THE Pee SARA.) DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, A PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC Encyclopedia + of « Horticulture FOR GARDENERS AND BOTANISTS. EDITED BY GEoOonGe NICHOLSON.” AcETSs:, Curator, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ASSISTED BY Proressor J. W. H. TRAIL, A.M., M.D., F.L.S., In THE PARTS RELATING TO INsECTS, FUNGI. PLANT SrrRuctuRE, HortTIcCULTURAL CHEMISTRY, &c.; AND J. GARRETT In THE FRorIr, VEGETABLE, AND GENERAL GARDEN WORK PORTIONS. Divisione Vlk——E In TO SCL, PUBLISHED BY teem Git. 270, STRAND, LONDON, Wie. SOLE AGENT FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, JAMES PENMAN, 12, WAVERLEY PLACE, BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 1887. LIBRARY —— NEW YORK BOTANICAL * Fy ‘ t ' fcceectl LN - i vt : ai L106 : () Rey cck Cre “fy ( 4 ~ ‘ (s ( \ cf (4 A y cd " 46) - 4 é “AZ ; ‘ '@ < ; « 146 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, Pinus—continued. deciduous point; seeds winged. Branches spreading, short, the lower ones dying off when in a young state. A. 50ft. to 100ft. Britain. A well-known tree, of which there are several varieties of little value. It grows best in a peaty soil, where the Heath acts as cover, and affords protection to the young plant, which is better adapted for it than close herbage. When shifted to different soil, the quality of the tree often degenerates, and the wood becomes whiter and softer than in the original type. See Figs. 186 and 187. (Sy. En. B. 1380.) P. s. altaica (Altaian). A compact, pyramidal tree, with much shorter and stiffer leaves. /. 50ft. Altai Mountains. P. s. argentea (silvery). Cones and leaves of a beautiful silvery hue. Fic, 188. PINUS SYLVESTRIS FASTIGIATA. P. s. fastigiata (pyramidal). A form only differing from the type in its columnar habit. See Fig. 188. P. s. horizontalis (horizontal). /. broader and more glaucous than in the type. cones thicker, less pointed. Branches quite horizontal. P. s. latifolia (broad-leaved). A robust and rapid-growing form, having much broader, more glaucous, and longer leaves than any other variety of P. sylvestris. ‘ P. s. monophylla (one-leaved). A singular variety. The leaves are ‘‘attached to each other throughout their length, and have the appearance of being united; but by giving them a twist, they separate into two, like the ordinary Scotch Fir” (Gordon, “« Pinetum ”), Pinus—continued. P. s. variegata (variegated). colour. P. tuberculata (tubercled). 1. aan green, triquetrous, with an elevated rib running along the middle on the under side, twisted, the edges scabrous. cones varying in size, from 4in, to 8in. long; scales very prominent, deeply divided from each other. h. 25ft. to 40ft. California, 1847. A handsome species when in a young state. Several species, not mentioned in the foregoing list, are occa- sionally seen in cultivation, but they are, as a rule, too tender for our climate ; and several others are of no horticultural value. PIONANDRA. A synonym of Cyphomandra (which see). PIONEA FORFICALIS (Garden Pebble Moth). An insect living, in the larval state, on the leaves of Cabbages and Horse-radish, as well as on Hedge Mustard and other uneultivated Crucifere. The moth is common throughout the country. It is a little over lin. in spread of wings. The front wings are rather pointed at the tip, and in colour are dull straw-yellow, shaded with pale brown; a brown line runs from the tip to the middle of the inner margin, and another nearly parallel to it, but paler brown, crosses the middle of the wing, widening towards the front margin into a dark, ill-defined spot. There are also one or two other less distinct lines, run- ning in the same general directions with these. The body is pale, shining straw-yellow in colour, as are also the hind wings, which have a brown marginal line, and a brown line running parallel with it. The larva has six true legs and ten prolegs; it is yellowish-green, with a darker green line down the middle of the back, and one along each side, bordered above with a white line. The head is brown. There are usually two broods in the year. Some moths emerge in May. They lay eggs, and from these emerge larve, which feed on the plants named above, usually between the leaves, under protection of a thin web of threads. They turn, in the soil, into pups, from which moths emerge about August. These produce a new brood of larvie, which feed up in autumn, to become moths in the following May. The damage done by the moths is seldom serious, though the larve are trouble- some in often being boiled between the leaves of Cabbages and served at table. The only practicable remedies are picking off the larve and catching and killing the moths. PIONY. See Peonia. PIOPHILA APII (Celery-stem Fly). A fly which has been described by Professor Westwood, in the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,” as injurious to Celery. The yellowish - white maggots burrow, during winter and spring, in the stems, eating their way upwards, and leaving burrows of a rusty-red colour in the tissues. They are blunt behind, but taper in front, and have two black hooks in the front end. ‘The maggots change into pup in the stem, and the flies emerge in May. They are of a glossy black colour, with a coat of golden-grey hairs; the head is chestnut-brown, with a black apex; the two wings are clear, with yellow veins; and the legs are straw-coloured, with dusky feet. The spread of wings is a little over 4in., the length of head and body hardly 4in. Remedy. The only useful remedy seems to be the burning of all plants showing signs of disease, to prevent the injury from spreading. PIPER (the old Latin name, akin to the Greek Peperi, and Sanscrit Pippala). Pepper. Including Artanthe, Chavica, Cubeba, &e. ORD. Piperacee. A vast genus (upwards of 600 species have been described) of stove, rarely nearly hardy, shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely trees or tall herbs, with branches often articulated at the nodes; they are broadly dispersed over the warmer regions of the globe, and are very numerous in tropical America. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, densely eylindrical-spicate or rarely sub-racemose, subtended by peltate, adnate, or concave bracts; perianth none; l. variegated with pale straw- AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 147 OF HORTICULTURE. Piper—continued. stamens two to four, rarely five or many; spikes pedunen- late or rarely sub-sessile. Leaves alternate, entire or (in one species) trifid, stalked; stipules adherent to the leaf-stalk, or opposite, and deciduous. Few of the species have any horticultural importance, but some of them are of great economic value. The Pepper of com- merce (P. nigrum) is imported in enormous quantities. It is also employed as an acrid stimulant in cases of im- paired digestion, and it has been recommended, in cases of ague, to prevent the paroxysm. P. nigrum and the rest of the stove species grow freely in a well-drained, rich, loamy soil. The others thrive in almost any soil, in a cooler temperature. All are propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, inserted in sandy soil, under a bell glass. : Fic. 189. BRANCH OF PIPER PORPHYROPHYLLUM, Piper—continued. P. Betle. Betel Pepper. jl., catkins opposite the leaves, peduneled, greatly enlarged in fruit, pendent. J. alternate, distichous, cordate-ovate, 4in. to Tin. long, acuminated at apex, oblique at base ; petioles rounded, stipuled when young. Stems trailing or. climbing to a great height, East Indies, 1804. Stove. This species yields the Betel Leaf of the South Asiatics— almost as extensive an article of commerce as Tobacco is in the West. (B. M. 3132.) P. borneense (Bornean). /. large, of a rich dark green, with broad but faint silvery-grey stripes between the eleven nerves, rugose and glabrous above, hairy-pubescent beneath. Stem thick, hairy. Borneo, 1882. A dwarf, stove, herbaceous species. P. decurrens (decurrent).* /. green, shaded with metallic iridescence, large. Stem stout, pale green, mottled with white spots and black lines. Columbia, 1876. A distinct and splendid stove plant. (I. H. 239.) Syns. Artanthe decurrens and A. magnified. P. excelsum aureum-pictum (tall, golden-painted).* 1. witha large, creamy blotch, broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, 3in. to 148 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, Piper—continued. 5in. long; petioles lin. to 2in. long, winged by the adnate stipules at their bases. New Zealand. A very aromatic, greenhouse bush or small tree. P. Futokadsura (Futokadsura).* jl. greenish, succeeded by bright red fruit. /. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, about 3in. broad, glabrous. Branches slender. Japan, 1869. A remarkable, nearly hardy, deciduous shrub, very like P. nigrum. P. nigrum. Black, or Common Pepper. /., catkins 3in. to 6in. long. jr. first green, then red, afterwards black. J. 4in. to 6in. long, alternate, distichous, broadly ovate, acuminate ; petioles rounded, jin. to nearly lin. long. Stem trailing or climbing, flexuous. East Indies, 1790. The fruit of this species forms the well-known condiment. White Pepper is the same fruit, but de- prived of its external coat. (B. M. 5139; B. M. Pl. 245.) P. porphyrophyllum (purple-leaved).* /. cordate-orbicular, shortly cuspidate, 4in. to 6in. long, 34in. to Sin. broad, rich deep bronzy-green above, beautifully marked with numerous, small, pink spots, which are thickly clustered along the course of the nerves, and a few scattered between them; under surface dull of gardens, P. rubronodosum (red-noded). frosted over with silver-grey ; petioles pubescent. 1. deep sap-green, when young Stems fleshy, scabrous, red at the nodes. A distinct, stove shrub. PIPERACE. A natural order of herbs, shrubs, or very rarely trees. often aromatic or stimulant, broadly dispersed over the globe. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, small, often minute, variously disposed, scat- tered or dense, in spikes or rarely racemes, and fur- nished with a frequently peltate bract; perianth (except in one genus) absent; stamens two to six, or very rarely seven or eight (or one ?), hypogynous; filaments free, or rarely adnate to the base of the ovary. Fruit small, capsular or baceate. Leaves alternate, or rarely oppo- site or three or four in a whorl, entire or very rarely trifid, three or many-nerved, or penniveined, sometimes pellucid-dotted or succulent; stipules, when present, adnate to the petioles, or dilated at base and reduced to an amplexicaul petiole, or connate and opposite the leaves. Among the most important economical products of Piperacee are Pepper and Betel. An acrid resin and a volatile, aromatic oil are possessed by the plants. The order comprises about eight genera and nearly 1000 Columbia, 1877. species. Illustrative genera are: Houttuynia, Peperomia, and Piper. PIPERELLA. A synonym of Micromeria (which see). PIPE-TREE. See Syringa vulgaris. PIPEWORT. See Eriocaulon. PIPPERIDGE, or PIPRAGE. for Berberis vulgaris. PIPTADENIA (from pipto, to fall, and aden, a gland; referring to the falling gland of the anthers). Orv. Leguninose. A genus comprising about thirty species of unarmed or prickly, stove shrubs or trees, two of which are natives of tropical Africa, and the rest inhabit the warmer regions of America. Flowers white or greenish, small, uniform, hermaphrodite or sub- polygamous, sessile or pedicellate, disposed in cylin- drical spikes or globose heads: peduncles axillary. soli- tary or fasciculate, the uppermost ones at the tips of the branches, often paniculate. Pods stipitate or rarely sessile, broadly linear, flat, membranous or coriaceous. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets small and many-jugate, or rarely large and few-jugate. For culture of the species described below, see Adenanthera. P. latifolia (broad-leaved). fl. spicate; spikes shorter than the leaves, axillary or in terminal panicles. Jl. bipinnate, tri- or quadri-jugate, glabrous, often slightly glaucescent beneath ; leaflets two, three, or many-jugate, obovate-elliptic, slightly acute. h. 4ft. Brazil, &c., 1820. PIPTANTHUS (from pipto, to fall, and anthos, a flower; the teeth of the calyx, as well as the petals and stamens, very soon fall off). Orb. Leguminose. A monotypic genus, the species being a very handsome, hardy or nearly hardy, evergreen shrub. It thrives best A common name Piptanthus—continued. in a rich sandy loam, and in exposed parts should have the protection of a wall. Propagated by seeds; by cuttings of the ripened shoots, inserted under a hand light ; and by layers. P, nepalensis (Nepaulese).