AOBIC. DEPT.

LIBRARY
Asrnc. M OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

GIFT OF THE

STATE VITICULTURAL COMMISSION.

, January, 1896.
Accession No. (pfHtt-j^L Class No.

S/P.

ELVIRA

FROM NATURE FOR THE BUSHBERG GATmQGUE,

Jno. M9Kittrick&Co.Chromo Lith.

j/t:

ILLUSTRATED

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

WITH

IDIIRIEOTXOIN-S :Fo:e, TIHCIEIIR,

BT

BUSH & SON & MEISSNER,

r\ f\ , And

ISIDOB BUSH & SON pRAPE LrROWEI\S, { PROPRIETORS OP THE

BUSHBERG, JEFFERSON CO., MO.

[5irar*^

[COPYRIGHT SECURED.]

TIBS1TT,

E*v«i * t a
%*$%/

SAIXT LOUIS:

THE K P. STUDLEY CO., PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, AND MANUFACTURING STATIONERS.

1876.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by BUSH & SON A MEISSNER, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo.
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

TO OUR CUSTOMERS.

[FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.]

Our success in grape growing, and in the propa-
gation of grape vines, has been highly satisfactory,
in fact, far beyond our expectations. In view of
the very great competition even of large well known
and long established nurseries, this success is
highly flattering, and has encouraged us to increase
our efforts so as to produce for next season a large
stock, not excelled by any other establishment in
the country in quality, and embracing almost every
valuable variety. *

We do not pretend to furnish "better and cheaper
vines than can be afforded by any other establish-
ment." We do not pretend that "money-making
is secondary with us, " we leave this to others; all
w6 do claim is, that we hope to merit a reasonable
share of patronage, the continued confidence of our
customers, and a fair profit.

In this connection, we cannot refrain from refer- >
ring with a certain pride to the voluntary assurances
of satisfaction we received, some of which are pub-
lished herewith. Desiring to return our thanks to
our customers in an appropriate and tangible form,
and to respond to a desire often expressed by our
correspondents, we concluded to present them with
a fine Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue, wherein
the characteristic and relative merits of our differ-
ent varieties are clearly stated.

We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We
tried to get up something better than a mere price
list, something that will be interesting and useful to
progressive grape culturists, and have not spajred
time, labor or money in preparing it.

It has become customary to prefix to a descrip-

tive Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief
directions for their cultivation, and we have been
urged to do the same.

We are aware, however, that some short and very
incomplete directions, "a few hints," do more harm
than good. They generally only confuse the tyro
or misrepresent grape growing as a very easy mat-
ter, requiring no larger outlay of capital, nor any
more knowledge, skill, and labor than to produce a
crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But on
the other hand we are also aware that the excellent
but somewhat costly books on grape culture, by
Fuller, Husmann, Strong, and others, are not pur-
chased by every grape grower, and that many of
these are somewhat afraid of reading whole books.
Moreover, considerable progress has been made in
grape culture since these books were written ; their
very authors, indefatigable horticulturists as they
are, have by study and experience, modified their
views on some points, but have not had time or en-
couragement enough from their publishers to re-
write their works for new editions, and thus we came
to the conclusion that a short manual, containing
plain but full directions in regard to the planting, cul-
ture, and;training of Grape-vines, and offered for less
than its cost, would be welcome! We have availed
ourselves of the, writings of our friend and teacher,
Husmann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller,
and many others, to whom due credit is given in
the proper places ; and while we lay little claim to
originalitv, we hope that this Catalogue may afford
pleasure and profit to some, at least, of those into
whose hands it may come.

[INTRODUCTION TO NEW EDITION— 1875.]

Six years, embracing the most disastrous and the
most favorable seasons to grape culture, have
elapsed since the first edition of this Catalogue.
Our experience has been enriched, observations
have been made on old, and on then untried varie-
ties, and some very promising new varieties have
since been added to our list, but above all, one cir-
cumstance, the discovery of the Grape Root-louse,
the Phylloxera, has led to a new, a RADICAL study
of the American Grape Vines.

Our business as grape growers and propagators
assumed such large dimensions that we discarded the
culture and propagation of small fruits &c., and
devoted all the space of our grounds, all our means,
cares and attention to GRAPE CULTURE ONLY AND

EXCLUSIVELY, for which we have unusual facilities,
and a most favorable soil and location. This ena-
bles us to raise a superior stock, and to make it
more advantageous to the public, and even to the
leading nurseries of other branches of Horticulture,
to deal with us, whose grape nursery business is
now admitted to be the first and most extensive of
its kind in the United States of America.

We owe our reputation to our determination to
give complete satisfaction, and to deserve the en-
tire confidence of our customers, furnishing none
but good, healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and
true to name, packed in the best manner, at as low
prices as possible.

We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially

recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have
real superior merit, and while the demand compels
us to disseminate some inferior varieties (Hartford
Prolific for instance) and untried novelties, over-
praised, perhaps, by their originators, our Descrip-
tive Catalogue shall save the reader from some of
the bitter disappointments which grape growers
have so often experienced. For the sake of com-
pleteness, and in the interest of science, we have
added, (in smaller type) the descriptions of nearly
all the old discarded varieties and of many new ones
not yet tested, and not propagated by us; thus
adding, we think, to the value of this catalogue
(though also to its cost).

We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue
praise, and to mention the shortcomings even of
our best varieties ; especially do we desire to warn

against the error of considering ANY variety fit for
universal cultivation. To this end a study of the
CLASSIFICATION of our grapes in the Manual is
earnestly recommended. Many failures will thus be
avoided which have blasted the hopes, so prevalent
ten years ago throughout the country, with regard
to grape culture; and its success, now aided by a
higher tariff on imported wines, by increased de-
mand for the fruit and its products, by less sanguine
expectations, and above all by better knowledge as
to the selection of varieties, locations, and proper
mode of culture, will be comparatively certain.

Finally we beg to state that WK HAVE NO AGENTS
to solicit orders for our Grape Vines. Persons who
desire to obtain plants from us will kindly favor us
with their orders by mail, direci, or through reliable
Nurseries or dealers who get them from us.

TESTIMONIALS.

We could give a long list of names of the leading Grape-growers and Nurserymen, and of the prominent
Horticulturists, in this country as well as in Europe, who favored us with their commands, and to whom we
may confidently refer; but we natter ourselves that our name is now so widely known, and our reputation so
well established, that this would be unnecessary, and we confine ourselves to but a few

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF OUR CUSTOMERS.

[FROM OUR FIRST EDITION.]

ST. CHARLES, Mo., Nov. 9th, 1668.
MKSSKS. BUSH & SON :

Gentlemen .—Hundred Rogers No. 1 came duly to hand;
also your favor of 5th inst. The vines are fine.

C. T. MALL1NCKRODT.

ARLINGTON, Mo., MARCH, I860.

THE vines I got of you last fall were the best I ever saw
sent out from a nursery— stout, healthy looking, and ex-
cellently well rooted. C. W. GILL.

COLL1N8VILLE, ILLS ,NOV. 14, 1869.

Dear Sir:— The ISO Hartford grape roots caine to hand
a few days since, and were finer than any grape plants I
have received from any one whom I have yet got grape
roots of. In a word, they were fine

GEO. A. MILLER.

CENTRAL POSTOFFICE, ST. Louis Co., Mo , JULY 30, '69.
The plants purchased of your firm this spring, compri-
sing ten different varieties to the number of 3,000, have
given very good satisfaction. They have all proved to
be vigorous growers and give promise of complete suc-
cess for the future. CHAS. BRACHES.

"SPRINGFIELD NURSERY," SPRINGFIELD. MO., APRIL 10 '69.

Gentlemen :— I have just finished planting the 4,000 grape
vines you sold me last November. They were shipped
so late I had some fear of frost, but they -wereiso well
packed that they arrived in the very best condition, giv-
ing satisfaction fan Quality also, for the whole lot are
healthy, well rooted vines D. S. HOLMAN.

WE8TON, MO., April 30. 1869.

Dear Sirs:— The shipment of vines came to hand about
the 5th of the month and have been all planted. They
were delayed over ten days on the railroad, and 1 feared
some of them might have been injured, but I am gratified
to inform you they have nearly all lived and look well.
The very low prices at which you sell such thrifty vines
ought to recommend you to the grape growers of the
State. JNO. DONIPHAN.

[FROM LAST SEASON, 1874.]

BUSH & SON &MKISSNER:

Your invoice of March 1st came safely to hand. The

vines are all in best condition, ana growing vigorously.

LOUIS REICH, Arles-S-Rhone, France.

It gives m*1 pleasure to say that everybody concerned
was well satisfied with the quality of the plants, and all
unite in the request that you will send us the balance
ordered without delay

W. W. MINOR, JR., Charlottesville. Va,

The vines give entire satisfaction. I don't know when
I haveseen more beautifully rooted plants: the tops are
quite large enough and healthy. You have equalled all
my expectations, * * * you give

decidedly the best vines for the price I ever heard of.

C. W. RIDGELY, Baltimore, Md.

Genl. Lippincott received the 400 grape vines; he is
very much pleased with the plants.

J. M. TELLES, Chandlersville, Cass Co., Ills.

The grape vines received in good order. 1 am much
pleased with them, I must say they are the finest lot of
vines I have e\er received

HUGH ARCHIBALD, West Salem, Ills.

The grape vines ordered from you reached me to day
in first rate condition. They are of excellent quality, the
best I have ever received. Allow me to express my sat-
isfaction witli the manner in which the order was filled.
RICHARD T. ALLISON, Baltimore, Md.

I liked the plants, and how they compared in quality
with plants from * *

N. N. PALMER, Broadhead, Wise.

The vines received this spring are splendid, and every
one growing.

HARRY C. CAMPBELL, Pensacola, Fla.

All are well pleased wit li the vines ; you have my best
thanks. •

DAVID ZWEIFEL, Nillwood, Ills.

The vines which I had from you last spring all grew
magnificently.

M. WUTHR1CH, Egg Harbor City, N. J.

The vines came promptly to hand; I am well pleased.
They are finer ones than I expected for the price.

AMOS S. COLLINS, Carrolton, La.

The grape plants gave good satisfaction, and arrived
in splendid condition.

J. P. BRUBAKER, Wachusa, Ills.

I take pleasure to tell you that the plants received from
you last spring all look very healthy, and are making
fine growth. I am proud to be able to recommend your
establishment to all my friends.

FR. BETZ, Lawrence, Kas.

The vines you sent me this fall are all first class in
every respect.— Send me your descriptive catalogue as
soon as it is out.

JOHN MAUPIN, Mt. Sterling, Ky.

GRAPE MANUAL.

CLIMATE, SOIL, AND ASPECTS.

"Whether the Grape-vine is a native of Asia,
and has followed the footsteps of man from the
shores of the Caspian Sea, and "intertwined its
tendrils with civilization and refinement in
every age," or whether the hundreds of varie-
ties that now 'exist spring from different pri-
modial forms or species, certain it is that, al-
though the Grape-vine may be found in Europe
from the Tropic of Cancer to the Baltic Sea, and
in America from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine
is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of definite,
climatic conditions; so much so that even in its
most adapted climate there are often seasons if
not of actual failure, at least of an imperfect de-
velopment of its fruit. From long and careful
observations of temperature and moisture -in
years of success and of failure, we have finally
arrived at some definite conclusions respecting
the meteorological influences affecting the
grape.*

1st. No matter how excellent the soil, if there
is a less average than fifty-five degrees of tem-
perature for the growing mouths of April, May
and June, and a less average than sixty-five de-
grees for the maturing mouths of July, August
and September, there can be no hope of suc-
cess; and where the temperature averages sixty-
five degrees for the former months and seventy-
five degrees for the latter, other conditions be-
ing equal, fruit of the greatest excellence can
be raised, and wine of the greatest body and
finest excellence can be produced.

2d. When there is an average rain fall of six

* James S. Lippincott: Climatology of American
G rapes. — Id Geography of PJants - V. S. Agr Reports,
186^ and Ib63 —Dr. J Stayman : The Meteorological Influ-
ences affecting the Grape.

inches for the months of April, May and June,
and an average of five inches for the months of
July, August and September, other conditions
favorable, we cannot succeed in raising grapes.
When the average rainfall for the first months
is not more than four inches, and the average
for the latter is not more than three inches,
other conditions favorable, the hardy varieties
can be cultivated with success. But where
there is less average rainfall than five inches
for April, May and June, and a less average
than two inches in July, August and Septem-
ber, all other conditions being* favorable, fruit
of the best quality can be raised, and wine of
the greatest body and excellence can be made.
The humidity of the atmosphere in some coun-
tries, the dry ness of the air in others, will, of
course, materially change the proportion of
rainfall required for or injurious to the grape.
Here, a clear sky and dry atmosphere, high
temperature and very little rainfall for the latter
three months, and a less change of temperature
than 50 degrees in twenty-four hours, any time
of the year, are the most favorable conditions
for success.

There are only a few countries where the
grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to per-
fection, and there is no country in the world
where all kinds of grapes would succeed. Spe-
cies found in the lower latitudes will not flour-
ish if removed further north; the natives of
higher latitudes will not endure the southern
heat; the Scuppernong cannot ripen north of
Virginia; the fox grape of the North will
scarcely grow in the lower regions of Carolina
and Georgia; a vine which produces delicious
grapes in Missouri may become very inferior in
the most favored localities of New Hampshire.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Thus the climate, the mean temperature as
well as the extremes, the length of the growing
season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli-
orating influence of lakes and large rivers, the
altitude as well as the soil, have an almost in-
credible influence on various varieties of grapes ;
and a judicious choice of locations adapted to
the grape, and of varieties adapted to our loca-
tion, its climate and soil, is therefore of the first
importance.

Unfortunately, this has been and is even now
but insufficiently understood. Indigenous wild
grapes were found at the discovery of this new
world ; the legend tells us that when the Nor-
mans first discovered this country "Hleif Eric-
son" called the land Wineland. As early as
1564 wine was made by the first colonists from
the native grape in Florida. Thus during the
previous centuries wine has occasionally been
made in America from native grapes, and men-
tion of it is found — (the French settlers near
Kaskaskia, 111., made, in 1769, one hundred and
ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild grapes)
— "but neither the quality of the wine nor the
price obtained for it offered sufficient induce-
ment to persevere." — Buchanan.

The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was,
therefore, considered the only true wine grape.
A London Company sent, in 1630 French vigne-,
rons into the Virginia Colony to plant grape-
vines which they had imported for the purpose ;
the poor vignerons were blamed for their fail-
ure. In 1633 Wm. Penn tried to introduce and
cultivate European varieties in Pennsylvania, in
vain. In 1690 a Swiss Colony, grape growers
from the Lake of Geneva, tried to raise grapes
and make wine in Jessamine Co., Ky., but their
hopes were soon frustrated, their labor and
fund— $10,000, a large amount in those days —
were lost ; and only when they commenced to
cultivate an indigenous grape, which they how-
ever supposed to be from the Cape, (see Alex-
ander} they had somewhat better success. The
attempts with German, French, and Spanish
vines, made again and again, proved failures.
Hundreds of thousands, (comprising many dif-
ferent sorts) of the best European vines were
imported, but they all perished " from the vicis-
situdes of the climate." Thousands of failures
are recorded; not one of durable success; and
Downing was fully justified in saying: (Horti-
culturist^ Jan. 1851) " The introduction of the
foreign grape in this country for open vineyard
culture is impossible. Thousands of individuals
have tried it — the result in every case has been
the same; a season or two of promise, then

utter failure." (Always excepting California,
which was then almost unknown, but which is
now the greatest wine-producing State of this
country. All our remarks on grape culture
refer only to the States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains.)

While this fact could not be denied, the cause
remained a mystery. All pronounced the Eu-
ropean grape as " unsuited to our soil and cli-
mate;" all attributed its failure to that cause.
But we, and doubtless many others with us,
could not help thinking that " soil and climate"
cannot be the sole causes; for this vast country
of ours possesses a great many locations where
soil and climate are quite similar to that of some
parts of Europe at least, where the Vinifera
flourishes ; is it then reasonable to suppose that
none of the many varieties which are grown in
Europe under so varied climatic conditions,
from Mainz to Naples, from the Danube to the
Rhone, should find a congenial spot in these
United States, embracing almost every climate
of the temperate zone? If soil and climate were
so unsuited, how is it that the young, tender
European vines grow so well, so promising of
success, tor a few seasons ; in large cities some-
times even for several years? How explain the
fact that the finest European varieties of other
fruits, the pear for instance, are successfully
grown here, and that, but for the curculio, the
Reine Claude and German Prunes would flour-
ish here as well as there? Slight differences of
soil and climate might well produce marked dif-
ferences in the constitution of the vine, perhaps
also somewhat in the flavor and quality of the
grapes, but could not sufficiently account for
their absolute failure. Nevertheless our learned
Horticulturists looked for no other cause, they
went even so far as to teach that " if we really
wished to acclimate the foreign grape here, we
must go to the seeds and raise two or three new
generations in the American soil and climate."
In obedience to these teachings numerous fruit-
less attempts have been made to raise here seed-
lings of the European grape that will endure our
climate. Like their parents, they seemed suc-
cessful for a time * — to be soon discarded and

* Among the seedlings of foreign grapes, raised in the
U. S , which obtained a name and fame, aie : Brinkle and
Emily, 'raised by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia; Brandy-
wine, originated near Wilmington, Del. ; Katarka and
Montgomery, or Merritt's Seedling, raised by Dr W A.
Royce, of Newburg, N. Y. To these belong also Clara
and Weehawken (see description). N. Grein, near Her-
mann, Mo., raised duiing these last years hundreds of
young vines from imported Riesling seed; nearly all of
them were barren, one, however, proved so far, suffi-
ciently prolific and free from disease to allow its origi-
nator to make some wine from its fruit last fall (1874),
the quality and flavor of which is equal to the best Riesling
of the Rhine!

GfiAPE MANUAL.

orgotten. But, in the absence of any satisfac-
tory reason for these failures, it is quite natural
that renewed attempts were and are continually
made.* We ourselves, imported in the spring
of 1867, from Austria, about 300 rooted vines,
(Yeltliner, Blue Baden, Tantowina, Eiesling,
Tokay, Uva Pana, &c.,) not with expectations
of success, but with a view to discover by care-
ful observation, the real cause of failure, and
knowing the true cause, to be then perhaps
able to obviate it. The vines grew splendidly,
but during the summer of 1869, though bearing
some beautiful fruit, their foliage began to ex-
hibit a yellow, sickly appearance. In 1870 many
were dying and we almost despaired of discov-
ering the cause, when our State Entomologist,
Prof. C. V. Riley, informed us that a discovery
had just been made in France, by MM Plan-
chon and Lichtenstein: that the serious grape
disease which had attacked their noble vine-
yards, was caused by a root-louse, which bears
a close resemblance to^our American grape-leaf
gall-louse, an insect long known here, but then
more than usually abundant, actually covering
all the Clinton foliage in 1870. In 3871 and
since, Prof. Riley often visited our vineyards,
as we gave him full permission and cheerful
assistance to unearth both diseased and healthy
vines, native and foreign, of every kind, in order
to examine their roots and to study the ques-
tion. By his observations and those of Prof.
Planchon, made by both in this country as well
as' in France, and afterwards confirmed and
verified by all prominent naturalists, the iden-
tity of the American insect with the one lately
discovered in France, and of the two types, the
gall and the root-lice, has been substantiated,
and by this the true reason, at least the princi-
pal cause of the absolute failure of European
vines in this country has been discovered ;f but
no satisfactory remedy. While the mildew,
(Peronospora and Oidium) may be successfully
treated with sulphur, it seems, so far, impossi-
ble to destroy or to protect against this insect
enemy ; while the vigorous roots of our Ameri-
can vines enjoy a relative immunity from its in-

Rush, a German, planted (in 1860) varieties of
the Vinifera on Kelly's Island; they seemed to succeed
the first three years remarkably well, then they died
and were replaced by the Catawba vineyards, which his
son still successfully cultivates.

As late as 1872, M. J Labiaux, at Ridgeway, North Car-
olina, undertook to plant vineyards with 70,000 cuttings
(principally Aramons), imported from Southern France.
In the same vicinity, Mr. Eug. Morel, a pupil of Dr. Jules
Guyot (the best authority on French grape culture; , and
others, are also cultivating several thousands of Euro-
pean vines— with what success remains to be seen.

fSee •' Insects injurious to the grape-vine," at the close
of this " Grape Manual."

juries, the pest thrives on the tender roots of the
European vines, which readily succumb.

The French Commission, in its report to the
Viticultural Congress, held at Montpellier, Oct.
1874, came to the conclusion that: " In presence
of the non-success obtained from all attempts
made since 1868, with a view to preserve or cure
our vines, and feeling that after six years of ef-
forts in this direction, no process, except sub-
mersion, has been found effective, many persons
are quite discouraged, and see in the American
vines, whether justly so or not, the only plank
of safety." How much more, then, must we
look to species which we find indigenous here,
and their descendants, for success in grape cul-
ture.

A knowledge of the distinctive permanent
characters of our species, and a proper classifi-
cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of
far more importance than is generally sup-
posed.* And while many grape growers may
skip over the following pages as useless, we
hope that some of them will thank us for em-
bodying in this catalogue, the valuable treatise
on this subject by the best living authority — Dr.
G. Englemann. Twenty-five years ago Robert
Buchanan wrote in his valuable little book on
the culture of the grape : " The perfection of a
definite arrangement of all our varieties must
remain for future labors, but it is to be hoped
an end so desirable, will not be lost sight of."
In connection with the question of the relative
susceptibility of our grape-vines to the attacks
of Phylloxera, this end has become still more
desirable, aye, of first importance.

*Even Mr. A. S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on
the Grape Culture, written in 1866, said: •' Practically it
is of little consequence what view is taken of these un-
usual forms (of distinct species, or marked varieties of
the species), as the cultivator is interested in them only
as varieties, and it is of no particular moment to him.
whether we have one hundred or only one native spe-
species." We are satisfied that he considers it of far
more consequence now. Moreover, the descriptions of
varieties become far more complete and intelligible by
referring these to the species to which they respectively
belong. Being acquainted with the distinct character-
istic peculiarities of each species, it becomes superflu-
ous to mention in a grape 01 the ^Estivalis class that it is
free from foxiness, or if of the Labrusca class, that its
foliage is wooly beneath, &c.

BUSHBEBG CATALOGUE.

THE TRUE GRAPE-VINES OF THE UNITED STATES.

BT DR. G. EXGELMANN.

The Grape-vines are among the most variable
plants, not only through cultivation, by which
numberless varieties have been produced, but
even in their wild state, in which climate, soil,
shade, humidity, and perhaps natural hybridi-
zation, have originated such a multiplicity and
such an intermixture of forms, that it is most
difficult to recognize the original types and to
refer the different given forms to their proper
alliances. Only by carefully studying a large
number of forms from all parts of the -country,
in their peculiar mode of growth, and especially
their fructification, or rather their seeds, are we
able to arrive at any thing like a satisfactory
disposition of these plants.

Before I proceed to the classification of our
Grape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a few
preliminary remarks :

All the true Grape-vines bear fertile flowers
on one stock, and sterile flowers on another
separate stock, and are, therefore, called poly-
gamous, or, not quite correctly, dioecious. The
sterile' plants do bear male flowers with
abortive pistils, so that while they never pro-
duce fruit themselves, they may assist in fer-
tilizing the others; the fertile flowers, how-
ever are hermaphrodites, containing both or-
gans and capable of ripening fruit without
the assistance of the male plants.* Real female
flowers, without any stamens, do not seem ever
to have been observed. Both forms, the male
and the hermaphrodite, or if preferred, those
with sterile and those with complete flowers,
are found mixed in the native localities of the
wild plants, but only the fertile plants ,have
been selected for cultivation, and thus it hap-
pens that to the cultivator only these are known,

* These fertile plant" however, are of two kinds; some
areperfect hermaphrodites, with long and sti aig t stam< ns
around the pistil; the others be. r smaller stamens,
shorter than the pistil, which so n bend downward and
curve under it; these may be called imperfect hermaphro-
dites, approaching females, and they do not seem to be
as fruitful as the perfect hermaphrodites, unless other-
wise fertilized.

It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has
not produced the male plants without a definite object,
and this object is, without any doubt, found in the
more perfect fertilization of the hermaphrodite flow-
ers, as it is a well establish- d fact that such cross
fertilization products more abundant and healthier
fruit. Vine growers might take a hint from these ob-
servations and plant a few male stocks in their vine-
yards, say 1 to 40 or 50 of their feitile stocks, and might
expect fiom such a course healthier fruit, which proba-
bly would resist rot mid other diseases better than fruit
grown in the ordinary way I would expect such bene-
ficial influence especially in all varieties that have short
stamens, such as the Taylor. JNlale stocks can be easily
obtained either in the woods or from seeds. It is of
course understood that the males ought to belong to the
same species (not necessari y to the same variety), as
the fertile plants of the same vineyard . European vine
growers may also profit by this suggestion.

and as the Grape-vine of the Old World^ ha:
been in cultivation for thousands of years, it hai
resulted that this hermaphrodite character o
its flowers has been mistaken for a botanical pe
culiarity, by which it was to be distinguished
not only from our American Grape-vines, bu
also from the wild grapes of the Old World
But plants raised from the seeds of this, as wel
as of any other true Grape-vine, generally fur-
nish as many sterile as fertile specimens, while
those produced by layering or cuttings, oJ
course only propagate the individual charactei
of the mother-plant.

The peculiar disposition of the tendrils in the
Grape-vines, first indicated by Prof. A. Braun
of Berlin, furnishes an important characteristic
for the distinction of one of our most cominonlj
cultivated species, Vitis Labrusca, its wild and
its cultivated varieties, from all others. In this
species — and it is the only true Vitis exhibiting
it — the tendrils (or their equivalent, an inflores-
cence), are found opposite each leaf, and this ar-
rangement I designate as continuous tendrils.
All the other species, known to me, exhibit a
regular alternation of two leaves, each having a
tendril opposite it, with a third leaf without
such a tendril, and this arrangement may be
named intermittent tendrils. Like all vegetable
characters, this is not an absolute one; to ob-
serve it well it is necessary to examine well-
grown canes found in early summer, and neither
sprouts of extraordinary vigor nor stunted au-
tumnal branchlets. The few lowest leaves of a
cane have no opposite tendrils, but after the
second or third leaf the regularity in the ar-
rangement of the tendrils, as above described,
rarely fails to occur. In weak branches we
sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed oppo-
site leaves, or, sometimes, none at all.

It is a remarkable fact, connected with this
law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear
only two inflorescences (consequently two
bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while
in the forms belonging to Labrusca there are
often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots,
four or five, or rarely, even six in succession,
each opposite a leaf. Whenever, in rare cases,
in other species, a third or fourth infloresence
occurs, there will always be found a barren leaf
(without an opposite inflorescence) between the
second and third ones.

Young seedlings of all the Grape-vines are
glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The cob-
webby or cottony down, so characteristic of
some species, makes its appearance only in the
older or in the adult plants ; but in some of their

GRAPE MANUAL.

varieties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones,
it is* mainly observed in the young growth of
spring and is apt to disappear in the mature
leaf; but even then such leaves are never shin-
ing as they are in the glabrous species, but have
a dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface.

The form of the leaves is extremely variable,
and descriptions must necessarily remain vague.
Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e. not
lobed; young shoots from the base of old stems,
as a rule, have deeply and variously lobed
leaves, even where the mature plant shows no
such disposition. Some species * or some forms
of a few species f have all the leaves more or
less lobed, while others exhibit on the mature
plant only entire, or, I should rather say, not
lobed leaves. Only the leaves of flower-bearing
canes ought to be considered as the normal ones.

The surface of the leaves is glossy and shining,
and mostly bright green ; or it is dull above and
more or less glaucous below. The glossy leaves
are perfectly glabrous, or they often bear, es-
pecially on the nerves of the lower side, a pu-
bescence of short hair. The dull leaves are cot-
tony or cobwebby, downy on both or only on
the under side; and this down often extends to
the young branches and to the peduncles, but
as has been stated above, often disappears later
in the season.

Not much of a distinctive character can be
made out of the flowers. It is observed, how-
ever, that in some forms the stamens are not
longer than the pistil, and very soon bend under
it, while in other forms they are much longer
than the pistil, and remain straight till they fall
off. It is possible that those with short stamens
are less fertile than the others.

The time of flowering is quite characteristic
of our native species, and it seems that the cul-
tivated varieties retain herein the qualities of
their native ancestors. The different forms of
Riparia and Cordifolia flower first of all ; next
comes Labrusca and its relatives, and the last
flowering species is ^Estivalis. If we are per-
mitted to judge from a few isolated observations,
Vinifera flowers later than Labrusca, and a lit-
tle earlier than .^Estivalis. Riparia begins to
open its flowers, according to the season, from
one to over two weeks earlier than the first
blossoms of JEstivalis are seen in the same local-
ity. In favorably situated vineyards in the vi-
cinity of St. Louis, the first grape-vines (Ripa-
ria'), begin to bloom between May 10th and 28th
and the last (^Estivalis), end between June 1st

* Vitis Riparia.
jForms of Vitis Labrusca and of Vitis JSstivalis.

and 15th; and we are not likely to have here
any grape-vines in bloom before May 10th, nor
after June 16th.*

One of the botanical characters of the Grape-
vines is found in the seeds. The bunches may
be larger or smaller, looser or more compact,
branched (shouldered) or more simple, condi-
tions which, to a great extent, depend on soil
and exposure; the berries may be larger or
smaller, of different color and consistency, and
contain fewer or more seeds (never more than
four), but the seeds, though to some extent va-
riable, especially on .account of their number
and mutual pressure, where more than one is
present, exhibit some reliable differences. f The
big top of the seed is convex or rounded, or it
is more or less deeply notched. The thin lower
end of the seed, the beak, is short and abrupt,
or it is more or less elongated. On the inner
(ventral) side are two shallow longitudinal de-
pressions. Between them is a ridge, slight
where there are one or two seeds, or sharper
where the seeds are in threes or fours ; along
this ridge the raphe (the attached funiciilus or
cord) runs from the hilum, at the beak, over
the top of the seed, and ends on its back in
an oval or circular well-marked spot, called
by botanists chalaza. This raphe is on that
ridge represented by a slender thread, which
on the top and back of the seed is entirely indis-
tinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or
less prominent, like a thread. In our Amer-
ican species these characters seem pretty reli-
able, but in the varieties of the old world grape-
vine {Vinifera}} several thousands of years re-
moved from their native sources, the form of
the seed has also undergone important modifi-
cations, and can no longer be considered such a
safe guide as in our species.

The annexed cuts of 18 grape seeds illustrate
the different characters which have been men-
tioned above. The figures are magnified four
times, (4 diameters), accompanied by an outline
of natural size, all represent the back oof the
dry seed.

Figs. 1 to 3. Vitis ^Estivalis with the raphe
and the more or less circular chalaza strongly
developed; the seeds are from wild grapes
gathered about St. Louis, the seeds of the cul-

* V. Vulpina blooms even later than ^Estivalis, in the
South ; it does not grow here.

These remarks are thrown out, more to induce grape
growers to devote some attention to such observations,
than as definitely settling these points.

t A single seed is always thicker, plumper, more
rounded; two seeds are flattened on the inner, rounded
on the outer side; three or four seeds are more slender
and angular; these different variations, may sometimes
be found in berries of the same bunch.

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

tivated forms are very similar; figs. 1 and 2 are
from berries with 1 and 2 seeds, fig. 3 from a
larger 4-seeded berry.

Figs. 4 to 7. Vitis Riparia from wild plants ;
figs. 4 and 5 from Goat Island on the Niagara
Falls: fig. 4 a single broad seed; fig. 5 from a
3-seeded berry; fig. 6 from a 2-seeded berry
from the shores of Lake Champlain, in Ver-
mont ; fig. 7, seed of the June grape from the
banks of the Mississippi below St. Louis. The
seeds are obtuse, or very slightly depressed on
top, chalaza rather flat, elongated and gradu-
ally lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely
prominent laphe. The seeds of the true Vitis
Cordifolia are similar, but usually with a more
prominent raphe, somewhat intermediate be-
tween ^Estivalis and Riparia.

Figs. 8 and 9. Taylor-Bullit and Clinton,
both believed to be cultivated forms of Ripa-
ria, with seeds larger, but of the same shape.

Fig. 10. Delaware, with broad, notched
seeds, indistinct raphe and rather flat chalaza —
appears intermediate between Riparia and La-
brusca.

Figs. 11 and 12. Vitis Labrusca. Fig. 11 a
native of the District of Columbia and fig. 12 of
the mountains of East Tennessee. Seeds large,
notched; chalaza more depressed in the first
than in the second; no raphe is seen in the
groove which extends from the chalaza to the
notch.

Fig. 13. Vitis Candicans, from Texas, simi-
lar to the last, seeds broader, with shorter
beak, less distinctly notched, no raphe visible.

Fig. 14. Vitis Vulpina, from South Carolina,
a very distinct seed, flatter, with straighter
sides, short beak, wrinkled on both surfaces,
notched on top, narrow chalaza, no visible raphe.

Figs. 15 to 18. Vitis Vinifera, from Europe,
different forms, which are introduced here for
comparison with the American species. Fig.
1£, Brusca, the. native species of Tuscany
(Northern Italy) ; fig. 16, Riesling, cultivated
on the banks of the Rhine; fig. 17, Gutedel
(Chasselas), from the same region; fig. 18,
Black Hamburg, from a grapery near London.
All these seeds, different as they are among
themselves, are easily distinguished from all
American grape-seeds, by the narrower and
usually longer beak (or lower part), and espec-
ially by the large, though not very prominent
chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the
middle part of the seed. These four specimen
seeds represent the principal forms, but not all
European grape seeds agree entirely with them.

v. JESTIVALIS.

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

V. RIPARIA.
Fig 4. Fig 5

Fig. 6.

V. RIPARIA. TAYLOR. CLINTON.

Fig. 7. Fig8. Fig 9.

V. LABRUSCA. DELAWARE.

Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 10.

V.VULPINA V. CANDICANS. V. VINIFERA.

Fig 14. Fig 13. Fig. 15. Brusca.

VITIS VINIFERA.
Fig 16, Riesling. Fig. 17, Chasselas. Fig. 18. Bl. Hamb'g.

GKAPE MANUAL.

It is interesting to know that since the times
of Linnaeus and of Michaux, not a single real
species has been added to those belonging to the
territory of the old United States, east of the
Mississippi river, though Rafinesque, LeConte
and perhaps others, have attempted to distinguish
and characterize a great many more ; while Di-
rector Regel, of the St. Petersburg botanic gar-
den, has lately attempted, rather unnaturally,
to contract them and unite them with old world
species — Vitis Vinifera, resulting, according to
his views, from the hybridization of several of
these species.*

The number of true Grape-vines (with petals

*The Grape-vine of the Old World, Vitis Vinifera,
Linnaeus, finds its place in this section, between 'Vitis.
Riparia and Vitis ^stivalis. Though many of its cul-
tivated varieties bear berries as large, or even larger
thary those of any of our American Grape-vines, other
cultivated forms, and especially the true wine-grapes,
those from which the best wines are obtained, and also
the wild or naturalized ones, have fruit not larger than
that of the above named native species.

This plant, together with the Wheat, belongs to those
earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the history of which
reaches beyond the most ancient written records. Not
only have the sepulchres of the mummies of ancient
Egypt preserved us its fruit (large sized berries) and
seed, but its seeds have even been discovered in the la-
custrian habitations of northern Italy. It is a mooted
question, where to "look for the native country of this
plant, and whether or not we owe the different varie-
ties of our present Vinifera to one or to several countries,
and to one or to several original wild species, which,
by cultivation through uncounted ages, and by acci-
den al and repeated hybridization, may have produced
the numberless forms now known, which remind us so
forcibly of the numerous forms of our Dog, which we
also cannot trace, but which can scarcely be derived
from a single (supposed) original wild species. Director
Kegel of St. Petersburg, ascribes them to the intermin-
gling of a few species, well known in their wild state at
this day; Prof.- Braun, of Berlin, suggests that they are
the offspring of distinct species yet found wild in many
parts of Southern Europe and Asia, which thus he con-
siders not the accidental offspring of the cultivated
plants, as is generally believed, but the original parent
stock. I may add, from my own investigations, that
the Grape-vine which inhabits the native forests 01 the
low banks of the Danube, " bottom- woods," as we
would call them, from Vienna down into Hungary,
well represents our Vitis Cordifolia and Eiparia, with
its stems 3, 6 and 9 inches thick, and climbing on the
highest trees, its smooth and shining, scarcely lobed
leaves and its small, black berries. On the other hand,
the wild grape of the thickets of the hilly countries of
Tuscany and Home, with its lower growth, downy
leaves, and larger and more palatable fruit, which 'don't
make a bad wine,' as an Italian botanist expresses him-
self, reminds us, notwithstanding the smaller size of
the leaves, of our Vitis ^utivalis. It was known to
the ancients as Labrusca, a name improperly applied
by science to the American species, and is called by
the natives to this day Brusca. The Grape-vines of
the countries south of the Caucasus mountains, the an-
cient Colchis, the reputed original home of these plants,
greatly resemble the Italian plant just described.

The European Grape-vine is characterized by smooth-
ish, and, when young, shining, more or less deeply,
five or even seven lobed leaves; lobes pointed and
sharply toothed; seeds mostly notched at the upper
end; beak elongated; raphe indistinct; chalaza broad,
high up the seed. In some varieties the leaves and
branch icts are hairy and even downy when young; the
seeds vary considerably in thickness and length, ICBS so
in the shape of the raphe.

cohering at the top and separating at the base,
so that the corolla falls off without expanding;
and with edible fruit,) in the present territory
of the United States, considered good species,
is limited to nine, which may be enumerated
thus:

I. Grape-vines with loose shreddy bark,
climbing by the aid of branched tendrils, or,
(in No. 1,) without tendrils, and not climbing
at all.

a Berries small, 3 — 6 or rarely 7 lines in diame-
ter, (in No. 7 larger,) seeds more or less rounded
on the top, with the raphe often more or less
prominent on the top and -back, or inconspicu-
ous. All the species of this group have (on
well grown shoots), intermittent tendrils.

1. VITIS EUPESTRIS, Scheele.

Bush-grape Or Sand-grape.

2. VITIS CORDIFOLIA, Michaux.

Winter or Frost-grape.

3. VITIS RIP ARIA, Michaux.

Riverside grape.
4.. VITIS ARIZONICA, Engelmann.
Arizona-grape.

5. VITIS CALIFORNICA, Bentham.

California-grape .

6. VITIS ^ESTIVALIS, Michaux.

Summer-grape.

7. VITIS CANDICANS, Engelmann.

Mustang-grape, of Texas.

b Berries large, 7 — 9 or even 10 lines in diam-
eter ; raphe scarcely visible on the more or less
deeply notched top of the se"ed ; tendrils con-
tinuous.

8. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linnaeus.

Northern Fox Grape.

II. Grape-vines with (on the younger branches),
firmly adhering bark, which only in the
older stems scales off ; aerial roots from in-
clined trunks in damp localities; tendrils in-
termittent, simple; berries very large, (7-10
lines thick,) very Su\v in a bunch, easily detach-
ing themselves at maturity ; seeds with
transverse wrinkles or shallow grooves on
both sides.

9. VITIS VULPINA, Linnams.

Southern Fox Grape, or Muscadine.

