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CONTENTS.
I. MANUAL.
Page Climate, Soil and Aspect ; Meterological and other influences affecting the Grape...........-.....-5 L Historical Notes. Attempts to cultivate the European Grape; their failure. Why we must look to THI SENOUS SPcrvleS OL SUCCESS... 5). oF Ss 2 ol tat ysta ince Mite: ccs ateic eng) aiaitata aig atl Altos lath ato eect Hie Stage ciao Beene Classilication of the trae Grape-vives of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, oer with our Viticultural Remarks, and a table of Grape-seedS.... 2.0... cc cece eee cee eee eee eee aes 4—12 Location. Preparing the soil; Planting; Number of Vines per Acre.... ....... 0.00... cc eee cee eee es 13, 14 Grea Serene VE Re Se I ec Roe ees cna ge SLM RECN Seah hans Wasa apse a. ciaiegh mee ahi 15—18 Planting. (Continued.) Heelingin; Manure................. .. Pia <9 an ~ Oe ett ebaie ace metas coiaede he 18 Training. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes, COOMiV atin ec S yeti. ... es Rietety sickle ate os 19—20 Treatment during Second and ‘Third Seasonss) Tying ee fai) sc. ts clots cethenis s- abidels cece biceniess a 21 Sprincor Sunmmer, Prugngy re, Mee Lee ree Son i me Ce hd Rake. Saal aycus oiefite ea cnet naWeiass ee a 21—23 Fall or Winter Pruning, and Subsequent Migniagement..: soe ss... eevee RRR SB 4) Aes din eee nA ‘ 24 WisSGASES, OF the Gra Pe 22. a ayes eee le y wlel clio sa RR o Rate chOROe Gisikes SP Reeta ate walle Uieida oo cee ES leplale ees 25 Insects Injurious to the Grape................ Pye wae Oy Sarg d hac e es RMR cI SE Oma, Soe i 26 Gathering, Packing, Preserving and Wine Making. ........... 0... cece ccc cee cee eeee ceed Pe es: 3L
II. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
The Standard names are in SMALL CAPITALS—(the more prominent varieties in LARGE CAPITALS); the Synonymous names in Italics; Discarded old varieties, and undisseminated novelties, in ordinary type. Varicties marked by a * are illustrated.
Page. Page. Page A DIR OND AG eave ates iss 33 Blandsytal (ese shoe ee 3T LE NITONG esos ees Re 42 ‘Adelaiden.} iis ee le. era 35 Bland’s Madara. é. o.0 6 en 3T COURT EE SO oig ornate Aas 60 PRUVATICE) oh Wye ahs ain te inte 33 Blund’s Pule Red............ 37 Clover Street Black ........ 41 Bs@ © 68.4 Ns i aa tae A Seg 34 Bland’ s Virginia..........%. 37 Clover Street Red. :...:62.4 42 ACEP USI Phebe bbed We es |e leis. 60 THOOM 'SABHICK. 5 37 Columbia Rett wees. AR, 42 SAUTER OA! 5 tis Oe 1G 2 Wee. Ve 35 BUD ENB ee sea a Joe a 43 Columbia County ............ 43 Aleve ahem ceive mietee 35 BEWE OMe 6 ake 37 CONG ORDGSE Oeics nreucles 42 Bd Feb-183 15 (es Dan Mag sie UM o3 Blife, Paverite, 0.030) se 37 CONCOKD CHASSELAS ..... 43 ALLEN’S HYBRIDS......... 35 Blue Grapes. coe... iv ascress 48 CONCORD MuSCaT. _....... 44 Je ORO OP a AD ain inka 5 ae 3d Blue Imperial PS car | Cate aN 37 Concord Hybrid, No. 6....... 76 PATI D Gee ae SON 35 BOGUEE LUT ERO Le via 60 Constagtta Bee ete ewe cass 33 A IMOUP EU Tine tel shirts Me ets Tos val BBtbSi gO yids foc Pee 39 CONQUEROR ....... 0 eer ® : 44 Jovi 8 Us (NAR ek ama sty Sb Daas Sa 3d BEANDT®. fs\6 tee Bek ae 39 CORNUCOBEA® 400i. 002. tt CATIN Sey oe es ere aS 35 Brandywime 2.0.0. ges ok Dv Ae? {COLRAG HAGE ots oo eects 43 ARNOLD’S HYBRIDS........ 36 RINSE eek ya i B Release bis 2 CoWan jah inne ows. ase 43 Arnold’s Hybrid, No.1 ..... 69 BRIGBIPONG nce toutes se . 39 CREV CRINGE aye 0)... sac totate 43 Arnold's Hyliid, No. 2*..... 44 Br OU TOG SON ek Site tel te Bealh sca 60 OROTONA Mies 0 le ona tee 45 Arnold’ s Hybrid, No. fs Ba 36 Bull or Bullace®s,. ics peice 73 CUNNINGH AM* PR aie 45, 46 ‘Arnold's Hybdid, No. 8*..... 39 Bullet (Vaylor).. oso. tele. re) Cuyahoga. Mah ratee:. tee teen 44 Arnold’s Hybrid, No, 16k Hee 40 Burgundy of Ga... ewe. 70 CY NVA UANAS? once seas 47 PTT OPUS se ctean toe ele Arete 36, 41 Burroughs? ore ree ae 39 Aughwiek tye 0 oe PARSON 386 Burton? a) Hanly ee ek 39 Mel a ak RS AGs an os PATI USUAL VONICED ole crc) sy -ivpa' +o» 36 eg | BHLAW ANI oo... eee eee oto eae See a6 | CAMBRIDGE. 005. 5..0..0.4 39 | Delaware Hybrids...1-.. 13, 80
Camden ect tee eee eee neces 39 Detroit. ... : ay ik ee 48
Baker (Isabella)............. 60 CANAD Aer pT ae a. abe * ancye 40 DEVEREUX. 48 Baldwin Lenoir............. 36 Candy? & August. 2 s..6 ss. 80 DIANAS IH tes, baa 50 Bulsiger’s INE eae cay dla 43 Cape a Saul aad balta’ ei o,Taneyeranhitel eve tate are te 35 Diana Hamburg. Baye cet! op 48 SACHS Se ae ise tds cht hate 36 (OE BON ih Ge en ae 76 Don Juan. 3 ah “aly Rhy phy 48 BPN tS) 125 (0 AIRGAS ote 7. Rs oP oT CASSAD SOE hikes cs a elt 41 Downing ORES, Sn heaters: 51 BaXteriinre Wie cas ve,ckis stim ee 37 CANRAUWEB AWE So) seth. 40 DRACUT AMBER......... .. 51 BrUV ROR mys ne Sos. 37 Cutawha Tokay .. ......40.. 40 ‘ Chay tae Bemis) stories. ies hte oY 3 SOCQAUAB eee Ne .greeal, 4d EARLY CHAMPION......... 41, 76 BirdssWee sews. sree ais. 3T CHALLENGES), > Ses tah. 41 Barly .Audsone. ik. AW 51 Bluck Cape. (we GVe Men. ode). 33 Champion, Karly. .. ....... 41, 76 IZA ELL eer. «Poe mee eee dL BUACK DERTANGH Oyo. sos 7 OTORLOLLE TAN. vivin bale cb oc pherels Al, 50 EXESINBURGH widizh seks ve nee 61 BLACK | BAGLE* 50.5 56.50. 37—38 Charter Oak SY i ane 41 HEL SINDOLOW eS ee we phe is ce we eee 51 Blick: Germans 124s. veaewrehis 80 Christies Improved .......45 60 ET ViURIAG sects cise a hee aie 61 BUACK (HAWK vit’, boca 37 CRPIBIUIO RE Ld eos dst ae 70 BU VY Mae nee ON okie hich ceinema Tees 2 Black Sly. os eee ike viajotes stave 48 COO BOE Lah, otters tietahais 69 OSSEy re wens a Ce acme blan ee 51 Black. Kanowra name n nek ar, 37 Car ar ee diced our ieee ote 41 MUMBUAN*: 2: 2s tec ke 52 Black Muscadine, BRP A et otsic ove 54 Clare tu Ero eam eon eae olen 41 UTE KH ics. vets cake 54 Black Spanith......0..00+0. 69 Clifton’s Constantia. ....... 33 FRU as ENA la ok RN 43
[Continued on third page of cover. |
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
St. Louis Winter Garden,
COR. MAGNOLIA AND TOWER GROVE AVENUES, SOUTH OF SHAW’S BOTANICAL GARDEN.
No. 107 N. FIFTH STREET, ST. LOUIS.
a
GARDEN-SEED AND PLANT CATALOGUES free to all applicants.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern
RATIWAY COMPANY.
LANDS FOR SALE
SUITABLE FOR
GRAPHS AND OPRERBRR aR UIT.
The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Company has for sale on or near the line of its Railroad, a variety of lands, both in Missouri and Arkansas. The hill Jands of Stoddard County, Mo., and of several-counties in Arkansas, south of Little Rock, are well adapted to the Cultivation of Grapes and Peaches. The sandy loams of Scott county, Mo., are
- well adapted to the cultivation of Vegetables and the Smaller Fruits. The climate is mild, and the spring being early, fruits and vegetables can be sent to the St. Louis Market quite in advance of the local productions.
The Company is offering for sale, on easy terms of payment, 1,500,000 acres of Land
in the two States.
Parties purchasing land of the Company get a reduction from the regular passenger rates, of 50 per cent. Application may be made to THOMAS ESSEX, Esq., at the Company’s Office in St. Louis, or to
JAMES M. LOUGHBOROUGH, ESO. Land Commissioner,
LITTLE: ROcH, ARE.
At Low Prices and on Favorable terms. In JEFFERSON COUNTY MO.
EXCELLENT SOIL AND CHOICE LOCATIONS FOR
Vineyards, Orchards aud Stock-raising. Good Uplands, well Timbered, healthy, with abundant Springs.
_T own about one thousand acres, in different tracts, all within thirty miles of St. Louis, having Railroad facilities and easy access to market. I will sell in tracts of from 40 acres, upwards, to suit purchasers. Being desirous to dispose of some of my surplus lands, with a view to build new wine cellars and to make other improvements at BUSHBERG, I shall give purchasers a rare bargain. For particulars apply to ISIDOR BUSH,
Or at Bushberg, Jefferson Co , Mo. S. E. cor. Fourth & Elm sts, St. Louis.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS. For Sale at a Bargain. A BEAUTIFUL TRACT OF LAND AND RESIDENCE ©
On the Iron Mountain Railroad,
(Adjoining the Bushberge Vineyards.)
Only 25 miles from St. Louis; 150 yards from the Depot, CONTAINING 75 ACRES,
Of which about twenty-five acres are in bearing vineyards, and about twenty-five acres more in cultivation, and all well fenced. Soil excellent, location unsurpassed for health and beauty.
The elegant, well built, and easily accessible
TWO STORY STONE DWELLING HOUSE,
Contains six rooms and commands a magnificent view for many miles up and down the Missis- sippi river, making it a most desirable place and residence for a country gentleman. It will be sold Low to a Responsible Person, and on Easy Terms.
For further particulars, apply to
FRANK BLOCK
No. 313 Olive Street, St. Louis.
SENT FREE ON APPLICATION—
ESSAYS ON THE CULTIVATION
Grape Vines.
The Largest and most complete Collection im the United States.
We desire to call the attention of Grape- laxseed & fiastor Hoang,
growers, Amateurs, and the Trade, to our Specialty—
HARDY AMERICAN GRAPE-VINES,
Which we offer in large quantities, at very low prices, taking quality in consideration. Genuineness guaranteed. A copy of our Price Lists, issued in the Spring and Fall of each year, will be furnished to all applicants, by mail, FREE;
CHARLES C. FULLER,
122 Olive Street, ST. LOUIS, MO.
CASH PAID FOR
The new edition of our [lustr. Descriptive Flaxseed, Castor Beans, Catalogue will be sent, postpaid, upon receipt of Seine Seed SG 25 cents. P , ’ Address, Herbs, Barks, &c.
BUSH & SON & MEISSNER, Bushberg, Mo.
Represented by ISIDOR BUSH & CO. at St. Louis, fc Send samples by mail—tied, not sealed ; (postage By MM BaZiLLE & LEENHARDT; Montpellier, one cent per ounce), and state quantity, price, and BLOUQUIER & FILS & LEENHARDT, } France. freight to St. Louis, in separate letter.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
COLMAN’S RURAL WORLD.
This weekly Farm, Fruit, Stock, and Family Paper is the acknowledged standard Agricultu- ral Journal of the West. The editors and correspondents are all practical working men, and speak from large and varied experience and observation.
The RURAL WORLD is a warm and earnest advocate of the Grange movement, believing it supplies the best school ever furnished the farmer, and it will earnestly labor to build up and extend this organization throughout the land. It will also just as earnestly labor to prevent it from being perverted from the true objects for which it was designed by its founders.
The “RURAL WORLD” is the FARMER’S PAPER.
TERMS FOR 1875.
Single copy, per year....... SHS ES SSeS $2 00 Single copy, 6 months...............- $1 00 In Clubs of four or more, one year........ Oe Dae a Stel PO SM Jee cecececcccecccssceccs 1 60
Additions to clubs can be made at auy time, and from different Post Offices. Postage will be prepaid by the publisher.
(ae SEND FOR SAMPLE COPIES AND PREMIUM LIST._2) Rewit at our risk in Postal Orders, Registered Letters, Checks, Drafts, or by Express to
NORMAN J. COLMAN, Publisher. 8, W. Corner Sixth and Olive Streets, 8ST. LOUIS, MO.
Linladung zum Abonnement BONFORT?’S
auf die
Deutthe itlufteiete Wine and Liquor Circular,
Acker- und Oartenbau- eee
Journal and Price Current,
weit came ie ba ty dip ot FOR THE UNITED STATES;
Reitfdrift fitr Landwirth| daft, Biehzudjt, Obftban, Published at 48 Broad Street, - NEW YORK.
Blumen- x, Bienengudt u. den Hamifienkreis, Subscription per Year, $5.
etfdheint feit bem Jahre 1870 regelmafgig anfangs jeden Monats. Der Abonnementspreis betrdgt bet Vorausbezahlung (incluf. Porto)
(Advertisements per line, Nonpareil, one time, 25c.)
serrnur 75 Cents per Fabr.-wa
Sede Nummer enthalt Originalartifel fiber die verjdiedenen Now in Press—
che ws or ump. Bortenpteh(Oait Volks: und i ba * wirt aftlidje Wuffabe, jowie jonjtigen gemeinniibigen efe- ftoff nebft Siluftrationen. Wit der December-Rummer rote etn BON FORT 5S
Snbaltsverjeidnip des Jabrgangs fowie ein Umfdlag geliefert. tefe edt deutfd-amerifanijdhe Reitidrift wird bereits von febr
aisles Wine & Liquor Trade Directory, Dentidgen Landwirthen, Gartnern, Pribatleuten ufw. Men guimabees Staaten gelejen und findet iiberall eine freunbd= FOR THE UNITED STATES, e Aufnabme. ; Man yauelbe um Probenummern, welde unentgeltlidy gefandt Price $10. werben. ’ W. W. Coleman, Published by PHILIP BONFORT,
Milwauee, Wis. | No. 48 Broad Street, NEW YORK.
ILLUSTRATED
DESCRIPTIVE (CATALOGUE
OF
American Grape-vines,
Base. Diewne Lee 2S Or Tarik @uUnareU Re.
BY
BUSH & SON & MEISSNER,
Successors to
ISIDOR BUSH & ache GRAPE [ROWERs,
And beans OF THE
Bughber'g Vineyards & Grape Nurgeries,
BUSHBERG, JEFFERSON CoO., MO.
~ ~{ OF Cone.
“ | Oe GOPVRIGHT c #8) 1875 ‘ aes aS ;
i~7-— y
[COPYRIGHT SECURED.]
\- yo_2670
SAINT LOUIS: THE R. P. STUDLEY CO., PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, AND MANUFACTURING STATIONERS. 1875.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by BUSH & SUN & MEISSNER, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo. in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
FO OUR CUSTOMERS.
(FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.]
Our success in grape growing, and in the propa- gation of grape vines, has been highly satisfactory, in fact, far beyond our expectations. In view of the very great competition even of large well known and long established nurseries, this success is highly flattering, and has encouraged us to increase our efforts so as to produce for next season a large stock, not excelled by any other establishment in the country in quality, and embracing almost every valuable variety.
We do not pretend to furnish ‘“‘better and cheaper vines than can be afforded by any other establish- ment.’? We do not pretend that ‘‘money-making is secondary with us, ”’ we leave this to others; all we do claim is, that we hope to merit a reasonable share of patronage, the continued confidence of our customers, and a fair profit.
In this connection, we cannot refrain from refer- ring with a certain pride to the voluntary assurances of satisfaction we received, some of which are pub- lished herewith. Desiring to return our thanks to our customers in an appropriate ahd tangible form, and to respond to a desire often expressed by our correspondents, we concluded to present them with a fine Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue, wherein the characteristic and relative merits of our differ- ent varieties are clearly stated.
We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We tried to get up something better than a mere price list, something that will be interesting and useful to progressive grape culturists, and have not spared time, labor or money in preparing it.
It has become customary to prefix to a descrip-
tive Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief directions for their cultivation, and we have been urged to do the same.
We are aware, however, that some short and very incomplete directions, ‘‘a few hints,’ do more harm than good. They generally only confuse the tyro or misrepresent grape growing as a very easy mat- ter, requiring no larger outlay of capital, nor any more knowledge, skill, and labor than to produce a crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But on the other hand we are also aware that the excellent but somewhat costly books on grape culture, by Fuller, Husmann, Strong, and others, are not pur- chased by every grape grower, and that many of these are somewhat afraid of reading whole books. Moreover, considerable progress has been made in grape culture since these books were written; their very authors, indefatigable horticulturists as they are, have by study and experience, modified their views on some points, but have not had time or en- couragement enough from their publishers to re- write their works for new editions, and thus we came to the conclusion that a short manual, containing plain but full directions in regard to the planting, cul- ture, andjtraining of Grape-vines, and offered for less than its cost, would be welcome. We have availed ourselves of the writings of our friend and teacher, Husmann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller, and many others, to whom due credit is given in the proper places; and while we lay little claim to originality, we hope that this Catalogue may afford pleasure and profit to some, at least, of those into whose hands it may come.
{INTRODUCTION TO NEW EDITION—1875.]
Six years, embracing the most disastrous and the most favorable seasons to grape culture, have elapsed since the first edition of this Catalogue. Our experience has been enriched, observations have been made on old, and on then untried varie- ties, and some very promising new varieties have since been added to our list, but above all, one cir- cumstance, the discovery of the Grape Root-louse, the Phylloxera, has led to a new, a RADICAL study of the American Grape Vines.
Our business as grape growers and propagators assumed such large dimensions that we discarded the culture and propagation of small fruits &c., and devoted all the space of our grounds, all our means, cares and attention to Grape CULTURE ONLY AND
EXCLUSIVELY, for which we have unusual facilities, and a most favorable soil and location. This ena- bles us to raise a superior stock, and to make it more advantageous to the public, and even to the leading nurseries of other branches of Horticulture, to deal with us, whose grape nursery business is now admitted to be the first and most extensive of its kind in the United States of America.
We owe our reputation to our determination to give complete satisfaction, and to deserve the en- tire eontidence of our.customers, furnishing none but good, healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and true to name, packed in the best manner, at as low prices as possible.
We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially
recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have real superior merit, and while the demand compels us to disseminate some inferior varieties (Hartford Prolific for instance) and untried novelties, over- praised, perhaps, by their originators, our Descrip- tive Catalogue shall save the reader from some of the bitter disappointments which grape growers have so often experienced. For the sake of com- pleteness, and in the interest of science, we have added, (in smaller type) the descriptions of nearly all the old discarded varieties and of many new ones not yet tested, and not propagated by us; thus adding, we think, to the value of this catalogue (though also to its cost).
We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue praise, and to mention the shortcomings even of
against the error of considering any variety fit for universal cultivation. To this end a study of the CLASSIFICATION of our grapes in the Manual is earnestly recommended. Many failures will thus be avoided which have blasted the hopes, so prevalent ten years ago throughout the country, with regard to grape culture; and its success, now aided by a higher tariff on imported wines, by increased de- mand for the fruit and its products, by less sanguine expectations, and above all by better knowledge as to the selection of varieties, locations, and proper mode of culture, will be comparatively certain. Finally we beg to state that Wwe HAVE NO AGENTS to solicit orders for our Grape Vines. Persons who desire to obtain plants from us will kindly favor us with their orders by mail, direct, or through reliable
our best varieties; especially do we desire to warn | Nurseries or dealers who get them from us.
TESTIMONIALS.
We could give a long list of names of the leading Grape-growers and Nurserymen, and of the prominent Horticulturists, in this country as well as in Europe, who favored us with their commands, and to whom we may confidently refer; but we flatter ourselves that our name is now so widely known, and our reputation so well established, that this would be unnecessary, and we confine ourselves to but a few
EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF OUR CUSTOMERS.
[FROM OUR FIRST EDITION. ]
Sv. CHARLES, Mo., Nov. 9th, 1568. MEFSskS. BUSH & SON: Gentlemen :—Hundred Rogers No. 1 came duly to hand; also your favor of Sthinst. The vines are fine. C. T. MALLINCKRODT.
ARLINGTON, MO.. MARCH, 1869. THE vines | got of you last fall were the best I ever saw sent out from a nursery— stout, healthy looking, and ex- cellently well rooted. Cc. W. GILL.
COLLINSVILLE, ILLS ,NOV. 14, 1869. Dear Sir:—The 180 Hartford grape roots came to hand a few days since, and were finer than any grape plants I have received from any one whom 1] have yet got grape roots of. Ina word, they were fine GEO. A. MILLER.
CENTRAL POST FICE, ST. LOUIS Co., Mo , JULY 30, 69. The plants purchased of your firm this spring, compri- sing ten different varieties to the number of 3,000, have given very good satisfaction. They have all proved to be vigorous growers'and give promise of complete suc- cess tor the future. CHAS. BRACHES.
“SPRINGFIELD NURSERY,” SPRINGFIELD. MO., APRIL 10 69, Gentlemen :—I have just finished planting the 4,000 grape vines you sold me last November. They were shipped so late I had some fear of frost, but they were‘so well packed that they arrived in the very best condition. giv- ing satisfaction fin Quality also, for the whole lot are healthy, well rooted vines D. S. HOLMAN.
WESTON, Mo., April 30, 1869. Dear Sirs:—The shipment of vines came to hand about the 5th of the month and have been all planted. They were delayed over ten days on the railroad, and | feared some of them might have been injured, but 1 am gratified to inform you they have nearly all lived and look well. The very low prices at which you sell such thrifty vines ought to recommend you to the grape growers of the
State. JNO. DONIPHAN.
[FROM LAST SEASON, 1874.]
Busy & Son & MEISSNER: ‘ Your invoice of March 1st came safely to hand. The viues are all in best condition, and growing vigorously. LOUIS REICH, Aries-S-Rhone, France. It gives me pleasure to say that everybody concerned was well satisfied with the quality of the plants, and all unite in the request that you will send us the balance ordered without delay W. W. MINOR, Jk., Charlottesville. Va,
The vines give entire satisfaction. I don’t know when I haveseen more beautifully rooted plants: the tops are quite large enough and healthy. You have equalled all my expectations, * * * * you give decidedly the best vines for the price I ever heard of. C. W. RIDGELY, Baltimore, Md.
Genl. Lippincott received the 400 grape vines; he is very, much pleased with the plants. J. M. TELLES, Chandlersville, Cass Co., Ils.
The grape vines received in good order. 1am much pleased with them, I must say they are the finest lot of vines I have ever received
HUGH ARCHIBALD, West Salem, Ils.
The grape vines ordered from you reached me to day in first rate condition. They are of excellent quality, the best | have ever received. Allow me to express my sat- isfaction with the manner in which the order was filled.
RICHARD T. ALLISON, Baltimore, Md.
I liked the plants, and how they compared in quality with plants from ‘3 * = ; N. N. PALMER, Broadhead, Wisc.
The vines received this spring are splendid, and every one growing. HARRY C. CAMPBELL, Pensacola, Fla.
All are well pleased with the vines; you have my best thanks. DAVID ZWEIFEL, Nillwood, Ills.
The vines which I had from you last spring all grew
magnificently. fe ‘ M. WUTHRICH, Egg Harbor City, N. J.
The vines came promptly to hand; I am well pleased. They are finer ones than I expected for the price. AMOS S. COLLINS, Carrolton, La.
The grape plants gave good satisfaction, and arrived
in splendid condition. . J. P. BRUBAKER, Wachusa, Ills.
I take pleasure to tell you that the plants received from you last spring all look very healthy, and are making fine growth. Iam proud to be able to recommend your
establishment to all my friends. y FR. BETZ, Lawrence, Kas.
The vines you sent me this éall are all first cless in every respect.—Send ine your descri; tive catalogue as
soon as it is out. JOHN MAUPIN, Mt. Sterling, Ky.
GAT eS MANUAL.
CLIMATE, SOIL, AND ASPECTS.
Whether the Grape-vine is a native of Asia, and has followed the footsteps of man from the shores of the Caspian Sea, and “ intertwined its tendrils with civilization and refinement in every age,” or whether the hundreds of varie- ties that now exist spring from different pri- modial forms or species, certain it is that, al- though the Grape-vine may be found in Europe from the Tropic of Cancer to the Baltic Sea, and in America from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of definite climatic conditions; so much so that even in its most adapted climate there are often seasons if not of actual failure, at least of an imperfect de- velopment of its fruit. From long and careful observations of temperature and moisture in years of success and of failure, we have finally arrived at some definite conclusions respecting the meteorological influences affecting the
grape.*
"Ist. No matter how excellent the soil, if there is a less average than fifty-five degrees of tem- perature for the growing months of April, May and June, and a less average than sixty-five de- grees for the maturing months of July, August and September, there can be no hope of suc- cess; and where the temperature averages sixty- five degrees for the former months and seventy- five degrees for the latter, other conditions be- ing equal, fruit of the greatest excellence can be raised, and wine of the greatest body and finest excellence can be produced.
2d. When there is an average rain fall of six
*James §S. Lippincott: Climatology of American Grapes.—Id Geography of Plants — U. S. Agr Reports, 1862 and 1:63 —Dr.J Stayman: The Meteorological Infiu- ences affecting the Grape.
inches for the months of April, May and June, and an average of five inches for the months of July, August and September, other conditions favorable, we cannot succeed in raising grapes. When the average rainfall for the first months is not more than four inches, and the average for the latter is not more than three inches, other conditions favourable, the hardy varieties can be cultivated with success. But where there is less average rainfall than five inches for April, May and June, and a less average than two inches in July, August and Septem- ber, all other conditions being favorable, fruit of the best quality can be raised, and wine of the greatest body and excellence can be made. The humidity of the atmosphere in some coun- tries, the dryness of the air in others, will, of course, materially change the proportion of rainfall required for or injurious to the grape. Here, a clear sky and dry atmosphere, high temperature and very little rainfall for the latter three months, and a less change of temperature than 50 degrees in twenty-four hours, any time of the year, are the most favorable conditions for success.
There are only a few countries where the grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to per- fection, and there is no country in the world where ali kinds of grapes would succeed. Spe- cies found in the lower latitudes will not flour- ish if removed further north; the natives of higher latitudes will not endure the southern heat; the Scuppernong cannot ripen north of Virginia; the fox grape of the North will scarcely grow in the lower regions of Carolina and Georgia; a vine which produces delicious grapes in Missouri may become very inferior in the most favored localities of New Hampshire.
2 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Thus the climate, the mean temperature as well as the extremes, the length of the growing season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli- orating influence of lakes and large rivers, the altitude as well as the soil, have an almost in- credible influence on various varieties of grapes ; and a judicious choice of locations adapted to the grape, and of varieties adapted to our loca- tion, its climate and soil, is therefore of the first importance.
Unfortunately, this has been and is even now but insufficiently understood. Indigenous wild grapes were found at the discovery of this new world; the legend tells us that when the Nor- mans first discovered this country ‘* Hleif Eric- son” called the land Wineland. As early as 1564 wine was made by the first colonists from the native grape in Florida. Thus during the previous centuries wine has occasionally been made in America from native grapes, and men- tion of it is found—(the French settlers near Kaskaskia, Il]., made, in 1769, one hundred and ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild grapes) —‘‘but neither the quality of the wine nor the price obtained for it offered sufficient induce- ment to persevere.”— Buchanan.
The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was, therefore, considered the only true wine grape. A London Company sent, in 1630 French vigne- rons into the Virginia Colony to plant grape- vines which they had imported for the purpose; the poor vignerons were blamed for their fail- ure. In 1633 Wm. Penn tried to introduce ald cultivate European varieties in Pennsylvania, in vain. In 1690 a Swiss Colony, grape growers from the Lake of Geneva, tried to raise grapes and make wine in Jessamine Co., Ky., but their hopes were soon frustrated, their labor and fund—$10,000, a large amount in those days— were lost; and only when they commenced to cultivate an indigenous grape, which they how- ever supposed to be from the Cape, (see Alex- ander) they had somewhat better success. The attempts with German, French, and Spauish vines, made again and again, proved failures. Hundreds of thousands, (comprising many dif- ferent sorts) of the best European vines were imported, but they all perished ‘‘ from the vicis- situdes of the climate.” Thousands of failures are recorded; not one of durable success; and Downing was fully justified in saying: (Horti- culturist, Jan. 1851) ‘The introduction of the foreign grape in this country for open vineyard culture 7s impossible. Thousands of individuals have tried it—the result in every case has been the same; a season or two of promise, then
/
utter failure.” (Always excepting California, which was then almost unknown, but which is now the greatest wine-producing State of this country. All our remarks on grape culture refer only to the States east of the Rocky Moun- tains.)
While this fact could not be denied, the cause remained a mystery. All pronounced the Eu- ropean grape as ‘unsuited fo our soil and cli- mate ;” all attributed its failure to that cause. But we, and doubtless many others with us, could not help thinking that ‘‘ soil and climate” cannot be the sole causes; for this vast country of ours possesses a great many locations where soil aud climate are quite similar to that of some parts of Europe at least, where the Vinifera flourishes; is it then reasonable to suppose that none of the many varieties which are grown in Europe under so varied climatic conditions, from Mainz to Naples, from the Danube to the Rhone, should find a congenial spot in these United States, embracing almost every climate of the temperate zone? If soil and climate were so unsuited, how is it that the young, tender European vines grow so well, so promising of success, for a few seasons; in large cities some- times even for several years? How explain the fact that the finest European varieties of other fruits, the pear for instance, are successfully grown here, and that, but for the curculio, the Reine Claude and German Prunes would flour- ish here as well as there? Slight differences of soil and climate might well produce marked dif- ferences in the constitution of the vine, perhaps also somewhat in the flavor and quality of the grapes, but could not sufficiently account for their absolute failure. Nevertheless our learned Horticulturists looked for no other cause, they went even so far as to teach that ‘‘if we really wished to acclimate the foreign grape here, we must go to the seeds and raise two or three new generations in the American soil and climate.” In obedience to these teachings numerous fruit- less attempts have been made to raise here seed- lings of the European grape that will endure our climate. Like their parents, they seemed suc- cessful for a time *—to,be soon discarded and
* Among the seedlings of foreign grapes, raised in the U. S , which obtained a name and fame, aie: Brinkle and Emily, raised by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia; Brandy- wine, Originated near Wilmington, Del ; Katarka and Montgomery, or Merritt’s Seedling, raised by Dr W_A. Royce, of Newburg, N. Y. To these belong also Clara and Weehawken (see descripticn). N. Grein, near Her- mann, Mo., raised during these last years hundreds of young vines from imported Riesling seed; nearly all of them were barren, one, however, proved so far, sufli- ciently prolific and free from disease to allow its origi- nator to make some wine from its fruit last fall (1874), the quality and flavor of whieh is equal tothe best Riesling of the Rhine!
GRAPE MANUAL. 3
EE ee EEE EEEIEEEEIEEETS EEE STS
forgotten. But, in the absence of any satisfac-
tory reason for these failures, it is quite natural that renewed attempts were and are continually made.* We ourselves, imported in the spring of 1867, from Austria, about 300 rooted vines, (Veltliner, Blue Baden, Tantowina, Riesling, Tokay, Uva Pana, &c.,) not with expectations of success, but with a view to discover by care- ful observation, the real cause of failure, and knowing the true cause, to be then perhaps able to obviate it. The vines grew splendidly, but during the summer of 1869, though bearing some beautiful fruit, their foliage began to ex- hibit a yellow, sickly appearance. In 1870 many were dying and we aimost despaired of discov- ering the cause, when our State Entomologist, Prof. C. V. Riley, informed us that a discovery had just been made in France, by MM Plan- chon and Lichtenstein: that the serious grape disease which had attacked their noble vine- yards, was caused by a root-louse, which bears a close resemblance to our American grape-leaf gall-louse, an insect long known here, but then more than usually abundant, actually covering all the Clinton foliage in 1870. In 1871 and since, Prof. Riley often visited our vineyards, as we gave him full permission and cheerful assistance to unearth both diseased and healthy vines, native and foreign, of every kind, in order to examine their roots and to study the ques- tion. By his observations and those of Prof. Planchon, made by both in this country as well as in France, and afterwards confirmed and verified by all prominent naturalists, the iden- tity of the American insect with the one lately discovered in France, and of the two types, the gall and the root-lice, has been substantiated, and by this the true reason, at least the princi- pal cause of the absolute failure of European vines in this country has been discovered ;f but no satisfactory remedy. While the mildew, (Peronospora and Oidium) may be successfully treated with sulphur, it seems, so far, impossi- ble to destroy or to protect against this insect enemy; while the vigorous roots of our Ameri- can vines enjoy a relative immunity from its in-
*Thos. Rush, a German, planted (in 1860) varieties of the Vinifera on Kelly’s Island; they seemed to succeed the first three years remarkably well, then they died and were replaced by the Catawba vineyards, which his son still successfully cultivates.
As late as 1872, M. J. Labiaux. at Ridgeway, North Car- olina, undertook to plant vineyards with 70,000 cuttings (principally Aramons). imported from Southern France. In the same vicinity, Mr. Eug. Morel, apupil of Dr. Jules Guyot (the best authority on French grape culture). and others, are also cultivating several thousands of Euro- pean vines-—with what success remains to be seen.
+See ‘ Insects injurious to the grape-vine,” at the close of this “Prape Manual.”
juries, the pest thrives on the tender roots of the European vines, which readily succumb.
The French Commission, in its report to the Viticultural Congress, held at Montpellier, Oct. 1874, came to the conclusion that: ‘Tn presence of the non-success obtained from all attempts made since 1868, with a view to preserve or cure our vines, and feeling that after six years of ef- forts in this direction, no process, except sub- mersion, has been found effective, many persons are quite discouraged, and see in the American vines, whether justly so or not, the only plank of safety.”” How much more, then, must we look to species which we find indigenous here, and their descendants, for success in grape cul- ture.
A knowledge of the distinctive permanent characters of our species, and a proper classifi- cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of far more importance than is generally sup- posed.* And while many grape growers may skip over the following pages as useless, we hope that some of them will thank us for em- bodying in this catalogue, the valuable treatise on this subject by the best living authority—Dr. G. Englemann. Twenty-five years ago Robert Buchanan wrote in his valuable little book on the culture of the grape: ‘‘ The perfection of a definite arrangement of all our varieties must remain for future labors, but it is to be hoped an end so desirable, will not be lost sight of.” In connection with the question of the relative susceptibility of our grape-vines to the attacks of Phylloxera, this end has become still more desirable, aye, of first importance.
*Even Mr. A. 8S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on the Grape Culture, written in 1866, said: ‘‘ Practically it is of little consequence what view is taken of these un- usual forms (of distinct species, or marked varieties of the species), as the cultivator is interested in them only as varieties, and it isof no particular moment to him whether we have one hundred or only one native spe- species.” We are satisfied that he considers it of far more consequence now. Moreover, the descriptions of varieties become far more complete and intelligible by referring these to the species to which they respectively belong. Being acquainted with the distinct character- istic peculiarities of each species, it becomes superflu- ous to mention in a grape o! the @stivalis class that it is free from foxiness, or if of the Labrusca class, that its foliage is wooly beneath, &c.
+ BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
THe TRUE GRSPE-VINES OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY DR. G. ENGELMANN.
The Grape-vines are among the most variable plants, not only through cultivation, by which numberless varieties have been produced, but even in their wild state, in which climate, soil, shade, humidity, and perhaps natural hybridi- zation, have originated such a multiplicity and such an intermixture of forms, that it is most difficult to recognize the original types and to refer the different given forms to their proper alliances. Only by carefully studying a large number of forms from all parts of the country, in their peculiar mode of growth, and especially , their fructification, or rather their seeds, are we able to arrive at any thing like a Se disposition of these plants.
Before I proceed to the classification of our Grape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a few preliminary remarks:
All the true Grape-vines bear fertile flowers on one stock, and sterile flowers on another separate stock, and are, therefore, called poly- gamous, or, not quite correctly, diecious. The sterile plants do bear male flowers with abortive pistils, so that while they never pro- duce fruit themselves, they may assist. in fer- tilizing the others; the fertile flowers, how- ever are hermaphrodites, containing both or- gans and capable of ripening fruit without the assistance of the male plants.* Real female flowers, without any stamens, do not seem ever to have been observed. Both forms, the male and the hermaphrodite, or if preferred, those with sterile and those with complete flowers, are found mixed in the native localities of the wild plants, but only the fertile plants have been selected for cultivation, and thus it hap- pens that to the cultivator only these are known,
* These fertile plants. however, are of two kinds; some are perfect hermaphrodites, with long and straig tstamens around the pistil; the others besr smaller siamens, shorter than the pistil, which so n bend downw»rd and curve under it; these may be called imperfect hermaphro- dites, approaching females, and they do not seem to be as fruitful as the perfect hermaphrvudites, unless other- wise fertilized.
It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has not produced the male plants without a definite object, and this object is, without any doubt, found in the more perfect tertilization of the hermaphrodite flow- ers, as it is a well establishid fact that such cross fertilization prodnees more abundant and healthier fruit. Vine growers might take a hint from these ob- servations and plant a few male stocks in their vine- yards, say 1 to 40 or 50 of their fertile stocks. and might expect fiom such a course healthier fruit, whieh proba- bly would resist rot snd other diseases better than fruit grown in the ordinary way’ I would expect such bene- ficial influence especially in all varieties that have short stumens, sucb as the Taylor. Male stocks can be easily obtained either in the woods or from seeds. It is of course understood that the males ought to belong to the same species (not necessari y to the same vuriely), as the fertile plants of the same vineyard. European vine growers may also profit by this suggestion.
and as the Grape-vine of the Old World has been in cultivation for thousands of years, it has resulted that this hermaphrodite character of its flowers has been mistaken fora botanical pe- culiarity, by which it was to be distinguished, not only from our American Grape-vines, but also from the wild grapes of the Old World. But plants raised from the seeds of this, as well as of any other true Grape-vine, generally fur- nish as many sterile as fertile specimens, while those produced by layering or cuttings, of course vnly propagate the individual character of the mother-plant.
The peculiar disposition of the tendrils in the Grape-vines, first indicated by Prof. A. Braun, of Berlin, furnishes an important characteristic for the distinction of one of our most commonly cultivated species, Vitis Labrusca, its wild and its cultivated varieties, from all others. In this species—and it is the only true Vitis exhibiting it—the tendrils (or their equivalent, an inflores- cence), are found opposite each leaf, and this ar- rangement I designate as continuous tendrils. All the other species, known to me, exhibit a regular alternation of two leaves, each having a tendril opposite it, with a third leaf without such a tendril, and this arrangement may be named intermittent tendrils. Like all vegetable characters, this is not an absolute one; to ob- serve it well it is necessary to examine well- grown canes found in early summer, and neither sprouts of extraordinary vigor nor stunted au- tumnal branchlets. The few lowest leaves ofa cane have no opposite tendrils, but after the second or third leaf the regularity in the ar- rangement of the tendrils, as above described, rarely fails to occur. In weak branches we sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed oppo- site leaves, or, sometimes, none at all.
It is a remarkable fact, connected with this law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear only two inflorescences ‘(consequently two bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while in the forms belonging to Labrusca there are often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots, four or five, or rarely, even six in succession, each opposite a leaf. Whenever, in rare cases, in other species, a third or fourth infloresence occurs, there will always be found a barren leaf (without an opposite inflorescence) between the second and third ones.
Young seedlings of all the Grape-vines are glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The cob- webby or cottony down, so characteristic of some species, makes its appearance only in the older or in the adult plants; but in some of their
GRAPE MANUAL. 5
varieties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, itis mainly observed in the young growth of spring and is apt to disappear in the mature leaf; but even then such leaves are never shin- ing as they are in the glabrous species, but have a dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface.
The form of the leaves is extremely variable, and descriptions must necessarily remain vague. Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e. not lobed; young shoots from the base of old stems, as a rule, have deeply and variously lobed leaves, even where the mature plant shows no such disposition. Some species * or some forms of a few speciest have all the leaves more or less lobed, while others exhibit on the mature plant only entire, or, I should rather say, not lobed leaves. Ouly the leaves of flower-bearing canes ought to be considered as the normal ones.
The surface of the leaves is glossy and shining, and mostly bright green; or it is dull above and more or less glaucous below. The glossy leaves are perfectly glabrous, or they often bear, es- pecially on the nerves of the lower side, a pu- bescence of short hair. The dull leaves are cot- tony or cobwebby, downy on both or only on the under side; and this down often extends to the young branches and to the peduncles, but as has been stated above, often disappears later in the season.
