ISyo.

Edward. {Labr.) raised by Theophile Huber of
Illinois City. Vine vigorous; bunch large, compact,
shouldered; berries size of Concord, color goldeu yel-
low with shining skin; pulp tender, sweet.

Elaine. (Hybr.-Labr. X Vm.) Raised by C.
Engle, of Paw Paw, Mich., from seed of Rogers'
Salem. Vine a very strong grower, hardy and
healthy. Bunch long, loose, berry large, ma-
KOON, or the color of a fully ripe Catawba, ripens
early. This is one of the best grapes, but un-
fortunately it is a shy bearer.

El Dorado. (Labr.-Hybr.) Another of Rick-
etts' seedlings, produced by crossing Concord
with Allen's hybrid. Vine partakes strongly of
the parent Concord in every particular, while in
fruit the bunch is larger. A handsome white
grape, but does not always set fruit perfectly.
Berry large, round, clear golden yellow Avith a
thin white bloom and few seeds. It is a full sister
to the Lady Washington (see portrait of Lady
Washington) between which there exists a strong
resemblance ; ripens very early, and is perhaps
the highest flavored grape in existence — possess-
ing a delicate though decided aroma, resembling
pineapples; foliage and habit of growth good.
Like most of Ricketts' varieties, it is not doing
well with us in the west, and we can recommend
it only as a garden variety to the amateur.

Elizabeth. (Labr.) Originated on the farm of Joseph
Hart, near Rochester, N. Y., and described in the Rural
New Yorker: Bunches large, compact; berries large,
roundish-oval, greenish white with a purple tinge in
the sun ; flesh rather pulpy and acid.

Elsinburgh. (yEst.) Syn., Elsinboko, Smart's
Elsinborough. Supposed to have originated in
Elsiuburgh, Salem County, N. J. An amateur
grape of fine quality; ripens early. Bunches
medium to large, rather loose, shouldered;
berries small, round; skin thick, black, covered
with a thin bloom ; flesh without pulp, sweet.
vinous. Leaves deeply five-lobed, dark green,
smooth; wood long-jointed and slender, resem-
bles Eumelan, (q. v.) Subject to mildew.

Elvicand. {Cand.yQ A combination of three
pure Am. species of grapes; a cross of Elvira,
{Rip. X Labr.) and Candicans, the Mustang grape
of Tex. Originated by T. V. Munson, Denison,
Texas. Vine vigorous and productive; foliage
good; late in leafing out and flowering; flowers
perfect; bears medium handsome clusters of
beautiful dark red berries covered with lilac
bloom. Skin thin with slight astringency; pulp
separates readily from the few small seeds and is
tender, juicy sweet and sprightly with excellent
flavor. Ripens about same time as Concord, or
but very little later. The reliable Horticulturist
of the X. Y. Experiment Station, S. A. Beach,
who tested it recommends this in 1892 and again
1893 as a promising acquisition for more extended
trial. — "I find 'Elvicand' one of the hardiest of
Munson's." It is the pioneer of a distinct new
family of grapes.

124 Elvim.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Elvira

W'

Elvira. (Bij>.-Hybr.) A seedling of Taijlor,
raised by Jaeol) Kommel, of Morrison, Mo.,
first introduced and disseminated by us in
1874-7o, without au}^ restrictions, is noAV one
of the leading white-wine grapes. The accom-
paijying illustration was made for this Cata-
logue from a photograph of a medium cluster.
Bunches small to medium, shouldered, very
compact, in fact too compact; herry medium,
considerably larger than Taylor, its parent ;
round, pale greex with white bloom, some-
times tinged with red streaks when fully ripe ;
skin ver}^ thin, almost transparent; it sets so
very closely and the skin is so thin as to
cause some of the berries to crack; pulp

sweet, verj' tender and juicy, fine flavor.
Ripens about ten days later than Concord.

Vine a most vigorous, stocky grower, emi-
nently productive, often bearing four to six
consecutive bunches from one eye ; exceed-
ingly healthy and hardy, having stood our
hardest winters without protection. No rot
to speak of, so that it furnishes the bulk for
the production of our white Wines ; foliage
free from mildew in most unfavorable seasons.
Roots like those of Clinton and Taylor.
Canes stout and long with well-developed
laterals. Wood harder than the Taylor, with
a medium pith. Foliage large and strong,
somewhat rusty and woolly on the lower side.

Emma.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Etta. 125

Since it has been established that the Tay-
lor is itself a cross between Riparia and La-
brusca, the characteristics of the Elvira are
explained b3Mts parentage. (See page 18.)

The Elvira makes a very palatable white
wine, tliat improves with years, and is adini-
rabl}^ adapted for blending with other grape
juice of higher flavor, and is extensively
grown for this pnrpose, but is unlit for mar-
keting on account of its thin, easilj'-bursling
skin. This disposition to crack and a ten-
dency to over-bear, made its originator try
to produce some still better grape, without
these faults ; and he may have succeeded in
his '■'Etta." q. v.

Emma. (Labv.) Orisioutt'd Ijy Theoijliilc Huber,
If., Illinois City, 111., from unknown puifntage. A
^,insul;^l•ly sweet grape; when fully ripe of shining vel-
i.OW color. Bunch medium size, compact: B(>rry one
third larger tlian Delaware: pulp very tender without
<-ore. Tested hy Prof. .T. L. Budd, of the Iowa Agr.
( 'ollesre and described by him in tlie Iowa State Register,
Sept. 30th, 1887.

Empire State. (Labr. X Hij).) A remarkable
white grape; originated by James H. Ricketts
from seed of the Hartford fertilizing with the
Clinton. We have seen and admired both its
beauty and excellence of quality at the Am.
Poiuol. yociety's Exhibition at Boston, in 1881.
The late Geo. A. Stone, of Rochester, N. Y., a
nurseryman of enterprise and intelligence, bought
the entire stock of this grape, for the highest
price ever paid, perhaps, for a new grape, viz.
-$4,000.00, from the originator, who gave the fol-
lowing description of it :

'• The Empire State is a seedling of the Hart-
ford, fertilized with the Clinton ; fruited for the
tirst time in 1879. Its crop of 1880 was 48 bunches
of most magnificent fruit. Graft.s inserted in
two-year old vines in 1880 produced in 1881 from
■20 to 30 bunches per vine, ripening with the Hart-
ford and Moore's Early. Nearly all of the
bunches shouldered, and the finest shade of white
ever seen in fruit. A good grower and fruiter in
every respect.

Bunches large, from 6 to 10 inches long, shoul-
dered; berry medium to large, roundish-oval;
color WHITE with a very light tinge of yellow,
covered with a thick white bloom ; leaf thick,
<mooth underside ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, sweet
and sprightly, with a slight trace of native aroma,
<;ontinuing a long time in use; vine very hardy.
Its great productiveness, beautiful color, fine
quality, extreme hardiness, vigor and healthful-
ness of vine and foliage, size and compactness of
cluster, and good shipping qualities, make it the
hest grape, all tMiujs considered, that I have yet
produced.''''

Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio, says — and we fully
coincide with him — : It has not fulfilled the
expectations which were entertained upon its
introduction, for, although the vine is generally
healthy and tolerably hardy, and the fruit, when
well-grown, handsome in appearance and ex-
cellent in quality — it seems to lack the vigor and
root-power necessary to carry and mature a
profitable crop to perfection; and has disap-
pointed the expectation of manj^ who have not
been able to grow it successfully and pronounce
it a failure.

The late A. J. Caywood predicted at the Am.
Pomol. Society Session 1887:

'•' I fear we shall be disappointed with it. With
a full crop the clusters are small."

Geo. W. Endicott, an experienced horticulturist,
says: I am satisfied that there is a mistake in its
parentage; there is no doubt in my mind that it
is a Hybrid of Clinton and some white European
grape.

Eolia. (Labr.) See White Concord Seedlings,
page 107.

Essex. (Labr.-Jfybr.) Rogers' No. 41. Vine
vigorous, healthy, and prolific if planted near
some other Varieties, that blossom at the same
time, to be fertilized. Bunch of medium size,
compact, shouldered; berry kedoish black with
blue bloom, round', somewhat fiattened, in this
respect resembling its native parent; flesh tender
and sweet, with a high aromatic flavor. Ripens
earlj% with Concord.

Esther. (Labr. ,<) Originated by E. W. Bull,
the well known originator of the Concord, and
supposed to be a cross of this variety and Vin-
ifera. Vine a fairly good grower, healthy and
quite productive ; bunch and berries large, white,
flesh dissolving; although solid in texture, juicy
and sprightly vinous; quality best; ripens early.
It is of the Pocklington type, but superior in
quality; it has been growing for several years
at the Rural New Yorker's grounds and is pro-
nounced ''excellent" — though not as tender
pulp nor as pure in flavor as Diamond. Berckmans,
Augusta, Ga., saj^s: We have found this varietj^
(Esther) after three years' fruiting a most promis-
ing one; quite productive and a fairly good
grower. (He classes it as a Vinifera cross.)

Etawa. (Labr.) Syn., Woodruff's No. 1. An
accidental seedling, raised by the late W. W.
Woodruff, of Griffin. Georgia. Vine most vigor-
ous, foliage luxuriant; bunch very large, also
the berry; color blue, pulp dissolving, vinous,
quality best; a very showy fruit, keeping sound
on the vine for two months. (Committee on
native fruits, Am. Pomol. Socty., 1883.)

Etta. (-B'p.) Understood to be a descendant
from Taylor in the third generation, a daughter
of Elvira, raised by Jacob Rommel (first ex-
hibited in 1879 as Elvira Seedling No. 3) ; resem-
bles Elvira, with firmer skin, not disposed to
crack, and is of very good quality. It ripens
later. The vine is of very vigorous growth with
strong, healthy foliage, hardy, and productive.
This grape was awarded the premium '"for the
best bearing Cane of New Seedlings for Wine,
quality and productiveness to rule," at the Mis-
sissippi Valley Horticultural Society meeting in
St. Louis. Dr. L. C. Chisholm, Spring Hill,
Tenn., to whom we sent the Etta for trial in his
locality, reports very favorably, saying: "It is a
very reliable late grape for this section — I like
the Etta."

We consider this grape an improvement over
Elvira, but not as free from rot as her parent.

126 Eumelan.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Excelsior.

Eugrenin. {Lahr.)
liuffs.

See Miner's Seed-

Eiiinclaii. (vi.•.s^) ("Good black''
grape.) This variety was found as a
chance seedling at Fishlvill, N. Y., where
it has been in cultivation (in the garden
of Messrs. Thorne) for many years,
yielding abundant crops of grapes, re-
markable both for goodness and earli-
ncss. The original vines were purchased
by Dr. C. W. Grant, lona Island, in 1866.
We give the description from the cir-
cular of Dr. Grant, leaving out, however,
all excessive praise, which, in our
opinion, has damaged his sucjcess more
than all his opponents. Bunches of good
size, elegant form, and proper degree of
compactness; berries \^vgQ medium size,
round, black with fine bloom, adhering
firmly to the bunch long after ripening;
flesh tender, melting, all going to wine-
like juice under slight pressure of the
tongue ; ripening very early, with the
Hartford, and evenly to the center. Fla-
vor very pure and refined, very sugary,
rich and vinous, with a large degree of
that refreshing quality that belongs
distinctively to the best foreign wine
grapes. Boots abundant, thick, spread-
ing, and of medium toughness; liber
thick but firm.

Vine a strong, slow, grower, produc-
ing remarkably short-jointed wood, with
numerous and strong laterals ; buds large
and prominent; wood hard with a small
pith; leaves large, thick, dark colored, firm in
texture (it strikingly resembles Elsinburg), and,
though subject to mildew in unfavorable sea-
sons, it is a very fine early grape.

The American Horticultural Annual for 1869
said of the Eumelan : '* This variety has been
tested in several localities. It has proved with
us, near New Yoi'k, remarkably healthy in fo-
liage, and has taken several premiums as the best
BLACK (jrape at several exhibitions." Then again
reports came from manj^ localities, that it had
failed to meet public expectations. In our vine-
yards at Bushberg, it has proved, in favorable
seasons, all that was claimed for it, but after
several years the Eumelan suffered severely from
mildew, and since then they have not fully re-
cuperated.

Experiments show also that the Eumelan is
practically unable to set fruit of itself, needing
fertilization by other vines.

The Eumelan makes a superior red wine, must
93 to 100 , with onljf 4 per mille acid.

We give a figure of a bunch and leaf reduced in
size, and a single berry of full natural size.

£uroka. (Labr.) A seedling of Isabella, origi-
nated by S. Folsom, of Attica, Wyoming Co.,

EUMELAN.

New York, similar to its parent in appeai-ance, but
claimed to be earlier, hardier and healthier, also
of better flavor, and to keep better than Isabella.
Folsom has since raised eight seedlings of the
Eureka, which are said to be remarkable for earli-
ness, fewness of seeds, and other good qualities.
Unknown in the West.

Eva. (Labr.) See White Concord Seedlings,
page 107.

Evaliue. (Labr. x) Raised by the late .John
Burr, from seed of his seedling "Ideal," a grand-
child of the Delaware, as it were; not a vigorous
grower, yet quite hardy and productive ; free from
rot and so far not showing any mildew; bunch
medium, compact; berry medium, white, very
tender, without pulp; jiiicy, sweet and sprightly,
pure as a fine European grape; ripe before Con-
cord.

Excelsior. {Labr.-JIijhr.) A seedling of the
lona fertilized with the pollen of Vinifera, origi-
nated by Jas. H. Ricket?ts; first offered in autumn
of 1882. The vine is moderately vigorous, sliort-
jointed; leaves medium, moderately thick, lobed,
coarsely serrated; imneh large to veiy large,
shouldered, often double sliouldered, moderately
compact; bernj medium to large, roundish inclin-
ing to oval, skin pale red, sweet, slightly vinous
with a rich aromatic muscat flavor; the berries

Exquisite.

])ESCRlFnON OF VARIETIES.

Gaertner. 127

adhere well to the peduncle, and continue a long
time in use. Ripens a little before the Catawba.
Kicketts saj'S that this is the finest grape in his
collection; that it withstood severe winter frost
without any protection, but gives better results if
protected. It is inclined to overbear, so much so,
that every other eye of the fruiting-cane should
be rubbed out; to produce bunches of the highest
quality and beauty, the fruit should be thinned
to one bunch to a shoot. As all of Ricketts fine
hybrids it is suitable only for careful amateur
culture, in favorable localities.

Exquisite. (^Est. X ) Originated by Dr. J.
Stayman, of Leavenworth, Kansas, from seed of
Delaware (see note on production of new Seed-
lings by him under Description of Delaware,
page 114.) Vine not verj^ vigorous, but produc-
tive and free from rot. Bunch medium, compact;
berry small black, very tender, juicy, rich vinous
sweet; qualitj^ best, ripens about with Delaware
and is a delicious little grape; for amateurs only.

Faith. (Bip.X) One of Jacob Rommel's Tay-
lor Seedlings. Vine a vigorous, healthy grower,
sulticiently productive, o^ long-shouldered me-
dium size bunches; berries small to medium,
WHITE or PALE AMBER colored ; juicy, sweet and
pure flavored. Ripens early, with or before the
Hartford. An excellent grape, not suflicientlj'^
appreciated.

Fancher. (Labr.) See Catawba.

Farrell. {Labr. X) Origin obscure; said to
have been found In Dr. FarrelPs garden, as a
chance seedling. It was named by Dr. J. Stay-
man and disseminated by him, the vine being
very vigorous, healthy, hardj' and prolific; and
so far free from rot and mildew. The bunch is
verj^ large, long, shouldered, rather compact ; the
berries above medium, white^ ver}^ tender, juicy,
sprightly, vinous, sweet; quality excellent, ripe
about with Concord,

Far West. (uEst.) The Nestor of Western
grape culture, the late Frederick Muench (died
in 1881), received form time to time grafts, for
testing, of Mr. Hermann Jaeger (Neosho, Mo.),
who made it his task to explore the forests of
south-west Missouri for wild vines. Among these
was a feeble graft which fruited after several
years, and astonished him by the delicacy of the
aroma of the wine made from same, so much so
that he honored it by the name ^'Far West,'^ his
own literary nom deplume.

Muench described it as follows : '* Vine of
vigorous growth, with unusuallj^ large, healthy
foliage, perfectly hardj^, resisting (in ray ex-
perimental vineyard) all diseases in the most
unfavorable seasons. Bunches shouldered and of
good size. Berries somewhat larger than Nor-
ton's; skin very tough, black with fine blue
bloom. The pulp of its berries is soft, meaty,
melting; is of dark rich color, with few seeds,
sweet and spicy; making a wine so mild, and yet
at the same time fiery and aromatic, as to surpass
(to mil taste) other known wines. Requires a
long season, blooming and ripening its fruit very
late, contemporaneously with Norton's. Its prop-
agation from cuttings seems almost impossible
except by layering; layers not separated from
the mother- vine until after the second summer."'

Fena. {Labr. X) Produced by Ludwisr Hencke, Col-
liiisville, Ills. A seedling of .Jewel (.lohii Burr's) similar
to that excellent variety, hut vine a more vigorous
frrowei- and fruit larger in bunch and berry than its
parent, yet only medium iu size, black, (luality fine.

Fern or Fern Miinson. (Linc-Hi/br.) A Hybrid
of the Texas Post-Oak grape and the Triumph,
produced by T. V. Munsou of Texas. Vine vig-
orous, late in leafing out, flowering and ripening
of fruit; flowers perfect, cluster and berry large;
berry persistent, color dakk pikple — almost
black; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy and
sprightlj', of fine quality ; ripens long after Con-
cords are gone, when tlie market is bare of other
grapes; considered very valuable.

Flora. (Ldbr.) Origin l^hiladelphia. Pa. Bunch small,
compact; ben-y small, roundish, oval, purplish-red.
Flesh somewhat nulpy, acid at centre, juicy, vinous.
Ripens about witn Isabella. Vine hardy and produc-
tive.— Doicning.

Florence. {^Est. X) Probably a cross between Un-
ion Village m. and Eumelan /., originated by Marine.
A very handsome showy grape, of good quality; bunch
large, with some of the Isabella character. Discarded.

Florence. (Z«6r. X) Another duplicated name! A
seedling of Niagara, produced by the late A. J. Cay-
wood, of Mai-lborough, N. Y., by crossing the former
with Duchess. We have been unable to get a descrip-
tion or criticism of this variety. It is, of course, a
WHITE grape, and, though almost unknown, may be an
improvement even on his " Duchess." The enthusiastic
originator died in 1889, and, owing to some unfortunate
circumstances, his once celebrated establishment was
discontinued.

Florence. {Labr. ?) And this is a third 1)y that name,
a BLACK grape, earlier than all ; ripening at Ottawa, Can-
ada, before thu Champion even. John Craig, tlie eminent
horticulturist of that experiment station, describes it
as follows: Vine a short jointed, slow grower: leaves
small, very pubescent: bunch and berry medium to
small. Quality only medium; the fruit is very perish-
able, shrivelling on the vine soon after maturing. As a
grape for garden culture in the colder sections it is
valuable. Not a market grape in any respect.

Flower of Stissoiiri. A Delaware seedling, grown
by Wm. Poeschel, Herman, Mo. Not disseminated, and
probal)ly never will be. It possesses both the excel-
lence and the defects of "Walter."

Flowers. (F. Botund.) Syn., Black Musca-
dine. A variety of the Scupperuong tj^pe. Ber-
ries large, growing in clusters of 10 to 15; black,
sweet. Ripens very late ; h.angs upon the vine
until frost. Said to make a rich, red, and de-
licious wine. Never fails to produce a crop, and
perfectly free from and kind of disease. It is
much esteemed (in Georgia, Alabama, and South
Carolina) on account of its lateness, as it does
not come in until the Scuppernong is gone.

Berckmans, of Georgia, says it is not quite as
good as the Scuppei-nong and of about the same
size.

Francis B. Haye.s. (Labr.) See Hayes.

Framing-ham. Peihaps not identical with, but only
a reproduction of, the Hartford— at least so closely re-
sembling it that it should n(jt have been introduced as
another variety.

Franklin. {Hip.) Vi)ie has much tlie habit and
growth of Clinton: not as good a bearer. Bunch small,
not very compact : berry .^mall, black, juicy, quite acid,
austere ; unworthy. — Doirning.

Cfaertner. (Labr.-IIiibr.) Rogers' No. 14. Hy-
brid between White Chasselas and a wild Labrus-
ca. The late Marssall P. Wilder described it as
follows: Bunch good size; ?*ern/ medium to large;
color LIGHT BUOWN or KEU; skin thin; flavor
pleasant and aromatic ; season rather early ; vine
healthy and productive. One of the best and
most valuable of Rogers' Hybrids. It has been
somewhat neglected, but receives now deserved
attention, being an excellent grape, almost trans-
parent, and the most showy, perhaps, in our col-
lection among the red varieties. Resembles Mas-
sasoit, but of finer quality.

128 Garber.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Goethe.

Galliip's Seedling'. tL/ibr.-IIi/hr.) Orisi'iatod at
Adams' Hasiii, N ^'.. from a seodliiisof Rogers' h^alein,
which it is said to rosiMiil)k' in appt-arance. Not liuovvii
iioi' testod ill thi' West.

Garber. (Lahr.) A seedling raised by the late
J. B. Garber, of Columbia, Fa., who also orig-
inated the Mary Ann and North Carolina. Supe-
rior to these. Jhtnch below niediuni, berries full
medium, very compact; black, with very dark
juice, makes a very good wine, and is of fair qual-
ity for the table. Vine hardy, a vigorous grower
and immensely productive. Ripens among the
ver}- earliest. It resembles the Worden so much
tliat some grape growers cannot see any differ-
ence between them, but Judge Miller says it is not
quite similar and that the "Garber is two weeks
earlier.

Gazelle. One of Ricketts' Hybrids, produced many
years ago but neglected, and remaining unknown until
Sam. Miller, to wliom lie gave a plant or graft of this
his almost forgotten child, tested it and says it is splen-
did. Bunch large; berri/ about the size of Herbemout;
ci)lor nearly avhite. almost translucent; sweet and deli-
<'ious. Its growth pleased us very much. See Ricketts'
Hybrids.

Greiieva. {Lahr.-Hyhr.') Originated by Jacob
Moore, of Attica, X. Y., it is the result of two
crosses, the first in the year 1865, being from seed
of the Black Fox {Lahr.) fertilized b}^"the Muscat
of Alexandria. The second cross, planted in the
spring of 1874, at Brighton, Monroe county, N.Y.,
was raised from one of the best hybrid seedlings
— a large red grape — fertilized bylona; the one
named Geneva being one of the best of that pro-
geny. The Vine is a strong grower, hardy and
free from mildew thus far, has large leaves, pecu-
liar for curving downward at the edges; in hardi-
ness of the bud it ranks with the Pocklington.
The huneh varies greatly in size, being sometimes
verj^ long, usually medium, cylindrical or slightly
shouldered, loose. Berries large and obovate, the
lower portion of it being larger than the stem
portion; color light yellow when fully ripe,
translucent, with from one to three seeds, which
may be distinctly seen if raised in bags; it has a
peculiarly lustruous sitrface with little bloom,
characteristics which, once noted, enable anyone
to identify the Geneva from other white grapes.
Its flesh is juicy, dissolving, vinous, sprightly
and agreeable. It is not of highly refined char-
acters, but has the remarkable good quality of
improving in flavor by keeping if picked before
over-ripe, and is especially valuable as an excel-
lent keeper and shipper, the berries clinging
Hrmly to the stem. Ripens about a week after
the Concord.

Josiah Hoopes, of Pennsylvania, a trustworthy
authority, places the Geneva as among our best
native grapes, and says that on his grounds it
perfected last season (1892) the largest crop of
any variety in his collection. At the New York
Experiment Station, at Geneva, N. Y., it did not
reach expectations in quality.

Giant Leaf. (yEst.') See Riesenblatt.

Gilt i:d§r<*- iuEsit.xLabr.) Originated by Dr. Ohisliolin,
ai .Spring Hill, Tenn. A Delaware Seedling. Vine
tlirifty in growth and foliage, but rather a shy bearer.
I'^ruit much like its jjarent in size of 1)uncli ai'id berry,
but quite dilTercnl otiierwise, being cream colored;
(luality fine, of a delicate flavor, <juite peculiar, sliglitly
subaciri.

Gleiifleld. (Labr.) A chance seedling from
the grounds of Geo. J. Magee, of Watkins, X. Y.
Bunch large, shouldered, compact, attractive;
berry large, nearly round, of a peculiar GiiAViSH
color covered with whitish bloom; pulp very

tender, juicy, sweet, with an agreeable flavor,
neither foxy nor astringent. As a table grape it
has many good qualities, worthy of a place in the
amateur collection.

Goethe. (Labr.-IIj/hr.) Or Rogers' No. 1.
This very valuable variety is, perhaps, more
unique and shows in its fruit more of the
character of the European species than an}''
of Rogers' other sorts, and yet its vine is one
of the hardiest, healthiest, and most produc-
tive. Late in ripening for northern localities,
it does not always mature there ; but here
with tis it produces and perfectly ripens a
large crop of beautiful chisters and berries,
free from imperfections of aii}' kind, provided
it has a gootl rich soil, and has not been per-
mitted to overbear, which would ruin its
health and productiveness for years to come,
if not forever. A sandy soil seems also fav-
orable for its continued health, as the roots
of the Goethe, though thick — generall}'^ of a
scraggy and warty exterior — are feeble, and
in clayey soil maj^ perhaps, become a prey
to the phylloxera. The vine is a most vigor-
ous grower, making stout and long canes,
with well-developed laterals. "Wood rather
soft, with a moderate pith.

At the Fall meeting of the Mississippi Val-
ley Grape-Growers' Association, Sept. 9,
1868, we exhibited for the first time a few
branches of the vine, each with several per-
fect clusters, which were much admired, and
would probably have astonished the origina-
tor, could he have seen them. The smallest
of them, being of a good average size, we
had photographed, and an exact copy of it
expressly engraved for this Catalogue. The
bunches are medium to large, not quite com-
pact, occasionall}^ shouldered : berries very
large, oblong, of a yellowish-green, some-
times blotched, with a pale red toward the
sun and entirel}'^ red when fully ripe ; skin
thin, translucent; flesh tender and melting
throughout; few seeds; sweet, vinous, ancl
juic}^ with a peculiar, delicious aroma. Spe-
cific gravity of must TS'* ; altogether a most
desirable grape for the Middle Atlantic
States, the Ohio and Lower Missouri Valleys,
both for the table and for wine, but even in
South Florida, in the experimental garden at
Waldo, on the beautiful shores of Lake Santa
Fe, some Goethe were admired larger in size
and more compact than were ever seen on the
mother vine ; but there also line specimens of
Cbasselas and Black Hamburg are grown in
open air grafted on ^Estivalis

Gold Coin. (^Jst. X) Produced by T. V. Mun-
son in 1883 by pollinating Norton with Martha.
A^ine vigorous, late in leaflng. shedding leaves and
flowering, verj'^ hardy and productive, flowers per-
fect; clusters medium, berry medium to large,
persistent, rich golden yellow when fully ripe.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

129

GOETHE.

130 Golden Berry.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Green Mountain .

rarely touched by rot; skin thin but tough, pulp
not tender, yet juicy of agreeable flavor, becom-
ing very sweet when fully ripe. A showy market
grape and will nuike a very good white wine.

Golden Berry. (Labr.-Hi/br.) A white seedlins of the
Hartford n\u\ Ocii. Marmora, orijrinated by Dr. Culbert,
Ne\vl)urv% N- V.: liaidy and a free bearer. Exhibited

1877.

Golden 4'Ilufon. {Hip.) Syii. King. A seedling from
the Clinton rlosely rescmliliiig it, l)ut with this ditfer-
enee, tliat its berries are gkeenish-white. and that it
is far less productive. Campbell is perfectly correct in
saying: '• It does not sustain the character given by
those wlio first introduced it. Bunches small, scanty,
and irregulai'; berries small and of inferior quality."

Golden Concord. (Labr.^ See Concord White
Seedlings, page 107.

Golden Drop. (Lahr.-IIyhr.) An early white
grape, raised by Pringle in 1869, from the Adiron-
dac, fertilized by the Delaware. In size of bunch

and berry it re-
sembles Dela-
ware. Color

YELLOWISH-

WHiTE, with a
tinge of red
when in the
sun; bunch cyl-
indrical, seldom
shouldered,
small, close;
berry smallish,
round; flesh
tender, though
slightly pulpy,
juicy, very
sweet and pure
flavored, with-
out the slight-
est foxiness.
I 5 :i / \ The vine is a

I'" V -? ^ H^4 / ' good grower,

\ ^ '.-i«^' -^^ r^^ yearly loaded

with fruit,
leaves small,
obscurely lob-
ed, tomentose
beneath, show-
ing superior ca-
pacity to resist
mildew and
thrips.

This purely
native and har-
dy variety is
admired by
some for its del-
icate flavor. Its
'*t x^' surpassing ear-

^■^ ' liness makes it

GOLDEN DROP. (Actual Size.) valuable for

planting in our
northern districts where none of the varieties in
cultivation are sure to ripen thoroughly every
year. — Bliss £ Son.

Golden Gem. (^Jst -Hi/br.) A seedling of the
Delaware and lona, a superb table grape, of
GOLDEN color, produced by J. H. Ricketts; first
exhibited at the Am. Poinological Society meet-
ing in 1881. Vine moderately vigorous; wood
short -jointed: leaf small to medium, slightly ser-
rated ; bunch small and sometimes shouldered ;
berry small and of a rich golden color; flesh

tender, juicy and rich, with a fine rose fiavor;
quality best. The fruit ripens very early, even
before Hartford, and continues a long time in use
without losing any of its good qualities. Wher-
ever either of its parents, the Delaware or the
lona, can be successfully grown, this superior
grape deserves special attention.

Golden Pocklington. (Labr.) See Pocklington.

Governor Ross. (Lo.br. -Hybr.) See Munson'&

Seedlings.

Grabam. (? ) An accidental seedling, introduced l)y
Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia; bunch of medium size,
not compact; beri-y half an inch in diameter, round,
PURPLE, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains lit-
tle or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable flavor.
A poor grower and bearer. — Downing.

Green Castle. (Labr). See Marine's Seedling.

Green Mountain. {Labr.) This rm/mr/y
WHITE grape is a chance seedling, found grow-
ing on one of the slopes of the Green Mount-
ains, of Vermont, and was introduced by a Mr.
Paul and propagated by Stephen Hoyt's Sons,
of New Canaan, Conn., who secured the entire
franchise of this seedling and had the same
registered, as their Trade-Mark (see figure).
The ''WincJieir' (q. v.) is claimed, however,
and generally admitted to be identical ; and
under pomological rules this, being the earlier
name, which is that of its discoverer in Ver-
mont, is entitled to precedence. Vine very
vigorous and healthy, with large foliage ; no
mildew ; productive, a profuse bearer, fruit
of very good qualitj^ ; hunches of medium size,
well shouldered ; berries of greenish-white
color, medium size, skin thin, pulp tender
! and sweet, with few and small seed ; taste of
' excellent flavor, free from foxiness. Pecu-
liarl}' adapted to the northeast climate of our
! country. Prominent horticulturists and fruit
growers of New York, Massachusetts, Con-
; necticut and New Jersey express golden opin-
\ ions of the '"Green Mountain," and predict
i a great future for this really fine grai)e, being
! also one of the earliest to ripen of all our na-
i tive varieties. Elllwanger and Barry recom-
mend it, '-The WincfieU Grape," sa^'ing: It
has been tested for several 3'ears in our vine-
I yards and has proven satisfactory in all re-
spects. It combines hardiness, fruitfulness,
vigor, good size and excellent qualit3^ Friend
Munson considers his ''BelV equal not onlv
but stiperior to the (4 keen Mountain.

The description of the Bell, one of T. A'.
j Munson' s best grapes, has been accidently
; omitted in this Catalogue (p. 90.) It is a hy-
i brid of Elvira with Delaware, and will prove
I best in our Central States (Ohio, Ky., Tenn.,
! Ind., Ills., Mo., Kan., and the S. C. S.), while-
Green Mountain may be better adapted to
the North, lioth deserve to be extensively
I planted, they are health}' and hard}', good'
j and sure producers, ripening before Concord.^

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

131

GREEN MOUNTAIN, OR WINCHELL.

132 Green Ulster.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Haskell's Seedl.

dJreoii Ulster. (Labr.) Originated with John

B. Moore, of Concord, Mass. It was first exhib-
ited in 1879 before the Am. Pomological Society ;
the report calls it a white grape of excellent
quality; it is a moderate grower and holds its
foliage until frost. The vine is healthy and hardy,
about as vigorous as Martha. Bunch and berry of
medium si/e, excellent quality, ripens a week be-
fore Concord; its foliage resembles Martha. It
is most probably of same parentage.

Grein's Seedlingrs. (liip.-Hnhr.) A lot of Tay-
lor Seedlings raised by the late Nicholas Grein,
near Hermann, Mo., and by him supposed to have
been produced from seed of the European Kies-
ling which he had sown, but which, as pi'oven
afterwards, was mixed with Taijlor seed ; the
European Riesling did not come up at all, while
from the Tcnjlor (i?0>- X) sprang Grein's No. 1,
named ''Missouri Eiesling." (See descr.)
No. 2 — Gkein\< Golden. Somewhat similar to
his Missouri Riesling, but a stronger grower;
hunch medium, not very compact, handsomely
shouldered; horries larger than most other
TayJor seedlings, of a deep yellow golden
color, bronzy toward the sun; sweet, juicy,
with little pulp. Ripens with Concord. A
valuable grape for family use, table, and
market.
No. 3 — much resembles his Missouri Riesling in
bunch and berry; said to contain more sugar
and to make still better wine.
No. 4 — also resembling the former, and said to
iiuike a very tine wine of a deep golden color
and delightful flavor.
No. 7, or Grein's extra earhj. Vine a vigorous
grower, moderately productive ; bunch and
berry resembling Delaware in size and shape
but not in color, which herein is a beautiful
GKEENisH-YELLOW, with a distinct star-like
speck on each berry. Ripening about same
time as Concord.

Grove. (Labr. xi Originated by Thomas Grove, of
Tecumseh, Neb. A seedling of Concord crossed with
Clinton. Vine hardy and productive; bunch medium,
sometimes shouldered; berries medium, white, turn-
ing; amber in the sun; skin thin but very tougli; pulp
tender, sweet; ripens a few days later than tlie Con-
coi'd.

Guinevra. {Hi/1>r.-Labr.XVin.) Originated by

C. Engle, of Paw Paw, Mich., a seedling of Salem.
(Rogers 53.) Vine very vigorous, productive;
bunch large, long, seldom shouldered, compact;
often as solid to the feeling as an ear of corn;
berry large, white, ripens late, too late for Mich-
igan, where it originated, unless the season hap-
pens to be unusually long. Further south it
would probably do better, and where tested is
said to be of very good quality. Not dissemi-
nated.

Hag-ar. (^st.-Hybr.) See Alvey, p. 85.

Halifax Seedling. {Labr-llybr.) See Wylie's
Seedlings.

Hall. (?) W(' find a variety by tliat name at tlie ex-
periment statifjii of Michi>raii claiminji to be orijiinated
in tliat State; anollierof tlie same name f?i'own by 1).
Hail, iri'l)ana, Oliio. Both as yet unknown.

Harmer. {Labr. X) A cross between V. Lat)r. and V.
Ripaiia, found in Hartford county, Conn., l)y D. Alder-
ton, Marilxjro, N. \. A rampant grower witli l)rijrlit
green leaves, sligiitly downy underneath, lieaitiiy and
hardy; launch l)elow medium; modei'ately conipact;
berries medium; black; hard pulp, of petmliar spicy
taste, sweet, not veiy productive, late; said to make a
nice, good red wine.

llarrell. (Labr.) A chance seedling orginated l)y
Obed Harrell, of Chrisman, Ills. Vine vigorous anil

productive. Cluster medium, compact, berry medium,

WHITE, ver ' ~ "

knoivn to us.'

WHITE, vei;y sweet. IMitzki/'s Our Native Grape. Not

• S.J

Harrison. (Labr..) A seedling of Concord, produced
by Isaac Staples, Dayton, Ohio. Vine as vigorous,
hardy and thrifty as its parent, also leaf healthy and
thick; bunch medium to large, moderately compact;
berries medium, red, quality good, flavor pure, no foxi-
ness: ripens with the Concord. [Mitzky's Our Native
Grape.']

Hart or Hart Grape. {^Est.) See Lincoln and
Devereux.

Hartford. {Labr.) Syn., Haktfoud Prolific
The standard for earliness among grapes. Was
raised from seed of Isabella by Steel, of Hartford,
Conn., over forty years ago. It is well-known
and generally planted as a very prolific early
market variety ; ripens about ten days in advance
of the Concord; but as soon as ripe it generally
di'ops its fruit, and is of poor quality. The vine
is very healthy and hardy, and produces immense
crops. Bunches large, shouldered, rather compact ;
berries round, full medium, black; fiesh pulp}\
juicy, with a perceptible foxy flavor; roots very
abundant, branching and fibrous, of average
thickness and toughness, and tolerably firm liber.
Canes stout, with strong crooks at the joints,
laterals well developed, and having considerable
down on the young growth. Wood hard, with a
small pith. As a market grape it is considered
valuable by some, on account of its earliness and
great productiveness, but even as such it is infe-
rior to several others.

Framingham and Seneca are almost identical
with Hartford; the Pioneer and Yonkers
Honey Dew are similar to it, but considered bet-
ter grapes. Let us discard the Hartford, which only
destroys the appetite for grapes, and injures the
sale and price of all sorts; while a really (food very
early market grape would increase the demand
for all later varieties. And we have now by far
better very early varieties, earlier than Hart-
ford even. (See Earlj^ Ohio, Moore's Early, be-
sides several others.)

Harwood. {jEst.) Syn., Improved Warren; obtained
from Major llarwood, of Gonzales, Tex., similar to Her-
bemont in every respect except size of berry, which is
nearly double the size of that of Hei'bemont; it also
varies in color, sometimes being no darker than Diana:
ripens four or five days earlier tlian the Warren or Her-
bemont. It originated in the garden of Colonel Har-
wood, at Gonzales, Texas. This grape has short-.iointed
heavy canes, is not as rank a grower as Herbeniont, and
does not grow readily from cuttings.

Haskell's Seedlings. Of the very large number of
hylirids produced l)ythe long-continued and expensiA'e
labors of George Haskell, of Ipswich, Mass., he has se-
lected forty varieties, designated by numbers only,
which he ottered for sale in 1877; but as he would not sell
less than thirty vines to anyone grape-grower or nur-
seryman at a price which, though low, considering
their cost to the originator, yet exceeds the ability of
most grape-growers,— and as they are all hybrids be-
tween the foreign (Black Hamburg, White Irontignan
and White Chasselas) and native (HIack-fox, Amber-
fox and Pigeon), and had not lieeii tested in other local-
ities, very few of them have l)een distr. bated.

Our proposition to take a few only, for trial, was de-
clined, although Haskell says himself in his very inter-
esting "Account of various Experiments for the Pro-
duction of new and desiral)le Grapes," that it cannot be
desiral)le to propagate so many varieties in any locality.
Thus the results of his long and meritorious labors will
pi'o))ably forever remain in obscniity ; and while a pe-
imniary recompense was not, fortunately for Haskell,
"by aiiy meansa matter of necessity" with liim, it is
to be J'egretted that the results he obtained, which
might have been a Ijeneflt to the pulilic and of value to
this country, were thus lost. This from our Catalogue
(3d edition, 188.3), and now, after more than ten years,
we never heard of Haskell's grapes anywhere, except-
ing one (the "RuHY" (1. V.) , although the fruitcommit-
tee of the American Pomological Society, and other
authorities to whom Haskell sent some of these grapes
for judgment, pronounced several of excellent quality.