It will be seen that the first four species are
more or less glabrous, the next four more or
less woolly or cottony; the ninth again glabrous.
The first six have smaller berries, the others
larger ones. The practically useful American
Grape-vines, are principally Nos. 3, 6, 8 and 9,
distinguished in the above list by large capitals.

The following descriptions of these species,
arranged in the order of their importance to our

8

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

grape culture, are taken from Dr. Engelmann's
publication (in C. V. Riley's Sixth Entomolog-
ical report), revised by himself for our Manual.
The ViticuJtural Remarks, with list of varie-
ties to each species, are derived from other
sources (principally from Wm. Saunders' U. S.
Agr. Report, 1869), and from our own observa-
tions.

VITIS ^STIVALIS, Michaux. Climbing over
bushes and small trees by the aid of forked,
intermittent tendrils ; leaves large (4 — 5 or 6
inches wide), of firm texture, entire, or often
more or less deeply and obtusely 3 — 5 lobed,
with rounded sinus and with short and broad
teeth ; when young always very woolly or cot-
tony, mostly bright red or rusty; at last
smoothish but dull, and never shining like
Riparia; berries usually larger than in this
species, coated with a distinct bloom, and, when
well grown, in compact bunches; seeds usually
2 or 3, rounded on top, with a very prominent
raphe. (Fig. 1-3.)

This is the well-known Summer Grape com-
mon throughout the Middle and Southern
States, usually found on uplands and in dry,
open woods or thickets, maturing its fruit in
September. It is the most variable of our grape-
vines, and hence has seduced superficial ob-
servers into the establishment of numerous
nominal species. A form with large leaves
which retain their rusty down at full maturity
has often been mistaken for Labrusca, which
does not grow in the Mississippi Valley. An-
other form, more bushy than climbing, with
deeply lobed rusty-downy leaves and sweet
fruit, is Vitis Lincecumii of the sandy soils of
Louisiana and Texas, often called Post Oak
Grape. Vitis Mbnticola, the Mountain Grape
of Texas, is a form with small entire leaves (the
down of which at last is gathered in little tufts)
and large acidulous berries. When this species
gets into shady woods it assumes a peculiar form,
approaching V. Cordifolia through its smaller
black berries, without bloom, with more acid
taste, and in larger bunches. Another form
with ashy-white, downy, scarcely lobed leaves,
and fruit like the last mentioned, which grows
in our bottoms, often climbing high trees, or
growing over bushes on the banks of lakes, I
have distinguished by the name of Cinerea. It
is not always easy to distinguish such forms
from the other species, and perhaps less so to
unite them under the single species, ^Estivalis,

unless the essential characters above enumer-
ated be closely attended to, and the numberless
gradual transitions from one form to the other
be watched.

VITICULTURAL REMARKS.

VITIS -<ESTIVALIS.— This species is pre-eminently
the WINE grape of the Atlantic States , and of the Lower
Mississippi Valley. Owing to the fact that none of the
varieties except the Elsinglurgh and Eumelan will ripen
north of the parallel of 40°, unless it may be in some pe-
culiarly favored situation,* they have not been exten-
sively planted, and their superior qualities are but little
known. The* berries are destitute of pulp, and the
juice contains a larger percentage of sugar than any
other improved American species. The foliage is not
so liable to disease as that of the fox grape, and rot in
the berries is comparatively unknown. Some of the
best wines made in this country are produced from va-
rieties of this family, although the most promising kinds
have not been properly tested as to their wine-produc-
ing qualities. I am convinced that neither the wine-
producing capabilities of the country nor the highest
excellence of the product can be decided, until vine-
yards of these varieties are established in the best loca-
tions of favorable climates. — Wm. Saunders.

The most genial home of this species is the country
of the Ozark Hills, Missouri, S. Kansas, Arkansas and
Indian Territory; probably also south-west Illinois and
the mountain slopes in Virginia, North Carolina, and
Tennessee. And the^e must be looked upon as the
great producing regions of this continent, (east of the
Rocky mountains,) for a certain class of fine wines. In
Western Texas also, the varieties belonging to this class
seem to 'succeed better than any other class of grapes. '
— G-. Onderdonk, Victoria, Texas. Handbook of Fruits.

The following varieties of this most valuable 'species
(omitting synonyms, untried new and discarded varie-
ties), are now cultivated.

ALVEY. (Perhaps a cross with Vinifera; see page 35.)
CUNNINGHAM. LENOIR.

CYNTHIANA, LOUISIANA.

DEVEREUX. NORTON'S VIRGINIA.

ELSINBURGH. NEOSHO.

EUMELAN. OHIO (JACQUEZ).

HERBEMONT. PAULINE .

HERMANN. RULANDER.

(Several new varieties of this species, some chance
seedling* selected in the forests of Arkansas, others
raised from seeds of cultivated varieties, are now on
trial; among the latter two seedlings of Norton's Vir-
ginia and one of 'Hermann bearing white fruit.)

The quality of these varieties is so excellent, that even
the French taste seems quite satisfied. Only their size
is unsatisfactory. "Dans ce groupe se trouvent les
raisins dont le goiU se rapproche le plus des ndtres, et

* Their proper climate is south of the isotherm of 70°
Fahrenheit, for June, July, August and September;
they require a longer season to attain maturity. The
more tender varieties may be properly placed between
the isothermal lines of 70° and 75°. [Isothermal lines de-
note localities of equal mean temperature, and have
been delineated upon maps Irom careful observation,
indicating the various belts of climate, the limits where
certain important plants thrive, by far more accurately
than by zones and geographical degrees, which have
long been in vogue, but which really have no place in
nature.]

GRAPE MANUAL.

qui donnent des vins colores, corses, a bouquet souvont
delicat, et en tout cas non-foxo." — J. E. Planchon, Les
Vignes americaines .

Mr, Herman Jaeger, of Neosho, south-west Missouri,
writes us: "In southwest Missouri, southern Illinois,
Arkansas, western Texas, (also in Tennessee and Ala-
bama,) the Labrusca, or Fox grapes, bring two healthy
crops of fine grapes, and of the most vigorous varieties,
with proper culture and favorable seasons, a few more,
— then they rot to such an extent, that they are entirely
worthless. The ^Estivalis never rots and is the only truly
reliable grape for these States. It was believed that no
large summer grapes were existing — but this is a mis-
take; summer grapes (.<Estivalis) , nearly of the size of
Concord are found growing wild in Arkansas, and I am
confident that superior table grapes will be obtained
from their seed. The wild large yEstivalis are not as
juicy nor as aromatic as the small; but by crossing the
one with the other, we may obtain large grapes for the
south-west as juicy as Herbemont, and as healthy vig-
orous and productive as Norton's Va., as free from rot
and mildew as no Labrusca ever will be with us."

The varieties of this group generally prefer a dry,
poor soil, intermingled with lime and decomposed
stones, with a southern and south-eastern exposure,
they seem to endure the severest drouths without flag-
ging. Although we have seen some of them, especially
the Norton and CyntMana, bear immense crops on the
deep, rich, sandy loam of our river bottom, their fruit
does not reach the same perfection as on the hills. The
wood of the true ^Estivalis is very solid, hard, with
small pith, and firm outer bark: so that it is almost im-
possible to propagate this species from cuttings. The
bark on the one year old wood is of a dark gray color,
bluish around the eyes. The roots are wiry and tough
with a smooth, hard liber, penetrating deep into the
ground, perfectly defying the- attacks of Phylloxera.
Their resistive power has been fully tested, and estab-
lished beyond a doubt in several vineyards of the Her-
ault, surrounded by infested, dying French vines. As
a stock for grafting they are in every respect superior
to Clinton— but we think they are too good and valua-
ble to serve merely as a grafting stock.

VITIS LABRUSCA, Linnaeus. Plant usu-
ally not large, stems with loose, shreddy bark,
climbing over bushes or small trees, though oc-
casionally reaching the tops of the highest trees.
Tendrils continuous, branched. Leaves (4 — 6
inches wide,) large and thick, entire, or some-
times deeply lobed, very slightly dentate, coated
when young with a thick, rusty or sometimes
whitish wool or down, which in the wild plants
remains on the lower side, but almost disappears
in the mature leaf of some cultivated varieties;
berries large, in middle-sized, or, in some culti-
vated varieties, rather large bunches, bearing
two or three or sometimes four seed^s. (Figs. 11
and 12.)

This plant, usually known as the Fox grape,
or Northern Fox grape, is a native of the east-

ern slope of the continent from New England
to South Carolina , where it prefers wet thickets;
it extends into the Alleghany mountains, and
here and there even down their western decliv-
ity, but is a stranger to the Mississippi Valley.
By far the largest number of varieties of grape-
vines now cultivated in our country, are the off-
spring of this species ; a few produced by nur-
serymen, but most of them picked up in the
woods; they are easily recognized by the char-
acters above given, and most readily by the pe-
culiar arrangements of the tendrils as above de-
scribed. Large and downy-leaved varieties of
V. ^Estivalis are, in the West and South-west,
not rarely mistaken for Labrusca, but the two
may always be distinguished by the characters
indicated.

VITICULTURAL REMARKS.

"For table use, this species, in its improved varieties,
will probably always occupy a prominent position in a
large portion of the Eastern and Northern States as wel1
as in the Northern sections of the Western States; and
in those regions where the climate will not favor the
maturity of the best varieties of this class, the inferior
kinds will occupy their place.

As a wine grape the V. Labrusca, has been over-esti-
mated; the tough, musky pulp of even the best varie-
ties requires a long and favorable season of growth to
reduce the acid center so as to produce a proper ratio of
the ingredients necessary for a passable quality of wine."

Fully endorsing the above quoted views of William
Saunders, Superintendent of the Experimental Gardens
at Washington, we do not wish to be understood as ad-
vocating the discontinuance of planting and using La-
brusca grapes for wine-making; we are well aware that
the Catawba and, Concord furnish the bulk of our most
popular wines. But for wines of finest quality we re-
commend the ^Estivalis, where its varieties succeed, as
far superior to the Labrusca. Moreover, we recognize
in this species a Northern and a Southern form (same
as in the Kiparia and JEstivalis), with distinct charac-
teristics.

The Northern Labrusca— a plant of great vigor, hardi-
ness and productiveness; abundant, heavy, branching
and fibrous roots, thick pith and firm liber; with a
fruit of superior size, but also of a disagreeable rough-
ness and foxiness in taste or flavor. The Southern La-
brusca— a far more tender plant, very sensitive to casu-
alties from unfavorable atmospheric changes of climate,
with few and feeble roots, of only moderately firm tex?
ture; but also with a much more delicate fruit of an
agreeable musky flavor. The first will not do well at
the South, the second will be found subject to fungoid
and other diseases, and will not well ripen at the North.
Both are subject to rot, and. do not continue to succeed
well in the South-west, where both types of the Labr.
seem not to feel at home.*

*G. Onderdonk writes us: "After all, our grapes in
Texas must come from the ^stivalis family. No La-
brusca has given us good, permanent satisfaction here."

This same view is obtaining ground in Arkansas and
south-west Missouri, after full trial and dearly bought
experience.

10

BUSHBBRG CATALOGUE.

The principal varieties
fied, are:
[a] Northern Group.

BLACK HAWK.

CONCORD.

COTTAGE.

DRACUT AMBER.

HARTFORD PROLIFIC.

IVES.

LADY.

MARTHA.

NORTHERN MUSCADINE.

PERKINS.

RENTZ.

TELEGRAPH.

VBNANGO.

of this species, thus classi-

[6] Southern Group.
ADIRONDAC.
CASSADY.
CATAWBA.
DIANA.
IONA.
ISABELLA.
ISRAELLA.
LYDIA.
MAXATAWNY.
MOTTLED.
KEBECCA.
TO-KALON.
UNION VILLAGE.

This subdivision of Labrusca into a northern and
southern form is a new idea of our own, and may be a
mistake. It is here presented for the first time, not as
an established fact, already accepted or endorsed by any
botanical authority, but as a hypothesis worthy of
consideration and further research. In some few va-
rieties (Creveling, North Carolina, &c.) we find it as
yet difficult to determine to which group they should
be assigned; but this difficulty exists also, in some,
with regard to the species.

The varieties enumerated under A, which we consider
the Northern group of Labrusca, may be relied upon
as sufficiently resistive to Phylloxera; they seem to us
the most preferable grafting stock; those under B,
the Southern group of Labrusca, though exhibiting a
larger degree of resistance in this country than Vinifera,
suffer from the insect. (Planchon and Riley have ob-
served that the roots of Labrusca have a sweetish taste,
without having the astringent or acid character belong-
ing to the roots of other species, especially of Rotundi-
folia.)

VITIS CORDIFOLIA, Michaux. Tall (or more
rarely low), climbing high by the aid of intermit-
ting branched tendrils, trunks often 6 — 9 inches
in diameter, with loose shreddy bark. Leaves
middle-sized or small (2£ — 3 or 4 inches in diam-
eter), round-heart-shaped, mostly entire or
very slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broad
shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining,
more on the upper than on the lower side ; the
young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old
ones, with short hair on the ribs below; pani-
cles compound, large and loose; berries among
the smallest, in large, mostly loose bunches,
black, without a bloom and without tough pulp;
maturing late in the fall, usually with a single
short and thick seed, marked by a more or less
prominent raphe.

This grows more especially in fertile soil, and
is a common plant in river and creek bottoms.
It is well known by the name of Winter Grape,
Frost Grape, or Chicken Grape, and it is,
together with the next, the earliest flowering
species; the flowers, principally the sterile,

(male,) are especially fragrant. It is found
from New England to Texas, and westward to
the western limits of the wooded part of the
Mississippi valley. In this valley, at least, the
fruit has a strong and even fetidly aromatic
taste, which unfits it for making into preserves
or for pressing wine. No cultivated varieties of
this species are known.

VITIS RIP ARIA, Michaux. Similar to the last,
but usually a smaller plant, with larger (3-5
inches in friameter) and more or less incisely
3 lobed, glabrous, shining (or rarely when
young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long
and pointed, the teeth also more pointed than
in Cordifolia; panicles rather small and com-
pact; berries usually larger than in the last,
mostly with a blooin,iu smaller and often more
compact bunches, without pulp, commonly 1 or
2-seeded; seeds obtuse, or sometimes very
slightly depressed, with the raphe often almost
obliterated.

This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on
river banks, and extends as far south as the
last, and much farther north and west, being
the only grape vine in Lower Canada, where, it
is found even 60 miles north of Quebec, and the
only one on the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains. The northern form, in Canada,
northern New York to Michigan and Nebraska,
has fewer and larger berries in a bunch, and is
easily distinguished from V. Cordifolia. The
south-western form, however, a taller plant,
with smaller -black berries, approaches more
closely to this last species, and often seems to
run so close to it that in some editions of his
manual, Prof. Gray has united both under the
name of V* Cordifolia, Michx. The fruit ripens
earlier than that of Cordifolia, and is much
pleasanter. (In St. Louis a variety found on
the rocky river-banks is brought to market in
July.)

VITICULTURAL REMARKS.

Both Cordifolia and Riparia are often considered
types of one species, (Gray, Durand, Planchon,) and
grape growers usually designate the cultivated varie-
ties of this species as " Cordifolia;" Dr. Engelmann
himself stated " that both species are so closely allied
that it is a matter of individual judgment whether to
keep them separate or to unite them;" we prefer
therefore to adhere to that designation. The CLINTON,
its most prominent variety, has certainly in the foliage,
more of the true Cordifolia than of the Riparia, but the
fruit, though maturing late in the fall, assimilates it
more to the latter.

This section represents the most healthy grapes of the
Northern States, yet they are equally healthy and even
more productive at the South. A distinct form of this

GBAPE MANUAL.

11

species is found growing along the Alleghany range,
from southern New York to Alabama, to which the
TAYLOR and Oporto belong. These varieties exhibit
more or less deformed stamens; but some individuals of
this group possess excellent qualities, which, when
properly developed; and their defects remedied, will
make the best wine grapes in the country. — Fuller.

In the ELVIRA, this prediction seems fulfilled.

The foliage is rarely attacked by mildew, but the
leaves, possibly owing to their smoothness, are occa-
sionally injured by insect punctures. The Phylloxera
prefers the foliage of this class of vines to all others — so
that, in some seasons, it is covered with leaf-galls made
by this formidable insect. The fruit is not subject to
rot, and is noted lor keeping well after being gathered
from the plant. That of the northern form is late in
maturing, and seems to reach its highest condition by
remaining on the vine until the thermometer indicates
proximity to the freezing point, when, even in north-
ern localities, it proves to be a fruit of fair quality either
for table or wine. Of course its quality is greatly im-
proved by the length and geniality of the season of
growth; for example, those who are familiar with the
fruit only as a production of Massachusetts would not
recognize its flavor and vinous character as ripened in
southern Maryland or Virginia. The greatest objection
to it as a wine grape is that of having too much acid.
The fruit is not so deficient in sugar as-is generally sup-
posed, having enough of this important ingredient for
a good wine. Nor ha? it any foxy or musky taste
whatever, the judgment of our friends in France to the
contrary, notwithstanding. The peculiar flavor in
some varieties may displease them; tastes differ— we,
ourselves do not admire the Clinton-gout, but it has
certainly no resemblance to what we call "foxiness,"
as the characteristic of Labrusca. The flavor of Taylor
and its seedlings seems to us unexceptionable. The
Marion and other varieties of this class may also be pre-
ferable to Clinton in this respect. Analysis shows that
they have a sufficiency of sugar, and it seems probable
that the wines only require age to develop their quali-
ties.

It is known that wines from the Clinton variety,
when kept in a suitable cellar from four to six years,
assume a fine character. There is abundant evidence
to favor the belief, that if as much time and care had
been devoted to the improvement of this species as has
been given to the Fox family, we should now be in
possession of a good northern red-wine grape.

The mode of management and culture has also a de-
cided influence upon the productiveness of this species.
The shoots grow with much vigor during early sum-
mer, frequently forming canes fourteen to twenty feet
in length before the end of the season, on young plants
in good soil. On these canes the best developed buds
are some distance from the base, or point of growth on
the stem; consequently, if cut closely back at the fall or
winter pruning, the best buds for fruit bearing are re-
moved, and a luxuriant growth of wood, with a mini-
mum crop of fruit, will be the result. The varieties of
this group should be planted on rather poor soil, deeply
and well cultivated, as they are naturally rampant
growers and when planted in rich soils are almost un-
controlable.

The wood of the cultivated varieties is soft, [contain-

ing a thick medulla; they are growing therefore readily
from cuttings. The-roota are wiry and tough, with a
a thin, hard liber, growing rapidly. Hence they pos-
sess great powers of resistance to the Phylloxera, which
is usually found in small numbers on their roots, even
while their foliage is densely covered with its galls.
The roots have so much vitality that new rootlets push
out from the swellings more rapidly than the insect can
destroy them.

The varieties of this species, especially Clinton, are
therefore largely used as stock for grafting, in the Phyl-
loxera afflicted vineyards of France. We think them
somewhat objectionable for this purpose, as they seem
not to unite as readily with the graft, and are more
subject to sprout from imperceptible buds, close to the
roots, than varieties of other species.

VITIS VULPINA, Linnaeus. Low, or often
climbing very high, with small, (2 or at
most 3 inches wide) rounded, heart-shaped,
firm and glossy dark-green leaves, smooth, or
rarely slightly hairy on the under side, with
coarse and large, or broad and bluntish teeth.

The Southern species, known under the name
of Southern Fox-grape, Bullace or Bullet-
grape, or Muscadine, is found along water-
courses, and in damp woods of the Southern
States, not further north than Maryland, Ken-
tucky and Arkansas, though it may possibly
straggle into south-east Missouri. Some of its
cultivated varieties, especially the white Scup-
pernong, are highly esteemed in the South.

VITICULTURAL REMARKS.

Southern grape growers generally designate this spe-
cies as Vitis Rotundifolia , Michaux. It is strictly
confined to the Southern States, and in foliage and
wood is very unlike any other grape, either native or
foreign, distinguishing itself by its small, roundish,
shining leaves, never lobed, and green on both sides;
by its bright smooth bark, never scaly or shaggy; by
its fruit which forms no bunches, but grows in large,
thick skinned and pulpy berries, only about 2-4-6 in
'number on a stem; by its tendrils which are never
forked, like those of other grape vines. The varieties
of this type cannot be grown from cuttings. Pruning
does not benefit them; on the contrary, they must be
left growing, free, without any trimming, except cut-
ting off smoothly the shoots and suckers from the
ground to the lath-work or scaffold, which you may
erect to support them, Without care or labor, save
some good cultivation of the soil, they produce annually
large and sure crops, being entirely free from rot and
mildew and, it seems also, from the attacks of insects.
The Vitis Retundifolia enjoys so far, perfect imniunity
from Phylloxera, (some galls have been found on their
leaves, but no trace of the insect on tneir roots, which
are of an astringent, acrid taste.) This immunity
caused them to be exported into France, but their
fruit is so deficient in grape sugar, (although it tastes
sweet, containing scarce any acid,) and it is so rich in
musky flavor, that it cannot satisfy the refined French
taste; and as a grafting stock, the hardness of the wood

12

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

and different construction of the bark makes the Rotun-
difolia unfit for this purpose. P. J. Berckmans of
Augusta, Georgia, who makes the propagation of this
species a specialty, enumerates seven varieties. SCUP-
PEKNONG, FLOWERS, THOMAS, MISH, TENDER
PULP, PEDEE and RICHMOND, (there exists also an
Isabella-seedling under the name of Richmond.)

VITIS CANDICANS, Engelmann. (Y. Mus-
tangensis, Buckley.) The Mustang grape of
Texas; a tall climber, with rather large, round-
ed, almost toothless leaves, white, cottony on
the under side, bearing large berries, which,
like those of the wild Labrusca, show different
colors, greenish, claret aiid bluish-black; and
which, in its native country, are made into
wine. In young shoots and sprouts the leaves
are usually deeply and elegantly many-lobed.

VITICULTURAL REMARKS.

This species grows wild in great abundance along the
creeks and rivers of Texas, chiefly western and middle
Texas. It resembles the Labrusca by its downy leaves
and its bark ; it can also be grown from cuttings. We
know as yet of but three varieties of the Mustang found
in the woods; a black , a red and a white Mustang.

. VITIS RUPESTRIS, Scheele. A small, bushy
plant, often without any tendrils, ra*rely some-
what climbing; leaves small (2-3 inches wide),
and often folded, mostly broader than long,
heart-shaped or truncate at base, scarcely ever
slightly lobed, with broad, coarse teeth and
usually an abruptly elongated point, glabrous,
and of a glaucous or light green color ; berries
middle sized, in very small bunches; seeds
mostly 3-4, round, with an extremely short
beak, obtuse, with a small chalaza; raphe very
slender or invisible.

This very peculiar grape-vine is found only
west of the Mississippi, from the Missouri river
to Texas and westward probably to New Mex-
ico. In our State, where it is called Sand grape,
and in Arkansas, it grows on the gravelly banks
and overflowed bars of mountain streams; in
Texas also on rocky plains, whence the Latin
name; it is there sometimes called Sugar grape.
Its luscious fruit ripens with us in August.

It is nowhere yet in cultivation, but may in
future prove of value.

VITIS CALIFORNICA, Bentham. The only wild
grape of California, has rounded, downy leaves
and small berries, and is not made use of as far
as known. The seeds are obtuse, with a short
beak, elongated chalaza, and very slender raphe.

VITIS ARIZONICA, Engelm. Similar to the
last, but tomentose only when young, later
glabrous, with middle-sized berries, reported
to be of a luscious taste.

HYBRIDS.

Besides the varieties referred either to the one or the
other of these species, we cultivate now many grapes
which originated by cross -breeding; either through the
agencies of wind or insects, or through the efforts and
skill of man.

The former, or natural hybridization, is no doubt of
frequent occurrence, but as neither the act can well be
observed, traced or recognized, nor the character of the
young seedlings thus produced be ascertained, these
are generally passed unnoticed in the vineyard, or de-
stroyed. Without discussing the subject any further,
we state it as our opinion and belief, that some of the
chance seedlings we cultivate are the product of such
natural cross-fertilization; tlms we believe we recog-
nize in

the ALVEY, a Hybrid between ^st. and Vinifera*
the CREVELING, " " Lair, and Riparia,

thP r>wT AWATJW tt a f Labr. and Vinifera, or

•ELAWARE,

the ELVIRA, " " Riparia and Labr.

and so in a few others (as will be mentioned in their
description), possessing certain distinct characteristics
of two distinct species.

The second class, Hybrids produced by artificial
cross fertilization, though of but recent date, are now
very numerous . When the supposition that seedlings
from the foreign species, raised in our own soil and cli-
mate would be more hardy, proved fallacious, efforts
were made to secure Hybrids between the native grapes
and Vitis Vinifera; hoping thite^ to combine the supe-
rior excellence of the foreign with the health and vigor
of our native plants.

"It is desirable that in artificial cross-breeding not on-
ly the species, but the varieties used should be carefully
noted, and also that the parents, the maternal(ihe variety
which has been artificially fertilized) , and the paternal
ancestor (the plant from which the pollen was employ-
ed), should always be named."— Dr. Engelmann.

The Hybrids thus produced are:

1. Hybrids between Labr. and Vinifera:—
ADELAIDE. GARTNER.
AGAWAM. GOETHE.
ALLEN'S HYBRID. HERBERT.
AMINIA (R.39). IMPERIAL.
BARRY. IRWING.

BL. DEFIANCE. LTNDLEY.

BLACK EAGLE. MASSASOIT.

CHALLENGE. MERHIMAC.

CLOVER STR. BLACK REQUA.

CLOVER STR. RED. ROGERS' HYBRIDS.*

CONCORD CHASSELAS. SALEM.

CONCORD MUSCAT. SENASQUA.

CONQUEROR TRIUMPH.

DIANA HAMBURG. WILDER.

ESSEX. And many more, less known.

2. Hybrids between Cordifolia and Vinifera: —
ADVANCE. NEWARK.
AUTUCHON. OTHELLO.
BRANDT. QUASSAIC.
CANADA . SECRETARY.
CORNUCOPIA.

* Not named.

GRAPE MANUAL.

3. Hybrids between Delaware and Vinifera:—
CROTON, ITHAKA, WYLIE'S DELAWARE HYBRIDS.

By crossing the Delaware with Diana were produced
the ONONDAGA and WALTER, perhaps also RARITAN;
by a cross of Delaware and Cordifolia Mr. Rickett pro-
duced the PUTNAM, and finally, some crosses between
Hybrids were produced.

So far most Hybrids produced were between Lair.
and Vinifera; as the former have a tendency to leaf mil-
dew, to fruit rot, and roots subject to the attacks of
Phylloxera; the production of a healthy, resisting form,
in a Hybrid between these and the here still more un-
healthy Vinifera, is highly improbable, especially when
some tender, glass- hou?e grown variety is used for
that purpose. Only by the selection of the most healthy
and hardy varieties of a native and foreign species, or,
perhaps still better, by an jntermixture of the best and
most vigorous native species, may really valuable re-
sults be obtained.

Most ot the Hybrids which we now cultivate are of
too recent introduction to be thoroughly tested; yet it
is already apparent that their adaptability to successful
culture is in proportion to their affinity to the native
parent, € specially in roots and foliage. And the re-
quirements of Hybrid grapes, as to climate, s< il and
aspect, will be found quite similar to the requirements
oi one or the other of their progenitors.

LOCATION.

The only general rules we can give, to guide
us in the selection of a proper, desirable loca-
tion for vineyards, are :

1. A good wine-growing region is one where
the season of growth is of sufficient length to
ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex-
empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer
dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at-
tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low,
damp valleys, along creeks; low situations,
where water can settle and stagnate about the
roots will not answer; wherever we find the
ague an habitual guest with the inhabitants, we
need not look for healthy grape-vines; but on
the hillsides, gentle slopes, along large rivers
and lakes, on the bluffs overhanging the banks
of our large streams, where the fogs arising
from the water give sufficient humidity to the
atmosphere, even in the hottest summer days,
to refresh the leaf during the night and morning
hours, there is the location of the grape.

2. A good soil for the vineyard should be a
dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say
three feet) loose and friable, draining itself
readily. New soils, both granitic and lime-
stone, made up by nature of decomposed stone
and leaf mould, are to be preferred to those that
have long been in cultivation. If you have such
a location and soil, seek no further, ask no
chemist to analyze its ingredients, but go at
once to

PREPARING THE SOIL.

The old system of trenching is no more prac-
ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and
upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of
very little, if any, advantage. The plow has
taken the place of the spade, and has much les-
sened the expense. While we would urge a
thorough work in the preparation of the soil
before planting the vine, and warn against
planting in ditches, or worse yet in square
holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in
timber lands) leaving no stumps, which would
only be a continual eyesore and hindrance to
proper cultivation, and then using a large
breaking plow, followed by the subsoil plow,
the soil will be stirred as deep (say twenty in-
ches) as is really necessary to insure a good and
healthy growth of vines. This will require two
to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according
to the condition of the soil. For old ground a
common two-horse plow, with a span of strong
horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow by
a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the
soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as
mellow, and in its natural position as desirable.
This may be done during any time of the year
when the ground is open and not too wet. Most
soils would be benefited by underdraining; the
manner of doing it is the same as for other farm
crops, except that for vines the drains should be
placed deeper; it is less important on our hill
sides, and too costly to be. practiced to a great
extent here ; wet spots, however, must be
drained at least by gutters, and to prevent the
ground from washing, small ditches should be
made, leading into a main ditch. Steep hill
sides, if used at all, should be terraced.

PLANTING.

The soil being thus thoroughly prepared and in
good friable condition, you are ready for plant-
ing. The proper season for doing this is in the
fall, after the 1st of November, or in the spring,
before the 1st of May. Most vineyards are
planted in spring, and in northern, very cold
localities, this may be preferable. We prefer
fall planting; the ground will generally be in
better condition, as we have better weather in
the fall, and more time to spare. The ground
can settle among the roots in winter; the roots
will have healed and calloused over, new root-
lets will issue early in spring before the condi-
tion of the ground would have permitted plant-
ing, and the young plants commencing to grow
as soon as the frost is out of the ground, will
start with full vigor in spring. To prevent the

14

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

roots from being thrown to the surface by al-
ternate freezing and thawing, a mound of earth
hoed up around the plants, or a ridge thrown
up with a plow, so as to elevate the ground
somewhat in the rows, will be found to afford
all the protection necessary. By no means de-
lay planting till late in spring (after May first
here), and if your ground is not ready in time,
you had much better cultivate it with corn or
hoed crops of some kind, and postpone planting
until next fall. Planting in rows, six feet apart,
is now the usual method ; it gives sufficient space
for a horse and man to pass through with plow
or cultivator; the distance in the rows varies
somewhat with the growth of the
different varieties and the rich-
ness of the soil . Most of our vig-
orous, strong growers, the Con-
cord, Ives. Hartford, Clinton,
Taylor, Norton, Herbemont, will
need eight to ten feet in the rows ; ....

Scuppernongs are planted 20 to
30 feet apart; while the Dela-
ware, Catawba, Creveling, lona, '•?¥
may have sufficient room when d^^W^^^HHI
planted six feet apart. The
dwarfing treatment practiced with European
varieties, especially by German vintners, will
not do for American vines, which must have
ample room to spread and a free circulation
of air. The number of vines required to set
an acre (containing 43,560 square feet), will
be:

DISTANCE, FEET.

5 ft.

6 ft.

6 ft.

7 ft.

8 ft.

5 ft. by

5 ft. by

6 ft. by
6 ft. by
6 ft. by

6 ft. by 9 ft.

6 ft. by 10 ft.

7 ft. by 7 ft.
7 ft. by 8 ft.
7 ft. by 9 ft.

by 10 ft.
by 8ft.
by 9 ft.
by 10 ft.
9 ft. by 9 ft.
9 ft. by 10 ft.
10 ft. by 10 ft.
1 acre = 41
nearly equal to

7 ft.
8ft.

8 ft.
8 ft

m54by Im54 1,742

m 54 by 1^85 1,452

m 85 by lm85 1,210

m 85 by 2m 15 1,037

m 85 by 2™ 46 907

m 85 by 2m 75 807

m 85 by 8 m 725

2m 15 by 2m 15 889

2m 15 by 2m 46 777

2 m 15 by 2 m 75 690

2 m 15 by 3 m 622

2m 46 by 2m 46 680

2m 46 by 2m 75 605

2 m 46 by 3 m 544

2m 75 by 2m 75 537

2m 75 by 3m 484

3m by 3m 435

ares French measure, or one Hectare
two and a half acres.

Having determined the distance at which you
desire to plant the vines, mark off the rows,
running them parallel, and with the most level
lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may
easily plow between the rows and that the

ground may not wash. (Oa an eastern slope
the rows will therefore run in a direction from
north to south, which most vine dressers pre-
fer.) Be careful, on sloping ground, to leave
spaces for surface drains, the steeper the hill-
sides the more frequent must these surface
drains be. Then divide the rows into the de-
sired distances, by the aid of a stretched line,
and put small stakes where each plant is to
stand. Now, if the ground is sufficiently dry so
as to pulverize well, make the holes to receive
the vines, as shown in fig. 19. The depth of
these holes must necessarily vary somewhat with
the nature of the soil. On very steep hillsides,

Fig. 19.

%

and especially on southern slopes, with natu-
rally warm, dry .soil, you must plant deeper
than on gentle slopes with deep, rich soil, or on
bottom land and rich prairies. Eight inches
will be deep enough on the latter; on the former
we should plant from twelve to fourteen inches
deep.

Having made the holes, and it is best not to
make too many at a time, as the ground will dry
out too quickly, you can go to planting.

We do not intend to discuss here the various
modes of multiplication or propagation of grape
vines from cuttings, layers or single eyes (buds),
still less the production of new varieties from
seed and Hybridizing, as this would far exceed
the scope of this brief Manual, nor do we desire
to say whether you should plant cuttings or
rooted plants, and whether plarts grown from
cuttings, from single eyes or layers, are prefer-
able. Propagators and nurserymen are not
considered disinterested, impartial judges on
this question. But we may reasonably suppose
that those who read this catalogue are either
our customers or desire to purchase rooted vines
from us, and want to get the best plants. Vines
raised from layers were in former years held to
be superior, aud are still preferred by many,
but unprejudiced and observing cultivators
have found that they only look stronger and
finer, but are not as good as plants properly

GRAPE MANUAL.

15

grown from cuttings or single eyes, of mature,
healthy wood. The disposition to multiply the
new varieties of grapes rapidly, has led to the
production of vast numbers of vines from sum-
mer layers, or, still worse, from green cuttings.
The plants so produced usually prove only a
disappointment to the planter, and greatly in-
jure the reputation of new varieties

Our German and French vine-dressers gene-
rally practiced growing vines from long cut-
tings, but short (two or three eye) cuttings will
undoubtedly make stronger and better ripened
roots. Others again have obtained the best re-
sults from single eye plants, and consequently
prefer them. We have tried all, and find that
it makes very little difference how the vine has
been raised, provided it has strong, firm, healthy,
well-ripened roots. (We never found any grown
from green or unhealthy wood or from long
cuttings that had them.) As a general rule, a
well grown vine is in its best condition for plant-
ing when one year old. Fuller and some other
good authorities prefer two-year old, trans-
planted vines ; vines older than two years should
not be planted, and so-called extra large layers
" for immediate bearing,'* are a humbug.

There is, however, one method of propagating
the grape, namely, by GRAFTS, which belongs
more properly to the sphere of the cultivator,
the vineyardist, than the nurseryman or propa-
gator; and which, owing to the ravages of the
Phylloxera, is becoming of unprecedented im-
portance, and presents itself under almost en-
tirely new aspects.

GRAFTING.

The researches of our scientists, prominent
among them our friend. Prof. Riley, enable us
now to form pretty accurate estimates of the
resisting powers of the roots of different va-
rieties, and we find that the premature decay
and short-lived existence of the vines of most
of our finer varieties of the Labrusca class, (its
Southern group) as well as nearly all the Hy-
brids having blood of the vinefera class, must
be mainly attributed to the attacks of the in-
sect.

How far we possess a remedy to this, by
GRAFTING such kinds on those of acknowledged
greater resistance, is a question which is as yet
not fully determined and still open to further
test and experiments, but which deserves the
greatest attention. Another object for which
grafting is very desirable is the early testing of
new varieties. By grafting on a vigorous bear-
ing vine we will generally obtain bearing wood,

and sometimes even fruit, the first season. We
are also enabled by grafting to turn old vigor-
ous vines of perhaps some worthless variety to
good account, as with a little trouble and care
and the loss of only one year, we can change
them into some choice and valuable variety. But
before we enter into details of the " modus
operandi " of grafting, we will first speak of
the conditions generally considered essential to
the successful performance of the operation.

First. THE STOCK. Though from our own
experience we can not side with those who
claim that the stock and scion should in all
cases belong to the same class to insure perfect
success, it is still worth while to give this point
a little consideration. The general experience
seems to prove that the stocks of the Cordifolia
class, of which we may take the Clinton as the
type, do not unite readily with varieties of the
.^Estivalis or Labrusca, though we know of
numerous instances where they did unite per-
fectly and formed fine and healthy vines. But
aside from this there is a great objection to the
Clinton class on account of its tendency to throw
up suckers from the old stock, even for years
after the graft has become established, which
requires constant care and watchfulness that
these suckers, which generally grow with re-
markable vigor, do not usurp the place we have
assigned to the grafted scion. This objection
falls away almost entirely with the other classes
after the first season, and once the graft is grow-
ing vigorously.

A point which is of far more importance is
Ihe perfect health and vigor of the stock. We
should never select a sickly or diseased vine,
nor one subject to the attacks of the Phylloxera
as a stock to graft upon. Even if the graft
should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in-
deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety,
and is grafted deep enough below the surface,
where it may form its own roots, which will
then support it entirely, and it will soon dis-
solve its union with the unhealthy stock. But
even then it will require years to overcome the
effects of the uncongenial partnership. If the
object is to guard a variety subject to the Phyl-
loxera against the ravages of this insect, we
should select for the stock a vine of a strong and
vigorous variety, which possesses recognized
powers of resistance to the insect. The graft
should then be inserted as near the surface of
the ground as possible, and where practicable
even above it. Some have asserted that the
stock and scion should be of varieties as near
alike as possible in vigor of growth, but with

16

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

this we cannot agree. We should invariably
prefer to graft a weak grower on a strong one.

Second. THE SCION. This should be from a
healthy and short jointed cane from the last
summer's growth, and of moderate size, (a lit-
tle stoufer than an ordinary lead pencil is the
thickness which we prefer.) It should be cut
from the vine before very hard freezing weather,
and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp moss,
sand, or sawdust, or else buried in the ground.
In case the grafting is to be performed late in
Spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an
ice-house.

Third. WHEN TO GRAFT. The best time, as
far as days and months are concerned, varies of
course with the locality and latitude ; but as a
rule we would lay down that the vine cannot be
grafted with good success, either while the sap
is running so freely and liquid as to cause the
vine when cut to bleed, as it is termed, nor yet
(except by the process of inarching, of which
hereafter) from the time when the young shoots
in the Spring, or rather early Summer, begin to
turn hard and fibrous, which generally com-
mences about the time of the bloom, until after
the fall of the leaf. This reduces the time for
successful grafting to two periods, the first one
lying between the fall of the leaf and the rising
of active circulation in Spring, and the second
one commencing after this exceeding strong
flow of sap has abated and lasting until the full
development of the first young growth.