Not much of a distinctive character can be made out of the flowers. It is observed, how- ever, that in some forms the stamens are not longer than the pistil,and very soon bend under it, while in other forms they are much longer than the pistil, and remain straight till they fall off. It is possible that those with short stamens are less fertile than the others:
The time of flowering is quite characteristic of our native species, and it seems that the cul- tivated varieties retain herein the qualities of their native ancestors. The different forms of Riparia and Cordifolia flower first of all; next comes Labrusca and its relatives, and the last flowering species is /stivalis. If we are per- mitted to judge from a few isolated observations, Vinifera flowers later than Labrusca, and a lit- tle earlier than Aistivalis. Riparia begins to open its flowers, according to the season, from one to over two weeks earlier than the first blossoms of Aéstivalis are seen in the same local- ity. In favorably situated vineyards in the vi- cinity of St. Louis, the first grape-vines (Ripa- ria), begin to bloom between May 10th and 28th and the last (@#stivalis), end between June Ist
iad Vitis Riparia. jForms of Vitis Labrusca and of Vitis Zstivalis.
and 15th; and we are not likely to have here any grape-vines in bloom before May 10th, nor after June 15th.*
One of the botanical characters of the Grape- vines is found in the seeds. The bunches may be larger or smaller, looser or more compact, branched (shouldered) or more simple, condi- tions which, to a great extent, depend on soil and exposure; the berries may be larger or smaller, of different color and consistency, and contain fewer or more seeds (never more than four), but the seeds, though to some extent va- riable, especially on account of their number and mutual pressure, where more than one is present, exhibit some reliable differences.t The big top of the seed is convex or rounded, or it is more or less deeply notched, The thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is short and abrupt, or it is more or less elongated. On the inner (ventral) side are two shallow longitudinal de- pressions. Between them is a ridge, slight where there are one or two seeds, or sharper where the seeds are in threes or fours; along this ridge the raphe (the attached funiculus or cord) runs from the hilum, at the beak, over the top of the seed, and ends on its back in an oval or circular well-marked spot, called by botanists. chalaza. This raphe is on that ridge represented by a slender thread, which on the top and back of the seed is entirely indis- tinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or less prominent, like a thread. In our Amer- ican species these characters seem pretty reli- able, but in the varieties of the old world grape- vine ( Vinifera), several thousands of years re- moved from their native sources, the form of the seed has also undergone important modifi- cations, and can no longer be considered such a safe guide as in our species.
The annexed cuts of 18 grape seeds illustrate the different characters which have been men- tioned above. The figures are magnified four times, (4 diameters), accompanied by an outline of natural size, all represent the back of the dry seed.
Figs. 1 to 3. Vitis _dstivalis with the raphe and the more or less circular chalaza strongly developed; the seeds are from wild grapes gathered about St. Louis, the seeds of the cul-
* V. Vulpina blooms even later than Aistivalis, in the South; it does not grow here.
These remarks are thrown out, more to induce grape growers to devote some attention to such observations, than as definitely settling these points.
+ A single seed is always thicker, plumper, more rounded; two seeds are flattened on the inner, rounded on the outer side; three or four seeds are more slender and angular; these different variations may sometimes be found in berries of the same bunch.
6 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
tivated forms are very similar; figs. 1 and 2 are from berries with 1 and 2 seeds, fig. 3 from a larger 4-seeded berry.
Figs.4 to7. Vitis Riparia from wild plants ; figs. 4 and 5 from Goat Island on the Niagara Falls: fig. 4a single broad seed; fig. 5 from a 3-seeded berry; fig. 6 from a 2-seeded berry from the shores of Lake Champlain, in Ver- mont; fig. 7, seed of the June grape from the banks of the Mississippi below St. Louis. The seeds are obtuse, or very slightly depressed on top, chalaza rather flat, elongated and gradn- ally lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely prominent :aphe. The seeds of the true Vitis Cordifolia are similar, but usually with a more prominent raphe, somewhat intermediate be- tween Hstivalis aud Riparia.
Figs.8 and 9. Taylor-Bullit and Clinton, both believed to be cultivated forms of Ripa- ria, with seeds larger, but of the same shape.
Fig. 10. Delaware, with broad, notched seeds, indistinct raphe and rather flat chalaza— appears intermediate between Riparia and La- brusca.
Figs. ll and 12. Vitis Labrusca. Fig. 11a native of the District of Columbia and fig. 12 of the mountains of East Tennessee. Seeds large, notched; chalaza more depressed in the first than in the second; no raphe is seen in the groove which extends from the chalaza to the notch.
Fig. 13. Vitis Candicans, from Texas, simi- lar to the last, seeds broader, with shorter beak, less distinctly notched, no raphe visible.
Fig. 14. Vitis Vulpina, from South Carolina, a very distinct seed, flatter, with straighter sides, short beak, wrinkled on both surfaces, notched on top, narrow chalaza, no visible raphe.
Figs. 15 to 18. Vitis Vinifera, from Europe, different forms, which are introduced here for comparison with the American species. Fig. 15, Brusca, the native species of Tuscany (Northern Italy) ; fig. 16, Riesling, cultivated on the banks of the Rhine; fig. 17, Gutedel (Chasselas), from the same region; fig. 18, Black Hamburg, from a grapery near London. All these seeds, different as they are among themselves, are easily distinguished from all American grape-seeds, by the narrower and usually longer beak (or lower part), and espec- ially by the large, though not very prominent chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the middle part of the seed. These four specimen seeds represent the principal forms, but not all European grape seeds agree entirely with them.
Vv. ASTIVALIS.
ig.
Fig 5
V. RIPARIA. TAYLOR. CLINTON. j Fig 9.
Fig. 7. Fig 8.
Vv. LABRUSCA. ig. 1d. Fi
V. VINIFERA. Fig. 15. Brusca.
V. CANDICANS. Fig 13.
V. VULPINA Fig 14.
VITIS VINIFERA. Fig. 16, Riesling. Fig. 17, Chasselas. Fig. 18. Bl. Hamb’g.
SS a
GRAPE MANUAL. rd
It is interesting to know that since the times of Linnzus aud of Michaux, not a single real species has been added to those belonging to the territory of the old United States, east of the Mississippi river, though Rafinesque, LeConte and perhaps others, have attempted to distinguish and characterize a great many more; while Di- rector Regel, of the St. Petersburg botanic gar- den, has lately attempted, rather unnaturally, to contract them and unite them with old world species— Vitis Vinifera, resulting, according to his views, from the hybridization of several of these species.*
The number of true Grape-vines (with petals
* The Grape-vine of the Old World, Vitis Vinzfera, Linnzus, finds its place in this section, between V7tzs Riparia and Vitis Astivalis. 'Though many of its cul- tivated varieties bear berries as large, or even larger than those of any of our American Grape-vines, other cultivated forms, and especially the true wine-grapes, those from which the best wines are obtained, and also the wild or naturalized ones, have fruit not larger than that of the above named native species.
This plant, together with the Wheat, belongs to those earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the history of which reaches beyond the most ancient written records. Not only have the sepulchres of the mummies of ancient Egypt preserved us its fruit (large sized berries) and seed, but its seeds have even been discovered in the la- eustrian habitations of northern Italy. It is a mooted question, where to look for the native country ot this plant, and whether or not we owe the different varie- ties of our present Vinifera to one or to several countries,
and to one or to several original wild species, which, -
by cultivation through uncounted ages, and by acci- den‘al and repeated hybridization, may have produced the numberless forms how known, which remind us so forcibly of the numerous forms of our Dog, which we also cannot trace, but which can searcely be derived from a single (supposed) originad wild species. Director Regel of St. Petersburg, ascribes them to the intermin- gling of a few species, well known in their wild state at this day; Prot. Braun, of Berlin, suggests that they are the offspring of distinct species yet found wild in many parts of Southern Europe and Asia, which thus he con- siders not the accidental offspring of the cultivated plants, as is generally believed, but the original parent stock. I may add, from my own investigations, that the Grape-vine which inhabits the native forests o1 the low banks of the Danube, *‘ bottom-woods,’’ as we would call them, from Vienna down into Hungary, well represents our Vitzés Cordifolia and Riparia, with its stems 3, 6 and 9 inches thick, and climbing on the highest trees, its smooth and shining, scarcely lobed leaves and its small, black berries. On the other hand, the wild grape of the thickets of the hilly countries of Tuscany and Rome, with its lower growth, downy leaves, and larger and more palatable fruit, which ‘don’t make a bad wine,’ as an Italian botanist expresses him- self, reminds us, notwithstanding the smaller size of the leaves, of our Vitis Mstivalis. It was known to the ancients as Zabrusca,a name improperly applied by science to the American species, and is called by the natives to this day Brusca. The Grape-vines of the countries south of the Caucasus mountains. the an- cient Colchis, the reputed original home of these plants, greatly resemble the Ltalian plant just described.
The European Grape-vine is characterized by smooth- ish, and, when young, shining, more or less deeply, five or even seven lobed leayes; lobes pointed and sharply toothed; seeds mostly notched at the upper end; beak elongated; raphe indistinct; chalaza broad, high up the seed. In some varieties the leaves and branch.ets are hairy and even downy when young; the seeds vary considerably in thickness and Jength, less so in the shape of the raphe.
cohering at the top and separating at the base, so that the corolla falls off without expanding; and with edible fruit,) in the present territory of the United States, considered good species, is limited to nine, which may be enumerated thus:
I. Grape-vines with loose shreddy bark, climbing by the aid of branched tendrils, or, (in No. 1,) without tendrils, and not climbing at all.
a Berries sma}l, 3—6 or rarely 7 lines in diame- ter, (in No. 7 larger,) seeds more or less rounded on the top, with the raphe often more or less prominent on the top and back, or inconspicu- ous. All the species of this group have (on well grown shoots), intermittent tendrils.
1. Viris Rupestris, Scheele. Bush-grape or Sand-grape.
2. Vitis Corprroiia, Michaux. Winter or Frost-grape.
3. VITIS RIPARIA, Michaux. Riverside grape.
4, Vitis Arizonica, Engelmann. Arizona-grape.
5. Vitis CaLirornica, Bentham. California-grape.
6. VITIS ASTIVALIS, Michaux. Summer-grape.
7. Vitis CANDICANS, Engelmann. Mustang-grape, of Texas.
b Berries large, 7—9 or even 10 lines in diam- eter; raphe scarcely visible on the more or less deeply notched top of the seed; tendrils con- tinuous.
8. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linnzus.
Northern Fox Grape.
II. Grape-vines with (on the younger branches), firmly adhering bark, which only in the older stems scales off ; aerial roots from in- clined trunks in damp localities; tendrils in- termittent, simple; berries very large, (7-10 lines thick,) very few ina bunch, easily detach- ing themselves at maturity; seeds with transverse wrinkles or shallow grooves on both sides.
9. VITIS VULPINA, Linneus.
Southern Fox Grape, or Muscadine.
It will be seen that the first four species are more or less glabrous, the next four more or less woolly or cottony; the ninth again glabrous. The first six have smaller berries, the others larger ones. The practically useful American Grape-vines, are principally Nos. 3, 6, 8 and 9, distinguished in the above list by large capitals.
The following descriptions of these species, arranged in the order of their importance to our
8 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
a eee
grape culture, are taken from Dr. Engelmann’s publication (in C. V. Riley’s Sixth Eutomolog- ical report), revised by himself for our Manual. The Viticultural Remarks, with list of varie- ties to each species, are derived from other sources (principally from Wm. Saunders’ U. 8. Agr. Report, 1869), and from our own observa- tions.
Vitis AistrvaLis, Michaux. Climbing over bushes and small trees by the aid of forked, intermittent tendrils; leaves large (4—5 or 6 inches wide), of firm texture, entire, vr often more or less deeply and obtusely 3—5 lobed, with rounded sinus and with short and broad teeth; when young always very woolly or cot- tony, mostly bright red or rusty; at last smoothish but dull, and never shining like Riparia; berries usually larger than in this species, coated with a distinct bloom, and, when well grown, in compact bunches; seeds usually 2 or 3, rounded on top, with a very prominent raphe. (Fg. 1-3.)
This is the well-known Summer Grape com- mon throughout the Middle and Southern States, usually found on uplands and in dry, open woods or thickets, maturing its fruit in September. It is the most variable of our grape- vines, and hence has seduced superficial ob- servers into the establishment of numerous nominal species. A form with large leaves which retain their rusty down at full maturity has often been mistaken for ZLabrusca, which does not grow in the Mississippi Valley. An- other form, more bushy than climbing, with deeply lobed rusty-downy leaves and sweet fruit, is Vitis Lincecumii of the sandy soils of Louisiana and Texas, often called Post Oak Grape. Vitis Monticola, the Mountain Grape of Texas, is a form with small entire leaves (the down of which at last is gathered in little tufts) and large acidulous berries. When this species gets into shady woods itassumes a peculiar form, approaching V. Cordifolia through its smaller black berries, without bloom, with more acid taste, and in larger bunches. Another form with ashy-white, downy, scarcely lobed leaves, and fruit like the last mentioned, which grows in our bottoms, often climbing high trees, or growing over bushes on the banks of lakes, I have distinguished by the name of Cinerea. It is not always easy to distinguish such forms from the other species, and perhaps less so to unite them under the single species, stivalis,
unless the essential characters above enumer- ated be closely attended to, and the numberless gradual transitions from one form to the other be watched.
VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
ViITIS ANMSTIVALIS.—This species is pre-eminently the WINE grape of the Atlantic States, and of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Owing to the fact that none of the varieties except the Elsingburgh and Lumelan will ripen north of the parallel of 40°, unless it may be in some pe- culiarly favored situation,* they have not been exten- sively planted, and their superior qualities are but little known. The berries are destitute of pulp, and the juice contains a larger percentage of sugar than any other improved American species. The foliage is not so liable to disease as that of the fox grape, and rot in the berries is comparatively unknown. Some of the best wines made in this country are produced from va- rieties of this family, although the most promising kinds have not been properly tested as to their wine-produc- ing qualities. Iam convinced that neither the wine- producing capabilities of the country nor the highest excellence of the product can be decided, until vine- yards of these varieties are established in the best loca- tions of favorable climates.— Wm. Saunders.
The most genial home of this species is the country of the Ozark Hills, Missouri, S. Kansas, Arkansas and Indian Territory; probably also south-west Illinois and the mountain slopes in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. And these must be looked upon as the
-great producing regions of this continent, (east of the
Rocky mountains,) for a certain class of fine wines. In Western Texas also, the varieties belonging to this class seem to ‘succeed better than any other class of grapes.’ —G. Onderdonk, Victoria, Texas. Handbook of Fruits.
The following varieties of this most valuable species (omitting synonyms, untried new and discarded varie- ties), are now cultivated.
ALVEY. (Perhaps a cross with Vinifera; see page 35.) CUNNINGHAM. LENOIR.
CYNTHIANA, LOUISIANA.
DEVEREUX. NORTON’S VIRGINIA. ELSINBURGH. NEOSHO.
EUMELAN. OHIO (JACQUEZ). HERBEMONT. PAULINE.
HERMANN. RULANDER.
(Several new varieties of this species, some chance seedlings selected in the forests of Arkansas, others raised trom seeds of cultivated varieties, are now on trial; among the latter two seedlings of Worton’s Vir- ginia and one of Hermann bearing white fruit.)
The quality of these varieties is so excellent, that even the French taste seems quite satisfied. Only their szze is unsatisfactory. ‘‘ Dans ce groupe se trouvent les raisins dont le gout se rapproche le plus des nétres, et
* Their proper climate is south of the isotherm of70° Fahrenheit, for June, July, August and September; they require a longer season to attain maturity. The more tender varieties may be properly placed between the isothermal lines of 70° and 75°. [Isothermal lines de- note localities of equal mean temperature, and have been delineated upon maps irom careful observation, indicating the various belts of climate, the limits where certain important plants thrive, by far more accurately than by zones and geographical degrees, which have long been in vogue, but which really have no place in nature.]
GRAPE MANUAL. 9
qui donnent des vins colorés, corsés, 4 bouquet souvent delicat, et en tout cas non-foxé.”—J. EZ. Planchon, Les Vignes americaines.
Mr. Herman Jaeger, of Neosho, south-west Missouri, writes us: ‘‘In southwest Missouri, southern Illinois, Arkansas, western Texas, (also in Tennessee and Ala- bama,) the Labrusea, or Fox grapes, bring two healthy crops of fine grapes, and of the most vigorous varieties, with proper culture and favorable seasons, a few more, —then they rot to such an extent, that they are entirely worthless. The Mstivalis never rots andis the only truly reliable grape for these States. It was believed that no large summer grapes were existing—but this is a mis- take; summer grapes (stivalis), nearly of the size of Concord are found growing wild in Arkansas, and [ am confident that superior table grapes will be obtained from their seed. The wild large Astivalis are not as juicy nor as aromatic as the small; but by crossing the one with the other, we may obtain Jarge grapes for the south-west as juicy as Herbemont, and as healthy vig- orous and produetive as Norton’s Va., as free from rot and mildew as no Labrusca ever will be with us.’’
The varieties of this group generally prefer a dry, poor soil, intermingled with lime and decomposed stones, with a southern and south-eastern exposure, they seem to endure the severest drouths without flag- ging. Although we have seen some of them, especially the Norton and Cynthiana, bear immense crops on the deep, rich, sandy loam of our river bottom, their fruit does not rewch the same perfection as on the hills. The wood of the true M®stivalis is very solid, hard, with small pith, and firm outer bark: so that it is almost im- possible to propagate this species from cuttings. The bark on the one year old wood is of a dark gray color, bluish around the eyes. The roots are wiry and tough with a smooth, hard liber, penetrating deep into the ground, perfectly defying the attacks of Phylloxera. Their resistive power has been fully tested, and estab- lished beyond a doubt in several vineyards of the Hér- ault, surrounded by infested, dying French vines. <As a stock for grafting they are in every respect superior to Clinton—but we think they are too good and valua- ble to serve merely as a grafting stock.
Vitis Laprusca, Linneus. Plant usu- ally not large, stems with loose, shreddy bark, climbing over bushes or small trees, though oc- casionally reaching the tops of the highest trees. Tendrils continuous, branched. Leaves (4—6 -inches wide,) large and thick, entire, or some- times deeply lobed, very slightly dentate, coated when young with a thick, rusty or sometimes whitish wool or down, which in the wild plants remains on the lower side, but almost disappears in the mature leaf of some cultivated varieties ; berries large, in middle-sized, or, in some culti- vated varieties, rather large bunches, bearing two or three or sometimes four seeds. (Figs. 11 and 12.)
This plant, usually known as the Fox grape, or Northern Fox grape, is a native of the east-
ern slope of the continent from New England to South Carolina, where it prefers wet thickets; it extends into the Alleghany mountains, and here and there even down their western decliv- ity, but is a stranger to the Mississippi Valley. By far the largest number of varieties of grape- vines now cultivated in our country, are the off spring of this species; a few produced by nur- serymen, but most of them picked up in the woods; they are easily recognized by the char- acters above given, and most readily by the pe- culiar arrangements of the tendrils as above de- scribed. Large and downy-leaved varieties of V. stivalis are, in the West and South-west, not rarely mistaken for Labrusca, but the two may always be distinguished by the characters indicated. VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
‘For table use, this species, inits improved varieties, will probably always occupy a prominent position in a large portion of the Eastern and Northern States as well as in the Northern sections of the Western States; and in those regions where the climate will not favor the maturity of the best varieties of this class, the inferior kinds will occupy their place.
As a wine grape the V. Zabrusca has been over-esti- mated; the tough, musky pulp of even the best varie- ties requires a long and favorable season of growth to reduce the acid center so as to produce a proper ratio of the ingredients necessary for a passable quality of wine.”’
Fully endorsing the above quoted views of William Saunders, Superintendent of the Experimental Gardens at Washington, we do not wish to be understood as ad- vocating the discontinuance of planting and using La- brusea grapes for wine-making; we are well aware that the Catawba and Concord furnish the bulk of our most popular wines. But for wines of finest quality we re- commend the Aistivalis, where its varieties succeed, as far superior to the Labrusca. Moreover, we recognize in this species a Northern and a Southern form (same as in the Riparia and A®stivalis), with distinct charac- teristics.
The Northern Labrusca—a plant of great vigor, hardi- ness and productiveness; abundant, heavy, branching and fibrous roots, thick pith and firm liber; with a fruit of superior size, but also of a disagreeable rough- ness and foxiness in taste or flavor. The Southern La- brusca—a far more tender plant, very sensitive to casu- alties from unfavorable atmospheric changes of climate, with few and feeble roots, of only moderately firm tex- ture; but also with a much more delicate fruit of an agreeable musky flavor. The first will not do well at the South, the second will be found subject to fungoid and other diseases, and will not well ripen at the North. Both are subject to rot, and do not continue to succeed well in the South-west, where both types of the Labr. seem not to feel at home.*
*G. Onderdonk writes us: “After all, owr grapes 1n Texas must come from the Mstivalis family. No La- brusca has given us good, permanent satisfaction here.”
This same view is obtaining ground in Arkansas and south-west Missouri, after full trial and dearly bought experience.
10 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
The principal varieties of this speeies, thus classi- fied, are:
[a] Northern Group. [b] Southern Group.
BLack HAWE. ADIRONDAC, CONCORD. CASSADY. COTTAGE. CATAWBA. DRacuT AMBER. DIANA. HARTFORD PROLIFIC. IONA.
IVES. ISABELLA. LADY. ISRAELLA. MARTHA. LYDIA. NORTHERN MUSCADINE. MAXATAWNY. PERKINS. MOTTLED. RENTZ. REBECCA. TELEGRAPH. To-KALON. VENANGO. UNION VILLAGE.
This subdivision of Labrusca into a northern and southern form is a new idea of our own, and may bea mistake. Itis here presented for the first time, not as an established fact, already accepted or endorsed by any botanical authority, but as a hypothesis worthy of eonsideration and further research. In some few va- rieties (Creveling, North Carolina, &c.) we find it as yet difficult to determine to which group they should be assigned; but this difficulty exists also, in some, with regard to the species.
The varieties enumerated under A, which we consider the Northern group of Labrusca, may be relied upon as sufficiently resistive to Phylloxera; they seem to us the most preferable grafting stock; those under B, the Southern group of Labrusca, though exhibiting a larger degree of resistance in this country than Vinifera, suffer from the insect. (Planchon and Riley have ob- served that the roots of Labrusca have a sweetish taste, without having the astringent or acid character belong- ing to the roots of other species, especially of Rotundi- folia.)
Vitis CorpiFro1iA, Michaux. Tall (or more rarely low), climbing high by the aid of intermit- ting branched tendrils, trunks often 6—9 inches in diameter, with loose shreddy bark. Leaves middle-sized or small (23—3 or 4 inches in diam- eter), round-heart-shaped, mostly entire or very slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broad shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining, more on the upper than on the lower side; the young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old ones, with short hair on the ribs below; pani- cles compound, large and loose; berries among the smallest, in large, mostly loose bunches, black, without a bloom and without tough pulp; maturing late in the fall, usually with a single short and thick seed, marked by a more or less prominent raphe.
This grows more especially in fertile soil, and is acommon plant in river and creek bottoms. It is well known by the name of Winter Grape, Frost Grape, or Chicken Grape, and it is, together with the next, the earliest flowering species; the flowers, principally the sterile,
(male,) are especially fragrant. It is found from New England to Texas, and westward to the western limits of the wooded part of the Mississippi valley. In this valley, at least, the fruit has a strong and even fetidly aromatic taste, which unfits it for making into preserves or for pressing wine. No cultivated varieties of this species are known.
Vitis Rrearia, Michaux. Similar to the last, but usually a smaller plant, with larger (3-5 inches in diameter) and more or less incisely 3 lobed, glabrous, shining (or rarely when young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long and pointed, the teeth also more pointed than in Cordifolia; panicles rather small and com- pact; berries usually larger than in the last, mostly with a bloom, in smaller and often more compact bunches, without pulp, commonly 1 or 2-seeded; seeds obtuse, or sometimes very slightly depressed, with the raphe often almost obliterated.
This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on river banks, and extends as far south as the last, and much farther north and west, being the only grape vine in Lower Canada, where it is found even 60 miles north of Quebec, and the only one on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The northern form, in Canada, northern New York to Michigan and Nebraska, has fewer and larger berries in a bunch, and is easily distinguished from V. Cordifolia. The south-western form, however, a taller plant, with smaller black berries, approaches more closely to this last species, and often seems to run so close to it that in some editions of his manual, Prof-Gray has united both under the name of V. Cordifolia, Michx. The fruit ripens earlier than that of Cordifolia, and is much pleasanter. (In St. Louis a variety found on the rocky river-banks is brought to market in July.) ;
VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
Both Cordifolia and Rzparia are often considered types of one species, (Gray, Durand, Planchon,) and grape growers usually designate the cultivated varie- ties of this species as ‘‘ Corddfolia;’’ Dr. Engelmann himself stated ‘‘ that both species are so closely allied that it isa matter of individual judgment whether to keep them separate or to unite them;’’ we prefer therefore to adhere to that designation. The CLINTON, its most prominent variety, has certainly in the foliage, more of the true Cordifolia than of the Riparia, but the fruit, though maturing late in the fall, assimilates it more to the latter.
This section represents the most healthy grapes of the Northern States, yet they are equally healthy and even more productive at the South. A distinct form of this
GRAPE MANUAL. _
—
species is found growing along the Alleghany range, from southern New York to Alabama, to which the TAYLOR and Oporto belong. ‘hese varieties exhibit more or less deformed stamens; butsome individuals of this group possess excellent qualities, which, when properly developed, and their defects remedied, will make the best wine grapes in the country.—Fudler.
In the ELVIRA, this prediction seems fulfilled.
The foliage is rarely attacked by mildew, but the leaves, possibly owing to their smoothness, are occa- sionally injured by insect punctures. The Phylloxera prefers the foliage of this class of vines to all others—so that, in some seasons, it is covered with leaf-galls made by this formidable insect. The fruit is not subject to rot, and isnoted for keeping well after being gathered from the plant. That of the northern form is late in maturing, and seems to reach its highest condition by remaining on the vine until the thermometer indicates proximity to the freezing point, when, even in north- ern localities, it proves to be a fruit of fair quality either for table or wine. Of course its quality is greatly im- proved by the length and geniality of the season of growth; for example, those who are familiar with the fruit only as a production of Massachusetts would not recognize its flavor and vinous character as ripened in southern Maryland or Virginia. The greatest objection to it as a Wine grape is that of having too much acid. The fruit is not so deficient in sugar as is generally sup- posed, having enough of this important ingredient for a good wine. Norhas it any foxy or musky taste whatever, the judgment of our friends in France to the contrary, notwithstanding. The peculiar flavor in some varieties may displease them; tastes differ—we, ourselves do not admire the Clinton-gout, but it has certainly no resemblance to what we call ‘‘ foxiness,’’ as the characteristic of Labrusca. The flavor of Taylor and its seedlings seems to us unexceptionable. The Marion and other varieties of this class may also be pre- ferable to Clinton in this respect. Analysis shows that they have a sufficiency of sugar, and it seems probable that the wines only require age to develop their quali- ties.
It is known that wines from the Clinton variety, when kept in a suitable cellar from four to six years, assume a fine character. There is abundant evidence to favor the belief, that if as much time and care had been devoted to the improvement of this species as has been given to the Fox family, we should now be in possession of a good northern red-wine grape.
The mode of management and culture has also a de- cided influence upon the productiveness of this species. The shoots grow with much vigor during early sum- mer, frequently forming canes fourteen to twenty feet in length before the end of the season, on young plants in good soil. On these canes the best developed buds are some distance from the base, or point of growth on the stem; consequently, if cut closely back at the fall or winter pruning, the best buds for fruit bearing are re- moved, and a luxuriant growth of wood, with a mini- mum crop of fruit, will be the result. The varieties of this group should be planted on rather poor soz/, deeply and well cultivated, as they are naturally rampant growers and when planted in rich soils are almost un- controlable.
The wood of the cultivated varieties is soft,’contain-
ing a thick medulla; they are growing therefore readily from cuttings. The roots are wiry and tough, witha a thin, hard liber, growing rapidly. Hence they pos- sess great powers of resistance to the Phylloxera, which is usually found in small numbers on their roots, even while their foliage is densely covered with its galls. The roots have so much vitality that new rootlets push out from the swellings more rapidly than the insect can destroy them.
The varieties of this species, especially Clinton, are therefore largely used as stock for grafting, in the Phyl- loxera afflicted vineyards of France. We think them somewhat objectionable for this purpose, as they seem not to unite as readily with the graft, and are more subject to sprout from imperceptible buds, close to the roots, than varieties of other species.
Vitis Vuirrna, Linneus. Low, or often climbing very high, with small, (2 or at most 3 inches wide) rounded, heart-shaped, firm and glossy dark-green leaves, smooth, or rarely slightly hairy on the under side, with coarse and large, or broad and bluntish teeth.
The Southern species, known under the name of Southern Fox-grape, Bullace or Bullet- grape, or Muscadine, is found along water- courses, and in damp woods of the Southern States, not further north than Maryland, Ken- tucky and Arkansas, though it may possibly straggle into south-east Missouri. Some of its cultivated varieties, especially the white Scup- pernong, are highly esteemed in the South.
VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
Southern grape growers generally designate this spe- cies as Vitis Rotundifolia, Michaux. It is strictly confined to the Southern States, and in foliage and wood is very unlike any other grape, either native or foreign, distinguishing itself by its small, roundish, shining leaves, never lobed, and green on both sides; by its bright smooth bark, never scaly or shaggy; by its fruit which forms no bunches, but grows in large, thick skinned and pulpy berries, only about 24-6 in number on a stem; by its tendrils which are never forked, like those of other grape vines. The varieties of this type cannot be grown from cuttings. Pruning does not benefit them; on the contrary, they must be left growing, free, without any trimming, except cut- ting off smoothly the shoots and suckers from the ground to the lath-work or scaffold, which you may erect to support them. Without care or labor, save some good cultivation ot the soil, they produce annually large and sure crops, being entirely free from rot and mildew and, it seems also, from the attacks of insects. The Vitis Retundifolia enjoys so far, perfect immunity from Phylloxera, (some galls have been found on their leaves, but no trace of the insect on their roots, which are of an astringent, acrid taste.) This immunity caused them to be exported into France, but their fruit is so deficient in grape sugar, (although it tastes sweet, containing scarce any acid,) and it is so rich in musky flavor, that it cannot satisfy the refined French taste; and as a grafting stock, the hardness of the wood
12 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
and different construction of the bark makes the Rotun- difolia unfit for this purpose. P. J. Berckmans of Augusta, Georgia, who makes the propagation of this species a specialty, enumerates seven varieties. SCUP- PERNONG, FLOWERS, THOMAS, MISH, TENDER PULP, PEDEE and RICHMOND, (there exists also an Tsabella-seedling under the name of Richmond.)
Vitis Canpicans, Engelmann. (V. Mus- tangensis, Buckley.) The Mustang grape of Texas; a tall climber, with rather large, round- ed, almost toothless leaves, white, cottony on the under side, bearing large berries, which, like those of the wild Labrusca, show different colors, greenish, claret ai.d bluish-black; and which, in its native country, are made into wine. In young shoots and sprouts the leaves are usually deeply and elegantly many-lobed.
VITICULTURAL REMARKS.
This species grows wild in great abundance along the creeks and rivers of Texas, chiefly western and middle Texas. It resembles the Labrusea by its downy leaves and its bark; it can also be grown from cuttings. We know as yet of butthree varieties of the Mustang found in the woods; a black, a red and a white Mustang.
Vitis Rupesrris, Scheele. A small, bushy plant, often without any tendrils, rarely some- what climbing; leaves small (2-3 inches wide), and often’ folded, mostly broader than long, heart-shaped or truncate at base, scarcely ever slightly lobed, with broad, coarse teeth and usually an abruptly elongated point, glabrous, and of a glaucous or light green color; berries middle sized, in very small bunches; seeds mostly 3-4, round, with an extremely short beak, obtuse, with a small chalaza; rapbe very slender or invisible.
This very peculiar grape-vine is found only west of the Mississippi, from the Missouri river to Texas and westward probably to New Mex- ico. In our State, where it is called Sand grape, and in Arkansas, it grows on the gravelly banks and overflowed bars of mountain streams; in Texas also on rocky plains, whence the Latin name; it is there sometimes called Sugar grape. Its luscious fruit ripens with us in August.
It is nowhere yet in cultivation, but may in future prove of value.
Vitis CaLtrornica, Bentham. The only wild grape of California, has rounded, downy leaves and small berries, and is not made use of as far as known. The seeds are obtuse, with a short beak, elongated chalaza, and very slender raphe.
Vitis ArtzonicA, Engelm. Similar to the last, but tomentose only when young, later glabrous, with middle-sized berries, reported to be of a luscious taste.
HYBRIDS.
Besides the varieties referred either to the one or the other of these species, we cultivate now many grapes which originated by cross-breeding; either through the agencies of wind or insects, or through the efforts and skill of man.
The former, or natura] hybridization, is no doubt of frequent occurrence, but as neither the act can well be observed, traced or recognized, nor the character of the young seedlings thus produced be ascertained, these are generally passed unnoticed in the vineyard, or de- stroyed. Without discussing the subject any further, we state it as our opinion and belief, that some of the chance seedlings we cultivate are the pre duct of such natural cross-fertilization; thus we believe we recog- nize in the ALVEY, a Hybrid between #st. and Vinifera, the CREVELING, ‘“ se Labr. and Riparia,
PP Labr. and Vinifera, or Labr. and Riparia,
the ELVIRA, as ae Riparia and Labr.
and so in a few others (as will be mentioned in their description), possessing certain distinct characteristics of two distinct species.
The second class, Hybrids produced by artificial cross fertilization, though of but recent date, are now very numerous. When the supposition that seedlings from the foreign species, raised in our own soil and cli- mate would be more hardy, proved fallacious, efforts were made to secure Hybrids between the native grapes and Vitis Vinifera; hoping thus to combine the supe- rior excellence of the foreign with the health and vigor of our native plants,
“Tt is desirable that in artificial cross-breeding not on- ly the species, but the varieties used should be carefully noted, and also that the parents, the maternal (the variety which has been artificially fertilized), and the paternal ancestor (the plant from which the pollen was employ- ed), should always be ndmed.”—Dr. Engelmann.
the DELAWARE, ‘“
The Hybrids thus produced are: 1. Hybrids between Labr. and Vinifera:—
ADELAIDE. GZERTNER. AGAWAM. GOETHE.
ALLEN’S HYBRID. HERBERT.
AMINIA (R. 39). IMPERIAL.
BARRY. IRWING.
BL. DEFIANCE. LINDLEY.
BLACK HAGLE. MaASSASOIT. CHALLENGE. MERRIMAC.
CLOVER STR. BLACK REQUA.
CLOVER STR. RED. RoGERS’ HyYBRIDS.* CONCORD CHASSELAS. SALEM.
CONCORD MUSCAT. SENASQUA. CONQUEROR TRIUMPH.
DIANA HAMBURG. WILDER.
ESSEX. _ And many more, less known.
2. Hybrids between Cordifolia and Vinifera:—
ADVANCE. NEWARK. AUTUCHON. OTHELLO. , BRANDT. QUASSAIC. CANADA. SECRETARY. CORNUCOPIA.
* Not named.
GRAPE MANUAL. 13
8. Hybrids between Delaware and Vinifera:—
CROTON, ITHAKA, WYLIE’S DELAWARE HYBRIDS.
By crossing the Delaware with Diana were produced the ONONDAGA and WALTER, perhaps also RARITAN; by a cross of Delaware and Cordifolia Mr. Rickett pro- duced the PUTNaM, and finally, some crosses between Hybrids were produced.
So far most Hybrids produzed were between Ladr. and Vinifera; as the former have a tendency fo leaf mil- dew, to fruit rot, and roots subject to the attacks of Phylloxera; the production of a healthy, resisting form, in a Hybrid between these and the here still more un- healthy Vinifera, is highly improbable, especially when some tender, glass-house grown variety is used for that purpose. Only by the selection of the most healthy and hardy varieties of a native and foreign species, or, perhaps still better, by an intermixture of the best and most vigorous native species, may really valuable re- sults be obtained.
Most of the Hybrids which we now cultivate are of too recent introduction to be thoroughly tested; yet it is already apparent that their adaptability to successful culture is in proportion to their affinity to the native parent, especially in roots and foliage. And the re- quirements of Hybrid grapes, as to climate, scil and aspect, will be found quite similar to the requirements of one or the other of their progenitors.
LOCATION.
The only general rules we can give, to guide us in the selection of a proper, desirable loca- tion for vineyards, are:
1. A good wine-growing region is one where the season of growth is of sufficient length to ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex- empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at- tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low, damp valleys, along creeks; low situations, where water can settle and stagnate about the roots will not answer; wherever we find the ague an habitual guest with the inhabitants, we need not look for healthy grape-vines; but on the hillsides, gentle slopes, along’ large rivers and lakes, on the bluffs overhanging the banks of our large streams, where the fogs arising from the water give sufficient humidity to the atmosphere, even in the hottest summer days, to refresh the leaf during the night and morning hours, there is the location of the grape.
2. A good soil for the vineyard should be a dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say three feet) loose and friable, draining itself readily. New soils, both granitic and lime- stone, made up by nature of decomposed stone and leaf mould, are to be preferred to those that have long been in cultivation. If you have such a location and soil, seek no further, ask no chemist to analyze its ingredients, but go at once to
PREPARING THE SOIL.
The old system of trenching is no more prac- ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of very little, if any, advantage. The plow has taken the place of the spade, and has much les- sened the expense. While we would urge a thorough work in the preparation of the soil before planting the vine, and warn against planting in ditches, or worse yet in square holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in timber lands) leaving no stumps, which would only be a continual eyesore and hindrance to proper cultivation, and then using a large breaking plow, followed by the subsoil plow, the soil will be stirred as deep (say twenty in- ches) as is really necessary to insure a good and healthy growth of vines. This will require two to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according to the condition of the soil. For old ground a common two-horse plow, with a span of strong horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow by a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as mellow, and in its natural position as desirable. This may be done during any time of the year when the ground is open and not too wet, Most soils would be benefited by underdraining; the manner of doing it is the same as for other farm crops, except that for vines the drains should be placed deeper; it is less important on our hill sides, and too costly to be practiced to a great extent here; wet spots, however, must be drained at least by gutters, and to prevent the ground from washing, small ditches should be made, leading into a main ditch. Steep hill sides, if used at all, should be terraced.
PLANTING.
The soil being thus thoroughly prepared and in good friable condition, you are ready for plant- ing. The proper season for doing this is in the fall, after the 1st of November, or in the spring, before the Ist of May. Most vineyards are planted in spring, and in northern, very cold localities, this may be preferable. We prefer fall planting; the ground will generally be in better condition, as we have better weather in the fall, and more time to spare. The ground can settle an.ong the roots in winter; the roots will have healed and calloused over, new root- lets will issue early in spring before the condi- tion of the ground would have permitted plant- ing, and the young plants commencing to grow as soon as the frost is out of the ground, will start with full vigor in spring. To prevent the
14 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
‘oots from being thrown to the surface by al- ternate freezing and thawing, a mound of earth hoed up around the plants, or a ridge thrown up with a plow, so as to elevate the ground somewhat in the rows, will be found to afford all the protection necessary. By no means de- lay planting till Zate in spring (after May first here), and if your ground is not ready in time, you had much better cultivate it with cornor hoed crops of some kind, and postpone planting until next fall. Planting in rows, six feet apart, is now the usual method; it gives sufficient space for a horse and man to pass through with plow or cultivator; the distance in the rows varies somewhat with the growth of the different varieties and the rich- ness of the soil. Most of our vig- orous, strong growers, the Con- cord, Ives, Hartford, Clinton, Taylor, Norton, Herbemont, will need eight to ten feet in the rows ; Scuppernongs are planted 20 to 30 feet apart; while the Dela- ware, Catawba, Creveling, Iona, may have sufficient room when planted six feet apart. The dwarfing treatment practiced with European varieties, especially by German vintners, will not do for American vines, which must have ample room to spread anda free circulation of air. The number of vines required to set an acre (containing 43,560 square feet), will be:
DISTANCE, FEET. METRES. NUMBER 5 ft. by 5 ft. 1™ 54 by1™54.......... 1,742 Bit. by 6 ft. 1™ 54 by 1™85.......... 1,452 6 ft. by 6 ft. 1™ 835 by 1™85.......... 1,210 6 ft. by 7 ft. Im8by2™15......... 1,037 6 ft. by 8 ft. 1m by2™46.......... 907 6 ft. by 9 ft. 1m by2™75.......... 807 6 ft. by 10 ft. Lev saltby Ss mxio els 725 Tft. by 7 ft. Qm15by2™15.......... 889 7 ft. by 8 ft. 2m15 by 2m46.......... 711 Tift. by 9 ft. 2m15 by 2™75 ......... 690 7 ft. by 10 ft. SAE Sige ana an 622 8 ft. by 8 ft. 2m46 by 2™46.. ....... 680 8 ft. by 9 ft. Qm46by2m75 .. ..... 605 8 ft. by 10 ft. Qm46by3m .... ..... B44 9 ft. by 9 ft. 2m 75 by 2™75.......... 537 9 ft. by 10 ft. TAT HY: 22 kn. bde 484 10 ft. by 10 ft. ima a ayy seins nse 8 435
1 acre = 41 aves French measure, or one Hectare nearly equal to two and a half acres.
Having determined the distance at which you desire to plant the vines, mark off the rows, running them parallel, and with the most level lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may easily plow between the rows and that the
ground may not wash. (Ou an eastern slope the rows will therefore run in a direction from north to south, which most vine dressers pre- fer.) Be careful, on sloping ground, to leave spaces for surface drains, the steeper the hill- sides the more frequent must these surface drains be. Then divide the rows into the de- sired distances, by the aid of a stretched line, and put small stakes where each plant is to stand. Now, if the ground is sufficiently dry so as to pulverize well, make the holes to receive the vines, as shown in fig. 19. The depth of these holes must necessarily vary somewhat with the nature of the soil. On very steep hillsides,
Fig. 19.
and especially on southern slopes, with natu- rally warm, dry soil, you must plant deeper than on gentle slopes with deep, rich soil, or on bottom land and rich prairies. Eight inches will be deep enough on the latter; on the former we should plant from twelve to fourteen inches deep.