* Evergreen Laburnum. /l. yellow, large, in terminal, bracteate racemes; standard orbicular, slightly exceeding the wings, the sides reflexed; wings oblong- obovate; keel as long as, or longer than, the wings, scarcely incurved; petals connate at the base. Spring. /. alternate, petiolate, digitately trifoholate; leaflets lanceolate, acute, slightly -hairy ; stipules united in one, opposite the leaves. h. 10ft. Temperate Himalaya, 1821. (S. B. F. G, 264; H. BE. F 131, under name of Baptisia nepalensis.) PIPTOCLAINA. Included under Heliotropium. PIPTOSPATHA (from pipto, to fall, and spathe, a spathe; after fertilisation, the top of the spathe falls off like an extinguisher). Orp. Aroidew (Aracew). A monotypic genus. The species is a stove, herbaceous, tufted, stem- less perennial, of little other than botanical interest. It thrives best in a well-drained compost of rich, sandy loam, fibry peat, and leaf mould. A very moist atmo- sphere is essential. Propagated by divisions, or by seeds. P. insignis (remarkable). 1. white, tinted with pink, 1Jin. long, convolute, ovate-fusiform; spadix half as long as the spathe, sessile ; peduncles longer than the petioles, slender, decurved at apex. Summer. J. numerous, nearly 6in. long, lanceolate, coria- ceous, cartilaginously margined, slightly dotted beneath ; petioles much shorter than the leaves, sheathing at base. Borneo, 1879. (B. M. 6598 ; G. C. n. s., xi., p. 139.) PIQUERIA (named after A. Piqueria, a Spanish botanist, who published a translation of Hippocrates in 1757). Ineluding Phalacrea. Ord. Composite. A genus comprising about half-a-score species of greenhouse or hardy shrubs, or rarely erect annual or perennial herbs, natives of mostly Western South America, from Bolivia to Mexico. Flower-heads white or bluish, small, homo- gamous, often densely cymose, the cymes corymbose or loosely paniculate; involucre campanulate; receptacle flat or convex, naked. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire. The only species known to cultivation are the two de- scribed below. Both are hardy, and of easy culture in ordinary garden soil. P. latifolia may be increased by seeds, and P. trinervia by division. P. latifolia (broad-leaved). _l.-heads purplish, pedicellate ; eduncles almost naked, corymbose at apex. July. J. petiolate, peoaaly ovate, truncate at base. h. 14ft. Peru, 1800. Annual. (R. G. 107.) Syns. Ageratum latifolium, Phalacreea celestina. P, trinervia (three-nerved). /l.-heads white, disposed in loose, corymbose, many-headed panicles. July. /. ovate or oblong- lanceolate, sub-serrate, trinerved. hk. 2ft. Mexico, 1798. Glabrous perennial herb. (B. M. 2650.) PIRIGARA. A synonym of Gustavia (which see)- PIRIQUETA. Included under Turnera (which see): PIRONNEAUA. PISAURA. A synonym of Lopezia (which see). PISCIDIA (from piscis, a fish, and cedo, to kill or destroy; the leaves, bark, and twigs, are bruised, and thrown into ponds or rivyulets, for the purpose of in- toxicating fish, by which means they are easily taken). Fish Poison-tree ; Jamaica) Dogwood. Orp. Leguminose. A monotypic genus, the species being a stove, evergreen tree, having the flowers, foliage, and habit, of Loncho- carpus, but the pod bears four projecting, longitudinal wings. The species requires a compost of sandy, fibry loam. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots will root in sand, under a glass, in heat. P. erythrina (red). jl. white and mixed with blood-colour, above in. long, appearing before the leaves ; calyx teeth broadly triangular; standard silky-hoary outside, the claw almost equal- ling the calyx; panicles lateral, sometimes ovate and dense- flowered, scarcely din. long, sometimes elongate-thyrsoid, 6in. to 12in. long. May. /. alternate, pinnate, exstipellate; leaflets seven to eleven, oval, obovate, or broadly oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate, at length coriaceous, 2in. to 4in. long, on stalks in. long. A. 30ft. West Indies, 1690. PISIFORM. Resembling a Pea in shape. Included under #chmea. dam, an eminent physician and writer on natural history, who died in 1648). Syns. Calpidia, Ceodes, Columella, Pallavia, and Torrubia. Orv. Nyctaginee. A genus con- sisting of about sixty species of unarmed or rarely spiny, glabrous or pubescent, erect or rarely sub-scandent, stove or greenhouse trees and shrubs, mostly natives of tro- pical America; a few are found in Asia and the Pacific Islands, and six in the Mascarene Islands. Flowers pink, greenish, or yellow, small, disposed in paniculate, sub-sessile, or pedunculate cymes, two or three-bracteo- late; male perianth tubular- or infundibular-campanu- late, female large and oblong; limb of five short teeth or lobes. Fruit a small or rather large, elongated utricle. Leaves opposite or scattered, sessile or petio- late, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, entire. A few of the species are known to cultivation, but they have very little to recommend them to gardeners. Those described below thrive in well-drained loam. Propagation may be easily effected by cuttings, inserted in similar soil. P. aculeata (prickly). West Indian Cockspur. jl. greenish, in small, dense cymes or globular clusters. March. /r. in loose cymes, often forming large panicles. J. opposite or here and there alternate, petiolate, ovate, often broad, or rarely oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, entire, rarely exceeding 3in., and often less than 2in. long. h. 10ft. Tropics, 1806. A tall, woody, green- house climbing shrub, often armed with stout, recurved, axillary prickles. P. grandis (grand). A synonym of P. inerimis. P. inermis (unarmed). /. greenish, collected in small cymes, forming a terminal, rather corymbose panicle, usually shortly pedunculate. March. J. petiolate, ovate or oblong, acuminate or almost obtuse, rounded or narrowed at base, often 6in. to 8in. long. A. 10ft. Australia, 1806. A small, greenhouse tree. SYN. P. grandis. P. obtusata (obtuse). jl. greenish, shortly pedicellate ; cymes stalked, terminal. April. /. obovate or obovate-oblong, rounded atthe tip, and tapering towards the petiole, glabrous or pubescent. h. 4ft. West Indies, 1824. Stove shrub. PISSODES. A small genus of beetles, included under the large group of Weevils (Curculionidw). The species are few, and are much alike in size and appearance. All feed, both as larve and as perfect insects, on coniferous trees. An account of their ravages is given under the heading of Pine Weevils. PISTACHIO OR PISTACIA NUT-TREE. Pistacia vera. PISTACIA (from Pistake, the old Greek name, used by Theophrastus, and that from the Persian Pista). Syn. Terebinthus. Orv. Anacardiacee. A genus com- prising half-a dozen species of hardy, small-growing trees, five of which are natives of the Mediterranean region, from Western Asia to the Canary Islands, and the sixth Mexican. Flowers small, apetalous, dicecious, disposed in axillary panicles or racemes; pedicels bracteate at base. Fruit a one-seeded, dry drupe. Leaves alternate, perennial or deciduous, trifoliolate or pari- or impari-pinnate. P. Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, and P. vera, are trees of great economic value. The species in cultivation thrive best in a rich, deep, sandy loam, and against a wall. Propagated by layers, or by cuttings. P. atlantica (Atlantic). 7. in loose, panicled racemes ; anthers deep red. /. impari-pinnate; leaflets usually nine, tapering See to the base. h. 40ft. Canaries, 1790. Evergreen. P. Lentiscus (Lentiscus). Mastich-tree.. jl. green, on loose racemes, which issue from the sides of the branches. Spring. 1, abruptly pinnate; leaflets eight, lanceolate ; petioles winged. h. 20ft. South Europe, 1663. Evergreen. This plant yields the drug known as “‘mastich.” “(B. M. Pl. 63.) The variety anqusti- folia has almost linear leaflets; whereas in the form known as Chia they are ovate. P. Terebinthus (Terebinthus). Turpentine-tree. fl. greenish, disposed in large, compound panicles; anthers dull yellow; stigmas crimson. June. 1., leaflets usually numerous, ovate- lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute and mucronate at the apex. h. 30ft. South Europe, 1656. Deciduous. The red hue of the young leaves of this species is very beautiful. The resin, the Chian or Cyprus turpentine, is obtained from this tree, the liquid flowing from incisions made in the trunk. (B. M. PI. 69.) 149 P. vera (true). Pistachio Nut-tree. 1. brownish-green. April. fr. panicled, about lin. long, ovate, with an oblique point, reddish. i. pinnate ; leaflets ovate, tapering a little to the base, rather mucronate at the apex. A. 20tt. Syria, 1770. Deciduous. PISTIA (probably from pistos, watery ; in reference to the habitat). Syns. Apiospermum, Limnonesis, Zara. Orp. Aroidew (Aracew). A monotypic genus. ‘The species is an ornamental, stove aquatic, requiring plenty of heat. It increases rapidly, and often completely coats tropical ponds and water-tanks with verdure, keeping the water beneath fresh and cool. ‘The plant floats on the water, and sends down many long, feathery roots. Each plant sends out several runners, and upon the ends of these other similar plants are formed, which again send out runners. P. Stratiotes (Stratiotes).* Tropical Dockweed ; Water Lettuce. #1. greenish, very small, borne in little spathes at the end of the leaves, each spathe containing one male and one female flower attached to an adnate spadix. J. wedge-shaped, slightly concave, notched or round topped, 2in. to Sin. long, of a delicate pale pea- green, covered with fine hairs. Tropics, 1843. (B. M. 4564; KF. d. 8. 625; L. J. F. 137.) PISTIL. The female organ in flowers; it consists of ovary, style, stigma, and ovules, or at least of ovary and stigma. PISTORINIA. see). PISUM (the old Latin name, used by Virgil, akin to the Greek Pison). Pea. Orv. Leguminose. A genus comprising only a couple of species of diffuse or climb- ing, hardy, annual herbs, one of which is much cultivated, and is here and there naturalised, in the Mediterranean regioa and in Western Asia, and the other is a native of the Taurian Mountains. Flowers purple, rose, or white, showy; peduneles axillary, elongated, solitary or a few racemose; calyx lobes sub-equal, or the two upper ones broader; standard broadly obovate or sub-orbicular ; wings faleate-oblong, longer than the keel. Pods compressed, obliquely acute, bivalved. Leaves pinnate ; common petiole terminating in a bristle or tendril ; leaflets one to three- jugate. P. elativs requires similar treatment to Lathy- rus (which see). For culture, &c., of P. sativum, see Pea. P. elatius (tall). 7. pale red, with the lamina of the wings dark purple; peduncles two-flowered, erect, longer than the leaves. June to September. /., petioles terete, bearing six lanceolate- oblong Jeaflets ; stipules rounded and crenated below. Stems erect. Iberia, 1820. Climber. P. sativum (cultivated). . white or red ; peduncles two or many- flowered. June to September. /., petioles terete, bearing three pairs of ovate, entire, glaucous leaflets, with undulated margins, usually opposite and mucronulate; stipules ovate, somewhat cordate, crenated at the base. South Kurope. A climber, of which there are several varieties, including arvénse, humile (Dwarf Pea), macrocarpum, quadratum, saccharatum (Sugar Pea), and umbellatum (Crown Pea). PITCAIRNIA (named after W. Pitcairn, a physician, of London). Syn. Hepetis. Including Newmannia and Pepinia. Orv. Bromeliacee. A genus comprising about seventy species of stove perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, generally stemless, with the leaves in a dense rosette ; they are all natives of tropical America. Flowers red, yellow, or whitish; calyx with a short, obconical tube, adnate to the base of the ovary, and three large, lan- ceolate segments; corolla of three lingulate, unguiculate petals, one and a-half to three times the length of the sepals, usually with two minute scales at the base; stamens six; peduncle leafy, the proper leaves passing gradually into bracts; inflorescence generally a simple or panicled raceme, rarely a head or sub-spicate raceme. Leaves linear or ensiform, rarely oblong, lepidote on the back, or green and naked on both surfaces, often prickle- margined, especially towards the base, sessile or nar- rowed into a channelled petiole. All the species described below are herbaceous perennials, except where otherwise stated. For culture, see Aichmea and Billhergia. The following enumeration of species is based on Mr. Included under Cotyledon (which 150 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, Pitcairnia—continued. Baker's synopsis of the genus, which appeared in “Trimen’s Journal of Botany,’’ 1881. P. albifios (white-flowered). jl. ina simple, loose raceme, 6in. to 12in. long; petals white, three times as long as the sepals; eduncle 1ft. to 2ft. long. September. /. many to a tuft, linear, sft. to 2ft, long, jin. to jin. broad at the middle, obscurely petioled, without prickles. Rio Janeiro, 1826. (B. M. 2642.) Syn. P. odorata (R. G. 1855, 114). P. alta (tall). #., sepals and petals bright red, the latter 2in. long, 4in. broad ; racemes several, arranged in a deltoid panicle, 2ft. long and broad; peduncle 2ft. to 3ft. long, floccose. August. l. twelve to twenty to a stem, linear, 2ft. to dft. long, jin. to lin. broad above the middle, spine-edged towards the base. Domi- nica, before 1877. (B. M. 6606.) This species is known in gardens by the following names : P. bromelicefolia, P. intermedia, and P. Skinneri. P. Altensteinii (Altenstein’s). /. in a simple, sub-spicate raceme, 4in. to 6in. long; sepals lin. to 14in. long; petals whitish, twice as long as the sepals; bracts bright red, l4in. to 2in. long; pe- dunele lft. to 14ft. long. May. J1., produced ones about ten to a stem, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 14in. to 2in. broad, with an unarmed or minutely prickly petiole. Western Venezuela, 1840. (F. d. §.