In the more Southern States grafting may be
successfully and practically performed during
the first period. In fact, Dr. A. P. Wylie of
Chester, S. C., that veteran and enthusiastic
grape grower, upon whose opinion we lay the
highest weight, informs us that the Fall or early
Winter is in that latitude the proper time for
grafting. Further north, and even in the lati-
tude of St. Louis, Fall grafting is not quite as
certain, for even when protected by a mulch of
straw or leaves the graft is in danger of being
thrown out by the heaving of the ground caused
by the frost. In this latitude however we often
have fine days in February and early in March,
when the ground is open and before the active
flow of sap has commenced, which should be
improved for the operation. Still further North
where the ground opens late, and Spring comes
in all at once, these days are generally so few
that they can seldom be made use of. For these
latitudes the best opportunity lies in the second
period or during the time the sap has ceased its
active flow and exudes from the wound in a
gummy state. Some have even claimed good

success in mid-summer with scions of the same
season's growth, but we must confess ourselves
as extremely dubious in regard to the success
of this.

We now come to the operation itself. The
method most generally applied is cleft grafting.
After clearing away the soil around the collar
of the stock to be operated upon, to the depth
of 3 or 4 inches, select a place below the surface
with a smooth exterior around the collar, cut
the vine off horizontally just above this place
with a fine toothed saw; then split the stock
with a common grafting chisel or other sharp
instrument, so that the cleft will run down
about li or 2 inches. Insert the small end of
the grafting chisel or a narrow wedge in the
centre of the cleft to keep it open, and then
with a very sharp knife, cut your scion, which
may be 3 to 4 inches long, and with one or two
eyes, to a long wedge shape at the lower end, to
fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle
thicker than the inner one, and insert it in the
cleft, so that the inner bark of both stock and
scion make a close fit on each other as much as
possible ; then withdraw the wedge in the cen-
tre, and the scion will be held firmly in its
place by the pressure of the stock. It is not
necessary to wrap or tie such grafts, except
when the stock is a very light and small one, in
which case some bass string or other material
should be tightly wound around to bind stock
and graft together. If the stock is a large one
two scions may be inserted, one on each side.
This mode of grafting answers "for stocks vary-
ing from one-half to three inches in diameter.
To complete the operation, replace the soil, fill-
ing it up, so that the upper bud on the scion is
level with the surface. A shade placed so as to
protect it from the noon-day sun, or a slight
mulch, is very desirable.

Another mode of cleft grafting, which though
a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much
more certain, is to saw a slit in the stock about
one and a half inches deep with a thick bladed
or wide set saw, instead of using the chisel.
The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi-
cient only to receive the scion, which must be
cut to fit nicely in the slit with its upper por-
tion resting, with a square shoulder each side, on
the stock. In this instance we prefer a graft
with two buds, the lower one of which should
be the point where to cut the shoulders. In
other respects the same rules apply to this mode
as those given before. The greatest advantage
is that we can always make a clean straight
cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted.

GRAPE MANUAL.

(We may as well remark here that the Wagner
grafting machine, which is highly recommended
by many who have tried it, works upon the
same principle.) As the slit cut by the saw is
always of a uniform thickness, the scions may
be prepared beforehand in the house during a
rainy day or in the evening, and kept in damp
moss until wanted.

There are besides various other methods of
grafting the grape below the surface of the soil,
but as the one we have described is that which
is most generally adopted, and we have reason
to think, also, the most successful one, we re-
frain from describing the others.

It frequently happens that the buds of the
grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the
operation, and then after having given great
promise for a week or two, they turn brown
and apparently die off. Do not let this discour-
age you too quickly, and above all make no rash
examinations of the cause of this seeming fail-
ure, by pulling out the scion or otherwise
loosening it. A graft will often remain in this
state for a period of five or six weeks, and then
start up all at once with a vigor that will push
young wood to the length of twenty or more
feet the same season. Keep the young growth
well tied up and carefully remove all suckers
from the parent stock as soon as they appear.

However, if our object is to graft a variety
subject to the Phylloxera on a stock whose roots
are healthy and possess the power of resisting
the insect, we must place the scion so that the
grafted variety can not form its own roots,
which would soon become the prey and breed-
ing ground for the insect, and by their disease
would contaminate the whole vine. We must
in this case aim to place the graft above the sur-
face of the soil. The cleft and other ordinary
modes of grafting are, unfortunately, seldom
successful, unless worked below the surface.
Having this object in view we take recourse to
grafting by approach or inarching.

For this method it is desirable that two plants,
one each of the variety which is to form the
stock, and one of the scion, are planted close
together, say about one foot apart. In June (the
first year, if the plants make a sufficiently
strong growth, if not, the second year,) or as
soon as the young shoots become sufficiently
hard and woody to bear the knife, a shoot is
taken from both the stock and the scion vine,
and at a convenient place, where they may be
brought in contact, a shaving is taken out from
each of these, on the side next to the other, for a
length of 2 to 3 inches. This must be done with

a smooth cut of a sharp knife, a little deeper
than the inner bark, so as to obtain on each a
flat surface. They are then fitted snugly to-
gether, so that the inner bark joins as much as
possible, and wrapped securely with some old
calico torn in strips, or soft bass strings. Besides
this, it is well to place one tie a little below, and
one above the grafted point, and also to tie the
united canes to a stake or trellis to insure
against all chances of loosening by the swaying
of the wind. The rapid swelling of the young
growth at this period of the year makes it desi-
rable that the grafts be looked over after a few
weeks, replacing such ties which may have
burst, and loosening others which may bind
so as to cut into the wood. A union will gen-
erally be made in the course of two or three
weeks, which will be further consolidated in the
course of 6 to 8 weeks, when the bandages may
be removed and the grafted portion left exposed
to the sun, to thoroughly harden and ripen it.
The shoots themselves are to be left to grow
undisturbed for the rest of the season. In the
fall, if a good union has taken place, the cane
forming the scion is cut close below its union
with the stock cane, which in its turn is cut
close above the connection. Supposing the stock
to have been a Concord and the scion a Dela-
ware, we now have a vine of the latter entirely
on the strong, vigorous root of the former. Of
course constant vigilance must be exercised to
prevent suckers from starting fout of the stock.
It is well to protect the grafted joint the first
few winters by 'a slight covering of straw or soil
to prevent the frost from splitting it apart.

Mr. Cambre, a practical and successful grape
grower near Nauvoo, Ills., and to whom we owe
the main points of these directions, has prac-
ticed this system on a large scale and with the
most flattering results. He has applied it ex-
tensively to the Delaware, using wild seedlings
from the woods as the stock, and thus succeeds
in raising fine and regular crops of this ex-
cellent grape, even in seasons when other vines
of this variety on their own roots in the neigh-
boring vineyards are a total failure. It would
be highly interesting if others in different sec-
tions of the country would also experiment with
this system.

Another mode of grafting above ground, prac-
ticed with success by a Mr. Cornelius, (copied
from "The Gardeners' Monthly" by W. C.
Strong in his valuable work, " The Cultivation
of the Grape ") is not merely interesting in it-
self, but also illustrative of many other modi-
fications in grafting :

18

BUSHBEJRG CATALOGUE.

"After the first four or five leaves are formed,
and the sap is flowing, you choose the place on
the vine where you intend to graft. At that
point wrap tightly a twine several times around
the vine. This will, in a measure, prevent the
return sap.

Below the ligature make a
sloping cut down, as shown at a;
also, a similar reversed one above
the ligature, as at 6, about one
inch in length. In selecting a
scion prefer one that has natu-
rally a bend. Cut it so that it
shall be wedge-shape at both
ends, and a little longer than
the distance between the cuts in
the vine at a and b. Insert the
scion, taking care to have the
barks in direct contact, securing
it with a string, c, bound round
both scion aud vine sufficiently
tight to force the scion-ends into
their places. If the work is done
well, no tie will be required at
a and 6, but the joints should be covered with
grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d will
commence its growth, after which you can by
degrees remove all the growing shoots not be-
longing to the scion, and in course of the sum-
mer you may cut off the wood above 6, and in
the Fall remove all above a on the stock, and
above c on the scion.

This, as well as all other methods of grafting
above ground, require "much careful watching,
i and a judicious use of graft-
/ 1 I \ ing wax, as its entering into
\\ | y the slit is positively injurious.
Quite recently Mr. Henry
Bouschet of Montpellier,
France, has proposed the fol-
lowing system of grafted cut-
tings, "boutture greffee," to
replant with them their Phyl-
loxera destroyed vineyards.
It consists in uniting a portion
of the American grape-cutting,
(making resisting roots,)
which is to serve as stock,
with a portion of the Euro-
pean grape-cutting (of which
the fruit is desired) as graft,
as shown in annexed figure,
and the united cutting, snugly
tied together with some slight
shreds, is then planted like a

simple long cutting, thus doing both the plant-
ing and grafting at the same time. Of course
the- graft can be previously prepared in the
room, at the fireside. Mr. Bouschet has shown
at the Exposition of the Yiticultural Congress
at Montpellier, (Oct. 1874,) samples of such
grafts, which had made a successful union and
growth, and gigantic experiments are now made
with this system in France.

We propose to experiment more extensively
ourselves in the matter of grafting with the
view to combat the inroads of. the Phylloxera,
and the results of our experiments shall be duly
made public. We are confident that many of
our choicest table grapes, and perhaps even
European grapes, could, if worked in such a
way, be successfully grown in many regions
where they are now a total failure.

Of wine grapes, on the other hand, we have
now such good and valuable varieties, like Cyn-
thiana, Cunningham, Elvira, Herbemont, Her-
mann, Louisiana, Neosho, etc., all of which are
free from the destructive effects of the Phyl-
loxera, not to speak of a number of new and
highly promising JEstivalis seedlings, which as
a class are good resistants to the insect, that to
be successful in growing a gofod wine grape, we,
here, need have no recourse to the interesting,
yet nevertheless, laborious process of grafting
the grape vine.

But now let us return to the modus operandi
of planting. Take your vines, from the place
where they were heeled-in,* wrapped in a wet
cloth, or in a pail with water, to the holes;
when planting, let one person shorten the roots,
with a sharp knife, then spread them out evenly
to all sides, and let another fill in with well pul-
verized earth. The earth should he worked in
among the roots with the finger, and lightly
pressed to them with the foot. Lay the vine in
slanting, and let its top come out at the stake
previously set. Then, with your knife, cut
back the top to a bud iust above, or even with
the surface of the ground. Do not leave more
than two buds on any one of the young vines.

*On receiving your vines from the nursery, they
should be taken out of the box, without delay, and
heeled-in, which is done as follows: In a dry and well
protected situation, a trench is made in the soil 12 to 15
inches deep, and wide enough to receive the roots of the
plants, and of any required length, the soil beingthrown
out upon one side. The plants are then set thickly to-
gether in the trench, with the tops in a sloping direction
and against the bank of soil thrown out of the trench ;
another trench is made parallel to the first, and the soil
taken from it is thrown into the first, covering the roots
carefully, filling in all of the interstices between them.
Press down the soil, and smooth off the surface, so that
water shall not lodge thereon. When one trench is fin-
ished, set the plants in the next, and proceed as before.
When all this is completed, dig a shallow trench arouiu
the whole, so as to carry off the water and keep the sit-
uation dry.

GEAPE MANUAL

19

which you are planting, however strong the
tops, or however stout and wiry the roots may
be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and merely
to be prepared for possible accident, both buds
are allowed to start. The weaker of the two
shoots may afterwards be removed or pinched
back.

When planted in the fall, raise a small mound
around your vine, so that the water will drain
off, and throw a handful of straw or any other
mulch on the top of the mound, to protect it ;
but do not cove* the vine with manure, either
decomposed or fresh, under any circumstances.

It is a well authenticated fact that, under the
action of nitrogenous agents, the grape grows
more luxuriant, its leaves are larger, its pro-
duct increases in quantity. But the products
of vineyards so manured have an acknowledged
defect — they impart to the wine a flavor which
recalls the kind of manure applied. Moreover,
nitrogenous substances exclusively used hasten
the decay of vineyards and the exhaustion of the
soil.

We use no manures in our vineyards, except
the ashes of the stumps and brush, which we
burn on the spot in clearing, and the decom-
posed leaves of the forest, which we have to
turn under in plowing our grounds. Other
soils may require manures, and ours may, in
later years. But even those authorities who fa-
vor manures in preparing certain grounds, or
long after planting, do not allow any decompos-
ing organic matter to come in contact with the
newly planted vine.*

During the first summer, little else can be
done than to keep the ground mellow, loose
about the plants and free from weeds ; stirring
the ground, especially in dry weather, is the
best stimulant, far better than liquid manure,
and mulching (spreading over the ground a
layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw, salt, hay, or
the like, to maintain a more uniform state of
temperature and moisture for the roots) is far

* The experiments made in France during the years
1872, 1873 and 1874, with different methods of treating
vines diseased by Phylloxera, led to the conclusion that
manures especially thosw rich in potash and nitrogenous
substances, benefit the affected vines. Squares thus
treated, which were benefited in Is72 and 1873, have, in
1374, in some cases almost returned to their original vig-
or, but the Phylloxera has not disappeared. And the
ministerial commission, reporting on these experiments
believed itself justified In asserting that manures, rich
in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy
sulphates, refuse of salt-works, soot, wood ashes, ammo-
nia, or fat lime, have increased the productiveness of the
vines and allowed the fruit to ripen. Prof. Af. Roessler
of Klosternenburg. Austria, believes in fighting the in-
sect with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash.
This treatment succeeds in porous soils, and to obtain
this porosity the learned CEnologue made use of dyna-
mite, raising the ground thus from a great depth, with-
out injuring the vines.

better than watering. Do not tie your young
vines up, do not pinch off the laterals ; by allow-
ing them to lie on the ground, during the first
season, more vigorous stems will be obtained.
A fair growth is about four feet the first sum-
mer. In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut
back to two or three buds. Cover the short cane
left with a few inches earth before the ground
freezes.

During the following winter, the TRELLIS
should be built. The plan adopted by most of
our experienced grape growers, as possessing
some advantages over other plans, especially if
grapes are grown in large quantities, is as fol-
lows : Posts of some durable timber (red cedar
is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet
long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being set;
these posts are set in holes two feet deep, 16 to
18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2 vines
8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are between
two stakes), three wires are then stretched hor-
izontally along the posts, being fastened to each
post with a staple f), which is driven in so firmly
that the wire is prevented from slipping through.
The two end posts should be larger than the
others and braced (Fig. 20), so that the contrac-

Fig. 20.— (Four wires, 15 inches apart.)

tion of the wire (in cold weather) will not
loosen them. The first wire is placed about 18
inches from the ground and the others 18 inches
apart ; this brings the upper wire about 4 feet 6
inches from the ground. The size of wire used
is No. 10 annealed iron; but No. 12 wire is
strong enough. At the present prices of wire
the cost per acre will be from $40 to $60, ac-
cording to distance of rows and number of wires
used.
No 12 is the size most commonly used.

The Ludlow Saylor Wire Company, St. Louis,
furnish us the following table, which may serve
in calculating the cost:

20

BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE.

Fig. 21.

Size of Wire."'

Cost per Ib.

Weight of 100
yanjs.

?_,
o>
ft .

II

d
fc

323
264
211
163
124
97

b

- .
p,oa

*S

1«?

^1
£*

Length of 100
Ibg.in yds.

Break with di-
rect strain of
Iba.

!.

rig

£§

1

Cost per acre .
3 strands-
rows 8 feet
apart.

9

10

11

12
13
14

?

8

18.36
14.97
11.95
9.24
7.05
5.51

342
420
529
700
893
1142

609
747
939
1244
1519
2031

15HO
1280
1000
800
068
4o6

986
807
645
499
377
296

$64 15
64 50
51 60
42 35
36 00
27 25

In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve
the same purpose (as seen in fig. 21), but they
are not durable, and the posts must then be put
in much closer. Another mode of making wire
trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal bars
and perpendicular wires, as shown in a follow-
ing illustration (fig. 22). Posts of good, hard,
durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and Ci to

!1

Fig. 22.

7 feet long, are placed between the vines, at
equal distance from each vine, and in a line
with them, two feet deep in the ground. When
the posts are set, nail on strips about 2£ inches
wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar being
placed one foot from the ground, and the other
at the top of the post. Then take No. 16 gal-
vanized iron wire and put it on perpendicularly,
twisting it around the lower and upper bar, at
a distance of about 12 inches apart. Galvan-
ized iron is preferable, and as a pound of No.
16 wire gives one hundred and two feet, the ad-
ditional expense is but very small. This trellis

will probably cost less than with horizontal
wires, and is preferred by some. Practical ex-
perience, however, speaks in favor of horizontal
wires, and a method with only two horizontal
wires, the lower about 3 feet high and the upper
about 5£ feet high, is gaining the good opinion
of vineyardists, East and West. A good many
grape growers train their vines to stakes, be-
lieving it to be cheaper, and the decline in the
price of grapes and wine induces many to adopt
the least costly plan ; one, two and three stakes
will be recommended by some, all of which will
prove a slovenly — very inconvenient method.
And yet, quite recently, a method of training
our vines to but one stake each, pruning the
vine to two branches, which are wound spirally,
in opposite directions, around the stake, and
nailed fast to its top, has been not only claimed
as a new invention and as an improvement in
grape culture, but has actually been patented !
(J. B. Tillinghast, modes of training and secur-
ing Grave-vines, No. 155,995. Patented Get.
13, 1874.)

Some people believe even that we could dis-
pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and
urge the adoption of the " Souche " or " Buck
Pruning" plan used in parts of France and
Switzerland, but quite impracticable for our
strong growing species.

If you have covered your young vines last
fall, remove the earth from over them at the ap-
proach of spring; then cultivate the whole
ground', plowing between the rows from four to
six inches deep, and carefully hoeing around
the vines with a pronged hoe ; the two-prong
German hoe or Karat, has been generally used
in vineyards, but since we got Hexamer 'sprang >-
hoe w« prefer this excellent tool. The ground
should thus be broken up, inverted and kept in
a mellow condition continually; but do not
work the ground when wet!

During the second summer, a cane or shoot is
produced from each of the two or three buds
which you left on the young vine last fall. Of

GRAPE MANUAL.

21

these young shoots, if there are three, leave on-
ly the two strongest, tying them neatly to the
trellis, and let them grow unchecked to the up-
permost wire.

With the strong-growing varieties, especially
where we intend to grow the fruit on laterals or
spurs, the two main canes are pinched off when
they reach the second horizontal wire, whereby
the laterals are forced into stronger growth,
each forming a medium-sized cane, which is
shortened in the fall from four to six buds. One
of the two main canes may be layered in June,
covering it with mellow soil, about an inch
deep, leaving the ends of the laterals out of the
ground. These will generally make good plants
in the fall for further plantations ; with varie-
ties which do not grow easily from cuttings,
this method is particularly desirable. Fig. 23
shows the vines tied and pruned, accordingly,
at the end of the second season (the cross lines
through the canes showing where they are cut
off or pruned).

Another good mode of training, recommended
by Fuller, is to bend down in fall, at the end of
the second season, the two main canes of the
vines (the laterals of which have been pinched
back to concentrate the growth into these main
canes) in opposite directions, laying and tying
them against the lower wire or bar of the trellis,
as shown in figure 22, and shortening them to
four feet each. Then let five or six of the
buds on the upper side of the arms be grown in-
to upright canes. All buds and shoots not
wanted for upright canes, should be rubbed or
broken off. This latter method is not well
adapted for varieties which require covering in
winter. Where the canes are started lower,
near the ground, and cut loose from the wire,
they can be easily covered with earth.

At the commencement of the third season (un-
cover and) tie the canes to the trellis, as shown
before. For tying, any soft string or stout
woolen yarn, the shreds of old gunnies, may be
used; some obtain their tying material from
basswood-bark, soaked for two weeks or longer

in running water. Mr. Husmann
recommends to plant the Golden
Willow or any other willow (Pur-
purea Vinivalis), and to use its
small twigs for tying purposes. Tie
tightly, and as young canes grow,
keep them tied, but, in all cases,
take care against tying too tightly,
as the free flow of sap may be ob-
structed.

The ground is now plowed and hoed again,
as described before. From each of the buds
left at the last pruning (as shown in the
preceding figures), canes can be grown du-
ring the third year, and each of these canes
will probably bear two or three bunches of
fruit. There is danger of their being injured
by over-bearing, on which account the bunches
should be tl.inned out by taking away all im-
perfect bunches and feeble shoots. In order to
secure future fruitfulness of the vine, and to
keep it at the same time in our convenient con-
trol, we should allow no more wood to grow
than we need for next seasons' bearing, and for
this purpose we resort to Spring pruning, gen-
erally, though improperly, called :

SUMMER PRUNING.

The time to perform the first summer pruning
is when the young shoots are about six inches
long, and when you can see plainly all the small
bunches — the embryo fruit. We commence at
the lower two spurs, having two buds each, and
both started. One of them we intend for a
bearing cane next summer; therefore, allow it
to grow unchecked for the present, tying it, if
long enough, to the lowest wire. The other,
which we intend for a spur again next fall, we
pinch with the thumb and finger to just beyond

Fig1. 24. Fig. 25.

the last bunch or button, taking out the leader
between the last bunch and the next leaf, as
shown in fig. 24, the cross line indicating where
the leader is to be pinched off. We now come

22

BUSH BERG CATALOGUE.

to the next spur, on the opposite side, where
we also leave one cane to grow unchecked, and
pinch off the other.

"We now go over all the shoots coming from
the arms or laterals tied to the trellis, and also
pinch them beyond the last bunch. Should any
of the buds have pushed out two shoots, we rub
off the weakest ; we also take off all barren or
weak shoots. If any of them are not sufficiently
developed we pass them over, and go over the
vines again, in a few days after the first pinch-
ing.

The bearing branches having all been pinched
back, we can leave our vines alone until after
the bloom, only tying up the young canes from
the spurs, should it become necessary. But do
not tie them over the bearing canes, but lead
them to the empty space on both sides of the
vine, as our object must be to give the fruit all
the air and light we can.

By the time the grapes have bloomed, the lat-
erals will have pushed from the axils of the
leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over
these again, and pinch each lateral back to one
leaf, as shown in fig. 25. In a short time, the
laterals on the fruit bearing branches which
have been pinched will throw out suckers again.
These are stopped again, leaving one leaf of the
young growth. Leave the laterals on the canes
intended for next years' fruiting to grow un-
checked, tying them neatly with bass or paw-
paw bark, or with rye straw to the wires.

If you prefer training your vines on the hori-
zontal arm system (fig . 22) the mode of summer
pruning will be in the main the same. Pinch
off the end of each upright shoot as soon as it
has made two leaves beyond the last bunch of
fruit ; the shoots after being stopped will soon
start, and after growing a few inches should be
stopped again, as we wish to keep them within
the limits of the trellis, and the laterals should
be stopped beyond its first leaf. Thus we try
to keep the vine equally balanced in fruit, foli-
age and wood. It will be perceived that fall
pruning, or shortening-in the ripened wood of
the vine, and summer pruning, shortening-in
and thinning out the young growth, have one
and the same object in view, namely, to keep
the vine within proper bounds, and concentrate
all its energies for a two-fold object, namely,
the production of and ripening of the most per-
fect fruit, and the production of strong, healthy
wood for the coming season's crop. Both ope-
rations are, in fact, only different parts of one
and the same system, of which summer pruning
is the preparatory, and fall pruning the finishing

part ; but while the vine will bear, without ap-
parent injury, any reasonable amount of prun-
ing during its dormant state, in fall or winter,
any sef ere cutting during summer is an unmit-
igated evil. G. W. Campbell, the well-known
horticulturist, says: "All the summer pruning
I would recommend, would be the early rub-
bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their first
appearance ; leaving only what is required for
next years' bearing wood. This, with the
pinching or stopping the ends of such shoots or
canes as were disposed to be too rampant in
growth, would be all I would ever consider
necessary. Some of the most successful grape
growers within my knowledge, carefully prune
their vines in fall or early spring, and then
leave them entirely without summer pruning."
The importance of this matter is so great that
we subjoin —

HUSMANN'S METHOD OF SUMMER PRUNING

THE VINE.

[Extract from his excellent articles in the "Grape Cul-
turist " on this most important operation.]

Without proper and judicious summer prun-
ing, it is impossible to prune judiciously in the
fall. If you have allowed six to eight canes to
grow in summer where you need but two or
three, none of them will be fit to bear a full
crop, nor be properly developed. We prune
longer in fall than the majority of our vintners,
which gives a double advantage; should the
frost of winter have injured or killed any of the
first buds, we still have enough left; and should
this not be the case, we still have our choice to
rub off all imperfect shoots ; to reduce the num-
ber of bunches at the first pinching, and thus
retain only strong canes for the next years'
fruiting, and have only large, well developed
bunches.

But to secure these advantages we have cer-
tain rules, which we follow strictly. We are
glad to see that the attention of the grape grow-
ers of the country is thoroughly aroused to the
importance of this subject, and that the old
practice of cutting and slashing the young
growth in July and August is generally dis-
countenanced. It has murdered more promising
vineyards than any other practice. But people
are apt to run into extremes, and many are now
advocating the " let-alone" doctrine. We think
both are wrong, and that the true course to steer
is in the middle.

1. Perform the operation EARLY. Do it as
soon as the shoots are six inches long. At this
time you can oversee your vine much easier.
Every young shoot is soft and pliable. You do

GRAPE MANUAL.

23

not rob the vine of a quantity of foliage it can-
not spare (as the leaves are the lungs of the
plant and the elevators of the sap) . You can
do three times the work that you can perform a
week later, when the shoots have become hard-
ened, and intertwined by their tendrils. Re-
member that the knife should have nothing to
do with summer pruning. Your thumb and
iinger should perform all the work, and they
can do it easily if it is done early.

2. Perform it thoroughly and systematically.
Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood
for next year. These are left unchecked ; but
do not leave more than you really need. Re-
member that each part of the vine should be
thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too
much, none of the canes will ripen their wood
as thoroughly nor be as vigorous as when each
lias room, air and light. Having selected these,
commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing
off all superfluous shoots, and all which appear
weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm
or part of the vine, pinching every fruit bearing
branch above the last bunch of grapes, or, if
this should look weak or imperfect, remove it
and pinch back to the first perfectly developed
bunch. Should the bud have pushed out two
or three shoots, it will generally be advisable to
leave only the strongest, and remove the bal-
ance. Do not think that you can do part of it a
little later, but be unsparing in taking away all
you intend to take this time. Destroy all the
caterpillars, and all the insects you find feeding
on the vines, the steel-blue beetle, who will eat
into the buds. But protect the lady-bug, man-
tis, and all the friends of the vine.

We come now to the second stage of summer
pruning. After the first pinching, the dormant
buds in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing
shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot, oppo-
site the young bunches. Our second operation
consists in pinching each of these laterals back
to one leaf as soon as we can get hold of the
shoot above the first leaf, so that we get a young
vigorous leaf additional, opposite to each bunch
of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap,
and also as an excellent protection and shade
to the fruit. Remember, our aim is not to rob
the plant of its foliage, but to make two leaves
grow where there was but one before, and at a
place where they are of more benefit to the
fruit. By our method, our rows of vines have
the appearance of leafy walls, each bunch of the
fruit properly shaded, and yet each part ot the
vine is properly ventilated. We come now to

another of those accidental discoveries, which
has proved of great use to us in the manage-
ment of the Concord, Herbemont, Taylor, etc.
In the summer of 1862, when a piece of Con-
cord> planted 1861, was growing rapidly, a se-
vere hail storm cut up the young shoots, com-
pletely defoliating them, and breaking the ten-
der and succulent shoots at a height of about
two feet. The vines were growing rapidly, and
the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves im-
mediately pushed out laterals, which made very
fair sized canes. In the following fall, when we
commenced to prune, we found from three to
five of these strong laterals on each cane, and
accordingly shortened them in to from three to
five and six buds each. On these laterals we
raised as fine a crop of grapes as we ever saw,
certainly much finer than we had ever before
raised on the strong canes ; and we have since
learned to imitate hail storms by pinching the
leaders of young shoots when they have grown,
say two feet, forcing out the laterals, and grow-
ing our fruit on the latter, thus meeting with
another illustration of the old proverb, " It is
an ill wind that blows nobody any good."

After the second pinching of the fruit-bearing
branches, as described above, the laterals will
generally start once more, and we pinch the
young growth again to one leaf, thus giving
each lateral two well developed leaves. The
whole course should be completed about the
middle of June here, and whatever grows after-
wards should be left. In closing, let us glance
at the objects we have in view :

1. To keep the vines within proper bounds,
so that it is at all times under the control of the
vintner, ivithout weakening its constitution by
robbing it of a great amount of foliage.

2. Judicious thinning of the fruit at a time
when no vigor has been expended in its level-
opment.

3. Developing strong, healthy foliage, by
forcing the growth of the laterals and having
two young, healthy leaves opposite sach bunch,
which will shade the fruit and serve as conduc-
tors of the sap to the fruit.

4. Growing vigorous canes for next year's
fruiting and no more, thereby making them
stronger ; as every part of the vine is thus ac-
cessible to light and air the wood will ripen bet-
ter and more uniform.

5. Destruction of noxious insects. As the
vintner has to look over each shoot of the vine,
this is done more thoroughly and systematically
than by any other process.

24

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

FALL OR WINTER PRUNING.

This may be performed at any time, dur-
ing mild days, while the vine is in a dormant
state, generally from November to March, but
should be done at least a week before vegeta-
tion is likely to commence. Tender varieties,
which require covering, must, of course, be
pruned in November.

Different varieties will require somewhat dif-
ferent treatment, some varieties (strong grow-
ers) will fruit better if pruned to spurs on old
wood, than on the young canes, retaining the
old canes and pruning the healthy, strong
shoots or laterals they have to two buds,
whereas, others (only moderate growers) will
flourish and bear best when pruned short and
to a cane of last season's growth.

The observing vintner will find some hints
in our descriptive catalogue, but only by prac-
tice and experience can he learn the best method
for each variety.

The following are the views of Mr. Husmann
on this subject:

Some varieties will bear more readily and
larger bunches upon the laterals of the young
canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on old
bearing branches, and some will fruit readily
upon the principal canes. This should govern
you in pruning.

Most of the strong growers of the Labrusca
species, (Concord, Hartford, Ives, Martha, Per-
kins, etc.,) as well as some of its more vigorous
Hybrids, (Goethe, Wilder, etc.,) and especially
some JEstivalis, (Herbemont, Cunningham,
Louisiana, Rulander,) will fruit best on the lat-
erals of the young canes of last summer's growth
provided they are strong enough, which they
will be if they have been pinched according to
our directions ; the fruit buds at the base of the
principal canes are seldom well developed, and
will not bring much fruit. We therefore grow
the fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened
in to from two to six eyes each, according to
their strength. All these rank growers should
have plenty to do, that is they should be pruned
long, much longer than is generally done.
Should too many bunches appear, you can
easily reduce the number at the first pinching.
All the Cordifolia, and some of the ^Estivalis
class (Cynthiana and Norton's Virginia) , pro-
duce best on spurs on two or three year old canes;
they will also bear better on spurs on laterals
than on main canes, but do not produce their
best fruit until they can be " spurred in " on old
arms. For this purpose, select for your spurs

strong, well ripened shoots, cut them back two
to three eyes each, and cut out all the small and
imperfect ones. You may leave from thirty to
fifty buds, according to the strength of your
vine, and always bear in mind (hat you can re-
duce the number of bunches, when summer
pruning.

A third class produces readily and abundantly
from the main caues. This comprises the van-
lies which do not grow very strong, the more
tender Labrusca and all of more or less Vinifera
characteristics, viz: the Alvey, Cassady, Creve-
ling, Catawba, Delaware, lona, Rebecca. —
These will produce best on short canes of say
six eyes, short pruning, and the old renewal
plan may be as good as any for them. There is
also much more danger of overtasking this class
than both of the others, and they should never
be allowed to bear too much.

Grape Culturist, Nov. 1870.

From the above it will be seen that different
methods apply to different varieties, and we
may add that they ought to be also modified ac-
cording to other circumstances. Those, there-
fore, who have recommended various and con-
tradictory systems of training and pruning may
have each been right ; but were wrong in be-
lieving their preferred method the only correct
method in all cases, or equally well adapted for
all species and varieties of grapes. Bearing- this
in mind the intelligent vintner will soon learn
how far one or the other systems is best appli-
cable in his case.

SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.

We may now consider the vine as fully estab-
lished, able to bear a full crop, and when tied
to the trellis in spring, to present the appear-
ance as shown in fig. 26.

(Fig. 26.)

The operations are precisely the same as in
the third year. If you train your vines on the
horizontal system, the upright canes, which
were pruned back to two buds each, will now
produce two shoots each, If more than one
shoot should proceed from each of these two
buds, or if other shoots should start from small

GRAPE MANUAL.

buds near the arms only the strongest one
should be allowed to grow, and all others
rubbed off. Instead of ten to twelve upright
canes, you will have twenty to twenty four, and
allowing three bunches to each, you may get
seventy bunches to every vine, the fourth year
after planting. These canes are now to be
treated the same, as regards stopping, pinching
laterals, etc., during each subsequent year of
their growth.

There are many other modes and systems of
training, but the same general rules and princi-
ples prevail in nearly all.

There is one well authenticated fact in the
fruiting of the grape, viz: that the finest fruit,
the best, earliest and largest crops are produced
upon the strongest shoots of the previous years'
growth. The only proper system of pruning
will therefore be that which encourages and se-
cures an abundance of such shoots. By this
general principle all new systems, so called,
should be proved, and beginners in grape cul-
ture may be able to guard against receiving
false impressions with reference to any mode
which may fall under their observation; and
this caution is the more necessary as young
vines will bear good crops for a -few years, even
under very indifferent treatment In all sys-
tems of training which involve the retention of
wood beyond five or six years, as in the case of
spur pruning, and the methods with permanent
horizontal branches, it is absolutely essential to
remove the older wood at certain periods, and
replace it with younger wood from near the
base of the plant. Fixed rules can hardly be
given for an operation which requires so much
thought and such close acquaintance with the
growth and bearing habits of the different
varieties.

If you desire to train your vines for arbors or
on walls, leave but one shoot to grow during
the first summer, and if necessary even the sec-
ond, so that it may get very strong. Cut back
to three eyes in fall, these will each throw out a
strong shoot, which should be tied to the arbor
they are designed to cover, and allowed to grow
unchecked. These three canes will be cut back
in the fall following to three buds each, which
will give us three principal branches, each with
their canes the third or fourth season; of each
of these branches, cut next fall one cane to two
eyes, and the others to six or more buds, ac-
cording to the strength of the vine, then gradu-
ally increase the number of branches and cut
back more severely those which fruited. In this
manner a vine can be made in the course of

time to cover a large space, produce a large
quantity of fruit, and get very old.

Those who desire further information and di-
rections on various modes of pruning and train-
ing, or on the culture of grape vines in glass
houses, we refer to Chorlton's Grape Growers'
Guide; Fuller's Grape Culturist; Hoare's Cul-
tivation of the Grape-vine on open Walls ; and
other books on Grape Culture, especially also to
an article on Pruning and Training the Grape-
vine, by Win. Saunders, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Report, 1866.

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE VINE.

The vine, with all its vigor and longevity, is no less
subject to diseases than all other organic bodies, and as
we cannot remove most of their causes, and can even
with the best care prevent and cure but few, our first
attention must be given to the selection of healthy
plants and of hardy varieties. You have already been
warned against planting the Grape Vine in heavy, wet
soil, where water stagnates, or in places exposed to
early and late frosts. You have been impressed with
the necessity of clean cultivation, stirring the soil,* of
proper training, and of thinning the fruit. It you dis-
regard these points, even the healthiest and most vig-
orous varieties of vines will become diseased.

" The Mildew is probably our most formidable disease.
It is a fungus; two distinct kinds are infesting our
vines. The one "Odium Tuckeri," of Europe, shows a
powdery appearance on the nvper surface of leaves, and
frequently forms a somewhat leathery coating on shoots
and berries. Its effects are to corrode and prevent the
further swelling of the parts attacked. Grapes that are
touched by it, will show an indurated spot, hard and
brown, the portions of the berry ^not attacked, will
swell out freely, and all that this hurt portion can do is
to crack open, which it unially does, and the seeds
may frequently be seen to protrude from this crack.

But the mildew most injurious to our native grapes
is altogether different. This is a Peronospora, and
shows itself on the under surface of the leaves, usually
looking like a small patch of whitish-brown, downy
matter. It adheres closely to the leaf, and is a perfect
parasite; it destroys the part where it adheres, the sun
burns a hole, and it is called blister, leaf-blight, etc.
But if you say that it is mildew— oh, no ! I never had
any mildew. Being confined to the under surface of
tke leaves it escapes observation. This mildew is en-
couraged by continued damp, rainy weather, or even
constant heavy dews, followed by still, balmy days ;
anything in fact that will prevent moisture from quickly
leaving the foliage." Wm. Saunders.

* We are aware of the fact that in certain seasons and
peculiar soils, neglected vineyards, filled with grass and
weeds have escaped diseases and borne full crops, while
well hoed and cultivated vineyards suffered severely, es-
pecially from rot; but the rule holds nevertheless good,
in general. After a season of severe drouth, for instance,
fall ploughing may cause the evaporation of the scanty
remaining moisture in the loosened soil and render the
exhausted roots a prey to severe frosts, while the un-
ploughed, baked surface would serve as a protection
against both. Such exceptions have misled some grape
growers to advocate non-cultivation, or even grass
sowing in their vineyards. But after a year or two a
stunted growth, and unproductiveness of their vines was
the result.

26

BUvSHBERG CATALOGUE.

The European varieties are more subject to this dis-
ease tb an our indigenous sorts. In France and Ger-
many it is successfully combated with flour of sulphur,
early and often applied, on the lower surface of the
leaves . * "With our prices of labor it would scarcely be
practicable except in cold graperies or garden culture,
and it is best not to plant largely of those varieties
which are very liable to this disease.

The Rot There are several kinds of Rot in the ber-
ries, (well known to all cultivators to their dismay,)
specially prevalent in heavy soils and during wet sea-
sons; (at least the dry climate of California seems a
complete safeguard against both mildew and rot,) and
whatever the causes, the best method to pursue is to
choose varieties that are least liable to be affected, and
to plant them upon well drained soil.

Sun-scald is another disease, or, probably, only an-
other stadium of mildew. The leaves seem to be-
come blistered or burnt; that portion injured will turn
brown, arid in a few days it becomes dry and crisp. If
the leaves are much injured by sun-scald the fruit does
not mature. (This shows the absurdity of removing
the leaves to make the grape ripen better or sooner.)
Sun-scald and mildew often go together, and vines af-
fected by the one are very likely to be attacked by the
other.

There is another species of fungus called rust, and
some other diseases, but they are by far less injurious
and formidable than the many noxious

INSECTS.

[Our limited space only permits us to briefly refer to
a few of those insects which we have found most inju-
rious in our own vineyards. These are, however, for
the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treatises
on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them we
are indebted to the valuable Entomological Reports of
the State of Missouri.]

THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.