Having made the holes, and it is best not to make too many at a time, as the ground will dry out too quickly, you can go to planting.
We do not intend to discuss here the various modes of multiplication or propagation of grape vines from cuttings, layers or single eyes (buds), still less the production of new varieties from seed and Hybridizing, as this would far exceed the scope of this brief Manual, nor do we desire_ to say whether you should plant cuttings or rooted plants, and whether plarts grown from cuttings, from single eyes or layers, are prefer- able. Propagators and nurserymen are not considered disinterested, impartial judges on this question. But we may reasonably suppose that those who read this catalogue are either our customers or desire to purchase rooted vines from us, and want to get the best plants. Vines raised from layers were in former years held to be superior, and are still preferred by many, but unprejudiced and observing cultivators have found that they only /ook stronger and finer, but are not as good as plants properly
GRAPE MANUAL. 15
grown from cuttings or single eyes, of mature, healthy wood. The disposition to multiply the new varieties of grapes rapidly, has led to the production of vast numbers of vines from sum- mer layers, or, still worse, from green cuttings. The plants so produced usually prove only a disappointment to the planter, and greatly in- jure the reputation of new varieties
Our German and French vine-dressers gene- rally practiced growing vines from long cut- tings, but short (two or three eye) cuttings will undoubtedly make stronger and better ripened - roots. Others again have obtained the best re- sults from single eye plants, and consequently prefer them. We have tried all, and find that it makes very little difference how the vine has been raised, provided it has strong, firm, healthy, well-ripened roots. (We never found any grown from green or unhealthy wood or from long cuttings that had them.) Asa generalrule, a well grown vine is in its best condition for plant- ing when one year old. Fuller and some other good authorities prefer two-year old, trans- planted vines; vines older than two years should not be planted, and so-called extra large layers ‘‘for immediate bearing,” are a humbug.
There is, however, one method of propagating the grape, namely, by Grarts, which belongs more properly to the sphere of the cultivator, the vineyardist, than the nurseryman or propa- gator; and which, owing to the ravages of the Phylloxera, is becoming of unprecedented im- portance, and presents itself under almost en- tirely new aspects.
GRAFTING.
The researches of our scientists, prominent among them our friend Prof. Riley, enable us now to form pretty accurate estimates of the resisting powers of the roots of different va- rieties, and we find that the premature decay and short-lived existence of the vines of most of our finer varieties of the Labrusca class, (its Southern group) as well as nearly all the Hy- brids having blood of the vinefera class, must be mainly attributed to the attacks of the in- sect.
How far we possess a remedy to this, by GRAFTING such kinds on those of acknowledged greater resistance, is a question which is as yet not fully determined and still open to further test and experiments, but which deserves the greatest attention. Another object for which grafting is very desirable is the early testing of new varieties. By grafting on a vigorous bear- ing vine we will generally obtain bearing wood,
and sometimes even fruit, the first season. We are also enabled by grafting to turn old vigor- ous vines of perhaps some worthless variety to good account, as with a little trouble and care and the loss of only one year, we can change them into some choice and valuable variety. But before we enter into details of the ‘modus operandi” of grafting, we will first speak of the conditions generally considered essential to the successful performance of the operation.
First. THe Stock. Though from our own experience we can not side with those who claim that the stock and scion should in all cases belong to the same class to insure perfect success, it is still worth while to give this point a little consideration. The general experience seems to prove that the stocks of the Cordifolia class, of which we may take the Clinton as the type, do not unite readily with varieties of the Alstivalis or Labrusca, though we know of numerous instances where they did unite per- fectly and formed fine and healthy vines. But aside from this there is a great objection to the Clinton class on account of its tendency to throw up suckers from the old stock, even for years after the graft has become established, which requires constant care and watchfulness that these suckers, which generally grow with re- markable vigor, do not usurp the place we have assigned to the grafted scion. This objection falls away almost entirely with the other classes after the first season, and once the graft is grow- ing vigorously.
A point which is of far more importance is the perfect health and vigor of the stock. We should never select a sickly or diseased vine, nor one subject to the attacks of the Phylloxera as a stock to graft upon. Even if the graft should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in- deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety, and is grafted deep enough below the surface, where it may form its own roots, which will then support it entirely, and it will soon dis- solve its union with the unhealthy stock. But even then it will require years to overcome the effects of the uncongenial partnership. If the object is to guard a variety subject to the Phyl- loxera against the ravages of this insect, we should select for the stock a vine of a strong and vigorous variety, which possesses recognized powers of resistance to the insect. The graft should then be inserted as near the surface of the ground as possible, and where practicable even above it. Some have asserted that the stock and scion should be of varieties as near alike as possible in vigor of growth, but with
16 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
this we cannotvagree. We should invariably prefer to graft a weak grower on a strong one.
Second. Tue Scion. This should be from a healthy and short jointed cane from the last summer’s growth, and of moderate size, (a lit- tle stouter than an ordinary lead pencil is the thickness which we prefer.) It should be cut from the vine before very hard freezing weather, and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp moss, sand, or sawdust, or else buried in the ground. In case the grafting is to be performed Jate in Spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an ice-house.
Third. WHEN TO GrarFt. The best time, as far as days and months are concerned, varies of course with the locality and latitude; but as a rule we would lay down that the vine cannot be grafted with good success, either while the sap is running so freely and liquid as to cause the vine when cut to bleed, as it is termed, nor yet (except by the process of inarching, of which hereafter) from the time when the young shoots in the Spring, or rather early Summer, begin to turn hard and fibrous, which generally com- mences about the time of the bloom, until after the fall of the leaf. This reduces the time for successful grafting to two periods, the first one lying between the fall of the leaf and the rising of active circulation in Spring, and the second one commencing after this exceeding strong flow of sap has abated and lasting until the full development of the first young growth.
In the more Southern States grafting may be successfully and practically performed during the first period. In fact, Dr. A. P. Wylie of Chester, S. C., that veteran and enthusiastic grape grower, upon whose opinion we lay the highest weight, informs us that the Fall or early Winter is in that latitude the proper time for grafting. Further north, and even in the lati- tude of St. Louis, Fall grafting is not quite as certain, for even when protected by a mulch of straw or leaves the graft is in danger of being thrown out by the heaving of the ground caused by the frost. In this latitude however we often have fine days in February and early in March, when the ground is open and before the active flow of sap has commenced, which should be improved for the operation. Still further North where the ground opens late, and Spring comes in all at once, these days are gencrally so few that they can seldom be made use of. For these latitudes the best opportunity lies in the second period or during the time the sap has ceased its active flow aud exudes from the wound in a gummy state. Some have even claimed good
success in mid-summer with scions of the same season’s growth, but we must confess ourselves as extremely dubious in regard to the success of this.
We now come to the operation itself. The method most generally applied is cleft grafting. After clearing away the soil around the collar of the stock to be operated upon, to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, select a place below the surface with a smooth exterior around the collar, cut the vine off horizontally just above this place with a fine toothed saw; then split the stock with a common grafting chise! or other sharp instrument, so that the cleft will run down about 14 or 2inches. Insert the small end of the grafting chisel or a narrow wedge in the centre of the cleft to keep it open, and then with a very sharp knife, cut your scion, which may be 3 to 4 inches long, and with one or two eyes, to a long wedge shape at the lower end, to fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle thicker than the inner one, and insert it in the cleft, so that the inner bark of both stock and scion make a close fit on each other as much as possible; then withdraw the wedge in the cen- tre, and the scion will be held firmly in its place by the pressure of the stock. It is not necessary to wrap or tie such grafts, except when the stock is a very light and small one, in which case some bass string or other material should be tightly wound around to bind stock and graft together. If the stock is a large one two scions may be inserted, one on each side. This mode of grafting answers for stocks vary- ing from one-half to three inches in diameter. To complete the operation, replace the soil, fill- ing it. up, so that the upper bud on the scion is level with the surface. A shade placed so as to protect it from the noon-day sun, or a slight mulch, is very desirable.
Another mode of cleft grafting, which though a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much more certain, is to saw a slit in the stock about one and a half inches deep with a thick bladed or wide set saw, instead of using the chisel. The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi- cient only to receive the scion, which must be cut to fit nicely in the slit with its upper por- tion resting, with a square shoulder each side, on the stock. In this instance we prefer a graft with two buds, the lower one of which should be the point where to cut the shoulders. In other respects the same rules apply to this mode as those given before. The greatest advantage is that we can always make a clean straight cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted.
GRAPE MANUAL. 17
(We may as well remark here that the Wagner grafting machine, which is highly recommended by many who have tried it, works upon the same principle.) As the slit cut by the saw is always of a uniform thickness, the scions may be prepared beforehand in the house during a rainy day or in the evening, and kept in damp moss until wanted.
There are besides various other methods of grafting the grape below the surface of the soil, but as the one we have described is that which is most generally adopted, and we have reason to think, also, the most successful one, we re- frain from describing the others.
It frequently happens that the buds of the grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the operation, and then after having given great promise for a week or two, they turn brown and apparently die off. Do not let this discour- age you too quickly, and above all make no rash examinations of the cause of this seeming fail- ure, by pulling out the scion or otherwise loosening it. A graft will often remain in this state for a period of five or six weeks, and then start up all at once with a vigor that will push young wood to the length of twenty or more feet the same season. Keep the young growth well tied up and carefully remove all suckers from the parent stock as soon as they appear.
However, if our object is to graft a variety subject to the Phylloxera on a stock whose roots are healthy and possess the power of resisting the insect, we must place the scion so that the grafted variety can not form its own roots, which would soon become the prey and breed- ing ground for the insect, and by their disease would contaminate the whole vine. We must in this case aim to place the graft above the sur- face of the soil. The cleft and other ordinary modes of grafting are, unfortunately, seldom successful, unless worked below the surface. Having this object in view we take recourse to grafting by approach or inarching.
For this method it is desirable that two plants, one each of the variety which is to form the stock, and one of the scion, are planted close together, say about one foot apart. In June (the first year, if the plants make a sufficiently strong growth, if not, the second year,) or as soon as the young shoots become sufficiently hard and woody to bear the knife, a shoot is taken from both the stock and the scion vine, and at a convenient place, where they may be brought in contact, a shaving is taken out from each of these, on the side next to the other, fora length of 2 to 3 inches. This must be done with
a smooth cut of a sharp knife, a little deeper than the inner bark, so as to obtain on each a flat surface. They are then fitted snugly to- gether, so that the inner bark joins as much as possible, and wrapped securely with some old calico torn in strips, or soft bass strings. Besides this, it is well to place one tie a little below, and one above the grafted point, and also to tie the united canes to a stake or trellis to insure against all chances of loosening by the swaying of the wind. The rapid swelling of the young growth at this period of the year makes it desi- rable that the grafts be looked over after a few weeks, replacing such ties which may have burst, and loosening others which may bind so as to cut into the wood. A union will gen- erally be made in the course of two or three weeks, which will be further consolidated in the course of 6 to 8 weeks, when the bandages may be removed and the grafted portion left exposed to the sun, to thoroughly harden and ripen it. The shoots themselves are to be left to grow undisturbed for the rest of the season. In the fall, if a good union has taken place, the cane forming the scion is cut close de/ow its union with the stock cane, which in its turn is cut close above the connection. Supposing the stock to have been a Concord and the scion a Dela- ware, we now have a vine of the latter entirely on the strong, vigorous root of the former. Of course constant vigilance must be exercised to prevent suckers from starting out of the stock. It is well to protect the grafted joint the first few winters by a slight covering of straw or soil to prevent the frost from splitting it apart.
Mr. Cambre, a practical and successful grape grower near Nauvoo, Ills., and to whom we owe the main points of these directions, has prac- ticed this system on a large scale and with the most flattering results. He has applied it ex- tensively to the Delaware, using wild seedlings from the woods as the stock, and thus succeeds in raising fine and regular crops of this ex- cellent grape, even in seasons when other vines of this variety on their own roots in the neigh- boring vineyards are a total failure. It would be highly interesting if others in different sec- tions of the country would also experiment with this system.
Another mode of grafting above ground, prac- ticed with success by a Mr. Cornelius, (copied from ‘*The Gardeners’ Monthly” by W. C. Strong in his valuable work, ‘‘' The Cultivation of the Grape’’) is not merely interesting in it- self, but also illustrative of many other modi- fications in grafting:
\ BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
‘After the first four or five leaves are formed, and the sap is flowing, you choose the place on the vine where you intend to graft. At that point wrap tightly atwine several times around the vine. This will, in a measure, prevent the return sap.
Below the ligature make a sloping cut down, as shown at a; also, a similar reversed one abeye the ligature, as at 6, about one inch in length. In selecting a scion prefer one that has natu- rally a bend. Cut it so that it shall be wedge-shape at both ends, and a little longer than the distance between the cuts in the vine at a and b. Insert the scion, taking care to have the barks in direct contact, securing it with a string, c, bound round i both scion and vine sufficiently
xe tight to force the scion-ends into Af oN their places. If the work is done ork. :\ well, no tie will be required at a and 6, but the joints should be covered with grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d will commence its growth, after which you can by degrees remove all the growing shoots not be- longing to the scion, and in course of the sum- mer you may cut off the wood above 8, and in the Fall remove all above @ on the stock, and above c on the scion.
This, as well as all other methods of grafting above ground, require much careful watching, and a judicious use of graft- ing wax, as its entering into the slit is positively injurious.
Quite recently Mr. Henry Bouschet of Montpellier, France, has proposed the fol- lowing system of grafted cut- tings, ‘‘boutture greffée,” to replant with them their Phyl- loxera destroyed vinevards. It consists in uniting a portion of the American grape-cutting, (making resisting roots,) which is to serve as stock, with a portion of the Euro- pean grape-cutting (of which the fruit is desired) as graft, as shown in annexed figure, and,the united cutting, snugly tied together with some slight shreds, is then planted Jike a
simple long cutting, thus doing both the plant- ing and grafting at the same time. Of course the graft can be previously prepared in the room, at the fireside. Mr. Bouschet has shown at the Exposition of the Viticultural Congress at Montpellier, (Oct. 1874,) samples of such grafts, which had made a successful union and growth, and gigantic experiments are now made with this system in France.
We propose to experiment more extensively ourselves in the matter of grafting with the view to combat the inroads of the Phylloxera, and the results of our experiments shall be duly made public. We are confident that many of our choicest table grapes, and perhaps even European grapes, could, if worked in such a way, be successfully grown in many regions where they are now a total failure.
Of wine grapes, on the other hand, we have now such good and valuable varieties, like Cyn- thiana, Cunningham, Elvira, Herbemont, Her- mann, Louisiana, Neosho, etc., all of which are free from the destructive effects of the Phyl- loxera, not to speak of a number of new and highly promising Mstivalis seedlings, which as a class are good resistants to the insect, that to be successful in growing a good wine grape, we, here, need have no recourse to the interesting, yet nevertheless, laborious process of grafting the grape vine.
But now let us return to the modus operandi of planting. Take your vines, from the place where they were heeled-in,* wrapped in a wet cloth, or in a pail with water, to the holes; when planting, let one person shorten the roots, with a sharp knife, then spread them out evenly
-to all sides, and let another fill in. with well pul-
verized earth. The earth should he worked in among the roots with the finger, and lightly pressed to them with the foot. Lay the vine in slanting, and let its top come out at the stake previously set. Then, with your knife, cut back the top to a bud just above, or even with the surface of the ground. De not leave more than two buds on any one of the voung vines
*On receiving your vines from the nursery, they should be taken out of the box, without delay, and heeled-in, which is done as follows: In a dry and well protected situation, a trench is made in the soil 12 to 15 inches deep, and wide enough to receive the roots of the plants, and of any required length, the soil being thrown out upon one side. The plants are then set thickly to- gether in the trench, with the tops in a sloping direction and against the bank of soil thrown Out of the trench; another trench is made parallel to the first, and the soil taken from it is thrown into the first, covering the roots carefully, filling in all of the interstices between them. Press down the soil, and smooth off the surface, so that water shall not lodge thereon. When one trench is fin- ished, set the plants in the next, and proceed as before. When all this is completed, dig a shallow trench aroun, the whole, so as to carry off the water and keep the sit- uation dry.
GRAPE MANUAL 19
which you are planting, however strong the tops, or however stout and wiry the roots may be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and merely to be prepared for possible accident, both buds are allowed to start. The weaker of the two shoots may afterwards be removed or pinched back.
When planted in the fali, raise a small mound around your vine, so that the water will drain off, and throw a handful of straw or any other mulch on the top of the mound, to protect it; but do not cover the vine with manure, either decomposed or fresh, under any circumstances.
It is a well authenticated fact that, under the action of nitrogenous agents, the grape grows more luxuriant, its leaves are larger, its pro- duct increases in quantity. But the products of vineyards so manured have an acknowledged defect—they impart to the wine a flavor which recalls the kind of manure applied. Moreover, nitrogenous substances exclusively used hasten the decay of vineyards and the exhaustion of the soil.
We use no manures in our vineyards, except the ashes of the stumps and brush, which we burn on the spot in clearing, and the decom- posed leaves of the forest, which we have to turn under in plowing our grounds. Other soils may require manures, and ours may, in later years. But even those authorities who fa- vor manures in preparing certain grounds, or long after planting, do not allow any decompos- ing organic matter to come in contact with the newly planted vine.*
During the first summer, little else can be done than to keep the ground mellow, loose about the plants and free from weeds; stirring the ground, especially in dry weather, is the best stimulant, far better than liquid manure, and mulching (spreading over the ground a layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw, salt, hay, or the like, to maintain a more uniform state of temperature and moisture for the roots) is far
* The experiments made in France during the years 1872, 1873 and 1874, with different methods of treating vines diseased by Phylloxera, led to the conclusion that manures especially those rich in potash and nitrogenous substances, benefit the affected vines. Squares thus treated, which were benefited in 1s72 and 1873, have, in 1874, in some cases almost returned to their original vig- or, but the Phylloxera has not disappeared. And the ministerial commission, reporting on these experiments believed itself justified in asserting that manures, rich in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy sulphates. refuse of salt-works, soot, wood ashes, ammo- nia, or fat lime, have increased the productiveness of the vines and allowed the fruit to ripen. Prof. Mf. Roessler of Klosternenburg. Austria, believes in fighting the in- sect with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash. This treatment succeeds in porous soils, and to obtain this porosity the learned Gnologue made use of dyna- mite. raising the ground thus from a great depth, with- out injuring the vines.
better than watering. Do not tie your young vines up, do not pinch off the laterals; by allow- ing them to lie on the ground, during the jirst season, more vigorous stems will be obtained. A fair growth is about four feet the first sum- mer. In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut back to two or three buds. Cover the short cane left with a few inches earth before the ground freezes.
During the following winter, the TRELLIS should be built. The plan adopted by most of
‘ our experienced grape growers, as possessing
some advantages over other plans, especially if grapes are grown in large quantities, is as fol- lows: Posts of some durable timber (red cedar is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being set; these posts are set in holes two feet deep, 16 to 18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2 vines 8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are between two stakes), three wires are then stretched hor- izontally along the posts, being fastened to each post witha staple f), which is driven in so firmly that the wire is prevented from slipping through. The two end posts should be larger than the others and braced (Fig. 20), so that the contrac-
oom ocer. et
€
Fig. 20.—(Four wires, 15 inches apart.)
tion of the wire (in cold weather) will not loosen them. The first wire is placed about 18 inches from the ground and the others 18 inches apart; this brings the upper wire about 4 feet 6 inches from the ground. The size of wire used is No. 10 annealed iron; but No. 12 wire is strong enough. At the present prices of wire the cost per acre will be from $40 to $60, ac- cording to distance of rows and numberof wires used. No 12 is the size most commonly used.
The Ludlow Saylor Wire Company, St. Louis, furnish us the following table, which may serve in calculating the cost:
Practical ex-
A good many
20 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. pee = 5 a6 a asi will probably cost less than with horizontal > i) i Cun 5 * . 5 ee as, a | ee a0 See ois 4 ae wires, and is preferred by some. A n Qi. Di ea F a . . . . F |e 2 as | 58 ag | Eas | as | 8 223 | perience, however, speaks in favor of horizontal wes! x . n a . . 1 . o{2| Sh | aA | Be Biles |Fele <2 | wires, anda method with only two horizontal 7s ; : Fo ; é } : “etal RS Seles wy | Sie eee el wires, the lower about 3 feet high and the upper seek SRG 16) La Lhd § fee, ox ate 9 | 6) 18.36 | aes) ae seg | 1560 | 985 | § 64 15 about 53 feet high, is gaining the good opinion 10| 8 | 14.97| 264] 420] 747] 1280 | 807| 64 50 i “di ' 11} 8] 11.95} 211 | 529] 939] 1000 5 51 60 of vineyardists, East and West, 12 | 83] 9.24] 163| 700} 1244] 800 | 499] 4235 grape growers train their vines to stakes, be- 13| 93] 7.05| 194] 893( 1519] 568 | 377| 36 00 AMA ALE J ty 14| 93] 5.51 97 | 1142 | 2031 456 | 296 97 25 lieving it to be cheaper, and the decline in the
In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve the same purpose (as seen in fig. 21), but they are not durable, and the posts must then be put in much closer. Another mode of making wire trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal bars and perpendicular wires, as shown in a follow- ing illustration (fig. 22). Posts of good, hard, durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and 63 to
Fig. 22.
7 feet long, are placed between the vines, at equal distatice from each vine, and in a line with them, two feet deep in the ground. When the posts are set, nail on strips about 24 inches wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar being placed one foot from the ground, and the other at the top of the post. Then take No. 16 gal- vanized iron wire and putit on perpendicularly, twisting it around the lower and upper bar, at a distance of about 12 inches apart. Galvan- ized iron is preferable, and as a pound of No. 16 wire gives one hundred and two feet, the ad- ditional expense is but very small. This trellis
| hoe we prefer this excellent tool. | should thus be broken up, inverted and kept in
price of grapes and wine induces many to adopt the least costly plan; one, two and three stakes will be recommended by some, all of which will prove a slovenly—very inconvenient method. And yet, quite recently, a method of training our vines to but one stake each, pruning the vine to two branches, which are wound spirally, in opposite directions, around the stake, and nailed fast to its top, has been not only claimed as a new invention and as an improvement in grape culture, but has actually been patented! (J. B. Tillinghast, modes of training and secur- ing Grave-vines, No. 155,995. Patented Oet. 13, 1874.)
Some people believe even that we could dis- pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and urge the adoption of the ‘‘Souche” or “ Buck Pruning” plan used in parts of France and Switzerland, but quite impracticable for our strong growing species.
If you have covered your young vines last fall, remove the earth from over them at the ap- proach of spring; then cultivate the whole ground; plowing between the rows from four to six inches deep, and carefully hoeing around the vines with a pronged hoe; the two-prong German hoe or Karst, has been generally used in vineyards, but since we got Hexamer’s prong- The ground
a mellow condition continually; but do not work the ground when wet !
During the second summer, a cane or shoot is produced trom each of the two or three buds which you left on the young vine last fall. Of
GRAPE MANUAL.
21
in running water. Mr. Husmann recommends to plant the Golden Willow or any other willow (Pur- purea Vinivalis), and to use its small twigs for tying purposes. Tie tightly, and as young canes grow, keep them tied, but, in all cases, take care against tying too tightly,
these young shoots, if there are three, leave on- ly the two strongest, tying them neatly to the trellis, and let them grow unchecked to the up- permost wire,
With the strong-growing varieties, especially where we intend to grow the fruit on laterals or spurs. the two main canes are pinched off when they reach the second harizontal wire, whereby the laterals are forced into stronger growth, each forming a medium-sized cane, which is shortened in the fall from four to six buds. One of the two main canes may be layered in June, covering it with mellow soil, about an inch deep, leaving the ends of the laterals out of the ground. These will generally make good plants in the fall for further plantations; with varie- ties which do not grow easily from cuttings, this method is particularly desirable. Fig. 23 shows the vines tied and pruned, accordingly, at the end of the second season (the cross lines through the canes showing where they are cut off or pruned).
Another good mode of training, recommended by Fuller, is to bend down in fall, at the end of the second season, the two main canes of the vines (the laterals of which have been pinched back to concentrate the growth into these main canes) in opposite directions, laying and tying them against the lower wire or bar of the trellis, as shown in figure 22, and shortening them to four feet each. Then let five or six of the buds on the upper side of the arms be grown in- to upright canes. All buds and shoots not wanted for upright canes, should be rubbed or broken off. This latter method is not well adapted for varieties which require covering in winter. Where the canes are started lower, near the ground, and cut loose from the wire, they can be easily covered with earth.
At the commencement of the third season (un- cover and) tie the canes to the trellis, as shown before. For tying, any soft string or stout woolen yarn, the shreds of old gunnies, may be used; some obtain their tying material from basswood-bark, soaked for two weeks or longer
as the free flow of sap may be ob- structed.
The ground is now plowed and hoed again, as described before. From each of the buds left at the last pruning (as shown in the preceding figures), canes can be grown du- ring the third year, and each of these canes will probably bear two or three bunches of fruit. There is danger of their being injured by over-bearing, on which account the bunches should be tLinned out by taking away all im- perfect bunches and feeble shoots. In order to secure future fruitfulness of the vine, and to keep it at the same time in our convenient con- trol, we should allow no more wood to grow than we need for next seasons’ bearing, and for this purpose we resort to Spring pruning, gen- erally, though improperly, called:
SUMMER PRUNING.
The time to perform the first summer pruning is when the young shoots are about six inches long, and when you can see plainly all the small bunches—the embryo fruit. We commence at the lower two spurs, having two buds each, and both started. One of them we intend for a bearing cane next summer; therefore, allow it to grow unchecked for the present, tying it, if long enough, to the lowest wire. The other, which we intend for a spur again next fall, we pinch with the thumb and finger to just beyond
Fig. 24. Fig. 25.
the last bunch or button, taking out the leader between the last bunch and the next leaf, as shown in fig. 24, the cross line indicating where the leader is to be pinched off. We now come
22 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
to the next spur, on the opposite side, where we also leave one cane to grow unchecked, and pinch off the other.
We now go over all the shoots coming from the arms or laterals tied to the trellis, and also pinch them beyond the last bunch. Should any of the buds have pushed out two shoots, we rub off the weakest; we also take off all barren or weak shoots. If any of them are not sufficiently developed we pass them over, and go over the vines again, in a few days after the first pinch- ing.
The bearing branches having all been pinched back, we can leave our vines alone until after the bloom, only tying up the young canes from the spurs, should it become necessary. But do not tie them over the bearing canes, but lead them to the empty space on both sides of the vine, as our object must be to give the fruit all the air and light we can.
By the time the grapes have bloomed, the lat- erals will have pushed from the axils of the leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over these again, and pinch each lateral back to one leaf, as shown in fig. 25. Ina short time, the laterals on the fruit bearing branches which have been pinched will throw out suckers again. These are stopped again, leaving one leaf of the young growth. Leave the laterals on the canes intended for next years’ fruiting to grow un- checked, tying them neatly with bass or paw- paw bark, or with rye straw to the wires.
If you prefer training your vines on the hori- zontal arm system (fig. 22) the mode of summer pruning will be in the main the same. Pinch off the end of each upright shoot as soon as it has made two leaves beyond the last bunch of fruit; the shoots after being stopped will soon start, and after growing a few inches should be stopped again, as we wish to keep them within the limits of the trellis, and the laterals should be stopped beyond its first leaf. Thus we try to keep the vine equally balanced in fruit, foli- age and wood. It will be perceived that fall pruning, or shortening-in the ripened wood of the vine, and summer pruning, shortening-in and thinning out the young growth, have one and the same object in view, namely, to keep the vine within proper bounds, and concentrate all its energies for a two-fold object, namely, the production of and ripening of the most per- fect fruit, and the production of strong, healthy wood for the coming season’s crop. Both ope- rations are, in fact, only different parts of one and the same system, of which summer pruning is the preparatory, and fall pruning the finishing
part; but while the vine will bear, without ap- parent injury, any reasonable amount of prun- ing during its dormant state, in fall or winter, any severe cutting during summer is an unmit- igated evil. G. W. Campbell, the well-known horticulturist, says: ‘‘All the summer pruning I would recommend, would be the early rub- bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their first appearance; leaving only what is required for next years’ bearing wood. This, with the pinching or stopping the ends of such shoots or canes as were disposed to be too rampant in growth, would be all I would ever consider necessary. Some of the most successful grape growers within my knowledge, carefully prune their vines in fall or early spring, and then leave them entirely without summer pruning.” The importance of this matter is so great that we subjoin—
HUSMANN’S METHOD OF SUMMER PRUNING THE VINE.
[Extract from his excellent articles in the ‘‘Grape Cul- turist” on this most important operation. ]
Without proper and judicious summer prun- ing, it is impossible to prune judiciously in the fall. Ifyou have allowed six to eight canes to grow in summer where you need but two or three, none of them will be fit to bear a full crop, nor be properly developed. We prune longer in fall than the majority of our vintners, which gives a double advantage; should the frost of winter have injured or killed any of the first buds, we still have enough left; and should this not be the case, we still have our choice to rub off all imperfect shoots; to reduce the num- ber of bunches at the first pinching, and thus retain only strong canes for the next years’ fruiting, and have only large, well developed bunches.
But to secure these advantages we have cer- tain rules, which we follow strictly. We are glad to see that the attention of the grape grow- ers of the country is thoroughly aroused to the importance of this subject, and that the old practice of cutting and slashing the young growth in July and August is generally dis- countenanced. It has murdered more promising vineyards than any other practice. But people are apt to run into extremes, and many are now advocating the ‘‘ let-alone” doctrine. We think both are wrong, and that the true course to steer is in the middle.
1. Perform the operation EaRLy. Do it as soon as the shoots are six inches long. At this time you can Oversee your vine much easier. Every young shoot is soft and pliable. You do
GRAPE MANUAL. _ 23
not rob the vine of a quantity of foliage it can- not spare (as the leaves are the lungs of the plant and the elevators of the sap). You can do three times the work that you can perform a week later, when the shoots have become hard- ened, and intertwined by their tendrils. Re- member that the knife should have nothing to do with summer pruning. Your thumb and finger should perform all the work, and they can do it easily if it is done early.
2. Perform it thoroughly and systematically. Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood for next year. These are left unchecked; but do not leave more than you really need. Re- member that each part of the vine should be thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too much, none of the canes will ripen their wood as thoroughly nor be as vigorous as when each has room, air and light. Having selected these, commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing off all superfluous shoots, and all which appear weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm or part of the vine, pinching every fruit bearing branch above the last bunch of grapes, or, if this should look weak or imperfect, remove it and pinch back to the first perfectly developed bunch. Should the bud have pushed out two or three shoots, it will generally be advisable to leave only the strongest, and remove the bal- ance. Do not think that you can do part of ita little later, but be unsparing in taking away all you intend to take this time. Destroy all the caterpillars, and all the insects you find feeding on the vines, the steel-blue beetle, who will eat into the buds. But protect the lady-bug, man- tis, and all the friends of the vine.
We come now to the second stage of summer pruning. After the first pinching, the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot, oppo- site the young bunches. Our second operation consists in pinching each of these laterals back to one leaf as soon as we can get hold of the shoot above the first leaf, so that we get a young vigorous leaf additional, opposite to each bunch of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap, and also as an excellent protection and shade to the fruit. Remember, our aim is not to rob the plant of its foliage, but to make ¢wo leaves grow where there was but one before, and at a place where they are of more benefit to the fruit. By our method, our rows of vines have the appearance of leafy walls, each bunch of the fruit properly shaded, and yet each part of the vine is properly ventilated. We come now to
another of those accidental discoveries, which has proved of great use to us in the manage- ment of the Concord, Herbemont, Taylor, etc. In the summer of 1862, when a piece of Con- cord, planted 1861, was growing rapidly, a se- vere hail storm cut up the young shoots, com- pletely defoliating them, and breaking the ten- der and succulent shoots at a height of about two feet. The vines were growing rapidly, and the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves im- mediately pushed out laterals, which made very fair sizedcanes. In the following fall, when we commenced to prune, we found from three to five of these strong laterals on each cane, and accordingly shortened them in to from three to five and six buds each. On these laterals we raised as fine a crop of grapes as we ever saw, certainly much finer than we had ever before raised on the strong canes; and we have since learned to imitate hail storms by pinching the leaders of young shoots when they have grown, say two feet, forcing out the laterals, and grow- ing our fruit on the latter, thus meeting with another illustration of the old proverb, ‘‘It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good.”
After the second pinching of the fruit-bearing branches, as described above, the laterals will generally start once more, and we pinch the young growth again to one leaf, thus giving each lateral two well developed leaves. The whole course should be completed about the middle of June here, and whatever grows after- wards should be left. In closing, let us glance at the objects we have in view:
1. To keep the vines within proper bounds, so that it is at all times under the control of the vintner, without weakening its constitution by robbing it of a great amouut of foliage.
2, Judicious thinning of the fruit at a time when no vigor has been expended in its Jevel- opment.
3. Developing strong, healthy foliage, by forcing the growth of the laterals and having two young, healthy leaves opposite zach bunch, which will shade the fruit and serve as conduc- tors of the sap to the fruit.
4. Growing vigorous canes for next year’s fruiting and no more, thereby making them stronger; as every part of the vine is thus ac- cessible to light and air the wood will ripen bet- ter and more uniform.
5. Destruction of noxious insects. As the vintner has to look over each shoot of the vine, this is done more thoroughly and systematically than by any other process.
24 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
FALL OR WINTER PRUNING.
This may be performed at any time, dur- ing mild days, while the vine is in a dormant state, generally from November to March, but should be done at least a week before vegeta- tion is likely to commence. Tender varieties, which require covering, must, of course, be pruned in November.
Different varieties will require somewhat dif- ferent treatment, some varieties (strong grow- ers) will fruit better if pruned to spurs on old wood, than on the young canes, retaining the old canes and pruning the healthy, strong shoots or laterals they have to two buds, whereas, others (only moderate growers) will flourish and bear best when pruned short and to a cane of last season’s growth.
The observing vintner will find some hints in our descriptive catalogue, but only by prac- tice and experience can he learn the best method for each variety.
The following are the views of Mr. Husmann on this subject:
Some varieties will bear more readily and larger bunches upon the laterals of the young canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on old bearing branches, and some will fruit readily upon the principal canes. This should govern you in pruning.
Most of the strong growers of the Labrusca species, (Concord, Hartford, Ives, Martha, Per- kins, etc.,) as well as some of its more vigorous Hybrids, (Goethe, Wilder, etc.,) and especially some -Aistivalis, (Herbemont, Cunningham, Louisiana, Rulander,) will fruit best on the lat- erals of the young canes of last summer’s growth provided they are strong enough, which they will be if they have been pinched according to our directions; the fruit buds at the base of the principal canes are seldom well developed, and will not bring much fruit. We therefore grow the fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened in to from two to six eyes each, according to their strength. All these rank growers should have plenty to do, that is they should be pruned long, much longer than is generally done. Should too many bunches appear, you can easily reduce the number at the first pinching. All the Cordifolia, and some of the Astivalis class (Cynthiana and Norton’s Virginia), pro- duce best on spurs on two or three year old canes; they will also bear better on spurs on laterals than on main canes, but do not produce their best fruit until they can be “ spurred in” on old arms. For this purpose, select for your spurs
strong, well ripened shoots, cut them back two to three eyes each, and cut out all the small and imperfect ones. You may leave from thirty to fifty buds, according to the strength of your vine, and always bear in mind that you can re- duce the number of bunches, when summer pruning.
A third class produces readily andabundantly from the main canes. This comprises the vari- ties which do not grow very strong, the more tender Labrusca and all of more or less Vinifera characteristics, viz: the Alvey, Cassady, Creve- ling, Catawba, Delaware, Iona, Rebecca.— These will produce best on short canes of say six eyes, short pruning, and the old renewal plan may be as good as any for them. There is also much more danger of overtasking this class than both of the others, and they should never be allowed to bear too much.
Grape Culturist, Nov. 1870.
From the above it will be seen that different methods apply to different varieties, and we may add that they ought to be also modified ac- cording to other circumstances. Those, there- fore, who have recommended various and con- tradictory systems of training and pruning may have each been right; but were wrong in be- lieving their preferred method the only correct method in all cases, or equally well adapted for all species and varieties of grapes. Bearing this in mind the intelligent vintner will soon learn how far one or the other systems is best appli- cable in his case.
SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT.
We may now consider the vine as fully estab- lished, able to bear a full crop, and when tied to the trellis in spring, to present the appear- ance as shown in fig. 26.
(Fig. 26.)
The operations are precisely the same as in the third year. If you train your vines on the horizontal system, the upright canes, which were pruned back to two buds each, will now produce two shoots each, If more than one shoot should proceed from each of these two buds, or if other shoots should start from small
GRAPE MANUAL. . 25
buds near the arms only the strongest one should be allowed to grow, and all others rubbed off. Instead of ten to twelve upright canes, you will have twenty to twenty four, and - allowing three bunches to each, you may get seventy bunches to every vine, the fourth year after planting. These canes are now to be treated the same, as regards stopping, pinching laterals, etc., during each subsequent year of their growth.
There are many other modes and systems of training, but the same general rules and princi- ples prevail in nearly all.
There is one well authenticated fact in the fruiting of the grape, viz: that the finest fruit, the best, earliest and largest crops are produced upon the strongest shoots of the previous years’ growth. The only proper system of pruning will therefore be that which encourages and se- cures an abundance of such shoots. By this general principle all new systems, so called, should be proved, and beginners in grape cul- ture may be able to guard against receiving false impressions with reference to any mode which may full under their observation; and this caution is the more necessary as young vines will bear good crops for a few years, even under very indifferent treatment. In all sys- tems of training which involve the retention of wood beyond five or six years, as in the case of spur pruning, and the methods with permanent horizontal branches, it is absolutely essential to remove the older wood at certain periods, and replace it with younger wood from near the base of the plant. Fixed rules can hardly be given for an operation which requires so much thought and such close acquaintance with the growth and bearing habits of the different varieties.
If you desire to train your vines for arbors or on walls, leave but one shoot to grow during the first summer, and if necessary even the sec- ond, so that it may get very strong. Cut back to three eyes in fall, these will each throw out a strong shoot, which should be tied to the arbor they are designed to cover, and allowed to grow unchecked. These three canes will be cut back in the fall following to three buds each, which will give us three principal branches, each with their canes the third or fourth season; of each of these branches, cut next fall one cane to two eyes, and the others to six or more buds, ac- cording to the strength of the vine, then gradu- ally increase the number of branches and cut back more severely those which fruited. In this manner a vine can be made in the course of
time to cover a large space, produce a large quantity of fruit, and get very old.
Those who desire further information and di- rections on various modes of pruning and train- ing, or on the culture of grape vines in glass houses, we refer to Chorlton’s Grape Growers’ Guide ; Fuller’s Grape Culturist; Hoare’s Cul- tivation of the Grape-vine on open Walls; and other books on Grape Culture, especially also to an article on Pruning and Training the Grape- vine, by Wm. Saunders, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Report, 1866.
DISEASES OF THE GRAPE VINE.
The vine, with all its vigor and longevity, is no less subject to diseases than all other organic bodies, and as we cannot remove most of their causes, and can even with the best care prevent and cure but few, our first attention must be given to the selection of healthy plants and of hardy varieties. You have already been warned against planting the Grape Vine in heavy, wet soil, where water stagnates, or in places exposed to early and late frosts. You have been impressed with the necessity of clean cultivation, stirring the soil,* of proper training, and of thinning the fruit. Ifyou dis- regard these points, even the healthiest and most vig- orous varieties of vines will become diseased.
“ The Mildew is probably our most formidable disease. It is a fungus; two distinct kinds are infesting our vines. The one ‘ Odium Tuckeri,”’ of Europe, shows a powdery appearance on the upper surface of leaves, and frequently forms a somewhat leathery coating on shoots and berries. Its effects are to corrode and prevent the further swelling of the parts attacked. Grapes that are touched by it, will show an indurated spot, hard and brown, the portions of the berry not attacked, will swell out freely, and all that this hurt portion can do is to crack open, which it usually does, and the seeds may frequently be seen to protrude from this crack,
But the mildew most injurious to our native grapes is altogether different. This is a Peronospora, and shows itself on the under surface of the leaves, usually looking like a small patch of whitish-brown, downy matter. It adheres closely to the leaf, and is a perfect parasite; it destroys the part where it adheres, the sun burns a hole, and it is called blister, leaf-blight, etc. But if you say that it is mildew—oh, no! I never had any mildew. Being confined to the under surface of tke leaves it escapes observation. This mildew is en- couraged by continued damp, rainy weather, or even constant heavy dews, followed by still, balmy days ; anything in fact that will prevent moisture from quickly leaving the foliage.” Wm. Saunders.
*We are aware of the fact that in certain seasons and peculiar soils, neglected vineyards, filled with grass and. weeds have escaped diseases and borne full crops, while well hoed and cultivated vineyards suffered severely, es- pecially from rot; but the rule holds nevertheless good, in general. After a season of severe drouth, for instance, fall ploughing may cause the evaporation of the scanty remaining moisture in the loosenei soil and render the exhausted roots a prey to severe frosts, while the un- ploughed, baked surtace would serve as a protection against both. Such exceptions have misled some grape givowers to advocate non-cultivation, or even grass sowing in their vineyards. But after a year or twoa stunted growth, and unproductiveness of their vines was the result.
26
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
The European varieties are more subject to this dis- ease than our indigenous sorts. In France and Ger- many it is successfully combated with flour of sulphur, early and often applied, on the lower surface of the leaves.* With our prices of labor it would scarcely be practicable except in cold graperies or garden culture, and it is best not to plant largely of those varieties which are very liable to this disease.
The Rot There are several kinds of fot in the ber- ries, (well known to all cultivators to their dismay,) specially prevalent in heavy soils and during wet sea- sons; (at least the dry climate of California seems a complete safeguard against both mildew and rot,) and whatever the causes, the best method to pursue is to choose varieties that are least liable to be affected, and to plant them upon well drained soil.