(162.) Syns. P. undulatifolia (B. M. 4241), Puya Altensteinii. P. A. gigantea (gigantic). A very large form, with an in- florescence 6ft. to 7ft. high, including the peduncle. (B. M. 4309; F. d. 8. 253, 254.) Fic. 190. PITCAIRNIA ANDREANA, showing Habit, detached Flower, and Portion of Leaf to show the Scales. P. Andreana (André’s).* #1. ina simple raceme, 4in. to 6in. long ; petals yellow at the tip, red lower down, four times as long as the sepals; peduncle 4in. to 6in, long, densely leafy. July. l., pro- duced ones four or five to a stem, lanceolate, not distinctly petioled, 16in. to 20in. long, lin. to 1}in. broad, white beneath, lepidoted above. New Grenada and Venezuela, 1872. See Fig. 190. (B, M. 6480; I. H. n. s. 139.) Syn. P. lepidota. P. angustifolia (narrow-leaved). fl. in one to three racemes, the end one 6in. to Yin. long ; petals 14in. to 1jzin. long, bright red, scaled at base; peduncle, including inflorescence, 2ft. to 3ft. long. September. J. linear, about 2ft. long, jin. to 4in. broad, acuminate, not petioled, white-furfuraceous at back, armed down the margins with brown, horny spines. Santa Cruz, 1777. (B. M. 1547.) P. aphelandreeflora (Aphelandra-flowered).* jl. in a dense, oblong, sub-spicate raceme, 4in. to 6in. long; sepals coral-red, 4in. long ; petals bright red, 24in. long ; lower bracts 2in. to 3in. long. Summer. J. thirty to sixty, extending over 3in. to 6in. of the stem, linear, sessile, about 6in. long, less than jin. broad, minutely serrulate. Stems slender, lft. long below the leaves. Para, 1867. Shrub. Syn. Pepinia aphelandreslora (I. H. n. s., xXxxii. 5). P. atrorubens (dark reddish). jl. in a simple, sub-spicate raceme, 6in. to 8in. long ; petals pale yellow, lingulate, 2sin. to Sin. long; bracts bright red, much imbricated ; peduncle leafy, shorter than the leaves. Summer. 1., produced ones with a spine-edged petiole, 3in. to 6in. long, and a lanceolate blade, 2ft. to 3ft. long and 2in. to 3in. broad. Central America. Syn. Puyo Warcewiczti (B. M. 5225). P. bracteata (large-bracted). fl. in a simple, dense raceme, 6in. to l2in. long; sepals nearly lin. long; petals bright red, decurving, twice as long as the sepals; bracts lin. to 14in. long 5 peduncle nearly 1ft. long, with numerous reduced leaves. Apvril. 4. in a dense tuft, linear, 1Jft. to 2ft. long, lin. broad, acuminate, entire or slightly prickly towards the base. St. Vincent, 1799. (B. M. 2813.) Syn. P. commutata (R. G. 1867, 557). P. sulphurea (A. B. R. 249) is regarded, by Mr. Baker, as a yellow-flowered variety of this species. Pitcairnia—continued. P. bromelizfolia (Bromelia-leaved). . in simple or slightly compound racemes, 1ft. long; sepals and petals bright red, the latter 2in, long ; peduncle about 1ft. long below the inflorescence, with several long leaves. June. J. in a dense tuft, linear, 2ft. to 3ft. long, sin. to Zin. broad at the middle, acuminate, spine-edged towards the base, white-furfuraceous beneath. Jamaica, 1781. (B. M. 824; B. R.1011.) 2. platyphylla is regarded, by Mr. Baker, as a robust, broad-leaved variety of this species. P. bromelizfolia (Bromelia-leaved), of L’Héritier. A synonym of P. alta. P. cinnabarina (cinnabar-red). jl. in dense, simple racemes, about 6in. long; sepals jin. long; petals bright red, 2in. long ; peduncle lft. long, with several reduced leaves. June. 1., pro- duced ones linear, sessile, 14ft. long, scarcely fin. broad, quite without spines near the base. Brazil, 1851. P. commutata (changeable). A synonym of P. bracteata. P. corallina (coral-red),.* /l. in dense, deflected racemes, above lft. long; sepals bright red, lin. long; petals bright red, edged with white, 3in. long; peduncle also bright red, 1ft. long. Spring. /., produced ones lanceolate, distinctly petioled, 4ft. to 5ft. long, about 4in. broad, spine-edged low down, plicate, white-furfuraceous at back. Choco, New Grenada, about 1874. (B. M. 6600; R. H. 1875, p. 251.) P. corcovadensis (Corcovado). jl. red, disposed in a single, loose, terminal raceme, on a stem about lft. high. J. erect, glabrous, broadly linear, acuminate, 3ft. to 4ft. long, passing into linear bracts on the flower-stem. Ah. lft. Brazil, 1884. A slender species. P. Decaisnei (Decaisne’s). A synonym of P. fulgens. P. densiflora (dense-flowered). jl. in a very dense, sub-spicate, oblong raceme, 3in. to 4in. long; petals bright yellowish-red, twice as long as the pale green sepals. Summer. 1. produced ones with an unarmed, channelled petiole, 6in. long, and an ensiform, entire blade, 2ft. to 3ft. long, and about din. broad. Native place unknown. P. echinata (prickly). (/l. in several loose racemes, arranged in a deltoid panicle ; petals whitish, nearly twice as long as the sepals ; peduncle 2ft, to 4ft. long below the inflorescence, with eight to ten leaves, the lower lft. long. June. Jl., produced ones twelve to twenty to a stem, lanceolate, 3ft. to 4ft. long, lin. to 2in. broad, obscurely petioled, white-furfuraceous at back, prickle- margined. h. 5ft. to 6ft. New Grenada, 1852. (B. M. 4709; F. d. 8. 844; L. J. F. 407.) P. exscapa (stemless), A synonym of P. heterophylla. P. ferruginea (rusty). ”. in ten to twelve secund racemes, arranged in a deltoid panicle, the lower branches of which are 2ft. to 3ft. long; sepals densely ferruginous externally, 2in. to 24in. long ; petals white, twice as long as the sepals, with two large scales at the base; peduncle 2ft. to 3ft. long below the inflo- rescence. December. J. perhaps 100, in a very dense rosette, sessile, 2ft. to 3ft. long, ljin. to 2in. broad, horny in texture, densely white-lepidote at back. Stem 3ft. to 4ft. long below the rosette of leaves. h. 10ft. to 12ft. Andes of Peru, 1860. The largest species of the genus. SYN. Puya grandiflora (B. M. 6234). P. flammea (flame-coloured). 7. ina rather dense raceme, 6in. to 12in. long; sepals red, Zin. long; petals bright red, more than twice as long as the sepals; peduncle also bright red, lft. to 14ft. long, copiously leafy. November. J., produced ones ensiform, aft. to 2ift. long, lin. to l}in. broad, not distinctly petioled, acuminate, persistently white-furfuraceous at back, not at all spiny. Organ Mountains, 1825. (B. R. 1092.) P. flavescens (yellowish). A synonym of P. 2anthocalyz. P. fulgens (brilliant).* 7. in several very loose racemes, 3in, to 6in. long, forming a deltoid panicle; sepals and petals bright red, the latter 2in. to 2}in. long, with a large, truncate scale at the base ; peduncle 3ft. long below the inflorescence, copiously leafy. May. J/., produced ones twenty to a tuft, ensiform, 2ft. to 3ft. long, lin. to 14in. broad, white at back, prickle-margined. Brazil, 1850. A fine plant, well known in cultivation. SYN. P. Decaisnet. P. fulgens (brilliant). A garden synonym of P. Karwinskiana. P. Funkiana (Funk's). /. in a sub-spicate raceme, 6in. to 12in. long ; sepals lin. long ; petals nearly white, over 2in. long; bracts yellowish-green, lin. to ljin. long; peduncle 2ft. long, slightly ubescent, its lower leaves large. May. Jl. lanceolate, entire, Bet, to 3ft. long, 2in. to 24in, broad, glabrous ; petiole unarmed, 6in, to 12in. long. Venezuela, 1850. (R. G. 113.) Syn. P. macro- calyx (B. M. 4705). P. furfuracea (scurfy). 7. in three to five rather dense racemes, the end one about 1ft. long ; petals bright red, 2in. to 24in. long, scaled at base ; peduncle, including the inflorescence, 2ft. to 3ft. long. July. J. linear, about 2ft. long and lin. broad, acuminate, not distinctly petioled, white-furfuraceous at back, spiny towards the base. Native country unknown. Mr. Baker regards this as “doubtfwlly distinct, specifically, from P, latifolia.” (B. M. 2657.) P, heterophylla (variable-leaved). 71. six to twelve in a capitate, sessile or nearly sessile spike ; seal reddish, lin. to 1jin. long ; petals bright red, rarely white, about ljin. long; pedicels very short or wanting. May. J., outer rudimentary ones of the AN ENCYCLOPZDIA OF HORTICULTURE. Pitcairnia—continued. rosette deltoid ; produced ones about six, linear, lft. to 2ft. long, 4in. to 4in. broad, not petioled, nor at all toothed. Mexico, &c., 1848. Syns. P. exseapa (B. M. 4591), P. Morrenii (L. J. F. 21), Puya heterophylla (B. R. xxvi. 71), Puya longifolia (L. & P. F. G. 86). P. imbricata (imbricated), 7. in a sub-spicate raceme, lft. long ; sepals whitish, tipped with green, lin. long; petals creamy-white, lingulate, more than 2in. long ; pedunele lft. long, closely leafy. October. /. twelve to twenty to a stem, ensiform, 14ft. to 2ft. long, with a petiole 6in. to 12in. long, armed with small, deflexed, horny, brown prickles. Mexico and Cordova, 1868. Plant caulescent. P. integrifolia (entire-leaved). /. in one to five very loose racemes, the end one 1ft. long ; petals bright red, lin. longer than the sepals, scaled at base; peduncle more than lft. long. August. /., produced ones linear, 2ft. to 3ft. long, about Jin. broad, tapering to a long point, not distinctly petioled, closely white-furfuraceous at back, destitute of teeth. West Indies, about 1810. (B. M. 1462.) P. intermedia (intermediate). A garden synonym of P. alta. P. iridiflora (Iris-flowered). /l. in a raceme lft. long; petals bright red, 2in. long, not scaled at base; peduncle about lft. long. July. J. linear, 2ft. to 3ft. long, jin. broad, much prertopping the raceme, spine-toothed. Native country un- known. P. Jacksoni (Jackson’s). jl. in a loose raceme, 8in. to Yin. long ; peels bright red, three times as long as the sepals, scaled at ase; peduncle over 3ft. long, with many reduced leaves. May. 1. linear, entire, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 4in. broad, white-furfuraceous at back; petioles channelled, lft. long, spine-edged at the dilated base. Guatemala, about 1850. (B. M. 4540.) Syn. Lamprococcus Jacksoni (L. J. F. 127). P. Karwinskiana (Karwinski’s).* jl. in a dense raceme, about 6in. long; sepals reddish, jin. long; petals bright red, secund, 2hin. long, not scaled; peduncle lft. to 2ft. long, with many reduced leaves. June. /., produced ones linear, lift. to 2ft. long, sin. to Zin. broad, distinctly petioled, usually without prickles. Mexico. A well-known species. Syn. P. ringens (R. G. 53). This species is also known in gardens as P. fulgens, P. montalbensis, and P. Warcewicziana. P. latifolia (broad-leaved). jl. in a simple or slightly compound raceme, 6in. to Yin. long ; petals bright red, 2in. long, scaled at base ; peduncle lft. to 2ft. long, leafy. August. 1. linear, 2ft. to Sft. long, nearly lin. broad, acuminate, not distinctly petioled, white-furfuraceous at back, with only a few prickles. St. Eustace Island, 1785. (A. B. R. 322; B. M. 856.) P. Lehmanni (Lehmann’s). 1. in dense, panicled racemes; petals bright red, 14in. to 1jin. long. /., produced ones ensiform, 2ft. to 3ft. long, above lin. broad, copiously spiny towards the base. Southern New Grenada. P. lepidota (scaly). A synonym of P. Andreana. P. longifolia (long-leaved). A synonym of P. pulverulenta. P. macrocalyx (large-calyxed). A synonym of P. Funkiana. P. maidifolia (Indian Corn-leaved). l. in a sub-spicate raceme, ~ nearly lft. long; sepals lin, long ; petals greenish-white, 24in. long; peduncle leafy, 14ft. to 2ft. long. May. J. lanceolate, petioled, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1sin. to 2in. broad, without prickles. Venezuela, 1848. (F.d. 8.915.) Syn. Puya maidifolia, P. montalbensis (Monte Alban). A garden synonym of P. Kar- . winskiana. P. Moritziana (Moritz’s). jl. in a loose raceme, 6in. to 12in. long ; sepals jin. long ; petals bright red or reddish-yellow, 2in. to 24in. long, not scaled ; peduncles 6in. to 15in. long, with many erect, reduced leaves. Summer. /., produced ones many to a rosette, linear, lft. to 14ft. long, lin. broad, not distinctly stalked, mostly withont prickles. Guatemala, about 1860. P. Morrenii (Morren’s). A synonym of P. heterophylla. P. muscosa (mossy).* jl. in a loose raceme, 3in. to 6in. long; peal bright red, Zin. long, not scaled at base ; peduncle 6in. to in. long, densely floccose. December. J. twelve to twenty in a tuft, linear, 6in. to Yin. long, faleate, very acuminate, white- furfuraceous at back, entire or minutely denticulate. A. not more than lft. Central Brazil. (B. M. 4770.) P. nubigena (cloud-born). fl. in a somewhat dense raceme, 6in. to 8in. long; sepals red, lin. to ljin. long; petals bright red, sealed at base, more than twice as long as the sepals; peduncle leafy, lft. to 14ft. long. October. J., produced ones ensiform, petioled, lin. broad, narrowed to both ends, entire. Venezuela (at 8000ft. to 9000ft. altitude), 1852. Plant tufted. (F. d. S. 847.) P. odorata (odorous). A synonym of P. albiflos. P. platyphylla (broad-leayed). A variety of P. bromelicfolia. P. pulverulenta (powdery). /l. in many racemes, arranged in a deltoid panicle ; petals bright red, about 2in. long, scaled at base; peduncle elongated, with several leaves. December. /., produced ones ensiform, 3ft, to 4ft. long, 14in. to 2in. broad, narrowed at both ends, spine-margined towards the base, white-furfuraceous beneath. h. 6ft. to 12ft. Andes of Peru, 1852. Syn. P. longifolia (B. M. 4775). alist Pitcairnia— continued. P. pungens (stinging).