( Phylloxera vastatrix . )

Among the insects injurious to the Grape-vine none
have ever attracted as much attention as the PHYLLOX-
ERA, which, in its essential characteristics, was un-
known when the first edition of this little work on
American Grape-vines was written. The gall-inhabit-
ing type of this insect, it is true, was noticed by our
grape-growers, many years ago, (especially on the Clin-
ton) but they knew nothing of its root-inhabiting type.
Even Fuller — who informs us that in Mr. Grant's cele-
brated grape -nurseries, (as far back as 1858) the men
were in the habit of combing out, with their fingers,
the roots of young vines to be sent off, in order to get
rid of the knots — never mentions anything of this, nor of
any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on
the Cultivation of the Native Grape, though 16 pages
are devoted to its insects. In the Spring of 1869 M. J.
Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, first hazarded the opinion
that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so much at-
tention in Europe, was identical with the American

* The practice is to mix the sulphur with an equal
quantity of liii" air-slacked lime, and apply the powder
with the aid of bellows,, of which a very cheap style is
manufactured for thie purpose. The first application is
made as soon as the blossoms are off, in June, and re-
peated once a month during the summer. "Ihe main
point is to secure an even distribution in a dry time, and
to make sure work, this application should be made be-
fore any signs of mildew appear, and repeated 8 or 4
times during the season.

Leaf -gall Louse, (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch,
State Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pem.-
phigug*mtifoli<K)\ and in 1870, Prof. C. V. Riley suc-
ceeded in establishing the identity of their gall insect
with ours, and also the identity of the gall and root-
inhabiting types. The correctness of his views is con-
firmed by the subsequent researches of Prof. Planchon,
Dr. Signoret, Balbiani, Cornu, and other scientists in
France; lately also of Prof. Rcessler, in Klosterneu-
burg in Austria.*

After visiting France in 1871, and then extending his
observations here, some of which were made in our
Bushberg vineyards, Prof. Riley first gave us every
reason to believe " that the failure of the European
vine ( F. Vinifera) when planted here, the partial fail-
ure of many hybrids with the European Vinifera, and
the deterioration of many of the more tender-rooted
native varieties, are mainly owing to the injurious work
of this insidious little root-louse; also, that some of
our native varieties enjoy relative immunity from the
insects' attacks"— M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, having
previously noticed the remarkable resistance of certain
American vines in the midst of European vines dying
from the effects of Phylloxera. The importance of
these discoveries to grape culture cannot be too highly
appreciated. The French Minister of Agriculture com-
missioned Professor Planchon, of Montpellier, to visit
this country to study the insect here— the harm it does
to our vines, or the power of resistance which these
possess, f His investigations not only corroborated
Prof. Hiley's conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but
gave him, and through him to the people of Europe, a
knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and
wines, which will be very apt to dispel much of the
prejudice against them that has so universally prevailed
heretofore.

To discuss this subject as it deserves; to give a his-
tory of the Grape Phylloxera; the progress and extent
of its ravages; the experiments made to prevent these;
to review the influence which it had and probably
will have on American grape -culture— would far ex-
ceed the scope of this brief manual. The literature of
this subject would already fill a respectable library.
We can here merely mention a few facts, and give some
figures, which may enable the grape-grower to recog-
nize and to observe this minute, yet so important in-
sect; and we refer those who desire full and reliable
information to Prof. Rilc>'s Entomological Reports,
especially the Sixth, for 1874, from which we cull
largely. It will be understood that all the figures are
very highly magnified, and that the natural sizes are
indicated by dots within circles, or by lines.

The following figure of a grape leaf, shows the galls
or excrescences produced by the gall-inhabiting type of
the insect. On carefully opening one of the galls, we
find the mother louse diligently at work surrounding
herself with pale-yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one hun-

* While this is going to press we learn from Dr. A.
Blankenhorn , carlsruhe, Germany, that the Phylloxera
has just been found in three different places, ( Annaberg,
Carlsruhe and Worms) always on the roots of American
vines, which, however, did not show the slightest symp-
tom of disease.

t The full report of Prof. Planchon has just been pub-
lished in the form of a most interesting little volume—
" Les Vignes Americaines, leur resistance au Phylloxera
et leur avenir en Europe." Paris 1875.

GRAPE MANUAL.

27

[Under side of Leaf covered with Galls.]

dredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as thick.
She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color, and
looks not unlike an immature seed of the common purs-
lane. The eggs begin to hatch, when six or eight
days old, into active little beings, which differ from
their mother in their brighter yel-
low color, more perfect legs, etc.
Issuing from the mouth of the
gall, these young lice scatter over
the vine, most of them finding
ftieir way to the tender terminal
leaves, and commence pumping
up and appropriating the sap,
forming galls and depositing eggs,
as their immediate parent had
This process con-

0

[TYPE GALLIC9LA : c,
egg; d, section of ,iftnp hpforp
gall; e, swelling of done l
tendril.] tinues during the summer, until

the fifth or sixth generation.
Every egg brings forth a fertile female which soon be-
comes wonderfully prolific.

By the end of Sep-
tember the galls are
mostly deserted and
those which are left are
usually infected with
mildew, and eventu-
ally turn brown and
decay. The young lice
attach themselves to HATCHED

the roots, and thus hi- ventral; b, dorsal view.] -;
bernate. It is an important fact that the gall -inhabit-
ing insect occurs only as an agamic and apterous female
form. It is but a transient summer state, not at all es-
sential to the perpetua-
tion of the species, and
does, compared with the
other, or root-inhabit-
ing type, but trifling
damage. It flourishes
only on the Riparia,
more especially on the
Clinton and Taylor ; a
[MOTHER GALL-LOUSE; ventral few of its galls have
and dorsal views ] been noticed on some

other varieties, and abortive attempts are often made

to found them on others. And in some seasons it is
even difficult to find a few galls on tbe very vines on
which they were very abundant the year before .

The root-inhabiting type of the Grape Phylloxera
hibernates mostly as a young larva, attached to the
roots, and so deepened in color as generally to be of a
dull brassy brown, and therefore with difficulty per-
ceived, as the roots are often of the same color. With
the renewal of vine growth in the spring, this larva
moults, rapidly increases in size, and soon commences
laying eggs. These eggs in due time give birth to
young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying rnfothers
like the first, and like them, always remain wingless.
Five or six generations of these egg-bearing mothers
follow each other, when, aboufthe middle of July, in
the latitude of St. Louis, some of the individuals begin
to acquire wings and continue to issue from the ground
until vine-growth ceases in the fall. Having issued
from the ground while in the pupa state, they rise in
the air and spread to new vine-
yards, where they deliver them-
selves of their issue in the form
of eggs, and then perish. In
the course of a fortnight, these
eggs which are probably depos-
ited in the crevices on the sur-
face of the ground, near the

base of the vine? pr°duce the

sexual individuals, which are
born for no other purpose than
the reproduction of their kind,
and are without means of flight

[MALE PHYLLOXERA:
Ventral View.]

or of taking food. They are quite active and couple
readily.

Every piece of root having rootlets, taken from an
infected vine during August or September, will present
a goodly proportion of pupa3, and a glass jar filled with
such roots and tightly closed, will furnish daily, for
some time, a do^en or more winged females, which
gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We may
gather some idea from this fact of the immense number
that disperse through the air to new fields, from a single
acre of infected vines in the course of the late summer

[TYPE RADICICOLA; showing the tubercles by
which it is distinguished from Gatlicola.]

and iall months. We have, therefore, the spectacle of
an underground insect possessing the power of contin-
ued existence, even when confined to its subterranean
retreats. It spreads in the wingless state from vine to
vine and from vineyard to vineyard, when these are
adjacent, either through passages in the ground itself,
or over the surface ; at the same time it is able in the
winged condition, to migrate to much more distant
points.

If to the above account ;we add that occasionally in-

28

BUSHBBRG CATALOGUE.

dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor-
mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves
of certain varieties of grape-vines, we have in a general
way, the natural history of the species.

The annexed figure shows the abnormal swelling of
the rootlets, which follows the puncture of the root-
louse; they eventually rot and the lice forsake them and
betake themselves to fresh ones. As these decompose,
the lice congregate on the larger parts beyond, until
at last the root system literally wastes away.

During the first year of attack there are scarcely any
outward manifestations of disease; only the second and
third year— when the fibrous roots have vanished, and
the lice not only prevent the formation of new ones,
but settle on the larger roots, which also eventually
become disorganized and rot — do the outward symp-
toms of the disease become manifest, in a sickly, yel-
lowish appearance ol the leaf, and a reduced growth of
cane; and the vine dies. When the vine is about dy-
ing, it is generally impossible to discover the cause of
the d°ath, the lice having previously left for fresh pas-
turage.

As is frequently the case with injurious insects, the
Phylloxera shows a preference for and thrives best on
certain species, and even discriminates between varie-
ties, or what amounts to the same thing, practically,
some species, or varieties, resist its attacks and enjoy a
relative immunity from i's injuries. A knowledge of
the relative susceptibility of different varieties to the
attacks and injuries of the insect, is therefore of para-
mount importance . Information on this subject, based

[TYPE RADICICOLA:— «, shows a healthv root; b, one on
which the lice are working, representing the knots and
swellings caused by their punctures; c, a root that has
been deserted by them, and where the rootlets have com-
menced to decay; d, d, d. show how the lice are found on
the larger roots ; e, female pupa, dorsal view ; g, winged
female, dorsal view.]

on the researches of Prof. Riley, in addition to careful
observation and experiments, made during the last
four years by ourselves and our many correspondents
in France and in this country, are contained in this cat-
alogue, both in the "Description of Varieties'- and in
the notes to Dr. Engelinann's "Classification of Spe-
cies." (Pages 4—12.)

The reasons why certain vines thus enjoy exemption
while others so readily succumb, cannot be fully ascer-
tained, but in a broad way it may be stated that there
is a relation between the susceptibility of the vine and
the character of its roots — the slow-growing, more ten-
der-wooded and consequently tender-rooted varieties
succumbing the most readily.

We see in the general resistibility of our purely na-
tive American vines against the Phylloxera, a remark-
able verification of that law which Darwin has so ably
established and aphoristically expressed, as " THE SUR-
VIVAL OF TUB FITTEST."

Professor Riley, in explaining " Why the insect is
more injurious in Europe than here," says: "There
exists a certain harmony between the indigenous fauna
and flora of a country ; and our native vines are such
as, from their inherent peculiarities, have best with-
stood the attacks of the insect. The European vine, on
the contrary, succumbs more readily, not only because
of its more tender and delicate nature, but because it
has not been accustomed to the disease — there being,
doubtless, a parallel between this case and the well-
known fact that diseases and parasites which are com-
paratively harmless among peoples long accustomed to
them, become virulent and often fatal when first intro-
duced among hitherto uncontaminated peoples. Then
the particular natural enemies of the insect which be-
long to its own class, and which in this country help to
keep it within due bounds, are lacking in Europe; and
it will require ?ome time before the closely allied Euro-
pean predaceous species will prey upon and check it
there to the same extent. The Phylloxera will, also,
all other things being equal, have an advantage in those
countries where the mildness and shortness of the win-
ter allow an increase in the annual number of its gen-
erations. Finally, the differences in soil and in modes
of culture have no insignificant bearing on the question
in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both types, is found
on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such wild vines
in a state of nature are ever killed by it. With their
far reaching arms embracing shrub and tree, their
climbing habit unchecked by the pruner's knife, these
vines have a corresponding length and depth of root,
which render them less susceptible to injury from an
under-ground enemy. Our own method of growing
them on trellis approaches more nearly these natural
conditions than that employed in the ravaged French
districts, where the vines are grown in greater proxim-
ity and allowed to trail upon the ground, or are sup-
ported to a single stake."

Again, after speaking of the large numbers of winged
females rising from the ground during late summer and
fall, he adds the following cogent reason in a recent
number of the New York Tribune: "The winged female
Phylloxera is wafted about, and will lay her eggs, or,
in other words, deliver herself of her progeny, wher-
ever she happens to settle. If this be upon the grape-
vine, well and good— the young live and propagate, if

MANUAL*

upon other plants, they perish. We thus have the
spectacle of a species annually wasting itself to a greater
or less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most
species produce a superabundance of seed, the larger
portion of which is destined to perish. Thus in the
thickly planted vine districts of France, lew winged
insects would fail to settle where their issue could sur-
vive, while in America, an immense number annually
perish in the large tracts of other vegetation interven-
ing between our vineyards."

Under the stimulus of a large reward (800,000 francs)
appropriated for the purpose by the French Govern-
ment, innumerable plans have been proposed and ex-
periments made during the last five years, but no rem-
. edy has yet been discovered which gives entire satisfac-
tion, or is applicable to all conditions of soil. Submer-
sion is an efficacious remedy, but on most and espec-
ially on the best hilly vinelands, submersion is imprac-
ticable. An admixture of sand in the soil is also of
service, as the root-louse does not thrive on sandy soils.
Sulpho-carbonate of potassa and coal-tar are now men-
tioned as capable of destroying the Phylloxera, and
Mr. Mares as President of the Ministerial Commission ,
in his report on the various (140) modes of treatment
tried in 1872 to 1874, states that manures rich in potash
and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy sulphates,
refuse of salt-works, soot, wood-ashes, ammonia, or
fat- lime, have given the best result. Prof. Kosssler
also believes in fighting the insect with manure and
phosphates, ammonia and potash, which treatment
succeeds in porous soils; and to obtain this porosity he
made use of dynamite, raising the soil from a great
depth without injuring the vines. He then puts some
chalk and phosphorus at the foot of the stock and irri-
gates. A gas is disengaged by the humidity, which de-
stroys great quantities of insects. But the grape grow-
ers seem not to believe in these medicinal insecticides,
or consider them impractical, too costly, and their ap-
plication too laborious. Many prefer in a great measure
to resort to planting American vines, mostly with a
view to graft thereon their own varieties. In Germany,
however, the importation of our vines and cuttings has
been prohibited by law, to prevent the introduction of
the dreaded insect.

While this may be a wise precaution where the in-
sect does not exist, we fear that it comes too late. Its
existence for several years in France, in England also,
and its having been discovered in Switzerland and in
several localities in Germany, all tend to thwart the
very object of this prohibition, which is to preserve the
German vineyards from infection. Kiley and Planchon
have established the fact that the insect is indigenous
to the N. American continent, east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and there is little doubt but that it was first im-
ported into Europe on American vines. Yet it must
not be supposed that our American vines are all neces-
sarily infested with Phylloxera, or that the insect has
been introduced in every locality where our vines have
been planted. On the contrary there are localities
where, from the isolated nature of the vineyards, or the
nature of the soil, it is difficult to find the insect, and
like many other indigenous species, it is in some years
very numerous and injurious; in others scarcely to be
seen. There is no positive evidence yet that it can be
imported on cuttings, though such transport is not im-

possible. It should be recollected also that vines im-
ported in late winter or early spring, cannot possibly
carry the insect, even if infected, in any other than the
egg or larva form; as no winged insects are then in ex-
istence, to escape on the way, or upon opening the
cases. While, therefore, we recognize the wisdom of
prohibiting the importation of American vines into
non-infected districts, it would seem unwise to cut off
from those districts already infected, the use of Ameri-
can vines, which withstand the insect's attacks; and the
danger of importing the insect would be avoided if the
plants or cuttings upon being unpacked were placed in
a bath of strong soapsuds. The greatness of the evil,
however, even justifies extreme measures.
THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER.

(Erythroneura vitis.)

Very generally but erroneously called Thrips. This
is one of the most troublesome insects the grape-grower
has to deal with. It is a very active little thing, run-
ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round quickly
to the other side when approached. It jumps with
great vigor, and congregates in great crowds upon
the under side of the leaf, pumping up the sap, and
thus causing numerous brown dead spots, and often
killing the leaf entirely. A vine badly infested with
these leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly
appearance, while the leaves often drop prematurely
and the fruit in consequence fails to ripen. There are
several species attacking the Vine — all belonging to the
same genus, however, and only differing in color. The
natural history of this insect is not recorded by entom-
ologists, but Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are
thrust into the leaf-stems. Tobacco-water and soap-
suds are recommended, in the books, to be syringed on
the vines as a remedy ; but we would recommend
passing between the rows with a torch in the evening,
smearing the stakes in Spring with soft soap or other
sticky substance, and burning the leaves in the Fall.
The hoppers fly to the light of the torch ; and as they
pass the winter under leaves, loose bark of the stakes,
etc., cleanliness in and about the vineyard is of the first
importance in checking their ravages. The torch remedy
is most effectual when three persons work in company,
one between two rows with the torch, and one on the
further side of each of the rows to give the trellis a
slight shake and disturb the hoppers.

THE GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER.

(Desmia maculatis.)

This is a worm of a glass-green color, very active,
wriggling, jumping and jerking either way at every
touch. It folds rather than rolls the leaf, by fastening
two portions together by its silken threads. The chrys-
alis is formed within the fold of the leaf. The moth is
conspicuously marked with black and white, all the
wings being bordered and spotted as in the annexed

30

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

2 j

GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER.— 1, larva; 2. head and thoracic joints
enlarged; 3, chrysalis; 4, 5, male and female moths.]

figures. The male is distinguished from the female by
his elbowed antennae, thickened near the middle, while
those of the female are simple and thread-like. The
moths appear in early Spring, but the worms are not
numerous till mid-summer. A good method to destroy
the worms is by crushing them suddenly with both
hands, within the leaf. The last brood hybernates in
the chrysalis state, within the fallen leaves, and much
may be done towards checking the ravages of this
worm, which during some years are very severe, by
raking up and burning the dead leaves in the Fall.

THE GRAPE-VINE FIDIA.

(Fidia viticida.)

This beetle, often miscalled the
Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of
the Grape-vine in Missouri. It makes
its appearance during the month of
June, and by the end of July has gen-
erally disappeared. When numerous
it so riddles the leaves as to reduce
them to mere shreds. Luckily this
beetle drops to the ground upon the
slightest disturbance, and thus enables us to keep it in
check, by taking a large basin, with a little water in it
and holding it under the insect. At the least jar the
bugs will fall into the dish. When a quantity have thus
been caught, throw them into the fire or pour hot water
upon them. Mr. Poeschel, of Hermann, raised a large
brood of chickens and had them so well trained that all
he had to do was to start them in 'he vineyard with a
boy in front to shake the infested vines, and he himself
behind the chicks. They picked up every beetle that
fell to the ground; and next season he could scarcely
find a single Fidia.

THE GIGANTIC ROOT-BORER.
(Prionus laticollis.)

a smooth, oval chamber in the earth,
wherein it assumes the pupa form . If the
roots are larger it remains within them to
undergo its changes. The perfect insect
is a large, dark brown beetle, which first
appears toward the end of June, and is
very commonly found during the Sum-
mer and Fall months, rushing, often with
a heavy noisy flight, into lighted rooms.
Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not
only attacks living trees and vines, but
that it also breeds in dead oak stumps,
and can travel through the ground from one place
to another; from which facts he draws the important
corollary that it will not do to leave oak stumps to
rot on ground which is intended for a vineyard— a fact
which our experience corroborates. Little can be done
in the way of extirpating these underground borers,
their presence being only indicated by the death ol the
vine. Wherever you find vines suddenly dying from
any cause unknown, search for this borer, and upon
finding one, (in each case we have found but onea.t each
tree or vine) put an end to his existence.

THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE.

(Haltica chalybea.}

This large borer is often met with in and about the
roots of several kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the
Pear, and the Grape, to which it is very destructive.
It follows the roots, entirely severing them in many
instances, so that the vines soon die. When fully
grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms

[a, larva, natural size ; &, do. magnified ; c, cocoon ;
d, beetle enlarged.]

Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very
stout swollen hind thighs, by means of which
it is enabled to jump about very energetically",,
and is consequently very difficult to capture.
The color of the beetle varies from steel-
blue to metallic-green and purple. The bee-
tles hibernate in a torpid state under any
shelter, such as loose bark, crevices of stakes^
etc., and they are roused to activity quite
early in the spring, doing the greatest dam-
j damage at this early season by boring into and scooping
out the unopened buds. As the leaves expand, they
feed on these, and soon pair and deposit their small
orange eggs in clusters on the underside of the leaf.
These eggs soon hatch into dark-colored larvae, which
may be found of all sizes during the latter part of May

GRAPE MANUAL.

and early part of June, generally on the upper side of
the leaf, which they riddle, devouring all but the largest
ribs. A dusting of dry lime kills the larvae, but the
beetle has to be caught and killed.

THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH.

{Lobesia, botrana . )

[a, moth; 6, worm; c, hole made in berry; d, rotting
berry, caused by worm.]

This insect first attracted attention about seven years
ago. About the first of July the grapes that are at-
tacked by the worm begin to show a discolored spot
at the point where the worm entered. Upon opening
such a grapo, the inmate will be found at the end of a
winding channel. It continues to feed on the pulp of
the fruit, and upon reaching the seeds, generally eats
out their interior. As soon as the grape is touched
the worm will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to
the ground, by means of its ever ready silken thread,
unless care be taken to prevent its so doing. The co-
coon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a man-
ner essentially characteristic : the worm cuts out a clean
oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and rolling the
flap over, fastens it to the leaf, and thus forms for itself
a cozy little house in which it changes to a chrys-
alis. In about ten days after this last change takes
place, the chrysalis works itself out of the cocoon and
the little moth, represented in the figure (hair lines
showing natural size), makes its escape. As a remedy
we recommend picking up all fallen berries and con-
verting them into vinegar; as upon racking off the juice
and water, countless numbers of these worms are found
in the sediment. This insect was named Penthnia mti-
vorana, by Dr. Packard, in this country, but Prof.
Riley informs us that it is probably an importation
from Europe, where it is known as Lolesia lotrana,.

THE ROSE-CHAFER.

(Macrodactylus subspinosus.)
This is the true " Rose-bug," injurious to
many plants, but especially hard on grape-
vines during some years. In Prof. Riley 's
words: " It is one of those species whose
larva develops under ground, and cannot be
very well dealt with in this stage of its life.
We must contend with it in the beetle form,
and there is no other effectual means than by hand-
picking, or by shaking into vessels and on to sheets.
This work can be greatly facilitated by taking advant-
age of the insect's tastes and preferences. It shows a
great predilection for the Clinton, and its close allies,
of all other varieties of the Grape-vine, and will gather
upon that variety and leave others unmolested, where
it has a chance. Those who are troubled with this
beetle will no doubt take the hint."

THE GRAPE CURCULIO.

( Caliodee incequalis.)

[a, berry infested; 6, larva; c, beetle; the hair line show-
ing natural length.]

The larva of this curculio infects the grapes in June
and July, causing a little black hole in the skin, and a
discoloration of the berry immediately around it, as
seen in the above figure. From the middle to the
last of July this larva leaves the berry and buries itself
a few inches in the ground, and by the beginning of
September the perfect insect issues from the ground
and doubtless passes the winter in the beetle state,
ready to puncture the grapes again the following
May or June. This curculio is small and inconspicu-
ous, being of a black color with a grayish tint. It is
represented above, the hair line underneath showing
the natural size. This insect is very bad some years,
at others scarcely noticed, being doubtless killed ~by
parasites. It is thus that nature works : " Eat and be
eaten, kill and be killed," is one of her universal laws,
and we can never say with surety because a particular
insect is numerous one year, therefore it will be so the
next.

All infested berries should from time to time, as they
are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the beetle
may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum Cur-
culio.

There are several CUT WORMS, which eat the young,
tender shoots of the vine, and draw them into the ground
below; they have destroyed, or kept back at least,
many a young vine. The little rascals can be easily
found and destroyed by digging for them under the
loose clods of ground beneath the young vine.

There are many other insects injurious to the Grape-
vine—large solitary worms— insects which lay eggs in
the canes— others which make curious galls, etc.; but
the reader who desires an acquaintance with these,
must refer to Prof. Riley's reports.

Besides the insect, you will have yet other enemies
to combat; foxes and birds, and, worst of all, some
two-legged beings in human shape — thieves — who will
steal your grapes if you do not watch and threaten to
keep them off with powder and shot. We do.

GATHERING THE FRUIT.

Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick
the grape before it is fully ripe. Every grape will color
before ripe ; some do so several weeks before, but when
thoroughly ripe the stem turns brown and shrivels
somewhat. In the finest qualities, the sweetness and
aroma of the grape juice are fully developed only in the
perfectly matured grape; and we consider the late ripen-
ing varieties as far superior, especially for wine, to the
early kinds; but, of course, only in silch localities where

82

BTJSHBEBG CATALOGUE.

late grapes will mature . This noble fruit does not ripen,
like some other fruit, after being gathered. Always
gather the grapes in fair weather, and wait till the dew
has dried off before commencing in the morning. Cut
off the clusters with a knife or shears, and clip out the
unripe or diseased berries, if any, taking care however,
that the bloom shall not be rubbed off, nor any of the
berries broken, it they are to be sent to market, or to be
kept into winter.

For packing grapes for market, shallow boxes, hold-
ing from three to ten pounds, and especially manufac-
tured for the purpose in all the principal grape regions,
costing about one cent per pound, are used. In
packing, the top is first nailed on and a sheet of thin
white paper put in; whole bunches of grapes are first
put in; the vacant places left are filled with parts of
bunches, so that all the space is occupied and the whole
box packed, as closely and as full as possible, without
jamming. Another sheet of paper is now laid on and
the bottom nailed down. By this means, when the
boxes are opened, only entire bunches are found at the
top.

Grapes could be easily preserved for months if you
had a cool room or cellar, where the temperature could
be kept between 35° and 40°. In a warm, damp atmos-
phere, grapes will soon rot. Mr. Fuller recommends,
for preserving grapes, to bring them first into a cool
room, spread them out and let them remain there lor a
few daj s, until all surplus moisture has passed off; then
pack them away in boxes, placing the bunches close
together, and thick sheets of paper between each layer.
When the boxes are filled put them away in a cool
place; examine them occasionally and take out the de-
cayed berries, from time to time, as they appear. If
the place is cool and the fruit ripe and sound, they will
keep three to lour months. Another method by which
grapes are sometimes successfully preserved till late in
March, especially in France, is this: cut a branch hav-
ing two bunches of fruit attached and place the lower
end in a small bottle of water, through a perforated
cork; seal the upper cut end of the branch and also the
cork with sealing wax. A little charcoal in the water
preserves its purity. The bottles are then placed in a
dry cool room, where the temperature is pretty even
and never falls below Ireezing point, and are kept in an
erect position (usually by a rack made lor the purpose)
care being taken that the clusters do not touch each
other and that every imperfect grape be removed as
fast as it shows signs of lailing. But very few persons
however, can bestow this care and still less have a fruit
room or cellar, that can be kept so cool (40°).

Lately we have seen and tasted Concord grapes, kept
Iresh and beautiful, in a porous, unglazed earthen jar,
manufactured for this purpose by T. J. Price, Macomb,
Ills., who says : " The clusters are to be laid carefully
in them as soon as picked, and then taken to the cellar
or basement, or some cool place where they can have
both ventilation and moisture; if they are put in a room
above ground, sprinkle the floor occasionally, and let
them have the night air until cold freezing weather.
The pores of these jars are filled with a salt solution,
as they come from the kiln, then the inside coated with
a common thick limewash . The salt solution in the
pores is intended to absorb the moisture and thus to
produce a cool and even temperature inside the jar, and

the lime is to prevent mould. These jars can be used
again from year to year, only they should be first
soaked in strong brine and then whitewashed inside,
before they are filled again with grapes." If grapes
will keep so easily, and in as fine condition as we have
seen them last January (1875), these jars are really a
valuable novelty. [We have none of these jars for sale,
nor do we know where they can be obtained, except,
perhaps, from the manulacturer.]

The best mode of preserving the delicious juice of the
grape, with its delightfully nutritious constituents, in
a concentrated and almost imperishable form, is by

WINE MAKING.

" Wine is like rain— tailing on duty ground, it augments dirt j
—on good soil, it becomes a blessing."— Mirza Shaffy.

We have been urged to embody in this Manual a
chapter upon this subject, and we intended to do so,
but the very attempt to write it only proved to us most
conclusively, that it is impossible to furnish, within
the limited scope of this Catalogue, anything that
would be valuable, either as a guide to the inexperi-
enced, or as a vade mecum to the wine-maker.

The intelligent farmer and amateur grape grower
who desires to transform his surplus fruit into that in-
nocent, health-giving beverage, "Wine," we refer to
RemeUri>s Wine Makers Manual, and Husmann's Grapes
and Wine. The professional, experienced vintner will
not look to this little Manual for information, and those
grape growers who desire to make wine on a large
scale , without possessing themselves sufficient knowl-
edge for doing it —we can only advise to engage some
experienced man who knows how to treat wines; and
there are already plenty of them in this country. It
need not be a Professor of Chemistry, who may only
adulterate the wines by his scientific manipulations; on
the contrary, we would prefer a plain " wine cooper,"
one wlio is used to attend to wines himself from his
youth, to watch them with the care and cheerfulness of
a mother to her infant, and who will not permit your
wines to leave his nursing hands before they are and
ivill keep clear and perfect, racking off and filling up
whenever required, and keeping not merely your casks
and bottles, but every part and corner of your cellars
most admirably clean.

If you should say that you cannot afford to keep such
a man, then, we say, you cannot afford to build cellars
either; and you would do best to associate for the pur-
pose with one or more ol your neighbor grape growers.
But if you have your own cellars and plenty of grapes,
you can certainly afford to pay such a man, and to pay
him well, at least until you or your sons have learned
from him.

Then only shall we be able to produce the Txst, to es-
tablish a reputation for American wines equal to those
of Europe, and to compete with them; then only shall
we be able to provide for ourselves and lor the people
of this continent, that healthy and delicious beverage,
known lor all times to be the promoter of civilization;
excessive whisky drinking will gradually vanish; our
national temperament will be more joyous and happy,
and grape growing permanently profitable.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

NOTE TO THE READER.— The following descriptions of our American varieties are probably the most complete
that have so far appeared; but all description by words must necessarily be inadequate, and even figures are
but insufficient aids . It is only by familiarizing oneself with the characteristics of the species to which each variety
respectively belongs, that these descriptions become thoroughly intelligible; we have, therefore, coupled with
each variety the species to which it seems most closely allied, or from which it originated. First is given the
standard name in Full-face type; then the synonyms in SMALL CAPITALS, then the species in Italics, abbreviating
them thus: ( Cord,) for Cordifolia or rather Riparia; (Ldbr .) for Labrusca, and C^Est) for iEstivalis. (see pages 6
to 10).

The descriptions of varieties which are discarded, and not propagated by us, also of new varieties which
are not yet disseminated, are printed in smaller type. The descriptions of the more important varieties,
printed in larger type, contain notes on their roots and woodgrmvth, given for the first time, and based on our
observations only. Under different conditions of soil, climate, and other circumstances, they might vary
somewhat. In speaking of the canes and woodgrowth we refer to the natural habit of canes of thrifty, healthy
vines, permitted to grow in a natural way, unrestrained by pinching or training to a given system.

Where the weight of must is recorded, it is to show the sugar in degrees on Oechsle's scale, and the acid in
mills by TwitchelPs acidometer.

Adirondac. (Labr.) Originated at Port
Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; (first noticed 1852.)
Probably a seedling of the Isabella, being much
like it in growth and foliage. Ripens very ear-
ly— about the same time as the Hartford Prolific.
Bunch large, compact, not shouldered; berry
large, oblong, black, covered with a delicate
bloom, transparent, with a tender pulp; thin
skin; juicy and vinous; quality best, "when
you can get it."— "Unreliable." — "The nearest
approach to a foreign grape." — Husmann.

Reports not generally satisfactory. A slow,
tender grower. Young vines have mildewed,
and older ones need protection. Blooms early,
and fruit destroyed by late frosts. Roots very
weak and tender. Wine, agreeable flavor, low
in sugar and acid.

Advance. One of Mr. Rickett's* new seedlings, a
cross between Clinton and Black Hamburg. "A su-
perior grape, and, as a whole, perhaps in advance of
all his others. The berry is black, with a slight blue
bloom, roundish oval; lunch large, long and shouldered;
flesh too good to describe, except pomologically, and
then I think it would read 'best.'"— F. R. Elliot, N. Y.

Bunch, large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any
pulp; sweet and very sprightly— decidedly the best
early grape we have yet met with. Vine healthy, vig-
orous and productive, but the fruit rotted badly this
season. Fully ripe at this time, July 30, 1874.— Sam.
Miller, Bluffton, Mo.

Alexander. Syns: CAPE, BLACK CAPE, SCHUYL-
KILL MUSCADEL, CONSTANTIA, SPRINGMILL CON-
STANTIA, CLIFTON'S CONSTANTIA, TASKER'S GRAPE,

*See RicketVs Seedling Grapes.

VEVAY, WINNE, ROTHROCK of Prince, YORK LIS-
BON. (Labr.) This grape was first discovered by Mr.
Alexander, gardener to Gov. Penn, on the banks of the
Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, before the war of the
revolution. It is not unfrequently found, as a seedling
from the wild Fox Grape, on the borders of our woods.
American grape culture proper began with the planting
of this variety, at the beginning of our century, by a
Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland county, Indi-
ana, on the Ohio River, forty -five miles below Cincin-
nati. It was for some time supposed to be the famous
grape of the Constancia colony, on the Cape of Good
Hope. Whether John J.imes Dufour, the respected
leader of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or
whether he deemed it necessary to leave them in this
error— while he had the sagacity to discover that
their former failures (in Jessamine County, Ky., 1790 —
1801) were caused by planting foreign grape vines, and
intentionally substituted a native variety— we do not
know; certain it is that this was the first successful at-
tempt to establish vineyards in our country. A very
good wine, resembling claret, was made from the Cape,
and it was the favorite of former days, until it was dis-
placed by the Catawba. (The White Cape is similar to
above, differing only in its color, which is greenisL
white.) Downing describes it as follows: *» Bunches
rather compact, not shouldered; berries of medium size,
oval ; skin thick , quite black ; flesh with a very firm
pulp, but juicy; makes a very fair wine, but is quite
too pulpy and coarse for table use, though quite sweet
and musky when fully ripe, which is not till the last of
October. Leaves much more downy than those of the
Isabella." W. JR. Prince, In his Treatise on the Vine,
N. Y., 1830) enumerates eighty-eight varieties of Amer-
ican grapes, but "for profit can only recommend the
Catawba and the Cape ; one tenth of the latter variety
would be enough. Of the two recommended above, the
Catawba is much the most productive, but the Cape it
leat subject to rot. Both make good wines.7 '

34

BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE.

AGAWAM. (Rogers7 Hybrid No. 15.)

Agawain. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 15.) Raised
by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and considered
by him as his best variety, before the introduc-
tion of the Salem. It is a dark red or maroon
grape, of the Hamburg cross; bunches large,
compact, often shouldered; berries very large,
roundish ; skin thick ; pulp soft ; sweet, spright-
ly, of peculiarly aromatic flavor, and a little of
the native aroma ; productive, and of great vigor
of growth; roots stout, fleshy and moderately

fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber. Canes very
stout, moderately long, with comparatively few
but strong laterals. Wood of average hardness,
and medium sized pith. Buds large and prom-
inent. Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports
generally satisfactory ; succeeds well. In some
localities it has been subject to mildew and rot,
and Mr. Husmann says : Its strong flavor is to
me far from agreeable. The character of the
cluster and leaf is shown in above figure.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Adelaide. One of Jas. H. Rickett's new grapes;
a hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. It
is described as of medium size; berry of oval shape,
black, with light blue bloom; of a sweet but sprightly
flavor; purplish red flesh.

A let ha. A seedling of Catawba, originated at Ot-
tawa, 111. ; said to ripen ten days in advance of Hartford
Prolific. Described in Prairie Farmer: ' 'Bunches me-
dium size, stem long; "berries hanging rather loosely;
skin thick, color dark purple; juice nearly black, stain-
ing the hands and mouth. Flesh quite pulpy, with a
decided foxy aroma; in foxiness and astringency it is
much the same as a well ripened Isabella." Said to
promise well as a wine grape for northern localities.
Not yet disseminated, which is not to be regretted,
judging from the above description.

Albino. Syn: GARBER'S ALBINO. {Labr.} liaised
by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa., (supposed to be a
seedling of Isabella.) Bunch small; "berry nearly round,
slightly oval ; yellowish or amber color. Flesh acid ;
tough; too late for the north. — Chas. Downing.

Allen's Hybrid. liaised by J. F. Allen,
Salem, Mass. ; a cross between the Golden Chas-
selas and the Isabella; the first of American hy-
brid grapes. Ripens early, about with the Con-
cord. Bunches large and long, moderately
compact; berries full medium to large; skin
thin, semi-transparent; color nearly white,
tinged with amber; flesh tender and delicate,
without pulp, juicy and delicious ; has a mild,
muscat flavor; quality best. The leaves have
a peculiar crumpled appearance, and partly for-
eign character. It is apt to mildew and rot,
and can not be recommended for general cul-
ture, though it is worthy a place in amateur
collections.

Alvey. Syn: HAGAR. Introduced by Dr.
Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Generally classed
with ^Est., but its characteristics point to a dif-
ferent species. Its erect growth, soft and short
jointed wood, rooting very easily from cuttings ;
its roots feeble, and incapable of resisting the
Phylloxera ; the exquisite quality, pure vinous
flavor — all point to the Vinifera, and force us
to the conclusion that Alvey originated from an
intermixture ot" Vinifera and JEstivalis, crossed
by natural hybridization. Bunches medium,
loose, shouldered ; berries small, round, black ;
sweet, juicy and vinous, without pulp ; a slow
grower, making a stout short-jointed wood;
moderately productive; roots medium thick,
more inclined to the wiry character of the JEst-
ivalis class, with a medium smooth liber. Canes
remarkably straight and upright, gradually
tapering, and not inclined to ramble like most
American varieties. Laterals few and feeble;
wood rather soft, and with a large pith. These
characteristics, together with its thin skin and

total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a foreign
character. Excellent in quality, and makes
one of the best red wines, but is apt to drop its
leaves on southern slopes ; seems to prefer the
deep rich, sandy loam of our northeastern or
even northern slopes. Must 85° — 91°.

Amanda. (Labr.) Description in our former edi-
tion, copied from Catalogue of Bluffton Wine Co., (and
Hort. Annual, 1868) totally differs from the fruit which
we obtained from plants of same source. We asked
friend Sam. Miller, at Bluffton, and he says : "It is a
large black, thick-skinned, hard-pulped grape, a showy,
but vile Fox." This corresponds with our expe-
rience, and we discard it. It may be the same as "Au-
gust Pioneer."

Amiiiia. (Supposed Rogers' No. 39.) In
Fall of 1867 we tried to get those of Kogers7 un-
named hybrids, which we had not yet tested,
and aware of the confusion existing as to their
numbers, we obtained a few of each No. from
different sources at the same time. Of those
which we planted as No. 39 three survived, but
not two of them were alike. One of them
proved especially valuable. To ascertain if
this were the true No. 39 we addressed Mr. E.
S. Rogers, to let us have a plant or a graft of
the original stock of his No. 39, but were in-
formed that the original stock was lost!

One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable,
that we determined to propagate it, and planted
fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed the other
two. From the commendation given to No. 39
at the quarter-centennial session of the Am.
Pomol. Society, by its president, the Hon. M. P.
"Wilder, we have the more reason to suppose
that ours is the true No. 39 ; but to avoid con-
fusion with others which may be sent out by
other propagators, under this number, and
which may or may not be the same, we gave ours
the name Arninia. Bunches medium, slightly
shouldered, moderately compact, more even,
and better on an average than Rogers' grapes
generally make ; berries full medium to large,
dark purple, nearly black, with a fine bloom.
Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and
of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with
the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of
our earliest good grapes. Yine moderately vig-
orous, quite hardy, productive. Deserves to be
extensively cultivated as a table grape.