Sun-scald is another disease, or, probably, only an- other stadium of mildew. The leaves seem to be- come blistered or burnt; that portion injured will turn brown, and in a few days it becomes dry and crisp. If the leaves are much injured by sun-scald the fruit does not mature. (This shows the absurdity of removing the leaves to make the grape ripen better or sooner.) Sun-scald and mildew often go together, and vines af- fected by the one are very likely to be attacked by the other.
There is another species of fungus called rust, and some other diseases, but they are by far less injurious and formidable than the many noxious
INSECTS.
[Our limited space only permits us to briefly refer to a few of those insects which we have found most inju- rious in our own vineyards. ‘These are, however, for the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treatises on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them we are indebted to the valuable Entomological Reports of the State of Missouri.]
THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA. (Phylloxera vastatrix.)
Among the insects injurious to the Grape-vine none have ever attracted as much attention as the PHYLLOX- ERA, which, in its essential characteristics, was un- known when the first edition of this little work on American Grape-vines was written. The gall-inhabit- ing type of this insect, itis true, was noticed by our grape-growers, Many years ago, (especially on the Clin- ton) but they knew nothing of its root-inhabiting type. Even Fuller—who informs us that in Mr. Grant’s cele- brated grape-nurseries, (as far back as 1858) the men were in the habit of combing out, with their fingers, the roots of young vines to be sent off, in order to get rid of the knots—never mentions anything of this, nor of any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on the Cultivation of the Native Grape, though 16 pages are devoted to its insects. In the Spring of 1869 M. J. Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, first hazarded the opinion that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so much at- tention in Kurope, was identical with the American
*The practiee is to mix the sulphur with an equal quantity of fine air-slacked lime, and apply the powder with the aid of bellows, of which a very cheap style is manutactured for this purpose. The first application is made as soon as the blossoms are off, in June, and re- peated once a month during the summer. The main point is to secure an even distribution in a dry time, and to make sure work, this application should be made be- fore any signs of mildew appear, and repeated 8 or 4 times during the season,
Leaf-gall Louse, (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, State Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pem- phigus vitifolie); and in 1870, Prof. C. V. Riley suc- ceeded in establishing the identity of their gall insect with ours, and also the identity of the gall and root- inhabiting types. The correctness of his views is con- firmed by the subsequent researches of Prof. Planchon, Dr. Signoret, Balbiani, Cornu, and other scientists in France; lately also of Prof. Reessler, in Klosterneu- burg in Austria.*
After visiting France in 1871, and then extending his observations here, some of which were made in our Bushberg vineyards, Prof. Riley first gave us every reason to believe ‘that the failure of the European vine (V. Vinéfera) when planted here, the partial fail- ure of many hybrids with the European Vinzfera, and the deterioration of many of the more tender-rooted native varieties, are mainly owing to the injurious work of this insidious little root-louse; also, that some of our native varieties enjoy relative immunity from the insects’ attacks’’—M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, having previously noticed the remarkable resistance of certain American vines in the midst of European vines dying from the effects of Phylloxera. The importance of these discoveries to grape culture cannot be too highly appreciated. The French Minister of Agriculture com- missioned Professor Planchon, of Montpellier, to visit this country to study the insect here—the harm it does to our vines, or the power of resistance which these possess.t His investigations not only corroborated Prof. Riley’s conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but gave him, and through him to the people of Europe, a knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and wines, which will be very apt to dispel much of the prejudice against them that has so universally prevailed heretofore.
To discuss this subject as it deserves; to give a his- tory of the Grape Phylloxera; the progress and extent of its ravages; the experiments made to prevent these; to review the influence which it had and probably will have on American grape-culture—would far ex- ceed the scope of this brief manual. The literature of this subject would already fill a respectable library. We can here merely mention a few facts, and give some figures, which may enable the grape-grower to recog- nize and to observe this minute, yet so important in- sect; and we refer those who desire full and reliable information to Prof. Riley’s Entomological Reports, especially the Sixth, for 1874, from which we cull largely. It will be understood that all the figures are very highly magnified, and that the natural sizes are indicated by dots within circles, or by lines.
The following figure of a grape leaf, shows the galls or excrescences produced by the gall-inhabiting type of the insect. On carefully opening one of the galls, we find the mother louse diligently at work surrounding herself with pale-yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one hun-
* While this is going to press we learn from Dr. A. Blankenhorn, Carlsruhe, Germany, that the Phylloxera has just been found in three different places, (Annaberg, Carlsruhe and Worms) always on the roots of American vines, which, however, did not show the slightest symp- tom of disease.
+ The full report of Prof. Planchon has just been pub- lished in the form of a most interesting little volume— ‘Les Vignes Americaines, leur résistance au Phylloxera et leur avenir en Europe.” Paris 1875.
GRAPE MANUAL.
[Under side of Leaf covered with Galls.]
dredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as thick. She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color, and looks not unlike an immature seed of the common purs- Jane. The eggs begin to hatch, when six or eight days old, into active little beings, which differ from their mother in their brighter yel- low color, more perfect legs, ete. {ssuing from the mouth of the gall, these young lice scatter over the vine, most of them finding their way to the tender terminal leaves, and commence pumping up and appropriating the sap, forming galls and depositing eggs, [Type GALLICOLA: c, as their immediate parent had sig Par scree er done betore. This process con- tendril.] tinues during the summer, until the fifth or sixth generation, Every egg brings forth a fertile female which soon be- comes wonderfully prolific.
By the end of Sep- \ tember the galls are mostly deserted and those which are left are usually infected with mildew, and eyentu- ® ally turn brown and decay. The young lice attach themselves to
5 . [NEWLY HATCHED LARVA; a, the roots, and thus hi- ~ ventral; }, dorsal view.];
bernate. It is an important fact that the gall-inhabit- ing insect occurs only as an agamic and apterous female form. It is but a transient summer state, not at all es- sential to the perpetua- tion of the species, and does, compared with the other, or root-inhabit- ing type, but trifling damage. It flourishes only on the 2&paria, more especially on the Clinton and Taylor; a [MoTHER GALL-LOUSE; ventral few of its galls have
and dorsal views. | been noticed on some other varieties, and abortive attempts are often made
to found them on others. And in some seasons it is even difficult to find a few galls on the very vines on which they were very abundant the year before.
The root-inhabiting type of the Grape Phylloxera hibernates mostly as a young larva, attached to the roots, and so deepened in color as generally to be of a dull brassy brown, and therefore with difticulty per- ceived, as the roots are often of the same color. With the renewal of vine growth in the spring, this larva moults, rapidly increases in size, and soon commences laying eggs. These eggs in due time give birth to young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying mothers like the first, and like them, always remain wingless. Five or six generations of these egg-bearing mothers follow each other, when, about the middle of July, in the latitude of St. Louis, some of the individuals begin to acquire wings and continue to issue from the ground until vine-growth ceases in the fall. Having issued from the ground while in the pupa state, they rise in the air and spread to new vine- yards, where they deliver them- selves of their issue in the form of eggs, and then perish. In the course of a fortnight, these eggs which are probably depos- ited in the crevices on the sur- face of the ground, near the base of the vine, produce the sexual individuals. which are born for no other purpose than [MALE PHYLLoxERA; the reproduction of their kind,
Ventra] View.] and are without means of flight or of taking food. They are quite active and couple readily.
Every piece of root having rootlets, taken from an infected vine during August or September, will present a goodly proportion of pup, and a glass jar filled with such roots and tightly closed, will furnish daily, for some time, a dozen or more winged females, which gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We may gather some idea from this fact of the immense number that disperse through the air to new fields, from a single acre of infected vines ia the course of the late summer
[Typx RADICICOLA; showing the tubercles by which it is distinguished from Ga/licola. ]
and fall months. We have, therefore, the spectacle of an underground insect possessing the power of contin- ued existence, even when confined to its subterranean retreats. It spreads in the wingless state from vine to vine and from vineyard to vineyard, when these are adjacent, either through passages in the ground itself, or over the surface; at the same time it is able in the winged condition, to migrate to much more distant points.
If to the above account we add that occasionally in-
28 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor- mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves of certain varieties of grape-vines, we have in a general way, the natural history of the species.
The annexed figure shows the abnormal swelling of the rootlets, which follows the puncture of the root- louse; they eventually rot and the lice forsake them and betake themselves to fresh ones. As these decompose, the lice congregate on the larger parts beyond, until at last the root system literally wastes away.
During the first year of attack there are scarcely any outward manifestations of disease; only the second and third year—when the fibrous roots have vanished, and the lice not only prevent the formation of new ones, but settle on the larger roots, which also eventually become disorganized and rot—do the outward symp- toms of the disease become manifest, in a sickly, yel- lowish appearance ot the leaf, and a reduced growth of cane; and the vine dies. When the vine is about dy- ing, it is generally impossible to discover the cause of the death, the lice having previously left for fresh pas- turage.
As is frequently the case with injurious insects, the Phylloxera shows a preference for and thrives best on certain species, and even discriminates between varie- ties, or what amounts to the same thing, practically, some species, or varieties, resist its attacks and enjoy a relative immunity from i's injuries. A knowledge of the relative susceptibility of different varieties to the attacks and injuries of the insect, is therefore of para- mount importance. Information on this subject, based
[TYPE RADICICOLA:—a, shows a healthy root; b, one on which the lice are working, representing the knots and swellings caused by their punctures; c, a root that has been deserted by them, and where the rootlets have com- menced to decay; d, d, d. show how the lice are tound on the larger roots; e, female pupa, dorsal view; g, winged female, dorsal view. ]
on the researches of Prof. Riley, in addition to careful observation and experiments, made during the last four years by ourselves and our many correspondents in France and in this country, are contained in this cat- alogue, both in the “ Description of Varieties’’ and in the notes to Dr. Engelmann’s ‘ Classification of Spe- cies.” (Pages 4—12.)
The reasons why certain vines thus enjoy exemption while others so readily succumb, cannot be fully ascer- tained, but ina broad way it may be stated that there is a relation between the susceptibility of the vine and the character of its roots—the slow-growing, more ten- der-wooded and consequently tender-rooted varieties succumbing the most readily.
We see in the general resistibility of our purely na- tive American vines against the Phylloxera, a remark- able verification of that law which Darwin has so ably established and aphoristically expressed, as “‘ THE SUR- VIVAL OF THE FITTEST.”
Professor Riley, in explaining “‘ Why the insect is more injurious in Europe than here,” says: ‘* There exists a certain harmony between the indigenous fauna and flora of a country; and our native vines are such as, from their inherent peculiarities, have best with- stood the attacks of the insect. The European vine, on the contrary, succumbs more readily, not only because of its more tender and delicate nature, but because it has not been accustomed to the disease—there being, doubtless, a parallel between this case and the well- known fact that diseases and parasites which are com- paratively harmless among peoples long accustomed to them, become virulent and often fatal when first intro- duced among hitherto uncontaminated peoples. Then the particular natural enemies of the insect which be- long to its own class, and which in this country help to keep it within due bounds, are lacking in Europe; and it will require some time before the closely allied Euro- pean predaceous species will prey upon and check it there to the same extent.. The Phylloxera will, also, all other things being equal, have an advantage in those countries where the mildness and shortness of the win- ter allow an increase in the annual number of its gen- erations. Finally, the differences in soil and in modes of culture have no insignificant bearing on the question in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both types, is found on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such wild vines in a state of nature are ever killed by it. With their far-reaching arms embracing shrub and tree, their climbing habit unchecked by the pruner’s knife, these vines have a corresponding length and depth of root, which render them less susceptible to injury from an under-ground enemy. Our own method of growing them on trellis approaches more nearly these natural conditions than that employed in the ravaged French districts, where the vines are grown in greater proxim- ity and allowed to trail upon the ground, or are sup- ported to a single stake.”
Again, after speaking of the large numbers of winged females rising from the ground during late summer and fall, he adds the tollowing cogent reason in a recent number of the Wew York Tribune: ‘‘ The winged female Phylloxera is wafted about, and will lay her eggs, or, in other words, deliver herself of her progeny, wher- ever she happens to settle. If this be upon the grape- vine, well and good—the young live and propagate, if
GRAPE MANUAL. 29
upon other plants, they perish. We thus have the spectacle of aspecies annually wasting itself toa greater or less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most species produce a superabundance of seed, the larger portion of which is destined to perish. Thus in the thickly planted vine districts of France, few winged ‘insects would fail to settle where their issue could sur- vive, while in America, an immense number annually perish in the large tracts of other vegetation interven- ing between our vineyards.”’
Under the stimulus of a large reward (800,000 francs) appropriated for the purpose by the French Govern- ment, innumerable plans have been proposed and ex- periments made during the last five years, but no rem- edy has yet been discovered which gives entire satisfac- tion, or is applicable to all conditions of soil. Submer- sion is an eflicacious remedy, but on most and espec- ially on the best hilly vinelands, submersion is imprac- ticable. An admixture of sand in the soil is also of service, as the root-louse does not thrive on sandy soils. Sulpho-carbonate of potassa and coal-tar are now men- tioned as capable of destroying the Phylloxera, and Mr. Marés as President of the Ministerial Commission, in his report on the various (140) modes of treatment tried in 1872 to 1874, states that manures rich in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy sulphates, refuse of salt-works, soot, wood-ashes, ammonia, or fat-lime, have given the best result. Prof. Roessler also believes in fighting tbe insect with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash, which treatment succeeds in porous soils; and to obtain this porosity he made use of dynamite, raising the soil from a great depth without injuring the vines. He then puts some chalk and phosphorus at the foot of the stock and irri- gates. A gas is disengaged by the humidity, which de- stroys great quantities of insects. But the grape grow- ers seem not to believe in these medicinal insecticides, or consider them impractical, too costly, and their ap- plication too laborious. Many prefer in a great measure to resort to planting American vines, mostly with a view to graft thereon their own varieties. In Germany, however, the importation of our vines and cuttings has been prohibited by law, to prevent the introduction of the dreaded insect.
While this may be a wise precaution where the in- sect does not exist, we fear that it comes too late. Its existence for several years in France, in England also, and its having been discovered in Switzerland and in several localities in Germany, all tend to thwart the very object of this prohibition, which is to preserve the German vineyards from infection. Riley and Planchon have established the fact that the insect is indigenous to the N. American continent, east of the Rocky Moun- tains, and there is little doubt but that it was first im- ported into Europe on American vines. Yet it must not be supposed that our American vines are all neces- sarily infested with Phylloxera, or that the insect has been introduced in every iocality where our vines have been planted. On the contrary there are localities where, from the isolated nature of the vineyards, or the nature of the soil, it is difficult to tind the insect, and like many other indigenous species, it is in some years very numerous and injurious; in others scarcely to be seen, ‘There is no positive evidence yet that it can be
imported on cuttings, though such transport is not im-
possible. It should be recollected also that vines im- » ported in late winter or early spring, cannot possibly carry the insect, even if infected, in any other than the egg or larva form; as no winged insects are then in ex- istence, to escape on the way, or upon opening the cases. While, therefore, we recognize the wisdom of prohibiting the importation of American vines into non-infected districts, it would seem unwise to cut off from those districts already infected, the use of Ameri- ean vines, Which withstand the insect’s attacks; and the danger of importing the insect would be avoided if the plants or cuttings upon being unpacked were placed in a bath of strong soapsuds. The greatness of the evil, however, even justifies extreme measures.
THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER. (Erythroneura vitis.)
'
Very generally but erroneously called Thrips. This is one of the most troublesome insects the grape-grower has to deal with. It is a very active little thing, run- ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round quickly to the other side when approached. It jumps with great vigor, and congregates in great crowds upon the under side of the leaf, pumping up the sap, and thus causing numerous brown dead spots, and often killing the leaf entirely. A yine badly infested with these leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly appearance, while the leaves often drop prematurely and the fruit in consequence fails toripen. There are several species attacking the Vine—all belonging to the same genus, however, and only differing incolor. The natural history of this insect is not recorded by entom- ologists, but Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are thrust into the leaf-stems. Tobacco-water and soap- suds are recommended, in the books, to be syringed on the vines as a remedy; but we would recommend passing between the rows with a torch in the evening, smearing the stakes in Spring with soft soap or other Sticky substance, and burning the leaves in the Fall. The hoppers fly to the light of the torch; and as they pass the winter under leaves, loose bark of the stakes, etc., cleanliness in and about the vineyard is of the first importance in checking their ravages. The torch remedy is most effectual when three persons work in company, one between two rows with the torch, and one on the further side of each of the rows to give the trellis a slight shake and disturb the hoppers.
THE GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER. (Desmia maculalis.)
This is a worm of a glass-green color, very active, wriggling, jumping and jerking either way at every touch. It folds rather than rolls the leaf, by fastening two portions together by its silken threads, The chrys- alis is formed within the fold of the leaf. The moth is conspicuously marked with black and white, all the wings being bordered and spotted as in the annexed
30
Ms. |
Ay
sa AA av
\ y
2
; rf GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER.—1, larva; 2, head and thoracic joints enlarged; 3, chrysalis; 4, 5, male and female moths. ]
and can travel through the ground from one place to another; from which facts he draws the important corollary that it will not do to leave oak stumps to rot on ground which is intended for a vineyard—a fact
figures. The male is distinguished from the female by his elbowed antennz, thickened near the middle, while those of the female are simple and thread-like. The moths appear in early Spring, but the worms are not numerous till mid-summer. A good method to destroy the worms is by crushing them suddenly with both hands, within the leaf. The last brood hybernates in the chrysalis state, within the fallen leaves, and much may be done towards checking the ravages of this worm, which during some years are very severe, by raking up and burning the dead leaves in the Fall.
THE GRAPE-VINE FIDIA. (Fidia viticida.)
This beetle, often miscalled the = Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of the Grape-vinein Missouri. It makes its appearance during the month of June, and by the end of July has gen- erally disappeared. When numerous it so riddles the leaves as to reduce them to mere shreds. Luckily this beetle drops to the ground upon the slightest disturbance, and thus enables us to keep it in check, by taking a large basin, with a little water in it and holding it under the insect. At the least jar the buys will fall into the dish. When a quantity have thus been caught, throw them into the fire or pour hot water upon them. Mr. Poeschel, of Hermann, raised a large brood of chickens and had them so well trained that all he had to do was to start them in ‘he vineyard with a boy in front to shake the infested vines, and he himself behind the chicks. They picked up every beetle that fell to the ground; and next season he could scarcely find a single Fidia.
THE GIGANTIC ROOT-BORER. (Prionus laticollis.)
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
a smooth, oval chamber in the earth, wherein it assumes the pupaform. Ifthe roots are larger itremains within them to undergo its changes. The perfect insect is a large, dark brown beetle, which first appears toward the end of June, and is very commonly found during the Sum- mer and Fall months, rushing, offen with a heavy noisy flight, into lighted rooms. Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not only attacks living trees and vines, but that it also breeds in dead oak stumps,
which our experience corroborates. Little can be done in the way of extirpating these underground borers, their presence being only indicated by the death of the vine. Wherever you find vines suddenly dying from any cause unknown, search for this borer, and upon finding one, (in each case we have found but one at each tree or vine) put an end to his existence.
THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE. (Haltica chalybea.)
= \ \ \\ \\\\ iG
A eal ee \ W\ \ \\ cm \% 5
; SSS
[a, larva, natural size; b, do. magnified; c, cocoon; d, beetle enlarged.]
Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very
stout swollen hind thighs, by means of which itis enabled to jump about very energetically, and is consequently very difficult to capture. The color of the beetle varies from steel- blue to metallic-green and purple. The hee- tles hibernate in a torpid state under any shelter, such as loose bark, crevices of stakes
This large borer is often met with in and about the roots of several kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the Pear, and the Grape, to which it is very destructive. It follows the roots, entirely severing them in many instances, so that the vines soon die. When fully grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms
etc., and they are roused to activity quite early in the spring, doing the greatest dam- damage at this early season by boring into and scooping out the unopened buds. As the leaves expand, they feed on these, and soon pair and deposit their small orange eggs in clusters on the underside of the leaf. These eggs soon hatch into dark-colored larve, which may be found of all sizes during the latter part of May
GRAPE MANUAL.
31
and early part of June, generally on the upper side of the leaf, which they riddle, devouring all but the largest ribs. A dusting of dry lime kills the larve, but the beetle has to be caught and killed.
THE GRAPE-BERRY MOTH. (Lobesia botrana.)
{a, moth; b, worm; c, hole made in berry; d, berry, caused by worm. ]
This insect first attracted attention about seven years
rotting
ago. About the first of July the grapes that are at- tacked by the worm begin to show a discolored spot at the point where the worm entered. Upon opening such a grape, the inmate will be found at the end ofa winding channel. It continues to feed on the pulp of the fruit, and upon reaching the seeds, generally eats out their interior. As soon as the grape is touched the worm will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to the ground, by means of its ever ready silken thread, unless care be taken to prevent its so doing. The co- coon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a man- ner essentially characteristic: the worm cuts out aclean oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and rolling the flap over, fastens it to the leaf, and thus forms for itself a cozy little house in which it changes to a chrys- alis. In about ten days after this last change takes place, the chrysalis works itself out of the cocoon and the little moth, represented in the figure (hair lines showing natural size), makes its escape. As a remedy we recommend picking up all fallen berries and con- verting them into vinegar; as upon racking off the juice and water, countless numbers of these worms are found in the sediment. This insect was named Penthnia viti- vorana, by Dr. Packard, in this country, but Prof. Riley informs us that it is probably an importation from Europe, where it is known as Lobesia botrana.
THE ROSE-CHAFER.
(Macrodactylus subspinosus.)
This is the true ‘‘ Rose-bug,’* injurious to many plants, but especially hard on grape- vines during some years. In Prof. Riley’s words: ‘Itis one of those species whose larva develops under ground, and cannot be ® very well dealt with in this stage of its life.
We must contend with it in the beetle form, and there is no other effectual means than by hand- picking, or by shaking into vessels and on to sheets. This work can be greatly facilitated by taking advant- age of the insect’s tastes and preferences. It shows a great predilection for the Clinton, and its close allies, of all other varieties of the Grape-vine, and will gather upon that variety and leave others unmolested, where it has a chance. Those who are troubled with this beetle will no doubt take the hint.’’
THE GRAPE CURCULIO.
(Caliodes tmequalis.)
{a, berry infested; }b, larva; c, beetle; the hair line show- ing natural length.]
The larva of this curculio infects the grapes in June and July, causing a little black hole in the skin, anda discoloration of the berry immediately around it, as seen in the above figure. From the middle to the last of July this larva leaves the berry and buries itself a few inches in the ground, and by the beginning of September the perfect insect issues from the ground and doubtless passes the winter in the beetle state, ready to puncture the grapes again the following May or June. This curculio is small and inconspicu- ous, being of a black color with a grayish tint. Itis represented above, the hair line underneath showing the natural size. This insect is very bad some years, at others scarcely noticed, being doubtless killed by parasites. Itis thus that nature works: “ Eat and be eaten, kill and be killed,’’ is one of her universal laws, and we can never say with surety because a particular insect is numerous one year, therefore it will be so the next.
Allinfested berries should from time to time, as they are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the beetle may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum Cur- culio.
There are several CUT WORMS, which eat the young, tender shoots of the vine, and draw them into the ground below; they have destroyed, or kept back at least, many a young vine. The little rascals can be easily found and destroyed by digging for them under the loose clods of ground beneath the young vine.
There are many other insects injurious to the Grape- vine—large solitary worms—insects which lay eggs in the canes—others which make curious galls, etc.; but the reader who desires an acquaintance with these, must refer to Prof. Riley’s reports.
Besides the insect, you will have yet other enemies to combat; foxes and birds, and, worst of all, some two-legged beings in human shape—thieves—who will steal your grapes if you do not watch and threaten to keep them off with powder and shot. We do.
GATHERING THE FRUIT.
Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick the grape before it is fully ripe. Every grape will color before ripe; some do so several weeks before, but when thoroughly ripe the stem turns brown and sbrivels somewhat. In the finest qualities, the sweetness and aroma of the grape juice are fully developed only in the perfectly matured grape; and we consider the date ripen- ing varieties as far superior, especially for wine, to the early kinds; but, of course, only in such localities where
32 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
late grapes will mature. This noble fruit does not ripen, like some other fruit, after being gathered. Always gather the grapes in fair weather, and wait till the dew has dried off before commencing in the morning. Cut off the clusters with a knife or shears, and clip out the unripe or diseased berries, if any, taking care however, that the bloom shall not be rubbed off, nor any of the berries broken, if they are to be sent to market, or to be kept into winter.
For packing grapes for market, shallow boxes, hold- ing from three to ten pounds, and especially manufac- tured for the purpose in all the principal grape regions, costing about one cent per pound, are used. In packing, the top is first nailed on and a sheet of thin white paper put in; whole bunches of grapes are first putin; the vacant places left are filled with parts of bunches, so that all the space is occupied and the whole box packed, as closely and as full as possible, without jamming. Another sheet of paper is now laid on and the bottom nailed down. By this means, when the boxes are opened, only entire bunches are found at the top.
Grapes could be easily preserved for months if you had a cool room or cellar, where the temperature could be kept between 35° anc 40°. In a warm, damp atmos- phere, grapes will soon rot. Mr. Fuller recommends, for preserving grapes, to bring them first into a cool room, spread them out and let them remain there for a few days, until all surplus moisture has passed off; then pack, them away in boxes, placing the bunches close together, and thick sheets of paper between each layer. When the boxes are filled put them away in a cool plage; examine them occasionally and take out the de- cayed berries, from time to time, as they appear. If the place is cool and the fruit r7pe and sound, they will keep three to four months. Another method by which grapes are sometimes successfully preserved till late in March, especially in France, is this: cut a branch hay- ing two bunches of fruit attached and place the lower end in a small bottle of water, through a perforated cork; seal the upper cut,end of the branch and also the cork with sealing wax. A little charcoal in the water preserves its purity. The bottles are then placed ina dry cool room, where the temperature is pretty even aud never falls below freezing point, and are kept in an erect position (usually by a rack made tor the purpose) care being taken that the clusters do not touch each other and that every imperfect grape be removed as fast as it shows signs of failing. But very few persons however, can bestow this care and still less have a fruit room or cellar, that can be kept so cool (40°).
Lately we have seen and tasted Concord grapes, kept fresh and beautiful, in a porous, unglazed earthen jar, manufactured for this purpose by T. J. Price, Macomb, Ills., who says: ‘‘ The clusters are to be laid carefully in them as soon as picked, and then taken to the cellar or basement, or some cool place where they can have both ventilation and moisture; if they are put in a room above ground, sprinkle the floor occasionally, and let them have the night air until cold freezing weather. The pores of these jars are filled with a salt solution, as they come from the kiln, then the inside coated with a common thick limewash. The salt solution in the
pores is intended to absorb the moisture and thus to produce a cool and even temperature inside the jar, and
the lime is to prevent mould. These jars can be used again from year to year, only they should be first soaked in strong brine and then whitewashed inside, before they are filled again with grapes.’’ If grapes will keep so easily, and in as fine condition as we have seen them last January (1875), these jars are really a valuable novelty. [We have none of these jars for sale, nor do we know where they can be obtained, except, perhaps, from the manufacturer. ]
The best mode of preserving the delicious juice of the grape. with its delightfully nutritious constituents, in a concentrated and almost imperishable form, is by
WINE MAKING. “* Wine is like rain—talling on dirty ground, it augments dirt; —on good soil, it becomes a blessing.”—Mirza Shaf'y.
We have been urged to embody in this Manual a chapter upon this subject, and we intended to do so, but the very attempt to write it only proved to us most conclusively, that it is zmpossible to furnish, within the limited scope of this Catalogue, anything that would be valuable, either as a guide to the inexperi- enced, or as a vade mecum to the wine-maker.
The intelligent farmer and amateur grape grower who desires to transform his surplus fruit into that in- nocent, health-giving beverage, ‘‘ Wine,’’ we refer to Remelin’s Wine Makers Manual, and Husmann’s Grapes and Wine. The professional, experienced vintner will not look to this little Manual for information, and those grape growers who desire to make wine on a large scale, without possessing themselves sufficient knowl- edge for doing it—we can only advise to engage some experienced man who knows how to treat wines; and there are already plenty of them in this country. It need not be a Professor of Chemistry, who may only adulterate the wines by his scientific manipulations; on the contrary, we would prefer a plain ‘* wine cooper,”’ one who is used to attend to wines himself from his youth, to watch them with the care and cheerfulness of a mother to her infant, and who will not permit your wines to leave his nursing hands before they are and will keep clear and perfect, racking off and filling up whenever required, and keeping not merely your casks and bottles, but every part and corner of your cellars most admirably clean.
If you should say that you cannot afford to keep such aman, then, we say, you cannot afford to build cellars either; and ‘you would do best to associate for the pur- pose with one or more of your neighbor grape growers. But if you ave your own cellars and plenty of grapes, you can certainly afford to pay such a man, and to pay him well, at least until you or your sons have learned from him.
Then only shall we be able to produce the best, to es- tablish a reputation for American wines equal to those of Europe, and to compete with them; then only shall we be able to provide for ourselves and for the people of this continent, that healthy and delicious beverage, known for all times to be the promoter of civilization; excessive whisky drinking will gradually vanish; our national temperament will be more joyous and happy, and grape growing permanently profitable.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
NOTE TO THE READER.—The following descriptions of our American varieties are probably the most complete that have so far appeared; but all description by words must necessarily be inadequate, and even figures are but insufficient aids. Itis only by familiarizing oneself with the characteristics of the species to which each variety respectively belongs, that these descriptions become thoroughly intelligible; we have, therefore, coupled with each variety the species to which it seems most closely allied, or from which it originated. First is given the standard name in Full-face type; then the synonyms in SMALL CAPITALS, then the species in Italics, abbreviating them thus: ( Cord.) for Cordifolia or rather Riparia; (Labr.) for Labrusca, and (4st) for Mstivalis. (see pages 6 to 10). 2 The descriptions of varieties which are discarded, and not propagated by us, also of new varieties which
are not yet disseminated, are printed in smaller type. The descriptions of the more important varieties, ' printed in larger type, contain notes on their roots and woodgrowth, given for the first time, and based on our observations only. _ Under different conditions of soil, climate, and other circumstances, they might vary somewhat. In speaking of the canes and woodgrowth we refer to the natural habit of canes of thrifty, healthy
vines, permitted to grow in a natural way, unrestrained by pinching or training to a given system. Where the weight of must is recorded, it is to show the sugar in degrees on Oechsle’s scale, and the acid in
mills by Twitchell’s acidometer.
Adirondac. (Zabr.) Originated at Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; (first noticed 1852.) Probably a seedling of the Isabella, being much like it in growth and foliage. Ripens very ear- ly—about the same time as the Hartford Prolific. Bunch large, compact, not shouldered; berry large, oblong, black, covered with a delicate bloom, transparent, with a tender pulp; thin skin; juicy and vinous; quality best, ‘“‘ when you can get it.’”’—‘‘Unreliable.”—‘‘The nearest approach to a foreign grape.”—Husmann.
Reports not generally satisfactory. A slow, tender grower. Young vines have mildewed, and older ones need protection. Blooms early, and fruit destroyed by late frosts. Roots very weak and tender. Wine, agreeable flavor, low in sugar and acid.
Advance. One of Mr. Rickett’s* new seedlings, a cross between Clinton and Black Hamburg. ‘‘A su- perior grape, and, as a whole, perhaps in advance of all his others. The berry is black, with a slight blue bloom, roundish oval; bunch large, long and shouldered; flesh too good to describe, except pomologically, and then I think it would read ‘best.’’’—F. R. Elliot, N.Y.
Bunch large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any pulp; sweet and very sprightly—decidedly the best early grape we have yet met with. Vine healthy, vig- orous and productive, but the fruit rotted badly this season. Fully ripe at this time, July 30, 1874.—Sam. Miller, Bluffton, Mo.
Alexander. Syns: CAPE, BLACK CAPE, SCHUYL- KILL MUSCADEL, CONSTANTIA, SPRINGMILL CON- STANTIA, CLIFTON’S CONSTANTIA, TASKER’S GRAPE,
*See Ricketi’s Seedling Grapes.
VEVAY, WINNE, ROTHROCK of Prince, YoRK LIs- BON. (Zabr.) This grape was first discovered by Mr. Alexander, gardener to Gov. Penn, on the banks of the Schuylkill, oear Philadelphia, before the war of the revolution. It is not unfrequently found, as a seedling from the wild Fox Grape, on the borders of our woods. American grape culture proper began with the planting of this variety, at the beginning of our century, by a Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland county, Indi- ana, on the Ohio River, forty-five miles below Cincin- nati. It was for some time supposed to be the famous grape of the Constancia colony, on the Cape of Good Hope. Whether John James Dufour, the respected leader of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or whether he deemed it necessary to leave them in this error—while he had the sagacity to discover that their former failures (in Jessamine County, Ky., 1790— 1801) were caused by planting foredgn grape vines, and intentionally substituted a native variety—we do not know; certain it is that this was the first successful at- tempt to establish vineyards in our country. <A very good wine, resembling claret, was made from the Cape, and it was the favorite of former days, until it was dis- placed by the Catawba. (The White Cape is similar to above, ditfering only in its color, which is greenish white.) Downing describes it as follows: ‘* Bunches rather compact, not shouldered; berries of medium size, oval; skin thick, quite black; flesh with avery firm pulp, but juicy; makes a very fair wine, but is quite too pulpy and coarse for table use, though quite sweet and musky when fully ripe, which is not till the last of October. Leaves much more downy than those of the Isabella.”” W AR. Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine, N. Y., 1830) enumerates eighty-eight varieties of Amer- ican grapes, but ‘‘for profit can only recommend the Catawba and the Cape; one tenth of the latter variety would be enough. Of the two recommended above, the Catawba is much the most productive, but the Cape 7 less subject to rot. Both make good wines.’’
34 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
HHI) \ % a \ \ \ \\
AGAWAM. (Rogers’ Hybrid No. 15.)
Agawam. (Rogers’ Hybrid No. 15.) Raised by E.S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and considered by him as his best variety, before the introduc- tion of the Salem. It is a dark red or maroon grape, of the Hamburg cross; bunches large, compact, often shouldered; berries very large, roundish; skin thick; pulp soft; sweet, spright- »y, of peculiarly aromatic flavor, and a little of the native aroma; productive, and of great vigor of growth; roots stout, fleshy and moderately
fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber. Canes very stout, moderately long, with comparatively few but strong laterals. Wood of average hardness, and medium sized pith. Buds large and prom- inent. Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports generally satisfactory; succeeds well. In some localities it has been subject to mildew and rot, aud Mr. Husmann says: Its strong flavor is to me far from agreeable. The character of the cluster and leaf is shown in above figure.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 35
Adelaide. One of Jas. H. Rickett’s new grapes; a hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. It is described as of medium size; berry of oval shape, black, with light blue bloom; of a sweet but sprightly flavor; purplish red flesh.
Aletha. A seedling of Catawba, originated at Ot- tawa, Ill.; said to ripen ten daysin advance of Hartford Prolific. Described in Prairie Farmer: ‘‘ Bunches me- dium size, stem long; berries hanging rather loosely; skin thick, color dark purple; juice nearly black, stain- ing the hands and mouth. Flesh quite pulpy, with a decided foxy aroma; in foxiness and astringency itis much the same as a well ripened Isabella.”” Said to promise well as a wine grape for northern localities. Not yet disseminated, which is not to be regretted, judging from the above description. >
Albino. Syn: GARBER’S ALBINO. (Zabr.) Raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa., (supposed to be a seedling of Isabella.) Bunch small; berry nearly round, slightly oval; yellowish or amber color. Flesh acid ; tough; too late for the north.— Chas. Downing.
Allen’s Hybrid. Raised by J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass.; a cross between the Golden Chas- selas and the Jsabella; the first of American hy- brid grapes. Ripens early, about with the Con- cord. Bunches large and long, moderately compact; berries full medium to large; skin thin, semi-transparent; color nearly white, tinged with amber; flesh tender and delicate, without pulp, juicy and delicious; has a mild, muscat flavor; quality best. The leaves have a peculiar crumpled appearance, and partly for- eign character. It is apt to mildew and rot, and can not be recommended for general cul- ture, though it is worthy a place in amateur collections.
Alwey. Syn: Hagar. Introduced by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Generally classed with #st., but its characteristics point to a dif- ferent species. Its erect growth, soft and short jointed wood, rooting very easily from cuttings ; its roots feeble, and incapable of resisting the Phylloxera; the exquisite quality, pure vinous flavor—all point to the Vinifera, and force us to the conclusion that Alvey originated from an intermixture of Vinifera and Astivalis, crossed by natural hybridization. Bunches medium, loose, shouldered; berries small, round, black; sweet, juicy and vinous, without pulp; a slow grower, making a stout short-jointed wood; moderately productive; roots medium thick, more inclined to the wiry character of the Aist- ivalis class, with a medium smooth liber. Canes remarkably straight and upright, gradually tapering, and not inclined to ramble like most American varieties. Laterals few and feeble; wood rather soft, and with a large pith. These characteristics, together with its thin skin and
total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a foreign character. Excellent in quality, and makes one of the best red wines, but is apt to drop its leaves on southern slopes; seems to prefer the deep rich, sandy loam of our northeastern or even northern slopes. Must 85°—91°. Amanda. (Labr.) Description in our former edi- tion, copied from Catalogue of Bluffton Wine Co., (and Hort. Annual, 1868) totally differs from the fruit which we obtained from plants of same source. We asked friend Sam. Miller, at Bluffton, and he says: ‘‘Itisa large black, thick-skinned, hard-pulped grape, a showy, but vile Fox.’? ‘This corresponds with our expe-
rience, and we discard it. It may be the same as ‘* Au- gust Pioneer.’’
Aminia. (Supposed Rogers’ No. 39.) In Fall of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers’ un- named hybrids, which we had not yet tested, and aware of the confusion existing as to their numbers, we obtained a few of each No. from different sources at the same time. Of those which we planted as No. 39 three survived, but not two of them were alike. One of them proved especially valuable. To ascertain if this were the true No. 39 we addressed Mr. E. 8. Rogers, to let us have a plant or a graft of the original stock of his No. 39, but were in- formed that the original stock was lost!
One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable, that we determined to propagate it, and planted fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed the other two. From the commendation given to No. 39 at the quarter-centennial session of the Am. Pomol. Society, by its president, the Hon. M. P. Wilder, we have the more reason to suppose that ours is the true No. 39; but to avoid con- fusion with others which may be sent out by other propagators, under this number, and which may or may not be the same, we gave ours the name Aminia. Sunches medium, slightly shouldered, moderately compact, more even, and better on an average than Rogers’ grapes generally make; Jerries full medium to large, dark purple, nearly black, with a fine bloom. Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of our earliest good grapes. Vine moderately vig- orous, quite hardy, productive. Deserves to be extensively cultivated as a table grape.
Anna. Seedling of Catawba, raised by Eli Has- brouck, Newburg, N. Y., in 1852. G. W. Campbell, of Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very hardy and healthy and of a moderate growth. Bunches rather loose, of medium size; berries medium; color light amber, with small dark specks, covered with thin, white bloom. Rather pulpy. Ripens with the Catawba.—Not worth planting here; unhealthy and feeble.
36 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
AUTUCHON. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 5.) A Seedling of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chas-
Autuchon.
selas. Leaves dark green, very deep lobed and sharp pointed serratures; the unripe wood is very dark purple, nearly black. Bunches very long, not heavily shouldered, rather loose; ber-
ries medium size, round, white (green), with a
moderately firm, but readily melting flesh, and an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resembling the White Chasselas. Skin thin, without astrin- gency. Ripens with the Delaware. Mr. Sam. Miller, the originator of the Martha, bestowed the following high encomium upon the new grape in 1869:
‘‘T have always considered Martha the best white native grape, but since seeing and tasting the Autuchon, I haul down my colors. Jfit will ripen like this in Canada, and if it improves by coming here like Rogers’ and other Northern
grapes, thenit seems to me, we have all that can be desired. It alone is a treasure.”
It is well that friend Miller qualified his en- comium by ‘“‘ifs,” for the Autuchon did not come up to those expectations; it proved tender and unreliable, in the West at least; its fruit subject to rot and mildew, and notwithstanding its fine qualities, it will remain but an amateur variety and cannot be recommended for profit- able culture in vineyards.
We append an illustration which gives a truthful view of the bunch as grown with us, for we have never seen any so large as repre- sented by the cut used in our former edition, and which was obtained from the originator.
Arnold’s Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.) Cornucopia (No. 2.) Autuchon (No. 5.) Brant (No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.)
Arrot.—(or Arcott?) (Zabr.) Philadelphia; bunch and berries medium, white; resembling the Cassady in appearance, but not as good. ‘‘Sweet and good, with a thick skin, good grower, and productive.’’—Hus- Mann.
Aughwick. (Cord.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fra- ker, Shirleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to Clinton ; bervies larger than Clinton, black, juice very dark, of spicy flavor: said to make a very dark red wine, of superior quality, and to be entirely free from rot or mildew; very hardy and healthy. We found it not as good as Clinton, and less productive. Should be discarded.
August Pioneer. (Zabr.) Origin unknown; one of the coarsest of native sorts; large, black, with a firm, hard, pulpy flesh; fit only for stewing. Middle of Au- gust.— Downing.
Baldwin Lenoir. (st.) Originated at West Chester, Pa.; said to be a seedling of the Lenoir; bunch small, rather loose; berries small, quite dark, almost black; flesh somewhat rough, acid, brisk. Reported the richest in grape sugar of 26 varieties tested by the chemist of the Agr. Department at Washington. In foliage and habit of growth, it is much like Lincoln.
Barnes’. (Zabr.) Originated with Parker Barnes, Boston, Mass. Bunches shouldered; berries medium, oval, black, sweet and good; nearly as early as Hart- ford.— Strong. We have not seen the grape.