Hattie.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Herald. ] 33

Hattie or Hettle. There
an- three or nH)re srapes un-
der this iiaine, under coiitlict-
iiis: desfriptioiis. One origi-
nated witli Mrs. N. R. Haskel,
Monroe, !Mifli.; described as
a l)i-iglit, clear hed, trans-
lucent grape; an other, intro-
duced 1)y E. Y. Teas, of Rich-
mond, Ind., as a large, oval,
BLACK grape— "earlier, larger
and Ijetter than Concord a7id
IsalJella;" still another, a
cha nee seedling grown by .T. A.
Putnam, Fredonia, X. Y., said
to l3e similar to Amenia (q. v.),
ripening with Moore's Early;
if so, it sliould be tried and
push its way forward. And
another of unknown origin.
Bunch small; berry black;
flesh somewhat pulpy; a poor
grower and bearer, but ripens
early. All remained so far
unknown.

Hatton. ( Labr. X ) A
cross between Faith (Rom-
mel's) and Ives, produced
by Rautenberg of Lincoln,
111. A strong and healthy
grower, hardy and very
productive ; resembling
•'Faith" in foliage, but
"Tder/rap/i" in appearance
of the fruit ; btinch medium,
compact ; berry medium,
BLACK, vinous ; ripens a lit-
tle after Concord ; a better
keeper, seems less inclined
to rot. A grape of promise
and may prove valuable.

Hayes. {Labr.) Syn., Francis B. Hayes.

This is a very early white grape, raised from
Concord seed by .John B. Moore, of Concord,
Mass.; it is smaller than Martha, but better in
quality; was awarded a first-class certificate of
merit by the Mass. Hort. Society. Vine hardy
and a vigorous grower, moderately prolific, free
from mildew; wood short-jointed; twHcTi medium,
moderately comi^act, partly shouldered ; berry me-
dium, globular, with a fine ambeu-yellow color;
slightly whitish blossom, skin very firm; flexh
tender, juicy, of a delicate texture and fine flavor,
free from foxiness. Ripens from 7 to 8 days before
Concord, yet holds its leaves after those of most
other varieties are killed with frost.

This WHITE grape attracted special notice for
quality and earliness. The originator introduced
it with the following remarks : "It is our endeavor
to place before the fruit growers of the country,
a grape of quality, possessing certain desirable
and distinct characteristics which are rare excep-
tions in grapes of this class. This grape is a pure
native, possessing hardiness and vigor to a degree
seldom attained by other white varieties, and
especially adapting it for cultivution in northern
and eastern sections.''''

It should be planted in localities where the
summer-heat is comparatively limited.

THE HAYES (ou FRANCIS B. HAYES.)

Herald. (Labr.) Of unknown parentage, produced
by the late G. A. Ensenberger of Bloomington, Ills.
(in 1888). Vine vigorous and productive, foliage good;
bunch medium, compact; berry above medium size.
One of the earliest black grapes, but poor In flavor ajid
quality; not equal to Moore's Early which ripens but
little later.

134 Herbemont.

BUSHBKRG CATALOGUE.

(or Warren).

THE HERBEMONT GRAPE.

Herbemont. (^st.) Syn., Wakren,
Hekbkmont's Madeira, Waurenton, Neil
Grape. Origin unknown ; as earlj' as 1798
it was propagated from an old vine growing
on the plantation of Judge Huger, Columbia,
S. C. Nicholas Herbemont, an enterprising
and enthusiastic cultivator of the grape, found
it there, and from its vigorous growth and
perfect acclimation at first correctly supposed
it to be a native ; be afterwards, in 1834, was

informed that it had been received from
France, and he believed this. But the same
grape was also found growing wild (?) in
Warren county, Ga., and is there known as
the Warren grape. The best authorities class
it as a member of the Southern ^stivalis fam-
ily—a native grape, truly called by Down-
ing, "Bags of Wine." One of the very best
and most reliable grapes for both table and
wine, especially a^dapted for hill-sides on

Herhemont.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Herbert. 135

limestone soil. It flourishes in Texas, Georgia,
South Carolina, and Florida, but generally-
only on poor hill-land. Should not be planted
further north than the Ohio and Lower Mis-
souri Rivers, and even there should be covered
in winter. For those who have gone to this
trouble it has nearl}^ alwaj'S produced a splen-
did crop, and has been so enormously pro-
ductive that it richly repaid the little addi-
tional labor, except where rot destroyed the
crops : and it maj^ be mentioned that the rot
on the Herbemont and its family is different
from the rot which attacks the Labrusca. In
Southern Texas, where the Herbemont is a
perfect success, grape culture is gradually
but steadily extending, so that, at no distant
future, vine-culture will become one of the
leading industries of its people. M. Les-
piault reports : " Le vin de I'Herbemont fait
en blanc est excellent et pent rivaliser avec
les vins blancs de nos meilleurs crus." At
the Exposition of the International Congress
at Bordeaux, M. Lepine exhibited a Herbe-
mont vine, whose two arms had forty bunches
on one and sixty bunches on the other, all
perfectly ripened. The sight of this superb
and immensely productive sample made many
converts of former opponents of the Ameri-
can vine. Bunches very large, long, shoul-
dered and compact ; berries small, black, with
a beautiful blue bloom ; skin thin, flesh sweet,
without pulp, juicy and high-flavored; ripens
late, a few days after Catawba. Roots of me-
dium thickness, with a smooth, hard liber,
resisting to the Phylloxera in France as well
as here. Canes stout, heavy and long: lat-
erals well-developed. Wood hard, with a
medium-sized pith, and firm outer bark. Vine
a very vigorous grower, with the most beau-
tiful foliage ; not subject to mildew, and but
little to rot ; in rich soil it is somewhat tender,
makes too much wood, and seems less pro-
ductive, while in warm and rather poor lime-
stone soil, with southern exposure, it is gen-
erally healthy, and enormously productive,
except in very unfavorable seasons, when all
half-tender varieties fail. Werth, of Rich-
mond, Virginia, says: I have found the most
uniforml}' abundant, health}^, and thoroughly
ripened crop, for successive seasons, on low,
imperfectly drained, and rather compact soil.
Eisenmeyer, of Mascoutah, 111., finds sum-
mer pruning, promptly performed at the close
of the flowering season, very effective in se-
curing a fine crop of Herbemont grapes.
The accompanying illustration gives an idea
of the beaut}^ and richness of the bunch.
Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure
juice pressed, without mashing the grapes,
makes a lohite wine, resembling delicate
Rhenish wines : if fermented on the husks

about forty-eight hours, it will make a very
fine pale red wine. The French wine judges
at Montpellier, pronounced it "assez agre-
able, rappellant le gout des vins de Test de
la France."

In former years but very few seedlings of the
Herbemont have been raised ; One Herbemont
seedling is mentioned by Dr. Warder in his des-
cription of the "Longworth School of Vines."
The PawZme (q. v.) may be a seedling of Herbe-
mont, also the Kaifs Seedling, from Kentucky,
and the Muskogee, but little is positively known of
these varieties.

The McKee was looked upon as a Herbemont
seedling, with fruit larger than Herbemont and
about a week earlier, but, after careful compari-
son, it is pronounced as identical with Herbemont.
Onderdonk does not pronounce it to be the Her-
bemont itself, showing some difference between
the two ; but not sutlicient to make it a distinct
variety.

In the previous edition (1883) of this Catalogue
we stated: "If we intended to raise new seed-
lings (which we do no«), we would select the
Herbemont as one parent in preference to almost
any other variety." Our esteemed friend. Prof.
Munsou, the eminent originator of new valuable
varieties, following our hint, pi'oduced a large
number of seedlings and hybrids from the Herbe-
mont among whom he selects as best 1, the ^^ Her-
mann Jaeger^^ (see descr. p. 138) , 2, the "■Lindherbe^''
(Lindley & Herbemont) : 3, the ^'Delicious (Post
Oak X Herb.) ; 4, '■^Mrs. 3Iunson'' (Neosho X
Herb.) ; 5, the "Muench'' (Neosho X Herb.) ; 6,
the '■'Perrif (Post Oak X Herb.) ; 7, " Vmita''
(also Post Oak X Herb.) ; 8, the ''Neva Munson''^
(Neosho X Herb.), 9 and 10, the "-Black Herbe-
mont''' and the ''Onderdonk'' (pure Herbemont
Seedlings) .

Herbert. (Labr.-Hybr.) Rogers' No. 44.
A Mammoth Sage Seedling impregnated by
Black Hamburg. This is probably the best of
the black varieties of Rogers' hybrids, none
proved of greater merit than this one. The
vine is very vigorous, healthy, and hardly ;
bunch large, beautifully shouldered, rather
long, and moderately compact ; berry large
size, round, sometimes a little flattened,
BLACK ; flesh very sweet and tender, purely
flavored and free from coarseness or foxiness
either as to the taste or smell. Early and
productive.

Campbell says: "It has so many good
qualities, it should be better known and more
extensively planted both for home use and for
a showy and excellent market grape. If I
were asked to name another black grape,
hybrid or native, that I consider equal in all
respects to the Herbert, I could not do it!"

Hercules. {Labr.-Hybr.') A seedling from one of
Rogers' Hybrids raised bj^ the late G. A.Ensenber-
ger, Bloomington, Ills. (Said to have been from
a seed of a California grape, but undoubtedly
from one of Rogers' Hybrids, as it possesses all
the ear-marks of these, and none of the character-
istics of Vinifera blood. Starnes.) The Vine is
very vigorous and productive, developes very

136 Hercules.

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

Hermann.

large leaves as well as
veiy large fruit. Bunch
large to very large,
sometimes shouldered,
attractive in appear-
ance, berry very large,
round, black with
blue bloom ; pulp rath-
er juicy, not tender,
and does not readily
release the seeds ; fla-
vor good, cracks and
drops badlysometimes :
season about with Con-
cord. A handsome
amateur grape. It at-
tracted much attention
at the World's Colum-
bian Exposition in
Chicago (1893), owing
to its very large ber-
ries, resembling well
grown Black Hamburg.
Size and appearance
being more appreciated
than quality.

Herinaim. (^Est.) A

seedling of Norton's,

raised by F. Langen-

doerfer, of Hermann.

Mo., in 1863. It has

been fully tested in

various places and

liroved well as to

growth, foliage and

fruit. On trying the

must on Oechsle's scale

it showed 94° to 105 .

Bunch long and narrow,

seldom shouldered,

compact, often nine in-
ches long; herrn small,

about same size as

Norton's, round, BLACK

withBLVE bloom, mod-
erately juicy, rarely

rots or mildews, and

ripens very late, several

days later than theNor-

ton. The juice is of a

brownish-yellow, mak-
ing a wine of the color

of Brown Sherry or

Madeira, of great body,

and of flne flavor ; sat-
isfactory in the South

Central States. Our

friend Sam . Miller says :

'' There is a peculiar

fragrance about the

wine of the Hermann,

and, were I a teetotaler

in drinking, I should

like to have wine of it

just for the pleasure

of smellinj^ it." The

J'rench jtulges at the

Congres Montpellier

pronounce the Hermann " bien droit de gofit,

particuli^rement bon et corse."

Vine a strong grower and veiy productive, re-
sembling the Norton's in foliage; but the leaves
are of a lighter color, the stems covered with pe-
culiar silvery-white hair-like threads, and the

THE HERMANN GRAPE.

leaves somewhat more deeply lobed. It is, like
its parent, very difficult to propagate from cut-
tings in the open ground. Jioots wiry, very tough,
with a smooth, hard, liber, defying all attacks of
the I'hvUoxera. Canes of medium thickness,
great length and vigor, and a moderate number
(Continued p. 138.)

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIP:S.

137

HERMANN JAEGER. (Or Jaeger.)

138 Hermann J.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Humboldt.

of laterals; the canes often branch off with a
fork, having a double bud at the base — a freak of
more frequent occurrence with this, than any
other variety we know of. Wood very hard with
a small pitli.

The Hermann was considered an important ad-
dition to our list of u-ine grapes. If productive-
ness, general hardihood and health, can entitle a
variety to consideration, this variety certainly de-
.serves it at the hands of our vintners. Its wine is
entirely different and distinct from anything else
we have; but the prediction "that it will produce
a true American sherry, equal, if not superior, to
anything the old world can produce," has proven
idle talk and bombast. So far the Hermann has
not grown in favor or popularity, and it will never
be extensively planted.

For our locality and farther south it may be de-
sirable, but farther north it will hardly attain the
perfection requisite to make a superior wine, as it
ripens so verv late. It is specially adapted to
southern slopes and limestone soil; a true ^stiv-
alis in leaf and habit.

Langendoerfer has also raised a white seedling of
the Hermann, which is very vigorous and produc-
tive, resembling its parent in growth, and in form
of bunch and leaf. It was one of the first of that
class (^^^stivalis) with white berries. The wine
made from this variety is exceedinglj^ smooth and
fine, in bouquet, plaiul}^ showing Hermann origin.

The originator has not decided upon a name for
this white grape, as the very small size and very
late ripening of its berries would be unfavorable
to its introduction.

Hermann Jaeger, {^Est. X Line.) Produced by
T. V. Munson, of Denison, Texas, in 1885, by
crossing the Herbemont on a wild native grape (a
Post Oak) of the species V. Lincecumii, found in
his section of Texas. Vine exceedingly vigorous,
very productive, hardy and healthy, may re-
quire winter protection. Bunch very large, com-
pact, shouldered, sometimes double shouldered;
hernj medium, of dark purplk color, almost
black ; covered with a rich bloom, adheres verj'
persistently to the stem; quality very good; juice
red, sweet and sprightly; pulp melting, skin thin
and tough; ripens a few days later than Concord.
An attractive and valuable grape. Regarded by
Oeo. W. Campbell as very promising, both for
wine and table use. Illustration on page 137.

Hero. (Lahr.) See Concord Seedlings p. 106.

Highland. (Labr.-Hybr.) One of the largest
and finest looking of Ricketts' Seedling Grapes;
a hybrid produced by fertilizing the Concord with
Jura-Muscat; resembling the Concord in vine and
foliage. A vigorous grower, with short-jointed,
dark brown wood; large, thick, coarsely serrated
leaves, and very productive. Bunch large, long,
moderately compact and heavily shouldered;
well-grown clusters sometimes weigh one pound.
Berry large, round, black, with an abundant blue
bloom; rtesh soft, slight pulp, juicy, sweet,
slightly vinous. A market grape. Ripens late;
fully as late as Catawba. Requires a favorable
locality and a long season to mature. See Illus-
tration on next page, 139.

Hine. (Labr.) A seedling of the Catawba,
raised by Jason Brown (son of John Brown, the
abolitionist), at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. It makes a
good-sized, compact, slightly shouldered bunch;
berry medium, of a dark rich claret brown.
with a purplish bloom ; skin of medium thickness;

flesh juicy, sweet, and almost without pulp; leaf
large, thick, and whitish imderneath; canes red-
dish-brown, short-jointed; buds prominent. Ri-
pens with the Delaware, which it somewhat
resembles. It took the first premium as the best
new seedling at the Ohio State Fair, 1868. We
cannot recommend it except as an interesting
grape to amateurs.

Holmes. (^Est. X Labr.) A chance seedling
which appeared in a garden in Galveston, Texas.
Onderdonk kindly furnished us with the following
description of this grape for the Bushberg Cata-
logue: "The Holmes combines, in its growth and
appearance, both ^Estivalis and Labrusca blood.
Its fruit is about the size and color of Lindley. I
believe it to be a cross between the Southern ^^s-
tivalis of the Herbemont Division and a Labrusca,
and that it will, possibly, combine the hai'diness
of our ^^stivalis with the pulp of the Labrusca."
The original vine is very productive and has been
so for many years.

Honey. (Labr.-Hybr.) Originated by C. Engle,
of Paw Paw, Mich., raised from seed of Salem
(Rog. 53). Vine short-jointed, vigorous, hardy
and veiy productive. Bunch medium, compact,
shouldered ; berry medium to large, white, al-
most translucent, the seed being plainly visible
from the outside. Of honeyed sweetness. To
those liking a sweet grape it would be very fine ;
ripens early, with Warden.

Hopican. (.Rip.-Hijbr.) Originated by D. S. Marvin,
of Wateitown, crossing Eumelan with Elvira. Bunch
medium to lai-ge, compact, slightly shouldered; berry
medium, pale green with white "bloom; pulp tender,
separating readily from the seeds, with good flavor but
neither very sweet nor very juicy; skin thin; season of
ripening with Concord.

Hopkins. {Line. X ^st.) See Munson's Seedlings.

Hosford. {Labr.) Probably a seedling from Concord
grown by Geo. Hosford, Ionia, Mich. Vine a vigorous
grower, healthy, hai-dy and prolific ; bunch large, taper-
ing; berries large, black with delicate bloom: pulp
tender, juicy, sweet; flavor pure, not foxy; ripens a few
days earlier than Concord. (Ignored at the Michigan
Experiment Station even!) I

Howell. {Labr.) Origin unknown. Bunch and berry
medium; oval, black; skin thick; flesh witli firm pulp,
pleasant. Good. Middle of September.— iJowwin^.

Huber's Seedlings. Theophile Huber, at Rock

Island, 111., an amateur grape-grower, sent us in
1883 a number of new grapes, of fair quality, said
to be perfectly hardy and good bearers ; he named
them Margerith, Illinois City and Braendly, q. v.,
and raised some more since; purely for his pleas-
ure;— a labor of love.

Hudson. {Labr. X) A seedling of Rebecca crossed
with Clinton, raised by the late A. J. Cay wood, he ex-
pecting to produce a grape which would combine the
fine quality of the tender mother with the vigor of the
rank grower of the Riparia species; but it did not re-
sult in the amelioration of either; being a white grape
neither very'luscious nor very hardy and productive.

Hnmboldt. (Bip.y^?) An interesting seed-
ling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr. Muench, who
observed himself that it has no resemblance to
Louisiana; it has much more of the Riparia char-
acter, and most probably is an accidental cross
between a Louisiana and some belated Riparia
blossom. Vine of very vigorous growth, healthy
and hardy, free from rot or leaf blight; bunch be-
low medium; berries medium, ^of light green
color, changing to a rose tint, when fuUv ripe. It
is sufficiently productive and of fine quality in
some localities.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

139

Highland.

140 Ideal.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Ironclad.

Hnntingdon. (Jiip.) A j;i:ip(> of the Clinton class.
Bunch small, rompact. shouldered; bei-nj small, round,
BLACK, Juicy and vinous. Ripens early, ^'ine a vigor-
ous grower, healthy, hardy and productive, but un-
worthy of propagation.

Hyde's Eliza. See "York Madeira."
Ida. (Labr.) See T. B. Miner's Seedling.

Ideal. (yl-Jst. X) Originated by John Burr, of
Leavenworth, Kan., from Delaware. (See remark
on seedlings of this variety, page 114.) Vine vig-
orous, hardy and very productive; overbears,
sometimes subject to rot and mildew. (It never
rotted nor mildewed on Mr. Burr's place, but it
has with Dr. J. Staymau, near by.) Bunch large,
shouldered, compact, very handsome; berrn large,
RED, W'ith slight bloom; tlesh tender, juicy,
sprightly, vinous, rich, sweet; quality best, almost
equal to some European grape; skin thin but
tough ; without pulp when fully ripe and melting;
flavor very delicate; an ideal grape. Kipens
about same time as Delaware, is of about the
same color, but fully double its size.

Friend Sam. Miller, says of the "Ideal:" Bed
as a ruby and perfection to my taste.

Illinois City. (Labr.) Raised at Illinois City
by Theophile Huber; a white grape. Similar to
his Marie Louise (see descr.), but sweeter, juicier
and of higher flavor. Tested by Prof. J. L. Budd,
Iowa Agricultural Col., and recommended in the
Iowa State Register of Sept., 1887.

Imperial. (Labr.-Hybr.) A white seedling from
lona and Sarbelle-Muscat, by Ricketts, of New-
burgh, N. Y. Bunch large with slight shoulder;
bemj very large, white with considerable bloom ;
no pulp ; no seedsCr' ) ; splendid flavor with traces
of the lona-Muscat aroma. Vine a vigorous
grower, hardy ; ripens about time of the Isabella.
The finest white grape of Ricketts'' collection, ac-
cording to Williams, editor Horticulturist.

Imperial. (Labr. X) Said to be a seedling of
the Haiies grape with an admixture of foreign
blood, quite perceptible in the character of its
fruit. Vine subject to mildew. Bunch and berry
medium to large; white with a pinkish or lilac
colored bloom; rich and juicy, with the aroma of
a hot-house grape. Does not ripen fully in
northern locations. Another duplicate name.

Internatioiical. (Rip.-II>jhr.) See X. B. White'' s
Hybrids; sub. IF.

lola. (Jliparia. X) Originated by John Burr,
of Leavenworth, Kan., produced from mixed
seed. Tlie vine is vigorous, hardy and produc-
tive; was ever free from rot and mildew on Mr.
Burr's ground. Bunch medium, compact; berry
medium, white, tender, juicy, sweet, vinous;
quality very good. Ripens with Concord.

lona. (Labr.) Originated by the late Dr. C.
W. Grant, of lona Island, N. Y. It is a seedling
of the Diana, and the leaf somewhat resembles
that variety. Wood soft, short-jointed, with a
pith above average size; vine a strong grovver,
but not very hardy ; roots ver}"^ few, straight, of
medium thickness, and of no very firm texture.
Canes straight, not inclined to ramble, and of
medium thickness, with few laterals. Here it is
subject to mildew and rot, and requires careful
protection in winter, and yet the lona was suc-
cessfully grown for a time as far north as Traverse
City, Mich. ! But with most growers it has proved
a sad failure.

The lona is a fine grape for the garden, and
suited only to specially sheltered and protected
localities; it requires rich soil and good cultiva-
tion; in regions not subject to mildew the lona
will, in favorable seasons, yield a fine crop of
large, splendid and .well-developed clusters, es-
pecially when trained against buildings. We are
sorry to know that in open-field culture it does
not ripen uniformly, and in some years entirely
fails in most localities. Wherever it will suc-
ceed it is the finest of American gi-apes in flavor,
a most desirable variety, also for the vineyard.

Bunch usually large, long, and shouldered, not
very compact; berries medium to large, slightly
oval; skin thin, but tenacious; pale red, with
numerous deep red veins, which become quite
dark when fully ripe; fine bloom. Flesh tender,
with uniform character and consistence to the
centre. Flavor rich, sweet, vinous; quality best.
equalling the Delaware. Ripens a few days after
Concord, continues a long time in use. and does
not deteriorate in keeping as most other grapes
will ; with proper care it can be kept until spring,
and still be good. Requires short pruning and
must not be allowed to overbear. Magnificent
specimens were grown in a cold-house by AVm.
Saunders, at the Experimental Gardens at Wash-
ington. 3Ittst 88° to 100°, acid ^-^\.

lowa-ExcelsioP. (Labr.-Hnbr.) Raised by Prof .
Mathews, of Iowa. Sam. Miller describes it to
us as "a LARGE red grape, fair-sized bunch,
ripens before Concord, and to my taste as good
as Rogers No. 15 (Agawam), which it slightly
resembles." This grape might become valuable
for the West, and we are surprised that no effort
has been made to introduce it.

Iris. {Hybr.) Originated by C. Engle of Paw I'aw,
Michigan. In reporting to us his best he omitted this,
as probably, not satisfactory to himself, or not suf-
ficiently tested.

Ironclad. (RipariaX Labr.) Syn., Pearson's
Ironclad, ash grape, scott grape, diogenes
(supposed to be a native Biparia). This interest-
ing little grape was known to old settlers around
Darby, Pa., one hundred years ago. as the "Ash
Grape," growing on the farm of Mrs. Ash, the
grandmother of Col. A. W. Pearson. The people
around Darby resorted to this vine for its abund-
ant fruit to make jellies, etc. In 1872 Mr. Pearson
propagated plants from cuttings of this vine and
named it the "Scott" grape, in honor of Col.
Scott of the Pennsylvania R. R. When grape-rot
devasted the vineyards of New Jersey, while this
grape did not rot, public attention was called to it
and its name was changed to "Ironclad." A
few vines, apparently of the same kind, were
planted in 1805 at Egg Harbor City ; coming from
"Wilson's Nursery" through Mr. Landis, the
founder of "Vineland," who — desiring to give the
place that name — ordered six grape vines to be
planted on each farm lie sold; these six vines
were two of Catawba, two of Isabella, and two of
this (Ironclad), there named "Diogenes." They
were generally extirpated, as their fruit was dis-
appointing in quality for a market gra|.e; but as
a wine grape, free from rot, it certainly deserved
planting.

]lne of exubei'ant rapid growth which does not
stop until freezing weather, so that late autumn
shoots do not ripen ; it blossoms fully ten daj^s
earlier than Concord. Foliage abundant, but
prone to attack of the Downey mildew. Many of
its leaves are shed as the fruit is ripening. This

Irving.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Ixdhelhi. 141

is tnWy ripened about 10 to 15 days after
Concord. It has the peculiarity of the
Ives, coloring long before ripening.
Bundifs small; in some seasons compact
and perfect, in other years showing
manyundeveloped berries. J:f^;'nV\s small,
BLACK, pulpy, of good flavor, not foxy;
good to eat, but not attractive enough in
appearance to be of value as a market
grape. Valuable as a tvinc grape on
account of its remarkable color — a rich
jnirple, dense and durable (so that it has
been used as an almost indellible ink).
The Ironclad is erratic in fruiting, some-
time setting full clusters, three to five
on one lateral, at other times few and
very defective. It fruits best when the
vine is but little pruned, the canes being
allowed to extend themselves and then
pruned to spurs. Young vines make but
slow growth for two years after plant-
ing, but when they get well rooted are
almost irrepressible. Although its foli-
age suffers from the Downey mildew,
this does not attack the grapes, which
are never affected by rot, but are, of wi'i
seasons, injured by anthracnose.

Irving'. (Lahr.-lli/br.) Underbill's S-
20. A fine, showy and attractive white
grape, grown from Concord seed crossed
with White Frontignan, which was
planted by Stephen W. Underbill, of
Croton Point, N. Y. ; fruited first in 1866.

The character of the very large cluster
is seen by the engraving (about one-
third reduced in size). The berry is
large, considerably larger than Concord,
of a YELLOWiSH-VTHiTE color, slightly
tinged with pink when very ripe. The
vine is a moderately vigorous grower;
has large, thick foliage, with "down"
on the under-side. Fruit ripens rather
late, between the Isabella and Catawba,
and keeps well in winter; it has a vinous
flavor, and is quite fleshy when perfectly
ripe. Proves quite satisfactory in some
localities. We consider the Irving more deserv-
ing of dissemination than his "Croton."

Irvln's October. (Lab):) Originated on the old
Irvin farm in Guilford Co., N. C. It is valuable only in
the South, on account of its lateness, where all our best
grapes ripen in July and August. It has long, pendant,
large shouldered bunches, witli medium berries, of a
dingy red color, sweet and good. It would be worthless
in the North.

Isabella. (Labnisca.) Syn., Paign's Isabella,
Woodward, Christie's Improved Isabella,
Payne's Early, Sanborton(?). Probably a
native of South Carolina. About the year 1816 it
was brought to the north and introduced to the
notice of cultivators by Wm. Prince, who ob-
tained it from Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, in honor of
whom it was named. In the East its great vigor,
hai'diness and productiveness have caused it to be
widely disseminated, but in the West it was found
to ripen unevenly, and to be very liable to mildew,
rot and leaf-blight. It has justly, we think, been
discarded by our Western grape -growers since
better and more reliable varieties have taken its
place. Bunches large, loose, shouldei'ed; berries

IRVING.

oval, large, dark purple, nearly black when
fully ripe, and covered with a blue-black bloom.
Flesh juicy, with a rich, musky aroma; tough
pulp, and a great deal of acidity. Kipens irregu-
larly, and the leaves seem to fall just at the time
when they are needed to aid in ripening the fruit.
In some localities it is still a favorite market grape.
Must at Hammondsport GO^-TGO; acid 12>^ to 8 per m.

The Isabella has a host of children, few of whom,
it seems, have survived her. Those of her seedlings
which acquired some repute are described under their
proper names in this Catalogue— see Adirondac, Eureka,
Hyde's Eliza, Isabella Seedling by Ensenberger, Israella,
Mary Ann, To-Kalon, Union Village.

Many of her seedlings differ so little in form, size,
or (luality of fruit, in growth and productiveness (some
differ only in name), that we prefer to class them as
sub-varieties. They are Aiken, Baker, Bogue's Eureka,
Broivn, Cloanthe. Carter, Hudson, Kendall, Louisa, Lee's
Isabella, NmumUmi, Payne's Early, Pioneer, Sanbornton,
Trowbridge, Wright's Isabella, <^-c.

Isabella Keg'ia. See Pierce.

Isabella Seedling. (Labr.) Produced by the late Ci.
A. Ensenberger, of Bloomington, Ills. Vine vigorous
and productive, foliage good: fruit resembles Isabella in
many respects, but is earlier; about twodays later than
Moore's Early, and has a more compact cluster than its
parent.

142 Israella.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Ives.

Israella. (Lubr.) Originated with Dr. (". \V. Grant,
who claiiiu'd for it that it was "the earliest srood grajje
in cultivation"; but later he himself admitted that it
was not as good as his " Eumelan." Witli us it proved
later than Hartford. Vine a moderate siower; foliage
subject to mildew; bunches large, shouldered, comp-tct,
and i-ery handsome when well ripened; berr;/ black
with beautiful bloom, rather large, slightly oval, pulpy,
not above second-rate iu quality. It is now geueraily
discarded.

The Israella is probably a .seedling of the Isabella,
which it resembles in habit of growth and character of
fruit.

Ithaca. (^.Est.-Hijbr.) Raised by Dr. S. J. Parker,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; described by its originator as largei-
than Walter in bunch and berry; a pure GREenish-
YE low; a rose-like smell, a high, Chasselas-Musque-
like flavor, and claimed to be a cross of Chasselas on
Delaware, ripening liefore Delaware. Said to be hardy,
healthy and vigorous.

THE IVES GRAPE.

Ives. (Labr. ) Syu. , Ivks' Skedling, Ives'
Madeira, Kittred<;e. Raised by Htnrj^ Ives,
of Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., Ohio, (probably
from the seed of a Hartford, certainly not
from a foreign grape as supposed). Col.
Waring and Dr. Kittredge were the first to
make wine from it — about 1865 — and now it
is a popular red wine. While we do not
deem it entitled to the first prize '• as the best
wine-grape for this country" (awarded to
the Ives at Cincinnati, in 1868), we do
accord to it the merit of having given a new
impulse to grape-growing in Ohio, at a time
when the repeated failures of the Catawba
vineyards made it most desirable that a more
reliable and productive grape should be in-
troduced.

Bunches medium to large, compact, often
shouldered ; berries medium, slightly oblong,
of a dark purple color, quite black when
fully ripe. Flesh sweet and juicy when ripe,
but decidedly foxy, and rather pulp}-. Not
desirable as a table grape, being of poor
quality, but nevertheless a popular market
grape, as it bears transportation better than
most other (early) kinds.

It colors very early, long before it is ripe
and fit for use; its period of ripening is in
fact later than the Concord. The vine is
remarkably healthy and hard}' ; generall}' ex-
empt from mildew and rot ; a strong, coarse
grower, in general habit resembling the Hart-
ford. Roots abundant, thick-spreading, and
of tolerably hard texture. Liber thick but
firm ; pushes new spongioles rapidly and of-
fers good resistance to the Phylloxera; it
nevertheless did not succeed at all in south-
ern France, while in this country, it takes
the lead in North Carolina, in the S. E., as
well as in Iowa, in the N, W. , and is very
popular as a wine grape. It is not an early
bearer, four-year old vines of this variety
producing the first crop ; it bears profusely
when older. The Ives wine has a most beauti-
ful deep red color, but a foxj^ taste and odor
in the beginning which, however, improves
soon. Must 80°.

Jacques. Syn., Jack. Black Spanish. (Ohio,
Cigar Box, &c.) See Lenoir.

Jaeg-er. (i(«r. x) See Hermann Jaeger, pp.
137-138.

Jaeger's Selected ^^stivalis Seedlings and
Crossings. About a quarter of a century ago (in
1868) Hermann Jaeger, of Neosho. Newton Co.^
Mo., commenced making selections of the best
yEstivalis grapes growing wild in Southwest Mis-
souri. Arkansas and Indian Territory. He sent
grafts of a number of these to that venerable
pioneer of Missouri grape-growers, the late Fred-
crick Muench, who thought so much of two of
them that he named one " Neosho " and the other
" Far West." (See descr. pp. 161 and 127.) Her-
mann Jaeger continued selecting and cultivating;

Jaeger's Seedl.

DESCRIPTION OV VARIETIES.

Jefferson. 143

the wild ^Ustivalis of Lincecumii-type, popularly
called Post-Oak grapes in Texas (also known in
Europe as ^Estivalis Jaeger). His aim was to
obtain, through selection and growing of seed-
lings a race of grapes better fit to resist the ex-
tremes of our Continental climate, as well as the
terrible pest of black rot, than any heretofore
cultivated. Many were his disappointments, due
to imperfect fruiting outside of their native
woods, when grown in gardens, where not mingled
with male plants. One, however, a Post-Oak
grape (No. 43, see figure p. 26), of Concord size,
with larger and more compact bunches than Con-
cord, and free from rot, proved so much superior
that Mr. Jaeger used it almost exclusively to cross
with other species of grape vines; it is hardly
fine enough to be recommended for table use. but
its vigor, freedom from rot, resistance to drouth,
heat and cold, large clusters and berries render
it eminently fit for hibridization.*

To his three best (Nos. 70, 50 and 56) he gave
names: ^'•MunsoiV (see descr.), '■'•Longworth'''' and
"JOufour^^ (descr. p. 117). Among his others, not
yet named, Elvira Seedling No. 100 is con-
sidered quite desirable as a fine very early table
grape, but owing to liability to crack open it can
be recommended only for home use. It resembles
the Perkins in color, size of bunch and berries,
though rather larger; it is juicier, sprightlier, and
less foxy than any pure Labrusca, otherwise the
most Labrusca-like in vine and fruit.

James. {Rotund.)

Speaking of the improvement of the American gjape-^
which may be produced by crossing the finer foreign
Varieties upon the most rugged and hardy of our
natives, Geo. W. Campbell, said: I have in my mind
an experiment in crossing the West's St. Peters, a large,
late and excellent black foreign grape, upon the Janes-
ville, a small grape, also bi.ack, which is one of the
hardiest, earliest and pooiest of our native varieties.
The result is a vine bearing heavy clusters of large,
oval berries, resembling in size and appearance the
foreign parent, ripening medium early and in quality
very nearly equal to it. In the fruit all trace of the
Janesville has disappeared. The vine and foliajje,
however, appear intermediate betwt en the two. I do
not expect the vine to be as hardy and the foliage not
as healthy as that of the Janesville, and it will require
some wjnter protection where the temperature falls,
much below zero.

Jefferson. {Luhr. X ) This handsome
and excellent red grape, was raised by James
H. Ricketts, Newburgh.N. Y. It is a cross
between the Concord and lona. The foliage
is strong and healthy, not liable to mil-
dew ; the vine is vigorous in growth, hardy,
and bearing well ; wood rather short-jointed ;
leaves large, thick and downy.

Bunch large, shouldered, some-
times double-shouldered, compact:
&en-?/ above medium, roundish-oval;
skin rather thick ; light red with a
thin lilac bloom ; flesh meaty yet
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous,

Janesville. {Labr. X Hip. )
By some supposed to be a
cross of Hartfoi'd and
Clinton. An early black
grape, largely planted in
Iowa and Wisconsin, but
further south now gener-
ally discarded for better
varieties. Vine a vigorous
grower, hardy, healthy,
and pioductive: bunch me-
dium, short and compact;
berry medium to large,
black; skin thick: flesh
pulpy: quite acid; quality about like
Hartford; colors even earlier than
this variety, but fully ripe at about
same time.

*M. iM;iri?s, a distinguished member
of the French Phylloxera Commission,
reports that among his Rupestris he
found one which the third season pro-
duced 1 kilo, grapes, of magnificent
color, ripe on the 2d of August, the
must of which had an excellent taste,
weighing 11" Beaume (S.^° Oechsle)
scale, and made a very good wine.
This variety may become the starting-
point for many interesting seedlings
or hybrids; it is of remarkably vigor-
ous growth and unharmed by Phyl-
loxera. The fibrous roots of the Ru-
pestris are long and strong, and defy
drought even in less than ordinary
soils.

JEFFERSON. Reduced ^.

aromatic. The berries adhere
strongly to the peduncle, and
the fruit maintains its freshness
long after being gathered. It
is of fine quality : clusters large,
handsome, closely resembling
the lona, which variety it also
equals in quality and flavor.
The annexed illustration shows
the form of the bunch, con-
siderably reduced in size.

Where climate and seasons
are favorable to its develop-
ment it is one of the finest
red grapes, either for market
or home use, and would make
a superior wine. It ripens
about two weeks after the
Concord. Its beauty and high

14-4 Jemina.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Kc'ittiickij.

character make it a valuable late variety.
The late M. P. Wilder, as President of the
Am. Pomol. Society, session of 1881, said:
"The Jefferson of Ricketts might with pro-
priety be denominated and may yet be dis-
tinguished as the Muscat of America."
Campbell, of Ohio, wrote in his paper on the
^'Improvement of our native Grapes by Cross-
ing," "Concord and lona are said to be the
progenitors 'of this grape, which has all the
beauty, and I think more than the excellence,
of the charming lona. If we reall}'^ have the
lona grape upon a Concord vine, it is an
achievement whose value can hardly l)e over-
estimated." [See remarks on Ricketts'
grapes, sub. R.]

Jemina. (i?'>. X) Produced by D. S. Marvin,
Watertown, N. Y.. from seed of Elvira crossed
with an unknown gi-ape, which carries it further
towards Y. Riparia. Vine vigorous, healthy and
hardy, so far free from mildew; in fruit since
1S91. A delicious black grape, ripens much
earlier than Elvira; bunch short, compact; berry
medium; skin thin, liable to burst; take half the
berries from the cluster and let it hang a long
time after coloring to get best results ; worthy of
trial for family use.

Jennie May. (Labr.) See Concord Seedling, p. 106.

Jessica. ( Vin. ?) Introduced liy D. W. Beadle, of St.
Catherines, Ontario, Canada. One of tlie earliest of the
WHITE grapes. Vine Tnediuni strong in growth, some-
wliat inclined to mildew; bunch small, about the size of
Delaware; bernes somewliat larger, color white to gol-
den yeli^ow; flavor very sweet; seeds large for the size
of the berry; slvin thin when fully ripe; some consider
its quality good, others pulpy, foxy, inferior; recom-
mended for home use in Northern sections.

Jewel, {JEst. X-) Originated about 1874 by
John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kan.,fi'om Delaware.
(See remark under Early Victor, p. 121.) First
offered for sale in 1887 by Stayman & Black. Yine
not very vigorous until well established ; hardy and
healthy but not always productive, as it is of the
character of Moyer and Brighton (stamens with
curved filaments) , requires fertilization and should
be planted with others that bloom at the same
time. Bunch medium to small, shouldered, com-
pact; Jiernj black, medium, larger than Dela-
ware; skin tough; pulp rather tender, sweet,
juicj^ sprightly vinous, best; not disposed to rot
and mildew; ripe before Hartford, earlier than
Delaware and equal to it in quality ; will hang on
the vine long after ripening and sliip well. Has
been free from rot and mildew, so far, wherever
tested.

President Evans, of the Missouri State Horti-
cultural Society, says : " The Jewel is the coming
grape for early market." Geo. W. Campbell,
Delaware, Ohio, a most reliable judge, reported
in August, 1888 : " The Jev;<'l has made a moder-
ate, healthy, growth and is bearing well. So far
the foliage has been free from mildew and the
fruit from rot, even in unfavorable seasons, when
other kinds have been attacked. It is among the
mrlifst to ripen. The vine is hardy here in quite
severe winters, without protection."