Anna. Seedling of Catawba, raised by Eli Has-
brouck, Newburg. N. Y., in 1852. G. W. Campbell, of
Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very hardy and healthy
and of a moderate growth. Bunches rather loose, of
medium size; "berries medium; color light amber, with
small dark specks, covered with thin, white bloom.
Rather pulpy. Ripens with the Catawba.— Not worth
planting here; unhealthy and feeble.

36

BUSHBEEGICATALOGUE.

AUTUCHON.

Autucbon. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 5.) A
Seedling of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chas-
selas. Leaves dark green, very deep lobed and
sharp pointed serratures; the unripe wood is
very dark purple, nearly black. Bunches very
long, not heavily shouldered, rather loose ; ber-
ries medium size, round, white (green), with a
moderately firm, but readily melting flesh, and
an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resembling the
White Chasselas. Skin thin, without astrin-
gency. Ripens with the Delaware. Mr. Sam.
Miller, the originator of the Martha, bestowed
the following high encomium upon the new
grape in 1869 :

" I have always considered Martha the best
white native grape, but since seeing and tasting
the Autuchon, I haul down my colors, //it will
ripen like this in Canada, and if it improves by
coming here like Rogers' and other Northern

grapes, then it seems to me, we have all that can
be desired. It alone is a treasure."

It is well that friend Miller qualified his en-
comium by "ifs," for the Autuchon did not
come up to those expectations ; it proved tender
and unreliable, in the West at least; its fruit
subject to rot and mildew, and notwithstanding
its fine qualities, it will remain but an amateur
variety and cannot be recommended for profit-
able culture in vineyards.

We append an illustration which gives a
truthful view of the bunch as grown with us,
for we have never seen any so large as repre-
sented by the cut used in our former edition,
and which was obtained from the originator.

Arnold's Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.)
Cornucopia (No. 2.) Autuchon (No. 5.) Brant
(No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.)

Arrot.— (or Arcott?) (Lair.) Philadelphia; lunch,
and berries medium, white; resembling the Cassady\n
appearance, but not as good. " Sweet and good, with
a thick skin, good grower, and productive.''— Eus-
mann.

Augliwick. (Cord.) Introduced by "Wm. A. Fra-
ker, Shirleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to
Clinton; lorries larger than Clinton, black, juice very
dark, of spicy flavor: said to make a very dark red
wine, of superior quality, and to be entirely free from
rot or mildew ; very hardy and healthy. We found it
not as good as Clinton, and less productive. Should be
discarded.

August Pioneer. (Lair.) Origin unknown ; one
of the coarsest of native sorts; large/black, with a firm,
hard, pulpy flesh ; fit only for stewing. Middle of Au-
gust.— Downing.

Baldwin Lenoir. (JEst.) Originated at West
Chester, Pa.; said to be a seedling of the Lenoir; lunch
small, rather loose; lerries small, quite dark, almost
black; flesh somewhat rough, acid, brisk. Reported
the richest in grape sugar of 26 varieties tested by the
chemist of the Agr. Department at Washington. In
foliage and habit of growth, it is much like Lincoln.

Barnes'. (Lair.) Originated with Parker Barnes,
Boston, Mass. Bunches shouldered; lerries medium,
oval, black, sweet and good ; nearly as early as Hart-
ford.— Strong. We have not seen the grape.

*Mr. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Canada, has been very
successful in his experiments in hybridizing the native
Clinton with the pollen of foreign varieties His peedlings
seem to be of decided promise. The Committee of the Paris
Horticultural Society say in their report: " We flnd the most
prominent characteristics of them as a class are : fir>t, per-
fect bardinebs and vigorous growth; second, early riptmng
both ot the fruit and wood, and as vet remarkable freedom
from diseas- , with large, handsome foliage of a very distinct
character and not woolly ; bunches large on the average; the
berries larger than medium; skin thin, and in all the num-
bt-rs we tested, free from pulp, and with a full, pleasant,
sprightly flavor; our judgment \» ing based not on a cursory
examination, but from having known them for the last two
seasons."

DESCRIPTION OF YAEIETIES.

37

Barry. (Rogers' No. 43.) One of the most
attractive of his Hybrids. Bunch large, rather
broad and compact; berry medium, roundish;
color black ; flesh tender, of a sweet, pleasant
flavor; skin thin, somewhat astringent. Vine
as vigorous, healthy and hardy as any one of
Rogers' Hybrids. Very productive and early,
earlier than the Concord.

Baxter. (^&st.) Bunch, large, and long; "berry below
medium, black ; very late in ripening, hardy and pro-
ductive; not fit for table, but may be valuable for wine.

—Blu/ton Wine Co.

Belvidere. (Lair.} Originated by Dr. Lake, of
Belvidere, Ills., will probably be a valuable market va-
riety, on account of extreme earliness, large size and
tine appearance. It is an improvement in bunch and
berry upon Hartford Prolific, but in quality is not much,
if any better; like Hartford, it shows a tendency to fall
from the bunch, especially if a little over-ripe; Being
in appearance much like Hartford Prolific, only said to
ripen a little earlier, a description is unnecessary. It
is said to be of very vigorous growth., perfectly hardy
and healthy, and very productive; but so is the Hart-
ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough
in one variety ot such poor quality.

Berks, or Lehigh. (Labr.) Bunch large, shoul-
dered, compact; lerry large, round, red, little pulp,
good quality; vine vigorous grower, similar to Catawba,
of which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improvement
in size and quality; but also more subject to disease.

Bird's Kgrgf. Probably a seedling of Catawba,
somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed; lerry
oval, whitish, with brown specks; flesh pulpy; only
good, curiosity. — Downing.

Black Defiance. (Underbill's 8-8) A splen-
did, late table grape, about the best black table
grape we have, with us more desirable than
Senasqua. If we are rightly informed, it is a
cross between Black St. Peters and Concord.
Bunch and berries large, above Concord in size ;
black, with a fine bloom ; three weeks later than
Concord, and much better in quality.

Black Eagle. (Underbill's 8-12.) A Hy-
brid of Labr. and Vinifera. A new, early table
grape, of best quality, not much earlier than
Concord, but far superior to that variety in qual-
ity. The leaf is one of the most beautiful we
know of, very firm, dark green, deeply lobed,
of the shape of the foreign.

The vine is of very erect and vigorous
growth, hardy and healthy, so far free from mil-
dew and rot ; roots straight and smooth, almost
tough, with a medium fiber; canes remarkably
straight and upright, with numerous, but small
laterals ; wood firm with medium pith ; bunch
large, moderately compact; berries large, oval,
black, with blue bloom ; flesh rich and melting,

with little pulp. With Mr. Underhill the fruit
set imperfectly, but it did not show that fault
here, and must have been due to unfavorable
weather during its floresence at Croton Point.
We consider it one of the most promising va-
rieties. We give on the following page a full
size figure of its bunch and leaf, originally made
for Downing.

Black Hawk. A seedling from the Con-
cord, raised by Samuel Miller. " Bunch large,
rather loose ; berry large, black, round, juicy,
sweet; pulp very tender; ripens full as early as
the Concord, is superior in quality, and seems
to be healthy and hardy." — George Husmann.
We find it a week earlier than Concord. It has
the remarkable peculiarity that its leaf is so dark
a green as to appear almost black.

Bland, (Labr. f ) Syn. ELAND'S VIRGINIA,
ELAND'S MADEIRA, ELAND'S PALE RED, POWELL.

It is said to have been found on the eastern shore of
Virginia, by Col. Bland, of that State, who presented
scions to Mr. Bartram, the botanist, by whom it was
first cultivated. Bunches rather long, loose, and often
with small, imperfect berries ; berries round, on long
stalks, hanging rather thinly ; skin thin , at first pale
green, but pale red when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of
a pleasant, sprightly delicate flavor, and with little or
no musk seen-, but a slight astringency; ripens late;
foliage lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother
and more delicate. This vine is quite diflicult of pro-
pagation by cuttings. The above description of this old
variety, is from Downing' s " Fruits of America." The
Bland did not succeed or ripen well in the North, and
has been lost and abandoned South, but we still recog-
nize in it the type of some of our present varieties.

Black King:. (Labr.') A hardy and vigorous early
grape, of medium size; sweet but foxy. — Strong.

Blood's Black. (Labr.) Bunch medium,
compact; berry medium, round, black, some-
what harsh and foxy, but sweet. Very early
and productive, and therefore valuable for early
marketing. (Resembling Mary Ann, and has
often been confounded with it.

Blue Dyer. (Cord.) Bunch medium; ber-
ries small, black, very dark juice, promises well
for wine. — Husmdnn.

Blue Favorite. A Southern grape. Vine vigor-
ous, productive; bunch above medium; berries medium,
round, blue-black, sweet, vinous; much coloring mat-
ter; ripe South in September; (does not ripen well
North,) said to be esteemed for wine making. — Dmoning.

Blue Imperial. (Labr.) Origin uncertain. Vine
vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. Bunches
medium, short; berry large, round, black; flesh with a
hard acid centre or pulp ; ripens with Hartford . Infe-
rior . — Downing.

38

BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE.

BLACK EAGLE. (Underbill's 8-12.)

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

Brant. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 8.)
Seedling of Clinton crossed with Black
St. Peters. The young leaves and shoots
dark blood red ; leaves very deeply lobed,
smooth on both sides. Bunch and berry
resembling the Clinton in appearance, but
greatly superior in flavor when perfectly
ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, all juice,
sweet and vinous ; seeds small and few
(1-3) : perfectly hardy ; vine strong,
healthy grower. A very early and desir-
able grape; in fact the earliest of all, with
us, arid it would be the most profitable if
the birds would not destroy the bunches
as soon as they ripen. For localities
where grapes ripen later than with us,
and where birds are less destructive, it is
worthy of the attention of grape growers.

Brighton. (Lair.) An excellent new grape,
raised by H. E. Hooker, of Rochester, N. Y.
Bunch large and beautifully formed, compact,
shouldered; berries above medium to large, round,
of a Catawba color; quality and flavor very su-
perior. Should the vine prove hardy, healthy
and productive, it will be a valuable addition to
our list of grapes. We have been favored with
it by the originator for testing here, but are not
allowed to disseminate the same for the present.

Burroughs'. (Cord.) From Vermont. Vine
allied to the Clinton. Bunch small; lerry round,
black, thick bloom; flesh harsh, acid, austere. —
Downing.

Burton's Early. (Lair.) A large, early,
poor Fox grape . Unworthy culture . — Downing.

Bottsi. (^st.) The local name for a very
remarkable grape , grown in the yard of a gen-
tleman of that name, in Natchez, Miss. It is
said to throw all other grapes ever grown there
(including the Jacquez), completely in the
background , and is claimed to be the true Herbe-
mont brought some fifty years ago from S. C. It
differs from our Herbemont in color, being of a light
pink in the shade, a dark pink in the full sun. It may,
perhaps, be the same grape of which mention is made
under "Pauline." The impartial, trustworthy testi-
mony of Mr. H. Y. Child, an amateur horticulturalist,
as to its excellent quality and rapid growth, enormous
fruitfulness and freedom from rot, made us procure
and plant some wood of this variety, and, if it succeeds
with us, we shall consider it as a valuable addition to
that long neglected but most important class of Ameri-
can vines, and shall disseminate it among southern
grape-growers.

Cambridge. (Labr.) A new grape, origi-
nated in the garden of Mr. Francis Houghton,
Cambridge, Mass, and now introduced by Mess.
Hovey & Co., of Boston, as "of the highest
merit." They describe it as follows: " It is a
black grape, somewhat resembling Concord,
but with more oval berries. Bunches large and

BRANT.

shouldered; berries large, with a very thin skin,
covered with a delicate bloom, and adhering
firmly to the bunch; flesh rich, brisk and re-
freshing; without pulp, and more nearly ap
proaching the Adirondac in quality than any
other native grape. Period of ripening a few
days before the Concord. The vine has the lux
uriance of growth and handsome foliage of the
Concord, while it is quite as hardy, if not
hardier than that grape. It is entirely free from
mildew. The Cambridge which we now de-
scribe (say Messrs. Hovey & Co.), we can quite
as fully endorse as we did the Concord, just
twenty years ago, (1854) and we do not doubt
it will attain an equal, if not a higher rank than
that variety."

Camden. (Lair.) Bunch medium; lerry large,
greenish white; flesh with a hard centre; acid; poor.

40

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

CANADA.

Canada. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 16.) Raised
from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of
Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3)
in appearance, but has a larger berry and
also ripens later. It is justly praised for
its rich aromatic flavor and delightful bou-
quet by all who taste it. Bunch and berry
above medium; color black, with a fine bloom;
skin thin, free from all harshness and the acid-
ity common to other native grapes. A moderate
grower, with peculiar foliage; hardy, and ma-
tures its wood well. Will prove valuable for
wine.

Caiiby's August. See York Maderia.

Catawba. Syn. RED MUNCY, CATAWBA
TOKAY, SINGLETON. (Labr.} This old and well-
known variety is a native of North Carolina,
and has its name from the Catawba river where

it was found, and introduced to notice fifty
years ago, by Major John Adlum, of George-
town, D. C. It has been for many years the
standard wine grape of the country, and thou-
sands of acres have been planted with it ; but
owing to its uncertainty, on account of the rot,
mildew and blight, and its too late ripening in
the Eastern and Northern States, (in Oct.) it is
now in many sections being discarded and other
more reliable kinds are planted instead. In lo-
calities where it will fully mature, and where it
seems less subject to disease, there are very, few
better varieties.

We are now convinced that the Phylloxera is
the main cause of its diseases. Wherever ex-
amined the rootlets of the Catawba were found
either covered with lice, producing those now
well-known nodosities, or already dead. Its
roots are evidently not capable of resisting
Phylloxera, and yet, unlike European varieties,
they make new roots, and in favorable seasons
resume their former vigor for one summer, un-
til they are sapped again at the foundation.

In Missouri it did better in 1868 and 1874 than
since 1857, owing probably to the character of
the seasons, and comparative immunity from
Phylloxera. Bunch large, moderately compact,
shouldered; berries above medium, round, deep
red, covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately
thick ; flesh slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a
rich, vinous and somewhat musky flavor. Vine
a vigorous grower ; in favorable seasons and lo-
calities very productive. Clay shale soil, also
gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted.
Roots light in comparison to the naturally strong
growth of the vine, when in a perfectly healthy
state, with a texture below average hardness ;
thick liber, and not inclined to push young fi-
bers as rapidly as other varieties ; canes straight
and long, with few laterals ; wood of average
hardness, with a pith a little more than the av-
erage size. Must ranged from 86° to 91° by
CEchsle's scale; by Twitchell's scale, 2.02 Ibs.
sugar per gallon of must', acid 12 to 13; atHam-
mondport, at an examination conducted under
the auspices of several prominent pomologists,
Oct. 12, 1870, only 7.29 per mill.

The Catawba has quite a number of SEED-
LINGS ; of Tona and Diana, its two best, and of
Aletha, Anna, Hine, Mottled, &c., we give de-
scriptions in their alphabetic order; but some
are actually the same as Catawba, and only
pretended seedlings, to sell under a new name ;
others are so nearly identical as not to require
description. To this class belong :
Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba,

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

41

Kellers' White,
Meads' Seedling,
Merceron,

Mammoth Catawba of Hermann, very large in
bunch and berry, but otherwise inferior
to the parent,
Omega, exhibited in 1867 at Indiana State Fair

not heard of since,
Saratoga, the same as Fancher,
Tekoma, a Missouri seedling of Cataivba, said

to be more healthy,

White Catawba, raised by Mr. John E. Mottier
and abandoned by himself as inferior to
its parent.

Ca.ssa.dy. (Labr.} Originated in the yard of
H.P. Cassady, Philadelphia, as a chance seed-
ling. Bunch medium, very compact, sometimes
shouldered; berry medium, round, pale green,
covered with white bloom ; when very ripe its
color changes to light yellow ; skin thick and
leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar honeyed
sweetness which no other grape possesses in the
same degree. Ripens with the Catawba. Yine
a moderate grower, a true Labrusca in habit
and foliage ; immensely productive— so much so
that nearly every fruit bud will push several
branches, with from three to five bunches each.
But after thus over-bearing it becomes exhausted
for several seasons, the leaves drop prematurely
and the fruit will not ripen. Its root, like that
of the Catawba, is feeble and not sufficiently re-
sistive to Phylloxera.

This grape will flourish best on a north-east-
ern or northern exposure, and wherever the
Catawba succeeds, we can safely recommend a
trial with the Cassady. Perhaps, also, for sandy
river bottoms.

Specific gravity of must, 8§° to 96°. Wine of
a beautiful golden color, of a good body and de-
lightful aroma. The "Arrott " resembles this
grape very much, but is not as good.

Catawissa, See Creveling.

Challenge. Supposed cross between Con-
cord and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev.
Asher Moore, N. J. Very early; short, com-
pact bunches, shouldered ; large, round berries,
pale red, with flesh slightly pulpy ; very sweet
and juicy. Extra hardy wood and leaf; prolific
and promising: said to be an excellent dessert
wine and raisin grape.

Champion, or Early Champion. A new, extra
early grape, and according to Dr. Swasey's testimony ,
(Am. Pom. Soc. 1873, page 66,) one of the best in culti-
vation. It originated in New Orleans, and has been
sent out for the first time in 1873 (by Mr. A. W. Round-
tree). Bunch medium; lerry also, black, with a hand-

some bloom, slightly oval in shape; thin skinned; soft
and melting pulp; sweet and pleasant taste, somewhat
between Ives and Concord; seeds small, 2 to 4 usually,
in a berry. Ripens ten to fifteen days earlier than
Hartford Prolific, and shows admirable shipping quali-
ties. Vine a most vigorous grower; foliage heavy and
healthy, resembling Ives. We shall try to obtain this
new, extraordinary grape, for testing as to its adapta-
bility to our latitude &c., and for others.

The Tolman* s seedling is said to have alse been sent
out by some dealers under the name of Champion* as a
new and valuable variety, but if «o, such abuse cannot
establish a name.

Charlotte. Identical with Diana.

Charter Oak. (Labr.) A very large, coarse, na-
tive Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which
makes its appearance as attractive as its musky flavor
is repulsive.

Claret. (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly
Island, O. Bunch and 'berry medium; claret red; acid;
vine vigorous; not valuable.— Downing.

Clara. Supposed
to be from foreign
seed. A white (or
pale amber) grape,
very fine for the ta-
ble; somewhat like
Allen's Hybrid.
Bunch long, loose;
betry medium round,
yellowish green,
transparent, without
pulp, sweet and deli-
cious; but very un-
certain . Rather ten-
der, and requires
protection in the
winter. Not worthy
of general cultiva-
tion, and since we
have so many supe-
rior varieties scarcely
entitled to a place in
amateur collections.
Nevertheless we hear
it praised in France
as one of the Ameri-
can varieties doing
remarkably well
there, being vigorous
and productive, ap-
parently insect-proof
CLARA. in the midst of badly

infected vines. (In the vineyard of M. Borty, at Roque-
mare.) We are inclined to believe the name is incor-
rect. The above figure of the Clara grape is reduced to
one-fourth of natural size, (one -half diameter).

Clover Street Black. A Hybrid raised by Jacob
Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Hamburg.
Bunches large, compact, shouldered; terries large,
roundish, black, with a dark violet bloom; flesh tender,
sweet; vine moderately vigorous; ripens with Concord.
— Hovey's Mag.

42

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

Clover Street Red. Same origin as the preced-
ing. Bunches larger than the Diana, loose, occasionally
with a similar long stalk or shoulder appended to the
top; berries large, roundish oval, crimson when fully
ripe, with a slight Diana flavor; vine a strong grower;
ripens with Diana. — Hovey's Mag.

Clinton. Syn. WORTHINGTON. (Cord.)
Strong says that in the year 1821, Hon. Hugh
White, then in Hamilton College, N. Y., planted
a seedling vine in the grounds of Prof. Noyes,
on College Hill, which is still remaining, and
is the original Clinton. Bunches medium or
small, compact, not shouldered; berry round,
below medium size, black, with a blufe bloom;
skin thin, tough; flesh juicy, with little pulp,
brisk and vinous ; somewhat acid ; sweeter the
further south it grows ; colors early, but should
hang late (until after the first frost) to become
thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy and produc-
tive ; healthy, but an exceedingly rank, strag-
gling grower, and one of the hardest vines to
keep under control ; it requires a good deal of
room and spur pruning on old wood to bring
forth its best results. Being one of the first to
bloom in spring, it suffers sometimes from late
frosts.

"The best poor land grape that is known."

— Cannon, of North Carolina.

The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons
quite infested by the gall-louse, (the Gallcecola
form of the Phylloxera) but its root enjoys a re-
markable immunity from the puncture of this
dreaded insect. The root-lice are found thereon
but usually in small numbers, and the vine does
not in the least suffer therefrom, while European
vines by their side are quite destroyed.

Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, with a
hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers,
or spongioles, and though much infested by the
Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect
on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes
rather slender, but long and rambling, with a
full complement of laterals and strong tendrils.
Wood rather soft and with a large pith.

Makes a fair, dark red wine, of somewhat dis-
agreeable taste, resembling claret, which im-
proves with age; must, 98° to 98° and sometimes
exceeding 100°.

Columbia. This grape is said to have been found
by Mr. Adlum on his farm at Georgetown, D. C. A
vigorous grower, productive; lunch small, compact;
lerry small, black, with a thin bloom, with very little
hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but
pleasant and vinous; ripe last of September. — Downing.

Concord. (Labr.} Popularly known as
"the grape for the million;" originated with
E. W. Bull, Concord, Massachusetts. Bunch

large, shouldered, rather compact ; berries large,
globular, black, thickly covered with a beauti-
ful blue bloom ; skin thin, cracks easy ; flesh
sweet, pulpy, tender; colors about two weeks
before the Catawba, but should be allowed to
hang late, to develop all its excellence. Roots
numerous, stout, above average hardness in
texture, with medium liber, readily pushing
new fibers under the attacks of Phylloxera. One
of the best resistants among the Labrusca class,
and valuable on this account as a stock to graft
upon. Canes of average thickness, long, ramb-
ling, with numerous and well developed lat-
erals. Wood of medium hardness and pith.
Vines very strong, rampant growers; coarse,
strong foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath;
proved very hardy and healthy, and is im-
mensely productive. In some localities, how-
ever, often subject to rot on old vines. Its
beautiful appearance makes it one of the most
attractive market grapes, and although its qual-
ity is not first rate, the popular taste has become
so used to this variety that it sells better than
superior grapes of less attractive appearance.
More vines of this variety were planted during
the last decade than of all other varieties to-
gether.

The Concord makes a light red wine, which is
effectually becoming the laboring man's drink;
can be produced cheap enough, is very palata-
ble, and has a peculiar refreshing effect upon the
system. A white wine may also be made of it
by pressing the grapes without mashing them.
Specific gravity of must about 70°.

The hardiness, productiveness and popularity
of the Concord induced many attempts to raise
seedlings therefrom, with a view to further im-
provements, but so far with no marked success.
A few have been named, but remain almost un-
known, except to their originators, and are
probably not sufficiently distinct, nor superior
to their parent.

The Black Hawk and Cottage are only earlier.

The Main grape was claimed to be earlier,
but proved to be a Concord only under another
name.

The Modena, raised by A. J. Caywood, of
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

The Paxton, by F. F. Merceron, of Catawissa,
Pa.

Warden's Seedling, by S. Worden, Minetta,
N. Y.

Young America, by Sam. Miller, of Bluftlon,
Mo., quite resemble Concord. They are not
propagated.

DESCRIPTION OF YAK1ETIES.

43

By these experiments it was found that the
Concord shows a strong tendency to produce
white seedlings, of which Martha was the earli-
est, and became one of the leading varieties.

JEva and Macedonia, both raised by Sam.
Miller from Concord seed, were similar, but not
superior to Martha, and therefore abandoned
by him.

Golden Concord, by John Yalle, of New
Haven, Mo., is also so nearly identical with
Martha that we do not think it deserves propa-
gation a? a distinct variety.

F. JS/Tuench, F. J. Langendorfer, J. Balsiger
and many others have raised white Concord
seedlings ; some of these may prove far superior
to Martha, (one especially, Balsiger's No. 32,
has hardly any foxiness about it ; its must weigh-
ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our
latitude, and hanging firmly to the vine in good
condition till October.) If on longer trial any
of them prove so superior, then, and only then,
will they be named and disseminated.

The Lady (see description,) is claimed to be
an improvement on the Martha, and is recom-
mended as such by good authority.

Greater improvements, however, have been
achieved by hybridizing the Concord with Euro-
pean varieties; but while grapes of superior
quality were thus produced, their hardiness,
health and productiveness is generally doubted.
(See " Hybrids," in Manual.)

Concord Chasselas. A Concord Hybrid
from Concord seed ; by Geo. W. Campbell, of
Delaware, O., who describes it as follows:

"Bunch rather long, usually shouldered,
handsomely compact, without being crowded ;
berries large, round; skin very thin but tena-
cious, and semi-transparent ; seeds few and very
small; color, when fully ripe, a rich amber with
thin white bloom, almost identical in appear-
ance with the foreign Golden Chasselas ; flesh
perfectly tender and melting, just enough vinous
acid to prevent cloying the most delicate palate.
Wholly free from any vestige of foxiness, and a
grape that will satisfy the most fastidious taste,
formed upon the foreign standard ; ripens same
time as the Concord. The vine is very vigorous
in growth ; large foliage, thick and abundant,
resisting mildew in fully exposed locations
here, as well as the Concord; and will prob-
bably succeed in all regions where the Amer-
ican grape can be successfully and profitably
grown.

Cottage. (Labr.) A seedling of the Concord
raised by E. W. Bull, the originator of that va-
riety. A strong, vigorous grower, with re-
markably large and leathery leaves, and abund-
ant, strong, branching roots ; bunch and ber-
ries about the size of Concord, but of a some-
what darker shade; ripens before Concord;
quality better than the parent, with less of the
foxiness peculiar to the other. Promises well
as a resistant to Phylloxera.

Mr. Bull in his successful efforts to improve our na-
tive grapes, began by sowing the seeds of a wild grape
(V. Labrusca), from which he raised seedlings. He
then sowed the seed raised from these, and obtained
others, among wbich the Concord. He then raised 2000
seedlings before he got any that surpassed the Concord.
In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of the Con-
cord, he obtained seedlings far superior to the Concord
and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera).
There seems to be no reasonable doubt that, as Mr.
Bull tninks, the wild grape can, in a few generations,
be made equal in quality to the European vine. — U. S.
Agr. Report for 1867.

Cowan, or McCowan. (Cord.) Bunch and lerry
medium; black, rather harsh and austere. Not desira-
ble.—j

Creveling. Syn. CATAWISSA, BLOOM, CO-
LUMBIA COUNTY. (Labr. ) Pennsylvania. —
Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on old
ones sometimes as compact as Concords ; berries
medium to large, slightly oval, black, with blue
bloom ; flesh tender, juicy and sweet; quality
best ; ripens early, a few days later than Hart-
ford, and before Concord. Vine a fair grower,
healthy and hardy ; may be planted 6 by 6 feet
apart, on northern and northeastern hillsides.
Roots thick and warty, and comparatively few ;
texture soft, with a thick liber, forming young
fibers rather slowly ; canes long and rambling,
slender, long jointed, and with few laterals;
wood soft, of a reddish color, with a large pith.

In all these characteristics there is not a trace
of the JEstivalis, fop which class some would
claim the Creveling.

This grape was for a time rapidly growing in
favor, but has not deserved it, as it is often very
unproductive, setting its fruit imperfectly. In
favorable seasons and on good, well worked,
tolerably rich soil, it gives a remunerative,
early and delicious table fruit. No garden or
amateur collection should be without it.

Mr. Husmann says it makes an exquisite
claret wine, intermediate between the Concord
and Nortons in body, and superior in flavor to
either. Must, 88°.

44

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

Concord Muscat. Also grown from
Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of
Delaware. O., who gives the following de-
scription of it: " Bunch long, moderately
compact, sometimes shouldered; berries
very large, oval ; skin thin, rather opaque ;
seeds few and small ; color light, greenish
white with delicate bloom ; flesh entirely
tender and melting, with no pulp or as-
tringenc)r next the seeds; flavor rich,
sugary, slightly sub-acid, with the pecu-
liar high flavor which is the distinguishing
charm and excellence of the foreign Mus-
cats and Frontignans. There are really
few grapes among the most admired for-
eign kinds which equal this variety in
pure flavor and high quality. Vine very
vigorous; foliage large and moderately
thick ; resists mildew, except in very un-
favorable seasons. In this respect it is
better than Eumelan, Delaware, Clinton,
or Roger's Hybrids ; but not equal to Con-
cord."

Cornucopia. (Arnold's Hybrid No.
2.) A seedling of Clinton crossed with
Black St. Peters. Vine much resembling
the Clinton in appearance, but superior
in size of berry and bunch, and greatly
superior in flavor ; a healthy grape and a
great bearer. The Paris Horticultural
Society reported on it as follows: " This
is undoubtedly one of the best grapes in
the whole collection of Mr. Arnold's Hy-
brid grapes; a very promising grape."
Bunch large, shouldered, very compact;
berry above medium size, black, with a
beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very
sprightly, and pleasant; skin thin; seeds
large, bearing nearly the same proportion
to size of berry as in Clinton. Flesh melt-
ing, with very little pulp if any: seems to
burst in the mouth ; all juice, with a little
acid and astringency; ripens with Con-
cord. A good market grape, and " a good j
keeper." Also valuable for wine, but with us
not as good as Canada.

Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev.
Asher Moore, N. J. A cross between Concord
and Royal Muscadine. Early; bunches long,
loose, shouldered; berries medium, glossy black,
with a bloom ; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet.
Vine a free grower, hardy, healthy and prolific.

Cuyahoga. Syn. WEMPLE. (Labr.} A chance

seedling found and grown by Wemple, Collamer,

Cuyahoga Co., O. Vine a strong grower, requires a

CORNUCOPIA.

warm, sandy soil and exposure to make it desirable at
the North, but when well grown it is of fine quality.
South it casts its foliage and ig not valuable. Bunch,
medium, compact; Jerry medium, dull, greenish amber
when fully ripe; flesh tender, juicy, rich vinous, sweet.
Ripens with the Catawba, or a little later.

Croton. Hybrid cross between Delaware
and Chasselas de Fontainbleau, originated by
S. W. Underbill, of Croton Point, N. Y., bore
its first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following
years, it obtained prizes at the N. Y., Penn-
sylvania and Massachusetts Horticultural Soci-
eties, and other grape exhibitions, attracting

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

45

THE CROTON GRAPE.

marked attention. F. R. Elliot, formerly of
Cleveland, O., says : " The Croton is among the
white or green sorts, what the Delaware is
among the reds."

Bunch often 8 to 9 inches long, moderately
compact and shouldered; the shoulder often
nearly as large as the bunch, and the clusters
frequently winged; berries of medium size, of
light, yellowish green color, translucent, and
remarkably delicate in appearance ; flesh melt-
ing and sweet throughout; quality best with
much of the flavor and character of the Chasse-
las; ripens early. Some very prominent porno-
ologists say it is one of the best hardy grapes
they have tasted and report the vine as hardy,
vigorous and productive. Our own experience

is, so far, not as favorable; with us it seems
rather tender, a weak grower, with a tendency
to mildew and rot.

We cannot recommend it for general cultiva-
tion, but only as a novel and valuable amateur
fruit.

Cunningham. Syn. LONG, (jffist.) A
southern grape, belonging to the same class as
the Herbemont; it originated in the garden of
Mr. Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward county,
Ya. Dr. D. N. Norton, a prominent agricultur-
alist, the same who first eultivated and intro-
duced to notice our invaluable Norton's Virginia
grape, made wine from the Cunningham in
1855, and furnished to the Elder Prince, of

46

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

THE CUNNINGHAM GRAPE.

Flushing, Long Island, the stock which was the
base from which this grape has been dissemi-
nated, directly or indirectly.* Dr. Norton pro-
nounced the wine very similar to Murdock &
Co's celebrated brand of Madeira. The Cunn-
ingham is VERY valuable for southern slopes,
with poor, light limestone soils in this latitude
and FURTHER SOUTH. JBunch very compact and
heavy, medium, often, not always, shouldered;
berries small, brownish black, juicy and vinous ;

vine a stiong grower, HEALTHY and productive ;
to be so it needs, however, spur pruning on
laterals and slight winter protection. Hoots of
medium thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight,
tough, with a smooth, hard liber, on which the
Phylloxera has but little influence, even though
they may be numerous on the young spougioles ;
one of the best resistants to the insect. Canes
not numerous, but very stout and vigorous, of-
ten attaining a length of SO or 40 feet in one

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

47

<SUtt VITICULTURAL Cfl.v

i

THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE.

season; laterals an average complement, and
well developed; wood hard with a medium
sized pith, and a hard, thick outer bark, adher-
ing closely even on the ripe wood, a characteris-
tic common to all the ^Estivalis class . Ripens
its fruit late, and makes one of the most aro-
matic and delightful wines, of dark yellow
color. Must 95° to 112*.

Cynthiana. Syn. RED RIVER, (^fflst.)
Received by Husmann in 1858, from William R.

Prince, Flushing, Long Island, New York. Or-
igin, Arkansas, where it was, probably, found
growing wild. It is a true JBstivalis in all
its habits, and reseinble's Norton?s Virginia so
closely that it is impossible to distinguish the
wood or leaf, although the bunch is generally
somewhat more shouldered, and the berry more
juicy and somewhat sweeter. Bunch of medium
size, moderately compact, shouldered ; berry
below medium, round, black, with blue bloom,

48

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

sweet, spicy, moderately juicy. Juice very dark
red, weighs very heavy on the must scale, even
higher than Norton's Virginia, and makes, so
far, our best red wine. It has as much body as
Norton's Virginia, is of exquisite flavor, much
more delicate than Norton's, and can safely en-
ter the lists with the choicest Burgundy wines.
The Norton's, however, seem to possess medi-
cinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher degree.
Vine vigorous and healthy, productive, as sure
in its crops of well ripened fruit here, as any
variety we know; but very difficult to propa-
gate, as its wood is very hard with a small pith
and closely adhering outer bark. Since it bore
its first crop, in 1859, we have never seen a rot-
ten berry on it. The fruit ripens some few days
earlier than Norton's and Catawba. Specific
gravity of must, from 98° to 118° according to
the season. While we can confidently recom-
mend the true Cyuthiana as the best grape for
red wine which we have tried, we must at the
same time caution the public against spurious
vines, which have been sent out under that
name.

We copy the above description partly from
Mr. Husmann, of whom we also obtained our
original stock of this variety. We have now
about 2000 vines of same in bearing. Our Cyn-
thiana wine was awarded the First Medal of
Merit at the World-Exposition, Vienna, 1873,
and is gaining the " blue ribbon " at every test.
The commission at the Congres de Montpellier,
France, 1874, reported: "Cynthiana of Mr.
Bush, a red wine of fine color, rich in body and
alcohol, reminding us of old Roussillon wine."
It says th.e same of Cynthiana exhibited by
Poeschel & Soberer. Mr. Nuesch, of Dr. Law-
rence's Ouachita vineyard, near Hot Spring,
Ark., who got his plants from us, says: "We
find the Cynthiana hardier than the Norton and
a few days earlier in ripening." The juice of
the Cynthiana surpasses that of the Norton's in
saccharine by about 10° on Oechsle's scale,
averaging about 112°. Mr. Muench writes us:
" Too much cannot be said in praise of the Cyn-
thiana; its wine, two or three years old, cannot
be excelled by. the best red wines of the old
world." We look upon it as our BEST AND
MOST VALUABLE grape for red wine, and have
bestowed (he best care and special attention on
its propagation, so that we can now offer relia-
ble, number one plants, with strong, insect
proof, healthy roots, of this variety, to our
customers, at a comparatively very moderate
price.

Dana. A seedling grown by Francis Dana, of Rox-
bury, Mass., and described in the "Massachusetts Hor-
ticultural Transactions." Bunch medium, shouldered,
compact, with a peculiar red stem; berries rather large,
nearly round, red, with a rich, heavy bloom, so that
when fully ripe they appear almost black; flesh as free
from pulp as Delaware; not so sweet, but more spirited
and vinous, yet not acid. Ripe last of September.

Detroit. (Labr f ) This variety is supposed to be
a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a garden in
Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit we copy from
description in the Horticulturalist. Vine very vigorous
and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba; wood short
jointed; bunches large, compact; berries very dark, rich
brown claret, with a light bloom, round and regular.
Flesh with very little pulp, rich and sugary. Ripens
earlier than the Catawba.

Devereux. (^Est.} Syn. BLACK JULY,
LINCOLN, BLUE GRAPE, SHERRY, THURMOND,
HART, TULEY, MCLEAN, HUSSON, (LENOIR, in-
correctly). A southern grape; belongs to the
same class as Herbemont and Cunningham;
where this grape will succeed it is one of our
very best wine grapes, producing a white wine
of exquisite flavor. It is somewhat subject to
mildew, very tender, and requires covering in
the winter. North of Missouri it should not be
tried, but here it succeeds admirably on south-
ern slopes, in very favorable seasons, and our
southern grape growers, especially, should plant
some of it. Bunch very long, loose, shouldered;
berry black, below medium, round; flesh juicy,
without pulp, and vinous; quality best; vine a
strong grower and very productive, when free
from mildew.

Diana Hamburg. A new variety, said to be a
cross between the Diana and Black Hamburg, origi-
nated by Mr. Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y.; bunches
generally large, sufliciently compact, well shouldered;
berries above medium, slightly oval, of a rich fiery red
color when fully ripe; flesh tender, of very sweet
flavor, equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vine a
weak grower, with short jointed, firm wood, very ten-
der; leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes
rolled in; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the
Concord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as
well state that at least three independent parties are
reputed to have made this hybrid, and there may exist
several crosses of the foreign Black Hamburg on the
Diaita. Ours is from J. Charlton , Rochester, N. Y. ,
but it proved worthless. We might as well attempt to
grow the lilack Hamburg in open air. Its propagation
should be given up, at least we have done so .

Don Juan, one of Mr. Ricketts' seedlings, much
like its parent lona. Mr. F. R. Elliott says: "It is
better than any known hardy grape of its color; is
about the size in berry of Rogers' 15, a deeper color
and a larger and better bunch; the flesh is vinous,
sweet and sparkling. " (See our Remarks on Rickett's
Seedlings.)

DESCRIPTION OF VABIETIES.

49

Delaware. Origin unknown. It
was found many years since in the gar-
den of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown,
Hnnterdon Co., N. J., who had immi-
grated from Switzerland, and brought
with him many varieties of foreign
grapes, which he cultivated in his gar-
den. It was first known as the " Italian
Wine Grape," then it was supposed to
be the "Red Traminer," or a seedling
from this variety. We have strong rea-
sons to believe it a Hybrid between the
V. Labrusca and Vitis Vinifera.