*Mr. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Canada, has been very successful in his experiments in hybridizing the native Clinton with the pollen of foreign varieties His seedlings seem to be of decided promise. The Committee of the Paris Horticultural Society say in their report: ‘ We find the most prominent characterisiics of them as a class are: first, per- tect hardiness and vigorous growth; second, early ripening both ot the fruit and wood, and as yet remarkable freedom from diseas: , with large, handsome foliage of a very distinct character and not wooly; bunches large on the average 5 the berrzes larger than medium; skin thin, and in all the num-~- bers we tested, free from pulp, and with a full, pleasant, sprightly flavor; our judgment being based not on a cursory examination, but from having known them for the last two seasons,
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 37
| Barry. (Rogers’ No.43.) One of the most attractive of his Hybrids. Buwnch large, rather broad and compact; Jerry medium, roundish; color black; flesh tender, of a sweet, pleasant flavor; skin thin, somewhat astringent. Vine as vigorous, healthy and hardy as any one of Rogers’ Hybrids. Very productive and early, earlier than the Concord.
Baxter. (#st.) Bunch large, and long; berry below medium, black; very late in ripening, hardy and pro- ductive; not fit for table, but may be valuable for wine. —Bluffton Wine Co.
Belvidere. (Zabr.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of Belvidere, Ills., will probably be a valuable market va- riety, on account of extreme earliness, large size and fine appearance. It is an improvement in bunch and berry upon Hartford Prolific, but in quality isnot much, if any better; like Hartford, it shows a tendency to fall from the bunch, especially if little over-ripe. Being in appearance much like Hartford Prolitic, only said to ripen a little earlier, a description is unnecessary. It is said to be of very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy and healthy, and very productive; but so is the Hart- ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough in one Variety ot such poor quality.
Berks, or Lehigh. (Zabr.) Sunch large, shoul- dered, compact; berry large, round, red, little pulp, good quality; vine vigorous grower, similar to Catawba, of which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improvement in size and quality; but also more subject to disease.
Bird’s Egg. Probably a seedling of Catawba, somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed; berry oval, whitish, with brown specks; flesh pulpy; only good, curiosity.— Downing.
Black Defiance. (Underhill’s 8-8) A splen- did, late table grape, about the best black table grape we have, with us more desirable than Senasqua. If we are rightly informed, itis a cross between Black St. Peters and Concord. Bunch and berries large, above Concord in size; black, with a fine bloom; three weeks later than Concord, and much better in quality.
Black Eagle. (Underhill’s 8-12.) A Hy- brid of Labr. and Vinifera. A new, early table grape, of best quality, not much earlier than Concord, but far superior to that variety in qual- ity. The leaf is one of the most beautiful we _ know of, very firm, dark green, deeply lobed, of the shape of the foreign.
The vine is of very erect and vigorous growth, hardy and healthy, so far free from mil- dew and rot; roots straight and smooth, almost tough, with a medium fiber; canes remarkably straight and upright, with numerous, but small laterals; wood firm with medium pith; bunch large, moderately compact; berries large, oval, black, with blue bloom; flesh rich and melting,
with little pulp. With Mr. Underhill the fruit set imperfectly, but it did not show that fault here, and must have been due to unfavorable weather during its floresence at Croton Point. We consider it one of the most promising va- rieties. We give on the following page a full size figure of its bunch and leaf, originally made for Downing.
Black Hawk. A seedling from the Con- cord, raised by Samuel Miller. ‘ Bunch large, rather loose; berry large, black, round, juicy, sweet; pulp very tender; ripens full as early as the Concord, is superior in quality, and seems to be healthy and hardy.”—George Husmann. We find it a week earlier than Concord. It has the remarkable peculiarity that its leaf is so dark a green as to appear almost black.
Bland, (Labr. ?) Syn. BLAND’S VIRGINIA, BLAND’S MADEIRA, BLAND’s PALE RED, POWELL. It is said to have been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, by Col. Bland, of that State, who presented scions to Mr. Bartram, the botanist, by whom it was first cultivated. Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small, imperfect berries ; berries round, on long stalks, hanging rather thinly ; skin thin, at first pale green, but pale red when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant, sprightly delicate flavor, and with little or no musk scent, but a slight astringency; ripens late; foliage lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother and more delicate. This vine is quite difticult of pro- pagation by cuttings. ‘Che above description of this old variety, is from Downing’s ‘‘ Fruits of America.” The Bland did not succeed or ripen well in the North, and has been lost and abandoned South, but we still recog- nize in it the type of some of our present varieties.
Black King. (Zabr.) A hardy and vigorous early grape, of medium size; sweet but foxy.—Strong.
Blood’s Black. (Labr.) Bunch medium, compact; berry medium, round, black, some- what harsh and foxy, but sweet. Very early and productive, and therefore valuable for early marketing. (Resembling Mary Ann, and has often been confounded with it.
Blue Dyer. (Cord.) Bunch medium; ber- ries small, black, very dark juice, promises well for wine.—Husmann.
Blue Favorite. A Southern grape. Vine vigor- ous, productive; bunch above medium; derrtes medium, round, blue-black, sweet, vinous; much coloring mat- ter; ripe South in September; (does not ripen well North,) said to be esteemed for wine making.— Downing.
Blue Imperial. (Zabr.) Origin uncertain. Vine vigorous, free from mildew. not productive. Bunches medium, short; berry large, round, black; flesh with a hard acid centre or pulp; ripens with Hartford. Infe- rior.— Downing.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
38
SF
Yy
ce - 4 “ad A 4 % : 1 YW led, Y - a ? YS A Y y io 7 : Ye fib Y BS g y j Meg y ae Y , ‘ Y Wri; E a: g ett fy Me Y 7. teed Weed Gem age Garay. aa we ees 3 IY Be Beare i “a 1 - Sit HUE Y - ey WU pe) - z ‘ L ae Zk “iy z 5 & Ye. pet i =.
/) y;
_~
iy Vf, y y
J | LZZ S
Z I’
(Underhill’s 8-12.)
BLACK EAGLE.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 39
Brant. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 8.) Seedling of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. The young leaves and shoots dark blood red; leaves very deeply lobed, smooth on both sides. Bunch and berry resembling the Clinton in appearance, but greatly superior in flavor when perfectly ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, all juice, sweet and vinous; seeds small and few (1-3): perfectly hardy; vine strong, healthy grower. A very early and desir- able grape; in fact the earliest of all, with us, and it would be the most profitable if the birds would not destroy the bunches as soon as they ripen. For localities where grapes ripen later than with us, and where birds are less destructive, it is worthy of the attention of grape growers.
Brighton. (Zabr.) Anexcellent new grape, raised by H. E. Hooker, of Rochester, N. Y. Bunch large and beautifully formed, compact, shouldered; berries above medium to large, round, of a Catawba color; quality and flavor very su- perior. Should the vine prove hardy, healthy and productive, it will be a valuable addition to our list of grapes. We have been favored with it by the originator for testing here, but are not allowed to disseminate the same for the present.
Bucroughs’. (Cord.) From Vermont. Vine allied to the Clinton. Bunch small; berry round, black, thick bloom; flesh harsh, acid, austere.— Downing.
Burton’s Early. (Zabr.) A large, early, poor Fox grape. Unworthy culture.— Downing.
Bottsi. (/st.) The local name for a very remarkable grape, grown in the yard of a gen- tleman of that name, in Natchez, Miss. It is said to throw all other grapes ever grown there (including the Jacquez), completely in the background, and is claimed to be the true Herbe- mont brought some fifty years ago from 8. C. It differs from our Herbemont in color, being of a light pink in the shade, a dark pink in the fullsun. It may, perhaps, be the same grape of which mention is made under ‘‘Pauline.’”’ The impartial, trustworthy testi- mony of Mr. H. Y. Child, an amateur horticulturalist, as to its excellent quality and rapid growth, enormous fruitfulness and freedom from rot, made us procure and plant some wood of this variety, and, if it succeeds with us, we shall consider it as a valuable addition to that long neglected but most important class of Ameri- can vines, and shall disseminate it among southern grape-growers.
Cambridge. (Zabdr.) A new grape, origi- nated in the garden of Mr. Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Mass, and now introduced by Mess. Hovey & Co., of Boston, as ‘‘of the highest merit.’ They describe it as follows: “‘It isa black grape, somewhat resembling Concord, but with more oval berries. Bunches large and
BRANT.
shouldered ; berries large, with a very thin skin, covered with a delicate bloom, and adhering firmly to the bunch; flesh rich, brisk and re- freshing; without pulp, and more nearly ap proaching the Adirondac in quality than any other native grape. Period of ripening a few days before the Concord. The vine has the lux uriance of growth and handsome foliage of the Concord, while it is quite as hardy, if not hardier than that grape. It is entirely free from mildew. The Cambridge which we now de- scribe (say Messrs. Hovey & Co.), we can quite as fully endorse as we did the Concord, just twenty years ago, (1854) and we do not doubt it will attain an equal, if not a higher rank than that variety.”
Camden. (Labr.) Bunch medium; berry large, greenish white; flesh with a hard centre; acid; poor.
. BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
CANADA.
Canada. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 16.) Raised from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3) in appearance, but has a larger berry and also ripens later. It is justly praised for its rich aromatic flavor and delightful bou- quet by all who taste it. Bunch and berry above medium; color black, with a fine bloom; skin thin, free from all harshness and the acid- ity common to other native grapes. A moderate grower, with peculiar foliage; hardy, and ma- tures its wood well. Will prove valuable for
wine. Canby’s August. See York Maderia. Catawba. Syn. Rep Muncy, CAaTaAwBa
Toxay, SinGLeTon. (Labdr.) This old and well- known variety is a native of North Carolina, and hasits name from the Catawba river where
it was found, and introduced to notice fifty years ago, by Major John Adlum, of George- town, D.C. It has been for many years the standard wine grape of the country, and thou- sands of acres have been planted with it; but owing to its uncertainty, on account of the rot, mildew and blight, and its too late ripening in the Eastern and Northern States, (in Oct.) it is now in many sections being discarded and other more reliable kinds are planted instead. In lo- calities where it will fully mature, and where it seems less subject to disease, there are very few better varieties.
We are now convinced that the Phylloxera is the main cause of its diseases. Wherever ex- amined the rootlets of the Catawba were found either covered with lice, producing those now well-known nodosities, or already dead. Its roots are evidently not capable of resisting Phylloxera, and yet, unlike European varieties, they make new roots, and in favorable seasons resume their former vigor for one summer, un- til they are sapped again at the foundation.
In Missouri it did better in 1868 and 1874 than since 1857, owing probably to the character of the seasons, and comparative immunity from Phylloxera. Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered ; berries above medium, round, deep red, covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately thick; flesh slightly palpy, sweet, juicy, with a rich, vinous and somewhat musky flavor. Vine a vigorous grower; in favorable seasons and lo- calities very productive. Clay shale soil, also gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted. Roots light in comparison to the naturally strong growth of the vine, when in a perfectly healthy
‘state, with a texture below average hardness;
thick liber, and not inclined to push young fi- bers as rapidly as other varieties; canes straight and long, with few laterals; wood of average hardness, with a pith a little more than the av- erage size. Must ranged from 86° to 91° by (Echsle’s scale; by Twitchell’s scale, 2.02 lbs. sugar per gallon of must; acid 12 to 13; at Ham- mondport, at an examination conducted under the auspices of several prominent pomologists, Oct. 12, 1870, only 7.29 per mill.
The Catawba has quite a number of SEED- Lines; of Jona and Diana, its two best, and of Aletha, Anna, Hine, Mottled, &c., we give de- scriptions in their alphabetic order; but some are actually the same as Catawba, and only pretended seedlings, to sell under a new name; others are so nearly identical as not to require description. To this class belong:
Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba,
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 41
* Kellers’ White,
Meads’ Seedling,
Merceron,
Mammoth Catawba of Hermann, very large in bunch and berry, but otherwise inferior to the parent,
Omega, exhibited in 1867 at Indiana State Fair not heard of since,
Saratoga, the same as Fancher,
Tekoma, a Missouri seedling of Catawba, said to be more healthy,
White Catawba, raised by Mr. John E. Mottier and abandoned by himself as inferior to its parent.
Cassady. (Labr.) Originated in the yard of H.P. Cassady, Philadelphia, as a chance seed- ling. Bunch medium, very compact, sometimes shouldered; berry medium, round, pale green, covered with white bloom; when very ripe its color changes to light yellow; skin thick and leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar honeyed sweetness which no other grape possesses in the same degree. Ripens with the Catawba. Vine a moderate grower, a true Labrusca in habit and foliage; immensely productive—so inuch so that nearly every fruit bud will push several branches, with from three to five bunches each. But after thus over-bearing it becomes exhausted for several seasons, the leaves drop prematurely and the fruit will not ripen. Its root, like that of the Catawba, is feeble and not sufficiently re- sistive to Phylloxera.
This grape will flourish best on a north-east- ern or northern exposure, and wherever the Catawba succeeds, we can safely recommend a trial with the Cassady. Perhaps, also, for sandy river bottoms.
Specific gravity of must, 80° to 96°. Wine of a beautiful golden color, of a good body and de- lightful aroma. The ‘‘Arrott” resembles this grape very much, but is not as good.
Catawissa, See Creveling.
Challenge. Supposed cross between Con- cord and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev. Asher Moore, N. J. Very early; short, com- pact bunches, shouldered; large, round berries, pale red, with flesh slightly pulpy; very sweet and juicy. Extra hardy wood and leaf; prolific and promising: said to be an excellent dessert wine and raisin grape.
Champion, or Early Champion. A new, extra early grape, and according to Dr. Swasey’s testimony, (Am. Pom. Soc. 1873, page 66,) one of the best in culti- vation. It originated in New Orleans, and has been sent out for the first time in 1873 (by Mr. A. W. Round- tree). Bunch medium; berry also, black, with a hand-
some bloom, slightly oval in shape; thin skinned; soft and melting pulp; sweet and pleasant taste, somewhat between lves and Concord; seeds small, 2 to 4 usually, in a berry. Ripens ten to fifteen days earlier than , Hartford Prolific, and shows admirable shipping quali- ties. Vine a most vigorous grower; foliage heavy and healthy, resembling Ives. We shall try to obtain this new, extraordinary grape, for testing as to its adapta- bility to our latitude &c., and for others.
The Zolman’s seedling is said to have alse been sent out by some dealers under the name of Champion, as a new and valuable variety, but if so, such abuse cannot establish a name. ;
Charlotte. Identical with Diana.
Charter Oak. (Zabr.) A very large, coarse, na- tive Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which makes its appearance as attractive as its musky flavor is repulsive.
Claret, (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Bunch and berry medium; claret red; acid; vine vigorous; not valuable.— Downing.
Clara. Supposed to be from foreign seed. A white (or pale amber) grape, very fine for the ta- ble; somewhat like Allen’s Hybrid. Bunch long, loose; berry medium round, yellowish green, transparent, without pulp, sweet and deli- cious; but very un- certain. Rather ten- der, and requires protection in the winter. Not worthy of general cultiva- tion, and since we have so many supe- rior varieties scarcely entitled to a place in amateur collections. Nevertheless we hear it praised in France as one of the Ameri- can varieties doing remarkably well there, being vigorous and productive, ap-
2 parently insect-proof CLARA. in the midst of badly infected vines. (Inthe vineyard of M. Borty, at Roque- mare.) We are inclined to believe the name is incor- rect. The above figure of the Clara grape is reduced to one-fourth of natural size, (one-half diameter).
Clover Street Black. A Hybrid raised by Jacob Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Hamburg, Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries large, roundish, black, with a dark violet bloom; flesh tender, sweet; vine moderately vigorous; ripens with Concord. —Hovey’s Mag.
42
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Clover Street Red. Same origin as the preced- ing. Bunches larger than the Diana, loose, occasionally with a similar long stalk or shoulder appended to the top; berrzes large, roundish oval, crimson when fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor; vine a strong grower; ripens with Diana.— Hovey’s Mag.
Clinton. Syn. WorrTHincton. (Cord.) Strong says that in the year 1821, Hon. Hugh White, then in Hamilton College, N. Y., planted a seedling vine in the grounds of Prof. Noyes, on College Hill, which is still remaining, and is the original Clinton. Bunches medium or small, compact, not shouldered; Jerry round, below medium size, black, with a blue bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh juicy, with little pulp, brisk and vinous; somewhat acid; sweeter the further south it grows; colors early, but should hang late (until after the first frost) to become thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy and produc- tive; healthy, but an exceedingly rank, strag- gling grower, and one of the hardest vines to keep under control; it requires a good deal of room and spur pruning on old wood to bring forth its best results. Being one of the first to bloom in spring, it suffers sometimes from late frosts.
“The best poor land grape that is known.” —Cannon, of North Carolina.
The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons quite infested by the gall-louse, (the Gallecola form of the Phylloxera) but its root enjoys a re- markable immunity from the puncture of this dreaded insect. The root-lice are found thereon but usually in small numbers, and the vine does not in the least suffer therefrom, while European vines by their side are quite destroyed.
Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, with a hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers, or spongioles, and though much infested by the Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes rather slender, but long and rambling, with a full complement of laterals and strong tendrils. Wood rather soft and with a large pith.
Makes a fair, dark red wine, of somewhat dis- agreeable taste, resembling claret, which im- proves with age; must, 93° to 98° and sometimes exceeding 100°.
Columbia. This grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adlum on his farm at Georgetown, D.C. A vigorous grower, productive; bunch small, compact; berry small, black, with a thin bloom, with very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but pleasant and vinous; ripe last of September.—Downing.
Concord. (ZLabr.) Popularly known as “‘the grape for the million;” originated with E. W. Bull, Concord, Massachusetts. Bunch
large, shouldered, rather compact; berries large, clobular, black, thickly covered with a beauti- ful blue bloom; skin thin, cracks easy; flesh sweet, pulpy, tender; colors about two weeks before the Catawba, but should be allowed to hang late, to develop all its excellence. Roots numerous, stout, above average hardness in texture, with medium liber, readily pushing new fibers under the attacks of Phylloxera. One of the best resistants among the Labrusca class, and valuable on this account as a stock to graft upon. Canes of average thickness, long, ramb- ling, with numerous and well developed lat- erals. Wood of medium hardness and pith. Vines very strong, rampant growers; coarse, strong foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath; proved very hardy and healthy, and is im- mensely productive. In some localities, how- ever, often subject to vot on old vines. Its beautiful appearance makes it one of the most attractive market grapes, and although its qual- ity is not first rate, the popular taste has become so used to this variety that it sells better than superior grapes of less attractive appearance. More vines of this variety were planted during the last decade than of all other varieties to- gether.
The Concord makes a light red wine, which is effectually becoming the laboring man’s drink; can be produced cheap enough, is very palata- ble, and has a peculiar refreshing effect upon the system. A white wine may also be made of it by pressing the grapes without mashing them. Specific gravity of must about 70°.
The hardiness, productiveness and popularity of the Concord induced many attempts to raise seedlings therefrom, with a view to further im- provements, but so far with no marked success. A few have been named, but remain almost un- known, except to their originators, and are probably not sufficiently distinct, nor superior to their parent.
The Black Hawk and Cottage are only earlier.
The Main grape was claimed to be earlier, but proved to be a Concord only under another name.
The Modena, raised by A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
The Paxton, by F. F. Merceron, of Catawissa, Pa; *
Worden’s Seedling, by S. Worden, Minetta, Nae
Young America, by Sam. Miller, of Bluftton, Mo., quite resemble Concord. They are not propagated.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 43
By these experiments it was found that the Concord shows a strong tendency to produce white seedlings, of which Martha was the earli- est, and became one of the leading varieties.
Eva and Macedonia, both raised by Sam. Miller from Concord seed, were similar, but not superior to Martha, and therefore abandoned by him.
Golden Concord, by John Valle, of New Haven, Mo., is also so nearly identical with Martha that we do not think it deserves propa- gation as a distinct variety.
F. Muench, F. J. Langendorfer, J. Balsiger and many others have raised white Concord seedlings; some of these may prove far superior to Martha, (one especially, Balsiger’s No. 32, has hardly any foxiness about it; its must weigh- ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our latitude, and hanging firmly to the vine in good condition till October.) If on longer trial any of them prove so superior, then, and only then, will they be named and disseminated.
The Lady (see description,) is claimed to be an improvement on the Martha, and is recom- mended as such by good authority.
Greater improvements, however, have been achieved by hy.bridizing the Concord with Euro- pean varieties; but while grapes of superior quality were thus produced, their hardiness, health and productiveness is generally doubted. (See ‘“‘ Hybrids,” in Manual.)
Concord Chasselas. A Concord Hybrid from Concord seed; by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, O., who describes it as follows:
‘Bunch rather long, usually shouldered, handsomely compact, without being crowded; berries large, round; skin very thin but tena- cious, and semi-transparent; seeds few and very small; color, when fully ripe, a rich amber with thin white bloom, almost identical in appear- ance with the foreign Golden Chasselas; flesh perfectly tender and melting, just enough vinous acid to prevent cloying the most delicate palate. Wholly free from any vestige of foxiness, and a grape that will satisfy the most fastidious taste, formed upon the foreign standard; ripens same time as the Concord. The vine is very vigorous in growth; large foliage, thick and abundant, resisting mildew in fully exposed locations here, as well as the Concord; and will prob- bably succeed in all regions where the Amer- ican grape can be successfully and profitably grown,
Cottage. (Labr.) A seedling of the Concord raised by E. W. Bull, the originator of that va- riety. A strong, vigorous grower, with re- markably large and leathery leaves, and abund- ant, strong, branching roots; bunch and ber- ries about the size of Concord, but of a some- what darker shade; ripens before Concord; quality better than the parent, with less of the foxiness peculiar to the other. Promises well as a resistant to Phylloxera.
Mr. Bull in his successful efforts to improve our na- tive grapes, began by sowing the seeds of a wild grape (V. Labrusca), from which he raised seedlings. He then sowed the seed raised from these, and obtained others, among which the Concord. He then raised 2000 seedlings before he got any that surpassed the Concord. In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of the Con- cord, he obtained seedlings far superior to the Concord and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera). There seems to be no reasonable doubt that, as Mr. Bull thinks, the wild grape can, in a few generations, be made equal in quality to the European vine.—JU. 8. Agr. Report for 1867.
Bunch and berry Not desira-
Cowan, or McCowan. (Cord.) medium; black, rafher harsh and austere. ble.—Downing.
Creveling. Syn. Catawissa, BLoom, Co- LUMBIA County. (Zabr.) Pennsylvania.— Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on old ones sometimes as compact as Concords; berries medium to large, slightly oval, black, with blue bloom; flesh tender, juicy and sweet; quality best; ripens early, a few days later than Hart- ford, and before Concord. Vine a fair grower, healthy and hardy; may be planted 6 by 6 feet apart, on northern and northeastern hillsides. Roots thick and warty, and comparatively few ; texture soft, with a thick liber, forming young fibers rather slowly; canes long and rambling, slender, long jointed, and with few laterals; wood soft, of a reddish color, with a large pith.
In all these characteristics there is not a trace of the stivalis, for which class some would claim the Creveling.
This grape was for atime rapidly growing in favor, but has not deserved it, as it is often very unproductive, setting its fruit imperfectly. In favorable seasons and on good, well worked, tolerably rich soil, it gives a remunerative, early and delicious table fruit. No garden or amateur collection should be without it.
Mr. Husmann says it makes an exquisite claret wine, intermediate between the Concord and Nortons in body, and superior in flavor to either. Must, 88°.
44 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Concord Muscat. Also grown from Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware. O., who gives the following de- scription of it: “‘ Bunch long, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries very large, oval; skin thin, rather opaque; seeds few and small; color light, greenish white with delicate bloom; flesh entirely tender and melting, with no pulp or as- 4
tringency next the seeds; flavor rich, = 35
sugary, slightly sub-acid, with the pecu- Sg liar high flavor which is the distinguishing charm and excellence of the foreign Mus- cats and Frontignans. There are really few grapes among the most admired for- eign kinds which equal this variety in pure flavor and high quality. Vine very § vigorous; foliage large and moderately thick; resists mildew, except in very un- favorable seasons. In this respect it is better than Eumelan, Delaware, Clinton, or Roger’s Hybrids; but not equal to Con- cord.”
Cornucopia. (Arnold’s Hybrid No. 2.) A seedling of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. Vine much resembling the Clinton in appearance, but superior in size of berry and bunch, and greatly superior in flavor; a healthy grape anda great bearer. The Paris Horticultural Society reported on it as follows: ‘‘ This is undoubtedly one of the best grapes in the whole collection of Mr. Arnold’s Hy- brid grapes; a very promising grape.” Bunch large, shouldered, very compact; berry above medium size, black, with a beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very sprightly, and pleasant; skin thin; seeds large, bearing nearly the same proportion to size of berry as inClinton. Flesh melt- ing, with very little pulp if any: seems to burst in the mouth; all juice, with a little acid and astringency; ripens with Con- cord. A good market grape, and “a good keeper.” Also valuable for wine, but with us not as good as Canada.
Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev. Asher Moore, N. J. A cross between Concord and Royal Muscadine. Early; bunches long, loose, shouldered; berries medium, glossy black, with a bloom; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. Vine a free grower, hardy, healthy and prolific.
Cuyahoga. Syn. WEMPLE. (Zabr.) A chance seedling found and grown by —— Wemple, Collamer, Cuyahoga Co.,O. Vine a strong grower, requires a
“CORNUCOPIA.
warm, sandy soil and exposure to make it desirable at the North, but when well grown it is of fine quality.
South it casts its foliage and is not valuable. Bunch medium, compact; berry medium, dull, greenish amber when fully ripe; flesh tender, juicy, rich vinous, sweet. Ripens with the Catawba, or a little later.
Croton. Hybrid cross between Delaware and Chasselas de Fontainbleau, originated by S. W. Underhill, of Croton Point, N. Y., bore its first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following years, it obtained prizes at the N. Y., Penn- sylvania and Massachusetts Horticultural Soci- eties, and other grape exhibitions, attracting
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 45
THE CROTON GRAPE.
marked attention. F. R. Elliot, formerly of Cleveland, O., says: ‘‘ The Crotonis among the white or green sorts, what the Delaware is among the reds.”
Bunch often 8 to 9 inches long, moderately compact and shouldered; the shoulder often nearly as large as the bunch, and the clusters frequently winged; berries of medium size, of light, yellowish green color, translucent, and remarkably delicate in appearance; flesh melt- ing and sweet throughout; quality best with much of the flavor and character of the Chasse- las; ripens early. Some very prominent pomo- ologists say it is one of the best hardy grapes they have tasted and report the vine as hardy, vigorous and productive. Our own experience
is, so far, not as favorable; with us it seems rather tender, a weak grower, with a tendency to mildew and rot. ,
We cannot recommend it for general cultiva- tion, but only as a novel and valuable amateur fruit.
Cunningham. Syn. Lone. (#st.) A southern grape, belonging to the same class as the Herbemont; it originated in the garden of Mr. Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward county, Va. Dr. D. N. Norton, a prominent agricultur- alist, the same who first cultivated and intro- duced to notice our invaluable Norton’s Virginia grape, made wine from the Cunningham in 1855, and furnished to the Elder Prince, of
46 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
THE CUNNINGHAM GRAPE.
Flushing, Long Island, the stock which was the base from which this grape has been dissemi-
nated, directly or indirectly. Dr. Norton pro- nounced the wine very similar to Murdock & Co’s celebrated brand of Madeira. The Cunn- ingham is veRY valuable for southern slopes, with poor, light limestone soils in this latitude and FURTHER SOUTH. Bunch very compact and heavy, medium, often, not always, shouldered; berries small, brownish black, juicy and vinous;
vine a stiong grower, HEALTHY and productive ; to be so it needs, however, spur pruning on laterals and slight winter protection. Roots of medium thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight, tough, with a smooth, hard liber, on which the Phylloxera has but little influence, even though they may be numerous on the young spongioles ; one of the best resistants to the insect. Canes not numerous, but very stout and vigorous, of- ten attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet in one
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 47
STUDLEY & CO.
THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE.,
season; laterals an average complement, and well developed; wood hard with a medium sized pith, and a hard, thick outer bark, adher- ing closely even on the ripe wood, a characteris- tic common to all the Aistivalis class. Ripens its fruit late, and makes one of the most aro- matic and delightful wines, of dark yellow color. Must 95° to 112°.
Cynthiana. Syn. Rep River. (#st.) Received by Husmann in 1858, from William R.
Prince, Flushing, Long Island, New York. Or- igin, Arkansas, where it was, probably, found growing wild. It is a true Mstivalis in all its habits, and resembles Norton's Virginia so closely that it is impossible to distinguish the wood or leaf, although the bunch is generally somewhat more shouldered, and the berry more juicy and somewhat sweeter. Bunch of medium size, moderately compact, shouldered ; berry below medium, round, black, with blue bloom,
48 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
sweet, spicy, moderately juicy. Juice very dark red, weighs very heavy on the must scale, even higher than Norton’s Virginia, and makes, so far, our best red wine. It has as much body as Norton’s Virginia, is of exquisite flavor, much more delicate than Norton’s, and can safely en- ter the lists with the choicest Burgundy wines. The Norton’s, however, seem to possess medi- cinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher degree. Vine vigorous and healthy, productive, as sure in its crops of well ripened fruit here, as any variety we know; but very difficult to propa- gate, as its wood is very hard with a small pith and closely adhering outer bark. Since it bore its first crop, in 1859, we have never seen a rot- ten berry on it. The fruit ripens some few days earlier than Norton’s and Catawba. Specific
gravity of must, from 98° to 118°. according to |
the season. While we can confidently recom- mend the true Cynthiana as the best grape for red wine which we have tried, we must at the same time caution the public against spurious vines, which have been sent out under that name.
We copy the above description partly from Mr. Husmann, of whom we also obtained our original stock of this variety. We have now about 2000 vines of same in bearing. Our Cyn- thiana wine was awarded the First Medal of Merit at the World-Exposition, Vienna, 1873, and is gaining the ‘‘ blue ribbon ” at every test. The commission at the Congres de Montpellier; France, 1874, reported: ‘‘Cynthiana of Mr. Bush, a red wine of fine color, rich in body and alcohol, reminding us of old Roussillon wine.” It says the same of Cynthiana exhibited by Poeschel & Scherer. Mr. Nuesch, of Dr. Law- rence’s Ouachita vineyard, near Hot Spring, Ark., who got his plants from us, says: ‘‘ We find the Cynthiana hardier than the Norton and a few days earlier in ripening.” The juice of the Cynthiana surpasses that of the Norton’s in saccharine by about 10° on Oechsle’s scale, averaging about 112°. Mr. Muench writes us: “¢Too much cannot be said in praise of the Cyn- thiana; its wine, two or three years old, cannot be excelled by the best red wines of the old world.” We look upon it as our BEST AND MOST VALUABLE grape for red wine, and have bestowed the best care and special attention on its propagation, so that we can now offer relia- ble, number one plants, with strong, insect proof, healthy roots, of this variety, to our customers, at a comparatively very moderate price.
Dana. A seedling grown by Francis Dana, of Rox- bury, Mass., and described in the “Massachusetts Hor- | ticultural Transactions.’’ Bunch medium, shouldered, compact, wlth a peculiar red stem; berrzes rather large, nearly round, red, with-a rich, heavy bloom, so that when fully ripe they appear almost black; flesh as free from pulp as Delaware; not so sweet, but more spirited and vinous, yet not acid. Ripe last of September.
Detroit. (Zabr ?) This variety is supposed to be a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a garden in Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit we copy from description in the Horticulturalist. Vine very vigorous and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba; wood short jointed; bunches large, compact; berries very dark, rich brown claret, with a light bloom, round and regular. Flesh with very little pulp, rich and sugary. Ripens earlier than the Catawba.
Devereux. (7st.) Syn. Biack Jouty, LincoLn, BLUE GRAPE, SHERRY, THURMOND, Hart, TuLey, McLean, Husson, (LENorrR, in- correctly). A southern grape; belongs to the same class as Herbemont and Cunningham; where this grape will succeed it is one of our very best wine grapes, producing a white wine of exquisite flavor. It is somewhat subject to mildew, very tender, and requires covering in the winter. North of Missouri it should not be tried, but here it succeeds admirably on south- ern slopes, in very favorable seasons, and our southern grape growers, especially, should plant some of it. Bunch very long, loose, shouldered; berry black, below medium, round; flesh juicy, without pulp, and vinous; quality best; vine a strong grower and very productive, when free from mildew.
Diana Hamburg. A ew variety, said to be a cross between the Diana and Black Hamburg, origi- nated by Mr. Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y.; bunches generally large, sufficiently compact, well shouldered; berries above medium, slightly oval, of a rich fiery red color when fully ripe; flesh tender, of very sweet flavor, equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vinea weak grower, with short jointed, firm wood, very ten- der; leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes rolled in; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the Concord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as well state that at least three independent parties are reputed to have made this hybrid, and there may exist several crosses of the foreign Black Hamburg on the Diana. Ours is from J. Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., but it proved worthless. We might as well attempt to grow the Black Hamburg in openair. Its propagation should be given up, at least we have done so.
Don Juan, one of Mr. Ricketts’ seedlings, much like its parent Jona. Mr. F. R. Elliott says: ‘It is better than any known hardy grape of its color; is about the size in berry of Rogers’ 15, a deeper color and a larger and better bunch; the flesh is vinous, sweet and sparkling.’’ (See our Remarks on Rickett’s Seedlings.)
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. . 49
Delaware. Origin unknown. It was found many years since in the gar- den of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hunterdon Co., N.J., who had immi- grated from Switzerland, and brought with him many varieties of foreign grapes, which he cultivated in his gar- den. It was first known as the “ Italian Wine Grape,” then it was supposed to be the ‘‘Red Traminer,” or a seedling from this variety. We have strong rea- sous to believe ita Hybrid between the V. Labrusca and Vitis Vinifera.
This variety, first brought to notice by A. Thompson, Delaware, Ohio, is con- sidered to be one of the best, if not the best of all American grapes. Unfortu- nately it does not, from various causes, succeed well in all localities; it should be planted here in deep, rich soil, open and well drained, on northeast and east- ern slopes, and requires good cultivation and pruning to short laterals. Its Roots are slender, and not inclined to branch | out much; of medium toughness, with a rather soft liber. Canes proportionate, in length and thickness, with an average number of laterals. Wood hard, with a small pith. It isa slow grower. 1450 vines may well be planted to the acre, five to six feet being a sufficient dis- tance. Some experiments have lately been made in grafting and inarching the Delaware on the Concord and Clinton stocks, which proved successful. (See “Grafting,” in Manual.) The Delaware is exceedingly hardy, enduring the se- verest winters uninjured, if the vines are healthy. In some localities, as in South-west Missouri and Arkansas, it yields a sure and abundant crop, and is entirely without a rival for the pro- duction of a fine white wine; in other locali- ties, however, it has been found subject to mil- dew, or leaf blight, and this tendency is great- ly aggravated by allowing the vines to over- bear, which the Delaware is sure to do, if per- mitted. It is very sensitive to Phylloxera.
Bunch small to medium, compact; the clusters usually shouldered; berries below medium, round; skin thin, but tenacious; pulp sweet and tender; juice abundant, rich, vinous and sugary, sprightly and refreshing ; color a beau- tiful light red or purplish maroon, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and very translucent. It is without harshness or acidity in its pulp, ex-
DELAWARE.
ceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous and aromatic. Ripens early, about eight days later than Hartford Prolific. Quality best, for the table as well as for wine. Must 100°—118°. Acid 5 to 6 per mill.
‘“‘ The must of this grape is generally so rich, and the proportion so evenly balanced, that it will make a first class wine, of great body and fine flavor, without manipulation or addition.” —Husmann, U. 8S. Report of Agriculture, 1867.
Seedlings from Delaware and its crosses with other varieties are but littie known, though in- numerable attempts have been made to raise them. The expectation to produce therefrom a
50 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
grape of superior value, larger only in size of bunch and berries, yet of the quality of the Del- aware, was, and probably ever will be, doomed to disappointment. All its seedlings show more or less of the ‘‘ Fox grape ;” this fact, and other characteristics (see Manual—Table of Grape Seeds, &c.) convince us of its origin, in part, from this species; although many eminent Horticulturists and Botanists class the Dela- ware with stivalis, (others with Riparia). It is true that the Delaware leaf seems more closely allied to #st.; its wood is harder, more difficult to propagate, and the tendrils are not
DIANA.
continuous, (nor are they regularly intermit- tent); but we find a remarkable parallel case in ‘‘ Sheppard’s Delaware,” raised from seed of Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1853, from whom Charles Downing received it, with its history, and says: ‘‘ The vine and fruit are similar in all respects to Delaware.” The ‘‘ White Dela- ware,” a new variety, raised by G. W. Camp- bell from seed of Delaware, has large, thick foliage, ‘‘ resembling Catawba more than Dela- ware.”” Another white Delaware seedling, raised by H. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same characteristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor.
Diana. (ZLabr.) A seedling of Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana Crehore, Milton, Massachusetts. Mr. Fuller justly remarks:
‘¢ There is probably no one va- riety of grape in cultivation in regard to which there is a greater diversity of opinion, and its vari- ableness fully warrants all that is said about it. In one section it is really excellent, while in an- y other, perhaps near by it, it is
entirely worthless. This differ- ence is often observable in the same garden, and from no ap- parent cause.”
The Diana seems to do best in warm, rather dry and poor soil; gravelly clay or sandy loam seems best suited to its wants. Bunches medium, very compact, occasionally shouldered; berries medium size, round, pale red, covered with a thin lilac bloom; flesh tender, with some pulp, ' sweet, juicy, with a musk flavor ‘that is very strong until the fruit is fully ripe, and then often often- sive to some tastes. Colors its fruit early, but does not really - mature much earlier than the Ca- tawba. Vine a vigorous grower, requiring much room and long pruning, and increases in pro- ductiveness and good quality, as the vines get age; roots few, but long and thick, soft in texture, and with a thick liber; canes heavy and long, with few laterals and a very large pith. It is not as productive, nor quite as large in bunch and berry as its parent,
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 51
but some think it superior in quality, and it has usually suffered less from rot. Its berries hold well, and its thick skin enables it to withstand changes of temperature better; hence the Diana improves by being left upon the vine until after pretty severe frost. As a variety for packing and keeping, it hasno superior. astern grape growers claim it to be valuable also for wine. Must 88” to 90°; acid 12.
Downing, or Charles Downing. A Hybrid ob- tained by Jas. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., from the Croton fertilized by Black Hamburgh. ‘‘Bunches large, sometimes shouldered; berries large, slightly oval, nearly black with light bloom, flesh tender, breaking somewhat like the foreign sorts; in flavor it is first rate, being sweet, with just enough sprightli- ness to prevent cloying the palate.’’—Fudler.
The vine is said to bea vigorous grower, with healthy foliage. Its parents ferebode the reverse.
Dracut Amber. (Zabdr.) Originated by J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine very vig- orous. Regarded by us as but a slightly im- proved wild fox grape; very early and produc- tive; bunch large and long, compact, often shouldered ; berries large, round; skin thick, of pale red color, pulpy and foxy; too foxy for our taste, and should be discarded, when so many better varieties can be grown. Yet, even new varieties, quite similar, and but very little, if any better, are continually introduced. (See Wyoming Red.)
Early Hudson, (?) an early, round, black grape, of little value, except as a curiosity, inasmuch as some of the berries contain no seed.— Downing.
Elsinburgh. Syn. Evstnsoro, SMArt’s EL- SINBOROUGH. (Zst.) Supposed to have orig- inated in Elsinburgh, Salem county, N. J. An excellent amateur grape, of fine quality; ripens early. Bunches medium to large, rather loose, shouldered; berries small, round, skin thick, black, covered with a thin blue bloom; flesh without pulp, sweet, vinous. Leaves deeply
five-lobed, dark green, smooth; wood long
jointed and slender. Subject to mildew.
Elizabeth, (Zabr.) originated on the farm of Joseph Hart, near Rochester, N, Y., and described in the Rural New Yorker. Bunches large, compact; berries large, roundish oval, greenish white, with a purple tinge inthe sun. Flesh rather pulpy, acid.
Elvira, a seedling from Taylor, raised by Jacob Rommel of Missouri, considered the most promising new white wine grape we now have. The chromo lithograph accompanying the title page was made from a photograph of a medium cluster, from the original vine, for this Catalogue. Bunch medium, shouldered, very compact; berry medium, considerably larger
than Taylor, its parent, round, pale green with white bloom, sometimes tinged with red streaks when fully ripe; skin very thin, transparent; it sets so very closely and the skin is so thin as to cause some of the berries to crack; pulp sweet, very tender and juicy, fine flavor. Ri- pens about ten days later than Concord. Vine a most vigorous, stocky grower, eminently pro- ductive, exceedingly healthy and hardy, having stood the hard winter of 1872-3 without protec- tion. Roots like those of Clinton and Taylor, promising to possess the same indemnity from Phylloxera. Canes stout and long with well developed laterals. Wood harder than the Tay- lor, with a medium pith. Foliage large and strong, firmer in texture than the leaves of its parent, the Taylor; somewhat rusty and woolly on the lower side, leading us to consider this variety as the offspring of an accidental inter- mingling of two species, the Riparia and La- brusca.
Mr. Herman Jaeger, a careful observer and very intelligent grape grower of Southwest Missouri, justly says (after a visit to Mr. Rom- mel’s vineyard): ‘‘The Elvira has all the good qualities of its parent, the Taylor, and is en- tirely free from the drawback of that variety— small scattering bunches and poor bearing qual- ities. The original Elvira vine bears again (1874) an immense crop; four and five bunches from one bud is the general rule; they are very compact, and bunch and berry are about twice as large asthe finest TaylorIeversaw. The foliage of the Elvira plainly shows its origin, though it is much larger and more beautiful than that of the Taylor. On the lower side of the leaf a slight approach to the fox grape is perceptible.”
The Elvira will make an excellent white wine, resembling hock; this is not merely the expectation of Mr. Rommel, but of others, in- cluding ourselves. Mr. Jaeger, who has no pecuniary interest in this grape, wrote to S. Miller (Colm. Rural World): ‘‘In your locality and further north the Elvira, for the production ofa fine hock wine, is entirely without a rival.’