Jnmbo. (Labr.) Grown by Mrs. R. Rose,
Marlboro, N. Y. Probably a Concord Seedling,
vigorous, hardy and productive of bunches fully
one pound in weight, with very large berries, al-
most the size of small blue plums; color black
with fine blue bloom ; quality good ; i-ipens with

Concord, sometimes a little earlier. A good
market grape.

Jiuio. {Lahr.-HijJir.) Syn.. UnO. A cross of
Muscat-Hamburg and Belvidere, produced by
George W. Campbell, of Delaware, Ohio (about
1882), of great beauty and excellence; it seemed
to us a most valuable addition to our fine table
grapes; but after several years' trial our friend
Campbell himself thought it not hardj^ enough in
severe winters and its foliage not healthy enough
for general culture; and — conscientuous as he is
— did not regard it up to the standard which he
had fixed for his own grapes to be worthy of his
recommendation.

Juno. {^EKi.-IIi/br.) Originated by the late G. A.
Ensenl)erger, of Bloomington, Ills., from seed of Dela-
ware, in 1888. The vine seemed a vigorous grower and
productive of an early white grape; medium bunches,
sometimes slightly shouldered; the berry also medium
size, WHITE, translucent, with yellowish tinge, but some-
what foxy taste, yet good in quality and flavor, the
pulp separating readily from the seeds. The fruit kept
in goocf condition till December. [Tested at the New
York Experiment Station.)

Kalamazoo. (Labr.) Raised from seed of Catawba
by a Mr. Dixon, an Englisiiman, at Steuljenville, Ohio.
The fruit is larger than the Catawlja, and grows in
bunches larger than those of that variety, and more
marked in the peculiar richness of its deep blue bloom;
skin thick; flesh soft, not quite tender all througli;
sweet, but not as rich as Catawba. According to the
Anier. Pomological Society Report (1871), it is said to
ripen ten days earlier, and according to the Department
of Agriculture Report, 1872 (p. 484), it is said to ripen
ten days later than the Catawba! We do not know
whicli is correct, as we did not try this variety our-
selves. Tlie vine is said to be a vigorous grower, hardy
and very productive.

Kalista. (^-Est.'X.) See Delaware Seedl., p. 114.

Kay's Seedling'. {u-Est.) See Herbemont.

Keller's \*Tii*e. (Labr.) See Catawba Seedling.

Kendall. (Labr.) See Isabella Seedlings, p. 141.

Eensing-ton. {Rip.-Hiihr.) Produced by Wm.
Saunders, at London, Ont., who pollenized Clin-
ton with Buckland's Sweetwater. This variety
combines in fruit and vine the characteristics of
both parents. Yine fairly vigorous; wood short-
jointed; leaves deeply cut; bunch medium; berry
medium size, oval, w^ihte; skin thin; pulp rich
and juicy; a grape of first quality, ripening with
or a little before Concord. Probablj^ valuable for
home use.

Kentucky. {JEst.) Supposed^seedling of Nor-
ton's Ya., found 1887, by James Childers, of
Auburn, Ky., in his graden. Yine vigorous,
hardy, healthy and prolific. Tips of growing
canes reddish, which is characteristic of its
species; (vide Engelmann's classification) it has
large and perfectly healthy foliage; long, inter-
mittent tendrils ; stamens slightly reflexed ; clus-
ters large, often very large, double shouldered,
resembling in general outline bunches of the
Herbemont, but in other respects more like its
supposed (undoubted) parent; berries medium,
BLACK, with much color; small seeds; quality
very good; ripens about the same time with the
Noi-tons. G. W. Campbell, to whom Childers
sent specimens of this grape in the Fall of 1890,
says, it impressed me very favorably ; is vern good.,
rich, with much color; very promising, both for
table and wine; Hon. W. L. Dulany, ex-president
Kentucky State Hort. Societ}', sent him, and to
us also, vines of the "Kentucky" for testing;
they are growing well and we are watching its
development with much interest. We think it
will be worth}^ of extensive trial, but no vines of
it will be for sale for a year or two, and then only
if it fulfills its early promise.

Keystone.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Lady. 145

Keystone. (Lahr.) f?eL' Concoi'cl Sei'dl., page lOG.

Kilvin^toiK ? ). Oriji'm unknown. Bunch modiuni,
tolerably i-oinpacl : berry small, round, dark kku witli
a bloom: Al'sIi pulpy, half tender, vwow^.— Downing.

King'.se.'ssiug'. (Labr.) Bifnc/t lons> loose, shouldered;
herri/ medium, round, pai.e rkd with a bloom; flesh
pulpy. -Downing.

Kitchen. {Rip.) I^eedling of Franklin: bunch and
berrg medium; berry round, black; flesh acid, juicy.—
Downing.

I^abet?). Bunch rather small, short, olilons: berries
medium, loosely set. black; flesh half tender, pulpy,
sharp, sweet. — Downing.

Lacrissa or Saccharissa. (V) (.-Est. X) ^^^
Delaware Seedling, page 114.

" Lady." {Labr. ) One of the best early
white grapes, was purchasecl by Geo. W.
Campbell from a Mr. Imlay, of Miiskiiigum
County, Oliio ; lirst offe.ed to the public in
the fall of 1874, and now deservedly popular
and planted quite largely for family use and
for near markets. It is uusuited for distant
shipping and rough handling.

It is a pure Concord seedling, and has al-
most the vigor, health and hardiness of its
parent ; is like it free from mildew, but sul)-
ject to rot. The vine, in its habit of growth,

"LADY."

10

146 Lady.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Lady.

foliage, and general appearance, is similar to
Concord, requires a good fertile soil to bear
well, but Tvill overbear if not thinned. It is
unquestionably an improvement on the Mar-
tha grape, being larger in size, earlier, and
better in (luality, having less of that foxiness
which renders the Martha so objectionable to
man}-. It succeeds in localities where the
Concord can be grown with good success and

seems growing in public estimation : it is
heartily recommended even as far North as
the Province of Ontario, Canada. By reason
of its earl}' ripening it is special!}^ adapted to
northern localities where Concord does not
always mature. The vines endure without
injur}- severe cold winters. In size of clus-
ter, rather small. In quality it is better flav-
ored and more delicate than Concord. la

LADY WASHINGTON.

Ladji Washington.

dp:scription of varip:ties.

Leavenworth. 147

color, light GRKENisii-YELLOw, coveied with
white bloom. Seed few and small ; skin thin ;
pulp tender; flavor sweet, slightl}^ vinous,
and the foxy aroma of its class considerably
chastened down. Although extra early in
ripening, it is late in starting its buds in
spring, and thereb}^ escapes the evil effects
of late spring frosts.

I^ady Charlotte. {^Est. X Labr.) This white grape
was raised by PriiiKle, of Vermont, in 1869, from the
Dehiwiire fertilized by the lona. It is described l)y the
originator as follows: "Color light green, beco'min.ir
amber or golden, with a reddish tinge in the sun; hunch
large, very broadly shouldered, narrow and pointed
below, compact; berry oi medium size, globular. Flesli
with some pulp, but juicy and very sweet, without the
least acidity in the centre or harshness or foxiness in
its flavor, vine a rampant grower and a great bearer,
healthy; leaves very large, bearing much resemblance
to those of the lona. Time of maturity about with the
lona."

K.a(ly Dnnlap. One of Ricketts' Seedlings, first ex-
hibited in 1881. Berry medium, amber, vinous, cjuality
very good. {Report on New Fruits, Amer. Pom. Soc.ety,
1881.) See Ricketts' Hybrids.

l<ady Helene. (Undetermined.) Originated by Fred
Roenbeck, of Bergen, N. J. Vine a good grower and
prolific ; cluster large, shouldered, compact; Ijerry large,
WHITE, (luality fair; I'ipens late, after Concord.

iady Washington. (Labr.-Hybr.) One
of Ricketts' choicest seedlings (^ foreign),
produced by crossing Concord (/) with
Allen's hybrid (»t). Vine a rank grower,
very vigorous, short-jointed ; leaves large,
roundish, coarsely serrated, occasionall}^
lobed, thick and downy, luxuriant and healtliy,
but inclined to mildew Bunches large, shoul-
dered, often double-shouldered, moderately
compact ; berries fully medium in size, round ;
skin PALE AMBER, yellowish with a delicate
rosy tint where exposed to the sun, having a
thin whitish bloom ; ^ffesh tender, juicy, sweet,
of ver}' good qualitj^ and delicate aroma. The
l)erries adhere well to the peduncle, and the
fruit continues a long time in use. Ripens
usually soon after Concord. A most beauti-
ful variety. Requires a good gardener's care
and attention, favorable soil and location to
produce the very line results of which it is [
capable. Succeeds by far better than most '
of Ricketts' line grapes in some parts of Mis- ;
souri and Illinois. In favorable seasons we
and others raised Iniuches like the one shown '
in the illustration. !

Lady Younarlove. (Labr.X) Originated by John |
Sacksteder, of Leavenworth, Crawford county,
lud., a cross between Missouri Riesling and Per- '
kins. Vine and root healthy, hardy and a heavy
cropper, with vigorous, mildew resisting foliage; !
bu7irh medium, generally shouldered; />em/ above !
medium, oval, color gkeenish, light red when
ripe, season of ripening mediuin ; best for table
when turning from transparent green to pink;
when over-ripe it gets the foxy Perkins flavor.

l,a Marie. (Labr.) A seedling of Willie, produced
by L. C. Chisholm, of Spring Hill, Tenn. Vine of good '
strong growth, healthy and hardy; bunch and berries
above medium: handsomly shouldei-ed; color "ashes
OF roses;" an atti'activ>* market grape, ripens with
Concord and will hang on vine much later; but while
.some seedlings from "Willie (q. v.) seem to be entirely
free from its native aroma, La Marie returned to the

strong foxy type of its grandparents; hence is used
mostly for further improvement Ijy hybridizing.

Laura.* {^-TJst. ■:) Syn., Watertown; across
of Eunjelan wiih Delaware. Originated by D.
S. Marvin in 1880; but while at its home (_ Water-
town) the clusters were emasculated, so that he
dug it up. years ago ; Munson^, of Denison, Texas,
to whom he sent it for testing, and who cultivated
it since 1882, reports it of considerable value
there, and Marvin refers us to him for its descrip-
tion, saying; "Munson knows more about Laura
than I do. He is a better grape botanist than I
am, and has done much for grape culture. I am
glad to learn that you consult him. We are good
friends; he has aided me greatly, and I consider
him and his work of great value." The follow-
ing is the description friend Munson sends us. at
our re(]uest:

The vine is similar in habit to the Delaware,
having somewhat stronger growth, longer joints.
but young wood, leaf stems and peduncles of
clusters crimson; the leaves are generally three-
lobed, as in Delaware, sometimes five-lobed and
a little larger than in Delaware, and have the
same or a slightly darker, lively tint of green,
showing in this respect the character so well de-
veloped in the Herbemont. It flowers and ripens
about with Delaware and has clusters of similar
shape, except that they are longer and more
conical. The best developed bunches are shoul-
dered same as in Delaware ; the herries are persis-
tent of nearly same shape and si/e, averaging a
little larger than Delaware. Color dark purple,
when fully ripe nearlij black, with delicate bloom •
skin thin, tough, pulp tender, juicy, of excellent
(juality, about equal with Delaware; juice white;
seeds one to three, small, similar in sbape to those
of Delaware. With me this variety has borne
abundantly of compact, beautiful clusters. My
vines stand suj-rouuded by other perfect flowered
varieties, blooming at same time, hence do not
know whether it is fully self-fertilizing or not,,
yet I think it is. as it has hermaphrodite perfect
flowers. As to its specific make up I am strongly
of the opinion that it is a cross between Emnelan
and BelauHtre.

Eumelan is certainly a hybrid between V. La-
brusca and V. Vinfera, and Delaware between V.
^Estivalis, V. Labrusca and V. Bourquiniana
(some form of the so-called Southern .Estivalis).
The Laura is more subject to black rot than Dela-
ware, but less than Eumelan.

Laiissel. {Line X (ruhl Coin.) ,See Munson's
Hybrids, page 159.

Lieader. (Labr.) Similar to Niagara; originated by
B. F. Meriimai), Ohio. Vine vigorous, healthy and pro-
ductive: bunch not as large nor as compact as Niagara,
of same color, white, and native aroma.

Leavenworth. (Labr. X ) Originated in that
city by Francis Godard, from Concord seed; the
vine is vigorous, hardy and tolerably productive,
free from mildew and not prone to rot. Bunch
large, compact, handsome; berry large, aviiite,
or uiLL GREEN with thin bloom, very Arm but
not pulpy, spriglitly, sweet, or nearlv so ; of
agreeable flavor with some of the native aroma,
which is pleasant; It resembles the Ladj' of our
friend Campbell, not of as high quality, and ripens
about the same time, fully one week before Con-
cord, may re(iuire winter protection.

* Not "Lama"; no grape by tliat name exists; it was a
typograpliical blunder, which escapetl correction in oui-
last edition. But it did not escape l)eing copied in other
"descriptive lists of our Native Grape," without ques-
tioning its correctness and, as usual, without giving us
credit— for wliich we were thankful.

148 Lenoir^

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

or Block Spanish,

Lenoir. (./;«(.) Syn., Black
.Spanish, El Paso, Bukgundy.
Jack or Jacques. A southern
grape of the Herbemont class.
from Lenoir Co., N. C. Bunch
medium to large, shouldered;
under unfavorable circumstan-
ces, or on badly pruned, over-
loaded vines the bunches are
loose and not shouldered; berries
small, round, dark bluisii-
i-UKi'LE. nearly black, covered
with light bloom: flesh tender
no pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous ;
very rich in" coloring matter; a
magniflcent grape for the south,
too tender and too late in ripen-
ing for the North and central
States. In favorable localities
desirable for wine and table.
Vine a fine grower, but a tardy
bearer; foliage deeply lobed.

This variety is mainly culti-
vated in Texas under different
names, as Black Spanish, El
Paso. Many years ago (about
1859), some few vines, under the
name of Jacques, were sent to
France by Berckmans, of Geor-
gia. In 186V) and following years,
when the Phylloxera com-
menced to devastate the vine-
yards of southern France, these
few Jacques vines continued in
luxuriant growth and perfect
health. This caused a great de-
mand for Jacques vines, the more
so as its grape, on account of its
pure vinous taste and deep
rich color, pleased the French
vigneruns.

But iu vain did they apply to
American grape-growers and
nurseries for vines of this va-
riety. Berckmans himself stated
(in 1871) that he had none, and
that the culture of this variety
had been entirely abandoned in
this country. No one then knew
that the Lenoir and the Black
Spanish, cultivated in Texas,
were indentical with theJacqnes.
After considerable research
for this variety, we found that
G. Onderdonk, describing in his
Catalogue the Lenoir, made the
following remark: '' the leaf and
habit exactly resemble those of
the Black Spanish.''' From this
remark, and from the description
of the '-Ohio'' in Downimfs '• Fruits and Fruit-
trees of America," we were strongly inclined to
believe -'Lenoir," "Black Spanish," "Ohio,"
"Jacques " indentical, and the very variety which
our friends in France were looking for. We so
declared in the second edition of our Catalogue
(1874-."), p. 70). although even Berckmans and
Onderdonk then considered them distinct varie-
ties.

He had somehow got the idea that the Lenoir
originated in Lenoir county, S. C, and wrote to
Berckmans for further information who replied:
"The Lenoir and Black Spanish are both native
seedlings of the ^stimlis type; both have colored

LENOIR. (Syn., Black Spanish, Jacques, etc.)

juice. The Lenoir has its bunches compact and
shouldered; the Black Spanish, on the contrary,
has the bunch verv loose, cylindrical, growing
to a length of IS inches. Of the two, it makes
the darkest colored wine. Both are. perhaps,
tlie best red-wine grapes we have. * * * The
Lenoir originated in South Carolina, the Black
Spanish iu Natchez, Miss."

Bat while we announced the indentity of these
varieties as a probabiliti/ only, a well-known
French importer, less cautious and merely on the
strength of onr supposition, at once ordered
thousands of cuttings from the Black Spanish,
and offered them in France, at an exhoj'bitant

or Jacques.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Lindley. 149

price, as the Jacques^ claiming its discovery for
himself. Hundreds of thousands of cuttings of
this variety were then sent to France and planted
there since 1876, and their success, their immuni-
ty from Phylloxera, productiveness, and quality,
gave great satisfaction. The indentity of the
Jacques, Black Spanish and Lenoir was there also
fullj^ established by Prof. Planchon, Pulliat, and
other eminent ampelographs.

As this variety cannot be success-
fully grown in our vineyards on ac-
count of its non-resistance to mildew
and to frost, we requested our friend
Onderdouk to test and observe it, and
he wrote us (August, 1883), "I am solid
on the Lenoir matter now, and have at
last become settled in the belief that
Jacques, Lenoir and Black Spanish are
indenticial beijond doubt; this variety is
capable of very great variations under
various special conditions."

In France, also, the success and
especially the productiveness of the
Jacques varies very much ; in dry soils
it yields far less wine, unless irriga-
tion is resorted to. Of late years, the
Jacques (as it is there still called) has
suffered in some sections from the
anthracnose. France has now more
bearing-vines of this variety than can
be found growing in the United States.

Some California grape-growers di-
rected their attention to this remark-
able grape, and planted thousands of
the same variety, under its proper
name "Lenoir.' It succeeds there
very well, and is much liked both on
account of the fine dark color of its
vinous juice and for its Phylloxera-
resisting roots. This oldj almost
abandoned grape seems destined to
become one of the leading varieties of
both hemispheres. Even Prof. Viala,
— who condemns all American grapes
as of no value for France, excepting
some few varieties, and these only as
grafting stocks. — would not have
them abandon the Jaquez in France;
admitting it to be an abundant wine
producer of value, and a better stock
for grafting thereon than the Riparia,
in certain French soils and localities!

The annexed engraving represents
a medium sized bunch ot the Lenoir,
rather smaller than usual, especially
shorter.

Lexiiig-toH, (Labr.) See Miner's Seedl., p. 15.5.

I^ightfoot. (Labr.) See Niagara, page 161.

Lincoln, (^st.) Syn., Hart-grape. Has been
supposed to be identical with Devereux, but J.
F. Hoke, of Lincolnton, N. C, where it has been
largely grown for many years, emphatically states
that it is not the Devereux or Klack-grape (Le
Xoir), but was formerly known as the Hart-grape.
Sam. Miller, who got cuttings of this variety from
Col. Hoke, tried it and reported that it is differ-
ent from Devereux, and, to his taste, superior.
We could not get a description sufficiently clear
to distinguish it from Lenoir, of which see de-
scription and figure.

L.indeii. (Labr.) One of Miner's Seedlings (see page
155); a BLACK grape ripening several days before Oon-
c-ord, with very large bunches, which hang on the vine
a month after ripening.

LINDLEY. (Rogers' No. 9.)

Lili(lherl)e. {Lindley X Herb.) See Munson's
Hybrids, page 159.

Lindley. (Labr.-Hybr.) Rogers' No. 9.
This l)eautiful and valuable grape originated
by hybridizing the wild Mammoth-grape of
New P^ngland with the Golden Cbasselas.
Bunch medium, long, shouldered, somewhat
loose ; berries medium to large, round ; color
quite peculiar, and distinct from any other
variety, rather more of a biiick-red than
Catawba color ; flesh tender, sweet, with
scarcely a trace of pulp, possessing a pecu-
liar, rich, aromatic flavor. Pres't Wilder de-
nominated this and the Jefferson grape th'^
Mvscats of America. It resembles the C^^rizzly

150 Logan.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Lutie.

Frontignan in appearance of bunch, and is
regarded by some as fully equal to the Deh\-
ware in quality. The engraving represents a
medium size bunch of this vaviet}'.

Roots long and straight, with a smooth liber
of medium lirmness ; canes slender for their
length, with few laterals, and large, prominent
buds ; vine of very vigorous growth, healthy
and sometimes productive, making rather
long-jointed wood, medium in hardness and
size of pith. The foliage, when young, is of
a reddish color ; the fruit ripens very early,
and keeps without extra care till the 1st of
January. Speciflc gravity of must 80\

We recommend it as a fine table grape —
one of the best of the red Hybrids, but it
should be planted near other varieties bloom-
ing at the same time to insure its perfect fer-
tilization. See also Mary.

l.og:aii. {Labr.) A wilding of Ohio. Supposed to he
a great acquisition, on its introduction, and recom-
mended hy the Am. Pomological Society as promising
well: ))ut it has sadly failed to meet public expectation,
and is now more generally discarded than the Isabella,
to which it was deemed preferable. Bunches medium,
shouldered, compact: berries large, oval, black: flesh
juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor. Vine a slender grower,
early and productive.

l.Ons. tJSst.) See Cunningham, page 110.

Loii8"Wortli. (Line. X ^^st.) Syn., Jaeger's
No. 50, raised by Hermann Jaeg-er, of Neosho,
Newton Co., Mo., a seedling of Post-Oak (No. 43)
fertilized with Herbeniont pollen. Bunches large
with medium sized berries of blue-black color;
similar to Herbemont in quality. A promising
very late market and wine grape. Starts growing
much later in spring than other cultivated vari-
eties; ripening two weeks after Norton and easily
kept till Christmas. Adapted to the Southern,
Southwestern and South Central States only; but
with laying down in winter and spraying in spring
this vine will fruit further north.

I^oiiisa. (Labr.) See Isabella, page 141.

Loiiisinna. (^fJst.) Introduced here by that
eminent pioneer of Western grape culture, J^'red-
erick Miinch, of Missotu'i. He received it from
M. Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it
was imported froui France by his father, and
planted on the banks of Pontcbartrain,.near New
Orleans, where for thirty years it has yielded
abundant and delicious fruit. Father Miinch
firmlj' believed it to be of S. European origin, and
so does friend Munson to this day. Fr. Hecker
was just as positive tliat it was nothing else than
the Clavner-grape of his native country. Baden,
Germany. Others hold that it is a true native
American, belonging to the Southern division of
the yEstivalis class, of which the Herbemont and
Cunningham may serve as types, and of which
they consider it a valuable variety, yielding a
most delicious fruit, and making a very line wine.

After many years' experience with this variety,
we feel unable to form a decided opinion as to its
proper classirtcation.

Hunch medium size, shouldered, compact, very
fine; berry small, round, black; tlesh Avithout
pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous; quality best. Vine
.1 good grower, moderately productive; canes very
.stout, of moderate length, short-jointed, having

few large laterals, with heart-shaped (not lobed)
foliage; requires winter protection. Ripens late.
li(Mits wirj' and very tough, with a hard liber;
wood very hard, with a small pith and firm outer
bark .

The Louisiana and Itnlamler (or rather what we
here call Rulander) so closely resemble each other
in general appearance, growth and foliage, that
Ave are unable to distinguish them; they are un-
doubtedly closely related to each other. It is
claimed that Louisiana makes the finest white
wine, of Hock character, that we have.

Robeson's Seedling so closely resembles
Louisiana as to consider it identical. Casper.
said to have been raised by Caspar Wild, of New
Orleans, also resembles Louisiana, and if not
identical, belongs certainly to the Rulander div-
ision of the Southern ^5Cstivalis class or Bourqui-
uiana (Munson).

Lnlie. (Lahr.-IIiihr.) One of C. S. Copley's fine
table grapes, raised at Stapleton, N. Y., from
Telegraph crossed with pollen of Black Hamburg.
The vine is hardy, healthy and productive, a
strong grower, with healthy foliage, and has
never shown either rot or mildew on the original
vine. The bunch is large and showy; the berrj^
large to very large, black with a fine bloom;
quality first-rate; no fox or impure taste; no
pulp, rather meaty, not vinous, but of mild aro-
matic flavor ; ripens early ; valuable for table and
market. Exhibited at the Columbian Fair, Chi-
cago. Mr. Copley was awarded medal and diploma
for this and five other of his new grapes.

liiina. (Labr.) One of Marine's seedlings, page 151;
piobal)ly lost Ijy the decease of its originator. It was
the largest hardy white grape we had seen before the
appearance of the Poclvlington and Niagara.

Lutie. (Lahr.) Originated at Nashville, Tenn.,
by L. C. Chisholm (about ]884). This is one of
those varieties which are praised by some, con-
demned by others. Vine, admitted by all, a vig-
orous grower, hardy, healthy and prolific; it has
proven so also on our grounds. It resembles
Dracvt Amber (q. v. page 117) in many respects,
and those who like that old variety and found it
profitable will make no mistake in planting the
Lutie. Its bunch is very compact; berries large,
pale red at first, dark red when fully ripe,
very sweet, very pulpy and foxy ; skin tough, of
fine appearance and ripens earh% with the l)ela-
Avare; hence it sells Avell as an early red market
grai^e; but tastes greatly differ as to its quality.
Our late M. F. Wilder, to whom specimens Avere
sent from Nashville when first introduced, said
that they were so offensi\'e to him tliat he had to
send them out of the house. Mr. Van Lindley.
of N. C finds it A'ery fine in flavor. "'Many good
judges at our (North Carolina) State Fair pro-
nounced it ecpial to any grape on exhibition. It
is one of the most valuable Southern grapes."
I'res't Berckmans, of Georgia, on the other hand,
considers its only merits, that it is a A'igorous
grower, comparatively free from mildew and quite
prolific. While Van Deman, of Washington, D.
C, considers it the Avorst fiaAOi-ed and smelling
grape he ever tasted. Again, Chas. I'arry, of
New Jersey, who is also recognized good author-
ity, finds it not more foxy or offensive than Dracut
Amber. Tastes differ ; but ucAcr to such extent.
We find that this discrepancy grew out of certain
peculiar characteristics of this grape: Taken
fresh from the vine, it is eipial, if not preferable,
to any grape of Labrusca character, but several

Lydia.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Marine's SeecU. 151

days after gathered, or when over-ripe, it gets
quite foxj^ and drops badly from the bunch.
Hence it is no? desirable as a grape for market;
but planted in our garden, for family use, to be
consumed as it ripens, it is of kkal mekit, and
spreads a fine peifume. Here we may quote a
true remark of Dr. L. C. Chisholm, the originator
of the Liitie (who is (juite innocent of the extrav-
agant and ridiculous over-praise of this variety
when first introduced in 1885). He says: "By
merit we do not mean what many frequently call
so: A few sample bunches of large size, tine
color and other attractive features, yet destitute
of the most important merits which a grape ought
to possess, such as vigor in growth, resistance to
disease, a good cropper one year with another,
fruit of good quality, ripening up well together."

K^ydia. (Labr.) Originated by Carpenter, of Kelley's
I.shind, Lake Erie: supposed to be an Isabella seedling.
Bunch short, compnct ; berries large, oval, light green,
witii salmon tint where exposed to the sun; skin thick:
pulp tender, sweet, of fine flavor, slightly vinous. In
habit of growth the vine is not unlike tlie Isabella, but
is much less productive. Ripens a few days later than
the Delaware.

layman. (Ttij).) Oi'igin unknown. A Nortliern vari-
ety, said to have l)een i)rought from Quebec upwards of
fifty years ago; hardy and productive. Bunch small,
rather compact; berr i/'ronnd, medium, or below; bi^ack,
covered with a thick bloom; similar in flavor to Clinton,
and ripens about the same time.

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from tlie
i above, but hai-dly to be distinguished from it. — Doioning.

liyon. {Labr. X) A cross of Concord upon Delaware,
originated by C. P. Chidester, of Olivet, Mich. The vine
is vigorous and hardy: bunch and berry resemble Con-
cord; the color being that of Delaware, pale red; the
<iuality is good: the fruit ripens with Delaware. It was
first exhibited in 1886 at the Micliigan State Fair and
there, thought very valuable, was named Lyon in honor
of the President of the Michigan State Horticultural
Society. But it proved sadly unproductive and is now-
abandoned.

I^yon. (liip.-Hi/br.) Another grape, finer and more
promising, produced by T. V. Munson, of Texas, has
now been honored with the name of Lyon; but it can
scarcely lie successful as far north as the home of the
illustrious pomologist of that name, while it is much
admired in the South.

Mabel. {^st.-Hybr.) Originated by the late A. J.
Caywood, of ^Marlborough, N. Y., from the seed of his
Walter grape. Vine not a vigorous grower and moder-
ately productive only; cluster medium, compact; berry
below medium, black with blue bloom; skin thin,
tough; pulp almost melting, juicy; ripens a little l)e-
fore Concord. Not recommended except as an amateur
grape in favorable localities.

]Wab«l. {^st.\ Another grape named '• Mabel," raised
near Freeport, Ills., resembling Delaware in coloi- and
generil appearance, but with .somewhat larger clusters
and berries, with thick, heavy foliage, supposed to resLst
mildew, was considered as promising to be a valuable
acquisition in 1879 has scarcely l)een lieard from since,
and is now forgotten.

:viadellne. (Labr.) A chance seedling, grown by G.
Hender.son, Eddyville, X. Y.— Not known, except to
^f it -.Li/. "(.)ur native grape"— said to be a white grape
with ])leasant flavor, that ripens early.

Magrnate. (Labr.-Hybr.) Originated from Con-
cord, either by the late John Burr or by Dr. Stay-
man. The original vine was grafted many years
ago and cannot be found. The variety is growing
on the grounds of either and doing well ; the vine
is vigorous, hardy, healthy and very prolific; free
from mildew and not as prone to rot; bunch
medium to large, shouldered and compact; berry
about large, white, a little pulpy, but tender,
sprightly sweet with some of the native aroma;
quality very good, as good if not better than Con-
cord and ripens about with it; will hang on the
vines long after ripe.

Mag-niflcent. (?) Originated by A. F. Rice of
Grisvvoldville, Georgia; reported in 1891 to the
Am. Pomological Society, by H. E. Van Deman,
Washington, D. C; among the novelties, at the
same time with the ">S'"/)cW;" q. v. He says,
from examining the specimen, that it seems of
such worth that we ought to give it a trial. The
color is dark red, with purplish bloom ; of the
highest quality. We have not heard of it since.

Ma^nire is like Hartford, but more foxy.— Strong.

Mammoth Catawba. See Catawba Seedlings.

Mainmotb Sa^e. (Labr.) Onondaga Co., N. Y.,
mother of Rogers' Hyl)rids.

Manliattaii. (Labr.) Originated near New York. A
poor bearer. Bunches small; berries medium, round,
greenish-white with a bloom; flesh sweet, rather
pulpy. — Downing.

»laii$ifield. (Labr. X) Raised in 1809 l\y C. G. Pringle,
of Vermont, a well-known and successful hybridizer,
from seed of Concord fertilized by pollen of the lona;
said to combine the more valuable characters of both
these popular sorts. Vine a rampant grower, with broad
and thick leaves, densely woolly beneath; &Mnc/t large,
often shouldered, sufficiently compact; berry ot pur-
plish-black color under a slight bloom; large, some-
what oval; flesh tender, with but little pulp of a re-
markably rich flavor. Season earlier than Concord. It
was predicted that this will prove a valualile acquisi-
tion to the nortliern parts of our country as a very early
variety. Has not been tried there, that we know of.

Margruerite. (Labr.) Raised by Theophile
Huber, Illinois City, 111. Vine a moderately
strong grower; bunch veiy compact and shoul-
dered, berries somewhat smaller than Concord,
of light AMBER color; pulp tender, very sweet
with a delicate Catawba Havor, but a slight bit-
terness of the skin when chewed.

Marguerite. (Linc.-^^st.) See Munson's Hy-
brids, page 159.

Mai'ie Louise. (Lahr.) Raised by Theophile
Huber, Illinois City, III. Vine strong, very hardy
and productive. Bunch large, shouldered, com-
pact; berries about equal in size to Concord; a
WHITE grape with small seed separating readily
from the tender core, sweet and juicy; skin thin
but tough. H. E. Van Deman disseminated some
for testing, considering them worthy.

Mariue'.s Seedlings. These grapes are crosses
between purely native varieties claimed to be pro-
duced by a new and very simple process ; diluting
the pollen of the male liower with rain water and
then applying it to the pistils of the variety which
he selects as the female parent. Among the
seedlings thus raised there are some which are
quite peculiar and very interesting; some are of
the ^fJstiraU.^ family, but with berries of quite a
large size: 1. Xerlntun — fine large bunch; berries
above medium, black ; leaf very large and leath-
ery, strong. 2. frreencastle — same as the former,
berries even larger. 3. Luua — white, in appear-
ance almost like Martha, but the gain in size
seems to be coupled with a loss in quality, com
pared to our delicious, juicy, small ^^^stivalis
grapes. A larger number of his seedlings are of
the Labrusca type, and among the.se his "C 77.,"
BLACK; Mianna and King William, white, seemed
to us worthy of trial.

In fall of 1874, a year or two before his death,
Marine wrote: '• Xow that I have reached my
three score years and ten. I am admonished to
yield the further prosecution of this branch of
progress to others, more skilled, and to those
coming after our time, believing, as I do, that
much greater results are looked for in the future."
His seedli;igs were not disseminated.

152 Marion.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Marsala.

THE MARTHA GRAPE.

Marion. {Bip. X) A variety brought to us
from Pennsylvauia by that indefatigable horticul-
turist, Sam'I Miller, who got it from Dr. C. W.
Grant. It probably came from '-Longworth's
famous school of vines" ; valuable for a dark red
wine. Bunch medium, compact; herrn medium,
but considerably larger than Clinton, round,
BLACK, juicy, sweet when fully ripe; ripens late,
long after coloring, but hangs firmly to the bunch.
Blooms early, with Clinton, which variety it
resembles, yet, in our opinion, far surjjasses.

Vine a very vigorous grower, but a shy bearer
iu our Vineyard; and somewhat liable to mildew;
rambling but not so straggling as the Clinton.
Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage large,
strong and abundant; when young, of a peculiar
golden hue, and the branches of a beautiful red
color. Boots wiry and firm, with a smooth, hard
liber. (See N. b! White's Hybrids.)

Our recommendation of this variety for the
French wine-grower had been long overlooked.
The Vigne Am^ricaine of March, 1883, contains
the following: "With regard to intens*; coloring,

without any foxy taste, nothing equals the wine
made of the Marion grape ; one-twentieth part is
sutHcient to give to water even a superior wine
color; the somewhat violet shade is easily trans-
formed into a lively red by adding some acid wine
or a very small quantity of tartaric acid. This
grape is a loyal Fuchsin.'''' One vine-grower of
Bordeaux reported that he is about to plant 500
Marion vines.

Marsala. (Labr. 'i) A dark ked grape intro-
duced by Dr. J. Stay man. Bunch and berry
large, as large as "Goethe," of very handsome
appearance but not very good quality, being
rather foxy and pulpy ; making however a good
white wine, not to be compared nor confounded
with the celebrated wine of same name, grown in
Sicily, Europe, and resembling sherry wine,
which is exported annually from the famous sea-
port '• Marsala" to England and the West Indies.
It seems objectionable to give to an American
variety the name of a well-known foreign kind;
it may create confusion, but cannot benefit either.

Martha.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Mason. 153

No experienced viticulturist would attempt to
plant the old Italian grape here ; while this native
American "Marsala' may be well worth our at-
tention, as the vine is very healthy, vigorous and
productive, and specially liked for jelly and can-
ning in Kansas. S. M. Tracy of Columbia, Mo.,
reported It in 188.5 to have been grown there
eight years, and less inclined to rot than any
other grape we have. "This is one, among the
very few, that does not rot." — Sam. Miller.

Martha. (Labr.) A white seedling of
the Concord, raised by our friend Samuel
Miller, ofBluffton, Mo. formerly of Lebanon,
Pa., was one of the most iJopxdar among the
WHITE varieties. Bunch medium, smaller
than the Concord, moderatel}^ compact, shoul-
dered ; berry medium, round, greenish-white
— when fully ripe pale yellow covered with
white bloom ; skin thin ; flesh tender, and of
a remarkable sweetness unmixed with acidity
and without vinous flavor ; somewhat pulpy,
often containing but a single seed. Odor
decidedl}' fox}-, but this character is much
more apparent in the fruit than in its wine.

The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem-
bling the Concord, but not as vigorous a
grower, and the leaf is of a somewhat lighter
green, the fruit less liable to rot than the
Concord. Roots of average texture and liber.
Canes generally more upright than Concord,
with fewer laterals, but not so much inclined
to ramble. Wood firm, with a medium pitb.
Ver}^ productive, and the berries hang well to
the bunch. Ripens earlier than the Concord
and will therefore suit even northern locali-
ties. It is grown largely for market, though
not very good in quality, and far surpassed in
appearance by some new varieties. Must 85°
to 90°, about 10^ higher than Concord. The
wine is of a light straw color, of delicate flavor.

The French commission at the Exposition
of Amer. wines at Montpellier, 1874, pro-
nounced the Martha as "approaching the
wines of Picjuepoul, produced in theHerault."

(See also '•'■Lady.")

Mary. (Labr.-IIi/br.) Introduced by Hasselkus,
of GrifKn, Ga., in 1889, and afterwards consider-
ably planted in the vicinity of that locality. It
bears unmistakably Rogers' ear marks, says the
eminent horticulturist of the State Experiment
Station of Georgia, Hugh JV. Starnes, who does
not think it identical with the Lindley, as some
claim and which it certainly resembles; it has the
long-jointed canes, but is more vigorous, the ber-
ries are larger and rounder; bunches shorter,
more compact — less straggling — than Lindley;
having fewer reflexed stamens. The color of the
berries seems of a brighter ked and the flavor
more sprightly, with less tanic acid than Lindley.
These may be simply individual peculiarities,
adds Mr. Starnes, and Lindleij and Marn may be
the same after all. He will further test and ex-
amine.

In the meritorious and interesting reports from
the Central Experiment Farms of the Dominion,

Ottawa, Canada, by the very able horticulturist,
Mr. John Craig, a ked grape Mary is attributed to
Jacob Rommel, of Missouri, who never pro-
duced a grape of that name. To make sure of
this we wrote to old friend Rommel, who replied
(July, 1894): "I know of no grape originated
by me named Mary; * * You have always
been favored with all of my seedling grapes for
trial, in preference to all others, and I have of late
years not raised any." Mr. Craig will please have
this corrected ; from his description we suppose
it to be the Lindley or the same as the Mary in-
troduced by Hasselkus, of Georgia.

Mary. (?.) Raised by Chas. Carpenter, Kelly
Island. Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens,
too late for the north. Bunch m^Oi'wim , moderatelj'
compact; berries medium, round, greenish-white
with a bloom. Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy,
sweet, brisk flavor. — Dovming.

Another 3Iary. an early grape, is described by
Fiiller.

Mary Ann. (Labr.) Eaised hy .T. B. Gai-ber, Co-
lumbia. Pa. Bunch medium, moderately compact, slioul-
deied; berry medium, oval, black, pulpy foxy, resembl-
ing the Isabella. Very early, ripening a day or two
before the Hartford, and therefore formerly esteemed
as an early niiiiket grape, though of an inferior quality.
Now superseded.

Mary's Favorite. (^st.-Hybr.) A seedling
of Delaware, crossed with a Rogers' Hybr. ; raised
by J. F. Coffin, Westland, Ind., vine vigorous and
productive; bnnch small to medium, shouldered;
berry medium, black with blue bloom; pulp not
melting but juicy, sweet and vinous, skin thin,
seeds few, a pretty little grape; season early.
S. A. Beach, N. Y., Experimoit Station.

Mary Mark. (uEst. X) A seedling of the
Delaware and mirch like it, raised by Dr. Stay-
man, of Leavenworth, Kansas; vine a weak
grower, but hardy, healthy and productive; free
from rot and so far also from mildew. Bunch
medium, compact; berry medium, red, tender,
rich sprightly vinous, sweet, of fine quality.

Mason. {Labr.) Syn., Mason Seedling.
A white grape raised by B. Mason, of Mas-
coutah, Ills., from Concord seed. Bunch
medium to large ; berry nearly as large as
Concord, round, greenish-white, becoming
yellowish when fully ripe, with a fine white
bloom ; skin thin ; flesh melting, with little
pulp ; sweet with just sufficient acid to give
it a sprightly, vinous, refreshing taste ; almost
free from foxiness. In quality this is one of
the best of the White Concord seedlings.
Vine a moderately vigorous grower, perfectly
hardy, with heavy and healthy foliage ; not
subject to mildew. While not free from rot,
this variety has suffered less from this disease
than Concord itself, proving more healthy and
of better quality than Martha. The Mason
grape ripens a few days before Concord ; it
hangs a long time and keeps remarkably well
on the vine. The foliage of the Mason resem-
bles that of its parent, but is of a lighter green
and has a more whitish down on the under
side of the mature leaves. We confidently
recommend this grape in localities where the
Concord succeeds.