* jl. in a dense raceme, 4in. to 8in. long ; sepals rather cottony ; petals bright red, scarlet at base, 2in. long ; peduncle 6in, to 12in. long, cottony, its many leaves bract-like, the lower sometimes pectinate. May. J1., produced ones six to eight, linear, 1ft. to lift. long, scarcely 4in. broad, loosely fur- furaceous on the back, destitute of prickles; outer rudimentary ones furnished with a long, rigid, pectinate tip. Andes, 1863. (B. M. 5356.) P. punicea (reddish). /. in a loose raceme, 4in. to 6in. long ; sepals about 4in. long; petals bright red, 1}in. to 1gin. long; peduncle very short. Summer. J/., proper ones twenty to thirty, spread over Sin. to 4in. of the stem, linear, not distinctly petioled, about 1ft. long, less than Jin. broad, white-furfuraceous at back. h. about lft. Mexico. Plant caulescent. P. recurvata (recurved), l. in a dense, sub-spicate raceme, 4in. to 6in. long; sepals nearly lin. long; petals milk-white, 3in. to 3sin. long, much decurved, minutely scaled at base; peduncle Lsft. to eft. long, furfuraceous, with bract-like leaves. April. ., produced ones ten to twelve to a stem, lanceolate, 2ft. long, lin. to 1jin. broad, minutely serrulated towards the tip, white- furfuraceous beneath. Native place unknown, 1843. P. ringens (gaping). A synonym of P. Karwinskiana. P. Skinneri (Skinner's). A garden synonym of P. alta. P. speciosissima (very showy). A garden synonym of P. wn- dulata. P. staminea (long-stamened). jl. in a long, loose raceme, lft. to 14ft. long; petals bright red, 2in. long, very narrow, revolute at the apex, scaled at base ; peduncle lft. to 2ft. long, its lower leaves long, its upper rudimentary. January. 1, produced ones ten to twenty to a tuft, linear, lft. to 2ft. long, jin. to sin. broad, very acuminate, thinly white-furfuraceous on the back, with a channelled petiole, 6in. or more long, entirely without teeth. Rio Janeiro, about 1820. A .we'l-known species. (B. M. 2411; I. H. n. s. 205; L. B. C. 722.) P. suaveolens (sweet-scented). (fl. ina moderately dense raceme, 6in. to 8in. long ; sepals about lin. long ; petals whitish, lingulate, 2in. long; peduncle above lft. long, with many much-reduced leaves. July. 1., produced ones linear, 1}ft. long, }in. to jin. broad at the middle, acuminate, not petioled, entirely without prickles, glabrous. Organ Mountains, 1826. (B. R. 1069.) P. sulphurea (sulphur-coloured). A variety of P. bracteata. P. tabulzformis (plank-like).* /. thirty to forty, in a dense head, sessile in the centre of the rosette of leaves; sepals bright red, less than lin. long; petals the same colour, but 3in. long, scaled at base. J., produced ones twenty to thirty, ina sessile rosette, oblong, spathulate, Sin. to 6in. long, 2in. broad, gradually narrowed to both ends, free from spines. Mexico, 1863. The leaves lie flat on the soil, hence the specific name. (B. H. 1862, p. 207; F. M. 297; I. H. 344.) P. undulata (wavy). jl. ina simple raceme, 1ft. long, lax in the lower half, the rachis bright red; petals also bright red, more than twice as long as the sepals; peduncle 1ft. long, with five or six small, adpressed leaves. July. /., produced ones obovate- oblong, lft. or more long, 4in. to Sin. broad, cuneate at base, finely white-furfuraceous at back, with a distinet unarmed petiole, 6in. to 8in. long. Brazil (?), 1843. A fine, well-known species, some- times known in gardens as P. speciosissima. (F. d. S. 162; R. G. 781.) P. undulatifolia (wavy-leaved). A synonym of P. Altensteinii. P. virescens (greenish). #1. in a sub-spicate raceme, 6in. to Sin. long ; sepals lin, to ljin. long; petals pale yellowish-green, twice as long as the sepals; peduncle 2ft. long, the leaves graduating into bracts. March. J. lanceolate, not petioled, 14ft. to 2ft. long, liin. to 2in. broad, free from prickles. Venezuela, 1857. Syn. Puya virescens (B. M. 4991). P. Warcewicziana (Warcewicz’s). Karwinskiana, P. Wendlandi (Wendland’s). /l. ina sub-spicate raceme, 6in. to 12in. long; sepals lin. long; petals sulphur-yellow, scaled at base, more than twice as long as the sepals ; bracts purplish-red or greenish towards the tip ; peduncle closely leafy, 2ft. or more long, stiffly erect. December. 1., produced ones entire, ensiform, aft. to 3ft. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, with a distinct, unarmed petiole. Native country unknown, About 1853. Syn. Puya sul- phurea (B. M. 4696). P. xanthocalyx (yellow-calyxed).* /. in a simple raceme, loose in the lower half, lft. to 2ft. long; petals lingulate, primrose- yellow, 2in. long; peduncle 14ft. to 2ft. long, the lower leaves 6in. to 12in. long. Summer. /., produced ones up to twenty to a stem, lanceolate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, lin. to l4in. broad, obscurely petioled, free from prickles, white-furfuraceous at back. Brazil, 1877. P. flavescens (B. M. 6318) is regarded, by Mr. Baker, as synonymous with this species. P. zeifolia (Zea-leaved).* f. in a sub-spicate raceme, 1ft. to 1}ft. long; sepals nearly lin. long; petals nearly white, more than twice as long as the sepals ; bracts reddish-yellow ; peduncle 1ft. to 2ft. long, leafy, nearly glabrous. J. lanceolate, entire, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 2in. to 24in. broad, naked, with a channelled petiole, 6in. long. Guatemala. (B. M. 6535.) A garden synonym of P. THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, PITCHER. A name commonly applied to the tubular petioles of the Sarracenias, and also to the urn-like ex- pansion in Nepenthes. Sir Joseph Hooker has shown that, in the latter genus, the Pitcher is not the dilated petiole, but a special organ, represented by a gland at the top of the costa of the young leaf. PITCHER-PLANT. See Nepenthes. PITCH-TREE, BURGUNDY. ‘See Picea ex- celsa. PITH. The central cellular part of a stem; the same as Medulla. PITHECOCTENIUM (from pithewv, pithecos, a monkey, and kfeis, ktenos, a comb; in allusion to the common name). Monkey’s Comb. Orp. Bignoniacee. A genus comprising about a score species of stove, often tomentose-pubescent or lepidoted, sometimes glabrous, climbing shrubs, natives of tropical America, extending from Brazil to Mexico. Flowers white or violet, rather large, disposed in simple, or rarely sub-thyrsoid, branched racemes; calyx broadly tubular-campanulate, truncate or minutely five-toothed ; corolla tube cylindrical and enlarged above the base, often incurved; limb sub-bilabiate ; lobes five, round, spreading. Leaves opposite, trifoliolate, or with the terminal leaflet changing to a tendril, or defi- ciently bifoliolate ; leaflets entire, petiolulate. Very few species are in cultivation. They require treatment similar to Bignonia (which see). P. Carolinze (Lady Caroline’s). fl. snow-white, with the tube tinged with yellow, sweet-scented ; corolla arcuate, tomentose, with curled segments; panicle terminal, few-flowered. May. ¢ conjugate; leaflets cordate, acuminate, slightly pubescent. h. 10ft. Plant slender, glabrous. (B. R. 1844, 54, under name of Bignonia Caroline.) PITHECOLOBIUM (from pithecos, an ape, and lobos, the lobe of the ear; in allusion to the native name, Monkey’s Earring). Curl Brush Bean. Orb. Leguminose. This genus comprises about 100 species of unarmed or prickly-stipuled, stove trees or shrubs, extending over tropical regions, mostly in Asia and America, a few being natives of Africa and Australia. Flowers often white, similar to those of Inga; calyx cam- panulate or tubular; corolla tubular or funnel- shaped; peduncles solitary or sub-fasciculate, axillary or racemose, or fasciculate at the tips of the branches; heads globose, or rarely in oblong or almost cylindrical spikes. Pods com- pressed or flat, either spirally twisted or much curved, bivalved or rarely indehiscent. Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets sometimes small and many- jugate, sometimes large and few-jugate, occa- sionally tergeminate, bigeminate, or geminate (pinne one-jugate, three, two, or one-foliolate) ; Pits—continued. movable; generally, all the sashes are movable in both cases. Pits do not afford similar facilities for attend- ing to the occupants as do houses, which the cultivator can enter in all weathers; yet they are indispensable where large, or even small, quantities of young plants Fig. 191. SECTION OF LEAN-TO PIT. a, Ordinary Soil; b, Passage; c, Heated Chamber below Stage; d, Bed; e, e, Hot-water Pipes. have to be raised and grown on. For bedding plants, a single hot-water pipe is usually sufficient, in a low,. narrow Pit, for expelling damp and keeping out frost, except in very severe or unfavourable weather, when coyer- stipules sometimes small or inconspicuous, sometimes persistent, hard or spinescent. Few of the species have been introduced. For cul- ture, see Inga. P. pruinosum (frosty). /. white, with long, ex- serted stamens, and growing in globular umbels from the axils of the upper leaves. 1., pinne very regularly in one or two pairs, with or without an odd one ; petiole and each rachis varying from lin. to 6in. long; leaflets usually three or four pairs on the terminal pinne, very irregular in number, size, and shape. Queensland and New South Wales, 1869. A beautiful tree, having the young branches, foliage, and inflorescence, covered with a rusty pubes- cence, PITS. These are valuable and well-known garden structures, utilised in their simplest form for pro- tecting plants from the injurious effects of rain and severe frost. When heated, they are eligible for plant culture generally, for Cucumber, Melon, and Pine-growing, and for propagating. Pits are distinguished from frames by their walls being built partly beneath the ground, which con- sequently renders them fixtures. whereas frames are NUNN Fig. 192. SECTION OF SPAN-ROOFED PIT. a, a, Ordinary Soil; b, Passage ; ¢, c, Heated Chambers ; d, d, Plunging Beds ; e, e, e,e, Hot-water Pipes. ings would be necessary. For Cucumber, Melon, or Pine Pits, a more substantial and much higher stracture, and also a greater heating power, are necessary. Fig. 191 represents a useful little Pit for early forcing of Melons or Cnueumbers. A narrow, sunken passage, entered from one end, affords sufficient space for attending to the plants; and if a shelter were fixed to the back wall for AN ENCYCLOPADIA OF HORTICULTURE. 153 Pits—continued. early forced Strawberries, these might possibly be watered from the outside, by opening the sashes a little. Special propagating Pits are best built rather low, in order that they may not be too much exposed to cold winds, and that cuttings, when inserted, may be near the light. To this end, the floor for these is also often sunk into the ground; a path passes through the centre, with a door at the end, and a heated plunging-bed is provided on one or both of the sides (see Fig. 192). If the top sashes are fixed, instead of being movable, then a structure of this sort is more correctly termed a house. Although wood is sometimes used, nothing surpasses ordinary bricks for constructing a framework on which to rest the rafters and sashes. Bricks keep out frost better than wood, and are also much more substantial. Pits are sometimes built with hollowed walls—that is, a double set of bricks is arranged so as to leave a hollow space between; the idea being that of retaining heat, which passes more readily through a solid wall than where there is a chamber midway containing air. PITTED. Having numerous small, shallow depres- sions or excavations. PITTOSPOREZ. A small order of glabrous, or rarely tomentose or pilose, arborescent or erect shrubs, or twining or flexuous-procumbent under-shrubs, dis- persed over the warmer regions of the globe, but mostly found in Australia. Flowers white, blue, yellow, or rarely reddish, hermaphrodite, regular or slightly oblique, sometimes borne on terminal, solitary and nodding, or corymbose or paniculate peduncles, occasionally axillary and solitary or fasciculate; sepals five, distinct, imbri- eated, or rarely connate at base; petals five, hypo- gynous, imbricated, longer than the sepals; claw con- nivent or sometimes coherent; stamens five, hypogynous, free, alternating with the petals, the filaments filiform, or dilated in the middle or at the base. or berry. Leaves alternate, entire, toothed, or very rarely slightly cut; stipules none. The species contain resinous, aromatic, and bitter principles, which impart a disagreeable flavour to the fruit. Nine genera and about ninety