Being easily propagated from cuttings, the Elvira will soon be extensively tested, and, we believe it will become one of the leading, nay the leading white wine grape of the Middle States.
Essex, (Roger’s Hybrid No. 41.) Bunch of medium size, compact, shouldered; berry very large, black, somewhat flattened, in this respect resembling the native parent; flesh tender and sweet, with a high aromatic flavor; ripens early; vine vigorous, healthy, and prolific.
52 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
EUMELAN.
Eumelan. (‘‘Good black” grape.) (#st.)* This variety was found as a chance seedling at Fishkill, N. Y., where it has been in cultivation (in the garden of Messrs. Thorne) for many years, yielding abundant crops of grapes, re- markable both for goodness and earliness. The original vines were purchased by Dr. C. W. Grant, in 1866, (now Hasbrouck & Bushnell, Iona Island,) from whom we obtained the plants of this valuable variety, probably the best early grape we have got. We give the description from the circular of its propagator, Dr. Grant, leaving out, however, all excessive praise, which, in our opinion, has damaged his success more than all his opponents. Bunches of good size, elegant form, and proper degree
*By a mere typographical error in our first edition (1869), the Eumelan was designated as Labr., and to our regret this error was ever since copied and repeated by many others who ought to know better; but while this may be a pardonable oversight in those who merely copied our descriptions, it is evidently more than an oversight in those who undertake to arrange and de- scribe our native vines by species and still place Eumelan among Labrusca.
of compactness; berries large medium size, round, black, with fine bloom, ad- hering firmly to the bunch long after ripening; flesh tender, melting, all going to wine-like juice under slight pressure of the tongue; ripening very early (even before the Hartford Prolific) and évenly to the center. Flavor pure and refined, very sugary, rich and vinous, with a large degree of that refreshing quality that belongs distinctively to the best foreign wine grapes. Roots abundant, thick, spreading, and of medium tough- ness ; liber thick but firm. Vine a strong grower, producing remarkably short- jointed wood, with numerous and strong laterals; buds large and prominent; wood hard with a small pith; leaves large, thick, dark colored, firm in tex- ture (it strikingly resembles Elsinburg) and though subject to mildew in some localities and unfavorable seasons, we can recommend it as a very fine, hardy, healthy, early grape. The American Horticultural Annual for 1869, says of the Eumelan: This variety has been tested in several localities. It has proved with us, near New York, remarkably healthy in foliage, and has taken sev- eral premiums as the best black grape at various exhibitions. Then again re- ports came from many localities, that it has failed to meet public expectations. In our own vineyards at Bushberg, it has proved all that was claimed for it, being healthy, hardy, early, productive, and of very fine quality.
Perhaps with no other variety is it so import- ant to set out only good and strong plants in the first place; as with this one; and we think that the great diversity of opinion now exist- ing in regard to this grape is due to the fact that a large number of the vines of this variety sent, out have been poor and feeble plants, which have never come to any good thereafter, and never will.
The Eumelan makes a superior red wine (ac- cording to Mottier, North-East, Pennsylvania, must 98°, and at the test held at Hammonds- port as high as 104° with only 4 per mill. acid), and should it prove more generally successful. it will rank high among wine grapes.
We give a figure of a bunch and leaf, re- duced in size, and a single berry of full natural size.
53
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
)
1
(Rogers’ Hybrid No.
GOETHE.
54 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
Eureka, (Zabruska) a seedling of Isabella, orig- inated by 8. Folsom, of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. Y., similar to its parent in appearance, but claimed to be earlier, hardier, and healthier, to be of better flavor and to keep better than Isabella. Mr. Folsom has since raised eight seedlings of the Eureka, not crosses unless accidentally so, which are said to be remarkable for earliness, fewness of seeds and other good qualities.
Flora. (Zabr.?) Origin Philadelphia, Pa. Bunch small, compact; berry small, roundish, oval, purplish- red. Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy, vinous. Ripens about with Isabella. Vine hardy and productive.—Downing.
Flowers. Syn: BLAcK MUSCADINE. (V. Vulpi- na or Rotundifolia.) A variety of the Scuppernong type. Berries large; growing in clusters of 10 to 20, black, sweet. Ripens very late; hangs upon the vine until frost. Said to make a rich, red and delicious wine. Never fails to produce acrop, and perfectly free from any kind of disease. It is much esteemed (in Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina) on account of its lateness, as it does not come in until the Scuppernong is gone. Mr. Berckmans, of Georgia, says itis not quite as good as the Scuppernong (!) and about same size.
Flower of Missouri. A new Delaware seedling, grown by Mr. M. Poeschel, Hermann, Mo. Not dis- seminuated, and probably never will be. It possesses both the excellence and the defects of ‘‘Walter.”’
Framingham. Perhaps not identical with, but only a reproduction of the Hartford Prolific; at least so closely resembling it that it should not have been in- troduced as a new variety.
Franklin. (Cord.) Vine has much the habit and growth of Clinton; not as good a bearer. Bunch small, not very compact; ber7y small, black, juicy, quite acid, austere; unworthy.—Downing.
Gaertner. (Rogers’ No. 14.) Not yet fruit- ed here, and but little known. The Hon. Mar- shal P. Wilder, describes it as follows: Bunch good size; berry medium to large; color light brown or red; skin thin; flavor pleasant and aromatic; season rather early; vine healthy and productive.— Grape Culturist.
Goethe. (Rogers’ Hybrid No. 1.) This very valuable variety is, perhaps, more unique and shows in its fruit more of the character of the European species than any of Mr. Rogers’ other sorts, and yet its vine is one of the hardi- est, healththiest, and most productive we have. Late in ripening for northern localities, it does not always mature there; but here with us it produces and perfectly ripens a large crop of beautiful clusters and berries, free from rot or imperfection of any kind, provided it has a good rich soil, and has not been permitted to over- bear, which would ruin its health and produc- tiveness for years to come, if not forever. A sandy soil seems also favorable to its continued
health, as the roots of the Goethe, though thick —vgenerally of a scraggy and warty exterior— are feeble, and in clay soil they soon become a prey of the Phylloxera. The vine is a most vigorous grower, making stout and long canes, with well-developed laterals. Wood rather soft, with a moderate pith. At the Fall meeting of the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers’ Associa- tion, September 9, 1868, we exhibited for the first time a few branches of the vine, each with several perfect clusters, which were much ad- mired, and would have probably astonished even its originator, could he have seen them. The smallest of them, being a good average size, we had photographed, and an exact copy of it ex- pressly engraved for this catalogue. The bunch- es are medium to large, not quite compact, oc- casionally shouldered; berries very large, ob- long, of a yellowish-green, sometimes blotched, with a pale red toward the sun; skin thin, translucent; flesh tender and melting through- out, few seeds, sweet, vinous and juicy, witha peculiar delicious aroma; excellent for the table and for wine. Specific gravity of must 78°; altogether @ MOST DESIRABLE grape for our lati- tude.
Golden Clinton. Syn: KING. (Cord.) A seed- ling from the Clinton closely resembling it, with this difference, that its berries are greenish-whzte, and that it is by far less productive. We doubted, for some time, that the plants we had under that name were true, and therefore did not send it out. We then ob- tained the true Golden Clinton from two reliable sources and fruited it, only to know that Mr. Campbell is perfectly correct in saying: ‘‘ It does not sustain the character given by those who first introduced it. Bunches small, scanty and irregular; ber7zes small and of inferior quality. Not desirable.’’
Graham. An accidental seedling, introduced by Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia; dunch of medium size, not compact; berry half an inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable flavor. A poor grower and bearer.—Downing.
Hartford Prolific. (Zabr.) The stand- ard for earliness among grapes. Raised by Mr. Steel, of Hartford, Conn., twenty-five years ago. It is now well known, and generally planted as avery prolific early marke tvariety ; ripens here early in August, about ten days in advance of the Concord; but as soon as ripe it generally drops its fruit, and is still of poor quality. The vine is very healthy and hardy, and produces immense crops. Bunches large, shouldered, rather compact; berries round, full medium, black; flesh pulpy, juicy, with a perceptible foxy flavor; roots very abundant, branching and fibrous. of average thickness and toughness, and
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
55
THE HERBEMONT GRAPE.
tolerably firm liber. Its good resisting power against Phylloxera is due, probably, more to its exceedingly strong root growth, than to the tex- ture of the root itself. Canes stout, with strong crooks at the joints, laterals well developed, and considerable down on the young growth. Wood hard, with a small pith. Tolerably fair wine has been made from it, but we could not recom- mend it for that purpose. Only as a market
grape it is considered valuable by many, on ac- count of its earliness and great productiveness ; but even as such it is inferior to several others. (Framingham and Seneca are almost identical with the Hartford.)
Herbemont. Syn: WARREN, HERBEMONT’S MaDEIRA, WARRENTON, NEIL GRAPE. (Ast.) Origin unknown; it was propagated as early,as
56 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
1798, from an old vine growing on the planta- tion of Judge Huger, Columbia, S. C. Mr. Nicholas Herbemont, an enterprising and en- thusiastic cultivator of the grape, found it there, and from its vigorous growth and per- fect acclimation at first correctly supposed it was a native; he was afterwards informed, in 1834, that it had been received from France, and he believed it. But the same grape was also found growing wild in Warren County, Ga., and is there known as the Warren grape. . The best authorities now class it as a member of the ZEstivalis family of the south—a native grape, truly called by Downing, ‘‘ Bags of Wine.” One of the very best and most reliable grapes for both table and wine, especially adapted for our hillsides on limestone soil. It should not be planted further north, and even here should be covered in winter. For those who have gone to this slight trouble it has nearly always pro- duced a splendid crop, and has been so enor- mously productive that it richly repaid the little additional labor. To some of our Southern States this grape will be a mine of wealth. Bunches very large, long, shouldered and com- pact; berries small, black, with a beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, flesh sweet, without pulp, juicy and high-flavored; ripens late, a few days after Catawba. Roots of medium thick- ness, with a smooth, hard liber, resisting to the Phylloxera in France as well as here. Canes stout, heavy and long; laterals well-developed. Wood hard, with a medium-sized pith, and thick firm outer bark. Vine a very vigorous grower, with the most beautiful foliage; not subject to mildew, and but very little to rot; in rich soil it is somewhat tender, makes too much wood, and seems less productive, while in warm and rather poor limestone soil, with southern expo- sure, it is perfectly healthy, and enormously productive, except in very unfavorable seasons, when all half-tender varieties will fail. Mr. Werth, of Richmond, Va., says: I have found the most uniformly abundant, healthy, and thoroughly ripened crop, for successive seasons, on low, imperfectly drained, and rather com- pact soil. The accompanying illustration gives an idea of the beauty and richness of the bunch. Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure juice pressed, without mashing the grapes, makes a white wine, resemblihg delicate Rhen- ish wines; if fermented on the husks about forty-eight hours, it will make a very fine pale red wine. The French wine judges at Mont- pelier, pronounced it ‘‘ assez agréable, rappel- lant le gout des vins de l’est de la France.”
It seems that but very few seedlings of the Herbemont have been raised; at least we know of none that were disseminated. One Herbe- mont seedling is mentioned by Dr. Warder, in his description of the ‘‘ Longworth School of Vines.” The Pauline (see description) may, perhaps, be a seedling of Herbemont; the Mus- cogee also; but little is known of these varieties. If wE intended to raise new seedtings (which we do not) we would select the Herbemont in preference to almost any other variety.
Hattie, or Hettie. There are three grapes under this name, or under conflicting descriptions. One originated with Mrs. N. R. Haskel, Monroe, Mich; de- scribed as a bright, clear red, translucent grape. The other, introduced by E. Y. Teas, of Richmond, Ind., as a large, oval, black, grape, “earlier, larger and better than Concord and Isabella.”” And another of un- known origin. Sunch small; berry black; flesh some- what pulpy; a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early. All three are unknown here.
Herbert. (Rogers’ No. 44.) Labrusca, im- pregnated by Black Hamburg. Bunch large, rather long and loose; berry large size, round, sometimes a little flattened; black; flesh very sweet and tender. Early and productive.
Hermann. This new wine grape is a seed- ling of Norton’s Virginia, raised by Mr. F. Lan- gendoerfer, near Hermann, Mo. The original vine had fruited in 1863 with its originator, and grafts of it fruited abundantly in 1864. It has now been tested for nearly ten years, in various places, and proved itself without a fault as to growth, foliage and fruit. On trying the must on Oechsle’s scale it showed 96°, and has since varied from 94° to 105°. Bunch long and nar- row, seldom shouldered, compact, often nine inches long; the shoulders, if there are any, having the appearance of a separate bunch; berry small, about same size as Norton’s, round, black with blue bloom, moderately juicy, never rots or mildews, and ripens very late, a few days later than the Norton’s. The juice is of a brownish yellow, making a wine of the color of brown Sherry or Madeira, of great body and of very five flavor, resembling Madeira. Our friend Sam. Miller says: There is a peculiar fra- grance about the wine of the Hermann that no other American grape possesses, and werela teetotaler in drinking, I should like to have wine of it, just for the pleasure of smelling it. I propose for its wine the name of ‘“‘Harmony,’» for such it will produce. The French judges, at the Congrés de Montpellier, pronounce the Hermann “bien droit de gout, particuliérement bon and corsé.” Vine a strong grower, and very productive, resembling the Norton’s in
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 57
y & CO. St Louis
STUDLE
THE HERMANN GRAPE.
foliage, but the leaves are of a lighter color, the stems covered with peculiar silvery white hair- like threads, and the leaves somewhat more deeply lobed. It is, like its parent, very,diffi-
cult to propagate, and will rarely grow from cuttings in the open ground. Jtoots wiry, very tough, with a smooth hard liber, defying all attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes of medium
58 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
thickness, great length and vigor, and a moder- ate number of laterals. The canes often branch
off with a fork, having a double bud at the base, a freak of more frequent occurrence with this, than any other variety we know of. Wood very hard, with a small pith.
We have watched this grape closely, and with particular interest, and have become firmly con- vinced that it is an important addition to our
list of wine grapes. If productiveness, general hardihood and health, and a superior wine can entitle a new variety to consideration, this va- riety certainly deserves it at the hands of our vintners. Its wine is entirely different and dis- tinct from anything else we have, and which we hope will be the American Madeira, so anxious- ly sought by our connoisseurs. At the trial of wines, at Hermann, Mo., held on the 17th ot May, 1869, the ‘‘ Hermann” attract- ed general attention. An extra pre- mium was awarded to it.
Let not our readers suppose that it will be a universal grape, howev- er. For our locality and further south it will be eminently desirable; “It is a pity that it has not been more extensively planted as yet;” but much further north it will hard- ly attain the perfection requisite to make a superior wine, as it ripens so late. It will, we think, be found specially adapted to southern slopes and limestone soil, though it seems to have all, or even more, of the har- Gihood of its parent. It is a true AXstivalis in leaf and habit.
Mr. Langendorfer has lately raised some forty Hermann Seedlings, from which he selected, as the best, a white
seedling of the Hermann, which
THE HINE GRAPE.
seems very vigorous and productive, promising to be a most valuable white wine grape, and the jirst of that class (Aiéstivalis) with WHITE berries. The one bottle of wine made from it is as excellent in qual- ity as the grape is remarkable for its color; some good judges who tasted the wine said: it is exceedingly smooth and fine; in bouquet plainly showing Hermann origin, only as much finer and pleasanter than Her- mann, as good Cynthiana is finer and better than Norton’s Virginia.
The originator does not intend to disseminate this new variety for several years, and has not decided upon a name for this grape.
Hine. (Zabr.) A seedling of the Catawba, raised by Jason Brown (son of John Brown) at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. It makes a good-sized, com- pact, slightly shouldered bunch; berry medium, of a dark rich claret
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 59
brown, with a purplish bloom; skin of medium thickness; flesh juicy, sweet and almost without pulp; leaf large, thick and whitish underneath; canes reddish brown, short jointed ; buds prom- inent; ripeus with the Delaware, which it some- what resembles. Justly regarded by all who have seen it as a grape of much promise. It took the first premium as the best new seedling at the Ohio State Fair (1868). We give an en- graving, figured from a bunch raised by Chas. Carpenter, Kelley’s Island. As this new grape has not yet been tested in different localities, we can not recommend it, except as an interesting novelty to amateurs; and its being supposed to be a cross between the Catawba and Isabella gives us but little confidence in its health. Howell. (Labr.) Origin unknown; Bunch and berry medium; oval, black; skin thick ; flesh with firm pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle September.— Downing.
IRWING.
Humboldt. (/st.) <A very interesting new seedling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr. Muench, described by him as of very vigorous growth, healthy and hardy, free of rot or leaf blight. Bunch, below medium; berries me- dium, of light green color, and of finest quality.
Huntingdon. (Cord.) A new grape of the ‘Clinton class. Bunch small, compact, shoul- dered; bervy small, round, black, juicy and vi- nous. Ripensearly. Vine a vigorous grower, healthy, hardy and productive; promises well for wine.
Hyde’s Eliza. See: York Madeira.
Imperial. A white seedling from Iona and Sarbelle Muscat, by Mr. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N.Y. Bunch large, with slight shoulder; berry very large, white, with considerable bloom; no pulp; no seeds (?); splen- did flavor, with traces of the Iona-Muscat aroma; vine a vigorous grower, hardy; ripens about time of the Isabella. The finest white grape of Mr. Ricketts’ collection, according to Mr. Williams, editor of the Horticulturist.
Irwing. (Underhill’s 8-20.) A most showy and attractive new white grape, grown from Concord seed, crossed with White Frontignan, which was planted by Mr. Steph. W. Under- hill, of Croton Point, New York, in the spring of 1863; fruited first in 1866. The character of the very large cluster is seen by the engraving (about one- half reduced in size). The berry is large, considerably larger than Con- cord, of a yellowish-white color, slightly tinged with pink, when very ripe. The vine is a healthy, vigorous grower, has large, thick foliage, with ‘down’ on the under side. Fruit ripens rather late, between the Isabella and Catawba, and keeps well in win- ter; it has a vinous flavor, and is quite fleshy when perfectly ripe. We con- sider this far more deserving of dissem- ination than his ‘Croton.’
Ithaca. A new seedling raised by Dr. 8. J. Parker, Ithaca, N. Y.; described by its originator as in bunch and berry larger than Walter; a pure greenish-yellow; a rose-like smell and a high, Chasselas-Mosque-like ( ?) flavor, and claimed to be a cross of Chasselas on Delaware, ripening before Delaware, and to be hardy, healthy and vigorous. Not dis- seminated. We only place it on record as one of the new varieties likely to be brought forward.
60 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE,
r
Iona. Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, of Tona Island, near Peekskill, N. Y. It is a seed- ling of the Catawba, and the leaf somewhat re- sembles that variety. Wood soft, short-jointed, with a pith above average size; vine a strong grower; roots rather few, straight, of medium thickness and of no very firm texture, Canes straight, not inclined to ramble, and of medium thickness, with few laterals. Here it is subject to mildew and rot, and requires careful protec- tion in winter.
The Iona is a fine grape for the garden, and suited only to specially sheltered and protected localities ; it requires rich soil and good cultiva- tion; in regions which are not subject to mil- dew (or leaf blight as it is sometimes called), and where the root louse is not abundant, to which its feeble root soon succumbs, the Iona will yield a fine crop of splendid, large and well developed clusters. Wherever it will succeed, it is a most desirable variety, also for the vine- yard, making a splendid wine. The Pleasant Valley Wine Co. use this variety largely in making their fine sparkling wines.
Bunch usually large, long and shouldered, not very compact; berries medium to large, slightly oval; skin thin, but tenacious; pale red, with numerous deep red veins, which become quite dark when fully ripe; fine bloom. Flesh tender, with uniform character and consistence to the center. Flavor rich, sweet, vinous; quality best;—nearly equaling the Delaware; ripens with, or a few days after Concord, and continues a long time in use. Magnificent specimens were grown in a cold-house by Mr. Saunders, at the Experimental Gardens at Washington. Must 88° to 92°, and some re- corded as high as 101°; acid 6.6-10.
Isabella. Syn. PAIGN’sS ISABELLA, WOODWARD, CHRISTIE’S IMPROVED ISABELLA, PAYNE’S EARLY, SANBORNTON (?). (Zabr.) Probably a native of South Carolina; was brought to the North and introduced to the notice of cultivators about the year 1818 by Mrs. Is- abella Gibbs, in honor of whom it was named. Im the East, its great vigor, hardiness, and productiveness have caused it to be widely disseminated, but in the West it was found to ripen unevenly and very liable to mildew, rot, and leaf-blight. It has, justly we think, been entirely discarded by our grape growers, since better and more reliable varieties have taken its place. Bunches large, loose, shouldered; berries oval, large, dark purple, nearly black when fully ripe, and covered with a blue-black bloom. Flesh juicy, with a rich musky aroma; tough pulp, and a good deal of acidity. Ripens irregularly, and the leaves seem to fall just at the time they are needed to aid in ripening the fruit.
In some localities it is still a favorite market grape; Must at Hammondsport, 60° to 79°; acid 1244to 6 per m.
The Jsabella has a host of children, few of whom have
survived her, it seems. Those of her seedlings which acquired some repute are described under their proper names in this Catalogue, see Adirondac, Eureka, Hyde's Eliza, Israella, Mary Ann, To-Kalon, Union Village.
: Many of her seedlings differ so little in form, size, or quality of fruit, in growth and productiveness, (some are only different in name,) that we prefer to class them as sub-varieties. They are: Azken, Baker, Bogue’s EHu- reka, Brown, Cloanthe, Carter (?), Hudson, Louisa, (by Sam. Miller. It was certainly superior with him, but when the learnea ones pronounced it identical, he saw no use in propagating it.) Lee’s Jsabella, Payne’s Early, Pioneer, Nonantum, Sanbornton, Trowbridge, Wright’ s Isabella, &e.
Israella. Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, who claimed for it that it was ‘‘ the earliest good grape in cultivation;” but later he himself ad- mitted that it was not as good as his ‘‘ Eumelan.” With us it proved later than Hartford Prolific, but the great beauty of its clusters makes it val- uable as atable grape. Vine a moderate grower ; foliage subject to mildew; bunches large, shcul- dered, compact and very handsome, when well ripened; berry black, with beautiful bloom, rather large, slightly oval, pulpy, not above second rate in quality. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., however, says: ‘‘ The climate of Georgia adds so much to its quality, that all who tasted it here, pronounce it the best grape in cultiva- tion.”’—Essay before the Penn. Hort. Soc.
The Israella is probably a seedling of the Isa- bella, which it resembles in habit of growth and character of fruit. dfwst (said to have reached) 84°, with only 54 acid.
Ives. Syn. Ives’ SEEDLING, Ives’ MapErRa, KittreDGE. (ZLadr.) Raised by Henry Ives, of Cincinnati, (probably from the seed of a Hart- ford Prolific; certainly not from a foreign grape as Mr. Ives supposed.) Colonel Waring and Dr. Kittridge were the first to make wine from it— about ten years ago—and now it is a popular red wine in Ohio. While we do not deem it entitled to the first prize ‘‘as the best wine- grape for the whole country,” (awarded to the Ives at Cincinnati, Sept. 24th, 1868,) we do ac- cord to it the great merit of having given a new impulse to grape growing in Ohio, at a time when the repeated failures of the Catawba Vine- yards made it most desirable.
Bunches medium to large, compact, often shouldered; berries medium, slightly oblong, of a dark purple color; when fully ripe, quite black. Flesh sweet and juicy, but decidedly foxy, and rather pulpy. Not desirable asa table grape; but nevertheless, a popular market grape, as it, bears transportation better than most other kinds.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 61
It colors very early, but its period of ripening is later than the Concord. The vine is remark- ably healthy and hardy; astrong, coarse grower, in general habit and appearance closely resem- bling the Hartford prolific. Roots abundant, thick, spreading, and of tolerably hard texture. Liber thick, but firm; pushes new spongioles rapidly and hence offers good resistance to the Phylloxera; it does not seem to be an early bearer, four-year old vines of this variety pro- ducing the first crop. It, however, bears pro- fusely when older. The Ives wine has a most
beautiful deep red color, but «a foxy taste and odor; must 80°.
THE IVES’ GRAPE.
Kalamazoo. (Zabr.) Raised from seed of Ca- tawba, by Mr. Dixon, an Englishman, at Steubenville, Ohio. The fruit is larger than the Catawba, and grows in bunches larger than those of that variety, and more marked in the peculiar richness of its deep blue bloom; skin thick; flesh soft, not quite tender all through; sweet, but not asrich as Catawba. According to the Am. Pomological Society Report (1871), it is said to ripen 10 days earlier; according to the Dep. of Agricul- ture Report, 1872 (p. 484), it is said to ripen 10 days later than the Catawba! We do not know which is correct, aS we did not try this variety ourselves. The vine is said to be a vigorous grower, hardy and very productive.
Kilvington. (?) Originunknown. Bunch medium, tolerably compact; ber7y small, round, dark red, with a bloom; flesh pulpy, halt tender, vinous.— Downing.
Kingsessing. (ZLabr.) Bunch long, loose, shoul- dered; berry medium, round, pale red, with a bloom; flesh pulpy.— Downing.
Kitchen. (Cord.) Seedling from Franklin; bunch
and berry medium, berry round, black; flesh acid, juicy. — Downing.
Labe. (?) Bunch rather small, short, oblong; berries medium, loosely set, black; flesh half tender, pulpy, sharp, sweet.— Downing.
“Lady.” <A new white grape, purchased by Mr. Geo. W. Campbell, from a Mr. Imlay, of Muskingum County, O., who has fruited it for six years, and first offered to the public in the fall of 1874. Mr. Campbell introduces it with the following encomium:
‘“‘Tt isa pure Concord seedling, and has all the vigor, health and hardiness of its parent. The vine, in its habit of growth, foliage, and general appearance, is scarcely distinguishable from the Concord.
“¢ After four y ears careful testing and observa- tion,* I confidently offer it as the very best white grape, for general cultivation, yet in- troduced. It is unquestionably an improvement on the Martha grape, being at least double in size, earlier, more productive, and at the same time free from that foxiness which renders the Martha objectionable to many. I have no hesi- tation in recommending it for the most exten- sive culture, feeling assured that it will succeed perfectly in all localities where the Concord can be grown with good success. By reason of its earlier ripening, several days before Hartford even, it will be found especially adapted to northern localities, where Concord does not al- ways mature.t¢ In size of berry it is even larger than Concord; in size of cluster, on young
* The vines endured, without injury, the severe cold of the winter of 1872-73. 32° below zero!
+ In our latitude this very early ripening is not desirable, especially for wine making,
62 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
CLADY.?
vines, it has been, so far, a little less; though many bunches, the past season, were fully up to the average size of Concords. In quality it is better flavored and more delicate than Concord, in its texture and general character much like it. In color, light greenish-yellow, covered with white bloom; seeds few and small; skin thin ; pulp tender; flavor sweet and rich, slightly Vinous, and without foxiness in taste or smell.
I regard it as possessing more desirable quali- ties for a profitable garden and market grape, than any white grape within my knowledge.”
This is certainly very strong recommendation and coming from Mr. Campbell, we receive it with great confidence. We have planted a con- siderable number ourselves, and hope to be able to bear testimony in the future to all he claims for it.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETPES. 63
Lenoir. (/#st.) A southern grape of the Herbemont class, from Lenoir Co., N. C, Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berries small, round, dark-bluish purple, nearly black, covered with light bloom; flesh tender, no pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous. A good variety South, but too tender and too late in ripening for the North. In favorable localities it will be found desirable for wine and table; vine a fine grower, but a tardy bearer; foliage deeply lobed; roots tough, resisting Phylloxera, and said to succeed and please in France. (See ‘‘ Ohio.’’)
Lindley. (Rogers’ No. 9.) This grape originated by hybridizing the wild Mammoth grape of New England with the Golden Chasse- las. Bunch long, medium, shouldered, some- what loose; berries medium to large, round; color quite peculiar, and distinct from any other variety, rather more of a brick red than Catawba color; flesh tender, sweet, with scarce- ly a trace of pulp, aud of high aromatic flavor. It resembles the Grizzly Frontignan in appear- ance of bunch, and is by some regarded as fully equal to the Delaware in quality. Roots long and straight, with a smooth liber of me- dium firmness; canes slender for their length, with few laterals and large, prominent buds; vine of very vigorous growth, making rather long-jointed wood, medium in hardness and size of pith. The foliage when young is of a reddish color; the fruit ripens early, and drops from the bunch; it makes a splendid white wine. Specific gravity of must 80°.
‘“‘To those desiring asubstitute for the Ca- tawba, this will be an acquisition.” —Husmann. We would recommend it as a table grape only.
Logan. (JZabdr.) A wilding of Ohio. On itsintro- duction, supposed to be a great acquisition, and recom- mended by the Am. Pomological Society, as promising well; butit has sadly failed to meet public expectation, and is now more generally discarded than the Isabella, to which it was deemed preferable. Bunches medium, shouldered, compact; berries large, oval, black; flesh juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor; vine a slender grower, early and productive.
Louisiana. [ntroduced here by that em- inent pioneer of Western grape culture, Fred. Miinch, of Missouri. He received it from Mr. Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it was imported from France by his father, and planted on the banks of Pontchartrain, near New Orleans, where it has for thirty years yielded abundant and luscious fruit. Mr. Miinch firmly believes that it is of European origin, and belongs to the Burgundy family. Mr. Fr. Hecker is. just as positive that it is Eu-
ropean, but deems it nothing else but the Clav- ner grape of his native country—the Grand Duchy of Baden. Mr. Husmann, on the other hand, holds that it is a true native American, belonging to the southern division of the Aésti- valis class, of which the Herbemont and Cunn- ingham may serve as types. All agree, how- ever, that it is a most valuable variety, very productive, yielding a most delicious fruit, and making a very fine wine.
The great vigor of its luxuriant, branching roots, well resisting Phylloxera, besides other characteristics, make us believe—the assertions of Mr. Theard to the contrary notwithstanding —that the Louisiana and Rulander are natives, of the Astivalis species.
Bunch medium size, shouldered, compact, very fine; berry small, round, black; flesh with- out pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous; quality best. Vine a very good grower, very healthy and more or less productive, according to position and, treatment; requires winter protection. Roots wiry and very tough, with a hard liber; canes very stout, of moderate length, short jointed, and few, large laterals; wood very hard, with a small pith, and firm outer bark.
The Louisiana and Rulander (or rather, what we call here Rulander,) so closely resemble each other in general appearance, growth and foli- age, that we are unable to distinguish them, ex- cept by their fruit, which ripens in both varie- ties at the same time (rather late). Both are un- doubtedly nearly related to each other; but there isa difference in the juice—the wine of these two varieties. Louisiana makes, in our estimation, the better wine of the two, in fact the finest white wine, of Hock character, that we have. Our friend Miinch has succeeded in raising some seedlings of the Louisiana, which are hardy, requiring no covering in winter, and promise to be very valuable. See ‘“‘ Humboldt,” “¢ Schiller,” ‘‘ Uhland.”
Lydia. Originated by Mr. Carpenter, of Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie. Supposed to be an Isabella seedling. Bunches short, compact; berries large, oval, light green, with salmon tint where exposed to the sun; skin thick; pulp tender, sweet, of fine flavor, slightly vinous. In habit of growth, the vine is not unlike the Isa- bella, but is much less productive. A handsome grape, of good quality, but rots and mildews in unfavorable seasons; ripens a few days later than the Delaware.
Lyman. (Cord.). Origin unknown. A northern variety, said to have been brought from Quebec up- wards of fifty years ago. Hardy and productive.
64
T) sant ) a
ANH Ne p
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
=
THE MARTHA GRAPE.
Bunch small, rather compact; berry round, medium, or below; black, covered with a thick bloom; similar in flavor to Clinton, and ripens about the same time. Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the above, but hardly to be distinguished from it — Downing.
Martha. (Labr.) A white seedling of the Concord, raised by our friend Samuel Miller, formerly of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, now of Bluffton, Missouri. Zhe most popular among the WHITE varieties. Bunch medium, smaller than the Concord, moderately compact, shoul- dered; berry medium, round, greenish white, sometimes with an amber tinge; when fully ripe pale yellow, covered with white bloom. Skin thin. Flesh very buttery, and of a re- markable sweetness unmixed with acidity and
without vinous flavor; somewhat pulpy, often containing but asingle seed. Odor decidedly foxy, but this character is much more apparent in the fruit than in its wine.
The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem- bling the Concord, but not quite as vigorous a grower, and the leaf is of somewhat lighter green. Roots of average texture and liber, throwing out young spongioles readily. Canes generally more upright than Concord, with less laterals and not as much inclined to ramble. Wood firm, with a medium pith. Very pro- ductive, and the berries hang well to the bunch. Ripens a few days earlier than the Concord, and will therefore suit even northern localities. Must 85° to 90°; at least 10° higher than Concord.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 65
The wine is of a light straw color of delicate, flavor. The French commission at the Exposi- tion of Am. Wines at Montpellier, 1874, pro- nounced the Martha as ‘‘approaching the wines of Piquepoul, produced in the Hérault.”
Seedlings have been raised of late from the Mar- tha, but are not yet disseminated; one of these, raised by F. Miinch, seems to be an improve- ment on the parent, producing more abundant- ly and a somewhat larger and better fruit. (See also “‘Lady.’’)
Maguire is like Hartford, but more foxy.—Strong.
Manhattan, (Zabr.) originated near New York. A poor bearer. Bunches small; ber7¢es medium, round, greenish white, With a bloom. pulpy.—Downing.
Marines’ new seedlings; these are crosses between purely native varieties, claimed to be produced by a new and very simple process: diluting the pollen of the male flower with rain water and then applying it to the pistils of the variety which he selects as the female parent. Among the seedlings thus raised there are some quite peculiar and very interesting; some are of the #stivalis family, but with berries of quite large size: 1. Nerluton, fine large bunch, berries above medi- um, black; leaf very large and leathery, strong. 2. Green Castle, same as the former, berries even larger. 38. Luna, white, in appearance almost like Martha; but the gain in size seems to be coupled with a loss in qual- ity, compared to our delicious, juicy, small Astivalis grapes. A larger number of his seedlings are of the Labrusca type, and among these his ‘‘U. B.’’ black, Mianna and King William, white, are well worthy a trial.
Mary, (?) raised by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island. Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens too late for the North. Bunch medium, moderately compact; berries medium, round, greenish white, witha bloom. Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, brisk flavor.—Down- ting. Another Mary, an early red grape, is described by Fuller.
Marion. (Cord.) A new variety brought to us from Pennsylvania by that indefatigable horticulturist, Samuel Miller, who got it from Dr. C. W. Grant. It came probably from “‘Longworth’s famons school of vines,” valua- ble for a dark red wine. Bunch medium, com- pact; berry medium, but considerably larger than Clinton, round, black, juicy, sweet when fully ripe; ripens Zate—long after coloring, but hangs firmly to the bunch. Blooms early, with Clinton, which variety it resembles yet far sur- passes, in our opinion; so much so that it appears almost a transition from the Riparia to istivalis species. Vine a very vigorous grow- er, rambling but not so straggling as the Clin- ton. Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage large, strong and abundant; of a peculiar golden bue when young, the young branches of
Flesh sweet, rather |
a beautiful red color. Roots wiry and firm, with a smooth, hard liber, enjoy the immunity from Phyloxera belonging to its species in the fullest degree.
Mary Ann. (Zabdr.) Raised by J. B. Gar- ber, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Bunch medium, moderately compact, shouldered; berry medi- um, oval, black, pulpy, foxy, resembling the Isabella. Very early, ripening a day or two before the Hartford Prolific, and therefore val- uable as an early market grape, though of an inferior quality.
Massasoit, (Roger’s Hybrid No.3). A fine, early grape for table and market. We copy the following description by Mr. Wilder, our celebrated veteran of American pomology:
Bunch rather short, medium size, shouldered ; berry medium to large, color brownish red. Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of the native flavor when fully ripe. Season same as the Hartford Prolific. Very free from disease, and sufficiently vigorous.
MAXATAWNEY (half diameter).
(Labr.) A chance seed- ling, originated in Montgomery county, Penn- sylvania in 1844. First brought into notice in 1858. Bunch medium, long, occasionally com- pact, usually not shouldered; berry above me- dium, oblong, pale yellow, with slight amber
Maxatawney.
tint on the sunny side. Flesh tender, not pulpy
66 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
sweet and delicious, with fine aroma, few seeds; quality best, both for table fand wine. Ripens rather late for northern localities, but where it fully ripens, as here in Missouri, itis one of the finest of our native white grapes, much like the European white Chasselas. oots slender, soft in texture and liber, incapable of resisting Phyl- loxera. Canes light and of moderate length, with average number of laterals. Wood soft with a large pith. Vine very healthy and hardy; needs no protection in winter; foliage large, deeply indented. Must 82°.
‘“Will make avery delicate white wine without gallizing.”—Husmann.
Merrimack (Roger’s No. 19). Regarded by some as the finest grape in the collection of Rogers’ hybrids. Mr. Wilder says:
It is one of the most reliable varieties in all seasons. Wine very vigorous, free from dis- ease. Bunch usually smaller than his other black sorts; berry large, sweet, tolerably rich. Season about the 20th of September (in Massa- chusetts.)
We prefer his No. 4., the ‘‘Wilder;”’ it is like it in quality, with by far larger and heavier bunches, and more profitable.
Miles. (Zabdr.) Origin, Westchester coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Vine a moderate grower, hardy and productive. Bunch small, rather compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh tender, slight pulp at centre; brisk, vinous, pleasant. Ripens among the earliest, but does not hang long. We cannot recommend it for vineyard culture as a profitable market grape, but for family use as a good early table grape it is valuable, especially for the North.
Mimer’s Seedling. (See Venango.)
Missouri. Syn: MissOURI SEEDLING. Mentioned by Buchanan and Downing; but now unknown, even in Missouri.
Mount Lebanon, (Zabr.) Originated by George Curtis, of the United Society of Mount Lebanon, Colum- bia county, N. Y.; supposed to be a cross of Spanish Amber and Isabella. Bunch larger than Northern Mus- cadine; berry round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough, though sweet, perhaps a little better than Northern Muscadine. Wot yet tried here.
Mottled. Originated with Mr. Charles Carpenter, Kelly’s Island. A seedling of the Catawba. Earlier in ripening and less disposed to mil- dew-and rot than its parent. Mr. H, Lewis, of Sandusky, Ohio, says:
“‘This variety undoubtedly de- serves more credit than it has gained, at home and abroad.”
MOTTLED.
Charles Downing says:
“‘ A profuse bearer, ripening with Delaware. It will hang along time after ripe, and keeps unusually well.”
We, in Missouri, as well as Dr. E. Van Kewren, at Hammondsport, found it a poor grower and bearer.
Bunch medium size, very compact, slightly shouldered ; berries medium to large, round, distinctly mottled when held to the light, with differ- ent shades of red or maroon while ripening, but nearly a uniform dark Catawba color when fully ripe, with aslight bloom. Flesh sweet, juicy, vinous, of brisk, sprightly flavor, always rather pulpy and acid at the center. Skin thick. Season late, ripens with Norton’s Virginia. Hangs well to the bunch, and im- proves by being left long on the
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 67 = > empetpeaaamepmmiancacnesesmesscencs ee ne.
vines. More desirable as a wine than as a table grape. Vines healthy, hardy, and very produc- tive on old, established vines; moderately vig- orous; foliage abundant; wood short jointed. It was recorded by three competent judges, Mr. Geo. Leick being one, that its must weighed 94°, With acid 4 per mill.
Neff. (Zabr.) Syn. Keuxa. Origin on the farm of Mr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake, N. Y- Bunch medium; berry medium, dark copperred. Flesh pulpy and somewhat foxy. Good native, early.
Neosho. (Zstivalis.) Found growing wild on the farm of Mr. E. Schoenborn, near Neosho, Southwest Missouri. In 1868 Mr. Her- man Jaeger sent grafts of this (and other vari- eties of wild summer grapes) to that pioneer of Missouri vintners, Hon. Fred. Miinch, who, finding it to be of superior quality, called it the “Neosho.” Cultivated since that time in Warren and Newton counties, it never failed at, either place to produce large and healthy crops, and gained in favor every year. Mr.S. Miller says:
“Neosho is a treasure to the land. It is a true Aistivalis in all its habits, resembling Nor- ton in wood and foliage, yet quite distinct. For our climate and further south it promises to be among the white wine grapes what the Cynthiana is among the red wine grapes.”
This is the highest praise, the best prognosti- cation that can be given. Bunch and berries are of the same size as Norton’s; the bunches compact, shouldered, heart-shaped. The skin of the berries is thin, black with blue bloom, very dark, yet contains but very little coloring matter and less tannin; the pulp is meaty, very sweet and spicy, with but little acidity. Seeds rather large. The wood of the Neosho is ex- tremely hard and tough; it wili not propagate from cuttings. The vine is a most vigorous grower when once established on its own roots, or successfully grafted. Succeeds, so far, equally well on prairie, hill or bottom; re- quires plenty of room and prefers spur pruning on old wood. Itis so hardy that it may be said to resist all the extremes of our changeable cli- mate in Missouri. The roots are strong, wiry, and exempt from injury by Phylloxera. The foliage is coarse, but of beautiful color—dark and glossy green, and retains its freshness till frost sets in. The must of this remarkable new grape showed 110° on Oechsle’s scale, and only 54 mills acid on Twitchel’s acidometer. Al]- though fermented on the husk for two days, the color of the wine is a beautiful golden yellow, has an exquisite bouquet, and a most peculiar,
very fine aroma, somewhat similar to Maderia wine. This variety being moreover unexcelled in fruitfulness, even in an almost poor but warm and loose soil, promises to become one of the leading varieties among American grapes, and with roots quite invulnerable by the Phyl- loxera may even become of great importance for France.
Great thanks are due to Mr. Jaeger and Papa Miinch for having introduced this variety; but there exist only a few vines of it, and its propa- gation is so difficult that the high price will prevent its becoming as generally known and planted as it deserves. Nor should it be planted far north of St. Louis; it is a southern grape, ripens with Norton’s Virginia, and wherever this does not ripen it is useless to try it.