154 Massaaoit.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Mendota.

Massasoit. (Labr.-JTybr.) Rogers' No. 3.
A line early grii[)e for table and market.

Vine a strong grower, and hardj^ ; one of
the earliest and best of Rogers' red hybrids,
but subject to rot and mildew; and unfruitful
if planted out of the reach of pollen from
other varieties that blossom at the same time.
We copy the following description by the late
M. P. Wilder, the noble and celebrated vet-
eran of American pomology :

Bunch rather short, medium size, should-
ered ; berry medium to large, color brownish-
RED. Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of
the native flavor when fully ripe. Season
very early, same as the Hartford, hufiiciently
vigorous and productive. A desirable garden
variety, and in favorable localities (fi'ee from
rot) it is a profitable grape.

Matchless. (Labr. X) Originated by the late
John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kans., (about 1887),
from mixed seed ; Vim vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive; free from rot and mildew on the origi-
nal vine and location where tested. Bunch very
large, compact, handsome; berrj^ very large,
BLACK; slvin thin but tough ; pulp rather tender,
juicy, sprightl}^ rich, vinous sweet, quality very
good; ripe early, soon after "Jewel," before Con-
cord; and will hang long after ripe on its vines.
This is a very attractive market grape of the
Labrusca type without foxiness.

Miithilde. (.Est. X) A seedling of Delaware.
Raised by the late G. A. Esenberger, Blooming-
ton, Ills. Specially recommended by the origina-
tor as a wine-grape. Vine vigorous and produc-
tive; Inmch large, very compact, so much so that
the fruit sometimes craclis; beny small to full
medium, the small ones being often seedless,
nearly round, handsome, dark red with lilac
bloom ; pulp very juicy, almost melting, vinous,
not sweet, but of good qualily.

Maxatawney. (Labr.) A chance seed-
ling, originated in Montgomery Co., Pa., in
1844. First brought into notice in 1858.
Bunch medium, long, occasionally compact,
not usually shouldered ; berry above medium,
oblong, pale yellow with slight amber tint on
the sunny side. Flesh tender, not pulpy,
sweet and delicious, with fine aroma, few
seeds; quality best both for table and wine.
Ripens rather late for northern localities ;
but where it fully ripens, as here in Missouri,
it was considered one of the finest of our
native white grapes. Moots slender, soft in
texture and lil)er. Canes light and of moder-
ate length, with average number of laterals.
Wood soft with a large pith. Vine healthy
and hard}^, needs no protection in winter, but
not a strong grower, nor very productive,
and in bad seasons inclined to mildew and
rot; foliage large, deeply lobed.

We recommend it only for garden culture,
in good rich ground.

fe

m

-^/

MAXATAWNEY ( h alf diameter).

Mead's Sec-fdlingr. {Labr.) Sec C'atawbii Secdl., p. 100.

Medora. (yEst.-IInhr.) A seedling of the ie/io/V
probably crossed witb the Croton, as the clusters
from which the seed was taken came from a Lenoir
vine interlaced with tlie branches of a Croton vine
in Onderdonk's experimental vineyard. Dr.
Thomas R. Cocke, an old esteemed amateur hort-
iculturist and friend of Onderdonk, living about
twenty miles below Victoria, Tex., towards the
Gulf, carefully planted that seed, and selected this
one as the most promising of those seedlings. The
foliage is like the Lenoir, except that its young
terminals show little of the pink tinge whicli is
characteristic in the Lenoir ; the berries are white,
medium, round, translucent enough to see the
seed, and of a delicious flavor; the ininches are
medium to large, about the same as the Warren ;
the vine not a very vigorous grower and inclined
to over-production.

Onderdonk thought this will prove the happiest
acquisition to the grapes of the Gulf States since
the Herbemont and Lenoir ; he is now propagating
it, and suggested the name Mekora, being that
of a daughter of Dr. Cocke.

Mondota. (Labr. <) Originated (ISSB?) by
the late John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kan., from
mixed seed; vine very vigorous, hard}^ and pro-
ductive, seems to be exempt from rot and mildew.
Bunch medium, compact, handsome, bernj medi-
um, BLACK, tender, sprightly sweet, quality
good; ripe very earl3\ about with Jewel; this
grape is not as good in quality as Jewel, but is
a much stronger grower and more productive.

nierceron. {Labr.) Sec Catawba Seedling, p. 100.

Merrimack.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Missouri. 155

Merrimack. (Labr.-Hybr.) Rogers'No. 19.
Mammoth Sage crossed with Bl. Hamburg.
Regarded b^' some as the finest black grape
in the collection of Rogers' hybrids.

It is one of the most reliable varieties in all |
seasons. Vine very vigorous ; usually health}'
and exempt from mildew and rot ; but not
fully self-fertile ; bunch usually smaller than
his other black sorts ; berri/ large, sweet, toler-
ably rich. Season early; (about the 20th !
September, in Massachusetts).

We prefer his No. 4, the "Wilder", which
is like it in quality, with by far larger and
heavier bunches, and more profitable.

Metis. {Hijbr.-Lahr. X Vin.) Produced by C.
Engle, of Paw Paw, Mich., from seed of Rogers'
Salem, of which all his varieties originated, and
they are all very vigorous, hardy and productive, i
and as far as tested, deserves to be disseminated.
Bunch short, compact, shouldered; berry Cataw-
ba colored, large, meaty and of very good, quality ;
ripens a little before Concord, about with Worden.

Metteniich. {Rip. x) A seedling of Pough-
keepsie crossed with Clinton. Produced by. A.
.J. Cay wood, Marlborough. N. Y. Color black.

S. A. Beach, Hort. of the N. Y. Experiment
Station, describes it: Bunch small to medium,
compact; berry medium, light kel* (I?) translu-
cent; skin thin, tender; pulp tender, sweet,
sprightly and pure flavored ; an early grape that
thus far (JSS8-1893) has proved moderately pro- \
ductive. i

Michigan. (Labr.-Ih/br.) Originated by C.
Engle, of Paw Paw, Michigan, from seed of
Roger's Salem. Vine vigorous grower, hardy
and productive ; bunch medium to large, com-
pact, sometimes shouldered; berry above me-
dium, WHITE, fretted with russety streaks; quali-
tj' very good for table, ripens with Concord.

Miles. (Labr.) Origin West-Goshen township,
Chester County, Pa. Vine a moderate grower,
hardy and productive; bunch smaW. rather com-
pact; berrn small, round, black. Flesh tender,
slight pulp at center; brisk vinous, pleasant.
Ripens among the earliest, but does not hang long.
We cannot recommend it for vineyard culture as
a market grape, but rather for family use as a good
carl;/ table grape, especially for the North.

Mills. {Labr.-Hnbr.?) Raised by William II.
Mills, of Hamilton. Ont., by crossing Muscat-
Hamburg with Creveling. Vine vigorous and
productive, with large and healthy foliage, but
prone to mildew. When attacked by this fungus-
disease, however, it proves a signal failure. "A
beautiful grape of tine quality, keeping until
March." said a noted Michigan grape grower;
•• but lii'st you must have it." interposed a Mis-
sourian. Bunch very large, compact, shouldered ;
Berry large, round, jet black, covered with a
thick bloom; flesh meaty, juicy, with a sprightly
Muscat Ibivor. Skin thick, seeds large and long,
similar to those of Agawam ; berries adhere firmly
to the peduncle; ripens about with tbe Concord,
or a little later, provided it is kept free from
mildew.

P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga.. says: Mills
seems to be a pure Vinifera ; two j'ears fruiting

impresses me favorably with this variety. Thus
the best judges differ, because the grape differs in
different localities; it is veiy successful and suited
to one and worthless in some othei\

Mineoln. (Labr.-Hybr.) Raised by Chas. S.
Copley, of Staten Island, N. Y., from a seedling of
Telegraph fertilized byChass. Musque. The vine
is medium strong only in its growth, yet healthy,
hardy and productive, with light brown short
jointed wood ; the leaves dark green on the upper,
lighter on the under side; three and five lobed
coarsely toothed on edge; in bad seasons only
has it shown any mildew or rot. Bunches full
medium, cylindrical, seldom shouldered, sets
well, rather close, and will hang until frost;
berries about the size of Concord, slightly oval,
AVHiTE or pale yellow, ti-ansparent, no pulp, of a
rich muscat flavor, (not a trace of so called Fox) ;
skin medium, does not crack ; ripens very early,
(Aug. 20 to Sept. 1, at Staten Island.)

Miner's Seedlings. (Not to be confounded with
3Iinor''s Seedling or Venango.) Pi-oduced by the
late T. B. Miner, at Linden, Union Co.. N. .T. The
following have been selected out of ITiOO seedlings
grown by him in central Nevv York : Adeline.
Antoinette, Augusta, Belinda, Carlotta, Eugenia, Ida,
King William, Lexington, Linden, Luna, Bockingham,
and Victoria. Most of them are white grapes;
nearly all are of the same strain; hardy; good
size of bunch and berry, good qualitj% but all more
or less foxy and not sufficiently meritorious to
disseminate them.

Minnehaha. (Hybr.) Said to have been pro-
duced by the late Pres't Marshall P. AVilder.
by crossing Muscat of Alexandria upon Rogers'
Massassoit. It probably is not in existence to-
day. Pres't Wilder was experimenting in the
same line of further crossing hybrids, Rogers and
others, a second time, upon foreign varities, he,
however, as also Geo. W. Campbell, found that
useful improvement did not lie in this direction;
and that all crosses bearing three-fourth foreign
and but one-fourth native blood were probably
unsuited to our climate. A crossing of hybrids
upon our best and hardiest natives, seems needful
to produce really valuable results.

Minnesota Manimotb. Oi'isrin unknown: introduc-
ed in fall of 1879 by L. W. Stratton, Excelsior, Minn.:
said to be a very prolific and hardy native jii'ape, the
berries of which are as large as pigeons' eggs, and to
have a fine delicate flavor. We have been unable to
obtain any definite information about it.

Minor's Seedling:. (Labr.) (See Venango.)

Miriam. {Labr.-Hybr.) Raised by W. H.
Lightfoot, of Springfield, Ills., from seed of
Lady Washington. Vine very vigorous, hardy and
healthy, long-jointed, with fine healthy, large
leaves. Bunch large, compact, shouldered ; ber-
ries large, black, juicy and sweet; ripens two
weeks later than Concord; of superior quality.
A fine amateur grape for Central Illinois.

Mish. (Botund.) See Scuppernong.

MIssonrl. Syn., Missouri Seedling. Mentioned by
Buchanan and Doirning,\y\xt now unl^nown even in Mis-
souri. According to Downing: Prol)a,bly a seedling from
one of tlie Pineau or Burgundy grapes.

Bunches loose and of moderate size: berries small,
round; skin thin, almost black, with little bloom; flesh
tender with little pulp, sweet and pleasant; not very
productive nor of vigorous growtli.

It probably never came from Missouri.

156 Mo. Biesling.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Montejiore.

Missouri Rieslina;.* (/??>.x)Syn.,
Gkein's No. 1. Rtiised li}^ the late
Nicholas Grein, Hermaun, Mo., from
Taylor seed.

Vine hardy and veiy healthy ; a
moderate grower, comparatively short-
jointed ; with healthy thick leaves ; very
productive. BanrJi medium, moderatelj'
compact, slightly shouldered ; berry me-
dium, round, GKEEXISH-AVHITE, but light

red when f ull}- ripe ; very tender pulp,
juic}', sweet, of fine quahty, making an
exquisite white wine ; and on this ac-
count it is now largely planted by wine-
growers of Missouri, Illinois and Ohio,
but too late for locations further north.
Ripens ten days after .the Concord.
Friend Rommel justly calls it "a Sister
of Elvira."

Modena. (?) Originated by the late
A. J. Caywood, of Poiighkeepsie, X. Y.
Bunch and bei'ry small, black, vine strong
and hardy. We could not get any reliable
information, nor the vine for trial. It is
perhaps the same as Mingo? of which
friend Sam. Miller told ns : "This makes
the darkest and one of the best wines I
have ever tasted."'

Moltke. {Labr.-ITifhr.) Seedling of Salem,
raised by Rautenberg. of Lincoln, 111. Has
character and color like Agawam, but of
a somewhat darker hue when fully ripe.
Bunch medium, sometimes shouldered, ber-
ries very large, oblong; skin thick, pulp
soft, sugary and aromatic; vine very pro-
ductive and vigorous, toood medium short-
jointed; buds prominent; the whole ap-
pearance of the vine resembles Agawam ;
but it ripens ten daj's earlier and is sweeter,
may mildew, like all the Rogers in some
localities ; — a long keeper.

Slonroe. A oi-oss between the Belmvare and
the Concord; raised by Elwanger and Barry and
descril)ed as follows:

Bunch medium to larjre, shouldered,— sometliing lilve
Conrord; 6e;r/es la r^e, round; slvin ratlier thiolv; black
covered with a white bloom; very handsome. Flesh
juicy, sweet, (sub-acid), vinous, spri<rhtly: a pleasant,
refreshing table grape. The vine is vigorous, with firm,
short-jointed, hardy wood and fine healtliy foliaue:
it is grown 'iuccessfully in some localities. Ripens witli
Hartford. Tlie Monroe is, however, dropped from El-
wanger and Barry's .select list of grapes in their own
catalogue.

Montefiore. (RijJ. X) Rommel's Taylor-
Seedling No. 14. yVwe moderatel3' vigorous in
growth, but very healthy and hardy ; sutlici-
ently productive. Both wood and foliage show
considerable admixture of Labrusca with Ri-
paria. Bunch small to medium, compact,
sometimes shouldered as in annexed engrav-
ing ; berries of small medium size, round ; skin
thin but firm, black with a delicate blue bloom,
and rich in coloring matter; flesh melting, vi-
nous, sweet, with a delicate aromaand a delici-
ous flavor, uniting fine quality with productive-

* Pronounce: ReesUng.

MONTEFIORE.

ness ; ripening (a few days) after Concord,
and before Norton's Va. Seedling.

This unostentatious grape attracted the at-
tention of our senior when Rommel first ex-
hibited it at Rochester, N. Y., where the Am.
Pomol. Society met, August, 1879. With
consent of the originator, we have given it
the name of the great Jewish philanthropist
MoxTKFiOKE, Avhich name denotes at the same
time a '•^Jlountain-Jf nicer. " It has fruited for
years, in various localities, with quite satis-
factory results, even in seasons when the
Concord rotted badl3\

At the Hermann Fair, 1882, this grape was
awarded an extra premium as the best new
Seedling for Red Wine, and none equal to it
for that purpose has been produced since.
This fall, 1894, our vines of the Montefiore
were well loaded with perfect bunches and the
must weight was 90°. Equall3J favorable re-

Moore's Diamond.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. Moore's Diamond. 157

MOORE'S DIAMOND.

ports came from Euclid, O., and other places.
Northern wine-growers have not given to this
variet}' the attention it deserves, or else it
would be planted more extensively, being su-
perior to most other Red wine grapes that
ripen so far north. The Monte^fiore is quite
acceptable also for a tahle grape notwith-
standing its small size.

Moore's Diamond. (Labr.x) S3'n.,DiA-
>roND. Originated by Jacob Moore, of Attica,
N. Y., from seed of the Concord fertilized by
lona, in the yea.Y 187.3 while a resident of
Brighton, N. Y., where it has been grown and
fruited ever since and endured the winters un-
injured without protection. The vine is a
vigorous grower and productive, perfectly

158 Moore's Diamond.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Moore's Early

maturing its wood and retain-
ing its foliage, which is large,
of a dark gloss}' green, re-
sembling its parent Concord.
The bunches are large, hand-
some, compact, often double-
shonldered ; berries of full
medium size, adhering tirmly
to the stem. Color a delicate

GKEKNISH-AVHITE, with VClloW

or amber tinge when fully
ripened ; flesh tender with few
seeds, juicy, sprightly, sweet,
refreshing; skin thin, nearly
transparent, yet suflScientl}'
tough to bear packing and
handling well ; probably too
tender for distant shipment.
Quality very good, superior to
other hardy white grapes, and
the fruit ripens at least a week
before the Concord. Judge
Miller considers it the best
white out-door grape we have,
in which opinion some of the
best judges agree. President
P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta,
Ga., recognized as best authori-
ty, especially for the South,
says: '"Moore's Diamond is
unquestionably the most at-
tractive and earliest white grape
cultivated South." Geo. W.
Campbell, however, found it
unproductive on his place for
some 3-ears, while reports from
other localities, lie is glad to
say, indicate that this is not
always its character. Ellwan-
ger and Barry place it at the
head of their latest select list
of grapes, directing special
attention to its superior merit.
Its good quality and showy
appearance render it a special
favorite with the birds^ — the
BEST judges.

Our illustration is after the
Photograpii of an average
bunch, true to nature.

MOORE'S EARLY

Moore's Early. (Labr.) Originated by
John B. Moore, at Concord, ^Liss., from Con-
cord seed in 1872 and introduced in 1877.
The illustration is an exact coi)y from a phot-
ograph of the bunch, and it could not be
better described than by calling it an Early
Concord. (See "Concord," page lOG.)

Bunch smaller and rarely shouldered, but
berries somewhat larger. It is, in similar soils

and localities, as healthy and hardy as its
parent ; though not as productive or vigorous,
it is almost equal to the Concord in quality,
but ripens ten days to al)out two weeks earlier.
Its large size and earliness render it desirable
and made it a popular market grape which
has been largely planted. It needs careful
cultivation and liberal manuring. Being
better than "Hartford," "Champion," or

Mottled.

DESCRIPriON OF VARIETIES.

Munson's. 159

"Talman," and quite as early, it is recom-
mended to supersede these undesirable vari-
ties. It has been awarded first premiums at
maii3^ horticultural exhibitions.

Mottled. {Labr.) Originated with Chas. Carpenter,
Kelly's Island. A seedling of Catawba. Earlier in ripen-
ing and less disposed to mildew and rot than its parent.
Charles Downing says: "A profuse bearer, ripening
with Delaware. It will hang a long time after ripe, and
keeps unusually well."

Bunch medium size, very compact, slightly .shouldered ;
berries medium to large, round, distinctly mottled when
held lo the light, with ditferent shades of red or maroon
while ripening, but nearly a uniform dark Catawba
color when fully ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy, vinous; of
brisk, sprightly" flavor, always rather pulpy and acid
at the centre. Skin thick. Season late, ripening with
Norton's Virginia. Hangs well to the bunch, and im-
proves by being left long on the vine; more desirable
as a wine than as a table grape. Vines healthy, hardy,
moderately vigorous, and productive; foliage abund-
ant; wood short-jointed.

We found it a poor grower and bearer.

Mount liebanoii. (Labr.) Originated by Geoi-ge
Curtis, of the United Society of Mount lyebanon, Col-
umbia county, N. Y.; suppo-^ed to be a cross of Spanish
Amber and Isal)ella. Bunch larger than Northern Mus-
cadine; berry round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough,
though sweet, perhaps a little better than Northern
Muscadine.

Moyer. {^Est.-Hijbr.) Syn., .Jokdan grape.
Cro-ss between Delaware and some purely native
variety- raised by Allen Moyer, of Ontario. Canada.
A small and very early red grape, resembling
Delaware. ^'ine a vigorous, though slender,
rather short-jointed grower; very liardy with
good foliage; neither leaf nor fruit seem subject
to mildew, even in seasons where other vines
around it are affected by this disease. Bunches
small shouldered, but often loose, by reason of
imperfect blossoms. Berries of about same size
as Delaware and adhere tenaciotisly to the stem.
Pulp very juicy, sweet and tender to the center:
but inferior in quality to Delaware. Eipens very
early; full}^ two weeks before Concord. Yet an
amateur grape only worthy of trial in the North.

Geo. W. Campbell, when asked for his opinion
of tbis grape, said: "I can see very little to
recommend it beyond healthy foliage and early
ripening." With us it proved a slow and weak
grower, unproductive.

Mrs. McLure. {Bip.-Hiibr.) One of Dr. Wylie's
hybrids ; a cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie.
5h«c/i medium, not very compact, shouldered; ber-
ries medium, white, very vigorous, quality good
as a table variety, and probably valuable also as a
white-wine grape. Foliage resembling Clinton,
growth very rampant. — Berckmans.

Mrs. Stayman. {uEst. X '■ ) Originated by Dr.
J. Stajanan, of Leavenworth, Kan., produced
from Delaware. ('?) Mne vevy vigorous, hardy,
healthy and productive ; foilage strongh' Labrus-
ca; bunch large, compact; bemj above medium.
RED, tender, juicy, sprightly sweet, with some of
the native aroma ; quality very good ; ripens about
same time as Concord and does not rot nor mildew
on the originator's grounds; it would probably
succeed well where Concord does — a wide enough
range.

Munson's Hybrids and Seedlings. Mr.

T. V. Munson, of Deuisou, Texas, has pro-
duced man}' thousand of Hybrid and Seed-
ling grapes ; and after having carefulh' tested
them for years, in fruiting, he has determined
to introduce now (1894) thirty-six of these

varieties which he considers his best. We
give here the names only (in alphabetical
order), and refer those who desire further in-
formation to Munson (or to us) who will, on
application, furnish his general catalogue :

Admirable {V.Lim. X V- ^Jst.)

America, p. 86 {Post- Oak y:^ Bnpestris)

Bailey (Post-Oak X Tmtmph)

Beacon, p. 89 (Post-Oak X Concord}

Bell, (see Green Mountain). .(i7r/m X Belau-are}

Big Extra (Post-Oak X Trimnph)

Big Hope (Post-Oak X Trimnph}

Black Herbemont (Herlmnont SeeiUimj}

Brilliant, p. 96 (Lindlcij X Delaicare}

Carman, p. 99 (Post-Oak X Triumph}

Dr. Collier, p. 117 (Post-OakX Concord}

Delicious (Post-Oak X Herbem.}

Early Golden, page 119 (Triumph Seedliny}

Early Wine (Post-Oak X Bupestris}

Elvicand, p. 123 (Elvira X Mustami}

Fern Mun.son, p. 127 (Post-Oak X Trimnph}

Gold Coin, p. 128 (Norton X Martha}

Governor Ross (Trimnph Sppdlini/}

Hopkins (Post-Oak X Ci/nth.}

Hermann Jaeger, ^. idS... (Post-Oak X ^^rbern.}

Laussel (Post-OakX (^old Coin}

Lindherbe (Lindley X Herbem.}

Marguerite (Post-Oak X Herbem.}

Muench (Neosho X Herbem.}

Mrs. Munson (Neosho X Herbem.}

Neva Mun.son (Neosho X Herbem.}

Newman (Post-OakX Tnumph}

Onderdonk (Herl)emont Seedling}

Opal (Lindley Seedlimj}

Oriole (Post-Oak X Devereux}

Perry (Post-Oak X Herbem.}

Ragan (Post-Oak X Trimnph}

Rommel (Elvira X Triumph}

R. W. Munson (Post-Oak x Triumph}

W. B. Mun.son (Post-Oak 3 X Triumph}

Vinita (Post-Oak X Herbem.}

This list of thirty-six varieties gives a suc-
cession in ripening beginning with Brilliant
as early as Hartford, or just before Delaware,
for three months, ending with Neva, Fern,
Laussel, as late as Herbemont and Nortons.

Prof. Munson writes us: "These varieties
which I have propagated and listed from
among my seedlings and hybrids are the cream
from about 40,000 grown. If as many as a
dozen are permanently retained, I shall feel
that ni}^ work has not been in vain." He
does not want to burden the public, or our
Catalogue, with the names, numbers or de-
scriptions of his hundreds of varieties, the
great majority of which he will throw away,
as tests may determine, to find a nameless
grave. Grape growers only who have seen
his productions in their vigorous glory, sur-
passing the old standards, and doing this year
after year, under ordinary vineyard culture,
those only who have tasted them, as we have,

160 Miiiisoii.

RUSHBERG CATALOGL'E.

Nectar.

■can appreciate Munson's work and his
modesty.

"Among that splendid list of new grapes,"
saj's H. Jaeger, of Neosho, Mo., "eight of
the most exquisite varieties are crosses of Her-
bemont on wild Post-Oak or summer grapes
of Texas and Southwest Missouri. Mr, Mun-
son with his characteristic conscientiousness
recommends these for the Sontli only. I am
glad to be able to state that four of them,
tried here, have stood 20° below zero. It
seems safe, therefore, to conclude that with
good spraying, these Southern grapes will
prove hardy enough for the latitude of Cen-
tral Missouri. Mr. Munson's other grand ac-
quisitions will succeed far north of Missouri.
"* * * Munson's great work insures an
immense improvement in the quality of our
grapes, and sprajang with copper solutions
has made their yield so much more certain,
that we can confidently^ look forward to a
great revival of American viticulture."

Geo. W. Campbell says (1894) about the
work of Prof. T. V. Munson: "It may be
too early to say anything positive or definite
as to its importance ; I believe he is and has
been for some years, doing more extensive
work in striving to improve our native grapes
than has ever been done or attempted by any
other person. * * * Many specimens of
his productions, as they are grown in Texas,
are of very high character, remarkable not
only for fine appearance but excellence in
quality."

Munson. (Line. X Rup.) Syn., Jaegf.r's
No. 70. It was produced by Hermann Jaeger,
5it Neosho, Mo., by feriiWzmg Line ecumii or
Post-Oak (No. 43) with pollen of a male vine
■of tlie species T''. Rupestris; combining the
vigor, deeply penetrating roots, with resis-
tance to rot, as also to the extremes of drouth,
heat and cold ; it stood without injury- a bliz-
zard, with a temperature of 27° below zero,
that killed the eyes of Concord, Ives and Nor-
ton's Vines in its immediate vicinity. Prof.
T. V. Munson wrote (February, 1894) : " I
think it quite proper and would feel honored
in having your No. 70 bear my name."
The wood, foliage and fruit of this variety
with large clusters and berries of its parents,
plainly show the blending of the two widely
varying species, and anybody familiar Avith
Rupestris and Post-Oak Vines Avill admit that
it is impossible to combine greater resistance
to extremes of both cold and hot weather, as
also to drouth. The Vine is fertile to a fault ;
inheriting from its male parent the faculty of
producing three bearing shoots from each
bud, besides fertile shoots on old wood.
Bunches and grapes are black, about the

color and size of Ives, or a little smaller and
generally less compact ; ripens about two
weeks before Norton and hangs long to the
vine. It yields a claret wine of good body
and intense ruby color, having just enough of
the peculiar flavor of the Lincecumii grape to
be admired by some for its fruity taste. In
France, Mr. Contuson, of Aubenas, has pro-
duced a hybrid from this, the Munson, and a
French grape, which was awarded the first
prize, the gold medal, in competition with the
best French clarets.

Naomi. {Bip.-Hyhr.) A hybrid of Clinton and
one of the Muscats produced by J. H. Ricketts.
Downing describes it as follows :

Vine very vigorous, very productive, long-
jointed ; leaves very large, deeply lobed, coarsely
serrated; ?;H9ic7i large, shouldered; feem/ medium,
roundish-oval, pale green, often with a tinge of
RED in the sun , covered with a thin whitish bloom ;
flesh juicy, melting, rather crisp, sweet and
sprightly, and with a trace of Muscat flavor;
quality very good. Ripens with Concord.

Ricketts pronounces it one of the most mag-
nificent grapes for the table ttiat ever grew. (See
remarks Sub. R. on Ricketts' Hybrids.) With us it
does not succeed, suffering, as most hybrids do,
from mildew {Peronosporci) ; where this disease is
unknown or properly treated, this grape may be
most desirable.

The annexed illustration is reduced to two-
thirds its natural size.

Nectar. {Labr.-Hybr.) A cross of Con-
cord and Delaware, originated in 1883, by the
late A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
(First named Black Delaivare, which name was
changed by its originator. ) Vine a fairly good
grower, with medium short-jointed wood and
dark green, deeply serrated foliage, not dis-
posed to mildew ; hardy, healthy and pro-
ductive (but unproductive in some locali-
ties. ) Tlae clusters and berries are of medium
size, somewhat larger than Delaware, well
formed and handsome ; color jet black with
fine bloom ; quality very good and ripening
with Delaware. The berries do not crack
nor fall from the stem, they are vinous of
pure rich flavor and keep well. So far
as tested it has shown no tendency to rot ;
seems quite promising and worthy of trial, —
with the probability that it will be found
valuable for more general cultivation. The
Rural Neio Yorker says: "Every year we
value it more and more. In quality it is the
best grape in The RuraVs collection. The
vine is hardy, free from mildew, as are the
berries free from rot."

Neff. (Ldbr.) Syn., Keuka. Originated on the farm
(if one IMr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake, N. Y.
Bunch nu'diuni: berry niodiuni, dark COPPER red. Flesh
pulpy and somewhat foxy. Good native, early-

Neosho.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Niagara. 161

Xeosho. (^Est.) Found si'ow-
iii-r wild on tlie farm of E.
Schoenborn, near Neosho,
Southwest Missouri. In 1868,
Hermann Jaejrer sent grafts
■of this (and other varieties of
wild summer grapes) to that
uioneer of Missouri vintners,
Hon. I'^red. Miinch, who, find-
ing it to he of superior
iliiality, recommended it, and
<-alled it the " Neosho." It
gained in Papa Miinch's favor
«very year, and he loved its
wine to the end of his life.

S.Miller wrote in 1873: "Tlie
fragrance of the Neosho grape
is unsurpassed by any grape
t hat ever tickled my olfactory
nerves." So also thought our
enthusiastic, now lamented
friend, Miinch; but in other
localities it produced unsatis-
factorily and tlie flavor or
bouquet of its wine found no
favor.

Bunch and berries are of tlie
same size as Norton's — the
bunches compact, shouldered,
heart-shaped. The skin of
the berries is thin, black
with blue bloom, verj' dark,

yet contains but little coloring matter and less tannin;
the pulp is meaty, sweet and spicy, with but little acid-
ity. Seeds rather large. The wood of the Neosho is ex-
tremely ha-d and tough: it cannot be propagated from
<'ut tings. The vine is a most vigorous grower when once
established on its own roots, or successfully grafted;
requires plenty of room, and prefers spur-pruning on
olci wood. It is so hardy that it may be said to resist all
tlie extremes of our changeable climate in Missouri.
The roots are sti-ong and wiry. The foliage is coar.se, but
of beautiful color— dark and glossy green — and retains
its freshness till frost sets in. The must, though fer-
mented on the husk for two days, produces a wine of a
beautiful greenish-yellow color, and has a peculiar
aroma. It ripens with Norton's Virginia.

Neva Munson. (Neosho X Herb.) See Mun-
son's best grapes, p. 159. This is ripening very
late; hence adapted to the South only.

t^BfewarU. {Rip.-Ifi/Or.) A hybridof Clinton and Vini-
fora, raised in Newark, N. .1. Vine of vigorous growtli,
hardv and very productive. Bunches long, loose, shoul-
dered; berries medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy
and vinous, of pleasant taste; but, however, promising
for a few years, it becomes soon disea.sed, its fruit sub-
ject to rot, and perishes, like its European parent. It
<'an not be recommended.

BTewbnrj^Ii. {Lahr.-Hybr.) One of Ricketts' Seed-
lings. Not known liere.

Xew Haven. (Lnbr.) See Concord Seedl., p. 107.

Newman. (Linc.-IIi/br.) See Munson's Seed-
lings, p. 159.

Xewport. (JEst.) Said to be a seedling from and
~i mi liar to Ilerbemont.

Niagara. (Labr. X, ) This grape ''her-
iilded like Niagara herself as one of the won-
ders of the world." with a growth of vine
;uid foliage unsurpassed by any ; originated
in 1872 with Hoag & Clark, of Lockport, N.
Y., who give the following description of it:

Vine a cross of Concord and Cassady,
hardy, healthy, ver^^ vigorous and very pro-
ductive ; wood rather long-jointed ; leaves
large, thick, leathery, downy, lobed, sometimes
double-lobed, much like Hartford. Bxach
medium to large, from 8 to 14 ounces in weight,
compact occasionally shouldered ; berrj/ large,
roundish, slightly inclined to oval, quite uni-
form in size ; skin thin but tough, p.vle grp:ex
at lirst, but changing to pale yellow when
fully ripe, with a tliin whitish bloom ; flesh

THE NAOMI GRAPE. Reduced ^.

soft, tender, sweet, pleasant, and in quality
about the same as Concord, ripening with it
or soon after : it has quite a foxy odor when
first gathered, but loses much of this when
fully ripe, and has then a flavor and aroma
much liked by those who have tasted this
grajje.

Tlie proprietors of this grape jealous Ij^
guarded for many years against its being
propagated by others, expecting that the fine
appearance of its fruit, at Exhibitions and on
the markets of great cities, would enable them
to introduce it on a large scale, at a high
price. For this pupose, and to still further
test this grape, the proprietors furnished vines
for vineyard planting on special terms, — and
succeeded.

162 Niagara.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Noah.

For localities suited to the '•Niagara." it
Las apparently acquired an assured position
as the leading white market grape and is now
extensiveJi/ planted, proving to be a profitable
market grape. Its description, as quoted
above, is correct. It is a very strong grower
and abundant bearer; to the sandy soil of our
lake shore it is siDeciall}' well adapted ; and it
is undoubtedlj' a fine looking grape when well
grown ; but is disposed to mildew and rot in

unfavorable seasons, and will not endure
severe winters without protection. In the
Southern States, however, excellent results
have been obtained ; its quality seems to im-
prove, as it is cultivated southward, and it
ranks there amongst the most profitable early
market grapes. We have also tasted a very
fine while wine made from the Niagara grape
by the "Gast Wine Co.," of Baden, near
St. Louis, Mo.

Noah. (liijj. X) Kaised from Taylor
seed by Otto Wasserzieher, Nauvoo, 111., in
1869 ; then twice transplanted, sent to us for
testing, and fruited first in 1873.

By nth medium, shouldered, compact (yet
not too closely compact, well-filled, but not

over-crowded) ; bcrru medium to above me-
dium in size, being but slightly smaller than
Concord; of (JUKen color, turning yellowish
when fully ripe; skin thin but firm, trans-
parent ; not very juicy, pulp firm yet melting,
and of excellent quality. Its m»sf-weight is

Noah.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Norton. 163

10° above that of Concord grown and pressed
in same locality ; time of ripening abont ten
days after the Concord. Foliage large and
firm, glossy, with a very slight down under-
neath and adhering well to the vine until
frost.

From this description it will be seen that
it resembles Elvira in some respects, which
is quite natural, being of same parentage,
but is quite distinct even in appearance, and
there is no difficulty in distinguishing the
two in foliage and fruit. It has also a firmer
skin, wiiich will not crack as that of the El-
vira, but is more inclined to jnildew than the
latter. Both grapes are excellent for white-
wine ; for table use we have better varieties.

The Noah was first disseminated in 1876,
and has now gained great popularity. At a
test of the must, made by impartial experts,
the Noah stood 100° on Oechsles scale with
7.50 per mille acid, whilst at the same time
the Elvira weighed 88^ witii 5 per mille acid.

Reports from most parts of this country,
in regard to growth, health, &c., are very
favorable; the fruit mildews however, in un-
favorable seasons, but is less liable to rot
than other varieties.

E. A. Biehl, of Alton, III., after a long
tramp among the vineyards of Illinois and
Missouri, wrote: "Of the Noah, I predict
that it will grow well, bear well, keep well
on the vines, ship well, sell well, and make
lots of monej^ for its growers. In fact, it
will be a white grape for the million."

J. Balsiger, of Highland, 111., favored us
with the following lines : "I am very thank-
ful to you for having sent me this valuable
variety. Too much cannot be said of its
good qualities, according to my observa-
tions."

In France, also, the Noah has become a
favorite, and is largely planted.

The accompanying illustration is copied
from a photograph, and represents two
bunches, beloa- average size, of this valuable
variety. The size is reduced ; the single
berry shows the full natural size.

Nonantiim. tLohr.) Si-o Isabella, pasre 141.

Norfolk. {Lnbr.Hijbr.) Oi-ijrinated by iV. 7J. Jr/u7e, of
Norwood, Mass. A vigorous grower, bearing fine fruit
of a sliglit Muscat flavor. It .so nearly resembles the
Catawba that it would be talcen for nothing else, if it did
not ripen even before the Concord. At least, tlie origi-
nator showed to a committee of the Mass. Horticultural
Society that tlie Norfolk was fully ripe on his place
while his Catawbas had l)arely begun to color. Tlie
vine is said to lie an abundant bearer of remaricably
showy fruit, heavily covered with lilac bloom, and to
have withstood a temperature of 18 degrees below zero
without protection and without injury.

North America. (Lubr.) ^mxWj medium, shouldered:
berry round: bf.ack, juicy but foxy. Ripens al)OUt with
Hai-tford. Vine vigorous, unproductive.

North Carolina. (Lain:) This seedling- origi-
nated with that veteran poniologist, J. B. Garber,
of Cokinibia, Pa.; it belongs to the Isabella type,
and is a sbowy market grape of poor quality;
Bnnrh medium to large, oecasionally shouldered,
moderately compact; Ixrrics large, with a slight
blue bloom; flesh pulpy but sweet; skin very
thick; bangs well to the bunch, and will keep
well and carry to market in good condition.
Ripens early, coloring a few days before the Con-
cord. Vine a rambling grower, hardy and very
productive; requires long pruning and "plenty
to do." Rools abundant, thick, firm, with a
tolerably hard liber; is a good resistant to Phyl-
loxera, but much subject to rot. Canes of me-
dium thickness, long and rambling, with an
average complement of laterals. Wood firm with
a medium pith. The initiated can also make a
good Muscatel wine of it. Must 84°.

Northern Muscadine. {Lain-.) A seedling raised
by the Shakers of New Lebanon, N. Y. A decid-
edly foxy grape, resembling in that respect Dra-
cut Amber; of dull amber color. Opinions differ
widely about its value. Papa Miinch (as we call-
ed our venerable friend, the late Fred'k Miinch).
placed it as a table grape next to the Diana, and
as a wine grape far above the Vanango. Bimch
medium, compact, almost round; herry medium
to large, dark amber colored or brownish -
RED, flesh pulpy and foxy, sweet, skin thick.
Berries round and showy, apt to drop from the
bunch when ripe. Ripens about two weeks be-
fore Catawba. Vine of luxuriant growth, hardy
and productive. Its must will probably be found
valuable to mix, in small proportion, with some
other variety, to which it would impart, Ave be-
lieve, a fine Muscat flavor.

Norton or Norton's A'irginia. {^st.) A
native wild grape found on Cedar Island, James
river, near Richmond, Va., discovered there
in 1835 by Dr. F. A. Lemosq and recom-
mended as a Avine grape by Dr. D. N. Nor-
ton, an amateur horticulturist, and one of the
pioneers in horticulture near Richmond, Va.,^
who introduced it to public notice. A. J.
Downing described it in his "Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America" as a cross between
the Bland and Miller's Burgundy. It made
but little progress until about 1845, when
Mr. Heinrichs and Dr. Kehr brought it to our
Hermann vine-dressers.

This little insignificant-looking grape, pro-
nounced worthless by Longworth, the father
of American grai)e culture, has, nevertheless,
become the great ;uid leading variet}^ for red
wine not mereh' in Missouri, where its su-
perior qualities were first appreciated and
brought out in full splendor, and in its native
State, Virginia, where it is now receiving
great attention, hundreds of acres being
planted with this most valuable variety for
wine, — but, far and near, in many sections
of this coiHitry, and even in some parts of
France wiiere American vines are planted.

The Norton, with its twin-sister, the Cj'n-
thiana, is now recognized by all experienced

164 Norton.

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

Ohio.

grape-growers as the most reliable and best
red limine graj)e of America. Except in size
of berry, it has also most qualities of a very
good table grape ; it is sweet and spicy, and
is unexcelled as a long keeper.