species are included in the order. Examples are : Billardiera, Marianthus, Pittosporum, and Sollya. PITTOSPORUM (from pitta, pitch, tar, and sporos, seed; in allusion to the resinous coating of the seeds). Orp. Pittosporee. A rather large genus (fifty species have been described) of greenhouse or half-hardy, gla- brous or tomentose, erect shrubs or small trees, occurring in Africa, the warmer parts of Asia, the Pacific Islands, Australia, or New Zealand. Flowers sometimes in ter- minal clusters, corymbose, sub-umbellate or paniculate, sometimes solitary or few, terminal, axillary, or lateral; sepals distinct or connate at base; petals connivent or cohering at base, or rarely spreading. Leaves entire, sinuate-dentate, in some species often sub-verticillate at the apices of the branches. All the species form very handsome subjects, and are well adapted for growing in conservatories. The half-hardy ones thrive in any common garden soil, but, except in the south-western counties, &c., require the shelter of a wall. The greenhouse ones succeed in a well-drained, fibry loam. P.Tobiraisa © favourite plant in the Paris flower-markets, and is largely grown for its very fragrant blossoms. All are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the half- ripened wood, inserted in sandy soil, under a bell glass, in a greenhouse, and kept shaded until roots are formed. P. coriaceum (leathery-leaved). ji. bluish-white ; pe- duncles umbellately branched, many-flowered, and, as well as the calyces, villous. May. Jl. obovate, obtuse, coriaceous, quite smooth. h. 8ft. Madeira, 1783. Green- house shrub. (A. B. R. 151; L. B. C, 569.) Vol. IIL Fruit a capsule: Pittosporum—continued. P. cornifolium (Cornus-leaved). fl. dingy-red, polygamous, on very slender, terminal, one or two-flowered peduncles ; sepals very narrow, subulate ; petals as narrow, with slender tips. May. 1. whorled, obovate or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly petioled, quite entire and glabrous, coriaceous. Branches forked or whorled. h. 2ft. to 4ft. New Zealand, before 1832. A small, slender, half-hardy shrub, (B. M. 3161.) P. crassifolium (thick-leaved).* Parchment-bark. (fl. dark chocolate-purple, freely produced in nodding, pedunculate um- bels. April. J. alternate, narrow-obovate, linear-obovate, or oblong, obtuse, quite entire, light green, tomentose on the under surface. h. 4ft. to 10ft. New Zealand, 1872. A bushy-growing, half-hardy shrub, of erect branching habit. (B. M. 5978.) P. elegans (elegant). A synonym of P. eugenioides. P. eugenioides (Kugenia-like). /l. greenish-white, more or less dicecious, fragrant; sepals very variable, ovate, acuminate, glabrous; petals narrow and spreading, recurved. J. usually elliptical, acute, narrowed into long petioles, rarely broader and obovate, quite entire, undulated or crisped, rather coriaceous, with numerous fine veins. kh. 20ft. to 30ft. New Zealand. Greenhouse tree. Syns. P. elegans, P. microcarpwm. Fig. 193. PirrosrporuM Toprra, showing Habit and detached Flowering Twig and Flower. P. ferrugineum (rusty). /. yellow, small; peduncles terminal, usually clustered several together above the last leaves. April to July. 1, from obovate or ovate, and obtuse or searcely acuminate, to oblong or almost lanceolate, acuminate, and 3in. to 4in. long, quite entire, narrowed into a petiole, rusty-tomentose on both sides when very young. h. 6ft., sometimes attaining 50ft. to 60ft. Australia, 1787, Greenhouse tree. (B. M. 2075.) P. microcarpum (small-fruited). A synonym of P. eugenioides. P. revolutum (revolute). /l. yellow; peduncles terminal, few or solitary, usually decurved, bearing sometimes a single, rather large flower, but more frequently a dense, ovoid or corymbose raceme. February to April. /. ovate-elliptical, or elliptical- oblong, shortly acuminate, 2in. to 4in. long, scarcely undulate, narrowed into a petiole. h. 4ft. to oft. Australia, 1795. Green- house shrub. (B. R. 186; 8. F. A. 25, under name of P. fulvwm.) P. sinense (Chinese). A synonym of P. viridiflorum. Fic, 194, FLOWERING BRANCHLET OF PITTOSPORUM VIRIDIFLORUM. x 154 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, Pittosporum—continued. P. Tobira (its native name).* /l. white, fragrant; peduncles one- flowered, pubescent, disposed in aggregate umbels. March to August. J, obovate, obtuse, coriaceous, smooth. h. 12ft. Japan, 1804. Half-hardy shrub. See Fig. 193. (B. M. 1396.) P. undulatum (wavy-leaved).* fl. white; peduncles terminal, aggregate, pubescent, branched, many-flowered. February to June. J. oval-lanceolate, undulated, tapering at both ends, glabrous. h, 10ft. Australia, 1789. Half-hardy shrub, (A. B. R. 383; B. R. 16.) P. viridiflorum (green-flowered).* fl. greenish-yellow, Jasmine- scented; panicle somewhat globose, terminal, glabrous. May. l. obovate, retuse, cuneate at the base, shining, under surface reticulated. h. 6ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1806. Greenhouse shrub. See Fig. 194. (B. M. 1684.) Syn. P. sinense. PLACEA (said to be derived from the native name in Chili), Orp. Amaryllidee. A genus comprising (according to Mr. Baker) about five species of greenhouse, bulbous plants, natives of Chili, and closely related to Hippeastrum, from which they differ in having a perfect evolute corona. Flowers many in an umbel, pedicellate ; perianth somewhat funnel-shaped, slightly declinate, with an exceedingly short tube. Leaves linear, carinate. Herr Max Leichtlin, a wonderfully successful cultivator of choice bulbous and other plants, says: “ Placea is one of those bulbs which will not be pot-bound. I either plant them in a walled frame, which is kept free of frost, or in a low house which has a border on the south side, and is kept between 37deg. and 40deg. Fahr. at night, and leave them well alone. They go to rest about August, and push about December, flowering in May. In a pot, they ought to have their exact time of rest, and must be buried in the soil, which ought to be very rich; but in pots they are not certain to flower. They must be planted with at least an inch of soil over their necks, and they prefer a loose soil. I use thoroughly-decomposed cow-manure (three and four years old), mixed, during decomposition, with one-third silver The three best-known species are here described. sand.” Fic. 195. FLOWERS OF PLACEA ARZ&. P. Arzze (Arza’s). fl. pale yellow, lined with purple; corona monophyllous, base yellow, apex purple; umbel three to five- flowered; scape 1}ft. high. J. two, glaucous, Yin. long, din. broad. Bulb 2sin.in diameter, See Fig. 195. P. grandiflora (large-flowered). jl. white, freely striped with bright crimson, large ; scape erect, terminating in an umbel of several handsome flowers. J. few, linear, long, rounded and fistulose at the margin. 1869. This, the finest species of the genus, resembles P. ornata, but is much larger. (1. H. 574.) P. ornata adorned), fl. snow-white, lined with brilliant ver- milion within; segments spathulate-oblong; corona white, searlet at apex; scape 8in. to 9in. high, four to seven-flowered. May. J. linear, shining, obtusely keeled below. 1840. (B. R. xxvii. 50.) ovules PLACENTA. originate. PLACENTIFORM. Quoit-shaped, or like a flat cake in form. PLACODIUM. A synonym of Plocama (which see). PLACOMA. A synonym of Plocama (which see). PLADERA. A synonym of Canscora (which see). PLAGIANTHUS (from plagios, oblique, and anthos, a flower; referring to the usually unequal-sided petals). Cotton-tree; Ribbon-tree. Orp. Malvaceew. A genus comprising about eleven species of greenhouse or half- hardy shrubs, or rarely herbs, natives of Australia and New Zealand. Flowers white, often small, in the axils or in terminal crowded spikes, rarely solitary or dis- posed in short axillary panicles; calyx five-toothed or five-fid. Leaves entire, sinuate, angled, or rarely lobed. The species described below are half-hardy shrubs, ex- cept where otherwise stated. For culture, see Malva- viscus. P. betulinus (Birch-like). /. small, on slender, ebracteolate pedicels; panicles terminal, much-branched, very many-flowered, stellate-tomentose. Summer. J/. of young plants din. to 4in. long, rounded-ovate, variously crenate and lobed ; in full-grown specimens, lin. to 2in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate-serrate or obtusely ees h. (in its native place) 40ft. to 70ft. New Zea- and, 1870. P. divaricatus (straggling). ji. in axillary fascicles or on one- flowered peduncles, shorter than the leaves. June, 1. tin. to jin. long, narrow-linear or sub-cuneate, obtuse, quite entire, one- nerved. Branches slender, spreading, tough. h. 8ft. New Zea- land, 1820. As this species is only found in salt marshes, where very few shrubby plants thrive, its cultivation in such places might prove beneficial. (B. M. 3271.) P. Lampenii (Rev. R. Lampen’s).* jl. very pale yellow, almost white ; petals five, roundish-oblong, much longer than the calyx ; panicles short, leafy, axillary. November to February. J, shortly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 4in. to Sin. long, sharply and regularly serrated, deep green aboye, hoary beneath. h. 6ft. to 8ft. Van Diemen’s Land, 1833. (G. C.n.s., xxii. 201.) P. Lyallii (Lyall’s).* fl. gin. broad, drooping, axillary ; peduncles one-flowered, solitary or fascicled, ebracteo- late, about as long as the petioles. July. J. 2in. to 4in. long, ovate-cordate, acuminate, deeply and doubly crenated ; petioles Jin. to ldin. long. h. 20ft. New Zealand, 1871. A handsome, greenhouse, sub-deciduous shrub. (B. M. 5935.) P. pulchellus (pretty). 1. small, clustered along the rachis of axillary racemes; males pedicellate, females sessile. Summer. J. on rather long petioles, from deeply cordate-ovate to lanceolate, often acuminate, 2in. to 3in. (or rarely more) long, coarsely crenate. Australia. Tall greenhouse shrub or small tree. (B. M. 2753, under name of Sida pulchella.) P. sidoides (Sida-like). l. small, in short, axillary racemes, the males with a campanulate, the females with a tubular, calyx. Summer. J. from ovate-lanceo- late to lanceolate, obtusely serrate, 2in. to 3in., or rarely 4in., long, rounded at base, on petioles jin. to sin. long, glabrous on the upper side when full grown, with numerous impressed veins. h. 4ft. Australia. Greenhouse. (B. M. 3396.) PLAGIOGYRIA. Included under Lomaria. PLAGIOLIRION (from plagios, oblique, and leirion, a lily; in allusion to the shape of the perianth). Orp. Amaryllidee. A monotypic genus, requiring treatment similar to Eucharis (which see). P. Horsmanni (Horsmann’s).* /. white, not scented, small, dis- posed in a scapose, ten to twelve-flowered umbel ; perianth irre- gular, one segment being directed downwards, and the other five ascending. June and July. J/..two or three to a stem, stalked, elliptic, acute, bright green above, light green beneath. Bulb long-necked. Columbia, 1883. (G. C. n. s., xx. 105, Fig. 16.) PLAGIOLOBIUM. Included under Hovea. PLAGIOPHYLLUM. A synonym of Centradenia (which see). PLAITED. Folded lengthwise, like the plaits of a closed fan. PLANE. The part on which the Flat; level. AN ENCYCLOPZDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 155 PLANERA (named in honour of I. J. Planer, a Ger- man botanist, who published a Flora of Erfurt, in 1788). Orv. Urticacee. A monotypic genus. The species is a hardy, deciduous, unarmed tree, probably not now in cultivation in Britain. It requires culture similar to Ulmus (which see). P. aquatica ieauac) Planer-tree. jl. brown, clustered; perianth four or five-fid. March and April. fr. nut-like, oblique, ovate, compressed, wingless. J. lin. to ljin. long, alternate, distichous, shortly stalked, serrated, ovate, acute, roughish, penniveined ; stipules free, caducous. h. 20ft. to 30ft. Southern United States, 1816. Syn. P. Gmelini. P. Gmelini(Gmelin’s). A synonym of P. aquatica. PLANER-TREE. See Planera aquatica. PLANE-TREE. See Platanus. PLANE-TREE, SCOTCH. A general name Scotland for Acer Pseudo-platanus. PLANTAGINEZ. A natural order of herbs, some- times annual or perennial, almost stemless or stolon- bearing, sometimes shortly caulescent, branched or suf- fruticose, glabrous, simply pilose, or woolly in the axils; they are natives of the temperate regions of both hemi- spheres, especially in Europe and North America, and are but rarely met with in the tropics. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or monccious, small, in elongated or shortened spikes, or rarely solitary and sessile in the axils of the often scarious bracts; calyx four-parted, with closely-imbricated segments, persistent in the fruit; corolla hypogynous, gamopetalous, scarious, marcescent, with an ovoid or cylindrical tube, and four speading, im- bricated lobes, sometimes wanting in the female flowers ; stamens four, or fewer. Fruit a one or more celled, one or more seeded, membranous capsule, stipitate or included. Leaves radical, or in the caulescent species alternate, rarely opposite, one to many-nerved, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes sheathed; petioles usually dilated at the base, and accompanied by a woolly membrane. Several species of Plantago are employed in medicine. The order comprises only three genera—Bougueria, Litto- rella, and Plantago—and perhaps about 200 species. PLANTAGO (the old Latin name of the genus, used by Pliny). Plantain. Orv. Plantagineew. This genus com- prises all the species of the order (which see for characters) save two. They are of very little importance from a garden standpoint. P. Coronopus, P. lanceolata, P. major, P. maritima, and P. media, are British plants. P. brasil- iensis is sometimes seen in botanic gardens. All thrive in ordinary soil, and may be readily raised from seed; the perennial species may also be propagated by division. P. brasiliensis (Brazilian). i. whitish, disposed in a compact, cylindrical spike, about 3in. long; scape axillary, solitary, rounded, twice as long as the leaves, clothed with white, adpressed hairs. Summer. J, linear-lanceolate, smooth, three-nerved, entire, with the margins somewhat thickened, much narrowed towards the base, and dilated again at the stem, which they embrace. A. lft. Brazil, 1823. (B. M. 2616.) PLANTAIN. See Plantago. applied to other plants. PLANTAIN LILY. A common name for Funkia. PLANTAIN-TREE. See Musa. PLANTAIN-TREE, MAURITIUS. rosacea. PLANT-BOXES AND CASES. Plant - boxes are used for large trees or shrubs that cannot be pro- vided with pots of sufficient size to contain the roots. They are usually made of wood, but sometimes of slate, and the sides may be constructed so as to be movable, for allowing the roots and drainage to be examined, should it become necessary. Boxes made of slate have the advantage of great durability, and they are readily kept clean. Special provision should be made to in- sure drainage, and Boxes containing trees of large dimen- sions should, for this reason, be stood on something to keep them a little above the ground level. Plant or Cutting-boxes, about 3in. deep, for raising seedlings and in The name is also See Musa Plant-boxes and Cases—continued. growing-on tender bedding plants, are extremely useful; they answer well if the wood is merely planed over before being made up. Boxes for window plants should be about Gin. deep: a less depth does not afford room for sufficient soil to sustain the plants for a season. Plant-cases used outside windows, and also in rooms, require their occupants renewed occasionally, but not very frequently, if flowering plants are excluded. Many of the hardier species of Palms, greenhouse Ferns, Selaginellas, &c., are admirably adapted for the decora- tion of Plant-cases; tender or delicate subjects should not be included, unless the Cases are utilised for special purposes inside a glass structure. An inclosed portion of a propagating-house, wherein cuttings of larger than ordinary size are inserted, is also termed a Plant or Propagating-case. PLANTIA. Included under Hevaglottis. PLANTING. See Transplanting. PLANT LICE. see Aphides. PLANT MITES. See Mites. PLANT-PROTECTORS. These are very nume- rous, as the term is applicable to anything which acts, if only temporarily, to preserve plants from injury. Bell glasses, handlights, small movable frames, and even panes of glass, amongst many other things, may be termed appliances for plant-protection, when they are used as such to ward off heavy rains or severe frost. Full information will be found under Bass or Bast Mats, Bell Glasses or Cloches, Cocoa-nut Fibre Refuse, Frames, Glass, Hand Glasses, Netting, Straw, Willesden Paper, Xc. PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICH. This is the cause of the disease known as ‘* Clubroot,’’ sometimes called also ‘“ Finger-and-Toe,’ in Turnips, Cabbages, Charlock, and other species of the genus Brussica, and also in Raphanus Raphanistrum, or Wild Mustard. It is a Fungus of very simple structure, and belongs to the curious group called Myxomycetes, the species in which, while vegetating, consist of minute, naked masses of protoplasm, endowed with a power of movement, by changing their forms, like the low microscopic animals called Amebe. These small, naked masses tend to unite when they meet, and thus they increase in size, and form what are called plasmodia. In some of the species, the plasmodia may reach a size of 2in. or more in breadth, and resemble a mass of clear or muddy-looking jelly. After a time, the plasmodia become covered with a firm coat, and break up into myriads of small, round cells, or spores, each inclosed in a cell-wall. These spores may remain for a time unchanged; but, under favourable circumstances, they burst, throw off the cell-wall, and appear as very minute plasmodia, which go through the same development as before. Almost all the Mywvomycetes live on decaying organic matter, but P. Brassice does not. Its plasmodia are always minute, and they pene- trate into the tissues of its hosts. The roots of a plant attacked by ‘“ Finger-and-Toe’’ vary considerably in ap- pearance, according to the stage of the attack. The branch-roots very often bear swellings much exceeding the proper thickness of these roots. The swellings are usually spindle-shaped or roundish; at first, they are nearly smooth, but after some time they become rough. The main root is also often injured, as shown by its enlarged size, and, frequently, by its roughly-fingered appearance. In the autumn, and as winter advances, the diseased portion becomes more and more pulpy and decayed, and is also overgrown with other Fungi, which find their food in the rotting mass. Towards the end of winter, only the woody bundles of the roots remain moderately firm, the cellular tissues having dried up, and resembling coarse dust. 156 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, Plasmodiophora Brassice—continued. Microscopic inspection of a thin slice from a diseased portion of a root, shows numerous cells of the tissue of the host-plant hardly altered in any way; but, inter- mixed with these, there are many others, from four to six times their diameter, which are occupied by the parasite ; and it is these enlarged cells that alter the colour of the root, and make its surface in a transverse section, when a little magnified, look mottled. In the newly-diseased roots, these enlarged cells inclose a slimy, yellowish, granular plasm, in which are usually numerous cavities, filled with cell sap or with air. If examined at a later period, these enlarged cells are found filled with myriads of the minute, globular, thin-walled, transparent spores of P. Brassice. These remain uninjured during the keenest frosts of winter, and form a large part of the powdery material that fills up the decayed root between the woody bundles, and they become widely scattered through the soil by the action of wind and rain. When the weather becomes warmer, in the following spring, they begin to germinate, the cell-wall splits, and the proto- plasmic contents pass out, and creep about through the damp soil like Amebe, and also by the help of a slender hair or cilium at one part. When they come into contact with others like themselves, they unite completely, and form larger plasmodia. If they meet with young roots of Cabbages, Turnips, Charlock, or Wild Mustard, they make their way into them, and produce the disease in them also. This disease has, of late years, been spreading far and wide, and has proved very destructive in Turnip fields; so much so, that, in some districts, Turnips are no longer a profitable crop. It also attacks Turnips and Cabbages in vegetable gardens, though the less extended diffusion of the host-plants renders the attacks less fatal, and remedies more readily applicable. Frequent experiments have shown that, in soil in which diseased roots have been allowed to rot, a new crop of Cabbages, or other host-plants, will certainly suffer from disease if sown in that soil in the ensuing year. Even after a year has elapsed, the crop is liable to suffer from this cause, though to a less extent. Yet farmers almost always, and gardeners frequently, leave the diseased roots in the soil, as not repaying the labour of pulling them up. Experiments have been con- ducted by Mr. T. Jamieson, to ascertain the result of different manures on this disease, and have led him to the conclusion that the use of superphosphates, or soluble phosphates, is followed by a great increase of disease ; and that ground coprolites, and ground or steamed bone-flour, are the manures that best enable the plants to resist it; but these conclusions are opposed by other experimenters. If the effects on Charlock, Wild Mustard, and Cabbages, are compared with those on cultivated Turnips, itis at once seen that the last plant suffers far more severely. The cause seems to be that the Fungus attacks the cellular tissue only, and this in Turnips is very largely developed, as it is this that renders the roots useful for food, and, accordingly, it has been promoted by the selection of those varieties for propagation that produce the largest roots with least woody fibre in them. The former plants are crippled, but are generally able to produce some seeds; but the Turnips are, in general, destroyed before they reach the stage to form seeds. Remedies. All diseased roots ought to be collected at as early a stage as possible, and destroyed by burning, if this is practicable. Ground where Turnips have become diseased should not have Turnips or Cabbages grown in it for at least two years, to permit any spores in the soil to germinate, and thus to starve and kill the plas- modia. With the same object, all Charlock and Wild Mustard should be carefully eradicated, both from the ground and from its neighbourhood. Further experiments upon the effect of different manures are desirable, but, in the meantime, they point to ground coprolites, and to Plasmodiophora Brassice—continued. ground or steamed bone-flour, as the best artificial manure for Turnips. Unfortunately, no means are known for the cure of plants already attacked, pre- vention alone being practicable in any way. PLATANACEH. A very small natural order of usually tall trees, with flaking bark; they inhabit the temperate or sub-tropical regions of the Northern hemi- sphere, two are natives of East Europe or Asia, and the rest are American. Flowers moncecious, in unisexual, globose, densely-crowded heads; ‘‘ the stamens in the males, and the ovaries in the females, are mixed, with- out definite order, with scales, which may be bracts, perianth segments, or staminodes, or arrested ovaries” (J. D. Hooker). Fruit a nut. Leaves alternate, petio- late, broad, palmately nerved and lobed; petioles dilated at base; stipules membranous, caducous. The only genus of the order —Platanus—comprises only five or six species, which are mainly valuable for their timber and orna- mental appearance. PLATANTHERA. (which see). PLATANUS (Platanos, the old Greek name, from platys, broad; referring to the foliage). Plane-tree. The only genus of Orb. Platanacew (which see for characters, &e.). The two species describe | below are magnificent trees for parks and similar situations. Both require a deep, rich, soft soil, and generally attain the greatest size where their roots have access to water. They require shelter, but must not be confined. Propagated by seeds, or by layers. The former are contained in round balls, which require to be broken, and should be sown in March; merely pressivg them into the surface of the soil is sufficient, but they must be kept moist and shaded. The quickest way to propagate is from layers. P. occidentalis (Western).* Button-wood; Western Plane. fl. greenish. May. Jr. brownish ; ripe in October and November. l. five-angled, obsoletely lobed, dentate, wedge-shaped at the base, downy beneath. fA. 70ft. to 80ft. Atlantic and Western States, 1636. A fine species, differing from P. orientalis in its less deeply-lobed, more coriaceous, pubescent leaves, and in the fertile catkins being solitary on the long peduncles. It is rare in British gardens, and apparently not so hardy as the common species. (E. T.S. M. ed. 2, 261.) P, orientalis (Eastern).