Newark. A Hybrid of Clinton and Vinifera, raised in Newark, New Jersey. Vine of vigorous growth, hardy, very productive. Bunches long, loose, shoul- dered; berrtes medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy and vinous, of pleasant taste; but however promising during a few years, it becomes soon diseased, its fruit subject to rot, and perishes, like its European parent ; it cannot be recommended.
Newport. (st.) Said to be a seedling from and similar to Herbemont.
North America. (Zabr.) Bunch small, shoul- dered; berry round, black, juicy but foxy. Ripens about with Hartford Prolific. Vine, vigorous, unpro- ductive.
Northern Muscadine. (Zabr.) <A seed- ling raised by the Shakers of New Lebanon, N. Y. Opinions differ widely about its value. Papa Miinch, (as we call our venerable friend, the Hon. Frederic Miinch,) places it as a table grape next to the Diana and Venango, and asa Wine grape far above them. Bunch medium, very compact, almost round; berry medium to large, dark amber-colored or brownish red, flesh pulpy and foxy, sweet, skin thick. Berries apt to drop from the bunch when ripe. Ripens early—about two weeks before Catawba. Vine of luxuriant growth, hardy and productive, free from rot. Its must will probably be found val- uable to mix, in small proportion, with some other variety to which it would impart, we be- lieve, a fine Muscat flavor.
North Carolina. (Zadr.) This seedling originated with that veteran pomologist, J. Bb. Garber, of Columbia, Pennsylvania; belongs to the Isabella type, and is a showy market grape of fair quality. Bunch medium to large, occa- sionally shouldered, moderately compact; berries large, oblong, black with slight blue bloom; flesh pulpy but sweet; skin thick;
68 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
THE NORTH CAROLINA SEEDLING.
hangs well to the bunch, and will keep well and carry to market in good condition. Ripens early, coloring a few days before the Concord. Vine an enormous grower, hardy, healthy, and very productive; requires long pruning and “plenty to do.’’ foots abundant, thick, firm, with a tolerably hard liber; seems a good resist- ant to Phylloxera. Canes of medium thickness, long and rambling, with an average comple- ment of laterals. Wood firm with a medium pith. The initiated can also make a good Mus- catell wine of it. Must, 84°.
Norton, or Norton’s Virginia. Origin- ated from seed of a wild grape (from the forests in Hanover county, Virginia) in the garden of Dr. D. N. Norton, an amateur horticulturist near Richmond, Virginia, and was introduced by him to public notice about forty-five years ago. It made but little progress until about twenty-five years ago, when Mr. Heinrichs and Dr. Kehr brought it, each a few sprigs, to our Herman vine-dressers. This little insignificant looking grape, pronounced worthless by Mr. Longworth, the father of American grape cul-
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 69
ture, has, nevertheless, become the great and leading variety for red wine, not merely in Missouri, where its superior qualities were first appreciated and bronght out in full splen- dor, and in its native State, but far and near, wherever grape vines are planted; and it is now so popular that it will be difficult to make our grape growers believe a variety still superior to the Norton can be found. And yet we claim this for the ‘“‘ Cynthiana.”
The dunch of the Norton is long, compact and shouldered; berry small, black, with dark blu- ish red juice, almost without pulp when fully ripe; sweet and brisk. Ripens late in October. Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy and productive when well established, but very impatient of transplanting, and exceedingly difficult to prop- agate. Roots tough and wiry. Liber thin and hard, of great resistance to the Phylloxera. Canes vigorous, of medium thickness and geod length. Wood very hard, with a small pith and firm outer bark. Wherever the season will admit of a thorough and perfect ripening of its fruit, the Norton will succeed in almost any soil. In rich bottoms it comes early into bear- ing, and is enormously productive—on high hills with rather poor soil and southern aspects it is tardy in coming into bearing, but produces there the richest wine, of great body and supe- rior medical qualities.* It has quite a peculiar coffeine flavor which at first seems unpleasant to many, but which, like coffee, endears itself to our taste. Must, 105°—110°.
From Norton’s seed two most promising
-white grapes have lately been raised, almost simultaneously: One by old Langendorfer, at Hermann, Missouri; the other by J. Balsiger of Highland, Illinois. These and the white Her- mann seedling (see Herm.) are the first white pure Adstivalis we know of, and these may be- come as valuable for white wines as Norton’s and Cynthiana are for red wines. They are very late, ripening even later than Norton’s, and thus will not be adapted for locations north of St. Louis, but the more valuable for the South. They have not yet been named, and will not be disseminated until fully tested; and unless they prove excellent in quality, perfectly healthy and hardy and very prolific, they will not be brought out by us.
Oporto. (Cord.) Of the same species as the Tay- lor’s Bullit; a true native with a foreign name.
Bunches small, usually very imperfect; bervzes small, black, harsh and very acid; considered a very poor
*It is the great remedy here for dysentery and dis- eases of the bowels.
variety by Mr. Fuller. humbug.’’—Ausmann.
Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. FR. W. Fur- nas of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomological Society, 1871) “My vines (of Oporto) have never failed to give a fine crop; last year I picked eleven hundred good bunches fron one vine five years old. It is an ex- ceedingly rampant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch not compact, bearing the fruit on until after first frosts in fall. Ihave found the Oporto to give a first class yield of very good wine, greatly improved by age.’’ Governor, that is too good to be believed!
“Of no value, a complete
Onondaga. A seedling originated in Fayetteville, Onondaga county, N. Y.; a cross between the Diana and the Delaware; said to combine in some degree the flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware, and to be a late keeper. Its appearance is certainly very fine, resembling Diana. Should it prove as good and healthy as its originator claims, it would indeed be
a valuable acquisition, as a market grape. Not dissem- inated. Othello, (Arnold’s Hybrid No.1.) Across
from what is called Clinton in Canada (but not the true Clinton) fertilized by the pollen of Black Hamburg. Described in the Am. Hort. Annual for 1868, as follows: ‘‘ Bunch and berry very large, much resembling the Black Ham- burg in appearance. Black with a fine bloom. Skin thin, the flesh very solid, but not pulpy; flavor pure and sprightly, but in the specimens we have seen rather acid. Ripening with the Delaware.”
Our experience with it has not been as favora- ble as we expected. The vines proved good growers, with beautiful, large, deeply lobed, smooth foliage, but not very productive. The bunches by no means resemble the Black Ham- burg in appearance; nor are they as good in quality as Mr. Arnold’s other Hybrids.
Ohio. Syn. SEGAR-Box, LONGWORTH’S OHIO, BLACK-SPANISH ALABAMA; is now understood to be identical with the ‘“‘Jaques’’ or ‘‘ Jack,” introduced and cultivated near Natchez, Mississippi, by an old Span- iard of the name of Jaques. It used to be grown in Ohio, where the stock originated from a few cuttings left in a segar box, by some unknown person, at the residence of Mr. Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This variety attracted a good deal of attention for some time on account of its large, long bunches (often ten to fifteen inches long, rather loose, tapering, shouldered), and its good quality; its berrdées are small, round, skin thin, purple with a blue bloom, flesh tender, melting, without pulp, brisk and vinous. The wood is strong, long jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton’s Vir- ginia, and smooth with peculiarly pointed buds. Leaves large, trilobed. At first it was also a good bearer, but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly that it was of no use, even when grown upon walls with protection. Downing (Fruit and F. trees of Am.) said ‘‘it is most likely a foreign sort, and, except in a few locations, a sandy soit and a mild climate, it is not
70 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
likely to succeed.” But Geo. W. Campbell, whom we have to thank for valuable information on this and many other varieties, says ‘‘I always considered the Ohio or Segar-Box, from its fruit, habit of growth and foliage, as of the same family as Herbemont, ZLeno7r, El- sinburgh, and that class of small, black, southern grapes.’’ Friend Sam Miller, of Bluffton, Missouri, writes us: ‘‘The Segar-Box, or Longworth’s Ohio, I had in the Wast for years, but never grew a perfect bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the frvit both mildewed and rotted. Here it would perhaps be as free from disease as Herbemont or Cunningham, to which class it evidently belongs.”’? When ripe it is an excellent grape. A few vines sent years ago, under the names of ‘‘Jaques’”’ or ‘‘Ohio,’’ to France, by P. J. Berck- mans of Georgia, proved very fine and valuable, per- fectly resisting Phylloxera, having remained healthy in the midst of vineyards destroyed by the root louse.
This attracted great attention and gave importance to this variety. But when Mr. Berckmans was asked for more of these vines, he stated that he had none, and that their culture had been entirely abandoned. The above description by our most experienced and reliable horticulturists, makes it more than doubtful that these vines, succeeding so well in the vineyards of Mr. Borty at Roquemare, and of Mr. Laliman, near Bordeaux, were the ‘‘Ohio’’ or ‘‘Jaques.’’—After considerable research we find, moreover, that Mr. G. Onderdonk, the pioneer fruit-grower of Western Texas, describes the Zenozr (original stock of which he had obtained from Berckmans) as follows: ‘‘ Bunches large, long, loose; berries small, black, round; no pulp; vinous and much coloring matter; leaves lobed; a fine bearer and wine grape. And we would add that the leaf and habit ex- actly resemble those of the Black Spanish. We have never planted a variety that grew off better than this variety has done during the two years we have had it in cultivation. In 1878 we gathered fruit from this variety that had been ripe seventy days on the vine.”’ From these facts we strongly incline to believe that tizs Lenoir is the very variety our friends in France are looking for.
Pauline: Syn. Burcunpy oF GrorGiA, Rep Lenore. A south- ern grape, of the same family as the Lenoir. Said to be superior for both wine and the table. Of little value at the North, where it does not ripen or grow well. Bunch large, long, tapering, shouldered; berries below medium, compact, pale amber or violet, with a lilac bloom; flesh brisk, vinous, sweet and aromatic. ‘The most delicious grape we have seen.”—Onderdonk. Growth mod- erate and peculiar, comes late into bearing. Sometimes sheds a part of its leaves too early. Onderdonk be- lieves it to be a Hybrid and nota pure Aistivalis. (See also Bottsi.)
Perkins. (Zabr.) Origin, Mass. Resembles somewhat, in general ap- pearance, the Diana; a valuable, very early market grape, as it is showy, which is more important for our markets than fine quality; be- sides, tastes differ, and to many tastes, its strong fox or musk flavor is not disagreeable; bunch medium to large, shouldered; berries me- dium, oblong, often flattened by their compactness, greenish-white at first, then of a fine, pale lilac color when fully ripe, with a thin, white bloom; flesh rather pulpy, sweet, juicy; skin thick; ripens a few
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
Pieter, fad Pela Tisimral tela. || wkembae Enon). Aico after Hartford Prolific and before Dela- .Ware; vine a vigorous grower, healthy and productive.
Pollock. (Zabr.) Raised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont. N. Y. Bunches large as Concord, compact; berries large, dark purple or black; flesh free of pulp, vinous, not too sweet.—Strong.
Putnam, or Rickett’s Delaware Seedling No. 2 Cross between Delaware and Concord; very early; said to be sweet, rich and good; must stood 80° saccharome- ter; 414 per mill. acid.
Quassaick. A Hybrid of Clinton and Muscat- Hamburg, by Mr. Rickett, of Newburgh, N. Y. It has a large bunch, shouldered; berries above medium, oval, black, with a blue bloom; flesh very sweet, juicy and rich; vine healthy and productive.—F. 2. Ziliott.
Raabe. Some say it is a Hybrid between Labrusca and Astivalis or Vinifera, but Strong describes it as a cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which is probably correct. Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia; thought to be hardy, but was only moderately vigorous and proved quite unprofitable. Bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered; berry below medium size, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom; flesh very juicy, with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine, with a good deal of the Catawba aroma; quality “best.”,—<Ad. Int. Rep.
Raritan. Rickett’s Delaware Seedling No.1. A cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant moderately vig- orous, hardy, short jointed; bunch medium, shouldered; berry medium, round, black; leaves of medium size, lobed, veined or corrugated; flesh juicy and vinous; ripens about the time of Delaware, and commences to shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, Mr. J. H. Rick- ett, of Newburg, N. Y., claims that this is a superior wine grape, its must coming up to 114° on Oechsle’s scale, and 7 mill. acid by Twitchell’s Acidometer. In 1871 Mr. Rickett reported to the Am. Pom. Society, 105° saccharometer; 944 acid; ‘‘of course too much acid.’’
Rebecca. (Zabdr.) An accidental seedling, found in the garden of E. M. Peake, of Eeeon, N. Y. Itis one of our finest white grapes, but unfortunately very tender in winter, subject to mildew, of weak growth, deficient foliage, not productive. On south walls, in well protected situations, with dry soil and good culture, it succeeded, however, very well, and produced most delicious white grapes in some localities. Bunches medium, compact, not shouldered; berries medium, obovate; skin thin, pale green, tinged with yellow or pale amber color at full maturity, covered with a thin white bloom, con- siderably translucent. Flesh tender, juicy, free from pulp, sweet, with a peculiar musky and luscious aroma, distinct from any other grape; seeds small; leaves of scarcely medium size, very deeply lobed, and sharply serrated. Suited only to amateur culture.
71
Rentz. (Zabr.) A Cincinnati seedling , produced. by the late Sebastian Rentz, a most successful vintner. Claimed to be equal, if not superior to Ives. <A large, rather coarse black grape, very vigorous and healthy in vine and foliage, and very productive. Bunch large, compact, often shouldered; berry large, round, black’; flesh rather pulpy and musky, with abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives seedling, but is not good enough to be recom- mended. Valuable as a stock for grafting. Roots thick, with a smooth, firm liber, readily pushing young rootlets, of strong resistance to Phylloxera; canes thick, but not very long nor rambling. Wood hard, with a medium pith.
Requa. (Rogers’ No. 28.) A fine, table grape. Mr. Wilder, who had a better opportu- nity than most men, to form an accurate opinion of the merits of these Hybrids, and is without doubt the most reliable source, described it in the Grape Culturist as follows:
‘¢- Vine tolerably vigorous, and quite produc- tive; bunch large, shouldered; berry medium size, roundish; skin thin; flesh fonda and sweet with a trace of the native flavor; color bronzy green, assuming a dull brown red at maturity ; season middle of September. A grape of fine quality, but subject to rot in unfavorable sea- sons.”
Riesenblatt. (Giant-leaf.) A chance seedling of some Astivalis grape that grows on Mr. M. Poeschles’ vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The vine is hardy, healthy and productive; an enormous grower and a truly gi- gantic leaf. A small quantity of wine made from its grape by Messrs. Poeschel and Sherer has a Madeira character, resembling Hermann; color dark brown.
This variety has not been disseminated and conse- quently has not been tried outside of Hermann.
Rulander, or St. Gemnevieve.. Syn. AMOUREUX, Rep ELspen. What we call here the Rulander is not the same vine known by that name in the neighborhood of Metz, Ger- many, but is claimed to be a seedling from a foreign grape brought by the early French set- tlers to the Western bank of the lower Missis- sippi (Ste. Genevieve). Mr. Husmann, how- ever, believes it to be a native belonging to the southern division of the stivalis class, entirely different in foliage, wood and fruit from the Vitis Vinifera. Be this as it may, it certainly is one of our most valuable wine grapes. Bunch rather small, very compact, shouldered; berry small, dark purple, black, without pulp, juicy, sweet and delicious; not subject to rot or mil- dew. Vine a strong, vigorous, short jointed grower, with heart-shaped, light green, smooth
72 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
leaves, hanging on till late in November; very healthy and hardy, but requires covering in ‘winter. It has very tough, strong roots with a firm, smooth liber, not subject to injury by Phylloxera; wood very hard, with a small pith and firm outer bark. And although it will not bear big crops, it makes up in quality as a wine grape, what it may lack in quantity. It makes an excellent pale red, or rather brownish wine, closely resembling sherry, which was repeatedly awarded a first premium, as the best light col- ored wine. Must 100°—1I0°.
Rogers’ Hybrids. Those of Mr- Rogers’ valuable seedlings to whom he has given names in place of numbers, by which they have hitherto been desig- nated, have been placed, in alphabetical order, in their appropriate places ;* but there are some remaining numbers yet unnamed, which deserve aname. (See also Aminia, probably No. 39.)
No. 2. One of the largest of all his Hybrids. Bunch and berry very large, dark purple, nearly black; Zate in ripen- ing, and in flavor somewhat like the Ca- tawba. Vine a vigorous grower and very productive.
No. 5. Not yet fruited here. Geo. W. Campbell says:
“‘ One of the finest of Rogers’ Hybrids, and deserving to be better known. Bunch medium to large, moderately com- pact; berries large, round, red, sweet and rich; free from foxiness and in qual- ity one of the very best. Vine perfectly hardy and healthy, but not as strong a grower as some others.”
No. 8. Considered by Mr. Husmann as one of the best, and valuable for wine making purposes, he describes it as fol- lows: ‘‘ Bunch and berry large; color pale red, but the fully matured berries a deep coppery red, with fine light gray bloom; flesh sweet, juicy, with pleasant flavor, and almost entirely free from pulp. Skin about the same thickness as Catawba. Vine a strong, vigorous grower, with broad, thick and coarse foliage. Hardy and productive.” We do not think so much of these Hybrids, and we fear that their Roots are not sufficiently resist- ive to Phylloxera.
Mr.
*No. 1. Goethe No. 14. Gaertner. No. 41. Essex. No.8. Massasoit. No. 15. Agawam. No. 43. Barry. No. 4. Wilder. No. 19. Merrimac. No. 4t. Herbert.
No. 9. Lindley. No. 28, Requa. No. 53. Salem.
Salem (Rogers’ No. 53.) Like Agawam (No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4), this is a Hybrid. between a native (Wild Mammoth), the female, and the Black Hamburg, the male parent. Bunch large and compact, broad, shouldered; berry large as Hamburg, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, of a light chestnut or catawba color; flesh tolerably tender, sweet, with rich, aromatic flavor; a little foxiness to the smell which is not perceptible to the taste; considered in quality one of the best; skin rather thick; seeds large; ripens as early as Concord; it also
ROGERS’ HYBRID NO. 8.
keeps well. Vine very vigorous, healthy; foli- age large, strong and abundant; wood of a lighter color than most of the Rogers grapes. The roots are of medium thickness, branching, with smooth, firm liber, and have more of the native character than most other Hybrids ;{they
ll ieee
. ergetic desire to produce by hybridization,
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 73
seem to resist the Phylloxera as well as most Labrusca varieties ; the Salem can be propagated from cuttings with remarkable ease, and its vigor of growth in the shoots has hardly a par- allel among Hybrids. Wood rather firm with a moderate pith.
Ricketts’? Seedling Grapes. Mr. J. H. Ricketts of Newburgh, N. Y., has worked for the last eight years or more, with an en-
some better grapes for out-door or vineyard culture in this country, than any we have, and his collection of new seedlings, (now 75 in num- ber) is really remarkable both for great variety and superior quality, but as he does not grow them on a large scale himself, nor put them on the market that others may do so, their hardiness and productiveness has not been tested; to judge by what we have heard from the few who were favored with some grafts, we fear they are not hardy, and are very much subject to rot. But this may apply only to his hybrids, congenerous with foreign varieties, while some of his crosses between purely native varieties may be quite hardy and healthy. We certainly wish it, for we can testify to the great excellence in quality of those of Mr. Ricketts’ seedlings which we were allowed to taste at the meeting of the Am. Pomological Society at Boston (Sept. 1873). Most of them are desig- nated only by numbers; (Clinton No. 3 and 24; Nos. 32 and 157 similar to white Chasselas; Nos. 71 A and 87 B, white, with a delicate Muscat flavor; No. 48, seedling from Delaware, and No. 12 B, we regarded as the most promis- ing, and we offered $100-for two young vines ot each of them, but Mr. Ricketts desires to sell the Stock.* Those which have been named, so far, will be found in this catalogue, with such descriptive notes as we could obtain.
Secretary. Obtained by J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., by crossing the Clinton with Muscat Hamburgh. Vine vigorous, hardy. Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered, with a large, black, roundish oval berry. Its peduncle red at the base when drawn from the berry. Flesh juicy, sweet, meaty, slightly vinous. Must 93° saccharo- meter; 714 per mill. acid. Foliage like Clinton but thicker, and about the same size.
Schiller. One of Muench’ seedlings of the Louisiana. Vine perfectly hardy, a vig- orous grower, healthy and, so far, more, pro- ductive than ‘his other seedlings. Fruit of a purplish blue color, but light juice; otherwise quite similar to his Humboldt.
Seneca. Very similar to (if not identical with) Hartford. First exhibited at Hammondspor, N. Y., in October, 1867, by Mr. kK. Simpson, of Geneva, N.Y. Highly recommended by T. S. Hubbard, N. Y., not known in the West.
* We are just notified (February, 1875), that “Messrs.
Hance & Sons have purchased the entire stock of several of these new seedling grapes for propagation.
/
St. Catherine. (Zabr.) Raised by James W. Clark, Framingham, Mass. Bunch large, rather com- pact berries large, chocolate color, rather sweet, tough, foxy. Not of much value.— Downing.
THE SHCRETARY GRAPE.
Scuppernong. Synonym: YELLOW MUSCADINE, WHITE MuscaDINE,* BULL, BULLACE, or BULLET, ROANOKE, (Vitis Vulpina or V. Rotundifolia). This is purely and exclusively a southern grape; in South Car- olina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and in parts of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Ar-
*The black or purple grapes of this class are often incor- rectly called “Black Scuppernong.’’ Southern horticultur- ists designate them by different names; Flowers, Mish, Thomas, etc.
74 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE,
kansas—it is quite a favorite, producing annual- ly large and sure crops, requiring scarcely any eare or labor. It is entirely exempt from mil- dew, rot or any of the diseases so disastrous to © the northern species, entirely exempt also from Phylloxera; but it cannot be grown north of the Carolinas, Tennessee and Arkansas, nor even in Texas. Mr. Onderdonk, whose nurser- ies are farther south than any other in the United States, says about the Scuppernong grapes: ‘‘We have repeatedly tried it, and as frequently failed.”— We would not attempt to grow it, even if we could, as we can raise by far superior grapes.
We are aware that Southerners are very sen- sitive, and deem it unjust partiality, if not an insult, to say anything against their favorite, the Scuppernong—‘‘a Divine Gift?’
“Sent in the night time of sorrow and care,
To bring back the joy that the South used to wear.”
Most heartily wishing that joy be brought back to our afflicted South, we would therefore refrain from any remarks in derogation of this Divine gift, had it not been attempted to palm upon the distressed people of France the Scup- pernong as the only salvation for reconstruct- ing their noble vineyards (Le Phylloxera et les Vignes Americaines par M. C. Le Hardy de Beaulieu). We shall quote, however, none but Southern authorities and culvivators of the Scuppernong.
P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia: ‘I could not say too much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine grape. It is one of those things that never fail. Of course I do not compare tt with the Delaware and other fine flavored grapes; but the question is, where, where shall we find a grape that will give us a profit? We have it in the Scupper- nong. It cannot be grown as far north as Norfolk.”— Am. Pom. Society, 1873.
J. H. Carleton, El Dorado, Arkansas: “The fruit is so healthy that it has never been known to make any one sick, unless he swallowed the hulls, which are very indigestible. I made some Scuppernong wine last year with very little sugar (1¥ lbs. to the gallon must), and although the grapes were not near so ripe as they should have been, it has a fine body. * * * It is called by some the ‘lazy man’s grape.’ I admit the charge and prize it the more on that account.’’
Jno. R. Eakin, Washington, Arkansas; ‘‘I scarcely know what to say of this nondescript, which is called agrape. It is a coarse, tough-skinned berry, with a sweetish, musky flavor. The vine takes care of itself. Does not require and will net suffer pruning; bears abundantly and has no diseases. With sugar it makes avery wholesome and palatable dry wine, and when “tomahawked’’ with apple brandy (shall I confess it?) is glorious to take. I scarcely think it a grape, but still a most useful fruit sud generis, and I hope will be cultivated extensively by those who have no inclina- tion for the more troublesome, and I must say, the more exquisite ‘bunch grapes,’ as it is the habit of its friends to call the Herbemont, the Catawba and others. Each to his taste.’’
A.C Cook, of Georgia: “It is deficient both in eugar and acid, as it rates at about 10 per cent of the first, 4 per mille of the latter.’’— Grape Culturist, July, 1870.
SCUPPERNONG.
The Scuppernong grape was discovered by the colony of Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1554, on the Island of Roa- noke, N. C., and the original vine is said to sti!l exist there, being over 300 years of age. In app‘ arance, wood, fruit and hab't, it is entirely distinct, or ‘wnzgue’ as Mr. Van Buren calls it, saying: ‘‘ There is a resem- blance between the V. Vinifera, Labrusca, Aistivalis, Cordifolia; they wil! allintermingle, producing Hybrids, but none of them can ever be crossed with the V. Ro- tundifolia, which blooms two months later than either of the foregoing varieties. The odor of the Scupper- nong when ripening is delicious, and entirely distinct from the nigger stink of the Fox grape family.’’ (Northerners must not be sensitive!) The growth of the vine, or rather the space over which its branches extend in a series of years, is almo‘t fabulous. The Bark of the Scuppernong is smooth, of a greyish ashey color, variegated with many small, dot-like specks of lighter hue; the wood is hard, close-textured, firm; the roots White or creamy. The leaves, before dropping in autumn, become of a brilliant yellow.
Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only about 4 to 6, rarely more, large, thick skinned, pulpy berries. These are ripening in August and September; not ail at the same time, but are falling off successively when ripe, by shaking the vine, and they are thus gathered from the ground. Color yellowish, somewhat bronzed when fully ripe. The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous, with a musky scent and flavor—a delicate perfume to some tastes, repugnant to others. With the addition of sugar or spirits, or both, it makes a good, pleasant cor- dial of fine aroma. The French wine judges at the Congres held in 1874 at Montpellier, pronounced all tae Scuppernong wines there ‘‘fort peu agréable,’’ some even ‘‘d’un gout désagréable.”
LK —_- — - -
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 75
Senasqua. A _ hybrid raised by Stephen Underhill, Croton Point, N. Y., from Concord and Black Prince. Seed was planted in 1863 and the vine bore its first fruit in 1865. Bunch and berry varying from medium to large; the bunch is very compact,so much so, as to cause the berries to crack; color black with blue bloom; quality best. The fruit has the peculiar fleshy char- acter of certain foreign grapes, with a brisk, vinous flavor. The vine is vig- orous and productive, in rich soil; moderately hardy. The leaf is very firm, and shows no trace of foreign er- igin, except when it ripens, at which time, instead of the yellow of the Con- cord it takes on the crimson color of the mature leaf of the Black Prince. With us, at Bushberg, it did not suc- ceed so well, and is not near as desira- ble as Underhill’s new grapes, the Black Eagle and Black Defiance. The originator himself does not recommend the Senasqua as a profitable grape for market purposes, as it is rather late in ripening (afew days after Concord), but only as a fine and valuable ama- teur fruit. As such it is of first rank, “of the highest quality to those who appreciate life and brilliancy in a grape.”—We give in annexed figure, the likeness of a medium-sized cluster.
Taylor or Bullit. (often called Taylor’s Bullit,) (Cord.) Introduced to notice by Judge Taylor, of Jericho, Henry County, Kentucky. It is generally considered very unproductive. It seems that the vines of this variety require age, and spur pruning on old wood to make it produce well. Mr. Husmann says:
‘‘Give the vine plenty of room and plenty to do,i. e., prune it long and we think it will bear satisfactory crops when four years old.”
We tried it in vain.
Mr. Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clin- ton among Taylor to fertilize them, but we find the benefits resulting from this system also in- sufficient to balance its many inconveniences; and yet we have seen Taylor vines grown by themselves on the ‘‘Souche” plan (the shape of asmall weeping-willow tree, allowing the canes to grow from the top and not from the base of the main trunk, spur pruning in winter but not suppressing the growth by summer pruning) produce from 5 to 10 lbs. per vine. The bunches
SENASQUA.
are small, but compact and sometimes shoul- dered; berry small, white to pale amber, turn- ing even to pale red, like Delaware when perfectly ripe, round, sweet aud without pulp. Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vinea very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very hardy. Roots comparatively few, wiry and very tough, with a thin, hard liber. The young spongioles will push as rapidly as the Phyllox- era can destroy them; hence this variety pos- sesses great power of resistance to the insect. Its wine is of good body and fine flavor, more closely resembling the celebrated Riesling of the Rhine than perhaps any other of our Amer- ican varieties. Some very promising seedlings of the Taylor are now introduced. See Hilvira.
Nelegraph. (Labr.) Aseedling raised by a Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co., Pa., and named by P. R. Freas, editor of the Germantown Telegraph (one of the best agricultural papers in the East). An attempt
76 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
was afterwards made to change its name to Christine, but did not prevail. Mr. Sam. Mil- ler, of Bluffton, says it is one of the most prom- ising of all the new FARLY grapes, and we con- sider it as far better than Hartford Prolific. Bunch medium, very compact, shouldered; berry medium, oval, black, with blue bloom; flesh juicy, with very little pulp, spicy and of good quality; ripens almost as early as Hart- ford Prolific. A constant and reliable bearer, but often lost by rot, especially in the South- west. Vine a healthy, vigorous grower, in rich soil. Roots very abundant, heavy, and remark- ably fibrous, with thick but rather firm liber. Canes stout, of average length, crooked at the joint, with the usual number of laterals. Wood hard with medium pith.
Theodosia. A chance seedling inthe grounds of E.S. Salisbury, Adams, N. Y., said to be an Mstivalis. According to Mr. S. the bunch is very compact; berries black, in size between Delaware and Creveling, quite tart, very early, and claimed to be a good wine grape. But at a grape test held at Hammondsport, October 12, 1870, the report showed for Theodosia the lowest amount of sugar, 631¢° by Oechsles’ scale, with over 11 per mill. acid.
Thomas. A new variety of the Scuppernong species, discovered and introduced by Mr. Drury Thomas, of S. C., and thus described: ‘In color it varies from red- dish purple to deep black; has a thin skin; sweet and tender flesh; is less in size than the Scuppernong, makes a fine wine, and is superior for the table. Ripens with the Scuppernong.
Vo-Kalon. Syn: WYMAN, SPOFFORD SDLG., CarTER. (Labr.) Originated at Lansingburg, N.Y., by Dr. Spofford, and was at first supposed to be identical with the Catawba. C. Downing showed that it was entirely distinct and at first highly recommended it for general cultivation, but soon afterwards found that it drops its fruit, is inclined to rot, does not ripen well, and mil- dews badly, and so stated; admitting, however, that ‘this grape is very fine, when you can get it.” Bunch medium to large, shouldered, com- pact; berries varying in form from oval to ob- late, nearly black in color, and profusely cov- ered with bloom; flesh sweet, buttery and lus- cious, without foxiness in its aroma and with but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. An early but a shy bearer.
- Talman’s Seedling, or Tolman. (Labr.) Grown in Western New York, as an early mar- ket grape, CLOSELY RESEMBLING HARTFORD. Bunch medium to large, compact, shouldered; berry large, black, adheres to the stem. Skin thick and firm; flesh sweet, juicy, somewhat pulpy, with slight foxy flavor; vine a very rank
vigorous grower, perfectly hardy and healthy and very productive; said to ripen a week ear- lier than Hartford; quality not very good, yet by some preferred to Hartford. The same va- riety was said to have been sent out under the name of ‘‘Champion,”’ as a new variety, but its proprietor, R. J. Donnelly, of Rochester, claims that his ‘“‘ Early Champion” is a new grape, ri- - pening two weeks before the Tolman, or any other, and he is permitted to refer to Ellwanger & Barry, Hooker, and other high-standing Hor- ticulturists who have seen the grape growing.
Triumph. (Campbell’s Concord Hybrid No.6.) Is pronounced by Mr. Samuel Miller, to whom Mr. Campbell confided this new vari- ety for testing and propagation in Missouri, as the most promising of all the white grapes. It is a cross between Concord and Chasselas Mosquee, (Syn. Joslyn’s St. Albans.) Like his Concord Muscat, it has retained, even more than this, the vigor and general habit of foliage and growth of its parent; its fruit however, is wholly free from any vestige of coarseness or fox flavor, or smell. Bunch and berry are very large; color white; skin thin, no pulp; small seeds and few of them; ripens later than Concord, (Sept. 16, here,) nearly as late as Catawba, and on that account not recommended for the North or for any locality where the season is too short to ripen the Catawba or Herbemont, but the more valuable further South; quality first rate; vine healthy and hardy, very productive and free from disease, showing no rot when even Concord rotted more or less. He predicts a splendid career for this variety, and we ourselves wish and hope that its success may justify its name.
Uhland. A new seedling from the Louisi- ana, raised by Fr. Miinch, and considered by him the most hardy and prolific, and conse- quently the must promising of the lot.
Una. (Labr.) A white seedling, raised by Mr. EK. W. Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good nor as productive as Martha. Bunch and berry small, of a very foxy flavor; not desirable.
Underhill. Syn. UNDERHILL’s SEEDLING, UN- DERHILL’S CELESTIAL. (Zabr.) Originated at Charl- ton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underhill; pro- nounced as ‘fof no more value than many other fox grapes’’ by Mr, Fuller, but considered by G.W. Camp- bell to be ‘‘ of more value than the lona for general cul- tivation.’’ Bunch medium, to large, moderately com- pact; berrzes full medium, round, of Catawba color; pulp tender, sweet, rich and vinous, slightly foxy; ripens early, about with the Concord; vine a strong grower, hardy, healthy and productive. Not yet tested here.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 17
Union Village. Syn. SHAKER, ONTARIO. (Labr.) Originated among the Shakers at Un- ion Village, Ohio. One of the largest of the native grapes we have, and one of the strongest growing vines. It is said to be a seedling of the Isabella, scarcely better in quality, but the bunches and berries are of the size of the Black Hamburgs. Bunches large, compact, shoul- dered; berries very large, black, obloug; skin thin, covered with bloom; flesh quite sweet when fully ripe, and of tolerably good quality; ripens late and unevenly. Vine acoarse grower but tender, requires protection in severe win- ters; often unhealthy.
Urbana. (Zabr.) Bunch medium, short, shoul- dered; berry medium to large, round, white-yellowish
in the sun, juicy, vinous acid; hard centre, aromatic skin. Ripens about with Isabella.—Downing.
Venango, or Minor’s Seedling. (ZLabr.) An old variety, said to have been cultivated by the French at Fort Venango, on Alleghany river,some eighty years since. Bunch medium, compact; berries above medium, round, often flattened by their compactness, color pale red, a fine white bloom; skin thick; flesh sweet, but pulpy and foxy; vine a vigorous grower, very hardy, healthy and productive.
Victoria. Ray’s (Zabr.) This new variety is being introduced (1871—1872) by Mr. M. M. Samuels of Clin- ton, Ky., who describes it as follows: ‘* Bunches and bervies medium size, round, light amber color; skin thin; pulp tender, sweet and highly flavored; vines per- fectly healthy; abundant bearer, and a good, but not rampant grower.’’ This grape has been tested fora number of years by a few individuals, in different parts of the South, and has, even under adverse circumstances been free from both mildew and rot; it ripens there about the middle of August, and was pronounced an excellent table grape, making also a superior wine.
We find it quite similar to Perkins.
Weehawken. Raised by Dr. Chas. Siedhof of North Hoboken, N. J., from aseed of a grape from the Crimea— V. Vinifera. A white grape of fine quality.
Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly foreign in character; its fruit fine; but only by grafting it on native roots, and careful nursing and covering in winter can we obtain some of it in favorable seasons.
White Delaware. A pure Delaware seed- ling, originated with Mr. Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, O., of whom we received a few vines of this variety in 1873.
The vine is claimed to be much more vigor- ous and robustin habit than the Delaware under
the same conditions and circumstances; its foli- age is large, thick and heavy, resembling that
-to the old Delaware.
of Catawba more than Delaware. With him it has so far resisted both mildew and rot in very unfavorable seasons, and has matured its fruit perfectly when both Concord and Delaware were destroyed. In flavor it seems to Mr. Campbell all that can be desired, even superior Its only fault, he says, is want of size; the berries and bunches will both rather fall below than go above the size of Del- aware. In form of bunch and berry it is like the Delaware, compact and shouldered; color greenish-white, with thin white bloom. Produc- tive, but apparently not as subject to overbear as the Delaware.
Ifits more vigorous habit should make this new variety succeed in localities where the Del- aware fails, then the want of size would not prevent, in our opinion, its becoming a very valuable vineyard grape. We consider it wor- thy of trial.
Another White Delaware seedling has been raised by Mr. Herm. Yaeger of Neosho; while the bunch and berries closely resemble the Del- aware in shape and size, it has otherwise every characteristic of a Labrusca.
Whitehall. (Zabr.) <A new, early black grape, supposed to be a chance seedling, originated on the grounds of Mr. George Goodale, in Whitehall, Wast. ington Co., N. Y. and said to be nearly three weeks aheaa of the Hartford Prolific! Messrs. Merrell & Coleman, who have propagated and now offer this new grape, describe the fruit to be the size of the Isabella; bunch large and moderately compact, color dark pur- ple; berries thin skinned, and adhering well to the stem; pulp tender, melting and sweet. The vine is said to be a good grower, hardy and free from mildew.
This variety may most likely be worthy the atteation of grape growers in search of very early sorts.
Wilmingten. (?) A white grape, originated on the farm of Mr. Jeffries, near Wilmington, Del., Vine very vigorous, hardy. Bunches large, loose, shoulder- ed; berries large, round, inclining to oval, green- ish-white, or when fully ripe, yellowish. Flesh acid ; pungent, not desirable at the north—may be better south. Ripens late.—Downing.
Wilmington Red. Syn: WYOMING RED. (Labr.) Raised and disseminated by S. J. Parker, M. D., Ithaca, N. Y., and according to Fuller, ‘‘ nothing more than an early red fox grape, but little better than the old Nor- thern Muscadine.’’ The Horticulturist, of Nov. 1874, speaks of the Wyoming Red (probably the more correct name of Dr. Parker’s red fox grape seedling) as being rapidly diffused and much in demand there, as an early profitable grape.
Winslow. (Cord.) Originated in the garden of Charles Winslow, Cleveland, O. The vine resembles Clinton, is hardy and productive; the fruit matures very early, and is less acid than Clinton; bunch medium, compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh reddish tinge, some pulp, vinous, juicy.— Downing.
78 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
THE WALTER GRAPE.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 79
Walter. (Zabr.) Raised by that enthusias-
- tic horticnlturist, Mr. A. J. Caywood, of Pough-
keepsie, N. Y., crossing the Delaware with the Diana. From the many premiums awarded to this grape, from the favorable reports by all who have seen or tested it for wine, it may well claim to be a first class grape, and to merit a trial wherever American grapes are successfully grown. It labors yet under the disadvantage of having been represent2d as the climax of per- fection, or, at least, as being superior to all other American varieties, by its originator. In justice to the latter, however, it must be admit- ted that he honestly believes all he claims for his seedling, and has distributed the same with a liberality and a disinterestedness scarcely ever equalled by any originator of a new variety. It is now growing in almost every soil and loca- tion of this Union, and the opinions on its true merits and adaptability for general cultivation widely differ according to localities. In those where vines are much subject to mildew, the Walter cannot flourish, it drops its foliage, and is far from desirable; but in favorable localities, especially where the Delaware succeeds well, there the Walter will also prove desirable—a fair grower and good bearer. Even in less fa- vored localities it proved healthy and gave splendid results—when grown on Concord or other vigorous roots, while on its own roots it failed.
In general appearance the characters of both the Diana and Delaware are discernible. The bunch and berry are of medium size, of light Catawba color. Flesh tender, rich and sweet, with an agreeable spicy flavor, strongly remind- ing of the Diana. The fruit is possessed of a most exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bou- quet equalled by no other American grape that we know of. Quality best, both for table and for wine. Ripens very early, about same time as Delaware. Vine, in moderately rich sandy soil, where free from mildew and from Phyllox- era, a very fair grower, with dark brown, short- jointed wood; large tough leaves, green on the upper and lower surface, not woolly; must 99° to 105°; acid 5 to 8 per mill.
Wilder. (Rogers’ Hybrid No. 4.) This promises to be one of the most profitable and popular varieties for the market in cultivation, its size and beauty being equalled by its vigor, hardiness and productiveness. Bunch large, often shouldered, sometimes weighing a pound; berry large, globular; color dark purple, nearly black; slight bloom. Flesh tolerably tender, with a slight pulp, juicy, rich, pleasant and
sweet. Ripens with, and sometimes earlier than the Concord, keeping for a long time. The vine is vigorous, hardy, healthy and pros dutive; roots abundant, of medium thickness, straight, with a smooth, moderately firm liber. Canes heavy and long, with well-developed lat- erals. Wood firm with a medium pith. The figure of the Agawam (page 34), and of the Senasqua (page 75), may serve as fair illustra- tions of the form and appearance of the Wilder grape.
Wrylie’s New Seedling Grapes. ‘‘Too much can scarcely be said in praise of Dr. W ylie’s persevering efforts in the improvement of the grape.”’—P. J. Berck- mans, Chas. Downing, Thomas Meehan, W. C. Flagg, P. T. Quinn, Committee on Native Fruits, of the Am. Pomol. Society. (Proceedings 1871, page 54.)