The illustration of the Cynthiana, page 112,
equally serves as a good representation of
the Norton-grape. Man}' grape growers con-
sider both identical.

The bunch of the Norton is long, compact,
and shouldered ; berry small, black, with
dark bluish-red juice, almost without pulp
when fully ripe ; sweet and brisk. Ripens
late, in October. Vine vigorous, healthy,
rarel}'' attacked by black rot and evidently
less subject to it than most other varieties,
hardy, and productive when well-estal)lished,
but very impatient of transplanting, and ex-
ceedingly difficult to propagate. Boots tough
and wiry. Liber thin and hard ; canes vigor-
ous, of medium thickness and good length.
Wood very hard, with a small i)ith and firm
outer bark.

Whenever the season will admit of a thor-
ough and perfect ripening of its fruit, the
Norton will succeed here in almost any soil ;
but. when the wood and buds have not fully
ripened in the fall, tlie vine is liable to suffer
from severe cold during the succeeding win-
ter. In rich bottoms it comes early into
bearing and is enormously productive ; on
high hills with rather poor soil and southern
aspects it is tardy in coming into bearing,
but produces there the richest wine, of great
body and superior medical qualities.* It has
quite a peculiar coffeine flavor, which at first
seems unpleasant to many, but which, like
coffee, endears itself to our taste. Must
105^-110'. Mixed with the Moutefiore it
makes a more palatable wine, not as heavy
and astringent, for general consumption.

From Norton's seed two ivltite grapes have
been raised almost simultaneously : one by old
Langendorfer, sen., at Hermann, Mo. ; the
other by J. Balsiger, of Highland, 111. They
viYQvery kite, ripening even later than Norton's,
and thus will not be adapted to locations
north of St. Louis.

Norwood. (Labr.-Hybr.) Originated by X. \i. Wliitc,
of Norwood, Mass., from Labrusca crossed witli lUack
Hamburg; first exhibited In the fall of 18S0, before the
Mass. Horticul. Society, it received a first-class cer-
tificate of merit for some very fine bundles. It is said
to malce a larger cluster and larger lierry and to ripen a
little earlier tlian Concord; is not a strong grower, ma-
king but few imperfect l)unclies; in <iuality from good
to best; superior t!) the Concord; while at some expoi'i-
ment stations the Norwood proved very desiral)le pi'o-
ducing large double shouldered bunches and berries
resembling Lindley, bright amui:k in color, productive
and a good table and market grape.

* It is the great remedy here for dysentery and dis-
eases of the bowels.

Occidental. (Labr.-irijhr.) Produced by N. B.
White, of Norwood, Mass., from wild Labrusca
seed crossed with Bhick Hamburg. A very com-
pact cluster of a dark red grape, deserving ti>
be better known.

Ohio. (^Est.) Syn., Cigar-box, Long-
worth's Ohio, (Black Spanish Alabama?)
is supposed to be identical with the "Jacques"
or '"Jack" introduced and cultivated near Nat-
chez, Mis-., by an old Spaniard of the name of
Jacques. It originated from a few cuttings left
in a cigar-box. bj' some unknown person, at the
residence of Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
This variety attracted a good deal of attention for
some time on account of its large, long bunches
(often ten to titeen inches long, rather loose,
tapering, shouldered), and its good qnalitj'^; Its
berries are small, round ; skin thin ; purple with a
blue bloom; flesh tender, melting, without pulp,
brisk and vinous. The wood is strong, long-
jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton, and
smooth, with peculiarly pointed buds. Leaves
large, tri-lobed. At flrst it was also a good bearer,
but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly that
it was of no use, even when grown on walls with
protection. Downing (" Fruit and Fruit-trees of
Am.") said, •• it is most likely a foreign sort, and,
except in a few locations, a sandy soil, and a mild
climate, it is not likely to succeed." Geo. W.
Campbell, whom we have to thank for valtiable
information on this and many other varieties,
says : "I always considered the Ohio or Cigar-box,
from its fruit, habit of growth and foliage, as of
the same family as Herbemont, Lenoir, Elsin-
burgh, and that class of small, black southern
grapes." Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., wrote
us: "The Cigar-box, or Longworth's Ohio, I
had in the East for years, but never grew a perfect
bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the fruit
both mildewed and rotted."

When ripe it is an excellent grape. A few vines
sent years ago, under the names of '■'■Jacques or
Ohio,'"' to France, by P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia,
proved very fine and valuable, resisting Phyllox-
era, having remained healthy in the midst of vine-
yards destroyed by the root-louse. (See Lenoir.)

In August, 1876, G. Onderdonk gave us the
subjoined information concerning the supposed
identity of the Black Spanish, Ohio and Jacques :

" There lived at Natchez, in Mississippi, an old
Spaniard by the name of Jacquez. He originated
a grape to which he gave no name. Some persons
got hold of it and called it the Jacquez grape,
simply to designate it as old Jacquez's nameless
grape; others called it the Black Spanish grape,
as it came from the old Spaniard's garden.
Then a traveler, whose name was never obtained,
carried some cuttings of this grape to Cincinnati,
where he left them with a nurseryman (Mr. Long-
worth!) there, packed in a cigar-box; thus it
came that they were designated as the 'Cigar-box
grape,' not as a name, but to designate it till its
true name would be known. This nameless
variety circulated about Ohio, and, carried from
that State, took the name of Ohio with those thus
obtaining it. Finally, as no authoritative name
appeared, each called it the Black Spanish,
Jaccjuez, Cigar-box, or Ohio, according to the
several temporaiy designations.''

"I at flrst got it from a neighbor, who obtained
it from Berckmans, in Georgia, as the Cigar-box.
I afterwards lieard of the Black Spanish as a
wonderful grape, and procured it from Gonzales,
Texas, and several other Texan sources. I got

Omega.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Osmond. 1G5

afterwards information from different sources
that these four names represented the same grape.
I cannot now remember from whom [ got the
history of the old Spaniard Jacquez and of the
various names having originated as I have stated;
but I am altogether satisfied (from examining the
matter for several years) of the identity of Black
Spanish. Jacquez. Cigar-box and Ohio.''

•'If there is any valuable difference between the
Black Spanish and Lfiioir, it is in favnr of the
latter."

[n August, 1892, however, Onderdonk wrote us
that, having obtained from Campbell a plant of
the ''Ohio''' or "■Ciyar-hux.'" he can testify that
his " Ohio " is distinct from the variety cultivated
in Texas under the names of Black Spanish, El
Paso, Jacquez, etc.

Omega. (Labr. X) Originated by that success-
ful producer of hardy varieties of high quality,
the late John Burr of Leavenworth, Kansas;
from what source this and some others came he
even could not say, as the seed was mixed. The
vine is vigorous, hardy and prolific; it has never
shown any liability to rot or mildew on his
grounds; the bunch is of medium size only, rather
short and compact; the beri-ies are very large,
dark ked with tender pulp, juicy, sprightly and
sweet; quality best; ripens about with Concord.

Oineg:a, (Lnhr.) an old Catawl)a Seedling, abandoned.

Onderdonk. {^Est.) This delicate white grape
is a pure seedling of Herbemont, originated by T.
V. Munson, in 1886, and named in i-espect to his
friend and co-laborer in the improvement of our
native grapes. In leafing out, flowering, ripening
fruit and shedding foliage it is very late, pi'eceeding
Herbemont a few days only. Growth very vigor-
ous, leaves somewhat larger and more deeply
lobed, not quite so firm and leathery as those of
its parent; it is less afflicted by black rot (but j
sometimes attacked by Ripe Grape Rot [y] which 1
does not trouble Herbemont.) It endures cold
equally well with Herbemont and will probably
succeed in about the same regions where the Her-
bemont does. The vine is a sure and abundant
cropper; its cuttings root more readily than with
Herbemont; the wood is somewhat darker with a
little longer joints. Cluster large, compound,
compact, conical; bernf a shade larger than in
Herbemont, of light gkeknish-yellow color, j
translucent; skin thin, tough; pulp melting, very !
juicy, pure, sprightly, sweet; seeds small, 1 to 3; it
is an exquisite dessert and white wine grape. We
consider it very promising for the South Atlantic
and South Central States. The illustration, made ,
specially for the Bushberg Catalogue, was photo-
graphed from natui-e. (See next page, 166.)

Oneida. {Lahr.-Hyhr,) Said to be a seedling of Mer-
rimack (Rogers' No. 19), raised by Tl)acker, of Oneida
couii.y, X. Y., whostatestbat tlie vine Ijore its first fruit
in the fall of 1875, when four years old, and is a strong,
healthy grower, free from disease; wood short-jointed,
and ripens well; a good liean^r; bunches medium size,
evenly shouldei'ed, sufficiently compact; fter/wes large,
twice the size of Delawai-e, which it resembles in color;
skin brittle, with a delicate bloom. It ripens on the or-
iginal vine gradually from the 10th to the 2.5th of Sep-
tember. Keejjs well and does not drop from the stem. I
A. ]\I. Purdy, Palmyra, X. Y., who introduced this sort on
subscription, to l)e delivered in the spring of 1884, i
thought that the Oneida would prove the best and longest [
winter -keeping grape introduced.

OnoiKlag^a. (io6;-.-//2/6r.) Originated in Fayettrville,
Onondaga Co., N. Y.; a cross between the Diana and
the Delaware; said to combine in some degree the
flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware,
and to be a late keeper. Its appearance is certainly

very fine, resembling Diana. Should it prove as good
and healtiiy as its originator claims, It would indeed
be a viilualjle acquisition as a market grape.

Opal. (Labr.-Hybr.) Lindley Seedling, pro-
duced by T. V. Munson, see page 159.

Oporto. (Hip.) Of the same character as Clinton;
a true native with a foreign namt!. Bunches small, usu-
ally very imperfect; berries small, black, harsh, and
very acid. Considered a very poor variety by Fuller.
"Of no value, a complete humbug." Susniunn.'

Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. K. W.
Furnas, of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomol.
Society, 1871), "My vines (of Oporto) have never failed
to give a fine crop; last year I picked eleven hundred
good bunches from one vine five years old. It is an ex-
ceedingly raniijant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch
not compact, Ijcaiing the fruit on until after first frost
in fall. I have found the Oporto to give a first-class
yield of very good wine— greatly improved by age."

The difference of opinion is attrilmtable, no doubt, to
differences in soil, etc.; in a granitic, shistose (slaty)
soil the Oporto flourishes best, while in alluvial soil it
loses its foliage. In some parts of France it was used
as a Phyllo.xera-resisting grafting stock.

Oriental. (Labr.-Hyhr.) Produced by X. B.
White, of Norwood, Mass., fvom a wild Labrusca
seed crossed by Black Hamburg. A fine i>akk
RED market grape.

Oriole. (Line. X ^Est.) See Munson's Hybrids,
best quality, but very late, page 159.

Osage. (Labr. y ) Originated by the late John
Burr from seed of Concord. Vine vigorous, hardy
and productive, but rots also, about like Concord.
Bnncli large, shouldered ; bernj very large, larger
than Concord, black; somewhat pulpy, juicy,
sweet, sprightly ; considered better in quality
and ripens about a week earlier than Concord.
Our old friend Sam. Miller said in Colman's Rural
World, ''Osage, a large black grape, I think valu-
able."

Osceola. (Labr. X ) Raised by Dr. J. Stayman,
from seed of his friend Burr's Standard grape.
It is a very strong handsome grower, hardy and
productive; foliage strongly labrusca; has shown
neither rot nor mildew so far; bunch medium,
compact; bernj- white, rather large, tender, but
skin very fii-m ; meaty, sprigbtly sweet with some
of the native aroma; ripens very early, with Jewel.
A fine table grape of a new type.

Osee. (Bijj. X ) Originated by John Burr, de-
ceased, of Leavenworth, Kan. ; when and from
what parent seed is not recorded. The vine is
immensely productive, vigorous and hardy; never
mildewed or rotted on his grounds. Bunch me-
dium, short, shouldered, compact; berry very
large, white, tender, very juicy and of a peculiar
flavor. Seems to be a very valuable grape for
white wine and for jelly.

Oskaloosa. (yEst. X) Originated by Dr. J.
Stayman, of Leavenworth, from Delaxcare. Vine
vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; has
shown neither rot nor mildew so far. Bunch me-
dium, compact: berry large, black, pulp tender,
juicy, sprightly, vinous sweet, quality best; ripens
very late, after Ozark, and will hang on the Vines
long after ripe. The originator says : This grape
requires a favorable location and a long season to
mature here.

Osmond. (Bip.) A seedling from Franklin.
raised by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Bunch
and berry small, round, black, blue bloom ; vin-
ous, harsh. — Mitzky, Our Native Grape.

i(>(;

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

ONDEKDONK.

( htvet/0.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES .

Parar/on. 167

Oswego. (L<il>r.) A uni(iue very large black
i^rape of unknown origin; named and introduced
by Dr. J. Stayuian, of Leavenworth, Kan. Vine
vigorous, iiardy and productive; has shown
neither rot nor mildew so far. Bunch and berry
very large, handsome, with but little pulp and
native aroma; ripens with Concord, which it re-
sembles in color, but is considered by Dr. Stay-
man to be there better in quality and hangs on the
vines long after ripe.

Othello. {Rip.-Hijhr.) Arnold's Xo. 1. Across
from Clinton, or what is called Clinton in Canada,
iertilized by the pollen of Black Hamburg. De-
scribed as follows: -'•Bunch and bcrrij very large,
much resembling the Black Hamburg in appear-
ance. Black with aline bloom. Skin thin, the
tlesh very solid but not pulpy; flavor pure and
sprightly, but in the specimens we liave seen
rather acid. Ripening with the Delaware."

The " Ampelographie Aniericaiue," describes the
Othello as follows: (Translation.)

r'ijie vigorous, of half-erect growth. Cane oi niediiun
U'ngth, somewhat slender, round, shining, and but little
wrinkled; of yellowisli-brown color when tlie wood is
rii)e, diirlier ou tlie nodes and portions exposed to the
sun : with elongated internodes, lieavily striated ; inter-
mittent 2-forked tendrils. Buds covered w th russet
liair, not numerous and falling early. In opening the
buds become whitish and show the flower-bunches
fringed l>y a line wooly down with a carmine border on
the surrounding foliage, which opens and expands rap-
idly: these leaves ai-e distinctly three-lobed, sometimes
ti ve-lobed, whitish on their lower face witli isolated rosy
points on their outline, deeply dentate and glandular.
Foliage large when full grown, three-lobed with a nar-
row bay at the leaf-stalk (sinus petiolaire), tlie boi-ders
•of the lobes overlapping; with two series of very sharp
teeth; upper face darlt green, lower face of a whitish-
green with a wooly down arranged in small tufts on the
lower veins. Lea'f-stalli very short, roI)ust, and form-
ing an obtuse angle with the plane of its limb or cane.

Tlien follows a description of the floirers or hlossoms
in terms which we are scarcely able to transhite: then
of the bunch with its peduncles and pedicles; of the
berries, their size, shape, color, skin, pulp, juice, taste,
aroma, etc.. with a minuteness and exactness which
may interest tlie scientific specialist, init for which we
have not the space, nor, as practical grape-growers, the
time to study them. To us it would he more important
to know the conditions of soil and climate which the
variety demands, whether it inclines to or resists dis-
<?ases, where and how it succeeds, etc.

Our experience with it has not been as favor-
able as wo expected. The vines proved good
growers, with beautiful, large, deeply-lobed
smooth foliage, but not very productive, and what
fruit it produced was often destroyed by rot.
Here the bundles by no means resemble the Black
Hamburg in appearance, nor are they with us as
good in quality as Arnold's other hybrids.

Tn France, however, the Othello does exceedingly well,
is en<jrmously productive, and pleases so well in quality
and appearance that it is largely propagated and iii
dernanff; at Ximes, and whei-ever tried it has proved
suffi(;ieiitly rcsislent to the insect.

At a Tiieetini;- of tlie Agricultural Society of the He-
rault, at ;'\I(jiitpelllor, M. Sabatier stateff, that eight
years previously he had received from Bush & Meissner
one dozen Othei.i.o ijlants: his neight)ois had taken
some, which also has succeeded admirably, and of those
which h6 kept for himself he was offeren last year 1500
francs per 1,000 (-uttings: such offers he could not well
refuse, and the purchasers tlianked h'm besides!

M. Pioi^A also stated that his Othellos were prosper-
ing; 300 vines, the third summer, gave him 200 litres
wine. Some consider the Othello wine the most remark-
al)le of American wines; that it is destined to take the
phice of the Mdlber in the Bordelais; others say that
the wine made of Otliello, though at first too acid, he-
<-()mes very refreshing aiul agreeable, e(|ual to the best
ordinary wines of the lowlands of France.

M. Gaillard states: The Othello succeeds well not-
withstanding a little mildew; the great wine merchants
<-iimpare its wine to the mountain wines. M. Foe:!^ and
Im Thurn think this variety not yet sutticiently tested;
it commences to fail at the expeiimental gardens of the
former', hence the very high price paifl for them is not
justitiable, and caution is advisal)le.

Owasso or Owosso. (Labr.) A Michigan seedling,
supposed to be from the (.'atawl)a; somewhat similar to
Catawba; its bunch and berry are large, though with
shorter clusters and earlier in season, (iooflhue, the
originator of this grape, claims that it combines the
following desirable (lualities, viz.: Hardiness, size,
beauty, quality, productiveness, and adaptation to tlie
climate of the Northern States. Fruit clusters large
and compact; quality excellent; has a sprightly taste.
A good keeper. Color dark amber. Ripens with the
• Delaware. — Monroe Co. Nurseries.

The Horticulturist of the Experimental It'arm at Ot-
tawa finds it hardly to be commended; imperfectly fer-
tilized, fruit apt to mildew and a poor keeper.

Ozark. {^Est. X ) A seedling originated by
Dr. J. Staymau, of Leavenworth, Kan. It is a
mystery to us. he says, whence the seed came, but
all the seedlings from this variety appear to be of
the ^Estivalis type. Vine remarkably vigorous,
hardy and productive ; has never shown any trace
of either rot or mildew on our ground. Bunch
large, shouldered, compact; berries rather large,
black with a heavy bloom; meaty, tender,
sprightly sweet, with a peculiar pleasant flavor,
unlike any grape ! ripens l:\ter than Concord and
will hang on the vines until hard frost; it makes
a very fine dark red wine of ^^ilstivalis character,
in the originator's judgment better than Norton's
and requiring a different method of wine-mak-
ing. (?) Rather mysterious, Dear Doctor.

Mr. Van Trump reports in the ;S'^. Lonis Journal
of Agriculture: '' 0/ark is the most remarkable
grape in the entire collection. The bunch is much
larger than Concord and the berry as large; but
its vigor is most wonderful. I saw a single vine
covering a trellis forty feet long, of one season's
growth, and beneath the luxuriant foliage the
beautiful clusters hung in the greatest profusion."
Judge Miller says: ''Ozark will have a record
when known. It will make an extra good wine."

Palmer. A large black grape, said to have been
originated in New York by a Mrs. Millington. who
subsequently removed to South Haven, Michigan, and
brought the unknown variety with her. It is a large
black grape, and from its trial there seems likely to
prove desirnble as a market grape; but may probably
prove an old variety.

Paradox. {Lahr. X) A seedling of Hartford X
loua, laised by W. D. Barnes, of Middlehope, N.
Y. T7)i^^ vigorous and productive; foliage good;
hunch medium or above, compact, shouldered;
berry medium size, black or dark pui;ple with
blue bloom, pulp separates readily from the seeds,
is juicy, sweet, vinous, and pure flavored of very
good (juality; ripens with Concord or a little be-
fore. Report of y'eif York Experunent Station 1S92
and 1893.

Parag-ou. {Lahr. X ) Originated by John Burr
(one of his last productions), from mixed seed.
Vine very vigorous, hardy, healthy and produc-
tive; supposed to be free from rot and mildew.
Yields well. Bunch medium to large, shouldered,
compact, handsome; hcrnj large, black, tender
and renj juicy, a bag of juice, which is sweet,
sprightly, rich; ripe with Concord, but will hang
on the vines long after ripe. Our friend Sam.
Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., reported it as only tne-
dium in bunch, but berry very large, black, of
excellent quality, superior to Concord ; a delicious
and valuable market grape.

'• We consider it worthy of further trial as a
table grape." — *S'. ^1. Beach, Jlorticulturint, Jf. Y.
Experiment Station, 1892-1893.

Parag'oii. {Lahr.-Hijhr.) Originated by Chas.
S. Copley from seed of Telegraph X with Black
Hamburg. The vine is medium in growth; the
leaves are of a dark, dull green, three to five

168 Paragon.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Pierce's Isabella.

lobed; it has short-jointed dark brown wood.
The bunch is very lar^e; berries also, some one
inch in diameter," black, sits rather close. The
quality is lirst-rate, as good as Hamburg; the flesh
as meaty as a raisin-grape, keeping well until
January. Eotted slightly in bad seasons.

This is an instance of duplicated names, which
might be avoided in future bj' the aid of this Cat-
alogue, but cannot well be remedied now, as Mr.
Copley justly claims priority. He has exhibited
it, winning premiums under this name, manj^
years ago, and the late Mr. Burr, who might have
been willing to change the name, lives no more.

Pauline. {JEst.) Syii., Burgundy of CiEOKGiA, Red
Lenoir. A Soutliein ^rape, of the Leuoir family. Said
to be superior for botli wine and the tahle. Of little
value here and at tlie North, where it does not ripen or
Rrow well. Bunch large, long, tapering, shouldered;
berries helow medium, compact, pale amber or violet
with a lilac bloom; flesh brisk, vinous, sweet and aro-
matic. "The most delicious grape we have seen."—
Onderdonk.

Growtli moderate and peculiar; comes late into bear-
ing; sometimes sheds a part of its leaves too early.
Onderdonk believes it to be a liybrid and not a pure
^stivaiis. (See also Bottsi.)

Pa\>nee. {JEst. X) Originated by Dr. J. Stay-
man, of Leavenworth, Kan., from the same lot of
seed as Ozarl-. Vine very vigorous, hardy and
immensely productive. Subject to rot some in
unfavorable seasons. Bunch very large, double
shouldered, compact: />«'m/ large, black ; meaty
yet sprightly sweet, of the same peculiar flavor of
Ozark; ripening later than this variety and of
better quality. Promises to make a very fine dark
red wine, requiring ijroper treatment.

(Doctor! Doctor: If t)ie Ozark is better than Norton,
and the Pawnee of still better (luality than Ozark!
This seems too good to believe!)

Paxtoii. (Lahr.) See Concord Seedling, p. 107.

Paynes Early. {Lahr.) See Isabella, p:ige 141.

Peabody. (Bip.X) A seedling of C7m?0H, fruited
bj^ ,Ias. H. Kicketts. He says, " It is hardy in vine
and fruit; bunch medium to large and quite com-
pact ; berry the size and shape of lona, oval form
predominating, black with blue bloom; flesh
tender, juicy, rich, and sprightly. The fruit is
unlike that of most other grapes now cultivated;
first-class in every respect.^' It has not been dis-
tributed nor tested in the West, as far as we could
learn. At the Experimental ground of Ottawa,
Ont., Canada, it ripened about same time as Wor-
den, being juicy, acid, with a peculiar breaking
quality of flesh; seeds large. Vine a fair grower.

_ Pearl. (Bip.-Hi/hr.) Rommel's Taylor Seed-
ling No. 10. Valuable in some localities both as
a table and a wine grape. Bunch medium, shoul-
dered, compact; hcrrn medium, round, talk yel-
low covered with a delicate bloom ; skin thin and
transparent; pulp soft and melting, juicy, sweet
and high-flavored. Vine a strong grower, of
short-jointed, grayish wood, with bright green
leaves; not very productive. l)ut averag'ed in 1S!)3
ten pounds of fruit for each vine in X. Y. Experi-
ment Station; healthy and hardj^, but prone to
mildew. Ripens with or after Concord. i

Pedee. (Botun.) See Sub.Var. of Scuppernong. I

Peola. (Lahr. X ) One of John Burr's many I
valuable seedlings, raised on his grounds near \
Fort Leavenworth, Kan., from mixed seed. Vine
vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; sup-
posed to be free from mildew and rot; has not j
shown any so far. Bimch medium, compact, [

handsome: berry medium, black, very tender,
juicy, sprightly and sweet, of fine quality: ripe-
; about with Concord. A good table grape.

' Perfection. (Lahr.y) A seedling from Dela-
ware, originated by Dr. J. Stayman, at Leaven-
worth, Kansas. Vine vigorous, hard}" and very
productive ; its grow th and foliage is strongly of
the Labrusca type ; and has shown neither rot nor
mildew so far. Bunch handsome, long, compact,
shouldered; berry medium, ked, tender, juicy,
sprightly, vinous sweet with some native aroma ;
quality very good; ripens ver}^ early, about witii
Jewel, say one week before Hartford.

Perkins. (Lahr.) Origin, Massachusetts.
A very early market grajie, which is more im-
portant for our markets than fine quality ; be-
sides, tastes differ, and to many tastes its
strong fox or musk flavor is not disagreeable.
Vine a vigorous grower, with thick leatbery
leaves, healthy and productive. Bunch me-
dium to large, shouldered ; berries medium^
oblong, often flattened by their compactness ;
GREENiSH-AVHiTE at first, then of a fine, pale
lilac or reddish color when fully ripe, with a
thin white bloom ; flesh rather pulpj', sweet,
juicy, not melting; skin thick; ripens a few
days after Hartford and before Delaware.

It is one of the surest grapes we cultivate,
succeeding remarkably well, and is vaoTefree
from rot than any other Labrusca variety.
It is also not without value as a wine grape ;
its foxy taste and odor grow less the older the
wine becomes, and can be improved by gal-
liseing, or, better still, b}' blending with other
white wines. The grape has, however, no
merits as a keeper, shrivels and loses flavor
rapidly.

Perry. (Line. X .Cs^.l See Munson's Seedling, p. l.'V.t.

Peter Wylie. {LaJn-.-Hiihr.) See Dr. Wy lie's

Grapes.

Pierce. Syn., Isabella Regia. a sport from
Ii^aheUa, originating about the year 1881 with Mr.
J. P. Pierce, of Santa Clara, Cal. The vine is an
exceedingly strong grower and prolific bearer;
the foliage is remarkably large; the clusters are
of good size ; the berries like the leaves of extra-
ordinary size, twice as large as those of its parent.
BLACK with light bloom, and when ripe are ex-
ceedingly sweet, delicious and slightly arom:ilic.
the pulp readiljr dissolving. Mr. Pierce had it in
cultivation under every condition and it has
remained constant, showing no indication of run-
ning back to the parent. The entire crop of two
acres has been shipped to San Francisco for many
years past under the name of Isaliclla licgia, an<l
always I'ealizes the highest market price.

(Bailey's Annals of Horticulture, 18!)2.)

('alifornia's soil Jinfl climate is piM'uliiirly adapted tiv
produce fruil of gre:it bciuity and large size; sports like
Pierce's lsiil)ella might i)r()l)al)ly occur t licre fi-om otlier
Eastern varieties; but we doubt that wine-grajjes eqii:il
to ours, ;is rich in flavor jiiid ai'onia.can be grown llieic.
Some e.xplorers think that Neir Me.rico (Valencia) will
some day i)roduce oui' best grapes. What does fr end
Munson say? ^Vhilt the Agricultural College at Altni-
(juc'i'tjue?

IMoneer. {Lobr.) Sec ls:il)cll:i. piigc 141.

Pizarro.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

PocMington. lOi*

PERKINS

Pizarro. iBip.-Hybr.) One of Kicketts' Clinton seed-
lings crossed with foreign (Vinefera); foliage I'esenibling
the Clinton : productive. Bunch long, rather loose ; berry
medium, oblong, black, juicy and spicy, with a very
fine aroma.

.1. H. Ricketts says: "T have fi-uited tlie Pizarro
many years and thoroughly tested it for wine-making
purposes. It makes a light red summer wine of great
richness." Not very desirable in the West.

Planet. (Labr.-IIybr.) Mentioned by Prof. Husmann
as one of the foremost of Kiclcetts' .seedlings, otlierwise
entirely unknown. I)oscril)ed in liis "American Grape-
gi'owing" as follows: Concord and Black Muscat of
Alexandria — healthy and productive; bunch large,
loose, shouldered; berry large intermixed with smaller
ones which have noseea,ol)long, very tender pulp, juicy,
sweet, tine flavor with slight taste of the Mu.scat.

Pockliugton. (Labr.) Syii., "Golden
PocKLiNGTOx." A seedliiig from Concord,
originated by Jno. Pocklington, at Sifndy
Hill, Washington count}', N. Y., first exhib-
ited at Rochester, N. Y., in 1877; one of the

largest and most attractive white
grapes of purely native origin.
Vine a strong grower and very
hardy, with large, leathery, pubes-
cent foliage similar to Concord ;
free from mildew. Clusters large
and showy, weighing sometimes
as much as one pound each. Ber-
ries very large, vale green with
yellow tinge, a golden color when
fully ripe, round and thickly set
on the bunch ; flesh tender, juicy
and sweet, with little pulp. Seeds
small for so large a grape. Ripens
a week or ten days later than the
Concord, and when fully ripe i.s
better flavored than Concord, but
is too late for far Northern re-
gions. It has less of the Labrusca
character (foxiness) in the taste
than in the smell, and seems to
have better keeping and shipping
qualities than the parent. Being
considerably larger in bunch and
berry than Martha, more attract-
ive to the eye, of good quality
(though not best) and very pro-
ductive, this is one of the most
popular varieties for vineyard cult-
ure; a very satisfactory and
profitable grape for market.

Samuel Miller says: ""While
the Martha has done nobly —
thousands of acres are planted
with it, and I need not be
ashamed of having originated it
— I now resign and give the
palm to Mr. Pocklington."
P. ,/. Berckmans, on the other hand, con-
sidered it worthless in his locality. He writer
now in ( 1894) : "Pocklington has latelj^ done
better, given more favorable results in many
local ties than when first introduced."

It was first exhibited at the New York State
Fair held in Rochester in 1877, and has been
justly awarded first premiums at various ex-
hibitions every year since. From what we
have seen and heard of this grape, we are
satisfied that it will become a favorite among
grape-growers, for market and family use,
wherever the Concord is successfully grown.

Pollock. (Labr.) Kaised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont,
X. Y. Bunches large as Concord, compact; berries large,
DARK prRPT>E or BLACK; flcsh f rse f Fom pulp, vinous,
not too sweet.— Stro7ig.

Potter. (Labr. 7) Syn., Potter's Early. Origin un-
known. Said to be a chance seedling from Rhode Isla nd :
resembles Cottage quite closely. Bunch compact, me-
dium size, not shouldered; berry large, skin thick,
BLACK and pulp rather tough. A grape for the far
Noi'th, ripening about with Champion; much Vietter i u
(|uality.

170

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

POUGHKEEPSIE RED.

Tou^likeepsie Red. (Lahr.-IIi/hr.) This grape
originated by the late A. J. Caywood, from lona
crossed with mixed pollen of Delaware and Wal-
ter. It is an admirable grape both for its beauty and
line quality; but a weak grower and often winter-
killed. (Jliixtor above medium, compact and well-
shouldered ; resembles Delaware more than any
«ther variety, but is about one-third larger, rather
•darker kei> with less bloom; quality best; no
pulp, melting like lona. Claimed to be v^y
valuable as a wine grape. It ripens very early,
with Hartford, and keeps a long time after being
removed from the vine, tasting like raisins when

shrivelled. As a dessert fruit it is considered by
some good judges as equal to fiue European
grapes, but worthless north ; a failure at the
Slichigan Experiment Station. South Haven.

Although known on the Hudson for over thirtj-
years, and exhibited at New York State Fairs, it
has been but little tested and not disseminated
outside.

Its parentage does not give confidence of suc-
cess except where the Delaware and lona can be
successfully grown, and that is — in localities few
and far between.

Ponell. (?) See TilMiul, i):i;_'i- 9.S.

Prentisfi

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Raahe. 171

THE PRENTISS.

Prentiss. (Labr.) A seedling of Isabella raised
by J. W. Prentiss, Pultney, X. Y. Vine hardy,
not a strong grower, inclined to over-bear; wood
rather short-jointed. Leaves large, yet tender
here; slightly downy; as healthy as those of
Catawba, Isabella or Diana, resembling the latter.
Bunch medium, seldom shouldered, compact.
Bcrrii medium, round, inclined to oval ; skin not
very thin; greenish-white, pale yellow when
fully mature, sometimes with a slight rosy tint on
side most exposed to the sun, with a thin whitish
bloom ; seeds few, small, dark; flesh with a slight
pulp, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant; of musky
aroma. The berries adhere well to the peduncle
and keep well. Ripens at same time as Concord.
A valuable market grape for some special local-
ities where it succeeds.

T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia, Jf. Y., who introduced
this grape, says : "We do not expect it will succeed
everywhere, nor do we claim it to be a grape that
will succeed over as wide a range of territory
as the Concord, but we recommend it as a
VERY PROFITABLE market (jrape for good grape
localities."

It does not succeed in vineyards of the lower
Missouri and Mississippi valleys, and its parentage
does not encourage extensive trials in this section,
nor is it commended in others, excepting the
Experiment Station of Georgia.

Primate. (Labr.y) Originated by John Burr
from mixed seed. Vine vigorous, hai'dy, healthy
and productive. Has shown neither rot nor mil-
dew so far. Bunch long, compact, handsome;
berry medium or above, bright red, pulp ten-
der, juicy, rich, sprightly, vinous; quality best;
ripens a little after Concord. A very promising
grape.

Prosre»«N. (Labr.Hi/br.) Originated by A. F. Rice, in
South Weymouth, Mass.; transplanted by liini after-
wards to (iriswoldville, Ga., wliere it is said to make a
soodgrowtli; lioldiiig its leaves well on healthy, sVort-
jointed wood, producius a dark red grape of fine qual-
ity, medium in size of bunch and berry; ripening two
weeks earlier than Concord, and thought to be well
wortliy of a trial. Not tested as far as we are informed.

Prolific. (Lnbr. X) Origin unknown;
named by Dr. Stay man, describing it as
follows : Bunch very large, double shoul-
dered, rather compact; berry large black;
x'ipens a few days after Jewel; Vine surpas-
sing it in vigor and productiveness; is so
far free from rot and mildew; clusters
hang on the vines until they become like
raisins.

Piilasky. (Seems to be of the Riparia

class.) One of the remarkable seedlings
raised by the late John Burr from mixed
seeds. Vine vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive; seems also not liable to either
rot or mildew; bunch medium, compact;
berry medium, black, with slight bloom;
pulp tender, juicy, sweet and sprightly
vinous, of good quality; skin thin. Not
disseminated up to 1895.

Piilpless. (Ili/br., Lahr.X Vin.) Origi-
nated by 0. Engle, of Paw Paw, Mich.
A seedling of Rogers' Salem. Vine a strong
grower, hardy and productive. Bunch me-
dium to large, long, often shouldered;
berry black, large to very large, oval;
more vinous than sweet; to the taste the
seeds seem to be floating in the juice;
quality nearly l)est; ripens with Concord.

Purity. (^Est.-Hybr.) A cross upon Delaware,
produced by Geo. W. Campbell, is a small green-
ish-white, or very light yellow grape of the
finest quality. It is a stronger grower and has
healthier foliage than the Delaware. It ripens its
fruit eight days earlier than that variety. Camp-
bell gave it that name on account of the purity of
its flavor, which is even more exquisite than that
of the Delaware. He says : so far as quality is con-
cerned it is probably unexcelled by any variety
grown, its only fault being its small size. The
vine seems to have inherited from its parent, the
Delaware, its remarkable exemption from rot. It
is so difficult to propagate, and its clusters are so
small, that friend Campbell ceased growing it and
regards it of value for the amateur only in a col-
lection of varieties of American seedlings. We
recommend it to those who plant for their own
use and pleasure and are willing to compromise
size for fine quality.

Purple Bloom. [Labr.-Hybr.) A seedling of Jard/ord
crossed with Gen. Marmora, raised by Dr. Culbert, New-
burgh, N. Y. Vine hardy and vigorous, a pi'olific bearer;
its iiMwcftes are large and showy; berries of fair size and
good quality. Well adapted for a good market grape.
Exhibited 1^77. Not disseminated.

Putnam, {^st.-Hyhr.) or Ricketts' Delaware Seedling
No. 2. Cross between Delaware and Concoi-d; very early,
sweet, rich and good. M ust stood 80* saccliarometer ; 4'/4
per mille acid. Not disseminivted, we believe,

Qnassaick. (liip.-Hybr.) A cross of Clinton and
Muscat-Hamburg, by J. H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N.
Y. It has a lai-ge bunch shouldered; berries above
medium, oval, BiiACK wilh a blue bloom; llesli very
sweet, iuicy and rich; vine healthy and productive. —
F. n. Elliott.

One of the prettiest vines ever seen, filled with large
hunches. — Husmann.

Raabe. (JSst.-Htjbr.) Some say it is a hybrid between
Labrusca and ^Estivalis or Vinifera, but Strong des-
cribes it as a cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which
is probably correct. Raised by Peter Raabe, near Phil-
adelphia; thought to lie hjtrdy.but w.^sonly moderately-
vigorous, and proved (|uitf uii))rofitahle. ^«w/(es small,
compact, rarely ^lioulfleicd : berry below medium size,
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom; llesh very
juicy, with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine with a
^ood deal of the Catawba aroma; quality "best."—
Ad. Int. Hep.

172 Mac i lie.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Micketts' Hybrids.

Racine. {^Est.) Of similar oriffiu as Neosho, and at
firs supposed to he tlie same -rrape, but afterwai'ds
recognized as distinct. We cannot admiic citlier of
these two varieties. Tliey ai-e Ixuli licnitliy and liardy,
and have a beautiful duraljle foliane wliii'li'inalves tliem
desiral)le for arl)ors. but we find neitlierof tliem very
productive oi- desirable in quality. Its wine lias a
medicinal taste and Havor: the small berries are pulpy
and full of seeds. T.liey may be better in quality and
suflficiently productive in some more Southern localities.

Ragman. (Line. X ^Est.) See Munson's Seedlings, p. 159.

Randall. {Jlybi: t ) A chance seedling:, originated in
Randall's garden, at Bayonne, N. J., more than twenty
years ago, and now only "introduced l)j' Peter Henderson
& Co., New York, who furnish the following descrip-
tion: Vine has long-jointed, pretty hard wood: bunches
large, often shouldered: berries \evy large, red or
MAROON color; skin tliick, little pulp, sweet, and has the
aroma of white wine: ripens a little befoie the Con-
cord. Is subject to mildew.

Raritan. {Labr. X yEst.) Ricketts' Delaware Seed-
ling No. 1. A cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant
moderately vigorous, hai-dy, short-jointed; bunch medi-
um, sliouldered, nearly the same form as Delaware;
berry small medium, round, black; leaves of medium
size, lobed, veined or corrugated; flesh juicy and vinous;
ripens about the time of Delaware, and commences to
shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, J. H. Rlckett-,
of Newburg, N. Y., claims that this is a superior wine-
grape, its must coming up to 110° on Oechsle's scale in
1881, and l^i mille by Twichell's acidometer. lu 1871
Ricketts reported to the Am. Pomol. Society, 105" sac-
charometer, 9>^ acid; "of course, too much acid."

The vine does not grow vigorously on its own roots,
and, according to Ricketts' experience, it grows best
when grafted on the Clinton; but, according to our
experience, the invigorating effect of the stock is not of
many summers' duration unless care is taken to pre-
vent the graft from making its own roots.

Ray's Yietoria. {Labr.) See Victoria.

Rebecca. {Labr.) An accidental seedling,
found (1856^ in the garden of E. M. Peake, of
Hudson, ]Sr. Y. It is a very fine white grape,
but unfortunately veiy tender in winter and
subject to mildew in summer, of weak growth,
deficient foliage. On south walls, in well pro-
tected situations, with dry soil and good cultiu'e,
it succeeds very well, and produces most delicious
white grapes, ripening almost as early nsBelaivare.