This variety, first brought to notice by
A. Thompson, Delaware, Ohio, is con-
sidered to be one of the best, if not the
best of all American grapes. Unfortu-
nately it does not, from various causes,
succeed well in all localities; it should
be planted here in deep, rich soil, open
and well drained, on northeast and east-
ern slopes, and requires good cultivation
and pruning to short laterals. Its Roots
are slender, and not inclined to branch
out much; of medium'^toughness, with a
rather soft liber. Canes proportionate,
in length and thickness, with an average
number of laterals. Wood hard, with a
small pith. It is a slow grower. 1450
vines may well be planted to the acre,
five to six feet being a sufficient dis-
tance. Some experiments have lately
been made in grafting and inarching the
Delaware on the Concord and Clinton
stocks, which proved successful. (See
" Grafting," in Manual.) The Delaware
is exceedingly hardy, enduring the se-
verest winters uninjured, if the vines
arc healthy. In some localities, as in
South-west Missouri and Arkansas, it
yields a sure and abundant crop, and is
entirely without a rival for the pro-
duction of a fine white wine ; in other locali-
ties, however, it has been found subject to mil-
dew, or leaf blight, and this tendency is great-
ly aggravated by allowing the vines to over-
bear, which the Delaware is sure to do, if per-
mitted. It is very sensitive to Phylloxera.

Bunch small to medium, compact ; the clusters
usually shouldered; berries below medium,
round; skin thin, but tenacious; pulp sweet
and tender; juice abundant, rich, vinous and
sugary, sprightly and refreshing ; color a beau-
tiful light red or purplish maroon, covered with
a thin whitish bloom, and very translucent. It
is without harshness or acidity in its pulp, ex-

DELAWARE.

ceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous and
aromatic. Ripens early, about eight days later
than Hartford Prolific. Quality best, for the
table* as well as for wine. Must 100°— 118°.
Acid 5 to 6 per mill.

" The must of this grape is generally so rich,
and the proportion so evenly balanced, that it
will make a first class wine, of great body and
fine flavor, without manipulation or addition."
— Husmann, U. 8. Report of Agriculture, 1867.

Seedlings from Delaware and its crosses with
other varieties are but little known, though in-
numerable attempts have been made to raise
them. The expectation to produce therefrom a

50

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

grape of superior value, larger only in size of
bunch and berries, yet of the quality of the Del-
aware, was, and probably ever will be, doomed
to disappointment. All its seedlings show more
or less of the "Fox grape;11 this fact, and
other characteristics (see Manual — Table of
Grape Seeds, &c.) convince us of its origin, in
party from this species; although many eminent
Horticulturists and Botanists class the Dela-
ware with jEstivalis, (others with Riparia).
It is true that the Delaware leaf seems more
closely allied to ^Est. ; its wood is harder, more
difficult to propagate, and the tendrils are not

continuous, (nor are they regularly intermit-
tent) ; but we find a remarkable parallel case
in " Sheppard's Delaware," raised from seed of
Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1853, from whom
Charles Downing received it, with its history,
and says: " The vine and fruit are similar in
all respects to Delaware." The " White Dela-
ware," a new variety, raised by G. W. Camp-
bell from seed of Delaware, has large, thick
foliage, " resembling Catawba more than Dela-
ware." Another white Delaware seedling,
raised by II. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same
characteristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor.

DIANA.

Diana. (Za&r.) A seedling of
Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana
Crehore, Milton, Massachusetts.
Mr. Fuller justly remarks:

" There is probably no one va-
riety of grape in cultivation in
regard to which there is a greater
diversity of opinion, and its vari-
ableness fully warrants all that
is said about it. In one section
it is really excellent, while in an-
other, perhaps near by it, it is
entirely worthless. This differ-
ence is often observable in the
same garden, and from no ap-
parent cause."

The Diana seems to do best in
warm, rather dry and poor soil ;
gravelly clay .or sandy loam
seems best suited to its wants.
Bunches medium, very compact,
occasionally shouldered ; berries
medium size, round, pale red,
covered with a thin lilac bloom ;
flesh tender, with some pulp,
sweet, juicy, with a musk flavor
that is very strong until the fruit
is fully ripe, and then often offen-
sive to some tastes. Colors its
fruit early, but does not really
mature much earlier than the Ca-
tawba. Vine a vigorous grower,
requiring much room and long
pruning, and increases in pro-
ductiveness and good quality, as
the vines get age ; roots few, but
long and thick, soft in texture,
and with a thick liber; canes
heavy and long, with few laterals
and a very large pith. It is not
as productive, nor quite as large
in bunch and berry as its parent,

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

51

but some think it superior in quality, and it has
usually suffered less from rot. Its berries hold
well, and its thick skin enables it to withstand
changes of temperature better; hence the Diana
improves by being left upon the vine until after
pretty severe frost. As a variety for packing
and keeping, it has no superior. Eastern grape
growers claim it to be valuable also for wine.
Must 88" to 90° ; acid 12.

Downing-, or Charles Downing. A Hybrid ob-
tained by Jas. H. Rieketts, Newburgh, N. Y., from
the Croton fertilized by Black Hamburgh. "Bunches
large, sometimes shouldered ; berries large, slightly
oval, nearly black with light bloom, flesh tender,
breaking somewhat like the foreign sorts ; in flavor it
is first rajbe, being sweet, with just enough sprightli-
ness to prevent cloying the palate."— Fuller.

The vine is said to be a vigorous grower, with healthy
foliage. Its parents ferebode the reverse.

Dracut Amber. (Labr.} Originated by
J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine very vig-
orous. Regarded by us as but a slightly im-
proved wild fox grape; very early and produc-
tive; bunch large and long, compact, often
shouldered; berries large, round; skin thick, of
pale red color, pulpy and foxy ; too foxy for our
taste, and should be discarded, when so many
better varieties can be grown. Yet, even neio
varieties, quite similar, and but very little, if
any better, are continually introduced. (See
Wyoming Red.)

Early Hudson, (?) an early, round, black grape,
of little value, except as a curiosity, inasmuch as some
of the berries contain no seed. — Downing.

Edinburgh. Syn. ELSINBORO, SMART'S EL-
SINBOROUGH. (^Est.} Supposed to have orig-
inated in Elsinburgh, Salem county, N. J. An
excellent amateur grape, of fine quality ; ripens
early. Bunches medium to large, rather loose,
shouldered; berries small, round, skin thick,
black, covered with a thin blue bloom ; flesh
without pulp, sweet, vinous. Leaves deeply
five-lobed, dark green, smooth; wood long
jointed and slender. Subject to mildew.

Elizabeth, (Lair.) originated on the farm of Joseph
Hart, near Rochester, N, Y., and described in the
Rural New Yorker. Bunches large, compact; berries
large, roundish oval, greenish white, with a purple
tinge in the sun. Flesh rather pulpy, acid.

Elvira, a seedling from Taylor, raised by
Jacob Rommel of Missouri, considered the
most promising new white wine grape we now
have. The chromo lithograph accompanying
the title page was made from a photograph of a
medium cluster, from the original vine, for this
Catalogue. Bunch medium, shouldered, very
compact; berry medium, considerably larger

than Taylor, its parent, round, pale green with
white bloom, sometimes tinged with red streaks
when fully ripe; skin very thin, transparent;
it sets so very closely and the skin is so thin as
to cause some of the berries to crack; pulp
sweet, very tender and juicy, fine flavor. Ri-
pens about ten days later than Concord. Vine
a most vigorous, stocky grower, eminently pro-
ductive, exceedingly healthy and hardy, having
stood the hard winter of 1872-3 without protec-
tion. Hoots like those of Clinton and Taylor,
promising to possess the same indemnity from
Phylloxera. Canes stout and long with well
developed laterals. Wood harder than the Tay-
lor, with a medium pith. Foliage large and
strong, firmer in texture than the leaves of its
parent, the Taylor; somewhat rusty and woolly
on the lower side, leading us to consider this
variety as the offspring of an accidental inter-
mingling of two species, the Riparia and La-
brusca.

Mr. Herman Jaeger, a careful observer and
very intelligent grape grower of Southwest
Missouri, justly says (after a visit to Mr. Rom-
mePs vineyard) : *' The Elvira has all the good
qualities of its parent, the Taylor, and is en-
tirely free from the drawback of that variety —
small scattering bunches and poor bearing qual-
ities. The original Elvira vine bears again
(1874) an immense crop ; four and five bunches
from one bud is the general rule ; they are very
compact, and bunch and berry are. about twice as
large as the finest Taylor I ever saw. The foliage
of the Elvira plainly shows its origin, though it is
much larger and more beautiful than that of the
Taylor. On the lower side of the leaf a slight
approach to the fox grape is perceptible."

The Elvira will make an excellent white
wine, resembling hock ; this is not merely the
expectation of Mr. Rommel, but of others, in-
cluding ourselves. Mr. Jaeger, who has no
pecuniary interest in this grape, wrote to S.
Miller (Colm. Rural World) : "In your locality
and further north the Elvira, for the production
of a fine hock wine, is entirely without a rival."

Being easily propagated from cuttings, the
Elvira will soon be extensively tested, and, we
believe it will become one of the leading, nay
the leading white wine grape of the Middle
States.

Essex, (Roger's Hybrid No. 41.) Bunch of
medium size, compact, shouldered ; berry very
large, black, somewhat flattened, in this respect
resembling the native parent ; flesh tender and
sweet, with a high aromatic flavor; ripens
early ; vine vigorous, healthy, and prolific.

52

BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE.

EUMELAN.

Eumelan. ("Good black" grape.)
This variety was found as a chance seedling at
Fishkill, N. Y., where it has been in cultivation
(in the garden of Messrs. Thome) for many
years, yielding abundant crops of grapes, re-
markable both for goodness and earliness. The
original vines were purchased by Dr. C. W.
Grant, in 1866, (now Hasbrouck & Bushnell,
lona Island,) from whom we obtained the
plants of this valuable variety, probably the
best early grape we have got. We give the
description from the circular of its propagator,
Dr. Grant, leaving out, however, all excessive
praise, which, in our opinion, has damaged his
success more than all his opponents. Bunches
of good size, elegant form, and proper degree

*By a mere typographical error in our first edition
(1869), the Eumelan was designated as Labr., and to our
regret this error was ever since copied and repeated by
many others who ought to know better; but while this
may be a pardonable oversight in those who merely
copied our descriptions, it is evidently more than an
oversight in those who undertake to arrange and de«
scribe our native Tines by species and still place Eumelan
among Labrusca.

of compactness ; berries large medium
size, round, black, with fine bloom, ad-
hering firmly to the bunch long after
ripening ; flesh tender, melting, all going
to wine-like juice under slight pressure
of the tongue ; ripening very early (even
before the Hartford Prolific) and evenly
to the center. Flavor pure and refined,
very sugary, rich and vinous, with a
large degree of that refreshing quality
that belongs distinctively to the best
foreign wine grapes. Roots abundant,
thick, spreading, and of medium tough-
ness ; liber thick but firm. Vine a strong
grower, producing remarkably short-
jointed wood, with numerous and strong
laterals; buds large and prominent;
wood hard with a small pith; leaves
large, thick, dark colored, firm in tex-
ture (it strikingly resembles Elsinburg)
and though subject to mildew in some
localities and unfavorable seasons, we
can recommend it as a very fine, hardy,
healthy, early grape. The American
Horticultural Annual for 1869, says of
the Eumelan : This variety has been
tested in several localities. It has proved
with us, near New York, remarkably
healthy in foliage, and has taken sev-
eral premiums as the'ibest black grape
at various exhibitions. Then again re-
ports came from many localities, that it
has. failed to meet public expectations.
In our own vineyards at Bushberg, it
has proved all that was claimed for 'it, being
healthy, hardy, early, productive, and of very
fine quality.

Perhaps with no other variety is it so import-
ant to set out only good and strong plants in
the first place, as with this one; and we think
that the great diversity of opinion now exist-
ing in regard to this grape is due to the fact
that a large number of the vines of this variety
sent, out have been poor and feeble plants,
which have never come to any good thereafter,
and never will.

The Eumelan makes a superior red wine (ac-
cording to Mottier, North-East, Pennsylvania,
must 93°, and at the test held at Hammonds-
port as high as 104° with only 4 per mill, acid),
and should it prove more generally successful,
it will rank high among wine grapes.

We give a figure of a bunch and leaf, re-
duced in size, and a single berry of full natural
size.

DESCRIPTION OF VAK1ETIES.

53

GOETHE. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 1.)

54

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

Eureka, (Labntsled) a seedling of Isabella, orig-
inated by S. Folsom, of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. Y.,
similar to its parent in appearance, but claimed to be
earlier, hardier, and healthier, to be of better flavor
and to keep better than Isabella. Mr. Folsom has since
raised eight seedlings of the Eureka, not crosses unless
accidentally so, which are said to be remarkable for
earliness, fewness of seeds and other good qualities.

Flora. (Labr.1) Origin Philadelphia, Pa. Bunch
small, compact; Jerry small, roundish, oval, purplish-
red. Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy,
vinous. Ripens about with Isabella. Vine hardy and
productive. — Downing.

Flo Aver s. Syn : BLACK MUSCADINE. (V. Vulpi-
na or Rotundifolia.) A variety of the Scuppernong
type. Berries large; growing in clusters of 10 to 20,
black, sweet. Ripens very late ; hangs upon the vine
until frost. Said to make a rich, red and delicious
wine. Never fails to produce a crop, and perfectly free
from any kind of disease. It is much esteemed (in
Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina) on account of its
lateness, as it does not come in until the Scuppernong
is gone. Mr. Berckmans, of Georgia, says it is not quite
as good as the Scuppernong ( !) and about same size.

Flower of Missouri. A new Delaware seedling,
grown by Mr. M. Poeschel, Hermann, Mo. Not dis-
seminated, and probably never will be. It possesses
both the excellence and the defects of "Walter."

Framing ham. Perhaps not identical with, but
only a reproduction of the Hartford Prolific'; at least so
closely resembling it that it should not have been in-
troduced as a new variety.

Franklin. (Cord.) Vine has much the habit and
growth of Clinton ; not as good a bearer. Bunch small,
not very compact; berry small, black, juicy, quite acid,
austere; unworthy. — Downing.

Gaertner. (Rogers' No. 14.) Not yet fruit-
ed here, and but little known. The Hon. Mar-
shal P. Wilder, describes it as follows : Bunch
good size ; berry medium to large ; color light
brown or red; skin thin; flavor pleasant and
aromatic ; season rather early; vine healthy and
productive. — Grape Culturist.

Goethe. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 1.) This
very valuable variety is, perhaps, more unique
and shows in its fruit more of the character of
the European species than any of Mr. Rogers'
other sorts, and yet its vine is one of the hardi-
est, healththiest, and most productive we have.
Late in ripening for northern localities, it does
not always mature there ; but here with us it
produces and perfectly ripens a large crop of
beautiful clusters and berries, free from rot or
imperfection of any kind, provided it has a good
rich soil, and has not been permitted to over-
bear, which would ruin its health and produc-
tiveness for years to come, if not for ever. A
sandy soil seems also favorable to its continued

health, as the roots of the Goethe, though thick
— generally of a scraggy and warty exterior —
are feeble, and in clay soil they soon become
a prey of the Phylloxera. The vine is a most
vigorous grower, making stout and long canes,
with well-developed laterals. Wood rather soft,
with a moderate pith. At the Fall meeting of
the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers' Associa-
tion, September 9, 1868, we exhibited for the
first time a few branches of the vine, each with
several perfect clusters, which were much ad-
mired, and would have probably astonished even
its originator, could he have seen them. The
smallest of them, being a good average size, we
had photographed, and an exact copy of it ex-
pressly engraved for this catalogue. The bunch-
es are medium to large, not quite compact, oc-
casionally shouldered; berries very large, ob-
long, of a yellowish-green, sometimes blotched,
with a pale red toward the sun; skin thin,
translucent ; flesh tender and melting through-
out, few seeds, sweet, vinous and juicy, with a
peculiar delicious aroma ; excellent for the table
and for wine. Specific gravity of "must 78°;
altogether a MOST DESIRABLE grape for our lati-
tude.

Golden Clinton. Syn : KING. (Cord.) A seed-
ling from the Clinton closely resembling it, with this
difference, that its berries are greenish-w^, and that
it is by far less productive. We doubted, for some
time, that the plants we had under that name were
true, and therefore did not send it out. We then ob-
tained the true Golden Clinton from two reliable
sources and fruited it, only to know that Mr. Campbell
is perfectly correct in saying: " It does not sustain the
character given by those who first introduced it.
Bunches small, scanty and irregular; berries small and of
inferior quality. Not desirable."

Graham. An accidental seedling, introduced by
Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia ; lunch of medium size,
not compact; berry half an inch in diameter, round,
purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains
little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable
flavor. A poor grower and bearer. — Downing.

Hartford Prolific. (Labr.} The stand-
ard for earliness among grapes. Raised by Mr.
Steel, of Hartford, Conn., twenty-five years ago.
It is now well known, and generally planted as
a very prolific early marke tvariety ; ripens here
early in August, about ten days in advance of
the Concord ; but as soon as ripe it generally
drops its fruit, and is still of poor quality. The
vine is very healthy and hardy, atod produces
immense crops. Bunches large, shouldered,
rather compact; berries round, full medium,
black; flesh pulpy, juicy, with a perceptible
foxy flavor ; roots very abundant, branching and
fibrous, of average thickness and toughness, and

DESCRIPTION OF YAE1BTIES.

55

THE HERBEMONT GRAPE.

tolerably firm liber. Its good resisting power
against Phylloxera is due, probably, more to its
exceedingly strong root growth, than to the tex-
ture of the root itself. Canes stout, with strong
crooks at the joints, laterals well developed, and
considerable down on the young growth. Wood
hard, with a small pith. Tolerably fair wine
has been made from it, but we could not recom-
mend it for that purpose. Only as a market

grape it is considered valuable by many, on ac-
count of its earliness and great productiveness;
but even as such it is inferior to several others.
(Framingham and Seneca are almost identical
with the Hartford.)

Herbemont. Syn: WARREN, HERBEMONT' s
MADEIRA, WARRENTON, NEIL GRAPE. *f (^Bst.)
Origin unknown ; it was propagated as early^as

56

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

1798, from an old vine growing on the planta-
tion of Judge Huger, Columbia, 8. C. Mr.
Nicholas Herbemont, an enterprising and en-
thusiastic cultivator of the grape, found it
there, and from its vigorous growth and per-
fect acclimation at first correctly supposed it
was a native ; he was afterwards informed, in
1834, that it had been received from France, and
he believed it. But the same grape was also
found growing wild in Warren County, Ga.,
and is there known as the Warren grape. The
best authorities now class it as a member of the
^Estivalis family of the south— a native grape,
truly called by Downing, "Bags of Wine."
One of the very best and most reliable grapes
for both table and wine, especially adapted for
our hillsides on limestone soil. It should not be
planted further north, and even here should be
covered in winter. For those who have gone
to this slight trouble it has nearly always pro-
duced a splendid crop, and has been so enor-
mously productive that it richly repaid the little
additional labor. To some of our Southern
States this grape will be a mine of wealth.
Bunches very large, long, shouldered and com-
pact ; berries small, black, with a beautiful blue
bloom; skin thin, flesh sweet, without pulp,
juicy and high-flavored; ripens late, a few
days after Catawba. Roots of medium thick-
ness, with a smooth, hard liber, resisting to the
Phylloxera in France as well as here. Canes
stout, heavy and long ; laterals well-developed.
Wood hard, with a medium-sized pith, and thick
firm outer bark. Vine a very vigorous grower,
with the most beautiful foliage ; not subject to
mildew, and but very little to rot; in rich soil
it is somewhat tender, makes too much wood,
and seems less productive, while in warm and
rather poor limestone soil, with southern expo-
sure, it is perfectly healthy, and enormously
productive, except in very unfavorable seasons,
when all half- tender varieties will fail. Mr.
Werth, of Richmond, Va., says: I have found
the most uniformly abundant, healthy, and
thoroughly ripened crop, for successive seasons,
on low, imperfectly drained, and rather com-
pact soil. The accompanying illustration gives
an idea of the beauty and richness of the bunch.
Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure
juice pressed, without mashing the grapes,
makes a white wine, resembling delicate Ilaen-
ish wines; if fermented on the husks about
forty-eight hours, it will make a very fine pale
red wine. The French wine judges at Mont-
pelier, pronounced it " assez agreable, rappel-
lant le gout des vins de Test de la France."

It seems that but very few seedlings of the
Herbemont have been raised ; at least we know
of none that were disseminated. One Herbe-
mont seedling is mentioned by Dr. Warder, in
his description of the " Longworth School of
Vines." The Pauline (see description) may,
perhaps, be a seedling of Herbemont ; the Mus-
cogee also ; but little is known of these varieties.
If WE intended to raise new seedlings (which
we do not) we would select the Herbemont in
preference to almost any other variety.

Hattie, or Hettie. There are three grapes under
this name, or under conflicting descriptions. One
originated with Mrs. N. R. Haskel, Monroe, Mich; de-
scribed as a bright, clear red, translucent grape. The
other, introduced by E. Y. Teas, of Richmond, Ind. ,
as a large, oval, black, grape, "earlier, larger and
better than Concord and Isabella." And another of un-
known origin. Bunch small; ~berry black; flesh some-
what pulpy; a poor grower and bearer, but ripens
early. All three are unknown here.

Herbert. (Rogers' No. 44.) Labrusca, im-
pregnated by Black Hamburg. Bunch large,
rather long and loose ; berry large size, round,
sometimes a little flattened; black ;' flesh very
sweet and tender. Early and productive.

Hermann. This new wine grape is a seed-
ling of Norton's Virginia, raised by Mr. F. Lan-
gendoerfer, near Hermann, Mo. The original
vine had fruited in 1863 with its originator, and
grafts of it fruited abundantly in 1864. It has
now been tested for nearly ten years, in various
places, and proved itself without a fault as to
growth, foliage and fruit. On trying the must
on Oechsle's scale it showed 96°, and has since
varied from 94° to 105°. Bunch long and nar-
row, seldom shouldered, compact, often nine
inches long; the shoulders, if there are any,
having the appearance of a separate bunch;
berry small, about same size as Norton's, round,
black with blue bloom, moderately juicy, never
rots or mildews, and ripens very late, a few days
later than the Norton's. The juice is of a
brownish yellow, making a wine of the color of
brown Sherry or Madeira, of great body and of
very fine flavor, resembling Madeira. Our
friend Sam. Miller says : There is a peculiar fra-
grance about the wine of the Hermann that no
other American grape possesses, and were I a
teetotaler in drinking, I should like to have
wine of it, just for the pleasure of smelling it.
I propose for its wine the name of "Harmony,'*
for such it will produce. The French judges,
at the Congres de Montpellier, pronounce the
Hermann " Men droit de gout, particulierement
bon and corse." Vine a strong grower, and
very productive, resembling the Norton's in

DESCRIPTION OF VAKIETIES.

57

THE HERMANN GRAPE.

foliage, but the leaves are of a lighter color, the
stems covered with peculiar silvery white hair-
like threads, and the leaves somewhat more
deeply lobed. It is, like its parent, very^diffi-

cult to propagate, and will rarely grow from
cuttings in the open ground. Roots wiry, very
tough, with a smooth hard liber, defying all
attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes of medium

58

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

thickness, great length and vigor, and a moder-
ate number of laterals. The canes often branch
off with a fork, having a double bud at the base,
a freak of more frequent occurrence with this,
than any other variety we know of. Wood very
hard, with a small pith.

We have watched this grape closely, and with
particular interest, and have become firmly con-
vinced that it is an important addition to our

THE HINE GRAPE.

list of wine grapes. If productiveness, general
hardihood and health, and a superior wine can
entitle a new variety to consideration, this va-
riety certainly deserves it at the hands of our
vintners. Its wine is entirely different and dis-
tinct from anything else we have, and which we
hope will be the American Madeira, so anxious-
ly sought by our connoisseurs. At the trial 6f
wines, at Hermann, Mo., held on the 17th ot
f May, 1869, the "Hermann" attract,
ed general attention. An extra pre-
mium was awarded to it.

Let not our readers suppose that
it will be a universal grape, howev-
er. For our locality and further
south it will be eminently desirable ;
"It is a pity that it has not been
more extensively planted as yet;"
but much further north it will hard-
ly attain the perfection requisite to
make a superior wine, as it ripens
so late. It will, we think, be found
specially adapied to southern slopes
and limestone soil, though it seems
to have all, or even more, of the har-
dihood of its parent. It is a true
JEstivalis in leaf and habit.

Mr. Langendorfer has lately raised
some forty Hermann Seedlings, from
which he selected, as the best, a white
seedling of the Hermann, which
seems very vigorous and productive,
promising to be a -most valuable
white wine grape, and the first of
that class (^Estivalis) with WHITE
berries. The one bottle of wine
made from it is as excellent in qual-
ity as the grape is remarkable for its
color; some good judges who tasted
the wine said: it is exceedingly
smooth and fine ; in bouquet plainly
showing Hermann origin, only as
much finer and pleasanter than Her-
mann, as good Cynthiana is finer
and better than Norton's Virginia.

The originator does not intend to
disseminate this new variety for
several years, and has not decided
upon a name for this grape.

Hine. (Labr.) A seedling of
the Catawba, raised by Jason Brown
(son of John Brown) at Put-in-Bay,
Ohio. It makes a good-sized, com-
pact, slightly shouldered bunch;
berry medium, of a dark rich claret

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

59

brown, with a purplish bloom; skin of medium
thickness ; flesh juicy, sweet and almost without
pulp ; leaf large, thick and whitish underneath ;
canes reddish brown, short jointed; buds prom-
inent; ripens with the Delaware, which it some-
what resembles. Justly regarded by all who
have seen it as a grape of much promise. It
took the first premium as the best new seedling
at the Ohio State Fair (1868). We give an en-
graving, figured from a bunch raised by Chas.
Carpenter, Kelley's Island. As this new grape
has not yet been tested in different localities, we
can not recommend it, except as an interesting
novelty to amateurs ; and its being supposed to
be a cross between the Catawba and Isabella
gives us but little confidence in its health.

Ho well. (Labr.) Origin unknown; Bunch and
lerry medium; oval, black; skin thick ; flesh with firm
pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle September.— Downing.

Humboldt. OEta.) A very interesting
new seedling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr.
Muench, described by him as of very vigorous
growth, healthy and hardy, free of rot or leaf
blight. Bunch, below medium; berries me-
dium, of light green color, and of finest quality.

Huntingdon. (Cord.} A new grape of the
Clinton class. Bunch small, compact, shoul-
dered ; berry small, round, black, juicy and vi-
nous. Ripens early. Vine a vigorous grower,
healthy, hardy and productive; promises well
for wine.

See: York Madeira.

IRWING.

Hyde's Eliza,

Imperial. A white seedling from lona and Sarbelle
Muscat, by Mr. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y. Hunch
large, with slight shoulder; berry very large, white,
with considerable bloom; no pulp; no seeds (?); splen-
did flavor, with traces of the lona-Muscat aroma; vine
a vigorous grower, hardy; ripens about time
ol the Isabella. The finest white grape of
Mr. Ricketts' collection, according to Mr.
Williams, editor of the Horticulturist.

I r wing. (Underbill's 8-20.) A
most showy and attractive new white
grape, grown from Concord seed,
crossed with White Frontignan, which
was planted by Mr. Steph. W. Under-
bill, of Croton Point, New York, in
the spring of 1863; fruited first in 1866.
The character of the very large cluster
is seen by the engraving (about one-
half reduced in size). The berry is
large,, considerably larger than Con-
cord, of a yellowish-white color,
slightly tinged with pink, when very
ripe. The vine is a healthy, vigorous
grower, has large, thick foliage, with
'down' on the under side. Fruit
ripens rather late, between the Isabella
and Catawba, and keeps well in win-
ter; it has a vinous flavor, and is quite
fleshy when perfectly ripe. We con-
sider this far more deserving of dissem-
ination than his 'Croton.'

Itbaca. A new seedling raised by Dr.
S. J. Parker, Ithaca, N. Y. ; described by its
originator as in bunch and berry larger than
"Walter; a pure greenish- yellow; a rose-like
smell and a high, Chasselas-Mosque-like ( ?)
flavor, and claimed to be a cross of Chasselas
on Delaware, ripening before Delaware, and
to be hardy, healthy and vigorous. Not dis-
seminated. We only place it on record as
one of the new varieties likely to be brought
forward.

60

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

loiia. Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, of
Tona Island, near Peekskill, N. Y. It is a seed-
ling of the Catawba, and the leaf somewhat re-
sembles that variety. Wood soft, short-jointed,
with a pith above average size ; vine a strong
grower ; roots rather few, straight, of medium
thickness and of no very firm texture, Canes
straight, not inclined to ramble, and of medium
thickness, with few laterals. Here it is subject
to mildew and rot, and requires careful protec-
tion in winter.

The lona is a fine grape for the garden, and
suited only to specially sheltered and protected
localities ; it requires rich soil and good cultiva-
tion; in regions which are not subject to mil-
dew (or leaf blight as it is sometimes called),
and where the root louse is not abundant, to
which its feeble root soon succumbs, the lona
will yield a fine crop of splendid, large and well
developed clusters. Wherever it will succeed,
it is a most desirable variety, also for the vine-
yard, making a splendid wine. The Pleasant
Valley Wine Co. use this variety largely in
making their fine sparkling wines.

Bunch usually large, long and shouldered,
not very compact; berries medium to large,
slightly oval; skin thin, but tenacious; pale red,
with numerous deep red veins, which become
quite dark when fully ripe ; fine bloom. Flesh
tender, with uniform character and consistence
to the center. Flavor rich, sweet, vinous;
quality best; — nearly equaling the Delaware;
ripens with, or a few days after Concord, and
continues a long time in use. Magnificent
specimens were grown in a cold-house by Mr.
Saunders, at the Experimental Gardens at
Washington. Must 88Q to 92°, and some re-
corded as high as 101° ; acid 6.6-10.

Isabella. Syn. PAIGN'S ISABELLA, WOODWARD,
CHRISTIE'S IMPROVED ISABELLA, PAYNE'S EARLY,
SANBORNTON (?). (Labr.) Probably a native of South
Carolina; was brought to the North and introduced to
the notice of cultivators about the year 1818 by Mrs. Is-
abella Gibbs, in honor of whom it was named. In the
East, its great vigor, hardiness, and productiveness
have caused it to be widely disseminated, but in the
West it was found to ripen unevenly and very liable to
mildew, rot, and leaf-blight. It has, justly we think,
been entirely discarded by our grape growers, since
better and more reliable varieties have taken its place.
Bunches large, loose, shouldered; berries oval, large,
dark purple, nearly black when fully ripe, and covered
with a blue-black bloom. Flesh juicy, with a rich
musky aroma; tough pulp, and a good deal of acidity.
Ripens irregularly, and the leaves seem to fall just at
the time they are needed to aid in ripening the fruit.

In gome localities it is still a favorite market grape;

Must at Hammondsport, 60° to 79°; acid 12^to 6 per m.

The Isabella, has a host of children, few of whom have

survived her, it seems. Those of her seedlings which
acquired'sonae repute are described under their proper
names in this Catalogue, see Adirondac, Eureka , Hyde's
Eliza, Israella, Mary Ann, To-Kalon, Union Village.

Many of her seedlings ditfer so little in form, size, or
quality of fruit, in growth and productiveness, (some
are only difierent in name,) that we prefer to class them
as sub-varieties. They are: Ailcen, Baker, Bogue's Eu-
reJca, Brown, Cloanthe, Carter (?), Hudson, Louisa, (by
Sam. Miller. It was certainly superior with him, but
when the learned ones pronounced it identical, he saw
no use in propagating it.) Lee's Isabella, Payne's Early,
Pioneer, Nonantum, Sanbornton, Trowbridge, Wright'*
Isabella, &c.

Israella. Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant,
who claimed for it that it was " the earliest good
grape in cultivation ;" but later he himself ad-
mitted that it was not as good as his " Eumelan."
With us it proved later than Hartford Prolific,
but the great beauty of its clusters makes it val-
uable as a table grape. Vine a moderate grower ;
foliage subject to mildew; bunches large, shoul-
dered, compact and very handsome, when well
ripened; berry black, with beautiful bloom,
rather large, slightly oval, pulpy, not above
second rate in quality. Berckmans, of Augusta,
Ga., however, says: "'The climate of Georgia
adds so much to its quality, that all who tasted
it here, pronounce it the best grape in cultiva-
tion."— Essay before the Penn. Hort. Soc.

The Israella is probably a seedling of the Isa-
bella, which it resembles in habit of growth and
character of fruit. Must (said to have reached)
84°, with only 5£ acid.

Ives. Syn. IVES' SEEDLING, IVES' MADEIRA,
KITTREDGE. (Labr.} Eaised by Henry Ives, of
Cincinnati, (probably from the seed of a Hart-
ford Prolific; certainly not from a foreign grape
as Mr. Ives supposed.) Colonel Waring and Dr.
Kittridge were the first to make wine from it —
about ten years ago— and now it is a popular
red wine in Ohio. While we do not deem it
entitled to the first prize " as the best wine-
grape for the whole country," (awarded to the
Ives at Cincinnati, Sept. 24th, 1868,) we do ac-
cord to it the great merit of having given a new
impulse to grape growing in Ohio, at a time
when the repeated failures of the Catawba Vine-
yards made it most desirable.

Bunches medium to large, compact, often
shouldered ; berries medium, slightly oblong, of
a dark purple color; when fully ripe, quite
black. Flesh sweet and juicy, but decidedly
foxy, and rather pulpy. Not desirable as a
table grape ; but nevertheless, a popular market
grape, as it bears transportation better than
most other kinds.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

61

It colors very early, but its period of ripening
is later than the Concord. The vine is remark-
ably healthy and hardy; a strong, coarse grower,
in general habit and appearance closely resem-
bling the Hartford prolific. Roots abundant,
thick, spreading, and of tolerably hard texture.
Liber thick, but firm ; pushes new spongioles
rapidly and hence offers good resistance to the
Phylloxera; it does not seem to be an early
bearer, four-year old vines of this variety pro-
ducing the first crop. It, however, bears pro-
fusely when older. The Ives wine has a most
beautiful deep red color, but a foxy taste and
odor; must 80°.

THE IVES' GRAPE.

Kalamazoo. (Lair.) Raised from seed of Ca-
tawba, by Mr. Dixon, an Englishman, at Steubenville,
Ohio. The fruit is larger than the Catawba, and grows
in bunches larger than those of that variety, and more
marked in the peculiar richness of its deep blue bloom;
skin thick; flesh soft, not qnite tender all through;
sweet, but not as rich as Catawba. According to the
Am. Pomological Society Report (1871), it is said to
ripen 10 days earlier; according to the Dep. of Agricul-
ture Report, 1872 (p. 484), it is said to ripen 10 days
later than the Catawba I "We do not know which is
correct, as we did not try this variety ourselves. The
vine is said to be a vigorous grower, hardy and very
productive.

Kilving-ton. (?) Origin unknown. Bunch medium,
tolerably compact; lerry small, round, dark red, with a
bloom; flesh pulpy, halt tender, vinous. — Downing.

Kingsessing1. (Lair.) Bunch long, loose, shoul-
dered; lerry medium, round, pale red, with a bloom;
flesh pulpy. — Downing.

Kitchen. '(Cord.) Seedling from Franklin; lunch
and lerry medium, lerry round, black; flesh acid, juicy.
— Downing.

I,abe. ( ? ) Bunch rather small, short, oblong;
lerries medium, loosely set, black; flesh half tender,
pulpy, sharp, sweet. — Downing.

" L,ady." A new white grape, purchased by
Mr. Geo. W. Campbell, from a Mr. Imlay, of
Muskingum County, O , who has fruited it for
six years, and first offered to the public in the
fall of 1874. Mr. Campbell introduces it with
the following encomium:

" It is a pure Concord seedling, and has all
the vigor, health and hardiness of its parent.
The vine, in its habit of growth, foliage, and
general appearance, is scarcely distinguishable
from the Concord.

" After four years careful testing and observa-
tion,* I confidently offer it as the very best
white grape, for general cultivation, yet in-
troduced. It is unquestionably an improvement
on the Martha grape, being at least double in
size, earlier, more productive, and at the same
time free from that foxiness which renders the
Martha objectionable to many. I have no hesi-
tation in recommending it for the most exten-
sive culture, feeling assured that it will succeed
perfectly in all localities where the Concord can
be grown with good success. By reason of its
earlier ripening, several days before Hartford
even, it will be found especially adapted to
northern localities, where Concord does not al-
ways mature, f In size of berry it is even
larger than Concord; in size of cluster, on young

* The vines endured, without injury, the severe cold of the
winter of 1872-73. 32° below zero !

t In our latitude this very early ripening is not desirable,
especially for wine making.

BUSSBEHG CATALOGUE.

" LADY."

vines, it has been, so far, a little less; though
many bunches, the past season, were fully up to
the average size of Concords. In quality it is
better flavored and more delicate than Concord,
in its texture and general character much like
it. In color, light greenish-yellow, covered
with white bloom ; seeds few and small ; skin
thin ; pulp tender ; flavor sweet and rich, slightly
vinous, and without foxiness in taste or smell.

I regard it as possessing more desirable quali-
ties for a profitable garden and market grape,
than any white grape within my knowledge."
This is certainly very strong recommendation
and coming from Mr. Campbell, we receive it
with great confidence. We have planted a con-
siderable number ourselves, and hope to be able
to bear testimony in the future to all he claims
for it.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

63

Lienoir. (^E7s£.) A southern grape of the
Herbemont class, from Lenoir Co., N. C,
Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berries
small, round, dark-bluish purple, nearly black,
covered with light bloom ; flesh tender, no pulp,
juicy, sweet and vinous. A good variety South,
but too tender and too late in ripening for the
North. In favorable localities it will be found
desirable for wine and table; vine a fine grower,
but a tardy bearer ; foliage deeply lobed ; roots
tough, resisting Phylloxera, and said to succeed
and please in France. (See " Ohio.")

Lindley. (Rogers' No. 9.) This grape
originated by hybridizing the wild Mammoth
grape of New England with the Golden Chasse-
las. Bunch long, medium, shouldered, some-
what loose; berries medium to large, round;
color quite peculiar, and distinct from any
other variety, rather more of a brick red than
Catawba color; flesh tender, sweet, with scarce-
ly a trace of pulp, and of high aromatic flavor.
It resembles the Grizzly Frontignan in appear-
ance of bunch, and is by some regarded as
fully equal to the Delaware in quality. Hoots
long and straight, with a smooth liber of me-
dium firmness ; canes slender for their length,
with few laterals and large, prominent buds;
vine of very vigorous growth, making rather
long-jointed wood, medium in hardness and
size of pith. The foliage when young is of a
reddish color ; the fruit ripens early, and drops
from the bunch ; it makes a splendid white wine.
Specific gravity of must 80°.

"To those desiring a substitute for the Ca-
tawba, this will be an acquisition." — Husmann.
We would recommend it as a table grape only.

Logan. (Lair.) A wilding of Ohio. On its intro-
duction, supposed to be a great acquisition, and recom-
mended by the Am. Pomological Society, as promising
well; but it has sadly failed to meet public expectation,
and is now more generally discarded than the Isabella,
to which it was deemed preferable. Bunches medium,
shouldered, compact; lerries large, oval, black; flesh
juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor; vine a slender grower,
early and productive.

Louisiana. Introduced here by that em-
inent pioneer of Western grape culture, Fred.
Munch, of Missouri. He received it from Mr.
Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it
was imported from France by his father, and
planted on the banks of Pontchartrain, near
New Orleans, where it has for thirty years
yielded abundant and luscious fruit. Mr.
Munch firmly believes that it is of European
origin, and belongs to the Burgundy family.
Mr. Fr. Hecker is just as positive that it is Eu-

ropean, but deems it nothing else but the Clav
ner grape of his native country — the Grand
Duchy of Baden. Mr. Husmann, on the other
hand, holds that it is a true native American,
belonging to the southern division of the -ZEsti-
valis class, of which the Herbemont and Cunn-
ingham may serve as types. All agree, how-
ever, that it is a most valuable variety, very
productive, yielding a most delicious fruit, and
making a very fine wine.