* Oriental or Common Plane. /l. greenish- yellow. April. jr. brown; ripe in October, and persistent for the greater part of the winter. J. five-lobed, palmate, wedge- shaped at the base, the divisions lanceolate, sinuated ; stipules neatly entire. h. 60ft. to 80ft. Levant, previous to 1548. (W. D. B. 101.) A beautiful tree, presenting a great variety of handsome forms, which differ chiefly in the shape and lobing of the leaves. The variety acerifolia (Maple-leaved) is the com- monest in cultivation, frequently bearing the name of P. occt- dentalis, from which it may be readily distinguished when in fruit by the peduncles bearing more than one ball, and frequently many. It is the form known as the London Plane, on account of its being generally planted in the parks ; and is an erect-growing tree, with usually three-lobed leaves, or, if five- lobed, less deeply so than in the typical form. (W. D. B. 100, under name of P. occidentalis.) The typical orientalis is a more spreading tree, with very large, deeply five-lobed leaves, cordate or truncate at the base. The variety cuneata has the leaves dis- tinctly wedge-shaped at the base ; laciniata, very deeply, much- divided leaves ; and variegata, variegated foliage. A plant in gardens, with fine bold foliage, called P. californica, has not yet fruited in this country ; it is doubtful whether it really is the Californian P. racemosa (with which the true P. cali- Included under Habenaria Jornica is synonymous). PLATYCAPNOS. see). s PLATYCARPHA (from platys, broad, and carphe, chaff; in allusion to the broad, chaffy scales of the in- volucre). ORD. Composite. A genus consisting of a couple of species of stemless perennials from South Africa. Flower-heads purple, densely crowded, many- flowered, homogamous, sessile. Leaves numerons, stalked, spreading like a star upon the ground, pinnately divided, with coarsely-toothed lobes and pungent teeth. P. glomerata is a pretty and interesting plant; it thrives in a well-drained, sandy soil. Included under Fumaria (which AN ENCYCLOPADIA OF HORTICULTURE. 157 PLATYCARPUM (from platys, broad, and karpos, a fruit; alluding to the shape of the capsule). Orn. ~ Rubiacee. A monotypic genus. The species is a tall, stove tree, with robust, opposite, terete branches. although somewhat long, contains only a portion of such as are alike worthy of being included, but which have necessarily to be omitted. They are nearly all of vigorous-growing habit under liberal treatment, therefore no reference is made on this point to each individually. ABEL CARRIERE, maroon, shaded scarlet ; large, full, good form. ABEL GRAND, silvery-rose, glossy and clear; very sweet-scented. ALFRED COLOMB, bright fiery-red; large, full, and of fine globular form; fragrant and superb. ALFRED K, WILLIAMS, carmine-red; large, full, and perfect form; grand exhibition flower. ANNIE LAXTON, beautiful rose-colour; large, full, and good form. AUGUSTE RIGOTARD, cherry-red ; large, full, fine foliage ; tree-flowering. BARONESS ROTHSCHILD, delicate pink, suffused with white ; very large and fine, but scentless. BEAUTY oF WALTHAM, bright rosy-crimson ; medium size, full, fragrant. CAMILLE BERNARDIN, beautiful pale crimson, with lilac shade; large, full, and fine form, very sweet; superb. CAPTAIN CHRISTY, very soft flesh-colour, deeper centre ; very large ; fine in autumn. CENTIFOLIA ROSEA, bright rose; large but rather thin, having the scent of the Cabbage Rose. CHARLES DARWIN, deep crim- son, with brownish tint, and slightly shaded with violet ; a good autumnal blossomer, and thoroughly distinct. COMTESSE DE SERENYE, delicate rose, large; best in dry seasons. COUNTESS OF OXFORD, bright carmine, shaded purple ; very large and full; a reliable variety. COUNTESS OF ROSEBERY, carmine-rose ; smooth, beautifully cupped; free-flowering. DEVIENNE LAmy, carmine-red ; large, full, and fine, globular form. Dr. ANDRY, brilliant red; large and full, good form. DUCHESSE DE CaYLus, brilliant carmine-red; a large, fine flower of great substance, perfect form ; thorough perpetual. DUCHESSE DE VALLOMBROSa, soft rose, with bright pink centre, passing to rosy-white ; large, full. DUCHESS OF BEDFORD, rich velvety-crimson, suffused with scarlet ; petals reflexed. DUCHESS OF CONNAUGHT (Noble), bright crimson, shaded with brownish-crimson; medium size, globular. DUKE OF EDINBURGH, fine vermilion ; large, full, and good form ; superb. DUKE OF TECK, crimson-scarlet ; large, full, and good form; very free-flowering. DUKE OF WELLINGTON, bright crimson; medium size, full, and perfect form. Dupuy JAMAIN, bright cerise, large; fine in autumn. EpouaRD MORREN, deep rose; large, and very double. ETIENNE LEVET, carmine ; large, full, and exquisitely formed ; a good show flower. FISHER HOLMES, deep rich crimson; full and good form, FRANGOIS MICHELON, beautiful rich rose; reverse of petals silvery ; large, full, and of tine form. GENERAL JACQUEMINOT, brilliant crimson-scarlet; an abundant blossomer and very fra- grant. HARRISON WEIR, rich velvety-crimson, enlivened with scarlet; large, full, and stout in texture; fragrant. HEINRICH SCHULTHEIS, delicate pinkish-rose; large, full, and fine form, very sweet-scented ; a thorough perpetual. HENRY BENNETT, fiery-red, shaded carmine; large and good form, very showy. HER MaJeEsty (Bennett), rich delicate rose, similar in shade to BARONESS ROTHSCHILD; the flowers are fully 6in. across, and of great substance; an extremely large and fine new variety. HORACE VERNET, velvety-crimson, shaded with purple; extra fine. JEAN LIABAUD, velvety-crimson, shaded black, very large ; a fine dark Rese. JOHN HOPPER, deep rose; back of petals lilac tint; very large and double, good form. JOHN STUART MILL, bright clear red; large, tull, and beautiful form; a good variety for general cultivation. JULES MARGOTTIN, bright rose ; large and full. LA FRANCE, silvery-white, back of petals rose ; an abundant blossomer and highly fragrant; superb. LORD MACAULAY, bright velvety-crimson ; medium size, full, and good form. Louis VAN Hourrs, reddish-scarlet and amaranth, shaded with bluish-purple ; large, full; a grand dark Rose. MADAME Rosa—continued. GABRIEL LUIZET, pale pink; large, full, finely cupped, fragrant. MADAME LACHARME, white, the centre sometimes shaded with light rose in opening, large ; good habit, free-flowering. MADAME Navucuury, tine satin-like rose, with a soft lavender shade. MADAME VICTOR VERDIER, brilliant cherry-red ; large and finely cupped ; extra tine. MaGNaA CHarrTA, bright pink, suffused with carmine ; large and full. MARGUERITE DE ST, AMAND, pale pink ; large, full, and tine form; superb. MARIE BAUMANN, vivid red ; large, full, and fragrant; superb. MARIE Raby, deep red ; very large, full, and imbricated. MARQUISE DE CASTELLANE, beau- tiful bright rose, very large; a fine, bold flower. MAURICE BERNARDIN, beautiful rich crimson, shaded with violet; large, double, fragrant. MbLLE. THERESE LE&EveT, delicate pink. MERVEILLE DE LYON, white, with a slight tinge of satiny-rose ; large, and of excellent form; a superb variety ; extra fine. MOon- SIEUR BONCENNE, blackish-velvety-purple ; large, full, and good form. MONSIEUR E, Y. TEAS, deep cherry-red ; large and full, very fragrant ; superb, Mrs. HARRY TURNER, dazzling crimson- scarlet, with rich maroon shading. Mrs. Jowir1t, brilliant crim- son, shaded with lake ; flowers very large and double. OXONIAN, beautiful shaded rose, of good substance; very sweet. PAUL NERON, deep rose, exceedingly large and full; good habit. PIERRE NOTING, blackish-red, slightly purpled; very large, of exquisite form, very fragrant. PRINCE ARTHUR, rich scarlet, shaded crimson; large, nearly full, good form; an abundant blossomer, PRINCE CAMILLE DE ROHAN, velvety-crimson-maroon, shaded with blood-red; large, and full; very fine. PRINCESS BEATRICE, rosy-pink ; large, full, and fine globular form. QUEEN OF QUEENS, pink, with blush edges in summer, altogether pink in autumn; large, full, and double; free-flowering. REYNOLDS HOLE, deep maroon, flushed over with scarlet, distinct, large ; a fine dark Rose. SENATEUR VAISSE, scarlet-crimson ; beautiful shape, large, free-flowering, and highly fragrant. STarR OF WALTHAM, rosy-crimson, very rich and effective; large, full, and good form. SULTAN OF ZANZIBAR, blackish-maroon, edged with scarlet, medium size; a bright dark variety. ULRICH BRUNNER, lively carmine-rose ; large, nearly full; very showy and good. VictoOR VERDIER, rose, shaded with carmine; full. XAVIER OL1Bo, dark velvety-crimson ; large and full; one of the finest dark Roses. Tea-Scented Roses. ADAM, pale blush-rose, large and double; fine. ALINE SISLEY, purple-rose, good form ; free. ANNA OLLIVIER, rosy-flesh ; base of petals darker; full, and good form. BELLE LYONNAISE, pale lemon ; large, full, and fine form; a seedling from GLOIRE DE D1JON, quite distinct in colour, CATHERINE MERMET, fine fleshy- rose ; large, full and perfect, imbricated ; superb. COMTESSE DE NADAILLAC, bright rosy-flesh ; base of petals coppery-yellow ; dis- tinct. DEVONIENSIS, creamy-white, large and full; a fine old Rose. DEVONIENSIS, CLIMBING, flowers same as old variety; of very vigorous habit. DUCHESS OF EDINBURGH, deep glowing crimson ; large and full. ETOILE DE Lyon, deep yellow; large and very double, full. GLOIRE DE DIJON, fawn, shaded with salmon ; very large, good form; a splendid and well-known Rose for all pur- poses, blossoms well late in the season. GOUBAULT, bright rose, deeper centre. HOMER, blush, edged with deep rose. INNOCENTE PIROLA, creamy-white, exquisite form; very free. ISABELLA SPRUNT, sulphur-yellow, medium size ; an abundant blossomer, beautiful in bud. JEAN DUCHER, salmon-yellow, centre peach ; large, full, and good form. JEAN PERNET, bright yellow, medium size. LA BOULE D’OR, pale yellow, deeper centre; large and very double ; does not open freely. MADAME BERARD, salmon-yellow ; back of petals clear rose; large and full, fine form; free-flowering. MADAME BRAvy, white, centre flushed with pink ; large, double, finely formed. MADAME CAMILLE, delicate salmon-pink ; large, full, and fine form. MADAME DE WATTEVILLE, white, slightly shaded salmon; large, well-shaped, remarkable in colour. MADAME FALcot, bright buff-yellow ; fine. MADAME HIPPOLYTRE JAMAIN, white, with yellow centre, tinted with soft rose ; fine form, large and full. MADAME LAMBARD, beautiful bright red early in the season, paler in autumn ; base of petals coppery-yellow ; large, full, and good form; very beautiful. MADAME MARGOTTIN, beautiful citron-yellow, deeper centre, perfect form; fine. MADAME TRIFLE, salmon-yellow; outer petals sometimes deep coppery-yellow; large and full; a_ seedling from GLOIRE DE Dison. MADAME WILLERMOZ, white, cream centre; very fine. MARIE DUCHER, transparent rose; very large, full, fine form; good habit. MARIE VAN Hourre, lemon-yellow, edged with lively rose; medium size, good form; superb. NARCISSE, sulphur-yellow, deeper centre. NIPHETOS, purest white; large and double. PERFECTION DE MONTPLAISIR, canary-yellow, medium size; free-flowering, PERLE DES JARDINS, bright orange-yellow ; large, full, and good form. RUBENS, white, shaded with rose, centre peach; large and full, good form. SAFRANO, fawn-colour; beautiful in bud. SOMBREUIL, pale lemon; large and very double. SOUVENIR D’ELISE VARDON, flesh-white, shaded with salmon ; beautiful form, large and full; tender. SOUVENIR DE MADAME PERNET, fine light rose, shaded clear yellow ; very large. SOUVENIR DE M. PAUL NERON, white, delicately edged and tinted with pale rose; medium size, full. SOUVENIR D'UN AMI, deep rose; large and full, good form. SUNSET, deep orange-yellow ; medium size, full ; between MADAME FALCOT and PERLE DES JARDINS; superb. VICOMTESSE DE CazEs, yellow, centre coppery-yellow; a distinct and beautiful, but rather tender variety. AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HORTICULTURE. 325 Rosa—continued. Hybrid Tea Roses. BEAUTY OF STAPLEFORD, pink-rose, shaded centre; large. BED- FORD BELLE, blush-white, tinted rose. CHESHUNT HYBRID, cherry-carmine, large and full ; a good pillar Rose. COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE, satin-rose, highly perfumed; fine form. HON. GEORGE BANCROFT, bright rosy-crimson, shaded purple, very large. Lapy MARY FirzwILLiAM, delicate flesh-colour, very large, globular; a grand variety. Nancy LEE, soft rose, sweetly scented, buds long; very free-flowering. PEARL, flesh-white, flowers small, but of perfect form. VISCOUNTESS FALMOUTH, delicate pinkish-rose ; back of petals bright pink ; highly scented. VISCOUNTESS FOLKESTONE (Bennett), creamy-pink, centre deep salmon-pink ; large and very fragrant; new. W. F. BENNETT, bright crimson, described as being like a crimson NIPHETOS ; a valuable new variety. YE PRIMROSE DaME (Bennett), prim- rose-yellow, centre apricot ; full, and of good form; new. Noisette Roses. AIMEE VIBERT, pure white; small, full, in large clusters. CARo- LINE KUSTER, pale yellow; large and globular form. CELINE FORESTIER, yellow, with a deep yellow centre, of medium size ; free-flowering ; opens well out-of-doors. CLOTH OF GOLD, deep yellow, sulphur edges, large and fine; a shy blossomer, requiring a warm south wall. JAUNE DESPREZ, buff yellow ; of robust habit. LAMARQUE, white, lemon centre ; a first-class Rose for any purpose. MARECHAL NIEL, beautiful deep yellow; very large, full and globular form, very sweet-scented ; undoubtedly one of the finest yellow Roses ever introduced. OPHIRIE, coppery-yellow, medium size, full; a fine climbing Rose. REVE D'OR, deep yellow, medium size ; makes a good pillar or climbing Rose. SOLFATERRE, bright sulphur, large and full, TRIOMPHE DE RENNES, canary-colour; large, double, fine form. WILLIAM ALLEN RICHARDSON, deep orange-yellow, small, showy, and distinct ; a good climbing Rose. Provence Roses (ft. cevtifolia). CABBAGE or COMMON, rosy-pink, large and fragrant. CRISTATA, rose, pale edges; large and beautiful. UNIQUE, paper-white ; large and fine. Miniature Provence or Pompon Roses (i. centifolia pomponia). BuRGUNDY, pale