Bunches medium, compact, not shouldered;
berries medium, obovate; skin thin, pale gkeen,
tinged with yellow or pale amber color at full
maturity, covered with a thin white bloom, con-
siderably translucent. Flesh tender, juicy, free
from pulp, sweet with a peculiar uiiusky and
luscious aroma distinct from any other grape;
seeds small ; leaves of scarcely medium size, very
deeply lobed, and sharply serrated. Suited to
Amateur culture, but, when tried on a large scale,
in ordinary vinej^ard culture, as a hardj^ profitable

frape, great disappointment followed and pro-
uced a decline in grape-growing.

Red £lben. (yExt.) See Rulander, page 175.

Red I.enoir. (yEst.) See Pauline, page 168.

Red >Iiinoy. (Labr.) See Catawba, page 99.

Red Kiver. ijEst.) See Cynthiana, page Ml.

Reiiiecke. (Labr.) A seedling of Woodruff, q. v.

Reliance. (^st.-Hijbr.) Parentage unknown. Prob-
ably a cross between Delawai-e and lona. Kxliibited in
fall of 1881 by J. Burrows, Fishkill, N. Y. Resembles
Delaware in size and color.

Rentz. (Labr.) A Cincinnati seedling, produced by
the late Sebastian Rentz, a most successfull vintner.
Claimed to be equal, if not superior, to Ives. A large,
rather coarse Ijlack grape, very vigorous and healthy
in vine and foliage, free from mildew, and very pro-
ductive. Bunch large, compact, often shouldered; berry
large, round, black; flesh rather pulpy and musky,
with abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives
Seedling, but is not good enough to be re(;ommend-
ed. Berries drop from stem when ripe. Valuable as a
stock foi- grafting. Roots thick, with a smooth, firm
liber, readily pushing young rootlets, of strong resist-
ance to Phylloxera; canes thi<;k, l)ut not very long, nor
rambling.

Requa. {Labr.-IIybr.) Rogers' No. 28. A tine
table grape. The late M. P. Wilder, who had a
better opportunity than most men to form an
accurate opinion of the merits of these hybrids,
described it in the Grape Culturitit as follows:

•'Vine tolerably vigorous and quite productive:
bimch large, shouldered ; berri/ medium size,
roundish; skin thin; tlesh tender and sweet with
a trace of the native flavor ; color bronzy-gkeex.
assuming a dull brown red at maturity ; season
middle of September. A grape of fine qualit\-.
but subject to rot in unfavorable seasons, ripening^
too late for the North."

Ricketts' Hybrids. Our Index contains a list
of the very remarkable seedlings raised by J. H.
Ricketts, at Newburg. X. Y., as far as named and
disseminated by him. By his long-continued,
carefully and skillfully conducted labors he has-
produced the most wonderful collection of hjbrid
grapes, many as yet unnamed and designated onh*
by numbers. The American Pomological Society
repeatedly awarded him its '' Wilder Silver
Medal;" and hundreds of premiums from Hor-
ticultural Societies all over the country have been
awarded to Mr. Ricketts for his seedling grapes.

There is no question about the beauty or the
excellence of many of these grapes, and, though
some have proved entire failures with us and
others, especially in the Mississippi Valley, the
very fact that he exhibited every year his mag-
nificent specimens is evidence that they can be
grown in great perfection. His location may be
specially favorable, but there must be other places-
equally so, where the same care and attention will
produce the same splendid results. His vines are
not pampered nor covered with glas.^, as some
suppose, but merely laid down without covering
for winter, pruned long and cultivated with but
ordinary care. We hoped, therefore, that some
of these excellent varieties will become valuable
acquisitions to our finest and most useful grapes,
especially those which have the Concord for the
pistillate parent, as Lauy Washington, El
Dorado, Jefferson, and those w^hich are crosses
on the Clinton, as the Bacchus and Empirk
State.

Geo. W. Campbell, in his treatise on "Grapes,
New and Old," delivered before the W. New York
Horticultural Society in January, 1894, justlj' re-
marked: "'It is greatly to be regretted that ex-
tended trial has failed to sustain the high promise
of Ricketts grapes in ptiblic estimation, and few.
if any of them, appear now to be regarded as
having great or permanent value. It is not be-
cause of lacking in high character; nor because
they cannot be successfully grown, for Mr. Rick-
etts was. by his wonderful exhibits, constantly
demonstrating that it nnild be done. It may be
that oiu- grape-growers are not yet educated up to
the point of giving the necessary care and atten-
tion to produce the same splendid results; or.
perhaps, because they ))e]ieved it would not pay.
It may also be tiiat there is wanting in the grape.s
themselves some element of hardiness requisite
to adapt them to general culture."

Rie»«enblatt. (yEst.) Syn., Giant-leaf. A chance
seedling of some .TCstivalis grape that grew on M.
Poeschel's vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The vine is
hardy, liealtliy and productive; a strong grower, with
a truly gigantic leaf. A small (juantity of wine made
from its grapes by Poeschel & Sherer has a Madeira
character njsembling Hermann; color dark brown.

This variety lias not been disseminated, and conse-
quently has not been extensively tried outside of Her-
mann, Mo.

Riesling — Missouri.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Rogers' II>/brids. 173

Uiesliu^ or Missouri Rieslingr. See page 156,
iilso Grein's Seedlings, page 132.

Kobesou's Seedling:. Identical with Louisiana.

Robinson's Unnamed Seedlln)^ Grape. An acci-
■dental, found by Mrs. E. Mason, at Laniont, Mich., in
1881; bore its Hrst crop of fi'uit in 1885: a moderate
grower, with Labrusca folia<fe. slightly lobed, putaes-
^•oiit. Bunch medium, cylindrical, not sliouldered;
berry medium, round: slcin tliin l)ut firm: bloom thin
whitish; color reddish ambkr; season about with l)i>l-
;iware. Flesh colorless: pulp tender, juicy, mhous,
sprightly, "very good," slightly foxy.

Rochester. (Lahr.y.) One of Ell -
wanger»& Eany's seedlings, from mixed
seed of Concord, Delaware, Diana and
Rebecca. Vine a remarkably vigorous
grower and productive bearer; wood
short-jointed and hardy; foliage large,
thiclv, healthy, yet resembles that of
Delaware; the habits of the vine an
?>imilar to those of the Diana, and it
requires ample room and rather long
pruning. Bnndi large, shouldered, fre-
<iuently double-shouldered, very com-
pact, sometimes a little TOO compact
J/erries medium to large size, round

DARK PURPLE or PURPLISH - LILA<

peculiar, with thin white bloom ; lies li
very sweet, vinous, rich, and aromatit
Ripens early; (usually the first week ui
September; has never failed to ripen
well in the worst of seasons since it
first bore.) — This part of the descriptions refers,
of course, to the locality of Rochester, N". Y..
where it was raised. We esteem it highly and
consider this variety a very desirable addition to
the amateur grapes of the Labrusca class.

Rockland Favorite.

page 107.

Roclswood. See description among Concord
Seedlings, page 107.

Roenbeck. {Hybrid.) Parentage unknown. A chance
scedlins. originated on the grounds of .Tas. W. Trask at
iiergen Point, N. J. First fruited in 1870.

Bunches long, compact, well-shouldered; berries me-
<lium size: coi!or pale green; slvin thin and transparent;
tietili, melting and very sweet, no pulp. Ripens about
same time as the Concord. Vine hardy and pi'oliflc.
Wood short-jointed and light-colored; large fruit buds;
fruit needs thiniiig out, as the vine, like Delaware, has
a tendency to overbear. The foliage as well as other
characteristics indicate rmi/ecff parentage, but its roots
hii ve not l)een attacked l)y tlie Phylloxera.

Rogers' Hybrids. These valuable seedlings
were produced by E. S. Rogers in his small gar-
den in Salem, Mass., from crosses of several for-
eign varieties upon wild Labrusca, the Mammoth
fox grapes of Massachusetts. When first fruited
('in 1856) they Avere designated by numbers only.
Those to which he has given names in place of
numbers, are placed, in alphabetical order, in
their appropriate places,* but there are some re-
maining numbers yet unnamed which deserve
special attention; they are equally handsome in
appearance, of fine quality and are successfully
grown in some localities :

No. 2. One of the largest of his hybrids.
Bunch and berrtj very large, dark purple, nearly
BLACK : thick-skinned and somewhat acid (ripen-
ing imperfectly with us, from loss of foliage, be-
fore maturing its fruit) ; late in ripening, and in
llavor somewhat like the Catawba. Vine a vigor-
ous grower and very productive.

{Lahr.) See Concord Seedl.,

*Xo. 1, Goethe.
No. 3, Massasoit.
No. 4, Wilder.
Xo. 9, Lindley.

No. 14, Gaertner.
No. 1.5, Agawam.
No. 19, Merrimac
No. 28, Requa.
No. .S9, Aminia.

No. 41, Essfex.
No. 43, Barry.
No. 44, Herbei-t.
No. 53, Salem.

ROGERS' HYBRID. (No.

No. 5. One of the finest of Rogers' hybrids.
B^twh medium to large, moderately compact;
herries large, round, red, sweet and rich ; free from
foxiness, ripens early. Vine hardy and healthy,
resembles Lindley, but not as strong a grower.

No. 8. Considered by us as one of Rogers'
Jiest. and valuable for wine-making purposes.
Bnnrh and Jierni large; color pale red, but the
fully matured berries a coppery red with fine
light gray bloom ; fiesh sweet, juicy with pleasant
flavor, and almost free from pulp. Skin about the
same thickness as Catawba. Vine a strong, vig-
orous grower, with Ijioad. thick and coarse foliage ;
hardy and productive. Its fruit is ripening later
than most of his other varieties, and its foliage,
under good culture, less inclined to mildew ; for
these reasons it is the more appreciated and
largely planted by some experienced wine growers
in Illinois, directly east of St. Louis.

No. 30. Vine vigorous and healthy; Inmrh
medium; herries large, light red; flavor very
fine, much like the foreign Cha.eselas; pulp very
tender. One of the best flavored of all the
Rogers' grapes. Ripens early, but rather irregu-
lar as to date. Has proven generally satisfactory.

174

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

ROMMEL.

Rommel. (lUp.-Hyhr.) A cross between
Triumph and Elvira, produced by T. V.
Munson, Texas, in 1HH5, named in honor of
Jacob liommeL of Missouri, and iiaving the
strong growth of the mother (Elvira) with
greatly improved quality of the fruit. Vine
vigorous, very hardy, healthy and productive.
Chisters medium, comiiact and handsome;
berry medium to large, color gkeknish-whiti:.

translucent ; skin thin and tough ; pulp melt-
ing, seeds small and few. Qualit}'- pure,
sprightly, vinous; ripening early, about the
same time as Delaware.

A superior grape which, however, has dis-
aj)i)ointed us somewhat in the way the vine
behaves here. It makes a fine white wine,
and is recommended as a promising addition
to our list of hardy grapes.

RommeVs ISeedl.

DESCRIFPION OF VARIETIES.

,S(dei

175

Rommel's Seedlings. Few persons have been
as successful in the production of valuable, hardy
and healthy seedling-grapes, adapted to general
cultivation in a large section of this country, as
Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo. His grapes
cannot rival those of Rogers or Ricketts in beauty
and in fine quality as a fruit for the table or for
family use, but they far surpass them in vigor and
productiveness, and are of good quality, especially
for wine and brand}'. Those named and dissem-
inated are described in this Catalogue. See
Ambek, Beattv, Eiaiua, Etta, Faith, Mon-

TEFIOKE, PEAKL, TKANSFARENT, WilDING.

Besides these, he has raised and fruited for sev-
eral seasons (juite a number of seedlings, from
Taj'lor and from his Elvira, which promised to be
valuable, especially for wine, but grape culture
was very discouraging, on account of black rot,
which became almost destructive in his locality.
Moreover he found that those to whom he had
sent of his new seedlings for testing, requesting
only for rendering in time a true account as to
their doings, did not report; none encouraged
him as we did, In 1880, buying the wood of his
original vine. Taylor beedliug No. 14, named by
us. with his consent. " 3/oh/^/o/v " (q. v.) ; thus
discouraged, he himself paid no further attention
to his varieties, excepting Elvira (see descr. p.
124), which we introduced for him in 1875 and
which soon became, now is and will long remain
one of the leading white wine producing grapes
of this country.

The jE'?y/m is less afflicted by rot, even in unfav-
orable seasons, than most other varieties, and is
so enormoush^ productive, that it always yields a
satisfactory crop, and it makes a very palatable
light wine which can also be blended with other
grape juice of anj' preferred flavor. For red (vine
there is again one of Rommel's seedlings, the
Montffiorc, which is very reliable, not prone to rot,
and makes a very nice Claret wine, not as heavy
as Norton's or Cynthiana, but mixed with these
makes them more pleasant. Had friend Rommel
never produced any other grape than Elcira and
Montfifiorp his name would ever gratefully be re-
membered by our vinters. In his honor Prof.
Munson has named one of his fine new varieties
Bommel, and Hermann Jaeger designates one of
his as Elvira Xo. 100.

Rotlirovk. {Lahr.) S^ee Alexander, page 84.

Ruby. (Hi/hr.) One of George Haskell's Seed-
lings (see remarks, p. 132) which Samuel Miller
had on trial at Bluffton. Mo., and about which he
writes us : It has now borne (December, 1893) two
years, and is so fine that I intend propagating it.
]'i)ie hardy and very vigorous, bears a most ex-
cellent grape; above medium in hvnch and hprr;/;
a regular ruby in color (hence the name), and in
quality unsurpassed .

Rnlamler or St. Genevieve, {^^st. x )
Syn., A:viouREUx, Red Elben. What we call
liere the Rulauder is not the same vine known
by that name in German^', but is claimed to
be a seedling from a foreign grape (Pineau)
brought by the early French settlers to the
western bank of the Lower Mississippi (Ste.
Genevieve). Others consider it as a n&,tive
belonging to the southern division of the
^Estivalis class; and, while we ourselves in-

cline to this view, we must admit that its
short-jointed growth, tenderness, and liability
to suffer from diseases support the claim of its
having originated from foreign seed.

Bunch rather .small, very compact, shoul-
dered ; herrii small, dark purplish-black,
without pulp, juicy, sweet and delicious.
Vine a sticmg, vigorous, short-jointed grower,
with heart-shaped, light green, smooth leaves,
hanging on till late in November ; very
healthy, but requires covering in winter. It
has very tough, strong roots, with a firm,
smooth liber; wood hard, with a small pith
and firii. outer bark ; and although it will not
bear big crops, it makes up in quality as a
wine grape what it may lack in quantity. It
makes an excellent pale red or rather brown-
ish wine, closely- resembling sherry, which
was repeatedh' awarded a first premium as
the best light colored wine. Must 100°-110°.

(See also Louisiana, page 150.)

Riitlaud. {uEst.-Hijhr.) Supposed to be a seed-
ling of Eumelan crossed with Adirondack; origi-
nated by D. S. Marvvin, of Watertown, N. Y. Vine
healthy and moderately productive: fruit in size
and color like the Eumelan ; bunch medium, com-
pact, not shouldered; berry medium, blue-
black; the pulp is fleshy, does not separate easily
from the seed, but is sprightly and vinous ; qual-
ity very good; ripens a few days before Concord.

R. W. Munson. {Lincy Trinrnph.) See Mun-
son's Hybrids, page 159.

Salem. (Labr.-Hybr.) Rogers' No. oo.
Like Agawam (No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4).
this is a Hj'brid between a native (Wild Mam-
moth), the female, and the Black Hamburg,
the male parent. This was the most exten-
sively planted and is probabl}^ one of the finest
among the Rogers' Hybrids ; it has proven
satisfactory where Hybrid grapes succeed,
and under favorable circumstances it pro-
duces a fine grape of excellent quality ; to do
so, however, it should be thinned severely, as
it is inclined to overbear.

Bunch full medium to large, compact, and
shouldered ; berri/ large as Hamburg, f-inch
in diameter, of a dark chestnut or catawba
color ; flesh tolerably tender, sweet, with rich
aromatic flavor ; a little foxiness to the smell,
which is not perceptible to the taste ; consid-
ered in quality one of the best ; skin rather
thick ; seeds large ; ripens nearly as early as
Concord ; it also keeps well. Vine very vig-
orous and healthy; foliage large, strong and
abundant : wood of lighter color than most
of the Rogers grapes. The roots are of me-
dium thickness, branching, with smooth, firm
liber, and have more of the native character
than most other Hybrids ; its vigor of growth
in the shoots has hardly a parallel among Hy-

176 Salem.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Schiller.

SALEM.

brids; it, uevertlieless, geuerallj' fails in the
Valley of the Mississippi and wherever mil-
dew prevails.

The Salem jti-apo was originally miiiil)ert!cl 22; a sijuii-
ous sort havinj; been put into tlie market under tliat
number, it was chaiisied l)y the originator to No. 58.
But this did not help tlie confusion, and, to maiie it
worse, lie was reported to deserilje it once as of black
color (.Journal of Hort., vol. 5, page 261), and at another
time as of chestnut or cat.\wba color, the latttM- gen-
erally adopted as the color of the true Sai,em.

Sanbornton. (Labr.) See Isabella, page 141.

Sangamon. {Lnbr.-IIiihr.) Raised by W. H.
Lightfoot, of Springfield. 111., from seed of Goethe
(Rogers' No. 1.) Vine a vigovons grower, healthy
and prolific. Bunch niedinni to large; berries
large, color yellowish wuite, juicy, very sweet;
quality fine. A promising grape.

Saratogra. {Labr.) See Catawba Seedling, page 100.

!4chlller. iJEst.t) One of Muenchs seedlings of the
Louisiana. Vine hardy; a vigorous grower, healthy and
productive. Frait of a puupi.isu-blue color, but light
juice; otherwise quite similar to liis Humboldt, p. 138.

Scuppernong, or

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

>S'. Muscadine. Ill

SCUPPERNONG.

Sciippernong'. {Yitis Botundifolia.) Syn., Yel-
low MuscAuiNE, White Muscadine,* Bull,
BuLLACE or Bullet, Eoanoke. '1 his is exclu-
sively a Southern grape; in South Carolina, Flor-
ida. Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and in parts
of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Ar-
kansas, it is quite a favorite, producing annually
large and sure crops, requiring scarcely any care
or labor. It is entirely exempt from mildew, rot,
or any of the diseases so disastrous to the North-
ern species — entirely exempt also from Phyl-
loxera ; but it cannot be grown north of the
Carolinas, Tennessee and Arkansas, nor even in
Texas.

The type to which the Scuppernong belongs is
not hardy about the 35th degree of latitude, hence
it is purely a southern variety, and where other
grapes frequentlj^ fail from fungous diseases or
late frosts, this variety bears regularly and abun-
dant crops.

We quote therefore only southern authorities
and cultivators of the Scuppernong.

P. J. Bpfchnans, of Georgia : " I could not say
too much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine-
grape. It is one of those things that never fail.
Of course I do not compare it vyith the Delaware and
other fine flavored rjrapes; but the question is —
where, where shall we find a gi-ape that will give
us a profit? We have it in the Scuppernong. It
■cannot be grown as far north as Norfolk."

J. H. Carleton, El Dorado, Ark. : " It is called
by some the 'lazy man's grape.' I admit the
charge, and prize it the more on that account."

John B. Eakin, Washington, Ark. : " The vine
takes care of itself; does not require and will not

* The BLACK or purple grapes of this class are often
«»icorrec% called " Black Scuppernong." Southern hor-
ticulturists designate them by different names : Flowers,
Mish, Thomas, etc.

12

suffer pruning; bears abundantlj- and
has no diseases. I scarcely think it a
grape, but still a most useful fruit s?a'
generis, and I hope will be cultivated by
those who have no inclination for the
more troublesome, and, I must say, the
more exquisite ' bunch grapes,' as it is
the habit of its friends to call the Herhe-
mont, the Cataivha, and others."

The Scnppernon'j grape was discovered
by the colony of Sir "Walter Raleigh, in
IS.")!, on the Island of Roanoke, N. C,
and the original vine is said still to exist
there, being over 300 years of age. In
appearance, wood, fruit, and habit, it is
__\ entirely distinct, or "nniqne,''^ as Mr. Van
y Buren calls it. The V. Rotundifolia
\ blooms two months later than either of
our other varieties. The odor of the
Scuppernong when ripening is delici-
ous. The growth of the vine, or rather
the space over which its branches extend
in a series of years, is almost fabulous.
The bark of the Scuppernong is smooth,
of grayish-ashy color, variegated with
many small, dot-like specks of lighter
hue; the wood is hard, close-textured,
firm; the roots white or creamy. The leaves,
before dropping in autumn, become of a brilliant
yellow.

Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only
about 4 to 6, i-arely more, large, thick-skinned
pulpy berries ; these are ripening in August and
September, not all at the same time, but fall off
successivelj', when ripe, by shaking the vine, and
they are thus gathered from the ground. Color
YELLOWISH, somewhat bronzed when fully ripe.
The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous, with a musky
scent and flavor — a delicate perfume to some
tastes, repugnant to others. It has. however, its
warm advocates among American grape-growers,
as will be seen by the following, from a letter of
S. I. Matthews, of Monticello, Ark., written for
this Catalogue :

"The Scuppernong makes a splendid white
wine; its fruit, though ordinarily deficient in
sugar, is very sweet to the taste, owing to its hav-
ing but very little acid. The saccharine deficiency
may also be accounted for, in a measure, by the
fact that this grape has been hitherto, for the most
part grown upon arbors, a plan of training that
more effectually than any other excludes the sun-
light and heat from the fruit, which it is the prac-
tice to gather by shaking down from the vines,
whereby a considerable proj)ortiou of but partially
ripe fruit is obtained. And yet, according to some
tests, the Scuppernong has registered 88° on the
(Oechsle) must scale, which would give 9 per
cent, of alcohol.

"A. C. Cook thinks 'the Scuppernong is emphat-
icallii the grape for the Sonth.^ Its juice is capable
of being converted into the finest of Muscatelle
sweet wines, or in superior light dry wines."

Mr. Matthews writes : "When it shall be planted
on dry south hill-sides instead of on low moist
bottoms; when it shall be trained on trellises,
where the sun heat, both direct and reflected from
the ground, shall bathe the fruit and foliage, in-
stead of upon tall umbrageous arbors through
which the sun's rays can scarcely penetrate; and
when only the perfectly ripe fruit shall be care-
fully hand-picked, instead of being rudely shaken
and all berries that will fall gathered and pressed

178 Sctix)pernong Seedl.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

and Hybrids.

together, there will be little, if any, lack of
sugar."

"But, even admitting this deficiency, it is the
only demerit of this variety, and can be remedied
either by adding pure sugar to the must, or by
evaporating the water from a portion of the must
and adding so much of the resulting syrup to the
other as is needed to bring it up to the proper
standard. Moreover, the true Scuppernoug is the
most productive and reliable grape for the South,
and its cultivators plant therefore mainly of the
Scupperuong and its class."

black; has a thin skin; sweet and tender flesh;
is less in size than the Scuppernong, makes a fine
wine, and is superior for the table. Ripens with
the Scuppernong." Berckmans, of Augusta, 6a.,
describes it as follows: "Bunches from six to
ten berries; berries slightly oblong, large, of a
slight violet color, quite transparent; pulp tender,
sweet, of a peculiar, delicate vinous flavor, quality
superior to any of the type. Maturity middle to
end of August. Has but little musky aroma and

Sub-Yarieties of Scuppernong are :

Eden. A Scuppernong Seedling, by Dr. Sam'l
Hape, of Atlanta, Georgia. Vine identical in ap-
pearance and habit with Scuppernong. Bernj
very large and black, with delicate Thomas
flavor; often from 12 to 15 berries in a cluster;
is a profuse bearer making an excellent brown
wine, resembling Sherry, which Dr. Hape claims
to be superior to that made from Hermann or
Rulander.

Flowers. Is the latest of the very dark skin-
ned varieties of this class. See page 127.

James. Originated lately by J. Van Lindley.
in Pitt County, North Carolina; said to succeed
wherever the Scuppernong does; black, large
size, good quality and very prolific. Commences
to ripen in July and continues till frost.

Pedee. a sub-variety of Scuppernong; dis-
covered on the Pe Dee river, South Carolina.
Berry somewhat similar in color, but smaller;
skin very tough, quality good, ripens one month
later than Scuppernong.

Tender Pllp. A black skinned variety with
pulp dissolving, sweet, of second quality, maturi-
ty from middle of August to middle of September.

Thomas. (Botnnd.) A variety of the Scnpper-
nonrj species, discovered and introduced by Drury
Thomas, of South Carolina, and thus described :
*' In color it varies from reddish purple to deep

makes a superior red wine. A spurious variety
is sold under the name of Thomas; this is inferior
in quality and produces a deep black colored fruit
of no merit whatever."

There are a number of other varieties cultivated
in some localities which have no decided dis-
tinctive characters to make them valuable, al-
though they may have a local value, such as
MiSH, Sugar-Grape, Memory, etc.

Scuppernong Hybrids. At the meeting of the
Am. Pom. Society held in Baltimore, 1S77, Dr.
A. P. Wylie exhibited his remarkable hybrids for
the last time before his death ; among them, the
fruit committee— consisting of Chas Downing of
N. Y., Robert Manning of Mass., Dr. John A.
Warder of O.. Josiah Hoopes of Pa., P. J. Berck-
mans of Georgia, &c.— noticed "a most promis-
ing Sciippprnong -hybrid from whose seedlings val-
uable results may derive."

These remarkable seedlings which were origi-
nated by the late Dr. Wvlie of Chester Co., South
Carolina, are doubtless all lost. Vines were sent
out to several persons by the originator, but so
far as we can ascertain not one survived. It was
supposed, and is still held by many, that the Ro-
tundifolia cannot be crossed with other species of
Vitis.

We are glad to know, however, and it will be
interesting to Southern grape-growers, that Prof.
Munson of Texas is now experimenting a number
of Saippernonr/ and Thomas hybrids with Herbe-
mont. These vines are very thrifty and beautiful;
we anticipate their fruiting with anxiety.

Sclinylkill Muscat. {Labr.) See Alexander, p. 84.

Secretary.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Senasqua. 179

Secretary. (liip.-Hybr.) Obtaiued by J.
H. Ricketts, Newbiirgh, X. Y., by crossing
the Clinton with Muscat-Hamburg. It was
considered the tinest new grape at the
Massachusetts Horticultural Exhibition of
1872, and pronounced by Downing to be one
of Riclietts' best in (jiiality; but, being very
much inclined to mildew and rot, it will
remain a superb amateur variety, for some
favorable localities.

Vine vigorous, hardy, of Vinifera char-
acter; bunch large, moderately compact,
shouldered, with a large roundish-oval
berry, hlack with handsome bloom; its
peduncle red at the base when drawn from
the berry; flesh juicy, sweet, meaty, slightly
vinous. Foliage like Clinton but thicker,
and of about the same size.

THE SECRETARY GRAPE.

SENASQUA.

Senasqua. {Labr.-Hybr.) Raised by Ste-
phen Underbill, Croton Point, N. Y., from
Concord and Black Prince. Seed was
planted in 1863 and the vine bore its first
fruit 186.5. The vine is vigorous and prO"
ductive in rich soil; moderately hardy. It
is one of the latest to open its buds im
spring, and thereby less subject to injury
from late frosts ; it nevertheless ripens here?
only a few days later than Concord. The
leaf is very large and firm, and shows no
trace of foreign origin, except w'hen it
ripens, at wliich time, instead of the yellow
of the Concord it takes on the crimson color
of the mature leaf of the Black Prince.
With us, at Bushberg, it did not succeed so
well, and is not as desirable as Underhill's
other grapes, the Black Eagle and Black
Defiance. Clay soil is not best for Senas-
qua; it requires a light, deep soil. Bunch
and berry varying from medium to large;
the bunch is very compact, so much so as
to cause the berries to crack; color black
with blue bloom; quality best. The fruit
has the peculiar fleshy character of certain
foreign grapes, with a brisk, vinous flavor.
The originator himself does not recommend
the Senasqua as a profitable grape for
market purposes, but only as a fine and
valuable amateur fruit. As such it is of

180 Seneca.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Sxijireme.

first rank, '"of the highest quality to those who
appreciate life aud brillianc)^ iu a grape." In
France (Drome aud Lot-et-Garonne) this variety
was considered one of the most recommendable
of American Hybrids, provided it be planted in
the right soil. We give in annexed figure; page
179, the likeness of a medium-sized cluster.

Seneca. (Labr.) Very similar to Hartford, if not
ideiitic-al Avitli it. First exhilsited at llammondaport, N.
Y., in ()ctol:)t'r, 1867, by R. Simpson, of Geneva, Nt Y.

Seneca. {Labr.yQ Originated by that re-
markable old Horticulturist, the late John Burr,
(see short biographical sketch, p. 121) — iu what
year aud from what variety cannot be ascertained.
There appears to be in his seedlings a regu-
lar progression from a lower to a higher type,
couformiug to Darwin's theory. Seneca was
probably one of his earlier creations (while
Evaline and Matchless were the last he fruited).
Vine rather tender, evidently better adapted to
the south of Kansas, yet healthy and productive
even there aud. so far, without either rot or mil-
dew. Bunch large, compact, berry large, red,
tender, juicy, vinous, of Catawba ilavor, ripens
after Concord.

Sharon. Synonym for Cayuga (q. v., p. 100.)

Shelby. (^Labrr/iRip.-Hiihr.) Originated by D.
S. Marvin, of Watertown, N. Y., from a combina-
tion of Labr. and Rip. with some other variety; he
does not know its immediate parentage, but the
fruit is most of Labrusca character whilst the vine
resembles Riparia most; with a thicker, stronger
leaf, resisting disease, vigorous and hardy; its
habit and appearance suggests that it is a cross
between Elrira and Delaware. Cluster sbort, com-
pact; berry medium, white; skin thick, tough,
neither cracks nor drops off; juice sweet, pure,
vinous; ranks in quality with Delaware; ripens
very early, with Champion! Disseminated in
Fall 1894. We recommend it for trial.*

.Silver-Dawn. {Labr.-Hybr.) A seedling of Israella
fertilized l)y pollen of Muscat-llaml)urg, a brother of
tbe Early Dawn out of the same bunch raised by Dr. W.
A. M. C'ullicrt, Newl3urg, N. Y. A fine white grape of
best quality; vine hardy and vigorous.

Singleton. {Labr.) See Catawba, page 99.

Small German. See York Madeira, page 191.

Smart's ElsiDbnrg. See Elsinb., page 123.

Snowflake. (Labr. X) Originated by Dr. J.
Stayman, of Leavenworth, Kas., from Burr's
Jewel, which is disseminated by Dr. Stayman.
It Is a fine vigorously growing vine of the La-
brusca type; hardy and productive; has not
shown I'ot or mildew, so far; bunch medium,
compact; bei-ry large white, tender but firm,
juicy, sprightly vinous sweet; of very good quali-
ty; ripe about with Concord.

Spoftord Seedling. See To-Kalon, page 181.

Spring-field. (Labr.) Raised by W. H. Lightfoot,
of Springfield, 111., from seed of Northern'Musca-
dine. A very good early wine and table grape.
Vine strong, healthy and hardy; bunch medium
to large, very compact; berries large, reddish
BROWN, becoming dark brown when fully ripe;
pulpy, yet juicy and very sweet, ripening about a
week before the Concord.

Sprln;; Mill Constantla. See Alexander, page 84.

St. Catherine. (Labr.) Raised by .las. W. Clark,
Fraiiiingluini, Mass. -Bmhc/i large, rather compact; ter-
ries large, chocolate color, rather sweet, tough, foxy.
Not of much viilue. — Downing.

*Mai'vin has other Seedlings, of his production, on
trial; has dug up and thrown away hundreds of them.

St. Albans. (Labr. X ) Originated by Jacob
P. Bossuug, of Jefferson county, Ky., crossing
Ives' Seedling with pollen of Xiagara ; producing
a BLACK JSIiagara ; the best out of 128 seedlings of
same parentage. The viue is a fair grower; hardy
and healthy, has borne its fourth crop in 1893 and
promises to be very good for market aud wine.

Standard. (?) Raised from Delaware by the late
John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kans., (about 1880.)
Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy and verj^ produc-
tive; incliued to overbear and somewhat subject
to rot. Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact ;
berry large, nearly black, juicy, tender, sweet
and sprightly, vinous, quality very uood, com-
mences to color quite early, but ripens slowly,
about same time as Concord; a superior market
grape and makes a white or light colored wine of
good body and fine aroma.

Steltou. (H(/br.?) Raised by W. Thomson, of
New Brunswick, and referred to in Gardeners'
Monthly of Xov., 1882, as one of the many late
brilliant appearances in the viticultural sky. The
bunches are about eight inches long, well-shoul-
dered, rather loose; berries white, about the size
of Croton, and "not hard to take " ; in flavor com-
paring favorably with Lady Washington. We
have never seen it.

storm King:. (Labr.) See Concord Seedling, p. 107.

Snperb. (?) Originated with A. F. Rice, Griswold-
ville, Ga. Said to have been raised from seed of the
Eumelan, at Weymouth, Mass. Vine hardy and a good
grower, with shoi-t-.iointed stocky flue grained wood;
leaf large, thick darlv green andhealtliy; bunch large;
l^erry medium; color black with l)lue bloom; seeds
medium; quality Superb, sweet and rich; flavor pure,
not a particle of acid taste; pulp tender, brittle, juicy;
sltin thin but tough, flesh firm, a little similar to Mal-
aga (?); does not crack or drop. It is said to be very
productive; starting late, thus escaping late spring
frosts. It ripens two weel<s earlier than the Concord,
and is an excellent keeper and shipper. Not dissemin-
ated, nor has it been tested as far as heard from, t)ut
was exhiloited at tlie Columbian Exhibition, Chicago,
1893, and is specially mentioned as a seedling of Eu-
melan, very sweet, resembling Concord.

The very reliable editor of the Rural New Yorker, E.
S. Carman, to whom a few bunches of this grape were
sent in August, 1893, says it closely resembles its parent,
the Eumelan, (see engraving page 126), which is "worth
its weight in gold" in some places, and is next to worth-
less in most other places. The question is, will it succeed
more generally than its parent? If not, it is worth a
trial where the Eumelan succeeds.

Superior. (Labr. X) Originated by John Burr
from his Jewel (this variety and Supreme were
among the last seedlings he raised). Vine very
vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; sup-
posed to be free from rot and mildcAV. Bunch
medium, compact, handsome; berry medium,
BLACK, very tender, juicy, sprightly, rich, sweet;
quality best. Will hang on the vines long after
ripe, but does not ripen quite as soon as Jeicel,
about five days later; it has shown neither rot
nor mildew so far. Foliage aud growth of the
Labrusca type.

Supreme. (Labr.y() Originated also by John
Burr of Leavenworth, Kans. (see page 121) . Vine
vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive. Al-
though it is supposed to be a seedling of Delaware
it has the growth and foliage of a Labrusca. Grape
very black; bunch medium, very compact; berry
medium or under; flesh tender, sweet, without
pulp; vinous, rich and sprightly; quality best;
ripens nearly all at once and extremely early, about
two weeks before Concord, from three to seven
days earlier than Jewel. It is a valuable early
grape of high quality for table or market and
claimed to be free from rot and mildew.

Taylor.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Triumph. 181

Taliiiau or Tolnian. (Lahr.) See Champion,
page 102.

Taylor or Biillitj often called Taylor's Bullit.
{Riparia, accidentally crossed with Lahr.)

The often continuous tendrils, or rather irregular al-
ternation of more than two leaves with tendrils, with
often only a third or fourtli leaf without such a ten-
dril—further, the more prominent Latarusca character
in many of the Taylor seedlings— make it almost cer-
tain that the Taylor is a cross between Riparia and
Latarusca.

This old variety was first introduced to notice
by Judge Taylor, of Jericho, Henry County, Ky.
It is very unproductive; it seems that the vines
require other varieties to pollenize them, and
spur pruning on old wood, to make them produce
well.

Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clinton
among Ta}'lor to fertilize them, but we find the
benefits resulting from this system also insufticient
to balance its many inconveniences ; and yet we
have seen Taylor vines grown by themselves on
the '^ Souche " plan (trained in the shape of a
small weeping-willow tree, allowing the canes to
grow from the short top of the main trunk,) pro-
duce from' five to ten lbs. per vine. The hunches
are small but compact; herry small, white to
PALE AMBER, turning even to pale red, when
perfectly ripe, round, sweet and without pulp.
Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vine a
very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very
hardy. It was largely and most successfully used,
in France, as grafting-stock for European vines,
as a protection against the Phylloxera; also in
California. The Duchess of Fitz-Janies has 200
hectares (about 500 acres) in Taylor grafted with
different varieties, all doing well. In some clay-
ish limestone soils it seems not to do as well as in
sandy clay, and especiall)' in cool, moist grounds.
Boots comparatively few, wiry and very tough,
with a thin, hard liber. Its wine is of good
body and fine flavor, resembling the celebrated
Riesling of the Rhine. Some very valuable and
promising seedlings of the Taylor have been in-
troduced See Elvira, Noah, Grein's Golden, Am-
ber, Pearl, Transparent, 3IonteJiore, 3fi&soiiri Biesl-
ing, Uhland, &c. See also Thomas S. Kennedy's
Report on Taylor's Bullit Seedlings in Am.
Pomological Society, Report 1883, page 133.

Tecoma, {Lahr.) See Catawba Seedling, p. 100.

Telegraph. {Lahr.) Syn., Christine. Raised
by Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co.,
Pa., named and introduced about 186.5 by P. R.
Freas, editor of the Germantown Telegraph. Sam.
Miller, of Bluffton, once considei'ed it one of the
most promising early grapes, and we still con-
sider it as far better than Hartford. Bunch me-
dium, very compact, shouldered; herry medium,
round to oval, black with blue bloom; flesh
juicy, with very little pulp, spicy and of good
quality; ripens almost as early as Hartford. A
constant and reliable bearer, but often lost by rot,
and when the rot spares our crop, the birds
destroy it in preference to other varieties ripen-
ing at same time. Vine a healthy, vigorous
grower in rich soil, and verj- hardy. Deserves
more extensive planting in northern States, where
the summer season is short and rot is less destruc-
tive. Boots abimdant, heavy, with thick but
rather firm liber. Canes .stout, of average length,
crooked at the joint, with the usual number of
laterals. Wood hard with medium pith.

Teuderpulp. {Botnnd.) See Scuppernong, p.l77.

Themis. (Labr.-JIi/br.) Protaataly the same as Metis
(q- v.), tay C. Engle, Paw Paw, Mich.: a seedlin<r of
Sai.kai, as are all his seedlings. Vine a strong grower,
hardy , product! ve ; bunch niedium, short, compact, somc-
tiuK's sliouldered; berries large, Catawba coloued,
meaty, flesli firm, of good (juality; ripens with Worden.

Theodosia. A chance .seedling in the grounds of E.
S. Salisbury, Adams, N. Y., claimed tay its introducer
to tae an .Estivalis, taut seems a ci-oss of Labr. with Rip.
Bunch very compact; berries black, in size taetween
Delaware and Creveling, quite tart, very early, and
claimed to tae a good wine grape. But at a grape test
held at Hammondsport, the report showed for Theo-
dosia the lowest amount of sugar, 63»40 tay Oechsle's
scale, with over 11 per mill. acid.

Theophile. {Lahr.) Produced by T. Huber, of
Illinois City, 111. A showy white market or table
grape, golden color when fully ripe. Bunch
medium-sized, compact; berries of size about as
Concord or Worden ; pulp tender, sweet. None
of Mr. Huber's varieties are disseminated, except
for testing; he writes us: "I am not cut out for
that business, and my vineyard is too remote from
railroad lines." He is a plain, honest, German
farmer and amateur grape-grower.

Thurmond. See Devereux, page 116.