This testimony, and the excellent character of these hybrids, as regards flavor and general appearance, en- title them to special attention; and we give them a place in our Catalogue, although they have not been sufficiently tested, and we are now growing them under restrictions not to sell or give out any wood of same. But as soon as they will have been sufliciently tested in different localities and proven satisfactory, their origin- ator will distribute them with great liberality, though few persons can appreciate the immense labor and per- severance which his experiments have cost. <As early as 1859 he had raised many seedlings of Delaware and Foreign; all have proven failures. Catawba, Isabella, Halifax, Union Village, Lenoir, Herbemont, and other hybrids, which he produced lby crossing any of those with foreign, have nearly all failed—most of them from mildew and rot. Many would produce vines of healthy appearance, but they would fail to set their fruit. In 1863 he had over one hundred promising seedlings; gave Mr. Robert Guthrie, of York County, S. C., about 65, mostly hybrids of Halgfax and Delaware. These flourished, and never missed a full crop; but after some years Mr. Guthrie hud to be absent, and the vines were entirely neglected. Mr. Wylie’s own soil is a tenacious pipe clay, the worst for grapes, and during the war, owing to quartering of troops adjoining his lot, his vines were ruined. Thus there exist now but a few of those Halifax and Delaware Hybrids saved again by Mr. Guthrie. In.1868 Mr. Wylie planted about one hundred seedlings of Concord fertilized with foreign, and about fifty Diana fertilized with West’s St. Peter, white Chas- selas and Lady Downe’s Seedling. Of these many mil- dewed badly, some died, and he abandonedthem. Af- ter many failures to produce seedlings of Hybrid-Scup- pernongs, he finally succeeded, but owing to a little hot house being over-heated, he again lost nearly all of them. He commenced anew with his experiments and had hundreds of new seedlings growing, when they were cut down by a severe frost, on the 27th of April, 1872, a frost which killed all kinds of grape vines in that section. Again, in November, 1873, his resi- dence was burned, (no insurance) and consequently he had to leave his place to depredations from broken fences, &c. But it is now rebuilt, and Mr. Wylie is back again at his old place, experimenting and working with the same zeal and enthusiasm as ever, wishing:
80 BUSHBERG CATALOGUE.
“ Tf 1 were only young aguin—with the experience I have!”?
We extract the following from Mr. Wylie’s letters to ourselves, feeling confident that it will be found inter- esting to grape growers, as characteristic of the origi- nator and his new Hybrids. ‘‘Isend you some scions for grafting, of some of my best Hybrids. I wish you to give them a fair trial. I hardly think that any of them will prove tender with you, except ‘Jane Wylie.’ Those which I found most hardy, and judge to be so also North (from parentage), I mark *. In describing my different Hybrids I always name the female parent first, viz: Halifax and Delaware means that Halifax is the female and Delaware the male parent.’’
Jame Wylie. (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.) Bunch and berry very large; berries nearly one ineh in diameter; quality best. resembling foreign in texture and flavor, ripens early and hangs long; might require winter covering in your climate and further North.
* Clinton and Foreign, (Red Frontignac,) No, 6. White, slightly red on cheek; resembles white Chasse- las; bunch large; berries above medium; not as early as Jane Wylie; wood and foliage NATIVE; seems quite hardy, and is of highest quality.
Marry Wylie. A Hybrid, (label of parentage lost) white; bunch and berries about size of Lenoir, more shouldered; beautiful and excellent.
7 No. 4. A cross between two Hybrids. Bunch some larger than Lenoir; ber7y medium, of aclear transparent golden color; finest texture and flavor, re- sembling white Frontignac. Ripens as early as Con- cord; native foliage. but ahead of all American grapes in quality; considered of the highest excellence by Downing, Saunders, Meehan and others.
SS No. 5. (Delaware and Clinton). Bunch and berry larger than Delaware; color of fruit a fine pink. ‘¢Berckmans writes me that it bore well with him (scarcely any grape does well on his soil), says it is as strong and healthy a grower as Clinton (stronger with me); he thinks it of promise, and worthy aname. I am anxious for you to try it. Foliage native; does not rot or mildew here.’’
* Garnet. (Red Frontignac and Clinton.) Bunch and verry larger than Clinton, of a beautiful deep garnet color; flavor and texture foreign, but native foliage.
Concord and Foreign (Bowood Muscat,) No. 8. Black; bunch and berries very large and loose; skin thick; texture foreign, flavor slightly musky. A strong grower with large Labrusea foliage. Ripensaslate as Catawba.
Halifax and Hamburg, No.11. Black. Bunch and verry medium size; skin thick; only valuable on ac- count of its extreme productiveness and health; has never rotted in ten years.
Peter Wylie No. 1. (Parentage: F., Halifax and Foreign, M., Delaware and Foreign.) White; transpa- rent, becoming golden yellow when fully ripe; bunches and berrzes between Delaware and Concord. A vigor- ous, short-jointed, rapid growing vine, with thick, na- tive leaves; holds its leaves and ripens its wood thor- oughly. (Also Peter Wylie No. 2, produced from seed of/P..W. No..1.)
Robert Wylie. Blue; bunch large and long; berry large; skin thin; rich and juicy; ripens as late as Ca- tawba. <A great bearer; one of my best, but it may not be quite hardy, as the wood is not very hard.
»
Gill Wylie. (Concord and Foreign.) Blue; bunch large, loose, and much shouldered; berry large, oblong; texture soft and rich; ripens with Concord, but alto- gether superior. Intensely Labrusca in foliage, and clear of all disease. Considered of greatest promise.
* Delaware and Concord No. 1. Dark red; bunch and berry medium; skin tolerably thick; juice rich and sweet, slightly musky; vine very hardy, with La- brusca foliage; a great bearer, never fails, and may make a fine wine grape. :
Herbemont Mybrid. (Halifax and Foreign No.1 and Herbemont No.2.) Dark blue; bunch and berry medium; one of the most tender, sweet, and high-fla- vored grapes in the collection. A healthy vine, hardy here.
Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5. (Parentage: F., Bland Madeira and Foreign No. 1; M., Stamminate Hy- brid Scuppernong; produced by impregnating Black Hamburg with Scuppernong.) So, you see, it is only a quarter blood Scuppernong. I have never yet hada half breed Scuppernong to bear perfect fruit. The vine is healthy and hardy here; it bears a whdte, trans- parent, fruit. Bunch medium, berrzes large; skin thin, but tough; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, with a peculiar flavor; appears to ripen its berries together (as early as Concord) and adhere well, which some of the Hybrid Scuppernong do not. I think it may suit your climate; it is certainly worthy of a full trial.
Halifax and Delaware No. 30. Color of Dela- ware; bunch about same size; berries one-half larger; texture and flavor also much like Delaware, but holds (here) its leaves better, and is healthier generally, with leaves somewhat hoary underneath. A great bearer.
Halifax and Delaware No. 38. Of deeperred color than the former, and of superior flavor, but not as strong a grower as No. 30. Wood hard, leaves hoary, and ferruginous (rusty) underneath. Mr. Guthrie tells me that this variety was the most preferred among about 80 Hybrids he had bearing.
Halifax and Hybrid No. 55. Blue, like Hali- fax, but high-flavored, tender and very sweet; bunch and berry larger than Nos. 30 and 38. I think it will prove a great acquisition.
I have sent you nearly all of my Hybrids that may be sufficiently hardy for your climate. There are two more which I would like for you to try, but the vines were so nearly destroyed that Ihave no wood worth sending. I still continue to Hybridize, more or less every year.’’ A. PIOWMEEE.
York Madeira. Syn. BLACK GERMAN, LARGE GERMAN, SMALL GERMAN, MARION PORT, WOLFE, MONTEITH, TRYON. An old variety, probably a seed- ling of Isabella; originated at York, Pa. Bunch medium sized, compact and generally has a small shoulder; berry of medium size, roundish oval, black, thickly covered with a light bloom; juice slightly reddened, sweet, vin- ous, not very rich; skin somewhat pungent and not much toughness in its pulpswhen fully ripe, which is about same time with Isabella. The vine is not very hardy, short-jointed, moderately vigorous and produc- tive, but often losing its leaves, and consequently fail- ing to ripen its crop. Charles Canby of Wilmington, Del., introduced the same variety as Canby’s August. Hyde’s Eliza (Catskill, N. Y.,) is probably also the same grape.
CON T BBWS.
I. MANUAL.
Page
Climate, Soil and Aspect ; Meterological and other influences affecting the Grape...............0005 1 Historical Notes. Attempts to cultivate the European Grape; their failure. Why we must look to
Mae CCAR OEM ERUCOST. LO, Soca ese re ts eke re ete a mead ea Emciate odie nis ameimuarsite sa «6s ote cea A Classification of the true Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo.,
with our Viticultural Remarks, and a table of Grape-seeds.......... 2. .cbecec eee cece seen ceeeuees 4—12 Location. Preparing the soil; Planting; Number of Vines per AcTe.... 2.2... cece cece cece eee eeeees 13, 14 Gree RUMMN is 27s rene ewer ewes ate vise PTET REE aN al OM ele tape nan tae pace A oad Mnasis lei 03's de ae gee 15—18 Planting. (Continued.) Heelingin; Manure.................... MAE ae: Rois eter: MER ee oe 18 Training. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. Cultivating..................cceee eee e eee 19—20
Treatment during Second and Third Seasons; Tying........ Tieden vale wide sislatabeda\ sb (evamater s(s\s (ete iene tds 21
PPL OMPORANCEVE TUNING hee ¥,) fas remo ee oe coca cy ne ba inch enieE es oR ee anata ketene nee Z1—23
Fall or Winter Pruning, and Subsequent Management. .....icciccc. ccc. cetcece dcccedececetdeusvees 24 NMC. OE GME Gee NF ee Bo 0) oa Star oicfover etalevcberdie ctctefathts Atala tees o delslnate vine d ccculoetode vetie cos 25 aRmusetees LAURELS CO IONE De er at Soles cee cae eae co's Qactanimene aptausseiaes aio able we plaiceeine ala): aereicitaleiears 26 Gathering, Packing, Preserving and Wine Making.................eceeeeeees Povo a eta tes Wie tutens (of oi on ovaranerarstateverd 31
II. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
The Standard names are in SMALL CAPITALS—(the more prominent varieties in LARGE CAPITALS); the Synonymous names in Jtalics; Discarded old varieties, and undisseminated novelties, in ordinary type. Varieties marked by a* are illustrated.
Page. Page Page PEDEROMDIAG is 255s 005 wate oh 33 Wiad eee hae ees Ue 37 COST TOUNG oSce awte sae Bese RCSA Ga se a ses een eye 35 Bland’s Madetra............. 37 CODER ER ans vont nels oe Wines 60 RAV SHOE eit 6% <tc o's acco cys 33 Bland’s Pale Red..........4- 37 Clover Street Black......... 41 AGAWAM*..... bie EASA Se A 3 Bland’ s Virginia..........4. 37 Clover Street Red. ......... 42 OE URS Ra A ae ee 60 Boe Ss Blacks, 2 eiswatee oice 37 Colima fF... ets sash ole! sels 42 BADING\. ro is0t “oenroneveer ees et 35 LEG ROLE eee. 43 Columbia County ........ 6005 43 MEGUDR ec . sea yccrnere sues 385 POEM LY YER, Foo eelsdich oqcnee 37 CONCORD ois vinsage ds os ccde 42 ANGXANGET A. 2 c/s.ssi0sico's 1apey ° 33 Bitie) Wavorites .....25.05 024% 37 CONCORD CHASSELAS...... 43 ALLEN’S HYBRIDS......... 35 SIE OT ORES Mo =: a2, «fare = shécoke 48 CONCORD MUSCAT. ........ 44 PREV Nae Scricts <tc bie aihacnpe hs NBS 35 Bluesimperial,). 2570.6... a. 37 Concord Hybrid, No.6...... ° 76 ATTRA, inci Aes ole oP o.s a0 as 385 Bogue’ s Hureka, . 6s... cose 90 60 COMLONILT .. 5... cis: «.sisie's'arele sfege 33 METOUL EU aescsavs aka reia emote AAU & 71 SOME 68 t eatie oo. boc Sah 39 CONQUEROR ....... esjanees Ad BEEN TEA rene eo. tien td 35 IBRANDIE®. vi) << S glavephe ate 39 QORNUCOBIA™ or 5 sje:,saetsiem 44 J DE RT eee ee 35 BEANO YWIMGCs ,.. <p tise es sets 2 CETERA GES 9 10 ches dca alstelatsl sca scecos 43 ARNOLD’S HYBRIDS.-...... 36 EMBUINIGI EI oie csc ead iee gle s'ebres 2 OBWates £800). ode tals. Jeans 43 Arnold’s Hybrid, No.1...... 69 EIGIEREON 6 nos o% oces 018s AOE . 39 CREVELING 4.5... s'sto ces cents 43 Arnold’s Hybrid, No. 2*..... 44 BU ODD as ia SE Gas os SS 60 CUROWON fe SC 5 Meer Gia sis ore 45 Arnold’s Hybrid, No. 5*..... 36 Bull or Bullace*..... 2.000008 73 CUNNINGHAM? .......... 45, 46 Arnold’s Hybdid, No. 8*..... 39 Bullhié (Taylor). 2.5.62. .06 0s 7d Gpyahoga.. 25%. .005>.medae 44 Arnold’ s Hybrid, No, 16*.... 40 Burgundy of Ga.... cc... cee 70 CYNTHIANA®............ 4T BETOG ct AOA Fh SS6S1 21 PUITOUGHS? 5-5. on, ahem et 39 Binohiwick. ooicck scan seek 36 | Burton’s Harly........... + 39 BEE cso 2 eels 9 6/a)eie 60:8) « 0 mtel 48 August Pioneer.......)..... 36 9 DET A WARE oo. 6sa00 ae 49 AUTUCHON®.............0.. 36 | CAMBRIDGE................ at Delaware Hybrids.......... 13, 80 CORI ETS > 3 SARs arse ere oe 39 Patron ee ae ee 48 Baker (Isabella)..... soa aseahie 60 CANTATA Pas 5. S/o ole ce ots ee 40 DEVEREUX... 1.8 ae 48 Baldwin Lenoir............. 36 Camby’ s August......cc.eee-- 80 TO AINUAGE oso eo rer 50 Balsiger’s) NO: 32). 125 pte 43 COC RE RUE TAN: ics Sa cea 33 Diana Hamburg............ 48 BAINES: (ore «3 scmerahhneeeera ep 36 LOT He Se 16 TWA ee eee ee 48 BARRY oreo ic solely assis ces 37 ORSSAD Ye oa occ s/eie- Mercer 41 Downie 65. 5 ae oe) | Baxter... +... plvastaedo oa 37 CATT ANWABIAe ae its s ca ayes 40 DRACUT AMBER........+ a 51 BELVIDERE, «2. .adefees bis 37 Catawba Tokay... .......... 40 phic. 5; \aere seats eta c ait 37 (Ci LET hh ae 41, 43 EARLY CHAMPION......... 41, 76 ivds OGS."..,. «.=<\0sisco5ee eee 37 CE ATTEN Geli 3, 0 285 wipe ste Rls 41 Marly Hudsons, 5 je oe,ctestas 51 Pbiok Cape's == iiss ole'vtalals = 33 Champion, Early.... ....... 41, 76 HI ZAD ED re io vice w:clinc sneer 51 BLACK DEFIANCE.......... 7 CROP C Rs ra ss aie ein sie « 41, 50 IESINBURGH 6... isso seus 61 BLACK HAGLEF...0 20520.) 37—38 Charter’ Oar FoF ee: 41 OSLO ORO CE OO 51 Black German.........0+++08 80 Christie’s Improved.......... 60 HAAS 20 ssa,s\5 315) «poe . 61 ISEACK UAW K cue wrrcewe nest « 37 CRUE OMe Re ew aise se 16) ETI) See ra ee « ix ote catneropetiate 2 EVIE SUNY scare ois 03 «alesse ost se 48 OCG Or BOLE a aea teks tices poe eee 69 HIG GEOR ye esc vreis c= coma rereistey es 51 1h RSTO aes aaoedoe 37 0) th ee a 41 UMGGIAIN® ois. o.oo e soe 52 Black Muscadineg......+..++0: 54 CHAR Cir ce ccketueyaa Ris aisle misiels 41 UNG Nas Meise. o's starcelerue ae alates 54 Black Spanish.......+++++++- 69 Clifton’ s Constantia, ....... 33 HOV Aes Secs oe= nasoeial tarinlerters 3 43
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page Page Page THUTECIAGTS «:«. stunt nicer seis nies oie oie 40 DEAR DEVAS} cee ese series 64 PLOCHT OCI sarc cnt bernie san ce ae 33 vie ot aiphecisclomeateiaasor PA cpt Pee Sag es cI o RULAN DEB eristencces esis 71 LOWVIEID®. carcarsteiny «| Se ainerlste sas ARONA ALN cerciatale svete sine etc iota Flower of Missouri......... 54 BU ASSAROUD) cho c.c.aheiets als ohn 65 SALEM 2.0 wy ssn. dapidshieope a La ERS eae or uM Ay ALAWNEY® marae eS e ee see eeee cece eeeees a PADKLIN crepe corte nee ecle Aisconee ar oc fine os ZA cece cece eee eees 7 MOTB Mods Mabe. . hoes SI oe 48. | Sebiller-.. 02.2202. s0..ceees 73 GAERTNER. .0. 0 iscceedeees b4 DECNGILs. wre seit. « scnidaels sale 64 Schuylkill Museadel........ 88 Garnetin bP ccmenacn ascents 80 Meads Seedling SPS Be E aor 41 SCUPPERNONG*............178, 74 Garber’s Albino..........66: 35 Merceron....... ie eee we 41 Scuppernong Hybrid... variate 80 Giant Meat ...0. Witecs teres 71 DivcRREMAG He. cas eee ee 66 SECRETARY %i4 .cc.cemhiprcteiele 73 GORTHE FH. sens Biwsides - 538, 54 Mianniareh o.oo) eeeenoa: wee 65 Sagar Bowe... 05s twas heeds 69 Golden Clinton.......... .. 54 MELES, cauidusihus. soca. xt: 66 | SENASQUA*® .............005 ot) pete Concord............ a fener 8 Seedling......+..++. uh ryt nih ss's «> uae Vik mnie is FADAM See esses see IBROULD eau s scaieks et etcioate wee SRGKEM 0. eee ne ee eres coeees Greencastle............... nese MotOna. ho. 5 au ettannee 42 era Delaware....... y MG RTC Na Sette antes aac 80 erman.........-.++- seeees A A ete eee cece esc cere eee 35 Montgomery RS nag aS AIL. Gately 2 MSILEAIY Narcterers nivlece te ot aiates,ciettielare 48 ae "GA Hybrids ewe ha aise sic pa MorrLEps eee BO Val estes Singleton be RUSLAN S Th. arte _ DED Nasay) vole e\eulelacte\e/s:0 vie's vis eee Mount Lebanon.....)o.6 7.5% 6 ma CTIMNMAN 6.0 oo we a ane HaRTFORD PROLIFIC...... 54 Muench’s Seedlings......... 63 Smart’s Hlsinboro’ ........++ 51 JELDUTTG Sy SO oa aaa aaa 56 © Spofford Seedling...........+ 76 HERBEMONT* _..... omer S68 Wamtieiiiy.. .2¢gS weeks 67 Spring Mill Canines. rea 33 Herbemont’s Madeira ..... oe oe Neil. Grapes: . eats ee sere 55 St. Catherines: (iijcsaisaa- 73 Herbemont Hybrid ........ = NEOSHO... ace sabveadonige a 67 St. Genevieve ..ccocecsececees 71 1a 6 oity 10 Dy eS eae aon INGRIMLON ests ct sists: - 65 FALBRMANNG. 26 05 cig -scicetes 56—58 Newark... 7. Gin 2ane es 2 67 Talman’ s Seedling..........+ 76 Heenan Seedling.......... oe INGWDOTbsis: verona os omiebttee 67 Feakers’ GLADE RS Kethala DBI a BLil@ satetaerete crear se astersiale are INONSROUM 5 Eee ee 60 AYILOR, o% rehare gotceramete ond D PND eect sctccdcdec css ites 58 North America.. ........... 67 TOMOr Ss! BULLAE. nic aieaseosnslseieis 75 PR itor see aiconstatd pene NORTH CAROLINA®......... 67 SPOKOMH AA Fre oes okie ore 41 eee Ree iie re saicieves ticks is) x ORTREEN MUSCADINE.... 2 EE eee Rote lee oe e CHINO Gti Se soca SRSameesot ORTO eg Ta NS COGORTA TR sisiteiee Se ees oe Huntingdon A Te oe sate 59 Yorton’ s Virginia. . Pe oe 68 ANOMAS: 'ex5%) oF sides eae 76 VETER Ome Were ete ele (ol « oat ales = oases 48 6 DUPONT ase aos aie ae oaieters 48 Hyde's Eliza... ... 66. ce ceees 59, 80 ier Whee ee eeeeceeeeeeeees . TO -AGKEON 5 Re aa ath in PRR ine) Varig Ee TANS FN MO MEG Cok reraieiale «i vieie,-\s heres tiaete OLMAN: “iiss dee sian clomenioeee Tinpaniils ais, wises sabe SI 59 Onondaga .........-...++555 69 PREC Hee eee 76 BD Ne ries ya Maihapplnityn ic ams 60 i 7 Trowbridge... ....cccecnenees 60 PIVEN ee es os ese cs 59: BORGO siesia.c « uiv aon eee 69 Type 0 8d Se eae ahha PR ABIRA Sherer eas. fhe oo a OTHELLO..........-00 se eee 69 Fubeye. % Re eos ae 48 DS REAM IUIG AN, ctaiclafelsieveletela)e\clsse/e'e a3 Ab Italian Wine Grape®... 0... A ame a 2 Hebei a Se gr ae ce 65 race FS Sa a seas shes 4 ne Payne’s Harly.............. 60 aay Se cl cee Sees a i sbeceyaiie’ 60.6) Sisaeds See A SAPs ] Paxton oe Ol yd aM. BR Ae 42 ee ee | = Wes) SECWLAT akc ales wx sre\ seis\sieinyaie 61 PERKINS* 70 Underhill....... Spue sie weeded 16 Jack, Jaques or Jaquez....... 69 Piast. Kinin ound: ; 60 UT ati in Hybrids...... 37, 59, S hat hua ga Abs Ape aig fe i NION VILLAGE.......... x ——— er eecy GOES BS = aes erences mh ne ste ates Ue Urlvanals: .oo8). eed 17 t “ K DAS os Seer Sick & | HB OWOCUYU. ae eee eee eeereeereeseeene Ke lop Ri Whiten tn ke Gan at Utmam bcs ccuc nt eetaeies 71 Baaces stele Srie teieratnen uria cata g OY STS eevee ich OI ION TIO BAVO rch ctrtonyoatctaaraeiane d teat RT EEE Ti OUI GAMO. - Kflgain 0 cepa ees | Vitoria, wagME iT EG NAAN Men ctalatal wicca cairn e's 5 WDE vere ee cress eeeecncece WALTER... uu. bsnl 7 ine Walliamisn se scenes 65 Fearitamesn scopes <- oe cee - 71 rer = Wine sessin fee 61 REBECCA ZVelais:s ea sic cas sie.a 0.0.0 71 ig es Feat theo uae pein Ing Sone ee cere eee ceee 2 Red Elb 1 WaT7 entONs w.«. a dcimpebe eens 55 Kitchen grt tenet ee eenees 61 Ped Te CM. veer eres erenveeees 70 WEEHAWKEN............0- 7 Kittredge*... 1.6... ceee evens 60 eA hardest eR Cite toa Wemple...s. ch cot. .teetaete 44 Red M 40 a oa tent ERR 0 ON White Canes. sass.bteigds a: 33 TRG... 2 ae ea 61 SECE LE WPF, hate Sea np tine 6 47 et 31 Bena 71 WHITE DELAWARE........ 7 ape Bees sas et en a acti oo a ae 7 White Catawba............. 41 os ie RUDE: i ce ndkednes see a Hick sia beadlines tse cieeeece 73 Whitehall *ar. ck. Geen. s: TT L UID ve va een ee ereceeseecs 63 Hikosonblatt = ale OA ; al WHITE MUSCADINE*....... 73 Kenn rai aye taia Tel ereiel adel ae! ooh dik vem w os Ba ee 73 Ww ie DE 3 eRe eT Oa aoe 010, 6s. te \ ae banueenrm Md pine A eer el | Ce Be he ee yy 2),0) 0 SCS GO), Sre See, eS min on J im as \elete tobias the @ aby ale SN ABN ie eraeete 63 ogers? Hybrid, No. is R 2s. eeinihtion Bed... Macnee 17 Tociae vente eee e eres on - ae cet cuige to 65 R788 8 cb a bafta cee teagan ha 33 LOUISIANA Tete ape knvsie fe. 2 AcSieey c ‘cc ‘cc ‘cc 4 Baars 79 Winslow irs 4k retire ate re crear C0 Ue oe 65 tc ye cc Oe 72 Wolfe SEL saee aot de 80 iene ana aaa aes Sisie dspace 5 4 : a cf Woodwinds ore Se 60 ike Steen een creer see eens 63 E ve gh egy Te Worden’s Seedling......... Baha = WV AUR UMN seed af. tatele ate eateries ofa! ie «isi © 63 we! sbatdesee ei Worthington. .. agrees a P ; ar Wright’s Isabella.......... 4 0 Macedonia........2+01+2.0+. 8) SEE EE BBs Sh] Wyle’ e iybrida: 2012122017) 79, 80 econ MRE Sa Rie oe Poesy ( Gul Sam agama Le Mammoth Catawba......... 41 “ 6 FGVOG: cad AD aE. kee aaa Manhattan.. ... Pavisiesd 65 Ot oe Cay. 8 ae 51 Yellow Muscadine*......... 73 Marine’s Seedlings... Satis ate 65 4 es a age bs ea Ae 37 Mork: Lisbonne. «os bststvdeetice 33 INRAET ON) ots oo relotayeia s essreys 65 te is CAEN cont 56 Work Madeira ......... sare 80
MEOW Porte a eee es 80 ‘sad ae SEBO! Sate 72 Young America............. 42
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
SOLID SILVER-W ARE,
From the Celebrated Factory of the
GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. | eee. JACICARD & Cr
Nos. 401 and 403 North 4th, corner Locust St., Odd Fellows’ Hall, - - - ST. POtcES:
Invite an inspection of their magnificent stock of Silver-ware from the above factory, (whose wares excel all others in beauty, elegance and quality,) consisting in part of
Spoon and Fork Ware, Tea Sets, Urns, Waiters, Cake Stands, Fruit Bowls, Card Receivers, Fish, Cake, Crumb, Pie and Pickle Knives, Berry, Preserve, Salad and Olive Spoons, Oyster, Fish,
Salad and Pickle Forks, etc., etc.
A large proportion of this elegant stock is specially designed for
and is handsomely cased in beautiful Morocco and Walnut boxes. Be certain to inspect this stock before purchasing.
Send for Illustrated Price List of Silver-ware and Watches, CORNER OF 4TH AND LOCUST STREETS.
“THE LUDLOW-SAYLOR WIRE CO.”
219 & 221 Market Street, ST. LOUIS, MO.
Manufacturers and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in
Wire, Wire—-Cloth, Wire-Rope,
FENCES AND RAILINGS, SIEVES AND RIDDLES, CAGES, Rat and Mouse Traps, Sand, Coal and Ore Screens, and Wire Goods of Every Description. FENCE and TRELLIS WIRE and STAPLES
Of all sizes and of best quality always on hand and at lowest prices. Plain and ornamental wire work made to order in superior style.
TOBIAS WEIGOLD, COOP EE,
1618 Jackson Street, ST. LOUIS, MO. Offers his services to Wine Dealers as manufacturer of All kinds of CASKS, FERMENTING VATS, and CELLAR APPARATUS.
He Guarantees Satisfactory Work and Lowest Prices.
Refers to some of the principal Wine Dealers in the State of Missouri, for whom he has made Casks and Vats for a number of years, and especially to ISIDOR BUSH & CO., S. E. Corner 4th & Elm Streets, where CASKS AND VATS OF HIS MANUFACTURE can be seen by those ineresialls in the business.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
MARKET ST. PLANING MiLL.
BENJAMIN PHILIBERT. J. H. JOHANNING. Philibert & Johanning,
(Successors To PHILiperT & BRANCONIER.)
Manufacturers of
Doors, wash and Blinds,
Door and Window Frames, Casings, Base, Mouldings, Mantelpieces, &c.
Dealers in Lumber and all kinds of Woodwork for Building purposes. We always have on hand
ELOT- BED SASH,
And make to order all descriptions of Sash for Hot-houses.
Nos 1502 to 1518 Market St., (between 15th and 16th).
Sao U LS. veo.
Carat a Frcs sage wage a 8 VE GF 2
GEE LENE AME
‘L98T GHLVAOdUYOONI
ESTABLISHED 1855.
9 in. octagon. 3 ft. high, $1. 50.
Bie cin pais: 2 ft. 10 in. high, $3, 50.
Hire Brick, Blay Retort and Sewer dis Works,
2 % 34 in. Greenhouse Tile.
Vitrified Clay or Torra Cotta Pipes, Standard Sizes and Patterns (in 2 ft. Lengths).
Office 916 Market St., St. Louis, Mo. Factory Howard Station, A. & P. RB. R. [SEND FOR PRICE LIST. ]
2° in: Gisdnboads Tile.
~
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS,
x Co ge" ESTABLISHED 4845, ty
Is now the oldest Seed House in the West and is managed by men who were raised to the business. The Company are prepared to fill orders for
GRASS and FIELD SEEDS, SEB DcPOTATOES, VEGETABLE SEEDS, FLOWER SEEDS, TREE SEEDS, SEED GRAINS.
Our business is managed in three Departments, WHOLESALE, RETAIL, and MAIL ORDER DEPARTMENTS.
All inquiries promptly answered and all orders correctly filled. Correspondence solicited by
Pear SEED COMPAN Y, 16 & 18 North Main Street, SWE. | dso Ube:
J CJ PEIN OICEERN,
DEALER IN
Garden, Hield de flower 2S5EEDS,=<—
AIND
‘
ee ene Py) St BS:
211 Market Street, St. Louis.
‘Send for Illustrated Seed Catalogue, Issued Jan, 1st. Send for Illustrated Bulb Catalogue, Issued Aug. 1st.
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.,
LANDS FOR SALE
Les
Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Co.
Offer for Sale 1,200,000 Acres Fine Farming Lands in Central and Southwest Missouri.
OUTHWEST MISSOURI was not during the past season, and never has been afflicted with
that scourge of the Northwest—the Grasshopper.
Southwest Missouri has, on account of its Southern latitude, aud of its elevation, a medium climate—
LONG AND COOL SUMMERS, SHORT AND MILD WINTERS.
Country is rolling and exceedingly healthy. Both prairie and timber land possess good soil and good water.
‘
GOOD MARKETS ABOUND.
Home market sustained by the mines; Southern market for cereals obtained through road leading direct to Texas, and first-class Northern market for stock, wheat etc., obtained at St. Louis.
INO’ BETTER. cCcouUN THEY FOR firapo and fruit Gulture, ffeneral farming, and all kinds of §tock Raising
CAN BE FOUND. Prices: 82.50 to $10.00 an Acre.
TERMS :—One-tenth purchase money at time of sale, balance on seven years, interest only seven
per cent. FREE TRANSPORTATION |
Over our road furnished purchasers through our Exploring Tickets, obtained at
No. 25 South Fourth Street, St Louis, Mo.
Circulars, Guides, Maps, etc., furnished gratis. Sectional Map Books, showing all unsold lands, sent on receipt of twenty-five cents. For further information address
A. L. DEANE, Land Commissioner, ST. LOW Ls, MO:
BUSHBERG CATA LOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
Books on Grape Culture and Wine Making, PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE
CONRAD WITTER
Sa tLopmzs, MoO.
MUENCGH, FREDERICK, School for American Grape Cul- ture. Brief but thorough guide to the laying out of vineyards, the treatment of Vines and the produc- tion of wine in North America.
MUENCH, F., Amerikunische Weinbauschule und Wein- berectungslehre, etc.
Either one of these books will be mailed free of post- age on receipt of one dollar.
FRINGS, CHs. H., Die Behandlung der Amerikanischen Weine, die Krankheiten derselben und deren Hei- lung, eine Praktische, Leichtverstandliche, Anlei- tung junge Weine in kurzester Zeit ohne Keller- einrichtung Glanzhell und Flaschenreif zu machen.
’ On receipt of 50 cents this book will be mailed post- paid to any address.
HUSMANN, GEORGE, The Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufacture of American Wines.
On receipt of $1.50 this book will be mailed post- paid to any address. ‘
The Rational Manufacture of American Wines, pub- lished by Oesterreisher & Co.
This book will be sent free of postage on receipt of $1.
C. WITTER keeps a large assortment of books treat- ing on the Culture of Grapes and Manuf:cture of Wines. Catalogues sent on application. Please address
CONRAD WITTER. 21 South 4th St. St. Louis, Mo.
JOHN P. FLEITZ. JOHN J. GANAHL.
Fleitz & Ganahl,
DEALERS IN
Ping, Poplar, Yfalout, fak and Ash LUMBER,
Shingles, Laths, Flooring, Sidiug, &. Office and Yard 4320 JACKSON STREET,
(Continuation of South Third St.)
BRANCH YARD, 2007 Carondelet Avenue,
(Opposite Lesperance St.)
SL. Lee ao.
Wine Growers, Brewers and Distillers
Will find a Full Assortment of
Oechsle’s Wine and Must Scales, (Of Glass, Silver, and German Silver.)
Vaporimeters, (Alembic Salleron.) Acidometers, (Otto’s & Geisler’s)
Saccharometers, Hydrometers, and Thermometers,
GAUGE AND WANTAGE RODS,
AT
BLATTNER & ADAWM’S,
(Successors to J. BLATTNER,) Optictans, 220 North Fourth Street,
Sr. LOUIS, MoO. Send for Price List.
H. C. HOMAN,
Manufacturer of
3 ATE AW D: BO Des
eb f p 3
(onl \ OV ‘ey Yi Cat LOS) BRP UONE ) ci » is 3 Oss),
From the Finest Sugar and Pure Rock Candy,
ALSO OF
FRENCH’ COLORING
No. 408 Spruce Street,
ST. LOUIS, MO.
3@™ Special attention given to orders from Wine Growers and Wholesale Liquor Dealers. ~@5a
BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—ADVERTISEMENTS.
F. Aoeslein, GERMAN BOOKSELLER.
22 South Fourth Street, NEAR THES COURTHOVUSSE St. Louis, Mo.,
Has a complete stock of German Books, com- prising all branches of Literature.
Catalogues Gratis.
Books not on hand will be imported in the shortest possible time. Correspondence Solicited.
NEW YORK PRICES.
WINE BOOKS.
I keep on hand the most select stock of
Works on Grape Culture and Wine Making, viz:
Babo, der Weinbau nach der Reihenfolge der vorkom- menden Arbeiten.
Babo, der Weinstock und seine Varietzten.
Babo, Anleitung zur Bereitung und Pflege des Weines.
Dochnahl & Rawold, der Weinkeller.
Dochnahl, die Kiinstiiche Weinbereitung.
Gall, das Gallisiren. Vollstaendiges Handbuch der Weinbereitung.
Goethe, Abbildung der fur den Weinbau werthvoll- sten Traubensorten.
Hamm, das Weinbuch. Wesen, Cultur und Wirkung des Weines.
Kecht, practischer Weinbau in Gaerten und Wein- bergen.
Manufacture, Rational, of American Wines.
Mulder, die Chemie des Weines.
Neubauer, die Chemie des Weines.
Quarizius, Kiinstliche Darstellung moussirender Getrenke (Schaumweine).
Weingeheimnisse, Zusammenstellung aller Mittel zur rationellen und kiunstlichen Weinbereitung.
Orders for the above will be Executed at once.
F. ROESLEIN,
22 South Fourth Street, ST. LOUIS, MO,
STANDARD WORKS ON THE GRAPE; Orange Juld Company,
245 BROADWAY, New York.
PRICE, POST-PAID-
GRAPE CULTUBIST, ........ 0220008 oo $1 50 By Andrew S. Fuller. Du Breuil’s Vineyard Culture.............. 2 00 By John A Warder, Chorlton’s Grape-Growers’ Guide........ 75 Harazthy’s Grape Culture and Wine making 5 00 Husmann’s Grapes and Wine............. 1 50 Mohr on the Grape-Vime........ .......... 1 00 My Vineyard at Lake View ............... 1 25 Strong’s Culture of the Grape............ 3 00 Mead’s Grape Culturist......... ........... 3 00 European Vineyards, By W. J. Flagg....... 1 50
STANDARD BOOKS
OI
Fruit Culture, Agriculture, Floriculture
FIELD SPORTS, «ce.
Among the NEW PUBLICATIONS are:
WINDOW GARDENING. By Henry T. Williams,
[The most valuable book on Plants and Flowers for House Culture ever published.— G@ardener’s Chronicle.]
Money in the Garden, By P. T. Quinn ..... 1 50 Gardening for Profit, By Peter Henderson.. 1 50 Practical Floriculture, By Peter Henderson 1 56 Every Woman her own Flower Gar-
dener, By Daisy Eyebright................ 50 Forest Trees, For Shelter, Ornament, and Profit, By Arthur Bryant, Sr.............. 1 50
Either of the above books sent, post paid, on receipt of price, by ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 245 Broadway, N. Y.
of
ee ee
A) he Eds eles gh peted o
nlower of Missouri... 1... 54
Biel ee Seer es 54
SN ENE einen vb p 54
GAERTNER. Waid aps saat 54
~ in Se See ae 80
a 8 pera! See =
Gorntite: ae a
en Clinton... eae 5 A 54
ei Caneorir. ..<.... 22: 43
‘ rabain OD Say 54
Greencastle. ...... Jor eitrcweS 63
2 eS» ee %
act ab 3 Cee 48
Boon PROLIFIC...... a
; J, ‘MERBEMOSTS 10000070 5
an 8 Eee a
oer etna’. 5.2 80
SIGE ae os oc eons 56
; lg ey ae Spied ig Pe ae 56—58
Hermann Seedling.......... 58
diy Ape a tenes” ca 56
RRM ae cc nese ddoe ct 58
De ee hy dine. caictes 59
ea 60
“oy ee ie 59
2 RS Ae 59
ot Oe PTE eee 48
SS Say ae 59, 80
UL ARP er eee 59
pd SE stag 60
LS s ceicie uve ae a9
OT Cy Cee a
~ Halian. Wine Grape. WET ES = See Seas
¥ ‘ | ae ...60, 6L
SEE LS a 61
Jack, Jaques or Jaquez....... 69
Walamazoo................. 61 "CE eee eee
Keller's White............... 41
bh CS eee 67
Says i. SRE NOS => 61
0) ee = a 54
ne William. ....22....... 65
_ Kingsessing Sirates vt os 61
Berenecnen ie 65.4.2... See 6L
. Kittred ye* ra ott’ Saks ala ais owe 60
MEM. ow. s coc aes ke a 61
pees acetal. «<vale 61
aa “ae SS eae 60
Ss aa Sable te anos 37
WENO. I St... 22. .c.. Sore 63
7 OS Pa 48
LS Dae oes 63
_ a) MiG a4
JOUISIAN A. ol 68
EES ee 65
ee ey ie te 63
yman.. est ae ee 63
Macedonia Bae See Aid ee ens 43
MS eee te 65
Main Grape ................ 2
Mammoth Catawba......... 41
=." SCRE ee 63
Marine’s Seedlings......_... 65
MaRION opt | eee 65
Te) Seale ea ae 80
MASSASONE.} 5. 5.24! MAXATAWNEY® ........0... McCowan.
ee
Meads Seedling. ..... Pet oF Merceron....... a oe: apse
ed
Minor’s Seedling ........... MAISSO0FE. 2k 02s ot ce MOdGMBSAs tt oe eee oe MOA 2s oe Ek Montgomery................ MOTTEEDT 225... Fo, Mteoseee
Nafiece oc. he. tietdcs Neil oh aig Sins Pav nore Mehta NEOsH
ee
Newport.... 3 Ry Se
ed
NORTH CAROLINA®......... NORTHERN MUSCADINE.... NORTON
ol beta a Se WEHEELDA TE. 5. fa. 25:
Paign’s Isabella............. PAULINE Payne’s' Karly. .:..2....:.. ce 1) ae Eis ee aes ed Se,
j2 7 Tae Pee Bs Pe eae J
Gamsassic 5... 2: RAE eee
a ee ee oe eres Leos) eee. A ee
Bab Mben.. 2d. ec... eons ee VPA I OE gly ie Sea ae Aree ET Pere a ae eae
* Red River® Se Se pee
Riesenblatt. cn sca ha dae ha gf etn pee ee ae Rogers’ Hybrid, No.
ee.
oo) se © 4p OL Hm 9 be ¥
. . . - . .
KS age. eeisagneesnagaagt
67
_BUSHBERG CATALOGUE—TABLE OF CONTENTS.
MROLRTOGE.. 555 ee ann Ga ey
KULANDEB............ ee
Schuy!kill Muscadel ........ SCUPPERNONG*............78) Scuppernong Hybrid........ SECRETARY. Bega? Bdge 8 ee x: SENASQUA® 220. S020.
Shaker
SHerman*. J.) G 23°) 735 ran
Smart’s Elsinboro’
Spofford Se Is wae thee S, Mill Oonstantia....... St, Catherine..........5.+..25 Sb. GOnCWMNE .. O00 even onan *
Talman’s Seedling.......... . Taskers’ Grape. i266 cs. eee TAYEOR | Saeee bt eee Taylors Bullst. . ae) 3s. ‘Pekin: 33-925). os cee
eee eee ew eee
ee eT
eee eee eee
re nderhill’s Hybrids UNION SWILLAGE:<-. . oe. “ Urbanai.. Ss . ach a eee
+ pape «sue Se ameo See Vevay ..
eee
WALTER? pie Ba A ae Warnes). 3c3 Se a
ee |
tee eee
White Cape... 3. 5.2. - Jap bat WHITE DELAWARE........ White Catawba... 20... 33 Whitehall. 2.22:72°- 225
WILDER «12:2, .0c seats oe
re
Wolfe........ os poeta
Worthington... ice ss dates ocnise W right’s Isabella.......... .
Wyman 2. ee
Yellow Muscadine=*. York Lisbonne. York Madeira, 22... one
ee
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS =
Se
* o
@
WINK CHLLULARS,
| AND : . Ch a evo § | Champague Depot,
S. E. CORNER FOURTH AND ELM STREETS, |
ST. LOUIS, MO.
Hollinger Corp. pH 8.5