purplish-pink ; very dwarf and small. DE MrEaux or POMPON, rosy-lilac, very small. SPoONG, rosy-lilac, dwarf; a somewhat larger flower than DE MEAUX. WHITE BURGUNDY, white, slightly tinted ; dwarf. CRESTED or WHITE or Moss Roses (R. centifolia muscosa). BARON DE WASSENAER, light crimson ; vigorous, flowers in clusters. COMMON or OLD, pale rose, moderate, fragrant. COMTESSE DE MuRINAIS, white, Jarge and double; very free. GLOIRE DES MOUSSEUSES, roanlieh ; one of the largest. LANELI, rosy-crimson, large and double. LiTTLE GEM, crimson; a miniature variety, very small and double, beautifully mossed. MADAME EDWARD a rosy-carmine, vigorous. WHITE BATH, white, beautiful in ud. French Roses (2. gallica). BOULA DE NANTEUIL, crimson-purple, very large. bright crimson, large. GLOIRE DE COLMAR, rich velvyety-crimson, fine. KEAN, rich purple, crimson centre; vigorous. NAPOLEON, deep rose, shaded purple; vigorous. CEILLET PARFatt, blush- white, striped crimson; very double. D’ AGUESSEAU, Damask Roses (Rf. daimascena). La VILLE DE BRUXELLES, rose, large and fine. MADAME HaARDy, pure white ; vigorous. MADAME ZOUTMAN, creamy-white, shaded pink, large. YORK AND LANCASTER, white and red, striped ; a beautiful, old-fashioned, vigorous border Rose. Hybrid Bourbon, Hybrid China, and Hybrid Noisette Roses (R. indica hybrida). Barri, No. 2, blush, with rose centre, large. vivid rose, very large and double ; fine. good for pillars. COUPE D'HEBE, rich deep pink, large and double ; vigorous. FULGENS, fine crimson; vigorous. MADAME PLANTIER, pure white; very vigorous and free-flowering. PAUL RICAUT, rosy-crimson ; very free. PAUL VERDIER, carmine-red, vigorous. VIVID, rich crimson; fine. _ CHARLES Lawson, CHENEDOLE, bright red ; Bourbon Rose. SOUVENIR DE LA MALMAISON, blush-white, shaded flesh-colour, large and full; flowers best in autumn. Austrian Briar Roses (R. lutea). AUSTRIAN 7 COPPER, coppery-red, single. AUSTRIAN YELLOW, yellow, single. HARRISONII, golden-yellow ; very free and good. PERSIAN YELLOW, deep golden-yellow, vigorous. Ayrshire Roses (R. repens hybrida). BENNETT'S SEEDLING or THORESBYANA, pure white; vigorous; flowers in clusters. DUNDEE RAMBLER, white, tinged with pink. RuGa, pale flesh, semi-double, very fragrant. SPLENDENS or MYRRH-SCENTED, fiesh-colour. Rosa—continued. Boursault Roses (RK. alpina.) AMADIS or CRIMSON, purplish-crimson. GRACILIS, bright pink. SPLENDENS, rosy-blush. Vigorous-growing climbing Roses. Evergreen Roses (2. sempervirens). FELICITE PERPETUELLE, creamy-white ; flowers borne in clusters in the greatest profusion. FLORA, bright rose; full and exceed- ingly fine. PRINCESS MARIE, deep reddish-pink. Good pillar Roses that retain their foliage through a great part of the winter. Banksian Roses (AR. Banksice). ALBA or WHITE, pure white, small, and very double, Violet-scented. LUTEA or YELLOW, yellow, very double. These are half-hardy, sub-evergreen Roses, that require a warm wall, and need but little pruning. ROSACEZH,. A large natural order of erect or prostrate, very rarely climbing, sometimes sarmentose herbs, shrubs, or trees, widely distributed. Flowers usually regular and hermaphrodite ; calyx free or adnate to the ovary; tube short or elongated, narrowed or widened; limb equal (or in Chrysobalaneew often un- equal), usually five-lobed, imbricated and persistent, rarely of four lobes or none; petals inserted below the margin of the disk, as many as the calyx lobes, rarely none, equal (or in Chrysobalanee unequal), obovate, oblong, rounded, or spathulate, usually exunguiculate, imbricated, de- ciduous ; stamens usually indefinite, two to many-seriate, in a few species definite or reduced to one or two; filaments subulate or filiform, incurved in westivation ; anthers small, very rarely elongated; gynecious carpels one or many, one or many-seriate. Fruit variable, supe- rior or more or less inferior, naked or included within the persistent calyx tube; inflorescence variable. Leaves variable, simple or compound, alternate or rarely oppo- site, sometimes glandularly serrate ; stipules two, free or adnate to the petiole, rarely absent; petioles often dilated at base, and biglandular at the apex. Rosacew is one of the most important orders from a garden standpoint. It is split up, by the authors of the ‘Genera Plan- tarum,” into ten tribes—Chrysobalanee, Neuradee, Pomee, Potentillew, Poteriew, Prunee, Quillajee, Rosew, Rubee, and Spirwee—several of which are regarded, by some other writers, as distinct orders. The principal fruits yielded by members of this order are: Almond, Apple, Apricot, Blackberry, Cherry, Medlar, Nectarine, Peach, Pear, Plum, Quince, Raspberry, Service Berry, and Strawberry. In addition to these, many beautiful flowering plants are included in Rosacew, the Rose, of course, taking front rank. Rose-water is obtained, by distillation, from the petals of Rosa centifolia, R. damascena, R. moschata, &c., as is also the Attar of Roses used in perfumery, by maceration in oil of sesamum. Chrysobalanus Icaco fur- nishes the Cocoa Plum of the West Indies, Parinarium eacelsum the Grey or Rough-skin Plum, and P. macro- phyllum the Gingerbread Plum. The bark of Moquwilia utilis, the Pottery-tree of the Amazons, contains such a large amount of silica, that, when powdered and mixed with clay, it is employed in making pottery by the natives of Para. The order comprises, according to Bentham and Hooker, about seventy-one genera and 1000 species; but some authors place the number of the latter as high as 1500. Characteristic genera: Chrysobalanus, Crategus, Potentilla, Pyrus, Rosa, Rubus, Spirea. ROSACEOUS. Arranged like the five petals of a single rose. The term is sometimes used for rose-colour. ROSANOVIA. Included under Sinningia (which see). ROSCHERIA (no doubt commemorative, but name not explained by its author). Orp. Palme. A mono- typic genus. The species is a slender, erect, stove palm, with many aérial roots. It requires cultivation similar to that recommended for Phoenix (which see). R. melanochetes (black-spined). l. in two-flowered clusters, spirally arranged on very slender branches of a compoundly 326 THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, Roscheria—continued. branching spadix in the axil of a leaf, with a long, compressed, glabrous peduncle. fr. black, elliptical, about iin. long. J. pale green, 3ft. to 5ft. long, 2ft. to 3ft. broad, entire when young, becoming unequally pinnate ; pinnz lft. to 14ft. long, bifid at the apex, scaly below; petioles l4ft. to 24ft. long, smooth, sub- triquetrous, grooved down the face with a pale band; sheaths 14ft. to 24ft. long, with a few fine black spines rising from a com- pressed cushion. Stem 2in. to 3in. in diameter, with a ring of spines below each leaf-scar when young. h. 15ft. to 25ft. Sey- chelles, 1871. Syn. Verschajfeltia melanocheetes (I. H. 1871, 54). ROSCOEA (named after William Roscoe, 1753-1831, the famous historian, and the founder of the Liverpool Botanic Garden). Orb. Scitaminee. A genus comprising half-a-dozen species of stove, perennial, Himalayan herbs, with thick, fleshy, fibrous rhizomes. Flowers purple, blue, or yellow, in a terminal, fascicled or spiked, sessile or peduneulate inflorescence; calyx long, tubular, two or three-toothed; corolla tube often elongated, shortly en- larged above; lobes three, the dorsal one erect, incurved and coneaye, the lateral ones spreading or recurved. Leaves narrow or sub-cordate-lanceolate ; sheaths long and loose, sometimes very large. R. purpurea, the species known to gardeners, thrives in light turfy loam, and may be readily increased by divisions. R. purpurea (purple-flowered). jl. full purple, arising from two or three elongated, sheathing br ; upper lobe erect, fornicate, two lower ones linear-oblong, spreading ; lateral ones short, con- nate within the upper one; lip large, deflexed, obovate, deeply bilobed at apex. 1. sessile, lanceolate, striated, very tinely acumi- nated. Stem slender, leafy, about 10in. long, clothed with the striated sheaths of the leaves. Roots tuberous, fasciculately clustered. 1820. (B. M. 4630; B. R. 1840, 61; H. E. F. 144; L. B. C. 1404; S. E. B. 108.) ROSE. See Rosa. ROSEA. Included under Iresine. ROSE ACACIA. A common name for Robinia hispida. ROSE, ALPINE. See Rhododendron ferru- gineum and R. hirsutum. ROSE APPLE. Jambos. ROSE The name ROSE ROSE A common name for Hugenia BAY. See Epilobium angustifolium. is also given to Neriwm Oleander. BEDEGUAR. See Rose Galls. BOX. A common name for Cotoneaster. ROSE BRAND. See remarks on Funai under Rosa. ROSE BUG. A name occasionally given to beetles that frequent the flowers of Roses. In England, the name usually denotes the Rosechafer (which see). ROSE CAMPION. A common name for Agro- stemma and Lychnis (which see). ROSECHAFER (Cefonia aurata). This is one of the handsomest of English beetles, and is easily known Fic. 393. ROSECHAFER (Cetonia aurata). by its size (from in. to nearly lin. long), and its colour, which is usually brilliant golden-green on the back, with | | Rosechafer—continued. wavy, white marks on the wing-cases near the tips, and three slightly raised lines on each. Sometimes, the colour is deep black above. The lower surface of the body is bright copper-coloured. The body is somewhat heavy in form (see Fig. 393). The Rosechafers take their com- mon name from the beetles being partial to the flowers of Roses, which they injure, to some extent, by gnawing the sexual organs. Their colour has also given rise to the name Green Rosechafer. The larvye feed on dead wood; and the beetles, when emerged from the pup, have usually to bore their way to the outer air. Hand- picking the beetles is the best remedy, since only in this state are they readily discovered. ROSE, CHRISTMAS. ‘ce Helleborus niger. ROSE ELDER. See Viburnum Opulus. ROSE GALLS. These are the work of several species of insects, mostly Cynipide of the genus Rhodites (which see). This genus, in Hurope, includes six species, entirely confined to Rose-galls; and, in North America, it includes four species almost confined to them—only one (R. radicum) resorting to Raspberries and Brambles as well as to the Roses, on all of which it causes large, oblong swellings on the root. The insects are, in all cases, small, the European species being from ,j;in. to jin. long; but the species of Cynipide require an adept in their study to recognise them, as they are much alike. if iF lit Fig. 394. BEDEGUAR GALL. 1, Gall, natural size, on Twig; 2, Gall in section; 3, Larva of Rhodites Rose, natural size; 4, Front part of Larva ; 5, Pupa ; 6, Perfect Insect. The Figs. 4, 5, and 6 are magnified. The Galls on Roses formed by species of Rhodites in Europe are as follows: 1. Smooth round Galls, like small peas, on leaflets of Rosa canina and of R. rubiginosa (the Sweetbriar), formed by Rh. Eglanteriea. 2. Similar Galls on leaves of Rosa centifolia (the Cabbage Rose), formed by R. centifolie. 3. Round Galls, like small peas, but bearing a few long, straight spines, on leaves of several kinds of Roses, formed by R. rosarwm. 4. Galls on leaves and branches of Rosa canina, formed by AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA 327 OF HORTICULTURE. Rose Galls—continued. R. Mayri. 5. Trregularly formed red Galls, usually in the leaves, but often in other young parts of Rosa spino- sissima, less often on R. canina; these are usually smooth, bright red, and thick-walled; and often two or more are joined together, so as to form irregular masses. 6. By far the most conspicuous Gall on Roses is that known as the Bedeguar. It may reach a size of 2in. in diameter. It varies a good deal in form, though usually rounded ; but the surface is always covered with long, branched, mossy green or red hairs (see Fig. 394, 1). On cutting a Gall across (see Fig. 394, 2), the centre is found to be a mass of woody consistence, in which are numerous cells or spaces, each with a more or less distinct wall of its own. The outer cells can frequently be broken off from the mass. In each cell lives a white larva (see Fig. 394, 3), which in the cell becomes a pupa (Fig. 394, 5), and finally emerges as a four-winged fly (Fig. 394, 6), about lin. or tin. long, named R. Rose. The insects are black, with the legs mostly red-brown or dark brown; and the abdomen of the female is red- brown, with the end black. Weather-beaten fragments of the Galls often remain attached to the twigs for two or three years. A small Midge (Cecidomyia Rose) galls the leaflets of various Roses, causing them to swell and become fleshy. None of these various Galls can be re- garded as really dangerous to cultivated Roses, and most of them, save those of R. centifoliw, are almost confined to wild Roses. Cutting off leaves and branches, as soon as the Galls appear on them, is quite a sufficient check to prevent their undue increase in any locality. ROSE; GUELDER. See Viburnum Opulus. ROSE, HOLLY. A common name for anthemum. ROSE; JAMAICA. ea ib = > A> ee 4 z a | 1 ; YY \\ \ « \ YN \\ MMH N XC AK \ \\ ‘ \\\ \ AE GC \\ | \ \ \\ \ yA VK \ N \\ AW ~ \\ \\\\ \