To-Ealon. {Lahr.) Syn., Wyman, Spofford
Seedling, Carter. Originated at Lansingburg,
N. Y., bj- Dr. Spofford, and was at flrst supposed
to be identical with the Catawba. C. Downing
showed that it was entirely distinct and at first
highly recommended it for general cultivation,
but soon afterwards found that it drops its fruit,
is inclined to rot, does not ripen well, and mil-
dews badly, and so stated ; admitting, however,
that ''this grape is very fine, when you can get
it." Bunch medium to large, shouldered, com-
pact; berries varying in form from oval to oblate,
nearly black in color, and profusely covered with
bloom ; flesh sweet, buttery and luscious, without
foxiness in its aroma and with but little toughness
or acidity in its pulp. An early but a shy bearer.

Tokay, Labr. See Catawba, page 99.

Transparent. {Bip. X ) One of Jac. Rommel's
Taylor Seedlings. Bunch small, compact and
shouldered. Berry same size as Taylor, round,
pale, GREENISH-YELLOW, transparent, gray spot-
ted; skin thin, no pulp, very juicy, sweet and of
fine flavor. Vine a very strong, rather long-
jointed grower, resembling its parent in leaf and
growth, but sets its fruit well; vine productive;
was supposed to be free from mildew and rot, and
promised to become a wine-grape of high char-
acter.

Trask. (?) A chance seedling that first fruited in
1875. Introduced tay Peter Henderson & Co.. New York,
who furnished the following description: Vine not in-
jured by Phylloxera (no pure American grape is, taut
this may lie supposed to tae of European Vinifera ori-
gin.— Ed.), and has not been known to mildew. Leaves
smooth; bunches large, long, often shouldered; berries
medium to large, brown or bluish-black when fully
ripe; without pulp, tender, melting, very sweet, vinous
flavor: ripens before Concord.

Triumph. Campbell's Concord Hybrid
No. 6. Was justly pronounced by Samuel
Miller, to whom Campbell confided this var-
iety for testing in Missouri, as one of the most
j)romising of all the lohite grajies. It is a
cross between Concord and Chasselas Mus-
que. (Syn., Joslyn's St. Albaxs.) It has
retained the vigor and general habit of foliage
and growth of its parent ; its fruit, however,
is wholly free from any vestige of coarseness

182

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Triumph.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Undine. 183

or fox flavor, or smell. Bunch and berry
are very large ; color white, or, more cor-
rectly, PALE GREEN tO GOLDEN-YELLOW, nearly

transparent with delicate bloom ; skin thin,
no pulp ; flesh sweet, meaty ; in unfavorable
weather the berries are apt to crack (like
Elvira) ; small seeds and few of them ; it is a
late grape, requiring a long season ; ripens
quite as late as Catawba, and on that account
not recommended for the North or for any
locality where the season is too short to ripen
the Catawba or Herbemont, but the more
valuable farther South ; quality first rate ;
vine healthy and hardy, very productive and
free from disease. Unfortunately the vines
of this variety proved somewhat tender with
us, suffering during severe winters if left
unprotected. In favorable seasons the "Tri-
umph" fully justified its name in our vine-
yards ; it is by far the most attractive of all
our white table grapes. Its bunches, grown
in open air, with ordinarj^ vineyard culture,
are very heavy; those exhibited by us at the
Miss. Valley Fruit Exhibition, in Sept., 1880,
at the St. Louis Merchants' Exchange, were
so much admired as to be honored with the
premium for '■'■the best plate of grapes for the
table, and there were over 200 varieties on
exhibition. Samuel Miller, of Bluff ton. Mo.,
writes that it is the finest table grape we have
for open air cultivation. Yet we cannot re-
commend it for general cultivation in our
variable climate, but oul}^ for those who have
the proper location and will give it proper
care and attention. We know of no grape
more worthy of it than the '■'Triumph."

P. J. BercJcmans, Augusta, Ga. , writes us :
* ' Triumph is truly well named ; for years
past it has proven to be the handsomest white
grape we have, and of very good quality."

T. V. MuMSon, of Denison, Texas, pro-
nounced it a great acquisition to the grapes
of the South. "Had bunches weighing one-
and-a-half pounds each, fine as Golden Chas-
selas in quality, vigorous and productive."
One of these bunches was drawn from nature
b}" his sister, Miss M. T. Munson, an excel-
lent amateur artist, and kindly presented to
us. The annexed illustration is an exact
copy, slightly reduced in size, showing also
partly two leaves, one upper and the other
lower face. But, it can give only a faint idea
of the beauty of this fine American grape.

T. V. Munson raised a number of seedlings
and hybrids between Triumph and other var-
ieties. (See Early Golden, Gov. Ross, Rom-
mel, Big P^xtra, Baile}^ Carman, Newman,
Big Hope, etc.)

Trowbrldgre. (Labr.) See Isabella, page 141.
Tryon. See York Madeira, page 191.
Tnley. {^Est.) See Devereux, page 116.

U. B. {Lahr.) See Marine's Seed!., page 151.

Uhland. {Bip.yC) A seedling of TVjy/or, grown
by William Weidemeyer at Hermann, Mo. Vine
a strong grower; long-joiuted, grayish wood, with
foliage resembling Taylor, but less vigorous; in
some seasons of defective inflorescence a shy
bearer, in others abundantly productive of excel-
lent fruit, richer in sugar and flavor than most
other Taylor seedlings, thus making a superior
wine; but also more delicate, less robust, and
requiring better soil and culture to obtain best
results. Bunch medium, compact, sometimes
shouldered ; berry medium, slightly oblong,
GREENISH-YELLOW in the shade, pale amber in
the sun; skin thin, almost transparent, pulp ten-
der, juicy, very sweet, of fine flavor. Eipens a
few days after Concord.

Ulster. (Labr. X) Syn., Ulster Prolific.
A seedling of Catawba, said to be crossed with a
variety of the JEstivalis class. Originated by A.
J. Caywood, of Marlboro, Ulster Co., N. Y.,
attracted a great deal of attention at the meeting
of the Am. Pomol. Society, held in Sept. 1883, at
Philadelphia. The one branch there exhibited
held fifty bunches fine red grapes, weighed
twentj'-two pounds, and was then considered a
desirable red variety. Plant vigorous and very
productive, inclined to set too much fruit, so
much so, that it cannot ripen any, and being a
feeble grower cannot recover afterwards ; wood
short-jointed, foliage thick, leathery, medium
size. Bunch and berry of medium size, color red,
bright and attractive, of greenish color when
shaded from the sun; quality good, very sweet;
ripens with the Concord, keeps and carries well;
skin thin, but tough. Has not been tested in the
West. EUwanger and Barry commend it as "one
of the most promising sorts." In the East it
appears to retain the favorable impression made
upon its first appearance. J. C. Burrow who
fruited it for years, at Fishkill, N. Y., finds it a
good profitable market sort, but requires good
culture and a fair amount of feeding (fertilizers.)

L. R. Taft, the Horticulturist of the Michigan
Experiment Station reports (1894) "Ulster is
high in quality and very productive, though'
slightly lacking in vigor.

Una. (Labr.) A white Concord seedling, raised by
E. W. Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good
nor as productive as Martha. Bunch and 6erry small,
of a very foxy flavor. (See also ipage 107.)

Underbill. (Labr.) Syn., Underhill's Seedt.ing,
Underbill's Celestial. Originated at Charlton, Sar-
atoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underbill; pronounced as
"of no more value than many other Fox-grapes" by
Fuller, but considered by G. W. Campbell to be "of
more value than the lona for general cultivation."
Now discarded by him also. Bunch medium to large,
moderately compact; berries full medium, round, of
Catawba color; pulp tender, sweet, rich and vinous,
slightly foxy; ripens early, about with the Concord;
vine a strong grower, hardy, healthy and productive.

Undine. (Labr. X Rip.) Originated by J. H. Ricketts,
by crossing Concord and Clinton. Vine a vigorous
grower with healthy foliage; bunch and berries size of
Concord; color pale green, turning yellowish-white as
it ripens; quality very fine, as most of his productions.
See remarks on " Ricketts' Seedlings," p. 172.

Union Village. (Labr.) Syn., Shaker, On-
tario. Originated among the Shakers at Union
Village, O. One of the largest of the native
grapes we have, very showy, and one of the
strongest growing vines. It is said to be a seed-
ling of the Isabella, scarcely better in quality,
but the bunches and berries are of the size of the
Black Hamburgs. Bunches large, compact, should-
ered ; berries very large, black, oblong; skin

184 Union Village.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Victoria.

thin, covered with bloom ; llesh sweet when fully
ripe, but of rather poor ciuality. Ripens late and
unevenly. Might be used as parent for new
varieties in preference to Isabella. Vine is a
coarse grower but tender; requires protection in
severe winters.

UnO. {Lahr.-Hijhr.) See Campbell's Juno,
page 144.

Urbaiia. {Labr.) Bunch medium, short, slioulde-ed:
herrtj medium to larjje, round, whitk-yeli.owish in the
sun,' juicy, vinous acid, h;ud centre, aromatic skin.
Ripens about with Isabella.— i>o«-«J7ifir.

Venango, or Minor's Seedling. (Labr.) An old
variety, said to have been cultivated by the French at
Fort ^ enango, on Allegheny river, about 100 years ago,
but should be discarded now, when so many superior
grapes can be grown. Bunch medium, compact; berries
medium, round, often flattened by their compactness;
color PALE RED, a tine white bloom; skin thick and
tough; flesh sweet but pulpy and foxy, Vine a vigor-
ous grower, very hardy, healthy and productive.

""■SOI 7B0">'

THE VERGENNE8 GRAPE.

Verg'eiines. (Lahr.) A ked chance seedling,,
originating in the garden of Wni. E. Green, Ver-
gennes, Vt. : fruited for the flrst time in 1874; but
introduced about six years later. The T'me is a
good grower, hardy, healthy and productive; the
/e«/ large, downy and free from mildew; in our
locality and further South it rotted and mildewed
some. Clusters medium size; />er/ves large, round,
holding tirmly to the stem; skin thick; color
LIGHT AMBEK to KED ; Covered with a thick beau-
tiful bloom ; flavor not rich, but pleasant, free
from hard pulp; ripening a little after Concord,
and possessing superior keeping qualities. As a
winter grape it probably heads the list. This
variety proves generally satisfactory, in some
localities very desirable.

General Wm. H. Noble, gives the following
recommendation to the Vergennes : — "For hardi-
ness, vigor of growth, large bounteous fruitage,,
a fruit of richest tint of blended pink and purple
bloom; for its yield of wine with the most deli-
cate aroma; for its earlj" maturitj^ of wood and
fruit; for its long-keeping quality, I think this
the equal of any American grape." While this is
excessive praise, which we would not indorse, the
Vergennes is no doubt well worthy of attention. It
has so far '' held its own," and increased in popu-
liiin I ill' II < I'Uipanying engraving is a true
ii>|ii Imm I phi •! I iiiraph of a medium-sized bunch.

Vesta. ( Hybr. - Labr. X
T7h.) Originated by C.
Engle, of Paw Paw, Mich.,,
from Rogers' No. 53, Salem.
Vine very vigorous, hardy
and productive of very
handsome and large bench-
es and berries, of very clear
WHITE color; the skin is
thin but tough; ripens with
Concord or a little later-,
quality very good.

Vevay. (Labr.) See Alex-
ander, page 84.

TIalla. (Rip.) A Franco-
American variety, recom-
mended as a grafting-stock;
resembles the Franklin, is by-
some supposed to be the same
variety; others contend that
it is distinct from and superior
to Franklin, and that the Vialla
produces more and better fruit.
We incline to ascribe these dif-
ferences to the effects of loca-
tion, soil, etc. The President
of the Agricultural Society of
the Herault, in whose honor M.
Laliman gave it that name,
does by no means claim the
Vialla nor the Clinton-Vialla as
his productions.

Victor. (Labr. X ) See
Enrlij Victor, p. 121.

Victoria. (Lahr.) T. B.
Miner's best avhite Con-
cord Seedling. Vine hardy,,
healthy and productive;
bunch' and berry medium to-
large, moderately compact,
with large shoulders, some-
times double; rather thick
skin ; pulp sweet, vinous ; of
good quality but foxy.

Victoria.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Walter. 185

Tictoria, Ray's. (Lahr.)
This variety has been in-
troduced (1872) by M. M.
Samuels, of Clinton, Ky.,
who describes it as fol-
lows: "Bioiches a,nd herries
medium size, round, light
AMBER color; skin thin;
pulp tender, sweet and
highly flavored ; vine
healthy, an abundant
bearer, and a good but not
rampant grower." This
grape has been tested for
a number of years in dif-
ferent parts of the South;
it ripens there about the
middle of August, and has
been pronounced by some
an excellent table grape.

It resembles Venango,
and belongs to the same
form of Labrusca as that
variety and Perkins.

Vinita. (Linc.y^Hei-bem.')
See Munson's best Hybrid
Grapes, page 159.

Vlvle'8 Hybrid, produced
by M. Vivie in France, and by
some called Vivie's Hartford;
said to be of very vigorous
growth, very productive, and
its grape of good quality,
making a very good wine.

Walter. (uEst.XLabr.)
Raised by that enthusi-
astic horticulturist, the late
A. J. Caywood, of Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., crossing
the Delaware with the
Diana. From the many
premiums awarded to this
grape, from the favorable
reports by all who have
seen or tested it for wine,
it might claim to be a
first-class grape. It labors
under the disadvantage of
having been represented
as the climax of perfec-
tion by its originator, who
honestly believed all he
claimed for his seedling,
and had distributed the
same with great liberality
and disinterestedness. The
opinions on its true merits
and adaptability for gen-
eral cultivation widely dif-
fer according to localities. In those where vines
are much subject to mildew, the Walter cannot
flourish, it drops its foliage, and is far from
desirable; but in favorable localities, especially
ichere the Delaware succeeds well, there the Walter
also proves a fair grower and a good bearer.

An eminent viticulturist of New York wrote us
this year (1894) : ''The Walter chances to be one
of my most reliable croppers; and certainly no
grape excels it in aroma and flavor.'" But such
grapes are rarely the most reliable !

In general appearance the characters of both
parents, the Diana and Delaware, are discernible.
The bunch and berr;/ are in shape and color simi-
lar to Delaware. The illustration was made after

THE WALTER fGRAPE.

a perfect bunch, exhibited by the originator, (re-
duced in size). Flesh tender, rich and sweet, with
an agreeable spicy flavor, strongly reminding one
of the Diana. The fruit is possessed of a most
exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bouquet
equaled by few other American grapes. Quality
best, both for table and for wine. Ripens early,
about the same time as Delaware. Vine, in mod-
erately rich sandy soil, where free from mildew,
a very fair grower, with dark-brown short-jointed
wood ; large tough leaves, green on the upper
and lower surface, not perceiitibly woolly. Must
about 100°; acid 5 to 8 per mill.

Seedlings of Walter, produced by the late A. J.
Caywood, are -'MabeV and ^'Pokeepsie Bed,"' q. v.

186 Waverly.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

White Ivijjerial.

M'arcler. See Dr. Warder, page 147.
Warren. {Mst.) See Herbemont, page 134.
Warrenton. See Herbemont, page 134.
Waterrowu. {Lahr. X Vin.) Syii., Laura. Page 147.

M'averl.v. iRip.-lJybr.) One of Kicketts' first efforts
in the pioduction of seedling grapes. It is a seedling of
the Clinton and one of tlie Muscats. Vine very vigor-
ous, btudy, liealthy and productive; /eaves moderately
large, jatlier thicK, slightly lobed, coarsely serrated;
wood short-jointed; bunch medium, long, shouldered,
compact; berry medium to large, oval, black with thin
blue bloom: ./fes^ crisp, juicy, sweet, vinous, refreshing.
The bunches want thinning out considerably.

Kiclcotts considers it one of the best black grapes for
amateur and family use.

TV. B. Munson. (imc. X Triumph.) See Mun-
son's Hybrid, p. 159.

Weehawken. { V. Vinifera.) Raised by the late Dr.
Charles Siedhof, of North Hoboken, N. J., from a seed
of a grape from the Crimea. A white grape of fine
tjuality. Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly
foreign in character; its fruit fine; but only by graft-
ing it on native roots, and careful nursing and covering
in winter, can we obtain some of it in favorable seasons.

Welcome. (Vinifera Hybrid.) An exotic grape,
raised by James H. Ricketts, being a cross be-
tween Pope's Hamburg and Canon Hall-Muscat.
Here it can be grown in a cold or hot grapery
only ; for Southern California and part of Georgia,
however, it may prove very successful. A vine
planted at San Saba for testing shows a very vig-
orous growth, and the fruit is pronounced the
very best ; the bunch large, compact ; the berry
large, roundish-oval, black with a thick grayish
bloom; tiesh very tender, juicy, sweet, refreshing,
vinous, rich, aromatic. A first-class grape in
every respect.

Wells. {Lahr. X ) This large, showy white
grape originated in Ohio and was discovered there
by a Mr. Wells, an amateur fruit grower, who re-
quested and obtained a few cuttings with i^ermis-
siou to grow and propagate therefrom. These
were planted in Rich Hill, Bates county. Mo., and
bore the first crop in 1885. Under the name of
Wells' Seedling (after its first propagator) it was
exhibited at the Kansas City and St. Louis Fairs,
where it attracted attention on account of its
color, large size, perfect bunch and peculiar
flavor ; it received first premiums at several fruit
shows. C. I. Robards, of Bates county, Mo., its
introducer, claims that, "the vine is a healthy,
good grower with large, substantial foliage, bear-
ing abundant annual crops ; bunch and berry me-
dium to above, about as large as Pocklington,
moderately compact, color of a peculiar bronze
shade: berries oval in shape, hanging well to the
vine, of good quality, a good shipper and keeper.
Has not been injured in winter with mercury "l^"
below zero; and has rotted but little, while on
Concords near bj^ more than half the bunches
have rotted.

[By oversight we had not planted the Wells,
received for testing, until 1893, hence have not
fruited it. May prove valuable.]

'Weiiiple. {Labr.) See Cuyahoga, page 111.

M'lieatoii. ijEsit.-Hybr.) Originated by Dan. W. Bab-
cock, Danville, N. V., from Delaware Seedling. A
WHITE grape; not yet tested.

White Ann Arbor. See Concord Seedl., p. 107.

White Beanty. (Lnbr. X ) Another seedling
of the Duchess, originated by Dr. J. Stayman, of
very fine quality. Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy
and veiy productive ; never rotted or mildewed on
the ground where it originated; has strong La-
brusca foliage ; bunch large, long, double shoul-

dered, compact; veiy handsome ; berry medium,
WHITE, firm but tender, juice sprightly, vinous,
sweet, of best quality. Ripens about with Con-
cord, and will hang on the vine long after ripe.

Our friend Sam. Miller, as also Mr. Van Trump,
classed the White Beauty and White Imperial as
the best white grapes.

M'bite Cape. {Labr.) See Alexander, page 84.
White Catawba. (Labr.) See Catawba Seedl., p. 100.

White Cloud. (Labr. X ) One of three sisters
produced from Duchess by Dr. J. Stayman, of
Leavenworth, Kan. Vine in vigor, hardiness,
proclivity and foliage like White Beauty, and is,
so far, exempt from fungoid disease. Bunch large,
compact, handsome ; berry above medium, white,
tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sweet; quality
best. Ripens about with Concord and will hang
on the vines long after ripe.

Wlilte Delaware. A pure Delaware seedling, origi-
nated with George W. Campbell, of Delaware, O. The
vine is in some localities more vigorous and robust in
habit than the Delaware under the same conditions and
circumstances; its foliage is large, thick and heavy, in
flavor it seems equal to the old Delaware. Its main
fault is want of size and productiveness; the berries
and bunches will both rather fall below than go above
the size of Delaware. In form of bunch and berry it is
like the Delaware, compact and shouldered; color
GREENiSH-'WHiTE with thin white bloom. Kipens early.
Not very productive.

Another " White Delaware" seedling has been raised
by Hermann Jaeger, of Neosho; while the bunch and
berries closely resemble the Delaware in shape and size,
it has otherwise some characteristics of a Labrtisca.

White Delaware Seedlings have also been produced
by Jacob Rommel, by the late John Burr, J. Sacksteder,
Dr. J. Stayman, D. B. Woodbury and others, but were
no improvement and mostly not disseminated.

Wtaiteball. (Labr.) An early black grape, supposed
to be a chance seedling, originated on the grounds of
Geo. Goodale, in Washington county, N. Y., and said to
be nearly two weeks ahead of the Hartford. This grape
is described to be of the size of the Isabella; bunch\a,rs:e
and moderately compact, color dakk purple; berries
thin-skinned and adhering well to the stem; pulp ten-
der, melting, and sweet. The vine a good grower, pro-
ductive and hardy. With us, here, it has proved neither
very productive nor as early as was claimed for it.

White's Hybrids. Too late for insertion in the
early pages of this Descriptive Catalogue, we re-
ceived from N. B. White, of Nonfood, Mass., a
list of his Hybrids with corrections as to their
parentage, which are as follows:

August Giant, Occidental, Oriental, Nor-
wood and Norfolk are all produced from seed
of Wild Labrusca crossed by Black Hamburg.

Amber Queen, Bay-State and Black Ma-
deira are produced from seed of Marion, crossed
by Black Hamburg.

International, considered the best of his col-
lection, originated from Marion seed crossed by
White Frontignan ; and Continental from Black
Hamburg seed crossed bj'^ Riparia and Labrusca
Hybrid.

These varieties have not received the attention
they deserve; their originator being an unobtru-
sive, though enthusiastic and careful viticulturist,
working during the last quarter century, on the
improvement of the American grape.

White Imperial. (Labr. X ) A sister of White
Beauty, produced by Dr. J. Stajanan from the
Duchess. Vine very vigorous and productive,
with foliage much like White Beauty, and though
generally free from rot, it suffered some little
from this disease in unfavorable seasons, but not
as badly as Concord on the same grounds. Bunch
large, long, double shouldered, compact; berry
medium, white, tender, juicy, sprightly and
spicy, sweet with an exquisite flavor. Ripens

White Jeivel.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

White Ulster. 187

soonjafter Jewel, or about a week before Dela-
ware; it is one of the tirst of the white grapes to
ripen, and will hang on the vine long after ripe.

White Jewel. (i?;>. X ^ A cross from Elvira,
raised either by the late John Burr or by Dr. J.
Stayman, growing on tlie grounds of both, and
the original vine lost. Vine vigorous, hardy and
immensely productive, four, often five bunches
to a shoot; as free from rot and mildew as its
parent, the Elvira. Jkanch handsome, medium
size, rather long, verv compact; berry medium,
WHITE, tender, very juicy, sprightly, sweet ; qual-
ity very good. Ripens very early, about Avith
Jewel, which is now considered our earliest grape.

H'liite Muscat of Wewburg. (Lahr. X ) A seedling
of ^ari!/orrf fertilized by pollen tvom lona, raised and
exhibited l)y the Lite Dr. Culbert, of Newburg, N. Y.,
in 1877. Vine hardy and a vigorous gi-ower; l3unch
and berry of fair size. It has a fine Muscat aroma, or,
rather, a toned-down foxiness. Some confound this
variety with White's Northern Muscat iLabr.-Hybr.),
originated liy W. T. Wliite, of Troy.O., said to l)e known
also as the Culinary grape; foxy and inferior, with very
large berries, partly green and partly light dull red.
(Not known to us.)

White Ulster. Labr. X) Originated by the late A. J.
Caywood from a seedling of his Ulster Prolific crossed
with White Concord. An amateur variety.

White Virginia Seedling. See Norton's, by
Balsiger; see also same by Langendorfer, p. 164.

WILDER. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.)

188 Wilder.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Woodruff.

Wilder. (Labr.-Hybr.) Rogers' No. 4.
This is one of the best and most popular of
the bUick varieties for the market, its size
and beauty being equaled by its vigor, hardi-
ness and productiveness, — where rot and
mildew are yet unknown, and admit of the
successful culture of any hybrids. Where
these diseases prevailed, they can hereafter
be prevented, we hope. (See Dr. Galloway's
article, page 58 of this catalogue.)

Bunch large, often shouldered, sometimes
weighing a pound ; berry large, globular ;
color dark purple, nearly black, slight bloom,
resembling Black Hamburg. Flesh tolerably
tender, with a slight pulp, juicy, rich, pleas-
ant and sweet. Ripens with and sometimes
earlier than the Concord, keeping for a long
time. The vine is vigorous, healthy, hardy
and productive ; roots abundant, of medium
thickness, straight, with a smooth, moderately
firm liber. Canes heavy and long, with well-
developed laterals. Wood firm, with a med-
ium pith. The character of the cluster and
leaf is shown in the annexed figure, p. 187.

Many seedlings of the Wilder were raised
and exhibited, which showed considerable
variation in size and color of berries, ranging
from deep blue-black to red, but none were
considered improvements upon the parent.

Wilding. {Bip. X Labr.) One of Romrael's
seedlings, quite different from all his other
grapes. Vine of a vigorous growth, hardy and
healthy; b%mch small to medium in size, loose,
shouldered; berries very pale green, almost
white, transparent, round, of full medium size,
juicy, very sweet, no pulp; skin very thin and
tender. Ripens with Concord. It is an exquisite
table grape for family use, but unfit for market-
ing ; it makes a delicious wine.

Willie. (.Labr.) A seedling of Northern Muscadine,
or perhaps a cross of Concord on this variety, produced
by L. C. Chisholm, of Spring Hill, Tenn. Vine a ram-
pant grower, with long jointed canes, healthy in foilage
and fruit; clui^ters large, shouldered, resembling Con-
cord; skin BLACK, rather tough, containing much color-
ing matter; ripens a few days later than Concord. It
is of decidedly strong Labrusca type, but almost free
from the foxiness of this class. Dr. Chisholm, produced
some very promising seedlings from Willie.

Willis. {uEst.-Hybr.) Claimed to be from Del-
aware seed, by its oi'iginator, W. W. Jones, Ca-
margo, 111., who sent this grape to the Ohio State
Hort. Society, Dec., 1879. The bunches are of fair
to good size, very compact, often conspicuously
shouldered, and the berry of full medium propor-
tions, round, and from pale green to amber yel-
low; flavor good ; flesh very tender, no pulp, rich
and sweet. It was considered promising.

After a very severe winter, though unprotected,
in September, 1881, Prof. T. J. Burrill testified
that not the least appearance of injury could l>e
found. He described the Willis, as there seen :
"Of vigorous growth, not so rampant as Concord,
but producing about an equal amount of fruit;
wood hard, joints inclined to be short; leaves
remarkably thick and leathery, with a dense,
dark-colored tomentum beneath. The vine has
nothing of the appearance of foreign parentage—
the fruit certainly has."

Wilinln{s;toii (?). A white grape, originated near AVil-
mington, Del. Fmc very vigorous, hardy; bunches large,
loose, shouldered; berries large, round, inclining tooval,
GKEENisH-WHiTE, or, when fully ripe, yellowisli; flesh
acid, pungent. Not desirable. Ripens late.— X>o?«mnf?.

Wlliniiig'ton, Red. (Labr.) Syn., Wyoming, red.
Raised by Dr. S. .T. Parker, Ithaca, N. Y., and, according
to Fuller, "nothing more than an early red Fo.x-grape,
but little better than the old Northern Muscadine," and
Fuller is always right. It is, at best, but a slight re-
move from the wild type. The Horticulturist, of Novem-
ber, 1874, speaks of the Wyoming Red (probal)ly the more
correct name) as being rapidly dilfused and much in
demand there as an early profitable grape. Said to be
double the size of Delaware, which it resembles (!)in
appearance. Bunch small, compact, and handsome.
Berry small to medium, bright red; skin thin and
firm; flesh sweet, very fo.xy. Vine good grower,
healthy and hardy, but mildews in unfavorable seasons.

Winchell. (Labr.') See Green Mountain, with
which it is identical, page 130.

Wlnne. {Labr.) See Alexander, page 84.

Wluslow. (Rip.) Originated in the garden of Chas.
Winslow, Cleveland, O. The vine resembles Clinton, is
hardy and productive; the fruit matures very early,
and is less acid than Clinton; bunch medium, compact:
berrtf small, round, black. Flesh reddish tinge, some
pulp, vinous, juicy.— />owmn^.

Witt. (Labr.) A pure ivhite Concord seedling,
originated by the late Michael Witt, of Columbus^
Ohio. Vine hardy and healthy, moderate in
growth and foliage ; large in clusters and berries,
very productive ; though not as strong in growth
as the Concord, but better in quality; of very
fine flavor. "An admirable grape, highly recom-
mended." Ripening eight days before Concord.
It is one of the best of its class. Was awarded a
first premium in 1885 at the Ohio State Fair, for
best new seedling grape. An objection to this
variety is that the berries often vary in size from
medium to very large. It is quite difficult to
propagate, and this will prevent its rapid increase
or sale at low price for large planting. (See also
White Concord Seedlings, page 107.)

Wolfe. (?) See York Madeira, page 191.

Woodbury. (Mliite seedling of Delaware.)
Originated by D. B. Woodbury, Paris, Me. The
vine resembles the Delaware in growth and foli-
age; bunch medium, compact; berry larger than
Delaware, slightly oblong, greenish-white with
fine bloom; skin thin yet tough, almost trans-
parent; quality good, juicy and sweet; ripens
two weeks before Concord and is a very good
keeper ; a promising early grape.

Woodruff. (Labr.) Syn., Woodruff's
Red. Originated with C. H. Woodruff, Ann
Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance seedling,
supposed to be a cross between Catawba and
Concord. This grape has been well tested
in various sections, from Canada to Georgia,
and is favorably reported on, specially as a
profitable market variety ; it may, therefore,
be recommended for general cultivation in
many localities.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

189

WOODRUFF.

The vine is vigorous, short jointed, healthy
and very productive ; of " iron-clad " consti-
tution ; exposed during our severest winters
without injury. Its foliage is also one of the
healthiest of the Labrusca class. Bunch and
berries are very large and attractive, in color
similar to' Salem; and though somewhat fox^-^,

not to our taste, many competent judges pro-
nounce the fruit of the Woodruff Red as of
very good qualit3\ It ripens early and is a
good long keeper, does not crack nor drop
from the stem, but in some localities does
not ripen earlier than Concord and does not
keep well.

190 Woodruff.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Yoakum.

This variety supplies a long felt want ; it
is now occuppying as a red market grape the
same position as the Concord and Worden
among the black ones. Geo. W. Campbell
remarked : " Much has been said against the
qualit}'^ of this grape by eastern grape-grow-
ers ; — it may not be adapted to their soil and
climate ; but the demand for it has increased
largely each successive year, with many ex-
pressions of satisfaction from those who have
successfully grown and fruited it ; I found it,
to my taste, equal to the Niagara or Pock-
lington."

G. B. Bracket says: "Woodruff (red)
seems well adapted to this locality (Iowa).
Hardy, abundant bearer, large, compact
bunches and remarkably free from disease ;
it has escaped black rot when other varieties
all around it have been affected by it."

Sam Miller sixys: "Taking all things
into account I deem Woodruff's Red the most
valuable of the red grapes. Bunch and ber-
ries very large; quality excellent." I have
no doubt that it will make also a very good
wine."

Some growers again pronounce the Wood-
ruff hunch small, quality poor, pulpy and
foxy ; yet admit that it is productive and
handsome. Occasionally the Woodruff is
over productive to such extent as to serious-
ly affect the quality of the fruit, and this
explains the unfavorable testimony just quot-
ed and its variable quality.

Reinecke. a seedling of Woodntff 7-ed, resem-
bling it in every respect, was produced by Rau-
tenberg, of Lincoln, 111. Not being superior in
quality nor sufficiently distinct in other character-
istics, it should not be disseminated as a different
variety.

Woodward {Lahr.) See Isabella, page 141.

Worden. (Labr.) Syn.,WoRDEN's Seed-
ling. Raised by S. Worden, Minetto, N.Y.,
from Concord seed. It has very nearly' the
health, vigor and productiveness of the Con-
cord, whose place it is gradually taking in some
places ; it has the same tenderness of skin,
softness of pulp and non-keeping qualities
which render it difficult to ship it successfully
to market ; otherwise it might even supersede
its distinguished parent. In character and
appearance like its parent, only a few days
earlier in ripening, and in quality distinct
from Concord, with a peculiar superior flavor ;
bunch large, compact, handsome, shouldered ;
berry large, black ; skin thin, flesh sweet,
much like Concord, but generally regarded
as a better grape. It is doing poorl}'^ in the
South, but desirable in the Northeastern or
North Atlantic States, where it ripens more
perfectly, being one week earlier, and seems

less subject to rot than the Concord. It is
now very popular and largely planted for vine-
yards and gardens. (See Concord, p. 107.)

Worthington. (Bip.) See Clinton, page 103.

Wright's Isabella. See Isabella, page 141.

Wylie's Hybrids. "Too much can scarcely be
said in praise of Dr. Wylie's persevering efforts in
the improvement of the grape." — P. J. Berck-
mnns, Chas. Downing, Thomas Meehan, W. C. Flagg,
P. T. Quinn, Committee on Native Fruits, of the
American Poraological Society. (Proceedings
1871, page 54.)

This testimony, and the excellent character of
these hybrids as regards flavor and general ap-
pearance, entitled them to special attention, and
we gave them a place in our Catalogue, third
edition, 1883. Few persons can appreciate the
immense labor and perseverance which his ex-
periments have cost. Most of them failed from
mildew and rot. In 1863 he had over one hun-
dred promising seedlings, but during the war his
vines were ruined.

In 1868 Dr. Wylie planted again one hundred
seedlings, and, after many failures to produue
seedlings of hybrid Scuppernongs, he finally suc-
ceeded; but, owing to a little hot-house being
over-heated, he again lost nearly all of them.
Then, on the 27th of April, 1872, a frost killed all
kinds of grape-vines in that section. Again, in
November, 1873, his residence was burned, and
Dr. Wylie went back again to his old place, ex-
perimenting and working with the same zeal and
enthusiasm as ever, wishing "(/ Itoere only young
again— with the experience I have!'''' But in the fall of
1877 Dr. Wylie died. Shortly before his demise he
had favored us with a friendly personal letter, from
which we extracted descriptions of quite a num-
ber of his hybrids (published in our Catalogue,
third edition, pp. 147 and 148) ; but, with the ex-
ception of three — "Peter Wylie,''^ '^Berckmans^^ and
'■'Mrs. McClure''^ — none of his varieties were dis-
seminated. All the others are doubtless lost.

Peter Wylie. (Parentage,/. Halifax and Foreign,
m. Delaware and Foreign.) White; trans-
parent, becoming golden-yellow when fully
ripe; bunches and berries above medium size,
between Delaware and Concord, excellent in
quality and meaty, with a peculiar delicate Mus-
cat flavor. A vigorous, short-jointed, rapid-
growing vine, w^ith thick native leaves; holds
its leaves until fall and ripens its wood thor-
oughly.

Wylie's Berckmans. See description, page 90.

Wylie's Mrs. McCInre. See description, p. 159.

Wyoming o\- Wyoming^ Red. See irilminr/ton lied,
page 1S8.

Yankee. (Labr.) A white Concord seedlins grown
Ijy J. W. Gray, Atwood, Ills.

Yellow Muscadine. See Scuppernong, p. 177.

Yoakum. (JSst.) llesembling the Herbeniont; its
juice is of deeper color, its foliage is more deeply lobed,
but otlitrwlsc much inferior; ripening unevenly and
being less ijioductive. It has therefore been abandoned
in most localities.

Yoiiker's Houey Dew. (Labr.) See Hartford,
page 132.

York Lisbon. (Labr.) See Alexander, page 84.

York Madeira,

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Zita. 191

York Madeira. (?) Syii., Bi,ack German, Large
German, Small German, jSIarion Port, Wolfe, Mon-
TEiTH, Tryon. An old variety, supposed to be a seed-
ling of Isabella; originated at York, Pa. French viti-
culturlsts classify it as a hybrid. MARi;s finds in the
structure of its roots great analogy with the ^ISstivalis,
and that it is difficult to classify. Bunch medium sized,
compact, and generally has a small shoulder; berry of
medium size, roundish-oval, black, thicl<ly covered
with alight bloom; juice slightly reddened, sweet, vi-
nous, not very rich ; skin somewhat pungent, and not
much toughness In its pulp when fully ripe, which is
about same time with Isabella. The vine is not very
hardy, short-jointed, moderately vigorous and produc-
tive, but often losing its leaves, and consequently fail-
ing to ripen its crop.

Charles Canby,of Wilmington, Del., introduced the
same variety as Canby's August. Hyde's Eliza (Catskill,
N. Y.) is probably also the same grape.

The "York Madeira" is now jilraost entirely discar-
ded and but rarely found in its native land, America,
but in France it obtained a certain importance and
celebrity. M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, first recommended
It as remarkably free from phylloxera and worthy of
propagation, and it was found to adapt itself very well
to various soils. Though its fructification is not satis-
factory in quantity, its grapes gain under that climate
in richness of color and sweetness, and its vigorous
growth recommends it as a grafting-stock; but as such
also it is inferior to the Riparia.

YoHiig' America. (Labr.) See Concord Seed-
ling, page 107.

Zelia. (Ili/br.) Produced by C. S. Copley, of
Staten Island, N. Y. Vine of medium, strong
growth, quite hardy and productive. The leaves
are five-lobed, some indistinctly so; dull green,
lighter on the under side; very coarsely notched
on the edge ; foot-stalks green, wood light brown.
Bunch and berries both very large; one bunch
weighed 1 pound 6 ounces; black with a fine
bloom; it sets very close; skin thin, does not
crack; no pulp, rather meaty, very rich, sweet,
aromatic flavor, not a trace of fox ; ripens early,
before Concord.

Zita. (JEst.) A seedling of the Delaware^
originated by John Sacksteder, of Leavenworth,
Crawford county, Ind. Vine of healthy, vigorous
growth, has borne four satisfactory crops without
sign of disease; bunch above medium; berry me-
dium, round, color yellow, a good bearer of best
quality.

ABBREVIATIONS.

X.
M.

S.

N.

S.

Sometimes used in the text of Descriptions, to designate those divisions of our country where the
Variety is at home or believed to succeed.

for North Atlantic States, viz. : Me., X. H., Vt,, Mass., R. I., Ct., also N. Scotia.

for Middle Atlantic States: N. Y., JST. J., Penna., Del., Md., Va., W. Va.

for South Atlantic States: N. C, S. C, Ga., Fla.

for Xorth Central States: Mich., Wis., Minn., Iowa, Dak., Nebr., also Ontario.
S. for Central States: Ohio, Ky., Tenn., Inda., Ills., Mo., Kans.
S. for South Central States: Ala., Miss., La., Tex., Ark.

I. INDEX TO ORIGINATORS OF GRAPES (SEEDLINGS AND HYBRIDS)

AND SOME OF THEIR PRODUCTIONS HEREIN DESCRIBED.

NAME.

Page.

NAME.

Page,

NAME.

Page.

Alderton, D.
Harmer 132

Allen. John Fisk

Allen's Hybr. 84

Arnold's Hybr.

Autuchon No. 5, *88

Brant No. 8, *94

Canada No. 16, *99

Cornucopia No. 2,*108

Othello No. 1, 167

Bacock, Dan. W.

Wheaton 186

Barnes, M. D.
Paradox 167

Barnes, Parker

Barnes'

Brown, Jason
Hine 138

Brown, W. B.
Brown

96

Bruce, J. S.
Critic 109

Bull, E. W 109

CONCORD 105

Cottage 108

Esther 12.5

Rockwood 107

Una 107, 183

Burr, John 121

Cochee 104

EARLY VICTOR *121

Eclipse 123

Evaline 126

Ideal 140

lola 140

Jewel 144

Magnate 151

Matchless 154

Mendota 154

Omega 165

Osage 165

Osee 165

Paragon 167

Peola 168

Primate 171

Pulasky 171

Seneca 180

Superior 180

Standard 180

Supreme ISO

White Jewel 187

Campbell G. W.
CAMPBELL'S EARLY ....* 98

Concord Chasselas 107

Concord Muscat 107

Juno 144

Lady 145

Purity 171

Triumph (No. 6,) 181

White Delaware 186

Carpenter, Chas.