The great vigor of its luxuriant, branching
roots, well resisting Phylloxera, besides other
characteristics, make us believe — the assertions
of Mr. Theard to the contrary notwithstanding
— that the Louisiana and Rulander are natives,
of the -ZEstivalis species.

Bunch medium size, shouldered, compact,
very fine ; berry small, round, black; flesh with-
out pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous; quality best.
Vine a very good grower, very healthy and
more or less productive, according to position
and treatment; requires winter protection.
Roots wiry and very tough, with a hard liber;
canes very stout, of moderate length, short
jointed, and few, large laterals; wood very
hard, with a small pith, and firm outer bark.

The Louisiana and Rulander (or rather, what
we call here Rulander,) so closely resemble each
other in general appearance, growth and foli-
age, that we are unable to distinguish them, ex-
cept by their fruit, which ripens in both varie-
ties at the same time (rather late) . Both are un-
doubtedly nearly related to each other; but
there is a difference in the juice — the wine of
these two varieties. Louisiana makes, in our
estimation, the better wine of the two, in fact
the finest white wine, of Hock character, that
we have. Our friend Munch has succeeded in
raising some seedlings of the Louisiana, which
are hardy, requiring no covering in winter, and
promise to be very valuable. See "Humboldt,"
" Schiller," "Uhland."

JLydia. Originated by Mr. Carpenter, of
Kelley's Island, Lake Erie. Supposed to be an
Isabella seedling. Bunches short, compact;
berries large, oval, light green, with salmon tint
where exposed to the sun; skin thick; pulp
tender, sweet, of fine flavor, slightly vinous. In
habit of growth, the vine is not unlike the Isa-
bella, but is much less productive. A handsome
grape, of good quality, but rots and mildews in
unfavorable seasons; ripens a few days later
than the Delaware.

layman. (Cord.). Origin unknown. A northern
variety, said to have been brought from Quebec up-
wards of fifty years ago. Hardy and productive.

64

BUSHBEBG CATALOGUE.

THE MARTHA GRAPE.

Bunch small, rather compact; berry* round, medium, or
below; black, covered with a thick bloom; similar in
flavor to Clinton, and ripens about the same time.

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the
above , but hardly to be distingmished from it —Downing.

Martha. (Labr.) A white seedling of the
Concord, raised by our friend Samuel Miller,
formerly of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, now of
Bluffton, Missouri. The most popular among
the WHITE varieties. Bunch medium, smaller
than the Concord, moderately compact, shoul-
dered ; berry medium, round, greenish white,
sometimes with an amber tinge; when fully
ripe pale yellow, covered with white bloom.
Skin thin. Flesh very buttery, and of a re-
markable sweetness unmixed with acidity and

without vinous flavor ; somewhat pulpy, often
containing but a single seed. Odor decidedly
foxy, but this character is much more apparent
in the fruit than in its wine.

The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem-
bling the Concord, but not quite as vigorous a
grower, and the leaf is of somewhat lighter
green. Roots of average texture and liber,
throwing out young spongioles readily. Canes
generally more upright than Concord, with less
laterals and not as much inclined to ramble.
Wood firm, with a medium pith. Very pro-
ductive, and the berries hang well to the bunch.
Ripens a few days earlier than the Concord,
and will therefore suit even northern localities.
Must 85° to 90°; at least 10° higher than Concord.

DESCRIPTION OF YABIETIES.

65

The wine is of a light straw color of delicate,
flavor. The French commission at the Exposi-
tion of Am. Wines at Montpellier, 1874, pro-
nounced the Martha as "approaching the wines
of Piquepoul, produced in the Herault."

Seedlings have been raised of late from the Mar-
tha, but are not yet disseminated ; one of these,
raised by F. Miinch, seems to be an improve-
ment on the parent, producing more abundant-
ly and a somewhat larger and better fruit. (See
also "Lady.")

Jttaguire is like Hartford, but more foxy. — Strong.

Manhattan, (Lair.) originated near New York.
A poor bearer. Bunches small; berries medium, round,
greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh sweet, rather
pulpy.— Downing.

Marines' new seedlings; these are crosses between
purely native varieties, claimed to be produced by a
new and very simple process : diluting the pollen of the
male flower with rain water and then applying it to the
pistils of the variety which he selects as the female
parent. Among the seedlings thus raised there are
some quite peculiar and very interesting; some are
of the jEstivalis family, but with berries of quite large
size: 1. Nerluton, fine large bunch, berries above medi-
um, black; leaf very large and leathery, strong. 2. Green
Castle, same as the former, berries even larger.
3. Luna, white, in appearance almost like Martha; but)
the gain in size seems to be coupled with a loss in qual-
ity, compared to our delicious, juicy, small ^Estivalis
grapes. A larger number of his seedlings are of the
Labrusca type, and among these his "U. B." black,
Mianna and .King William, white, are well worthy a trial.

Mary, (?) raised by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island.
Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens too late for
the North. Bunch medium, moderately compact ; berries
medium, round, greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh
tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, brisk flavor. — Down-
ing. Another Mary, an early red grape, is described by
Fuller.

Marion. (Cord.) A new variety brought
to us from Pennsylvania by that indefatigable
horticulturist, Samuel Miller, who got it from
Dr. C. W. Grant. It came probably from
" Longworth's famous school of vines," valua-
ble for a dark red wine. Bunch medium, com-
pact; berry medium, but considerably larger
than Clinton, round, black, juicy, sweet when
fully ripe ; ripens late— long after coloring, but
hangs firmly to the bunch. Blooms early, with
Clinton, which variety it resembles yet far sur-
passes, in our opinion ; so much so that it
appears almost a transition from the Riparia to
--^Bstivalis species. Vine a very vigorous grow-
er, rambling but not so straggling as the Clin-
ton. Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage
large, strong and abundant; of a peculiar
golden hue when young, the young branches of

a beautiful red color. Moots wiry and firm,
with a smooth, hard liber, enjoy the immunity
from Phyloxera belonging to its species in the
fullest degree.

Mary Ann. (Labr.) Raised by J. B. Gar-
ber, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Bunch medium,
moderately compact, shouldered; berry medi-
um, oval, black, pulpy, foxy, resembling the
Isabella. Very early, ripening a day or two
before the Hartford Prolific, and therefore val-
uable as an early market grape, though of an
inferior quality.

Massasoit, (Roger's Hybrid No. 3). A fine,
early grape for table and market. We copy
the following description by Mr. Wilder, our
celebrated veteran of American pomology:

Bunch rather short, medium size, shouldered;
berry medium to large, color brownish red.
Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of the
native flavor when fully ripe. Season same as
the Hartford Prolific. Very free from disease,
and sufficiently vigorous.

MAXATAWNEY (half diameter) .

Maxatawney. (Labr.) A chance seed-
ling, originated in Montgomery county, Penn-
sylvania in 1844. First brought into notice in
1858. Bunch medium, long, occasionally com-
pact, usually not shouldered ; berry above me-
dium, oblong, pale yellow, with slight amber
tint on the sunny side. Flesh tender, not pulpy

66

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

sweet and delicious, with fine aroma, few seeds ;
quality best, both for tableland wine. Ripens
rather late for northern localities, but where it
fully ripens, as here in Missouri, it is one of the
finest of our native white grapes, much like the
European white Chasselas. Jloots slender, soft
in texture and liber, incapable of resisting Phyl-
loxera. Canes light and of moderate length,
with average number of laterals. Wood soft
with a large pith. Vine very healthy and
hardy ; needs no protection in winter; foliage
large, deeply indented. Must 82°.

" Will make a very delicate white wine without
gallizing." — Husmann.

Merrimack (Roger's No. 19). Regarded
by some as the finest grape in the cpllection of
Rogers' hybrids. Mr. Wilder says :

It is one of the most reliable varieties in all
seasons. Vine very vigorous, free from dis-
ease. Bunch usually smaller than his other
black sorts; berry large, sweet, tolerably rich.
Season about the 20th of September (in Massa-
chusetts.)

MOTTLED.

We prefer his No. 4., the "Wilder;" it is like
it in quality, with by far larger and heavier
bunches, and more profitable.

Miles. (i«6r.) Origin, Westchester coun-
ty, Pennsylvania. Vine a moderate grower,
hardy and productive. Bunch small, rather
compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh
tender, siight pulp at centre; brisk, vinous,
pleasant. Ripens among the earliest, but does
not hang long. We cannot recommend it for
vineyard culture as a profitable market grape,
but for family use as a good early table grape
it is valuable, especially for the North.

Miner's Seedling. (See Venango.)

Missouri. Syn : MISSOURI SEEDLING. Mentioned
by Buchanan and Downing •; but now unknown, even in
Missouri.

Mount Lebanon. (Ldbr.) Originated by George
Curtis, of the United Society of Mount Lebanon, Colum-
bia county, N. Y.; supposed to be a cross of Spanish
Amber and Isabella. Bunch larger than Northern Mus-
cadine; berry round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough,
though sweet, perhaps a little better than Northern
Muscadine. Not yet tried here.

Mottled. Originated with Mr.
Charles Carpenter, Kelly's Island.
A seedling of the Catawba. Earlier
in ripening and less disposed to mil-
dew and rot than its parent. Mr.
H. Lewis, of Sandusky, Ohio, says:

"This variety undoubtedly de-
serves more credit than it has gained,
at home and abroad."

Charles Downing says :

" A profuse bearer, ripening with
Delaware. It will hang a long time
after ripe, and keeps unusually
well."

We, in Missouri, as well as Dr. E.
Van Kewren, at Hammondsport,
found it a poor grower and bearer.

Bunch medium size, very compact,
slightly shouldered ; berries medium
to large, round, distinctly mottled
when held to the light, with differ-
ent shades of red or maroon while
ripening, but nearly a uniform dark
Catawba color when fully ripe, with
a slight bloom. Flesh sweet, juicy,
vinous, of brisk, sprightly flavor,
always rather pulpy and acid at the
center. Skin thick. Season late,
ripens with Norton's Virginia.
Hangs well to the bunch, and im-
proves by being left long on the

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

67

vines. More desirable as a wine than as a table
grape. Vines healthy, hardy, and very produc-
tive on old, established vines ; moderately vig-
orous; foliage abundant; wood short jointed.
It was recorded by three competent judges, Mr.
Geo. Leick being one, that its must weighed 94°,
with acid 4 per mill.

Neff. (Lair.} Syn. KEUKA. Origin on the farm
of Mr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake, N. Y-
Bunch medium; berry medium, dark copper red. Flesh
pulpy and somewhat foxy. Good native, early.

Neosho. (jffistivalis.} Found growing
wild on the farm of Mr. E. Schoenborn, near
Neosho, Southwest Missouri. In 1868 Mr. Her-
man Jaeger sent grafts of this (and other vari-
eties of wild summer grapes) to that pioneer of
Missouri vintners, Hon. Fred. Munch, who,
finding it to be of superior quality, called it
the "Neosho." Cultivated since that time in
Warren and Newton counties, it never failed at
either place to produce large and healthy crops,
and gained in favor every year. Mr. S. Miller
says :

"Neosho is a treasure to the land. It is a
true JEstivalis in all its habits, resembling Nor-
ton in wood and foliage, yet quite distinct.
For our climate and further south it promises
to be among the white wine grapes what the
Cynthiana is among the red wine grapes."

This is the highest praise, the best prognosti-
cation that can be given. Bunch and berries
are of the same size as Norton's *^the bunches
compact, shouldered, heart-shaped. The skin
of the berries is thin, black with blue bloom,
very dark, yet contains but very little coloring
matter and less tannin ; the pulp is meaty, very
sweet and spicy, with but little acidity. Seeds
rather large. The wood of the Neosho is ex-
tremely hard and tough ; it will not propagate
from cuttings. The vine is a most vigorous
grower when once established on its own roots,
or successfully grafted. Succeeds, so far,
equally well on prairie, hill or bottom; re-
quires plenty of room and prefers spur pruning
on old wood. It is so hardy that it may be said
to resist all the extremes of our changeable cli-
mate in Missouri. The roots are strong, wiry,
and exempt from injury by Phylloxera. The
foliage is coarse, but of beautiful color — dark
and glossy green, and retains its freshness till
frost sets in. The must of this remarkable new
grape showed 110° on Oechsle's scale, and only
5i mills acid on Twitchel's acidometer. Al-
though fermented on the husk for two days, the
color of the wine is a beautiful golden yellow,
has an exquisite bouquet, and a most peculiar,

very fine aroma, somewhat similar to Maderia
wine. This variety being moreover unexcelled
in fruitfulness, even in an almost poor but
warm and loose soil, promises to become one of
the leading varieties among American grapes,
and with roots quite invulnerable by the Phyl-
loxera may even become of great importance
for France.

Great thanks are due to Mr. Jaeger and Papa
Munch for having introduced this variety ; but
there exist only a few vines of it, and its propa-
gation is so difficult that. the high price will
prevent its becoming as generally known and
planted as it deserves. Nor should it be planted
far north of St. Louis ; it is a southern grape,
ripens with Norton's Virginia, and wherever
this does not ripen it is useless to try it.

Newark. A Hybrid of Clinton and Vinifera, raised
in Newark , New Jersey . Vine of vigorous growth,
hardy, very productive. Bunches long, loose, shoul-
dered; berries medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy
and vinous, of pleasant taste; but however promising
during a few years, it becomes soon diseased, its fruit
subject to rot, and perishes, like its European parent ;
it cannot be recommended.

Newport. (^Est.~) Said to be a seedling from and
similar to Herbemont.

North America. (Labr.) Bunch small, shoul-
dered; berry round, black, juicy but foxy. Ripens
about with Hartford Prolific. Vine, vigorous, unpro-
ductive.

Northern Muscadine. t(Labr.) A seed-
ling raised by the Shakers of New Lebanon, N.
Y. Opinions 'differ widely about its value.
Papa Munch, (as we call our venerable friend,
the Hon. Frederic Munch,) places it as a ta*ble
grape next to the Diana and Yenango, and as a
wine grape far above them. Bunch medium,
very compact, almost round; berry medium to
large, dark amber-colored or brownish red, flesh
pulpy and foxy, sweet, skin thick. Berries apt
to drop from the bunch when ripe. Kipens
early — about two weeks before Catawba. Vine
of luxuriant growth, hardy and productive, free
from rot. Its must will probably be found val-
uable to mix, in small proportion, with some
other variety to which it would impart, we be-
lieve, a fine Muscat flavor.

North Carolina. {Labr.} This seedling
originated with that veteran pomologist, J. B.
Garber. of Columbia, Pennsylvania; belongs to
the Isabella type, and is a showy market grape
of fair quality. Bunch medium to large, occa-
sionally shouldered, moderately compact;
berries large, oblong, black with slight blue
bloom; flesh pulpy but sweet; skin thick;

68

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

THE NORTH CAROLINA SEEDLING.

hangs well to the bunch, and will keep well and
carry to market in good condition. Ripens
early, coloring a few days before the Concord.
Vine an enormous grower, hardy, healthy, and
very productive; requires long pruning and
" plenty to do." Roots abundant, thick, firm,
with a tolerably hard liber; seems a good resist-
ant to Phylloxera. Canes of medium thickness,
long and rambling, with an average comple-
ment of laterals. Wood firm with a medium
pith. The initiated can also make a good Mus-
catell wine of it. Must, 84°.

Norton, or Norton's Virginia* Origin-
ated from seed of a wild grape (from the forests
in Hanover county, Virginia) in the garden of
Dr. D. N. Norton, an amateur horticulturist
near Richmond, Virginia, and was introduced
by him to public notice about forty-five years
ago. It made but little progress until about
twenty-five years ago, when Mr. Heinrichs and
Dr. Kehr brought it, each a few sprigs, to our
Herman vine-dressers. This little insignificant
looking grape, pronounced worthless by Mr.
Longworth, the father of American grape cul-

DESCEIPTION OP VARIETIES.

ture, has, nevertheless, become the great and
leading variety for red wine, not merely in
Missouri, where its superior qualities were
first appreciated and brought out in full splen-
dor, and in its native State, but far and near,
wherever grape vines are planted; and it is
now so popular that it will be difficult to
make our grape growers believe a variety still
superior to the Norton can be found. And yet
we claim this for the "Cynthiana."

The bunch of the Norton is long, compact and
shouldered; berry small, black, with dark blu-
ish red juice, almost without pulp when fully
ripe; sweet and brisk. Eipens late in October.
Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy and productive
when well established, but very impatient of
transplanting, and exceedingly difficult to prop-
agate. Roots tough and wiry. Liber thin and
hard, of great resistance to the Phylloxera.
Canes vigorous, of medium thickness and good
length. Wood very hard, with a small pith and
firm outer bark. Wherever the season will
admit of a thorough and perfect ripening of its
fruit, the Norton will succeed in almost any
soil. In rich bottoms it comes early into bear-
ing, and is enormously productive — on high
hills with rather poor soil and southern aspects
it is tardy in coming into bearing, but produces
there the richest wine, of great body and supe-
rior medical qualities.* It has quite a peculiar
cofleine flavor which at first seems unpleasant to
many, but which, like coffee, endears itself to
our taste. Must, 105°— 110°.

From Norton's seed two most promising
white grapes have lately been raised, almost
simultaneously: One by old Langendorfer, at
Hermann, Missouri; the other by J. Balsiger of
Highland, Illinois. These and the white Her-
mann seedling (see Herm.} are the first white
pure 2Estivalis we know of, and these may be-
come as valuable for white wines as Norton's
and Cynthiana are for red wines. They are
very late, ripening even later than Norton's,
and thus will not be adapted for locations north
of St. Louis, but the more valuable for the South.
They have not yet been named, and will not be
disseminated until fully tested ; and unless they
prove excellent in quality, perfectly healthy and
hardy and very prolific, they will not be brought
out by us.

Oporto. (Cord-} Of the same species as the Tay-
lor's Bullit; a true native with a foreign name.
JBunches small, usually very imperfect; lerries small,
black, harsh and very acid ; considered a very poor

*It is the
eases

is the great remedy here for dysentery and dis-
of the bowels.

variety by Mr. Fuller. " Of no value, a complete
humbug. ' '—Huemann.

Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. R. ff. Fur-
nas of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomologfcal
Society, 1871) "My vines (of Oporto) have never failed
to give a fine crop; last year I picked eleven hundred
good bunches fron one vine five years old. It is an ex-
ceedingly rampant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch
not compact, bearing the fruit on until alter first frosts
in fall. I have found the Oporto to give a first class
yield of very good wine, greatly improved by age."
Governor, that is too good to be believed !

Onondaga. A seedling originated in Fayetteville,
Onondaga county, N. Y. ; a cross between the Diana
and the Delaware ; said to combine in some degree the
flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware,
and to be a late keeper. Jts appearance is eorlu.mly
very fine, resembling Diavi, Should it prove as good
and healthy as its origi .iior claims, it would indeed be
a valuable acquisition, as a market grape. Not dissem-
inated.

Othello, ( Arnold's Hybrid No . 1 .) A cross
from what is called Clinton in Canada (but not
the true Clinton) fertilized by the pollen of
Black Hamburg. Described in the Am. Hort.
Annual for 1868, as follows: "Bunch and berry
very large, much resembling the Black Ham-
burg in appearance. Black with a fine bloom.
Skin thin, the flesh very solid, but not pulpy;
flavor pure and sprightly, but in the specimens
we have seen rather acid. Ripening with the
Delaware."

Our experience with it has not been as favora-
ble as we expected. The vines proved good
growers, with beautiful, large, deeply lobed,
smooth foliage,, but not very productive. The
bunches by no means resemble the Black Ham-
burg in appearance ; nor are they as good in
quality as Mr. Arnold's other Hybrids.

Ohio. Syn. SEGAR-BOX, LONGWORTH'S OHIO,
BLACK-SPANISH ALABAMA; is now understood to be
identical with the "Jaques' ' or " Jack," introduced and
cultivated near Natchez, Mississippi, by an old Span-
iard of the name of Jaques. It used to be grown in
Ohio, where the stock originated from a few cuttings
left in a segar box, by some unknown person, at the
residence of Mr. Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
This variety attracted a good deal of attention for some
time on account of its large, long lunches (often ten to
fifteen inches long, rather loose, tapering, shouldered),
and its good quality; its bewies are small, round, skin
thin, purple with a blue bloom, flesh tender, melting,
without pulp, brisk and vinous. The wood is strong,
long jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton's Vir-
ginia, and smooth with peculiarly pointed buds.
Leaves large, tnlobed. At first it was also a good
bearer, but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly
that it was of no use, even when grown upon walls
with protection. Downing (Fruit and F . trees of Am.)
said "it is most likely a foreign sort, and, except in a
few locations, a sandy soil and a mild climate, it is not

70

BUSHBEBG CATALOGUE.

likely to succeed." But Geo. W. Campbell, whom we
have to thank for valuable information on this and
many other varieties, says "I always considered the
Ohio or Segar-Box, from it* fruit, habit of growth and
foliage, as of the same family as Herbemont, Lenoir, El-
sinburgh, and that class of small, black, southern
grapes." Friend Sam Miller, ot Bluffton, Missouri,
writes us: "The Ssgar-Box, or Long worth's Ohio, I
had in the East for years, but never grew a perfect
bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the fruit both
mildewed and rotted. Here it would perhaps be as free
from disease as Herbemont or Cunningham, to which
class it evidently belongs." When ripe it is an excellent
grape. A few vines sent years ago, under the names
of "Jaques" or "Ohio," to France, by P. J. Berck-
mans of Georgia, proved very fine and valuable, per-
fectly resisting Phylloxera, having remained healthy
in the midst of vineyards destroyed by the root louse.

PERKINS.

This attracted great attention and gave importance to
this variety. But when Mr. Berckmans was asked for
more of these vines, he stated that he had none, and
that their culture had been entirely abandoned. The
above description by our-most experienced and reliable
horticulturists, makes it more than doubtful that these
vines, succeeding so well in the vineyards of Mr. Borty
at Eoquemare, and of Mr. Laliman, near Bordeaux,
were the "Ohio" or "Jaques."— After considerable
research we find, moreover, that Mr. G. Onderdonk,
the pioneer fruit-grower of Western Texas, describes
the Lenoir (original stock of which he had obtained from
Berckmans) as follows: " 'Bunches large, long, loose;
berries small, black, round; no pulp; vinous and much
coloring matter; leaves lobed; a fine bearer and wine
grape. And we would add that the leaf and habit ex-
actly resemble those of the Black Spanish. We have
never planted a variety that grew off better than this
variety has done during the two years
we have had it in cultivation. In 1873
we gathered fruit from this variety that
had been ripe seventy days on the vine."
From these facts we strongly incline to
believe that this Lenoir is the very variety
our friends in France are looking for.

Pauline: Syn. BURGUNDY OF
GEORGIA, RED LENOIR. A south-
ern grape, of the same family as the
Lenoir. Said to be superior for both
wine and the table. Of little value
at the North, where it does not ripen
or grow well. Bunch large, long,
tapering, shouldered ; berries below
medium, compact, pale amber or
violet, with a lilac bloom; flesh
brisk, vinous, sweet and aromatic.
" The most delicious grape we have
seen." — Onderdonk. Growth mod-
erate and peculiar, comes late into
bearing. Sometimes sheds a part of
its leaves too early. Onderdonk be-
lieves it to be a Hybrid and not a
pure ^Estivalis. (See also Bottsi.)

Perkins. (Labr.} Origin, Mass.
Resembles somewhat, in general ap-
pearance, the Diana, a valuable,
very early market grape, as it is
showy, which is more important for
our markets than fine quality ; be-
sides, tastes differ, and to many
tastes, its strong fox or musk flavor
is not disagreeable ; bunch medium
to large, shouldered; berries me-
dium, oblong, often flattened by
their compactness, greenish-white
at first, then of a fine, pale lilac color
when fully ripe, with a thin, white
bloom; flesh rather pulpy, sweet,
juicy; skin thick; ripens a few

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

71

days after Hartford Prolific and before Dela-
ware; vine a vigorous grower, healthy and
productive.

Pollock. (Labr.) Raised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont,
N. Y. Bunches large as Concord, compact; berries
large, dark purple or black; flesh free of pulp, vinous,
not too sweet. — Strong.

Putnam, or Rickett's Delaware Seedling No. 2.
Cross between Delaware and Concord; very early; said
to be sweet, rich and good; must stood 80° saccharome-
ter; 4% per mill. acid.

Quassaick. A Hybrid of Clinton and Muscat-
Hamburg, by Mr. Rickett, of Newburgh, N. Y. It has
a large bunch, shouldered; berries above medium, oval,
black, with a blue bloom; flesh very sweet, juicy and
rich; vine healthy and productive.—^. JS. Elliott.

Kua be. Some say it is a Hybrid between Labrusca
and JEstivalis or Vinifera, but Strong describes it as a
cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which is probably
correct. Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia;
thought to be hardy, but was onlv moderately vigorous
and proved quite unprofitable. Bunches small, compact,
rarely shouldered; berry below medium size, round,
dark red, thickly covered with bloom; flesh very juicy,
with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine, with a good
deal of the Catawba aroma; quality "best." — Ad. Int.
Rep.

Raritan. Rickett's Delaware Seedling No. 1. A
cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant moderately vig-
orous, hardy, short jointed; lunch medium, shouldered;
berry medium, round, black; leaves of medium size,
lobed, veined or corrugated; flesh juicy and vinous;
ripens about the time of Delaware, and commences to
shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, Mr. J. H. Rick-
ett, of Newburg, N. Yv claims that this is a superior
wine grape, its must coming up to 114° on Oechsle's
scale, and 7 mill, acid by Twitchell's Acidometer. In
1871 Mr. Rickett reported to the Am. Pom. Society,
105° saccharometer; 9>£ acid; "of course too much
acid."

Rebecca. {Labr.) An accidental seedling,
found in the garden of E. M. Peake, of Hudson,
N. Y. It is. one of our finest white grapes, but
unfortunately very tender in winter, subject to
mildew, of weak growth, deficient foliage, not
productive. On south walls, in well protected
situations, with dry soil and good culture, it
succeeded, however, very well, and produced
most delicious white grapes in some localities.
Bunches medium, compact, not shouldered;
berries medium, obovate ; skin thin, pale green,
tinged with yellow or pale amber color at full
maturity, covered with a thin white bloom, con-
siderably translucent. Flesh tender, juicy, free
from pulp, sweet, with a peculiar musky and
luscious aroma, distinct from any other grape ;
seeds small; leaves of scarcely medium size,
very deeply lobed, and sharply serrated. Suited
only to amateur culture.

Rentz. (Labr.) A Cincinnati seedling,
produced by the late Sebastian Rentz, a most
successful vintner. Claimed to be equal, if not
superior to Ives. A large, rather coarse black
grape, very vigorous and healthy in vine and
foliage, and very productive. Bunch large,
compact, often shouldered ; berry large, round,
black; flesh rather pulpy and musky, with
abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives
seedling, but is not good enough to be recom-
mended. Valuable as a stock for grafting.
Roots thick, with a smooth, firm liber, readily
pushing young rootlets, of- strong resistance to
Phylloxera ; canes thick, but not very long nor
rambling. Wood' hard, with a medium pith.

Requa. (Rogers' No. 28.) A fine, table
grape. Mr. Wilder, who had a better opportu-
nity than most men, to form an accurate opinion
of the merits of these Hybrids, and is without
doubt the most reliable source, described it in
the Grape Culturist as follows :

" Vine tolerably vigorous, and quite produc-
tive ; bunch large, shouldered ; berry medium,
size, roundish; skin thin ; flesh tender and sweet
with a trace of the native flavor ; color bronzy
green, assuming a dull brown red at maturity;
season middle of September. A grape of fine
quality, but subject to rot in unfavorable sea-
sons."

Riesenblatt. (Giant-leaf.) A chance seedling of
some ^Estivalis grape that grows on Mr. M. Poeschles'
vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The v^ae is hardy, healthy
and productive; an enormous grower and a truly gi-
gantic leaf. A small quantity of wine made from its
grape by Messrs. Poeschel and Sherer has a Madeira
character, resembling Hermann; color dark brown.

This variety has not been disseminated and conse-
quently has not been tried outside of Hermann.

12 11 1 a Eider, or St. Gene vie ve. Syn.
AMOUREUX, RED ELBEN. What we call here
the Rulander is not the same vine known by
that name in the neighborhood of Metz, Ger-
many, but is claimed to be a seedling from a
foreign grape brought by the early French set-
tlers to the Western bank of the lower Missis-
sippi (Ste. Genevieve). Mr. Husmann, how-
ever, believes it to be a native belonging to the
southern division of the .^Estivalis class, entirely
different in foliage, wood and fruit from the
Vitis Vinifera. Be this as it may, it certainly
is one of our most valuable wine grapes. Bunch
rather small, very compact, shouldered ; berry
small, dark purple, black, without pulp, juicy,
sweet and delicious ; not subject to rot or mil-
dew. Vine a strong, vigorous, short jointed
grower, with heart-shaped, light green, smooth

72

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

leaves, hanging on till late in November; very
healthy and hardy, but requires covering in
winter. It has very tough, strong roots with a
firm, smooth liber, not subject to injury by
Phylloxera ; wood very hard, with a small pith
and firm outer bark. And although it will not
bear big crops, it makes up in quality as a wine
grape, what it may lack in quantity. It makes
an excellent pale red, or rather brownish wine,
closely resembling sherry, which was repeatedly
awarded a first premium, as the best light col-
ored wine. Must 100°— 110°.

Rogers' Hybrids. Those of Mr-
Rogers' valuable seedlings to whom he
has given names in place of numbers, by
which they have hitherto been desig-
nated, have been placed, in alphabetical
order, in their appropriate places ;* but
there are some remaining numbers yet
unnamed, which deserve a name. (See
also Aminia, probably "No. 39.)

No. 2. One of the largest of all his
Hybrids. Bunch and berry very large,
dark purple, nearly black ; late in ripen-
ing, and in flavor somewhat like the Ca-
tawba. Vine a vigorous grower and
very productive.

No. 5. Not yet fruited here. Mr.
Geo. W. Campbell says :

" One of the finest of Rogers' Hybrids,
and deserving to be better known.
Bunch medium to large, moderately com-
pact; berries large, round, red, sweet
and rich ; free from foxiness and in qual-
ity one of the very best. Vine perfectly
hardy and healthy, but not as strong a
grower as some others.'*'

No. 8. Considered by Mr, Husmann
as one of the best, and valuable for wine
making purposes, he describes it as fol-
lows: "Bunch and berry large; color
pale red, but the fully matured berries a
deep coppery red, with fine light gray
bloom ; flesh sweet, juicy, with pleasant
flavor, and almost entirely free from
pulp. Skin about the same thickness as
Catawba. Vine a strong, vigorous
grower, with broad, thick and coarse
foliage. Hardy and productive." We
do not think so much of these Hybrids, and we
fear that their ROOTS are not sufficiently resist-
ive to Phylloxera.

•No. l. Goethe
No. 8. Massasoit.
No. 4. Wilder.
No. 9. Lindley.

No. 14. Gaertner.
No. 15. Agawam.
No . 19. Merrimac.
No. 28. Bequa.

No. 41. Essex.
No. 43. Barry.

No. 44. Herbert.
No. 53. Salem.

Salem (Rogers' No. 53.) Like Agawam
(No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4), this is a Hybrid
between a native (Wild Mammoth), the female,
and the Black Hamburg, the male parent.
Bunch large and compact, broad, shouldered;
berry large as Hamburg, three-fourths of an
inch in diameter, of a light chestnut or catawba
color; flesh tolerably tender, sweet, with rich,
aromatic flavor ; a little foxiness to the smell
which is not perceptible to the taste ; considered
in quality one of the best ; skin rather thick ;
seeds large ; ripens as early as Concord ; it also

ROGERS' HYBRID NO. 8.

keeps well. Vine very vigorous, healthy ; foli-
age large, strong and abundant; wood of a
lighter color than most of the Rogers grapes.
Thd roots are of medium thickness, branching,
with smooth, firm liber, and have more of the
native character than most other Hybrids ; they

DESCRIPTION OF VAKIETIES.

73

seem to resist the Phylloxera as well as most
Labrusca varieties ; the Salem can be propagated
from cuttings with remarkable ease, and its
vigor of growth in the shoots has hardly a par-
allel among Hybrids. Wood rather firm with
a moderate pith.

Ricketts' Seedling Grapes. Mr. J. H.
Ricketts of Newburgh, N. Y., has worked
for the last eight years or more, with an en-
ergetic desire to produce by hybridization,
some better grapes for out-door or vineyard
culture in this country, than any we have, and
his collection of new seedlings, (now 75 in num-
ber) is really remarkable both for great variety
and superior quality, but as he does not grow
them on a large scale himself, nor put them
on the market that others may do so, their
hardiness and productiveness has not been
tested ; to judge by what we have heard from
the few who were favored with some grafts,
we fear they are not hardy, and are very much
subject to rot. But this may apply only to his
hybrids, congenerous with foreign varieties,
while some of his crosses between purely native
varieties may be quite hardy and healthy. We
certainly wish it, for we can testify to the great
excellence in quality of those of Mr. Ricketts'
seedlings which we were allowed to taste at the
meeting of the Am, Pomological Society at
Boston (Sept. 1873). Most of them are desig-
nated only by numbers; (Clinton No. 3 and 24 ;
Nos. 32 and 157 similar to white Chasselas;
Nos. 71 A and 87 B, white, with a delicate
Muscat flavor; No. 48, seedling from Delaware,
and No. 12 B, we regarded as the most promis-
ing, and we offered $100 for two young vines of
each of them, but Mr. Ricketts desires to sell
the Stock.* Those which have been named, so
far, will be found in this catalogue, with such
descriptive notes as we could obtain.

Secretary. Obtained by J. H. Ricketts,
Newburgh, N. Y., by crossing th« Clinton
with Muscat Hamburgh. Vine vigorous,
hardy. Bunch large, moderately compact,
shouldered, with a large, black, roundish
oval "berry. Its peduncle red at the base when
drawn from the berry. Flesh juicy, sweet,
meaty, slightly vinous. Must 93° saccharo-
meter; 73^ per mill. acid. Foliage like Clin ten
but thicker, and about the same size.

Schiller. One of Muench's seedlings of
the ^Louisiana. Vine perfectly hardy, a vig-
orous grower, healthy and, so far, more pro-
ductive than} iie other seedlings. Fruit of a purplish
blue color, but light juice; otherwise quite similar to
his Humboldt.

Seneca. Very similar to (it not identical with)
Hartford. First exhibited at Hammondsport, N. Y.,
m October, 1867, by Mr. K. Simpson, of Geneva, N. Y.
Highly recommended by T. S. flubbard. N. Y.,not
known in the West.

* We are just notified (February, 187.")), that Messrs.
Hauce & Sons have purchased the entire stock of several
of these new seedling grapes for propagation.

St. Catherine. (Labr.) Raised by James W.
Clark, Framingham, Mass. Bunch large, rather com-
pact berries large, chocolate color, rather sweet, tough,
foxy. Not of much value.— Downing.

THE

Scuppernong. Synonym: YELLOW MUSCADINE,
WHITE MUSCADINE,* BULL, BULLACE, or BULLET,
ROANOKE, (Vitis Vulpinaor V. Rotundifolm). This is
purely and exclusively a southern grape; in South Car-
olina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and in
parts of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Ar-

*The black or purple grapes of this class are often incor-
rectly called ''Black Pcuppemon?. " Southern horticultur-
ists designate them by different names: Flowers, Mish,
Thomas, etc.

74

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.

kansas— it is quite a favorite, producing annual-
ly large and sure crops, requiring scarcely any
care or labor. It is entirely exempt from mil-
dew, rot or any of the diseases so disastrous to
the northern species, entirely exempt also from
Phylloxera; but it cannot be grown north of
the Carolinas, Tennessee and Arkansas, nor
even in Texas. Mr. Onderdonk, whose nurser-
ies are farther south than any other in the
United States, says about the Scuppernong
grapes: "We have repeatedly tried it, and as
frequently failed."— JF<? would not attempt to
grow it, even if we could, as we can raise by far
superior grapes.

We are aware that Southerners are very sen-
sitive, and deem it unjust partiality, if not an
insult, to say anything against their favorite,
the Scuppernong— "a Divine Gift"
"Sent in the night time of sorrow and care.

To bring back the joy that the South used to wear."

Most heartily wishing that joy be brought
back to our afflicted South, we would therefore
refrain from any remarks in derogation of this
Divine gift, had it not been attempted to palm
upon the distressed people of France the Scup-
pernong as the only salvation for reconstruct-
ing their noble vineyards (Le Phylloxera et les
Vignes Americaines par M. C. Le Hardy de
Beaulieu). We shall quote, however, none but
Southern authorities and cultivators of the Scuppernong.

P. J. JBerclcmans, of Georgia: <;I could not say too
much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine grape. It
is one of those things that never fail. Of course 1 do not
compare it with the Delaware and other fine flavored grapes ;
but the question is, where, where shall we find a grape
that will give us a profit? We have it in the Scupper-
nong. It cannot be grown as far north as Norfolk."—
Am. Pom. Society, 1873.

J. H. Carkton, El Dorado, Arkansas: "The fruit is
so healthy that it has never been known to make any
one sick, unless he swallowed the hulls, which are very
indigestible. I made some Scuppernong wine last year
with very little sugar (\% Ibs. to the gallon must), and
although the grapes were not near so ripe as they
should have been.it has a fine body. * * * It
is called by some the 'lazy man's grape. ' I admit the
charge and prize it the more on that account."

Jno. R. Ealcin, Washington, Arkansas; "I scarcely
know what to say of this nondescript, which is called
a grape. It is a coarse, tough-skinned berry, with a
sweetish, musky flavor. The vine takes care of itself.
Does not require and will net sutfer pruning ; bears
abundantly and has no diseases. With sugar it makes
a very wholesome and palatable dry wine, and when
"tomahawked" with apple brandy (shall I confess it?)
is glorious to take. I scarcely think it a grape, but
still a most useful fruit sui generis, and I hope will be
cultivated extensively by those who have no inclina-
tion for the more troublesome, and I must say, the more
exquisite 'bunch grapes,' as it is the habit of its friends
to call the fferbemont, the Catawba and others. Each
to his taste."

A. C Coolc, of Georgia: "It is deficient both in *ugar
and acid, as it rates at about 10 per cent of the first,
4permflle of the latter. "—Grape Culturist, July, 1870.

SCUPPERNONG.

The Scuppernong grape was di«covered by the colony
of Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1554, on the Island of Roa-
noke, N. C., and the original vine is said to 6ti;l exist
there, being over oOO years of age. In app arance,
wood, fruit and hab t, it is entirely distinct, or 'unique'
as Mr. Van JBuren calls it, saying: " There is a resem-
blance between the V. Yinifera, Labru«ca, JEstivalis,
Cordifolia; they will all intermingle, producing Hybrids,
but none of them can ever be crossed with the V. Ro-
tundifolia, which blooms two months later than either
of the foregoing varieties. The odor of the Scupper-
nong when ripening is delicious, and entirely distinct
from the nigger stink of the Fox grape family."
(Northerners must not be sensitive!) The growth of
the vine, or rather the space over which its branches
extend in a series of years, is almo t fabulous. The
bark of the Scuppernong is smooth, of a greyish ashey
color, variegated with many small, dot-like specks of
lighter hue; the wood is hard, close-textured, firm; the
roots white or creamy. The leaves, before dropping in
autumn, become of a brilliant yellow.

Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only about 4
to 6, rarely more, large, thick skinned, pulpy berries.
These are ripening in August and September; not all
at the same time, but are falling off successively when
ripe, by shaking the vine, and they are thus gathered
from the ground. Color yellowish, somewhat bronzed
when fully ripe. The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous,
with a musky scent and flavor — a delicate perfume to
some tastes, repugnant to others. With the addition of
sugar or spirits, or both, it makes a good, pleasant cor-
dial of fine aroma. The French wme judges at the
Congres held in 1874 atMontpellier, pronounced all toe
Scuppernong wines there "fort peu agreable," some
even "d'un gout desagreable."

DESCRIPTION OF YAKIETIES.

75

Senasqua. A hybrid raised by
Stephen Underbill, Croton Point, N.
Y., from Concord and Black Prince.
Seed was planted in 1863 and tbe vine
bore its first fruit in 1865. Bunch and
berry varying from medium to large ;
the bunch is very compact, so much so,
as to cause the berries to crack ; color
black with blue blaom; quality best.
The fruit has the peculiar fleshy char-
acter of certain foreign grapes, with a
brisk, vinous flavor. The vine is vig-
orous and productive, in rich soil ;
moderately hardy. The leaf is very
firm, and shows no trace of foreign or-
igin, except when it ripens, at which
time, instead of the yellow of the Con-
cord it takes on the crimson color of
the mature leaf of the Black Prince.
With us, at Bushberg, it did not suc-
ceed so well, and is not near as desira-
ble as Underbill's new grapes, the
Black Eagle and Black Defiance. The
originator himself does not recommend
the Senasqua as a profitable grape for
market purposes, as it is rather late in
ripening (a few days after Concord),
but only as a fine and valuable ama-
teur fruit. As such it is of first rank,
"of the highest quality to those who
appreciate life and brilliancy in a
grape." — We give in annexed figure,
the likeness of a medium-sized cluster.

Taylor or Bullit. (often called Taylor's
Bullit,) (Cord.) Introduced to notice by Judge
Taylor, of Jericho, Henry County, Kentucky.
It is generally considered very unproductive.
It seems that the vines of this variety require
age, and spur pruning on old wood to make it
produce well. Mr. Husmann says :

"Give the vine plenty of 'room and plenty to
do, i. e., prune it long and we think it will bear
satisfactory crops when four years old."

We tried it in vain.

Mr. Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clin-
ton among Taylor to fertilize them, but we find
the benefits resulting from this system also in-
sufficient to balance its many inconveniences ;
and yet we have seen Taylor vines grown by
themselves on the "Souche" plan (the shape of
a small weeping- willow tree, allowing the canes
to grow from the top and not from the base of
the main trunk, spur pruning in winter but not
suppressing the growth by summer pruning)
produce from 5 to 10 Ibs. per vine. The bunches

SENASQUA.

are small, but compact and sometimes shoul-
dered; berry small, white to pale amber, turn-
ing even to pale red, like Delaware when
perfectly ripe, round, sweet and without pulp.
Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vine a
very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very
hardy. Roots comparatively few, wiry and
very tough, with a thin, hard liber. The young
spongioles will push as rapidly as the Phyllox-
era can destroy them ; hence .this variety pos-
sesses great power of resistance to the insect.
Its wine is of good body and fine flavor, more
closely resembling the celebrated Riesling of
the Rhine than perhaps any other of our Amer-
ican varieties. Some very promising seedlings
of the Taylor are now introduced. See Elvira.

Telegraph. (La.br.) A seedling raised by
a Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co.,
Pa., and named by P. R. Freas, editor of
the Germantown Telegraph (one of the best
agricultural papers in the East). An attempt

76

BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE.

was afterwards made to change its name to
Christine, but did not prevail. Mr. Sam. Mil-
ler, of Bluffton, says it is one of the most prom-
ising of all the new EARLY grapes, and we con-
sider it as far better than Hartford Prolific.
Bunch medium, very compact, shouldered;
berry medium, oval, black, with blue bloom ;
flesh juicy, with very little pulp, spicy and of
good quality ; ripens almost as early as Hart-
ford Prolific. A constant and reliable bearer,
but often lost by rot, especially in the South-
west. Vine a healthy, vigorous grower, in rich
soil. Roots very abundant, heavy, and remark-
ably fibrous, with thick but rather firm liber.
Canes stout, of average length, crooked at the
joint, with the usual number of laterals. Wood
hard with medium pith.

Tlieodesia. A chance seedling in the grounds of
E. S. Salisbury, Adams, N. Y., said to be an ^stivalis.
According to Mr. S. the lunch is very compact; berries
black, in size between Delaware and -Groveling, quite
tart, very early, and claimed to be a good wine grape.
But at a grape test held at Hanimondsport, October 12,
1870, the report showed for Theodosia the lowest
amount of sugar, 63)£Q by Oechsles' scale, with over 11
per mill. acid.

Thomas. A new variety of the Scuppernong species,
discovered and introduced by Mr. Drury Thomas, of
S. C., and thus described : " In color it varies from red-
dish purple to deep black; has a thin skin; sweet and
tender flesh; is less in size than the Scuppernong, makes
a fine wine, and is superior for the table. Ripens with
the Scupperuong.

To-Kalou. Syn: WYMAN, SPOFFORD SDLG.,
CARTER. (Labr.} Originated at Lansingburg,
N. Y., by Dr. Spofibrd, and was at first supposed
to be identical with the Catawba. C. Downing
showed that it was entirely distinct and at first
highly recommended it for general cultivation,
but soon afterwards found that it drops its fruit,
is inclined to rot, does not ripen well, and mil-
dews badly, and so stated ; admitting, however,
that ''this grape is very fine, when you can get
it." Bunch medium to large, shouldered, com-
pact ; berries varying in form from oval to ob-
late, nearly black in color, and profusely cov-
ered with bloom; flesh sweet, buttery and lus-
cious, without foxiiiess in its aroma and with
but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. An
early but a shy bearer.

Talman's Seedling, or Tolman. (Labr.)
Grown in Western New York, as an early mar-
ket grape, CLOSELY RESEMBLING HARTFORD.
Bunch medium to large, compact, shouldered ;
berry large, black, adheres to the stem. Skin
thick and firm; flesh sweet, juicy, somewhat
pulpy, with slight foxy flavor ; vine a very rank

vigorous grower, perfectly hardy and healthy
and very productive ; said to ripen a week ear-
lier than Hartford; quality not very good, yet
by some preferred to Hartford. The same va-
riety was said to have been sent out under the
name of "Champion," as a new variety, but its
proprietor, R. J. Donnelly, of Rochester, claims
that his " Early Champion" is a new grape, ri-
pening two weeks before, the Tolman, or any
other, and he is permitted to refer to Ellwanger
& Barry, Hooker, and other high-standing Hor-
ticulturists who have seen the grape growing.

Triumph. (Campbell's Concord Hybrid
No. 6.) Is pronounced by Mr. Samuel Miller,
to whom Mr. Campbell confided this new vari-
ety for testing and propagation in Missouri, as
the most promising of all the white grapes. It
is a cross between Concord and Chasselas
Mosquee, (Syn. Joslyn's St. Albans.) Like his
Concord Muscat, it has retained, even more than
this, the vigor and general habit of foliage and
growth of its parent; its fruit however, is wholly
free from any vestige of coarseness or fox flavor,
or smell. Bunch and berry are very large;
color white ; skin thin , no pulp ; small seeds
and few of them; ripens later than Concord,
(Sept. 16, here,) nearly as late as Catawba, and
on that account not recommended for the North
or for any locality where the season is too short
to ripen the Catawba or Herbemont, but the
more valuable further South ; quality first rate ;
vine healthy and hardy, very productive and
free from disease, showing no rot when even
Concord rotted more or less. He predicts a
splendid career for this variety, and we ourselves
wish and hope that its success may justify its
name.

Uhland. A new seedling from the Louisi-
ana, raised by Fr. Munch, and considered by
him the most hardy and prolific, and conse-
quently the most promising of the lot.

Una. (Labr.) A white seedling, raised by Mr. E.
W. Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good
nor as productive as Martha. Bunch, and "berry small, of
a very foxy flavor; not desirable .

Underbill. Syn. UNDERBILL'S SEEDLING, UN-
DERBILL'S CELESTIAL. (Labr.) Originated at Charl-
ton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underbill; pro-
nounced as " of no more value than many other fox
grapes " by Mr. Fuller, but considered by G.W. Camp-
bell to be " of more value than the lona for general cul-
tivation." Bunch medium, to large, moderately com-
pact; lerrUs full medium, round, of Catawba color; pulp
tender, sweet, rich and vinous, slightly foxy; ripens
early, about with the Concord; vine a strong grower,
hardy, healthy and productive. Not yet tested here.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

77

Union Village. Syn. SHAKER, ONTARIO.
(Labr.) Originated among the Shakers at Un-
ion Village, Ohio. One of the largest of the
native grapes we have, and one of the strongest
growing vines. It is said to be a seedling of the
Isabella, scarcely better in quality, but the
bunches and berries are of the size of the Black
Hamburgs. Bunches large, 'compact, shoul-
dered; berries very large, black, obloug; skin
thin, covered with bloom; flesh quite sweet
when fully ripe, and of tolerably good quality ;
ripens late and unevenly. Vine a coarse grower
but tender, requires protection in severe win-
ters ; often unhealthy.

Urbaiia. (Lair.) Bunch medium, short, shoul-
dered; berry medium to large, round, white-yellowish
in the sun, juicy, vinous acid; hard centre, aromatic
skin. Ripens about with Isabella. — Downing.

Venango, or Minor's Seedling. (Labr.)
An old variety, said to have been cultivated by
the French at Fort Venango, on Alleghany
river, some eighty years since. Bunch medium,
compact; berries above medium, round, often
flattened by their compactness, color pale red,
a fine white bloom ; skin thick ; flesh sweet, but
pulpy and foxy ; vine a vigorous grower, very
hardy, healthy and productive.

Victoria. Ray's (Lair.} This new variety is being
introduced (1871—1872) by Mr. M. M. Samuels of Clin-
ton, Ky., who describes it as follows: ' ( Bunches and
'berries medium size, round, light amber color; skin
thin; pulp tender, sweet and highly flavored; vines per-
fectly healthy; abundant bearer, and a good, but not
rampant grower." This grape has been tested fora
number of years by a few individuals, in different parts
of the South, and has, even under adverse circumstances
been free from both mildew and rot; it ripens there
about the middle of August, and was pronounced an
excellent table grape, making also a superior wine.

"We find it quite similar to Perkins.

Weehawken. Raised by Dr. Chas. Siedho.f
of North Hoboken, N. J., from a seed of a grape
from the Crimea — V. Vinifera. A white grape
of fine quality.

Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly
foreign in character; its fruit fine; but only by
grafting it on native roots, and careful nursing
and covering in winter can we obtain some of
it in favorable seasons.

"White Delaware. A pure Delaware seed-
ling, originated with Mr. Geo. "W. Campbell, of
Delaware, O., of whom we received a few vines
of this variety in 1873.

The vine is claimed to be much more vigor-
ous and robust in habit than the Delaware under
the same conditions and circumstances ; its foli-
age is large, thick and heavy, resembling that

of Catawba more than Delaware. With him it
has so far resisted both mildew and rot in very
unfavorable seasons, and has matured its fruit
perfectly when both Concord and Delaware
were destroyed. In flavor it seems to Mr.
Campbell all that can be desired, even superior
to the old Delaware. Its only fault, he says, is
want of size ; the berries and bunches will both
rather fall below than go above the size of Del-
aware. In form of bunch and berry it is like
the Delaware, compact and shouldered; color
greenish-white, with thin white bloom. Produc-
tive, but apparently not as subject to overbear
as' the Delaware.

If its more vigorous habit should make this
new variety succeed in localities where the Del-
aware fails, then the want of size would not
prevent, in our opinion, its becoming a very
valuable vineyard grape. We consider it wor-
thy of trial.

Another White Delaware seedling has been
raised by Mr. Herm. Yaeger of Neosho; while
the bunch and berries closely resemble the Del-
aware in shape and size, it has otherwise every
characteristic of a Labrusca.

Whitehall. (Lair.) A new, early black grape,
supposed to be a chance seedling, originated on the
grounds of Mr. George Goodale, in Whitehall, Wash
ington Co., N. Y. and said to be nearly three weeks
ahead of the Hartford Prolific I Messrs. Merrell &
Coleman, who have propagated and now offer this new
grape, describe the fruit to be the size of the Isabella;
lunch large and moderately compadt, color dark pur-
ple ; lerries thin skinned, and adhering well to the stem ;
pulp tender, melting and sweet. The vine is said to be
a good grower, hardy and free from mildew.

This variety may most likely be worthy the attention
of grape growers in search of very early sorts.

Wilmington. (?) A white grape, originated on
the farm of Mr. Jeffries , near Wilmington , Del. , Vine
very vigorous, hardy. Bunches large, loose, shoulder-
ed; lerries large, round, inclining to oval, green-
ish-white, or when fully ripe, yellowish. Flesh acid ;
pungent, not desirable at the north— may be better
south. Ripens late. — Downing.

Wilmington Red. Syn : WYOMING RED. (Lair.)
Raised and disseminated by S. J. Parker, M. D., Ithaca,
N. Y., and according to Fuller, ' ' nothing more than an
early red fox grape, but little better than the old Nor-
thern Muscadine." The Horticulturist, of Nov. 1874,
speaks of the Wyoming Red, (probably the more correct
name of Dr. Parker's red fox grape seedling) as being
rapidly diffused and much in demand there, as an early
profitable grape.

Winslow. (Cord-) Originated in the garden of
Charles Winslow, Cleveland, O. The vine resembles
Clinton, is hardy and productive; the fruit matures
very early, and is less acid than Clinton; lunch medium,
compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh reddish
tinge, some pulp, vinous, juicy.— Downing.

78

BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE.

THE WALTER GEAPE.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

^Walter. (Labr.) Raised by that enthusias-
tic horticulturist, Mr. A. J. Caywood, of Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., crossing the Delaware with the
Diana. From the many premiums awarded to
this grape, from the favorable reports by all
who have seen or tested it for wine, it may well
claim to be a first class grape, and to merit a
trial wherever American grapes are successfully
grown. It labors yet under the disadvantage of
having been representsd as the climax of per-
fection, or, at least, as being- superior to all
other American varieties, by its originator. In
justice to the latter, however, it must be admit-
ted that he honestly believes all he claims for
his seedling, and has distributed the same with
a liberality and a disinterestedness scarcely ever
equalled by any originator of a new variety. It
is now growing in almost every soil and loca-
tion of this Union, and the opinions on its true
merits and adaptability for general cultivation
widely differ according to localities. In those
where vines are much subject to mildew, the
Walter cannot nourish, it drops its foliage, and
is far from desirable ; but in favorable localities,
especially where the Delaware succeeds well,
there the Walter will also prove desirable — a
fair grower and good bearer. Even in less fa-
vored localities it proved healthy and gave
splendid results — when grown on Concord or
other vigorous roots, while on its own roots it
failed.

In general appearance the characters of both
the Diana and Delaware are discernible. The
bunch and berry are of medium size, of light
Catawba color. Flesh tender, rich and sweet,
with an agreeable spicy flavor, strongly remind-
ing of the Diana. The fruit is possessed of a
most exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bou-
quet equalled by no other American grape that
we know of. Quality best, both for table and
for wine. Ripens very early, about same time
as Delaware. Vine, in moderately rich sandy
soil, where free from mildew and from Phyllox-
era, a very fair grower, with dark brown, short-
jointed wood ; large tough leaves, green on the
upper and lower surface, not woolly ; must 99°
to 105° ; acid 5 to 8 per mill.

Wilder. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) This
promises to be one of the most profitable and
popular varieties for the market in cultivation,
its size and beauty being equalled by its vigor,
hardiness and productiveness. Bunch large,
often shouldered, sometimes weighing a pound ;
berry large, globular; color dark purple, nearly
black; slight bloom. Flesh tolerably tender,
with a slight pulp, juicy, rich, pleasant and

sweet. Ripens with, and sometimes earlier
than the Concord, keeping for a long time.
The vine is vigorous, hardy, healthy and pro-
dvitive; roots abundant, of medium thickness,
straight, with a smooth, moderately firm liber.
Canes heavy and long, with well-developed lat-
erals. Wood firm with a medium pith. The
figure of the Agawam (page 34), and of the
Senasqua (page 75), may serve as fair illustra-
tions of the form and appearance of the Wilder
grape.

Wylie's New Seedling- Grapes. "Too much
can scarcely be said in praise of Dr. Wylie's persevering
efforts in the improvement of the grape."— P. J. Berclc-
mans, Ghas. Downing, Thomas Meetian, W. C. Flagg,
P. T. Quinn, Committee on Native Fruits, of the Am.
Pomol. Society. (Proceedings 1871, page 54.)

This testimony, and the excellent character of these
hybrids, as regards flavor and general appearance, en-
title them to special attention; and we give them a
place in our Catalogue, although they have not been
sufficiently tested, and we are now growing them under
restrictions not to sell or give out any wood of same.
But as soon as they will have been sufficiently tested in
different'localities and proven satisfactory, their origin-
ator will distribute them with great liberality, though
few persons can appreciate the immense labor and per-
severance which his experiments have cost. As early
as 1859 he had raised many seedlings of Delaware and
Foreign; all have proven failures. Catawba, Isabella,
Halifax, Union Village, Lenoir, Herbemont, and other
hybrids, which he produced by crossing any of those
with foreign, have nearly all failed — most of them from
mildew and rot. Many would produce vines of healthy
appearance, but they would fail to set their fruit. In
1863 he had over one hundred promising seedlings;
gave Mr. Robert Guthrie, of York County, S. C., about
65, mostly hybrids of Halifax and Delaware. These
flourished , and never missed a full crop ; but after some
years Mr. Guthrie hsid to be absent, and the vines were
entirely neglected. Mr. Wylie's own soil is a tenacious
pipe clay, the worst for grapes, and during the war,
owing to quartering of troops adjoining his lot, his
vines were ruined. Thus there exist now but a few of
those Halifax and Delaware Hybrids saved again by Mr.
Guthrie. In 1868 Mr. Wvlie planted about one hundred
seedlings of Concord fertilized with foreign, and about
fifty Diana fertilized with West's St. Peter, white Chas-
selas and Lady Downe's Seedling. Of these many mil-
dewed badly, some died, and he abandoned them. Af-
ter many failures to produce seedlings of Hybrid-Scup-
pernongs, he finally succeeded, but owing to a little
hot house being over-heated, he again lost nearly all of
them. He commenced anew with his experiments and
had hundreds of new seedlings growing, when they
were cut down by a severe frost, on the 27th of April,
1872, a frost which killed all kinds of grape vines in
that section. Again, in November, 1873, his resi-
dence was burned , (no insurance) and consequently he
had to leave his place to depredations from broken
fences, &c. But it is now rebuilt, and Mr. Wylie is
back again at his old place, experimenting and working
with the same zeal and enthusiasm as ever, wishing:

BtTSHBERG CATALOGUE.

" If 1 were only young again — with the experience

We extract the following from Mr. Wylie's letters to
ourselves, feeling confident that it will be found inter-
esting to grape growers, as characteristic of the origi-
nator and his new Hybrids. « ' I send you some scions
for grafting, of some of my best Hybrids. I wish you
to give them a fair trial. I hardly think that any of
them will prove tender with vou, except 'Jane "Wylie.'
Those which I found most hardy, and judge to be so
also North (from parentage) , I mark *. In describing
my different Hybrids I always name the female parent
first, viz : Halifax and Delaware means that Halifax is
the female and Delaware the male parent. ' '

Jane Wylie. (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.)
Bunch and "berry very large; berries nearlv one inch in
diameter; quality lest, resembling foreign in texture
and flavor, ripens early and hangs long; might require
winter covering in your climate and further North.

* Clinton and Foreign, (Red Frontignac,) No. 6.
White, slightly red on cheek; resembles white Chasse-
1 as ; lunch large; "berries above medium; not as early as
Jane Wylie; wood and foliage NATIVE; seems quite
hardy, and is of highest quality.

Harry Wylie. A Hybrid, (label of parentage lost)
white; lunch and berries about size of Lenoir, more
shouldered; beautiful and excellent.

* No. 4. A cross between two Hybrids.

Bunch some larger than Lenoir; berry medium, of a clear
transparent golden color; finest -texture and flavor, re-
sembling white Frontignac. Ripens as early as Con-
cord; native foliage, but ahead of all American grapes
in quality; considered of the highest excellence by
Downing, Saunders, Meehan and others.

* No. 5. (Delaware and Clinton) . Bunch and

berry larger than Delaware; color of fruit a fine pink.
' ' Berckmans writes me that it bore well with him
(scarcely any grape does well on his soil), says it is as
strong and healthy a grower as Clinton (stronger with
me); he thinks it of promise, and worthy a name. I
am anxious for you to try it. Foliage native; does not
rot or mildew here."

* Garnet. (Red Frontignac and Clinton.) Bunch
and berry larger than Clinton, of a beautiful deep garnet
color; flavor and texture foreign, but native foliage.

Concord and Foreign (Bowood Muscat,) No. 8.
Black; bunch and berries very large and loose; skin thick;
texture foreign , flavor slightly musky. A strong grower
with large Labrusca foliage . Ripens a~s late as Catawba.

Halifax and Hamburg-, No. 11. Black. Bunch
and berry medium size ; skin thick ; only valuable on ac-
count of its extreme productiveness and health; has
never rotted in ten years.

Peter Wylie No. 1. (Parentage: F., Halifax and
Foreign, M., Delaware and Foreign.) White; transpa-
rent, becoming golden yellow when fully ripe; bunches
and berries between Delaware and Concord. A vigor-
ous, short-jointed, rapid growing vine, with thick, na-
tive leaves; holds its leaves and ripens its wood thor-
oughly. (Also Peter Wylie No . 2, produced from seed
of P. W. No. 1.)

Robert Wylie. Blue; bunch large and long; btrry
large; skin thin; rich and juicy; ripens as late as Ca-
tawba. A great bearer; one of my best, but it may not
be quite hardy, as the wood is not very hard.

Gill Wylie. (Concord and Foreign.) Blue; bunch
large, loose, and much shouldered; berry large, oblong;
texture soft and rich; ripens with Concord, but alto-
gether superior. Intensely Labrusca in foliage, and
clear of all disease. Considered of greatest promise.

* Delaware and Concord No. 1. Dark red;
bunch and berry medium; skin tolerably thick; juice rich
and sweet, slightly musky; vine very hardy, with La-
brusca foliage; a great bearer, never fails, and may
make a fine wine grape.

Herbemont Hybrid. (Halifax and Foreign No. 1
and Herbemont No. 2.) Dark blue; bunch and berry
medium; one of the most tender, sweet, and high-fla-
vored grapes in the collection. A healthy vine, hardy
here.

Hybrid Scuppernong* No. 5, (Parentage: F.,
Bland Madeira and Foreign No. 1; M., Stamminate Hy-
brid Scuppernong; produced by impregnating Black
Hamburg with Scuppernong.) So, you see, it is only a
quarter blood Scuppernong. I have never yet had a
half breed Scuppernong to bear perfect fruit. The
vine is healthy and hardy here; it bears a white, trans-
parent, fruit. Bunch medium, berries large; skin thin,
but tough; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, with a peculiar
flavor; appears to ripen its berries together (as early as
Concord) and adhere well, which some of the Hybrid
Scuppernong do not. I think it may suit your climate;
it is certainly worthy of a full trial.

Halifax and Delaware No. 3O. Color of Dela-
ware; bunch about same size; berries one-half larger;
texture and flavor also much like Delaware, but holds
(here) its leaves better, and is healthier generally, with
leaves somewhat hoary underneath. A great bearer.

Halifax and Delaware No. 38. Of deeper red
color than the former, and of superior flavor, but not as
strong a grower as No. 30. Wood hard, leaves hoary,
and ferruginous (rusty) underneath. Mr. Guthrie tells
me that this -variety was the most preferred among
about 80 Hybrids he had bearing.

Halifax and Hybrid No. 55. Blue, like Hali-
fax, but high-flavored, tender and very sweet; bunch
and berry larger than Nos. 30 and 38. I think it will
prove a great acquisition.

I have sent you nearly all of my Hybrids that may be
sufficiently hardy for your climate. There are two
more which I would like for you to try, but the vines
were so nearly destroyed that I have no wood worth
sending. I still continue to Hybridize, more or less
every year." A. P. WYLIE.

York madeira. Syn. BLACK GERMAN, LARGE
GERMAN, SMALL GERMAN, MARION PORT, WOLFE,
MONTEITH, TRYON. An old variety, probably a seed-
ling of Isabella; originated at York, Pa. Bunch medium
sized, compact and generally has a small shoulder; berry
of medium size, roundish oval, black, thickly covered
with a light bloom; juice slightly reddened, sweet, vin-
ous, not very rich; skin somewhat pungent and not
much toughness in its pulp when fully ripe, which is
about same time with Isabella. The vine is not very
hardy, short-jointed, moderately vigorous and produc-
tive, but often losing its leaves, and consequently fail-
ing to ripen its crop. Charles Canby of "Wilmington ,
Del., introduced the same variety as Canby' s August.
BydSs Miza (Catskill, N. Y.,) is probably also the
game grape.

a o

s .

I. MANUAL.

Climate, Soil and Aspect ; Meterological and other influences affecting the Grape

Historical Notes. Attempts to cultivate the European Grape; their failure. Why we must look to

indigenous species for success > ...

Classification oi the true Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo.,

with our Viticultural Remarks, and a table of Grape-seeds :

Location. Preparing the soil; Planting; Number of Vines per Acre

Grafting* .'

Planting-. (Continued.) Heeling in; Manure

Training-. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. Cultivating

Treatment during Second and Third Seasons ; Tying

Spring or Summer Pruning

Fall or Winter Pruning, and Subsequent Management

Diseases of tne Grape ,

Insects Injurious to the Grape

Gathering, Packing, Preserving and Wine Making

Page

1
2, 3

4—12

13, 14

15—18

18

19—20
21

21—23
24
25
26
31

II. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.

The Standard names are in SMALL, CAPITALS— (the more prominent varieties in LARGE CAPITALS) ; the Synonymous
names in Italics; Discarded old varieties, and undisseminated novelties, in ordinary type.
Varieties marked by a * are illustrated.

Page.

ADIRONDAC 33

Adelaide 35

Advance 33

AGAWAM* 34

Ailcen 60

Albino 35

Aletha 35

Alexander 33

ALLEN'S HYBRIDS 35

ALVEY 35

Amanda 35

Amoureux 71

AMINIA 35

Anna 35

ARNOLD'S HYBRIDS 36

Arnold's Hybrid, No. I... 69

Arnold's Hybrid, No. 2*.. 44

Arnold's Hybrid, No. 5*. . 36

Arnold's Hybdid. No. 8*. . 39

Arnold's Hybrid, No ,16*. 40

Arrot 36, 41

Aughwick 36

August Pioneer 36

AUTUCHON* 36

BaTcer (Isabella) 60

Baldwin Lenoir 36

Balsiger's No. 32 43

Barnes 36

KARRY 37

Baxter 37

BELVIDERE 37

Berks 37

Birds Egg 37

Black Cape 33

BLACK DEFIANCE 37

BLACK EAGLE*.. 37—38

Black German 80

BLACK HAWK 37

Black July 48

Black King 37

Black Muscadine 54

Black Spanish 69

Bland 37

Bland' s Madeira 37

Bland' s Pale Red 37

Bland' s Virginia 37

Blood's Black 37

Bloom 43

BLUE DYER 37

Blue Favorite 37

Blue Grape. 48

Blue Imperial 37

Bogue's Eureka 60

Bottsi ..... 39

BRANDT* 39

Brandy wine 2

Brinkle 2

BRIGHTON 39

Brown 60

Bull or Bullace* 73

Bullit (Taylor) 75

Burgundy of Ga 70

Burroughs' 39

Burton's Early 39

CAMBRIDGE...

Camden

CANADA*

Canby's August ,

Cape

Carter ,

CASSADY

CATAWBA . .
Catawba Tokay.

39

39

40

80

33

76

41

40

40

Gatawissa ". . 41 , 43

CHALLENGE 41

Champion, Early. ... 41, 76

Charlotte* ^ 41, 50

Charter Oak 41

Christie's Improved 60

Christine 75

Cigar Box 69

Clara* 41

Claret 41

Clifton' s Constant™ 33

CLINTON 1'2

Cloanthe ; 60

Clover Street Black 41

Clover Street Red 42

Columbia 42

Columbia County 43

CONCORD 42

'CONCORD CHASSELAS 43

CONCORD MUSCAT 44

Concord Hybrid, No. 6 76

Gonstantia 33

CONQUEROR 44

CORNUCOPIA* 44

COTTAGE 43

Cowan 43

CREVKLING 43

CROTON . 45

CUNNINGHAM* 45, 46

Cuyahoga 44

CYNTHIANA* 47

Dana 48

DELAWARE* 49

Delaware Hybrids 13, 80

Detroit 48

DEVEREUX 48

DIANA* 50

Diana Hamburg 48

Don Juan 48

Downing 51

DRACUT AMBER 51

EARLY CHAMPION 41, 76

Early Hudson 51

Elizabeth 51

ELSINBURGH 51

Msinboro' 51

ELVIRA 51

Emily 2

ESSEX 51

EUMELAN* 52

Eureka. . . 54

Eva... 43

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Fancher,

P"S

MARTHA*

65
65
65
65
43
48
64
41
41
66
65
66
77
66
42
80
2
66
66
63

67
55
67
65
67
67
60
67
67
67
68
68

69
41
69

77
69
69

60
70
60
42
70
60
71
•37
71

71

71
71
71
71
70
40
47
71
71
73
71
73
54
72
65
79
72
72
63
54
34
66
71
35
51
37
56
72

RothrocTc . .

, is

Flora.

54

Mary..

RULANDER

71

Flowers

54

MARY ANN.

SALEM

72

Flower of Missouri

54

MASSASOIT.

Framingham

54

M AXATAWNE Y*

Sanbornton

60

Franklin.

54

McCowan.

Saratoga

41

GAERTNER

54

McLean..

Schiller ..

73

McNeil..

Schuylkill Muscadel . . .

33

Garnet

80

Meads Seedling

SCUPPERNONG*

...73, 74

Garber7 s Albino

35

Merceron

Scuppernong Hybrid.. .

80

Giant Leaf

71

MERRIMAC

SECRETARY*

73

GOETHE*

..53, 54

Mianna

Segar Box

69

Golden Clinton

.. 54

MILES

SENASQUA*

75

Golden Concord

43

Seneca. .

73

Graham

54

Missouri

ShaTcer

77

Greencastle

65

Modena

Sheppard's Delaware

50

Hagar

35

Monteith

Sherman

64

Sherry.

48

Halifax Hybrids

80

Singleton ,

40

Hart

48

^ T ,

80

HARTFORD PROLIFIC

54

Smart ' s Elsinboro '

51

Hattie

56

Neff

76

HERBEMONT*

55

Spring Mill Oonstantia,

33

Herbemont ' s Madeira ....

55

80
56

Neil Grape.

St. Catherine

73

Herbemont Hybrid

NEOSHO.

St. Genevieve

71

HERBERT

Nerluton. .

Talman' s Seedling

76
33

HERMANN*

..56—58

Newark

Hermann Seedling

58

Newport

TasTcers' Grape

Hettie

56

Nnnftnt/nm

TAYLOR .

75

HINE*

58 North America

Taylor' s Bullit

... 75

Howell

.. 59 NnTJTTT f* AT?r»T TTST A*

Tekoma ....

41

60

NORTHERN MUSCADINE . . .
NORTON

TELEGRAPH.

75

Humboldt

59

Theodosia

76

Huntingdon

59

Thomas.

76

Husson . ...

48

OHIO

48

Hyde's Eliza

59, 80

TO-KALON

76

Imperial

59

Omega

7fi

Onondaga

TRIUMPH

76

IONA

60

Ontario

60

- go

IRVING* ..

59

Oporto

Tryon

ISABELLA

60

OTHELLO

Tuleu

48

ISRAELLA

60

U. B

65

Italian Wine Grape*

49

PAULINE

I VES*

..60, 61

Payne's Early

Una

76

Jves Seedling

.. 61

Underbill

76

Jack, Jaques or Jaquez.

Kalamazoo

Katarka

69

61
2

Pioneer
Pollock
Powell

Underhill's Hybrids .
UNION VILLAGE
IJrbana

37, 59, 75

77

77

Keller's White
KeuTca.
Kilviugion ...

King.

41
67
61
54

Putnam
Quassaic
Raabe . .

VENANGO
Vevay
Victoria, Ray's

"W A T TTTR*

77
33

77

'"Q

King William

65 Raritan

Warren

55

Kingsessing
Kitchen . ..

61
61

Red Ellen

Warrenton

55

77

Kittredge*

60

Red Lenoir . ..

Wemple

44

Labe..

61

Red Muncy

Red River* . . .

White Cape

33

LADY*

61 RENTZ

WHITE DELAWARE
White Catawba

77
41

Lee7 s Isabella
Lehigh

60
37

Rickett's Seedlings
Riesenblatt

Whitehall
WHITE MUSCADINE*.
WILDER

77
73
79

LENOIR....

63 -

Lincoln
LlNDLEY

48
63

Roger*' Hybrid, No. 1*.
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
8*.
9 .
14 .
15*.
19 .
36 .
39 .
41 .
43 .
44 .

Wilmington

77

77

Logan

63

Winne

33

LOUISIANA
Luna

. . . bU
63
65

Winslow.
Wolfe

77
80
fin

LYDIA..
Lyman

63
63

Worden's Seedling.

42

4.9

M acedonia
Maguire

43
65

Wright's Isabella
Wylie s Hybrids.

60

79, 80
7fi

Main Grape
Mammoth Catawba
Manhattan
Marine's Seedlings

42
41
65
65

Wyoming Red
Yellow Muscadine*.

77
73

YorTc Lisbonne

33

MARION

65

York Madeira

80

Marion Port. . . .

80

Young America. . .

42

BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Fancher

Pafte.

40

MARTHA*.

Page.
64

65
65
65
65
43
48
64
41
41
66
65
66
77
66
42
80
2
66
66
63

67
55
67
65
67
67
60
67
67
67
68
68

69
41
69

77
69
69

60
70
60
42
70
60
71
•37
71

71

71
71
71
71
70
40
47
71
71
73
71
73
54
72
65
79
72
72
63
54
34
66
71
35
51
37
56
72

Rothrock

"Ts

Flora

54

Mary..

RULANDER

• 71

Flowers

54

MARY ANN.

SALEM

72

Flower of Missouri . . . .

54

MASSASOIT.

framingham

54

M AXATAWNE Y*

Sanbornton

60

Franklin

54

McCowan.

Saratoga

41

GAERTNER

54

McLean.,

Schiller

73

McNeil. .

Schuylkill Muscadel

33

Garnet

80

Meads Seedling

SCUPPERNONG*

73 74

Garber's Albino

35

Merceron

Scuppernong Hybrid..
SECRETARY*.

80
73

Giant Leaf

71

MERRIMAC

GOETHE*

....53, M

Mianna .

Segar Box.

69

Golden Clinton

MILES

SEXASQUA*

75

Golden Concord

43

Seneca.

73

Graham

54

Missouri

Shaker

77

Greeucastle

65

Modena

Sheppard's Delaware

50

Hagar

35

Monteiih

Sherman

64

Montgomery

Sherry

48

Hart

48

MOTTLED*
Mount Lebanon

Singleton
Small German.

40
80

HARTFORD PROLIFIC.

54

Muench's Seedlings

Smart's Elsiriboro1 .

51

Hattie

56

Neff

Spq/ord Seedling
Spring Mill Oonstantia
St. Catherine

76
33

HERBEMONT*

55

Herbemont ' a Madeira . .

55

Neil Grape.

73

Herbemont Hybrid . . .

80

A'EOSHO

71

HERBERT

56

Nerluton.

Talman' s Seedling

76

HERMANN*

....56—58

Newark.

Hermann Seedling
Hettie

58
56

Newport.

Taslcers' Grape

33

Nnn Antnm

TAYLOR

75

HINE*

58 North Amorina

Taylor' s JBullit

75

Howell

59

NORTH CAROLINA*. . . . ?
NORTHERN MUSCADINE . . .
NORTON

Tekoma

41

Hudson ..

60

TELEGRAPH

75

Humboldt

59

Theodosia

76

Huntingdon

59

Norton1 's Virginia/

Thomas

76

Husson

48

OHIO

Thurmond-.

48

Hyde's Eliza

59, 80

TO-KALON

76

Imperial

59

Omega

TOLMAN

76

Onondaga

TRIUMPH

76

KXNA

60

Ontario

60

IRVING*

59

Oporto

Tryon

- QA

ISABELLA

60

OTHELLO

Tuley

40

ISRAELLA

Italian Wine Grape*
Ithaca . .
IVES*

60
49
59
60 61

Paign's Isabella
PAULINE
Payne's Early

U. B...
UHLAND
Una

65
76
76

Jves Seedling
Jack, J agues or Jaquez. .

Kalamazoo

61
69

61

Paxton
PERKINS*

Pioneer
Pollock

D 77

Underbill
Underbill's Hybrids
UNION VILLAGE
Urbana

76
37, 59, 75
77
77

Katarka
Keller's White

2
41

Putnam

VENANGO

77

Keuka

67

Quassaic

Vevay

33

Kilvmgton
King.

61
54

Raabe . .

Victoria, Ray's

77

King William

65 i Raritan

Warren

55

Kitchen

61
61

Red Elben

Warrenton

55

Kittredge*

60

Red Lenoir . ..

TT7 7

77

Labe..,
LADY*

Red Munzy
61 Red River*
61 RENTZ

White Cape
WHITE DELAWARE..

44
33
77

Lehfgh
LENOIR

60 REQUA
. . . . 37 Rickett's Seedlings. .
63 • Riesenblatt

White Catawba
Whitehall
WHITE MUSCADINE*
WILDER

41
77
73
79

LINDLEY

48
63

Roger*' Hybrid, No.
tt

1*.
2 .
3 .

4 .
5 .
8*.
9 .
14 .
15*.
19 .

39 !
41 .
43 .
44 .

Wilmington

77

77

Logan

Louisa ,
LOUISIANA

63
60
63

Winne
Winslow

33
77

Luna
LYDIA..
Lyman

65
63
63

Wolje
Woodward
Worden's Seedling —

80
60
42
40

M acedonia
Maguire

, ,,. 43
65

Wright's Isabella
Wylie s Hybrids.

60
79, 80

Main Grape
Mammoth Catawba. . . .
Manhattan..

42

41
65

Wyman
Wyoming Red

Yellow Muscadine*

76

77

73

Marine's Seedlings ....

65

YorTc Lisbonne

33

MARION

65

York Madeira

80

Mar-ion Port

.. .. 80

Young America. . .

42

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

AN INITIAL F7NE OF 25 CFMT^

8 1933

FEB 17

16'
REC'D LD

DEC 7 -1959

YD 02460