Claret 103

Lydia 151

Mary 153

Mottled 159

Cayavood, a. J 100

Caywood No. 1, 50, 100

Duchess *118

Florence 127

Hudson 138

Mabel 151

Metternich 155

Modena 1.56

Nectar 160

Poukeepsie *169

Ulster 183

Walter *185

White Concord 107

White Ulster 187

192

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF ORIGINATORS.

NAME.

Pa<re.

NAME.

Page,

Chidester.
Nos. 1, 2,3.

102

•Childeus' Jas.

Kentucky 144

Chisholm, Dr. L. C.

Annie, M 86

Bushberg 96

DELAWBA *114

Gilt Edge 128

LaMarie 147

Lntie 150

Willie 188

Christine.

Telegraph 181

Clear Y, F. C.

Cortland 108

Cocke, T. R.

Medora 154

Coffin, J. F.

Mary's Favorite 153

Copley, Chas. S.

Boadicea 93

Calypso 98

Clifton 103

Daphne 112

D'Elboux 115

Lulie 150

Mineola 155

Paragon 167

Zelia 191

Crehore, Mrs. Diana

Diana 116

CULBERT, Dr.

Early Dawn 119

Golden Berry 130

Silver Dawn of Newburg .. 180

Purple Bloom 171

White Muscat 187

Dana, Francis,

Dana Ill

Dempsey, p. C.
Burnet

96

Dixon, ?

Kalamazoo 144

Eaton, Calvin

Eaton 123

ELLWANGER& BaRRY. (?)

Monroe 156

Rochester 173

Engle, C.

Elaine 123

Guinevra 132

Honey 138

Iris 140

Metis (Themis) 155

Michigan 155

Pulpless 171

Vesta 184

NAME.

Page.

Ensenbehger, G. a.

Herald 133

Hercules 135

Isabella Seedling 141

Juno 144

Mathilde 154

FOLSOM, S.

Eureka 127!

Garber.

Albino 85

Garber 128

Marv Ann 153

North Carolina 163

GoDARD, Francis
Leavenworth 147

GooDALE, Geo.
White Hall 186

Goodhue.
Owasso 167

Grant, Dr. C. W.

lona 140

Israella 142

Grein, Nicolas

No. 1, Mo. Riesling 156

No. 2, Greins' Golden 132

No. 3 and 4, unnamed 132

No. 7 or Greins' Ex. Early 132

Hape Dr. Sam'l
Eden * 178

Hasbrouck, Eli
Anna

86

Haskel, Geo Seedl. 132

Ruby 175

Hencke, Ludwig

Fena 127

Hero (Sport) 106

HoAG & Clark. (?)
Niagara 161

HosFORD, Geo.

Berlin 90

Hosford 106, 138

HuBER, Theophile 138

Albert 84

Alphonse 85

Bertha 90

Braendley 138

Doctor Warder 106, 117

Edward 123

Emma 125

Illinois City 140

Marguerith 151

Marie Louise 151

Theophile 181

Ives, Henry
Ives *142

Jager, Hermann 142

Dufour 117

Elvira No. 100 142

Longworth 150

Munson 160

Jones, W. W.

Willis 188

Langendoerker, F.

Hermann 130

White Norton's Va 164

Lightfoot.

Alice Lee 84

Amy 86

Benjamin 90

Capital 107

Miriam 155

Sangamon 176

Springtield 180

Unnamed similar to Niag-
ara.

LiNDLEY, J. Van

James 178

Manning, J. W.
Dracut Amber 117

Marine's 151

Florence 127

Green Castle 130

King William 151

Luna 151

Mianna 151

Nerluton 151

U. B 151

Marvin, D. S 153

Canonicus 99

Cayuga 100

Centennial *101

Corporal 108

Hopican 138

.Jemina 144

Laura 147

Rutland 175

Shelby 180

Mason, B.

Mason's Seedling 153

Mathews, Prof.
Iowa Excelsior 140

Miller, Sam'l

Black Hawk 93

Eva 107

Macedonia 107

Martha 153

Young America 107

Mills, W. H.

Mills 155

Miner. T. B.

Adeline 155

Antoinette 86

Augusta 155

Belinda 156

Carlotta 99

Eugenia 155

Ida 155

King William 155

Lexington 149

Linden 106, 149

Luna 150

Rockingham 155

Victoria 184

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF ORIGINATORS.

193

NAME.

Pil-C

XA1\IE.

Page.

NAME.

Page.

MOOHE, AkCHEK

Challenge 102

Conqueror 107

MoOKE, .Jacoh

Brio-hton * 95

Clover-street Black 104

Clover-street Red 104

Diamond *157

Diana Hamburg 117

Geneva 128

Moore, John B.

Green Ulster 132

Hayes 133

Moore's Early 158

MOYER, Allen

Moyer or Jordan 159

MiENCH, Fred

Humboldt 138

Schiller 176

MuNSON, T. V 159

Admirable 159

America 86

Bailey , 159

Beacon 89

Bell 130

Big Extra 159

Big Hope 159

Black Herbemont 159

Brilliant * 96

Carman 99

Delicious 159

Dr. Collier 117

Early Golden 119

Early Wine 159

Elvicand 123

Fern Munson 127

Gold Coin 128

Governor Ross 159

Hermann Jager 138

Hopkins 159

Laussel 159

Lindherbe l.o9

Marguerite 159

Mrs. Munson 159

Muench 159

Neva Munson 159

Newman 159

Onderdonk 165,*166

Opal 159

Oriole 159

Perry 159

Kagan 159

Rommell *174

R. W. Munson 159

Vinita 159

W. B. Munson 159

Parker, Dr. S. J.

Ithaca 142

Wilmington or Wyoming
Red 188

Pearson, A. W.
Ironclad 140

Pierce, J. P.
Isabella Regia 168

13

POCKLINGTON, JnO.

Pocklington 169

Pollock, of Tremont.
Pollock 169

Prentiss, J. W.
Prentiss

..*171

Pringle, C. G.

Mansfield 151

Golden Drop 130

Lady Charlotte 147

Raabe, Peter

Brinkle and Emily 5

Raabe 171

Rautenberg.

Amalia 85

Black Rose 93

Bismark 96

Chicago 102

Clarissa 103

Cleopatra 103

Hatton 133

Moltke 156

Rentz, Sebastian
Rentz 172

Rice, A. F.

Magnificent 151

Progress 171

Superb 180

Ricketts, J. H 172

Adelaide 83

Advance 83

Alma 84

Ariadne 86

Bachus * 88

Don .Juan 117

Downing 117

Dunlap 119

El Dorado 123

Empire State 125

Excelsior 126

Gazelle 128

Golden Gem 130

Highland *138

Imperial 140

Jefferson *143

Lady Dunlap 147

Lady Washington *147

Naomi *160

Newburgh 161

Peabody 168

Pizarro 169

Planet 169

Putnam 171

Quassaic 171

Raritan 172

Secretary *179

Undine 183

Waverly 186

Welcome 186

Roenbeck, Fred.

Lady Helene 147

Roenbeck 173

Rogers, E. S 173

Agawam No. 15* 83

Aminia No. 39 86

Barrv No. 43* 88

Essex No. 41 125

Gaertner No. 14 127

Goethe No. 1*128

Herbert No. 44 135

Lindley No. 9*149

Massasoit No. 3 154

Merriraac No. 19 155

Requa No. 28 172

Salem No. 53*175

Unnamed No. 2*173

Unnamed Nos. 5, 8, 30 173

Wilder No. 4*188

Rommel, Jacob 175

Amber * 85

Beauty 89

Black Delaware 90

Elvira *124

Etta 125

Faith 127

Montefiore *156

Pearl 168

Transparent 181

Wilding 188

Rose, Alfred
Ambrosia 86

Rose, Mrs. R.

Jumbo 144

Sacksteder, John

Lady Younglove 146

Zita 191

Samuels, M. M.
Victoria, Ray's 185

Saunders, Wm.
Kensington 144

Siedhof, Chas.

Weehawken 186

Simpson, R.
Seneca 180

Spofford, D.
Tokalon 181

Stayman, Dr. J.

Black Imperial 93

Cherokee 102

Concordia 107

Daisy Ill

Darwin 112

Exquisite 127

Marsala 152

Mary Mark 153

Mrs.' Stayman 159

Osceola 165

Oscaloosa 165

Oswego 167

Ozark 167

Pawnee 168

Perfection 168

Prolific 171

Snowflake 180

White Beauty 186

White Cloud 186

White Imperial 186

194

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF ORIGINATORS.

NAME.

Page.

NAME.

I'age.!

NAME.

Page.

Steel.
Hartford

I Valle, J.

132 Golden Concord 107

New Haven 107

Thackeu, of N. Y,
Oneida

Thomas, Drury

Thomas

16.5

178

Thompson, W.

Stelton 180

Underhill, Dr. A. K.

Underbill 183

Underhill, Stephen

Black Defiance... 90

Black Eagle * 92i

Croton *109|

Irving *141

Senasqua *179|

Wasserzieher, Otto
Noah *162

Weidemeyer, Wm.
Uhland 183

White, Hugh

Clinton 103

White, N. B 186

Amber Queen 85

August Giant 86

Bay State 88

Black Madeira 186

Continental 186

International 140

Norfolk 163

Norwood 164

Occidental 164

Oi'iental 165

Wins LOW, Chas.
Winslow 188

Witt, Michael

Witt 188

WoODBf RY, D. B.

Woodbury 188

Woodruff, C. H.

White Ann Arbor 107

Woodruff Red *188

Worden, S.
Worden 190

Wylie, Dr 190

Berckmans 90

Dr. Wylie 117

Mrs. McClure 159

Peter Wylie 190

II. INDEX TO DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES AND SPECIES.

The Standard names are in small capitals, (the leading varieties or most prominent novelties
in LARGE CAPITALS) ; the Synonymous names in Italics ; Discarded old varieties and new ones but
little known or undisseminated are in ordinary Roman type. Varieties marked by a * are illustrated.
Species of Vitis are in GOTHIC TYPE.

Size and Color, with reference to the berry, are designated as follows :

# • • black, or nearly so, when fully ripe.

fjK dU # reddish, or coppery brownish amber.

O O ° greenish white or yellowish.

The size of these signs being large, medium
or small, to denote the size of the berry.

one.
Color.

NAME.

Page.

Size,
Color.

NAME.

Page.

Size
Colo

NAME.

Page.

O

o

o

•
o

o

Adelaide S3

Adeline, see Miner's Sdl. 1.55

Adirondau S3

Admirable see Mun-

son's 159

Advance 83

V. AESTIVALIS ....14, 20, 27, *28

AGAWAM *S3

Aiken, see Isabella 141

Albert 84

Albino 84

Aledo 84

Aletha 84

Alexander 84

Alexander Winter 84

Alice ., 8;

Alice Lee 84

Allen's Hybr 84

Alma 84

Alphonse 85

Alvey 85

Amalia 85

Amanda 85

Amber *85

Amber Queen 85

Ambrosia 86

America, see Munson's, 159

Aminia 8(J|

Amoii7-eiix, see Rulauder, 175;

O

O

Amy 86

Ann Arbor, black 106

Ann Arbor, white 107

Anna 86

Annie M 86

Antoinette 86

Ariadne 86

V. ARIZONICA 14, 20

Arkansas, see Cynth Ill

Arrot 86

Ash Grape, see Ironclad, 140

Aughwick 86

Augusta, see Miner's Sdl. 155

August Giant 86

August Pioneer 86

Autuchon *38

BACCHUS *87, 8s{

Bailey, see Munson's.... 159
V. BAILEYANA (Munson).. 2o|

Baker, see Isabella 141

Baldwin Lenoir 88

Balsiger's Concord Sdl..

No. 2 106

No. 32 107

Barnes 88

Barry 88

Baxter 88

Bay State, (N. B.

White's) 88

Beacon, see Munson's.... 159
BeaconsHeld, see Champ. 102

Beauty 89

Beauty of Minnesota 90

BELL, see Green Mtu 130

Belinda, see Miner's Sdl., 155

Belvidere 90

Benjamin 90

Berckmans 90

Berks.. 90

V. BERLANDIERI (Plan-

chon) 20, 29, *30

Berlin 90

Bertha 90

BERTRAND 90, *91

Beta 90

V. BICOLOR (Leconte) .... 20

Big Extra (Munson's).. 159
Big Hope, see Munson's, 159

Bird's Egg 90

Bismark, see Brighton .... 95

Black Cape, see Alex 84

Black Delaware (Rom-
mel's) 90

Black Delaware,
see Nectar 160

BU8HBERG CATALOGUE— INDEX TO VARIETIES.

195

Size.
Color.

NAME.

Page.

Size,
Color.

Black Defiance 90

BLACK EAGLE 91, *92

Black Oerman,

see York Madeira 191

Black Hawk 93

Black Herbemont,

see Munson 159

Black Juh/, see Devereux 116

Black King 93

Black Muscadine,

see Flowers 1271

Black Pearl 93

Black Rose 93

Black Spanish,

.see Lenoir *148, 149

V. BLANCONII (Munson).. 20
Bland 93

Bland'' s Mad., see Bland, 93
" Pale Bed, '' 93

" Virginia, " 93

Blood's Black 93

Bloom, see Creveliug 109

Blue Dyer 93

Blue Favorite 93

Blue Grape, see Devereux 116

Blue Imperial 93

BOADICEA 93, 94

Bogue^s E^ireka,

see Isabella 141

BOTTSI 94

Boulevard 94

V. BOURQUINIANA (Mun-
son) 20, 27

Brandyicine

Brant 94

BRIGHTON *95

BRILLIANT, Mun-

son's 96, *97

Brinkle 5

Brown 96

Brown, see Isabella 141

Bullace, see Scuppern 177

Bullit, see Taylor 181

Bundifs Seedl., see Col-

eraine 96

Burgundy of Georgia,

see Pauline 168

Burgundy, see Lenoir 148

Burgttndy Schraidfs,

see Black Pearl 93

Burnet 96

Burr, John, (biographic-
al) see Early Victor .... 121

Burroughs 96

Burton's Early 96

BUSHBERG 96

V. CALIFORNICA

Calyp.so

Cambridge

Camden

.13,

20
98
98
98

Campbell, see E. Golden, 119
CAMPBELL'S EARLY,

*Title page 98

Canada *99

CANDICANS ....... 13, 20, 25

Canby's August,

see York Madeira 191

Canonicus 99

O

o

o

o

NAME.

Page.

Size,
Color.

Cape, see Alexander 84

V. CARIB/EA, De Can-

dolle 13, 20

Carlotta, Miner's Seedl.. 99

Carman 99

Carter, see Isabella 141

Casper, see Louisiana 150

Cassady 99

CATAWBA 99

Catawba Seedlings 100

Cataicba Tokay,

see Catawba 100

Catazoissa, see Creveling 109

Caywood's Hybrids 100

Cayuga 100

Centennial *101

Challenge 102

V. CHAMPINI (Planchon)..20, 25

Champion 102

Chandler 102

Chas. Downing,

see Downing 117

Charlotte, see Diana..l02,*116

Charter Oak 102

Chautauqua 102

Cherokee 102

Chicago 102

Chidester,

Nos. 1, 2, 3 102, 103

Chnstie''s Improved,

see Isabella 141

Christine, see Telegraph, 181

Cigar Box, see Ohio 164

V. CINEREA (Ciner.)....15, 20

Clara 5,*103

Claret 103

Clarissa 103

Cleopatra 103

Clevener 103

Clevener 103

Clifton 103

Clifton''s Constantia,

see Alexander 84

CLINTON 103,*104

Clinton Vialia 104

Cloanthe, see Isabella 141

Clover-street Black 104

Clover-street Red 104

Cochee 104

Coe 104

COLERAIN 105

Colorado, see Brighton .. 96

Columbia 105

Columbian 105

Columbian Imperial.... 105

CONCORD 105,*106

Concord Seedlings....l06, 107
Concord Cha.s.selas .... 107

Concord Muscat 107

Concordia 107

Conqueror 107

Constantia, see Alex 84

CORDIFOLIA 15, 2a

V. CORIACEA 20

Cornucopia *108

Corporal 108

Cortland, or Courtland .. 1081

COTTAGE 108, 109

Cowan 109i

Creveling 109j

O

O

NAME.

Page.

Critic 109

Croton *109

CUNNINGHAM.... *110, 111

Cuyahoga Ill

CYNTHIANA 111,*112

Daisy Ill

Dana m

Daphne 112

Darwin 112

DELAWARE *113

Delaware Seedling... 114

DELAWBA 114,*115

D'Elboux 115

Delicious, Munson's .... 159
Dempspjfs Seedling,

see Burnet 96

Detroit 115

Devereux 116

Diamo7id, see Moore's D. 157

DIANA *116

Diana Hamburg 117

Diogenes, see Ironclad 140

Dr. Collier 117

Dr. Warder 117

Dr. Wylie 117

V. DOANIANA 20, 24

Don Juan , 117

Downing 117

Dracut Amber 117

DuFOUR(Jaeger'sNo.56) 117

Duchess 117/118

Dunlap 119

Dunn 119

Early Amber,

see Dracut Amber 117

Early August 119

Early Champion,

see Champion 102

Early Daisy 119

Early Dawn 119

Early Golden, Mun-
son's 119

Early Hudson 119

EARLY OHIO 119,*120

EARLY VICTOR ...1 21 ,n22
Early Wine, see Mun-
son's Seedlings 159

EATON 123

Eclipse 123

Eden, see Scuppemong ..*17S
Edmeston, Concord Sdl.. 106

Edward 123

Elaine 123

El Dorado 123

Elizabeth 123

El Paso, see Lenoir 148

ELSlNBURGn,orJ5'?s/H^o;-r) 123

ELVICAND 123

ELVIRA *124

Emily 5

Emma 125

Empire State 125

Eolia, see Concord Sdl.... 107

Essex 125

Esther 125

Etawa 125

Etta ^125

E ugenia, see Miner's Sdl. 155
EUMELAN *126

196

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— INDEX TO VARIETIES.

Size,
Color,

NAME.

Pase.

Size,
Color.

NAME.

Page.

Size,
Color.

NAME.

Page.

Eureka

Eva, see Concord Sdl

EVALINE

Excelsior

Exquisite

Faith

Puncher, see Catawba

Farrell

Far West

Fkna

Fern, or Fern Munson

Flora

Florence

Florence (Caywood's)

Flower of Missouri

Flowers

Francis B. Jlai/es,

see Hayes *1

Framingham

Franklin

Gaertner

Gallup's Seedling

Garber

Gazelle

Geneva

Giant Leaf,

see Riesenblatt

Gilt Edge

V. GIRDIANA

Glenfield

GOETHE 128,*1

Gold Coin

Golden Berry

Golden Clinton

Golden Concord,

see Concord Sdl

Golden Drop *1

Golden Gem

Golden Pockliwjton,

see Pocklington

Governor Ross,

see Munson's

Graham

Green Castle,

see Marine's Sdl

GREEN^ MOUNTAIX....*

Green Ulster

Grein's Seedlings

German, see York Mad....

Grove

GUINEVRA

Ragar, see Alvey

Hall

Harmer

Harrell

Harrison

Ilai't, or Ifa7-t Grape, see
Lincoln and Devereux

HARTFORD

Harwood

Haskell's Seedlings

Hattie, orHettie

Hatton

Hayes

Herald

HERBEMONT *134,

Herbemont Madeira

Herbemont Seedlings

126

•

107

o

126

•

126

0

127

•

127

•

100

®

127

®

127

o

127

o

127

•

127

•

127

•

127

127

o

127

o

•

ai7

127

127

127
128
128
128
128

o

•

o
o

o

172

128

20

128

o

'129

•

128

•

180

130

•

o

lOV

o

130

•

130

169

•

159

130

o

•

151

130

132

132

191

132

132

•

85

132
132
132
132

m
•

116
132
132
132
133

|0
•

•

•
o

133

133

%

133

o

135

135

135

HERBERT 135

Hercules 135

Hermann *136

Hermann Seedling 136

Hermann Jaeger, *137, 138
Hero, see Concord Sdl .... 106

Highland 138/139

Hine 138

Holmes 138

Honey 138

Hopican 138

Hopkins, 3Iunson's Sdl. 159

Hosford 138

Howell 138

Huber's Seedlings 138

Hudson 138

Humboldt 138

Huntingdon 140

i7?(ssow, see Devereux 116

HYBRIDS 18, 29

Hyde's Eliza, York Mad.. 191

Ida, see Miner's Sdl 155

Ideal 140

Illinois City 140

Imperial (Ricketts') 140

Imperial 140

Improved Warren,

see Harwood 132

International,

see White's Sdl 186

Iola 140

lONA 140

Iowa Excelsior 140

Iris 140

Ironclad 140

Irving *141

Ii'vin's October 141

ISABELLA 141

Isabella Begia, see Pierce 168

Isabella Seedling 141

Israella 142

Italian Wine Grape,

see Delaware 113

Ithaca 142

IVES *I42

Ives'' Madeira, see Ives.... 142
Ives' Seedling, see Ives .... 142

Jack, see Lenoir 148,*149

Jacques, or JacgMe5:....148,*149

Jaeger, see

Herman Jaeger....*137, 138

Jaeger's Seedlings 142

James, see Scuppernong, 178

Janesville 143

JEFFERSON *143

Jemina 144

Jennie 3Iay, Concord Sdl. 106

Jessica 144

JEWEL 144

Jumbo (Mrs. Rose) 144

Juno, Campbell's 144

Juno (Ensenberger) 144

Kalamazoo 144

Kalista, Delaware Sdl .... 114

Katarka 5

Kay's Seedling,
see Herbemont 135

O

O

O

o

Keller's IVhite,

see Catawba 100

/lendrtH, see Isabella Sdl. 141

Kensington 144

Kentucky' 144

Kenka, see Neff 160

Keystone, Concord Sdl. 106

Kilvington 145

King, see Golden Clinton 130

Kingsessing 145

King William,

see Marine's Sdl 151

Kitchen 145

Kittredge, see Ives 142

Labe 145

V. LABRUSCA 12, 20, 25

Lacrissa, Delaware Sdl. 114

LADY *145, 146

Lady Charlotte 147

Lady Dunlap 147

Lady Helene 147

LADYWASniNGT'N,*146, 147

Lady YouNGLOVE 147

La Marie 147

Large Geiinan,

see York Madeira 191

Laura 147

Laussel, see Munson's .. 159

Leader 147

Leavenworth 147

Lee's Isabella, see Isab .... 141

Lehiqh, see Berks 90

LENOIR *148, 149

Lexington, see Miner's .. 155
Lightfbot, see Niagara.... 161
V. LINCECUIWII (Post

Oak; 20, *26, 27

Lincoln, or Hart Grape 149

Lincoln (Devereux) 116

Linden 149

Lindherbe, Munson's.... 159

LINDLEY *149

Logan 150

Long, see Cunningham .. 110

LONGWORTH 1.50

Louisa, see Isabella 141

Louisiana 150

LULIE 150

Luna 150

LUTIE 150

Lydia 151

Lyman 151

Lyon (ChidesterNo. 1).. 151

Mabel, Caywood's 151

Mabel, Freeport, 111 151

Macedonia, see Concord, 106

Madeline 151

Magnate 151

Magnificent 151

Maguire, like Hartford... 132
Mammoth Cat., see Catb.. 100

Mammoth Sage 151

Manhattan 151

Mansfield 151

Marguerite, Huber's... 151
Marguerite. Munson's 159

Marie Loui.se 151

Marine's Seedlings 151

Marion 152

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— INDEX TO VARIETIES.

197

Size,
Color.

NAME.

rase.

Size,
Color.

NAME.

l';tSe.

Size,
Color.

NAME.

Pase.

Marion Port,

see York Madeira 191

_ Mak.'^ala 152

O MAKTHA *152, 153

Mary (Liudley) 153

O Mauv (Carpenter's) 153

• Mary Auu 153

Mary's Favorite 153

• Maky Makk 153

O Ma.son's Seedling 153

Mas.sasoit 154

matchles.s 154

Mathilde 154

O Maxatawney *154

JlcCoioan, see Cowan 109

McDonakVs Ann Arbor,

see Ann Arbor, black, 106
McKee,

see Herbemont Sdl 135

J/ciertw, see Devereux .... 116
Mead's Sdl., see Catawba 100

O Meuoka 154

• Mendota 154

3Ierceron, see Catawba... 100

MERRIMACK 155

Merritt's Seedling 5

Metis 155

Metternich 155

O Mianna, see Marine's Sdl 151

O Michigan 155

Miles 155

Mills 155

O Mineola 155

Miner's Seedlings 151

Minnehaha 155

Minnesota Mammoth 155

Minor''s Seedlings,

see Venango 184

MiKIAM 155

iMiSH 155, 178

• Missouri 155

O Missouri Riesling 156

• Modexa (Cay wood's) .... 156
U) MOLTKE 156

• Monroe 156

V. IVIOI\ITICOLA(Bu(kk'3)12, 20
V. MONTICOLA.

(Engelmann) ...13, 20, *30

• MONTEFIORE *156

Monteith, see York Mad 191
Montgomery 5

O IMOORE'S (Jacob)

DIAMOND *157, 158

• MOORE'S EARLY, 106,*158
% Mottled 159

• Mount Lebanon 159

© Moyek 159

O Mrs. McLure 159

® Mrs. MuNSON 159

• Mus. Stayman 159

• J/nench, see Mimson's S. 159
MUNSON'SHybr.&Sdl 159

• MuNSON (Jaeger's) 160

V. MUNSOI\IIANA(Simp'n) 20

|V. MUSCADINiyE 12, 18, 20

\3Ius(-ogee, see Herb. Sdl. 135

O Naomi 160,*161

• Nectar 160

© Neff 160

.Neil Grape, see Herb 134

O

O

o

#

o

V

6
o

Neosho 161

Nerluton, see Marine's S. 151

Neva Munson 161

Newark 161

Newburgh, Ricketts' 161

JVew Haven, see Con. Sdl. 107
Newman, see Munson's.. 159

Newi ORT 161

NIAGARA 161

NOAH *162, 163

Nouantum, see Isabella.. 141

Norfolk 163

North America 163

North Carolina 163

Northern Muscadine.. 163

NORTON'S VA 163, 164

NORVrOOD 164

V. OCCIDENTALES 20

Occidental 164

Ohio 164

Omega 165

Omega, see Catawba 100

Onderconk 165,*166

Oneida 165

Onondaga 165

Ontario,

see Union Village 183

Opal, see Munson's 159

Op(»rto 165

Oriental 165

Oriole, see Munson's... 159

Osage 165

Osceola 165

Osee 165

oskaloosa 165

Osmond 165

Oswego 167

Othello 167

OWASSO 167

Ozark 167

V. PALMATA (Engelmann). .15, 20

Palmer 167

Paradox 167

Paragon, Burr's 167

Paragon, Copley's 167

Pauline 168

Pawnee 168

Paxton, see Concord 107

Paign^s Isabella, see Isab. 141

Peabody' 168

Pearl 168

Pearson'' s, see Ironclad... 140
Pedee, see Scuppernong.. 178

Peola 168

Perfection 168

PERKINS 168,*169

Perry', see Munson's 159

Peter Wylie, see Wylie .... 190
Pierce, Isabella Regia.. 168
Pioneer ( Hartford ? ) ,
see Isabella Sdl 141

PiZARRO 169

Planet 169

POCKLINGTON 169

Pollock 169

Potter, or Potter's Ea.. 169

Poughkeepsie Red *170

Poicell, see Bland 93

PRENTISS 171

O

Primate 171

Progress 171

Prolific 171

Pulasky 171

Pulpless 171

Purity 171

Purple Bloom 181

Putnam 171

QUASSAICK 171

Raabe 171

Racine 172

Ragan, see Munson's 159

Randall 172

Raritan 172

Rautenberg, see Table of

Originators 194

Raifs Victoria, see Vict.. 185

Rebecca 172

Bed Elben, see Rulander, 175
Bed Lenoir, see Pauline.. 168
Bed Muncii, see Catawba.. 99

Bed Biver, see Cynth Ill

Reinecke, see Woodruff, 190

Reliance 172

Rentz 172^

Requa 172

Richmond, see Scupper. 177

RICKETTS' HYBR 172

Riesenblatt 172

Biesling of Missouri,

see Grein's Sdl 132, 156

V. R!PARIA..6, 16, 20,*23, 24
Boanoke, see Scuppern....*177
Bobeson^s Seedling,

see Louisiana 150

Robinson's Seedling 173

Rochester 173

Bockingham, see Miner's, 155
Bockland Favorite,

see Concord Sdl 107

ROCKWOOD 107

Roenbeck 173

ROGER'S HYBRIDS... *173

Unnamed Nos. 2, 5, 8, 173

Rommel (Munson's) *174

ROMMEL'S SEEDL 175

Bothrock. see Alex 84

V. ROTUNDIFOLIA .. 18, 20, 29
V. RUBRA (Michaux)..l6, 20

Ruby 175

Rulander 175

V. RUPESTRIS..17,20,*21, 22

Rutland 175

B. W. Munson,

see Munson's Hybr 159

SALEM 175,*176

Sanbornton, see Isabella, 141

Sangamon , 176

Saratoga, see Catawba.... 100

Schiller 176

Scott, see Ironclad 140

SCUPPERNONG *177

Scuppernong Hybrids 178
Schuylkil Muscat,

see Alexander 84

Secretary *179

Senasqua *179

198

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— INDEX TO VARIETIES.

Size, '

Color.

NAME.

Page,

Size,
Color.

NAME.

Page.

I Size,
[Color.

NAME.

I'age

O

O

O

!Seneca 180

Seneca (Burr's) 180

'Shal-er, Union Villtige .... 183

Sharon, see Ca}'uga 100

Shelby 180

Sheppard''s Delaicare,

I see Delaware 114

Sherma7i, see Lyman 151

,Sherr'j, see Devereux 116

Silver Dawn 180

V. SIMPSONII (MunsonV. 20
Singleton, see Catawba... 99
' Small German,

see York Madeira 191

Smarts £'/sm6.,seeElsinb 123

Snowflake.. 180

V SOLONIS,

(Bush Grape) 16,20,22, 24
Soudan Grape, Afric,

tuberous plant 5

SPECIES OF VITIS 7—29

Different Diaphragms
growing more or less
readily from cut-
tings *8, 20

Distinctive charac-
ters 9

Time of flowering, etc. 9

Botanical characters of

Seeds 10

Spofford Seedling^

see To-Kalon 181

Spkingfielu 180

Spring Mill Constantia .... 84

St. Catherine 180

St. Albans 180

St. Genevieve,

see Rulander 175

Standard 180

Stelton 180

Storm King, see Concord 107

Superb 180

Superior 180

Supreme 180

TaZmaw, see Champion... 102
Taylor Bullit, see Taylor, 181
Tasker Grape, see Alex.... 84

TAYLOR 181

Tekoma, see Catawba 100

Telegraph 181

Tenderpulp 177

Themis, see Metis 155, 181

Theodosia 181

O

o

Theophile ( ) 181

Thomas, see Scuppern... 178
Thurmond, see Devereux 116

To-Kalon 181

Tolman (Champion) 102

Tokay, see Catawba 99

Transparent 181

Trask 181

TRIUMPH 181, *182, 183

Troiobridge, see Isabella, 141

Tryon, see York Mad 191

Tuley, see Devereux 116

U. B., see Marine's 151

Uhland 183

Ulster Prolific 183

Una 107, 183

Underbill 183

UnderhilVs Celestial,

see Underbill 183

Undine „... 183

Union Village 183

Uno or Juno 144

Urbana 184

Venango 184

Vergennes *184

Vesta 184

Vevay, see Alexander 84

Vialla •.. 184

Victor, see Early Victor, 121
Victoria (Miner's) ....155, 184

Victoria, Ray's 185

V. V,NIFERA 4, 17, 20

ViNiTA, see Munson's .... 159
Virginia Seedling,

see Norton 164

ViTis, species considered 22

Vivie's Hybr 185

V.VULPINA, or

ROTUNDIFOLIA 18, 23

V. VULPINA LINN/EUS. or

RIPARIA 20, *23

Walter *185

Warder, see Dr. Warder.. 117
Warren, see Herbemont.. 134
Warrenton, see Herbem't 134

Watertoicn, see Laura 147

Waverly 186

w. b. munson,

see Munson's Hybr 159

Weehawken 5, 186

Welcome 186

O

O
O

o

O

o

o

o

o

o

Wells 186

Wemple, see Cuyahoga... Ill

Wheaton 186

White Ann Arbor 107

White Beauty 186

White Cape 84

White Catawba 100

White Cloud 186

White Delaware 186

Whitehall 186

White's, N. B., Hybr's.. 186

Whte Imperial 186

White JEVt^EL 187

llliite 3Iuscadine,

see Scuppernong 177

White Muscat,

of Newburg 187

White Ulster 187

White Virginia Seedl. 164, 187

WILDER 187, *188

Wilding 188

Willie 188

Willis 188

Wilmington 188

Wilmington, red,

see Wyoming 188

WiNCHELL,

see Green Mount., 130,*131
Winne, see Alexander 84

WiNSLOvr 188

Witt 188

Wolfe, see York Madeira 191

Woodbury 188

WOODRUFF'S RED ....*189
Woodioard, see Isabella.. 141

WORDEN 190

Worthington, see Clinton 103
Wright's Isabella, see Isab 141

Wylie's Hybrids 190

Wylie, Peter 190

Wyman, see To-Kalon .... 181
Wyoming Red 188

Yankee, Concord Sdl 190

Yello^o Mnsradine,

see Scuppernong 177

Yoakum 190

Yonker''s Honey Deio 132

York Lisbon, see Alex 84

York Madeira 191

Young America,

see Concord Sdl 107

Zelia 191

ZiTA 191

ERRATA:

Page 20. Caribeea, read : Caribaea.

" 20. Blanconii, read : Blancodii.

"■ 22. Dean's grape, read: Doan's grape.

" 25. V. Campini, read: V. Champini.

Page 25. Under V. Candicans, on old vines,
read: on young vines; on young vines read: on
old vines, entire,

Page 29. After Vulpina, insert Gray.

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199

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i©©of>©©€)e)©©©©©©©©©©©©©o©©©©e>©©©©©©©oo©oo€50i

Spray

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Wines $1 35

Baho, A. «. E. Mach, Handbuch
des Weinbnues u, der Keller—
wirlschoff, 2 YOl.

Band I, Weinbau, bd., $7 35
" II, Kellerwirt-

schaft, bd 6 70

Frings, Chas. die Behandlung
der Amerik. Weine, dereb
Krankhelt uud Hel-
lung $0 50

Mareclc, B. u. Fr., der rationelle
Weinbau, nebst Atlas Toij
13 Follotafeln und 16.^
Abbildungen, bd $3 00

Muench, Fr. Amerikan. Wein-
bauschule uud Welnberel-
tungslehre. Dritte Auf-

lage, 142 Seiten. $1 00

Vo7i der Lippe, Dr.H., die Wein-
bereitung, und die Keller-
■wirtschaft. 315 Seiten mit
54 Abblldungeii, clo..$2 70

Von der Sorge, H., die Prak-
tische Weinprobe-Fingerzeige
und RatscUlaegefuer Win-
zer und Welnhaendler,
etc., mit 32 Abbildungen,
bd $1 25

Bar/uss, F, W. die Kunet de»
Boettchers und Kue/ers in der
Werljstatt und im Keller.
Mit einem Atlas von 14
Follotafeln. enthaltend 235
Abbildungen, bd $3 75

C. WITTER,

Ht. L.011IS, Mo.

Rubber lulling,

Rubber and Cotlon Hose,
Rubber and Leather Belting,
Rubber Aprons, Rubber Gloves,

Rubber Boots,
Mackintosh and Rubber Coats,

Rubber Mats and Matting.

EVERYTHING in RUBBER

Ho. 415 ITorth Fourth Street,

ST. LOUIS, MO.

WINE TESTlNg

INSTRUMENTS.

'^WINE THERMOMETERS" (Temperature) $ 1.00

'■WJNE HYDROMETER" (with weights) 1.50

'•U. S. FUSIL OIL FILTER." for ascertaining

the amount of Fusil Oil in Spirits 4 00

"TWICHELL'S ACIDOMOMETER." for deter-
mining the acidity of Wines 13.00

'•WINE STILL." for testing Spiritous Liquors

and to determine the Alcoholic richness 13.00

"ALCOHOL INDICATOR," for ascertaining the
amount of Alcohol in Wine. Cider. Vinegar,
or any liquor containing the smallest part
of Alcohol 24.00

FOR SALE BY

A. S. ALOE COMPANY,

No. 415 NORTH BROADWAY,

ST. L,OUIS, MO.

'Correspondence Invited."

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 207

V UNION BOX FACTORY, y

WM. K. GOKSSLING,

MANUFACTURER OF

PACKING BOXES

OF ALL KINDS AND SIZES.
goxes Made to Order on Shortest Notice. S"P I OCIIS MO

John H, Vogelsang Commission Company,

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN

F^rtaits and Produce,

S. W. Cor. Fourth and Wash Sts., (929 & 931 N. Fourth St.)

C0NSIGNM:ENTS and CORR:GSPONn:^NCM m t T\/r

. • . SOLICITED. . ■ . St. Louis, Mo.

G. A. Will, _____^ Henry Fredrich,

Gen'l Manager and Sec'i/. Vice-President and Supt.

EoBT. L. WiRTHLiN, cSTABLISHED Io64. Oliver R. Wirthlin,

President and Treas. Assistant Siqierintendent.

SOUTHERN COOPERAGE
COMPANY.

no Victor Street, ST. LOUIS.

COLA/[AN'S EUEAL WOELD,

— THE LEADING —

Farm, Stock and Horticultural Journal

OF THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

Haslbeeii published for over 40 yeiirs. Was established by HON. >'OBJIA\ .J. COLMAN, the first Secretary of Agri-
culture of the United States, and it still continues to receive his attention.

Judge Samuel Miller, of Blutt'ton, Mo., is a regular weelily contributor to the Horticultural Department, as
are the leading members of the Missouri State Horticultural Society — all of large practical experience in fruit
growing.

Weekly, ONE DOLLAR A YEAR. Sample Copies Free.

C. D. COLMAN, Publishers,

ST. LOUIS, MO.

208

bushbp:rg catalogue— advertisements.

ALbEgT;^>tECKKf^r^ W"/\^TE.CMEI^

Portraits,
BuildingSf

^<^^i^^ Letter Heads,

Labels,

HALF-TONE
on (OPPEI^.

COH.2 "^»^ HARKEfST^f^'-^'"""^

£)T.Iouis. /Ao..

SEND FOR

h:i3wa.ro s. hart

ESTABLISHED 1853.

Y

A.. H. WITTE.

R. P.Studley&Co.

LITHOGRAPHERS, PRINTLRS, BOOK BINDLRS, STATIONLRS,

221 NORTH MAIN STREET,

Saint Louis, Mo.

PRINTERS OF EVERY EDITION OF
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

BONFORTS

WiHE HP Spirit Gikgoliib,

A SEMI-MONTHLY

Journal and Price Current.

SUBSCRIPTION, $.5.00 PER ANNUiM.

0:

BONFORTS DIRECTORY

OF THE WHOLESALE

WINE AND SPIRIT TRADE

OF THE UNITED STATES.
PRICE, $0.00.

Ctiarles IVIcK;. Leoser,

34 BEAVER STREET,

JVJ5W YORK.

F. KASSLER,

Wholesale Wine and Liquor Dealer,

746 THIRD AVENUE,
Bpt. 46th and 47 th Sts., NJEW YORK.

Eastern Agent of the ISIDOR BUSH Wine k Liquor Co.

Missouri Wines and California Brandies

A SPECIALTY.

PHILIPPE CHAMBON,

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

WINES AND LIQUORS,

289 SEVENTH AVENUE,

Bet. 25th and 27th Sts., NEW YORK.

Direct Receiver from Missouri and Ohio
Wine Growers.

WINE BOTTLING AT PRIVATE RESIDENCES.

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